YT ,0^1
NINTH ANNUAL
Iowa Year Book of Agriculture
Issued by the
Iowa Department of Agriculture
1908 LIBRARY
NEW YORK
BOTANICAL
GARDEN.
DES MOINES:
EMORY H. ENGLISH, STATE PRINTER
E. D. CHASSELL, STATE BINDER
1909
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL
Office of Iowa State Department of Agriculture^
Des Moines, loiva, February 10, 1909.
To His Excellency, B. F. Carroll, Governor of loiva :
Sir: — I have the honor to transmit herewith the Ninth Annual
Iowa Year Book of Agriculture, for the year 1908.
Respectfully submitted,
JOHN C. SIMPSON,
Secretary State Board of Agriculture.
A. L. PLUMMER. Altoona, Iowa,
Exhibitor of the Grand Sweepstakes Ten Ears of Corn and winner of the "Whiting
Trophy" at the Iowa Corn Growers Association, Ames, Iowa, January, 1909.
INTRODUCTORY
A perusal of the contents of the Ninth Annual Iowa Year Book
of Agriculture for the year 1908 will be interesting, and we trust
instructive. It contains sixteen subdivisions. Preceding Part I is
a condensed statistical table showing briefly why Iowa stands out
pre-eminently as the greatest agricultural state in the Union. These
tables were prepared in the office of the Iowa Department of Agri-
culture and will be continued yearly.
The Thirty-third General Assembly did not see fit to provide addi-
tional funds for })roadening the scope of the work in this Depart-
ment. This action is much to be regretted and we think future
general assemblies will deal more liberally with the Department.
An amendment to the manner of filing reports by the farmers'
institutes was passed whereby all future reports are made direct to
the secretary of the Iowa State Board of Agriculture instead of to
the county auditor. This will keep the Department in closer touch
with the institutes and provides a way of gathering more accurate
information relative to the institutes.
As recommended in our last report, the Thirty-third General As-
sembly repealed and re-enacted that section of the code with refer-
ence to the collection of agricultural statistics. As it now stands,
greater latitude is given the Department as to what data may be
required. It not only requires assessors to list the acreage and yield
of farm crops, but also to obtain such data on live stock, poultry,
eggs, etc., as may be asked for by the Department ; prior to the
enactment of this law the Department had no authority to require
such data. The law now conforms to similar laws of the various
states and will be valuable in disseminating Iowa's agricultural and
live stock resources.
Again I desire to call to the attention of the legislative bodies of
Iowa the urgent need of granting authority to the Department to
issue bulletins from time to time containing such information or
data as would be of interest and value to the public. Thousands of
letters are annually received by the Department asking for litera-
ture on various subjects pertaining to Iowa agriculture which can-
not be supplied unless authority is given by the general assembly
vi INTRODUCTORY
to issue such literature. Tlie agricultural interests of the state
should unite in demanding that the next session of the legislature
provide an ample support fund and authority to the Department
that the work could be carried On in a commendable manner. Iowa,
the greatest of all agricultural states, has done less toward the main-
tenance of a Department of Agriculture than any state in the
union.
Part I of this volume contains the final summary of the Iowa
Weather and Crop Service for the year 1908. In this part will
be found a monthly review of the climatology for the year, the an-
nual precipitation chart, dates of the last killing frost in the spring
and first killing frost in the fall, the final acreage of the yield and
acreage of soil products together with their estimated value (farm
prices) December 1, 1908. Part II contains tables of Iowa's prin-
cipal farm crops for a period of years, farm crops of the United
States for 1908, farm crops of the world for 1907, and number and
value of farm animals for the United States, January 1, 1909.
Parts III and IV contain the proceedings of the state farmers ' insti-
tute and agricultural convention held in December, 1908. Part V
gives a synopsis of the state board and committee meetings for the
year 1908 ; Part VI the proceedings of the 1908 Iowa Swine Breed-
ers' Association meeting: Part VII the proceedings and addresses
given before the Iowa State Dairy Association with a copy of the
law passed by the last general assembly for the promotion of the
dairy interests of the state ; Part VIII statistical information on the
dairy industry of Iowa ; Part IX a partial report of the work of the
state veterinary 's department; Part X symptoms and treatment of
some common diseases among domestic animals; Part XI a report
of the Iowa State Fair and Exposition of 1908; Part XII papers
and addresses relating to agriculture in its various branches; Part
XIII reports from county and district agricultural societies; Part
XIV a report of the division of horse breeding from May 1, 1908, to
May 1, 1909 ; Part XV laws relating to the work of the department
of agriculture, new fence law, and the lien law for stallion service •
and Part XVI a directory of associations and organizations repre-
senting agricultural interests, both state and national.
Care has been taken in preparing the copy for the Year Book and
an earnest effort made to have it issued promptly. The failure of
the last general assembly to provide adequate clerical assistance for
the department has caused much delay in preparing and proof-
reading copy. The number of copies issued is three thousand.
INTRODUCTORY vii
They are for free distribution to all who may desire them so long
as the limited supply lasts.
J. C. Simpson,
Secretary Iowa State Board of Agriculture.
Des Moines, Iowa, February 10, 1909.
STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE
1909
EX OFFICIO MEMBERS.
Oovernor of State Des Moines
President Iowa State College Ames
State Dairy Commissioner Des Moines
State Veterinarian Forest City
OFFICERS.
C. E. Cameron, President Alta
W. C. Bkown, Vice-President Clarion
J. C. SiMPsox, Secretary Des Moines
G. S. GiLBERTSOx, Treasurer Des Moines
DISTRICT MEMBERS.
First District — R. S. Johnstox Columbus Junction
Second District — C. W. Phillips Maquoketa
Tnird District — Elmer M. Reeves Waverly
Fourth District— B. J. Curtix Decorah
Fifth District — S. B. Packard Marshalltown
Sixth District — T. C. Legoe What Cheer
Seventh District — C. F. Curtiss Ames
Eighth District — John Ledgerwood Leon
Ninth District — M. McDonald Bayard
Tenth District — O. A. Olson Forest City
Eleventh District — H. L. Pike Whiting
President, Vice-President, Secretary and Treasurer are elected for one
Year.
Terms of Directors for even-numbered Districts expire Second Wednesday
in December, 1910. Terms of Directors for odd-numbered
Districts expire Second Wednesday in December,
1909.
nz"'^T
COMMITTEES
YEAR 1909.
EXECUTIVE committee:
C. E. CAMERON W. C. BROWN
J. C. SIMPSON
AUDITING committee:
C. W. PHILLIPS T. C. LEGOE
R. S. JOHNSTON
committee ox resolutions:
E. J. cuRTiN M. Mcdonald
JOHN LEDGERWWOOD.
eules :
J. C. SIMPSON C. E. CAMERON
C. F. CURTIS R. S. JOHNSTON H. L. PIKE
THE ADULTERATION OF FOOD, SEEDS AND OTHER PRODUCTS:
S. B. PACKARD C F. CURTISS
H. R. WRIGHT
DAIRY INDUSTRY AND PRODUCTS. INCLLT)ING FRAUDULENT IMITATIONS THEREOF:
H. R. WRIGHT 0. A. OLSON
W. C. BROWN
CONTAGIOUS DISEASES AMONG DOMESTIC ANIMALS:
C. F. CURTISS p. O. KOTO E. M. REEVES
H. L. PIKE .
COMMITTEE ON REVISION OF LAWS AND NEW LAWS:
S. B. PACKARD C. F. CURTISS H. R. WRIGHT
C. E. CAMERON J. C. SIMPSON W. C. BROWN
LEGISLATIVE COMMITTEE:
C. E. CAMERON S. B. PACKARD
W. C. BROWN J. C. SIMPSON C. W. PHILLIPS
IOWA WEATHER AND CROP SERVICE:
GEO. M. CHAPPEL, Director DES MOINES
ILLUSTRATIONS
Administration Building Frontispiece
Tuberculosis cow 363
Tuberculosis cow, post-mortem 364
Tuberculosis, post-mortem 365
Tuberculosis, Independence herd 377
Tuberculosis, from Independence herd 378
Tuberculosis, found by milk inspection 380
Glanders in man 382
Maladie-du-coit 386
Short Horn bull, "King Cumberland" 511
Scene in grandstand, Iowa State Fair and Exposition, 1908 523
Short Horn cow and bull calf 527
Galloway cow 532
Percheron stallion 537
View in the Vegetable Department, Iowa State Fair and Exposition,
1908 556
Two-year old Percheron stallion 565
Standard bred colt 585
Clydesdale stallion 592
Clydesdale mare 593
Shire mare 595
Belgian mare 599
Belgian stallion 600
Short Horn bull, "Whitehall Marshall" 602
Short Horn cow 604
Short Horn heifer calf 605
Hereford bull, "Prime Lad 9th" 608
Aberdeen-Angus bull, "Glenfoil Thickset" 610
Aberdeen-Angus calf herd 612
Galloway bull, "Standard Favorite" 614
Polled Durham cow and bull 615
Scene in Swine Judging Pavilion, Iowa State Fair and Exposition,
1908 623
Shropshire ram lamb 639
Three Shropshire rams 641
Sweepstakes ten ears of corn, winter corn show, 1908 656
Boys' stock and corn judging contest, Iowa State Fair and Exposi-
tion, 1908 659
Fred McCulloch Qi^Q
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Letter of Transmittal
Introductory
State Board of Agriculture
Standing Committees
Index to Illustrations
Table of Contents
Iowa's Source of Wealth
PART I.
Iowa Weather and Crop Report for 1908.
PART II.
Iowa's Principal Farm Crops for the past twenty-eight years; Farm Crops
of the United States, 1908; Farm Crops of the World for 1907; Num-
ber, average value and total value of farm animals in the United
States, January 1, 1909.
PART III.
Joint Session Annual State Farmers' Institute and Corn Belt Meat Pro-
ducers' Association, December 8, 1908.
PART VI.
Annual State Agricultural Convention, December, 1908.
PART V.
Synopsis of State Board and Committee Meetings for the year 1908,
PART VI.
Annual Meeting Iowa Swine Breeders' Association, 1908.
PART VII.
Annual Meeting Iowa State Dairy Association, 1908; copy of law passed
by the Thirty-third General Assembly appropriating funds to the
Dairy Association for the promotion of the dairy industry of the
state.
PART \t:ii.
Statistics on the Dairy Industry of Iowa from the State Dairy Commis-
sioner's report.
PART IX.
Data from the State Veterinarian's report.
PART X.
Common diseases among domestic animals, symptoms and treatment.
xvi TABLE OF CONTENTS
PART XI.
Iowa State Fair and Exposition, 1908; press reports, awards, etc.
PART XII.
Papers and addresses relating to live stock, agriculture and miscellaneous
subjects.
PART XIII.
Condensed reports on Condition of Agriculture from County and District
Agricultural Societies.
PART XIV.
Report of Division of Horse Breeding.
PART XV.
Laws relating to work of Department of Agriculture; law defining what
constitutes a lawful fence; law giving owner or keeper of a stallion
a lien upon his get for the service fee.
PART XVI.
Directory of Associations and organizations representing agricultural
interests, both state and national.
IOWA'S SOURCE OP WEALTH.
COMPILED ESPECIALLY FOR THE IOWA YEAR BOOK.
ACREAGE, PRODUCTION, AVERAGE YIELD AND VALUE PER ACRE AND
TOTAL VAL[JE OF IOWA FARM PRODUCTS FOR THE YEAR 1908.
Farm Products
Acreage
Produc-
tion
2
<
S-06
<
(-1
t-,
<u
ft
;3
Total
Value
8,399,610
4,431,6:50
397.408
85,147
323,467
.50,893
40,833
y,ooo
118,517
3,252,370
869,062
8,966,180
6,750
8,700
113,000
35,000
40,000
500,000
301,873,150
112,830,490
10,629,660
1,678,. 540
4,968,2.50
869,072
461,. 580
140,000
10,658,290
5,838,640
1,445,980
35.9$ ..51
$18.31
10.97
13.35
16.94
13. 2i
10.77
11.41
12.00
53.04
11. (yj
8.14
11.15
20.00
20.00
15.00
15.00
20.00
17.00
$153,955,303
Oats _—
25.5
26.7
19.7
15.4
17.1
11.3
15.5
89.9
1.8
1.6
.43
.50
.86
.86
.63
1.01
.78
.59
6.16
5.00
48,517,110
Barley
5,314,830
Winter Wheat
1,443,514
Spring Wheat .. . .
4,272,095
Rye --
.547,515
Flax Seed
406,195
Buckwheat
110,000
6,288,391
Hay (Tame)
35,966,022
Hay (Wild)
Pastures and Grazing
7,360,038
100,000,000
135,000
Sorghum and Broom Corn
175,000
Timothy and Clover Seed
1,700,000
Alfalfa and Millet
525,000
800,000
Fruit Ci'ops and Garden Truck
8, .500, 000
Dairy Products
44,:50O,O0O
Poultry
22,500,000
Wool
900,000
Other acreage not enumerated
3,121,179
Totals
32,288,1031
$443,976,616
NUMBER,
AVERAGE VALUE AND TOTAL VALUE OF IOWA LIVE STOCK
STOCK JANUARY 1, 1909.
•
"3
>
a
>
<
>
o
Horses __ ..
100
104
102
99
104
94
1,419,000
46,000
1,. 586,000
3,842,000
747,000
7,908,000
$103.00
112.00
31.00
22.. 50
4.60
8.00
$146,1.57,000
5 15'' 000
Mules --
Milch Cows
53,924,000
86 445,000
Other Cattle _. .
Sheep
3,430,000
63,264,000
Swine _ . .
Total
15,548,000
$358,378,000
♦Compared with number January 1, 1908.
1
IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
SUMMARY OF TOTAL ACREAGE FARM LANDS WITHIN THE STATE,
NUMBER OF FARMS, AVERAGE SIZE OF FARMS, AVERAGE VALUE
PER ACRE, TOTAL VALUE FARM MACHINERY, AVERAGE VALUE
FARM MACHINERY PER FARM, TOTAL VALUE FARM BUILDINGS,
AVERAGE VALUE FARM BUILDINGS PER FARM, TOTAL VALUE FARM
LANDS AND BUILDINGS. TOTAL RURAL POPULATION (1905 CENSUS),
AVERAGE RURAL POPUL'ATION PER FARM.
Total number of acres -' 32,228,109
Number of farms (census 1905) 209,163
Average size of farms (census 1905) loSa
Average value per acre $60.00
Total value of farm land $], 933, 686, 540/
Total value of farm machinery $62,748v900
Average value of farm machinery per farm $300
Total value of farm buildings $313,744,500
Average value per farm $1,500
Total value farm lands, buildings and machinery 1 .$2,310,179,940
Investment in average farm, buildings and machinery $11,045
Rural population (Iowa census 1905) 1,142,114
Average number per farm 5^
GRAND TOTALS.
Value of crops and other farm products, 1908 $443,976,616
Value of live stock January 1, 1909 358,378,000
Total for 1908 $802,354,646
Total for 1907 730,326,971
Increase for 1908 over 1907 $ 72,027,675
Total value farm lands, farm buildings, farm machinery, crops and
live stock at the. close of 1908 $3,112,534,586
Or an average value per farm of "' $14,881
Average net returns per acre of crops and other farm products not
including live stock for 1908 $15.23
Value of live stock per farm $1,714
PART I,
Report of the Iowa Weather and Crop Service for
1908.
Geo. M. Chappel, Director.
This report is a condensation of the monthly and weekly bulletins
and reports of the Iowa Weather and Crop Service. It contains, in a
condensed form, all oi the salient climatic features of the year, to-
gether with tabulated statistics of the staple soil products of the state.
Through the generous co-operation of the Hon. Chief U. S. Weather
Bureau, the equipment of the co-operative meteorological stations has been
materially improved and most of the instruments now used by the co-
operative observers in the state are the same as the high standard in-
struments used by the U. S. Weather Bureau. Special attention has
been paid to the exposure of instruments and, whenever an exposure
was found to be faulty, standard instrument shelters were furnished.
Meteorological reports were received regularly each month from 122
stations in charge of co-operative observers, and also from the U. S.
Weather Bureau stations at Des Moines, Davenport, Dubuque, Charles
City, Keokuk, Sioux City and Omaha. Neb.
During the six crop months of 1908, this office distributed about
48,000 copies of the weekly weather crop bulletin and during the year
25,500 copies of the Monthly Climatological Report of the Weather
and Crop Service.
The distribution of daily weather forecasts has been maintained, and
at least one hundred thousand patrons of the rural telephone lines re-
ceive the forecasts before noon of each working day and the special
warnings of the approach of cold waves, heavy snows, etc., whenever
issued. The forecasts are also distributed by rural free delivery mail
service to about seven thousand patrons of the rural mail routes.
There has been a marked increase in the number of requests from
teachers and students of high schools and colleges for the climatological
and crop statistical reports, and from drainage engineers for tabulated
precipitation data; and, in order to meet the demand for information,
all precipitation data available in the state are now l^eing collected and
tabulated for the several drainage basins of the state.
4 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
CLIMATOLOGY OF THE YEAR 1908.
The mean temperature and average precipitation were above the normal
for the year, there being an excess in temperature of 2°, and in precipita-
tion of 2.16 inches. The temperature was above normal every month of
the year except May, June, July, August, and October; the greatest defi-
ciency being in August, when it was 1.8° below the normal. The precipi-
tation was above the normal in February, May, June, August, October,
and November, the greatest excess being in May, when it was 3.84 inches
above the normal. The winter months were comparatively warm and
dry, and the summer months wet and cool. The excessive and almost
continuous rains in May and June were very injurious, coming as they did
during the planting season; but the injury was more than compensated
for by the dry and warm weather during the latter part of August and
most of September. The year as a whole has been the most profitable
one on record for the farmer.
Barometer. — The mean pressure of the atmosphere for the year 1908
was 30.03 inches. The highest observed pressure was 30.75 inches on
December 2d, at Keokuk, Lee county. The lowest pressure was 29.05
inches on April 24th, at Charles City, Des Moines, and Sioux City, in
Floyd, Polk and Woodbury counties. The range for the state was 1.70
inches.
Temperature. — The mean temperature for the state was 49.5; which
is 2.0° above the normal for the state. The highest temperature reported
was 101° on August 3d, at Oskaloosa and Ottumwa, in Mahaska and
Wapello counties. The lowest temperature reported was 18° below zero
on January 29th, at Estherville and Forest City, in Emmet and Winne-
bago counties respectively. The range for the state was 119?.
Precipitation. — The average amount of rain and melted snow for the
year, as shown by complete records of 102 stations, was 35.26 inches,
which is 2.61 inches above the normal, and 3. 20 inches above the average
amount in 1907. The greatest amount recorded at any station for the
year was 49.98 inches at Rockwell City, Calhoun county. The least amount
recorded was 24.11 inches at Dubuque, Dubuque county. The greatest
monthly rainfall was 14.33 inches at Fort Madison, Lee county, in May.
The least monthly precipitation was trace at Tipton, Cedar county, in
December. The greatest amount in any 24 consecutive hours was 6.02
inches at Stuart, in Guthrie county, on August 15th. The average amount
of snowfall was 20.7 inches. The greatest amount of snowfall, unmelted,
at any station during the year was 37.0 inches, at Sheldon, O'Brien county.
The greatest monthly snowfall was 17.3 inches in February, at Pacific
Junction, Mills county, and the greatest 24 hour snowfall recorded was
15.8 inches on February 18th, at Pacific Junction, Mills county. Measure-
able precipitation occurred on an average of 86 days.
Wind. — The prevailing direction of the wind was northwest. The
highest velocity reported was 60 miles per hour at Sioux City, Woodbury
county, from the northeast and southwest, on May 16th and June 22d.
The average daily movement of wind was 208 miles.
Sunshine and Cloudiness. — The average number of clear days was
176; partly cloudy 96; cloudy 94; as against 168 clear days; 94 partly
cloudy, and 103 cloudy days in 1907. The duration of sunshine was
slightly above the normal.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I
MONTHLY SUMMARIES.
JANUARY.
The average temperature for the State for the month of January was
considerably above the normal and about six degrees above the average
for the same month last year. The records show that there have been
but two warmer Januaries during the past eighteen years, viz.: 1891,
with an average of 26.0°, and 1900, with an average of 25.6°. The temper-
ature was decidedly above the normal during the first and second decades
of the month and was not down to zero, except in the northern districts,
until the 23d. After that date the temperature was more seasonable
and records of zero or below were reported on one or more dates from
all sections of the State. The amounts of precipitation were uniformly
small and below normal in all portions of the State. There were but
two general storms during the month. The first was on the 22d and
resulted in a light snowfall; the second was on the 31st, and was attended
by rain, snow and sleet, the latter causing a great deal of damage to
fruit trees, telegraph, telephone and electric car lines. The amount of
snowfall was also below the normal. The average of the total amounts
was less than 5 inches. As a compensation for the lack of precipitation,
the sunshine was decidedly above the normal. The records show that
there was an average of seventeen clear days, eight partly cloudy and
only six cloudy days during the month. On the whole, it was one of the
most agreeable Januaries of which we have record.
Temperature. — The monthly mean temperature for the State, as shown
by the records of 117 stations, was 24.9°, which is 5.7° above the normal
for Iowa. By sections the mean temperatures were as follows: Northern
section, 21.5°, which is 5.3° above normal; Central section, 25.3°, which
is 6.2° above normal; Southern section, 27.8°, which is 5.5° above normal.
The highest monthly mean was 30.4° at Keokuk, and the lowest monthly
mean, 18.5° at Osage. The highest temperature reported was 60° at
Logan on the 6th; the lowest temperature reported was -18° at Esther-
ville and Forest City on the 29th. The average monthly maximum was
51.5°, and the average monthly minimum was -9.9°. The greatest daily
range was 46° at Iowa City. The average of the greatest daily ranges
was 36.0°.
Precipitation.— The average precipitation for the State, as shown by
the records of 125 stations, was .44 inch, which is .56 inch below the
normal. By sections the averages were as follows: Northern section, .35
inch, which is .45 inch below the normal; Central section, .48 inch, which
is .47 inch below the normal. Southern section, .48 inch, which is .76
inch below the normal. The largest amount reported was 1.50 inches at
Fort Madison. The least amount reported was .06 inch at Leon. The
greatest daily precipitation reported was .80 inch at Waukee, on the
6 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
31st. The average number of days on which .01 inch or more was re-
ported, was 2. »
Wind and Weather. — The prevailing direction of wind was northwest.
The highest velocity of wind reported was 50 miles per hour from the
northwest at Sioux City on the 15th. The average number of clear days
was 17; partly cloudy, 8; cloudy, 6.
FEBBUABY.
The weather during February was mild and pleasant, with no con-
tinued cold periods. The mean temperature was above the normal, and
has been exceeded only five times in the past nineteen years. The preci-
pitation was above the normal, and heavier than usual, the average, 1.69
inches, being .98 inch, greater than February, 1907, and .12 inch greater
than the largest previous amount ever recorded for the State, which was
1.57 inches, in February, 1905. The amount of sunshine was about normal.
The mean temperature exceeded the normal in all sections, the excess
being greatest in the northern section, where it averaged 5.9°. The first
decade was the coldest portion of the month, the coldest days of his
period being the 1st and 2d, which were without exception the coldest
days of the month. The warmest periods of the month were from the
9th to the 15th, and the 21st to he 25th. The monhly maximum tem-
peratures ranged from 40° to 59°, and were reported mostly on the 12th
and 24th. The monthly minimum temperatures ranged from zero to
-16°, and were reported, with one or two exceptions, on the 1st and 2d.
The precipitation was well distributed throughout the State, although
it was heavier in the southern and eastern counties. Precipitation oc-
curred generally on the 4th-5th, 12th-18th, 24th-26th, and 29th, the largest
amounts occurred on the 4th-5th, and 18th. The snowfall was unusually
heavy, and the excess in precipitation for the month is mostly due to
the severe snowstorm which swept the State on the 18th. It was the
most severe of the winter, being accompanied by high wind, which drifted
the snow badly, and delayed traffic in all sections of the State, the
amounts of snow, ranging from 2 to 4 inches in the northern counties, to
10 to 16 inches in the southern and eastern counties. The snow dis-
appeared very rapidly on the 22d and 23d, and at the close of the
month, the ground was uncovered except for a trace in the northeastern
counties.
Tempebatube. — The monthly mean temperature for the State, as
shown by the records of 115 stations, was 24.3°, which is 5.1° above the
normal for Iowa. By sections the mean temperatures were as follows:
Northern section, 22.1°, which is 5.9° above the normal; Central section
24.4°, which is 4.8° above the normal; Southern section, 26.4°, which is
4.6° above the normal. The highest monthly mean was 29.1°, at Keokuk,
Lee county, and the lowest monthly mean, 18.2°, at Rock Rapids, Lyon
county. The highest temperature reported was 59°, at Keokuk, Lee coun-
ty, on the 12th; the lowest temperature reported was -16°, at Decorah,
and Thurman, in Winneshiek and Fremont counties, on the 2d. The
average monthly maximum was 49.8°, and the average monthly mini-
mum was -7.2°. The greatest daily range was 51°, at Thurman. The
average of the greatest daily ranges was 37.0°.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I ' 7
Precipitation. — The average precipitation for the State, as shown by
the records of 121 stations, was 1.69 inches, which is .63 inch above the
normal. By sections the averages were as follows: Northern section,
1.42 inches, which is .48 inch above the normal; Central section, 1.83
inches, which is .75 inch above the normal; Southern section, 1,81
inches, which is .66 inch above the normal. The greatest amount, 3.95
inches occurred at Olin, Jones county, and the least, .23 inch, at Clear
Lake, Cerro Gordo county. The greatest amount in 24 hours, 2.00 inches,
occurred at Olin, Jones county, on the 4th-5th. The average snov/fall,
unmelted, was 8.9 inches, the average for the three sections being as
follows: Northern section, 8.7 inches; Central section, 9.6 inches; South-
ern section, 8.4 inches. The greatest monthly snowfall, 17.3 inches, oc-
curred at Pacific Junction, Mills county, and the greatest 24-hour amount,
15.8 inches, at Pacific Junction, on the 18th.
Measureable precipitation occured on an average of 6 days.
Wind and Weather. — The average number of clear days was 12; partly
cloudy, 6; cloudy, 11. The duration of sunshine was about normal, the
percentage of the possible amount being 51, at Des Moines; 63, at Daven-
port; 52, at Dubuque; 58, at Keokuk; and 68, at Sioux City.
Northwest winds prevailed. High winds were reported on the 1st, 2d,
4th, 5th, 18th and 19th. The highest velocity reported w^as 50 miles per
hour, from the northwest, at Sioux City, Woodbury county, on the 5th.
THE WINTER OF 1907-08.
The mean temperature of the three winter months was 26.0°, which is
5.3° above the normal for the State. The highest temperature reported
was 62°, at Mount Pleasant, Henry county, on December 9th. The lowest
temperature reported was -18°, at Estherville, Emmet county, and Forest
City, Winnebago county, on January 29th. The average precipitation for
the State was 1.04 inches — a total of 3.13 inches for the three winter
months. This is .06 inch below the normal. The snowfall, unmelted,
averaged 6.1 inches, and was heaviest during the month of February.
The average number of days on which .01 inch or more of precipitation
was reported, was 13.
The coldest period of the winter occurred during the last week of
January. The winter was 2.9° warmer than the winter of 1906-07, and
was 1° warmer than the winter of 1905-06. The average number of clear
days was 39; partly cloudy, 21; cloudy, 31. The prevailing direction of
wind was northwest. On the vrhole it was a very mild and agreeable
winter.
maech.
The weather during the month w^as exceptionally mild and pleasant
for the season, there being but five years since 1890 when a higher mean
temperature for March was recorded, viz.: 1894, 1902, 1903, 1905 and 1907.
The mean temperature was uniformly above the normal, no station hav-
ing reported a deficiency; and while the average maximum temperature
was. 7.9° lower than in March, 1907, the monthly mean was only 2.7°
8 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
lower than that of last year. The lowest temperature occurred during
the first decade, generally on the 8th when it was from 1° to 8° below
zero in a few of the northwestern counties. The warmest days of the
month were from the 10th to 14th and on the 25th and 26th. The precipi-
tation was quite well distributed, and fell mostly in the form of rain, no
snow being reported except small amounts in the central and northern
counties. There was a deficiency of precipitation in the larger part of
the State, the only exceptions being over the east central counties where
there was a slight excess. There were three periods during ihe month in
which the rainfall was general, viz.: 4th to 6th, 14th to 18th, and 27th
to 30th, but the average number of days on which .01 inch or more fell
was only six, so that the month afforded more than the usual number
of pleasant days for farm and other out-door work. The growth of vegeta-
tion was not as far advanced at the end of the month as it was at the
close of March, 1907, but fully as much seeding of small grain and plow-
ing for corn has been done. The crop conditions in general are very
promising.
Temperature. — The monthly mean temperature for the State, as shown
by the records of 116 stations, was 37.9°, which is 3.9° above the normal
for Iowa. By sections the mean temperatures were as follows: Northern
section, 34.7°, which is 3.5° above the normal; Central section 38.1°, which
is 3.9 "above the normal; Southern section, 40.8°, which is 4.1° above the
normal. The highest monthly mean was 44.8° at Keokuk, Lee county,
and the lowest monthly mean 31.4° at Sibley, Osceola county. The highest
temperature reported was 85° at Woodburn, Clarke county, on the 25th;
the lowest temperature reported was -8° at Inwood, Lyon county, on the
8th. The average monthly maximum was 76.1°, and the average monthly
minimum was 9.8°. The greatest daily range was 62° at Woodburn. The
average of the greatest daily ranges was 47.9°.
Precipitation. — The average percipitation for the State, as shown by
the records of 121 stations, was 1.58 inches, which is .34 inch below the
normal. By sections the averages were as follows: Northern section,
1.56 inches, which is .17 inch below the normal; Central section, 1.69
inches, which is .29 inch below the normal; Southern section, 1.50 inches,
which is .55 inch below the normal. The greatest amount, 3.74 inches,
occured at LeClaire, Scott county, and the least, .45 inch, at Ames, Story
county. The greatest amount in 24 hours, 2.15 inches, occurred at Tipton,
Cedar county, on the 27th. Measureable precipitation occurred on an
average of 6 days.
Sunshine and Cloudiness. — The average number of clear days was 13;
partly cloudy, 7; cloudy, 11. The duration of sunshine was about normal,
the percentage of the possible amount being 51 at Des Moines, 54 at
Davenport, 55 at Dubuque, 55 at Keokuk, and 59 at Sioux City.
Wind. — Northwest winds prevailed. High winds were reported on the
6th, 21st and 25th. The highest velocity reported was 48 miles per hour,
from the north, at Sioux City, Woodbury county, on the 25th.
tornado in lee county.
At about 6:30 P. M., March 27th, a tornado of moderate violence struck
the village of New Boston, in the southeastern part of Charleston town-
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 9
ship, Lee county, resulting in considerable loss of property and injuring
five people. The storm moved from northwest to southeast and was
attended by a typical funnel-shaped cloud which was observed for thirty
minutes before the storm struck the town. The Methodist church and
the colored Baptist church were wrecked and the homes of Ayres Han-
cock and Grant Schroeder were blown over and demolished as were also
several barns and out-buildings. The storm track is said to have been
from 200 feet to half a mile wide and was followed by rain and some hail,
but the precipitation was not heavy. No damage is reported to have been
done, after the storm passed New Boston, but severe wind squalls were
general over the southeastern part of Lee county, between 6:30 and 7:10
P. M. The official in charge of the U. S. Weather Bureau at Keokuk re-
ports as follows: "At this station there was only a heavy shower of rain
with some hail and a short wind squall from the west at 7:10 P. M. of
the 27th."
APBIL.
With the exception of the first three and the last four days of the
month, the temperature was exceptionally uniform and moderately high.
The month opened with a cool wave which spread over the State during
the first three days, resulting in minimum temperatures ranging from
11° to 18" over the northern district on the 2d; from 8° in west central to
24° in the east central district on the 2d and from 14" to 24° in the
southern district on the 2d and 3d. Prom the 3d to the 27th
the minimum temperatures ranged from 30° to above 50° and the max-
imums from 50° to above 90°, the warmest days being the 13th, 19th and
22d. From the 27th to the close of the month the temperature was un-
seasonably low and below freezing on one or more days in all parts of
the State.
The precipitation was generally below the normal, but there was an
excess in a few localities, due to heavy local showers. The heaviest rain-
fall was at Inwood, Lyon county, where a severe local storm occurred
on the 23d, accompanied by destructive winds, heavy rain and some hail.
The least rainfall was reported from the counties along the Missouri
river from Monona southward where the monthly amounts were less than
an inch. There were but three periods during the month in which the
rainfall was general, viz.: 5th to 8th, 17th to 18th and 23d to 28th, and,
as the average amount of sunshine was above the normal, the condi-
tions were exceptionally favorable for work in the fields. The seeding
of small grain was practically completed at the beginning of the third
decade, and at the close of the month more than the usual amount of
ground had been prepared for corn. Up to the 27th the prospects for a
fruit crop were never better, but the frosts and freezing temperatures
during the last three days of the month did considerable damage, espe-
cially in southern counties.
Temperature. — The monthly mean temperature for the State, as shown
by the records of 118 stations, was 50.5°, which is 2.0° above the normal
for Iowa. By sections the mean temperatures were as follows: Northern
section, 48.4°, which is 1.6° above the normal; Central section 50.5°, which
is 2.0° above the normal; Southern section, 52.5°, which is 2.2° above the
10 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE
normal. The highest monthly mean was 55.8° at Corning, Adams county,
and the lowest monthly mean 46.6° at Sibley, Osceola county. The highest
temperature reported was 91° at Onawa, Monona county, on the 19th; the
lowest temperature reported was 8° at Fort Dodge, Webster county, on
the 2d. The average monthly maximum was 83.0°, and the average
monthly minimum was 15.9°. The greatest daily range was 54° at Sibley,
Osceola county. The average of the greatest daily ranges was 41.7°.
Peecipitation. The average precipitation for the State, as shown by
the records of 125 stations, was 2.24 inches, which is .59 inch below the
normal. By sections the averages were as follows: Northern section,
2.78 inches, which is .31 inch above the normal; Central section, 2.30
inches, which is .57 inch below the normal; Southern section, 1.63 inches,
which is 1.51 inches below the normal. The greatest amount, 4.59 inches,
occurred at Inwood, Lyon county, and the least, .67 inch, at Little Sioux,
Harrison county. The greatest amount in twenty-four hours, 2.42 inches,
occurred at Pella, Marion county, on the 23d. Measurable precipitation
occurred on an average of eight days.
Sunshine and Cloudiness. — The average number of clear days was
fourteen; partly cloudy, eight; cloudy, eight. The duration of sunshine
was above the normal, the percentage of the possible amount being
seventy-five at Charles City; sixty-two at Davenport; sixty-two at Des
Moines; sixty-two at Dubuque; fifty-nine at Keokuk, and seventy at
Sioux City.
Wind. — Northwest winds prevailed. The highest velocity reported was
fifty miles per hour from the Northwest, at Sioux City, Woodbury county,
on the 25th.
The cool wave which spread over the State during the last three days
of April continued until the 3d of May, causing heavy to killing frost
in all parts of the State on the 2d which resulted in further injury to
fruit and garden truck. From the 3d to the close of the month there
were no decided changes in temperature, it being quite moderate and
uniform. The average for the month was only 0.7° below the normal
for May. The most striking features of the weather of the month were
the abnormally heavy rainfall and the frequency of the showers. Rain
fell in some parts of the State on every day of the month, and the aver-
age number of days on which .01 inch or more fell at each station,
was 15. The average amount of precipitation was 8.34 inches, which
is 3.84 inches above the normal. This record has been exceeded in
May but twice during the past 19 years, viz: 1892 and 1903 with an
average amount of 8.77 and 8.55 inches respectively. The average
amount of rainfall for May, 1903, was only .21 inch more than the
average amount for this month, but the damage by floods was far in
excess of that of this year. The maximum stage of the river at Des
Moines in May, 1903, was 10.4 feet higher than the maximum stage this
month, and the difference is due to the fact that in the spring of 1903
the ground was thoroughly saturated with moisture and all lakes,
creeks and sloughs were filled wih water which fell during the sum-
mer and autumn of 1902, so that when the heavy rains came in May
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 11
the surplus water soon found its way into the rivers causing the most
disastrous floods on record in this state. At the beginning of this
month the ground in the larger part of the State was extremely dry but
friable and in the best of condition to absorb and store up large quan-
tities of water, thereby preventing its rapid escape to the rivers. There
has, however, been considerable damage done to crops, by flooding the
low bottom lands, but the greatest damage done was in preventing the
completion of corn planting and the cultivation of the early planted
fields. There was about 20 per cent of the corn area yet to plant at the
close of the month, and it is probable that a portion of this will have
to be abandoned or seeded to millet or other late forage crops. There
was also a great deal of replanting to be done due to floods and wash-
ing, but the general condition was considerally better than it was at
the close of May, 1907. All small grains, grass and potatoes have made
very rapid growth and the prospects for these crops are much better
than they have been at the close of May for several years.
Temperature.— The monthly mean temperature for the State, as
shown by the records of 117 stations, was 59.4°, which is 0.7° below
the normal for Iowa. By sections the mean temperatures were as fol-
lows: Northern section, 57.8°, which is 0.6° below the normal; Cen-
tral section, 59.7°, which is 0.5° below the normal; Southern section,
60.8°, which is 0.8° below the normal. The highest monthly mean
was 63.2°, at Keokuk, Lee county, and the lowest monthly mean 55.2°,
at Rock Rapids, Lyon county. The highest temperature reported was
93°, at Fort Dodge, Webster county, on the 16th and 20th; the lowest
temperature reported was 13°, at Washta, Cherokee county, on the 2d.
The average monthly maximum was 86.6°, and the average monthly
minimum was 24.7°. The greatest daily range was 48°, at Allerton,
Wayne county. The average of the greatest daily ranges was 38.3°.
Precipitation. — The average precipitation for the State, as shown
by the records of 125 stations, was 8.34 inches, which is 3.84 inches
above the normal. By sections the averages were as follows: North-
ern section, 8.04 inches, which is 3.49 inches above the normal; Cen-
tral section, 7.46 inches, which is 2.99 inches above the normal; Southern
section, 9.53 inches, which is 5.06 inches above the normal. The great-
est amount, 14.33 inches, occurred at Fort Madison, Lee county, and
the least, 4.33 inches, at Belle Plaine, Benton county. The greatest amount
in 24 hours, 4.80 inches, occurred at Fort Madison, Lee county, on the
28th. Measurable precipitation occurred on an average of 15 days.
Sunshine and Cloudiness. — The average number of clear days was
9'; partly cloudy, 11; cloudy, 11. The duration of sunshine was below
the normal, the percentage of the possible amount being 49 at Daven-
port; 50 at Des Moines; 49 at Dubuque; 58 at Keokuk, and 58 at Sioux
City.
, Wind. — Southeast winds prevailed. The highest velocity reported
was 60 miles per hour from the Northeast, at Sioux City, Woodbury
county, on the 16th.
12 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
" "~~ TORNADOES AND SEVERE WIND STORMS IN MAY.
The past month has furnished more than the usual number of wind
storms for the state. While the amount of damage to property has
been considerable, yet, fortunately, densely populated towns were missed,
and only one death has resulted. The most severe storms occurred on
the 11th and 12th, though from the 21st to the 29th local storms occurred
in various sections of the state, causing damage to small buildings,
windmills, trees, etc.
In each case the storms accompanied quite well developed cyclonic
areas which were passing over the Mississippi Valley. On the after-
noon of the 11th a tornado occurred in Dubuque and Delaware counties.
It apparently originated about six miles north of Cascade, on the south
border of Dubuque county, about 1 o'clock, and moved northwestward
toward Worthington, then northward over Dyersville, from which place
its course was northeast, the last point of contact being at Holy Cross.
Mr. B. C. Wise, at Cascade, reports that the storm path was about 150
feet wide, and that the position of objects, laid prone by the wind, indi-
cates that there was no whirling motion, but that it soon widened to a
half mile and assumed the tornado type. The Dyersville Commercial, of
May 15th, gives a detailed account of the damage done. The greatest
destruction occurred before passing Worthington. Two farms, John
Mauser's and John Durga's, were stripped of barns, sheds and corn cribs.
The havoc wrought on Mr. Durga's farm is expressed in the words of
the "Commercial:" "There was not enough lumber left to build a hen-
house." There was considerable damage done at Dyersville and Holy
Cross, but the losses were minor ones. At about the same hour a storm
with the appearance of a tornado, struck seven miles north of Muscatine,
but its path was short and the damage was not great.
The most destructive storm, and the one concerning which reports
are most complete, occurred on the 12th, over a strip of country extend-
ing from Watson, Mo., to a point about six miles northwest of Clarinda,
crossing the southeastern corner of Fremont county, west of Northboro
and Coin, skipping a space from a point due west of Coin, but striking
again six or eight miles west of Clarinda. In Fremont county all build-
ings on the farms of Will and Bert Higgins, and also a schoolhouse, were
destroyed, while in Page county, John Wieland, E. L. Benedict, Olaua
Myers, Geo. Dalbey, Tom Anderson and Cliff Carpenter lost all their
buildings. In some instances nothing was left, while in others the
wrecks were left on the ground.
To an observer in front of the storm, aebris of all descriptions could
be seen whirling in the air. Many peculiar pranks of the wind are
reported. A horse was left unhurt in a cellar where the family had
taken refuge. The storm seemed to show its greatest fury at the Myers
home, where, on the southwest side of a large oak tree, straws were
driven into the bark a quarter of an inch; a rock weighing more than
a ton left standing on a sled was moved with the sled about fifty feet
to the southwest; soil was removed from the fields to a depth to
which it had been plowed; an iron pump was taken from a cistern; the
rim of a wheel from a new wagon destroyed on the Myers farm was
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 13
dropped into the cellar at Dalbey's place after the house had been car-
ried away. Mr. Myers, as quoted in the Clarinda Herald, from which
paper detailed accounts are obtained, says that in a moment the house
moved and then settled back, while a second later it was whisked away
completely; at a point six or eight miles west of Clarinda a rain of
boards and shingles occurred, with a coating of ice on much of the debris.
Meager reports of a storm over western Plymouth county indicate
that a tornado of considerable violence passed over that section on the
16th. On the 21st a storm, more or less general over southern Iowa,
assumed at Albia the aspects of a tornado. It was here i-ie only fatality
of storms occurred. Mr. J. M. Taylor was killed by a falling building.
The roof of the Grant school building was torn off and crashed through
to the rooms below, but fortunately it was just before the morning
assembly of the school. On the 24th to 26th wind squalls damaging
small buildings and windmills occurred at various places over the north-
west half of the state, and on the 28th at Fort Madison.
JUNE.
The average temperature of June for the state was 1.7° below the
normal. The month opened with a cool wave which was followed
from the 5th to the 7th by a slight excess in temperature, but from
the 8th to the 17th the weather was unseasonably cool. The minimum
temperature was below 40° at many stations in the northern part of the
state on the 15th and light frost occurred in several localities. The
warmest period was from the 18th to the 23d, when the maximum
temperature ranged from 85 to 94 degrees. The average rainfall was
5.66 inches, which was 1.14 inch above the normal for June. Rain fell
at one or more stations in the state every day from April 21st to June
30th or 71 consecutive days. The largest amounts of rainfall were
reported from the northern districts and especially in the west portion
of the upper valley of the Des Moines river. Plover, in Pocahontas
county, reported a total amount of 11.88 inches, 4.08 inches of which
fell on the 18th in 24 consecutive hours. There were numerous severe
thunderstorms accompanied by wind squalls and some hail, but the
most severe and destructive storm occurred near Charles City in Floyd
county on the afternoon of the 7th. A hail, wind and rain storm
swept over the northeastern counties on the evening of the 20th. A
detailed account of these storms will be found on another page of this
report. The frequent and heavy rains prevented work in the fields,
kept the rivers up to flood stages, flooded all low and flat lands and
caused considerable washing of the soil on hillsides, and, as a result,
farmers in some sections of the state were planting or replanting corn
up to the close of the month. Many IBelds were abandoned and the
acreage of corn has been reduced a little over five per cent as compared
with the area planted last year. All the early planted corn on high
and well tilled land shows a good stand, has a good color, and is
exceptionally clean considering the adverse conditions, and some fields
were laid by before the end of the month. All small grains are gen-
erally in good condition and give promise of fairly good yields. Winter
wheat and rye were ready for harvest in the southern counties at the
14 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
close of the month, and all kinds of small grains were beginning to head
in northern counties. The excessive moisture and moderately cool
weather have been very beneficial for grass, and the hay crop will be
abnormally heavy. Clover hay making was begun during the third
week in June and most of it was put up in good condition despite the
frequent showers. Potatoes and garden truck have also made very
thrifty growth. There was a fair crop of cherries in the northern
counties, but the yield was light in southern districts. Strawberries
were generally good and raspberries and blackberries give promise of
an average crop, but the apple crop will be light in all parts of the
state.
Temperature. The monthly mean temperature for the State, as
shown by the records of 114 stations, was 67.1°, which is 1.7° below
the normal for Iowa. By sections the mean temperatures were as fol-
lows: Northern section, 65.5°, which is 1.8° below the normal; Cen-
tral section, 67.6°, which is 1.4° below the normal; Southern section,
68.2°, which is 1.8° below the normal. The highest monthly mean was
71.9, at Burlington, Des Moines county, and the lowest monthly mean,
62.9°, at Sibley, Osceola county. The highest temperature reported
was 94°, at Clinton and Decorah, in Clinton and Winneshiek counties,
on the 22d and 23d; the lowest temperature reported was 35°, at Elma,
Howard county, on the 15th. The average monthly maximum was
88.5, and the average monthly minimum was 42.9. The greatest daily
range was 45°, at Elkader, Clayton county. The average of the greatest
daily ranges was 31.8.
Precipitation. The average precipitation for the State, as shown
by the records of 121 stations, was 5.66 inches, which is 1.14 inches
above the normal. By sections the averages were as follows: North-
ern section, 6.79 inches, which is 2.22 inches above the normal; Cen-
tral section, 5.06 inches, which is .69 inch above the normal; Southern
section, 5.14 inches, which is .52 inch above the normal. The great-
est amount, 11.88 inches, occurred at Plover, Pocahontas county, and
the least, 1.77 inches, at Sigourney, Keokuk county. The greatest
amount in twenty-four hours, 4.08 inches, occurred at Plover, Poca-
hontas county, on the 18th. Measurable precipitation occurred on an
average of 13 days.
Sunshine and Cloudiness. The average number of clear days was
12; partly cloudy, 10; cloudy, 8. The duration of sunshine was below
the normal, the percentage of the possible amount being 64 at Daven-
port; 53 at Des Moines; 63 at Dubuque; 62 at Keokuk, 52 at Sioux
City, and 54 at Omaha, Neb.
Wind. Southeast winds prevailed. The highest velocity reported was
60 miles per hour from the southwest, at Sioux City, Woodbury county,
on the 22d.
tornadoes and severe storms in JUNE.
While severe storms were no more frequent in June than in May,
yet the financial loss, due to the destruction of property, is greater.
On June 7th and 20th, the northeastern section of the State was visited
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 15
by destructive storms. Tornadoes did considerable damage at Charles
City, Lisbon and Mount Vernon, on the 7th, and on the 20th a wind
and rain storm with heavy hail struck across the corner of the State
from northern Howard county, over Cresco, southeastward to Mc-
Gregor, in Clayton county. Other wind squalls, occurred over the
western and central portions of the State on June 12th, 19th, 23d and
28th. A report of the tornado at Charles City, as given by Mr.
McGann, official in charge of the Local Office of the Weather Bureau at
that place, follows:
"On the afternoon of June 7, 1908, a most destructive tornado passed
through the eastern portion of the city. It was first observed on the farm
of August Huxol, about seven miles southwest. Here the machine
house and dwelling were badly wrecked. A few miles further it passed
over the farm of Lacoure and Baldwin, completely wrecking the
dwelling houses and all out buildings, only the floors remaining. It
reached the southwesterly edge of the city at 5:00 p. m. (90 Meridian
time) and razed the dwelling house of J. Z. Wright. From this point
it cut a path of from 50 to 100 yards wide, raising some buildings from
their foundations and wrecking many others, so that they were unin-
habitable. The dwelling houses on either side of the storm's path were
more or less damaged; all the window glass was blown outwards. About
twenty-five dwelling houses were damaged and five totally destroyed.
A large number of shade trees were torn up by the roots and others
twisted and split. On the east side, the trees generally lay toward
the northeast, and on the west side toward the northwest. The funnel
shaped cloud, rising and falling as it moved rapidly in a northeasterly
direction, was accompanied by a loud roaring noise similar to con-
tinuous thunder. The path of the storm was about eight miles long and
about one hundred yards wide. The damage done is estimated at
$25,000. The meteorological conditions that prevailed at this station
were cloudy and very sultry weather, low and nearly stationary barom-
eter, high humidity, 97%, and gentle southwest to south winds. A
light sprinkle of rain fell from 7:50 to 7:55 a. m. and from 11:15 a. m.
to 12:10 p. m. These light showers were followed by a feeble thunder-
storm southwest of station from 1:10 to 1:53 p. m. Distant thunder
was heard in the southwest at 4:20 p. m., rain following from 4:50 p. m.
falling very heavy from 5:00 to 5:04 p. m., and ending at 5:12 p. m.
At this hour the storm has entirely disappeared in the northeast. Onef
death resulted from the storm. Mr. Brock was killed by a falling
chimney."
The reports of the storm in southeastern Linn county, while indicat-
ing a storm of tornado form, do not show the destructiveness of that
which occurred in Floyd county, the loss did not extend much beyond
the overturning of light buildings and windmills and the tearing of limbs
from trees.
A strip of country about fifteen miles wide, extending from Cresco,
Howard county, to McGregor, Clayton county, suffered greatly from
damage to crops, by wind, rain and hail. Cattle and hogs were killed
by the hail or driven by the storm into the creeks and drowned. The
greater loss, however, was sustained at South McGregor. Here lumber
16 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
from the lumber yards, and any loose objects Jthat would float, were
washed into the Mississippi river. Damages to property alone are es-
timated to reach near 40,000 dollars. The deposits of mud in many
business houses was from three to four feet, and from a sanitary stand-
point the situation was rendered serious. Business was stopped for
more than a week. At a few places in the track of the storm the hail
was of such size, and was driven with such force by the wind as to
break siding on residences.
July, 1908, will be remembered as one of the most favorable har-
vest months on record, the average temperature and precipitation being
slightly below the normal with an excess of sunshine. The average
daily deficiency in temperature was 0.4°, and the average total de-
ficiency in rainfall was .78 inch. The first eight days of the month
were unseasonably cool with minimum temperatures down to 42° at
several stations in the northwestern counties on the 7th and 8th. The
warmest periods of the month were from the 10th to the 13th and 28th
to 30th, when the maximum temperatures were generally above 90°.
The temperature during the remainder of the month was about normal.
Rain fell at some station in the State every day during the month, but
after the 7th the showers were so widely scattered and the intervals
between showers were so great that there was an average for the
month of but eighty days with rain. The heavy and frequent rains
which began on April 21st continued, until July 7th, but since then the
only period of general rains was on the 16th and 17th, and the amounts
of precipitation in that period were generally small except over the
Missouri divide and the northern counties, where the amounts at
many stations ranged from 1.00 to 5.00 inches. There were a few
severe wind and hailstorms, but not as many as is usual during July.
The worst storm of which we have a record occurred in Ida county on
the afternoon of the 26th, causing considerable damage in the vicinity
of Arthur, at which place the storm track was about five rods wide.
It struck the town about 1 p. m. and lasted but a few seconds, but
blew down many sheds and other light buildings, windmills and trees.
The character of the storm approached that of a tornado, but there
was no funnel-shaped cloud observed. Heavy hail fell in many local-
ities during the passage of the storm across the county and did serious
damage to crops.
A severe hailstorm occurred in the vicinity of Woodburn, Clarke
county, on the 17th, resulting in some damage. After the first week
of the month the weather was ideal for haying, harvesting and the
growth of corn. The moderately high temperatures, excess of sunshine,
and the long intervals between showers enabled farmers to secure
the large crop of hay in the best of condition.
Small grain harvest began during the second week of the month
and was nearly completed, and thrashing operations were in full prog-
ress before the close of the month. The yield and quality of wheat
especially winter wlieat, was good. The yield of oats ranged from
poor in southern counties to fair to good in central and northern
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 17
counties, but for the State the yield will be considerably below the
average. The quality, however, was good, notwithstanding the fact
that red rust was becoming quite general at the time harvest began.
Corn made an abnormally rapid growth and in many fields was up to the
average condition, but for the State at large the crop is very uneven.
On low and flat fields, which were previously flooded, corn is decidedly
below the average in growth, but has good color, is growing rapidly
and, with continued warm weather and occasional showers, will make a
fair crop, if frosts do not come before the average date.
Pastures and potatoes have remained in good condition, but are be-
ginning to show the effects of dry weather and would be benefited by
a good rain. The apple crop will be very small.
Temperature. — The monthly mean temperature for the State, as
shown by the records of 114 stations, was 73.0°, which is 0.4° below
the normal for Iowa. By sections the mean temperatures were as fol-
lows: Northern section, 71.8°, which is 0.3° below the normal; Cen-
tral section, 73.3°, which is 0.4° below the normal; Southern section,
74.0°, which is 0.5° below the normal. The highest monthly mean was
78.3°, at Fairfield, Jefferson county, and the lowest monthly mean, 69.2°,
at Sibley, Osceola county. The highest temperature reported was 100°,
at Rockwell City and Odebolt, in Calhoun and Sac counties, on the 11th
and 29th; the lowest temperature reported was 42°, at Inwood, Larrabee,
Washta and Dows, in Lyon, Cherokee, and Wright counties, on the 7th
and 8th. The average monthly maximum was 94.6°, and the average
monthly minimum was 48.2°. The greatest daily range was 41°, at Fair-
field, Jefferson county. The average of the greatest daily ranges was
31.7°.
Precipitation. — The average precipitation for the State, as shown by
the records of 123 stations, was 3.66 inches, which is .78 inch below the
normal. By sections the averages were as follows: Northern section,
4.24 inches, which is .04 inch below the normal; Central section, 3.60
inches, which is .91 inch below the normal; Southern section, 3.13 inches,
which is 1.41 inch below the normal. The greatest amount, 9.21 inches,
occurred at Alta (near), Buena Vista county, and the least, .70 inch, at
Oskaloosa, Mahaska county. The greatest amount in twenty-four hours,
5.93 inches, occurred at Grand Meadow, Clayton county, on the 17th.
Measureable precipitation occurred on an average of 8 days.
Sunshine and Cloudiness. — The average number of clear days was
16; partly cloiidy, 10; cloudy, 5. The duration of sunshine was near the
normal, the percentage of the possible amount being 69 at Davenport; 67
at Des Moines; 63 at Dubuque; 73 at Keokuk; 66 at Sioux City, and 69
at Omaha, Neb.
Wind.— Southwest winds prevailed. The highest velocity reported
was 36 miles per hour from the southwest, at Keokuk, Lee county, on the
16th.
AUGUST.
The mean temperature for the month was slightly below the normal;
the average daily deficiency ranged from 2.1° in the northern districts to
2
18 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE
1.5° in the southern districts. The warmest period of the month was
between the 2d and the 5th, inclusive, when the maximum temperatures
ranged from 88° to 101°; the highest occurring in Mahaska and "Wapello
counties on the 3d. The coolest period was from the 20th to the 24th,
inclusive, the lowest temperature occurring on the 24th. During the past
18 years, there have been eleven warmer Augusts and seven that were
slightly cooler. The rainfall was above the normal in all districts. Most
of .ae precipitation came from local showers and thunderstorms, which
were quite well distributed as to numbers, but the heaviest rain fell over
the Missouri divide, thence eastward over the northern portion of the
southern districts. There was but one county in the State, Lyon, which
reported less than two inches. While the average amount of rainfall for
the month was in excess of that for August, 1907, the average number of
clear, partly cloudy, cloudy and rainy days were the same as in August
of last year, which indicates, as it did then, that there was an excess of
sunshine.
The weather was favorable for the growth of vegetation and for farm
work. Harvest was finished and threshing well advanced at the close of
the month. Local showers in a few localities interfered with threshing
operations and some grain, in shock, was damaged by excessive moisture,
but the percentage of loss was small. Corn made rapid advancement
toward maturity but is still very green. Pastures were exceptionally
good for the time of year, and all stock is in good condition. The after-
math in meadows made good growth and the second crop of hay will be
heavier than normal. The indications are very favorable for a good
crop of clover seed.
Temperature. — The monthly mean temperature for the State, as shown
by the records of 114 stations, was 70.0°, which is 1.8° below the normal
for Iowa. By sections the mean temperatures v/ere as follows: Northern
section, 68.2°, which is 2.1° below the normal; Central section 70.1°, which
is 1.8° below the normal; Southern section, 71.8°, which is 1.5° below the
normal. The highest monthly mean was 74.5°, at Keokuk, Lee county,
and the lowest monthly mean 66.2°, at Sibley, Osceola county. The highest
temperature reported was 101°, at Oskaloosa and Ottumwa, in Mahaska
and Wapello counties, on the 3d; the lowest temperature reported was
38°, at Atlantic, Cass county, on the 24th. The average monthly maxi-
mum was 94.1°, and the average monthly minimum was 45.1°. The greatest
daily range was 45°, at Atlantic, Cass county. The average of the greatest
daily ranges was 34.8°.
Precipitation. The average precipitation for the State, as shown by
the records of 123 stations, was 4.77 inches, which is .78 inch above the
normal. By sections the averages were as follows: Northern section,
4.03 inches, which is .51 inch above the normal; Central section, 5.07
inches, which is 1.02 inches above the normal; Southern section, 5.21
inches, which is .81 inch above the normal. The greatest amount, 10.58
inches, occurred at Pella, Marion county, and the least, 1.35 inches, at
Rock Rapids, Lyon county. The greatest amount in twenty-four hours,
6.02 inches, occurred at Stuart, Guthrie county, on the 15th. Measureable
precipitation occurred on an average of 9 days.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 19
Sunshine and Cloudiness. — The average number of clear days was
17; partly cloudy 9; cloudy 5. The duration of sunshine was slightly
above the normal, the percentage of the possible amount being 70 at
Davenport; 65 at Des Moines; 68 at Dubuque; 77 at Keokuk; 66 at Sioux
City, and 64 at Omaha, Neb.
Wind. — South and southwest winds prevailed. The highest velocity
reported was 40 miles per hour from the northwest, at Sioux City, Wood-
bury county, on the 15th.
SEPTEMBER.
The month of September, 1908, will go on record as having had the
longest drouthy period of any September since the establishment of the
Iowa Weather and Crop Service; and also for its long period of high
temperatures and cloudless weather. The mean temperature was 4.2°
above the normal, which has been exceeded but once, in 1897, during the
past eighteen years. The temperature was above normal every day up to
the 25th, except from the 1st to the 3d, and on the 7th, when it was slightly
below noi'mal, due to moderately low temperature during the nights.
From the 4th to the 25th, inclusive, the maximum temperatures ranged
from 80° to above 90°, and the minimum temperatures were correspond-
ingly high. A cool w^ave passed over the state between the night of the
26th and the close of the month, which resulted in heavy to killing frosts
oh the mornings of the 28th and 29th, with freezing temperatures over
the larger part of the State on the latter date.
The average precipitation was 1.20 inches, or 2.21 inches below the Sep-
tember normal. With the exception of a very few light showers in the
eastern counties on the 4th and 5th, the northeastern counties on the
13th and in the northwestern counties on the 23d, there was no rain in
the State from the night of August 31st to the night of September 2oth,
making the longest period in any September without rain on record.
Copious showers occurred in all parts of the State between the 26th
and 28th; the heaviest rainfall being in the eastern half of the State.
The high temperature, nearly cloudless skies, and the absence of rainfall
made ideal weather conditions for ripening the corn and maturing the
clover seed crop, but the drouthy conditions were severe on pastures, late
potatoes and apples. Before the middle of the month, fall plowing was
generally discontinued, pastures were dry and brown and stock water
was getting scarce in many localities, and by the 25th the soil was dry
and dusty. The water in all streams w^as lower than it had been in many
years, and in some sections of the State, the stage of rivers was said to
be lower than ever before known. While hot and dry weather was in-
jurious to pastures and a few late crops, it was the salvation of the corn
crop, and the bulk of it was safe from the effects of frost by the 25th.
Some of the crop in late planted fields was, hovrever, pushed toward
maturity too rapidly to make the best corn, but better thus than to have
had it frozen w^hile in the milk or dough stage, as it surely would have
b'een had the weather conditions been normal up to the time of the
average date of the first killing frost. As it was, probably 90% of the
crop escaped any material injury by the frost and freezing temperature,
20 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
and the remainder, while light and chaffy, will have considerable value
for feed. The dry weather was also ideal for finishing threshing and
haying and harvesting the clover and seed crop.
A large second crop of hay was put up in excellent condition, and the
clover seed crop is probably larger than ever befora harvested in this
State. Considerable seeding of winter grain was done during the forepart
of the month, and, if the dry weather had not prevented plowing, there
would have been a large increase in the acreage of winter wheat.
The rains during the last few days of the month will revive pastures
and permit the resumption of plowing, but the amounts of precipitation
were not large enough to have any more than a slight temporary effect
on the water supply.
Tempekatuee. — The monthly mean temperature for the State, as shown
by the records of 112 stations, was 67.9°, which is 4.2° above the normal
for Iowa. By sections the mean temperatures were as follows: North-
ern section, 67.1°, which is 5.0° above the normal; Central section, 67.8°,
which is 4.2° above the normal; Southern section, 68.7°, which is 3.2°
above the normal. The highest monthly mean was 71.6°, at Onawa,
Monona county, and the lowest monthly mean 64.6°, at Mason City, Cerro
Gordo county. The highest temperature reported was 98° at Ridgeway,
Winneshiek county, on the 11th; the lowest temperature reported was
20°, at Washta, Cherokee county, on the 29th. The average monthly max-
imum was 91.8°, and the average monthly minimum was 26.9°. The great-
est daily range was 46°, at Cedar Rapids, Linn county. The average of
the greatest daily ranges was 36.2°.
Precipitation. — The average precipitation for the State, as shown by
the records of 121 stations, was 1.20 inches, which is 2.21 inches below
the normal. By sections the averages were as follows: Northern section,
1.19 inches, which is 2.22 inches below the normal; Central section, 1.20
inches, which is 2.04 inches below the normal; Southern section, 1.21
inches, which is 2.36 inches below the normal. The greatest amount, 3.46
inches, occurred at Grand Meadow, Clayton county, and the least, .25 inch
at Jefferson, Greene county. The greatest amount in twenty-four hours,
2.93 inches, occurred at Independence, Buchanan county, on the 26th and
27th. Measureable precipitation occurred on average of three days.
The average snowfall, unmelted, was trace.
Sunshine and Cloudiness. — The average number of clear days was
21; partly cloudy 6; cloudy 3. The duration of sunshine was above the
normal, the percentage of the possible amount being 76 at Davenport;
79 at Des Moines; 68 at Dubuque; 79 at Keokuk; 78 at Sioux City, and
78 at Omaha, Neb.
Wind. — South winds prevailed. The highest velocity reported was 37
miles per hour from the south, at Sioux City, Woodbury county, on the
25th.
OCTOBEB.
After the rains on September 26th to 29th, inclusive, drouthy conditions
again prevailed until the night of October 19th, there being no rain be-
tween those dates except light showers on the 5th and 6th. During the
first and second decades of the month the temperature was above normal,
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 21
the maximum temperatures ranging from 52° to 89°, and the minimum
from 31° to 65°; but during the last decade, the temperature was con-
siderably lower, the average for the month being slightly below the
normal. From the 19th to the 28th, inclusive, the weather was cloudy
with almost continuous rain. The average rainfall for the month was
considerably above the normal for October and has been exceeded but
four times during the past 19 years. Snow flurries were quite general
over the western half of the State on the 22d and 23d, but the amounts
of snowfall were small except over the southwestern counties where they
ranged from one to eleven inches, which is unusual for that section of
the State so early in the season.
There was a deficiency in the amount of sunshine, notwithstanding the
fact that there was a large excess during the first half of the month. The
dry weather and brisk winds during the first half of the month were
favorable for drying out the corn crop and husking began between the
15th and 18th, and more than the usual amount would have been cribbed,
during October but for the rains between the 19th and 28th which pre-
vented all field work. Husking was resumed on the 29th, and it is
estimated that fully 15% of the crop had been harvested by the close
of the month, at which time the work was being vigorously pushed.
The rains near the close of September revived pastures and put the
soil in good condition to plow, and considerable plowing and fall seeding
was done during the first ten days of October when it again became too
dry, and that work was suspended until after the 27th, since which time
plowing has been resumed. The long continued and, in many places,
heavy rains between October 19th and 28th, replenished the water supply,
revived the pastures and meadows and put the soil in excellent condition
for winter.
Tempebatuke. — The monthly mean temperature for the State, as shown
by the records of 110 stations, was 51.1°, which is 0.8° below the normal
for Iowa. By sections the mean temperatures were as follows: Northern
section, 49.6°, which is 0.5° below the normal; Central section, 51.2°, which
is 0.6° below the normal; Southern section 52.6°, which is 1.1° below the
normal. The highest monthly mean was 54.4°, at Burlington and Keokuk,
Des Moines and Lee counties, and the lowest monthly mean 46.6°, at Sib-
ley, Osceola county. The highest temperature reported was 89°, at Cla-
rinda, Ottumwa, Ames and "Woodburn, Page, Wapello, Story and Clarke
counties, on the 14th and 16th; the lowest temperature reported was 17°,
at Atlantic, Cass county, on the 12th. The average monthly maximum
was 82.9°, and the average monthly minimum was 24.7°. The greatest
daily range was 58°, at Clarinda, Page county. The average of the
greatest daily ranges was 38.5°.
Precipitation. — The average precipitation for the State, as shown
by the records of 118 stations, was 3.38 inches, which is 1.03 inches
above the normal. By sections the averages were as follows: North-
ern section, 3.37 inches, which is 1.10 inches above the normal; Cen-
tral section, 3.13 inches, which is .69 inch above the normal; Southern
section, 3.64 inches; which is 1.29 inches above the normal. The great-
est amount, 8.83 inches, occurred at Lamoni, Decatur county, and the
least, .58 inch, at Clinton, Clinton county. The greatest amount in twen-
22 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
ty-four hours, 2.96 inches, occurred at Plover, Pocahontas county,
on the 24th. Measurable precipitation occurred on an average of 8 days.
Sunshine and Cloudiness. — The average nunjber of clear days was
16; partly cloudy, 6; cloudy, 9. The duration of sunshine was below
the normal, the percentage of the possible amount being 67 at Daven-
port; 60 at Des Moines; 57 at Dubuque; 62 at Keokuk; 50 at Sioux City,
and 57 at Omaha, Neb.
Wind. — South winds prevailed. The highest velocity reported was
48 miles per hour from the south, at Sioux City, Woodbury county,
on the 19th.
DEOUTIIS IN IOWA.
September, 1908, will go on record as having had the longest period
without rain of any September since the establishment of weather
stations in this state. With the exception of a few light showers in
small sections of the state on the 5th, 13th and 23d, there was practic-
ally no rainfall from the night of August 31st to the night of September
25th, making, at most of the stations in this section, twenty-five rain-
less days. Copious rains fell in all parts of the state between the
night of the 25th and the 28th. During the dry period the temperature
was considerably above the normal and the weather was almost cloud-
less. The atmosphere was, however, more or less hazy, and over the
eastern counties light to dense smoke was observed from the 14th to
the 23d, presumably due to forest fires in the upper lake region.
From the 4th to the 25th, inclusive, the maximum temperatures ranged
from 80 to above 90°, and the night temperatures were correspondingly
high.
Previously to September 1st, the conditions had been favorable for
abundance of soil moisture; there being an excess of precipitation for the
state of 3.84 inches in May, 1.14 inches in June and .78 inches in August,
and a deficiency of .78 inch in July, making a total excess of 4.98
inches for the four months. May to August inclusive. All ponds,
streams and sloughs were well filled with water and in May and June
the rivers approached the flood stage, so that there was more than the
normal amount of moisture in the soil on September 1st and all wells
furnished a good supply of water during the entire month.
The effect of the dry, hot weather during September was very
injurious to pastures, late potatoes, garden truck, buckwheat, late
fruits and the surface water supply. By the 15th pastures were brown
and the soil was too dry and hard to plow, and by the 25th the fields
were dusty and most of the ponds, sloughs and small streams were
dry. The stage of water in all rivers was low and in some, the stage
was said to be the lowest ever before known.
While the effects of the drouth were serious and damaging to
pastures, late potatoes and apples, the beneficial effects to corn more
than overbalanced the injury done, and it may as well be said that the
dry w^eather was of great benefit to this state. Corn, the principal
crop in this section, was unusually late due to the heavy and continuous
rains during the latter part of May and June and the fore part of July,
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 23
which retarded planting and prevented the cultivation of early planted
fields, and as a result all corn was green and but little of it had begun
to show any signs of maturity by September 1st. After September
1st corn was rapidly pushed toward maturity and by the 15th of the
month a large percentage of the early planted fields were safe from
the effect of frost, and the late planted fields were making rapid
progress. By the 25th fully 90 per cent of the crop was far enough
advanced to escape any material injury from the frost which occurred
on the 28th and 29th, and the remainder of the crop was in most cases
well dented so that it will have considerable value for feed.
Agricultural interests in this state are more frequently and more
extensively injured by excessive moisture than by drouthy conditions.
The last serious drouth prior to 1908 was in the summer of 1901, and
then the damage to crops was largely due to continuous and excessively
high temperatures and hot winds coming as they did during the period
of pollination and earing of corn. From April 1st to August 31st of
that year, the monthly deficiency of rainfall for the state was as
follows, viz: April, 1.04 inches; May, 2.15; June, .81; July, 2.10, and
August, 2.70 inches, making a total deficiency for the five months of
8.80 inches. The monthly mean and daily maximum temperatures of
July w^ere higher than ever before known, the monthly mean for the
state being 82.4°, or 8.7° above the normal, and the daily maximum
temperatures from the 1st to the 26th, inclusive, were very near or
above 100°, the absolute maximum being 113° at Sigourney. The dry,
hot weather was very damaging to pastures and garden truck and
materially reduced the yield of corn for the year. The following is
quoted from the Monthly Report of the Iowa Section for September,
:!897, and shows the effects of the drouth and hot winds during that
month: "This month brought a marked change and the summary
ending of a peculiar and fitful crop season. The first half broke all
former records of September whether for the corresponding period, by
abnormally high temperatures, intense insolation, hot southerly winds
and severe drouthy conditions. At the central station the sum of the
excess in temperature was 228° for the first 15 days, making a daily
average of over 15° above the normal. During 12 days the maximum
temperatures ranged from 90 to 98°. This extreme heat and general
aridity produced a notable effect upon immature crops, and all forms
of vegetable life. Most of the early planted corn, which with normal
temperature and moisture would have required two to four weeks to
ripen in the best condition, was swiftly hurried to maturity, with more
or less detriment to its quality. The transformation from milk and
dough to the dented stage was too sudden to secure normal development
of the grain. All corn planted betimes on deep, rich soil, well culti-
vated and possessing a good storage of moisture, came through with
a fair average yield, and is but little impaired in quality. But the crop
on exposed uplands, and on thin soils, generally suffered extensive
damage by "firing" and premature drying up.
"Frosts were noted in the northern districts on September 17th and
18th, and on the morning of the 20th a killing frost was reported in
all districts. The bulk of the corn crop, however, was beyond the
24 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
danger line, and probably less than 10 per cent was in condition to
receive any appreciable injury from the frost. But potato vines and
tender garden truck were cut down in all exposed localities. As a
result of the dry weather, hot winds and early frosts, the potato
yield has been greatly reduced everywhere, and in some sections the
crop of late potatoes is well nigh a total failure.
"The pastures and meadows have suffered the most damaging ef-
fects of the drouth and heat. Fall pasturage was almost wholly used up,
and farm stock have been quite generally fed from the corn fields, or
from the forage reserves provided for the winter season.
"Fall plowing and sowing winter grain were retarded by the dry
and hard condition of the soil, and the prospective acreage of winter
wheat has been decreased thereby.
"With all its drawbacks and abnormal conditions, however, the
season of 1897 has brought forth liberal returns for the labors of faith-
ful tillers of the soil. The final roundup will show that the state has
produced a bountiful surplus for export to less favored regions."
"The most disastrous drouth of which we have authentic record as
having occurred in this state was in 1894, following as it did the dry
year of 1893. There was a total deficiency in rainfall in 1893 of
5.06 inches, and in 1894 there was a deficiency of 10.71 inches. From
May 1st, 1893, to August 31, 1894, there was a deficiency of 17.61
inches. During that period the rainfall was below the normal for
every month except December, 1893, January, March and April, 1894,
when there was an excess of .12 inch, .04, .11 and .24 inch respect-
ively. The greatest deficiency was between May 1, 1894, and August
31, 1894, and by months was as follows, viz: May, 2.63; June, 1.85;
July, 3.81; and August, 2.41, or a total deficiency of 10.70 inches for
tne four months. The climax of the drouth came in July when the
average monthly rainfall for the state was only .63 inch, which is the
smallest amount ever recorded in this state during any crop growing
month. Over three-fourths of the state received less than half an inch
of rain during the month and a number of localities reported only a
trace. On the 25th, 26th and 27th of that month, the wind velocity
was very high and the temperature was generally up to 100 degrees or
above. Pastures were absolutely bare of anything on which stock
could secure nourishment; all small streams, shallow wells and ponds,
and many deep wells and large streams were dry and corn was badly
"fired". Many farmers were forced to drive their stock to or haul
water from streams several miles distant in order to keep the cattle
alive, and feeding hay and grain was general. The yield of corn was
only 12 bushels per acre which is the smallest yield of that crop ever
known in this state.
In 1886 a drouth began in Iowa in May and continued during June,
July and August, which was very severe during the last two months.
The records of this office show that the rainfall during those months
was as follows, viz: May, 4.01 inches, all but .74 inch falling during
the first decade of the month; June, 1.21; July, .27; August 1.10 inches,
making a total of 3.32 inches from the middle of May to the ead of
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 25
August. There was only .04 inch of rain fell during the 39 days from
June 21st to July 29th, inclusive.
The precipitation charts in the National Weather Review show that
the worst of the drouth was confined principally to Iowa, although
parts of the adjacent states had a deficiency of rainfall during most of
the summer.
The following is an extract from a description of the drouth in
Iowa, furnished by Gustavus Hinrichs, M. D., then director of the
"Iowa Weather Service":
"Since the middle of May Iowa has been subjected to a drouth, the
most severe on record. Fortunately, the greater part of the state has
been favored with rains sufficient to break the drouth temporarily
toward the close of June. ************.
"the drouth at IOWA CITY.
"In thp early summer of 1886, the last good rain fell on May 13th.
Since that time we have had no rain reaching half an inch until August
4th. Thus we had no serviceable shower for 83 days. The total rams
which fell in this interval were 0.02 inch during the last decade of May;
0.41 during the first, 0.17 during the second, and 0.25 inch during the
third decade of June. During the entire month of July we had only
one-tenth of an inch of rain here. The total rainfall during the 83-
days of our drouth was 0.95 inch only. The normal rainfall for this
part of our season is 10.32 inches. Our pastures have been brown for
a long time, and burn readily from sparks of passing trains, unless
cropped bare by stock. Meadows yielded a good crop of most excel-
lent hay due to early rains, but the stubble remains brown and looks
dead. A great deal of corn is stunted and cannot yield much of a
crop, and where no ears have formed, will yield but little fodder.
Small grain, especially oats, are good in grain and yield fair to good,
where sown early to be developed by the spring rains; in that case the
straw is good too, and thus will be quite an item in this winter's feed.
It will be seen that even here, where the drouth is extreme, there is
not a failure of crops, because our farming operations are sufficiently
diversified to make a total failure almost an impossibility.
"the belt of continuous drouth.
"A belt running diagonally from northwest to southeast through
Iowa marked the region of greatest drouth in the state, because no
rain fell in this belt amounting to one inch during any ten days of this
drouth. From Marshall county a branch of this belt goes east over
Iowa and Johnson to Scott county. Throughout this forking belt the
drouth has been the most severe, because continuous. In area this
comprises probably one-tenth of the entire state. The description
given above of the drouth at Iowa City will apply more or less to all
parts of this belt."
In years gone by there have been many local drouths, covering a
comparatively small area of the state and several that were general
over this and adjacent states, but there are no authentic data at hand
to verify the statements of the older inhabitants as to their severity.
26 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
NOVEMBEE.
The weather during the larger part of November was very mild
and pleasant, although the precipitation was above normal in all sec-
tions of the state. The rains, however, came in periods lasting but one
or two days, and during the intervals there were long spells of fair
weather.
The temperature was high to moderate during most of the month;
the only periods of cold weather were between the 11th and 17th and
on the 30th, and even then the cold was not excessive, there being
no station in the state which reported a minimum temperature as low
as zero. During the past eighteen years there have been only three
Novembers with a higher mean temperature than was recorded during
the past month, and but four during which temperatures below zero
were not recorded. From the 2d to the 8th and from the 17th to the
25th the maximum temperatures ranged from 50° to above 70°; the
highest occurring at most stations on the 18th.
Light and scattered rains fell on the 1st and general rains from the
22d to the 25th and on the 29th and 30th, with snow flurries on the
13th and 14th. The amounts of precipitation were small except from the
22d to the 25th, when they ranged from about half an inch to over
two inches; the largest amounts being reported from the eastern coun-
ties. The conditions were unusually favorable for field and other out-
door work, except during and immediately after the rainy periods when
the fields were too soft to haul heavy loads of corn.
Corn husking was rapidly pushed and nearly 90 per cent of that
crop had been harvested by the close of the month, with only about
9 per cent reported as being soft. The rains have replenished the
water supply, and all wells and streams now have a sufficient quan-
tity to meet all demands during the winter. Considerable fall plow-
ing was done during the month, and meadows, pastures and fall
grains are reported as being in excellent condition.
Temperatuee. — The monthly mean temperature for the State, as
shown by the records of the 115 stations, was 39.3°, which is 3.4° above
the normal for Iowa. By sections the mean temperatures were as fol-
lows: Northern section, 36.9°, which is 3.2° above the normal; Central
section, 39.4°, which is 3.7° above the normal; Southern section, 41.5°,
which is 3.3° above the normal. The highest monthly mean was 45.2, at
Keokuk, Lee county, and the lowest monthly mean, 35.4°, at Britt and
Sibley, Hancock and Osceola counties. The highest temperature re-
ported was 80°, at Saint Charles, Madison county, on the 18th; the low-
est temperature reported was 5°, at Sioux Center, Sioux county, on the
."^.Oth. The average monthly maximum was 69.1°, and the average month-
ly minimum was 12.9°. The greatest daily range was 55°, at Sibley,
Osceola county. The average of the greatest daily ranges was 39.6°.
Precipitation. — The average precipitation for the State, as shown by
the records of 122 stations, was 1.56 inches, which is .17 inch above the
normal. By sections, the averages were as follows: Northern section,
1.53 inches, which is .22 inch above the normal; Central section, 1.45
inches, which is .02 inch above the normal; Southern section, 1.70
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 27
inches, which is .26 inch above the normal. The greatest amount, 3.31
inches, occurred at Clinton, Clinton county, and the least, .21 inch, at
Pacific Junction, Mills county. The greatest amount in twenty-four
hours, 1.90 inches, occurred at Leon, Decatur county, on the 24th.
The average snowfall, unmelted, was 1.4 inches, the average for
the three sections being as follows: Northern section, 2.2 inches; Cen-
tral section, 1.2 inches; Southern section, 0.9 inch. The greatest monthly
snowfall, 7.0 inches, occurred at Sioux Center, Sioux county, and the
greatest 24-hour amount, 5.0 inches, at Alton and Sioux Center, Sioux
county, on the 25th.
Measurable precipitation occurred on an average of 5 days.
Sunshine and Cloudiness. — The average number of clear days was
14; partly cloudy, 7; cloudy, 9. The duration of sunshine was slight-
ly above the normal, the percentage of the possible amount being
59 at Charles City; 57 at Davenport; 54 at Des Moines; 47 at Dubuque;
51 at Keokuk; 55 at Sioux City, and 62 at Omaha, Neb.
Wind. — Northwest winds prevailed. The highest velocity reported
was 54 miles per hour from the northwest at Sioux City, Woodbury
county, on the 30th.
DECEMBER.
The month of December was unusually mild and pleasant, there
being no severe storms and but two or three days of very cold weather.
The mean temperature w^as, however, 1.6° lower than in December,
1907, due to low minimum temperatures on a few days. During the
past 18 years, there have been five Decembers with a higher mean
temperature and five with a smaller average amount of precipitation.
The month opened clear and cold with the minimum temperature
nearly zero in the northern portions of the state on the 1st and 2d
which was followed by warmer weather until the 5th, when show
began falling and continued during the night. The storm was general
in all parts of the state and from one to seven inches of snow fell,
making it the heaviest snow storm during the month, but, fortunately,
there was but little wind and the drifting was slight and travel was not
materially affected. A severe cold wave swept over the state on the
afternoon and night of the 6th, resulting in temperatures below zero
in all but the extreme eastern counties.
From the 8th to the 29th the weather was generally pleasant with
moderate temperature. The month closed with high northwest winds
and a cold wave. The corn harvest was finished early in the month
under the most favorable conditions and there was some plowing done
in the southeastern counties between the 20th and 30th. Stock was in
the stalk fields during the entire month and are reported as being in
excellent condition. As the ground was covered with snow during the
coldest period, winter grain has not yet been injured.
Tempekatuke. — The monthly mean temperature for the State, as
shown by the records of 115 stations, was 27.2°, which is 3.6° above
the normal for Iowa. By sections the mean temperatures were as
follows: Northern section, 24.0°, which is 3.1° above the normal; Cen-
tral section, 27.4°, which is 3.6° above the normal; Southern section,
30.2V which is 4.0° above the normal. The highest monthly mean was
28
IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
33.4° at Keokuk, Lee county, and the lowest monthly mean was 19.5° at
Northwood, Worth county. The highest temperature reported was 67°
at Washington, Washington county, on the 14th; the lowest tempera-
ture reported was 17° below zero at Alton, Sioux county, and Dows,
Wright county, on the 7th. The average monthly maximum was 52.2°,
and the average monthly minimum was 8.9° below zero. The greatest
daily range was 50° at Carroll, Carroll county. The average of the
greatest daily ranges was 34.2°.
Peecipitation. — The average precipitation for the State, as shown
by the records of 120 stations, was .57 inch, which is .62 inch below
the normal. By sections the averages were as follows: Northern sec-
tion, .93 inch, which is .10 inch below the normal; Central section, .46
of an inch, which is .74 inch below the normal; Southern section, .33
inch, which is 1.00 inch below the normal. The greatest amount, 2.07
inches, occurred at Ridgeway, Winneshiek county, and the least, .05
inch, at Greenfield, Adair county, and Whitten, Hardin county. The
greatest amount in twenty-four hours, 1.18 inch, occurred at Osage,
Mitchell county, on the 16th.
The average snow fall, unmelted, was 3.8 inches. By sections, the
averages were as follows: Northern section, 4.3 inches; Central sec-
tion, 4.0 inches; Southern section, 3.1 inches. The greatest monthly
snowfall, 8.4 inches, occurred at Inwood, Lyons county, and the great-
est amount in twenty-four hours, 7.0 inches, at Belle Plaine, Ben-
ton county, on the 6th. Measurable precipitation occurred on an average
of 3 days.
Sunshine and Cloudiness. — The average number of clear days was
15; partly cloudy, 8; cloudy, 8. The duration of sunshine was generally
above the normal, the percentage of the possible amount being 62 at
Charles City, 49 at Davenport, 60 at Des Moines, 44 at Dubuque, 53 at
Keokuk, 54 at Sioux City, and 61 at Omaha, Neb.
Wind. — Northwest winds prevailed. The highest velocity reported
was 50 miles per hour from the northwest at Sioux City, Woodbury
county, on the 30th.
AVERAGE DATES OF LAST KILLING FROST IN SPRING AND
FIRST IN AUTUMN, IN IOWA.
1
Oar,
FROST
Station
Average Date of
Date of
First
Killing
m
Autumn
Last
in
Spring
Earliest
Killing
in
Autumn
Latest
In
Spring
Charles City
17
35
31
35
37
38
19
Sept. 26
Oct. 13
Oct. 10
Oct. 13
Oct. 15
Oct. 12
Sept. 27
May 16
April 22
April 22
April 21
April 11
April 16
May i
Sept. 12
Sept. 18
Sept. 13
Sept. 27
Sept. 18
Sept 18
Sept. 13
May 29
May 22
May 22
May 21
May 4
May 19
May 21
Davenport
Des Moines
Dubuque
Keokuk
Omaha, Nebraska
Sioux City
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I
29
DATES OF LAST KILLING FROST IN SPRING AND FIRST IN AUTUMN
IN IOWA FOR 1908
Stations
Killing Frost
Last in
Spring
Last in
Autumn
Stations
Killing Frost
Last in
Spring
Last in
Autumn
Afton
Albia -
Algona - -—
Allerton —
Alta
Alton
Amana
Ames
Atlantic
Audubon
Baxter
Bedford
Belle Plaine
Bloomfleld
Bonaparte
Boone —
Britt
Burlington
Carroll
Cedar Rapids
Chariton
Charles City
Clarinda —
Clear Lake
Clinton —
Columbus Junction
Coming —
Corydon
Creston
Davenport
Decorah
Delaware
Denison
Des Moines — -
De Soto — .
Elkader .^
Dubuque
Earlham
Elliott -
Elma
Estherville
Fayette
Fairfield
Forest City
Fort Dodge -
Grand Meadow —
Greene
Grinnell
Grundy Center
Guthrie Center
Hampton
Hancock
Harlan
Hopeville
Humboldt
Independence
Indianola
May 2
Sept. 28
May 2
Sept. 28
May 3
Sept. 28
May 2
Sept. 28
May 3
Sept. 28
May 3
Sept. 28
May 3
Sept. 29
May 4
Sept. 28
May 9
Sept. 28
May 9
Sept. 28
May 2
Sept. 28
May 2
Sept. 28
May 2
Sept. 28
May 2
Sept. 28
May 2
Sept. 28
May 2
Sept. 28
May 3
Sept. 28
May 2
Sept. 28
May 9
Sept. 28
May 3
Sept. 28
May 2
Sept. 28
May 3
Sept. 28
May 3
Sept. 28
May 3
Sept. 28
May 3
Sept. 29
May 2
Sept. 28
May 2
Sept. 28
May 2
Sept. 28
May 3
Sept. 28
May 2
Sept. 29
May 9
Sept. 29
May 3
Sept. 29
May 9
Sept. 28
May 2
Sept. 28
May 2
Sept. 28
May 9
Sept. 29
May 3
Sept. 29
May 9
Sept. 28
May 2
Sept. 27
May 9
Sept. 28
May 3
Sept. 28
May 9
May 8
Sept. 28
May 3
Sept. 28
May 7
Sept. 28
May 3
Sept. 29
May 3
Sept. 28
May 2
Sept. 28
May 3
Sept. 28
May 2
Sept. 28
May 3
Sept. 28
May 2
Sept. 28
May 9
Sept. 28
May 2
Sept. 28
May 3
Sept. 28
May 3
Sept. 28
May 2
Sept. 28
Inwood
Iowa City
Iowa Falls
Keokuk
Keosauqua _.
Knoxville
Larrabee
Le Mars
Lenox
Leon _-
Little Sioux
Logan
Marshalltown .-
Mason City
Mount Ayr
Mount Pleasant
New Hampton _.
Newton
Northwood
Odebolt
Olin
Onawa
Osage
Oskaloosa
Ottumwa
Pacific Junction
Pella
Perry
Plover _
Pocahontas
Ridgeway
Rock Rapids —
Saint Charles —
Sheldon
Sibley
Sigourney
Sioux Center
Sioux City
Stockport
Storm Lake
Thurman
Tipton
Toledo
Wapello
Washington
Washta
Waterloo
Waukee
Waverly
Webster City _—
West Bend
Whitten
Wilton Junction
Winterset
Woodburn
Zearing
May 9
May 3
May 9
May 2
May 2
May 2
May 8
May 9
May 2
May 2
May 9
May 8
May 3
May 3
May 2
May 2
May 3
May 2
May 3
May 7
May 3
May 2
May 3
May 2
May 3
May 8
May 2
May 2
May 8
May 3
May 3
May 9
May 2
May 8
May 8
May 2
May 7
May 2
May 2
May 3
May 2
May 3
May 3
May 2
May 2
May 9
May 2
May 2
May 3
May 9
May 3
May 3
May 4
May 2
May 9
May 3
30
IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
aiBQ
jsa^oq
aaea
jsaq^iH
8Jn
• a CO aaaa
> 5
O) M Sh
W O CJ
-a
-a o rt
^^
lO
(M Irt OS to ITJ <
I-IO* I-H rH C^ <
-a 2.2
.So 2
S o!
M I I M I I I III
"^ I IS 1 I I >> I 'i^
"alia 1 1 l-t: I i'g
$ \ \B ! ! 1^ 1 lo
c o
ift (M -^ O (>i
O ^ I CO Ift C3
<£^^ tCji^
o c c
O O CJ
O 5 c; c s S 3
.^ o ci s- o o o
cj g; G s o) <y (u
lO o
-<*i lo I
•^ 00 CQ 00 •* «)
aSeaaAV
Ci CO C-. lO T}< rH
-" 'l' t-^ O ft l>
'~> OJ ~5 lO O O
© OJ rH CO <M
d b^ rH ej ^^
^ (-1
CD S
aj S a
^ — G
iz > V
O C OJ
8UIITBA8J(I
vCpnoio
^P.oiO'W
JTJ8I0
•dioajj
ajoui JO
TO* miAi
iBaox
aSB9T
TT»Jox
asajBaJO
9jn
-3JBd9a
eSBjaAv
IOOr-IOOU3lOeOOl0500
)cot>ooTHO©c»o<ot-oo
t-e«COM<ClCiCOb-rH«>-^lft
nooooiAeooocsMooioeo
as
o c3 >5CS n_
— -H Qi M c3 rt
a
>« (1)
c;coir>t~cof^OL-3i.'5oO'Hio
OiM-^ocot-t-cowmwO
Uri^ a W I "2 G >.
• •- 9 ^ •
^^:§|a5^
s
S?3^5J§^g§c;3S
IH CO CO
-^;2;;il
CI © CO 00 CON
s
S^SSS
Sg?3g^g
,
H_ 1
CO -H
,-^^:;l^i
■H<
C5GQ
wSo
S^g^SS
r-l,H
<MOO>OCO-*iHCOl-(
^ O^ C^ G G == " O <= ^
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 31
CLIMATE AND CROP REVIEW.
Crop Season of 1908.
During the first and second decades of January the temperature
was decidedly above the normal and was not down to zero, except in
the northern districts, until the 23d. After that date the temperature
was more seasonable and records of zero or below were reported on one
or more dates from all sections of the state; the lowest for the month
and winter occurring on the 29th. The average precipitation was below
the normal, and the amounts were uniformly small; the only storm of con-
sequence was on the 31st, and was attended by rain, sncw and sleet, the
latter causing a great deal of damage to fruit-trees, telegraph, telephone,
and electric car lines, but, on the whole, the month was exceptionally
pleasant with an abundance of sunshine.
February opened cold with the temperature below zero on the 1st and
2d, and these were the coldest days of the month. After the 2d, the
weather was quite moderate, except on the 18th, 20th and 27th, when the
temperature was nearly to or below zero; but the average temperature
for the month was considerably above the normal, the greatest excess
being in the northern counties where it averaged 5.9° above the normal.
The precipitation was heavier than ever before recorded in February
since the organization of the State Weather Service in 1890. The snow-
fall was unusually heavy, and the excess in precipitation for the month
was due mostly to the severe snowstorm which swept over the state on
the 18th. It was the most severe storm of tne winter; the amounts of
snow ranged from 2 to 4 inches, in the northern counties, to 10 to 16
inches, in southern and eastern counties. The storm vras attended by
high winds which drifted the snow badly and delayed traflfic in all sec-
tions of the state, and, on some of the railroads in the southern section,
no trains were run for two days. The snow melted rapidly on the
22d and 23d, and at the close of the month the ground was uncovered
except a trace in the northeastern counties.
The w^eather during March was excetionally mild and pleasant with
the temperature uniformly above the normal, and the precipitation below
the normal, except over the east central counties. The coldest day
of the month was on the 8th, when the minimum temperatures in a few
of the northwestern counties were from one to eight degrees below
zero. The precipitation was quite well distributed and fell mostly in
the form of rain, no snow being reported except small amounts in the
central and northern counties. The month afforded more than the usual
number of pleasant days for farm and other out-door work. The growth
of vegetation was not as far advanced at the end of the month as it was
at the close of March, 1907, but fully .as much seeding of small grain
and plowing for corn had been done.
32 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
April opened and closed with cool waves during which the tem-
peratures were below freezing. During the first three days the mini-
mum temperatures ranged from 11° to 18° over the northern district, and
from 14° to 24° in the southern district. From the 3d to the 27th the
weather was moderate and generally very pleasant with maximum tem-
peratures, at some stations, above 90° on the 13th and 19th. There
was an excess of sunshine, and, except in a few localities, where heavy
local showers occurred, there was less than the usual amount of rainfall,
the greatest deficiency occurring over the southwestern and southern
counties. The conditions were exceptionally favorable for work in the
fields, and the seeding of small grain was practically completed at the
beginning of the third decade, and at the close of the month more than
the usual amount of ground had been prepared for corn. Up to the 27th,
the prospects for a fruit crop were never better, but the frosts and
freezing temperatures during the last three days of the month did
considerable damage to the buds, especially in southern counties.
The cool wave, which swept over the state during the last three
days of April, continued until the 3d of May, causing heavy to killing
frost in all parts of the state on the 2d, which resulted in further
injury to fruit and garden truck. From the 3d to the close of the
month there were no decided changes in temperature, it being quite
moderate and uniform, so that the monthly average was but a fraction
of a degree below the normal. The month was, however, characterized
by abnormally heavy rainfall and the frequency of showers. Rain fell
in some part of the state on every day of the month. The average
amount of precipitation was 8.34 inches, or 3.84 inches above the
normal. This record has been exceeded in May but twice during the past
19 years, viz.: 1892 and 1903, with an average amount of 8.77 and 8.55
inches respectively. The excessive rainfall caused flood stages in all
streams and rivers, washed hillsides, overflowed low and bottom lands,
prevented the completion of corn planting and the cultivation of the
early planted fields. There was about 20% of the corn area to be
planted at the close of the month and a great deal of replanting to be
done.
During June the average temperature was below the normal and the
rainfall exceeded the normal by 1.14 inch. In the western portion of
the upper Des Moines river valley, the excess ranged from 4 to over 7
inches; the greatest monthly rainfall reported was 11.88 inches at Plover
in Pocahontas county. Severe thunderstorms, accompanied by wind
squalls and hail, were frequent; the most damaging wind storm occurred
at Charles City, in Floyd county, on the afternoon of the 7th, and one
of the worst hailstorms on record in this state swept over Howard,
Winneshiek, Allamakee and Clayton counties on the evening of the 20th,
causing damage to the extent of over $400,000. The frequent and heavy
rains prevented work in the fields, kept the rivers up to flood stages,
flooded all low and flat lands and caused considerable washing of the
soil on hillsides, and as a result, farmers in some sections of tne state
were planting or replanting corn up to the close of the month. But in
spite of the adverse conditions the early planted corn on high and well
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 33
tilled land showed a good stand and was exceptionally clean, and some
fields were laid by before the end of the month. The excessive moisture
and moderately cool weather were very beneficial to grass, and the hay
crop of 1908 will go on record as having been one of the largest yields
per acre ever harvested in this state. The cherry crop was light in
southern and fair in the northern counties, where the buds were not so
far advanced at the time of the frosts in May.
July was an exceptionally good harvest month, the temperature being
very nearly normal and but little rainfall after the 7th. The number
of wind squalls and hailstorms were less than is usual in July; the
worst windstorm occurred on the afternoon of the 26th in Ida county
and caused considerable damage to crops and buildings; and the worst
hailstorm of the month occurred on the 17th near Woodburn, Clarko
county. Small grain harvest began during the second week and was
nearly completed and threshing operations were in full progress before
the close of the month. Corn made rapid growth but was very uneven in
size, owing to the long interval of time between the early and late
planted fields.
The mean temperature of August was 1.8° below and the average
precipitation was .78 inch above the normal. The highest temperature
of the summer was recorded during the month, the maximum being
101.° The rainfall was fairly well distributed both as to amount and
number of showers. The weather was favorable for the growth of
vegetation and for farm work. Harvest was finished and threshing was
well advanced at the close of the month. Corn made rapid advancement
but showed no indication of ripening.
September will go on record as having had the longest drouthy period
of any September during the past ly years, and for its long period of
high temperature which averaged 4.2° above the normal. With the
exception of a few scattered showers on the 4th and 5th, 13th and 23d,
there was no rain in the state from the night of August 31st to the
night of September 25th. The warm, dry weather prevented fall plowing
and was injurious to pastures and the surface water supply, but was very
beneficial to corn, preparing it for the killing frost and freezing tem-
peratures which came on the 28th and 29th. Fall plowing, which had
been delayed by the dry weather, was resumed after the copious showers
on the 26th, 27th and 28th.
Drouthy conditions prevailed from the 1st to the 19th of October,
with an excess of temperature during the same period, but during the
last decade of the month the conditions were reversed, the average
temperature for the month being below and the precipitation above the
normal. The clear, dry and warm weather with brisk winds during the
first half of the month caused the corn crop to dry out rapidly and
husking began between the 15th and 18th, but was delayed by the rains
between the 19th and 28th so that only about 15% of the crop was cribbed
at the close of the month.
November was an exceptionally mild and pleasant month with an
average temperature 3.4° above the normal, and a slight excess of pre-
cipitation. There were no severe rain or sleet storms and but one light
3
34
IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE
snowstorm. The clear and warm weather was favorable for out-door
work and nearly 90% of the corn crop had been harvested by the close
of the month. Considerable fall plowing was done and meadows, pastures
and fall grains were reported as being in good condition. The clear and
mild weather continued during December, there being an excess of 3.6° in
temperature and a deficiency of .62 inch in precipitation with an abun-
dance of sunshine. There was but one period during the month
when the temperatures were generally below zero. On the 6th and 7th,
the temperature ranged from zero to 17° below zero.
COMPARATIVE DATA FOR THE STATE-ANNUAL
Temperature
Precipitation
1
*-rt
S
a
d
"5
<
m
4f
■3
«l
<
Sf^
d
.d
5
o
03
a
II
22
>0Q
s
5
Q
^
Q
<
O
^
«J
1890
48.0
110
July 13
—27
January 22
31.28
45.74
16.00
1891
47.3
106
Au^st 9
—31
February 4
32.90
49.05
23.48
1892
46.6
104
July 11
—38
January 19
36. 5S
48.77
24.78
31.7
1893
45.7
102
July *13
—36
January 14
27.59
33.27
19.19
36.2
1894
49.7
109
July 26
—37
January 25
21.94
29.81
15.65
18.4
1895
47.2
104
May 28
—33
February 1
26.77
35.25
18.57
25.5
1896
48.6
104
July 3
—20
January 4
37.23
51.60
28.68
19.8
1897
47.9
106
July *23
—30
January 25
26.97
36.18
20.21
38.5
1898
47.7
103
August 20
—25
December 31
31.34
55.47
19.51
38.6
1899
47.5
104
September 6
—40
February 11
28.68
42.06
21.79
23.2
1900
49.3
103
August 3
—27
February 15
34.15
47.33
25.05
26.3
1901
48.9
113
July 22
—31
December 15
24.41
37.69
16.35
37.2
1902
47.7
98
July 30
—31
January 27
43.^
58.80
20.14
27.7
1903
47.7
101
August 24
—27
December 13
35.39
50.53
26.41
19.1
1904
46.3
100
July 17
—32
January 27
28.51
38.93
19.34
30.3
1905
47.2
104
August 11
— 41
February 2
36.56
52.26
24.66
37.9
1906
48.4
102
July 21
—32
February 10
31.60
44.34
20.63
32.5
1907
48.0
102
July 5
—31
February 5
31.61
43.90
19.93
24.3
1908
49.5
101
August 3
—18
January 29
35.26
49.98
24.11
20.7
*And other dates.
IOWA CROP REPORT— JUNE 1, 1908.
Acreage of Farm Crops. Estimated Condition of Staple Crops. Fruit
AND Live Stock.
Reports received June 1st from county and township correspondents
of the Iowa Weather and Crop Service show the following results as to
the number of acres and average condition of staple farm crops; also
the condition of fruit and live stock.
Corn. — The estimated number of acres of corn planted appears to
be 8,970,900, or an increase of 112,820 acres as compared with the area
harvested in 1907. It is probable that some of the acreage intended to
be planted will have to be abandoned necessitating a revision of the above
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 35
estimate, and the revised report will be given in July, together with the
acreage by counties. The average condition of the corn already planted
on June 1st was placed at 92 per cent for the state, as against 88 per cent
on June 1, 1907.
Wheat. — The area of spring wheat is estimated to be 323,467 acres,
and winter wheat, 85,147 acres, making a total wheat acreage of 408,614
acres. This is 12,511 acres less than was harvested in 1907. The esti-
mated condition of winter wheat was 101, and spring wheat 100 as
compared with 91 and 88 per cent respectively on the same date last
year.
Oats. — The acreage of oats is placed at 97 per cent, and the average
condition 102 per cent. Last year the condition on June 1st was 89
per cent.
Barley. — Acreage sown, 397,408 acres, or 198 acres more than last
year. The average condition is 101 as compared with 81 per cent on
June 1, 1907.
Rye. — Acreage 97; estimated condition, 101 per cent, as compared with
91 per cent last year.
Flax. — Area seeded, 95 per cent; condition, 96 per cent.
Potatoes. — Acreage planted, 101; condition, 98 per cent. Last year
the condition was 86 per cent.
Meadows. — Acreage, 96 per cent; condition 104 per cent, as compared
with 74 per cent last year. The average condition of meadows on June
1st during the past five years is 93 per cent.
Pastures. — The acreage is about 99 per cent, and the condition is 106.
Last year the condition was 80 per cent.
Condition of Fruit. — Apples, 67 per cent; plums, 57; peaches, 51;
cherries, 71; grapes, 81; strawberries, 87; raspberries, 81; blackberries,
86.
Condition of Live Stock. — Cattle, 99 per cent; hogs, 94; horses, 98;
sheep, 99; foals, 94; spring pigs, 90.
IOWA CROP REPORT, JULY 1, 1908.
Following is a summary of reports received from crop correspond-
ents of the Iowa Weather and Crop Service, showing the estimated con-
dition of the staple crops, July 1, 1908, as compared with the average
condition on that date in past years: Corn, 85 per cent; winter wheat,
99; spring wheat, 94; oats, 90; rye, 95; barley, 93; flax, 89; hay crop,
103; pastures, 104; potatoes, 99; apples, 50; plums, 40; grapes, 80.
Condition last year: Corn, 76; spring wheat, 90; oats, 89; barley, 90;
rye, 94; flax, 91; hay crop, 78; pastures, 92; potatoes, 98; apples, 42;
grapes, 80.
A revise destimate of the area of corn planted this year shows about
95 per cent, or an average decrease of a little over 5 per cent, compared
with the area planted in 1907.
36
IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I 37
IOWA CROP REPORT, JULY 25, 1908.
Following is a summary of reports received from crop correspond-
ents of the Iowa Weather and Crop Service, showing the estimated con-
dition of the staple crops July 25, 1908, as compared with the average
condition on that date in past years: Corn, 88 per cent; spring wheat,
93; oats, 85; flax, 92; barley, 94; hay crop, 104; pastures, 102; po-
tatoes, 93; apples, 48; grapes, 78.
Conditions August 1, 1907: Corn, 79 per cent; spring wheat, 85; oats,
76; barley, 85; flax, 88; hay, 80; potatoes, 90; pastures, 100; apples, 40;
grapes, 84.
FINAL CROP REPORT, 1908.
Final Report for the State — Total Yield of Soil Products — Value
AT Farm Prices, December 1, 1908.
Following is a summary of crop reports from correspondents of the
Iowa Weather and Crop Service showing the average yield per acre and
total yields of staple soil products, and the average prices at the farms
or nearest stations, December 1, 1908. The value gained by feeding
farm crops for the production of live stock, poultry, and dairy products
is not taken into consideration in this report.
Corn. — A revised report of the estimated corn acreage, made July
1, after the heavy rains had ceased, indicated that the area planted this
year was 8,399,610 acres, or 458,390 acres less than the area planted in
1907. The average yield per acre for the state this year was 35.9 bushels,
making a total yield of 301,873,150 bushels. This exceeds the average
yield of the ten preceding years by over ten million bushels. The average
farm price on December 1st was 51 cents per bushel, making the aggre-
gate value $153,955,306, and the most valuable corn crop ever raised in
the State. Owing to the high temperature and dry weather in September,
the late planted fields were rushed toward maturity too rapidly and as a
result about 9% of the crop is reported as being soft; otherwise the
condition of the crop is excellent.
Wheat. — Winter wheat area harvested, 85,147 acres; yield per acre,
19.7 bushels; total yield, 1,678,540 bushels; average price, 86 cents per
bushel; total value, $1,443,544. Spring wheat area harvested, 323,467
acres; average yield, 15.4 bushels per acre; total product, 4,968,250
bushels; price per bushel, 86 cents; total value, $4,272,695; aggregate
value of wheat, $5,716,239.
Oats. — The oats crop this season has been below the average in
yield per acre and weight per bushel, as a result of rust and other adverse
conditions. The area harvested was 4,431,650 acres; average yield, 25.5
bushels per acre; total product, 112,830,490 bushels; aggregate value at
38 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
43 cents per bushel, $48,517,110. Last season the product was 111,190,400
bushels, valued at $43,364,256. The average total yield for the ten pre-
ceding years is 124,433,092 bushels.
Barley.— Area harvested, 397,408 acres; yield per acre, 26.7 bushels;
total product, 10,629,660 bushels; average price, 50 cents per bushel; total
value, $5,314,830. The average total yield for the preceding ten years is
13,629,872 bushels.
Rye. — Area harvested, 50,893 acres; average yield, 17.1 bushels; total
product, 869,072 bushels; average price, 63 cents per bushel; total value
$547,515.
Flax. — Area harvested, 40,833 acres; yield per acre, 11.3 bushels; total
yield, 461,580 bushels; average price, $1.01 per bushel; total value,
$466,195.
Potatoes. — Area harvested, 118,517 acres; average yield, 89.9 bushels;
total product, 10,658,290 bushels; average price, 59 cents; total value,
$6,288,391. The total yield is about the same as the average yield for
the preceding ten years.
Hay (tame). — Average yield per acre, 1.8 tons; total product, 5,838,640
tons; average farm price, $6,16 per ton; value of crop, ^;55,966,022.
Hay (wild).— Yield per acre, 1.6 tons; total product, 1,445,980 tons;
average price, $5.09 per ton; total value, $7,360,038.
The hay crop as a whole (tame and wild) is over 2,000,000 tons in
excess of the ten-year average.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I
39
TABULATED CROP SUMMARY.
__ _ . 301,873,150 bu, $ 153,955,306
..V. "~Z'Z7i '""' 1,G78,540 bu. 1,443,544
Winter Wheat ^' ^^^ ^^^^^^,,,
Spring Wheat - - --- __ _ ^^^;g3^^^,, ^^, 48.517.110
oats gg^^^^g ^^ 547^515
^^^, „.. 10.629,660 bu. 5,314,830
^, ^ -~ .. 461,580 bu. 466.195
p^t(^ :::::;::::;:":"": 10,608,290 bu. 6,288,391
Ir Z':^ — - 5,898,6-10 tons 35,966.022
S""^ ^.w^.^ """ - - 1 445,980 tons 7,360,038
Hay (Wild) Es imated 100,000,000
Pastures and Grazing :^^" ' , nn nm
T» oK„rT.^of Estimated 110,000
Buckwheat - — ^ ^. j. ^ Tin fuv\
Sweet Potatoes S' !^ .'1 v 'Z
sorghum and Broom Corn Es ima ed 1^,000
Timothv and Clover Seed Estimated 1.700,000
Timothy and Clover
Alfalfa and Millet Estimated
Sweet Corn
525,000
Estimated 800.000
Fruit Crops Estimated 2.500.000
Garden TruL ■;:::": Estimated 6.000.000
Total
$ 376,076,648
40
IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Q
<
J
<
pq
^ .
o ^
o tn
9J0B jad
sidqsng
O «
CQ
Biaqsna
S3J0V
OS
ajoB jad
siaqsng
sajov
O en
ajoB jad
siaqsng
sajov
O CO
ajOB jaa
siaqsng
sajDV
o o c c = o g 2 c o g
o 5 ?? e o LI c
CO ^ O >5 GO o< (
;gg!
-^ M f^ ift CO -^ '"t ?? ^ 1
O Csi t~ O^ O
O :0 ls -t<
t r^ ir^ t-H 1— I OJ -
c 2 g ,x 3 S S ^ = = 2 ^
t>CO M T-TrHcTr^
rt [-' '- '^ 30 -r O -r O lS -p 1--I CO t- O O
C* P CC O 00 o O =-. -O S^i L." ^ iC IN GC__ W
o >--: -r o
i- C'^ o ^
' so -*■ IN i-l W I
c* o 55 S o 36 oi
O CO l~ O CO -^ C5
i-H C-. (N C: N -O
;sg2S^222
i o o !=■ in CO o
lo i-( ^ i-( o
^ S ? 3 N 2 ? g g
S 5 5 '. t' 5 *
:o .c X (- in .^ J5
l~ oi N o I- ■
■ "■ "" CO ■ " "" p-H " fri ^ CO
• CO CO' X T-l OJ N rJ 10 CO CO
C c; O O O C; o O O O i ^
3 0( — — Oi t- c;j C2 ~. CO cs I
gg$||ggS2^|
)0<rrHOl rH CO Co'oTrH
JN O* -■
CQiH i-ii-ii-nei OJr-l I— I
.-< L- i- _ ^ ■* cc X ^ o; oi o w T— oi — ■ : CO s "c N i^ 00
2< O* -O X "O (M 1- '-5 CJ O oj E^ CO i-H L.O 00 S-. OJ t^ t^ f CO ift ia
oop^-Clr^ ©i-HOOcoe*© csi.'ssscc-fOt-coL';. cot^i^s
oi Oj 0^ T-^ 0^ CO CO CO CO Oi o< CO oi o? — ' Oj oi o; o} o> oj o< n frj
S CO B S oi 00 -^ S ?- 2; £- CO oi — ."-: L~ -2 r= ^: c 5 ?: S M
-r_ <= OJ_ O C5_ 5 -^^ -c X 5 0( -c -^^ 2 .~ X 2 (~ t^ i~ 3^ =r lO S
eooci^S^o ■4.^"!'^'^'"^'^°° •>*B-Oi^oo-^-^t^c5sico«
00 w 1-1 i-H 00. 0 CO CO CvTcvT 00 CO CO -^eo ■* C4 -^iH r-Tc* « •* >o
O C-. t- -f -t-
eS S ^^ ^ ? 51 ■
o cT CO cTo
X --0 CO o CO
COO-f-^l^COco XC"- ^- '
§[2Siigii
5gSg§8
X CJ 1-1 O CO Ci o
O -r UO I- I- rH CO
.■; o a
" .-. w s ~
a
c -
1 ■- >
1 «^ -^ " -' » ' -r
?;^a o'^wL^'^u-wO'^'^uo
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I
41
5S8g S
r-< CO CO I-
8g8
(M ;o O
Q -*" -f <
28^5
CO o^oo-^
rH go"!-: lO
r- rH i-l O 1-1
I (N eft <
Ci i-H .
o r~ t- o ^ CO
28:
t:-p c o
CO W OJ rH
1-1 o o
If^.'^^ ;^5
o o o o
oj i-i t^ 1-1
O C» CO OJ
QOOO ooooo
J>5jCO. T-l OiOi-iCOCO
^jeg^
CI 00 CO rH
o ?^ r: oj S
I- C5 55 Ci CO
(Nino c^
;=j;i
S888|;
CO o I- oi ■?; <
iilii I
:iiig i§gi
I -ti c^ O i^ 'ft Ci oo
f— f o* O^ Oi Oi o? o?
lOoo t~0> Q'^ S<i
0< Csj iH 00 Cv<
Qin c o o t- o
to c^ CO si i~ 1 o -ti
(Ti CO CO CO Oi Cm
i^ ^c»cvi eoiooico
1 OO O
> CO * 3
gg^ S88 8gS88888| 8||S8 88 88888 Si
COrHCO l>C:i-^ OOO^OirHC5cOJ> <>i^ O CO^ C"-^ CO S CO eOrHCO_CCt~ in I
"oooo '*orcoini-rVcoTj"'t <^:£*r!SS 7^
coco i-(C0'*>ni-lrH(?i©c6 LO'ti-l'^i^ £^
*^ . - .
o co'cTc^
i-l rH eOl-CO •
i-i CO m o ,
I © -^
: coc*
g§
3 o o o o
^ fn M S CO <
-f rti r-l in CO <
2gggg^S88 8^82^ gg ggSS:
inmcoi— iincicico-ti -*mcoco^ o*-* c^m-j-i
t- (?* CO 1-1
:8g8g8? § 88^§ 888 888888888 88888 88 88^88
C'iCOCO-^O'ri 00 CO^OCOt- COOrH i-lininin'Tfr-i'ftlftO CaCiOrnOO -^Ca ■*T-iin-»llrH
) Si C^ 0> rH t~ CO <M i> 1-1 T-i CO © go t- 2^
1 1- T+l in rH S3 S5 CJ rH CO m >n © OO Q CO
I © CO (M CO 0< 00 0> O © iC CO C»i -f © rH
I CJ e« r-l C« rH W OJ rH rH 1-1 rH
t-(M in CO 00 00 ©
co-*ooco -rjiinooi
CO rH i^ oi CO in c; -31
rH CO CO i>- in l^ © OS
SP.'Ti
C>< S^i CO rH <M (>i
CO
0< CO 1
ICO
in CO CO f^ I
a oi oi a CO c^ a
^888828 S 2828 288 282828888 8p§8;
©©OOCOrHOOiTi C^ ininin-Tti in©© ©t^-^OMlrHrHt^ ti rH©l^;Ol
inco'in-n' coinco -n"© oTc^co e^"in oo © ©"r-TrHt-Too
©t-£>rH -OlOCO -
©sjcoSo ScoooS
^fti-©© in'*©-*
CO © in © -* © 1
■>if rH rH CO 01 -qi ■
CO in c^ ■* (>i CO 1
;88S88 8 82;
l(>jr}<©0C\8 r-< ©©'
88888:
^ C^ © CO Oi <
88 88888 8888
iNO0CO30©©rH '^ 'tl rH -f C* 00 rH 00 -I* © M •* (N CO in 'H © -d rH © © in CO rH 'S ** ^T «? <5 !i i2 jS
fr-t-ci-ft-un-ii oj Mi©t-rH -+©© s^©©t-co©rH£^in t-^rH©© ©un SPCSL:S 2^S::'5
©rHt-rH©©Lft C-i 00 S © © fi^ rH CO CO C^ © t~ O rH rH rH l> in © Si © t~ TX O t- © « -<*1 M CO © m <
£>J W CO OJ ■* •* CO CO (N CO CO OJ rH CQ CO CO
'(T* COCO rHcOOTrHco eocoeo-*
^^7^^.'
X l> W 00 ©
CO 0> CO CO CO
-t" CO CO CO
. CO OJ '
CO CO I
S©,©©© o ©©©© ©©© ©p©©©©©©© ©<©©©© ©© o©©©© ffpoo
rnScScOin CO rHt~CO© CCCOCS COinrH00©CirHincO xH Oi ^ -* T-< ©00 r^ d ^ r-l ^ ^^OiCO
1 ^ ih © iS CO ©
in © m ©
8S §§§§ gP8S2:?8S8 J^S^SSStS 8^ tsSS^
« cs o a> O).- 3
QOaQQQQ
O) r- -3
'S ^^;±(^ CC:o
C tn W ®
M o t-i w aj
-^ ^s2 2 S^
o KO.S a
c: « o o o
»-: I-} Hj (-: h.
3?^^ a
a o o
O '-^ d ■— C ^ r^
C£: ti f-
c; cs eS ss
^ ^-i^
42
IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
O OD
CO
9J0B J9d
siaqsna
pa
O 00
8J0B jad
siaqsna
S8J0V
«X3
O tn
8J0B jad
siaqsng
iiS^SS 888iSSSSS g SS8
CO ■* C<j t~ o
CO •* 00 O iH
Wr-leOC»lfttO00-*i
S « -"t" 00 00 r-l O ■* P t» ■* C5 00 rH O Ci O rH lO •<*< iH
eo C<» •<*< rH
1-4 i-H t^ 50 ■* ■
(M CD irt oi 00 m
S Ci i
gS3
g^8SS 88
OJ C<3 05 O lO •<!' «D
«■*<» ooeo l>
05 rH CO
IMMS_^^E^SS 8S 2
t- i-H CO i-( 00 1-1
gg^SS 888$|88i;
us Oi ff* o o t- in -^ CO C-- in iH 00 I
! US Oi
iiij
•<t (N ift <
CO t- c* c
SSI
(N (N CO <?4 ITi C^ (
S8J0V
O 03
M
o o o m o o oo'
©1 ©J iS on CO o S <>J '
rH O 00 55 t- CO 00 CD
rH t-C* 1-1 <
■ OpQO t- OQOO© po
I us ■* Oi 00 r-i CO 3 O 00 f- C4 X
8S8SSS S§888S88§ ^ 88888 88
u5cDt-(N(Mt~ rH O is •* Oi ■* iS CD 00 CO (N O ^ CD (T* CD c5
^ ^ 'S ri '^ Q rH i> CO cT -^ cT t-^ 00 c?" "o i5co'"cdcocd cT-^
co3;inoO(MN rj ^ c* co cd o t- co ci cd S rH cs e^ t- t- 06
C* 00 CO rH CO CD 05 00 CO <r5 rH 00 C5 00 CS CO CO CD CD O •<* CD M
8J0B jad
Biaqsna
gS88g8 S^l^^^ggg g ggggg 8S g S
t-C5-^OOCO CD W OCO CVJ^CD t-US © W 001OIOO3CD ""l* (N -* CQ
^^S^'^ESS'^ r^P^'fi 52 90 0 CD t^ oT rH^co^i^ ejcT us oT
rH i- W rH CVi CD £^ rH i5 00 t- "* ■* 00 rH CD N ■* t- -"a* uS rH i-t i-<
oo©©oo ooooooot-go © mgSooo ©-* © S
fc^SSJS^rS cocoooos-oir-'^us c^ cdcdcoqco ^Tgo cd ©
95i?S5?:^£:'2 25gcD00©-»<corHco o t-i-Hin^co m^ oi c6
Ot~cDrH^^CO ^'^^"^<=^^t^'^<'i 25 &i©»Tt<lS O Oi CO rH
OirHCOrHNC* C^rHC^rHt-NCOUSCO 6i -"JieOCOCD-* IOC* i-^ rH
00C2O0J-*C0 O©US00t~C0rHrHC5 t~ CDCO(M(M^ lOUS CO -"H
O 03
8J0B J9d
siaqsna
a
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOO':- -PART I
43
i5 55< t-
gs^
t~ \0 •* tii t^ <£>
S S S 2? S i-j
fH rH I-H C5 O O
CO -jTcO CO r-TcO
nil
■^ 00
OSCOlOOJNt^T-lOO
^^
eooinocoOOQO'
<0 rH -^ 00 O CO 'O CQ 1
£> OJ lO ■* (
2S§i
i O CO -^ -ti lo m <
i j> in th «o ■* 1-1 <
— ^ rH 00 lO « <
>ooooooooo
>COl-IO(MO^lOr^^-
I O So 00 lO 00 C3 i-H
Tt<oo-*a5co-tii>i2cot-(
l-ICO<©CO^C5l.TOCOO
C<iO>OrHOCOi-IOi-l(M
CO iH (N lo iH eo
! CO QC O i
' C5 CO C~ I
•«S< lO CO O r-l
al-
^^^^^^^fe:^^
"Srt >-i
o o
44
IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
<
Q
<
m
W
o
<
O
Ph
H
m
v/ in.
S 5
o ^
Q
H
Q
<^
P4
Q
^-]
H
S9J0V
S a
o o
9J0B
jad suox
eajov
J3Cl SUOi
S9J0V
^J3
o <»
9JDT3 JSd
S9a.DV
O 'M
9J0B J<iu
ST9tisna
S9JC>V
33
si9qsna
8|8§§
-* O c:i rH Ci
iiliiii
iiiiiiiiliii
O t~ CO 1-1 >— 1
SgSS8gS
Fif2gg[2SSSE^g|S
iiiii
iiiiiii
'%%%%%^^%M.%%%
CO CO r-l (>< ^
|^;:i^§SS*^
^^-^^^^^ Sj'-'^^s
O CO GO O 1-1
t- CO O CO -* «0 u-l
O'^ltCt-COOlrHOOOOOO
^ ^ ^ ,-1 r-l i-I rM «^ iH rM r-l rH C^ rH i-l *i rH rH r-l r-l rH l-l >-l(N
Iiiii
iliiill
iiiiiiiiiSil
^ CQ 0<J CO
g;^^;^SS;^
cococ<i ^con ooeo'*!-
t- O i- CO rH
lliilii
||8||||||88|
p::^l^2P5
S:S?^^S?85
^JSSSSS^gSgfcS
o 00 CO u': CO
O 00 00 CO 05 t^ 05
i>'-'^i>C^r-lOCOC*OOC<»RCO
IN rH rH C^ r-l iH rH
r-li-Hr-ieilNCii-li-Hi-lWi-ICQ
ig|gS
o 1-t 00 (>i S S CO
ooo(50gogoogo
c^o-t'oicooo6i^t-'^cdc>
^^^SJ?
^gi§^gKS5?5
«g5Oc0^C.^c0 00j^j^^
iiigi
llg^lll
%%'%%%%%%tt%%
^s?ssss
g|||8|g
*SsiSi»^§sSS
g^2L3^|
--£'S^-Sd
5S^*5^g8gt282SS^S
I !^J Ci GO 1-1 i.~ '_- CO X C i-i S is 5 rM 2 LI- iS O CO r^ CO CO
! i-i O t- CO ~ o oj c: c\i ir: o l- c* o -f co i-. ic i~ I- co t-
8S Si
r-H 0^ O* 1— I
888
88
8S
88888 88^88Sj88S888
CO ^ -t' CN* oo O 1-1 >.'^ oi CO CO lO 00 CO oi s- ••»<
t^ -t rH OO 1-1 -»< If 1
O 3-. CO '^ o o CO » c:
o f- 1-1 C-. CO !» c. l'^ uo
C<i 1— I 0< r- '
13^2^2^
^igg^ S2g8g8§ 8Sg|888|
i-T Oi CO -n
.r! G fl « S
rt c; K G-^
s>
fl .
9 <1^ ej
ce tS s-1 a) •— rt rt e; ._ =S
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I
45
<5 o <5 o o ^
■s6 c* 00 '": 1-1 o
I-l 0> t^ I-H t- <
Sg8SS 828
«Oi-l-*r-lt- ©t-OO
t- 00
O -^ GO to CO CC lO
g888S?2gS 88 S^8§I2 g
c* o i-H ir; (
CO O i<^ O (
c:5 t-( 00 c^. .
o ^ p Q
I; (^ s s
88S885S :?S 1^^888 88 88|88 88S
g^ ;5
CO t~- 00 "O t^ CO Ci
?OO0 r-l O
SS ^^'
ic^c>i-T'o<:o (?< Owwo i-Hooo iftco-i^ioioe^o -tio
«C50O coiA misoioirt o>oi-
is oo O C5 i>
CO Tf< uo ■* m 00 »o
i>00O ON
o -^ CO o ift
2 "^
00 00 CO <r) 1?
t^ i-t 00 00
8^
c5 -X
28^
W f-l 00
o —^ o o o O O
w •* O S .-I -p o»
00 05 Oi O CO 00 »
2888 8
oo
8i
!88
■s
:tiS.:
88^
oSSoOCONOO M Cl '
0000-*T-ie>JOJ(N i-lOi Qi-HCOf^O 0 5>J eO-^COGOCl CVfftCO
Ci C* •* t~ I
I-H IN 1-1 I-I I
«> rH O
rHlN(?i
O OD 00 L'; 00 O O
C* i-l rH i-l i-l <>i N
O r-( O
i-H «^ oi
N 00
O vfi CJ Ti< uo
«5 00O
I-H TH C4
8888288 8
CO (- u't ir^ ir: o o o
8882
O CJ (~ M
|gg|ill
8g
I- 00
22288
rH COrH O O
88
00 95
o o o OO
rH CO 'sC CO M
O ::c r-'r-T r-T
828
TH 6i O
X C: — CO »
— ,— CO -^ rH I- Cl CO l': CO 1
Tt c-j O'j CO 04 (M •* ;c -f CO 1
8888888 8
COH<CiCOCiCO-f -ti
cToO rHO O CO -f GO
-* ^ CO ^ t~ O rH M<
88:
Cl Cl '
iS8
00 (^J t^
ii8i88
28888
co__LT -t-_^ooc5
OrH'o"a7w
O Cl Ci r-1 O
88888
CJ -* 00 1-1 CO
Cl O 1:0 01 rH
O Cl rH CO CO CO
§ gs
O "Hf CO Cl CO
N 1-5 O O Q OJ =1
t- Cl t- rH 3 Cl CO
« o o Cl svj
^t t- t- I- l- Cl i
8288282
to 10 ^ CO rH 10 t}<
o 000 L'> 000 oQooooo 00 i-joooo 00 isocoo coop
rH r- CO iC^i C^ CO CO CO CJ i^ Cl Ji * C~ O H- CO O (^* -* PJ 00 £> '^ O* C^ i> rH O CO C? c5
lO CC-fi-'^O OCOCl O0DrH6iu-It-O CICO (>;01-*COrH OClff COCllO"*CO «OClt~
o o o
>rT ot ^
oo Cl CO
O oi
"S"2"
9,12C
18,88(
9,420
20,570
17,170
1,;:!00
5,440
5
4,800
11,400
5,920
4,800
CO r-T
oTc^'cO^O H-'lff rH
82
2,050
7,800
25,800
26,900
10.200
88
t-*co'
42,000
13,400
33,800
7,100
1,500
<c 00 CO
Cl O ift t- t- IC <lO
ift
222i2
ift uT CO
SS8?2^^S
CO J>
Cl I': « <?i -*
C0J2
-* tfiooinio
BBB
OQoOOOOO O OOOO O'-tOO CMOQOOiSO L-in QOOOOO ISO OOOiOO o»S'
COOOC^rHrHClH" rH OQf^r^^ CO-^JiCO ClC^lSrHCOCOrH COCl OC^iCMC^CO irirH O000Ql>O COO'
■^rHtOOJO CO rH ^OOCOCO Si rH rHrHCl-^COrH •* rHOf-')-t^ Ol-* Ot-00Tt<rH CO^"
c: - :, - c-
a r-. o c: O
CG;;caftQ H fefefafe ooo ekcgkkk S»2 ►^►^►s^^^^
.8§
C-- c: fl
h Q :: >,
es ei c3
46
IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
SOJDV
lf50-*0lftt^ CCCX) i-lO-*CDCOr-IOO f*< ©t-OCOCO dO» i-t OS
tnoooooo ITS CO oia.-iooocvjT-i o oo?ooo£>t- Nih oo io
h'^
Rg^SSS? 88 S88888S ^ SSSSS
I S^ O M O t~ 00 i-H ca
« t- Oi CO '^
jad SUOX
jad saoj,
l^ CO C^ O O lO o
Ci in w o o
lO O u- <M Ci i-( CO
g^R5:8^ E5S 858S88S § ^SSSS gg 8
CO ift «D C5 S^ •^ i-(
O * O O
O O CO 'i'
LC CO ,-! O
Hi
:8 §888288 8 §8888
It- t- ir^ ^ cc 00 CO I- t- Ci TT 00 ^ CO
"co co-^irrcoio-i;© cQ cSc^^n r-t w© oo \n
) <^^ ift « CO CO ^ 00 t- oo iC oo co ■* irj ni oo >o co
OOCOCDOCOX© i-HiO 00t-'*0t-05t- t- T-Hi-HCOOOO ooo
i-irHi-lWrHr-IW ci t-t iHi-HC^Wi-Hi-li-l ri Oi 6i r1 r-l r-l Nl-I
8 8
o «
CQ
aaoB aad
S8J0V
o ao
00©C>?00C\!i-iO -^OO OOTTC^OOcT^Olrt to COCOlOrH** COt^ 55 CD
CO C^ C-J i-( CO Oi c^
00 in t^ o ■* ?:-
TK Ci CO CO C* 6i
Uf§U
8888888 8 §888;
oooO"sJt=?:fi^S CO c;^S_ioei<
rcTco"©"!
I CO r-H OJ I
I CO i-H rH I
gSS8Sg8 S3 S§§Sg|2!
§ !S^ 1
8§
i i
?228Sg 8S 8 8
©©OQor^© Oi':; 000©Q0© <0 QOm©© O© c? ©
riS^^O'-oco ooo s-^^-f^^^r^i <^ «?3c55o*c5.o.-i ^ ^i
COt~C'!'>iO;OCi_ coo OOC^COCIrHt-© -^ OOlM-fOO rHCO CO -^
rH r-'r-T W rH .-T i-T W<N i-TcDi-ri-T N
siaiisnjT
33JOV
O M
eiaqsna
88
rH © C<8
8gg2§SS gg 8S88|
© ■* CO '^ CO
§9 8
(N © 00
■^'co irf
88828 §\
©S i> 55 irt © <
(N IM 1-1 -"li l> CO
-*< 00 t- -^ (M ■* t- 00 CD lO CO ©
CO © © CD CD CO
S3J0V
in©u:5©oo© O© ©©ooo©io© © ©©go©© ©<
CO OJ CQ CO CQ
wJ c^ r-; CO o
I-H I-l »CQ 1-1
cj:2:t: o o o s ^-^ ^
^S^^gg^ bo
fl Cj
CQ '-'
25'
?^c S'
a
Sj4
!?o o o o
O o ^ O O
03 O
a'S
.S-S .osb
Ph mmmmm 'HH P
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I
47
o O o © o o <
iO05O«0(MO0050(
S W rH § S « 8 S S CO O
I-H e0O00rHlf5-*O
f^8SSS8888S
l^ Ci CO lO C3 CO 1
! CO "O
>0(5 rH
|«OCvi00i-jr>Q000rHOi
li-Io*r-3c>Jr-(THrHe<ii-I
iCOOO-^CO-^t^COt^rH
i-*S5a5C»i-H'K©*i-ie<5
) Oi ■* CO 00 <
socoSot-oocoS*
> in 1— I O i-H <
:8SS;
i^-^^'
^ oo oo
00 t> rH lA CO
SBqSSB
ini>co-*<>ii-H£^i>c*
«OQOOin--o«iOoot-co
oooooi-oooci
■* O CO i-l CO ■* I-H
eu cS « C3 OJ •- •- O o ^
o o >
48
IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICUx^TURE
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I
49
sr^
^ ♦n.
^TV
1^
«^
^^r^^
^
VT^ rrv i^s^- j^-s ;is^ ; :$ »i\A
^ O , OS O ! S O I ''^
5 «^ i u Q ! I -^ i
•:«: ri
hs >
< o
,- , 3:C-'m->'sJ^- i\s-^ i^^S"^' S^''-
ii||i^s ri^g
.S.
X5
'>str-ij--L...'.-
' w Q i
50
IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
V
o _ \
i
i^-i
*i
■^
O i O
) ! w ^ •
i ; "i <>>
a * ! L 5 ^ * J
S^tj ^ 5 ^ i o
•-' ■ \ a >» ;i OC r, ;
O^:
■"o -%
^ oc
<il.
k5 > 1
. S i
^ : r- g— •
^ M <a 1 J; o ! go
:^-.:j
1 a<»i 'i
L._._5":^._ .?..^: !....
' < * ! z »v T i^
i J ^ i „ <* ! M
•J ^ Ift g"^ «-. . . -i-.i.?.-..
:% Jf as; >: |
^ ^ ^ -i f.r •^' ^i
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I
51
^ J " • I fi , ft- ' (_ > ^ I <^ ^ e^ .: o « ft <i •
*[>* g^ iKo Ki t* w C ^= ^ :i o « ----i--va V. bl o '
52
IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
! < •*
!...?... L J 0,2 ^
low . (k " *i ! >
l^iji'i
5> r^^ioP
IS pi ^ <
-^:v
\ 5
S ?
';5SNi
O C i ^ f *^ I ^ H
«^ ' < ■ i "^ 5
*=» ■>
J
r'-
SKI
! O I j
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I
53
! ^ ? 'of ! ^ ►
1^
s 'SI
> > »
<i «^ i
^ s i
. ^ r- S ,
i «>
K"|,
Q o >
0 - '
( <3 I
^5V
Z .' 0 ^ i.
--t -Jv V g;::! ::^ S^
^•^-^^ i..^ v-i ••^-1-. — ,.-
^ !----o--i 5 ;§ i«^ ^^ ^>^
--'^'-^'^ --^^ -^- ;s:;v : ^ ^^!^i ;: ^^l^
— ^ j
o^' Jfj- r-""- — -'-- _,— =-- -1
OS'
i^2 0 i
S
V ' • o
«i o
t> o
\'
V.
•^1
54
IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I
55
~ ^ ^ o» T 2 Q v» " i^ ' '^ -( .S
^ -
56
IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE
S Qi
^ ^ ? < ^ ? K ^ ^ ..... .-.
w-*^ ■ . . i "" S ^v
^^^n' - tiki X
Tl.?..r\i.,-.. §.::?;..£ . X
<^\ o ^ ' ^ ^
!j--I.^L._..'.^..j ^ ^
^ .« ^ i ^ \
K» 5Si^ <^' K^e
' < 0 ! 2 « i W
u
K u N
..J ^ I
Z > 'In ai N,
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I
57
PART 11.
STATISTICAL TABLES
OF
Iowa's Principal Farm Crops.
CORN CROPS-1880, 1885, 1890.
Statistics Compiled from Reports of Secretary of Iowa Agricultural Society.
-d
a .
Si
-o
u o
01 L^ (U
<D
Year
s
Average f
value pe
bushel D
I8t
>
I
u
V
<
1880
41
230,633,200
$.25
$57,6;58,30O
5,625,200
1885
33
224,636,522
.23
51,666,400
6,803,834
1890
28
239,675,156
.41
98,266,814
8,559,827
CORN CROPS-1896-1908.
Statistics compiled from Reports of Crop Service Division of Iowa State Depart-
ment of Agriculture.
Year
2
Is
B
o
H
Average farm
value per
bushel Dec.
Ist
-0
s
o
<
1896
39
29
34.5
36.3
40.3
26.2
34
31
36
37.2
41
29.6
35.9
312,692,210
239,452,150
289,214,850
306,852,710
345,055,040
227,908,8.50
296,950,230
230,511,310
323,853,330
345,871,840
388,836,252
246,898,460
301,873,150
$.14
.17
.23
.23
.27
.50
.28
.36
.35
.35
.33
.44
.51
$ 43,916,900
40,706,860
66,519,400
70,429,410
93,164,860
113,9.54,000
83,432,700
82,984,071
113,348,665
121,055,144
128,155,143
108,635,322
153,955,306
8,(M3,390
8,253,522
8,396,286
8.460,521
8,618,660
8,687,480
8,700,000
7,398,320
9,000,000
9,285,150
9 443,960
1897
1898
1899 .-
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
8,858,000
1906
8,399,610
Average
34.6
296,613,106
.32
$ 93,789,060
8,580,377
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I
59
OATS— 1880, 1885, 1890.
Statistics Compiled from Reports of Secretary of Iowa Agricultural Society.
-d
a .>
(U
h t>
2
«
raS
3
"5
Year
Mo
>.
M„t
>
«
2^
1^
Avera
vulu
bush
l8t
3
o
<
1880 --
35
32.5
42,288,800
71,737,900
$.23
.21
$ 9,496,424
15,064,959
1,179,680
1885 ^-
2,207,320
18J0
29
80,002,735
.38
30,401,039
2.758,715
OATS-1896-1908.
Statistics compiled from Reports of Crop Service Division of Iowa State Dopari-
ment of Agriculture.
Year
2
Mo
2
3
Average farm
value per
bushel Dec.
IBt
a
>
3
o
u
o
<
1896 -
26
30
32
34.5
35
32
31
25.9
29.4
33.8
34
24.5
25.5
73,450,000
132,517,150
139,915,310
140,647,300
138,832,300
114,883,000
92,907,900
99,012,660
118,435,570
146,439,240
142,036,530
111,190,400
112,830,490
$.12
.16
.21
.19
.20
.35
.24
.30
.26
.25
.27
.39
.43
$8,814,000
21,211,380
29,383,220
26,722,980
27,766,460
40,209,230
22,297,000
29,703,798
30,793,284
36,609,810
38,349,878
43,364,256
48,517,110
2,825,000
1897 - --
4,405,782
1898
4,299,243
1899
4,069,557
1900 .—
3,991,690
*1901
3,799,220
1902 • —
3,770,624
11903 —
3,822,822
1904
4,018,980
1905 __
4,177,515
1906 -
1907
4,166,800
4,536,170
1908 -_ -
4,431,650
Average
30.3
120,238,298
$.259
$31,057,108
4,024,237
*Short corn crop.
tExcessive moisture.
WHEAT— 1880, 1885, 1900.
Statistics Compiled from Reports of Secretary of Iowa Agricultural Society.
♦i
■M
0.
0
Year
-d ^
2 g
OS
o
Si
2^
<J^ u
2g
2^
li
^ o
1
< ^'
<
H
H
H
<
H
<
1880 —
10.5
36,099,760
$.82
$29,501,803
3,437,948
1885 .
12
31,776,108
.61
19,383,426
2,648,009
1890
11.7
25,114,552
.78
19,589,350
2,092,896
60
IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
WHEAT— 1S96-1908.
Statistics compiled from Reports of Crop Service Division of Iowa State Depart-
ment of Agriculture.
Year
u be
5^1
2
•d
S5I
|5
0)
1
<
ism
13
13.4
14.8
12.7
14.3
15.3
13
12.6
9.1
14.4
15
13
15.4
17
13
16.5
11
13.3
17.6
18
16.9
14.3
20.2
23
19.8
19.7
7,047,235
12,9il,e00
19,152,352
19,574,TO2
20,280,280
17,429,230
12,680,800
9,481,3.50
7,080,430
5,155,760
5,603,880
. 4,402,320
4,968,250
3,351,550
1,671,4.54
3,168,916
226,040
1,018,070
865,770
825,045
l,435,aS0
1,017,000
1,253,020
1,566,0.50
1,698,101
1,6J8,540
10,398,785
14,613,0.54
22,321,268
19,900,830
21,288,350
18,295,000
13,. 532, 845
10,916,730
8,097,430
6,408,780
7,169,930
6,100,421
6,648,790
$.57
$ 6,020,000
10,813,6.50
11,602,000
10,701,490
12,799,370
10,965,000
7,062,640
7,167,643
7,044,809
4,614,321
4,579,697
4,974,302
5,716,239
739,^5
1897
74
53
58
60
60
53
67
89
72
64
82
86
1,222,974
1898
1,481,682
1899
1,-553,931
1900
1,492,630
1901
1,188,239
1902
1,021,281
1903
837,422
1904 ._.
846,070
1905
420,068
1906
1907
443,810
424,407
1908
408,614
Average —
13.5
16.2
11,213,175
1,521,148
12,745,401
$.67
$ 8,004,705
929,944
BARLEY— 1880, 1885, 1890.
Statistics Compiled from Reports of Secretary of Iowa Agricultural Society.
u
■d
"3
>
4)
Year
£20)
3
Av. farm
ue per
bushel
Dec. 1st
as
>
<
1880
23
4,600,000
$.42
$1,932,000
200,000
1885
5,737,095
.33
1,893,241
212,485
1.890
24
3,664,368
.47
1,722,254
152,682
BAR LEY— 1896-1908 .
Statistics compiled from Reports of Crop Service Division of Iowa State Depart-
ment of Agriculture.
Year
<
2
Av. farm
value per
bushel
Dec. 1st
(D
>
bO
t
<
1SD6 -
29
25
27.5
25.6
25.3
24.2
25
24.7
25
27.5
26.5
24.6
26.7
15,881,618
14,076,850
14,138,000
14,719,310
12,695,200
14,a54,410
15,380,910
12,179,790
12,317,710
15,566,770
14,8-58,830
9,893,330
10,629,660
$.20
.23
.30
.30
.33
.44
.33
.37
.34
.33
.36
.60
.50
$3,176,320
3,237,670
4,209,740
4,415,570
4,189,410
6,447,940
5,075,710
4,-506,-522
4,188,021
5,137,034
5,349,178
5,9a5,998
5,314,830
&47,642
1897
551,867
1898 -
509,589
1899
557,598
i9oa . -
501,740
1901
604,610
1902 - „
594,070
1903
493,108
1904
493,370
1905 -
565,700
1906
558,870
1907
397,210
1908
397,408
Average
25.9
13,614,799
$.356
^,706,456
520,983
Ninth annual year book— part i
61
RYE— 1880, 1885, 1890.
Statistics Compiled from Reports of Secretary of Iowa Agricultural Society.
•a
^ o
OJ
•o
S^Q
Year
0^
III
c<3
>
0)
(U
>a
o
t> >X2^'
O
o
<
H
<;
Eh
<
1880 --
1 -
574,000
1,710,000
1,608,960
$.38
.42
.51
$218,120
n8,200
820,570
41,000
1885 _- -
114,000
1890
100,560
RYE— 1896-1908.
Statistics compiled from Reports of Crop Service Division of Iowa State Depart-
ment of Agriculture.
Year
2
<
2
0)
<
>
o
(D
60
<
1896
16
15
16
16.3
15.6
15.8
17
15.6
15
18
17.5
17
17.1
1,891,716
3,490,344
3,:3r0,.5;5O
2,061,160
1,621,1:30
8.59,6:30
8S2,8:30
1,923,060
1,517,090
1,28:3, .500
1,093,160
900,060
869,072
$.25
.34
.38
.40
.43
.48
.40
.44
..54
..52
.48
.61
.63
$ 486,680
1,186,710
1,280,800
824,460
697,300
8.59,630
3.5:3,1:32
846,146
819,228
067,420
520,719
549,036
547,. 315
121,670
1897 -
226,198
1898
210,309
18f>9
126,236
190O
103,680
1901
54,390
1902
55,150
1903 . -_ -._ - .
123,273
1904
99,590
1905
71,305
1900 -- - - —
62,530
1907
52,975
1908 .-
50,893
Average
16.3
1,674,100
$ .454
$ 741,444
104,477
HAY— 1880, 1885, 1890.
Statistics Compiled from Reports of Secretary of Iowa Agricultural Society.
Year
•a
II
<
2
-a
2
^ a
f3 0
lig
4)
(U
0
<
*1880
*1885
1890
1.5
4,991,335
$6.84
$34,140,731
3,327,557
'No authentic data obtainable.
62
IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
HAY— 1896-1908
Statistics compiled from Reports of Crop Service Division of Iowa State Depart-
ment of Agriculture.
Tame Hay
Wild Hay
.(D«3
<
<
0)
> *
Year
(U
n
<
> >>
<
1
1896
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.5
1.4
1.4
1.8
1.9
1.5
1.8
1.3
1.5
1.8
3,376,440
3,362,287
3,852,561
3,852,941
3,609,010
3,711,680
4,439,040
5,216,404
4,499,090
6,477,300
4,892,950
5,117,878
5,838,640
1.5
1.3
1.2
1.2
1
1.2
1.3
1.3
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.3
1.6
2,325,000
1,939,117
1,645,419
1,458,195
1,530,050
1,268,700
1,202,860
1,191,345
1,091,590
1,313,310
1,110,690
1,172,. 590
1,445,980
5,701,440
5,301,320
5,498,080
5,311,130
5,139,060
4,980,380
5,641,900
6,407,749
5,590,680
7,790,610
6,003,640
6,290,468
7,284,620
$4.50
4.50
4.30
5.75
6.50
8.25
6.80
5.75
5,62
5.50
7.50
8.50
6.16
$3.30
3.70
3.50
4.90
5.00
6.30
5.50
4.95
4.50
4.50
5.50
6.75
5.09
$22,782,000
22,304,000
22,281,000
29,350,000
31,120,000
38,712,000
36,787,322
35,891,480
30,197,040
41,535,045
42,805,920
51,316,945
43,326,060
3,800,960
1897 — - -
1898
3,315,972
4,104,967
1899
1900
1901
3,742,655
4,078,960
3,608,450
1902
3,391,408
1903
3,651,894
1904 _
3,707,298
1905
1906 ..
4,692,925
4,418,600
1907
4,268,730
1908
4,146,870
Average _.
1.6
4,480,478
1.27
1,438,064
5,918,539
$6.12
$4.88
$34,492,985
3,917,668
FLAX— 1880, 1885, 1890.
Statistics Compiled from Reports of Secretary of Iowa Agricultural Society.
Year
. 0)
<
I
*->
Av. farm
value per
bushel
Dec. I8t
"3
s
u
o
<
1880
*1885
10
1,034,200
$1.00
.94
1.10
$1,034,200
2,503,293
3,276,989
103,420
1890 _ __
10.5
2,929,081
283,723
^No other data.
FLAX— 1896-1908.
Statistics compiled from Reports of Crop Service Division of Iowa State Depart-
ment of Agriculture.
Year
•02
2
Av. farm
value per
bushel
Dec. 1st
+.»
o
Eh
u
1896
9.5
10
10.5
11.2
11.7
18.8
8
8.7
11
9.8
10.7
10.8
11.3
1,946,720
2,498,600
2,376,600
1,597,790
1,222,980
916,890
755,350
355,160
591,140
173,770
205,280
461,960
461,580
$ .95
.87
.80
1.04
1.50
1.29
1.00
.78
1.15
.90
.97
.98
1.01
$1,135,000
2,173,782
1,901,280
1,661,898
1,834,470
916,890
725,350
277,024
679,811
156,393
200,091
408,640
466,195
199,128
is&r
1898
1899
1900
249,882
225,014
142,175
108,850
1901
104,140
1902
1903
94,767
40,823
1904
51,370
1905
17,732
1906
1907
19,160
42,790
1908 —
40,833
Average
10.9
1,043,371
$1.02
$ 964,371
102,820
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I
63
POTATOES— 1880, 1885, 1890.
Statistics Compiled from Reports of Secretary of Iowa Agricultural Society.
-O
a o
2
SSS
>
Year
s
o
verage
value p
bushel
1st
CO
>
o
<
H
<
H
<i5
1880
95
10,165,000
$.35
$3,557,750
107,000
1885
83
12,874,000
.40
5,149,600
157,000
1890
49
8,332,352
.81
6,749,205
170,048
POTATOES— 1896-1908.
Statistics compiled from Reports of Crop Service Division of Iowa State Depart-
ment of Agriculture.
Year
2
(-1 (-1
<
2
O
Average farm
value per
bushel Dec.
1st
>
o
<
1896
87
60
76
98
78
37.4
91
53.8
125
84
101
84
89.9
14,814,795
10,051,910
12,538,410
15,252,934
10,850,900
5,098,460
12,051,670
6,082,694
14,255,680
9,352,190
11,697,500
9,847,430
10,658,290
$.21
.45
.31
.24
.40
.90
.34
.75
.28
.50
.48
.62
.59
$2,962,950
4,523,360
3,826,900
3,660,714
4,340,360
4,588,610
4,095,650
4,562,020
3,991,590
4,676,045
5,614,800
6,105,406
6,288,391
170,285
163,248
164,456
154,243
149,680
136,300
138,484
113,433
113,250
111,335
1897
1898
1899
1900
*1901 -- - -
1902
tl903
1904
1905
1906
1907
117,350
118,517
1908
Average
82
10,965,606
$.47
$4,556,676
135,838
*Very dry.
fVery wet.
64
IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE
ACREAGE, PRODUCTION AND VALUE OF THE PRINCI
Figures taken from the December, 1908, Supplement of the Crop
And the Iowa Weather and Crop
Acreage, production and value of corn in the United States in 1908, by states.
State or Territory
CORN
Acreage
Yield
per
Production
Price
per
bush.
Dec. 1
Total farm
value
Dec. 1
Maine
New Hampshire
Vermont
Massachusetts ..
Rhode Island .-
Connecticut
New York
New Jersey
Pennsylvania ...
Delaware
Maryland
Virginia
West Virginia .
North Carolina -
South Carolina .
Georgia
Florida
Ohio
Indiana
Illinois
Michigan
Wisconsin
Minnesota
Iowa
Missouri
North Dakota ..
South Dakota ..
Nebraska
Kansas
Kentucky
Tennessee
Alabama
Mississippi
Louisiana
Texas
Oklahoma
Arkansas
Montana
Wyoming
Colorado
New Mexico
Arizona
Utah
Nevada
Idaho
Washington
Oregon
California
United States
14,000
28,000
62,030
45,000
10,000
58,000
625,000
278,000
1,450,000
195,000
675,000
1,925,000
768,000
2,787,000
2,073,000
4,300,000
627,000
3,5.50,000
4,519,000
9,450,000
1,900,000
1,474,000
1,615,000
8,399,610
7,512,000
162,000
1,942,000
7,621,000
7,100,000
3,366,000
3,3.30,000
3,0.50,000
2,6r)0,000
1,712,000
7,854,000
929,000
675,000
4,000
3,000
128,000
6.5,000
13,000
11,000
6,000
13,000
16,000
50,000
40.5
39.0
40.3
40.4
42.8
41.3
38.8
33.0
39.5
32.0
36.6
26.0
31.2
18.0
14.1
12.5
10.5
38.5
30.3
31.6
31.8
33.7
29.0
35.9
27.0
23.8
29.7
27.0
22.0
25.2
24.8
14.7
17.3
19.8
25.7
24.8
20.2
23.4
28.0
20.2
27.0
33.2
29.4
29.0
25.5
27.8
32.0
567
1,092
2,499
1,818
428
2,395
24,250
10,564
57,275
6,240
24,705
50,0.50
23,962
50,166
29,229
53,750
6,584
136,675
137,835
298,620
60,420
49,674
46,835
301,873
203,634
3,856
57,677
205,767
156,200
81,823
83,060
44,835
45,845
33,898
201, S48
122,239
54,035
94
84
2,586
1,755
432
323
174,000
332,000
445,000
1,600,000
5,651,000
.84
.79
.78
.81
.90
.80
.80
.69
.73
.59
.62
.71
.77
.79
.91
.82
.82
.63
.61
.55
.51
.57
.60
.50
.51
.55
.65
.61
.83
.83
.70
.76
.71
.80
1.05
.72
.70
.76
.77
476,000
863,000
,949,000
,473,000
385,000
,916,000
,400,000
,289,000
,811,000
,682,000
,317,000
,536,000
,451,000
,631,000
,598,000
,075,000
,390,000
,105,000
,701,000
,213,000
,669,000
,301,000
,759,000
,955,306
,071,000
,314,000
,838,000
,941,000
,910,000
,135,000
,171,000
,213,000
,051,000
,729,000
,090,000
,312,000
,663,000
85,000
64,000
,836,000
,401,000
454,000
233,000
122,000
2.52,000
343,000
1,408,000
$1,616,145,000
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I
65
PAL FARM CROrS OF THE UNITED STATES IN 1908.
Reporter issued by the United States Department of Agriculture
Service Reporter for November, 1908.
Acreage, production and value of wheat in the United States in 1908, by states.
WINTER WHEAT
SPRING WHEAT
Acreage
P.
Produc-
tion
Price
per
bush.
Dec. 1
Total
farm
value
Dec. 1
Acreage
Produc-
tion
Price
per
bush.
Dec. 1
Total
farm
value
Dec. 1
a
8,000
23.5
188,000
$1.04
$ 196,000
1
9,
1,000
23.0
23,000
.99
23,000
3
4
5
6
443,000
17.5
17.3
18.5
15.0
16.4
11.4
13.0
10.0
9.0
9.2
7,752,000
1,838,000
29,415,000
1,723,000
12,546,000
$ .99
1.01
.99
l.OO
.98
$ 7,674,000
1,887,000
29,121,000
1,725,000
12,295,000
8,981,000
4,831,000
6,078,000
3,686,000
2,672,000
7
106,000
1,590,00b
- --
l_
8
115,000
10
765,000
n
780,000
8,892,000
1.01
191
361,000
4,693,000
5,680,000
2,835,000
2,208,000
1.03
1.07
1.30
1.21
1
13
538,000
14
315,000
15
240,000
16
17
2,083,000
16.0
16.6
13.0
18.0
19.5
33,328,000
45,169,000
30,212,000
15,732,000
1,228,000
.99
.98
.97
.97
.92
32,995,000
44,266,000
29,306,000
15,260,000
1,130,000
18
2,721,000
2,324,000
19
90
874,000
?1
63,000
120,000
5,350,000
323,467
17.5
12.3
15.4
2,100,000
68,557,000
4,968,250
.92
.94
.86
1,932,000
64,444,000
4,272,695
22
85,187
2,226,000
19.7
10.0
1,678,540
22,260,000
.86
.93
1,443,544
20,702,000
24
35
5,899,000
2,958,000
306,000
200,000
11.6
12.8
13.0
5.5
68,428,000
37,832,000
3,978,000
1,100,000
.92
.92
.84
.88
62,954,000
34,833,000
3,342,000
968,000
^6
07
2,255,000
6,108,000
758,000
17.8
12.8
11.6
40,317,000
78,182,000
8,793,000
8,190,000
1.092,000
14,000
.84
.88
.98
.99
1.07
1.03
33,866,000
68.800,000
8,617,000
8,108,000
1,168,000
14,000
28
29
30
819,000
10.0
31
95,00O' 11.5
3«
l.OOO! 14.5
33
34
92 t, 000
11.0
11.6
10.0
10,164,000
15,625,000
1,620,000
.98
.88
.95
9,961,000
13,750,000
1,539,000
35
1 3t7 000
36
162,000
37
153,000
24.2
3,703,000
1,275,000
6,1.53,000
1,025,000
400,000
4,675,000
990,000
3,937,000
13,0.50,000
4, 290, COO
.86
.85
.88
.94
1.20
.85
1.13
.74
.82
M
3,185,000
1.084,000
5,415,000
964,000
480,000
3,974,000
1,119,000
2,913,0eO
10,701,000
3,604,000
38
20,000
25.0
500,000
.85
425,000
50,000
293,000
41,000
15,000
170,000
33,000
155,000
870,000
260,000
25.5
21.0
25.0
26.7
27.5
30.0
25.4
15.0
16.5
39
40
41
49.
50,000
23.0
1,150,000
.85
978,000
43
44
23-2,000
570,000
468,000
SOO 000
30.0
24.5
23.2
14.6
6,960,000
14,112,000
10,858,000
11,680,000
.74
.82
.8t
1.03
5,150,000
11,572,000
9,121,000
11,914,000
45
46
47
48
J
30,349,000
14.4
437,908,000
$ .93.7
$410,330,000
17,208,000
13.2
226,694,000
j$ .911
$208,496,000
66
IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
ACREAGE, PRODUCTION AND VALUE OF THE PRINCI
State or Territory
OATS
u
Yield
Price
Total farm
Acreage
per
acre
Production
bush.
Dec. 1
value
Dec. 1
1
Maine -
119,000
13,000
34.0
30.6
4,045,000
398,000
$ .60
.59
$ 2,428,000
9.
New Hampshire
2.35,000
3
Vermont .
80,000
33.3
2,664,000
.63
1,652,000
4
Massachusetts — — -
7,000
33.0
231,000
.62
143,000
5
Rhode Island _ _
2,000
31.0
62,000
.64
40,000
fi
Connecticut
11,000
32.6
359,000
.58
208,000
7
New York _
1,2.50,000
30.1
37,625,000
.56
21,070,000
R
60,000
1,003,000
30.7
27.3
1,842,000
27,382,000
.55
.55
1,013,000
9
Pennsylvania --
15,060,000
10
4,000
30,000
200,000
29.8
25.5
19.1
119,000
765,000
3,820,000
.54
.53
.55
64.000
n
Marj'land
405,000
15^
Virginia
2,101,000
IS
West Virginia
95,000
200,000
19.0
16.5
1,805,000
3,300,000
.56
.63
1,011,000
14
North Carolina
2,079,000
In
South Carolina _ _
201,000
20.0
4,020,000
.75
3,015,000
16
Georgia
300,000
17.2
5,160,000
.72
3.715,000
17
Florida
30,000
14.5
435,000
38,544,000
.72
.49
313,000
18
Ohio — __ -
1,460,000' 26.4
18,887,000
19
Indiana
1,671,000! 21.2
35,425,000
.47
16,650,000
?0
Illinois - -
4,100,000
23.0
94,300,000
.47
44,321,000
?.l
Michigan
1,409,000
29.7
41,847,000
.49
20,505,000
22
Wisconsin ._ _■
2,350,000
31.1
73,085,000
.47
34,350,000
23
Minnesota —
2,682,000
22.0
59,004,000
.43
25,372,000
94
Iowa
4,431,650
700,000
25.5
19.3
112,830,490
13,510,000
.43
.45
48,517,110
25
Missouri
6,080,000
26
North Dakota —
1,399,000
23.4
32,737,000
.42
13,750,000
27
South Dakota _
1,365,000
23.0
31,395,000
.41
• 12,872,000
28
Nebraska _
2,549,000
22.0
56,078,000
.41
22,992,000
29
Kansas _ _.
994,000
22.0
21,868,000
.45
9,841,000
80
Kentucky _
173,000
16.2
2,803,000
.54
1,514,000
31
Tennessee
175,000
235,000
21.0
18.0
3,675,000
4,230,000
.53
.66
1,948,000
33
Alabama _
2,792,000
33
Mississippi
125,000
17.5
2,188,000
.67
1,466,000
34
Jjouisiana _ -.
30,000
750,000
20.0
28.9
600,000
21,675,000
.64
.52
384,000
35
Texas
11,271,000
36
Oklahoma
450,000
25.0
11,2.50,000
.45
5,062,000
37
Arkansas
173,000
21.4
3,702.000
.53
1,962,000
38
Montana
254,000
41.6
10,566,000
.49
5,177,000
39
Wyoming
78,000
36.4
2,839,000
.50
1,420,000
40
Colorado — .
178,000
39.5
7,031,000
.54
3,797,000
41
New Mexico
24,000
33.5
804,000
.64
515,000
42
Arizona _
4,000
36.0
144,000
.74
107,000
43
Utah
53,000
49.5
2,624,000
.48
1,260,000
44
Nevada
7,000
45.0
315.000
.65
205,000
45
Idaho
127,000
44.0
5,. 588,000
.47
2,626,000
46
Washington
194,000
44.5
8,633,000
.48
4,144,000
47
Oregon — _
285,000
33.4
9,519,000
.47
4,474,000
48
California
United States
200,000
33.5
6,700,000
.67
4,489,000
32,344,000
25.0
807,156,000
$ .472
$ 381,171,000
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I
PAD FARM CROPS OF THE UNITED STATES IN 1908.
67
BARLEY
RYE
u
ft
Price
Total
fr4
Price
Total
01
Acreage
2^
Produc-
tion
per
bush.
farm
value
Acreage
"3 ^
Produc-
tion
per
bu8h.
farm
value
Dec.l
Dec. 1
i^
Dec. 1
Dec. 1
3
8,000
28.0
224,000
$ .81
$ 181,000
1
2,000
14,000
24 0
48,000
.80
38,000
1
9
33.0
462,000
.70
323,000
2,000
15.0
30,000$ .90
$ 27,000
3
-
4,000
16.5
66,000 .95
63,000
4
5
10,000
18.5
185,000 .90
166,000
1,938,000
6
77.000
26.0
2,002,000
.70
1,401,000
145,000
16.5
2,392,000 .81
7
78,000
16.2
1,264,000 .81
1,024,000
H
9,000
26.0
234,000
.63
147,000
343,000
16.5
5,660,000 .77
4,358,000
9
1,000
15.5
16,000: .82
13,000
10
1,000
30.0
30,000
.65
20,000
19,000
15.0
285,00O| .77
219,000
11
3.00O
28.0
84,000
.69
58,000
15,000
12.5
188,O0Oi .82
154,000
12
10,000
13.0
130,000 .85
110,000
13
14,000
8.9
125,000 .98
122,000
14
4,000
9.6
38,000 1.37
52,000
15
14,000
8.7
122,000 1.25
152,000
16
17
30,000
27.5
825,000
.64
528,000
49,000
16.5
808,000 .76
614,066
18
9,000
23.0
207,000
.65
135,000
63,000
15.0
945,000 .74
699,000
19
30,000
28.5
855,000
.65
556,000
71,000
17.1
1,214,000 .73
886,000
20
70,000
25.5
1,785,000
.63
1,10T,000
368,0001 15.5
6,704,000 .71
4,050,000 21
825,000
30.0
24,750,000
.58
14,355,000
275,0OO| 19.0
5,225,000 .71
3,710,00022
3,300,000
25.0
32,500,000
.49
15,925,000
88,000
18.5
1,628,000 .63
1,026,000 23
397,408
26.7
10.629,660
.50
5,314,830
60,893
17.1
869,072, .63
547,515 24
2,000
23.0
46,000
.63
29,000
15,000
12.8
192,000 .76
146,000 25
940,000
19.5
18,330,000
.46
8,432,000
24,000
18.0
432,000, .65
281,000 26
928,000
26.5
24,592,000
.47
11,558,000
32,000
17.5
560,000i .59
330,000 27
118,000
23.5
2,773,000
.46
1,276,000
80,000
16.0
1,360,000 .60
816,000 28
275,000
16.0
4,400,000
.54
2,376,000
45,000
13.3
598,00O| .71
425,000
29
1,000
25.0
25,000
.72
18,000
13,000' 13.5
176,000! .85
150,000
30
1,000
25.0
25,000
.73
18,000
8,000
12.5
100,000
.90
90,000
25,000
31
2,000
10.0
20,000
1.23
32
33
I'm
'24T
96'000
'"78"
75I060
4^000
'il'.l'
eV.m
'"98"'
61^666
34
35
30,000
23.0
690,000
.58
400,000
3,000
13.5
40,000
.80
32,000
36
.— --
_
2,000
10.0
20,000
.94
19,000
37
25,000
35.0
875,000
.61
534,000
2,000
20.0
40,000
.68
27,000
38
4,000
35.0
140,000
.65
91,000
1,000
22.0
22,000
.70
16,000
39
24,000
33.0
792,000
.65
515,000
3,000
15.5
46,000
.70
32,000
40
1,000
42.0
42,000
.79
33,000
41
29,000
12,000
38.0
1,102,000
540,000
.85
937,000
292,000
4«
45.0
.54
3,000
15.5
40,000
.65
30,000
43
8,000
30.0
240,000
.77
185,000
44
52,000
41.0
2,132,000
.53
1,130,000
2,060
26.0
40,000
.68
27,666
45
170,000
30.5
5,185,000
.58
3,007,000
3,000
19.5
58,000
.90
52,000
46
62,000
29.0
1,798,000
.59
1,061,000
9,000
18.0
162,000
.85
138,000
47
1,082,000
23.5
25,427,000
.74
18,816,000
66,000
12.0
792,000
.88
697,000
48
6,646,000
25.1
166,756,000
$ 55.4
$ 92,442,090
1,948,000
16.4
31,851,000
$ .736
$ 23,455,000
68
IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
ACREAGE, PRODUCTION AND VALUE OP THE PRINCI
Ttate or Territory
POTATOES
s
Acreage
Yield
per
acre
Production
Price
per
bush.
Dec. 1
Total farm
value
Dec. 1
1
Maine
116,000
19,000
27,000
32,000
6,000
34,030
425,000
73,000
277,000
8,000
32,000
57,000
34,000
25,000
9,000
10,000
5,000
170,000
90,000
156,000
325,000
252,000
145,000
118,517
85,000
30,000
45,000
91,000
86,000
38,000
28,000
15,000
8,000
13,000
50,000
27,000
ao.ooo
20,000
6,000
56,000
1,000
12^000
3,000
15,000
38,000
43,000
49,000
225
100
73
95
150
80
83
72
72
82
77
88
84
79
81
78
83
77
57
71
72
80
76
89.9
80
85
90
78
80
62
80
85
91
83
71
78
82
138
158
125
lOO
""ieo"
120
130
120
99
107
26,100,000
1,900,000
1,971,000
3,040,000
900,000
2,720,000
34,8.50,000
5,256,000
19,944,000
6.56,000
2,464,000
5,016,000
2,856,000
1,975,000
729,000
780,000
415,000
13,090,000
5,130,000
11,076,000
23,400,000
20,160,000
11,020,000
10,658,290
6,800,000
2,550,000
4,0.50,000
7,098,000
6,880,000
2,356,000
2,240,000
1,275,000
728,000
1,066,000
3,5.50,000
2,106,000
2,460,000
2,760,000
948,000
7,000,000
100,000
i'926^066
360,000
1,950,000
4,560,000
4,257,000
5,243,000
$ .61
.73
.67
.85
.86
.90
.75
.89
.80
.83
.74
.72
.85
.77
1.10
1,10
1.35
.77
.84
.83
.58
.60
.56
.59
.74
.56
.51
.55
.83
.81
.71
.95
.93
.92
.98
.98
.86
.70
.66
.60
.90
"^5.5"
.75
.60
.67
.68
.77
$ 15,921,000
9
New Hampshire --
1,387,000
8
1,321,000
4
2,584,000
IS
Rhode Island
774,000
fi
Connecticut
2,448,000
7
New York _ .
26,138,000
8
q
New Jersey
Pennsylvania _
4,678,000
15,955,000
10
544,000
n
Maryland
1,823,000
12
13
14
Virg-inia
West Virginia _.!
3,612,000
2,428,000
1,521,000
15
South Carolina _
802,000
16
17
18
19
20
91
Georgia
Florida „. —
Ohio
Indiana
Illinois -
8.58,000
560,000
10,079,000
4,309,000
9,193,000
13,572,000
22
23
94
Wisconsin
Minnesota
Iowa --
12,096,000
6,171,000
6,288,391
9'>
5,032,000
26
27
28
99
North Dakota
South Dakota
Nebraska
Kansas
1,428,000
2,066,000
3,904,000
5,710,000
RO
Kentucky .
1,908,000
31
33
3 +
Tennessee
Alabama
Mississippi
Louisiana
1,590,000
1,211,000
677,000
981,000
35
36
37
38
Texas
Oklahoma .—
Arkansas
^lontana
3,479,000
2,064,000
2,116,000
1,932,000
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
Wyoming _._
Colorado _
New Mexico
Arizona
Utah
Nevada _
Idaho
626,000
4,200,000
90,000
1^056^666
270,000
1,170,000
4f^
Washington _
3,055,000
47
2,895,000
48
California
United States
4,037.000
3,257,000
85.7
278,985,000
$ .706
$ 197,039,000
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I
PAL farm: crops of the united states in 1908.
69
BUCKWHEAT
FLAXSEED
Acreage
Prodnc-
tion
Price
per
busb.
Dec. 1
Total
farm
value
Dec. 1
Acreage
Produc-
tion
Price
per
bush.
Dec. 1
Total
farm
value
^ Dec. 1
23,000
2,000
8,000
2,000
30.0
21.5
22.0
18.0
690,000
43,000
176,000
36,000
$.75
.80
.70
.80
$ 518,000
34,000
123,000
29,000
1
2
8
4
5
3.000
319,000
12,000
260.000
1,000
9,000
20,000
21,000
18.2
21.4
20.0
19.2
30.0
18.5
18.0
18.0
55,000
6,827,000
210,000
4,992,000
30,000
166,000
360,000
378,000
82,000
.80
.76
.75
.75
.72
.76
.72
.81
.78
44,000
5,189,000
180,000
3,744,000
22,000
126.000
259,000
306,000
64,000
---------
6
7
8
9
10
n
12
13
14
15
Iff
17
13,000
7.000
5,000
18.5
17.0
18.2
13.5
15.2
18.2
15.5
20.1
240,000
119,000
91.000
742,000
304,000
91,000
140,000
20,000
.82
.78
.90
.71
.76
.73
.78
.85
197,000
93,000
82,000
527,000
231,000
66,000
109,000
17.000
18
19
90
21
20,000
5,000
9,000
l.OOO
25,000
427,000
40,833
26,000
1,530,000
550,000
15,000
58,000
16.0
10.6
11.3
7.0
9.0
10.7
11.0
6.5
400,000
4,526,000
461,580
182,000
13,770,000
1.15
1.20
1.01
1.03
1.19
460,000
5,431,000
466,195
187,000
16,386,000
7,003,000
185,000
385,000
22
23
24
25
26
„_J
5,885,000 1.19
165,000 1.12
377,000 1.02
27
i,o6o
1,000
18.0
18.7
18,000
19,000
.83
.91
15,000
17,000
28
29
30
1,000
15.3
15,000
.80
12,000
31
.S2
1
i^
1
M
'
1
35
"
6,000
6.0
36,000
1.10
40,000
36
37
9,000
11.5
104,000
l.OO
104,000
38
39
40
41
------
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 i 1 1 j
!!!!!!
4f^
43
44
45
40
47
48
-
803,000
19.8
15,874,000
$ .756
$ 12,004,000
2,679,000
9.6
25,805,000
$1,184
$ 30,577,000
70
IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AG^-.CULTURE
ACREAGE, PRODUCTION AND VALUE OF HAY IN THE UNITED STATES
FOR 1908, BY STATES.
HAY
State or Territory-
Maine
New Hampshire
Vermont
Massachusett
Rhode Island
Connecticut
New York
New Jersey
Pennsylvania
Delaware
Maryland .
Vii'ginia
West Virginia
North Carolina
South Carolina
Georgia
Florida
Ohio
Indiana
Illinois
Michigan
Wisconsin
Minnesota
Iowa
Missouri
North Dakota
South Dakota
Nebraska
Kansas
Kentucky
Tennessee
Alabama
Mississippi
Louisiana
Texas
Oklahoma
Alabama
Montana
Wyoming _
Colorado
New Mexico
Arizona
Utah .
Nevada
Idaho
Washington
Oregon
California
United States 46,486,000
$635,423,000
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I
71
STATISTICS OF THE PRINCIPAL CROPS.
(Figures furnished by the Bureau of Statistics, Department of Agriculture, except
where otherwise credited. All prices ou gold basis.)
CORN.
Corn crop of countries named, 1902-1906.
Country.
1902
Bushels.
1903
Bushels.
1904
Bushels.
1905
Bushels.
1906
Bushels.
NORTH AMERICA.
United States
2,523,648,000
21,159,000
78,099,.000
2,244,177,000
30,211,000
90,879,000
2,467,481,000
20,880,000
88,131,000
2,707,994,000
21,582,000
85,000,000
2,927,416,000
24,745,000
70,000,000
Canada (Ontario)*
Mexico
Total North America..
SOUTH AMERICA.
Argentina
2,622,906,000
84,018,000
866,000
5,060,000
2,365,267,000
148,948,000
1,118,000
5,269,000
2,576,492,000
175,189,000
1,477,000
3,035,000
2,814,576,000
140,708,000
1,244,000
4,417,000
3,022,161,000
194,912,000
846,000
3,226,000
Chile
Uruguay
Total South America-
EUROPE.
Austria-Hungary:
Austria
89,944,000
13,462,000
104,546,000
15,255,000
5,863,000
155,355,000
16,056,000
135,751,000
23,776,000
8,411,000
179,701,000
12,529,000
59,400,000
11,364,000
6,464,000
146,309,000
17,293,000
94,045,000
18,3&5,000
9,584,000
198,984,000
18,177,000
162,923,000
25,600,000
8,936,000
Hungary proper
Croatia-SIavonia
Bosnia-Herzegovina
Total Austria-Hungary
Bulgaria .. _ _
139,126,000
18,100,000
24,928,000
71,028,000
16,000,000
68,447,000
40,377,000
183,994,000
22,836,000
25,360,000
88,990,000
14,000,000
80,272,000
40,397,000
89,757,000
12,758,000
19,482,000
90,545,000
15,000,000
19,598,000
18,956,000
13,000
6,951,000
139,307,000
19,649,000
24,030,000
97,265,000
16,000,000
59,275,000
22,533,000
215,636,000
20,000,000
14,581,000
93,007,000
16,000,000
130,546.000
59,320,000
France
Italy
Portugal
Roumania
Russia:
Russia proper
Poland _
Northern Caucasia
8,042,000
10,067,000
10,798,000
11,181,000
Total Russia (Euro-
pean)
48,419,000
18,396,000
25,272,000
50,464,000
19,479,000
18,759,000
25,920,000
9,498,000
21,300,000
33,331,000
21,431,000
31,880,000
70,501,000
Servia _._
27,786,000
30,000,000
Spain
Total Europe
429,716,000
556,000
2,000,000
30,000,000
4,143,000
200,000
504,154,000
435,000
3,502,000
30,000,000
1,997,000
184,000
303,858,000
391,000
3,000,000
30,000,000
5,282,000
189,000
442,168,000
490,000
3,000,000
30,000,000
3,845,000
320,000
618,057,000
AFRICA.
Algeria
400,000
Cape of Good Hope
Egypt
3,000,000
30 000,000
Natal
4,000,000
300,000
Sudan (Anglo-Egyptian)..
Total Africa
36,899,000
2,650,000
36.118,000
1,066,000
38,862,000
1,984,000
37,655,000
2,623,000
37,700,000
AUSTRALASIA.
Australia:
Queensland
2,233,000
72
IOWA DEPARi MENT OF AGRICULTURE
CORN— Continued.
Country.
1903
Bushels.
1903
Bushels.
1904
Bushels.
1905
Bushels.
1906
Bushels.
New South Wales
Victoria
3,966,000
635,000
5,000
3,145,000
7r4,O0O
2,000
7,052,000
933,000
3,000
5,107,000
643,000
1,000 1
5,714,000
661,000
Western Australia —
Total Australia
New Zealand
7,256,000
590,000
4,987,000
627,000
9,972,000
547,000
8,374,000
506,000
S, 608,000
653,000
Total Australasia
7,846,000
5,614,000
10,519,000
8,880,000 I
9,2dl,000
Grand total
3,187,311,000
3,066,508,000 3,109,432,000
3,449,648,000
3,886,163,000
''Officially reported as "Corn in the ear."
WHEAT.
Wheat crop of countries named, 1903-1907.
Country.
1903
Bushels.
1904
Bushels.
1905
Bushels.
1906
Bushels.
1907
Bushels.
NORTH AMERICA.
United States
Canada:
New Brunswick
Ontario
Manitoba
Saskatchewan
Alberta
Other
Total Canada
Mexico
Total North America—
SOUTH AMERICA.
Argentina
Chile
Uruguay
Total South America..
EUROPE.
Austria-Hungary :
Austria
Hungary proper _..
Croatia-Slavonia
Bosnia-Herzegovina
Total Austria-Hungary
Belgium
Bulgaria
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Italy
Montenegro
Netherlands _
Norway
Portugal
Roumania
637,822,000
552,400,000
692,97^,000
735,261,000
634.087,000
471,000
22,583,000
41,381,000
15,598,000
1,238,000
4,000,000
371,000
13,030,000
40,397,000
16,447,000
968,000
4,000,000
418,000
22,195,000
57,519,000
26,930,000
2,379,000
4,000,000
420,000
22,806,000
63,181,000
38,207,000
4,OJ1,000
4,000,000
424,000
18,587,000
40,939,000
28,5^,000
4,092,000
4,000,000
85,271,000
75,213,000
113.441,000
132,705,000
96,606,000
10,493,000
9,393,000
7,000,000
7,000,000
10,000,000
733,586,000
637,006,000
813,420,000
874.966,000
740.693,000
103,759,000
10,114,000
5,240,000
129,672,000
17,948,000
7,565,000
150,745,000
12,089,000
7,000,000
134,931,000
12,157,000
4,608,000
155,993,000
15,776,000
6,867,000
119,113,000
155,185,000
169,834,000
151,694,000
178,636,000
46,198,000
161,958,000
14,661,000
3,901,000
53,734,000
137,07^,000
9,841,000
3,7.53,000
54,531,000
157,514,000
13,077,000
3,010,000
58,255,000
197,406,000
10,314,000
2,698,000
52,069,000
120,503,000
10,200,000
2,282,000
226,721,000
204,403,000
228,138,000
268,675,000
185,059,000
12,3.50,000
35,551,000
4,461,000
130,000
364,320,000
130,626,000
8,000,000
184,4.51,000
200,000
4,258,000
307,000
8,000,000
73,700,000
13,817,000
42,242,000
4,302,000
1.33.000
293,826,000
139,803,000
8,000,000
167,635,000
200,000
4,423,000
212,000
9,000,000
53,738,000
12,401,000
40,736,000
4,083,000
129,000
335,453,000
135,947,000
8,000,000
160,. 504, 000
200,000
5,109,000
329,000
5.000,000
103,328,000
12,964,000
55,076,000
4,161,000
100,000
3^4,919,000
144,754,000
8,000,000
176,464,000
200,000
4,978,000
303,000
9,000,000
113.867.000
12,000,000
30,000,000
4,000,000
100,000
369,970,000
127,843,000
8,000,000
177,-543,000
200,000
5,000,000
200,000
6,000,000
42.237,000
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I
WHEAT— Continued.
73
Country.
1908
Bushels.
1904
Bushels.
1905
Bushels.
1906
Bushels.
1907
Bushels.
Russia:
Russia proper
Poland -
Northern Caucasia
Total Russia (EurO'
pean)
Servia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey (European)
United Kingdom:
Great Britain-
England
Scotland
Wales
Ireland
Total United Kingdom
Total Europe _ -
ASIA.
British India, including
such native States as re-
port
Cyprus
Japanese Empire:
Japan
Formosa
1,830,526,000
297,601,000
2,477,000
,600,000
179.000
Total Japanese Empire
Persia
Russia:
Central Asia
Siberia
Transcaucasia*
Total Russia (Asiatic)
Turlfey (Asiatic) _—
Total Asia
AFRICA.
Algeria
Cape of Good Hope
Egypt —
Natal
Sudan (Anglo-Egyptian).
Tunis
Total Africa
xiUSTRALASIA.
Australia:
Queensland
New South Wales -
Victoria
South Australia .—
Western Australia
Tasmania
Total Australia
454,596,000
19,255,000
77,877,000
551,728.000
10,885,000
128,979,000
5,538,000
4,000,000
26,000,000
46,524,000
1,528,000
1,093,000
1,176,000
50,321,000
9,779,000
16,000,000
20,925,000
48,670,000
64,000
69,659,000
35,000,000
430,516,000
34,035,000
1,755,000
12,000,000
4,000
294,000
7,523,000
55,611,000
6,000
1,635,000
2,650,000
6,555,000
1,017,000
905,000
12.768,000
519,964,000
21,241,000
81,050,000
622,255,000
11,676,000
95,377,000
5,135,000
4,000,000
23.000,000
35,624,000
1,499,000
919,000
1,040,000
39,082,000
1,747,262,000
59,936,000
2,176,000
19,754,000
190,000
19,944,000
16,000,000
12,822,000
31,590,000
82,000
44,494,000
35,000,000
477,550,000
25,484,000
2,000,000
12,000,000
7,000
486,000
10,519,000
451,327,000
20,239,000
96,708,000
568,274,000
11,280,000
92,504,000
5,529,000
4,000,000
20,000,000
57,424,000
2,130,000
1,204,000
1,430,000
62,188,000
1,803,132,000
283,063,000
2,441,000
18,437,000
200,000
18,637,000
16,000,000
25,491,000
42,411,000
109.000
68,011,000
35,000,000
523,152,000
25,579,000
2,000,000
12,000,000
4,000
4&3,00O
5,729,000
50,496,000
2,514,000
28,196,000
29,425,000
13,626,000
1,935,000
792,000
45,795,000
2,217,000
16,983,000
21,663,000
12,454,000
2,077,000
818,000
76,488,000 1 56,215,000
344,765,000
21,152,000
85,046,000
450,963,000
13,211,000
140,656,000
6,650,000
4,000,000
25,000,000
57,583,000
2,063,000
1,308,000
1,527,000
62,481,000
1,826,422,000
320,288.000
2,410.000
20,283,000
178,000
20,461,000
16,000,000
11,486,000
45,833,000
108,000
57,427,000
35,000,000
451,586,000
34,080,000
2,000,000
12,000,000
8,000
542,000
4,409,000
53,039,000
1,173,000
21,391,000
24,156,000
20,779,000
2,381,000
801,000
70,681,000
455,000,000
8,375,000
100,331,000
5,953,000
4,000,000
16,000,000
53,860,000
1,951,000
1,139,000
1,325,000
58,275,000
1,616.086.000
315,386,000
2,000,000
22,932,000
200,000
23,132,000
16,000,000
56,000,000
35,000,000
447,518,000
31,120,000
2,000,000
12,000,000
6,000
500,000
6,000,000
51,626.000
1,141,000
22,506,000
23,331,000
17,686,000
2,8t6.00O
672,000
,185,000
74
IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE
WHEAT— Continued .
Country.
1903
Bushels.
1904
Bushels.
1905
Bushels.
1906
Bushels.
1907
Bushels.
New Zealand
7,693,000
8,140,000
9,411,000
7,013,000
5,782,000
Total Australasia
20,461,000
84,628,000
65,6-26,000
77,694,000
73,967,000
3,189,813,000
3,152,127,000
3,320,^9,000
3,435,401,000
3,108,526,000
♦Includes Chemomorsk only.
OATS.
Oat crop of countries named, 1903-1907.
NORTH AMERICA.
United States
Canada:
New Brunswick
Ontario
Manitoba
Saskatchewan _ —
Alberta
Other -
Total Canada
Mexico
Total North America.
EUROPE.
Austria-Hungary :
Austria
Hungary proper
Croatia-Slavonia
Bosnia-Herzegovina
Total Austria-Hungarj
Belgium
Bulgaria —
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Italy
Netherlands
Norway
Roumania
Russia:
Russia proper
Poland -_-
Northerin Caucasia
Total Russia (Euro-
pean)
Servia
Spain
Sweden
United Kingdom:
Great Britain-
England
Scotland
Wales —
784,094,000
5,974,000
113,337,000
34,077,000
9,453,000
5,351,000
43,000,000
211,192,000
13,000
995,299,000
128,330,000
87,334,000
7,3:30,000
5,612,000
228,606,000
48,345,000
11,389,000
41,176,000
17,046,000
309,366,000
542,432,000
16,000,000
20,112,000
9,091,000
31,405,000
650,405,000
58,745,000
18,899,000
728,049,000
4,398,000
22,942,000
59,641,000
85,400,000
36,379,000
6,832.000
894,596,000
5,316,000
105,393,000
37,434,000
11,095,000
5,786,000
43,000,000
208,024,000
18,000
1,102,638,000
109,611,000
62,775,000
4,907,000
3,829,000
181,122,000
37,499,000
11,179,000
38,183,000
16,995,000
257,811,000
477,852,000
14,000,000
18,592,000
6,922,000
12,608,000
1,006,102,000
44,393,000
14,573,000
1,055,068,000
3,167,000
18,500,000
51,578,000
86,728,000
37,034,000
7,661,000
953,216,000
5,659,000
108,890,000
46,917,000
19,819,000
9,814,000
43,000,000
234,099,000
17,000
1,187.332,000
123,880,000
78,009,000
6,075,000
2,935,000
210,899,000
33,786,000
10,263,000
32,659,000
18,060,000
269,581,000
451,017,000
16,000,000
16,045,000
9,868,000
18,974,000
767,550,000
61,933,000
22,184,000
851,667,000
3,519,000
22,250,000
58,488,000
75,453,000
36,390,000
7,264,000
964,905,000
5.875,000
111,756,000
52,291,000
24,721,000
13,551,000
43,000,000
251,194,000
17,000
1.216,116,000
154,551,000
87,733,000
5,541,000
3,543,000
251,368.000
45,228,000
18,793,000
40,179,000
18,000,000
256,943,000
580,875,000
18,000,000
19,588,000
9,297,000
26,165,000
544,933,000
66,425,000
21,933,000
333,291,000
4,642,000
45,632,000
64,550,000
81,102,000
35,108,000
8,063,000
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I
OATS— Continued.
75
Country.
Bushels.
1904
Bushels.
1905
Bushels.
1906
Bushels.
1907
Bushels.
Ireland
58,816,000
60,142,000
60,754,000
62,751,000
60,080,000
Total United Kingdom
187,427,000
191,565,000
180,861,000
190,024,000
198,718,000
2,268,425,000
481,000
11,342,000
60,352,000
40,000
2,402,641,000
417,000
8,014,000
51,101,000
20,000
2,203,967,000
402,000
14,279,000
70,672,000
44,000
2,222,575,000
359,000
9,805,000
69,873,000
35,000
2,493,532,000
400,000
ASIA.
Russia:
Central Asia
Siberia
18,048,000
67,114,000
14,000
Total Russia (Asiatic)
71,734,000
59,135,000
84,995,000
79,713,000
85,176,000
Total Asia
73,215,000
7,976,000
2,503,000
6,000
1,631,000
59,552,000
6,631,000
3,000,000
43,000
4,635,000
85,397,000
7,036,000
3,000,000
9,000
2,032,000
80,072,000
7,000,000
3,000,000
7,000
2,411,000
85.576.000
7,000,000
3,000,000
8,000
2,000,000
AFRICA.
Cape of Good Hope
Natal —
Tunis _- --
Total Africa
12,116,000
1,000
363,000
4,542,000
640,000
173,000
1,808,000
14,309,000
73,000
1,292,000
13,8.58,000
931,000
267,000
1,673,000
12,077,000
16,000
673,000
6.353.000
573,000
233,000
1,216,000
12,418,000
6,000
911,000
7.460,000
897,000
293,000
1,238,000
12,008,000
AUSTRIALASIA.
Australia:
30,000
New South Wales
Victoria
1,449,000
9,124,000
South Australia
Western Australia -
924,000
472,000
2,042,000
Total Australia
New Zealand
7,527,000
22,452,000
18,094,000
15,583,000
9.064,000
15,012,000
10,805,000
13,108,000
14,041,000
11,555,000
Total Australasia
29,979,000
33,677,000
24,076,000
23,913,000
25,596,000
Grand total
3,378,031,000
3,612,817,000
3,512,849,000
3,555,094,000
3,582,041.000
BAHLEY.
Barley crop of countries named, 1903-1907.
NORTH AMERICA.
Unitel States
131,861,000
108,000
25,147,000
8,982,000
687,000
1,111,000
3,000,00
139,749,000
96,000
25,342,000
11,530,000
617,000
1,659,000
3,000,000
136,651,000
100,000
25,030,000
14, .507,000
923,000
1,830,000
3,000,000
178,916,000
102,000
26,049,000
18,085,000
1,3.58,000
2,226,000
3,000,000
153,597,000
100,000
Canada:
New Brunswick
Ontario —
22,403,000
Manitoba
17,281,000
Saskatchewan
1,393,000
Alberta
1,058,000
Other - ..._
3,000,000
Total Canada _
39,035,000
9,061,000
42,244,000
7,3.55,000
45,389,000
7,000,000
50,820.000
7.000,000
45,235,000
Mexico
7,000,000
Total North America,
179,957,000
189,348,000
189,040,000
236,736,000
205,832,000
^Includes Chernomorsk only.
76
IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
BARLEY— CONTINUED .
Country.
EUROPE.
Austria-Hungary:
Austria
Hungary proper __.
Croatia-Slavonia
Bosnia-Herzegovina
Total Austria-Hungary
Belgium
Bulgaria
Denmarlv
Finland
France _
1903
Bushels.
1904
Bushels.
1905
Bushels.
1906
Bushels.
73,873,000
64,577,000
3,839,000
4,145,000
146,434,000
?, 923, 000
12,773,000
23,340,000
5,233,000
43,345,000
Germany 1 152,653,000
Italy _ j 8,000,000
Nehterlands I 3,823,000
Norway 3,255,000
Roumania __ '■ 29,716,000
Russia:
Russia proper
Poland
Northern Caucasia
Total Russia
pean)
(Euro-
Servia
Spain _
Sweden
289,699,000
20,819,000
39,968,000
United Kingdom:
Great Britain-
England
Scotand
Wales
Ireland
Total United Kingdom
Total Europe _ _
ASIA.
Cyprus .._
Japanese Empire:
Japan
Formosa
Total Japanese Empire
Russia:
Central Asia .
Siberia
Transcaucasia*
Total Russia (Asiatic)
Total Asia
AFRICA.
Algeria
Cape of Good Hope-
Natal
Sndan (Anglo-Egyptian)..
Tunis
Total Africa
350,486,000
3,424,000
64,359,000
13,570,000
60,^8,000
7,739,000
2,981,000
6,076,000
67,424,000
m, 758,000
,969,000
59,737,000
38,000
59,775,000
2,759,000
4,213,000
12,000
70,728.000
38,496,000
949,000
4,000
216,000
11,322,000
66,815,000
49,915,000
2,285,000
3,496,000
122,511,000
5,003,000
12,911,000
22,708,000
4,916,000
38,338,000
■135,409,000
7,000,000
3,606,000
2,496,000
11,567,000
290,766,000
17,705,000
31,246,000
339,717,000
3,162,000
53,800,000
13,452,000
48,511,000
7,408,000
3,077,000
5,478,000
64,474,000
841,070,000
80,794,000
58,000
80,852,000
2,262,000
4,268,000
8,000
5,538,000
90,512,000
36,125,000
900,000
6,000
251,000
14,815,000
50,987,000 I 52,097,000
70,469,000
62,453,000
2,864,000
3,236,000
139,022,000
4,518,000
12,080,000
21,146,000
5,318,000
40,841,000
134,204,000
8,000,000
4,013,000
3,464,000
26,383,000
272,694,000
22,732,000
43,410,000
76,024,000
69,747,000
2,758,000
3,276,000
338,835,000
3,670,000
45,917,000
12,858,000
48,778,000
8,257,000
2,906,000
7,181,000
151,805,000
4,349,000
12,882,000
22,049,000
5,000,000
33,538,000
142,901,000
8,000,000
3,260,000
3,262,000
33,539,000
243,619,000
23,351,000
37,306,000
304,276,000
4,848,000
91,185,0(X)
14,328,000
51,543,000
7,803,000
3,116,000
7,211,000
.122,000
,673,000
77,436,000
50,000
,778,000
)68,000
49,000
77,486,000 i 84,017,000
1907
Bushels.
78,548,000
33,078,000
2,100,000
2,768,000
146,494,000
4,000,000
10,000,000
22,000,000
5,000,000
45,095,000
160,650,000
8,000,000
4,000,000
2,500,000
20,062,000
277,501,000
25,397,000
41,206,000
344,104,000
3,137,000
53,598,000
13,553,000
51,912,000
7,466,000
2,885,000
6,995,000
69,258,000
907,895,000 - 911,451,000
3,000,000
90,544,000
50,000
3,145,000
4,965,000
20,000
27,350,000
900,000
7,000
327,000
7,119,000
,703,000
2,614,000
5,136,000
13,000
90,594,000
4,385,000
4,956,000
4,000
7,763.000
9,345,000
94,558,000 I 102,939,000
35,000,000
900,000
5,000
334,000
7,863,000
35,000,000
900,000
5,000
S'^O.OOO
8,000,000
44,102.000
44,205,000
'Includes Chernomorsk only.
NINTH ANNUAL YT^AR BOOK— PART I
BARLEY— Continued.
77
Country.
1903
Bushels.
1904
Bushels.
1905
Bushels.
1906
Bushels.
1907
Bushels.
AUSTRALASIA.
Australia:
Queensland
New South Wales
Victoria
4,000
19,000
579,000
327,000
48,000
207,000
527,000
180,000
1,256,000
503,000
55,000
219,000
342,000
275,000
902,000
358,000
39,000
168,000
64,000
115,000
1,096,000
522,000
51,000
97,000
163,000
158,000
1,295,000
507,000
50,000
146,000
South Australia
Western Australia
Tasmania
Total Australia
New Zealand
1,184,000
1,172,000
2,740,000
1,197,000
2,084,000
1,164,000
1,945,000
1,056,000
2,319,000
1,068,000
Total Australasia
2,356,000
3,937,000
3,248,000
3,001,000
3,387,000
1,235.786.000
1,176.964,000
1,183,979,000
1,286,292,000
1,267,814,000
RYE.
Rye crop of countries named, 1903-1907.
NORTH AMERICA.
United States
Canada:
Ontario
Manitoba
Other
Total Canada
Mexico
Total North America..
EUROPE.
Austria-Hungary :
Austria -
Hungary proper
Croatia-Slavonia - —
Bosnia-Herzegovina
Total Austria-Hungary
Belgium
Bulgaria
Denmarli _..
Finland
France
Germany ...
Italy
Netherlands
Norway
Roumania _.
Russia:
Russia proper
Poland
Northern Caucasia
29,363,000
3,064,000
51,000
800,000
,915,000
136,000
,414,000
81,130,000
47,355,000
3,386,000
396,000
Total Russia
pean)
(Euro-
132,267,000
21,756,000
7,750,000
19,305,000
10,598,000
57,951,000
389,923,000
4,000,000
13,973,000
857,000
7,145,000
803,296,000
69,100,000
7,487,000
27,242,000
2,065,000
130,000
800,000
2,995,000
67,000
30,304,000
91,685,000
43,880,000
2,038,000
360,000
137,963,000
21,990,000
7,772,000
16,516,000
10,362,000
52,141,000
396,075,000
3,000,000
13,517,000
717,000
2,201,000
893,205,000
76,606,000
8,170,000
977,981,000
28,486,000
1,769,000
179,000
800,000
2,748,000
70,000
31,304,000
98,186,000
50,544,000
2,537,000
374,000
151,641,000
21,349,000
7,541,000
19,245,000
11,552,000
58,116,000
378,20t,00O
4,000,000
13,742,000
982,000
7,344,000
629,671,000
69,088,000
9,933,000
708,692,000
33,375,000
1,369,000
104,000
800.000
2,273,000
70,000
35,718,000
99,246,000
51,962,000
1,919,000
388,000
153,515,000
20,569,000
10,818,000
18,823,000
11,000,000
50,429,000
378,948,000
4,000,000
13,938,000
963,000
8,900,000
555,698,000
74,100,000
8,877,000
638,675,000
31,566,000
1,116,000
86,000
800,000
2,002,000
70.000
,638,000
86,445,000
39,445,000
3,000,000
344,000
129,234,000
21,000,000
8,000,000
19,000,000
11,000,000
58,578,000
3&4,150,000
4,000,000
14,000,000
800,000
2,544,000
776,000,000
78
IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
RYE— Continued .
Country.
1903
Bushels.
1904
Bushels.
1905
Bushels.
1906
Bushels.
1907
Bushels.
Servia
1,091,000
22,511,000
23,360,000
2,000,000
1,031,000
17,276,000
20,708,000
2,000,000
1,103,000
26,502,000
24,393,000
2,000,000
1,560,000
31,828,000
25,915,000
2,000,000
911,000
27,027,000
21,597,000
2,000,000
Spain
Sweden _ _ _
United Kingdom
Total Europe
1,594,370,000
1,066,000
30,982,000
11,000
1,681,280,000
1,088,000
29,360,000
9,000
1,436.406,000
690,000
28,043,000
17,000
1,371,881,000
404,000
27,752,000
13,000
1,479,851,000
ASIA.
Russia:
Central Asia „
Siberia
Transcausasia*
Total Russia (Asiatic)
33,059,000
30,457,000
28,750,000
28,169,000
32,000,000
Total Asia
32,059,000
7,000
35,000
22,000
5,000
9,000
30,457,000
2,000
8:3,000
31,000
4,000
11,000
28,750,000
1,000
35,000
32,000
5,000
12,000
28,169,000
1,000
51,000
30,000
4,000
8,000
32,000,000
3,000
50,000
21,000
5,000
10,000
AUSTRALASIA.
Australia:
Queensland
New South Wales
Victoria
Western Australia
Tasmania
Total Australia
New Zealand
78,000
40,000
131,000
21,000
85,000
83,000
94,000
65,000
89,000
43,000
Total Australasia
118,000
152,000
118,000
159,000
132,000
Grand total
1,659,961,000
1,742,193,000
1,496,578,000
1,435,927,000
1,545,621,000
POTATOES.
Potato crop of countries named, 1902-1906.
(No statistics for Switzerland, Portugal, Argentina, Transvaal, Egypt, and some other
less important potato-growing countries.)
Country.
1902
Bushels.
1903
Bushels.
1904
Bushels.
1905
Bushels.
1906
Bushels.
NORTH AMERICA.
United States
Canada:
Ontario —
Manitoba
New Brunswick
Saskatchewan and Al-
berta
Other* .-
Total Canada
Mexico
Newfoundland*
Total North America—
SOUTH AMERICA.
Chile — -
EUROPE.
Austria-Hungary :
Austria
Hungary proper
284,633,000
247,128,000
332,830,000
260,741,000
308,038,000
IS, 3.50, 000
3,568,000
4,288,000
17,202,000
4,907,000
4,835,000
15,967,000
3,919,000
5,550,000
14,819,000
2,901,000
5,693,000
15,494,000
4,281,000
5,522,000
*1,000,000
29,000,000
*1, 000,000
29,000,000
*1, 000,000
29,000,000
2,814,000
29,000,000
5,507,000
29,000,000
51,206,000
56,944,000
55,436,000
55,257,000
59,804,000
347,000
1,330,000
539,000
1,3.30,000
527,000
1,350,000
+400,000
1,350,000
+400,000
1,350,000
337,536,000
305,961,000
390,143,000
317,748,000
369,592,000
11,616,000
10,319,000
6,131,000
6,532,000
J6, 532,000
428,229,000
141,538,000
357,121,000
165,;383,000
398,298,000
110,402.000
581,822,000
168,221,000
514,289,000
179,083,000
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I
potatoes-Continued.
79
Country.
Bushels.
1902
Bushels.
1903
Bushels.
1904
Bushels.
1905
Bushels.
1906
Croatia-SIavonia
13,059,000
1,793,000
19,337,000
2,322,000
9,311,000
2,450,000
12,589,000
2.485.000
12,854,000
3,011,000
Bosuia-Herzegovina
Total Austria-Hungary
Belgium
584,619,000
83,198,000
27,168,000
15,298,000
441,055,000
1,596,909,000
29,000,000
361,000
94,756,000
17,735,000
4,659,000
723,435,000
288,447,000
16,154,000
544,166,000
86,580,000
25,256,000
19,212,000
420,422,000
1,576,361,000
29,000,000
628,000
73,394,000
22,851,000
5,246,000
675,330,000
194,829,000
17,441,000
520,461,000
91,632,000
24,214,000
15,465,000
451,039,000
1,333,326,000
29,000,000
733,000
94,421,000
17,253,000
3,001,000
705,170,000
179,997,000
8,741,000
765,117,000
^-,159,000
29,954,000
20,704,000
523,876,000
1,775,579,000
29,000,000
387,000
87,043,000
25,832,000
3,733,000
686,502,000
331,529,000
14,857,000
709,237,000
88,652,000
28,455,000
120,704,000
372,076,000
1,577,653,000
29,000,000
378,000
95,503,000
20,995,000
4,636,000
630,211,000
296,662,000
12.844,000
Finland
Germany
Italy§
Malta
Netherlands
Norway
Russia:
Russia proper
Poland
Northern Caucasia
Total Russia (Euro-
1,028,036.000
1,402,000
84,000,000
51,377,000
119,250,000
101,761,000
887,600,000
1,527,000
84,000,000
59,317,000
108,779,000
88,227,000
893,908,000
718,000
84,000,000
51,314,000
133,961,000
98,635,000
1,032,888,000
1,232,000
84,000,000
74,819,000
140,474,000
127,793,000
939,717,000
n, 232,000
84,000,000
105,742,000
128,005,000
99,328,000
Servia
Spaint -
Sweden
United Kingdom:
Great Britain
Ireland _ _
Total United Kingdom
221,011,000
197,006,000
232,596,000
268,267,000
227,333,000
Total Europe ._
4,280,644,000
7,418,000
13,142,000
4,038,566,000
9,824,000
19,364,000
3,843,081,000
11,274,000
18,800,000
4,779,590,000
16,255,000
18,865,000
4,305,313,000
116,255,000
16,481,000
ASIA.
Japan
Russia (Asiatic)
Total Asia
20,560,000
1,851,000
**1,600,000
433,000
29,188,000
1,596,000
**1, 600,000
345,000
30,074,000
1,655,000
1,942,000
451,000
35,120,000
1,605,000
*2, 000,000
466,000
32,736,000
1,681,000
*2, 000, 000
454,000
AFRICA.
Algeria _ -
Cape of Good Hope
Natal
Total Africa
3,884,000
836,000
1,461,000
4,684,000
562,000
214,000
4,282,000
3,541,000
122,000
1,147,000
6,300,000
1,057,000
242,000
6,105,000
4.138,000
422,000
1,881,000
4,307,000
759,000
235,000
2,412,000
AUSTRALASIA.
Australia:
Queensland __ .. _
659,000
2,118,000
6,262,000
1,173,000
170,000
6,395,000
718,000
1,820,000
3,467,000
729,000
210,000
4,127,000
New South Wales _ _
Victoria
South Australia
AVestern Australia
Tasmania
Total Australia
New Zealand _.
12,039,000
7,721,000
14,973,000
7,215,000
16,777,000
7,795,000
11,071,000
5,025,000
10,016,000
4,607,000
Total Australia _
19,760,000
22,183,000
24,572,000
16,096,000
14,623,000
Grand total
4,674,000,000
5,409,793,000
4.298,049,000
5,159,157,000
4,732,934.000
•Estimated from returns for census year.
t Average production.
11905 figures.
§ Average 1896-1900.
♦'Estimated from statistics for 1899 and 1904.
80
IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
ESTIMATED NUMBER, AVERAGE PRICE, AND TOTAL VALUE OF FARM
(Figures taken from February Num
State, Territory, or Division
HORSES
Number Jan-
uary 1, 1909
Average price per
head January 1-
Total value
a
a
Per
cent a
Total
1909
I
1908
January 1,
1909
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Maine
101
99
100
102
103
101
103
100
102
101
100
101
103
101
101
101
104
101
102
102
105
103
104
100
104
110
106
102
104
102
103
105
102
101
105
105
105
104
115
105
110
110
105
94
105
103
105
104
117,000
59,000
93,000
83,000
14,000
61,000
710,000
102,000
619,000
37,000
158,000
314,000
195,000
192,000
85,000
140,000
54,000
9.38,000
830,000
1,623,000
739,000
662,000
752,000
1,419,000
995,000
678,000
594,000
1,035,000
1,152,000
399,000
324,000
168,000
265,000
233,000
1,342,000
781,000
293,000
304,000
135,000
275,000
130,000
111,000
125,000
96,000
158,000
320,000
299,000
412,000
$107.00
98.00
103.00
116.00
126.00
123.00
114.00
124.00
116.00
100.00
100.00
lOO.OO
102.00
110.00
121.00
116.00
104.00
113.00
107.00
109,00
110.00
107.00
100.00
103.00
90.00
101.00
93.00
91.00
89.00
95,00
103.00
88.00
78.00
65.00
71.00
73.00
72.00
65.00
65.00
72.00
41.00
53.00
72.00
70.00
82.00
101.00
92.00
90.00
$106.00
101,00
101.00
lll.OO
121,00
118,00
113.00
113.00
114.00
99.00
94.00
97.00
102.00
107.00
118.00
111.00
104.00
111.00
105.00
107.00
105.00
105.00
98.00
99.00
88.00
97.00
86.00
87.00
87.00
95.00
97.00
89.00
77.00
66.00
65.00
73.00
68.00
73.00
60.00
71.00
42.00
53.00
71.00
77.00
75.00
98.00
96.00
94.00
J 81.00
77.29
77.50
94.22
97.70
91.65
88.14
95.93
85.67
78.10
73.36
69.18
68.64
79.30
85.71
84.70
71.50
81.71
77.42
77.60
83.03
81.82
73.58
71.50
61.92
70.03
57.16
60.54
60.30
66.11
67.89
65.18
57.94
50.48
37.38
45.23
50.95
37.46
33.31
43.91
25.65
29.72
38.38
42.07
41.61
61.47
62.83
62.82
$ 12,519,000
5,782,000
9,579,000
9,628,000
1,764,000
7,503,000
Npw York
80,940,000
12,648,000
Pennsylvania -
71,804,000
3,700.000
15,800,000
Virffinia -
31,400,000
19,890,000
North Carolina
21,120,000
10,285,000
Georgia
Florida
Ohio
Indiana
Illinois
16,240,000
5,616,000
108,254,000
88,810,000
176,907,000
21
22
23
24
81,290,000
Wisconsin
Minnesota
Iowa
. 70,834,000
75,200,000
146,157,000
25
26
27
Missouri -
North Dakota
89,550,000
68,478,000
55,242,000
28
Nebraska —
94,185,000
102,528,000
SO
37,905,000
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
Tennessee
Alabama
Mississippi -
I>ouisiana
Texas
Oklahoma
Arkansas
Montana
Wyoming
Colorado
New Mexico
Arizona
Utah
33,37^,000
14,784,000
20,670,000
15,145,000
95,282,000
57,013,000
21,096,000
19,760,000
8,775,000
19,800,000
5,330,000
5,883,000
9,000,000
6,720,000
45
46
47
48
Idaho
Washington
Oregon
California
United States
Division:
North Atlantic
South Atlantic
12,956,000
32,320,000
27, .508, 000
37,0i0,000
103.2
101.6
101.3
102.4
103.5
104.2
105.0
20,640,000
1,8.58,000
1,175,000
4,812,000
6,625,000
3,805,000
2,365,000
$ 95.64
114.19
105.58
109.33
95.30
77.60
78.28
$ 93.41
112,02
102.62
106.89
91.93
74.80
79.83
$ 66.17
86.86
74.77
79.64
65.22
49.19
47.17
$1,974,052,000
212,167,000
124,051,000
N. C. E. Miss. R
N. C. W. Miss. R—
South Central
526,095,030
631,340,000
295,267,000
Far W^estern
185,132,000
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I
81
ANIMALS IN THB UNITED STATES JANUARY 1, 1909, WITH COMPARISONS
ber United States Crop Reporter.)
MULES
SWINE
Number
January
1,1909
Average price per
head January 1—
Total
value Jan-
Number Jan-
uary 1. 1909
Average price
per head Jan-
uary 1 —
Total
1 h (U
(h O)
value Jan-
t4
e
«^
uary 1,
e
'^1
uary 1,
S
ii
Total
1909
1
1908
^2
1909
|I
Total
1909
1908
^2
Is
1909
B
3
2:
98
66,000
$ 8.50
$ 8.75
$ 9.19
$ 561,000
1
_
100
52,000
9.50
9.25
9.52
494,000
808,000
638.000
2
99
98,000
8.25
8.15
8.56
3
99
69,000
9.25
10.25
10.20
4
101
13.000
10.00
10.00
10.36
130,000
5
100
47,000
11.00
10.50
11.02
517,000
6
"l05
i'oOO $127.00
$i22r00 $92.54
$" ios'ooo
100
669,000
8.50
8.90
8.66
5,686,000
7
104
5,000 137.00
13.5.00108.3-9
685,000
102
158,000
9.25
10.00
10.18
1,462,000
8
104
43,000
128,00
124.00 95.21
5,504,000
lOO
990,000
8.50
7.80
8.42
8.415,000
9
106
6,000
129.00
125.00 96.38
774,000
100
46,000
8.0O
7.50
7.78
368,000
10
102
20,000
126.00
121.00
95.56
2,520,000
98
287,000
6.60
6.35
7.13
1,894,000
11
104
53,000
116.00
12t.00
88.17
6,148,000
101
803,000
5.50
5.75
4.81
4,433,000
12
105
12,000
107.00
110.00
75.12
1,284,000
99
375,000
6.0O
5.75
5.54
2,250,000
13
101
179,000
127.00
126.00
93.98
22,733,000
103
1,398,000
6.30
5.60
4.52
8,807,000
14
103
141,000
140.00
143.00
103.76
19,740,000
101
685,000
6.25
5.70
4.86
4,281,000
15
104
241,000
134.00
140.00
104.79
32,294,000
101
1,615,000
5.50
5.50
4.86
8,882,000
16
109
20,000
142.00
142.00
105.68
2,840,000
112
447,000
4.0O
3.75
2.88
1,78^,000
17
1(M
21,000
111.00
110.00
80.66
2,331,000
93
2,380,000
6.75
6.50
6.94
16,065,000
18
104
92,000
112.00
111.00
80.80
10,304,000
96
3,033,000
6.10
6.20
6.63
18,501,000
19
104
149,000
113.00
113.00
81.85
16,837,000
95
4,438,000
7.00
6.60
7.29
31.066,000 20
101
4,000
111.00
107.00
75.42
444,000
96
1,332,000
7.00
6.60
7.24
9,324,000 21
101
5,000
103.00
94.00
73.94
515,000
96
1,834,000
8.25
7.00
7.76
15,130,000 22
100
9,000
104.00
103.00
74.10
938,000
91
1,153,000
7.75
7.10
7.60
8,936,000 23
104
46,000
112.00
108.00
76.21
5,152,000
94
7,908,000
8.00
6.50
7.56
63,264,000 24
105
337,000
103.00
101.00
72.06
34,711,000
91
3,270,000
5.25
5.15
5.34
17,168,000 25
100
8,000
112.00
112.00
82.85
896,000
97
226,000
8.00
7.50
7.75
1,803,000 26
110
9,000
103.00
lOO.OO
64.90
927,000
99
894,000
7.90
7.00
7.50
7,063,000 27
105
71,000
104.00
102.00
72.51
7,384,000
92
3,904,000
7.25
6.25
7.01
28,301,000 28
105
147,000
105.00
99.00
70.05
15,435,000
90
2,397,000
6.50
5.90
6.72
15,5^0,000 29
108
207,000
106.00
106.00
75.87
21,942,000
97
1,236,000
4.75
4.60
4.61
5,871,000 30
101
287,000
lll.OO
108.00 78.25
31,857,000
99
1,487,000
5.00
4.65
4.49
7,435,000 31
106
248,000 108.00
113.00 85.29
26,784,000
99
1,238,000
5.20
4.60
3.95
6,438,000 32
103
287,000 107,00
105.00 81.99
30,709,000
98
1,290,000
4.60
4.50
4.02
5,934,000 33
105
176,000 102.00
109.00 90.37
17,952,000
103
689,000
4.75
4.50
4.12
3,273,000 34
108
6.:8, 000
93.00
91.00
58.49
63,984,000
105
3,304,000
5.60
5.25
4.51
18,502,000
35
110
185,000
96.00
96.00
64.27
17,760,000
lOO
1,588,000
5.15
5.33
5.54
8,178,000
35
104
217,000
99.00
95.00
70.18
21,483,000
102
1,150,000
4.00
3.80
3.33
4,600,000
37
120
5,00C
83.00
82.00
52.05
415,000
103
68,000
10. OO
10.00
8.50
680,000
38
105
1,000
89.00
96.00 59.50
89,000
108
19,000
7.00
9.25
7.97
133,000
39
120
12,000
95.00
95.00 62.84
1,140,000
110
165,000
7.00
8.00
7.06
1,155,000
40
120
8,000
71.00
70.00
43.89
568,000
125
32,000
6.75
7.00
5.84
216,000
41
120
5,000
93.00
89.00
52.11
465,000
120
22,000
7.25
8.00
6.42
160,000
42
110
3,000
75.00
61.00
41.48
225,000
101
327,000
17.00
17.00
18.73
5, .559. 000
43
100
4,000
90.00
83.00
51.56
360,000
102
15,000
9.50
10.00
7.16
142,000
44
115
2,000
101.00
100.00
55.99
202,000
110
143,000
7.25
7.00
6.82
1,037,000
45
120
5,000
108.00
104.00
69.28
540,000
108
197,000
7.50
7.75
7.44
1,478,000
48
110
8,000
103.00
99.00
58.45
824,000
104
290,000
6.25
6.25
5.72
1,812,000
17
101
83,000 107.00
113.00
74.37
8,881,000
102
532,000
6.50
7.20
6.42
3,653,000
48
104.8
4,053,000
$107.84
$107.76
$78.69
$437,082,000
96.5
54,147,000
$ 6.55
$ 6.05
$ 6.24
$354,794,000
104.0
52,000
128.79
124.94
96.32
6,697,000
100.0
2,162,000
8.65
8.53
8.80
18,711,000
102.9
672,000
131.45
134.42 99.49
88,333,000
102.0
5,659,000
5.78
5.54
4.82
82,703,000
104.2
271,090
112.29
111.63 81.16
30,431,000
95.1
13,017,000
6.92
6.54
7.14
90,083,000
lot. 8
627,000
104.3?
101.32 72.03
65,441,000
92.7
19,752,000
7.20
6.22
6.99
142,123,000
105.3
2,295,000
101.29
100.91 72.. 56
232,471,000
LOO. 9
11,982,000
5.03
4.78
4.39
60,231,000
106.2
133,000
100,80
104.08 67.74
13,709,000
105.3
1,575,000
6.95
7.35
6.66
10,940,000
81
IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
ESTIMATED NUMBER, AVERAGE PRICE, AND TOTAL VALUE OF FARM
(Figures taken from February Num
State, Territory, or Division
SHEEP
Number Jan-
Average price per
uary 1, 1909
head January 1—
Total
value Jan-
«2?
uary 1,
Per
cent a
Total
1909
1908
1909
98
262,000
$ 3.10
$ 4.09
$ 3.31
$ 812,000
99
76,000
3.30
3.87
3.26
251,000
102
227,000
3.60
4.16
3.55
817,000
101
45,000
4.0O
4.49
4.32
180,000
lOS
9,000
4.00
4.40
3.94
36,000
101
34,000
4.40
4.75
4.34
150,000
103
1,165,000
4.30
4.81
4.27
5,010,000
100
44,000
5.00
4.99
4.45
220,000
103
1,135,000
4.50
4.62
3.93
5,108,000
97
12,000
4.40
4.64
3.90
53,000
100
163,000
4.60
4.55
3.83
750,000
101
517,000
3.80
4.0O
3.22
1,965,000
105
709,000
4.0O
4.40
3.37
2,836,000
101
222,000
2.40
2.62
2.01
533,000
99
58,000
2.20
2.17
1.99
128,000
96
258,000
1.90
2.01
1.80
490,000
98
99,000
1.90
1.97
1.95
188,000
100
3,110,000
4.10
4.48
3.73
12,751,000
100
1,215,000
4.50
5.06
4.10
5,468,000
100
793,000
4.80
5.01
4.22
3,806,000
100
2,130,000
3.90
4.46
3.75
8,307,000
100
1,044,000
3.80
4.15
3.50
3,967,000
10-2
468,000
3.50
3.79
3.24
1,633,000
lOi
747,000
4.60
4.97
4.10'
3,436,000
9S
997,000
3.90
4.36
3.40
3,888,000
99
621,000
3.60
3.56
3.13
2,236,000
100
821,000
3.50
3.63
3.23
2,874,000
95
409,000
3.50
3.76
3.31
1,432,000
105
248,000
4.00
4.15
3.34
992,000
100
1,071,000
3.80
4.22
3.15
4,070,000
101
351,000
3.20
3.39
2.47
1,123,000
93
184,000
1.90
1.94
1.71
3.50,000
97
176,000
1.90
1.80
1.67
334,000
101
182,000
1.80
1.79
1.76
328,000
103
1,853,000
2.70
2.74
2.14
5,003,000
104
102,000
3.20
2.88
2.74
326,000
95
253,000
2.10
2.13
1.79
531,000
102
5,634,000
3.30
3.90
2.98
18,5:J2,00O
112
6,-591,000
3.40
4.15
3.11
22,409,000
100
1,695,000
3.10
3.33
• 2.88
5,254,000
104
4,978,000
3.00
3.45
2.30
14,931,000
102
1,052,000
3.30
3.62
2.66
3,472,000
105
3,115,000
3.30
3.88
2.85
10,280,000
98
1,554,000
3.00
3.79
2.99
4,662,000
109
3,897,000
3.40
3.55
2.87
13,250,000
97
799,000
3.40
3.73
3.06
2,717,000
9d
2,634,000
3.10
3.58
2.76
8,165,000
96
2,325,000
2.80
3.47
2.95
6,510,000
102.7
56,084,000
? 3.43
$ 3.88
.$ 3.06
$ 192,632,000
102.3
2,997,000
4.20
4.60
3.98
12,58t,000
101.3
2,038,000
3.41
3.61
2.90
6,913,000
100.0
8,292,000
4.14
4.57
3.81
34,299,000
100.0
4,311,000
3.83
4.07
3.41
16,496,000
101. 0
4,172,000
2.89
3.02
2.36
12,065,000
104.0
]4, 274,000
3.22
3.73
2.85
110,245,000
Maine
New Hampshire
Vermont
Massachusetts _—
Rhode Island
Connecticut
New York
New Jersey -.
Pennsylvania
Delaware
Maryland
Virginia
West Virginia _ _-
North Carolina
South Carolina —
Georgia
Florida
Ohio
Indiana
Illinois
Michigan
Wisconsin
Minnesota
Iowa
Missouri
North Dakota
South Dakota
Nebraska
Kansas
Kentucky
Tennessee
Alabama
Mississippi
Louisiana
Texas
Oklahoma
Arkansas
Montana
Wyoming
Colorado
New Mexico
Arizona
Utah ^
Nevada
Idaho
Washington
Oregon
California
United States
Division:
North Atlantic
South Atlantic
N. C. E. Miss. R-.
N. C. W. Miss. R
South Central
Far Western
♦Compared with number JanuaiT l. 1908.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART I
83
ANIMALS IN THE UNITED STATES JANUARY 1, 1900. WITH COMPARISONS
ber United States Crop Reporter.)
MILCH COWS
OTHFR CATTLE
Number Jan-
Average price
per head Jan-
Number Jan-
Average price
per head Jan-
uary 1, 1909
uary 1—
Total
uary '
1, 1»U3
uary 1—
Total
u <u
value
1 U (U
value
t4
e
aj5f
January
e
^
«2?
January
.Q
|l
Total
1909
1908
v >
1. 1909
|1
o
1909
1998
^•2
^5
1, 1909
98
179,000
$29.00
$31.00
$29.90
$ 5,191,000
96
145,000 $15.00
$16.00 $18.45
$ 2,175,000
1
97
124,000
32.00
32.50
32.31
3,968,000
94
97,000
18.00
17.00
19.04
1,746,000
2
99
288,000
30.00
30.00
28.26
8,&40,000
97
214,000
13.50
14.00
15.97
2,889,000
3
99
194,000
40.00
40.00
38.41
7,760,000
98
90,000
16.00
17.00
18.77
1,440,000
4
100
26,000
43.00
42.50
40.10
1,118.000
lOO
10,000
18.00
19.00
21.04
180,000
5
99
137,000
38.00
37.50
36.29
5,206,000
lOO
83,000
17.50
19.00
21.61
1,4.52,000 6
100
1,789,000
34.25
33. .50
33.75
61,273,000
99
898,000
16.50
17.00
18.90
14,817,0OO[ 7
100
190,000
45.50
43.00
40.19
8,645,000
100
82,000
20.50
21.00
21.93
1,681,000' 8
100
1,152,000
37.00
36.00
33.20
42,624,000
100
965,000
18.50 18.00
19.. 58
17,8.32,000! 9
108
38,000
36.00
36.50
31.73
1,368,000
102
23,000
19.50 20.00
1
20.08
429,00010
102
158,000
33.00
32.00
29.69
5,214,000
101
141,000
20.00 20.00
19.64
2,820,00011
102
294,000
28.75
28.00
25.01
8,452,000
103
578,000
18. .50 19.00
18.91
10,693,00012
100
247,000
32.50
33.00
29.03
8,028,000
98
538,000
21.50 22.00
21.36
11,-567,000 13
100
294,000
25.00
24.00
20.99
7,350,000
101'
4.54,000
11.50 12.00
10.85
5,221,00O|l4
101
139,000
27.00
27.00
23.31
3,753,000
101
225,000
11.50
12.00
10.55
2,588,000 15
101
311,000
23.50
25.00
23.96
7,308,000
100
680,000
9.50
11. OO
10.05
6,460,000 16
loe
93,000
26.50
29.00
22.30
2,464,000
104
691,000 10.00
10.00
9.13
6,91O,0OO:i7
103
947,000
37.75
36.00
32.79
35,749,000
95
998,000 22.00
21.00
22.74
21,9.56,000 18
103
680,000
35,50
33.00
31.62
24,140,000
96
1,052,000 21.50
21.00
23.22
22,618,00019
103
1,220,000
37.00
35.00
34.18
45,140,000
95
2.056.000 23.00
22.00
24.78
47,288,000
20
105
891,000
35.25
34.00
32.73
31,408,000
99
993,000 16.00
16.00
18.41
15,888,000
21
105
1,462,000
34.00
30.50
30.70
49,708,000
98
1,114,000' 15.00
13.00
16.80
16,710,000
23
105
1,092,000
30.25
28.00
28.20
33,033,000
98
1,253,000 12.50
12.00: 14.68
15,662,000
23
102
1,586,000
34.00
30.50
31.01
53,924,000
99
3,842,000
22.50
21.00
24.28
86,445,000
24
102
984,000
31.00
28.50
27.05
30,504,000
95
2,232,000
21.00
20.00
21.13
46,872,000
25
105
235,000
30.50
27.50
29.25
7,168,000
100
642,000
17.. 50
16.00
20.49
11,235,000
26
lOi
643,000
30.00
2 7.. 50
28.09
19,290,000
98
1,397,000
18.50
18.001 21.11
25,844,000
27
102
897,000
31.00
29.00
29.75
27,807,000
98
3,200,000
20.00
19.00
21.60
64,000,000
28
103
744,000
33.00
29.00
28.23
24,552,000
98
3,505,000
21.50
20.00
22.20
75,358,000
29
101
402.000
30.75
27.50
26.18
12,362,000
98
700,000
18.50
18.00
18.86
12,950,000
30
101
334,000
24.00
23.00
22.62
8,016,000
lOO
595,000
12.00
12.00
12.98
7,140,000
31
102
289,000
22.00
21.00
19.21
6,3.58,000
101
544,000
8.00
8.0O
8.42
4,352,000
S3
100
330,000
20.00
20.00
21.16
6,600,000
101
595,000
8.00
8.00
9.42
4,760,000
33
103
196,000
23.50
24.00
23.26
4,606,000
100
480,000
10.00
10.00
10.82
4,800,000
34
105
1,126,000
27.00
26.00
23.25
30,402,000
98
7,668,000
13.00
12.00
13.46
99,684,000
35
100
338,000
26.25
26.00
25.90
8,872,000
97
1,760,000
16.50
16.00
18.03
29,040.000
36
101
383,000
19.25
18.;50
18.67
7,469,000
97
674,000
8.00
8.00
9.32
5,392,000
37
108
75,000
44.00
36.00
36.47
3,300,000
103
905,000
22.00
20.00
22.88
19,910,000
38
110
25,000
40.00
38.00
37.29
1,000,000
104
872,000
23.00
24.00
23.85
20,0.56,000
39
110
158,000
35.50
37.00
33.98
5,609,000
100
1,454,000
19.50
20.00
21.22
28,353,000
40
110
28,000
36.50
38.00
33.28
1,022,000
100
939,000
16.00
17.00
16.76
15,024,000
41
105
24,000
45.00
43.00
1 35.53
1,080,000
106
639,000
19.00
17.00
16.66
12,141,000
42
107
85,000
31.50
31.00
31.12
2,678,000
101
327,000
17.00
17.00
18.73
54,559,000
43
105
18,000
40.25
45.00
36.79
724,000
110
404,000
19.00
20.00
20.24
7,676,000
44
110
76.000
35.53
32.00
32.17
2,698,000
101
347,000
18.50
17.00
19.43
6,420.000
45
lOi
195,00
40.00
37.00
35.00
7,800,000
98
381,000
18.00
18.00
19.72
6,858,000
46
107
169,000
33.00
35.00
31.52
6,084,000
98
743,000
17.00
17.00
18.44
12,631,000
47
105
430,000
36.00
36.00
36.01
15,480,000
100
1,155,000
17.50
19.00
20.86
20,212,000
48
102.5
21,720,000
$32.36
.$30.67
$29.85
$702,945,000
98.6
49,379,000
$17.49
$16.89
$18.62
.$863,754,000
99.7
4,079,000
35.41
34.76
33.64
144,425,000
98.9
2,584,000
17.12
17.25
19.06
44,232,000
101. 0
1,574,000
27.91
28.01
25.02
43,937,000
101.2
3,329,000
14.02
14.65
13.94
46,688,000
103.7
5,200,000
35.S0i 33.50
32.37
186,145,000
96.3
6,213,000
20.03
19.15
21.80
124,460,000
103.0
6,181,000
31.76
28.92
29.00
196,278,000
97.9
16,071,000
20.25
19.08
21.67
325,416,000
102.3
3,403,000
24.89
23.88
22.73
84,685,000
98.2
13,016,000
12.92
12.25
13.66
168,118,000
106.8
l,2S3,OO0
37.00
35.92
34.50
47,475,000
101.4
8,166,000
18.96
19.07
20.23
154,840,000
PART IIL
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
Joint Session of the Annual State Farmers'
Institute and Corn Belt Meat Pro-
ducers Association.
HELD AT
Savery Convention Room at the Savery Hotel, Des Moines,
Iowa, on December 8, 1908.
MORNING SESSION, 10 :00 A. M.
C. E. Cameron, President State Board of Agriculture, in the
chair.
President Cameron : We have an address of welcome upon our
program but I have been unable to find out who is to deliver it. It
seems the secretaries of the two organizations rather got the thing
mixed up, and each understood the other was to look after the
matter. The upshot of it is that we haven't anybody here to give
us an address of welcome. As far as that is concerned, I know that
you are welcome to the city of Des Moines without any address
of that nature. We will begin our program with an address on
public school organization by Prof. A. Y. Storm, Ames, Iowa.
PUBLIC SCHOOL AGRICULTURE.
PEOF. A. V. STORM, AMES, IOWA.
Mr. President and Gentlemen of the Iowa State Farmers' Institute
and Corn Belt Meat Producers' Association: The people everywhere are
intensely interested in the public schools. Nowhere in America do we
ever have to question the interest of people in that subject. It is some-
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III 86
times a dominant interest, sometimes a dormant interest; sometimes
illy directed, sometimes not directed at all, sometimes well directed.
The interest in agriculture is not so universal, and yet there is perhaps
no one general topic in which the interest is so rapidly increasing as
on the subject of agriculture. Everywhere that we go, in every paper
that we pick up, almost everywhere that men meet together — in the
last few years, particularly, it has become noticeable to me that the
interest in agriculture is increasing wonderfully. The terms of "hay-
seed" and "clodhopper" and "Rube" belong entirely to another genera-
tion. The only people that I know of that use those now are a set over
in the big cities like New York and Chicago, who are preparing car-
toons for such papers as Puck and Judge, that we find around barber
shops; and those dear people are living just one generation behind.
You know when we get a cartoonist like we have in this city (and I
question whether there is his equal anywhere in the United States —
when "Ding" gets up a cartoon with the farmer in it he represents him
in the modern conception. So there are but few people but have come
to recognize that the farm and the farmer and farming are now the
cynosure of all eyes. Contempt is no longer held by thoughtful people
for the tiller of the soil.
I am not sure that I read the signs of the times aright, but I take
this to be an indication of a great movement for more intelligent and
improved agriculture.
There are three great processes of society: the production of raw
material, the manufacture of that raw material into a finished manu-
factured product, and the transportation of that fanufactured product
from place to place. The last one hundred years have seen an intense
attention given to two of them. Never in the history of mankind, as
we all know, , has the genius of not only the Yankee, but of all civil-
ized people, brought forth such results in the processes of manufacture
and transportation; and while the problems of manufacture and trans-
portation are not yet all solved, still to my humble mind there is no
question whatever but that we are far ahead in those two departments
of human activity over the first activity which I mentioned; that of
the production of raw material. Just think it over a little and see if
you won't agree with me. The genius of invention, the organization
and use of capital, have expended themselves upon the problems of
manufacture and transportation. "What is the result? The result is
that the process of producing raw material is far behind what it should
be; and while the last generation has devoted itself to manufacture
and transportation improvement, I look forward to the next one hun-
dred years to intensify its application to process for the production of
raw material.
Everybody is thinking about farming, as I said a little while ago. The
commission our own beloved Henry Wallace is a member, is just a
headed by that brilliant man from New York, Dr. Bailey, and of which
commission our own beloved Henry Wallace is a member, is just a
straw which shows which way the wind blows. Some people thought
they saw in that a political movement. I am sorry for the person who
can't see wider and deeper than that. Statesmen do not make move-
8u IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
ments themselves, nor politicial movements. The great mass of the
thinking people get to thinking a thought, or a series of thoughts
more or less disjointed; the more masterful mind of statesmanship
perceives the thought that is uppermost in the mind of a great free
people, and proceeds to organize and crystallize it into a form for
action. And it seems to me that is what the appointment of this
commission means, and that that great man has seen the trend of
the times.
While interest in public schools is of long standing and almost uni-
versal, and while interest in agriculture is not of long standing and
not quite so universal, interest in public school agriculture is more
modern than either of these, and yet it is not wholly new. In almost
any of our states we find evidences of this interest in public school
agriculture. I am not going to stop to enumerate them, because I
understand my time is limited. If I am right, however, in the theory
that we are on the eve of a great movement for the improvement of the
production of raw material in agriculture, then it behooves us to con-
sider the conditions that will enable us to solve these problems the
most rapidly.
I believe we need agriculture in the public schools for three great
reasons: for better agriculture, for better homes and citizenship, for
better schools, and I will pay my attention to each of those very
rapidly and discursively.
We need it for better agriculture for these four reasons, looking
simply toward the future for a moment: for preserving the fertility of
the soil; for carrying on agriculture with higher priced labor even
than we now have; for feeding a population tenfold as great as that
of the past; and for so intensifying our agriculture that we shall get
adequate financial returns upon land which shall double — possibly treble
and quadruple — its present value in the state of Iowa. This makes it
imperative, it seems to me, that the boys and the girls who are going
to solve the agricultural problems of the next generation shall be
differently prepared than our fathers and mothers were.
Don't let anyone misinterpret my attitude toward the men of the
past. I want to say that if the boys of the next generation solve their
problems as well as you have done, they will do well. I don't mean
to say that the boy of the next generation must be a better man than
his father, and I don't expect him to solve his problems any better
than his father has done; because it is wonderful to me what the men
have done who came out into this new country and made it what it is
in so short a time. But his problems, while no more difficult, are very
different. His father's problems were of the pioneer nature; the son's
problem is the intensive and the preserving cultivation of the soil; con-
sequently he must have a different kind of preparation. That prepara-
tion which made your father and mine fairly successful farmers will
not do for their sons and grandsons.
The question is, where is this preparation for these new duties
to come from? Is there a fund of scientific agricultural knowlegde
which, if applied, will help to solve these problems? I believe there is,
and that the great agricultural colleges have been keeping quite good
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III 87
pace with the demands of the times, seconded by the leading farmers
in the different communities; and they are going right on. We need
not oncern ourselves, then, I think, about the question of whether we
can procure the new information, but we must concern ourselves with
the question of how we are going to get this information to the people
who are to use it; that is, what are the means by which the rising
generation are going to be educated in Improved agriculture?
One means is the farmers' institute; and I am delighted to know
that most of the counties in this state have it, and I trust that we
will never let it die out. I want to say a word more about that if
I don't reach the limit of my time.
Another is the agricultural college. I won't stop to pay my respects
to that; I know the regard in which you hold it.
The third is the agricultural press; and as I shall probably not
have an opportunity of speaking of that again, I want to pay a tribute
to the wonderful things that it has done for the farm and the farmer.
It is held in different esteem from what it once was, and there are
reasons for it. Of course all sorts of things appear in the agricultural
colimans of the press, because they are open to every one; but the peo-
ple who are the dominant spirits in the agricultural press today are
people who know agriculture from the ground up; that is, they have
had their hands and feet in touch with Mother Earth, and they have
had scientific training beside.
There is the work that the agricultural college is doing, in addition
to its resident courses, by its extension work in the short courses; and
there is the possibility of a correspondence course; and with these it
seems to me you have covered all the available means of giving this in-
formation.
What is the trouble with all those things? They are all good, but
there are a few deficiencies. One is that they reach so small a portion
of the people; another is that they reach them after mature years.
It is only the occasional man who is thoroughly open-minded to hold-
ing new ideas after he is forty years of age, and that hits some of us
pretty hard. The wonderful Gladstone was constantly open to new
truths, but he was a rare exception. We do not readily change. If this
movement is important, and if, purely for the sake of agriculture, the
future generations are to know more about the science and art of agri-
culture than they have known, we must accept and use the only educa-
tional factor in America that reaches all the people practically, and
reaches them at an age when they are capable of learning. If there
were no other reason, it seems to me we wall have to expect the public
schools to give to the coming generations the knowledge of agriculture
which they will need.
If the demands and needs of agriculture were the only reasons for
putting this study into the public schools, we might hesitate somewhat;
but there are other reasons. Regardless of its effect upon agriculture,
it is worth all the trouble and pains it is going to take, for the sake
of its educational value alone. The common people for years have
been demanding that the public schools give a more practical education.
88 ' ^ A^A DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
The captains of industry have been demanding that they teach the
boys and girls some things that they are going to have to do when they
get out into the world. The teachers have had an idea of what con-
stituted proper education for boys and girls based upon an old, worn-
out pedagogy. Ten years ago people began to discover that they could
apply to the processes of education some of the processes that the world
has already been applying to the sciences; that is, that they could in-
vestigate the operation of children's minds. So there have been three
forces actively at work in the last ten years: experimental psychology,
in which they experiment upon the children's minds; child study, in
which they devote their time, carefully and thoughtfully, to the study
of thousands of children, to discover how their minds work; and physio-
logical psychology, in which they base their judgment of the operation of
the mind somewhat upon the operation of the body. These have revo-
lutionized the so-called laws of education.
Now, you gentlemen possibly have not been as interested in this
phase of the question as I have, but I will tell you that the educators
who are in touch with the new conception of schools and schooling
stand side by side with the other two classes of people that I have been
mentioning: the great mass of common people and the leaders in in-
dustrial lines. They are ready to say that some of the things that the
common people have been demanding should be taught, and that, pure-
ly from the standpoint of what is best for the growth of the mind, re-
gardless of the child's future business capacity, we need a revision of our
courses of study, and different material and different processes upon
which the children shall partially expend their time in the public
schools. We have passed the time when educators set as an aim in
education the gathering of information, and have reached the point
where education means anything and everything that will adjust the
individual to his future environment and enable him to solve the prob-
lems of his surroundings in such a way that he will live the greatest
life for himself, for mankind and for God.
When we come to consider the education in the light of a process
of adjusting the mind, then we want to use those things round about
the child that will help adjust him to the things that he is going to do,
not necessarily as a business, but that best develop his mind and pre-
pare him to get the most out of his surroundings. Life is a constant
interchange between myself and everything that is outside of me, and
to get the most out of life we want the best interchange between the
individual and the things around him.
A noted man in Chicago, Mr. John Dewey, who was going to start a
new school, went to the furniture dealers and tried to find equipment for
his schoolhouse which conformed to his ideas. They showed him seats
and desks, but none of them were what he wanted. Finally, after they
had talked it over, the dealer said, "I discover what is the matter with
these seats; they are all listening seats!" If you think about your coun-
try schoolhouse, you will find that the seats are all listening seats. Theo-
retically we are away ahead of that. We know that education is a matter
of activity; that we learn through the things that we do largely more
than through the things that we read. We have learned, also, that edu-
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III 89
cation is a process of expression as well as of impression. Sitting down
here and letting things come into my mind is not the only side of edu-
cation; it is a very weak side unless it is accompanied with the process of
giving, "out of every word of the mouth," as the Bible says. We have
learned a number of these new things, and the leading educators have
come to the stand that a child shall be educated through a study of his
environment. Understand, gentlemen, that that doesn't mean that because
a boy lives in the country he shall study his surroundings in order to
become a farmer. They are looking for the best process for developing
the mind purely from the standpoint of the scientific educator. Over in
New England and in some of those manufacturing towns it means hand
work and tool work, but out here in the great agricultural state of Iowa
it means the study of the economic surroundings, which is agriculture.
I can't help but see the problems connected with this. We must put
into the public schools a wise, sensible, rational teaching of agriculture.
What a sad thing it is to find a school in which the dominant idea is that
a school is simply a place to study books! I can't believe any man far
enough advanced to be a member of this Association believes that. No
school will be a good one whose teacher is controlled by that idea. The
most wonderful teaching ever done was by the Man back there by the
shores of Galilee. He taught those wonderful abstract truths by means
of scientific truths and an observance of the world around Him.
In this state a child five years old is allowed to go to school. But he
has learned more in that five years than he will in all the other years of
his life, if he lives to be 969 years old, like Methusaleh. He learned those
wonderful things absolutely without books, by the exercise of his six
senses upon the great world round about him. He began by kicking and
squalling and complaining — and some people never get over it! The
next thing his hands and feet both began to work together, and things
had to roost high. The hammer and the looking-glass and the boy of
three got into a mix-up entirely too often. His mother is very likely to
think that the old de'il is in the lad, if she doesn't say so. It is not the
devil that is in the boy; it is the Lord. I suppose she thinks that "the
Lord moves in a mysterious way, his wonders to perform." But if the
mother will be thoughtful, she will be very sorry to have him keep out of
all that mischief, because that would mean that in all probability he would
be ready to go down to one of those institutions that the state furnishes
over which Mr. Cownie has charge. If he didn't get up and use all his
six senses he would not be a normal child. But the point I want to make
is that books form a small part of learning. There are three things a
man ought to have. He ought to know books; I would not want to be-
little them. Blessings on the teacher that knows how to use them in
the education of the child! The second thing he must know is this great
world of things with which he is going to have to do; and the third thing
is that he be able to do well something that is worth having done. If the
school-room is the place to educate, then anything that will educate prop-
erly for those three things and that can be properly administered without
loss has a place there.
90 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
I want to come immediately to some things that concern you. In ord';-
to have agriculture in public schools we must solve three problems. The
public must want the subject taught; that is, there must be a campaign of
interest. We must have a set of teachers prepared to teach the subject.
We must have a body of subject matter prepared for them to teach. Pub-
lic sentiment is growing very rapidly, but I believe it is your duty to
help increase it. I understand there are a great many men here who are
officials in the farmers' institutes, and here is a field for your efforts. I
don't know how the preparation of a body of teachers is going to be
brought about. One man believes we ought to have district high schools;
another thinks we ought to appropriate money for the denominational
schools; others believe we ought to have a summer school at Ames. I
am sure, however, that in addition to all these, and in connection with
them, we need a correspondence school of agriculture, for we will never
reach all the teachers in any other way. Do you know that there were
last year 28,000 people of the state of Iowa attending by mail colleges
in other states? Why should we not have a correspondence school right
here, where not only the teachers, but the thoughtful, active farmer, may
be directed in his work while he goes on with it? The teacher and the
farmer can't get away, and we ought to help them to get in line with
this movement.
I don't know exactly what the report of this new commission on the
school laws is going to be, or what it will be after the Legislature gets
through with it; but I believe the next Legislature should do something
furthering this proposition of a more sensible and rational education of
the boys and girls who live in the rural communities.
I want to pay my respects to the farmers' institute and to commend it
and the people here who have been working in it for all the good things
that have been done; but I believe it is just in its infancy, and I want
to commend to you men the importance of taking up this subject in your
programs. Get your county superintendents interested, and help by
these means to make the farmers' institute what it is going to be: a ten-
fold more efficient means than it has been in the past, even.
Question: What are the educational requirements for a farmer's
boy to enter Ames ?
Prof. Storm : I am not authorized to speak for the faculty upon
that; and while I am to be a member of the committee on college
entrance requirements for the new year, I have not yet served with
that committee. I think the general requiremnts for entrance to
Ames (I say this with some reservation) are about the equivalent
of the first two years of an ordinary high school. That is for enter-
ing the academy, which is just below the freshman class.
The President: The next on our program is an address by
Geo. C. White of Nevada, Iowa, on The Farmer in the Legislature.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III 91
THE FARMER IN THE LEGISLATURE.
GEO. C. WHITE, NEVADA, IOWA.
Mr. President, Felloiv Farmers and Mem'bers of the Meat Producers Asso-
ciation:
The subject assigned me for discussion is not one chosen by myself,
yet it is one that may very properly be disucussed at this place and this
time.
The Meat Producers Association was organized for the purpose of re-
lieving the individual shippers from many injustices that then existed
and with the firm and steadfast belief that the voice of an association of
thousands of members united for a fixed and well defined purpose would
be far more effective than individual unorganized efforts in correcting the
injustices and abuses that the shipper of stock was subjected to at the
hands of the transportation companies, commission men, stock yard com-
panies and packers.
From the very beginning our association has been working for legisla-
tion, both state and national, that will correct injustice, secure good
service at reasonable rates and provide a fair and competitive market for
the sale of our stock.
While it sometimes seemed we were not as successful in obtaining the
legislation asked for as we hoped to be, yet on the whole, as judged from
the total results it is doubtful of any association, organized for a similar
purpose, was ever nearly as successful as has been this one.
Since it has been necessary for this association to bring many meas-
ures before the general assembly of this state, a short explanation of the
machinery and working of our legislative bodies might be instructive and
valuable, and show why hearings are necessary and procedure not rapid.
V/hen a measure is placed in proper form for consideration by one of
our legislative bodies it is called a bill. A bill on any subject of legisla-
tion may be introduced by any member of either body. Two copies of
every bill must be furnished the clerk, one copy is marked original, the
other duplicate or printer's copy. When the clerk receives the bill he
gives it the proper consecutive number, and reads the title to the bill for
information. If no objection is offered the bill immediately goes to the
second reading, by the order of the presiding officer.
After the bill is read the second time it is ready for commitment,
amendment or engrossment and is referred, by the presiding officer, to
the appropriate committee.
Under our rules a committee is allowed to hold a bill not longer than
ten days, at the end of which time the committee must report this bill
back to the body from which it came.
This rule, however, is flagrantly violated, and here is often the danger
place of many meritorious bills.
When a bill is referred to a committee it is the duty of the chairman
to notify those who are interested and both those who favor and those
who oppose the measure that on a certain day and hour this committee
would hold an open meeting and hear arguments why this bill should or
should not become a law.
92 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Any citizen who is interested has a perfect right to appear before a
legislative committee and state his reasons for favoring or opposing any
bill and is entitled to and will almost invariably receive a respectful
hearing.
As already stated meritorious measures are often defeated in committee
hands, one method pursued is by secret ballot in the committee to recom-
mend the bill for indefinite postponement. Usually the recommendation
of a committee is adopted by the larger body and the reason is obvious.
In the House of the Thirty-second General Assembly over 400 bills were
introduced. It would have been utterly impossible for each member to
make a careful study of the merits and demerits of each bill. Therefore
the work is divided among committees, the members of the committee
make a careful study of the bills which come to them and report them
back to the main body either recommending them for passage or indefi-
nite postponement, and the report of the committee is usually adopted.
Then after the bill is reported favorably by the committee and the report
adopted by the larger body the bill takes its place on the calendar and
comes a few days later in its regular order for passage. During the time
that this bill is on the calendar all members study the merits and demerits
of the bill that they may speak intelligently and vote intelligently when
the bill comes up for passage.
However, there are other dangers that the bill will meet while in the
hands of the committee. The method that put to death the Doran speed
limit bill and other bills that had passed the House of the Thirty-second
General Assembly was to delay hearings and hold the bills in the hands
of the committee until the closing days of the session when a large amount
of work has piled up and then shove measures objectionable to some in-
fluential interests to one side and let them die without consideration.
In the Senate of the Thirty-second General Assembly a sifting committee
was appointed a few days before the close and all pending bills were
turned over to this committee. A resolution was then passed providing
that only such bills as had been favorably reported by their committees
should be considered by the Senate and thus was the speed limit and other
good bills killed. Another effective scheme to kill a bill is to amend it in
such a way that it will not serve the purpose desired, then even its
friends will be ready to kill it. This plan is resorted to in both the com-
mittee and the main body. After the bill has successfully passed through
the committee and received the aye vote of a majority of the members
of the body in which it was introduced it is then messaged to the other
body and there must be read, referred to the proper committee for con-
sideration and pass through the same formalities as in the first body.
If the bill receives the aye vote of a majority of the members of the
second body it is declared to have passed, is then engrossed and enrolled,
is carefully read by the committee on enrolled bills to avoid errors, re-
ceives the signature of the Speaker of the House in the presence of the
House and the signature of the President of the Senate in the presence
of the Senate. After which the bill is presented by the committee of
the house in which it is origniated to the Governor for his approval be-
fore it can become a law.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III 93
I have thus briefly tried to point out the road a bill must travel before
it can become a law. To some it may appear there is a great deal of
red tape about this process, yet to prevent hasty action, to avoid snap
judgment in legislation, I believe it is best that bills become laws only
after careful consideration and this due process of procedure has been
followed.
I do not want to be understood to say that meritorious measures are
often defeated from ulterior motives. They are seldom defeated from such
motives. A legislator is usually as honest and earnest in doing right as
other men, but I have been led to believe that some of our members are
from Missouri and that it is difficult to show them the importance of
some measures to the stockmen and farmers.
A large part of the meat producers' troubles are connected with the
transportation questions. We soon find when we attempt to get legisla-
tion on transportation that we are likely o come in contact with a clause
of Section S, Article 1 of the constitution of the United States, by which
the states delegated to the federal government the power "to regulate
commerce with foreign nations, among the several states, and with the
Indian tribes."
For this reason our association through its officers has been compelled
to employ an attorney to prepare our case and present it before the Inter-
state Commerce Commission. For this same reason our association with
the cattle growers and other associations sent committees to "Washing-
ton to urge the passage of the rate law as recommended by the President
three years ago.
Had it not been for these powerful western organizations it would
hardly have been possible to pass this rate law which put to death all
forms of rebate, whether through private car lines, independent sidings.
or otherwise.
In the Thirty-third General Assembly there will be eight farmers in the
Senate and forty-eight classed as farmers in the House. A total of fifty-
six, or over one-third of the members of the next assembly of Iowa are
farmers. The question which naturally arises is, with this large number
of farmers will the commercial and other business interests of Iowa re-
ceive due consideration? I do not hesitate to answer in the affirmative.
My. experience has taught me that there are no members of the legisla-
ture who more earnestly, intelligently and faithfully guard the educa-
tional, commercial and business interests of the state than the farmer
members. They have as broad and intelligent views on schools, transpor-
tation, commission form of city government and other measures and are
experts on agricultural questions besides.
The interests and welfare of all classes in Iowa are so closely inter-
woven that neither can rise nor fall without injury to all other classes.
We are all thoroughly interested in doing what we can to improve the
conditions of life in our state. We are all working for better schools,
better roads, better transportation facilities, better markets, better wages.
To build up our towns and cities and to improve our homes.
A speaker at the Dairy Convention at Waterloo, a few days ago, made a
strong plea for smaller farms, and more intensive farming.
94 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
This is much to be desired and will come but with it must come largely
increasing population in our cities. We must increase our manufactures.
We must find profitable employment for capital and labor at home, rather
than investing our surplus capital in Canada and Texas lands. Capital
invested in Iowa lands and Iowa enterprises during the next decade is
sure to pay as good or better returns than that invested elsewhere.
The farmer in the legislature is as thoroughly interested in all these
questions as is any other member. His progress and his success is largely
dependent upon the welfare and success of all other classes.
Now, gentlemen, in conclusion let me urge upon you the importance of
keeping up and enlarging this association. At a trifiing expense for each
member we can keep a powerful organization to protect our interests.
We will be in a position to employ able men to work out our case and,
like a well drilled foot ball team, charge the line of our opposition and,
figuratively speaking, demoralize them.
As individuals we can do but little to influence legislation or to even
present our grievances; while as an organization, with a fair fund to pay
the expense of presenting our claims we can always be sure of obtaining
our rights.
When our association was organized it seemed we were organized for
a single purpose. However, as the years pass we find that new and im-
portant questions are constantly arising. We have already battled with
transportation, markets, taxation, stock food and other questions. We
already have new questions before us. Tuberculosis in animals is already
demanding the attention of our state. Who are so much interested as
the stockmen?
The school laws of our state are soon to be revised. The rural school
is the knotty problem in this revision. You are the men interested.
Teaching agriculture in our public schools and the proposed plan to aid
approved colleges in this state in adding instruction in agriculture to
their normal course of study must be considered.
The question of advancing, and reducing, transportation rates, are now,
and probably always will, confront us.
There will be a hundred other questions as important as these, con-
stantly arising. Then let us keep up our organization and be ready to
act intelligently and effectively.
The President : We will now listen to an address by Prof. C. F.
Curtiss of Ames, on the subject of Government Horse Breeding —
The American Carriage Horse.
GOVERNMENT HORSE BREEDING — THE AMERICAN CARRIAGE
HORSE.
PEOF. C. F. CUKTISS, AMES, IOWA.
Mr. President and Gentlemen of the Association:
It seems a little strange, in view of all that has been done by the
government for promoting the various agricultural interests, that until
recently nothing has been done by it in the way of encouragement and
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III 95
improvement of the better type of breeding domestic animals. Foreign
countries that have been producing and furnishing us the breeds from
which we have imported so largely have spent millions where we have
spent cents in the improvement of their domestic animals; and as a
result, they have fixed and definite types. This has come about very
largely by the government aid that has been given to producing various
types of domestic animals, and especially horses. It takes more time,
more persistent effort, to establish a type or breed of horses than of most
other domestic animals; and in consequence of that the foreign govern-
ments that are giving most attention to the improvement of domestic
animals have given more liberal aid to the improvement of horses than
to the improvement of other domestic animals.
Fortunately, we have in this country some of what are called native
types of horses. During the latter part of the eighteenth century a horse
called Imported Messenger was imported. He was a thoroughbred
horse, but he early gave evidence of having a strong and a well-established
tendency to trot. That horse is regarded as the foundation of the Amer-
ican trotting breed. His progeny also gave evidence of this inclination
to go fast at the trot. The trot is termed and considered an artificial
rather than a natural gait; at least in the extreme speed.
The year after Messenger was imported, 1789, Justin Morgan was
foaled. Justin Morgan was the foundation of the Morgan type of breed
of horses, and those two horses have been great factors in establishing
types. From the one came the American trotting horse, and from the
other the Morgan type.
Then later we had Roy Wilkes' Hambletonian, in 1849. That horse
gave evidence of this ability to go fast at the trot in a remarkable degree
— much more so than any horse previous to this time; and Roy Wilkes'
Hambletonian constitutes the real origin of the American trotting horse.
From that time forward there has been a rapid development of the
American trotting horse, until we have to-day the standard bred horse.
It was developed primarily for speed, but there has been a constant inter-
mingling of the blood of the standard-bred horse and the Morgan type or
breed, and another type that developed about the middle of the last cen-
tury, the saddle horse, from the Denmark blood. You will be surprised
to-day, when you come to study the pedigrees of many of the leading
horses, to find how these three lines of blood have been intermingled in
many of the most prominent and most valuable horses that we have for
various purposes.
The saddle horse breeders held pretty firmly to a fixed type, and as a
result we have the American or gaited saddle horse; and while they are
trained to go what we call the saddle gait, they are also very successful
in going what we call the English gaits or the walk, trot and canter.
And when you come to study the origin and development of the American
saddle horse, you will be astonished, as I have been in going to Ken-
tucky and studying pedigrees of horses in the leading breeding establish-
ments, to find what a strong infusion there is there of Morgan blood; and
you will find it also in the strains that have given rise to our best carri-
age hor«es.
96 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
The work that the government has taken up recently is along two
lines: that in Colorado, where the stud has been selected for the purpose
of developing the carriage horse type, and that in Vermont, where the
horses have been selected combining the largest proportion and the closest
adherence to type of the original Morgan, with a view to perpetuating the
Morgan blood and type as largely as possible, and to developing from
selected horses of the standard-bred trotting lines or infusions of Morgan
blood the heavy harness type in the carriage horse.
Some twenty or twenty-five years ago a great many imported coach
horses came to this country. They received a great deal of favorable at-
tention at first, and that importation has continued more or less to the
present time. But it is well known that there has been less demand and
that they have received less attention in recent years than formerly. It
was thought originally that we must look to the imported coach breeds
for our carriage horses in America, and a great many of them were
brought to this country. Many of them were fine, magnificent animals,
and they attracted favorable attention on the part of our farmers and
stock breeders. But notwithstanding the large importaron of the coach
breeds, year after year it was found in our commercial centers, in our
horse markets, and by the people who were dealing in horses, that a very
large majority of the best horses coming into our markets and commanding
the highest prices and also coming into our leading shows, were from the
native American types, and that they in some way, without any intelligent
or systematic effort on the part of any one to produce a horse of that
class to compete with the foreign breeds, were producing a larger number
of high-class horses of the carriage type, or of the coach type, as it is
sometimes called, than the imported breeds; and the consensus of opinion
is, I think, that a majority of the imported coach breeds crossed with our
native stock have not proven satisfactory. There are here and there
horses that have been an exception, that have reproduced their type, and
that have proven successful; but the great majority of them have been a
disappointment. And in spite of the fact that during this time the Amer-
ican types were being developed on the one hand for speed in the trotting
horses, for the saddle gaits in the saddle horse, and for beauty and utility
in the Morgan horse, rather than the modern carriage type in particular,
some way we were producing a very large number of good horses, and
naturally our people began to study this question with a view of finding
out how best and most profitably to produce the kind of horse that meets
the modern market demand.
There has been a change in the demand of the modern market with
reference to the carriage horse. Originally these breeds were called coach
horses, and the coach horses that came to this country were larger than
those of to-day. They were used for heavier vehicles in foreign countries,
and in addition they were used on coaches in the days of coaching. But
gradually there has been an evolution toward a smaller type of horse for
carriage purposes, just as there has been toward a smaller type of
domestic animals along other lines — a smaller and more compact and
earlier maturing type; and the demand to-day is not for a horse that
stands 16 1/^ or 17 hands high, but the most of the horses that are com-
manding the highest prices are standing 16 hands or under, and there are
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III 97
more under than even 16 hands high; and v/ith that we have the compact
type and the high action.
The American carriage horse or the carriage type i.3 very frequently
called the heavy harness type, that term being used to distinguish the
horse from the light harness type, which is the speed horse or the road-
ster. The heavy harness horse does not mean a draft horse; it simply
means a carriage horse of the type and conformation that is used on
the heavier vehicles and with heavier harness than we use on our road-
sters or ordinary driving horses, as we see most of them in this country.
That kind of a horse must first of all have beauty of conformation, style
and finish; and it must have that high, true action which is essential to a
carriage horse or to a high-selling horse for carriage purposes in our city
markets and other places where a demand for this class of horses exists.
Notwithstanding the fact that the great emphasis was placed upon speed
in all this time of the development of our American horses, we were
nevertheless producing a large number of horses that were meeting this
other requirement; and this has led to a study as to what the native types
and blood lines are that will contribute to the production of high-class
horses.
I have spoken of these three lines, and many of those are similar. In
fact, some of the leading horses that we have in Kentucky, where they
have produced more horses of that type, perhaps, than in any other state,
are registered in all three of these stud books. So there has been an
intermingling of that blood to a large extent, and notwithstanding the
fact that the Morgan horse has been largely disappearing, as we have
thought, it is found that very many of our best horses to-day have a large
infusion of that Morgan blood.
I had hoped to have a number of views of the horses that are used in
the government work, but for some reason the photographs have failed to
reach me. I have here a photograph of the horse Carmen, which is at the
head of the government stud. This horse is a standard-bred, and yet when
you come to analyze his pedigree you will find a strong infusion of Morgan
blood in it. This is at the head of the government stud in the breeding
operations in Fort Collins. It weighs about 1,145 and stands 16 hands.
Here is a photograph of the horse called Red Cloud, which was Carmen's
mate in the four that Mr, Lawson showed. Red Cloud was a horse that
in his show days held a record that was rarely equalled. He is consid-
ered by many of our competent judges to be as good a heavy harness
horse as ever appeared in our American show rings. These two horses
were shown together as the wheelers in that famous four that were ex-
hibited by Mr. Lawson. This horse Red Cloud, now 21 or 22 years old, is
doing stud, service in Kentucky. He was sold last year, I believe, at
$2,500, when past twenty years of age. He made one season in Iowa, and
while he was not largely patronized, he left some very nice colts.
It is a little strange that until the government took up this work with
this famous four that were in that team — all of the stallions, none of
them had been used to speak of for breeding purposes.
I have here a picture of the horse called Whirling Cloud. That was one
of the leaders in that famous four. This horse stands about 15-2 and
98 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
weighs about 1,100. He is now 16 years old. We secured the use of him
last spring, and he made the past season at Ames. While he has passed
his show form, he is a horse that has that beauty of finish and that style
and that way of going which you see illustrated in this picture. He is
shown here in heavy harness and in action, and without any training or
feeding, and \\ithout any special showing, this horse could be taken out
and hitched any day and show you that kind of action.
When we came to analyze the pedigree of this horse we found there
two crosses running to the Morgan blood, and we find in the individual
conformation and makeup of this animal the marks of the Morgan blood
to a large degree.
One of the things essential to a horse of the carriage type, in addition
to those that I have mentioned, is that he must have finish of head and
neck. We have found in going to Kentucky and studying the horse-
breeding operations there that the leading sires that they are depending
upon to produce their high-class horses, in addition to having conforma-
tion, style and action, and this high and true lower groin, must have long
necks with clean-cut throats, and the men who are dealing in horses and
putting them on the market put great emphasis upon that. It is out of
the question to expect a short, thick-necked horse to ever meet these re-
quirements. A horse to have this finish, style, action, a high way of
going, and the endurance and the power of lung and staying quality, must
have the long, clean-cut, breedy-looking head and neck. I think that is
a feature very frequently overlooked. There is a difference in the type of
horse required to meet the heavy harness demands and the type of horse
required for speed, necessarily; and yet very many strains of horses that
have been prominent in developing the highest speed have, when trained
and fitted for carriage purposes, developed a high degree of excellence
there.
I saw recently a horse now owned in Chicago and being shown there
this week, son of a son sired by Hambletonian X, and the only grandson
living that I know of. He is a horse with good speed record, and one of
the best judges I know of told me that he is the only horse ever seen in
the west good enough to go into Madison Square Garden and defeat Forest
King. That is the horse that has given rise to the speed lines of our
American-bred horses, and yet he has that beauty of finish and style and
way of going that is essential to the carriage horse of America.
Of course the practical phase of this question that interests many of
you is, can we produce that kind of horses in America, and will it pay?
The speed business is a business by itself, and the farmer as a rule is not
fitted to producing that kind of horses. The producing of heavy harness
or carriage horses is quite distinct from that, and it is not necessary
to go into the speed phase. We have all over this country a great many
horses of good type for producing heavy carriage horses, and we have,
moreover, a large number of mares on the farms of Iowa and other states
that are suited to mate with that kind of horses. They blend and mate
with them better, as a rule, than with the imported coach breeds; and
the market and show records will amply justify the statement that a much
larger percentage of good horses has been produced in that way than by
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III 99
mating them with the imported coach breeds. We haven't given much
consideration to anything but speed, and it is surprising how many of the
farmers in this and other states have been breeding horses with the ex-
pectation of producing a record-breaker in speed, and have lost sight of
the essential characteristics of utility and finish and beauty. While it
may be justifiable to sacrifice these points if we succeed in getting speed,
and if we are breeding for speed and nothing else, the great majority of
the horses of American blood that are being produced to-day are not in
the speed class; and if we will take the breeding of some of these horses
that are not considered high-priced from the standard of speed produc-
tion, they will constitute our most valuable horses. While these horses
illustrated here are trotting-bred and have no doubt a liberal amount of
speed, none of them have raised records or have extreme speed; but they
have those other qualities that are more desirable for this purpose than
extreme speed. The heavy harness horse is not required to have ex-
treme speed, but he must have good road gait. So if the breeding for
speed we will give some attention to these qualities that are essential to
the high-class harness horse, and that the market is putting emphasis
upon to-day more than ever before and is willing to pay higher prices for,
I believe we will find it exceedingly profitable; and in addition to that I
believe we will be doing a great service to the American farmer and agri-
culturist, and to the horse users of the world, in developing what we have
here in our native stock into high-class horse.
We have been accustomed to look too much to the foreign breeders for
our domestic animals. We occasionally hear some words of criticism
concerning the government going into this breeding work. Sometimes you
will hear the criticism that it is going to cost too much; that it takes a
long time to do this work. Do you know that the government spends
more in the construction of a single battleship than this horse-producing
work is likely to cost in a quarter of a century? And the navy depart-
ment fires in fifteen minutes more value in ammunition than the govern-
ment is putting into this horse-breeding work in years. I think the
American government and the American breeder, uniting together, can
develop these strains until we can produce some of the most superior type
of horses that have ever been produced in the world. And there is the
same reason for improving other breeds of animals, and when we take up
that work we are going to bring about types of animals that will be
peculiarly suited to American conditions and will meet the demands as
well or better than those produced in foreign countries. The work may
not all be succeessful; it may not all terminate as we anticipate; it may
take a longer time than vre anticipate. It is not an easy matter to fix
types. We have fixed three distinct types of American horses already,
and they have furnished excellent horses, and they will be improved from
year to year. At the great International show and our great State Fairs
each year we find the animals coming out in better form and with a higher
degree of excellence; and so it will be with our horses that we take up
in this way. If some of these endeavors are failures, and we do nothing
but prove the negative and the inadvisability of doing some things, it will
probably be worth as much as a positive result. So I think the work that
the government has inaugurated is along right lines; and while it may
100 iOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
take longer to bring about results than we would like, and longer tban we
anticipate, the result is bound to be, regardless of the government experi-
ments, that we are going to develop in America American breeds and
American types for the American market and the American demand.
Question : Do we understand you to declare that the American
standard-bred horse of 1100 or 1150 pounds weight is America's
typical heavy harness horse ? Is not a little more weight desirable ?
Prof. Curtiss: No, I don't think so. As a rule, the demand
does not call for a horse weighing over 1150 to 1200 pounds. Occa-
sionally there will be a demand for a pair of horses a little larger
than that — up to 16% hands and weighing 1250 or possibly 1300;
but that is very rare indeed. But there is one feature about the
kind of horse that I have shown here, 15-3 hands high and weighing
1150 pounds : he looks big when in action. The horse that develops
speed must be built along different lines. He will go on a low,
straight line, in accordance with the maxim that the shortest dis-
tance between two points is a straight line. This horse is not
developed for speed; if he had been he would not have gone that
way at all. Probably he never would have gone fast enough in
a speed ring to bring much money, but he went high enough in
show form to win a great deal of money. So the purposes are
essentially different, and yet they may be combined to a considerable
degree. This horse was trained to go high, and that is the kind of
action you want in a heavy harness horse. It is not required that
a horse of that kind shall go extremely fast, and yet they ought to
be able to strike at least a four-minute gait, and it is better if they
can strike a three-minute gait. I have driven that horse a great
deal this summer, and he will go out without any rein on and look
just that way.
Question: We occasionally see the light harness horse: what
should that be?
Prop. Curtiss : A light harness horse is one of two things: a
trotter or a roadster. A roadster is a horse of the speed type, but
of nicer finish than the horse that is fitted for the speed ring. It is
seen in our trotting-bred animals that are not developed for extreme
speed, or posibly haven't it. They are driven to a lighter buggy
and with a light harness. The heavy harness horse must necessarily
be thicker and blockier. The blood lines may be the same, although
they will select for a roadster a horse that has a better sprung rib
and a broad hip and quarter. This type comes from the English
type of Hackney. The Hackney has largely fixed the type for this
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III 101
kind of horse, and these horses have been obliged to go into the
ring and compete with the Hackney, and naturally they have taken
on more of that type.
Question: Is there any Hackney blood in these winners at the
large shows?
Prof. Curtiss : No, it may be said that there is not one drop of
Hackney blood in any of them ; but it is also said that these horses
have gone abroad and been registered as Hackneys in one or two
instances in England.
The President : The next number on our program is an address
by Dr. D. E. Boughman, Assistant State Veterinarian of Fort
Dodge, on ''Hog Cholera and the Serum Treatment."
HOG CHOLERA AND THE SERUM TREATMENT.
D. E. BOUGHMAN, FORT DODGE, IOWA.
Mr. President and Members of the Association:
It affords me great pleasure to have the opportunity to address this
association on a subject of so vital importance to the stock growers of
this state.
Hog cholera is a disease as most of you know which causes a greater
loss to the farmer than all other diseases combined. Dr. Salman esti-
mates that our annual loss from hog cholera in the United States is ten
million dollars. As Iowa is by far the greatest hog raising state in the
union it would be readily seen that our losses are enormous. If this dis-
ease can be stamped out in this state, as I firmly believe it can, it will
save millions of dollars to our farmers. It is a heavy loss as w^ell as a
disappointment for a farmer to raise a bunch of high grade or pure
bred hogs, to watch them grow and feed them high-priced corn in antici-
pation of receiving a goodly sum, possibly to pay a note or a mortgage on
his farm; then to wake up some morning and on going to his hog pen to
find some of them refuse to eat and with positive evidence of hog cholera
in his herd, and almost as positive assurance that he can only expenct to
save a small per cent of his drove.
Through the efforts of the experimental work which has been carried
on for a number -of years by the Bureau of Animal Industry in this state
and at Washington, we are now able to produce a- serum that will im-
munize our hogs against this dreaded disease. The process has been pa-
tented by this department of the bureau in such a manner that it insures
its free use and manufacture to all people of the United States.
In a report made by Dr. A. D. Melvin, chief of the Bureau of Animal
Industry at the American Veterinary Medical Association, September 10,
1908, he says it is a well known fact, that hogs which recover from an at-
tack of hog cholera are completely immuned w^hen subsequently exposed
102 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
to the same disease. These two facts; the presence of the filtered virus
in the blood of hogs sick of hog cholera and the immunity in hogs which
have recovered from an attack of the disease form a basis for the prepara-
tion of the serum which we have used successfully in immunizing hogs
againsL hog cholera.
He says that the protective serum is produced by a process of Hyper-
immunization carried out as follows: An immune hog is injected with
large amount of blood from hogs sick of hog cholera. This injection will
not produce more than a transitory effect upon the health of the immune
although they would prove certainly fatal to a susceptible hog. This
treatment of immune hogs with large amount of disease producing blood
is known as hyper-immunization and gives to the blood of the immune the
power to protect susceptible hogs from hog cholera. In about a v.-eek or
so after the immune has recovered from the effect of this treatment, blood
is drawn from the immune by cutting off the tail. The blood drawing is
repeated three or four times at intervals of a week between drawings,
after which the immune is usually bled to death from the carotid.
After each drawing from the immune the blood obtained is defribri-
nated and mixed with a suitable antiseptic. If preserved in sterile bot-
tles this defribrinated blood, or serum as it is called, will retain its
potency indefinitely. The protective serum having been obtained from
an immune hog in the manner indicated, the potency of this serum is
determined by injecting susceptible hogs with varying amounts of this
serum and at the same time exposing them to hog cholera along with
untreated or controlled animals. In practice it will, of course, be found
best to first collect large quantities of serum and to mix this before test-
ing. A standard serum will thus be secured at a minimum cost. This
serum having been secured, either of two methods may be used for pro-
tecting susceptible hogs. These are known as (A), the serum simultan-
eous method, and (B), serum alone me. nod.
The first of these, which is to be recommended for use especially in
herds which have not been exposed to hog cholera, consists in injecting
subcutaneously on one side of the body of the hog lo be vaccinated, a
suitable quantity of serum and simultaneously on the other side of the
body a small quantity of virolent blood taken from a hog sick of hog
cholera.
Experience has shown that by this method hogs are given a firm im-
munity lasting at least six months and probably much longer.
The serum alone method, which consists simply of the injection of the
protective serum without the simultaneous use of disease producing blood,
appears to confer only a temporary immunity upon the treated hogs, un-
less they be exposed to hog cholera a short time after receiving the
serum. In which case they also acquire a lasting immunity. For these
reasons, the serum alone method is admirably adopted to the treatment
of hogs in a herd where hog cholera has already broken out, but which
have not themselves shown visible symptoms of the disease. It should
be stated, that either method when properly applied will not injure the
hog in any way.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III 103
In reporting results of practical tests of serum made, he says, "con-
cerning protective power of serum from hyper-immunized immunes are
based upon tests upon several thousand hogs. These tests were not car-
ried out in small experiment pens, but in great part upon practical con-
ditions. During the fall of 1907, approximately two thousand hogs were
treated on fifty different farms, a considerable portion of untreated hogs
being left in all cases as a control on the action of the serum. Both
methods of vaccination were used and the herd conditions varied widely.
The herds can be roughly classified as (A), those in an infected local-
ity but themselves free from disease; (B), those which were known to
have been exposed by contact with sick hogs, but which had not developed
the disease at the time of treatment, and (C), herds in which hog cholera
was present and hogs sick and dying at the time of treatment. In no
case were any of the ordinary methods of combatting hog cholera by dis-
infections and separation of the sick from the apparently healthy prac-
ticed. Where disease was present at the time of treatment, the treated
were allowed to run with the sick animals along with a number of un-
treated animals, which served as controls; and the success following
vaccination can, therefore, be attributed to the action of the serum. In
herds where hog cholera appeared supsequent to treatment, all the vacci-
nated hogs remained well, while more than 65 per cent of the checks or
untreated ones died.
In the herds which had been exposed, as in class (C), but were appar-
ently well at the time of treatment, four per cent of the treated animals
died when approximately 90 per per cent of the checks succumbed. In the
herds in class (C), where this disease existed at the time of treatment
and where they did not anticipate very great success, 13 per cent of the
treated animals were lost where 75 per cent of the checks died.
These successful field trials, confirming as they did numerous tests
carried out under experimental conditions, have convinced us of the effi-
ciency of this method of dealing with hog cholera, and although improve-
ments will undoubtedly be made in many other details of producing this*
serum, the methord is believed to be now in such condition as to make
the practical use of it entirely feasible.
While my experiments have been limited with the serum, yet with the
good results I have obtained and those reported by the bureau I have
every reason to believe of its practicability. At the present time the
great drawback to universal use of this serum is the almost prohibitive
high price at which it is sold.
The price charged by those putting it on the market at the present
time is $1.00 per twenty c. c, which would be a dose for a hog weighing
from seventy-five to one hundred pounds, or $3.00 for one weighing three
hundred pounds.
Michigan has begun the preparation of this serum, so I am informed,
for the distribution to the farmers of that state at two cents per c. c, or
forty cents per dose, which is sufficient for a hog of about one hundred
pounds, but they hope to reduce the price materially before another season.
Dr. Melvin thinks that if he serum station would be under the control
of the state, and with the production carried out with strict economy it
could be brought down to twenty-five cents per dose. This statement is
104 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
based upon the supposition that each hyper-immunized immune will fur-
nish one hundred fifty to two hundred doses of serum and that the car-
casses of the immune after final bleeding will be used for food, which
would stand to reason, that the serum station should be located near some
packing house center. There seems to be no objection to the use of
such carcasses for food purposes, providing the post mortem examination.
by a government inspector discloses no reason for rejecting it.
The serum station should be under the control of the State Veterinary
Department, as it is to the veterinary that the farmer applies when he has
sickness in his herd. It is the veterinary who must hold post mortem
to positively .diagnose the disease, it is also the veterinarian who ad-
ministers the treatment and places the affected herd in quarantine.
The expense for the setablishment of such a station would be very small
as compared to the loss sustained annually from this disease. A tract of
land could be leased for a term of years, rough grazing land could be
rented at a nominal sum and would answer the purpose as well as expen-
sive land. A building for preparing the serum need not be an elaborate
affair. Temporary sheds could be constructed for the housing of hogs in
winter time.
The field application of serum should be in the hands of the State Vete-
rinary Department. The state could be organized into districts, each in
charge of an assistant State Veterinarian who should have a supply of
serum on hand so that prompt action may be taken v/hen an infection
appears.
Upon notification to the State Veterinarian that hog cholera has ap-
peared in a certain locality the diseased herd or herds should be immed-
iately quarantined and all hogs on the farm which have been exposed or
which are not visibly ill should be treated with serum alone. All hogs on
the farm which have not been exposed should be treated by the serum
simultaneous method, and of course the prompt removal of dead animals
should be enforced, at the same time all the hogs on surrounding farms
should be treated by the serum simultaneous method..
After the establishment of a serum station by the state, it could in a
short time be made self-sustaining by selling the serum to the farmers
at actual cost of production and the farmers could vaccinate their ho^s
when they are from two weeks to eight weeks old, they could do it at a
very small expense. A pig weighing twenty-five pounds only requires
about 5 c. c, at the price that Michigan is selling it to its farmers it would
only cost ten cents per hog.
It appears to me that if this corn belt meat producing association would
ask for an appropriation of sufficient sum to establish a hog cholera sta-
tion, it could not be turned down by that body.
Question : What is the difference between swine plague and hog
cholera 1
Dr. Boughman: There is a difference of opinion as to whether
there is a distinction or not. There was a time when they thought
they had found the specific germs for each disease. Dr. Niles tells
me that this serum will act as well on one as on the other.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III 105
Question : What is the cause of hog cholera ?
Dr. Bougiiman: It is some specific agent, but at the present
time they don't know what it is.
Question: Don't hogs have any other disease but hog cholera?
Dr. Boughman: Yes, hogs have other diseases, but the disease
on which the government has been experimenting the most, and for
which they have found a treatment or preventive, is swine plague or
hog choelra. It is commonly considered contagious, but it is infec-
tious and possibly not contagious, because it is a fact that a man's
hogs on the other side of the fence from where they are dying do
not take the disease The active agent must be carried from one
animal to another ; it is not an agent that flies in the air. I do not
think we have very many diseases outside of hog cholera that are
very destructive .
Question: I wish you would give us the diagnosis and the ap-
pearance of the animal that is taken with hog cholera, and also of
the disease know^n as swine plague, together with the other diseases
that attack the hog on the farm.
Dr. Boughman: In an outbreak of hog cholera you will find a
difference in its expression. • Some hogs have lung trouble; others
ulcer of the intestines; others have the ears affected, or will be
red all over the body.
Question : Isn 't there a peculiar odor ?
Dr. Boughman : Any sick hog has a peculiar odor that is char-
acteristic to the hog and not of the disease, I think.
Question: After a hog dies from any cause I very often open
and examine it. AVhat organs should I examine for hog cholera or
swine plague ?
Dr. Boughman: You should look at all the organs. You may
find just an affection of the lungs, or an ulceration of the intestines,
or both ; but the place to look is in the lungs, the intestines and the
kidneys. In regard to. the lesions that we find in hog cholera after
a hog is dead, I think the government inspector, Dr. Chester
Miller, who is here, can give us some idea on that.
Dr. Miller : There is no definite, very plain symptom, except the
way the hog acts. With us at the yards, we may see a bunch of
hogs come in of which some will lag behind a little. If on following
them into the pens they go to eating or drinking, and then go over
106 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
to one side and lie down, with perhaps a little difficiilty in breath-
ing (some of them will vomit very readily on drinking water;
they will do that without cholera, hoAvever) , we come to the conclu-
sion that nine times out of ten those hogs have cholera.
If you want to know the post'mortem on a hog, one of the most
prominent symptoms you will find is that the lungs are very badly
congested. One lobe or perhaps the entire lungs may be more or
less solidified, and dark. That is usually in the acute stage, and
possibly the latest stage. The lymphatic glands are invariably
black, I care not how recent may have been the affection or how
little the hog may seem to be sick. If you wall cut do^Yn through
the spine to the bones j^ou will invariably find them black. Then
you will find in the intestines an area that is black. It may be local
or pretty well diffused through the whole bowels, but usually is
confined to a small area. In addition to that you will find the
spleen enlarged and very much darker than usual. Those are prob-
ably the symptoms that will appeal to the average farmer, who is
probably not an expert in pathological conditions.
Nine times out of ten, if you have a hog die suddenly and notice
a few more sick, you have cholera, and the sooner you make a sep-
aration the better.
The convention thereupon adjourned to 1:30 P. M.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
President A. Sykes of the Corn Belt IMeat Producers' Associa-
tion presiding.
The President : We will open the program this afternoon with
an address by Dr. M. P. Ravenel of Madison, Wis., on Bovine
Tuberculosis.
BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS.
M. P. RAVENEL, MADISON, WIS.
Mr. President and Members of the Corn Belt Meat Producers Association:
This question of bovine tuberculosis is one which is agitating the
whole world at the present time. I could spend a longer time than any of
you would want to listen in talking on this question from either one of
two standpoints, both of which I will try to touch on a little.
The first one is: Is it going to pay the farmer as a farmer to raise
healthy cattle? Is bovine tuberculosis a curse to the farmer or a thing
that he wants to coddle and help along and keep amongst his cattle?
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III 107
Second: What relation has bovine tuberculosis to human health, and is
there any reason whatever for us to tackle t-his problem from the stand-
point of public health of our nation?
From the farmer's standpoint let me say that tuberculosis is an eco-
nomic scourge. Whether you think it is right or wrong, it is an actual
fact that many of the cities throughout the United States are passing laws
requiring that milk, butter, cheese and products of cattle sold in those
states shall come from tuberculosis-free herds. I believe it will take a
long time to upset these ideas. Before long the farmer who has tubercu-
losis in his herd is not going to market his product at all, or if he does,
he will not be able to market them profitably.
There is one little sidelight on that, and probably some of you gentle-
men know a good deal more from this standpoint than I do. The packers
in our country estimate that they lose $3,000,000 a year through tuber-
culous cattle, counting hogs as cattle. How long are they going to stand
for that? Some of them are kicking already. Some of them use this
argument: "We have to deduct from our profits our losses when we buy
tuberculosis cattle which our government condemns. If we could be sure
that when we buy a hundred head of cattle, every one is going to be mar-
ketable and can pass our Federal examination, we could pay the farmer
a better price. ' Some of you may think the packers are a pretty tough
lot and that they will squeeze you anyhow, but so true is this that the
packers themselves are working for uniform laws in the different states
of the upper Mississippi valley, so that each state will handle this tubercu-
losis problem in the same way.
Some of our states have laws prohibiting the importation of tuberculous
cattle. We have such a law in the State of Wisconsin, and we have some
of the best breeders of fine cattle there that can be found in the United
States. Before tnose men can sell an animal to go to any other part of
of the state they must show us that it has been tuberculosis-tested and is
an absolutely healthy animal. If you buy an animal that proves to have
tuberculosis, the sale is off and you are not obliged to pay one cent for
it. It is a common-sense rule; a man has no right to sell me a diseased
animal.
There is another point of view. I believe I am right in saying that the
creamery'method of handling milk is" increasing'^ it "at^the^present "time.
Mr. A. has a perfectly healthy herd of cows; Mr. B. also has a healthy
herd; Mr. C. has two or three sick cows. They all send their milk to the
same creamery. They get back their skim milk and feed it to their cattle.
What is the result? By-and-by they all have tuberculous cattle. One man
who doesn't believe in the tuberculin test or that tubeculosis is a danger-
ous disease can infect his neighbor's cattle. If I had my lantern slides
I could show you where two creameries spread tuberculosis to twenty or
thirty farms.
Iowa is a hog-raising state. You know that tuberculosis is increasing
among swine tremendously, not only in the United States, but in every
country in the world. It is nearly three times as prevalent among hogs
at the present day as it is among cattle. Swine get it from these skim
milk products, and also from following tuberculous cattle and eating their
droppings. In Wisconsin there is a man named Jones who makes sau-
108 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
sage. He has been watching this matter very carefully year after year,
and every year the percentage of the number of hogs that he has to
reject on account of their having tuberculosis increases. Last year it was
something astonishing. Where is this loss going to come eventually?
On the farmer. The packers w^ill tell you it comes on the farmer to-day,
because they could pay a better price if all of the stock they buy would
pass the government inspection.
How are you to detect tuberculosis in a herd? There is one certain and
sure way, and that is by the tuberculin test. The consensus of opinion
is that if properly applied, it is almost absolute. I have statistics from
the government showing that of 23,869 animals which responded to the
tuberculin test, 23,585 showed tuberculosis when slaughtered. That is a
percentage of 98.8. I may go further and express my belief that practi-
cally 100 per cent have tuberculosis, and I will give you one instance to
demonstrate that. At the University of Wisconsin we slaughtered one
animal last spring that showed no lesions when we examined it. We took
the liver and other organs and examined them under the microscope, and
the liver was absolutely full of these little tubercles.
One fault that is found with the tuberculin test it that it is too deli-
cate; it shows very small lesions. A tuberculosis nodule as big as a
hickory nut will sometimes give as strong a reaction as the animal that
has gone too far; and when an animal has gone too far, it will not respond
to the tuberculin test.
A very few simple rules must be observed in giving the tuberculin test.
The cattle must be kept quiet. You must not take a bunch of cattle
directly off the railroad train and test them. You must not drive them
from one farm to another and test them that same night. You must
take their temperatures carefully and not give them cold water while you
are testing them. And you must get good tuberculin.
W^hen you clean out your herd, what are you to do? Be perfectly sure
that your stable is clean. We have taken scrapings from the mangers of
stables where tuberculous cattle were kept which were simply loaded with
these germs. The cow, exactly like the man, gets rid of a number of
these germs in its saliva, and it sticks in the corners of the manger.
In putting in new cattle you must be careful not to buy a cow which is
tuberculous, because if you do you will spread the disease. Your cow
may look well, but I have a lantern slide of an animal which took the first
prize at Chicago that was simply riddled with tuberculosis. What is the
explanation? Simply that a cow, like a man, if well fed and taken care
of, is not going to lose flesh very rapidly with this disease. The disease
may go all through the organs of the animal before it begins to lose flesh
and get sick. I have seen men at a hospital the same way. So after
cleaning out your herd and your stable, be sure to put in only healthy
cattle, because one tuberculous cow will spread the disease down the
rows of stalls, from the habit cows have of licking each others' noses. I
will stake my reputation, and any other man who has studied the ques-
tion will, that if you do that, and don't use factory skim milk or allow
tuberculosis to get in, you will have a healthy herd until the crack of
doom, because tuberculosis never starts of itself. You can have a cow
weakly and ready for tuberculosis, but you will never get tubeculosis
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III 109
until pou put the seed there. It is absolutely in our hands to clean up a
herd and keep it clean, and the man that doesn't do it is either careless
or ignorant.
I think it is going to pay you from a purely practical standpoint to do
this. I have a few figures here to show you what the condemnation
means. Up to June 30, 1908, the United States government had inspected
58,973,000 cattle, and had condemned about one per cent on account of
tuberculosis. The economic loss to the farmer on these equals $2,882,000;
and on the uninspected cattle it was $4,102,000. That is certainly worth
saving. I could go further and give you theoretical figures which are no
doubt true, regarding the depreciation on farms and loss of milk and
breeding values.
What can we say about the danger of tuberculous cattle to mankind?
I have no doubt some of you will get up here and try to hammer me on
what Professor Koch has said, and 1 want to give you a clear history of
what he has said and what right he has to express an opinion.
Professor Koch astounded the world in 1901 in London jy saying: "I
therefore consider the two diseases (human and cattle tuberculosis) as
being different. Human tuberculosis cannot be transmitted to cattle, and
if the converse is true, it is so extremely rare that I consider measures
against such transmission of no avail." In other words, "Go ahead and
drink milk; there is no danger in it." You know that following that the
German government appointed an Imperial commission, which was di-
rected and governed by twenty-five of the leading professors in Germany,
including Koch himself, to investigate this subject, and the work was done
in Berlin. They have reported quite fully. They have found out of all
the cases they examined that ten per cent were due to cattle tuberculosis,
although they moved heaven and earth to sustain Koch. The English ap-
pointed a royal commission at the same time, and the reports show that
England is w^orse than Germany in this respect. The increase is ac-
counted for by the fact that the laws in England are much more lax than
in Germany. They find that 23 per cent of all the cases they examined
are due to bovine tuberculosis; and if you limit those cases to those show-
ing some Intestinal trouble, they find that 48 per cent are due to the
bovine germ.
What is Prof. Koch's standpoint at the present time? As you all know,
he was in Washington the other day at the meeting of the Anti-Tubercu-
losis Congress, and read a paper on this same question. Almost all th^
newspapers distorted what he said, and I presume the impression in this
meeting is that Koch maintained his stand in London in 1901. These are
almost the words he said: "I therefore consider that in the suppression
of tuberculosis we must primarily direct our efforts against the human
disease." Nobody else on God's green earth, except Von Behring of Ger-
many, has ever had any other idea. While we recognize that cattle tuber-
culosis is a great danger to human life, human t iberculosis is a greater.
Just what the proportion of the two is I can't tell you. The English sta-
tistics would apparently show that two thirds of the cases come from
human sources and one-third from cattle sources. In our country, where
our cattle are more healthy, the figures are different. I have never tried
to guess at figures, but in children I believe the figures show that upward
110 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
of 25 per cent of the cases are due to the cattle germ. In Washington the
other day Dr. made the statement in Koch's presence that of
the cases of tuberculosis of the glands of the neck one-half are due to the
cattle germ.
Some of you will say: "Koch is the man that discovered the tubercle
bacillus, and he ought to be listened to." I agree with you; but is he the
only rhan? In spite of his discovery he worked twelve years without
finding any difference between the human and bovine germs, and he worked
nineteen years without finding out that the cattle germ could be trans-
mitted to mankind; and he was not the man who taught us the best
method of growing the germ which is used in Germany to-day. Who are
the men who hold contra views to him? The w^hole scientific world. He
has not one single backer that I know of. Do not understand me as trying
to belittle Professor Koch's great work and discoveries, but I think it is
a mistake to say that he is the only man entitled to any opinion on this
subject.
I have in my pocket at this moment a record of a family of nine people
of whom eight died with tuberculosis, with no family history whatever.
The only member of the family who escaped did not drink milk, all the
others being great milk drinkers. In another family in the same block
four died of tuberculosis, drinking the same milk. I don't give you that
as absolute proof, because the germ was not isolated and proved to be
bovine. But it won't be long, I believe, before no farmer can sell any
dairy product in any city of the United States unless he can show that it
comes from clean herds, and I don't think I can give you any stronger
argument for getting clean herds and keeping them clean than I have
given.
Question : Wliat is the best way to disinfect stables ?
Dr. Ravenel: Light will kill every germ known. Direct light
kills them in from one minute to one hour, but even diffused light
will clean out any stable in 36 to 48 hours. I would say, have light,
clean stables, with plenty of fresh air. Use a strongly alkaline soap
and thoroughly scour. The best disinfectant for general use is
what we call milk of lime. Get lime and water-slack it — about 60
parts of water to 100 of lime; and then take one part of that to
four parts of water. If you have any rotten wood, clean it out and
put in fresh bedding. Put in cement floors if you can. Leave your
stable vacant for eight or ten days. Formaldehyde is the best dis-
infectant, but it is not possible to use it in the average stables very
efficiently.
The next on the program was an address by Dr. P. 0. Koto,
State Veterinarian, on "Bovine Tuberculosis." The subject matter
of this address will be found in full in part IX, Extracts from State
Veterinarian's Report.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III 111
The President: Hon. H. E. Deemor of Red Oak will now ad-
dress the convention on the subject, ''Country Life vs. City Life."
COUNTRY LIFE VS. CITY LIFE.
H. E. DEEMEK, EED OAK, IOWA.
Mr. President, Gentlemen of the Association (or 'perhaps I had letter put
it in the plural, and say Associations) :
A personal foreword may not be inappropriate; indeed, it may be well
to explain my presence before this distinguished body of agriculturists.
In the first place, I will say that men in my profession are always looking
for precedents, and I believe I have one which I may follow to-day. One
of my most distinguished predecessors always attended these agricultural
meetings, and was for a time the President of the State Agricultural So-
ciety of Iowa. I mean the late lamented George G. Wright, at one time
United States Senator, and after that Chief Justice. Again, I feel that
any man who as a boy followed the down row when the temperature was
lower than it is to-day and the snow deeper, and went out and warmed his
bare feet where the cow laid the night before, is entitled to speak to almost
any farmers' organization. In the next place, I claim the distinguished
honor of being one of the oldest agriculturists here. You know there is
a difference between a farmer and an agriculturist. I am going to try
to place myself on both feet. Twenty-six years ago I came as a delegate
to the State Agricultural Society at Des Moines. We met in Moore's opera
house, as I remember it, and I see but one face here that was there then.
I do remember Uncle Henry Wallace and Judge Wright and a few of that
type of men. At that time, if I mistake not, I had the honor of nomi-
nating for a member of that board who afterwards became one of its best
Presidents— Mr. John Hayes of Red Oak. And then latterly I have had
some little connection with short courses in this state. So that I feel
that I can speak to you as agriculturists as well as farmers.
Living neither in a large city nor on a farm, but on the outskirts, and
as far away from the court-house as I can get in a good county seat in
Iowa, I feel that I can discuss this question which you have submitted to
me from an unprejudiced standpoint. Of course this subject, "Country
Life vs. City Life" — from the business and social points of view, assumes
that there is an issue — a difference and a distinction, and of course there
is, because, as you all know and have heard many times, there is a dif-
ference in the Creator. Man created the city and God created the coun-
try. But when we come to look right down into the heart of hearts of
mankind and open the windows to the soul, we find that after all, hu-
manity is the same the world over. But there is a manifest distinction
between city life and country life. There are differences due to the
fact that men have different capacities and different adaptations. The
same thing is not a pleasure to all men and all women, and it is because
of this fact that so many mistakes are made. Many men who ought
to be on the farm are in the city, and some men who ought to be in the
cities are on the farm. But unfortunately the drift in this country for
112 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
years has been toward the city, and I hope you will not forget, here in
this great valley, that our wealth is in our lands, and here is the granary of
the world, and somebody must scientifically cultivate this land and get
the most out of, because God put us here for that purpose. There is a
glare and glamour and a glittering about city life. It is supposed
to be the business and the social standing, but we all know what dan-
ger there is in fire and how many wings are clipped by the light of the
candle. And so the Great White Way that they talk about in the
cities is full of peril and danger which you never find out on the good
old highway.
While the city is the center of business, you all know that but ten
per cent of the men who engage in business make a success; ninety
per cent make a failure in a business career. But there are some things
in the city business life that the farmer must learn. Business prin-
ciples are same in every relation of life, and system is what has made
the business man a success in the city. System means the stoppage of
waste, and so the farrher must, if he succeeds, have better business
methods upon the farm. I remember that Philip Armour one time on
the witness stand, when questioned regarding his profits, said, "Gentle-
men, if you will simply give me clear the tongues of the animals I kill,
it is all I care for by way of profit." And John D. Rockefeller used
to say (before his recent cross-examination), when asked how he made
his money, that he made it out of the by-products of his business —
the stuff that used to go to waste. And so it is system that has pre-
vailed in the industrial life of this nation. Even the professional men
have adopted it. If, unfortunately, you drifted into a doctor's office,
you have gone onto a card, which the doctor keeps in his card-case
until you go down to the last half acre, when it is taken out and torn
up. And if you go into a dentist's office, your teeth are numbered and
put on cards. And if you drop into a lawj^er's office you get onto a
card. And they tell me this last campaign was run on the card sys-
tem! One thing which I wash to emphasize in contrasting city with
country life from the business point of view is that what is needed
now on the farm is some means of stopping the tremendous waste that
is occurring there. You want to adopt the card system and take reckon-
ings now and then, to see whether this particular branch of your busi-
ness is paying, and if not, find out why. INIost men fail in business be-
cause there is a waste that they can't stop.
W^hen we come to the social life of the city, it is all supposed to be
there. But don't you know that there is really more caste, more classes,
more snobbery, right here in America in some of our great cities than
there is on the continent? You don't find social democracy in the large
city today. Where do you find it? Out on the broad acres; there are no
such classes there. And what of the social life in the city, full of con-
ventionalities? The heart is all taken out of it. And what do these peo-
ple do? Why, they hark back to the farm, and the first thing you hear
about is a "Country Club." There is^ that beauty of scene that reminds
many of them of the old days which I spoke about a little bit ago, when
they went barefoot — that scene which is more beautiful than any of their
pictures, no matter how expensive they may be. A man never came
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III 113
close to the soil but what he harked back to it at some time. The strength
of England today is due to the fact that London is simply the gathering-
place for the English gentry. When business is over they go to their
country-places; they really live out on the farm. And you are going to
see in this country some day a going back to the old preserve, just as
they have done in England for centuries. Where do the artists go to
paint? Not down on the Bowery or on Broadway or on Fifth Avenue.
They take their palette and their colors and go out into tne country for
some nice landscape. And then the man wno is poetic doesn't sing of
sky-scrapers and that sort of thing, but with Bryant and Burns he sings
of Nature and her glories. And so in this social life in the city, when
you see the better part of it, they are, as I say, harking back to the farm,
whence the most successful ones of them originally came
There are advantages, of course, in the city — many social advantages
which cannot be had upon the farm. And here we get a lesson that I
hope this country life is going to take up, and that is that we have al-
lowed social affairs in the country to degenerate. We have no such social
gatherings as we used to have in my boyhood days. We are having a
revival of them in some places. We are trying to establish the old de-
bating club— and I saw evidence of it here a few minutes ago — and the
old spelling bee. There ought to be a place in every township where
they could get together in a social way and have either the old husking
bee, spelling bee, or things of that sort. There is where, as I said be-
fore, you will find true democracy. You will find there is no caste there;
you will find very few classes among the farmers.
Of course, I know the telephone and rural mail delivery have made
many changes, but man is a gregarious being and he needs and demands
social relations with his neighbor, and he ought to have them; and you
men, when you come to revise the public school system, ought to see
that there is a central school, not only for school purposes, but for
social gatherings as well. And then don't forget to have a church too;
it is a great social institution and should be sustained if there were
nothing else in it than that feature.
I want to refer just a little to this matter that the President has
taken up; I am glad he has. It is not enough to say that there are
other things that he should have taken up in its stead. I really
think that probably the slums of the cities demand more attention than
life on the farm; but life on the farm demands attention, and I am very
glad the President has taken it up, and that our own Henry Wallace is
one of the members of that commission.
Somebody said the other day that the trouble on the farm resulted
from three things: first, we must have better farmers; second, we must
have better business methods; third, vre must have better living (when
speaking of the farm life.) I want to refer just a few^ minutes to these
items hastily.
A distinguished man in this state once said that no man could raise
and sell corn at 20 cents a bushel at a profit, and people laughed at
him; but I want to say that I don't believe any man can do it on land
that costs $150 an acre — that is, unless he increases the yeild per acre.
8
114 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
That is a very practical businss question that to my mind is facing the
farmers of this great state of Iowa. Down in my country they are getting
$175 an acre for some of the land, and this thought has often occurred
to me: Suppose corn ever does get down to 25 or 30 cents a bushel again,
how many bushels an acre will we have to raise on an average to keep
that land up to that price? That is a good, sensible, business question,
isn't it?
And then I think of the tremendous waste on the farm. But you say
the farmers get along, and none of them fail, while 90% of the busi-
ness men do; there is no occasion for w^orrying. But you are getting
this land up where you have got to grow something off of it or it is
going to come down, and that means a loss to you. There is no reason
why the farmer should not be the most successful man we have. He
has made more money than anybody else in the last ten years — that is,
the farmer that has been up to snuff and attended to business. Of course
he can always make a living, because he can dig it out of the soil; but
no man ought to be content with making a living, and I think we are
beginning to realize as never before that we are trustees of this soil
and that we have a duty to posterity with reference to it. We are just
reaching that point where we see the necessity not only of conversion,
but of conservation. There have been great reforms going on all over
this country in all sorts of business and all sorts of life during the last
four or five or six years, and v/e are glad to see this great moral awaken-
ing. With it of necessity comes this idea of our responsibility, and that
responsibility has brought up this thought now of conservation of what
we have. And so it is not only your duty to make a living off your
land, but to hand it down to posterity (your heirs, if the lawyers don't
get it) in such a condition that they can make a living off of it.
I heard the distinguished secretary of agriculture say out on the fair-
grounds during the last siate fair that there was as much nutriment and
sustenance in a ton of corn stalks as in a ton of timothy hay. And yet
I have sat on my porch and seen beacon lights all around the horizon
every spring where men were burning up that precious corn stalk! You
never go out into the country but what you are amazed at the waste that
is going on constantly. How many of you straighten out your strings?
How many of you take out the weeds from the fence corners? How
many of you plow up close to the edge of your land? How many take
care of the highway as you should? You are not the only law-breakers;
many of us do the same thing; but nevertheless, if you stop to think
of it, there is more waste on the farm today than in any other sort
of business that men are engaged in.
There is a way of overcoming all this, and I think it is a duty that
a man owes to himself and his family and posterity to do it, I know
when I tried my farming experiment we used to feel pretty well if we
got 15 or 20 bushels of corn to the acre on the average, and now, with
the modern methods of scientific farming, there is no excuse for a man
not getting 70 bushels per acre off the good corn land of this state. Some
day he is going to do it, and that will be when the boys are kept on
the farm and made to feel that it is just as much of a science to farm
as it is to go into the city and practice dentistry.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III 115
People are getting new views and new light on this great question of
better farming. I wish that I might have the time to tell you what has
been done with the lands in Holland and Denmark. You all know how
their lands have increased in value because of the revenue from them
justified it — up to $400 per acre. What are they doing? They have ex-
perts out finding what the market demands, and then they grow the
best that can be produced in those lines. Prices, of course, are the
highest. Heven't we been extravagant and wasteful and prodigal in
this country? Some of you used to live in New York State or Pennsyl-
vania or New England. You can go down there and buy farms today
for from $10 to $20 an acre. I saw advertised in one list 150 acres in
central New York, with an eight-room house and two big barns, for
$1,500. Why is it? Because the men down there have been absolutely
wasteful. They have had to buy a place to put fertilizer on; that is about
all it amounts to. I did see, however, that some of them have estab-
lished sanatariums for taking care of cats!
I have been amazed at the lack of attention that has been given by
the farmer to the school problem and the educational problem. Prob-
ably the largest percentage of his tax goes for school purposes, and yet
how many have paid any attention to it except simply to see that their
daughter or their neighbor's daughter got a place to teach in the country
school. There is to much of that. There has been too little of educa-
tion that has been of any practical good to the boy and girl that have
grown up on the farm. If the boy does have any ambition to succeed,
they send him down to the high school, and the high school teacher
says: "Here is a pretty good candidate for the ministry;" or, "he will
make a pretty good lawyer or doctor." The fact is that that boy ought
to go right back to the farm, and he will make a success if he goes
there; whereas these teachers that are trying to train him will make him
an utter failure in life. You are entitled, paying the taxes that you do,
to a schooling for your children that will fit them for life. Education
should be vocational as well as cultural, and if the boys and girls once
get interested in the vocational education you know what they do; they
quit school as soon as they get to the eighth grade, and that is the last
of their education, except as they go out and get it in the experience of
the world. We are not educating men today even for good mechanics.
The apprenticeship system is practically gone; it is all piece work. A
man goes down and gets hold of a machine that drives pegs into the
holes, if he is making shoes. He should be educated along better lines.
Let him find out where he belongs, and then if you qualify him for that
work he is going to make a glorious success of it; but if you try to
make him something that he is not fit for, because you think he is a
brighter boy than some one else has, you are likely to make the mistake
of your lives. Education should be broader. What is it for? It is to
fit a man for his environment; and the one thing that you ought to give
your child is a chance for him to expand and find out himself what he is
good for. When he discovers that bent, with a proper educational system,
educating the head, the eye and the hand, that boy is going to make
a success of life. This is coming. I haven't seen the president's message
yet; it has been delivered today, I suppose; but I imagine you are going
116 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
to see a good strong plea for what is known as the Davis bill, which
will give establishment to these secondary schools of agriculture and
mechanic arts all over the country. I believe every Iowa congressman
is going to vote for it; all except one have told me they should. The
great state of Iowa ought to do something for this great movement; you
are entitled to it. You owe it to your children to give them a chance in
life, and you know perfectly well that when you send your boy from
your own doorstep out to the high school you never expect to see him
back again contented. Why? Because his whole education has been to
drag him away from that farm and to belittle the occupation in which
you men are engaged with so much success.
I am not decrying our present system; it is right for the small per-
centage of boys and girls who get it — and there are only about three
per cent of them that do. But I don't believe in making it so top-
heavy. I believe in bringing up the rear end and giving the 97% an op-
portunity.
I am talking to some men of whom it is hard to tell whether you
are farmers or not. When you come to differentiate between those who
are city bred and country bred you can't do it any more. Nobody any
longer wears hayseeds on his coat — or else it is becoming so popular
that they all do; I don't know which it is. What is there in the city,
after all, for the farmers? Talk about going to the art galleries and
looking at pictures 18x24 of some landscape, with its group of trees and
its brook running here and there, for which a man has paid $25,000 or
$50,000, when you men can go out and see the great canvas painted by
the Almighty Himself for absolutely nothing! And then they talk about
the flowers from the conservatories and about the roses that they have
in the cities and that you will have here to-night upon your tables! Did
you ever see your mother come in from her little conservatory back there
in the garden with that handful of old-fashioned flowers that she had
grown with her own hands? Was there ever any rose that smelt as sweet?
There was a joy about that work which no woman ever found who went
to the hothouse and purchased a bouquet with its seven-foot stems to
support it. Nearly every man here, I think, remembers that old motto —
I think it is painted on one of the drop-curtains here in a Des Moines
theatre — and many of you found it true; you have found "Tongues in
trees, books in running brooks, sermons in stones, and good in every-
thing." If the farmer has not done that, I don't know who has.
There are some great advantages of the man who lives upon the farm.
In the first place, he has time for reflection. You get into a city even
the size of Des Moines, and if you catch a man of business on the street
you find he is always in a hurry; he has his watch in his hand. Half
the time he hardly takes time to eat, and at five o'clock he closes his
door and rushes home. Very little of the enjoyment of life he really
gets, I think; all there is comes from within and not from without. The
farmer doesn't read as much, probably, as the city man, but he remem-
bers what he reads, and he thinks about it; and whenever you get a man
to thinking he is having some enjoyment; he is getting something out
of life; he is not a mere imitator. The consequence is, as you all know,
that there are fewer vagaries among the farming population than in any
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III 117
other of the worlds. They don't take up with these new, hair-brained
ideas and isms; they think it out dispassionately and without reference
to political parties or creeds. I need not say that they are the most
independent men on earth; you all know that; and yet it will bear
repetition.
Now, if you will just devise some means whereby you can re-establish
something of this old social life that some of you men ejoyed when you
were young, — if you can put something in place of the spelling-school
and debating school for society, and the husking bee and the old log-
rolling (if any of you are from Indiana you know something about that),
you have accomplished a great deal for social life upon the farm.
I might talk to you all day, because on this subject of education I am
a crank — and yet I don't mean to say that, exactly. A crank, I have
been told, is a man who sees one thing very clearly, and he is generally
right about that; but he doesn't see it in its proper relation to other
things. I think that is a pretty good definition. I believe I see it in
the proper relation, and so I am going to say that I am an enthusiast on
this subject of proper education for the boys and girls in Iowa. We
have all the lawyers we need, and all the doctors that can make a living.
We have more dentists than there are rotten teeth, and more ministers
than we can support. But I v/ill tell you that we havn't anything like
the number of good farmers that we ought to have. And let me tell you
that if you get your boy started up here at Ames, he will come back
with different notions. The trouble is to get them up to the point where
they can go to Ames. Give them a secondary school where they can
start in and lead to this agricultural college of high-class research work.
What is the use of maintaining an institution here unless you are going
to have a feeder for that, just the same as you have for your State
University? Why direct every boy and girl to this cutural school? Let's
have some feeders for the State Agricultural College and let them do
the work which they ought to do.
The investigation of this great problem of tuberculosis should be
carried on. I do want to call your attention to one thing. I think it
is quite 2,500 people in Iowa who die from the "white plague" every
year. Startling! How many men were killed in the Spanish- American
war? What is the tendency of modern thought, and what ought it to be
in every line? It is prevention, isn't it? It is not the cure of disease
after you get it, but it is to prevent people from getting that disease.
And if only ten per cent of the people take it from diseased cattle or
diseased pork, we owe it to humanity that we get rid of that ten per
cent by means of prevention. Don't say that because this disease is
gradually growing all the time you will sit idly by and let it grow, and
try to take care of these people after they get it? That is the trouble
with us everywhere; we don't go deep enough into these problems. We
treat them in a surface sort of way. We do as the physicians do to-day;
treat things symptomatically, not scientifically. I think the farmers
ought to be interested in this matter to save their stock, but I am plead-
ing now for a larger view. You ought to be interested, and you must be
interested in it for the sake of humanity.
118 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICQLTURE
Now, gentlemen, I am delighted to have been with you for a little
while this afternoon, and I thank you for your very kind attention.
The President: We have with us this afternoon a gentleman
from Ohio, who will address us on the subject, ''Silos and Ensilage
for Feed Cattle," Humphrey Jones.
SILOS AND ENSILAGE FOR BEEF CATTLE.
HUMPHREY JOXES, WASHINGTON COURT HOUSE, OHIO.
Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen of the Association:
I assume that every member of this Association and every man present
who is engaged in the stock feeding or stock raising business is engaged
in it purely as a business proposition and not in the gratification of any
fad or fancy, as we sometimes find in other occupations. I assume
further that every farmer that is engaged in that business is prosecuting
it for one or the other or both of two principal purposes: first, the
profitable conversion of the products of his farm into meat, and second,
the upbuilding and conserving of the fertility of his land. And, as has
been told you very forcibly here this afternoon, the second purpose, as
is going to be appreciated generally, is scarcely less important than the
first, because the man who is simply raising crops off his lands and
selling them or feeding them to live stock, without any particular view
to maintaining the fertility of his land, is not a farmer, but is simply
a miner, and it is only a matter of time until his farm will be mined out.
The great source and means of maintaining the fertility of these lauds,
according to the world's experience in agriculture, is by the handling o?
live stock. No other means has been demonstrated to be so effective, and
this is the method adopted in England and on the continent. However
that may be, the condition of sentiment among farmers now is not such
that a margin based merely upon maintaining the fertility of the farm
will appeal strongly to them; we don't yet fully appreciate the importance
of that matter; and if there is anything to be said in favor of the use of
ensilage in beef production that will meet with favorable consideration
and action upon the part of the average farmer, it must appeal to him as
a business proposition, yielding immediate profit to him.
I might say now, in advance of proceeding further, that I assume that
you who are interested enough in this subject to have your officers invite
some one to come seven or eight hundred miles to speak upon it are not
expecting any special plea in favor of any theory, or a mere statement
of the use of ensilage in the production of beef; but what you desire is
a full and a fair statement of all the material matters relating to it, so
that you individually can make up your judgment as to whether or not
there is anything of practical value in it for you. If I were merely to
tell you- the things that are favorable to it, without givin r the other side
of the question, it might be as misleading to you as an absolute mis-
statement of fact in reference to it. I therefore want to give you as
candidly and fairly as I can all that experience has taught us in refer-
ence to the subject.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III 119
As I said, the first proposition is as to whether tliere can be any immed-
iate profit to the farmer and stockmen in the use of ensilage with 'beef
cattle. In order to determine that question we must consider for a
moment what the present revenue from the principal cattle feed of this
country is, that is, the corn crop. It is told us, and generally conceded,
that sixty per cent of the feeding value of the corn plant is in the ear,
and forty per cent in the stalk and leaves and the husk. The first in-
quiry, therefore, should be to ascertain what if any value under present
methods of feeding is realized from the corn plant aside from the corn
inthe ear.
In Ohio, in our section particularly, four-fifths or more of the corn
is cut up and chopped, and either fed in the shock, or husked and the
corn and the fodder fed separately. That is a necessity with us, growing
out of the fact that oats is not a very profitable crop with us. I suppose
it is also your least profitable crop here. It is also true that oats is not
so good a crop to use in getting sets of grass as is wheat, and that for
tne proper sowing of winter wheat a properly cultivated corn-field fur-
nishes an ideal seed bed, if you can get the corn removed so that you
can put it in proper condition by working it a couple of inches in depth.
With us that fodder is worth, I should say, on an average about eight
cents a shock or $1.50 an acre, counting about 19 shocks to the acre.
Practically, however, a great per cent of the fodder is not used; it goes
to waste. It stands out in the weather all winter, and much of it is
burned in the spring. The expense to us of cutting up that corn and
handling it after it has been raised, strange as it may seem, is about five
times what it costs to raise it. The farmer does not count the use of
his equipment of teams and tools, except as he takes it in as a part of
his capital stock and charges interest on it. The material thing with
the farmer is the cash outlay. The cash outlay for raising that corn is
not to exceed $2.00 per acre; in fact, we have hired our corn raised for
years at $1.50 per acre. A man at $25.00 a month, in the possession of
three good horses and the proper tools, will tend fifty acres of corn in
three months' time. That is $75.00. $2.00 an acre would pay $30.00 a
month for raising that corn. The corn has to be husked, which costs
$2.50 an acre. It has to be cribbed, which costs 50 cents. It will cost you
two cents a bushel, ordinarily, either to market or feed that corn. You
have the fodder in the field that must be hauled out a little at a time
through the winter in the mud, and you can't possibly do that short of
$1.00 an acre. So you have $6.00 an acre of a cash outlay, putting it
moderately, after you have raised your corn.
Now, you men in the west here cut up probably not more than ten
per cent of your corn. The question with you is, what is the value of
these stalks in the field? In our country I never knew of stalks selling
at more than $1.00 an acre, and probably 50 or 75 cents is all the value
there is in them to you. If those stalks are forty per cent of the value
of the whole crop, even if you are getting $1.00 an acre for them that
is a very small per cent of what they are worth. If corn makes fifty
bushels to the acre and you count it worth 40 cents on the farm, there is
$20.00 an acre. If the stalks are worth forty per cent of the corn, $13.67
is the value of them, and if you are getting only $1.00 an acre for them
120 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
you are getting only about one-thirteenth of what they are worth. We
in Ohio are feeding our corn out of the shock. If we count the expense
that we put on that fodder in order to get it in shape, w^e would get
nothing out of it. We cut it and put it in shock merely for the purpose
of getting the land in wheat; the feeding value in it ordinarily would
not justify the usual way of handling it.
Putting that corn in the silo gives you the full feeding value. This
feeding cattle ensilage is a new thing, and, like many another new thing,
some people get very enthusiastic over it and say that all of it ought
to be done that way. You must remember that the putting of the corn
in the silo is not going to increase the feeding value of it a particle, but
it will render the grains more digestible. The food in a large silo is
always so hot that you can't hold your hand in it, through the process
of fermentation; and it therefore puts the grain in condition so that it
is more easily and completely digested. But with a practical feeder
of cattle that is not a very material thing. It does not matter if the
cattle do waste a great deal of the corn; he has he hogs to gather it up;
so there is no increased value in the grain by putting it in the silo, not-
withstanding the fact that the steer will digest a larger per cent of it.
The only place that the benefit or gain comes in is through getting the
full value of the stalks. You do get every pound of that, because the
steer will eat it up completely. Our experience covering a period of eight
years is that the figure of forty per cent value in the stalks is not too
high; in fact, I think it is too low. Practically I believe the feeding
value of corn by putting it in a silo is doubled. We have been able to
carry twice as many cattle as we could before. Before that we fed with
clover hay and shock corn, blue grass, etc., much the same as you men
here in Iowa are feeding. It is therefore apparent that there is a great
gain in utilizing the whole of those stalks. As the gentlman that
preceded me said, the waste in the state of Iowa is simply enormous.
Two-thirds of the value of all that you get out of this corn crop is
wasted every year, except that there is a distinct advantage in your
leaving these stalks on the field. Your land would be reduced in fer-
tility just that much faster if they were taken off, and it will be reduced
in value if you cut that corn off and put it in the silo. For that reason,
if you leave these stalks there and waste $12.00 or $13.00 per acre every
year, it is not an entire waste, but is simply that much less taken off the
soil. The ideal way is to feed all of that corn down on the ground, and
we endeavor as much as possible to handle the crop that way with cattle
and hogs. Whenever you do that you are taking practically nothing off of
the land.
The next thing to determine in order to solve the question as to
whether there is any profit in it is, how much expense is there going to
be in utilizing and saving that $12.00 or $13.00 per acre of value of the
corn plant. I told you about the enormous expense in Ohio involved in
handling this crop after it is raised. You don't have so much expense
here. The principal question with us is whether there is more cash out-
lay involved in putting the corn in the silo than in handling it as we
used to. We have found by experience that it costs much less to handle
the corn and put it in the silo than to cut and feed it the other way.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III 121
We can put the corn in the silo at an expense of between $4.00 and $5.00
an acre when we do it on a considerable scale. If a man were putting
forty or fifty acres of corn in a silo, ne could do it at much less than that.
But where you do it on a large scale it involves a great deal of expense
outside your regular farm labor and increases the expense of it. After
you husk your corn off the stalk, the expense of putting this corn
in the silo would all be added. It is simply a question of whether
or not the expenditure of $4.00 or $5.00 an acre necessary to put that
corn in the silo, by which you would save $12.00 or $13.00 of feed, is a
paying business proposition. The statement of that is enough to carry
conviction.
If that was all there was to it, everybody would say at once, "We will
build silos, for we want to save the whole of this corn crop." It won't
be practicable for you in Iowa to all build silos, and you don't want to
put the whole of your crop in them. You want first to feed every acre
of this corn possible down in the field. You have to have some of this
corn to carry your stock through the winter, and you will need to have
the roughage also. But you can profitably handle a certain percentage
of your corn crop in the silo. On one farm of over 2,000 acres, where we
raise an average of 700 or 800 acres of corn per year, we put about two-
thirds of it in the silo; that is about all we can profitably handle in that
way. The amount each man could put in the silo profitably would de-
pend upon his particular circumstances.
Here are some of the objectionable features with regard to that
method of handling the corn crop. It costs money to build silos. If you
build them of cement and have gravel reasonably accessible, silos hold-
ing 500 or 600 tons can be built reasonably; but the average farmer is
not looking for storage. You must have barns ar sheds to feed these
cattle in if you are going to feed silage, and it costs money to build them.
But I think good sheds will pay, even with the ordinary methods of feeding
that we in Ohio and you in Iowa have generally used. When cattle are
fed all the corn they can eat, they don't need much shelter; a barbed
wire fence is about as good proptection as any shed you could build for
them. They want cool air instead of warm air. But if we come, as we
must in time, to the methods of feeding that are adopted in the older
countries of the world — in England, for instance, where they practically
never feed a steer more than eight or ten or twelve pounds of grain, we
will have to have these sheds for protection, because the cattle won't get
enough heat to keep him warm, after he takes what he will need to make
the addition of two or three pounds daily to his fiesh. In addition to
having the sheds, our experience has taught us that we must have solid
bottoms in them, and then there is practically no waste at all with the
silage; they will eat every pound of it. You may haul in straw and that
will help some, but often conditions arise that the more straw you put
in the worse they will get. So we have found that the only practical
way is to have solid bottoms in the sheds, and in the lots, too. That
means that you must clean out, and that there isn't going to be a pound
of waste of manure; and to the man who puts a high value on manure,
that is a thing that will recommend itself very strongly. While I think
I have a proper appreciation of the value of manure, that is a feature
122 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
of the silo proposition that does not commend itself to me so favorably,
because while you don't lose a pound of that manure, you must haul out
more than you haul into the feed lot, and that must be done every day
during the winter, and in all kinds of weather conditions. It is the most
serious problerh that we have encountered in feeding this ensilage to
cattle. There is an enormous quantity of it— thousands of loads, and you
can't always put it on your fields in the winter time. That means that
you must pile it up, and haul it out again on the fields, which means a
pretty big bill of expense in the course of a year. But as I say, it would
be a thing that would commend itself to the average farmer, especially
in the older sections of the country, rather than to constitute an objec-
tion to the use of the silo. That expense, however, when you come to
figure it down to so much per head on the number of cattle that are in-
volved, does not amount to so much, after all — a fraction of a dollar per
head for bedding and taking care of the manure.
This advantage I should have mentioned further in the feeding of this
silage: it furnishes you storage right where you need it, if storage is
desirable; and the handling of that corn crop after it is in the islo is a
very insignificant matter. We usually allot one man to feed 300 or 400
cattle. In feeding some other ways a man would do pretty well if he
could feed 75 cattle properly, and the former w^ould do his work easier.
This goes a long way toward overcoming this increased expense of bedding
and taking care of the manure.
Now as to the results. I can't go into much detail in regard to this
matter, but we have found in the experience of feeding all kinds of cattle,
from calves to three-year-olds, that we can get as good gains from feeding
ensilage as in any other method of feeding that we were ever familiar
with. We add to our silage, of course, clover hay or alfalfa. We grow-
large quantities of that. During most of the time we have added to our
corn soy beans cut in with it, because they are very rich in protein. In
addition to that we have fed cottonseed meal with the silage, and it is an
ideal way to feed it, because cottonseed meal is a thing by which cattle
may be injured if it is not properly fed. When sprinkled over the ensi-
lage it is mingled with all that mass of roughage, and you can feed from
three to five pounds of cottonseed meal for six months to cattle without
any serious effects at all. We advise starting with about two pounds of
cottonseed meal, and increasing up toward the end of the period to about
five pounds; and with that, without the addition of a grain of corn, we
have been able to make gains as rapidly and put the cattle in better
finish than we were ever able to do in any other way.
Fifty bushels of corn to the acre will make about ten tons of ensilage
as it comes from the field, and about eight tons as it comes out of the
silo. There is a weight of about 3,000 pounds of corn in that, which you
see is about twenty per cent of the total weight as fed to the cattle; and
the steer will eat about fifty pounds a day, which contains ten pounds of
corn; and he is getting it in a form that he digests and utilizes every
pound. If you add to that two to five pounds of cottonseed meal, all our
information upon that matter is that it has a feeding value of about two
and one-half times shelled corn; so that if you give a steer five pounds
of cottonseed meal, he is getting an equivalent of ten pounds or more of
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III 123
corn, in additiou to the ten pounds of actual corn fed in the ensilage. If
he digests and utilizes every pound of twenty pounds of corn, either in
the form of cottonseed meal or shelled corn, he will do well, if he has all
the good roughage he wants. In addition to that, this ensilage puts him
in the shape that he is when he is on grass. It is a succulent, cooling
food that keeps his hair in the same condition as when he is on grass,
and it finishes him up evenly. Our experience has been that they finish
up more uniformly on the ensilage than on the dry feed. These gains, as
you can see, if they are made as rapidly on the ensilage, hay and cotton-
seed meal as they can be made in any other way, must be made much
more economically, because you are utilizing there the stalk and the
leaves and the husks of the corn plant, which, as I have said, counting
the corn worth 40 cents a bushel and 50 bushels to the acre, is worth two-
fifths as much as the ears; so you are feeding about $12 or $13 worth that
you are wasting in the ordinary way of feeding.
Briefly, therefore, it is our experience that the feeding of ensilage
to cattle is valuable. It has long been recognized as an indispensable
in the dairy, and I could never understand why, if it was good to put fat
in the milk-pail, it would not be good to put fat on the back. There is
essentially no difference in the process that takes place in the digestive
tract.
It would not be advisable for the man feeding 50 or 100 cattle to
build such large silos as we build. We build them with a view to ac-
commodating several hundred head of cattle, and we build our sheds
in the same w^ay; but I think what can be done with profit upon that
scale will be equally profitable upon a lesser scale. We have lands, also,
that we don't have any silos on, and we are feeding some cattle by the
old methods, so that we have an opportunity for comparison of the different
methods. We have not built silos for the reason that it has not been
practicable for us to do so, for various reasons that it is not necessary
to state here. How^ever, we expect to extend the use of the silo, even if we
don't have occasion to extend the cattle-feeding oprations any. But I
don't want any gentleman to get the idea that we think every man
should build a silo. We would not recommend that every man should
build one. There are a good many farmers who already have more
feed than they are utilizing. They haven't as much live stock as they
ought to keep, and they don't need any silo. If a considerable per cent
of the corn crop of Iowa should be put in silos, you could hardly get
live stock enough here to eat it. But the time will come when we will
have a better system of farming that will have in view the crowding
upon these lands of all the stock that can be got upon them, and that will
mean, as the gentleman who preceded me said, the application of more
system to the business of farming, such as is applied in other business to
make them a success. He says ninety per cent of these fellows in the
towns fail, and that the men in business in the towns have system. He
distinguishes between the business men, and then calls the rest of us
farmers! I always did object to that sort of distinction as invidious. A
man with a little corner grocery is a business man, but a man with a farm
worth $20,000 or $30,000 and having much more invested in live stock, em-
ploying men and growing crops and putting them into beef, is not en-
124 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
gaged in business; he is a farmer! The business men of the country are
the farmers; three-fifths of us are farmers. Three-fifths of all that is
added to the wealth of this country comes from business men on the
farms. The thing that we are deficient in is just what was pointed out to
us this afternoon: system. The business man that runs the little corner
grocery or dry-goods store has been forced to apply improverd methods to
his business. Why? Because ninety per cent of them fail. That neces-
sity does not exist to such a great extent with the farmer, because he
will not starve to death; if he doesn't make anything. he will live. But
the man who is running a peanut stand or a little grocery will go down
if he doesn't make a profit; therefore the necessity exists with him of
keeping card systems, watching expenses closely, cutting off the waste
and doing everything possible to insure for him a profit. But every farm-
er ought to do more than merely make a living. He should add to his com-
petence, improve his farm, and make it so attractive that this tide will
not be running from the farm to the town, but will be running the other
way; and when he fully appreciates the purpose in doing those things he
will apply to his business those same exact and careful methods which
the business man in town uses.
Question: Do yon feed the ensilage all the year round, or just
in the winter ?
Mr. Jones : We feed it sometimes in the summer when the grass
is dry, but usually only in the winter. It will keep for two or three
years.
The President: The next number on our program is an illus-
trated address by Prof. W. A. Cochel of Lafayette, Ind., on cattle
feeding.
CATTLE FEEDING.
W. A. COCHEL, LAFAYETTE, IND.
The feeding of beef cattle is almost essential to the extensive method
of farming practiced throughout the corn belt, if the productive capacity
of the soils is to be maintained. The particular method to be followed
should be governed largely by the character of the farm. Where a large
portion of the land is too broken for plowing, a system which includes
grazing or the production of feeders may be followed with success.
When all of the land is adapted to corn and has increased in value so
rapidly that it cannot be profitably kept in permanent pasture, then
the production of beef cattle for market purposes may not be advisable.
Under such conditions the finishing of cattle rather than the production
of feeders, should be considered.
The producer's profit will depend upon the breeding, type and qual-
ity of the steers, the rate and cost of gain, the value of pasture and feed,
the kind of ration fed, the condition of the steers when marketed and
the manurial value of feeds used. The feeder's profit will depend upon
the margin between the cost of feeders and the selling price of fat cattle.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III 125
the quality and type of steers fed, their previous treatment and con-
dition when placed in the feed lot, the rate and cost of gain, degree of
finish secured before marketing, the kind of ration fed and the gain on
hogs following. It is of vital importance to the producer to he able to
appreciate the factors which influence the value of feeders in order to
obtain the maximum profit from the business. He should be able to
recognize good and bad features in order to select breed and produce
the most desirable cattle for the feeder. It is equally important .for
the feeder to have a knowledge of the factors influencing the value of
the different grades of feeders in order that he may buy the kind
of cattle which are relatively the cheapest when filling his feed lots.
Whether producing or feeding cattle, the chief aim is to turn large
quantities of grain and roughage into a more profitable product, to
maintain soil fertility, and to increase the yield of farm crops from year
to year. In our work at Purdue Experiment Station we have considered
that the labor in marketing crops, as such, is as great as that required
in feeding them on the farm, and marketing the stock which has con-
sumed them. If this is true, in Iowa as it is in Indiana, then the feed-
ers who secure the purchase price of their cattle and the market price
of feeds consumed from the same of their cattle and hogs, are equally
as well off as the grain farmer and has in addition, a vast amount of
manure which, if properly handled, will increase his profits from farm-
ing through several years.
The quesion of cattle feeding is so broad that an attempt cannot be
made to discuss it from every standpoint in our lecture. For this
reason I will confine my remarks largely to one phase of the business,
that of "Short Feeding." By this term is meant, feeding cattle to a
marketable finish in 90 to 120 days. To do so profitably requires the
exercise of keen judgment in the selection of feeders, the ration used,
the method of feeding and also experience in feeding. As in any other
venture it is necessary to start right. The steers used should be mature,
fleshy feeders as calves and" yearlings will utilize too great a proportion
of their feed for growth and not enough for fat to justify giving them
a short feed. The quality and type selected should depend upon market
conditions at the time of purchase and probable demand at the close
of the feeding period. Price being equal the more quality the steers
have and the nearer they approach the beef type, the greater will be the
profit. If they are to be marketed during the summer and fall, then it is
essential that they have quality and type and start in the feed lots in
"grass fat" condition in order that they will not come in competition with
western range cattle but will sell in a higher grade; if marketed during
the winter or spring, then quality and type are not so essential as the
market demand for the plain cattle is broader. The illustrations used
show various types of cattle used in the feed lots at che Station. The first
one is that of a plain steer which was used in a "short fed" lot during the
winter of 1906-07. The staggy head and coarseness are objectionable but
he illustrates well the type and condition most desirable for short feeding.
The second illustration shows a type which does not have sufllcient
capacity for feed to insure rapid gains while in the feed lot. The third
illustration shows a steer which has breeding, capacity and type, but not
126
IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE
enough age to be used for short feeding. This steer, though making a
gain of 2.63 lbs. daily, required six months to be made prime. The fourth
illustration is that of a car load of "short fed" cattle which were ex-
hibited at the International of 1907 and won first prize and champion-
ship for "short fed" cattle. A complete record of this feeding is given
in Bulletin 130 published by Purdue Experiment Station, Lafayette, Ind.
They were ideal steers in every respect for short feeding purposes.
During the past two winters we have fed cattle to determine the relative
advantage of short vs. long feeding periods. A great deal of thought was
put on the kind of ration that would insure a maximum amount of gain
and still not be unavailable or too expensive for practical use. It was
decided to use in these tests a ration of shelled corn, cotton seed meal,
clover hay and corn silage, which has given us an average daily gain
per steer of 3.16 pounds in the "short fed" lot and 2.57 pounds in the
"long fed" lot during the first test; of 2.85 pounds in the "short fed" lot
and 2.66 pounds in the "long fed" lot during the second test. It would
have been impossible to secure such results from a ration of ear corn
and timothy hay, shock corn and wheat straw or similar rations which
are frequently used throughout the corn belt. The one selected had
these points in its favor; it was palatable, succulent and something near
a balanced ration and could be available on nearly every farm.
SHORT vs. LONG FEEDING.
Winter 1906-07
Winter 1907-08
Short Fed
Long Fed
Short Fed
Long Fed
Length of period
90 days
$ 4.50
1175 lbs.
3.161bs.
21.19 lbs.
2.74
3.15
15.00
6.70 lbs.
.86
.99
4.74
$ 6.98
8.17
$ 4.98
5.21
5.35
180 days
$ 4.25
1010 lbs.
2.57 lbs.
16.66 lbs.
2.99
3.93
15.01
6.47 lbs.
1.16
1.52
5.82
$ 7.59
8.74
$ 5.29
5.66
5.60
110 days
$ 4.50
1287 lbs.
2.85 lbs.
21.67 lbs.
2.40
4.53
14.09
7.60 lbs.
.84
1.58
4.94
$ 7. 3
9.21
$ 5.15
5.42
5.75
180 days
$ 4.00
1123 lbs.
2 66 lbs
Initial value .
Initial weight
Daily gain per head.
Daily feed per steer:
Shelled corn
19 01 lbs.
Cotton seed meal
2 70
Clover hay
Corn silage
Feed per lb. gain:
Shelled coin.
4.51
14.99
7 15 lbs
Cotton seed meal
1.02
Clover hay
1.69
Corn silage
Cost of grain per cwt. :
Corn at 40c
5.64
$ 7 91
Corn at 50c
9 18
Necessary selling price to
break even:
Corn at 40c".
$ 5 16
Corn at 50c
5.54
Actual market value
6.70
It will be seen from the table that the "short fed" cattle made the
most rapid gain, consumed a greater proportion of grain to roughage,
made cheaper gains and required a smaller margin between buying and
selling prices in order to break even. In the first test it required 284.7
pounds per head to finish the "short fed' cattle and 463.7 pounds to
make the "long fed" cattle equally fat. In the second test 313.5 pounds
for the "short fed" and 478.6 pounds for the "long fed" cattle. The
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART III 121
amount of corn consumed per head by the "short fed" cattle was 34
bushels in the first test and 41.9 in the second; by the "long fed" cattle
54.6 and 61.1 bushels per head.
This is the result of two years' work at the station and the problem is
by no means solved as to the relative profit from the two methods, be-
cause the tvvO lots of cattle cannot be sold on the same market. On a
stationary market the "short fed" cattle have proven most profitable
both years, but from March, 1908, to May, 1908, there was such an in-
crease in cattle values that the "long fed" cattle returned the greater
profit. In feeding the ration mentioned during the last two years we
have never received less than 18 cents per bushel over market value
for the corn fed and it has amounted to as much as 37 cents in one in-
stance. This is more than the average profit in growing the corn and
means that cattle fed under similar conditions during the past two years
by the corn producers have doubled their profit.
It is to be hoped that further experimentation will throw more light
upon this subject, but the data secured indicate that feeding beef cattle
is a business that not only demands skill upon the part of the feeder
but judgment as to cattle selected for special purposes, the selection of
productive and profitable rations and business ability of the highest type.
Question : AVas your object in feeding silage to aid digestion ?
Prof. Cociiel : We consider it entirely as a roughage.
Question : You stated that you fed shelled corn because it
demonstrated the actual weight. Is that the only reason?
Prof. Cochel: Yes. I think you would get equally as good
results by feeding broken ears in the start, until the steers begin to
shell their own corn.
We have fed some ground corn, but have not gone quite deep
enough into that yet to say Avhether or not we like it better than the
shelled corn. There is a wide difference of opinion in our state, but
as near as I can get at it from the feeders, those who have a mill
on their place and don't put very much emphasis on the hog end
of the deal prefer the ground feed. I have heard a good many
of the men say this year that they are going to grind their corn,
because it is flinty.
Question : I want to ask ]\Ir. Jones how he builds his silos.
Mr. Jones: That matter would constitute an address in itself,
and I could only in just a few words tell you what we have done.
We build our silos of concrete, with a six-inch wall, reinforced with
00 wire, which is about the size of an ordinary lead pencil, hori-
zontally. It costs about 50 cents per ton capacity.
We don't put the corn in the silo when it will become acid; it
should be in the first stage of maturity, and then it is always sweet.
12S IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Also you want to get all the feeding value possible in the corn plant
before you cut it, and the solid matter is put in the plant most
rapidly during the last two weeks of its maturing period.
Question: "What method do you use in your silos for jambs and
doors ?
Mr. Jones: We set frames in the cement and make the open-
ings to them, one above the other — about four of them. We build
our silos 50 feet in height ; they are ordinarily built 20 or 30 feet.
We have one that is 36 feet in diameter; others that are 26 feet.
We don't roof them at all. Always make your lowest door high
enough so that you can drive a wagon into it. Build a square
chute over these doors, so that when you throw the silage out of the
top door it drops right down into the wagon.
Question: How would the corn fodder that is cut up and
standing in the shock today compare with ensilage for feeding?
Mr. Jones: It does not compare with it; they won't eat it all.
After the stalks are dry they get hard and woody ; and if you chop
them up they will get crosswise in the cattle's mouths and make
them sore, and it is not satisfactory.
Question: What kind of molds do you use for building your
silos ?
Mr. Jones: One silo we build by making a permanent inside
mold out of flooring boards and using sheets of strip-iron 28 inches
in width, then fill it.
Question: What proportions do you use?
Mr. Jones : About one of cement to eight of gravel.
Heretofore there has been one great objection in regard to these
silos, viz. : that the silage will mould around the wall. That will
occur with ordinary cement silos, but we prevent it by simply
coating the inside of the silo with coal tar or asphaltum. It doesn't
have to be renewed oftener than every two or three years.
We have one round barn of 150 feet diameter with a circular
feed box. The barn has an open court of about 100 feet with a
shed extending all around it about 25 feet.
Question: In building small silos for 30 head of cattle would
you advise a cement silo?
Mr. Jones : Yes, but I would build them high and narrow.
The joint meeting thereupon adjourned.
PART IV
PROCEEDINGS
STATE AGRICULTURAL CONVENTION.
December 9, 1908.
Convention called to order by the President of the State Board of
Agriculture, C. E. Cameron, who appointed the following com-
mittees :
Committee on Credentials : H. L. Pike of Monona county, J. H.
Harrison of Lj^on county, and John IMullan of Pocahontas county.
Committee on Resolutions : "W. M. Clark of iMarshall county,
W. P. George of Story county, and C. F. Sauerman of Jasper
county.
Vice-President Brown was called to the chair and the President
made the following address:
PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS.
Another year has rolled around and blessed Iowa from an agricul-
tural standpoint, not only in good crops but good prices. With this
great harvest from the farms, when the yield in some places has fallen
below the average the price has more than made up. The Iowa State
Fair and Exposition was also blessed with large exhibits in all depart-
ments and the attendance greater than any year in the history of the
association. We certainly can congratulate ourselves upon the fair of
1908, as the Hon. James Wilson, Secretary of Agriculture, who attended
the fair this year stated that it was the greatest agricultural fair ever
held in the United States, and he says that means the w^orld. That cer-
tainly is encouragement, coming from a man occupying the position
he does, and I think he has done more for agricultural interests of
the United States than any man w^ho has occupied the position he now
holds.
There was a large increase in the number of campers upon our grounds
this year. This feature of the fair seems to be gaining favor in a great
many sections of the state and is a feature which should be encouraged,
9
130 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
for it is a pleasant outing, not only for the farmer, but for any one who
wishes to take a week's vacation. We had upon our grounds this year
close to five thousand people who took advantage of this way of attending
the fair. The cost is very small, as one can rent a tent and have the
same put up and taken down; all that is necessary to bring from home
is sheets and pillow cases. If the increase continues in the next five
years as it has in the last five years, there will be ten thousand campers
on the grounds, a^ the fair is fast becoming one of the great educa-
tional institutions of the state, if not now.
I would like to see erected on the grounds a cottage from every
county in the state where the people of a county could register and
meet their friends. Of all the buildings that have been erected upon the
Iowa State Fair Grounds in the last few years, none have called out so
many favorable comments as the new Administration Building that was
built this year. It not only throws all the offices of the fair together,
so that anyone wishing to go from one department to another can do'
so without traveling all over the grounds, but the building with its large
rotunda and its commodious porches was a mecca for all the people at-
tending the fair. The placing of new buildings for the future has be-
come a great problem with the directors and officers of the fair, and in
every new building that has been erected in the last few years they have
figured from the increase in the past and judged by the same increase in
the future that they were building large enough to meet this increase;
but they have found themselves mistaken. The fair in the last few
years has been coming with leaps and bounds, until today we have had
more people on our grounds in one day than the total attendance for
the entire week a few years ago. To illustrate the increase of entries
in our stock departments: Two years ago we asked the legislature to build
a swine barn, to cover three acres of ground and hold three thousand
hogs. Some of the legislators thought we were crazy, wanting a building
to hold three thousand hogs; "you will not fill it in twenty years," they
said. But they were convinced that we did need a building of that ca-
pacity, and so built it. What was the result the first year the building
was occupied? that was in 1907; we could not accommodate all the hogs.
And this year, after cutting down the number of pens each exhibitor
might have, we turned away close to one thousand hogs. And in every
department of the fair they were taxed to the limit to take care of
the entries.
There are several buildings that the fair needs at this time — machinery,
dairy, etc. But the most needed building at this time is a new, abso-
lutely fire-proof grand stand, capable of seating from twelve to fifteen
thousand people. It seems cruel to see from five to eight thousand peo-
ple standing in the hot sun all afternoon to try and see some of the
amusement features of the fair. They are not standing there from choice,
but from the fact that they are unable to procure a seat in the grand
stand.
I have not gone into the financial conditions of the fair of 1908, as
that will be brought out by the secretary, Mr. Simpson, in his report, and
in behalf of the members of the board and officers of the Iowa State
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 131
Fair and Exposition I want to thank the people of Iowa for their in-
terest and loyalty to the fair, for it is their fair and they have made it.
Mr. President : I take pleasure in presenting to you ]\Ir. Simp-
son, who will now give the report of the Secretary for 1908.
SECRETARY'S REPORT.
Once again it becomes my duty to present a report to the annual
State Agricultural Convention.
The stability of Iowa's great resources was never more apparent than
during the past twelve months. The panic in the late fall of 1907 was felt
to a greater extent in the states to the east and south than in Iowa. This
was followed by extremely dry weather during the past season, which
in many sections became quite a serious problem for the farmers late
in the summer and early fall, reducing the yield of farm crops very
materially. During all this period Iowa has stood out promiently as a
bright shining star. The panic affected less the farmers and the indus-
tries of this state than in any other section of the country. Again,
while the farmers in the eastern and southern states were praying for
rain, the annual harvest in Iowa and the maturing corn crop gave
evidence of a normal yield, with prices somewhat higher. Considering
the conditions throughout the country for the past twelve months, the
26th day of November was in reality a day of thanks for Iowa people.
The work of the Department of Agriculture has been carried on in the
best possible manner with the limited means available under the present
statute. In the introductory of the Iowa Year Book of Agriculture for
1907 was set forth some additional requirements for the department to
enable it to carry on the work in a more efficient manner. This in-
troductory included our recommendation for a larger support fund and
amendments to existing laws granting authority to the Department to
issue bulletins from time to time containing such information and sta-
tistics as w^ould be of interest to the public. This would include the is-
suing of special bulletins after the annual gatherings of the Iowa Swine
Breeders' and the Iowa Dairy Associations. At the close of the institute
season another bulletin should be published giving a condensed state-
ment of thier work for the past year, suggestions for programs and man-
agement of institutes, and other information helpful to institute workers
— making the bulletin meet the demands as they would present themselves.
Still another bulletin should be issued with special reference to the
workings of the stallion law, giving a revised list, by counties, at least
once each year, of the stallions upon which state certificates had been
issued. This would aid in carrying out the provisions of the law by plac-
ing a copy of said bulletin in the hands of every owner of a pure bred
stallion, who would be on their guard to report any violations. A bulletin
at the close of the season for the holding of county and district fairs
would be useful to all connected with the management of said fairs,
as well as the patrons. Other bulletins might be added on special sub-
jects, as may be deemed wise for the purpose of promoting agricultural
production and agricultural education. At present the only authorized
132 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
medium of the Department for the dissemination and publication of sta-
tistics, papers or other data is through the annual Iowa Year Book of
Agriculture. As can readily be seen, much of the material contained in
the Year Books is published out of season, and, in some instances,
a year after it should be given to the public.
If the publication of bulletins is authorized by the next general as-
sembly the time for printing the Year Book could be changed from an-
nually to biennially, and the number of copies to be printed increased
to five thousand, or more, if necessary. The saving in the cost of
printing the Year Book would go a long way toward paying for the
printing of the special bulletins.
STATISTICS ON FARM CROPS AND LIVE STOCK.
I would suggest a change and addition in the present statute with
reference to the collection of agricultural statistics. As the law now
stands, the assessors are required in each odd-numbered year to record
statistics as to the acreage of certain farm crops for the preceding year.
Such reports are now made to the secretary of state for publication in
the official register. The law should be amended, first, to include in
addition to farm crops, statistics on live stock and such other informa-
tion as may be obtained relative to agriculture, agricultural production,
acreage, and agricultural labor within each township, same to be col-
lected annually and reported to the office of the Department of Agri-
culture upon blanks to be furnished by the secretary of the State Board
of Agriculture. We believe the proper channel for the disseminating
of all agricultural statistics should be through the State Department
of Agriculture. This is in conformity to similar methods followed in
other states, and is a step in the right direction for making the work
and reports of the various departments of agriculture in the various
states more uniform.
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.
The work of the Association of American Agricultural Colleges and
Experiment Stations and American Association of Farmers' Institute
Workers in their effort to perfect a better organization of extension
teaching in agriculture is to be commended. At the meeting at Baton
Rouge, Louisiana, in November, 1906, the committee from the agricul-
tural colleges and experiment stations made the following recommen-
dation: "(1) That each college represented in this association organize as
soon as practicable a department of extension teaching in agriculture,
co-ordinate with the other departments or divisions of agricultural work,
with a competent director in charge, and if possible, with a corps of men
at his disposal * * *. (2) If in case of any agricultural college this
step is at present impracticable, we would recommend most strongly that
the college appoint a faculty committee on extension teaching in agri-
culture."
We are pleased to report that the first session of the Iowa legis-
lature following this meeting a bill was enacted providing for agri-
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 133
cultural extension work by the Iowa State College of Agriculture and
Mechanics Arts and providing an appropriation therefor. The next, or
Thirty-second, general assembly showed their confidence and apprecia-
tion in the importance of this work by making the appropriation annual
and increasing the amount thereof. As a result of this college ex-
tension work there has been organized throughout the state in various
counties a number of "short courses" for instruction in agriculture,
dairying, stock judging, domestic science, etc.
The American Association of Farmers' Institute Workers are directing
their efforts for the establishment of "movable schools of agriculture."
The statement of the committee in making its report gives in a very
concise manner the object of these schools in the following words:
"The institutes, at least in the United States where they have been
longest conducted, have brought the majority of the country people to
appreciate the value of the truths that agricultural science has to
teach. The next duty, therefore, is to demonstrate the practicability of
imparting these truths with sufficient particularity, adaption and ex-
tent to be of substantial benefit to the working farmer in increasing his
earing power.
The movable school promises to provide such a demonstration. It
deals with a single item or subject in agriculture, and it deals with it
both in a theoretical and in a practical way. It explains the theory
and then teaches by doing. * * * *
The movable school is first of all a carefully prepared course of study
extending over sufficient time to teach the subject thoroughly and render
the student familiar with the practice work which the course prescribes.
It is given to classes regularly organized and limited in number, whose
members agree to complete the course. It is equipped with all the ap-
paratus, books, and material needed for presenting the subject in a most
thorough manner, and is conducted by a teacher who is an expert in
expounding and illustrating the theory of the subject and in directing
the practical features of the study. The students are men and women
of mature years, and of experience in the direction in which the in-
struction is to be given, having sufficient preliminary education to en-
able them to understand and participate intelligently in the requirements
of the course."
The form of organization for movable schools of agriculture is set
forth in circular No. 79 from the U. S. Office of Experiment Stations,
issued under date of October 24, 1908,
INSTITUTES.
Farmers' institutes were held in eighty-three of the ninety-nine coun-
ties of the state during the last fiscal year, an increase of five over the
previous period. It is known that in two counties reporting no insti-
tute, short courses were held, thus increasing the number to eighty-five,
leaving only fourteen counties in which neither institutes or short
courses were held.
Fifty-nine hundred and fifty-five dollars was paid out through the
state auditor's office to the institutes in the last period, an increase of four
134 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
hundred dollars over the preceding year. In the competition for the ex-
hibit of corn by the county farmers' institutes or corn clubs at the last
State Fair the Polk County Farmers' Institute was awarded first prize,
$100.00; second to the Packwood Corn Club of Jefferson county, $50;
third to the Story County Farmers' Institute, $25.00; fourth to Dallas
county, $15.00, and fifth to Warren county, v-LO.OO.
The statute relative to the manner of filing reports from farmers'
institutes should be changed, providing for the filing of such through
the office of the Department of Agriculture upon blanks sent out by the
secretary, and said reports to be filed on or before May first of each
year. This would then give ample time for the publication and distribu-
tion of farmers' institute bulletins mentioned previously in this re-
port before the opening of the next institute season.
ADVERTISING IOWA'S RESOURCES.
The census report taken for the year 1905, as you will remember,
showed that there had been practically no increase in the rural popula-
tion of Iowa since the last report was made, but, on the other hand, in
certain townships and counties an actual decrease was reported. People
were generally amazed at that statement of facts and quite curious
to know why the increase in our rural population had so suddenly stopped.
Many reasons were advanced by various persons endeavoring to explain
this cause. The arguments presented were in some instances quite
plausible, but in our opinion they did not follow along the lines respon-
sible for this situation. If a merchant expects to keep pace with his
competitors he must keep up a thorough and systematic campaign of ad-
vertising, laying great stress and playing up strongly any bargains he has
to offer. The breeder uses every legitimate means of keeping his herd or
flock before the public by taking advertising space in the press, issuing
catalogs, and in the show ring. He feels that he must advertise to let
his brother breeder know what he has. The manufacturer never loses
an opportunity for keeping his output before the consumer; he lets the
world know what he is doing by advertising. Did it ever occur to you,
my dear friends, that the foundation of all our industries was builded
upon that one little word "advertising"? Let the manufacturer, breeder
or merchant cease advertising and the effect is at once noticeable in the
sales. If advertising then is so essential to the successful carrying on
of trade, why should not the State of Iowa advertise to the world the op-
portunities for the further development of her great resources? We should
not only seek to encourage immigration of desirable citizens to Iowa, but
endeavor to point out to our native citizens the mistaken idea that they
must emigrate to other sections of the country to better their conditions.
The time has arrived when the gospel of truth should be spread broadcast,
portraying in a decisive manner the advantages of citizenship in Iowa. It
is time to lay the foundation and to begin a thorough and systematic cam-
paign of advertising with the ultimate object of increasing by twofold
our rural population. Thousands of dollars are expended annually by other
states, railway companies and real estate men in getting out attractive
literature to attract immigration. Thousands have gone from Iowa, and
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 135
thousands of others have passed through our state in seeking their new
location. Attractive literature has playc d no small part in the scramble
for immigrants. The next Iowa general assembly should provide a fund
that the advertising of Iowa's great resources and opportunities could be
properely put before the world.
COUNTY AND DISTRICT FAIRS OF IOWA.
New features of educational importance are gradually becoming a part
of the program at many of the county and district fairs. At one county
fair held in Iowa the past year a very instructive exhibit of noxious weeds
was made; at another a tuberculin hog was exhibited by the state veter-
inarian's department, showing all the diseased organs. Judging contests
are becoming more numerous. An exhibit from the schools of the county
or district is gaining a place in the premium list classification at many of
the fairs. The report of the amount of cash premiums paid would indi-
cate a larger and more diversified exhibit was made. The number of fairs
reporting as having paid out over one thousand dollars in cash premiums
increased from eight in 1907 to thirteen in 1908, with Marshall County
fair leading with $1,841.00. The others follow:
2. Union District, Muscatine county $1,579.00
3. Kossuth county 1,227.00
4. Columbus Junction District, Louisa county 1,211.00
5. Wapsie Valley, Linn county 1,185.00
6. Tipton District, Cedar county 1,160.00
7. Henry county 1,159.00
8. Buena Vista county 1,101.00
9. Jefferson county 1,080.00
10. Clinton county 1,075.00
11. Davis county 1,039.00
12. Clinton District 1,036.00
13. Jasper county 1,017.00
Sixty-eight thousand dollars are shown as paid out in premiums by the
eighty-nine fairs reporting, and the total valuation of fair ground property
figures up to $615,000.00, or an average of about $7,000.00 for each plant.
IOWA STATE FAIR AND EXPOSITION.
It was just fifty-four years ago last October that the first Iowa State
Fair was held at Fairfield, on a ten-acre lot enclosed with a rail fence ten.
feet high. The state owes a tribute which it never can pay to the public
spiritedness, energy and hard work shown by the small band of gentlemen
who conceived the idea of organizing and holding an annual state fair for
the purpose of showing the products of soil and factory, and resourceful-
ness of the breeder, to encourage and advertise the great opportunities open
to the settlers within the borders of this great commonwealth. The in-
spiration for the holding of a state fair was gathered from our brothers
in Illinois, they having organized the Illinois State Fair the previous year.
Thus from this humble beginning the fair has expanded and increased its
136 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
educational possibilities until today it is recognized as the greatest an-
nual exposition in the world from the standpoint of exhibits and attend-
ance from the rural districts. There are one or two other fairs where
the attendance greatly exceeds that of Iowa, but no other can approach in
the number and quality of her live stock, farm implements, vehicle and
machinery exhibits.
I know it has become quite monotonous to remark "the fair promises
better than ever", or that the last one was bigger and more successful
than any before; but what else can I say at this time than to tell the
truth. Not only was the attendance the largest in the history of the fair,
but the exhibits and number of exhibitors greatly exceeded those at any
previous exhibition. Over thirteen thousand entries were recorded by the
fourteen hundred exhibitors, and thirty-nine thousand dollars in cash
prizes distributed to about nine hundred of the fourteen hundred ex-
hibitors. Of the five hundred remaining exhibitors not receiving pre-
miums, three hundred and twenty-five were entered in departments
where no cash prizes were offered, leaving less than two hundred, or
only about eighteen per cent of the total number of exhibitors, who re-
ceived no cash premiums. This tells the story of the keen competition
presented by the exhibitors in the various departments.
Never in the history of any state fair was a larger number or better
quality of horses, breeding cattle, sheep and swine led into the show ring
for the judges to pass upon than at the last Iowa State Fair and Expo-
sition. The aggregate number of breeding animals entered was fifty
per cent larger than the entries for the great International Live Stock
Show which closes at Chicago tomorrow. It is true that they had about
seventy more entries of breeding cattle, but the entries of horses, sheep
and swine at Iowa exceeded those at the International. The total num-
ber of individual entries was substantially as follows:
Iowa State Fair International Live
and Exposition. Stock Show.
Breeding cattle 820 888
Horses 765 628
Sheep 600 550
Swine 2275 None
4460 2066
Go where you will among the breeders and exhibitors of pure bred
live stock and you will hear them prasing the exhibit of stock at the
Iowa State Fair and Exposition. They will also tell how highly a rib-
bon won in competition at this annual show is prized by the exhibitor.
With this large exhibit is it any wonder that a judge is sometimes be-
wildered and at a loss to know where to tie the ribbons. At that there
is far less friction and complaint of the judging of stock at the Iowa
Fair than at any of the other big shows. Four hundred and fifty ex-
hibitors represent the number of breeders participating in the great
stock show at the last fair.
The magnitude of the exhibit of farm implements, machinery, ve-
hicles, fencing, labor saving tools, and devices of all kinds and makes is
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 137
incomprehensible to any one who did not visit the fair. Three hundred
and twenty exhibitors occupied space in this department and showed
everything from a tin pail to a silo, from a wire stretcher to a wire
making machine, from a ball of binding twine to a machine for making
same, from a cream separator to a threshing machine, from the smallest
gasoline engine to the largest traction engine, and about one million or
less other articles not herewith mentioned. A conservative estimate of
this exhibit could be placed at one million dollars. The manufacturer
not only places his goods on exhibition, but calls in his large corps of
experts to instruct and explain the workings of his machine. It is the
only place where the dealer or consumer can make a personal inspec-
tion of the various makes of machines, vehicles, or labor saving tools,
as it may be, without a great loss of time and needless expense. It is
jecoming quite common now to hear the remark by some farmer who
wants a new potato digger, gasoline engine, grain drill, pulverizer,
or other new piece of machinery, that he expects to wait until he
can look over the various makes exhibited at the state fair. Rarely does
a day or week pass that we do not receive a communication from some
farmer asking for the name and address of the manufacturer or dealer
who exhibited some article in this department which attracted his at-
tention and which he is now ready to buy. That is a part of the edu-
cational feature of the fair; exhibits in all departments are of equal
educational value. In the dairy department will be found the cream
separator, churn, ice cream freezer, and other manufactured articles
for use of the farmer and dairyman. In the poultry department will
be found specimens of birds that help to make the profits from the poul-
try industry of Iowa run into the millions each year. It is really too
bad that a suitable building of sufficient size to properly arrange and
show the magnificent display of plants and cut flowers is not available.
The beauty of this exhibit is practically lost by reason of inadequate
and inappropriate quarters.
The number of exhibitors and entries in the various departments
of the Iowa State Fair and Exposition follow:
Number of Number of
Department. Exhibitors. Entries.
Horses 88 1,157
Cattle 82 1,085
Swine 224 2,505
Sheep 26 619
Poultry 67 776
Agriculture 107 884
Farm implements and machinery 319
Pantry and apiary 91 1,351
Dairy 115 115
Horticulture 28 1,046
Floriculture 19 207
Fine arts 225 3,336
1,391 13,081
138 • IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Every effort was made by the management to provide a high, class and
pleasing amusement program. Some little criticism was heard in regard
to charging admission for the evening show in the stock pavilion by those
who thought it should have been free. Had no admission been charged no
show would have been given. The receipts, with a packed house every
night, barely paid the expense. The show was provided to take care of
the overflow from the ampitheater at night and to further provide ad-
ditional entertainment for tnose desiring it. Indeed, the receipts for
the whole amusement program are but slightly in excess of the ex-
penditures. It is not the purpose or intention of the management in
arranging the amusement program that it will be a source of revenue
in excess of its cost, but to merely provide such diversification from
the daily program as the public demands.
The attendance this year was practically 208,000, showing an increase
of about twenty-one per cent over the previous pear. This increase can
primarily be attributed to the loyal support of the country, city and agri-
cultural press, for never in the history of the state fair had it received
the support accorded it by the press as during the past season. Many
thanks are also due to the business organizations of this city that worked
so faithfully for the success of the fair. To Secretary Botsford of the
Des Moines Commercial Club and those associated with him, the people
of Iowa owe a vote of thanks for the assistance they rendered in securing
from the railways the rate which had always been granted previous to
1907, viz.: three cents a mile for the round trip from any point in Iowa.
There is still room for a greatly increased attendance. There is no reason
why the Iowa State Fair should not equal or exceed the annual atten-
dance at the Canadian National Exhibition at Toronto, which reached the
three-quarter million mark the past season. "While it is true that the
annual exhibition at Toronto is the only one of importance in eastern
Canada, still, with the population of Iowa, the annual attendance can
easily be brought up to thribble what it was this year. Before this can
be accomplished, however, the state must provide proper and adequate
equipment to shelter the exhibits and facilitate the handling of the crowds.
In only one or two respects does the National Exhibition at Toronto ex-
ceed. It has the most modern and up-to-date buildings of any of the great
fairs, and more of them. The exhibit of manufactured articles in process
of manufacture at Toronto equals that shown at some of our national
expositions. The showing of live stock, however, is small compared to
that of Iowa. In Iowa we have built up a great exposition and exhibit,
but it is only a question of how long she may continue to grow and hold
her exhibitors unless the state quickly recognizes the needs of the fair
and provides more liberally for additional equipment.
IMPEOVEMENTS.
There was expended for improvements at the State Fair Grounds the
past season fifty-eight thousand, three hundred dollars. This added to
the forty-one thousand four hundred dollars expended in 1907 brings the
amount for improvements in the past two years, from the receipts of the
Fair, to ninety-nine thousand seven hundred dollars. In the five years
preceding 1907 improvements to the amount of ninety-nine thousand were
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV
139
made from fair receipts, bringing the total amount expended on improve-
ments at the State Fair and Exposition Grounds to one hundred ninety-
eight thousand seven hundred dollars within the past seven years, every
dollar of which came from fair receipts. In that same period appropria-
tions to the amount of one hundred and fifty-nine tnousand dollars were
made by the Twenty-ninth, Thirtieth and Thirty-second General Assem-
blies, for the erection of the stock pavillion, agricultural building and
swine barn. It can readily be seen by this statement of facts that no
small amount of work for the betterment of the State Fair and Exposi-
tion is annually made from the net profits of the fair. To the equipment
there was added the present year an Administration Builamg, the second
section of the proposed horse barn, extension to the electric light and
power plant, new walks laid and improvements to streets continued, the
remodeling of old buildings to better suit the purposes for which they
must be used, and many other improvements of a minor nature.
The following table shows the amounts expended for permanent im-
provements within the past seven years:
From moneys From moneys Total amount
taken from appropriated by
fair receipts.
1902 $26,400.00
1903 18,000.00
1904 12,600.00
1905 12,000.00
1906 30,000.00
1907 41,400.00
1908 58,300.00
Total $198,700.00
the general
assembly.
$37,000.00
47,000.00
75,000.00
$159,000.00
permanent
improvements.
$63,400.00
18,000.00
59,600.00
12,000.00
30,000.00
116,400.00
58,300.00
$357,700.00
NEEDED ADDITIONAL EQUIPMENT FOR THE STATE FAIR AND EXPOSITION GROUNDS.
We hardly know where to begin, or stop, in mentioning the many needed
improvements before the grounds is adequately equipped to properly
shelter the exhibits and handle the crowds, or in keeping wath the pace
set by other states in building up their state fairs. At the Canadian
National Exposition at Toronto more money was used in the construc-
tion of an amphitheater than the State of Iowa has all told put into
buildings at the State Fair grounds. The plant at that place is now
valued at approximately one and one-half million dollars. The State of
Ohio places a value of one million upon their state fair grounds; they
have no buildings but what are constructed of steel, concrete and brick,
and are annually adding to the equipment. Illinois has a grounds wuth
improvements of even greater value than Ohio. In Missouri, the youngest
of the galaxy of state fairs now maintained by all of the best states, in
the seven years of its existence they have set the pace in the construction
of buildings and other equipment by constructing fire-proof buildings.
Over five hundred thousand dollars has been appropriated by the Missouri
legislature for buildings since its establishment seven years ago.
In Iowa we need:
140 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
First. An amphitheater of fire proof construction, with a capacity of
not less than fifteen thousand.
Second. Additional land that will permit of the removal of the race
track, giving more room where most needed.
Third. A building or shed for the shelter of farm implements and
machinery.
Fourth. A manufacturers' and liberal arts building in place of the
old fire trap of an exposition building.
Fifth. An appropriation for the completion of the show pavilion for
swine, left unfinished for lack of funds from the last general assembly.
Sixth. A dairy and horticultural building.
Seventh. Sewer system.
Eighth. Additional equipment and machinery for the extension of the
electric light and power plant.
Ninth. Sheep barn, and completion of the horse and cattle barns.
Tenth. A large auditorium for the holding of gatherings and meetings
of farmers, breeders, etc.
And so I could go on indefinitely. A part of these improvements will
be made in the future, as in the past, from the state fair receipts, but all
of the larger buildings must be provided here, as elsewhere, with funds
appropriated by the state legislature. At a meeting of the State Board
of Agriculture tomorrow these matters will be taken up and some action
taken with reference to recommendations to be made to the Thirty-third
General Assembly.
FINANCES.
As will be shown by the statement following, the department had at
the opening of the fiscal year, December 1, 1907, a cash balance of
$35,327.90. The total receipts from all sources during the year were
$143,027.6*1, bringing the total credits to $178,355.51. Of the receipts for
the year $138,764.66 came from the fair, and $4,262.95 from other sources.
The net increase of receipts from the last fair showed a gain of thirty-
three per cent over that of 1907 — in dollars and cents amounting to ex-
actly $34,407.91. Of this amount $24,350.00 was received from increased
ticket sales, $6,285.00 additional revenue from concessions, $1,762.00 in-
crease in the amount of entrance fees in the speed department, and the
balance made up of a net increase of receipts in the various departments;
but one department showing a decrease over 1907. Premiums aggregat-
ing $38,744.56 were paid; an increase of $3,239.77, or about ten per cent,
over 1907. The net expense for the 1908 State Fair was $94,539.21; the
net profit was $44,191.45. The Board anticipated over $23,000.00 of the
net profit, which was expended for improvements. Our statement shows
a cash balance of $25,328.73 at the close of the fiscal year, November 30,
1908. From this, however, must be deducted the balance still due on
contracts for the past year, amounting to $4,715.36, plus unpaid warrants
of $381.39, amounting in all to $5,096.75; thus leaving a net balance to
profit of $20,231.98.
So far as we have been able to ascertain, there is but one other state
fair showing larger receipts than Iowa, this being ivlinnesota. The Texas
and Michigan State Fairs show larger receipts but work under an entirely
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 141
different plan. At both of these pool and liquor privilege is sold. The
Texas Fair runs two weeks; has from twenty-five to forty bookmakers
working, who pay from one to two hundred dollars per day for the privi-
lege; has racing on three Sundays, when the attendance is universally
larger than upon any other day; and a bar occupies most of the space
under the amphitheater (this also being the case at Detroit.) This will
explain why certain other fairs show larger receipts than low^a. However,
the time is coming, and very quickly, when these concessions will be
excluded from such exhibits.
STATEMENT OF ACCOUNT.
RECEIPTS AND DISBURSEMENTS, IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRI-
CULTURE, FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDING NOV. 30, 1908.
RECEIPTS.
Cash balance Dec. 1, 1907 $ 35,327.90
From rentals and miscellaneous collections by the
Superintendent of Fair Grounds $ 1,309.09
From state appropriation for insurance 1,000.00
From interest 862.85
From fees, division of horse breeding 1,054.00
From miscellaneous receipts 37.01 4,262.95
By receipts from 1908 low^a State Fair and Exposi-
tion:
From entry fees, speed department 6,079.10
From sale of exhibitor's tickets 2,614.00
From sale of forage 4,362.15
From various live stock breeding associations for
special premiums 1,700.26
From revenues in concession department 20,259.71
From stall rentals, stock departments 3,144.10
From rental of light and power 394.95
From rental of space in machinery, agricultural
dairy and women's departments 4,686.85
From miscellaneous sources 628.09
From sale of tickets 94,895.45 $138,764.66
$178,355.51
DISBUESEMEXTS.
To expense warrants paid by Treasurer:
Issue of 1907 and former years $ 7.19
issue of 1908 and former years 114,340.72 $114,347.91
To premium warrants paid by Treasurer:
Issue of 1907 and former years 122.00
Issue of 1908 and former years 38,556.87 $ 38,678.87
To cash balance Nov. 30, 1908 ' 25,328.73
To balance disbursements $178,355.51
142 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
STATEMENT OF EXPENSE AND PREMIUM WARRANTS ISSUED
DURING THE FISCAL YEAR ENDING NOV. 30, 1908.
Improvement and repairs:
Water system $ lO.oo
Extension of electric light and power plant 1,834.30
Streets 999.O4
■Walks 278.69
Second section of horse barn 10,221.91
Administration building 31,648.76
Trees and shrubbery $ 68.63
New roofing 41.5. dO
Reselling race track 114.60
Painting 629.32
Hardware 478.65
Lumber 316.22
Moving old buildings 320.00
Sewers 293.22
Amphitheater 230.45
Turnstiles and exits 130.10
Sheet metal w^ork 220.91
Ticket offices 51.00
Score board 40.00
Remodeling poultry building 871.76
Fixtures for post office ^0.00
Horse barns 2,388.66
Furniture for dining hall 295.45
Grading 380.60
Stock pavilion 103.55
New tools, implements and vehicles... 233.20
Miscellaneous 1,048.97 8,670.99 $ 53,663.69
Expenses other than for improvements of fair:
Insurance 1,670.00
Fair grounds maintenance 1,509.00
Expenses committee on noxious weeds 17.13
1907 bills paid in 1908 151.38
State Farmers' Institute and Agricultural Con-
vention 175.27
Board meetings 757.70
Clerk hire 360.00
Miscellaneous 334.60 4,975.08
Expense State Fair and Exposition of 1908:
Postage 703.50
Advertising 7,485.63
Meetings of executive committee 584.75
Expense special committee work 1,065.04
Express, telegraph and telephone 313.32
Printing , 1,961.15
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 143
Expense State Fair and Exposition of 1908 — Continued.
Forage 4,423.03
Clerk hire 3,034.95
Music and amusements 14,888.45
Privilege department 963.08
Light and power department 1,370.94
President's department 98.20
Ticket department 316.15
Police department 2,379.18
Treasurer's and ticket sellers' department 1,144.23
Admission department 2,397.91
Speed department 621.90
Horse department 920.85
Cattle department 783.86
Swine department 576.75
Sheep and poultry department 365.75
Implement and machinery department 389.70
Agricultural department 610.75
Dairy department 276.45
Horticultural department 134.35
Floricultural deparment 75.00
Women's department 620.30
Judging contest 50.65
Rest cottage and hospital 68.55
Auditing committee 68.30
Dues American Association of Fairs and Expo-
sitions 35.00
Lumber 65.94
Pay rolls for labor and miscellaneous work 3,047.05
Water rental 191.59
Decorations and flags 417.95
Photograhs 72.00
Janitor service 161.50
Refund of admissions 6.25
Freight 37.91
Supplies 441.61
Rental of tents 387.75
Map of grounds 18.30
Premium badges 610.17
Planting and cultivating flowers 408.42
Scavenger work 27 7.50
Team work 563.29
Premiums paid by expense warrants 313.00
Laundry work for hospital 4.65
Fencing 96.10
$ 55,848.65
144 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Premiums paid:
On horses $6,046.00
On cattle 8,848.26
On swine 3,168.00
On sheep 1,939.00
On poultry 7y5.50
On agricultural products 2,932.50
On pantry and kitchen products 756.50
On dairy pdoducts 6u2.00
On fruits 860.50
On plants and flowers ' 815.80
On art and fancy w^ork 1,786.50
On speed racing 9,360.00
On scholarships 500.00
On winter corn exhibit 334.00 38,744.56 94,593.21
$153,231.98
]\Ir. President : We will now listen to the report of the Treas-
urer, Mr. G. S. Gilbertson.
TREASURER'S REPORT.
To the Directors of the lotva State Board of Agriculture:
Gentlemen : — I present here-vith report of receipts and disbursements
for the year ending November 30, 1908, as follows:
EECEIPTS.
Received from G. D. Ellyson, Treasurer $ 35,327.90
Received from gate receipts (day general admis-
sions) $ 71,725.50
Received from gate receipts (evening general ad-
missions) 1,403.50
Received from amphitheater receipts (day) 7,777.00
Received from amphitheater receipts (evening) . . 5,830.50
Received from amphitheater reserved seats 2,286.75
Received from quarter stretch tickets 875.50
Received from live stock pavilion tickets 3,562.70 •
Received from campers' tickets 1,434.00 94,895.45
Received from Supt. Horticulture and Agriculture. 415.00
Received from Supt. Swine Department 1,179.00
Received from Supt. Sheep and Poultry 355.10
Received from Supt. Horse Department 712.00
Received from Supt. Fine Arts 2,357.00
Received from Supt. Dairy Department 724.35
Received from Supt. of Grounds 1,309.09
Received from Supt. of Grounds for Electric
Light Rental 394.95
Received from Supt. Cattle Department 898.00
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 145
Received from Supt. of Machinery Department... 1,190.50
Received from Supt. of Privileges 20,259.71
Received from Secretary 18,337.46
$178,355.51
December 1, 1908, Balance on hand $ 25,328.73
DISBURSEME>rTS,
Paid expense warrants $114,347.91
Paid premium warrants 38,678.87
Balance on hand 25,328.73
$178,355.51
Respectfully submitted this 9th day of December, 1908.
G. S. GiLBERTSOX,
Treasurer.
REPORT OF AUDITING COMMITTEE OF THE DEPARTMENT OF
AGRICULTURE, FOR THE YEAR 1908.
To is Excellency. Hon. Warren Garst, Governor:
In compliance with the instruction of the Executive Council, we as a
committee duly appointed to examine the books of the Department of
Agriculture for the year 1908, as provided by section 1657-a, Supplement
to Code of 1897, beg leave to report that we have examined the vouchers
for warrants drawn, and compared the same, and examined the accounts
of money received into its treasury, a detailed account of the same being
attached, and made a part of this report. Your committee find that no
warrants have been drawn except on duly authenticated vouchers which
are on file duly numbered with warrant number. We also commend the
secretary of this department, for efficiency of the system of bookkeeping
in vogue in his office.
A. H. Grisell,
C. W. Hoffman,
J. C. Flexxikex.
10
146
IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
CONDENSED FINANCIAL STATEMENT OF THE IOWA STATE DEPARTMENT
Showing Receipts and Disbursements of Iowa State Fair and Other Sources and
Net Profit of Fair for Each
Receipts
Year
5S0
>
p
0)
CO
ag,a
0
-0
a
2
0
m
a
h
1896
$ 116.79
28,616.55
34,214.93
30,372.25
28,963.11
29,657.23
39,976.34
50,294.87
35,327.90
$ 36,622.10
50,712.91
63,084.71
59,838.56
66,100.36
84,786.25
110,929.85
104,356.75
138,764.66
$ 7,000.00
1,000.00
38,000.00
1,000.00
48,000.00
1,000.00
1,000.00
76,000.00
1,000.00
$ 6,710.22
2,753.82
3,037.06
3,140.79
2,622.03
2,840.92
3,717.16
5,452.34
3,262.95
$ 50,332.32
54,466.73
104,121.77
63,979.35
116,722.39
88,627.17
115,617.01
185,809.09
143,027.61
$ 50,449.11
83,083.28
138,366.70
94,351.60
145,685.50
118,2&4.49
155,623.35
236,103.96
178,355.51
$ 16,404.29
1901
19,203.83
1902
$ 12,000.00
15,000.00
15,000.00
15,000.00
15,000.00
15,000.00
15,000.00
21,736.31
1903
1904
23,813.13
24,691.68
1905
28.730.89
1906
1907
1908
31,703,94
35,504.79
38,744.58
$ 678,574.05
$ 174,000.00
$ 26,827.07
$ 872,401.12
$ 2^.129.13
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV
147
OF AGRICULTURE FOR YEARS OF 1896, 1901, 1902, 1903, 1904, 1905, 1906, 1907, 1908
Expenditures, Together With Amount Expended for Improvements, Repairs, etc., and
of the Years Named. {
Disbursements
Profits of Fair
U V
|8
III
d
IIS
u
o
^ u
■1=: '^
Previous
year's bus-
iness or
outstandl 'g
warrants
3
o
a
t
1 o
-H m
OS fl.t:
m
(C
o
u
P.
%\^ V^\ 06 *5 '7 471 Qt
$14 019 88 « ?iS 2J.7 2S
$ 152.84
34,244.93
30,372.25
28,963.11
29,657.23
39,976.34
50,294.87
35,327.90
25,328.73
$ 53,400.12
83,083.28
138,366.70
94,351.60
145,685.50
118,284.40
155,623.35
236,103.96
178,355.51
$ 36,622.10
50,712.91
63,084. n
59,838.56
66,100.36
84,786.25
110,929.85
104,356.75
138,764.66
$ 31,807.35$ 4.814.75
13,925.87
20,073.31
21,989.56
28,485.42
34,408.62
40,315.60
43,647.20
55,848.65
13,378.73
63,4.57.12
17,855.77
59,641.11
11,963.09
30,035.33
116,459.05
53,663.69
2,313.44
2,608.69
1,704.83
3,195.43
3,345.27
3,385.87
5,043.03
4,975.50
48,821.87
107,875.46
65,363.29
116,013.64
78,447.87
105,440.74
200,6^.07
153,231.98
% 16.48
118.99
25.20
14.63
139.81
112.26
176.19
381.39
33,129.70
41,809.65
45,802.69
53,177.10
63,139.51
72,459.39
79,151.99
94,-593.21
17,583.21
21,275.06
14,035.87
12,823.20
21,646.74
38,470.46
25,204.76
44,171.45
$258,694.26
^66,453.89
$26,522.06
$875,848.92
$715,196.15
$515,170.59
$200,025.56
148 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
]\Ir. President : We have with us this morning a gentleman from
Ohio whom I know is competent and well qualified to talk to you
upon the subject assigned him. I know that the gentlemen who
were at the fair managers' meeting last night were pleased with the
address he made, and it is with pleasure that I introduce to you
Mr. A. P. Sandles.
THE PURPOSE AND FIELD OF STATE FAIRS AND EXPOSITIONS.
HOX. A. P. SANDLES, COLUMBUS, OHIO.
What I say to you this morning I don't want you to call a speech. I
am just going to talk to you a little while. In fact, I don't want you to
call it a speech for a very good reason; for the same reason a little boy
gave his grandma one time. Johnnie was siding down the baluster one
day and grandma saw him. She said, "Johnnie, you must not do that;
I would not do that." Johnnie said, "No, grandma, you couldn't." And
that is one of the reasons why I am not going to make a speech and just
want to talk to you a little v>hile.
I am certainly glad to come out here to Iowa. When I received a
letter from Mr. Simpson I could not resist it. I don't know who could
resist Simpson. You know the railway conductors always say they shed
tears when John gets off the train. I nonestly believe if John was bald-
headed he could go out and sell hair restorer. He has been so active
and is one of the main spokes in the wheel in our association known as
the American Association of State Fairs and Expositions at Chicago. I
know him so well that, as I say, I can hardly resist him. I am glad to
come out here on this occasion. I have been interested in agriculture
all my life; in fact, I was born in a log house close to the poor house;
that is why I am poor. I am what is known as a farm product, home-
grown and hand-spanked.
I am quite sure you know that Iowa is far in the lead in this work and
your state fair has won distinction; it is in the front rank. And your
agricultural college at Ames is another institution that is making Iowa
famous. Sometimes these things at home, these men and women at home,
don't get the full appreciation they should have and go somewhere else.
We are somewhat inclined to think that the good things are away over
yonder; that is not true, the gold is right at your feet. I say that this
institution at Ames is one of the engine rooms of the nation; it is going
to drive back the darkness and drive us on to progress. This report of
the department of agriculture which was read to you this morning I am
sure must be a great source of gratification to all of you. Do you know-
that the statesman, the philosopher and the scholar are all agreed and
sing the praises of agriculture and those who plow and farm the earth.
It is only the cheap politician who fails to give full weight to agriculture
it ought to have. In Ohio about three or four years ago we had a governor
elected and a legislature who forgot about the farmers and agricultural
interests and ignored these Interests and appropriations and the very
laws asked for by the people. When the next election came along that
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 149
governor was defeated and the complexion of the legislature almost
changed. The farmers in my state, and I suspect it is true in this state,
pay one-half of the taxes. Why shouldn't they have their share of the
distribution? After that election they woke up and discovered that they
were like the lighting bug. You know someone has said:
"The lightning bug is a brilliant thing,
But the insect has no mind,
So it goes on stumbling through the world
With its headlight on behind."
That about is what happens to the men who fail to give full credence
to agriculture. There is no other occupation that means so much to the
welfare of this nation as agriculture. Gibbons said "Agriculture is the
foundation of commerce." George Washington said, "Agriculture is the
most useful, the most importaijt of all occupations." What was true then
Is true now, Andrew Jackson said, "Agriculture is connected with every
other interest of the country and is superior in importance to them all."
And so the historian, the scholar, and the statesman have given the credit
that belongs to agriculture. Did you ever go to Washington and visit the
great Congressional Library building? You will be astonished at the
magnificence and magnitude. As you go inside, the beauty and magni-
tude dawns upon you and you unconsciously take off your hat, and the
respect grows into reverence. All that man could do to make the build-
ing splendid and wonderful has been done. As you go up one of the
spacious stairways you see one of the most wonderful and remarkable
pictures on the wall known as the "Mosaic Minerva." The remarkable
thing about it is that it is made all of little blocl?s of marble; every fea-
ture, eyes, nose, mouth, etc., are worked out in these little blocks of
marble. IMinerva, Goddess of Wisdom. She is holding in the left hand
a scroll on which is inscribed the names of the arts, professions and
occupations — law, theology, medicine — but above all, and first of all, is
the one word "Agriculture"; it leads all the rest; the second just below is
"Education." My friends, it seems to me that this great artist must have
had the true conception of v.'hat it takes to build up a commonwealth.
Agriculture and education are indeed necessary.
As I said, I feel timid about coming out to this state where you are
doing such great work and have so many eminent men. When I come
in my weak way I feel just a little like one of the men in a story told
by Mr. Hoar of the United States Senate: One was a very large man and
the other a very small man. The quarrel between them became so in-
tense that finally the large man challenged the little man to fight a duel.
That gave the little man the choice of weapons, and he chose guns. This
gave the little man an advantage because he would have a larger mark
to shoot at. They finally compromised by having the little man stand
up in front of the large man and a friend marked off his size and shape
on the big man; then he was to shoot inside that mark, nothing outside
was to count. So if what I say does not come up to your expectations,
don't count it; it is outside of the chalk.
I believe the mission of the state fair is to encourage better agricul-
ture. I believe it will induce men to mix brains with their work and
150 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
sweat. I believe it will urge them to better efforts, more intelligent
farming, more intelligent breeding, and if it does that it will accomplish
a great purpose. Don't you know it is more profitable to raise good ani-
mals than it is to raise the scrub, the plug? As I said to you last night,
a first class animal seldom has a second class owner. When you improve
the breed you also improve the race of man who breeds these animals.
Our agricultural experiment stations work in the field of research and
investigation. They find out truths and scatter them broadcast. You
learn their results; but suppose you don't put them into action in your
everyday life, it won't do you much good. The state fair is the place
that shows who has learned his lesson best and can deliver the goods;
it is the comparison of ideas and results. As was said last night by our
friend from Ames: The first time he went out with his cattle he thought
he had the best there was; but when he got there and found his neigh-
bor had so much better stuff he was discouraged, but he had new ideas.
The fellow who never goes out imagines he has the best there is and is
likely to be bigoted and stuck up. It is a good thing for everybody once
in a while to be worsted. If everyone in this world could have just one
half of what they would like to have they would have more than their
share, wouldn't they? The state fair is one of the best places I know of
to take the conceit out of men. If they think they have the best just let
them go to the state fair; they will soon find out they have not. There is
no better way to let the people appreciate what a great state you have
than to come to the state fair. They see what other places or states are
doing and think more of it. This business of agriculture, raising corn,
wheat and live stock, is a breeder of patriotism as well. You know when
you give a man a home, a fine house and fine animals of every kind, that
man is a patriot. You know when this country has needed volunteers
that the farm boys have come along and helped take care of "Old Glory"
and kept the stars in the flag. Agriculture is a breeder of patriotism.
Agriculture, the state fair, our farmers' institutes, our judging contests,
our experiment stations, are all educators, and that is indeed the greatest
purpose of the state fair. The state fair is the one place that teaches to
distinguish what man, what brains, what push and energy can accom-
plish. I wish everybody in the state of Iowa might read that splendid
address made by President McKinley at the Pan-American Exposition at
Buffalo, the day previous to his assassination. To Americans and Amer-
ican institutions he pays a noble tribute. He said, "Fairs and expositions
are the timekeepers which mark the progress of nations. They record
the world's advancement. They stimulate the energy, enterprise and in-
tellect of people and quicken human genius. They go into the home.
They broaden and brighten the daily life of the people. They open
mighty store-houses of information to the student. Every fair or exposi-
tion, great or small, has helped to some onward step. Comparison of
ideas is always educational, and as such instructs the brain and hand of
man." History does not tell of a single fair or exposition during the
dark ages. Point out the states and nations that have done most in
fostering fairs and expositions, and I will show you the nations that have
gained supremacy in the commercial world. If China ccrald have one
good fair like you have, or like one of our world's fairs, it would do mor(«
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 151
to waken up that sleepy old empire than anything else that could happen.
It costs money, but good things do cost money. Somebody has said that
it costs more to live today than ever before. But it is worth more, isn't
it? Costs money, yet my good friends we are willing to pay for good
things. Over here is Russia with only three cents per capita for educa-
tion; but Russia, greatest in area, greatest in numbers, stands before
the world today humiliated by the little island of Japan. We would not
trade with Russia. Someone has said, "If you educate a boy you will
have an educated man. Educate a girl and you educate a whole family."
I believe we heard last night about these classes in judging. That is
splendid; that makes strong men and helps push this state along. I un-
derstand that you have a great corn country out here; I know you have,
and corn is a wonderful crop and means so much to you. The corn crop
in this country in 1906 was a little more than three billion bushels, while
the rest of the world produced less than one billion. If that great corn
crop could be loaded in wagons, forty bushels to the load, drawn by a
team of horses, and started out it would reach six and one-half times
around the world. That is the magnitude of the corn crop in this country
every year. If this procession would proceed in a straight line, the first
wagon would be one hundred and fifty thousand miles away before the
last one started. According to the increase in population in this country,
by 1950 we will have more than two hundred millions of people in this
country. We do not produce more than one-half enough to feed that many
now. It is our business to find out how we can raise more corn on one
acre of ground next year than we do this, more wheat on one acre of
ground. We must know how to feed these people. When people are
hungry is when they form mobs and defy the law. J. J. Hill made a
wonderful address at the Minnesota State Fair Grounds. He pointed out
some of the things, and it was a remarkable speech, the facts and data
he had gathered and put into that speech. It is startling almost how we
are wasting our natural resources and our forests. Our fine state fairs
can show us how to improve the breeds, people coming together showing
the products of the soil. If this will help us to preserve the fertility of
the soil and keep the fields from becoming barren, the state fairs will
have a great purpose.
On the banks of the River Rhine stands a castle, the scene of many
gatherings. On the walls of this castle hang three pictures, each of which
tells a story. The first is that of a soldier, in his hand a musket, and just
below is the inscription, "I fight for all." We need the soldier to save
this country when it has to be saved. The next picture is that of a priest
arrayed in ministerial garb, in his hand the Bible, and just below is
written, "I pray for all." We need somebody to help us keep the way.
The third picture is that of a man in the field at work, in his hands a
hoe, and on his brow the sweat of honest toil, and just below is the in-
scription, "I feed them all." My good friends, that is a cheering message,
but the man has to keep on toiling, sweating, and working because after
all that is the corner stone of this matter. The man who drops a grain
of corn into the ground and persuades it to germinate and materialize has
both feet resting on the corner stone of his nation.
152 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
I think the U. S. Report of Agriculture shows the greatest average
yield of corn ever had in this state was in 1906, 39.5 bushels, the highest
average reported by the U. S. Department of Agriculture. That depart-
ment has its crop reporters scattered all over the state. The lowest you
ever had was in 1901, 25 bushels; that seems to be the minimum report
by the department and 39.5 is the highest. In 1906 the greatest corn
year was reported by the Department of Agriculture in the United States;
the average all over the United States was 30.3, a rather low average.
Out in Ohio Mr. Simpson had no respect for my feelings and told what a
big fair you have. I am going to get back on him now. In 1906 Ohio
had the greatest corn yield per acre in the United States, 42.6 bushels.
W© feel very proud of that. Of course that was one great year for corn.
But now the lowest average ever reported by the U. S. Department of
Agriculture in any state is down in South Carolina, where they had only
6.9 bushels in 1901; a very low average. While that is the lowest average
reported by the Agricultural Department, yet it was down in South
Carolina that the world's record v.as made for raising corn on one acre
of ground. The American Agriculturalist, a farm paper published in
New York City (You can write the editor and get an affidavit as to these
facts if you don't want to believe me) can give you the facts on how this
acre was fertilized, etc. A prize of $500 was offered for the person raising
the most corn on one acre of ground. The offer was made a year or more
in advance so that the ground might be prepared and put in proper condi-
tion, and this man Drake, of Marlborough couniy, won the prize. This
is, as I say, the world's record; it shows the extreme possibilities. After
that corn was shelled and weighed it made 254 bushels and 49 pounds.
I am giving you my authority, because you might think like Bill Nye said
one time. He and a friend got to talking and telling stories, and Bill
said, "My friend, I think there are three big liars in this town. I think I
am one of them and you are the other two.' Perhaps you think I am all
of them, but that is the recorded result, sworn to. It shows what is pos-
sible when the ground is nourished, fertilized, cultivated. The matter of
expense was not considered; the main or whole question was how much
corn it was possible to raise on one acre. In Iowa 39 bushels is the best
you have ever done. If this state fair in any way will educate the
farmers to raise that average it is v/orth while. The average yield the
first half of the last ten years was 23.8 bushels per acre. That is the
average corn crop of the whole United States per acre. That same report
shows that the last five years of the ten year period had increased to
27.4 per acre. That is an average increase of 3.6 bushels per acre in the
last ten years. That is encouraging. And that report shows that one
hundred millions of acres are cultuivated to corn in the United States
every year; and that increased average means 3.600,000 bushels of corn
more each year that we are raising. Corn at fifty cents per bushel; that
means about $180,000,000, the increased amount of wealth we get from
that increased average. It is lots of money, and if the state fairs, agri-
cultural colleges, experiment stations, farmers' institutes, and corn shows
are adding that much every year, then it is worth while to keep them up
and maintain them. You are justified in asking the members of your
legislature to help you, are you not? It don't cost anywhere near that
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 153
sum to maintain these institutions. When our state legislatures appro-
priate money to promote the welfare of these institutions, and to make
more thorough these investigations and researches, that money will bring
more than one hundred cents on the dollar, and when you show it is a
good investment your people will not object to a slight increase of taxes.
People don't object to taxes if they get value received. Someone has said
taxes are worse than death. Death comes only once but taxes come every
year. The farmer is almost as unfortunate in this as the man:
"Whose horse went dead and his mule went lame.
And he lost his cows in a poker game;
Then a hurricane came one summer day
And blowed the house where he lived away.
Then an earthquake came when that was gone
And swallowed the ground the house stood on.
Then the tax collector he came round,
And taxed him up with ihe hole in the ground."
In this matter of corn raising, my friends, it is a good investment to
mix brains with your work. In Pennsylvania they had a Jersey cow that
sold for $11,500.00. That is a hundred acre farm with the hide on. In
Ohio we have a big bee farm and one queen bee sold for $100.00. That is
an acre of dirt on the wing. That shows that great interest is being taken.
It shows that some people are getting interested in their business. An
ear of corn was sold at Ames for $150.00 The ear weighed nineteen
ounces, selling at the rate of $9,000.00 a bushel, which is a hundred acre
farm in a bushel basket. I heard a gentleman from Ames telling the
other day about ten ears of corn having won $7,000.00 in prizes. That is
about $700.00 for an ear of corn. You can get more inspiration when a
man goes to a fair and gets a prize. If a man can beat his neighbor that
is enough glory; it is an honor and distinction of winning this prize. I
like a man who has ambition. The fair ground is a great battle ground.
That is where neighbor and friend come in and try to conquer by skill.
The man who does these things counts for more in the long run. These
men on the broad prairies of Iowa will do more to keep "Old Glory"
floating than those gamblers down in Wall Street. We are a great big
neighborhood, that is all. You may think you are doing your duty and
that it is no concern of yours what someone else is doing. But we must
keep up this good v/ork. You may keep your premises clear, but suppos-
ing your neighbor allows a cesspool on his premises and that pool
breeds a fatal disease? It may be that your children will be contaminated
first; that mourning will hang on your door before it will hang on his.
So it is of some concern to you what others are doing. This country
of ours is a great big field; the state is a great big neighborhood; and the
conditions . all over the country do concern you and you must have in
your heart a desire to help your country and make your fellowmen better.
I believe agriculture is the foundation of commerce. When granaries are
full prosperity smiles; when depleted it frowns.
Sometimes we hear about the boys leaving the farm. We often hear
it discussed how to keep the boys on the farm. I don't know the solution,
but I do know that when the farm boy can do himself and his country
more good by leaving the farm he has my permission to go. This in-
154 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
tellectual farming is going to do a whole lot of good for this country.
When you come to ask your legislature to help you I don't believe they
will refuse any of your just demands. You ought to have your share of
the taxes paid in. What right has any set of men to refuse to give to
those who produce what they ask.
I expect I have talked long enough. I want to wish everybody well in
this state. You have good live men out here; I think everyone of you
are live wires. I am not sure I said it last night, but I think every one
of you can swim upstream; you are independent. In the east you are
becoming famous as becoming independent fellows. Count one. Do
something. Be not only good, but good for something. This education
that is going on is going to be the salvation of this country. We have
men who in their mad race for gold would sacrifice almost everything;
they don't care for the people on these broad acres. They have little
conception of what it takes to make a great country or a great state.
John D. Rockefeller's income is $60,000,000.00 a year; $1.90 every time
the watch ticks; $114.00 every minute. I suspect that is more than his
share. I suspect that that is evidence that some place he has had special
favors or something like that. My good friends, it is not all you ought
to do to plow, sow and farm. You want to pay some attention to your
public affairs. It is a good thing when you find out about some of these
things going on to just take a day off and raise another kind of crop —
raise hell with those fellows. About ten tons to the acre is all right.
I want to call your attention to this: In our state the farmers are
getting tired of just having garden seed sent to them. They see all these
things going on and hear about the congressmen down at Washington.
Our farmers' institutes are passing resolutions that they don't want
garden seeds. What they want is just and more favorable laws in the
interest of agriculture. $250,000.00 is spent buying garden seeds of
favored companies, usually left over from last year; $260,000.00 to $270,-
000.00 to rairoad companies to take these though the mail. Suppose they
give your state fair $10,000.00 to help agriculture, or to colleges for giv-
ing lectures. Would not that do more good? I am not sure they want
to do so much for the farmers as for these favored companies.
Another thing I want to call your attention to. The postmaster gen-
eral last summer at a meeting of the Northeastern Postmasters' Associa-
tion complained about some of the things in the postoffice department.
Here is one of them: I don't know whether you people are in favor of
the parcel post, but you can't have it; they w^on't let you have it, and
there are as many reasons why you can't have it as there are express
companies. You can get a copy of that address; it is splendid and full
of information. He said if you want to send a one pound package from
one town to another, take it to the postoffice and Uncle Sam will charge
you one cent an ounce. If some foreigner would come up to that same
postoffice window and want to send a four pound package across the ocean
he could send that same package for one-half cent an ounce; not five miles,
but five thousand or twice five thousand miles. That is the condition we
are up against today. If you want to send a package weighing four pounds
and one ounce they won't take it. The foreigner can come up with a
package weighing eleven pounds and Uncle Sam will take it across the
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 155
seas. They do something for these foreigners that they won't do for their
own people. It is all right to take a shot at such things once in a while
It is all right for you to let your congressman know about it. It is your
business to know something about politics. Just look up the definition of
txiat word politics. It means public affairs; how to conduct the business
of the town, township, county or nation. Follow up these things that
support your agricultural colleges; raise more per acre on your land next
year, and prosperity will come to you and it will be worth while living
here. I am an optimist. I believe in looking on the bright side of life.
In an art gallery is a picture whose face from one side looks like a frown;
on the other side the lights and shadows so fall that a pleasant smile
wreaths the face. It is a noticeable fact that those who go to see this
picture linger longer on the side of the smile than on the side of the
frown.
" 'Twixt optimist and pessimist
The difference is droll;
The optimist sees the doughnut,
But the pessimist sees the hole."
Worry is what kills people. Look on the sunny side of life. Go back
to the farm and take a new hold. Today is better than yesterday, and
tomorrow will be better still. I am one of those fellows who would
rather see Santa Glaus than to see a king. A hearty handshake is worth
while. I am glad I came out here. I hope next year your wheat will
make good flour, and the flour make good bread; that your hogs will
make good pork. And if you ever come to Ohio I hope you will look me
up. I don't know that I have said very much that will do much good,
but I do know that your state fair is worth while. Stand by it; go back
home and boost it. It is a good thing, and the suggestions made by your
secretary and president are good. The very fact that you are asking for
amendments to the law is a good sign that you are not satisfied with
past conditions. I hope God will bless all of you and the devil miss all
of you.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
The President: We will listen to the weather and crop report
of Dr. Geo. M. Chappel. I take pleasure in presenting to you,
for the first time, I think, Dr. Geo. M. Chappel, Director of the
Weather and Crop Service.
(Note — Dr. Chappel's report in full appears in Part I of this
book.) : ; )!
Dr. Chappel : I would suggest that some action be taken by this
Board to have the township assessors in making their assessment
next year, or, if too late, the next year, include in their reports the
minor items in farm production (alfalfa, pop corn, etc.), so that
we will have a basis to figure on.
ine IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
The Committee on Credentials submitted the following report
and on motion of Mr. Grisell of Guthrie county the report was
adopted and the committee discharged :
REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON CREDENTIALS.
Your committee on Credentials beg leave to report as follows:
Section 1657-d of the Code Supplement sets forth what organizations
are entitled to representation and voice in the annual state agricultural
convention as follows:
"There shall be held in the capitol on the second Wednesday of Decem-
ber, 1900, and annually thereafter, the state agricultural convention, com-
posed of the state board of agriculture, together with the president or
secretary of each county or district society entitled to receive aid from
the state, or regularly elected delegate therefrom accredited in writing,
who shall be a resident of the county; and in counties where there are
no agricultural societies the board of supervisors may appoint a dele-
gate who shall be a resident of the county. The president or an accred-
ited representative of the following named associations shall be entitled
to membership in said convention, to-wit: the state horticultural society,
the dairy association, the improved stock breeders' association, the swine
breeders' association, and each farmers' institute organized under the
provisions of section 1675 of the Code. Provided, said farmers' institute
has been organized at least one. year, and has reported to the state secre-
tary of agriculture not later than November 1st, through its president and
secretary or executive committee, that an institute was held according
to law, the date thereof, the names and post office addresses of its officers.
They shall also furnish the state secretary of agriculture with a copy
of program of each institute hereafter held and one or more papers read
before such institute, if papers are read. On all questions arising for a
determination by the convention including the election of members of the
board, each member present shall be entitled to but one vote, and no
proxies shall be recognized by the convention."
Your committee finds that eighty-four delegates have presented creden-
tials and are entitled to a vote in the proceedings of this convention.
Credentials have been presented from the following named organizations
which have not complied with the law as set forth in the section just
read in regard to filing report with the secretary of agriculture and are
therefore not entitled to representation at this meeting:
Warren County Farmers' Institute;
Monroe County Farmers' Institute;
Boone County Farmers' Institute;
Cerro Gordo County Farmers' Institute.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 157
DELEGATES FitOM COUNTY AND DISTRICT AGRICULTURAL
SOCIETIES.
Adair County Agricultural Society A. C. Savage, Adair
Audubon County Agricultural Society G. W. Hoover, Audubon
Buena Vista County Agricultural Society A. L. Denio, Alta
Calhoun County Fair Association C. G. Kaskey, Manson
Cass County Fair Association Ed. Berg, Atlantic
Northern Iowa Agricultural Society D. M. Arthur, Mason City
Strawberry Point District Agricultural Society
J. C. Flenniken, Strawberry Point
Clinton County District Fair Association Carl J. Skinner, Clinton
Davis County Agricultural Society H. C. Leach, Bloomfield
Floyd County Agricultural Society John Waller, Charles City
Grundy County Agricultural Society H. N. Dilley, Grundy Center
Guthrie County Agricultural Society A. H. Grisell, Guthrie Center
Hancock County Agricultural Society Jas. Manuel, Britt
Hardin County Agricultural Society H. S. Martin, Eldora
Henry County Agricultural Society, Mt. Pleasant. H. Arnold, Mt. Pleasant
Victor District Agricultural Society J. P- Bowling, VictW
Jackson County Agricultural Society Ed. Phillips, Maquoketa
Jasper County Agricultural Society C. F. Sauerman, Colfax
What Cheer District Agricultural Society F. H. Beeman, What Cheer
Kossuth County Agricultural Society A. R. Corey, Wesley
Lyon County Fair and Agricultural Society. .J. J. Harrison, Rock Rapids
Madison County Agricultural Society T. J. Hudson, Winterset
Lake Prairie District Agricultural Society, Pella Chas. Porter, Pella
Marshall County Fair Assoc-iation J. B. Claussen, Green Mountain
Monona County Fair Association Geo. Holbrook, Onawa
Union District Agricultural Society, West Liberty. .J. L. Peters, W. Liberty
O'Brien County Agricultural Society J. B. Murphy, Sutherland
Shenandoah Fair Association Chas. Aldrich, Shenandoah
Big Four District Fair Association, Fonda R. F. Beswick, Fonda
Poweshiek County Central Agricultural Society, Malcom
James Novak, Malcom
Poweshiek County Central Agricultural Society, Grinnell
Sam'l Jacob, Grinnell
Sac County Agricultural Society W. L. Stum, Sac City
Shelby County Agricultural Society L. H. Pickard, Shelby
Tama County Fair Association E. Mericle, Toledo
Creston District Fair Association W. W. Morrow, Afton
Forest City Park and Fair Association V. A. Jones, Forest City
Winneshiek County Agricultural Society E. J. Curtin, Decorah
Worth County Agricultural Society Nels Thorson, Northwood
Wright County Agricultural Society Sam Nelson, Clarion
Inter-State Live Stock Fair Association, Sioux City.F. L. Eaton, Sioux City
DELEGATES FROM FARMERS' INSTITUTES.
Buena Vista County S. R. Haines, Storm Lake
Cherokee County George Clarke, Cherokee
Clinton County J- W. Coverdale, Elwood
158 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Dallas County Geo. M. Fox, Dallas Center
Decatur County C. M. Akes, Leon
Franklin County N. E. Ferris, Hampton
Guthrie County S. J. Reed, Guthrie Center
Hancock County Jno. W. Schwack, Stillson
Polk County Geo. Swartf ager, Ankeny
Marion County W. H. Simpson, Knoxville
Mahaska County A. J. Lytle, Oskaloosa
Monona County H. L. Persons, Onawa
O'Brien County R- J. Morehead, Paullina
Shelby County W. M. Bomberger, Harlan
Story County W. P. George, Ames
Union County L. Day, Afton
DELEGATES FROM COUNTIES WHERE NO FAIRS WERE REPORTED
Dallas County Geo. M. Fox, Dallas Center
Decatur C. W. Hoffman, Leon
Des Moines County Clarence Murphy, Burlintgon
Emmet County Chas. C. Heer, Armstrong
Franklin County T. W. Purcell, Hampton
Greene County Albert Head, Jefferson
Howard County Geo. Judd, Riceville
Ida County . . . < B. M. Hester, Ida Grove
Lucas County D. C. Johnson, Derby
Monroe County N. S. Graham, Albia
Palo Alto County C. H. Beckwenn
Polk County Lou Burnett, Des Moines
Wapello County H. R. Baker, Eldon
STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.
Ex-oflBcio.
State Veterinarian Dr. P. 0. Koto
Officers.
President C. E. Cameron, Alta
Vice-President W. C. Brown, Clarion
Secretary J. C. Simpson, Des Moines
Treasurer G. S. Gilbertson, Des Moines
District Members.
First District R. S. Johnston, Columbus Junction
Third District E. M. Reeves, Waverly
Fourth District R. T. St. John, Riceville
Fifth District S. B. Packard, Marshalltown
Sixth District T. C. Legoe, What Cheer
Seventh District C. F. Curtiss, Ames
Eighth District John Ledgerwood, Osceola
Ninth District M. McDonald, Bayard
Tenth District O. A. Olson, Forest City
Eleventh District H. L. Pike, Whiting
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 159
The Committee on Resolutions made the following report which,
on motion of INIr. Clark of Marshall county, was adopted:
REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON RESOLUTIONS.
STATE AGRICULTURAL CONVENTION.
Dec. 9, 1908.
Your Committee on Resolutions submit the following report:
We congratulate the people of Iowa on the excellent management of
its Agricultural Department and commend the officials for the unpar-
alleled success of the 1908 fair.
The extensive exhibits of fruit and corn at this meeting fully main-
tains the high standard heretofore reached and demonstrates the wisdom
of the department in its work along educational Imes.
We extend our hearty thanks to the faculty of the college at Ames for
the assistance given the farmers of the state in the Short Course meet-
ings, farmers' institutes and other organizations working for the ad-
vancement of the farming and stock breeding industries of the state.
Our thanks are due and hereby tendered to the Thirty-second General
Assembly and especially to Senator B. W. Newberry for the passage of
the pure food bill, stock food, agricultural seed bills, pure paint, drug
and twine laws; also for the interest manifested in the investigation of
bovine tuberculosis and noxious weeds.
We heartily commend the recommendations of Secretary Simpson for
a larger support fund and would ask the Thirty-third General Assembly
to so amend existing laws that the Department of Agriculture may be en-
abled to issue bulletins from time to time containing such information
as would be of interest to agricultural, stock raising, dairying, and other
allied interests of the state. We would urge upon the legislature the
amending of existing laws so that the statistics on live stock and other
information relative to agriculture, agricultural products, acreage and
labor, by townships, can be collected and distributed annually through
the Department of Agriculture.
We extend our thanks to Hon. A. P. Sandles of Ohio for his interest-
ing and instructive address before the convention.
The present accommodations for the proper care and display of
stock and farm products at the State Fair are inadequate and require
enlargement in nearly every department. Therefore be it.
Resolved, That it is the sense of this convention that liberal appro-
priations should be made by the Thirty-third General Assembly for the
erection of an amphitheater, a manufacturers' and liberal arts build-
ing, a dairy and horticultural hall, and for such other buildings as the
society may require.
Resolved, That we commend the efforts being made to stamp out bovine
tuberculosis and recommend that actual and thorough work be continued
along the lines already laid down.
Respectfully submitted, (Signed) W. M. Clark,
C. P. Sauebman,
W. P. George.
Committee on Resolutions.
160 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
]\Ir. President : Next in order will be the election of the follow-
ing officers : President, Vice-President, Members of the Board from
the Second, Fourth, Sixth, Eighth and Tenth Districts. The fol-
lowing are appointed tellers for the election of officers : Nels Thorn-
son of Worth county, T. W. Purcell of Franklin county, and J. W.
Coverdale of Clinton county.
Vice-President Brown took the chair and called for nominations
for President. Mr. Denio of Buena Vista county placed in nomin-
ation Mr. C. E. Cameron of Buena Vista county to succeed him-
self, and moved if there were no other nominations that the rule
be suspended and the secretary authorized to cast the entire vote of
the convention for Mr. Cameron. Seconded by Mr. St. John. Mo-
tion prevailed. Secretary so cast the eighty-four votes for Mr.
Cameron. IMr. Cameron resumed the chair and thanked the con-
vention for the unanimous election.
President next called for nominations for Vice-President. Mr.
T. W. Purcell of Franklin county nominated I\Ir. W. C. Bro\m of
Wright county to succeed himself, and moved if there were no
other nominations that the nominations be closed, the rule sus-
pended, and the Secretary authorized to cast the entire vote of the
convention for Mr. Brown. IMotion prevailed and the Secretary so
cast the vote for Mr. Brown for Vice-President for the ensuing year.
Nominations for Member of the Board from the Second District
were called for, ]\Ir. Ferris nominated C. W. Phillips of Jackson
county, and moved that the rules be suspended and the Secretary
authorized to cast the eighty-four votes of the convention for ]\Ir.
Phillips. IMotion prevailed. The Secretary so cast the vote and
Mr. Phillips was declared elected Member of the Board from the
Second District for the ensuing two years.
Nominations for IMember of the Board from the Fourth District
were called for. ]\Ir. Judd of Howard county nominated R. T. St.
John of Mitchell county to succeed himself. Mr. Flenniken of Clay-
ton county placed in nomination E. J. Curtin of Winneshiek
county. A ballot was taken which resulted as follows: St. John,
18 ; Curtin, 66. Mr. Curtin having received a majority of the votes
cast was declared duly elected Member of the Board from the
Fourth District for the ensuing two years.
For IMember of the Board from the Sixth District, IMr. Nowak
of Poweshiek county placed in nomination T. C. Legoe of Keokuk
county, and moved if there Avere no other nominations that the rules
be suspended and the Secretary instructed to cast the entire vote of
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IV 161
the convention for Mr. Legoe. Secretary so cast the vote and Mr.
Legoe was declared elected Member of the Board from the Sixth
District for the ensuing 'two years.
Nominations for Member of the Board from the Eighth District
were called for. Mr. Hoffman of Decatur county nominated John
Ledgerwood of Clarke county and moved if there were no other
nominations that the rules be suspended and the Seretary instructed
to cast the entire vote of the convention for Mr. Ledgerwood.
Motion prevailed, the Secretary so cast the vote and Mr. Ledger-
wood was declared elected member of the board from the Eighth
District for the ensuing two years.
For Member of the Board from the Tenth District, Mr. Mullan
of Pocahontas county placed in nomination 0. A. Olson of Winne-
bago county, and moved if there were no other nominations that
the rules be suspended and the Secretary instructed to cast the
entire vote of the convention for Mr. Olson. Motion prevailed.
Secretary so cast the vote and Mr. Olson was declared duly elected
Member of the Board from the Tenth District for the ensuing
two years.
Mr. Graham of Monroe county offered the following resolution :
Resolved, That it is the sense of this convention that the so-called free
seed distribution by the government should be discontinued, and that
we recommend and urge our representatives in congress to use all rea-
sonable means for the discontinuance of the same.
Motion prevailed and the resolution was adopted.
On motion the convention adjourned.
C. E. Cameron, President.
J. C. Simpson, Secretary.
11
PART V.
SYNOPSIS OF PROCEEDINGS
OF
STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE
AND
COMMITTEE MEETINGS
1908.
EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING.
December 27, 1907.
Committee met with all members present. The object of the meet-
ing was to consider and look over revised plans for the Administra-
tion Building as per resolution of the Board. After giving careful
consideration to the revised plan for said building the Secretary was
instructed to have the architect proceed at once on the work of pre-
paring complete plans and specifications as per sketch agreed upon.
It was also agreed to invite bids on the various parts of the work as
well as upon the building as a whole
Bond of the Secretary for Ten Thousand Dollars ($10,000.00)
was approved. The committee looked after several details in regard
to the grounds, after which a motion was made to adjourn.
EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING.
January 22, 1908.
Committee met with members Cameron and Simpson present
The speed program for the 1908 fair was considered and finally
agreed upon as per published program in the Premium List.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART V im
January 23, 1908.
Members of the committee attended the joint meeting at Chicago
on the 23d, composed of the Officers and amusement committees of
the Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Indiana State Fairs. The purpose
of this meeting was to discuss the amusements for the various State
Fairs.
January 24, 1908.
Committee attended a meeting at Columbus, Ohio, composed of all
the State Fairs of the central west. The purpose of the meeting was
to consider a uniform classification of rules and premiums at the
various State Fairs.
EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING.
February 18, 1908.
Committee met with all members present. This being the date
set for receiving bids for the construction of the Administration
Building ; the hour having arrived the committee proceeded to open
and list all bids filed for all classes of work. After opening the
bids it was agreed to call the meeting of the Board on Friday,
February 21st, and submit to them a full list of all bids received.
A list of the bids will be found in the minutes of the Board. The
committee considered some slight revision of the premium list with
reference to the Horticultural and Horse Departments and ap-
proved the recommendations submitted by the superintendents of
the above departments. It was decided to hold a meeting of the
committee on the 10th of March for the purpose of receiving pro-
posals for attractions and amusements for the 1908 fair. On motion
the committee adjourned.
MEETING OF THE BOARD OF MANAGERS FOR THE IOWA
STATE FAIR AND EXPOSITION.
February 21, 1908.
Board met as per call of the President at 9 o'clock A. M. with all
members present. The President stated that the purpose of the
meeting was to consider bids received which had been received by
the Executive Committee for the erection of the Administration
Building at the State Fair and Exposition Grounds. He further
164 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
stated that in compliance with the resolution of the Board at their
December meeting the Executive Committee had instructed the
architects to revise their former plans and specifications and ask for
bids. The bids were received at the meeting of the Executive Com-
mittee on the 18th of the present month and were respectfully
referred to the meeting of the full Board.
The bids for the Administration Building received and opened on
Tuesday, February 18th, by the committee were as follows:
FORM OF PEOPOSAL.
All bids must be submitted in the following form :
Mr. J. C. Simpson,
Secretary State Board of Agriculture,
Des Moines, Iowa.
Dear Sib: —
The undersigned having carefully examined the drawings and read
the specifications prepared by Smith, Wetherell & Gage, Architects, Des
Moines, Iowa, for the Administration Building to be erected on the State
Fair Grounds at Des Moines, Iowa, hereby propose:
1. To furnish all material and to execute all parts of the work there-
in shown and described, complete for the sum of
(Design to be for exterior plastered).
W. J. Zitterell $29,348.00
Martin Conroy Co 35,675.00
Chas. Weitz' Sons 27,725.00
Benson & Marxer : 34,495.00
J. E. Lovejoy 31,175.00
Jas. Main & Sons Co 29,000.00
E. W. Nichols & Co 33,057.00
J. B. McGorrisk '. 28,020.00
J. E. Tusant 29,404.95
C. W. Ennis 31,718.80
J. B. Greeley & Son 28,666.00
Whitney-Bergdall 26,912.00
2. To furnish all material and labor and to execute all parts of the
work therein shown and described, complete for the sum of: (Design to
be brick for outside walls.)
W. J. Zitterell $31,536.00
Martin Conroy Co 35,975.00
Chas. Weitz' Sons 30,588.52
Benson & Marxer 37,161.00
J. E. Lovejoy 34,000.00
Jas. Main & Sons Co 31,500.00
E. W. Nichols & Co 35,200.00
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART V 165
J. B. McGorrisk 29,552.00
J. E. Tusant 30,343.75
C. W. Ennis 33,300.00
J. B. Greeley & Son 32,718.00
Whitney-Bergdall 29,578.00
3. Building complete with plaster exterior desing omitting the plaster-
ing, finish, finished floors and second story interior; also wall studs of
this story for interior partitions and ceiling joist except those necessary for
hearings to support roof work, for me sum of:
W. J. Zitterell $25,900.00
Martin Conroy Co 31,250.00
Chas. Weitz' Sons 24,716.83
Benson & Marxer 30,939.00
J. E. Lovejoy 28,700.00
Jas. Main & Sons Co 24,900.00
E. W. Nichols & Co 31,000.00
J. B, McGorrisk 24,921.00
J. E. Tusant 27,110.40
C. W. Ennis 29,218.00
J. B. Greeley & Son 26,206.00
Whitney-Bergdall 24,598.00
4. Building complete with hrick design, omitting the plastering, finish,
finishing floors of second story interior; also wall studs of this story for
interior partitions and ceiling joist except those necessary for bearings to
support roof work, for the sum of:
W. J. Zitterell $28,600.00
Martin Conroy Co 31,219.00
Chas. Weitz' Sons 27,572.35
Benson & Marxer 33,895.00
J. E. Lovejoy 31,525.00
Jas. Main & Sons Co 28,575.00
E. W. Nichols & Co 33,200.00
J. B. McGorrisk 26,453.00
J. E. Tusant 28,048.00
C. W. Ennis 30,718.00
J. B. Greeley & Son 30,252.00
Whitney-Bergdall 27,264.00
5. Building complete with plaster exterior design, omitting the plaster-
ing, finish, finished floors of second story interior; also all studs of this
story for interior partitions and ceiling joist except those necessary for
bearings to support roof work, and all porch work above the porch floor.
The central features of porches, front and rear, to be finished as shown, for
sum of:
W. J. Zitterell $23,400.00
Martin Conroy Co 30,449.00
Chas. Weitz' Sons 22,795.96
Benson & Marxer 28,165.00
J. E. Lovejoy 27,300.00
Jas. Main & Sons Co 23,717.00
166 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE
E. W. Nichols & Co 27,500.00
J. B. McGorrisk 23,184.00
J. E. Tusant 24,247.95
C. W. Ennis 28,118.00
J. B. Greeley & Son 25,896.00
Whitney-Bergdall 23,304.00
6. Building complete with brick exterior design, omitting the plaster-
ing, finish, finished floors of second story interior; also all wall studs of
this story for interior partitions and ceiling joist except those neces-
sary for bearings to support roof work, and all porch work above the porch
floor, for the sum of:
W. J. Zitterell $26,945.00
Martin Conroy Co 32,338.00
Chas. Weitz' Sons 24,125.07
Benson & Marxer 30,405.00
J. E. Lovejoy 29,825.00
Jas. Main & Sons Co 24,870.00
E. W. Nichols & Co 31,300.00
J. B. McGorrisk 23,585.00
J. E. Tusant 25,186.75
C. W. Ennis 29,618.00
J. B. Greeley & Son 29,450.00
Whitney-Bergdall 25,968.00
7. If Y. P. floors are put in where cement floors are called for on plan,
deduct:
W. J. Zttierell $ 188.00
Martin Conroy Co 150.00
Chas. Weitz' Sons 256.70
Benson & Marxer 402.00
J. E. Lovejoy 90.00
Jas. Main & Sons Co 300.00
E. W. Nichols & Co 125.00
J. B. McGorrisk 276.00
J. E. Tusant 166.60
C. W. Ennis 250.00
J. B. Greeley & Son 500.00
Whitney-Bergdall '. 150.00
8. If cement floors in basement are omitted, deduct:
W. J. Zitterell $ 633.00
Martin Conroy Co 850.00
Chas. Weitz' Sons 700.00
Benson & Marxer 796.00
J. E. Lovejoy 550.00
Jas. Mains & Sons Co 650.00
E. W. Nichols & Co 250.00
J. B. McGorrisk 535.00
J. E. Tusant 750.00
C. W. Ennis 640.00
J. B. Greeley & Son 675.00
Whitney-Bergdall 1,100.00
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART V 167
9. If cupboards, shelving, interior doors and frames of basement, stairs
from first story to basement are omitted, deduct:
W. J. Zitterel $ 771.00
Martin Conroy Co 750.00
Chas. Weitz' Sons 350.00
Benson & Marxer 963.00
J. E. Lovejoy 350.00
Jas. Main & Sons Co 400.00
E. W. Nichols & Co 500.00
J. B. McGorrisk 600.00
J. E. Tusant 795.00
C. W. Eunis 500.00
J. B. Greeley & Son 1,100.00
Whitney-Bergdall '. 525.00
hereby agree that if
proposal is accepted to enter into contract and furnish itemized schedule
and bond as required within ten days after notification of such acceptance,
and as a guarantee thereof, herewith submit certified check on bank of
for $ , being 3% of the
above bid, subject to the conditions set forth in the general conditions
forming a part of the specifications.
Respectfully submitted.
Contractor.
FORM OF PROPOSAL.
All bids must be submitted on the following form :
Me. J. C. Simpson,
Secretary State Board of Agriculture,
Des Moines, Iowa.
Dear Sir: —
The undersigned having carefully examined the drawings and read
the specifications prepared by Smith, Wetherell & Gage, Architects, Des
Moines, Iowa, for the Plumbing of the Administration Building, to be
erected on the State Fair Grounds at Des Moines, Iowa, hereby propose:
1. To furnish all material and labor and to execute all parts of
of the work therein shown and described complete, except the
sewer pipe between building and cess pool, for the sum of:
Wallace & Linnane $2,655.00
Globe Plumbing & Heating Co 3,150.00
Des Moines Plumbing and Heating Co 2,750.00
A. W. Walker & Co 2,600.00
2. Will put sewer pipe in between cess pool and building, for
per lineal foot:
Wallace & Linnane • $ .75
Globe Plumbing & Heating Co .50
Des Moines Plumbing & Heating Co .45
A. H. Walker & Co 75
168 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
3. If steam cookers are omitted, deduct:
Wallace & Linnane $ 200.00
Globe Plumbing & Heating Co 163.00
Des Moines Plumbing & Heating Co 300.00
A. H. Walker & Co 160.00
4. If ranges are omitted, deduct:
Wallace & Linnane $ 200.00
Globe Plumbing & Heating Co 200.00
Des Moines Plumbing & Heating Co 135.00
A. H. Walker & Co 170.00
5. If boiler supplying steam to steam cookers is omitted, deduct:
Wallace «B; Linnane $ 225.00
Globe Plumbing & Heating Co 143.00
Des Moines Plumbing & Heating Co 200.00
A. H. Walker & Co 185.00
... .7 hereby agree if
proposal is accepted to enter into contract and furnish itemized proposal
and bond as required within ten days after notification of such acceptance,
and as a guarantee thereof, herewith submit certified check on bank of
for $ , being 3% of the
above bid, subject to the conditions set forth in the general conditions
forming a part of the specifications.
Respectfully submitted.
Contrax3tor.
After examining the bids, it was decided that if a building was
to be erected it should be of brick.
The following resolution was offered, and upon roll call unani-
mously adopted:
"Resolved, That contracts for the Administration Building be awarded
to the lowest responsible bidder under proposition No. 4 of the form of
proposal, viz: general contract to J. B. McGorrisk at $26,453.00, with an
option until October 1st on his bid of $29,552.00 under proposition No. 2
of the form of proposal; plumbing contract to A. H. Walker & Co. at
$1,545.00, with an option until October 1st for finishing as per proposal
No. 1 at $2,600.00.
Be it Further Resolved, That the Executive Committee be and are here-
by authorized to execute said contracts and such other expenditures for
improvements at the Iowa State Fair and Exposition Grounds as in their
judgment are needed or necessary.
Be It Further Resolved, That the Executive Committee are hereby
authorized and empowered to make such minor modifications in the plan
of the Administration Building as may seem to them advisable."
The following resolution with reference to the management of the
Iowa State Fair and Exposition was reported by the special com-
imtte and upon roll coll adopted by a unanimous vote :
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART V 169
"Resolved, That the general management of the Iowa State Fair and
Exposition be delegated to the Executive Committee as provided in Sec-
tion 1657-i, Chapter 3, of the Supplement to the Code of Iowa, and that
said Executive Committee be and is hereby authorized to employ a secre-
tary or clerk at a salary of not to exceed twelve hundred dollars ($1200.)
per year, said salary to be paid from the receipts of the Iowa State Fair
and Exposition."
"Resolved, That the Board of Directors of the Iowa Department of
Agriculture hereby extend a cordial invitation to the American Breeders'
Association to hold its next annual meeting in Des Moines in January, 1909,
or at such time as may suit the convenience of that Association."
"Resolved, That the Board of Directors of the Iowa Department of
Agriculture hereby extend a cordial invitation to the American Berk-
shire Congress to hold its next annual meeting in Des Moines, January,
1909, or as such time as may suit the convenience of the Congress."
The Committee on Per Diem and Mileage appointed by the Presi-
dent submitted the following report and on motion same was
adopted and the Secretary instructed to issue warrants in payment
of same :
Mr. President: Your Committee on Per Diem and Mileage beg leave
to report as follows:
Name Days Rate Amt. Miles Amt. Total
C.E.Cameron 6 $4.00 $24.00 140 $14.00 $38.00
W.C.Brown 3 4.00 12.00 102 10.20 22.20
R. S. Johnston 3 4.00 12.00 158 15.80 27.80
C. W. Phillips 3 4.00 12.00 12.00
E.M.Reeves 3 4.00 12.00 123 12.30 24.30
R. T. St. John 3 4.00 12.00 195 19.50 31.50
S.B.Packard 3 4.00 12.00 58 5.80 17.80
T. C. Legoe 3 4.00 12.00 100 10.00 22.00
C. F. Curtiss 3 4.00 12.00 37 3.70 15.70
John Ledgerwood 3 4.00 12.00 64 6.40 18.40
M. McDonald 3 4.00 12.00 65 6.50 18.50
O.A.Olson 3 4.00 12.00 155 15.50 27.50
H. L. Pike 3 4.00 12.00 200 20.00 32.00
John Ledgeewood,
H. L. Pike,
R. S. JOHNSTOX,
Committee.
It was moved and carried that all unfinished business be delegated
to the Executive Committee with full authority and power to act.
Resolution was adopted authorizing the payment to Smith, Weth-
erell & Gage, architects, 3 per cent for plans and specifications and
1 per cent for supervision in the construction of the Administra-
tion Building.
On motion the Board adjourned.
170 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
AUDITING COMMITTEE MEETING.
Friday, February 21, 1908.
Auditing Committee met and approved the following bills for
which warrants had been issued :
6217 Am. Ass'n of Fairs and Expositions, dues $ 35.00
6218 Mrs. F. H. Schoenhut, services revising 1907 prem. list 10.00
6219 C. G. Morrison, corn 32.75
6220 Henry Deets, painting 10.00
6221 Bertha Herr, exp. Pure Food Com 1.00
6222 John Hethershaw, services at corn show 7.00
6223 Fred Hethershaw, services as supt. corn show 10.00
6224 Mrs. C. N. Smith, 1907 premiums 5.00
6225 H. C. Wallace, expense of speakers at S. F. Institute 24.65
6226 G. C. Fuller, December salary 100.00
6227 C. E. Cameron, Ex. Com. meeting 22.00
6228 W. C. Brown, Ex. Com. meeting 18.20
6229 W. A. McKarrov/, services and expenses, S. F. Institute 31.22
6230 D. M. Water Works Co., water 7.38
6231 Jas. H. Deemer, December salary 83.33
6232 Jas. H. Deemer, Supt, pay roll 106.00
6233 M. R. Mason & Son, insurance 35.00
6234 Blaise & Blaise, rept. annual meeting, S. F. Institute 55.10
6235 Blaise & Blaise, rept. annual meeting, S. F. Institute 8.20
6236 W. C. Brown, special com. work. Privilege Dept " 22.20
6237 J. I. Myerly, P. M., stamps 40.00
6238 G. C. Fuller, January salary 100.00
6239 J. C. Simpson, exp. trip to Chicago and Columbus, Ohio 48.50
6240 Jas. H. Deemer, Supt. pay roll 221.30
6241 C. G. Morrison, straw 273.37
6242 Jas. H. Deemer, January salary 83.33
6243 Baker-Trisler Co., office supplies 6.57
6244 W. U. Telegraph Co., telegrams 2.54
6245 Iowa Telephone Co., toll charges 11.50
6246 Mutual Telephone Co., toll charges and rental 18.50
6247 Ferguson Printing Co., printing 76.40
6248 N. W. Ayer & Son, newspaper directory 5.00
6249 Iowa Drug Co., itemized bill, Dairy Dept, Fair, 1907 50
6250 T. F. Shannon, views at fair grounds 31.70
6251 Ben Wolgar, shoeing bill j. . . 39.25
6252 O'Dea Hardware Co., glass, etc 5.22
6253 Purcell Printing Co., printing premium warrants 15.00
6254 John Sundberg, judging winter corn show 21.90
6255 Sanders Pub. Co., photographs of fair grounds and horse book 29.50
6256 Geo. M. King, sewer pipe 3.00
6257 Iowa Pipe & Tile Co., pipe and tile 10.75
6258 C. E. Cameron, exp. trip to Chicago and Columbus, Ohio 49.15
6259 W. C. Brown, exp. trip to Chicago and Detroit 42.20
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART V 171
The following bills and claims were approved and Secretary in-
structed to issue warrants in payment of same :
6273 W. C. Brown, Ex. Com. work $ 22.20
6274 Jas. H. Deemer, Supt. pay roll 153.80
6275 C. G. Morrison, corn 18.57
6276 A. R. Corey, February salary 90.00
6277 J. C. Simpson, clerk to Ex. Cora 100.00
6278 Jas. H. Deemer, February salary 83.33
6279 Chas. Koenigsberger, supplies 3.25
6280 J. A. Backman, supplies 11.50
6281 Daily Capital, subscription to Feb. 1, 1908 2.50
6282 Daily News, subscription to Jan. 1, 1908 6.00
6283 Geo. A. Miller Ptg. Co., supplies 11.90
6284 Chas. A. Laurence, subscription Railway Guide 2.00
6285 Improvement Bulletin, advertising 8.00
6286 D. M. Rubber Stamp Works, stamps 2.80
6287 Merchants Transfer & Storage Co., drayage 25
6288 Geo. Ferguson, 500 2c stamps 10.00
6289 R. L. Polk & Co., city directory 6.00
6290 Koch Bros. Ptg. Co., warrant and claim registers 29.75
6291 Armstrong Press, printing envelopes 20.40
6292 Iowa Lithographing Co., printing stationery and warrants.. 61.85
6293 Bert Perkins, wiring R. I. Plow Co. exhibit, fair 1907 5.13
6294 Wm. R. Jenkins, book, "Clean Milk" 2.50
6295 Mutual Telephone Co., toll charges 65
6296 Wilcox, Howell & Hopkins, insurance 52.50
6297 E. D. Chassell, binding award books 2.00
6298 Star Engraving Co., engraving 3.50
6299 Billboard Pub. Co., subscription 4.00
6300 D. M. Water Co., rental Jan. and Feb., fair grounds 20.30
6301 Globe Mchy. & Supply Co., supplies 4.05
EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING.
February 22, 1908.
Committee met as per previous arrangement, with all members
present
Contract was signed with J. B. McGorrisk for the building of the
Administration Building as per his Number 4 bid, viz. : $26,453.00.
The plumbing contract was awarded to A. H. Walker Company, the,
total amount of his bid accepted being $1,545.00.
The Secretary was instructed to issue warrants in payment of esti-
mates on said contracts from time to time, as per contract.
It was agreed to use the present Secretary's office building at the
Fair Grounds for an exhibit from the various departments of the
Iowa State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts.
172 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
J. C. Simpson was selected as clerk to the Executive Committee
and for extra services in connection with the work of said com-
mittee he was to receive twelve hundred dollars per annum, pay-
able monthly, by warrant drawn upon the Treasurer, and said com-
pensation for extra services to date from February 1, 1908
Warrant w^as issued to W. C. Brown for per diem and mileage for
Executive Committee meeting.
On motion the committee adjourned.
EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING.
March 10-18, 1908.
Conunittee met with all members present. The purpose of the
meeting as stated by the President was to discuss and outline as
nearly as possible at this time the amusement program for the Iowa
State Fair and Exposition of 1908, the policy and best method of
advertising, a permanent plat or arrangement of the State Fair
Grounds with special reference to the location of the new adminis-
tration building, improvements and repair work needed to put the
buildings and grounds in shape for the fair, and any other business
which might come before them.
The Secretary presented the matter of the possibility of holding
the National Dairy Show at the State Fair and Exposition Grounds
in October and November of the present year, stating that Gov. A.
B. Cummins had expressed a wish that the State Board of Agri-
culture give their consent to use the grounds for this purpose, it
being a national show in character and the state would be highly
honored and benefited by having it held within its borders.
The following resolution was offered and unanimously adopted by
the committee:
Whereas, The attention of the Executive Committee has been called
to the possibility of bringing the next meeting of the National Dairy Show
to Iowa; and
Whebeas, The Executive Committee believes it would be not only a
great honor but a material benefit to the dairy interest of our state to
have this show held within its borders; and
Wheeeas, The most suitable place for the holding of said show is at
the State Fair grounds, therefore, be it
Resolved, That the free use of the Iowa State Fair and Exposition
grounds and such buildings as are necessary and may be agreed upon by
the secretary of the State Board of Agriculture, be tendered to the ofl&cers
and managers of the National Dairy Show or the local committee having
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART V . 173
the arrangements in charge, provided, that any and all expenses incidental
to or in preparing the grounds and buildings, water rental, maintenance
of electric light plant, closets, providing proper fire protection, etc.,
during the time of the show, the cleaning up and putting the grounds and
buildings in as good condition as they were before said show was held,
is paid by the management of said National Dairy Show or local committee
in charge.
The Secretary was instructed to send the following telegram to
the National Creamery and Buttermakers Association :
To the National Creamery & Buttermakers' Association Convention, St.
Paul, Minn.
The Iowa State Board of Agriculture send you greetings and extend to
you a most cordial and hearty invitation to select Des Moines as the
place of holding your next annual convention.
(Signed) J. C. Simpson,
Dated March 11, 1908. Secretary.
Secretary informed the committee of the time and place for the
holding of the next National Corn Exposition; the place being
Omaha and the time the second and third weeks in December. The
following resolution was unanimously adopted by the committee :
Whebeas, The managers of the National Com Show and Exposition
have selected Omaha, Neb., as the place for holding their second annual
corn show; and
Whebeas, The Executive Committee of the Iowa State Board of Agri-
culture believe this show will promote and educate the corn growers in
the great corn belt of America; and
Whebeas, Iowa being the leading corn growing state, being alive at all
times to any movement which will benefit her farmers in educating them
along the lines of improvement in their work, therefore be it
Resolved, That the Executive Committee pledge themselves and the
Iowa State Board of Agriculture to lend every possible assistance to see
that Iowa is creditably represented by a good exhibit.
The committee spent considerable time at the Fair Grounds in-
specting the necessary improvements and repairs to be made prior
to the 1909 Fair. Representatives of the various amusement and
attraction agencies appeared and personally submitted a list of
attractions to the committee. Committee also received propositions
from various bands, all of which were placed on file to be taken up
by the committee later in the week.
The Secretary was instructed to employ such additional clerical
assistance from time to time as needed, and to issue warrants in
payment for such services at the end of each month.
174 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE
After considering the various propositions offered for music and
other amusements for the State Fair the following contracts were
let:
Pain Pyrotechnic Co., the spectacle "Sheridan's Ride,"
four nights $4,000.00
C. P. Graham's orchestra 207.00
G. W. Tremain, Mgr., 56th Regiment Band 825.00
F. M. Barnes, representing the Barnes Western The-
atrical Exchange, for five vaudeville acts 2,300.00
B. E. Gregory, one vaudeville act 125.00
Prof. L. F. Sunline, one act 250.00
Park Booking Circuit, two acts 650.00
A. Liberati, for his military band and Grand Opera
Co., sixty people 3,600.00
Western Vaudeville Association, one act 1,000.00
Warrants for per diem and mileage were issued as follows :
6304 C. E. Cameron $50.00
6303 W. C. Brown 43.00
On motion the committee adjourned.
EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING.
April 16-18, 1908.
Committee met with all members present.
The committee spent most of the time at the Fair Grounds in con-
sultation in regard to the various works in progress and instructions
were given to the Superintendent as to how to proceed in the future.
The Secretary presented an estimate for the advertising budget for
1908. Budget was considered by the committee and it Avas agreed to
carry paid advertisements with the county newspapers, not to ex-
ceed six hundred in number. The balance of the budget as pre-
sented by the Secretary was approved. His estimate amounting in
the agregate to approximately seventy-five hundred dollars (7,500).
After considering the details with reference to the coming State
Fair the committee adjourned on motion.
Warrants were issued for per diem and mileage as follows:
6311 C. E. Cameron $30.00
6312 W. C. Brown 38.20
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART V 175
EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING.
May 21, 22, 23, 1908.
Committee met with all members present.
A statement of the insurance carried on the buildings on the
Iowa State Fair and Exposition Grounds was presented, showing the
total insurance in force, amount of premium, with date of expir-
ation :
a ^ P '^ ^ S '
Building Insured o^ *a<i)-^ o ^ ^ Bu-^ "^§1 ^ &-^
2r^ -feOH ^H^ £H^ OQf^ Q^,
tStock pavilion....? 20,000 $ 600.00 $ 20,000 $100.00 $ 700.00 8-1 -1908
tAgr'l Bldg .. 15,000 375.00 15,000 75.00 450.00 5-13-1908
General Form .... 37,500 1,125.00 37,500 234.52 1,359.52 9-26-1910
Iowa Producers Bldg 1,500 45.00 1,500 7.50 52.50 1-24-1911
Brick dining halls. 4,000 100.00 100.00 8-14-1909
Closet at south gate 3,000 112.50 3,000 18.75 131.25 8- 1-1908
Cattle barn No. 12.. 2,500 75.00 2,500 12.50 87.50 8-1-1908
♦Streetcar depot... 1,500 56.25 1,500 9.38 65.63 8-5-1909
Swine harn and show
pavilion 15,000 7-5.00 75.00 9-26-1910
Old Sec'y. and Treas.
office 1 000 30.0.J 1,000 5.00 35.00 12-28-1910
Cattle barn No. 14.. 3,000 75.00 3,000 15.00 90.00 7-7-1909
Brick horse barn.... 5,000 125.00 5,000 25.00 150.00 9-26-1910
House and barn.... 2,000 26.00 2,000 26.00 9-26-1910
Old swine pavilion
& cattle barn No. 13 1,500 56.25 1,500 9.38 65.63 7-1-1909
Power house and
machinery 3,000 75.00 3,000 15.00 90.00 9-26-1910
$100,500 $2,876.00 $111,500 $602.03 ii,3,478.03
♦This is only half of the insurance on this building; the Street Car
Company carries the balance,
tinsurance expires in 1908.
Mr. Simpson was instructed to have the insurance renewed on
the Agricultural Building for three years, same having expired on
May 13, 1908; $15,000 fire and $15,000 tornado.
The following claims were approved and warrants ordered dravm
in payment of same :
Claim No.
6029 Savery Hotel, meals during board meeting $ 18.65
6021 The American Contractor, adv. for bids 10.80
6053 Miller Printing Co., printing entry book 13.75
6009 Ross & Ross, itemized bill ^-^^
6054 Iowa Seed Co., plants for fair grounds 54.83
176 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Claim No.
6013 American Hackney Horse Society, Vol. 1 and 2, stud books.. 5.00
6032 Baker-Trisler Co., picture frame 3.50
6022 Langan Bros. Co., blank book 65
6072 Sherwin-Williams Co., supplies 30.00
6037 Armstrong Press, printing 16.50
6065 Jas. H. Deemer, freight bills 2.80
6070 Green Foundry & Furnace Works, supplies 11.50
6077 Spirit of the West, adv. speed program 62.50
6023 Hawkeye Press Clipping Bureau, clippings 24.00
6004 Billboard Pub. Co., advertising 10.00
6034 D. M. Rubber Stamp Works, stamp 70
6061 N. B. Bishop, adv. in U. C. T. program 10.00
6062 Buck Bros. Co., glass 1.75
6014 Ferguson Ptg. Co., printing 3.50
6039 Western Union Tel. Co., telegrams 6.41
6011 Western Union Tel. Co., telegrams 2.40
6056 Western Union Tel. Co., telegrams 1.15
6017 Mutual Telephone Co., rentals 16.50
6064 Mutual Telephone Co., toll charges 1.50
6005 Iowa Telephone Co., toll charges 2.15
6019 Iowa Telephone Co., toll charges 2.45
6043 Iowa Telephone Co., toll charges 2.75
6068 Iowa Telephone Co., toll charges 1.10
6010 Des Moines Water Co., Feb. water bill for fair grounds 12.17
6028 Des Moines Water Co., March water bill for fair grounds... 13.54
6079 Des Moines Water Co., April water bill for fair grounds 6.15
6023 Am. Trotting Ass'n., list of names 10.00
6018 Am. Trotting Register Ass'n., 1907 Year Book 4.00
6038 Geis Botsford, Sec'y Commercial Club, dues 15.00
6058 J. C. Simpson, expenses trip to Chicago 24.85
The necessity of securing the services of another band for the
State Fair and Exposition was discussed. Mr. Simpson was in-
structed to make a proposition to Mr. Reed, manager of Reed's Band
at Sioux City, Iowa, of $816.00 for twenty-four men, services to
begin at nine o'clock A. M., Monday, August 24th, and closing
after the evening show in the stock pavilion on Friday, the 28th.
The Secretary was instructed to purchase from the E. T. Burrows
Co., screens and doors for the basement and first floor of the Admin-
istration Building, as per their proposition for $230.45. He was
further instructed to order two ranges, two steam cookers, two re-
frigerators and two coffee urns to be installed in the kitchens in the
basement of the Administration Building.
The program for the night entertainment in the Stock Pavilion
was presented by Mr. Simpson and discussed by the committee.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART V 177
Warrants were issued for per diem and mileage as follows :
81 C. E. Cameron
82 W. C. Brown
On motion the committee adjourned.
6081 C. E. Cameron $30.00
6082 W. C. Brown 26.20
EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING.
June 7-8, 1908.
Committee met with all members present. The matter of furni-
ture for the new Administration Building was taken up by the
committee and considered at length. A list had previously been
prepared by the Secretary and prices received upon it from the
various furniture dealers in this city. After going over the cata-
logs and prices submitted by the various firms it was the judgment
of the committee that the prices were all too high, the committee
agreeing that more suitable prices could be secured if they would
go direct to the factories and jobbing houses in Chicago. There-
fore, Mr. Cameron and Mr. Simpson were appointed a special com-
mittee to go to Chicago and call upon the various dealers and man-
ufacturers and make such purchases as were suited for the building.
Immediately following the adjournment of the committee Mr. Cam-
oron and Mr. Simpson made the trip to Chicago and orders were
placed with the Olson and Derby Desk Companies for desks, and
with the Derby Desk Company and the Crocker Chair Company
for chairs. Tables, settees, and other miscellaneous furniture was
purchased from Davidson & Sons, furniture dealers in Des Moines.
The orders and bills for all furniture purchased are on file in this
office, showing an itemized statement as to prices paid for the
various pieces.
Warrants were issued for per diem and mileage as follows :
C. E. Cameron $26.00
W. C. Brown 30.20
EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING.
June 25, 26, 27, 1908.
Committee met with all members present, as were also members
of the Board, Curtiss and Olson.
A visit to the grounds was made for the purpose of considering
the best arrangement for seating the stock pavilion for the evening
12
178 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
show. After careful inspection of the building the plan for the
seating was agreed upon. The following prices were also agreed to
for the evening entertainment: All seats on the west side fifty
cents and on the east side thirty-five cents. The committee auth-
orized Mr. Curtiss to secure the services of a ring master for the
evening show in the Stock Pavillion.
Consideration was given to the various entries and exits at the
grounds and at the request of the Superintendent of Admissions,
Olson, several minor changes were ordered.
Warrants were issued for per diem and mileage as follows :
C. E. Cameron $30.00
W. C. Brown 26.20
O. A. Olson 27.50
EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING.
Monday, August 5, 1908.
Committee met with all members present as was also members of
the Board, Curtiss, Johnston and Phillips.
Committee met at the request of the Secretary to discuss the ways
and means of providing additional stable room for horses entered
in the show ring. The statement of the number of the horses en-
tered and the stalls required was made by Secretary Simpson,
showing that from 150 to 170 additional stalls would be required
to provide stable room for all the horses entered. It was shown that
it would cost from $2,500.00 to $3,000.00 to provide temporary stalls
for this number. It had been suggested that a duplicate of the brick
horse barn built in 1907 be put up, provided same could be con-
structed in fifteen days; by so doing the saving of from $2,500.00
to $3,000.00 on the cost of the building could be made, as the money
which otherwise would have been expended in providing temporary
stalls could be used in part payment in the cost of this building.
After discussing the matter at length, we, the committee and mem-
bers of the Board: Phillips, Johnston and Curtiss called in J. B.
McGorrisk, contractor, and asked at what price and in what time
he could construct a barn a duplicate of the one built in 1907.
The matter was carefully considered by Mr. McGorrisk who notified
the committee later that he would agree to build the barn in fifteen
days for $9,600.50, this being the amount of the contract for the
barn built by ]\Ir. Weitz. It was decided to immediately go ahead
with the construction of the barn, and the contract was made with
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART V 179
Mr. J. B. McGorrisk at the above named figure. The committee
further decided that forty additional stalls were necessary to take
care of the speed horses entered in the racing, and it was decided to
build comfortable barns on the north side for this purpose. It was
also decided to construct a temporary barn containing seventy single
stalls, more or less, west of the brick horse barn.
The Secretary was instructed to write Superintendent Packard to
ascertain from him if it would be possible to use the dairy barn for
horses this year.
Warrants for per diem and mileage were issued as follows :
R. S. Johnston $23.80
C. E. Cameron 30.00
MEETING OF THE STATE BOARD OP AGRICULTURE.
Board Room, Administration Building,
Iowa State Fair and Exposition Grounds,
Thursday, August 20, 1908.
Board met as per call of President with all members present ex-
cept Brown, Phillips, Curtiss and Gilbertson.
Secretary asked for instructions with regard to the Forage De-
partment furnishing feed for the marshals and the mounted guards.
After the question had been duly discussed by the Board it was
deemed advisable to increase the marshal's allowance to $45.00 and
that of the guards to $3.50 per day; they to pay for whatever feed
was ordered from the department.
The Secretary made a statement on behalf of the Executive Com-
mittee to the Board informing them of the action of said committee
in contracting with Mr. J. B. MeGorrisk for the building of the
second section of the horse barn; the amount of contract being
$9,651.00. This action on the part of the committee was considered
imperative in order to provide proper accommodations for the large
number of horses entered in the Horse Department, for which no
stalls were available. The Secretary also made a statement of the
necessity of building two temporary barns for show horses and two
additional barns for speed horses.
On motion of Mr. Reeves the action of the Executive Committee in
contracting for the erection of the brick horse barn and other tem-
porary barns was approved by the Board.
180 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Further discussion was had regarding minor details of the fair,
among which was the resolution passed requiring all persons who do
not desire to remain during the day to leave the grounds before the
beginning of the roundup at 6 :30 o'clock A. M.
On motion the board adjourned.
Friday, August 21, 1908.
Board met with all members present.
The President stated that the purpose of the meeting was to give
a hearing to various representatives of publications, who desired to
present to the Board the question of permitting the solicitors of the
various papers to work promiscuously over the grounds taking sub-
scriptions and giving away premiums. The Board listened to the
arguments of the various gentlemen present, after which they went
into executive session.
The following resolution was made and adopted with but one dis-
senting vote :
Resolved, That it is the belief of this board that it would not be for the .
best interests of the fair, and would be annoying to the patrons thereof, to
permit the subscription solitictors of the various papers to work promis-
cuously over the grounds in taking subscriptions for their various papers;
also that the use of premiums in connection with the taking of subscrip-
tions should be prohibited except as may be handled at the permanent
headquarters of such papers.
On motion the board adojurned.
Friday, August 28, 1908.
Board met at four o'clock P. M. at the Board room in the Ad-
ministration Building, at the call of the President. The following
members were present: Cameron, Brown, Simpson, Johnson, Pril-
lips, Reeves, St. John, Packard, Legoe, Curtiss, Ledgerwood, Mc-
Donald, Olson and Pike.
The President stated that the object of the meeting was to pass
upon the payrolls of the various departments and the following pay
rolls were presented and approved by the Board :
T. C. Legoe, Supt. Department M $496.20
W. C. Brown, Supt. Concessions 545.00
R. T. St. John, Supt. Agricultural, pantry and kitchen Department. 511.25
S. B. Packard, Supt. Cattle Department 189.10
The Secretary was authorized to issue warrants in payment of the
above pay rolls.
The President appointed committee on per diem and mileage as
follows : Messrs. Ledgerwood, Legoe and Reeves.
On motion the Board adjourned to 9 o'clock P. M.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART V 181
Nine o'clock P. M.
Board met pursuant to adjournment with all members present.
The following additional payrolls were presented :
W. C. Brown, Supt. Concessions $133.58
C. E. Cameron, President, bill for the drum corps 18.40
S. B. Pacakrd, Chairman Committee on noxious weeds, bill of
Prof. L. H. Pammell 9.37
H. L. Pike, Supt. Sheep and Poultry Departments 291.75
R. S. Johnston, Supt. Swine Department 461.15
C. W. Phillips, Supt. Ticket Department 244.15
A. L. Denio, Supt. Speed Department 485.40
O. A. Olson, Supt. Admission Department 2,247.75
G. S. Gilbertson, Treasurer's Department 1,044.23
E. M. Reeves, Supt. Horticultural Department 45.85
H. R. Wright, Supt. Dairy Department 276.45
Jno. Ledgerwood, Supt. Machinery Department 283.20
M. McDonald, Supt. Police Department 1,670.50
S. B. Packard, Supt. Cattle Department (for judges) 516.96
C. F. Curtiss, Supt. Horse Department 717.65
Wesley Green, Supt. Floricultural Department 75.00
J. C. Simpson, pay roll for forage department 382.75
J. C. Simpson, Sec, clerical help 522.25
J. C. Simpson, Sec, Publicity Department 98.90
The Committee on Per Diem and Mileage filed the following re-
port, which was adopted :
Name Days Rate Amt. Miles Amt. Total
C.E.Cameron 21 $4.00 $84.00 142 $14.20 $98.20
W.C.Brown 40 4.00 160.00 102 10.20 170.20
R.S.Johnston 18 4.00 72.00 158 15.80 87.80
C. W. Phillips 18 4.00 72.00 72.00
E. M. Reeves 19 4.00 76.00 125 12.50 88.50
R. T. St. John 20 4.00 80.00 195 19.50 99.50
S.B.Packard 18 4.00 72.00 58 5.80 77.80
C. F. Curtiss 18 4.00 72.00 37 3.70 75.70
T. C. Legoe 22 4.00 88.00 100 10.00 98.00
John Ledgerwood 25 4.00 100.00 65 6.50 106.50
M. McDonald 19 4.00 76.00 65 6.50 82.50
O.A.Olson 20 4.00 80.00 152 15.20 95.20
H. L. Pike 21 4.00 84.00 200 20.00 104.00
Signed : John Ledgerwood,
T. C. Legoe,
E. M. Ree-v^s,
Committee on Per Diem and Mileage.
On motion the Executive Committee was empowered to audit and
approve all bills presented for which payment should be made prior
to the meeting of the Auditing Committee.
182 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
The Secretary read a statement of the receipts of the fair up to
the persent time.
The following resolution was offered by ]\Ir. Curtiss and adopted :
Resolved, That Alex Galbraith & Son of Janesville, Wisconsin, be fined
one hundred dollars ($100.00) for failure to comply with the rule re-
quiring that exhibition stock be on the grounds at nine o'clock Saturday
'morning, August 22d.
The motion was made and adopted that the Executive Committee
be authorized to close the option which the Board had with con-
tractor McGorrisk for the completion of the Administration Build-
ing and to settle with him in full on completion of the work; also
to close the option with A. H. Walker & Co. for additional plumb-
ing.
On motion the Executive Committee was intsructed to have plans
and estimates made for tlie construction of a steel and concrete
amphitheater and to have the same ready to present at the meeting
the Board in December.
On motion the Executive Committee was authoried to have plans
made for future permanent arrangement of grounds and buildings.
EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEETING.
Friday and Saturday, September 18-19, 1908.
Committee met with members Cameron and Simpson present.
The question of closing the option given by Contractor McGorrisk
for the completion of the Administration Building as per plans and
specifications, also the option of A. H. Walker & Co., for the com-
pletion of the plumbing, as authorized by the Board at a previous
meeting, was taken up and the contractors notified to proceed with
their work.
Plans for an amphitheater were discussed at length but further
action was postponed. The committee desired to gather further in-
formation regarding the details in the construction of said stand.
On motion the committee adjourned.
Wednesday, Thursday and Friday, September 23-25, 1908.
Committee met with all members present.
Minor details in regard to closing accounts for the last fair and
for further improvements at the grounds were discussed by the
committee.
A resolution was adopted authorizing the payment of one per cent
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART V 183
(1%) of the contract price for the building of two sections of the
Horse Barn to 0. 0. Smith, architect, for his services in superin-
tending the construction of said building.
The Secretary outlined to the committee his plan for making the
Educational Exhibit of Farm Crops at the next fair.
The Secretary was instructed to remodel the Poultry Building and
to get plans and estimate on the cost for fitting up the building with
the Empire cooping system.
On motion the committee adjourned.
MEETING OF THE AUDITING COMMITTEE.
"Wednesday, Thursday and Friday, September 23-25, 1908.
Auditing Committee met with members Legoe, Johnston and
Phillips present.
Committee examined and audited all bills on file to date and
warrants were authorized to be issued in payment thereof.
All bills for which warrants had been issued previous to the meet-
ing of the Auditing Committee were examined and approved.
Thursday, December 10, 1908. .
Meeting was called to order at 10 o'clock A. M. with President
Cameron in the chair. On roll call the following members were
found to be present : Cameron, Brown, Simpson, Johnston, Reeves,
Curtin, Packard, Curtiss, Ledgenvood, McDonald, Olson, Pike and
Wright.
On motion the minutes of the previous meeting were approved.
The following newly elected members were sworn in by the Clerk
of the Supreme Court: President, C. E. Cameron; Vice-President,
W. C. Brown; E. J. Curtin as member from the Fourth District,
John Ledger^vood as member from the Eighth District, and 0. A.
Olson as member from the Tenth District.
On motion of Mr. IMcDonald, Mr. J. C. Simpson was elected Sec-
retary of the Iowa State Board of Agriculture for the ensuing year,
at a salary of eighteen hundred dollars ($1,800.00 per annum.
On motion of Mr. Johnston, G. S. Gilbertson was elected Treasurer
for the ensuing year, at a salary of one hundred dollars ($100.00)
per annum. ■
On motion of ]\Ir. Ledgerwood, J. II. Deemer was elected Super-
intendent of the State Fair and Exposition Grounds for the ensuing
year at a salary of one thousand dollars ($1,000.00) per annum.
184 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
On motion of Mr. Packard, the Executive Committee was in-
structed to plan with the Superintendent of Grounds a proper or-
ganization for the work during the State Fair, to the end that the
force may be allotted to the several departments in the way of car-
penters, electricians, and carts or wagons to remove the excrement,
and the cleaning of the grounds; and that the committee report to
the meeting of the fair managing board to be held at the fair
grounds in August.
Hon. W. B. Seeley and Hon. B. F. Felt appeared before the
Board at this time in behalf of the State Association of Short
Courses. They asked that the Board consider the question of estab-
lishing a model kitchen at the next State Fair, and if possible, the
erection of a model farm house for a meeting place for those inter-
ested in short course work. It was suggested by members of the
Board that this possibly could be arranged for at the building for-
merly occupied as the ladies' rest cottage and which was to be used
the coming year as an exhibits and lecture building for the Iowa
State College of Agriculture.
The following report was submitted by the Secretary :
SECRETARY'S REPORT TO THE BOARD.
To the State Board of Agriculture:
Gentlemen: Before taking up the new work for the year I desire to
call your attention to certain suggestions and recommendations offered
in our report and read before the Agricultural Convention of Wednesday.
We believe the Board should take some action in this meeting asking
for legislation authorizing the publication and distribution of such bulle-
tins as would tend to promote agricultural production and agricultural
education within our state. They should also seek to secure a change
in the present law with reference to the collection of statistics on farm
crops and live stock. These reports are now made biennially by the
assessors to the secretary of state for publication in the official register.
In our opinion this law should be changed requiring the statistics to be
collected annually and returned to this office upon blanks sent out by the
secretary, to be published in bulletin form first, and afterwards in the
Year Book of Agriculture. If authority for the publication of bulletins
is given, then the time for the publication of the Year Book should be
changed to biennially. It would also be necessary to have a support fund
for the employment of a bulletin editor, as the state fair fund should not
be drawn upon to pay expenses incurred in work of this nature.
We would call your attention to our recommendation for a change in
the law with reference to the filing of reports by the farmers' institutes.
As the law now reads they are required to file the report of their ex-
pense account with the county auditor in order to secure the state aid.
While it is true some of them now file reports in this office, it is not
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART V 185
compulsory and many of them fail to file any reports whatever. If the
securing of the state aid depended upon their filing their report in this
office we would be able to make a much better report each year on the
institute work.
There are minor changes in the law as to the powers and duties of the
board with reference to the state fair which should be looked after. All
of these matters should be discussed at this time by the board and placed
in the hands of a committe to draft bills to be presented to the legislature
for such changes as deemed advisable.
I further believe that with the assistance of the commercial bodies of
Iowa that a fund could be secured for the establishment of a department
of publicity and advertising. Its special line of work would be to gather,
compile, disseminate facts and statistics upon the great possibilities we
have to offer the homeseeker. There is quite a tendency among our own
people to advise the young man to go to some newer country. I believe
that literature should be, placed before him showing the opportunities by
following a system of more intensive farming. He gets such literature
from the south telling him how he can make five hundred dollars per acre
raising Bermuda onions; from the west telling him about making from
one to two hundred dollars per acre raising potatoes; from Michigan telling
him of the great fortune awaiting those who engage in the growing of
celery, and so on. This is the kind of literature which attracts. I have
here a little item which I clipped from the paper a few days ago telling
of a crop of onions raised by a gentleman in Chickasaw county, from
which he received returns of more than five hundred dollars per acre.
A short time ago, while Secretary of Agriculture Hon. James Wilson was
in the city, a gentleman from the northern part of the state came all the
way to Des Moines to tell him of his great success in raising tobacco.
Another newspaper item tells us of a net return of two hundred dollars
per acre upon pop corn. When these things occur in other states the
state department, the real estate dealers, or someone else spreads it
broadcast. The lack of proper publicity of what can be done right here in
Iowa is responsible for so many of our pople leaving or that imigrants do
not come. It depends entirely upon what one expects to do with his land
whether the price he has to pay is too high. At the state meeting of the
Commercial Clubs being held today in the rooms of the Des Moines Com-
mercial" Club this very question of publicity is being discussed.
In our financial report made to the convention yesterday we set out
an itemized statement of the receipts and disbursements for the year.
You will notice that the item for improvements and repairs in the state-
ment is given at $53,663.69. To this must be added the amount still
due upon contracts for the completion of the Administration Building of
$4,715.36. This brings the total amount of improvements for the past
season up to $58,379.05, exceeding by $23,000.00 the amount in the treas-
ury at the beginning of the year. In voting to build the Administration
Building last spring we anticipated about $8,o00.00 of the receipts of this
year's fair; the additional $15,000.00 was used in the building of the second
section of the proposed horse barn and for the completion of the Adminis-
tration Building. The expenses for the past year, other than for the fair,
were about $700.00 greater than the receipts for the same sourse. This
1S6 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
added to the $23,000.00 expended for improvements in excess of funds
available at the beginning of the year has necessarily to be paid out of
the profits of this year's fair. The profits as shown were a trifle over
$44,000.00, which will leave us with a net balance, after all outstanding
warrants and bills are paid, of $20,000.00 with which to begin the new
year. While this is less than we have had for a few years past, you
must not forget that the board has expended about $100,000.00 in the
past two years for improvements out of the fair fund. Some little work
has been done since the fair, such as grading on the sidehill where
vice-president's office was formerly located, the old secretary's office
moved to this new location to be fitted up for a "Rest Cottage" for the
women; the idea being to use the building on the hill for the exhibit
from the Agricultural College. Contracts have been let for the moving
of horse barns Nos. 6, 7, 8 and 9. This will make available valuable
ground south of the street car loop. The interior of the poultry building
was painted white and a new roof put on. We also have a plan and esti-
mate from the Empire Cooping Company for the installation of a new
system of coops. This, we believe, will give the Iowa State Fair as
good a poultry building as will be needed for several years. We have
had prepared a preliminary sketch of a map of the grounds, which we
would like to have examined and criticized by the board before going
further with the work for a permanent map of the grounds.
Our recommendations for appropriations from the legislature for new
improvements must be taken up and agreed upon at this time. I be-
lieve it is the duty of this board to fully discuss and present to the
legislature whatever recommendations for appropriations are necessary
to provide proper equipment at the State Fair Grounds. The first ques-
tion is, not what will be given, but rather what is most needed. One
thing is sure; past experience convinces me that the legislature will not
appropriate funds for improvements that are not presented to them. The
equipment at the Iowa State Fair and Exposition Grounds is far from
adequate to house the exhibits and care for the crowds. While it will
probably be many years before it is complete, we should use every means
to secure additional improvements as fast as possible. I will mention
here a few of the buildings and improvements that should be made with
the least possible delay: Amphitheater, moving of race track and speed
barns, additional land (either on the north or south), completion of
building for the showing of swine, extensions and additional equipment
to the light and power plant, sewer system, sheep barn, mezzanine story
in the Agricultural Building for a pure food exhibit, completion of
horse barn, completion of proposed cattle barn, a manufacturers and
liberal arts building, implement and machinery building, a combined
horticultural and floricultural building, a dairy building, an auditorium
or open pavilion in which meetings of various kinds could be held. Of
the many improvements named probably the first to have your con-
sideration will be the amphitheater. During the past fall our presi-
dent, architect and myself visited several cities where amphitheaters
had recently been erected, for the purpose of studying plans and methods
of construction. These visits, we believe, were not without profit. We
gathered many excellent ideas which will be of material advantage to us
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART V 187
in preparing plans for an amphitheater at the Iowa State Fair Grounds.
Among other things we found that the idea of building a double-deck
stand was impracticable. We also found that our opinion as to the
cost of construction had not been placed any too high. The stand we
found upon the Canadian National Exhibition grounds at Toronto comes
about as near being what we want as any we saw. It is 1673 feet long
by 108 feet wide, and seats 16,400 people. It cost complete about $240,-
000.00. It is of steel construction with cement floors and iron stairways;
not a piece of wood being used except the sheeting for the roof and win-
dow and door frames. The plan our architect has prepared is practical-
ly a duplicate of this building. We have, however, had changes made
in the entrances and added a mezzanine story, which we believe will give
us a better stand. We had thoughc the board should recommend the
building of a stand only two-thirds the size at this time. This would
give us a seating capacity of about 11,000. By setting it back one hun-
dred feet from the track we would have additional room for from two
to four thousand people. I have not yet received the estimate of cost
from the architect, but it will not be less than $150,000.00.
As to other improvements, they can be discussed in an informal man-
ner by the board and some conclusion arrived at upon which to base
our recommendations to the legislature.
It is our opinion that a better system of ordering supplies, material,
etc., should be used. All such ordered should come through a central
head, presumably the secretary, that a better check may be kept upon
our bills.
The revision of the premium list should be carefully looked after.
I believe we should adopt some plan for the gathering and placing of an
agricultural exhibit that would be a credit and of far more educational
value than this exhibit now is. I do not mean to criticise the exhibit
as made under the present conditions, for I believe it is as good as can
be made with the present system. As you know, conditions are very much
different in this department than the work in the machinery department
where the exhibitor has the advantage of advertising in making a show.
Under the present system of paying premiums in the agricultural depart-
ment there is no inducement for John Smith to make an exhibit other
than for the small prize he may secure, or whatever little honor goes
with the securing of an award; it is of no advertising value to him. I
believe that we should set aside a fund for the purpose of employing com-
petent men to go out over the state of Iowa and gather an exhibit of
farm products to be shown in the same manner as our state would at a
national exposition. We could make an exhibit, say of alfalfa, in a space
twelve by twenty or thirty feet, gathered from all parts of the state,
with data in regard to the character of the soil, etc., under which it is
grown; have a competent person in charge of this alfalfa exhibit to talk
alfalfa at all times during the fair. I believe this w^ould create more
interest and do more to promote the growing of alfalfa in our state than
all the literature and addresses that have been made within the past ten
years. The gathering and making of an exhibit of noxious weeds with a
competent person in charge would be very educational. An exhibit of the
various varieties of oats, wheat and the various grasses could also be
188 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
made. In fact, go about it in such a way that we would have an exhibit
of Iowa farm products that would not only be a credit to our fair but
the state as well. I would not advise that the present method of offering
prizes be eliminated entirely, but believe by taking the money now offered
upon county exhibits and supplementing it with, say, one thousand dol-
lars additional, a very creditable show could be made. It is quite pos-
sible that we could secure the services of the extension department at
the Agricultural College to do this work.
Those - who seem to be best informed tell us that the classification of
our poultry department is not what it should be. An effort should be
made to bring out a greater exhibit of Iowa birds.
I wish to take this opportunity of expressing to the members of the
board my appreciation for the hearty and cordial support they have given
me in the past. I have tried to do my full duty as I saw it, which I
shall continue to do as long as it may be your pleasure to have me serve
you, or that I remain in my present position. My observation of the
management of the fairs I have visited has been that at no place will
you find the unanimity which prevails among the members of our board
in the management of the fair. To this more than anything else I
attribute the success of the institution and good will of the exhibitors.
With this continued feeling of good fellowship among the members of
the board I predict a bright future for the Iowa State Fair and Expo-
Bition.
On motion of Mr. Packard a eonunittee of three was appointed to
consider certain recommendations made in the Secretary's report,
especially as to asking the legislature to authorize the publication
of bulletins, amending the present statute with reference to the
gathering of agricultural statistics, changing the method of filing
farmers' institute reports, for a division of publicity and advertis-
ing; said committee to make their report to the Board on Friday,
December 11, 1909. The President appointed on the above named
committee : Messrs. Packard, Curtiss and Wright.
On motion the Board adjourned until 1 :30 P. M.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
- Board met pursuant to adjournment with members present as at
morning session.
Prof. H. E. Summers, State Entomologist, appeared before the
Board and asked for their indorsement of the bill now before Con-
gress for preventing the manufacture, sale or transportation of adul-
terated or misbranded insecticides and fungicides. The following
resolution was offered by ]\Ir. Wright and was adopted by the
Board :
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART V 189
Resolved, That the Iowa State Board of Agriculture recommend to
Congress early favorable consideration and adoption of legislation for
preventing the manufacture, sale or transportation of adulterated or mis-
branded insecticides and fungicides as embodied in H. F. No. 21318.
Prof. A. V. Storms of Ames appeared before the Board and made
an address in the interest of and for a school exhibit at the State
Fair.
On motion it was agreed that the State Board of Agriculture
would recommend to the legislature that appropriations be made for
the following purposes :
For the purchase of additional land.
For the building of an amphitheatre, moving track and speed
barns.
For the completion of the swine show pavillion; amount of each
to be determined when estimates are received.
The following recommendations for appropriation in the various
departments of the fair were offered :
For increase in amount of judging contests $ 500.00
For increase in Horse Department 600.00
For increase in Cattle Department 122.00
For increase in Sheep Department 112.00
For increase in Swine Department 240,00
For increase in Poultry Department 300.00
For premiums on dogs 100.00
For increase in amount of premiums in Horticultural
Department 80.00
For increase in amount of premiums in Floricultural
Department 90.00
For educational farm crops exhibit 2,000.00
For a school exhibit 1,000.00
For Iowa State College exhibit not to exceed 1,000.00
For increase in premiums in Apiary Department 61.00
$6,205.00
A motion was made and adopted authorizing the Executive Com-
mittee to arrange the list of Superintendents for the next year and
report same to the Board at the morning session, December 11th.
On motion the Board adjourned until 9 A. M. Friday.
190 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
MEETING OF STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. *
Friday, December 11, 1908.
Board met at 9 o'clock A. M. pursuant to adjournment with
President Cameron in the chair. The roll call showed the following
members present: Cameron, Brown, Simpson, Gilbertson, Reeves,
Johnston, Curtin, Packard, Curtiss, Ledgerwood, McDonald, Olson,
Pike and "Wright.
Minutes of the previous meeting were read and approved.
The following resolutions were presented by the Committee on
Resolutions and ordered spread upon the records of the Depart-
ment :
REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON RESOLUTIONS.
Your committee on Resolutions begs leave to submit the following:
Whereas, The Supreme Master has called to rest our friend John A.
Evans, formerly President of the Iowa State Agricultural Society, there-
fore be it
Resolved, That this board has heard with deep regret of the loss of a
valued friend and supporter and takes this occasion to testify its appre-
ciation of his public services; be it further
Resolved, That these resolutions be spread upon the records of this
Department of State and that a copy thereof be sent to the members of
the family of the deceased.
(Signed) John Ledgerwood,
M. McDonald,
Committee on Resolutions.
Mr. Packard, as chairman of the special committee appointed to
report upon the recommendations made by the Secretary, made the
following report:
To the Members of the State Board of Agriculture:
Your committee fully endorses the recommendation of the Secretary
with reference to the collection and dissemination of statistics. We do
not indorse his suggestion with reference to the publication of the Year
Book biennially and would recommend that no change be asked with
reference to same. We indorse his recommendation with reference to
the filing of reports by county farmers' institutes. We further indorse-
his recommendation for the creating of a division of publicity and adver-
tising under the Department of Agriculture as a sensible way to bring
the resources of the state to the notice of the public, and strongly recom-
mend the need of legislation for this purpose.
Mr. Curtiss moved that the report of the committee be adopted,
that the committee be continued and instructed to formulate bills
for presentation to the Legislature for such revision and additional
Ninth annual year book— part v 191
laws as necessary to bring about the recommendations, and that in
addition an additional annual support fund of $2,600 annually be
recommended; that the President and Secretary be added to said
committee. Motion seconded by ]\Ir. Ledgerwood and adopted.
The following list of assignment of superintendents for the next
year was reported by the Executive Comimttee :
Police regulation M. McDonald
Tickets C. W. Phillips
Admissions O. A. Olson
Concessions and privileges W. C. Brown
Live stock sanitation Dr. P. O. Koto
Horses, ponies and mules C. F. Curtiss
Speed A. L. Denio
Cattle S. P. Packard
Swine R. S. Johnston
Sheep H. L. Pike
Poultry H. L. Pike
Implements and machinery John Ledgerwood
Agriculture E. J. Curtin
Pantry stores and apiary E. J. Curtin
Dairy H. R. Wright
Floriculture Wesley Greene
Horticulture E. M. Reeves
Fine arts, etc T. C. Legoe
Mr. Simpson moved that $1,000.00, or so much thereof as may be
necessary, be appropriated for a school exhibit, classification to be
made out by the Secretary and a Superintendent. Seconded by
]\It. Olson. Motion prevailed.
Mr. Simpson moved that Prof. A. V. Storms of Ames be selected
as Superintendent in charge of the school exhibit. Seconded by Mr.
Ledgerwood. Motion prevailed.
Mr. Simpson moved that it be the sense of this Board that they
duplicate any amount that is appropriated by the Board of Trustees
of the Iowa State College of Agriculture toward installing and main-
taining an exhibit of the various departments of the college at the
fair of 1909, up to $1,000.00. Seconded by Mr. Olson. Motion
prevailed.
Mr. Curtiss moved that $2,000.00, or as much thereof as may be
necessary, be set aside for strengthening the exhibit in the agricul-
tural department, to be used in revising the premium list or for the
expenses of securing exhibits as may be needed, and that the com-
mittee be appointed to act with the Superintendent in revising the
premium list.
192 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
President appointed as committee on per diem and mileage:
Messrs. Johnston, Olson and Ledgerwood.
On motion of IMr. Packard, Board adjourned until 1 :30 P. M.
AFTERNOON SESSION.
Board met at 1 :30 P. M. pursuant to adjournment with members
present as at morning session, also Dr. P. 0. Koto.
IMinutes of tlie morning session were read and approved.
On motion, which was unanimously adopted, the following sched-
ule of pay for employes at the fair of 1909 was agreed upon :
Marshals (they to furnisli their own horses and feed) $45.00 each
Mounted police (they to furnish their own horses and feed. $3.50 per day
Foot police and guards 2.50 per day
Sergeants of police 3.50 per day
Assistant chief of police 3.75 per day
Ticket takers 2.50 per day
Captain of police — admissions department 5.00 per day
Captains of gates 3.50 per day
Ticket sellers 3.25 per day
Assistant superintendents (without railway fare) 4.00 per day
All other assistants or help to be paid such amount as shall be agreed
upon by the board or executive committee.
Mr. McDonald moved that the four marshals heretofore serving be
reappointed. An amendment was offered reducing the number to
three and that the Board proceed to elect same by ballot, the three
receiving the highest number of votes to be declared elected.
Amendment accepted and motion prevailed.
Chas. Akes of Leon, John R. Waller of Rockford, Carl Shields of
Afton, T. J. Hudson of Winterset and T. D. Doke of Bloomfield
were nominated.
The ballot resulted as follows: Akes, 11; Hudson, 11; Shields, 7;
Doke, 5 ; Waller, 3. Mr. Akes, Mr. Hudson and Mr. Shields were
declared duly elected marshals for the ensuing year.
■\Ir. Packard submitted the report of the Committee on Adultera-
tion of Foods, Seeds and Other Products, as follows :
REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON ADULTERATION OF FOODS,
SEEDS, AND OTHER PRODUCTS.
Your committee has had up for the last two years the question of
weeds of the state in public places. Through the oflBce of the Experi-
ment Station about six thousand (6,000) question blanks have been sent
out and a very considerable number of replies have been received showing
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART V 193
the prevalence of various weeds throughout the state. These replies
covered all portions of the state, and about three-fourths of them report
the presence of quack grass, wild mustard, curled and smooth dock,
cockle burs and squirrel-tail grass; about one-half of them report the
presence of Canada thistle; about three-fourths of the replies report the
presence of these noxious weeds upon the highways and a great many
of them report their presence upon the railroad right-of-way and private
grounds.
The state already has some weed legislation, part of which is as dras-
tic in form as can be devised. The statute makes a failure to destroy
Canada thistle, an offense punishable by a fine not to exceed one hundred
dollars ($100.00), but as a matter of fact the law has never been en-
forced and might just as well not be on the statute books at all so far
as any actual effect it has had on the weed situation.
As a result of the investigation made and of our understanding of the
present inadequacy of existing statutes, a bill has been drawn of which
an outline is given here:
The bill makes it the duty of every owner or occupant of lands to en-
tirely destroy the weeds named in the law, which are quack grass, Canada
thistle, cockle bur, wild mustard, sour and curled dock, smooth dock,
squirrel tail grass and wild parsnip. Notice having been given by any
citizen to the township trustee, or the mayor, city clerk, or street com-
missioner of a city, of the presence of any noxious weeds such officers
are charged with the duty of giving official notice to the owner or occu-
pant of the land to destroy the same within ten days. If the owner or
occupant is not to be found, or if the owner or occupant neglects to des-
troy the weeds, it becomes the duty of the official giving the notice to
cause the weeds to be destroyed and all costs may be levied as a special
tax against the property upon which such weeds were destroyed and col-
lected as other taxes.
The board of supervisors may appoint a weed inspector for each town-
ship to report on the presence of noxious weeds and give notice to owners
requiring the destruction of the weeds. Compensation is to be fixed by
the board of supervisors and paid out of the county fund. It is made the
duty of road supervisors, or other officers responsible for the care of high-
ways, to destroy noxious weeds mentioned in the law and to cut all weeds
in the highway in time to prevent them from seeding. It is made un-
lawful to transport along the highway any straw, hay or nursery stock
wnich may contain any seeds, roots, or root-stalks, of the weeds men-
tioned in the act.
The statute makes the botanist of the State Agricultural Experiment
Station to the state botanist and makes it his duty to investigate and
ascertain the presence and extent of noxious weeds throughout the state
and with the approval of the director of the Experiment Station and the
secretary of the State Department of Agriculture to make recommenda-
tions for methods for their destruction, and to report by means of bulle-
tins to the State Department of Agriculture. The board of supervisors
of each county is required to report to the state botanist the extent of
the distribution of noxious weeds, and expenses incurred in their destruc-
13
194 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
tion, all of which the state botanist is expected to report to the Depart-
ment of Agriculture and to be issued in a bulletin by the Department of
Agriculture.
The foregoing report is submitted for the approval of this board, and
your committee recommends that a copy of Professor Pammel's report
and of this report and a copy of the proposed law be called to the atten-
tion of the Governor of the state by your committee.
Respectfully submitted,
(Signed) S. B. Packard,
C. F. CUETISS,
H. R. Weight,
Co7n7nittee.
(Note, — The weed legislation as finally enacted by the Thirty-third
General Assembly will be found in Part XV of this Year Book.)
A REPORT ON AN INVESTIGATION OF WEEDS FOUND ALONG
HIGHWAYS, FIELDS AND MEADOWS OF THE STATE
UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE STATE
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
I beg leave to make the following report concerning an investigation
of weeds along highways.
Shortly after the last session of the legislature the committee met on
call of Governor Packard in the office of Prof. C. F. Curtiss, at Ames,
and agreed upon sending out a circular. Thereupon Professor Curtiss
of Ames sent out a circular of inquiry in regard to weeds to super-
visors and others in the state. The answers received to the circulars
have been most satisfactory. In addition to this circular the writer
has been in communication with hundreds of farmers in the state on
this topic and he has utilized the information received from farmers in
preparing this report.
The circular sent out by Professor Curtiss contained the following
queries: ^ j
1. Are any of the following named weeds, or other weeds that are
difficult to kill, found in your vicinity? Please check those that occur or
add the names of others:
Quack Grass, Wild Mustard, Canada Thistle, Wild Oats, Sweet Clover,
Clover Dodder, Alfalfa Dodder, Field Dodder, Cowbane, Corn Cockle,
Squirrel-tail, Marsh Elder, Cocklebur, Curled Dock, Smooth Dock, Horse
Nettle, Jimson Weed.
2. If there are any noxious weeds in your vicinity, of which you do
not know the name, please send samples to Prof. L. H. Pammel, Ames,
Iowa, for identification.
3. Are the weeds you have named found in the highways? Railway
right-of-way? Private grounds?
4. What methods that have been used to eradicate these weeds have
failed?
5. What methods have been used successfully?
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART V 195
I may say that quite a number of persons sent specimens of weeds in
response to the queries. Many sent full replies and that most of them
stated that the weeds occurred on highways, private grounds and railway
right-of-ways, and that as a rule about one-half of the correspondents
gave short methods of extermination in response to queries numbers four
and five.
Cocktehur.
Of the list of weeds, Cocklebur has been reported from nearly every
county in the state, but it is more abundant in southern than in northern
Iowa. More replies were, however, received from Sioux, Montgomery,
Guthrie, Fayette, Linn and Benton counties. The weed is abundant in
the state, not only along highways but also in fields.
Canada Thistle.
The replies indicate that Canada Thistle is widely scattered in the
state but not abundant in any one place. From the replies received it
would appear that it is abundant in the following counties: Winnebago,
Winneshiek, Cass, Story, Cerro Gordo, in no case, however, except in
Hardin county, does the weed cover large areas.
Wild Mustard.
This weed is widely scattered in the state, being most abundant in
northern Iowa, less frequent in northeastern and southern Iowa. Not
only reported as occurring along roadsides but in fields. It appears to
be a legacy from flax culture and is being perpetuated by the sowing of
oats that contains mustard seed. Reported from Sioux, Lyon, Emmet,
Winnebago, Cerro Gordo and Sac counties.
Quack Grass.
The greatest interest seems to have been manifested in Quack Grass
which has been reported from every county in northern Iowa and in
many other counties. It is most abundant in the three northern tiers of
counties. It seems to have spread not only from elevators, seed grain
but straw which is transported from farm to farm. Its spread in one
case in Story county can be traced to a farmer who sold his straw to
neighbors. In this case it can be traced along the highway for several
miles in each direction. It is without doubt the most serious weed pest
in Iowa to-day. The counties most frequently reported are Winnebago,
Hancock, Cerro Gordo, Fayette, Winneshiek, O'Brien; only reported in-
frequently from southern Iowa.
Squirrel-tail Grass.
This weed no doubt occurs in every county in the state, although a
few counties do not report it; the greatest number of replies have been
received from Cass, Story, Winneshiek, Winnebago, Fayette, Greene, Linn
and Harrison counties. It is reported not only on highways but also in
fields and along railways.
Siveet Clover.
Correspondents generally reported sweet clover, perhaps more abundant
in the western and central parts of Iowa than in eastern and northern
Iowa. It is most frequently reported in Woodbury, Pottawattamie, Hum-
boldt, Fayette, Greene, Montgomery, Story and Webster counties.
196 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Marsh Elder.
This weed is general in western Iowa along the Missouri where it
largely takes the place of the Greater Ragweed. From the Missouri river
it spreads eastward, reaching Cerro Gordo and Boone counties. Found
in fields and along highways.
Horse Nettle.
This perennial weed is distinctly southern, common thoughout south-
ern Iowa but reaching northward to the Minnesota line. Reported from
fields and along highways. This weed is as difficult to exterminate as
Canada Thistle.
Sour or Curled Dock.
Quite generally reported from all parts of the state, perhaps more
common in eastern Iowa. Found along highways and in fields, especially
meadows. Most frequently reported from Winneshiek, Pottawattamie,
Montgomery, Fayette, Story and Cass counties.
Smooth Dock.
It is reported less frequently than Curled Dock. Less common along
roadsides than Sour Dock. Most abundant in eastern Iowa. The coun-
ties from which the weed is most frequently reported are Winneshiek,
Fayette, Pottawattamie and Montgomery.
Cowbane.
This poisonous perennial weed is especially common in northern Iowa,
from Ames northward to the Minnesota line and eastward to Benton and
westward to Greene county. Occurs in low meadows and along high-
ways.
Dodders.
Have been reported from a few widely scattered counties in the state
on clover and alfalfa.
Wild Oat.
Not abundant in the state, only reported from a few counties in north-
ern and western Iowa.
Corn Cockle.
Widely scattered in the state, especially where winter and summer
wheat are cultivated. The absence of its occurrence in southern Iowa is
because the reports from that part of the state are less complete,
Jimson Weed.
This weed is quite general in the state but less common along high-
ways, commonly found near barns, and in waste places; more frequently
reported from southern Iowa than elsewhere.
Other Weeds Reported.
Other weeds have been reported a varying number of times. Western
Sunflower, Copimon Annual Sunflower, Wild Liqorice, Horseweed, Spotted
Spurge, Goosefoot, Wild Hemp, Northern Nut Grass, European Morning
Glory, Evening Catchfly, Yellow Hop Clover, Dandelion, Small Chickweed,
Bristly Foxtail, Buffalo Bur, Tumbling Mustard, Sow Thistle, Five-Finger,
Hedge Mustard, Russian Thistle, Green Foxtail, Meadow Sunflower, Black-
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART V 197
eyed Susan, Sheep Sorrel, Buckhorn, Canadian Blue Grass, Wild Parsnip,
Wild Buckwheat, Old Witch Grass, Bractcd Plantain, Wild Rose, Smooth
Crab Grass, Pennsylvania Smartweed, Lady's Thumb, Smartweed (Poly-
gonum lapathifolium) , Sprouting Crab Grass, Yellow Sorrel, Marsh Cress
(Nasturtium palustre). Horse Mint, Mexican Dropseed Grass, Wild Timo-
thy, or Dropseed Grass, Black Medick, Yellow Sweet Clover, Diffuse Drop-
seed Grass, Prickly Lettuce, Small Peppergrass, Shoo-fly, Artichoke, Vel-
vet Weed, Wild Morning Glory, and Milkweed.
Yelvet Weed.
This weed was more frequently reported outside of the list than any
of the other weeds. It is abundant in many fields and along roadsides.
It has occasioned much alarm because of the seeming difficulty of exter-
minating it, the seeds retain their vitality for so long a period in the
soil.
Morning Glory.
This weed is generally reported from many parts of the state in fields
and along highways.
Russian Thistle.
This weed w^as mentioned a number of times as a troublesome weed
but not as much alarm is felt for this weed as many others.
Greater Ragweed.
Greater Ragweed was reported quite frequently and certainly is com-
mon, especially as a roadside weed in all parts of the state, it being one
of the most conspicuous roadside weeds of the state.
Smaller Ragweed.
This weed was common everywhere in the state, not only along road-
sides but in the fields, but less requently reported than the Greater Rag-
weed.
Bull Thistle.
Commonly reported from many different sections of the state, especi-
ally pastures. This weed is certainly more common and abundant than
the Canada Thistle and because of its abundance perhaps does more
injury.
Shoe-String or Muhlenherg Smartweed.
Widely scattered in many different sections of the state and frequently
reported as a troublesome persistent perennial weed, especially in low
grounds.
Dropseed Grass.
The Dropseed Grasses were not on the list. This grass has been sent
to me by hundreds during the last two seasons, largely because it was
thought to be Quack Grass. The Dropseed Grasses are abundant and are
widely distributed throughout the state.
Your chairman has requested me to give particular attention to some
of the methods of extermination of weeds. One of the most potent factors
in the spread of weeds in the state is the carelessness on the part of
owners with reference to the destruction of weeds. No other system has
198 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
done as much as the present system of leasing farms; some renters are
good farmers, they clean the crop as carefully as the owner would, but
many of the leased farms are nurseries for the growing of weeds and
from these places spread to adjacent farms.
There are two ways in w^hich weeds spread, namely by the production
of seed and by vegetative propagation. The habit of plants determine
whether the weed is readily destroyed or not. The Bull Thistle, Foxtail,
and Ragweed are all readily destroyed because of their annual or bien-
nial nature, on the other hand Quack Grass, Canada Thistle, Morning
Glory and Horse Nettle are not readily destroyed because of their per-
ennial character. Again, the seed habit and its manner of dispersal in-
fluences the abundance of the weed. The seeds of the Bull Thistle, Dan-
delion, Wild Barley, are scattered widely by the wind and become a
menace to a clean field because the seeds are scattered by the wind.
We will discuss this subject under the following heads: Clean seed;
garden and ornamental plants; railways; highways; rotation of crops;
treatment for annual crops; treatment for biennial weeds; treatment for
special weeds; quack grass; treatment with chemicals; Canada thistle;
morning glory; milkweed; horse nettle; dropseed grass; cocklebur; sqir-
reltail grass; wild barley; Indian mallow or butter print.
Clean Seed. An excellent way to prevent the spread of many of the
noxious weeds is to plant only clean seed. Throughout the state of Iowa
there are evidences everywhere of weeds, which have been scattered by
seed. Rye, Hop Clover, Wild Carrot, Buckhorn, Mustard, Bracted Plan-
tain, and Dock which are scattered by means of seeds of various crops in
which these seeds are found. For instance, in many parts of the state
the Wild Carrot and Buckhorn are common in clover meadows. These
weeds have been found so frequently in clover seed that there can be
no doubt that the most important means of scattering has been by means
of these impure seeds. Again, Wild Oats in a few places in northern
Iowa is plentiful and is scattered here largely by means of cultivated
oats. Mustard has been widely distributed in the state by sowing the
seeds that contain the mustard seed. In northeastern Iowa we observed
during the last summer considerable Yellow Hop Clover along the road-
sides. This had evidently been scattered by clover seed from adjacent
fields. Here and there we have occasional reports of the abundance of
Dodder upon clover and alfalfa, and the occurrence of Chicory and Knap-
weed in alfalfa fields.
All of this goes to prove the necessity of enforcing the law passed at
the last session of the legislature with reference to the sale of agricul-
tural seeds, and the law should include garden seeds as well. I believe
that I am safe in saying that the majority of the Iowa seedsmen are
trying to live up to the present law and that we should co-operate with
these people as much as possible and that much good has been derived
from the law in an educational way.
Garden and Ornamental Plants. In many parts of the state there are
found weeds of very dangerous classes which have been largely introduced
by means of the garden, that is to say, these weeds were at first planted
for ornamental purposes and have now spread to the fields. As an illus-
tration the Bouncing Betty and Toad-flax, which are very troublesome
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART V 199
weeds in various places in the northern part of the state. These peren-
nial weeds are very difficult to destroy, especially the Toad-flax. Another
illustration is the common European Bindweed and the Cypress Spurge
or Cemetery Weed. Of the annual class we have the Shoo-fly or Bladder
Ketmia, which Mr. Dudley Stone, of North Liberty, thinks is one of the
worst weeds he has upon his place. A weed of this kind is troublesome
because it produces a large number of seeds and these seeds retain their
vitality for a long time in the soil. We should therefore take into ac
count this, as an element in the distribution of pernicious weeds, and
whenever one of these graden plants begins to spread seriously efforts
should be made to exterminate the weed.
Railways. The railways are no doubt responsible for the scattering
of a number of weeds, the seeds dropping from the cars in transit. I
have also understood that in recent years the railways purchase the refuse
material from the seed merchants in the large cities and sow it along
the right-of-way of the railway for the purpose of holding the soil. In
many cases where this has been done bad weeds have been introduced.
It is particularly noticeable in this connection that Quack Grass may
always be found in the majority of cases in counties where it occurs, near
the elevator. No doubt when the railways transport the grain they often
scatter Quack Grass. The common practice of most railroads of cutting
their weeds in July is certainly an excellent one and certainly extermi-
nates a large number of the annual weeds. However, this cleaning up
should be done earlier in the season.
Higlnvays. A rapid survey of the highways of the state w^ould lead
one to say that the highv\^ays are an important feature in the distribution
of weeds over the farms of Iowa. There is scarcely a mile of highway
anywhere in the state but what contains nearly all of the weeds men-
tioned in the circular sent out by the Department of Agriculture. Of
course, the Canada Thistle would be omitted as this is not so very com-
mon along our highways and you can nearly always find all of the other
weeds except the Quack Grass, Jimson Weed, and Mallow or Butterprint.
That the highway can be cleaned or freed of weeds, especially the
annual type, I know. In northeastern Iowa in Allamakee and Winne-
shiek counties they have made an effort to introduce clover, timothy, and
blue grass to fill the places along the highways and here one finds little
evidence of Cocklebur, Greater Ragweed. By cutting the w^eeds once be-
fore the first of July and again in August and sowing the roadsides with
clover, timothy, and blue grass, much can be done toward the eradication
of these weeds.
There is sufficient law on the statute book now, but apparently it is
not enforced except in a few instances.
One of the common features in the distribution of these weeds is per-
haps the carrying of grain that contains the seeds of bad weeds. Thus I
have seen scattered along the highway for several miles Quack Grass
which came from an infected field. It should be made unlawful for any-
one to transport this material from one farm to another.
Rotation of Crops. No better way of exterminating weeds is known
than by the rotation of crops, followed by grain culture. Everyone has
observed, perhaps, that wliere the sod of a meadow is thoroughly pulver-
200 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
ized and then planted to corn it has less weeds than a field that has been
in small grain or in corn the previous season. During the interval dur-
ing which the meadow has been in pasture many of the weed seeds have
been destroyed. If the meadow is then sowed with corn the second year
it can be planted with small grain but the grain should only be sown on
a comparatively clean field. If the oats have been removed it would
be a good thing to allow the field to be used one year more for a grain
crop and then it can be sown with clover and brought into a timothy
meadow gradually; in this case a large number of the ordinary annual
weeds will be exterminated.
Treatment for Annual Weeds. The most important point in connection
with annual weeds is to prevent the formation of seeds. Cultivation of a
field should be thorough at all times. The best time to kill these annual
weeds is when they are young. The roots of all seedling plants are
readily killed when exposed for a short time to the sun. A field or
garden should be plowed, then brought into a good state of tilth by using
the harrow. When planted with small grain or any other crop, a little
jnore work in the spring may mean the saving of much labor later. All
of the annual weeds mentioned in the list of most troublesome weeds
should be treated in this way. It may be more difficult to destroy the
older plants of Purslane but the young seedlings are readily destroyed
with a solution of iron sulphate or copper sulphate.
Treatment for Biennial Weeds. The biennial weeds are not nearly so
numerous in kind as the annual or perennial and are much more readily
destroyed than the latter. The Bull Thistle and Burdock, and other bi-
ennial weeds of this character are readily destroyed by cutting the plants
off a few inches below the surface of the ground. A small spade will cut
the plants off readily. In cutting, of course, it is essential to cut the
root below the buds. The Bull Thistle produces a mat of leaves and
when this is cut off just below the surface of the ground, the Bull
Thistle will cause no more trouble.
Treatment for Perennial Weeds. It is difficult to suggest any one line
of treatment for perennial weeds but in general one must take into ac-
count the habits of the plant. For instance, Quack Grass must be treated
very differently than Canada Thistle or Milkweed. In many cases the
summer fallow or frequent and shallow cultivation can be resorted to
and will be found very effective. For instance, a field containing Canada
Thistle and Morning Glory should be plowed in the spring, disced and
harrowed and the process repeated at least once a week. In some cases
perennial weeds may be held in check by sowing thickly to some legum-
inous crop like clover, millet, or sorghum and buckwheat and rape.
Quack Grass. Quack Grass can be killed, I am certain from our ex-
periments. A good plan is to sow thickly with some crop like millet,
sorghum, buckwheat or clover. When the crop is removed plow deeply.
The roots of Quack Grass are all near the surface of the ground, very few
are beyond a depth of four inches. We found that few roots can push
through the soil beyond six inches. None of the roots were able to push
through a soil when covered twelve inches. Where Quack Grass is
abundant the soil should never be planted with corn because the cultivator
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART V 201
soon spreads the weed over the field. Mr. E. J. Gumbert, of "Walnut, Iowa
gives his method as follows:
The land was given a shallow plowing late in the fall of 1906. In the
early spring of 1907 it was disced as soon as the frost was out of the
ground and then kept the cultivator and harrow on it nearly every week
until about the 20th of May, then it was plowed deeper than before, then
disced and harrowed and planted to corn, then cross harrowed and the
corn plowed five times, sowing rape before the last cultivation. The
corn was cut in September and the ground plowed late in the fall and
again in the spring of 1908, harrowed and planted corn on the 20th of
May and harrowed twice.
Tarred paper can be used to advantage on a small patch. The edges
of the paper should overlap and the edges covered with earth. The Quack
Grass should be covered at least six months. When the land is badly
infested it may be a good plan to summer fallow. The land should be
plowed, harrowed to expose the roots to the sun, then disc. This method
of discing and harrowing every week is a good one and by the end of the
season little Quack Grass will remain. This weed will not prove trouble-
some where deep plowing is resorted to.
Canada Thistle. The Canada Thistle can be treated with sodium arse-
nite according to Professor Bolley. No other chemicals, so far as our
experiments extend, are efficacious in entirely destroying this weed. Car-
bolic acid only partially destroj^s the roots and the plants shoot up again
from below the point of injury, but by repeating the process the Canada
Thistle can ultimately be exterminated. A good method to eradicate the
weed is to plow shallow and cultivate frequently during the summer.
The roots of the Canada Thistle extend deeply down into the soil, hence
for this reason deep cultiviation will be of no avail. After turning the
soil over after plowing, the soil should be dragged and the roots exposed
to the sun and removed, when possible. It may be necessary to run over
the field with a hoe and to watch the stray plants which appear. This
method was tried on a patch several years ago and no Canada Thistles
have since made their appearance in this place. Various crops, such as
clover and sorghum are said to be efficacious in subduing the thistles.
The treatment generally recommended by the persons sending replies
in answer to the circular, is thorough cultivation. Give shallow plowing,
deep plowing will be of no avail because the roots sprout twelve to fif-
teen inches below the surface of the ground. The land should be thor-
oughly disced, harrowed, and then cultivated and any plants appearing
should be cut with a hoe. V/here the patch is not a large one it would be
better to summer fallow. The weed has been held in check to a con-
siderable extent in some portions of the East by means of a fungus which
is parasitic upon the leaves. Tarred paper has been used with success.
Carbolic acid is not as effective as sodium arsenite, but sodium arsenite
is rather dangerous to use especially if cattle have access to any part of
the plot where the weeds grow and application is made. Salt has proved
successful where it is applied in considerable amounts around the roots
of the plant and cattle and sheep are given access to it.
Morning Glory. Morning Glory is not as pernicious in its character as
Canada Thistle, Quack Grass, or Horse Nettle. The best treatment that
202 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
can be given it is to turn it into pasture. Cattle, sheep, and hogs are
very effective in keeping the weed down. One correspondent thinks that
four years in pasture will keep it in check. The plowing should he
thorough, discing, and harrowing, or hoeing as often as the weeds make
their appearance. Millet, sorghum, and buckwheat are effective in keep-
ing the weed down.
Milkweed. Milkweed can be treated very much like the Morning Glory,
and apparently there is nothing better for its treatment than to put it in
pasture. The Milkweeds growing in a pasture or meadow are usually
small. The plant has a wonderful capacity for spreading. The roots,
at times, may be found fourteen feet away from the parent plant and at
numerous points they produce new shoots. A rotation recommended for
Milkweed is as follows: oats one year, clover one year, corn two years,
then pasture, and generally after the second year it is not troublesome
in the pasture.
Horse Nettle. No other weed is so troublesome with the exception of
Canada Thistle, as is the Horse Nettle. The spiny character of its stem
makes it particularly objectionable and moreover the plant is poisonous.
It is a deep rooted perennial, extending from two to four feet down into
the soil and every severed root throws up a new shoot. The best method
for exterminating is to give thorough cultivation, this can be shallow,
the roots being exposed to the sun and allowed to dry. If in a field of
oats or wheat, it should be plowed as soon as the grain is removed, then
disced and harrowed, and this kept up until frost. The field should not
be cultivated with corn unless it can be followed with the hoe, as the
cultivator is sure to spread the weed over the field.
Dropseed Grass. Dropseed Grass may be exterminated by ordinary
cultivation. If it is abundant in a field it should be plowed after the
grain is removed, then disced and harrowed. The roots of this plant
are clustered. These roots are readily destroyed upon exposure to the
sun.
SOME ANNUAL WEEDS.
Gocklehur. Cocklebur is a serious menace to cultivated crops in many
parts of the state. The seed habit of this plant differs very materially
from any of the other annual weeds. Each bur contains two seeds, one
seed germinates one year and the other the second year, so that no
matter how careful you are in trying to keep the field clean for one
season you cannot exerminate the weed in a single season. If the cockle-
burs occur in corn fields the weeds should be removed with the cultivator
as much as possible and this should be followed with a hoe but in the
majority of cases it is possible if taken in time to remove these weeds
without the hoe. The field should then be sown the next season with a
small grain crop, like barley or rye or oats and then brought into a
clover meadow and finally into timothy and blue grass. How long the
seeds of cocklebur retain their vitality is not definitely known but it is
certain that v/here this kind of rotation has been followed that the cockle-
bur is not a troublesome weed.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART V 203
Fox-tail. It is not generally recognized, but it is probably true that
more money is spent in the extermination of fox-tails than any other
class of weeds we have in the State of Iowa, yet they are all easily des-
troyed. One of the best and most effective methods of destroying the
Fox-tail is by plowing the small grain field as soon as the grain is re-
moved. If this is not done a large amount of seed is produced. After
this plowing in the fall the field should be disced and harrowed in the
spring and then planted to corn. The corn should be cultivated as fre-
quently as possible, at least four or five times. This method should prove
entirely effective for the destruction of Fox-tail and pigeon grass.
Squirrel-tail. Squirrel-tail or Wild Barley is a most pernicious weed
along road sides and in pastures and meadows; pernicious because it not
only prevents the growth of the better grasses but it is injurious to live
stock. As this weed is most common in the pasture, the best way to
treat it is to mow the pasture before the grass has matured its seed.
Since this weed is an annual, or winter annual, this should effectively
dispose of the plant were it not for the fact that the seed is blown in
from neighboring fields and roadsides. Cultivation will readily destroy
the weed and where it is abundant in fields shallow cultivation followed
by the disc and harrow should be effective.
Mustard. The first and most important consideration in connection
with the extermination of mustard is that the oats or wheat should be
freed from mustard seed. Then this grain should be sown on clean
fields, preferably fields that have been in pasture or meadow, or if sown
in a corn field there should have been no mustard the previous season.
Nothing has done so much to remove the weeds from the fields of north-
eastern Iowa as the pasture and meadow. Having sown the small grain
on a clean field there is always a chance that some of the seeds will retain
their vitality in the soil. If much of this mustard should come up then
it may become necessary to spray the mustard with iron sulphate and
when the mustard is abundant this is a very effective means of destroying
the weeds, this material used at the rate of one hundred pounds of the
iron sulphate to a barrel of water.
Indian Malloiv or Butter Print. Much complaint has come to us about
Indian Mallow or Butter Print. This weed, which is very common in
many parts of the state, is, of course, readily destroyed by cultivation.
The only trouble is that so much of the seed retains its vitality for a
considerable length of time, how long has not been definitely determined.
The best treatment for this plant is to get the field into a meadow or
pasture, leaving it in this condition for a number of years and then
planting corn and following the usual rotation.
Mr. S. Braga, Meservey, Iowa, recommends the smothering of Quack
Grass with millet, and shallow plowing, and Mr. Burlingame, of Froelich,
Iowa, also advocates the smothering of Quack Grass by covering it with
two feet of straw and then sow to buckwheat two years in succession.
Mr. Flett, of Wright county, also recommends covering and smothering
with straw. Mr. F. McGrunder, of Clarkson, thinks the best way to
remove Quack Grass is by using the dung fork and getting out all of the
roots. Mr. Dows, of Benton county, finds that salt is successful or mulch
heavily with straw. Mr. Overholser, of Sibley, Iowa, states that a bad
204 ' IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
field consisting of a quarter section of Quack Grass, one of the worst
infected sections in the county, was planted to millet and buckwheat and
in the worst places forks were used to remove the roots, then the field
was planted to corn and in this way many of the weeds, including Quack
Grass, were removed. According to C. J. Kirby, of Black Hawk county,
cockleburs are found mostly on rented farms and the best plan to remove
these weeds is to get the land into pasture or meadow. Pasture, especi-
ally, if sheep are allowed to graze. According to F. E. Wakeman, he
finds that rank weeds should be cut when coming into bloom and in this
way they soon disappear, also Bull Thistle and Dock should be cut off
early in the season; Velvet Leaf and Squirrel-tail are more persistent
weeds. Mr. Lee, of Van Buren county, also finds that Butter-print is
hard to exterminate and that Cocklebur, Curled Dock, and Jimson Weed
may be killed by persistent cutting below the surface of the ground. Mr.
H. R. Albers, of Battle Creek, who had thistles in a pasture (probably
woolly thistle) plowed in fhe fall, disced three times in the spring and
planted to corn and cultivated three times and the following year had
very little of the thistle. Mr. Greer, of Linn county, recommends the
mowing of cucklebur in August, close to the ground and burning and
plowing, this has been found very effective. Mr. F. W. Tucker, of Chicka-
saw county, with reference to Canada Thistle, recommends plowing each
week during the summer, with constant effort, plowing and cultivation
will kill the weed. Mr. L. J. Philip states that by covering the Canada
Thistle with straw in the course of a few years the weed can be des-
troyed. In regard to mustard, he thinks that Wild Mustard would not
be troublesome if clean seed would be sown. Cultivate and pull the
mustard when young.
LEGISLATION.
With reference to legislation, may I suggest that while legislation is
important, the question of publicity or of making the people acquainted
with the importance of weed extermination is vastly more important.
You can go all over the State of Iowa and in every locality Canada
Thistle may be found but there are very few prosecutions under the law.
I have been written a great many times on this matter and I have said,
"Why don't you prosecute?" and I have been told, "Oh. we hate to prose-
cute a neighbor and the county attorney doesn't care to bring action."
No rigid or fast line can be drawn as to the kind of weeds that should
be contained in a weed law. I have drawn up a bill which embodies my
ideas on the subject. I have included five weeds because of the urgent
demand that was made to have these included but in my judgment it
would be better to not mention any weeds but to leave it to a commis-
sion.
The accompanying maps will show the abundance and the reports re-
ceived in regard to a few of the troublesome weeds: Quack Grass, Canada
Thistle, Wild Mustard, Squirrel-tail Grass.
L. H. Pammel.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART V
205
Wild Mustard.— Brasslca arvensis.
Each dot represents a report of occurrence.
206
IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Canada Thistle. -Cnlcus arvenais.
Dots represent report of occurrence.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART V
207
Cocklc-tur.-XantLium canadenfe.
Dots represents report of occurrence.
208
IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Squirrel-tail or Wild Barley. -Hordeum Jubatum
Dots represents report of occurrence.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART V
209
Quack Grass.— Agropyron repens.
Dots represent report of occurrence.
14
210
IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Mr. Curtiss moved that the report of the committee be placed on
file and the proposed bill presented to the Legislature, and that same
be called to the attention of the Governor with view of having refer-
ence made to the same in his report. Seconded by Mr. Packard.
Motion prevailed.
The matter of combination sale during the fair by the Iowa Sheep
Breeders' Association was taken up. Mr. Johnston moved that the
matter be referred to a committee of three consisting of the Sec-
retary, the Superintendent of the Sheep Department and Mr. Cur-
tiss. Seconded by Mr. Olson. Motion prevailed.
The Committee on Per Diem and Mileage made the following re-
port, and on motion of the Chairman, the report was adopted:
Mr. President, — Your committee on Per Diem and Mileage beg leave
to report as follows:
Name Days Rate Amount Miles Amount Total
C. E. Cameron 6 $4.00 $24.00 140 $14.00 $38.00
W.C.Brown 6 4.00 24.00 102 10.20 34.20
R. S. Johnston 6 4.00 24.00 158 15.80 39.80
Elmer M. Reeves 6 4.00 24.00 123 12.30 36.30
R. T. St. John 3 4.00 12.00 195 19.50 31.50
E. J. Curtin 3 4.00 12.00 12.00
S. B. Packard 6 4.00 24.00 58 5.80 29.80
T. C. Legoe 4 4.00 16.00 100 10.00 26.00
C. F. Curtiss 6 4.00 24.00 37 3.70 27.70
John Ledgerwood 6 4.00 24.00 64 6.40 30.40
M. McDonald 6 4.00 24.00 65 6.50 30.50
O. A. Olson 6 4.00 24.00 155 15.50 39.50
H. L. Pike 6 4.00 24.00 200 20.00 44.00
419.70
Respectfully submitted,
R, S. Johnston,
0. A. Olson,
John Ledgerwood,
Committee.
Mr. Curtiss moved that aU unfinished business be referred to the
Executive Committee with power to act.
Motion prevailed.
President announced the following standing committees for the
vear :
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART V 211
STANDING COMMITTEES OF THE IOWA STATE BOARD OF
AGRICULTURE, 1909.
Executive Committee —
C. E. Cameron, W. C. Brown, J. C. Simpson,
Auditing Committee —
C. W. Phillips, T. C. Legoe, R. S. Johnston.
Committee on Resolutions —
E. J. Curtin, M. McDonald, John Ledgerwood.
Committee on Rules —
C. E. Cameron, J. C. Simpson, C. F. Curtiss, R. S. Johnston, H. L. Pike.
Committee on Adulteration of Foods, Seeds and Other Products —
S. B. Packard, C. F. Curtiss, H. R. Wright.
Committee on Dairy Industry and Products, including Fraudulent Imita-
tions—
H. R. Wright, O. A. Olson, W. C. Brown.
Committee on Contagious Diseases Among Domestic Animals —
C. F. Curtiss, P. O. Koto, H. L. Pike, E. M. Reeves.
Committee on Revision of Laws and New Laws —
S. B. Packard, C. F. Curtiss, H. R. Wright, C. E. Cameron, W. C. Brown,
J. C. Simpson,
Legislative Committee —
C. E. Cameron, W. C. Brown, J. C. Simpson, S. B. Packard, C. W.
Phillips.
On motion of Mr. Olson Board adjourned.
Attest: J. C. Simpson,
Secretary.
PART VI
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
Annual Meeting of the Swine
Breeders' Association.
1908.
BY C. C. CAELIN", SECRETARY.
OFFICERS.
L. H. ROBERTS, President Paton
H. F. HOFFMAN, Vice-President WasMa
HARVEY JOHNSON, Vice-President Logan
C. C. CARLIN. Secretary and Treasurer Des Moines
The annual summer meeting of the Iowa Swine Breeders' Asso-
ciation for 1908 took place at Des Moines, Tuesday, June 16th.
About one hundred members were present, although the crop con-
ditions were such as to discourage attendance by those who do any
farming. But breeders generally are loyal to their organization and
show great interest in all means that may be taken for the advance-
ment of their industry. This accounts for the fact that the swine
breeders have succeeded in holding enthusiastic sessions every year,
while breeders of other lines of live stock permitted interest in their
organization to Avane and gradually cease to exist. The Swine
Breeders' Association is a democratic body, one in which every
member takes pride, and in which each one exercises his right to
enter freely into any and all discussions. It is realy a great big
family consultation, and in its deliberations the subjects are exposed
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VI 2lS
to view from all points and threshed out to the last handful of
chaff. Nothing escapes. There are no privileged characters and'
no checks on any one. The session occupied the full afternoon
and evening, and was opened by L. H. Roberts, of Paton, Iowa,
with the following:
PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS.
I thought this morning as I lay in bed about four o'clock that if I had
not been a regular attendant of the swine breeders' meetings in all pro-
bability I ought to go to this meeting. But I attended the first meeting,
and to my recollection I have never missed one, and I always look for-
ward with great pleasure to the meeting, not only because of the informa-
tion which I get but also for the opportunity to meet the boys and have
a visit with them. I am sure that if new farmers and breeders would
only come out to the meeting with us they would get so enthused that they
would keep on coming, for I notice that the old-time breeders who have
been coming every year for twenty or twenty-five years don't get tired
of it.
I want to congratulate this association, as well as the farmers of Iowa,
who make hog raising a branch of their business, upon the satisfactory
conditions of the past year; also a promise of a continuance of fairly
good times in our line of work.
The pork market of the year has shown extremes of prices, first high
and then low, but the range of prices has not been at all times profitable
to the producer. On the other hand, there has been a great demand for
breeding stock on the prospect of better markets or more and cheaper
feed.
We, as breeders, must be careful in regard to cultivating a boom on
any special line of breeding as history repeats itself, that is, when any
article reaches a price above the actual value it always seeks a lower
level than the actual worth.
So far as I have found this year there is not as large a crop of pigs as
in former years and the loss of young pigs has been quite heavy. As
breeders and pork raisers there is encouragement in the outlook for
breeding animals as well as pork.
The importance of the Association to the State of Iowa is increasing
year by year. Iowa produces practically twice the number of hogs of any
other state in the Union, so Iowa is the greatest state in the Union. I
believe it. Since our last meeting we have been privileged to show our
hogs not only in the greatest state in the Union, but one of the best
arranged buildings. Our premiums have been the most liberal and we
appreciate the treatment extended to us by the oflScers.
The object of the Association has been to preserve the interests of this
great industry and endeavor to make its condiiton better and forward
its interests in every line. The Association has from the time of my
earliest connection with it kept that steadily in view and adhered to
those principles and will always do so. It is becoming recognized by the
farmer of Iowa as a great help to him and he realizes more each year
214 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
the benefits derived from the efforts of this Swine Breeders' Association,
We have on our program many papers that are intended to shed further
light on our industry and to be an aid to beginners and a help to the older
ones in the business.
The subject of "Iowa's Swine Exhibit at the International" was
taken up by Prof. C. F. Curtiss of Ames, Iowa, in the following
address :
I, like your president, am gratified to be one of the attendants of this
meeting. I have made it a point to spend a little time at the swine
breeders' meeting every year when I can do so, and I have always found
it of interest and profit to attend these meetings and listen to the discus-
sions pertaining to the work of the great industry in which you are
engaged.
In considering the topic assigned to me I may say that as you probably
know, there has been a prize offered at the International Live Stock Ex-
position during the past two years going to the state that takes the
highest rank for the toal number of prizes w^on on all kinds of stock at
the International. This has been called the Rosenbaum Special and con-
sists of one thousand dollars divided into three prizes. The first year
the prize was offered, Iowa ranked third and was exceeded by Illinois and
Indiana. Last year Iowa ranked second and Illinois first again. Now,
naturally an Iowa man does not like to see Iowa in second rank in any
live stock competition and I began to inquire into the reasons for Iowa
ranking second in a contest of this kind. Iowa is recognized as the first
and foremost live stock state in the Union and it was generally expected
Iowa would take first place in that kind of competition, so w^e made a
careful record of all prizes won in the live stock classes at the Interna-
tional with a view to determining where the discrepancy was and where
Iowa lost out and to our surprise we found that Iowa lost out where we
least expected it, that is, in the hog show.There was enough there to have
turned it to Iowa' favor each year I think, and it is quite surprising and
should be alarming I think that a state having practically twice as many
hogs and twice as great an interest in hog raising as any other state in
the Union should drop down so badly in the competition of the Live Stock
Exposition.
In the first place, of course, it is generally recognized that it is not a
show of breeding stock that we have at the International. I know that
there is a difference of opinion on the part of the hog breeders concern-
ing the advisability of holding a breeding show and there has been a
good deal of demand for a show of breeding stock but for various reasons
the International has not seen fit to establish that kind of show and as
long as that condition exists, it seems to me that if there is to be a show
there the state ought to be represented by a larger number of exhibitors
than it has been in the past. Some breeds have been very poorly repre-
sented and I think that the International awards on fat classes carry
considerable weight and the breeds that are not represented will lose
by it.
Some of the associations have each year contributed considerable in
the way of specials to supplement the International prizes. (At this point
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VI 215
Professor Curtis gave the figures showing the winnings of Iowa and Illi-
nois exhibitors and that aside from the winnings of the college stock
Iowa had taken but twenty-five dollars in total premiums.) A course of
this kind has brought out the relative rank of exhibitors of the different
states and I do not believe that a state like Iowa with its live stock inter-
ests and particularly its hog interests can afford to take second place and
fall so far behind a state like Illinois. This difference in the hog prizes
alone, as stated at first, is enough to have changed the rank of the two
states and instead of Iowa ranking second it would have ranked first
easily if the Iowa hog breeders had been represented in the competition.
I presume there would be a difference of opinion about the advantage
of showing barrows but whatever we think of it as breeders there is an
advantage. There is an advantage not only in hog classes but cattle and
all other classes. There are a great many people who attend these shows
and form their own ideas of the animals as they are ready for the block.
No one will gainsay the fact that the Angus cattle owe a large part of the
prestige and favor that they have won in recent years to the record they
have made at the International and no one will gainsay the fact that any
breed that is represented at this show is given support and prestige. I
believe that breeders of this state owe it to the reputation and rank of
Iowa that we be represented there and hold up the rank of this state and
take the position there that Iowa's interests as a hog producing state
entitle her to take.
In the discussion which followed this address 0. W. Bro^vning
of Newton, Iowa, said: "I happened to be at the International
for the first time last year and the hog show is certainly interest-
ing and very instructive. I got acquainted with some of the men
who have been making shows there for a number of years. There
is an impression that stuif to be shown at the fat stock show has
to be something pretty fine but there is lots of stuff down there
that is not first class, so if any one is in condition to take stuff there,
they don't need to have the very best to win. The car load class is
the best class to show in. One trouble in showing car loads is on
account of market prices. The price might decline from the time
a man got his hogs together to the time of the show so that it would
be a losing proposition unless there was some advertising scheme in
view. The way to get a good show in car load classes is for the
Record Association to put up a prize big enough to make a man
pay out on the deal. I think that those in position to make an
exhibit from Iowa would cetrainly be paid by doing so. The ex-
hibits that are made at that show from Illinois especially are mostly
made by individuals and not by any state institutions and the
record Illinois has was made largely by individuals."
j\Ir. W. Z. Swallow of Waukee, also spoke giving his idea of the
reason more breeders did not show. ' ' I was there at that show and
216 IOWA DEPAilTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
I formed this kind of an idea. If the Poland China was away-
back in the class on prizes, the premium was not nearly as much as
it was on Berkshire or Hampshire. The Berkshire and Hamp-
shire Associations donate quite a bit of money to help these fellows.
They said if Iowa can't do something, let them take a back seat,
but I told them we have better hogs, anyway. The hog that won
the grand championship was of mixed breed. He showed the Berk-
shire, red hog, and white hog, one pretty near as much as the other.
He was a Avell built hog, but when it came to the slaughter test he
was thrown out. The Berkshire prize was quite a bit larger than
ours, and that is where they got ahead — because their association
paid good prizes so they could afford to lose something. They can't
take them to the state fair and get anything, so they had to take
them there. The one trouble I think is that Iowa don't speak up
and help us. If Iowa would pay the premium we would show the
hogs. That is the way I look at it."
Prof. Curtiss added the following information concerning the
prizes : ' ' This prize is awarded on the International money award-
ed, that is, the Rosenbaum special prizes are based upon the amount
of International money awarded and the specials are not taken into
consideration. What Mr. Swallow says is largely true in a way, that
is, that the Berkshire and Hampshire and some of those breeds
whose respective associations have been putting up considerable
money as specials have a higher allotment of prizes than those
whose associations have not been putting up any money. How-
ever, that makes no difference in the standing of Iowa because the
conditions are the same for an Iowa breeder as for an Illinois
breeder. In regard to the point brought up by Mr. Browning, the
prizes awarded to the Ilinois exhibitors were entirely won by
private exhibitors. In our state if it had not been for what we sent
in from Ames the state would have had a bare twenty-five dollars
to its credit."
Mr. Browning said : "I want to say a word in regard to the judges
that are selected from the stock yards. They don't have any
prejudice and for that reason a person will get justice if he has a
good hog. I noticed that in particular. They did not seem to favor
any particular breed in passing on the merits of each one. I am
not saying that they have no preferences but I say that when they
come to pass on them they do not allow prejudice to stand in the
way. ' '
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VI 217
There being no further discussion on this subject, J. B. Ashby of
Audubon, Iowa, read his paper on ''Scientific Swine Feeding,"
which was as follows:
The science of swine feeding is a broad subject. For lack of time,
knowledge and through sympathy for the audience I will not discuss it
at any length. The word science includes everything relating to the art
or work of growing, harvesting and administering the many varieties and
combinations of feeds to the hog.
Feeding hogs is a subject in which every farmer and breeder is or
should be deeply interested. It is of universal importance; and I only
wish I could go into it deeply and in a way that would interest you men
here.
Starting with the new born pig, it requires practice and skill to feed
the mother so that she will bring her litter out without scouring them.
When this is done the first great danger is over. To do this she should
be fed lightly and systematically. The same man should feed and care
•for her that fed her previous to farrowing. He should have his work
well planned and good judgment should direct his movements. Many
writers advocate the use of a strictly milk producing ration, but experi-
ence has shown that this is wrong. The flow of milk at this time is
naturally greater than the pigs will take in the majority of cases. For
this reason, a light feed of corn and oats is better for the sow and pigs
both. In the course of a week the ration should be gradually changed to
a slop of shorts and this increased until the ration consists of one-half
of such feeds.
At the age of three weeks the pigs should commence eating and they
should be encouraged by the use of a creep. The feed should consist of
a slop of some good mill feeds. From the time the pigs commence eating,
the expense of feeding gradually increases and with it the value of the
pig increases if he is doing well and is properly fed.
It is not my purpose to propound the balanced ration fact or theory
here today. However, the purpose or final end of the feeding operation is
to produce a hog with strong bony framework and a development of
muscles to such an extent that all the vital organs, such as the lungs,
heart, digestive and reproductive organs, will be as perfect as possible
when the hog is matured. To do this, the scientific, or, as I would rather
call it, the systematic way of feeding must come into operation. Feeds
high in protein and ash must be used or the development will not be so
complete as it otherwise would be. Any of the following feeds may be
used: wheat, wheat shorts, middlings, oil meal, oat shorts, packing house
by-products, alafalfa and clover pastures. The ration should consist for
the most part of one or a combination of these feeds. Every man has
an idea of what combination he likes best.
The feeding of correctives, tonics and worm powders is at present
advocated by a great many men and it is all right, but these are found
on the farm, with the exception of the worm exterminator, in the form
of corn cob, charcoal and grass. As a worm exterminator I have found
five grains of santonin and three grains of calomel to each eighty pounds
^18 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
of hog to be the cheapest and most effective. However, considerable care
is needed to feed such powder as only ten head should be treated at a
time, and the powder thoroghly mixed through the slop.
No feeder, be he ever so careful and patient, can be successful in his
operations if the conditions surrounding his hogs are not sanitary and
clean. Slaked lime, dip and crude oil should be used freely, but not
extravagantly, by every hog man. Lime and dip are good disinfectants,
and will keep down disease, while the crude oil is the cheapest and most
effective louse-killer I have ever tried.
Some one asked Mr. Asliby in what way he used crude oil to get
the best results and he replied: "During the summer time I run
about four inches on top of the water in the dipping tank and as
fast as it is taken up I run on more. In the winter I just use the
crude oil with a brush. ' '
Another asked if Mr. Ashby used crude oil in connection with
dip and he said : " I think it is a good plan to use both. As I only
use the crude oil as a louse killer, I use the dip for disinfectant. I
think it is cheaper to use the crude oil."
Mr. Swallow said : ' ' Don 't you think that where your hogs root
around and you have lots of little holes where they go to wallow
and where the water will stand after a rain, that if you scatter crude
oil there it would be quite a help ? It is the cheapest dipping tank
you can get."
R. J. Harding of Macedonia, Iowa, asked if Mr. Ashby found it a
good idea to slop pigs if the sows have not been solpped before
farrowing time, but Mr. Ashby stated that he had never tried it.
Mr. Harding continued: "I have adopted a different method of
feeding than I used to. I feed the little pigs dry. I don't make
any slop and I get much better results. I find that they thrive
well on it and are not as apt to gorge themselves and the danger
from scours is much less."
J. R. Pfander of Omaha, asked: ''I would like to ask whether
you feed the dry feed in self feeder form or a regular ration of it at
feeding time as we do slop."
Mr. Harding said : " I have never adopted the self feeder but do
just as I would in feeding slop, but I feed in a feeder that they
can't get into. I take shorts and ground oats and I find that they
will eat it up clean and will grow out. I feed the sow a little corn
and they get some of that, but they have this other that the sow
can not get to. I get much better growth with dry feed than with
wet and do not have as many pigs with scours."
Mr. L. H. Paul of Anamosa, said: ''I want to sanction what
Mr. Harding has said. My personal opinion is that slopping pigs
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VI 219
goes away back to the time when the swill barrel was put down in
the ground and everything went into it. There is no animal living
that will eat wet food Avhen it can get dry. I always feed dry
in preference to wet."
Mr. G. W. Ilockett of Manning, Iowa, also spoke on this sub-
ject : ' ' I agree in certain respects but I also want to say that some
of these fellows that feed in the old-fashioned way get pretty good
results. I have not had as much experience as some but I have
tried all new methods and have gone back to the old-fashioned way
and I believe that I have so far had about as much growth on my
hogs as any. I have tried dry feed, but I never could make it
work very well. The hog will eat slop if he is used to it and if it
is balanced right he will not be harmed by it. The trouble with
feeding slop with some people is making it all slop and no feed.
The hog will not thrive on slop that is all water. If you make it
thick they will be all right and will grow if you have the right kind
of things in the feed. They ought to have dry feed that they
can run to but if you mix the slop right you can get a good growth. "
Joe Steward here made the following statement: ^'I just want
to say that Mr. Ashby put up a first class paper."
Mr. Browning said: "This question has been gone over a good
many times. There is a whole lot in it and we don't know anything
about it. The longer I live the less I believe I know about hogs.
As to feeding slop, I have experimented a good deal and if you
go to feeding a little pig on concentrated feed you know what will
happen. He takes it in liquid form and the older he gets the less
it needs to be diluted. It seems to me that when he gets to the
feeding period you want just about the same bulk of water as bulk
of feed. Take ground oats and corn, put in a little oil cake and
mix it up just so you have to thump the bucket to make it drop
out. The pig don't like feed unless he has a little salt too. He
will get outside of a whole lot of this kind of mixture in five or ten
minutes and then he will be ready for just as much the next meal
and the result will be that you will make a bigger gain in that way
than any Avay in the world. If you want to slop him when he is
little, you don't want it very thick. But the thing to do is to feed
him on what you see he will do the best possible on. We have
both sides of the question. So far as feeding slop goes, if you
don't Avant to over feed a sow, just give her a little milk with
some water in it. Then after a while leave out the water and put
in a little shorts."
220 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Mr. W. M. Young of Ankeny, Iowa, asked about feeding dry corn
and Mr. Pf ander said : "If I was to feed slop right along I would
feed dry corn. I think pigs do better on dry corn where you feed
pretty heavy slop. That has been my experience at least."
Another gentleman asked about the advisability of grinding
corn. Mr. Harding said: "I have tried it both ways and as far
as I am concerned, I let the pig grind his own .corn, and I think
he gets just as good results."
Mr. Browning said in reference to this question: "I think the
only object in grinding com is in mixed feed. If you want to
feed oats or wheat you want it ground and all mixed together to
get the best results."
At the close of the discussion on this paper, "W. J. Hartung of
Maxwell, Iowa, read the following interesting paper on the subject
"Economical Feeding for Pork."
This question of economical feeding for pork just now is a very vital
question for the feeder and breeder, as the eventual end of every hog is
at some time or other supposed to be the pork barrel. With the present
high prices of feed and the comparatively low prices for hogs it will
require very economical feeding to return a small profit, but it will not
always be this way we hope. This question is very broad as to the best
method.
The hog, as compared with other live stock, is generally the safest
proposition and he generally pays his way with a good profit besides, as
for mortgage lifters we owe much to the credit of the hog. While our
prospects are upset by contagious diseases sometimes we simply try, try
again.
What is the best breed of hogs? This is a question that has been
agitating the public mind these many years. But the essential qualities
of meat, pork and lard produced at the least cost of feed consumed there
is no contention of breed difference that is influencing in this particular
feature of the hog industry. The possibilities of the hog is a matter
largely in the hands of the feeder, as the skill of all men is not alike, for
one man will bring about greater results than another. My own experi-
ence teaches me that the success of the industry is proper quarters with
plenty of range first before we attempt too much, with good sheds and
numerous small lots and pastures so that the herd can be divided in
smaller numbers. They should have access to a good fountain of water
at all times, with good shade. This is quite important. In my own case
I have my farm fenced hog tight and I think the money I spent to fence
it was well spent. Then it can be cross fenced and allow them the greatest
amount of range possible during the growing period.
Length and bone with good scale should be maintained so we can
produce the greatest amount of weight from a given amount of feed
from an economical point of view.
The ration should be well balanced. With corn at sixty-five cents
and oats at fifty cents, good middlings at a dollar and forty cents per
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VI 221
hundred and oil meal at a dollar and a half, as a good ration I would
recommend six parts corn and one part oil meal. This ration with
good clover pasture, will produce satisfactory gains and will be fairly-
economical. The more clover pasture, the better and cheaper the gain.
I have also had very good results from feeding tankage to balance
up with corn, as tankage is very rich in protein. With pigs running
on good clover pasture I recommend a feed of nine parts com and one
part tankage. If they are not running on pasture I would feed seven
parts corn to one part tankage.
There are too many young pigs whose usefulness is impaired by
feeding too much corn. I find in my own experience that I am well
paid for all the cost of the additional feeds, as there is less risk of
disease and they are put on better gain, and therefore I can make
a greater profit. I think a farmer ought to raise more of this protein
feed himself. I believe it can be done. I will tell you how I am solv-
ing the question. I mix wheat and oats about half and half and sow
them together and have raised from thirty to fifty bushels per acre.
I do not like too much oats with it, as after it is ground the hull of
the oats make too much bulk. I have gasoline power and do my own
grinding and I take this wheat after it is ground with corn and a very
small part of oil meal or tankage and it makes a ration for the young
and the old alike and they eat it with a relish.
We should take care in feeding new corn as they are apt to eat too
much and cause indigestion. Over-feeding will start a fever and near-
ly always cause trouble. I like the idea of husking part of my corn
with the hogs. Plant pumpkins with the corn you expect to hog down
and cut a few open every morning and watch how they eat them. They
pick the corn up clean and gain lots of good exercise, and it don't cost
you four cents a bushel and board for man and team to husk it.
To fit a bunch of hogs economically for the market a man must be
on the lookout always, as the unexepected is always liable- to happen.
I never lost a pig by heat where they have had access to shade and
water. At all times one must be on the lookout for worms, as worms
cause a great amount of trouble with hogs. The best thing for worms,
and about the only thing I use, is santonin, one ounce dissolved in
boiling water and mixed in the slop for about sixty head of about 100
pounds each. Be sure to keep hog off feed from twelve to twenty-
four hours before feeding worm medicine, as your money will be thrown
away if fed on a full stomach. Give the hogs a mild physic after feed-
ing worm medicine to expel the worms and be sure to have plenty of
trough room where you feed it so all hogs get their portion. If this
don't get the worms with a couple of doses it won't be necessary to buy
any worm medicine sold by any agent at a long price, as it won't do
any good. This has been my experience.
Another enemy that we should be on the lookout for is lice, as very
few will thrive and feed out economically with their backs covered with
lice. There are numerous good dips offered for this purpose, but my
favorite dip is crude oil, and I think the only thing to use, as it kills
the nits as well as Mr. Louse and is not at all injurious to the hog or his
eyes and is far cheaper than the ready made dips. It does not require
222 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
a great lot of oil to dip with. When you get ready to dip your hogs you
fill your tank with three or four inches of where you always filled it
with water, and then put in three or four inches of oil on top, the
oil rises to the top always. The hog goes down through the oil and
comes out oiled all over. No one can afford to feed even cheap corn to
lice and lice live on the very substance of the hog. They do not eat
the flesh but they drink the blood from which the flesh is formed. Much
less can a farmer feed sixty-five per cent corn to an innumerable herd of
vermin and dead beat boarders.
I think hogs should be fed at regular hours as near as possible, and
it is a good idea to notice that all come out and that none are off their
feed.
To obtain the greatest amount of weight from an economical point
of view I think a good brick or cement feeding ..oor the proper thing
to have, as it is simply impossible to feed economically in from one to
six inches of mud half the year. I prefer a brick floor myself and they
are in some respects superior to cement, and in my locality it only costs
about one-half as much to build them and any one can do the work.
The time of marketing depends on certain conditions. The most
profitable weight to market is around two hundred and fifty pounds as
this weight hog is always in demand and will command the top price.
At the close of this paper Dr. Niles of Ames said: "I would
like to endorse what he says in regard to the use of santonin for
worms. It is certainly a satisfactory thing. There is one question
in connection with feeding that was not brought out very definitely.
That was the use of self-feeders and the feeding of tankage. I
have not had much experience in feeding corn in self-feeders but
I have with tankage and I have foimd that we have good results.
The first day you fill your feeder the hog will use a good deal.
After that he will only use as much as the system requires and
you can use tankage quite nicely. We have had good experience
and find that Avhen a hog is out of condition we can tone it up
with tankage."
Earl Addy of Parnell, Missouri, said: ''I think we have struck
something down in Missouri in the way of an economical feed that
is pretty good and that is corn hearts. We first put eighty-five
head on two hundred pounds of corn hearts and in thirty-eight
days they had gained a hundred pounds at a cost of a dollar and
twenty-five cents a hundred."
L. C. Rose of Prescott, Iowa, to whom was assigned the subject
of "Young Pigs and Their Ailments," failed to respond. The
discussion of the question, however, brought forth the following
remarks :
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART Vt 223
ask a question that has been puzzling me for two years. Some of
my strong pigs from the time they are a day or two old have little
sore places just below the knees. They have good dry beds and I
can find no reason for it but the skin seems to wear off and get
sore. I would like to know the cause of it. ' '
Mr. Hockett thought it was caused by the sensitive skin coming
in contact with polluted bedding, but Mr. Buck stated that he had
noticed it in thirty-six hours after the pigs were farrowed and in
good bedding.
Albert Sundell of Paton, Iowa, had this explanation to offer:
"I think it is caused a good deal at the time the pig is fighting
for the right of his table. You always find that when the pig is
born the first thing he does is to get to work and there is a good
deal of fighting done during the first twenty-four hours until they
get their fill and I think they do a good deal of rubbing that skin
off in getting their rights the first twenty-four hours."
Mr. Harding said : " I have noticed this a good deal and I think
you find it on almost all pigs and I don 't think there is any question
as to what causes it. I may be wrong, but I think it is the doubling
of that joint back and as they scramble for their place stand on
that joint and rub it on the bedding. The hair is all turned the
wrong way and in a short time it becomes irritated and soon forms
a sore."
Joe Steward remarked that it might be a breed characteristic as
he had never seen it on his pigs, and ]\Ir. Buck replied that they
were cross bred hogs, Poland Chinas and Durocs. In answer to
Mr. Swallow's question if it was found in small litters, he said he
had not noticed any difference, that all the pigs had had it for the
last two years regardless of the size of the litter.
There being no further remarks on this subject, the subject of
"Fulfillment of Sale Ring Guarantees" was taken up. The sub-
ject had been assigned to A. W. Holland of New London, Iowa, but
Mr. Holland was unable to be present for the reason that his large
barn and a good deal of his stock was destroyed by lightning lately
with a considerable loss and for the additional reason that he was
holding a public sale on this date.
In regard to this subject H. F. Hoffman of Washta, Iowa, said :
"I have never had much experience as I never had but one public
sale. It looks to me as though a public sale guarantee should be
just the same as a private sale. When a person sells a bred sow
she should be in pig and should farrow on the date of service he
224 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE)
Frank Buck of Valley Junction, Iowa, said: "I would like to
names. If she fails to farrow the breeder should pay the express
both ways, because he is to blame. There is a good reason of com-
plaint both through the papers and orally and it is well grounded.
It is doing a great injustice to the swine industry. I think this
matter should be taken in hand and every breeder should in some
way be made to feel that he is under obligations. We should know
exactly when the sows are bred and should not let them go off the
place unless we know. I will admit that we are imposed upon lots
of times, but because others do wrong is no reason that we should. ' '
Mr. Swallow said : " I think if you sell at private sale or public
it should be on the same principle and if you sell a man an animal
for a good price and she don't prove to be in pig you should pay
express both ways. If you sell a good sow and she dies you should
make the loss half. The same way with a male, I have made that
a practice and when the animal don't prove to be good, all I ask
is to put it on the market and give me half. If we all did that
way I think we would have lots less trouble. But when a man
uses good judgment and tries to take care of an animal and then
it proves to be no good we should meet him half way. ' '
Some one asked how a breeder is to know when he ships a sow
whether the person to whom it is shipped is careful in all respects
in caring for the sow at farrowing time. He stated that he had
shipped sows in that condition to people he did not know and they
had reported the sows lost and he had no way of telling if they
were honest in their statements. Mr. Swallow replied: ''We expect
everybody to be honest and dealing with honest people and have to
take it as it comes."
One gentleman said: "We have a right to expect when we buy
an animal to get our pedigree and that is one of the things that
is hurting the business and is one of the worst stumbling blocks.
Men ask me about that more than anything else. Very few of
the catalogues guarantee you a pedigree, but you have every right
to expect to get one. Many times it runs up to four or five months
or a year and I have stuff on the farm at the present time that
should have their pedigree, but the men from whom I bought them
haven't the pedigrees from the other parties. That is one thing
that would be well to keep before the breeders that they catalogue
in such shape that they can furnish pedigrees. If you give a man
the pedigree he feels better over it even if he never looks at it. ' '
Mr. Hockett said: "In regard to the sale guarantee, I think it
is something that all of us should fulfil. If I sell a man a sow
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VI 225
and guarantee to give him fifty per cent of the money back if she
is not in pig, he ought not to expect all of it. If she is in pig and
has good care she will farrow the litter. If she don't get that kind
of care, I never feel that he ought to expect anything. The third
pure bred sow I bought at private sale was in good condition and
was in pig. I fed her and when she farrowed she had eight live
pigs and two she failed to have because I fed her too heavily. It is
not always lack of care but over-feeding so that a man may think
he is doing the right thing. We should fulfil our guarantees in
the catalogue, and if we know reason for fault in the sow it is all
well and good to meet the man half way. If we don't know the
circumstances, I never feel that it is our duty to go half way after
we have fulfilled our guarantee."
Mr. Harding gave his views as follows: ''I agree with some of
this talk and some of it I do not. In regard to a sale guarantee,
I think that we should fulfill our sale guarantees. That is all right.
But every party that buys a sow should have interest enough in
what he is bujdng to see what the guarantee is before he buys her
and if he buys that sow under the guarantee in the catalogue he
should not expect any more than that guarantee. I have always
tried to be liberal and help a man out if he has trouble but yet
he has no right to expect any more than is in that catalogue. I
had one case where I made a statement that a sow was not in pig
to the date given in the cataolgue but I guaranteed her to another
date. Now the man bought her and then came back and said she did
not come in on the date in the catalogue. I didn't expect her to
and made the statement on sale day myself and had my clerk make
the same announcement and yet he said he never heard of it. Who
is to blame? I believe that the time is coming when we must put
sows in the sale which carry their own guarantees. I might say
this too, that I have before now sold sows that did carrj^ their own
guarantee and were shipped back claiming that they were not in
pig. Then there is another question that comes up that is rather
hard to handle. Some men expect this period to be on the abso-
lute date. There is not one sow in a dozen that will farrow on the
exact date. If a soav should go over six weeks I would naturally
expect that there was a mistake and should be responsible. I do
not like shipping a sow back to a man because if I pay the express
both ways I am doing a losing business and if the other man pays
the express he is doing a losing business. Why not settle on a
15
226 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
good sound basis and let her stay where she is? Wliere you ship
her back and forth the express company is making a big thing and
you are getting nothing. If he buys her under that guarantee he
certainly agrees to it. In regard to how you are going to deal with
the proposition, the thing to do when a sow does not show that she
is in pig is for the seller to hold her until she does. I am going
to do that hereafter in my sales, unless the man wants her shipped. ' '
Mr. Roberts said: ''I believe this is one of the greatest subjects
we have to handle today, the public sale, and your success and mine
depends on how our public sales are handled. I believe we ought to
fully understand what we expect to get from the breeder and from
the buyer at our public sales. I believe with Mr. Harding that
every sow that does not absolutely show her guarantee should be
held on the farm until she does. I had quite a little experience this
year, more this year than in twenty-five years before in the hog
business. One man reported that the sow he bought was not in
pig and I sent him another. She was crippled and lost her litter and
I took it up with the express company and sent him another. He
reported that she had several nice pigs and I was the right kind of
a fellow. I wrote him the other day about her and he wrote back
that the first sow had eight nice pigs. Another man wrote that
his sow was not in pig and I wrote back that after the date if she
did not farrow I would refund the money and the next thing I got
a letter that she had six nice pigs. Then I had another sow that
three weeks before time to farrow you could not have told that she
was in pig and yet she had six nice pigs. We run against these
things every once in a while. I have had several cases where sows
were reported not safe that have proven to be so."
Jas. Atkinson of Des Moines spoke as follows: ''I would like to
speak a word about the matter of furnishing pedigrees. There is
quite a misunderstanding on the part of the public as to what is
expected when they buy pure bred hogs. Many people don't know
the difference between the pedigree and a certificate of registration.
I think every man that has a pure bred sow even if he is a beginner
ought to have her recorded. You can understand that a news-
paper man is the one that receives really the kick. A reader writes
to an advertiser and buys a sow. He don't get the pedigree. He
lets it go for a month or two months and then he begins to sweat
and he writes to the man from whom he bought the sow, who is
probably at the same time writing for it to another state. And then
he begins to write to us. My idea is that when a man has a sow
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VI 227
that is good enough to breed she ought to be recorded. Men do
not always do that. He has in mind that he can sell her progeny
for pure bred stock, but he might not be asked for pedigrees on
the part of those who buy her progeny. If a sow is worth breeding,
she is worth recording. Just as soon as the pigs are dropped you
ought to get the blanks. i\Iy understanding is this, that a pedigree
goes with young stuff, but half the people when they buy believe
that a certificate of registration goes with it I would like to see
the time come when the practice was fixed. It would be far less
trouble. Then there is one other point, that is, the matter of guar-
antees. While I am not a lawyer, I know that what is announced
on sale day will stand in law. If you have it announced on sale
day that a sow is not bred on the date in the catalogue, it will
stand. i\Ir. Sv/allow 's plan of sending a certificate with each animal
would be ideal, but the new men do not like to go to that expense.
The older breeders know how to handle it, but when a man starts
in business he buys a few bred gilts and then he starts to selling
and the new men ought to know what to expect, whether a certificate
of registration or a pedigree."
Mr. Swallow explained his plan further by saying: ''If I sell
you a bunch of gilts and you are not a stockholder in the association,
I can give you a pedigree and get the stock recorded in your name
for fifty cents where it would cost you a dollar. That is the way
I sell two-thirds of my pigs. That is a good way to get the new
fellows started. You get them built up and get them interested
and they will go right along."
Mr. Browning agreed with Mr. Swallow on this question. "Like
Mr. Swallow, I have had considerable experience in regard to the
pedigrees and whenever I sell a sow at private sale I make the
price so much and the sow to be recorded free of charge. Then
I send the pedigree in when I make the sale and have it recorded
and have the certificate sent to me so that I will know it is all
right and then forward it to the buyer together with the pedigree
of the male to which the sow was bred. All it will cost you will be
fifty cents and it a very satisfactory way to do. That is the way
I do at private sales and I believe it is the right way in public
sales. ' '
J. P. AYallace of Des Moines said : ' ' The way in cattle sales is to
furnish a certificate on sale day. It don't cost a great deal of
money and you have it right there and the man feels better if you
give it to him. It seems to me a man is just as much entitled to a
228 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
pedigree as to a deed in buying land. If it is not recorded he
ought to be told so. We get many complaints of this kind. It is
a Yevy easy thing to avoid by just a little business attention."
This closed the discussion on this subject and tlie folowing paper
on "What the Packer Wants/' by W. C. Agar, Des Moines, Iowa,
was read by the Secretary, ]\Ir. Agar not being able to be present :
The packer's desires are regulated by his wish to give the public their
meat food products in such shape and condition as are the more at-
tractive and readily salable, and he cannot be guided altogether by what
would actually, from a dollars and cents point of view, be always the
most profitable kind of hogs to buy. The public must have, and has
first consideration. It would at first sight, therefore, rather appear that
what the packer wants might not be altogether what the breeder would
find it always the most profitable to raise if he be looking for quick re-
turns, viz., a hardy, big-boned, tough animal capable of piling on lots
of flesh as cheaply and quickly as possible, to which end I am sorry
to think most breeders are now working. I would take this opportunity
to remind these engaged in raising swine that the better they can please
the public is the kind and quality of pork put on the market and dis-
played for sale, that just so mucn more will the consumption of this
meat increase compared with other meats; beef, mutton, etc., and
this should be, of course, of the utmost importance to those iilterested
in swine raising. The prosperity of our country has put the working
man, who is the great consumer of pork, in a very different position
from that occupied some few years ago when financially he was not so
well off and was unable to buy what suited his palate, as he is today.
The public at large are able to buy what they desire and will not be satis-
fied with coarse fat pork, or indeed, rough meat of any kind. This is
no doubt readily realized by the larger number of hog breeders who
have for some time been turning their attention to developing an animal,
the fiesh of which v^ould be so attractive and palatable as to very largely
increase the consumption of pork, both cured and fresh. Those who have
not yet given this matter the attention it deserves would do well to be-
gin to do so without delay or further waste of time, for the future
benefit, at least, of themselves and all others concerned.
Values of live stock, the same as other commodities are, as you know,
regulated by supply and demand. If the demand for any given article
can be increased, as it undoubtedly can for pork products, with the proper
kind of attention, values will naturally increase and be higher than when
the demand is at a minimum.
The type of hog most desired is that giving the greatest percentage
of meat and lard, and the least quantity of offal and small meats (heads,
feet, bone, etc.) As to weight, speaking in a general way, I would con-
sider a hog around two hundred and fifty pounds in good condition, of
course, the more attractive from a slaughterer's point of view. The
young animal is preferred to an old one on account of the flesh being
more tender and of better flavor. Firmness of both lean and fat are
to be desired, and in this connection it seems to me a diet composed
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VI 229
entirely of corn, or nearly so, is better than a mixed one, or in fact
any kind of feed available in this section, on account of corn making firm
fat and solid meat, which the public in this and foreign countries prefer,
and furthermore this fat yields well when put into the lard kettle. Both
public and packer discriminate always against oily meat; it is un-
palatable and of little value for lard.
Color also seems to have some small influence on the minds of certain
hog buyers. The red hog, for instance, being less in favor than the black,
and, while I do not know that it has been proved that tuberculosis is
found oftener in the red than in the black hog, there is at least a
prejudice of this kind existing. I am inclined to think, on account of
the red hog's roving disposition and that he seems to possess more
energy than his black brother in rooting around and finding disease
germs, if there are any, particularly tuberculosis, that the black hog on
account of his more lethergic temperament would pass over. My im-
pression is that the percentage of red hogs condemned for tuberculosis
is greater than that of the black one. - Speaking from my observation
and on what little I have learned regarding the different breeds of swine,
I think if I were in the swine raising business in the state of Iowa 1
should favor the Poland China and similar breeds as against the other
and more dissimilar kinds.
I am given to understand the object of your association is to produce
a smooth, well formed hog of symmetrical proportions, and this is
worthy of the highest praise. I have already explained why it should
pay to raise such stock. There is nothing in any way to be gained by the
breeder in producing common stock with no merit but that of being a big-
boned, coarse weight maker.
At the close of this paper Mr. Browning said: "Perhaps Mr.
Agar heard there was a lot of red hog men here and it would be a
good thing for him to stay away."
Mr. Harding: "We must all consider that Mr. Agar's opinion in
regard to these hogs is just the opinion of one man and we might
differ with him."
Mr. Roberts said: "I have had some little experience in judging
hogs that the packer wants. I think there is a great mistake in
the idea of the packers in regard to the hog. I believe that the
ideal hog that we have is the type that the packer wants. About
three years ago I went through the stock yards at Sioux City and
out of all the hogs that they had in the yards I didn 't find our type.
The ideal type was not there. But when you go into their yards
and pick out your type it comes pretty near to their type. The
packer has not raised hogs and don't know anything about it until
he cuts it through. What we want is what the packer wants. Our
interests are identical. I believe the packer ought to get out and
let the best breeders pick the hogs that are nearest to our ideal
230 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
and show what we are after and that we are trying to produce what
the packer wants.
Mr. Hockett said: "There is one thing that rather amused me
in this paper. That is, in comparing the different breeds, he evi-
dently thinks that the cause of this healthfulness is because they
lie still and do not root around. My idea of it is that when they
lie around they get the germs. I don't know which one of us is
wrong. ' '
Joe Stewart said: ''I was thinking myself that that was one of
the good points, that they were hustlers. We Poland China breed-
ers do not claim that our hogs are the best for that reason. We
claim that they lay on more meat for a bushel of corn."
Mr. Browning spoke still further on the subject. ''I used to be
a little prejudiced, but I have gotten past that and have respect for
all breeds, but there is a difference in breeds. The Agricultural
college at Ames tried for three years to see what the difference
was and they arrived at the same conclusion as the packers. .They
found it out by experience. There were several breeds tried, the
red hog, white, Berkshire, Yorkshire, Tamworths and Poland Chinas,
I think, and they went so far as to send the meat to Europe and
to Washington and they discovered first that the Berkshire hog is
the best today for the packer ; has the most lean and better quality
of fat. The red hog is just the anti-type for the Berkshire. He
will make the most lard and good sausage and will make a pretty
fair quality of bacon. And another thing is that the red hog will
utilize the corn better than the Berkshire. We don't want the
corn to go to waste. But the packers have a way of making lean
meat out of fat. The packer can do with his knife what it will take
us years to do with breeding. A commission man from Chicago
says they like the black hog best; another says they like the red
hog. The Yorkshire hog is a bacon hog. Some Yorkshire hogs
that had been fed at Ames were sent to England and when they
passed on them they said it was too fat for bacon. At the same
time they passed on the red hog (couldn't see the color) and said
it was fairly good. In the market the red hog passed all right
but I will say that there is a difference in hogs. The Berkshire
hog is a nice hog and there is no doubt in my mind that a cross
between the Berkshire and Poland China will make the best. But
it don't make any difference what kind we raise so long as we get
the most pork and get the price."
Mr. Stewart said : " It looks to me as though if the packer thought
so much more of one breeder than another he would give him a little
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VI 231
better price. For a breeder it is simply a question of raising a bog
that you can get the most money out of. My preference is for
black, but if I thought I could get more out of red I would raise
that kind of hog."
Mr. Hockett said : ' ' I have studied quite a little and you often
see a lot of Duroc Jersey hogs topping the market, or perhaps in
the next paper Poland Chinas top the market, or in a few days
Berkshire have topped the market. The reason for this is because
perhaps there was not as good a load of any other breed there on
that day. Any breed of hogs if they are right, are right. I agree
that the hog for any man to raise is the one that brings him the
most money. If he likes red hogs he ought not to raise black ones,
because he won't make a success. My opinion is that when you
take what you call an ideal breeder's hog of either the Chester
Wliite, Berkshire, Poland China or Duroc Jersey breed and cut the
head and feet off they would need a stamp on it in England to tell
which it is."
Mr. Harding gave his experience as follows : ' ' One time for a little
education I shipped a carload of hogs to Clay, Robinson & Company
of Chicago. They were red. They had a pretty good run that
day, forty thousand on sale. I was lucky enough to top the market
with my hogs. I said to Clay, Robinson that I thought they didn 't
like red hogs and they told me if we bring up the right kind of
hogs it don't make any difference what color they are. But when
you get a bunch of hogs that have a few red hairs or a few black
ones, or white, and ^11 legs they don't sell readily. I agree with
Mr. Hockett that after they are dressed they couldn't tell the
different breeds. They are all good. My preference is one, my
neighbor likes another. That is all right and that is the kind for
him to raise. If I cannot do better in something else, then I will
go right ahead in that line."
Mr. Roberts said: ''A man ought not always to judge the best
breed by the market. I have shipped lots of red hogs and got good
prices. I shipped a carload this fall and got low prices, but I do
not believe it would pay me to change. This question of breeds
is simply a fancy. They are all good. I have some black cattle
that I like better than others; some Shire horses that I like better
than others but they are no better than my neighbor's, who likes a
different breed. The one we like best we take better care of."
''Silage in Swine Rations" was the next subject taken up, which
was discussed by L. H. Paul of Anamosa, Iowa.
232 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Two of your speakers this afternoon told you they were very glad
to be here. I am kind of sorry, I have accepted this invitation to talk
to a lot of men who know more than I do and I feel like the Irishman.
One time when there had heen a lot of rain he went down to the river
and fell in. He floated down the stream a little way and caught hold
of a branch, and when the waves came he went up and down with the
branch. Finally he began to get tired and he said: "Begorry, if I
hang on I'll drown and if I let loose I'll drown. I wish the darn thing
would break."
In talking of silage we could only take it up as cheaper production.
Farmers can sell farm products at market prices. It is a little hard
to increase the market price. The thing to do is to increase the cost of
producing. Every man who produces seven cent pork and sells it at
Chicago for five cents would appreciate the work of any man who
would tell them how to produce it at four cents and sell it at five.
I think it can be done. Those who produce beef at six cents and sell
it at five cents can't find the profit, but I know it can be produced at four
cents if they find the method.
In treating this subject I will have to treat it in a little broader
sense. It will be hard for me to confine myself to silage. All who grow
hogs practically grow other stock that are considered of as much value
as the hog crop. Silage for hogs has a greater value as a succulent
crop. The food value of any plant or vegetable is in the moisture it
contains. Take the corn stalk. The actual food value of that is held
in solution and when we let that moisture pass off into the air that
is the reason we don't get better results. You will shock up probably
twelve tons of corn on an Iowa farm in September and when January
comes you have three tons left and the nine tons that have evaorated
is acually he food value and you have allowed it to evaporate and you
have practically nothing left but the shell, the wood frame. If you will
put it in the silo in September you have practically canned it, and you
have the nutrition, the food value. You have the pith of the stalk and
you have it canned and so you can get it to use for winter feed.
The main object in growing any unborn animal is to grow muscle.
When a man says he bought a sow and fed it so that the pigs were so
large they could not be farrowed, he ought to know that that could be
avoided by feeding a vegetable ration. By feeding that you grow muscle.
The time to grow bone and harden the bone is after the animal is born.
Another thing is that it is a great deal cheaper. Corn stalk is certainly
the cheap thing on our Iowa farms today for wintering brood sows or
young cattle. If you put a corn crop into a silo, the stalks are worth
more for feed than the ears. I was born in Iowa on a farm and I have
put in all the years of my life growing corn for the ears. We have been
wasting the most valuable part of our crop, the stalk. The great value
of corn silage as a hog ration is its exreme cheapness. We have been in
the dairy business but have been growing some hogs every year. We
winter our sows practically on corn silage. You can winter a sow on
corn silage if you will give her a little oil meal at about a cent and a
quarter a day and there will be no danger of giving her too much corn.
Corn has caused us a great deal of trouble from the excessive use of it.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VI 233
It produces too hard and solid and in order to have success at farrowing
time we must have something that will grow muscle and not bone.
I am afraid that before I get through you will lose the main point
of my text like the boy that went to church. His father couldn't go
and when he got home his father asked him what the text was. He
said he didn't exactly remember but it was something like "Keep a
stiff upper lip and you will get your blanket back." The old man couldn't
understand and asked the minister about his text and the minister re-
plied that it was "Be of good cheer and a Comforter will come." So, I
say I am afraid that you will lose the text before I get through. When
you talk to a lot of people that know more than you do you don't get
along very well. When I talk to cattle feeders I talk silage as a sheep
feed, and when I talk to sheep feeders I talk silage as a hog feed, but I
am always true to silage. But your committee has got me down to
silage as a hog ration. This is the first talk I have given on this subject
and silage is not practical for a man that is feeding hogs alone, but
when a man is growing beef he can produce it for two cents less by
feeding silage than dry feed and the cattle will come out in the same
strong, growthy condition as in the fall. Instead of starting your young
stuff in on hay and having them a hundred pounds lighter in the spring
you can have them a hundred pounds heavier in the spring than in the
fall.
When you feed cattle with silage with something like oil meal you
will have to feed your hogs out of the same silage because your hogs
will not live after cattle, A steer eats corn to grow muscle. If you
feed your steer out of a silo you will have practically all the corn a
steer needs and another feed as valuable as blue grass and then with
protein feed you can produce two cents a pound less. You can grow
young stuff through the winter on this ration and it is much cheaper than
any thing else.
This winter we wintered a carload of black cattle on silage and put
them on grass this spring in the same growthy condition as they w^ere
in last fall and they have been growling every day on the pasture and
are strong, thrifty fellows. My opinion is this, that the only reason
stock does not starve to death on timothy hay is because the winter is
not long enough. My cattle have done real well on timothy hay with some
corn with it, but my wife has some chickens that will do real well on
sawdust if there is some feed with it. Timothy hay will not keep an
animal alive in this country for seven months in the winter. Keeping
an animal alive is keeping some weight and keeping it in good condition.
The tendency of all young animals is to get heavier every day. When it
begins to get lighter, the plain way is that it is starving to death. It is
easy to say that it is not doing well, but a man knows that it is
starving to death when it gets thinner and you have only to continue
for a few months and you will have his hide on the fence.
It is the same with hogs. In the winter in my part of the state
we have nothing else to winter hogs on except corn. Some men provide
clover hay. I have known hogs on my father's farm to go all through
the winter with nothing but corn unless they got out and got other feed.
Siiage will keep them growthy and strong and there is all the corn
234 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
in silage that a hog needs. If you want them in good condition it would
be well to give them a little oil meal but a small portion of that is all
that is needed. Silage keeps the digestive tract open and keeps the
animal strong and healthy.
I would rather be talking silage to you for dairy cows or beef, for
growing hogs with us is only a side issue. We have grown them though
and wintered our hogs with good results. It is a very cheap ration.
As I said in starting out that is what we are looking for and what we
are after and I don't think it is worth while for me to take up your
time. At any time any of you want to talk to me along my line, that is.
silage for all animals on the farm, I would be glad to talk. We have
never had an animal refuse it on the farm except the dog and the
hired girl.
We have not had any hay on the farm for several years.. We pasture
all the land every year except the corn field. In pasturing we always
have plenty of grass, white clover and red, and blue grass — plenty of
hogs and cattle and we shorten the winter two months by having lots of
pasture. Whenever the grass is not covered with snow we have plenty of
grass for every animal.
If I told you all the good things concerning a silo, it would be like
the old man's bear story. He was telling about picking strawberries on
the mountain side one August day when he heard the stones begin to
rattle and looking up saw a big grizzly coming at him. He turned and
ran with the big sixteen hundred pound bear in pursuit. Then he hap-
pened to think that the river was frozen over with a thin coate of ice that
would hold him up but wouldn't support the bear. So he ran till he got
to the river and as he had thought he went over in safety and the bear
went through the ice. When he was through one of his listeners said,
"I thought you said it was August when you were picking those straw-
berries," and the old man said, "I might have kept you here to tell all
the story, but it was August when I was picking the strawberries and
January when I got to the river." So that is the way it would be with
me. It would be January before I got through telling you all of the
good things about silage.
Ck)rn in our part of the state has sold above forty-five cents every
August for the last five years, and it has given us an idea that corn will
always be high. Those of you that live west have bought your corn
cheaper but if you will save your com stalks properly they will be
more valuable to you for feed than the ears. Corn stalks is worth more
in the silo than the corn in the crib. When the farmers get down to
studying their business along that line and get economical they will
produce pork and beef cheaper. My talks are not very popular generally
with farmers because I talk of what the farmer must do for himself.
Better methods means better preparation of the soil, better care of grow-
ing crops, and better care of the crops at harvesting time. A little
deeper study of our own business and by pursuing better methods is
the only way that we can produce cheaper. We are looking for something
better and if we expect these meetings to do us any good we must
have some faith in what other men say.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VI 235
Mr. Roberts asked about feeding this ration to a brood mare in
place of hay and ]\Ir. Paul said : ''I will give you some of the history
of silage as we have gone through it. You know it is good for
dairy cattle, but never thought of it as making beef. Did it ever
occur to you that if silage would keep a Holstein steer fat it would
keep an Aberdeen Angus or a Hereford steer fat? Corn in the
roasting ear stage is not good for a silo. There is just as much
difference between corn silage made of green corn and ripe corn
as there is between roasting ears and matured corn. Green corn
put in the silo turns to vinegar and you want it ripe to put in
the silo. If you have the corn matured you will have sweet silage
and just as safe to feed any animal on the farm as bluegrass. Corn
in the matured stage put in the silo will stop in the first stage of
fermentation and it is absolutely safe. If com has been badly
frozen, if you let it stand for several days and then put it in the
silo it will make sweet silage, and you will get practically two-thirds
value. ' '
Lee Hopper of Neola, Iowa, asked : ' ' In what manner do you feed
hogs silage ? Do you scatter on the ground or feed in racks ? Our
manner of feeding alfalfa is a regular hog rack."
Mr. Paul: "We generally feed in troughs the same as we feed
milk or if the ground is frozen we just throw it on the ground."
Some one asked about the cost and Mr. Paul said: ''A hog will
eat about four pounds a day. Figuring corn at the average price
it would be about a mill a day or a tenth of a cent to feed silage
to a hog. There is all the corn in that amount of silage that a hog
will need but you might add to it by feeding a little protein feed
the same as you would on bluegrass. It is not rich enough in the
bone and muscle part of the feed and should have something in that
line."
In answer to a question as to how many pounds of silage it would
take to make a pound of pork, Mr. Paul said that he had no idea
about that.
The question was asked if it should be wet as it was put in and
Mr. Paul said : If it has been alowed to get quite dry we wet it.
Just sprinkle it as it goes in. There are a great many details con-
cerning a silo and nearly every man has read a good deal about corn
silage but I have an idea that the point in nine out of every ten
articles on the subject is to put a silo on your farm, and fill it with
com. ' '
In answer to several other questions from different gentlemen
Mr. Paul said: ''I would rather, from my own experience, have
236 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
the corn stalk in the silo for every purpose except feeding stock for
market than to have the ears in the crib. The question is, can you
afford to waste the most valuable part of the corn crop ? Can you
afford at the present prices of our land to waste by-products? As
to the cost of putting corn in the silo per acre, Ave have grown corn
that cut twenty tons to the acre and other that cut only eight. But
to answer the question, it would cost from fifty to ninety cents per
ton to put it in and an acre of our Iowa land will cut about twelve
tons to the acre. About the cost of silos. They run from $115 to
$1,500, owing to the kind of a silo you put up and how large. A
good stave silo to hold ten acres of corn would cost you about $260.
Some men put up their silo in an open lot where they can get all
around it and others have them near the barn. The only thing to
do is to put it where you think it will be most convenient for you.
I have known men to buy two silos and put them up because they
had two barns. It is rather bulky to handle if you have to carry
it to the cows but it is not heavy. It would take about a bushel
and a half to feed two cows, sheep eat about three pounds a day,
horses fifteen, and hogs four."
At this point Dr. J. H. McNeill of Ames, Iowa, took up the
subject of "Cholera Investigations and Tuberculosis,"" and made
the following address.
I have been lost in the discussion of silage and almost got away from
the subject assigned me. The time is late, the subject is broad, and T
have enough material to talk for an hour or two, but I will simply
drop a few facts and hints that will probably do you some gocd in the
future.
I have talked at different times on the subject of tuberculosis and
you have read in the farm journals and elsewhere a great deal about
this subject. It is an old subject, but still a new one and one that you
as swine breeders and stock raisers will have to deal with or meet in
a short time.
There are several points that I want to make in the relation of tuber-
culosis to the swine industry. We usually take up the subject and discuss
it from the viewpoint of a cattle man, the man that is breeding pure
bred stock, the dairy man or the man who is simply dealing in common
cross bred stock. There is a relation existing between the swine breed-
ing industry and the cattle breeding industry. You may say, "Well I am
not interested in that; I am simply breeding fine stock, and we have no
cattle on the farm." But I think it is the practice of a good many
of the stock breeders to feed some of the best animals a little milk and
just along that line I will say that within the past year a pedigreed animal
was purchased and taken to the college to be used in the herd. The ani-
mal became unthrifty, showed evidences of tuberculosis. He was killed
and proved to be tubercular. He had tuberculosis in the worst form.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VI 237
Now, that hog came from one of the best breeders of that particular
breed in the middle west, but I understand that it has been the practice
of that man to feed his hogs on milk which was evidently tubercular.
From that you will see that you can go right back and follow along un-
til you get to the point where the animal contracted the tuberculosis.
That brings up another phase of the subject, the method of transmission,
and that has been worked out within the last few years and become
more generally considered. Nearly all tuberculosis is ingestive tu-
berculosis, or tuberculosis transmitted, where the infection takes place
through the feed or the animals live together. That has become the ac-
cepted theory. Infection may take place through the milk pail, the
separtor milk, cream or anything from the dairy.
What I want to get at in a short time is the manner of infection
and what you must do to prevent it. There is no question but what
tuberculosis is transmitted through milk. There is no question but
what milk becomes infected either through a diseased condition of
the cow or through the contamination of the milk from some of the
discharges from the cow. Reynolds, of Minnesota, and Mohler and Cotton
experimenting at the U. S. Experiment Station at Washington, have demon-
strated this and we simply discard the fact that it is transmitted through
the air. You can see there is a relation between tuberculosis in cat-
tle and in hogs. To further demonstrate these points, after making the
test of some cattle at the college farm we isolated the tubercular co',vs
and placed in that feed lot some thirty head of hogs. Two died from
ofher causes and there were left twenty-eight head. They ran after the
cattle right out in the open. The cattle were fed on the ground and
the twenty-eight head of hogs followed the cattle and slept with them
I presume in the pen and at the end of one hundred days these hogs
were taken to Chicago market and killed and twenty-two out of the
twenty-eight, or about eighty per cent, were tubercular. Those animals
simply ran after the cattle, picked up the offal, and that is the only
way we have of figuring out how they became infected. We bought
them from different farmers and killed enough to check the bunch.
A little later, some four or five weeks ago, we shipped twenty five head
to the Agar packing plant. They were around about a year old and had
been running around the farm after the cattle. Out of the twenty-five
head ten were tubercular, or forty per cent. Now, they probably had
some milk, possibly from some of these cows before they were tested,
or from a dairy or creamery and had become infected that way, but we
do know that the twenty-two out of the twenty-eight became infected
from rooting in the droppings from the cows. That may not occur with
all tubercular cattle, but it occurs in cattle that have what we call
open tuperculosis, where they will drop tupercular germs along with the
droppings. The cow may expectorate this material or cough it up as
far as the larynx. Then she swallows it and it is taken up and distributed
to the different parts of the body. Any cow may be in a condition where
she has open tuberculosis and still be fat enough for market so that
we cannot tell by examining the cow whether she is tubercular or not.
This problem will have to be dealt with. The packers have tried to get
at it but they have failed. At the present time there are a great many
238 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
of the cows that go into the Chicago market that are tubercular. Still
they are shipped in defiance of the national law. There is a law saying
that no animal suffering from a contagious disease shall be shipped
out of a state and I understand that it is the intention of the Bureau
cf Animal Industry to enforce this.
There is a way to stop tuberculosis in hogs. That is to boil the
milk, stop feeding milk, or clean up your cattle. The practical way
seems to be where there are tubercular cattle to quarantine the place,
test the cattle and make the man clean up his herd. At Cedar Rapids
the federal government in some experiments there to determine the
tubercular farms, tagged something like thirty-four hundred head of
hogs and out of the whole number that were furnishing hogs to the abat-
toir six per cent were furnishing hogs that were tubercular and the
other ninety-four were not. The packers of the present time have to
stand the loss unless they state that they will not do that. There are
certain packing houses in Iowa who will not receive hogs from certain
dairy districts. They will not take them except subject to inspection.
That means a great loss. I think according to the last statistics there
were slaughtered about fifty-two million hogs and of this number one and
a half per cent w^ere tubercular. That does not mean that one and a half
per cent were condemned, but that they were tubercular. They con-
demn them to the offal, use them for lard or pass them. It means that
there is a great loss that can be prevented if we take proper measures in
order to prevent the spread.. There is a state law requiring the heating
of all milk that comes from a creamery to 185 degrees. Now, if that
is enforced in all daries you would not have the tuberculosis that you
do have in the different herds in the state. So much for the subject of
tuberculosis.
As to the subject of hog cholera. Last year I took up the subject
of hog cholera and dwelt on the patent foods to prevent hog cholera, or
preventive measures used, disinfectants used and the use of certain hog
cholera cures that are put on the market for nothing more than to
keep up the expenses and help to declare dividends for certain cor-
porations engaged in the manufacture of these products. There is no
value at all in these so-called hog cholera cures. Some of them contain
certain drugs that destroy intestinal parasites, but as far as prevent-
ing hog cholera is concerned they will not do it. They put the sys-
tem in a little better shape to resist the disease, but will not prevent it
if they once get infected. The United States Department of Agriculture
has been investigating these swine diseases for a good many years and
I think that in 1885 they discovered what was the cause of hog cholera.
They worked along certain lines in trying to produce toxines and anti-
toxines in order to produce immunity, but they failed. Deswinets was
the first man to work to this, as he discovered that it was due to some in-
visible organism. These investigations were worked out by Drs. Dorset
and Niles and they have worked out the details of this great work and
a great deal of credit is due to them for what we know of hog cholera
at the present time. During the past year the Experiment Station at
Ames conducted some experiments in conjunction with the federal
government in confirming or checking their experiments. They carried
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK -PART VI 239
their work out and then turned to the station vetti'inarian to check their
work so as to be sure they had not made a mistake. They wanted to be
checked by interested parties. We commenced along in October with
some field experiments with the serum and blood from the government
station. We bought some pigs from a leading stock farm and com-
menced this test. The first test was not very satisfactory. It didn't
test out as we thought it ought and this is one point that I want to
emphasize because in a little while some of the manufacturing concerns
will take up this subject and put on the market a hog cholera cure of
inferior material, unless the plan is followed out as outlined at the
present time. The blood must be tested, the serum must be tested.
In this first experiment the blood was tested, but it was not virulent
and in this test the pigs died. Now, in the second test we took some
of these same animals that we had vaccinated, some that were not ex-
posed and took them to a Held where a man was losing six or eight or
ten a day. We took twenty hogs to that outbreak, and they were
vaccinated at different times to see if we could determine upon a set
time when hogs could be vaccinated and be immune to an outbreak. In
this outbreak we used four animals for checks and sixteen were vac-
cinated either with serum or virulent blood. In this outbreak one of
the checked pigs (one that has had no treatment at all is called a check)
died in five days. Two more died a little later and finally the fourth.
One serum pig died, but of the sixteen pigs that we had in that out-
break fifteen were never off their feed. We had another test where we
put larger hogs in the government exposure pen. They had I think
two or three animals in the pen at that time. We had four checks.
Three of the checks became sick and died and the post-mortem showed
hog cholera. Then three animals got sick but recovered. The other twelve
that were vaccinated never became sick. Now, that check in a general
way the test and proves conclusively enough to my mind that there is
something in this vaccination if it is properly carried out. In the first
test we went wrong. The blood was tested but was not virulent. It
must be collected at a certain time and used in a certain way. The
serum must be tested. There are some questions that will come up re-
garding the distribution of this material and the manufacture of it. We
get many inquiries at the college asking for serum, to test it, to send some,
or can a man use it himself. Druggists write for it. I do not believe
that at the present time the serum is safe in the hands of the laymen.
It is not safe in the hands of anybody but those who have had some
instruction along that line and understand the use of those products.
Just in a general way I will show you the use of this and you will see
why it is important that some one who is acquainted with the manufacture
of it or knows of the nature of the material should handle it. If you have
an outbreak it is not advisable to use serum and virulent blood because
you have your natural exposure then. You use the serum then and let
your hogs go right with the hogs that are sick. If you do not have it. if
you want to go to the fair and do not want to take it home with you,
then you would use the serum and virulent blood and at the end of the
time of exposure you would have your animals immune. It will not do
240 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE
to take the blood of this immune animal to vaccinate another. The
animal 'must be hyper immune.
I believe that in the use of this serum or vaccine we have one of the
things that will help us to get rid of hog cholera or control it. If you
have an outbreak you could vaccinate or use serum on the hogs you have.
The ones that are affected would probably die. Those not affected would
probably go through the attack. Then your neighbor's hogs could be vac-
cinated, a quarantine established on the farm where the disease exists
and stop the spread of it right there instead of letting it run from one
county and state into another. You know that a great many times you
buy hogs in different parts of the state and have them shipped and get
hog cholera. I know of two or three instances where it has been carried
in that way. A great many get it from the state fair, from shipping to
other state fairs, and in different ways. But it could be prevented in
the way I have outlined.
The next thing is the cost. One man who had bought a bunch of hogs
that all died came around to know if we had any more serum. He wanted
some to vaccinate some hogs to put after his cattle. If he could afford to
do that even at a dollar and a half a dose, a man who can sell for fifty
or sixty or a hundred dollars could well afford ten dollars to have them
vaccinated. He not only loses the hogs but he loses the care and attention
and years of breeding to breed them up to the present time. I think that
in using serum or in using the serum and virulent blood that you have a
means of preventing hog cholera that every one should use. If you have
a bunch of hogs, say a hundred, and it costs ten dollars apiece to have
them vaccinated. Say ninety-five per cent of the animals vaccinated go
through the outbreak. Of course, you would lose maybe a hundred dollars
or so. But where you did not have them vaccinated you would lose fifty
or sixty or seventy per cent of your animals and some you might just as
well lose because they would not take on fat. You have saved three or
four hundred dollars right there and have saved the animals and the breed-
ing of all the individuals that you have, so it is a proposition that seems
to me you should not turn down. As to the methods of getting serum,
that remains to be worked up.
You may say there is no cholera in the state. During the last week
I have received twelve or fifteen letters from different sections of the state.
A man wrote from Cambridge that he had it about a half mile from his
place. I don't know how many herds were vaccinated last fall by Dr.
Niles experimenting with this serum and the results have all been satis-
factory, exceeding expectations in lots of cases where they had lost hogs
in the herd, using the serum and bringing the rest through without any
trouble. One man told me of a case where a sow had six pigs. They vac-
cinated the sow and one pig and reported that sow had one pig that lived
and the other five died. I know that this is the history of these out-
breaks. There are hog cholera cures on the market but they are no good.
I have not .tried them myself, but I have seen the results of the vaccina-
tion. But I know that the animals that were vaccinated with the vaccine
as prepared by Dr. Niles went through the attack without any disease at all.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VI 241
At the request of Mr. McNeill, Dr. Niles gave a short outline of
their work and its results:
I might say that we have made so many experiments that we are per-
fectly satisfied that the method is a success. There is no question about
it. We worked this method out first in 1905. We had very little time and
in 1906 we perfected it somewhat and made many experiments. We still
wanted to try it in the field before we published anything about it. In 1907
we manufactured some serum for the purpose of making tests. We sup-
plied Mr. McNeill with some and also sent some to the Arkansas station,
to Missouri and to Minnesota. Opportunity offered in the summer of mak-
ing a pretty extended test in the field. We had a great deal of cholera
in Story county and in Boone county and we found that there was so
much of it there that we didn't have to. go far from home and we vac-
cinated hogs on something like fifty different farms and started out to
learn first as to whether we could prevent disease by vaccinating hogs
before they were exposed if a neighbor's hogs were affected. We wished al-
so to learn whether the farmer could be done any good after disease had
gotten ihto his herd. Consequently v.e used our preparation in two kinds
of herds, vaccinating a good many in which disease had appeared and a
considerable number where disease had not appeared. In order to de-
termine whether we did anything it was necessary to leave a good many
check animals. Some of the herds we vaccinated very soon after the dis-
ease appeared. In others disease had considerable start and in others a
portion of the animals before exposure. Our expectations were fully
met in the herds where disease had not started. A considerable num-
ber of herds in which we vaccinated before the appearance of the disease
showed by the checks that they had never become exposed, as the dis-
ease did not appear in the checks. In a number of instances, however,
the checked animals did get sick. Of course we went around the edge of
the outbreak, not in a healthy section. In some of those herds the dis-
ease appeared in the check animals and in most cases a great majority
of the checks died and in some cases all. But in no instance did the vac-
cinated hogs sicken. We made extended experiments on our own farm
before we went out. Where disease had already appeared we were agree-
ably surprised. I call to mind one herd in which we treated sixty-seven
shoats. They were Duroc Jerseys weighing from twenty-five to seventy-
five pounds. One shoat had been sick four or five days, another about one
day and the disease was showing pretty plainly. We had to leave some
animals untreated. We left twelve and treated sixty-seven. They all
ran together and the two sick ones with them. Of the sixty-seven treated
animals three died. The other sixty-four survived. Of the twelve animals
not treated eight died and two others were decidedly sick. I am not
able to say whether the remaining two showed any effect of the disease
or not. I was some distance away and I was not able to visit it fre-
quently. That is an illustration of what we did and what this method
of vaccination will do in herds of this kind. We were very much sur-
prised, as we did not know it would work out so well if there was disease
in the herd. In herds where a larger number of sick animals were
16
242 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
present the results were not so good, but we did not doctor a herd
where we did not get good results. I do not know what could be done if
the disease had actually appeared. So far we have concerned ourselves
with preventing the disease rather than in curing it. There is no ques-
tion but that the method, if properly carried out, would solve the ques-
tion of preventing hog cholera. There would be no need of its spread-
ing over a whole country if you could get hold of the serum to use on
the herd. We find that the single vaccination is a little more easily car-
ried out and I consider that the application of this vaccine ought to be
in the hands of a competent man. Of course the amount of virulent blood
used is exceedingly small and care should be taken in its use. Virulent
blood is used hyperdemically. We always used one syringe for serum and
one for virulent blood. It is injected in the side.
Mr. H. M. Yoder of Ues Moines, Iowa, asked what effect it had
upon an animal, whether or not it would retard the growth or fitting
for allows. Dr. Niles replied: ''There is no retarding influence
whatever. They may be a little stiff the next day, but there is no
indication except that the hog is in good health. We could not find
that they suffered any inconvenience Avhatever, you would not know
there was anything the matter ; they seemed to thrive by associating
with the sick hogs. It does not stunt them in any manner. It
does not give the animal the disease. There is no disease induced
by vaccination. When people are vaccinated a great many of them
are feverish for a few days, but that is not the case with serum
vaccination in hog cholera."
In reply to a question asked as to whether the government con-
templates giving out this preparation Mr. Niles said: ''I am not
prepared to state what action the different states will take. I do
not know just what will be done, but the idea is to interest the dif-
ferent experiment stations so that the merits of the method will be
more widely spread and the people can learn about it."
Claude Huffman, Scranton, Iowa, asked Dr. McNeill concerning
the symptoms of tuberculosis in hogs to which he replied : "A good
many times there are no symptoms. A great many of the hogs that
go to the market you can't tell that they are tubercular. However,
if the glands on the neck swell and the hog gets short-winded it is
a pretty good sign. A good many times if the lungs are filled up
with a tubercular mass you can see their sides move. When they
get it in a very bad form you will find enlargement in the region of
the neck and sometimes it forms large abscesses, but aside from that
you will not be able to tell. If you keep them long enough and the
process of the disease is extensive enough they run down, get in bad
shape, cough, will not eat and will not do weU, but ordinarily you
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VI 243
will not find any symptoms at all. It has been my experience that
when you find a steer or cow wheezing and if she bloats a little you
can make up your mind that she is tubercular."
In regard to this question Jas. Atkinson said: ''I had two cows
that started to bloat last fall just about the time they were turned
on some clover pasture. I thought it was the clover and I took them
off that pasture and I iised a barrel of medicine and had three vet-
erinarians out there, but I couldn't stop the bloating. Finally I
tested them and they both reacted and I killed them to find out the
trouble. They had continued to bloat and a singular thing about it
was that those two cows were affected identically the same way.
When we killed them we found on the windpipe a large tuber-
cular lump. All other parts were absolutely clean. I will always
be suspicious of cows in that condition."
0. S. Gilbert of Eldora, Iowa, asked: "Can you make a test in
the dairy herd from the milk alone?"
Dr. IMcNeill : ' ' It is not practical to test the milk. You can find
tuberculosis in the milk, but that is not practical. Test the cows
and if you have tubercular cows you have tubercular milk. It is
not practical because it is diluted in the milk. I will say that
Mohler at Washington tested at one time fifteen samples of separa-
tor milk that he collected from different creameries in Iowa and he
found five of these samples had tubercular germs. That, of course,
comes from the cattle that are tubercular. It came from but one or
two herds. A man may separate the milk himself. Then the sep-
arator keeps a lot of that at home and it doesn't affect anybody but
himself, and as a usual thing he doesn't use the milk himself, but
the children drink it. If we got it we would think a good deal
more about the family side of it. We should all be very careful
of that one thing. We had some cattle one time up at the college,
some steers that were brought there to be fitted for the International.
They were tested and reacted, sent to the Chicago market and were
found to be tubercular. They were purchased from breeders of
fine stock. One time we bought a steer and brought it there with
a nui^e cow. The nurse cow reacted and the steer reacted. They
were both as fat as could be, so that the condition of the animal
is no index as to the tubercular involvment of the animal. ' '
Mr. Yoder asked: ''Have you any advice as to preventing it in
healthy cattle?"
Dr. McNeill said: "You must have tubercular germs in order to
have tuberculosis. If you do not have that you can keep cattle in
244 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
any environment. All cattle should be kept in well lighted barns.
Light destroys all germs and it will destroy tubercular germs. You
should also have plenty of ventilation. There is a system of ventila-
tion used by poultry men which is very good. They use canvass
on doors and windows. I think it could be used in cattle and horse
barns. At the college we take a piece of ordinary nine or ten cent
cloth and tack it over the window. There will be no draft, but still
plenty of ventilation. If you go into a barn like that there is not
that stuffy condition and many dairy men are using that kind of
ventilation. Every cow should have from six hundred to a thou-
sand feet of air space. If you have a high ceiling you will have
plenty of air space without a draft. The coavs should not stand
with their heads together. If a cow has open tuberculosis or coughs
it out she will infect other cows that stand on either side. As far
as ventilation is concerned it does modify the course of the disease
in herds where there is tuberculosis, but it will not absolutely pre-
vent other animals from getting it and the sane thing for you to do
is to test your cattle. As to the manner of applying the test. It
has been advocated that the farmer can apply this as well as the
veterinarian. Probably he can. You could go into a court room
and plead your o\Yn case or you might be your own doctor or do
your own preaching, but we usually employ some one who is skilled
along those lines because they can do it so much better than Ave
can, so I think an experienced man should be employed to do this
work. You cannot free your herd by one test. Some herds where
you find one or two cows that have tuberculosis in a form where
they do not discharge germs you can do that, but you never know
when you have a case of tuberculosis and for that reason you should
test your herd and remove all those animals and then retest them.
They should be tested twice a year. It is better in the fall than in
the spring. Every animal having tubercular germs does not have
tuberculosis. That has been demonstrated, that an animal may
take in tubercular germs and drop those germs without being
affected. Iowa stock men will have to get hold of some plan for
testing their herds, for I don 't think you can use the Bang system.
It is this, that you test your cattle, put your tubercular cattle by
themselves, have your safe herd and quarantine herd. It takes
to much time and the farmer can't have the attendants necessary.
You must either test your cattle and condemn them or test them
and keep them away. Take the calves out, test them, and put them
by themselves for three months and at the end of the three months
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VI 245
test them again and you can probably rid your herd in that way.
It is not a good plan to test either immediately before or after calv-
ing. I would rather test them immediately before than three or
four weeks after calving because there are many conditions that
would produce a rise of temperature.
Lee Hopper said: "Is it posible for the offspring to be healthy
and all right? I read an article that said it was possible for a
tubercular cow to raise healthy calves."
Dr. McNeill: "That is a fact. "We do not consider congenital
tuberculosis. If the animal had generalized tuberculosis or tuber-
culosis of the udder, you might have tuberculosis in the calf. But
in carrying out the Bang system the calf is born, taken right out,
placed with a nurse cow or fed on milk from the mother that has
been heated and you can raise them that way. They do this in
Denmark, which is a great dairy country and where they have a
great deal of tuberculosis. I believe that the only successful way
to deal with it is for the state to pay a part of the loss sustained
in condemning the cattle. The New York Legislature has appro-
priated a great deal of money to help in the eradication in New
York state of tuberculosis and to pay in part for animals that are
condemned. Here is the proposition that confronts the stock men
right now. They are testing their cattle on the sly. They are
shipping them to Chicago and getting rid of them. When public
opinion comes she will force this thing, the Legislature will get
busy and the fellow that has been hanging back will find himself
with a lot of tubercular cattle. The state authorities will come
along and do something with them and he will not realize what he
should. If you test them and get rid of them you will be doing
the wise thing. We had glanders north of Ames a while ago. A
man had been doing some work on a grade in one of the nearby
towns and had lost one horse six weeks before the time he called
me. Other horses had been sick. One of them the girl had been
riding to town, driving around and hitching to the general hitching
rack. They evidently knew that they had glanders because they
had been working on the same grade with a man that had seventy
head of mules that had glanders. Finally he sent for me and said
he thought his horses had distemper. After asking a few questions
I decided they had glanders. When I went out I found that three
of them should have been killed several days before. On the nasal
septum of one of them was a hole eaten through as big as a dollar
and the horse could hardly breathe. I got his permission to kill it.
246 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE "'■ ^
Out of twenty-one or twenty-two head he had seven head left. He
had been holding on for six weeks and had exposed all the horses
in the neighborhood to glanders. If he had reported it when he
first noticed it in the horses to the state veterinarian, had them
tested and cleaned them up it would not have amounted to any-
thing and would have stopped the glanders right there."
Mr. Roberts made the following suggestions: "I want to drop
one thought in regard to preventing the spread of hog cholera.
I think it would be a good idea for this association to make a reso-
lution that this thing be handled by the state, that it be handled
by a veterinarian and have a man in each township who understands
the nature of the disease to look after his six miles square. If it
breaks out have him informed immediately and if he is certain it
is hog cholera he should notify the state veterinarian in his distirct
and the state veterinarian make an examination. Then if he found
it to be cholera to proceed to treat with the serum all hogs within a
distance of one mile in any direction from the infected herd so as
to establish a quarantine and check the disease. I don't think it
would be out of the way for this association to adopt such a resolu-
tion. We have to get after the thing so we can do something. The
Iowa Swine Breeders will have to push the thing if we get anything.
I would like to ask Dr. McNeill if we could not do something in
that line."
Dr. McNeill: "That plan is all right, but we have to start back
farther than that. We have to have a state veterinary board first.
We have a state board in conjunction with the state board of
health. It has been the experience of other states who tried to
deal with it in that way that they have been unsuccessful. The
state veterinarian must work in conjunction with the different live
stock organizations of the state and in order to do that they must
have a non-salaried board of supervision. It should be something
like the laws of Minnesota or Pennsylvania. We do not have the
kind of laws in this state regarding that and can't bring it about.
Nor could we establish a board of veterinarians and do it, but it
must be composed of good broad-minded stock men and agricultural
men. Let them be non-salaried for a board of that kind and have
one or two veterinarians on that board and then employ a state
veterinarian and as many assistsant state veterinarians as necessary
and take it out of politics as nearly as you can. Then you have a
board that can ask the Legislature for money and get what you
want. That is why Minnesota gets the money, Th^-t is the way
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VI 247
they carry on this great work. Pennsylvania gets something like a
hundred or a hundred and fifty thousand dollars and other states
are doing the same thing. But we are doing nothing and have
the greatest live stock interests of any of them. But I believe such
a plan, the employment of a state veterinarian and the deputies in
different parts of the state appointed because of their efficiency will
carry this thing and that is what will have to be done in this state. ' '
The closing paper for the evening was on the subject of "Legal-
izing Woven Wire Fence," and was read by P. B. Whittington of
Earlham, Iowa.
This subject is one that has had considerable attention through the
agricultural press of Iowa. I feel that it should have been placed in the
hands of some brother breeder more capable of doing it justice, but am de-
pending on the members present to help me with what I consider of vital
interest to the swine growers of the state.
With land increasing in value each year in spite of panic, drouth or
flood, it is certainly up to the swine growers of this state to get the land
they own or till in shape that it will not only produce more feed but a
get it in shape that the feed produced could be used to the best ad-
vantage with the least possible outlay. I believe this can best be done
by giving us better fence laws than we have at the present time.
I think that it is hardly necessary to take your time to tell of the
advantages of a hog tight fence. We have a law at the present time
requiring the railways of Iowa to erect and maintain a hog and sheep tight
fence betvveen their right-of-ways and the adjoining land wherever the
owner of the land has it enclosed in like manner. I believe the swine
breeders of Iowa who do not happen to have railroads for neighbors
would be satisfied with the same treatment and that it would be of ines-
timable value to the stock men and farmers of the state.
Some will say this would work a hardship on some. Let us grant that
this is true. It is also a fact that all of our laws are made with a view
to the greatest good to the greatest number. This being true, we would
certainly be entitled to better fence laws than we have at the present time.
The claim has been made that it would be detrimental to the renter,
based on the claim that the landlord would require a higher rent. Let
us see as to this. Figuring on a basis of a hundred and sixty acres it
would require, in case there was a road on two sides, four hundred and
eighty rods of fence. Figure this at thirty-eight cents per rod, which is
the present price of twenty-six inch woven wire fence of the best quality in
my market, the cost of the fence would be a hundred and eighty-two dol-
lars in round numbers, on which, let us say, the landlord would ask an
increase of ten per cent. This would amount to eighteen dollars and twen-
ty cents or eleven and three-eighths cents an acre and would require a sav-
ing in feed of thirty-two bushels and fifty-three pounds of corn at the pres^
ent price of fifty-seven cents and I think it would be a very poor renter
that could not beat that and have a handsome profit. I have talked to
renters of farms ranging from forty to three hundred and twenty acres
248 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE
and in every instance they express themselves as in favor of the hog
tight fences and would be glad to pay an increased rental of from eight
to ten per cent on the value of the extra outlay of the landlord. We have
a neighbor that rents a large farm who bought four hundred rods of
twenty-six inch woven wire to complete the fence around an eighty of
the farm he has rented. This is the first year of a five years' contract
and he figures that the fence will save its cost every year in feed, and
while none can tell what the price of feed will be for the next five
years or even one year, I believe he is reasonable in his claim, as he has
only to save two hundred and sixty-six bushels of corn.
It seems a waste of time for me to try to point out to swine breeders
the benefits to be derived from a law that v.ould require the owners of
adjoining farms to erect and maintain hog tight fences wherever the ad-
joining land was so fenced, and the owner desired it. I think every one in-
terested in growing swine, sheep or horses, as well as lots of cattle men
of the state, will agree as to the benefits not only in the matter of feed
saved, but in an almost unlimited number of ways. So I will take it for
granted that practically all members of the Iowa Swine Breeders' Associa-
tion are in favor of a law maKing the legal fence for Iowa, hog tight.
While it might be well for us to pass a resolution favoring such an act
I believe it would do little good unless we followed it up with something
a little more foreceful. The swine breeders have a powerful ally in the
agricultural press of the state and if they would publish in our interest
a form of petition for all interested to copy and circulate in their locality,
it would be an easy matter for the swine breeders of Iowa to secure a pe-
tition that would carry it through. There are in Iowa nearly two thousand
men that are recording Poland China hogs in the different associations and
here are probably as many more recording hogs in other breeds, and if they
will take an active interest in circulating such a petition we could certain-
ly secure a good fence law. My idea is, in case this plan should meet with
approval, to have a copy of such petition in the bank, printing office, or
wherever in your judgment would be the best place in your individual
case, and have your local paper call the attention of its readers to the
fact that such petition could be found at such a place for the signatures of
parties interested. This the papers in my locality have expressed a will-
ingness to do free of charge. Then bunch these petitions in the hands of
a committee' of stockmen of the state 'for presentation to our law makers,
or nave the petitions, if the association should think best, sent to the
representatives of the counties in which they were secured, with a per-
sonal request to favor same.
As the hour was quite late there was no discussion of the subject
presented by Mr. AVliittington, but after the meeting it received a
very cordial reception and universal approval of every one who
mentioned it.
Owing to the fact that farm work during the month of June
makes it a hardship for almost any breeder to lose the time neces-
sary to attend this meeting, it was proposed to change the date to
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VI 249
some time in December, preferably during the same week as the
meeting of the State Board of Agriculture and other kindred or-
ganizations. On motion of Mr-. Swallow such change was ordered.
This action will in effect discontinue the June meetings which have
become one of the greatest events with the swine breeding fraternity
of Iowa and while it may be a greater convenience to meet in the
winter, it will take some time for the old war horses of the business
to become accustomed to it.
The regular annual business meeting and election of officers takes
place on the state fair grounds on Wednesday evening of fair
week.
EXPERT JUDGE ASSOCIATION.
An excellent session of the National Association of Expert Swine
Judges took place at Des Moines, Wednesday, July 17th. Quite a
large proportion of those in attendance at the meeting of the Iowa
Swine Breeders, on the day previous, remained and took active part
in the proceedings. Vice-President Hoffman presided in the ab-
sence of President E. Z. Eussell. The election of officers for the
coming year resulted as follows :
President — H. P. Hoffman, Washta, Iowa.
First Vice-President — A. P. Alsin, Boone, Iowa.
Second Vice-President — J, W. Ogle, Ames, Iowa.
Secretary and Treasurer — Wm. D. McTavish, Coggon, Iowa.
Committee on Arrangements — C. C. Carlin, L. H. Roberts and
Wm. D. McTavish.
There was quite an extended talk on the work of the organization
and its important place in the swine industry. A concensus of
opinion was that there existed an urgent need that the score card be
more generally known, and that its influence in securing a more
desirable type of hog in the hands of both breeder and farmer should
receive a wider appreciation. It is a fact beyond dispute that com-
plete knowledge of the score card furnishes the best and most
practical men and brought to its present high standard of perfection
by long j^ears of patient observation and careful revision. Men of
all breeds have collaborated in its formation and improvement, and
no interest in any way affected was permitted to remain uncon-
sulted. With these facts in mind a committee Avas appointed Avhose
250 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
duty it shall be to devise the best means of bringing about a better
and more complete knowledge of the score card and its objects
among breeders and farmers. This committee is composed of Messrs.
Sam McKelvie, Wm. D. McTavish, J. R. Pfander and C. C. Carlin.
The next meeting will be on the day following the winter meet-
ing of the Iowa Swine Breeders' Association,
The scoring of hogs and examination of candidates for certificates
as expert judges was conducted by a committee consisting of W. Z.
Swallow, R. J. Harding and J. R. Pfander. The specimens used
for scoring were a Berkshire boar furnished by J. W. Ogle of
Ames, a Chester White boar, from J. T. Whitted of Monroe, and
a Duroc Jersey sow sent by C. C. Carlin of Des Moines.
On the Berkshire ten candidates scored, and certificates were
granted to Wm. D. McTavish.
In the Chester White class eleven scored. Certificates were given
to E. H. Cantine, Cherokee, Iowa; Earl Addy, Parnell, Missouri;
0. S. Gilbert, Eldora, Iowa.
In the Duroc Jersey class there were twelve. Those who suc-
ceeded in securing certificates were E. H. Cantine, Wm. D. Mc-
Tavish, Geo. T. White of Dallas Center, Iowa, and R. F. Dewey,
West Union, Iowa.
PART VII.
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
Thirty-First Annual Convention of the
Iowa State Dairy Association
HELD AT WATERLOO, IOWA,
December 18, 19, 20, 1908.
OFFICERS.
W. B. BARNEY, President Hampton
L. S. EDWARDS, Vice President Parkershurg
W. B. JOHNSON, Secretary Des Moines
F. L. ODELL, Treasurer Des Moines
The Iowa State Dairy Association met in its thirty-second annual
convention at Waterloo, and was called to order Wednesday even-
ing, November 18, 1908, at 8 o'clock, President W. B. Barney in
the chair.
The Chairman : We will now listen to the address of welcome
by Mayor R. A. Doty.
ADDRESS OF WELCOME.
R. R. DOTY, MAYOR, WATERLOO, IOWA.
M. President, Ladies, Gentlemen and Visiting Delegates: I think it
has been the custom at meetings of this character that a representative of
the city in which the convention is held should bid welcome to its guests.
In this instance this duty has fallen to my lot, and I can't help but think
of the Irish tug hand on board a ship. He was asked one time to dispose
of a corpse that had appeared on board during the journey. It appears
that the captain met Pat and he says: "We have a corpse on board, Pat, and
I want you, after everything is quiet tonight, to take him out and bury
25S IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE
him according to our custom." Pat said he would. Next morning the
captain asked Pat if he carried out his orders. "I did, soir," said Pa*
The captain, on close observation, noticed that Pat showed signs of hav-
ing gone through some sort of a struggle, and he asked him what it
meant. "That Jew down there put up a pretty good fight," replied Pat,
"but I threw him overboard just the same." "What stateroom was he in?"
said the captain, "Number 22," said Pat. "Oh, I told you 32," gasped
the captain. "Sure you did, and that fellow kept telling me all the
time he wasn't dead, but I didn't believe him."
As a representative of this city it certainly is an honor and a pleas-
ure to me to welcome you to our midst, and in behalf of the city of
Waterloo I extend most sincerely to you a hearty welcome. We, as
citizens, love to entertain our visitors. We are proud of the achieve-
ments, what little they have been, that we have accomplished in our
little city, which we think has made us one of the best cities in this
broad state of Iowa. We welcome you because you come here in the
interests of one of the greatest industries in the world — an industry that
has helped materially to bring Iowa up among the foremost states in
this grand union of ours — the dairy industry. The products of the dairy
industry, so far as food stuffs are concerned, surpass all other items
of our diet. From a financial point, the dairy industry, I believe,
ranks among the largest. If I am informed correctly, the value of
the annual output of dairy products in the United States aggregate
over $500,000,000. This is certainly a vast sum and must represent a vast
industry.
The dairy business is a big element in the agricultural world. It
differs materially from the other phases of agriculture inasmuch as in-
stead of taking from the fertility of the soil it adds to it, and I be-
lieve that the dairy industry also is the only soil industry whereby the
farmer can gain a monthly income throughout the year. It never
ceases, while crop raising is seasonable. The farmer has to wait for
harvest before he can get his money. Therefore, I say the industry you
gentlemen represent tonight is one of the greatest we have in this
country. I believe that your association represents more particularly
the manufacturing end of dairying. This phase of dairying has under-
gone a wonderful change and the end is not yet. I think if anyone
will take a look at the displays in Machinery Hall he will find many
new and practical inventions. Most of you represent the manufactur-
ing end, and if you will allow me to suggest that I believe the time
has come when we should put forth considerable effort on our parts to
perfect the unfinished product. It certainly is one of the most important
things facing the American people today from a health standpoint. I
think too little attention is paid to the producer of dairy products.
While it may not be in the province of this organization, I believe
that if it should get behind and help educate the producer in produc-
ing a better quality of milk you would do one of the greatest services
to maniknd you could possibly do.
Mr. Chairman, you have a long program, and there are speakers and
musicians to come that will instruct and entertain you, and I therefore
will not take up more of your time. I thank you.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII 2SS
TiiE CiiairFan: The next will be the response by F. W. Steph-
enson, of Lamont.
RESPONSE TO ADDRESS OF WELCOME.
F. W. STEPHENSON, LAMONT, IOWA.
Mr. Stephenson: We have assembled in Waterloo for the second time
I believe, in the history of our association — one of the greatest cities
in the state; a city that is known far and wide for its manufacturing
interests, known far and wide for its schools, for its places of business,
for its schools, where the child is taken from the kindergarten, mounts
the ladder of knowledge until it reaches that place — the day of its
graduation, when it takes its place in the world an honorable man or
woman.
Waterloo has magnificent churches. Its spires pointing heaven-
ward remind us of nothing else than a higher and a holier life.
Mr. Doty, in behalf of the members of this association, I thank you for
the hearty welcome that you have given us to your city. I am proud to
have you know that I am a member of this association — one of the best
associations in the world, representing the dairy industry of the state
of Iowa. If I understand it correctly, the United States census for 1905
states that the output of the dairy industry of the state of Iowa amounted
to nearly $16,500,000. This is a lot of money. " Why shouldn't we, each
and every one, be proud that we are a member of this association.
Just a word to the buttermakers. The time has come in my judgment
in the life of a buttermaker that when he simply weighs the milk and
manufacturers it into butter his work is not done. The time is at hand
when the buttermaker must be an educator; when he must be able to
go out and meet his patrons and instruct them in the way they should
care for their milk and cream. You, nor I, nor any other man can't make
good butter without good milk, and if the farmer will not take care of his
milk and is careless, it is the duty of you and I to go out and visit that
man personally. Point out to him where he is weak and try to bring
him up to that high standard of quality which we are working for.
It seems to me that we, as buttermakers, have been a little careless
in the past. We have neglected, or at least I believe quite a number
of us have neglected their duties in the creamery. You know it is im-
possible for a patron of any creamery to rise higher in cleanliness than the
buttermaker. I have no right to preach cleanlines to a patron when I al-
low my creamery to go dirty. So the thing for us to do is to set the stand-
ard. Keep everything in good order then you have a right to call your
patron down if he doesn't furnish the milk or cream as it should be.
I hope there are not many here who do not keep a daily record of
their business. We ought not wait a month to have the secretary
tell us that our overrun is down. You have a had a leak for 30 days
and didn't know it. Keep account of your milk every day and then
you will be able in the morning to tell within a very few pounds
how much butter you should have. Then if you have a leak you can
detect it and locate it and stop it, therefore bringing your overrun
up to where it should be. It means dollars and cents to the creamery.
254 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURES
There comes to every man, I believe, some time in life oppor
tunities. These conventions are held for that purpose. We do not at-
tend these conventions for the simple reason of having a lay off or a
good time; we come here to get facts that we can take back home with
us, put into action and help our creamery. I presume to some (I
hope not) temptations may come before this convention ends. If
you yield, my friends, it lowers you in the estimation of the public. I
believe that there is in the bosom of every man power that will enable
him to overcome these temptations, and by so doing raise him to a
higher plane. So, Mr. Doty, my prayer tonight is that there won't
a single member of this association do or say one thing that will cause
you or the citizens of Waterloo to regret for one moment the effort that
has been put forth to get this convention here. I thank you.
President: We will now listen to the report of our Secretary,
Mr. W. B. Johnson.
SECRETARY'S REPORT.
W. B. JOHNSON, DES MOINES, IOWA.
I am not going to take up very much of your time, but I want
to say to you that I am glad to make the following statement. Records
show that the 31st annual convention held in Des Moines was one of
the best ever held by this association, and prospects are now that your
secretary next year will be able to say to you the same thing.
The 31st annual meeting of the Iowa State Dairy Association was
held in Des Moines, November 20th, 21st and 22d, 1907. The meeting
was called to order by President W. B. Barney at 7:30 p. m., Novem-
ber 20, 1907. All officers present, also a large attendance of delegates.
The program was carried out in full. Election of officers, appointing
of committees and such other business as came before the association
was taken up and despatched in due form. Convention closed No-
vember 22, 1907, and was pronounced by all as one of the best and the
largest meetings ever held by the association.
A meeting of the Executive Committee was called to order by Pres-
ident Barney on July 24, 1908, and all members were present. Propo-
sitions tendered the association by different cities for the holding of
their annual convention were considered, and after due consideration
the motion was carried to hold the convention in Waterloo, November
18, 19 and 20, 1908. It was moved that E. T. Sadler be secured to re-
port this meeting. Carried. Meeting adjourned until August 19th.
The August 19th meeting was called to order by President Barney
with all members present. Unfinished business was taken up and dis
posed of in proper form, and arrangements made for holding the con-
vention at Waterloo. All business completed and the meeting ad-
journed.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII 255
SECRETARY'S FINANCIAL REPORT.
From January 1, 1907 to July 1, 1908.
Jan. 1, '07, balance in treasury $1,350.04
July 1, '07, Interest on deposits 26.50
Jan. 1, '08, interest on deposits 22.39
Advertising to date 374.80
Collected on booths 3.25
Contributions to date 685.00
Memberships 222.00
Butter sales 1,088.77
Jul. 1, '08 Expenses as per items $2,316.64
Balance on hand in treasury 1,456.21
$3,772.85 $3,772.85
SECRETARY'S CASH ACCOUNT.
Nov. 22, 1907, Received from Treasurer Brown $ 55.00
28, 1907, Received from Treasurer Brown 1,050.00
22, 1907, Paid C. A. Nurell, prize money $ 20.00
22, 1907, Paid A. D. Frandsen, prize money 20.00
22, 1907, Paid F. W. Stephenson, prize money 10.00
22, 1907, Paid L. S. Edwards, prize money 5.00
29, 1907, Paid overweight on butter exhibited:
N. C. Nelson 3.00
W. J. Clark 3.50
H. P. Holgerson 3.50
F. C. Jennings 3.00
H. S. Allen 2.00
J. Starr, 2.00
R. Howard 1.75
P. Nyman 1.50
Nov. 29, 1907 Paid pro rata in milk class 452.79
Paid pro rate in cream class 557.46
July 1, 1908, Balance on hand 19.50
$1,105.00 $1,105.00
W. B. Johnson, Secretary.
REPORT OF F. M. BROWN, TREASURER.
DISBURSEMENTS.
W. B. Barney, expense, Des Moines $ 12.41
L. S. Edwards, expense, Des Moines 13.71
F. M. Brown, expense, Des Moines 13.76
Treasurer's bond 10.00
F. M. Brown, expense, Waterloo 2.85
W. B. Barney, expense, Waterloo 8.13
Expense Premium Fund 55.00
256 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
«
Expense, Telephone, Des Moines 2.00
Mary M. Carpenter, expense 23.65
Making out reports 3.00
Jurgenson & Anderson 50.00
Gherity & Co., Badges 90.00
Expense, F. L. O'dell 20.00
Express on badges and medals 1.55
T, L. Julian, expense 16.15
W. B. Johnson, expense 51.13
W, B. Barney, expense 7.96
F. M. Brown, expense 13.50
L. J. Carpenter, expense 3.00
Jules Lombard, expense 9.30
Express on butter 76.38
Fred L. Kimball Estate 217.35
Life Membership medal for Jules Lombard 14.00
Pro Rata Fund 1,050.00
H. G. Van Pelt, expense 4.25
W. D. Hoard, expense 108.19
Expense, Machinery Hall, Des Moines 56.08
Expense, G. L. McKay 17.00
Expense, cartage on butter 2.50
Expense, Mary M. Carpenter 75.00
Expense, N. H. Trimble 6.00
Expense and salary, W. B. Johnson 163.92
Expense, Shriner Temple, Des Moines 5.00
Expense, John Bower 3.50
Fitch Cornell Co., overpaid on butter 80.00
Expense, G. L. McKay 8.25
Expense, Fred L. Kimball estate 5.50
Expense, W. E. Smith 4.12
Expense, W. B. Barney 4.70
Expense, Register and Leader, Des Moines 7.80
Total $2,316.64
EECEIPTS.
Cash on hand July 19th $1,350.04
M. Augenbleck & Bro '. 5. JO
Elov Ericsson 10.00
Fitch Cornell Co 10.00
Gude Bros 20.00
Northey Mfg. Co 5.00
John Shell & Bros 10.00
Geo. M. Rittenhouse 5.00
Francis D. Moulton Co 10.00
International Salt Co 25.00
H. D. Reynolds 5.00
Chas. Hillman 5.00
Merrill & Eldridge 10.00
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII 257
Enyard & Godley 10.00
National Creamery Supply Co 10.00
A. H. Barber Creamery Supply Co 20.00
Interest to July 1, 1907 26.60
Membership badges 222.00
City of Des Moines 300.00
John Sollie 5.00
Chamberlain hotel 10.00
Jacob Jacobson 5.00
Worcester Salt Co 15.00
W. D. Collyer Co 10.00
A. L. Covin 10.00
G. W. Kennedy 5.00
E. P. Mack 10.00
Fitch Cornell Co., sale of butter 1,088.77
Gallagher Bros 5.00
Empire Cream Separator Co 10.00
P. F. Brown 10.00
Chris. Hansen Laboratory 5.00
J. G. Cherry Co 65.00
Creamery Package Mfg. Co 70.00
Jensen Mfg. Co 25.00
Sharpless Cream Separator Co 20.00
Philip Morgan 5.00
Savery Hotel 10.00
Burroughs Adding Machine Co 5.00
Spurbeck Lambert Co 20.00
Diamond Crystal Salt Co 15.00
Eastern State Refrigerator Co 9.80
Elliott Hotel 10.00
M. H. Fairchilds & Bros 5.00
Elov Ericsson 5.00
Wells & Richardson Co 20.00
De Laval Separator Co 40.00
Fred Bischoff 5.00
J. W. Stewart 5.00
Klrkwood Hotel 10.00
McKay Bros 5.00
Smith Premier Typewriter Co 5.00
Vermont Farm Machine Co 10.00
National Creamery Supply Co 10.00
J. B. Ford Co 20.00
International Salt Co., for booth 3.25
Iowa Dairy Separator Co 35.00
S. B. Friday Co 10.00
International Harvester Co 10.00
Wellington Hotel 10.00
H. C. Hargreaves 15.00
Des Moines Mfg. Co 5.00
17
258 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Chicago Co-operative Coal Co 10.00
Waterloo Cream Separator Co 5.00
Interest to January 1, 1908 22.39
Total receipts $3,772.85 $3,772.85
uisbursements 2,316.64
Balance on hand July 1, 1908 $1,456.21
The reports of Secretary Johnson and Treasurer Brown were
accepted as read.
Chairman : The next, I believe, is the appointment of the several
committees. I will appoint the following:
Legislative Committee — E. E. Shoemaker, Waterloo; W. W.
Marsh, Waterloo ; W. B. Quarton, Algona ; B. W. Newberry, Straw-
berry Point ; F. A. Leigh ton, Des Moines.
Resolution Committee — H. R. Wright, Des Moines; T. J. Julian,
Algona; F. W. Stephenson, Lamont.
Chairman: We have found it necessary to revise our by-laws,
and for that purpose I will appoint a committee. On that com-
mittee I propose to appoint as chairman P. H. Kieffer, of New
York. Mr. Kieffer is familiar with the workings of the associa-
tion and I thought it necessary to put men on there that knew some-
thing of what we would have to do to revise them. The present
by-laws were adopted about seventeen years ago and nothing has
been changed since. Other members will be L. S. Edwards, of
Parkersburg; H. J. Nietert, of Walker.
Auditing Committee — F. W. Mack, Waterloo; M. J. Johnson,
Shell Rock; D. D. Parker, Des Moines.
Vice-President: The next on our program is our President's
annual address, W. B. Barney, whom I think needs no introduction
to this association. Mr. Barney:
PRESIDENT'S ANNUAL ADDRESS.
W. B. BARNEY, HAMPTON, IOWA.
Since our last meeting held in Des Moines a year ago, we have gone
through with a panic and a presidential election. On account of the
stability of our business, neither has materially affected the Iowa dairy-
men and I am able to again contratulate you at the close of the thirty-
second year of our existence on the prosperous condition of the associa-
tion.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII 259
So much has been said in the past with reference to an appropriation
by our state legislature that I do not feel there can be anything new
brought out at this time. A short review of the plans and work of your
legislative committee may be appropriate. This association is under
lasting obligations to E. R. Shoemaker, chairman, as well as his associates
on the committee, for the unceasing efforts to get the legislature inter-
ested in your behalf.
Our plan, as formulated, contemplates asking the legisalture for at
least $10,000. We hope with this to put two or three first-class men in
the state as instructors and inspectors to work especially among the
dairy men and creamery patrons organizing cow testing associations that
will enable the farmers to weed out their poor and unprofitable cows.
These men will also give practical instruction in feeding and breeding
dairy cattle, the growing of feed and the use of the silo.
It has been the plan of this association to hold but one convention a
year. Those of us who have had this matter in hand know how hard it
has been without a regular fund to fall back on to keep up an existence.
It is not expected to do away with this meeting, but to make it much
larger and better than it has ever been. It is hoped that this yearly
meeting may be held in some of the larger cities in the state that have an
auditorium with a good basement where a fine show of dairy cattle may
be made. In addition to this we expect with the assistance of the ap-
propriation, to bring the gospel of good dairying to the very doors of
thousands of farmers that could not attend the state meeting by holding
seven or eight small conventions or what may be termed short courses
in dairying in different parts of the state. These meetings will really be
schools of instruction along scientific lines such as are now being used in
Germany and other foreign countries. The principal expenses of these
meetings will be for hall rent, paying speakers and securing material for
demonstrative work.
We have heard much of late about teaching of agriculture in our public
schools. Within the last year we have had several inquiries from prin-
cipals of these schools saying that they were expected to teach agriculture
and that they felt that dairying was one of the most important branches
they would like to know where they could get literature and information
that would be helpful to them in this work. If the Iowa State Dairy
Association can get this appropriation, we are confident that we can
return more of real value to the state in an educational way for the
price they are paying, than can be had through any other source.
This association is made up of men, many of whose lives have been
spent in dairying and for its betterment. They understand, thoroughly,
the needs of our state and are in a position to give most excellent returns
for the small appropriation for which we are asking. We gave last year
the amounts appropriated by our sister states for dairy improvement.
We will only call your attention to the advancement they are making. It
is largely due to this financial aid. Why should our state neglect so
important an industry longer, when no other of our sister states has
better natural advantages?
The population of Iowa is being rapidly depleted by the immigration
of our young men to the west, the south and to Canada. The proper en-
260 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
couragement of the dairy industry will stop this. When it is known that
dairying can be made profitable on Iowa land at $100 to $150 per acre, and
when our young men find by what method this can be accomplished, our
farms will be reduced in size, our boys given profitable occupation at
home and the profits from agriculture will be greatly increased through-
out the state, through methods of intensified farming. Why should we
wait until our soil is worn out, as is the case in many of the eastern
states, before taking steps to stop this great waste of fertility and the
consequent shrinkage in value of land that is sure to come.
Every member of this association should go to his senator and repre-
sentative and reason this matter out with him. The argument is all on
your side.
In Holland, Denmark and the islands of Jersey and Guernsey, lands
are worth from $700 to $2,000 per acre. Yet these people sell their prod-
ucts in the London market in competition with ours. If it were not for
their advanced methods this could not be done. If this matter is properly
presented to our legislators there is no question as to our success. They
are not so blind to the interests of their constituents as to longer over-
look an opportunity to invest a few thousand dollars that will bring
results ten-fold in value to our state.
In behalf of our people who, by long hours of hard confining work, are
able to make an honest living, we appeal to you as men, asking for what
we are entitled to by every right as loyal citizens and tax payers.
The dairy sentiment in our state has increased ten-fold in the last
five years. There are evidences of this on every hand. The number of
silos built in the last year is a fair indication of the trend toward better
conditions. It is estimated that forty per cent of our corn crop, which
is the most valuable of any crop we have, or about $40,000,000 per year,
has been wasted by husking and leaving the fodder in the field. We have
contended for years that the silo is by far the best method of getting the
full value out of this crop. After having used one for fifteen years we
are sometimes amazed when we note how slow some of our progressive
men are in taking advantage of the silo.
The introduction of dairy sires, and, in many cases, the putting in of
a few pure bred dairy cows will be sure to help bring up our average per
cow, which was only recently 140 pounds per year.
It should be remembered that, without improving our dairy herds,
little progress can be hoped for. On the cow rests our whole dairy struc-
ture. If each buttermaker in the state will use his influence with his
patrons to have them test their cows, sell off the poor ones and then, by
the introduction of pure bred dairy sires, grade up their herd, he will
soon increase his output 33 1-3 per cent.
The completion of the yearly record of Colantha 4th's Johanna of 1,200
pounds of commercial butter and the records of several other high-class
dairy cows, finished this year, are only further proof of what may be
accomplished by breeding.
The demand for high-classed grade dairy cows of the different dairy
breeds continues unabated. There are not half enough of them to supply
the needs of the country. The opportunity for making a profit in breeding
this class of stock is most excellent; they are ready sale at prices ranging
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII 261
from $50 to $100. Most any dairyman, by an investment in a pure bred
dairy sire, of $75 to $150, is ready to make a start and if he has twenty
or more cows the increased value of his first crop of heifer calves will
pay for their sire.
The Iowa Dairy Cattle Improvement Association is doing a good work
and are entitled to your hearty support. The National Dairy Show and
National Buttermakers' Association are both working for the good of one
common interest. To the National Dairy Union we are indebted for our
oleo law. It should be remembered that it is only through organized
effort that legislation for our own good can be brought about and that
these associations are all helpful in times of need.
Space will not permit the discussion of the matter of tuberculosis
among our cattle to the extent I would like to. Our next legislature will
undoubtedly be asked to give us a law compensating the owner to the
amount of at least 60 per cent of his loss where cattle are condemned by
the state.
This plan in other states has been tried with the effect that in many
instances the disease has been checked and the results are most satisfac-
tory. No law should be enacted without giving this matter more than a
usual amount of consideration.
It is our opinion that if every animal that reacts as a result of the
tuberculin test were slaughtered and every child were dead that has
drunk the milk from these animals, there would be a great scarcity of
beef, milk and children. Please do not understand that I mean to con-
demn the test. There is no question but that it is the best means of
determining the presence of disease in our herds that we have.
The Bang system, as applied to valuable bred animals has many things
that appeal to those that have given this plan due consideration.
Whatever law is enacted should first be with reference to the absolute
protection of public health and with due consideration for the owners
of our cattle. New York, after having considered this matter for two or
three years, has recently passed a law that we believe would fit well into
the conditions in this state.
For having made me your vice-president three years and your president
for two years, I feel that I am under great obligations to the association;
I am sure I have been honored almost beyond measure. It has been a
great pleasure to me to go over the state and meet many of you in your
places of business and your homes. Your counsel has been helpful. I
want to thank you all for the earnest work you have done that has made
possible the building up of an association second to none other of its kind
in this country. In delivering the reins to my successor, I wish to thank
you for the loyal support you and the executive committee have accorded
me in my efforts to do my duty, as your servant according to the light that
was in me.
You have done much for the betterment of our interests; yet there
should be no relaxation of effort on our part if we shall make Iowa what
it should be— the greatest dairy state in the Union. I thank you.
262 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Chairman: We will next listen to an address by Hon. H. R.
Wright, State Dairy and Food Commissioner of Iowa.
ADDRESS.
H. B. WEIGHT, DAIEY AND FOOD COMMISSIONER, DES MOINES, IOWA.
Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen of the Iowa State Dairy Association:
I don't know whether or not you will be interested or entertained by
what I have to say. It may be that some of you will disagree with the
ideas I have.
For several years there has been an irrepressible conflict in this state
between two methods of creamery management. We have each year met
in convention and ponderously wondered just what the outcome would
be. A few of us have discussed the manners and methods of the faction
to which we did not belong with considerable heat and unnecessary and
unavailing anger. The large number of us have been mildly interested
in the present, a trifle curious about the future and not too well posted
about existing conditions or prevailing tendencies. We have complained
about various details, the hand separator and some of its attendant evils,
but most of us have thought that the problems confronting us have for us
individually an academic curiosity. The object of what I have to say is
first, if possible, to set forth without arousing unnecessary ill feeling the
facts of the present conditions in dairying in Iowa, and to call attention
to the prevailing tendencies upon which we are obliged to estimate the
future. Second, to suggest for the present and the future evils one kind
of remedy that has not yet been tried and not largely discussed. Third,
to suggest an addition to the methods of co-operative creamery manage-
ment that I believe will strengthen them and make for permanence in
such organizations.
We shall do well to come to a discussion of the matter with open
minds, with our prejudices left at home, and with a desire to know and
to weight those facts that cannot be disputed. Opinions are sometimes
valuable but facts are mighty stubborn things and do not give way to
mere opinions.
In 1900 this state had 994 creameries and stations; now it has 552.
Since 1900 about five hundred creameries and stations have been closed
and about fifty opened. Creameries have been closed in every part of the
state in about the same number for each county or other area. No part
of the state has escaped this change, not even those portions where the
co-operative has been and is in the ascendency. One-third of the butter
of this state is now made in less than thirty-five creameries, making
from 300,000 pounds of butter annually to 6,000,000 pounds annually. No
railway station in Iowa is more than seventy-five miles from at elast two
of the thirty-five central plants. In another seven years there will
be a still furtner decrease in the number of our creameries, and nine-tenths
of the butter will be made in three score creameries and the total number
will be less than one hundred. That's an opinion, but I believe it is an
absolutely correct one unless present conditions and tendencies are by
some means vitally changed.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII 263
No one ought to feel sorry about this present and possible change if
the dairy business of the state as distinguished from the creamery business
has been and will be benefitted by it. We can scarcely be so selfish as to
put the interests of a few hundred buttermakers ahead of those of 100,000
producers and another 100,000 farmers that ought to and will be pro-
ducers in this state if profits in dairying can be increased. There has
been an enormous increase in dairying in the southern and western part
of the state. There ought to have been an extraordinary increase in
dairying in every part of the state and so the whole production should be
very greatly increased. It has been so in other states that have been
developing in any degree new territory as we have here. But it has not
been so in Iowa. There has been little or no aggregate increase in dairy-
ing, 'there has been no steady increase in amount of butter produced;
there has been a distinct loss in various localities in the so-called dairy
districts of the state instead of increase in production. Our production
has fluctuated with varying success but has not shown the growth that
other states have shown, except in the present year, and that gain is
probably only because of temporary causes. It is mighty difficult to be
satisfied with what little progress and increase has been made in Iowa
during the last seven or eight years.
In discussing the future it is not necessary to consider wholly just
what have been the practices of the larger creameries of this state. It
is immaterial to this discussion whether they have introduced unfair and
unjust competition. The future is just the same whether they have
already done so, or whether they simply have the power to do so. It js
alleged that the practice of paying different prices for butter-fat in differ-
ent localities prevails in this state. Disregard discussion of the truth or
falsity of this accusation every man here knows that they have the power
to do so and to put out of business almost any creamery in the state by
such practice. Where is the man that dares go to Gladbrook or some
other point now wholly dependent upon the shipping of cream to a market
and invest $2,500 in a creamery? Not one of you is anxious to do so,
and some of you would be mighty glad to unload the plants you now have.
The character of competition that may be met in such enterprises has
absolutely made it impossible to establish creameries in more than half
the area of the state, and has deprived the would-be cream producers of
the competition that would have resulted if creameries had been estab-
lished. Competition is said to be the life of trade, but the competition
must be on a fair basis. A fair field and no favors results in the highest
good to the greatest number.
In the interest of compelling such fair competition in the matter of
purchasing of cream I propose that the next legislature be asked by this
association to make it unlawful for any person or corporation buying
milk or cream or butter-fat in this state to make any discriminations in
prices under like conditions of time and products. I believe that such a
law will make for permanency and development in the erecting and main-
taining of creameries for the manufacture of butter, because its enforce-
ment would insure to every man who desires to make that sort of an
investment that he would have fair and open competition; that he would
strive with his competitiors on the basis of his ability to operate the
264 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
business and his competency as a business manager and not upon the basis
of his financial ability to pay more than the raw material is worth for a
longer time than his opponent. It would make possible the continued
existence of both and competition each with the other in a legitimate
manner for the business of the community. And it would insure for the
producer the highest continuous price for his product that is consistent
with good business management and a reasonable profit for the operator
of the business. Without such a statute it is hardly conceivable that
there will ever be a different condition in those parts of the state now
wholly given over to the centralizers, for the reason that it would be a
very rash individual who would invest his money in a plant that was
subject to be wiped out at the caprice of an individual who is a competitor
with every reason for wishing the whole field for himself. I say again
that whether such discriminations have been practiced is not material to
this discussion. The fact that they are possible makes it unwise for one
to invest his money in creameries at the present time, and hence makes
impossible the competition that is necessary for the life of any business.
I propose this plan as a possible means of checking a growing tendency
toward complete centralization of the creamery business into the hands
of a few men or of a few corporations, in the hope that it will be en-
dorsed by this association and hence its presentation to the. legislature
next winter may be with some hope of success. Such legislation is not
new. This particular measure is already upon the statute books of one
of our newer states, and the state of Iowa has a statute of similar kind
relating to discriminations in the selling price of an article of universal
use. I am assured by competent lawyers that a statute along this line
can be drawn that will stand the test of the courts and in the interest of
fair play and for the sake of the dairy industry as a whole I ask the
approval of this organization for such a measure.
This is an age of co-operation, and many lines of agricultural industry
in this country and especially in other countries have been saved to the
farmer only by co-operative societies of one kind or another. "When bad
men confederate good men must combine" seems to have been the thought
of a good many co-operators. I believe that co-operative creameries may
take a leaf from the book of some other society with great good to the
creameries. The great weakness in our present co-operative creameries
is inability to hold patronage against competition that is perfectly well
known to be unfair. Let our better creameries be re-organized upon the
lines of the co-operative grain elevators in this"stater"Let^~a~sufficient
number of members be brought together to insure a volume of business
to make the business successful. Let each man agree to send his milk or
cream regularly or to pay to the organization a cent a pound for every
pound of butter-fat he sells elsewhere. Then if some other concern wishes
to get a little of the local creamery's patronage away in order to break
up the organization they will be indirectly paying the expenses of"^the
organization sought to be destroyed. An organization along these lines
will be easily affected just as soon as it is generally realized that unless
greater strength is added to the co-operative idea among creameries they
are in great danger of extinction. Without attempt to discuss details I
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII 265
suggest this plan for the consideration of creamery managers and butter-
makers.
I think few are ignorant of the fact that personally I believe that co-
operative creamery management makes for best results to the producer
and to the consumer. In order that dairying in Iowa may not come to
mean what it now means in Kansas and Nebraska and the west I hope
that the weaknesses of co-operative plans may be strengthened and that
fair competition may be compelled by statute. No one system of cream-
ery operation is likely to be equally adapted to all conditions and situa-
tions and the demand for prohibition of discriminations is in the legiti-
mate interest of every creamery of the state, no matter what its methods
of organization and operation may be, and is in the interest of both the
producer and the consumer,
I know that such reforms will come only by great effort on the part
of somebody, but we have the single choice of making the effort or of giv-
ing up to present tendencies in creamery operation. It takes brains to
co-operate in the creamery and dairy business. It takes brains to meet
present difficult conditions and to overcome them. It is going to take
brains and a lot of hard work to save the creamery and dairy business
from complete centralization and monopoly. It is the duty and a respon-
sibility that falls largely upon the members of this association, and I
know that its membership has both the brains and the energy to make
the future in Iowa what we know it ought to be, so that Iowa in the
future as in the past shall be known as the state where the dairy farmers
receive more for their product than those of any other state and where
the butter produced is of the highest quality and the value of the state's
product ranks second to none. I thank you.
Chairman: If there is no other business to come before us at
this time we will stand adjourned until 10 o'clock tomorrow morn-
ing.
THURSDAY MORNING, 10 :45.
Chairman : The first thing this morning will be the election of
officers. The present officers hold office until the first of January.
The first Avill be the election of President and nominations are now
in order.
^Ir. Shoemaker, Waterloo : I do not think it is at all necessary
that I should make a nomination speech in placing the candidate I
have in mind. When I say that he is a worker that is endorsement
enough. I have in mind none other than our present President.
His past records speak for themselves. I think you will all agree
with me that during his administration interest has increased in the
manufacturing end and also that it has increased very materially
in the production end. He has been instrumental, as no other
President has, in interesting the dairymen themselves in the work
266 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
of this association, and if there was no other reason for endorsing
him for President that would be sufficient. I therefore take pleasure
in nominating Mr. W. B. Barney, of Hampton.
Nomination seconded. On motion duly seconded the rules were
suspended and the President elected by acclamation, Mr. Barney
being duly declared elected President of the Iowa State Dairy
Association for the coming year.
Chairman: The next officer to be elected is that of Vice-Presi-
dent. Nominations are in order.
Mr. Kieffer, of New York: Mr. President, I move that we
make Mr. L. S. Edwards, of Parkersburg, our Vice-President for
the coming year.
On motion duly seconded the rules were suspended and the Vice-
President was elected by acclamation.
Chairman : The next is the election of Secretary. Nominations
are in order.
Mr. Nitert, op Walker: Mr. Chairman, I desire to place the
nomination of a gentleman that we are all acquainted with ; a man
that has risen to his present honorable position through labor and
merit, beginning at the bottom of the dairy and creamery interests.
I realize that he needs no eulogy from me ; he has held the office for
the past year, has discharged his duty with honor to himself and
credit to the state ; he has been diligent at work in the best interests
of this association and the great dairy interests in the state of Iowa,
both day and night, and some have told me that he has even dese-
crated the Sabbath in this same work. How true this is I can not
say, but if he has done it in the interests of the dairy business I
do not think that when he meets St. Peter he will be turned down.
I do not think it is necessary for me to say more, and I therefore
desire to place the nomination of our present Secretary, Mr. W. B.
Johnson, of Des Moines.
On motion, duly seconded, the rules were suspended and the
Secretary was elected by acclamation.
Chairman : The next is the election of treasurer. Nominations
are in order.
Mr. Stephenson, op Lamont: Mr. Chairman: Realizing as
we all do the necessity of having a man for Treasurer that is honest
and upright in every particular, realizing that we have had this
kind of a man for the last two or three years but who has told us
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII 267
lie could not serve us further in this capacity, I have the pleasure of
nominating Mr. F. L. Odell, of Des Moines, for Treasurer of our
association for the coming year.
On motion, duly seconded, the rules were suspended and the Sec-
retary instructed to cast a unanimous ballot for Mr. Odell as
Treasurer.
Chairman: That concludes the election. The next will be an
address by F. L. Odell, of Des Moines.
ADDRESS.
F. L. ODELL, ASST. FOOD AND DAIRY COMMISSIONER, DES MOINES, IOWA.
Mr. Chairman, Ladies, Gentlemen and Fellow Buttermakers :
It is human nature and a natural instinct given to man by the all
Supreme Being, to regard his home and state as the one, and only one,
for which to build his hopes and display his energies. This being true,
we, the sons of Iowa, look upon our state with noble pride, and our loyalty
is far reaching that our moral, intellectual and industrial standards may
equal or excell that of any other state in the Union. Not that we want
to boast or brag, but we want to be high up in the standard of excellence,
counted among the thrifty, prosperous people of our land.
The home ties in our creamery industry, then, naturally exerts them-
selves to be in the front rank. Who is there among us not in conjunc-
tion with this kind of spirit, especially those that are toilers and workers
in any good cause, in any business, commercially or intellectually. * We
should stand for what we think is right and just, for anything that will
build up and advance the interests of all concerned.
A little review of this character and kind is in touch with the subject
I wish to present — that we, as toilers and workers in the creamery bus-
iness, will in the future, as we have in the past, work for the advance
ment and betterment of the industry. It is true there are many things
that would advance the creamery business in Iowa that we have not done,
and many things we would like to do but can not for the reason that we
have not the laws to back us. I would like to see a law rigid enough to
compel every producer and every one that sells milk and cream, whether it
is used in the manufacture of butter, household or culinary purposes, to
deliver it in a sweet, sanitary condition, clean and wholesome, free from
foreign and decomposed germs, excellent in quality and void of all bad
flavors.
This is where I stand on this subject, and whether it can be so or not
I wish it could. But one thing I am sure of, there can be a marked
improvement in the quality and kind of raw material that is being sold
from one end of the state to the other — that is being sold for the manu-
facture of butter, and again I say there can be a marked improvement in
this material, and, plainly speaking, without hesitating or stammerings,
let us have it.
The subject I am going to take up seems to be of vital importance.
So much that it has worried many a buttermaker, caused him no amount
268 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE
of grief and trouble, and in the end lost for him his reputation as a good
buttermaker. The commission merchant, liKewise, has been in the
game, not from a maker's standpoint, but from a seller's standpoint, and
he, to say the least, has contributed his share of grief. Then comes the
consumer, another party in this drama, and one whom should not be left
out. The consumer is the one that strikes the fatal blow when he abso-
lutely declines to pay out his hard-earned cash for any but a good, sweet
and wholesome butter. The consumer is looking for good butter, and he
should have it.
Now it is not my purpose to chastice the maker, but it is my purpose
to chastice the producer— the one that delivers the raw material. He is
the one I am after. The careless, unscrupulous and unclean producer is
the one I want to talk to and about. Thousands of dollars are spent try-
ing to doctor up this cream, and thousands of dollars are lost because of
this inferior product. There is always some who will tell a producer of
this character that his cream is good stuff (at the same time dreaming
of a new customer from his competitor) whether it is or isn't.
To get down to the point. Can we expect under existing conditions to
make better butter next year, and the next and the next? I will leave
that to you.
I do not mean to say that all butter is poor, for there is a lot of mighty
fine butter being made, but I am speaking of the poor butter due to
carelessness on the farm, the place where it is kept before it is offered
for sale or brought to the creamery.
A great many farmers deliver a fine article — clean, sweet and whole-
some, but what is the incentive, when it nas to be mixed with the poor
and all the efforts of the one who tried to deliver a good article is des-
troyed by the one who is careless and unclean. I say again, that it is
the dirty producer we must get after. Something must be done to better
the conditions, either in an educational way, teaching and enlightening
the producer or passing laws compelling them to do certain things neces-
sary for a better raw material. Butter graces the table of nearly every
home in the land, and why should we not always have good butter? Would
not the buttermaker be tickled if he could always receive raw material
in such condition that he could make fancy butter every day? The com-
mission man w^ould, in turn, rejoice. How would the consumer like it,
and how about the creamery business in general, from the producer to
the consumer?
Iowa is a state that should make a definite and distinct stand for
quality in every sense of the word. In union there is power, and in
union there is strength. If every creamery would use their influence in
the territory they occupy, if every creamery (co-operative, individual or
centralizer) would go to work for quality, for the betterment of the dairy
Industry in general, for quality of the raw material, if this should happen
we would astonish the markets of the world. If this would happen we
would see such a growth and development in the dairy business as never
has been before. If this should happen the press would herald it from
sea to sea, from pole to pole, and the moral effect would so strengthen the
interest that other states would follow.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII 269
This would be one of the easiest things in the world to accomplish if
every creamery in the state would agree not to accept bad cream; if one
creamery refused it no one else would take it and the matter would be
settled; if they would agree to instruct and enlighten the producer as to
the proper care of his milk and cream. Educate them to the fact that it
must be brought to the creamery in a certain condition, that it must be
cooled to a certain temperature and delivered every so often. Is there
anything impossible about that? Would it not be a great sight better to
do this than to take the cream the other fellow refuses? Just so long as
creameries and buying stations do this just so long poor butter will be
produced.
I believe this convention as a body should take a stand for quality. I
believe we should adopt a resolution pledging ourselves to work for better
quality of milk and cream; that we condemn careless and uncleanly
methods on the farm; that cream must be delivered every other day in
summer and at least every third day in winter; that cream must be
cooled to at least 60 degrees immediately after separation, and while it
is kept on the farm it must be kept in a good, clean place. I believe we
should petition our next general assembly to pass laws making it a mis-
demeanor to keep a separator in other than a perfectly sanitary place,
and to keep the milk and cream in like manner; giving power to all state
and federal inspectors to prosecute and fine any and all violators; that
this authority be as powerful on the farms as in the creameries. I
furthermore believe this convention should appoint a committee to draft
resolutions incorporating this matter and present to the legislature. It
will cost the state practically nothing to enact such laws, and I believe
if the matter is brought before them properly they will act upon them.
Mr. Johnson has a set of resolutions that meet the requirements in
nearly every way except that they do not say the hand separator "must"
be taken out of unclean places, as well as the milk and cream.
I do not claim that such laws would end our troubles. Far from it, for
we would have the same troubles to contend with and it will take all our
executive power and ability to combat the evil, but no great battle was
ever fought without some sacrifice and loss, without contention and strife,
but in the end it will be a great benefit to the people.
Another thing, we do not have enough inspectors to cover the state
and meet all the requirements such laws would demand, but the cream-
eries could spread printed copies of the law broadcast over their terri-
tory. This, with the occasional visit from an inspector and perhaps a
fine, would tend to keep the people on the watch.
Not long ago I was talking with a Danish buttermaker who had only
been over in this country about two years. He was telling me the differ-
ence in regard to the dairy laws in Denmark and the United States. There
the farmers have to keep their barns in a clean condition. Everything
has to be just so. Cleanliness is the word. They have inspectors for the
rural districts, as well as for the creameries.
In conclusion, let me say I would like to see Iowa be one of the first
to herald the news that she has taken a forward step to try to adopt
measures whereby the quality of her dairy products can be improved. A
state has beautiful homes and thriving cities, a state that is rich in lands
270 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGR1CULTURI3
and cattle, a state where intelligence and intellect is equal to any other
locality in the world, a state that should boast of the quality of her
butter. It would mean millions of dollars to her people, for the markets
of the world would be asking for our butter. It would mean that a pro-
ducer who attempted to market a stale and unwholesome can of cream
would be made to feel that he had committed an unpardonable sin.
These are not impossibilities. It only requires the united effort of the
creamery industry at large, it only requires the will and stick-to-itiveness
to carry it through, and the necessary laws to back us.
If we want to make better butter then let us rally to the front. Call
the united forces of the business to arms, buckle on your armor, go out
and fight the evil. Do more than grumble about bad cream. Join forces
and work in harmony for quality and for laws that will help you and the
whole dairy business in general.
Ring out the glad tidings that Iowa's loyal creamerymen are going to
work for quality. The zenith is on yonder mountain top and the banner
is inscribed with the word "Quality." Rescue it and the vanguard of
safety will carry us on to higher and nobler things. I thank you.
The Chairman : We have quite a little time and we can have a
few minutes for discussion.
DISCUSSION.
Mr. Eckles, of Missouri: I think that this question of good
butter is largely in the hands of the creameries. What incentive is
there to the farmer to produce a clean and sanitary product when
his neighbor gets the same price for a dirty product. It seems that
the creameries ought to go for some of these conditions themselves.
We must furnish instruction for the farmer and teach him how to
deliver his milk and cream to the creamery in good condition. That
is the first thing to be done.
Mr. Bower : We certainly need laws like Mr. Odell has outlined,
and we need men to enforce them. I do not think for a moment but
what it is possible to enforce them. In my home territory we have
thirty inspectors going around among the farmers enforcing the
laws. As a result Canadian cheese stands throughout the land for
quality. This is also true in Denmark. The buttermaker should do
all he could along this line, and I believe that government inspec-
tion is absolutely necessary along with it.
Mr. Credicott, Chicago : I wish to say a word along this line.
I have had a chance to observe the butter quality in the market, and
when I made the statement that the average of our quality was
deteriorating I was severely condemned. I saw in Chicago the other
day a sign for oleomargarine which was very suggestive. It was in
a street car. It read : ' ' The user of Holstein butterine has a guar-
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII 271
antee of purity and cleanliness that the user of creamery butter
has not for the reason that it is Government inspected." That is
the most suggestive thing in the way of advertising I have seen.
Mr. Odelt.: I may say before I leave this that I studied this
matter a great deal before I framed up my talk, and I thank these
gentlemen who voiced with me. I know how these conditions are
and I am fully convinced that we will never make better butter until
something is done to relieve conditions. We never can get down to
business until the state and the state dairy association goes at it
and both work in harmony — for quality. What the people want
is better buter and they should have it. I am a crank on this sub-
ject, but I have studied it and I am interested in the bettering of
conditions.
The following resolution was read by AV. B. Johnson and passed
by a vote of the convention :
Regulating the handling of cream from the producer to the manufac-
turer: Cream being a perishable article, we insist that steps be taken to
preserve by reducing the temperature to that degree whereby the develop-
ment of bacteria will be retarded. Knowing that after a certain amount of
putrefaction exists in cream, such as a high state of fermentation caused
by the holding of cream too long and at too high a temperature before
delivery is made, that the same connected with the unclean conditions as
exists throughout the country at the present time due to the lack of care
of the farm separator, the place where the separator is kept along with
the cream and other utensils with no regard to sanitation or tempera-
ture, the cream reaches a state where there is danger to the consuming
public when it is manufactured and placed on sale as a food product.
Second. For regulating the delivery and the acceptance for shipment
and the transportation from the station to the manufacturing point which
is being carried on at this time in a most deplorable manner, delivered
in all kinds of conditions, at all temperatures and transported in all
ways, such as baggage cars, box cars, express cars, etc.
Third. To eliminate the unjust and inaccurate testing which is prac-
ticed over the state and is the cause of a great deal of disturbance and
illegitimate competition, making the honest man with ability subject to
all kinds of charges as to dishonesty and inaccurate methods that are
being practiced at the present time.
And we do hereby petition the general assembly for the enactment of
a law:
First. That the field men of the Iowa State Dairy Association and the
State Dairy Commissioner's department be empowered with authority to
inspect the sanitary conditions at the farms, that the law shall provide
that the producer of cream shall properly wash and clean each hand
separator immediately after it is used; that cream immediately after
separation be cooled to a temperature not exceeding 60 degrees and be
held at such temperature until the same is delivered to the purchaser;
272 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
that such cream shall be delivered every other day in summer and not
to exceed every third day in winter; that all utensils used in the handling
and caring for cream by any person whomsoever shall be kept at all times
in a clean, hygienic and sanitary place.
Second. That any person, firm or corporation buying cream in this
state shall be required to maintain a clean, hygienic and sanitary place
for the care and handling of cream and shall provide the ncessary
equipment for the keeping of such cream at a temperature of not to ex-
ceed 60 degrees and shall not offer for shipment or sell any cream which
is at a temperature exceeding 60 degrees, and that all common carriers
carrying cream shall be required to keep the same in a clean, hygienic
condition and at a temperature not exceeding 60 degrees.
Third. That all persons operating the Babcock test used for determin-
ing butter-fat sold or purchased shall be required to sustain an examina-
tion as to his fitness therefor, such examination to be given by the State
Dairy Commissioner of the State Experiment Station, with power to annul
certificate at any time that examination shows inability or dishonesty in
the performance of operation. Also that proper penalties be attached for
non-compliance of the above. The above is without discrimination and
is in justice to the protection of legitimate business and public health.
The Chairman: The next matter is the presentation of medals
and reading of the scores. Mr. Johnson and Dairy Commissioner
Wright will take charge.
Mr. Wright : We have been holding, you know, at Des i\Ioines
a six months' Scoring Contest. Two of the numbers were not un-
der the commissioner's department this one and the State Fair
scorings — but we have had four others conducted by the state and
the scoring has been done by the assistatnt dairy commissioners.
We agreed that a certain New York gentleman was to buy the
butter. He was to charge us 21/2 per cent commission instead of
the usual 5 per cent, the other 2i/2 per cent being donated by him
for .this purpose. That matter was arranged in the beginning and
the butter from five scorings has been sold to that gentleman, and
the proceeds, less the five per cent commission, have been remitted
to the respective winners. Two and a half per cent commission
was his for selling the butter, 2i/o per cent remains in my hands
for the purpose of giving prizes for the four scorings. The State
Fair gave prizes of their own and this organization gives prizes.
We have had 675 tubs. The first scoring amounted to 176, and the
last 66 tubs. I do not Imow whether it occurs to you, but it
occurs to me that you can't run a scoring contest unless some one
sends butter. It may occur to you also that there may be such a
small amount of butter there that the expenses would be so great
that it was not worth while, so the boys have made considerable
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII 273
effort to get out a fairly good representation. I was discouraged
with the scoring held a year ago because it ran down to 30 tubs.
It is well nigh useless to bother with it, so we are very much grati-
fied at this number. We are planning on conducting a scoring
during the next year and extend it a little, so far as time is con-
cerned. I want to urge at this time that you send butter to these
contests.
The 21/. per cent commission donated by the commission man
amounted to $95, and this same man donated enough more to make
it an even $100. I do not belicA^e I violate any propriety in say-
ing that the man who donated this is a personal friend of every
one of you. I refer to P. H. Kieffer.
The winners in the four scorings of May, June, July and Octo-
ber, leaving out the State Fair score, gathered cream class, are:
May, J. R. Jackman, demons, 941/2; June, C. H. Matravers,
Casey, 95 ; July, S. Peterson, Luana, 941/0 ; October, Watson Shick,
Volga, 94. Whole milk. May, Fred Wills, Sumner, 971/0; June,
Wm. Wenthe, Sumner, 97; July, E. E. Mittlestdat, Delaware, 96;
September, G. Steussi, Thorp, 95i/>.
SCORES ON BUTTER.
Iowa's convention had 221 entries of butter of which winners in the
whole milk class are:
G. J. Gudknecht, Lone Rock 97
E. H. Homan, V/averly 96
G. O. Miller, Arlington 951/^
Winners in the gathered cream class are:
R. R. Hadley, Eldora 941/2
M. M. Sorenson, Superior 94
L. P. Nelson, Exira 9314
Following are the other scores at 90 and above:
William Ambrose, Tripoli 91
O. H. Beuhrer, Alta Vista 93
Fred Erickson, Seneca 93%
Andrew Hansen, Walton 91
Geo. Siebels, Palmer 91
B. H. Kuennen, St. Lucas 94
P. H. Peterson, Rake 93i^
B. T. Soles, Fern 92
C. L. Mills, Sumner 93
G. S. Wing, Jr., Majuoketa 92
C. H. Cleveland, Monticello 91
D. W. Mohler, Ellsworth 931/0
C. F. Bollig, Rodman 92
18
274 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
G. A. Palmer, Aplington 93l^
N. O. Dahlen, Northwood 921/2
L. B. Aleson, Dorchester 92
C. R. Conway, Garner 90
J. G. Ellinger, Aplington 90
A. W. Snyder, Dickens 91l^
Martin J. Bobo, Algona 90i/^
J. W. Wedemeyer, Denver 94
M. N. Bates, Bridgewater 90
J. B. Feldman, Dyersville 93%
Chris Russler, Hawkeye 94
Robt. Bliss, Garner 91
N. C. Nielsen, Fostoria 91
F. D. Daniels, Grovehill 92
C. L. Woodsworth, New Hampton 93
H. F. Lenocker, Victor 91
G. Stuessi, Manchester 93
F. W. Bremer, Sumner 93
J. P. Whelan, Elma 95
Iver Barlow, Calmar 90
W. P. Muth, Waukon 90
Watson Shick, Volga 92
C. H. Matrevers, Casey 92
G. T. Shaunce, State Center 90
J. L. Curist, Hull 93
M. J. Goodnow, Washta 91
P. O. Knutson, Thor 92
C. W. Davis, Ashton 90
F. M. Zell, Sumner 931^
Chas. H. Woodiwiss, Little Cedar 91
E. A. Jensen, Scarville 921^
Sig. Klemsrud, Osage 90
Geo. H. Dushane, Osage 90
Chris. Nelsen, Exira 93
H. E. Fowler, Hanlontown 91
Joe. P. Bogh, Rutland ^ 93
Wm. Gossman, Humboldt 93
Jobe Kennedy, Le Mars 91
E. E. Star, Lake Park 91
H. S. Allen, Alta 92
A. J. Spohn, Miles 90
H. M. Crocker, Clarksville 921/2
Wm. H. Kessler, Bassett 92
P. J. Kolbet, Waucoma 90
Fred Lehman, Monticello 92
Ira O'Neel, Clarion 91
C. H. Vanderham, Belmond 911/2
A. H. Bentz, Delhi 93
John R. Lauber, Wellman 92
A. J. Herman, Maple Leaf 91%
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII 275
Frank Bowdirt, Fairbank 93
C. E. Batchelder, Springville 92
F. W. Stephenson, Lament 92
Wm. Kellenbach, Bremer 94i/^
L. C. Peterson, Story City 93
Ben Frank, Somers 94
J. A. Dostal, Protivin 90
F. W. Stickman, Ionia 90
F. W. Herrel, Waterville 91
G. W. Baitinger, Ladora 921/2
J. C. Hall, Ottumwa 931/2
J. M. Zubrod, Hopkinton 92
U. A. Harvey, LaPorte City 93
J. J. Boland, Wesley 93
G. M. Miller, Fayette 92
N. H. Trimble, Alden 92
C. B. Bracy, Maynard 94
J. M. Woelert, Scotch Grove 90
W. 0. Bradley, Holstein 93
A. E. Banta, Wheatland 93
R. J. Erb, Masonville 92
J. A. Reid, Webb 90
G. R. Jackman, demons 93
C. C. Bomberger, Dunbar 93i^
T. Smorenburg, Pella 91
C. C. Clifton, Thomson 91
W. D. Wenthe, Sumner 931/2
H. H. Grove, Plover 91
O. Hauge, Ossian 91i/^
O. Hicks, Guernsey 90
Warren E. Cline, Nemaha 931/2
J. H. Neil, Malcom 92
W. E. Mittlestadt, Manchester 93
0. C. Capper, Rogers 93
H. E. McCormack, Marcus 93
Bert 0. Brownlee, Kanawha 92
F. J. Schroeder, Wadena 92i^
C. J. Rhode, Manchester 93
John L. Clark, Gilbertsville 93
Geo. Goodsell, Rowan 90i^
1. R. Moon, Boies 92
Henderson, Sawyer & Co., Central City 94
Reinbeck Creamery, Reinbeck 92
Sam Saveried, Story City 93
Frank L. Larsen, Downs 90i/^
S. L. Patterson, Austinville 91
Henry Piegors, Waverly 91i/^
A. H. Ady, Prescott 91
B. O. Squires, Janesville 92^
Fred Herzog, Hubbard .90i^
276 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
C. T. Knutson, McCallsburg 93
Ralph W. Howard, Dubuque 90
J. T. Hanna, Lone Rock 94
*" R. W. Chadwick, Waterloo 90
H. C. Koeneke, New Hartford 92i^
Thos. E. Sadler, Oelwein 94
S. O. Jorgensen, North Branch 91i^
F. W. Shellman, Ayrshire 94
P. D. Nelson, Morehead 91
Johannes Johansen, Exira 92
Chr. Rasmussen, Bayard 91
A. L. Remington, Ruthven 93
J. J, Brunner, Osage 93
A. W. Finuf, Curlew 92^^
S. W. Laird, W^alker 93i^
H. R. Bullis, St. Ansgar 93
J. M. Taff, Grand Junction 90
Henry Ambler, Cedar Rapids 90
J. F. Fisher, Garnavilio 90
A. J. Doleschal, Bancroft .921^
Earl E. Mittlestadt, Delaware 94
C. A. Nurell, Irvington 94
Frank Brunner, Charles City 92
M. E. Brunner, Osage 90
L. P. Anderson, Algona , 90
Wm. Widdel, Dewar 92
B. R. Churchill, Grundy Center 92%
J. F. Cummings, Alpha 94
Geo. L. Hatter, Dyersville 90
C. A. Day, Sumner 94
Fred Wills, Sumner 92 V2
E. Weiss, Charles City 91
H. J. Dinger, Charles City 90
J. Roepping, Afton 91
H. E. Forrester, Fredericksburg 92
Geo. Wick, Roland 91
Peter Thuessen, Kimballton 90
S. Peterson, Luana 90i/^
F. D. Shiflet, Fenton 94
J. F. Sharp, Newell 92
Julius Brunner, Charles City 93
V. E. Kranz, Schaller 93
R. O. Rae, Des Moines 90
Robt. Wagoner, Randalia 93
F. H. Fisher, Greene 93
R. S. Bergsather, Northwood 2IV2
L. L. Flickinger, Fredericksburg 91
Frank Vallantyne, Benson 93
L. S. Edwards, Parkersburg 94
L. C. Langeson, Colter 92^^
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII 277
Center Creamery Co., Harlan 92%
Carl Meier, Denver 91
E. M. Guiney, Tripoli 91
C. E. Carr, Frederika 91
C. P. Elliott, Cascaden 91
J. B. Domayer, Dyersville 93
T. R. Wilson, Mallard 92
O. F. Courbatt, Shell Rock 92
L. W. McCreery, Early 90
THURSDAY AFTERNOON, 2 :15.
Chairman: The convention will please come to order, and the
first on the program will an address on ''Breeds and Breeding of
Dairy Cattle, and Why It Pays," by T. J. Julian, of Algona.
BREEDS AND BREEDING OF DAIRY CATTLE, AND WHY IT PAYS.
T. J. JULIAN, ALGOXA, IOWA.
Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen: Perhaps you buttermakers think
because you make up the finished product that you are the whole thing,
but I want to tell you that you are only one of the small cogs in this great
dairy wheel. The dairy cow is the foundation of the whole dairy business.
There are four well known breeds of dairy cattle in the United States,
viz.: Holsteins, Ayreshires, Jerseys and Guernseys. The Brown Swiss
and Dutch Belted cattle are now being bred exclusively for the dairy, but
are not so well known as the four breeds given above.
The Holsteins are the oldest distinct breed of cattle in the world. When
Caesar conquered Gaul the black and white cattle were found in the north-
west portion of Europe. As this portion of Europe is famous for its soil
fertility, abundance of rich grasses and production of large crops of
grain, it naturally follows that the Holsteins should be of large size, a
good feeder and a great producer of dairy products. Bred for over 2,000
years by these painstaking Hollanders, they have become so fixed in
dairy characteristics that they always stamp the black and white color on
their off-springs, no matter with what breed they are mated. They are
the largest producers of milk in the world.
The Ayrshires as a distinct breed dates back over 150 years. A cross
of the native cattle with cattle from the Alderney Island w^as the founda-
tion of the breed, environment, feed, selection and care have made the
Ayrshires one of the greatest of dairy breeds for certain sections of the
country.
The Jerseys have been bred on the Island of Jersey for nearly 200
years. In beauty they out-class all other breeds of cattle. Being bred
and raised on a soil noted for its great fertility, these cattle take of the
peculiar characteristics of the soil as indicated by their size and pro-
ducers of the richest milk of any breed of cattle in the United States.
278 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE
The Guernseys are almost identical, being a little larger, different in
color, being a yellow color, milk not quite so rich but of a distinctly yel-
low color.
The Brown Swiss is comparatively a new breed in this country, al-
though bred for centuries in Switzerland. They are more of a dual pur-
pose cattle, although now breeders are turning more to the strictly dairy
type. The same may be said of the Dutch Belted cattle. So very few
are being bred in the country that they are comparatively unknown.
We would like to urge on the buttermakers of doing all in their power
to encourage the farmer who patronizes his factory in all that he does
toward bringing a better quality of milk or cream, and also point out to
him better ways of feeding and caring for milch cows.
To do this he must exercise great tact and skill as human nature is
such that oftimes the farmer resents any information however good. We
think the buttermaker should visit his patrons, especially about milking
time; note how the work is done. See how the feeding is done, and of
what it consists of. From his observations among the different dairies he
will be in a position to explain to the poorer class of dairymen how the
more successful men are breeding, feeding and caring for their cows. He
can also be a distributor of the best dairy literature among his patrons.
Such papers as Kimball's Dairy Farmer and Hoard's Dairyman are the
best published in the west for dairymen.
Before we give our ideas on building up a dairy herd, we would like to
tell how to build up a dairyman. When a farmer decides to change his
system of farming to dairy farming, he must re-learn a great deal he sup-
posed he knew about cows. The type of cow, her feed, care, environ-
ment, must be radically different from what he has been in the habit of
doing. We would strongly advise him to take a six months' course of
reading Kimball's Dairy Farmer and Hoard's Dairyman. We advise these
two papers because dairying in all its branches is the main issue and not
on the side as with the rest of our agricultural papers. They discuss
breeding, feeding, caring for and rearing dairy cattle. What feeds and
how to raise these feeds to the best possible advantage. They tell what
the best dairymen are doing and what they are making per cow each year.
To the expert dairyman they are indispensible. To the average dairyman
they are a source of knowledge each issue. To the beginner in dairying
they offer kindly advice, stimulating and encouraging him in his new
effort by pointing out the success of the best dairymen and arousing in
him a spirit which will lead to success.
In breeding up a dairy herd, there are four foundation principles that
must be strictly adhered to or followed if success is to be secured. Each
one of these principles is inter-dependent on each of the others, and all
four must be mixed and blended to make a successful and profitable dairy.
They are breeding, feeding, care and selection.
In breeding up a dairy herd, type must be the first consideration.
Where milk and butter are the prime object in building up this herd, this
end should be constantly held in view. Let the dual purpose idea strictly
alone. It is a false and unprofitable doctrine. Having selected the breed
you like best and is best suited to your soil and environment, then comes
the selection of a sire, for the foundation of your future success or fail-
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII 279
ure in building up your herd. He is the corner stone upon which the
whole structure, whether for good or mediocre, your herd building stands.
He should be selected from a long line of successful performers. Have
size, constitution, a highly nervous organization and individually a good
type of the breed he represents. Price should be the last thing to take
into consideration in the purchase of the sire of your herd. The best is
the cheapest and is none too good. Having selected the best sire you can
afford, your next attention must be given to the care and feed of the
dam of your new yet unborn herd. She must be fed with suitable food to
stimulate a large flow of milk and maintain that flow and at the same
time nourish and grow the unborn calf so that when it comes into the
world it will be strong and of good constitution and ready to begin its
mission on earth, a superior cow to its dam. The calf should be kept
growing and thrifty every day of its young life. Feed bone and muscle
producing foods, see to it that it has a dry warm place to rest and sleep.
A well lighted and ventilated room for winter and plenty of grass, water
and shade in summer.
This treatment should contiue until 18 to 20 months old, when she
should be bred. From now on greater care and attention should be given,
as the young heifer has to make growth and assume the duties of mother-
hood, which make great demands on her and which must be met by a
most generous supply of nourishing food and kind treatment. The sire
used on this heifer should be of a higher order than her sire was, and if
possible each succeeding sire should be superior in breeding to his prede-
cessor. In this way each year selecting the most promising heifers, it will
be but a few years before you will have a herd of highly profitable cows
of uniform type and color and which will sell at a very much higher
price than the ordinary cow. It is no exaggeration to say these high
grade will readily sell for two to three times the price the original cows
from which the start was made.
Now, will all this grading up pay? Would not the better feeding and
care of our common cows give very much better results than are usually
obtained from a herd of common cows. It undoubtedly would, but the off-
springs of these cows would not be any better than the original stock.
While in breeding from pure bred sires generation after generation the pow-
er of large production becomes a fixed characteristic. It also produces a
uniform lot of stock which enhances the selling value of the herd very
much, while on the other hand breeding common stock gives you all colors,
types and sizes and with uncertain powers of produceitn. Now, will it
pay to thus grade up a herd? Go into any locality you please and the man
who is making the most money dairying will be found to own pure bred
or high grade cows of some one of the dairy breeds. Milk and butter is
what we are feeding and caring for in a cow, and that cow is the best
cow which yields the most money above cost of feed and labor, and this re-
sult can be obtained every time with a carefully graded herd of dairy cows,
while with common or dual purpose cows the profit is very much smaller
or none at all.
A comparison of the pure-bred dairy cattle and the common and so-
called dual purpose cattle in the production of milk and butter or other
dairy products might be made by comparing the best of each of these types
280 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
of cattle. Colantha 4th's Johanna, the queen of all dairy cattle, produced
in one year 998.26 pounds of butter-fat, equal to 1,160 pounds of butter;
Yeksa Sunbeam a Guernsey cow, produced 1,000 pounds of butter in one
year. A Jersey cow on test at the Colorado Agricultural College will pass
the 1,000 pound mark. The best dual-purpose cow we ever heard of has
not produced over 500 pounds.
Now, comparing the best with the best and these marked differences
are noted in the production of milk and milk products, why will not this
great difference hold good in the average dual purpose and common cow
compared with the average high grade special dairy cow? It is stated the
average production of the Iowa cow is 140 pounds of butter-fat. Now if the
best of the special dairy cows yield from two to two and one-half times the
amount of milk and milk products as does the best of the dual purpose
cattle why does it not logically follow that the production of milk and milk
products from the special dairy cow should be in the same proportion,
namely, two or more times the production of the average dual purpose and
common cow. We think this will hold good in almost every community.
Why go on breeding this inferior stock? Why not begin at once the good
work of grading up your dairy cows? Keep one-half the cows at one-half
the expense for feed and labor to receive the same amount of net cash.
Some people believe we will soon overdo the dairy business. I confi-
dently assert that while the youngest person in this audience lives it will
not be overdone. The cities of our country are increasing both in number
and size at an enormous rate. The consumption of milk and its products
are increasing much faster than the ability to produce it. Milk is being
used in numberless ways now that were unknown only a few years ago.
Condensed milk goes to all parts of the globe. No place is too hot or too
cold. It is everywhere. Down on the Panama Canal it is used and up in
the frozen regions of Alaska. The trans-Atlantic steamers carry regular
supplies. The ships that girdle the globe take along large quantities. Add-
ed to this increased demand for milk and its products is the strong de-
sire on the part of many farmers to avoid the dairy business. Dairy-
ing as a business is confining and demands regular hours to be suc-
cessful, and this confinement and regularity keeps many men out of the
business and others go out just as soon as they are financially able to
live without dairying.
So the man who goes into dairying now need have no fear of its being
overdone, at least while he lives, and if he' will closely study every phase
of tne business from the breeding, feeding and care of the cow, and the
disposal of the product in the most profitable manner, he may rest as-
sured of success and competency.
Chairman: "We have with us this afternoon a man who was
formerly Avith the Iowa State College, and, like many other good
men, we lost him. I have the pelasnre of introducing to you
Prof. C. H. Eckles, of Columbia, Mo., who will talk on ''The
Selection of the Dairy Sire."
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII 281
THE SELECTION OP THE DAIRY SIRE.
PROF, C. II. ECKLES, COLUMBIA, MO.
I come here today to speak concerning t&e selection of the sire and I
believe this is a topic that is of great importance to the dairymen of Iowa.
In my opinion one of the greatest mistakes being made today by most
of the Iowa milk producers is the failure to select cattle adapted to their
purposes. They have not yet got to the point of comprehending that the
calf is not necessarily the most valuable product of the cow. Iowa ought to
have five hundred dairy cattle today where there is one. It is most aston-
ishing to find in a state making the most butter of any in the union that
most of it is made from the milk of cows not especially bred for this pur-
pose. In this respect this state is far behind Missouri. I believe there are
more dairy bred cattle in four counties I can name in Missouri than in all
Iowa. It is no wonder that the typical Iowa creamery, while getting all
the cream it can handle in the summer, scarcely gets any in the winter.
No wonder the average production of butter per cow is low in Iowa.
Don't understand me to say that the use of a dairy bred animal is the
only thing needed to improve the condition. But it is one of the most
urgent needs of the dairymen of this state today. We all recognize
the importance of the selection of the individual cow. We all un-
derstand that not all dairy bred cows are good; some of the worst failures
we find as milk producers are among the dairy breeds, even among the
pure breds. But the chances of drawing a blank are less. Milk pro-
duction has been bred into the dairy breeds generation after generation
until its is a characteristic that is transmited fairly well.
What is the use in attempting to build up a profitable herd by select-
ing milkers from cattle bred like most of our Iowa cattle are bred,
when only a few are more than ordinary and even when we do find
a good one she will not transmit her milking characteristics to her
offspring with any regularity. If we are going to milk cows, why
not take advantage of what has been done in the past by way of de-
veloping milking qualities and breed to dairy bred sires that can be
counted on to transmit dairy qualities?
It does not make so much difference what choice a man makes
among the dairy breeds, so he sticks to it, but by all means select
a dairy bred sire and breed up in that direction.
The second point which I wish to emphasize especially is this of se-
lecting a dairy breed and then sticking to it. The crossing of breed?
is one of the worst practices common to cattle breeders. The man who
has Jerseys sees his neighbor's Holsteins producing much more milk
and bigger calves and he conceives what he thinks is a very clever
idea; he will cross the two and get the rich yellow milk of the Jersey
and the enormous quantity of the Holstein and the big vigorous calves.
What is the result?
Now, it is a well known fact that the most artificial characteristics
of an animal are the ones most easily lost in breeding. The rich milk
of the Jerseys is the most artificial thing about them; the enormous
quantity of milk is the most artificial thing about the Holsteins. The
cross-bred Jersey Holstein is most likely to combine the small quantity
282 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
of milk characteristic of the Jersey with the thin milk of the Holsteins.
There are, of course, exceptions, but even with these there is no telling
what will result from the second cross.
It has long been an axiom of the breeder that the sire is half the herd,
and it is generally accepted as a fit expression of an important rule.
The skillful breeder of any kind of stock does not need to have it point-
ed out to him how important it is that the sire be properly selected.
If he is a skillful breeder, it is largely because he realizes the import-
ance of the sire and knows how to select him. While the skilled breed-
er realizes the importance of this in breeding, the average dairyman
does not give the question of the selection of the sire one-tenth the
attention the importance of the question demands. Thousands of men
make use of a scrub or grade sire on account of mistaken economy in
cost rather than pay a few dollars more for an animal that is almost
certain to transmit desirable qualities.
It is not surprising that we have so many worthless cows. They
come by their worthlessness in the majority of the cases from sires
worse than worthless. Some of these scrub bulls are registered in
the herd books.
The most forceful means I have at hand to illustrate the remarkable
difference in sires is to show some results from our own herd.
In 1884 the Missouri Agricultural College bought four registered
Jersey cows and the entire herd we have on hand today is descended
from these cows. Of course, herd bulls have been purchased from out-
side, but no female has been bought. Since 1892 complete milk and
butter fat records have been kept of every cow. Up until 1901 practically "
every female was retained in the herd regardless of her dairy qualities.
These conditions give an opportunity to study the effect of sires which
can hardly be duplicated anywhere.
The first bull used was Missouri Rioter, a son of Bachelor of St.
Lambert. There is no record indicating the dairy quality of his dam.
In fact, his sire is the only animal in his pedigree known to be a strong
breeder. This bull was a very weak breeder. His daughters averaged
4,336 pounds of milk per year while their dams averaged 5,380 pounds,
a decline on the average of 1,044 pounds of milk per year each. The
average fat production of the dam was 234 while the daughters aver-
aged only 216, a decline of 18 pounds per cow from the dams to the
daughters.
The income from ten daughters, counting milk at six cents per quart,
fell $313.20 per year behind the dams. Counting fat at twenty-five
cents the loss was $45.00. As long as this bull remained in the herd
it was going backward in production instead of ahead. Suppose the
herd had had thirty daughters of such a bull. Each year we would
have been $135.00 behind what the dams produced, counting fat at
twenty-five cents. If these cows were milked six years each the total
loss would be $820.00. This sum would buy several good bulls.
The next bull was Hugorotus. This was a cheap bull without any high
tested animals in his pedigree. His mother, however, is said to have
been a good cow. The daughters of this bull were inferior to their
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII 283
dams in milk production but on account of a higher per cent of fat
they gained slightly in fat production.
Ten daughters fell a total of 3,770 pounds of milk per year behind
their dams, but gained 100 pounds of fat. The general results of
using this bull were disastrous. In fact, the poorest animals ever in
the herd were his offspring. The averages shown are made as good as
they are only by the fact that the two full sisters sired by this bull,
through some "nick," proved first class animals.
When this herd was culled on milk records alone nine out of the
eleven daughters of this bull then in the herd were sold to the butcher
The two remaining were the full sisters mentioned. As long as this
bull was in the herd the general tendency was backward.
The next bull at the head of the herd was Lome of Meridale. This
bull had a splendid pedigree from the standpoint of records and his
offspring show the results. His daughters, with one exception, were
all superior to the dams.
The average milk production was raised from 4,542 pounds per year
to 5,751, The fat production from 220 to 280 pounds per year. At but-
ter fat prices the ten daughters of Lome of Meridale returned each
year $150.00 more than their dams. What a difference from the re-
sults from Missouri Rioter.
If we had milked thirty daughters of this bull six years each, their
product would have exceeded their dams in value $2,700.00, while the
daughters of Missouri Rioter went $939.00 behind or a difference in,
thirty cows in six years of $4,639.00 in actual income.
What would be the value of Lome of Meridale in a large herd? We
cannot say, but as a business proposition an owner of a large herd
would better pay $1,000.00 for him than accept Missouri Rioter as a gift.
Yet if he had been offered for sale when mature, the chances are that
instead of bringing what he was worth, he would have brought little
more than a bull beef price.
Th.e next herd bull was Missouri Rioter 3d. This bull was the son
of Missouri Rioter, and was the only real good thing this latter sire
left in the herd. The remarkable qualities of Missouri Rioter 3d may
come in part from his dam which was the best cow in the herd up to
that time and, like the sire, the daughter of Bachelor of St. Lambert.
The best cows ever in our herd were sired by Missouri Rioter 3d.
From dams with average records of 4,609 pounds of milk he sired daugh-
ters whose records average 7,154 pounds. The dams averaged 238 pounds
fat per year and the daughters raised this to 348.
Ten daughters of this bull produced $275.00 worth of fat per year
more than their dams. Counting this on the same basis as before thirty
cows for six years we have $4,950.00 worth of butter fat produced by
the daughters in excess of that produced by the dams.
What would be the value of this bull had he been owned by an asso-
ciation of neighboring dairymen where he might have had one hundred
daughters or more?
This bull was raised on the college farm and as is often the case,
because he was a home product instead of coming from a distant state,
he was not counted of any special value and was sold from the herd
284 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
without any record ever being made as to his purchaser and he was
never transferred on the records of the Jersey Club. His remarkable
breeding value was recognized when it was too late and now we would like
the chance of giving $1,000.00 to have him back.
Minnette's Pedro is the last herd bull that has a sufficient number of
daughters to give figures of any value. It may be observed that the
herd remained practically at a standstill while he was at its head. In
general this bull was not a very prepotent bull since we have wide
variations and a lack of uniformity in his offspring. Among them are
some excellent cows and some worthless. From the good dams we se-
cured good daughters; from inferior dams the same quality of daughters.
These figures show the immense difference in the way dairy qualities
are transmitted even while all are pure bred animals. The selection ofi
a herd bull is a very serious matter for the man who is trying to build
up his herd and increase the average production. The more valuable
the herd and the higher developed they are in the scale of dairy pro-
duction, the more serious is the problem.
One of the chief difficulties is that practically nothing can be predi-
cated from the looks of the animal, if he has the inherent characteristics
of transmitting good dairy qualities or not. Who will undertake to judge
by the appearance of a bull if he is one that will transmit dairy qual-
ities as did Missouri Rioter 3d or whether he is as worthless as Hugor-
otus? The man who will discover some means of so judging will confer
a benefit on breeders that can scarcely be estimated.
There are two principles that are especially concerned with breeding
and should be kept in mind. The first is that "Like produced like," and
the second is the law of "natural variations."
The cow in the condition nature made her undoubtedly produced only
milk enough to feed the calf a few months until it could subsist on
other foods. This milking characteristic was transmitted quite regular-
ly. It was a case where like generally produced like but some cows
even then were undoubtedly better milkers than others, due to the
law of natural variation. The principles of selection did not come in to
retain this variation and no improvement in this characteristic was
made.
After cattle were domesticated the same conditions existed but finally
man began taking advantage of the natural variation and began saving
breeding stock from those having the characteristics, such as greater
milk production, which he found to be valuable.
The animal which is different from others of its kind by natural
variation will reproduce this characteristic in a certain proportion of its
descendants. If this same natural variation is in the ancestry of both
parents, the chance of transmission is much greater but under any cir-
cumstances only a part of the progeny will have the new characteristic.
The dairy cow of today is largely an artificial product or perhaps it
would be better to say she is an abnormality since her mammary glands
have been abnormally developed by taking advantage of the law of natural
variations.
The rule of "like produces like" is only true to a limited extent and
the farther we get away from the original type in breeding the smaller
J^INTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII 285
proportion of cases where it holds good. This accounts for the fact often
observed that the offspring of a phenomenal cow are often disappointing
However, it will be found that on the average there will' be more good
animals among the offspring of such a cow than among those from a cow
of moderate or low dairy capacity. We must always expect to find in-
ferior animals appearing frequently in all herds. No breeder can pre-
vent It but no good breeder fails to reject the inferior ones promptly
when discovered. The higher developed we get our cows, the more diffi-
culty we must expect in keeping them all up to the standard.
In selecting a bull for a mixed herd or one of low dairy capacity
any well bred bull of a dairy breed with good producing individuals be-
hind him is certain to benefit the herd. Even for the grade herd the
exceptional bull that will transmit qualities higher than the average
of his breed is worth more than two or three inferior ones.
There are two courses open to the man in selecting a herd bull. One
is to buy a young bull on the strength of the records of his ancestors
and trust to luck to a certain extent that he will be one that will trans-
mit the desirable characteristics of his ancestors to a high degree As
a rule such a bull will do fairly well at least in transmitting these char-
acteristics. For the owner of grade cattle or herds of low dairy capacity,
this method of selection does very well.
In selecting a young bull the pedigree, including the records of an-
cestors, is of as much or more importance than the individuality of the
animal. The things to be looked for in the pedigree are first of all
records of production by the female ancestors, especially the dam of the
animal.
There are some who refuse to have a bull from phenomenal record
making cows for fear the vitality of the calf will be weakened. The
majority of breeders, however, want the dam to have the highest record
possible, other things being equal. We cannot expect more than a few
of her close descendents will inherit this high quality but the chances
are better for them to average up well than they would be from a cow
of lower productive capacity.
There is a general belief among breeders that the characteristics of
the dam of the sire are transmitted stronger to his daughters than are
the characteristics of any other female ancestor. This view has not
been entirely demonstrated as yet but there is strong evidence pointing
this way. Next in importance to the dam's record comes the records
of the sire's daughters. If this bull has sired many high testing daugh-
ters the chances are good his son will also transmit these characters
Third in importance comes the grand dams and so on through the
pedigree.
It should be kept in mind always that it is much more important to
have a good animal for parent than a noted animal back in the third
or fourth generation. Breeders often speak of having a Golden Lad a
Stoke Pogis, or a DeKol bull and when you examine the pedigree the
animal mentioned is found in the. third or fourth generation, which
means they consider the most important fact about the bull to be the
614 or 1214 per cent of the blood of the noted bull he may carry. The
close ancestors are the ones that count.
286 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Care should be taken to discriminate between oflBcial records and pri-
vate records of milk and butter production, especially where the latte^
are churn tests that test the ability of the buttermaker as much as
he butter production of the cow. An oflacial record means what it says
and so do many private records, but there is always an element of
uncertainty about the latter that detracts from their value. Much more
attention should be given to years records than to those covering seven
days. Of course, there are other things to be taken into account in
buying a young bull, but the records of the ancestors is of first con-
sideration.
In buying a bull of any age it should be required that he have a
good conformation, strong vitality and constitution and good breed char-
acteristics. In buying a young bull the choice should fall upon one from
a cow medium to large for the breed. She should be a regular breeder
and a cow of strong constitution and vitality. She should have a well
developed, symmetrical udder and teats and a large year's milk and
butter test, preferably official. While most dairymen favor the selec-
tion of a young bull as a herd bull, there always is the uncertainty
about how he will transmit the dairy characteristics.
A tested bull. There is a more certain but more difficult way; that
is to get an old tested bull, one who has sired daughters of merit and
showed himself to be the exceptional animal wanted by every breeder.
The most skilled breeders are always on the outlook for such an animal
but many are never discovered and many others only after it is too
late. Whenever possible it is always advisable to retain an old bull
until the results of his breeding can be ascertained. Then if not satis-
factory, the sooner he is gone, the better, but there is always a chance
of finding a bull like Missouri Rioter 3d, previously mentioned.
The wonderful prepotency of Stoke Pogis 3d was not recognized un-
til he had been sold for beef. Hengerveld DeKol, the great Holstein
that recently died, on the other hand, was retained until it was discov-
ered he was one of the greatest bulls of the breed and as a result he
was sold for $1,500.00 at nine years of age for breeding purposes.
One of the great unnecessary losses among dairymen is the sacrifice
of the bulls when they are mature and at their best. The average
dairyman buys a young bull, uses him two years and offers him for sale
without waiting to learn the quality of his daughters. His neighbor,
instead of buying the old bull buys a young one and the older one that
may be worth a fortune to the community is sold for beef while the
neighbor is experimenting with the young one.
There is one danger connected with the aged bull that should be un-
derstood and guarded against. This is the introduction of contagious
abortion. If I had a valuable herd free from this disease, I would exert
the greatest precaution about introducing an aged bull. If I was not
entirely satisfied on this point, I would select the young calf which is
safe from abortion even if coming from a herd where the disease exists.
I thank you.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII 287
Chairman : The next is an address by F. A. Leighton, of Des
Moines.
BETTER MILK AND CREAM.
F. A. LEIGHTON, DES MOINES, IOWA.
So much has been written and so many discussions have taken place
on the subject of better milk and cream that it is somewhat difficult for
one to add anything new. But it is the one vital problem today which
all dairymen are interested in and a subject upon which all up-to-date
dairymen and buttermakers can agree.
I do not believe there is a person engaged in the manufacture of
butter who does not desire a better quality of cream or the best quality
of cream that can be produced. The amount of butter which he manu-
factures does not change tnis desire. The man who manufactures sixty
pounds of butter a day is just as anxious to produce a good quality of
butter as the man who manufactures six thousand pounds a day.
One of the most discouraging features in the creamery business is
the poor quality of raw material, which the manufacturer receives
from a certain percentage of his patronage. In every community there
are a certain class of dairymen who do not care what kind of product
they deliver to the buyer, providing they get the price. This is not
only true with milk and cream, but it is also true with the selling of
eggs. These people will deliver eggs to their buyer that they would not
think of using on their own table, possibly never thinking and probably
never caring whether the poor laborer, working in the sewer and try-
ing to support a family on a small salary is liable to purchase these
bad eggs and be compelled to stand a loss when they can ill afford it.
The men or women who offer these stale eggs for sale are, nine times
out of ten, the identical people who offer old and stale cream or milk
for sale. I will guarantee that the farmer who gathers his eggs fresh
every day and brings them to his buyer in a clean and sanitary condi-
tion does not offer for sale any old, stale or undesirable milk or cream.
Now, this latter class of farmers do not need the attention of the dairy
authorities nor do they have to be watched by the buyer of their product.
Neither does the patron who reads Kimball's Dairy Farmer and other
dairy journals sell the bad cream. You give me a thousand patrons who
read these papers and I will guarantee nearly a thousand farmers who
will not need radical dairy laws. The other class of dairymen are the
men who are causing the mischief and these are the people whom we
must regulate in some manner.
Undoubtedly the best plan whereby to compel this class to furnish
a good article is through their pocketbooks, but this is not always suc-
cessful. We have patrons who tell us that they would rather accept
two or even three cents a pound less for their butter fat and deliver
it once a week than to get the better price and deliver it three times a
week. I do not look for very much relief on the quality proposition
or on a plan of buying milk and cream on quality until some law is
passed which will compel the seller to furnish a first class article, as
288 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE
well as compelling the buyer to reject any milk or cream not conform-
ing to a certain standard.
We, as an organization here, might agree that we would leave this
convention and commence next Monday morning to pay three cents
less for poor cream than for good and we would conscientiously make
this commencement, but it is the experience of creamery people that
these agreements do not last. Someone violates the agreement and tjie
creamery man who feels he has been wronged by the other creamery
abandons the grading system and the thing is all off and more harm
is done than good.
I believe the grading system should not be left to the will or
pleasure of operators or creamery companies, but that we should have
some law which should be explicit and which should state plainly just-
the sort of cream that would meet the requirements and then fine both
buyer and seller if the conditions are not lived up to. Such a law will ap-
ply to the small buyer as well as the big one. The one needs supervision as
well as the other. There has been considerable discussion recently among
creamery people as to what requirements would bring about the best re-
sults. In Nebraska at one time a number of the creameries adopted the
acid test and cream was graded according to the acid it contained. This
plan was not practical as the class of buyers they were compelled to use
were not intelligent enough and not versed enough in dairy matters to
handle the test intelligently. However, this acid test plan would work
out very nicely at our local creameries as the buttermakers in charge
could handle the test correctly. Another plan which has been advised
is on frequent delivery; namely, paying a price for cream delivered
every two days and another price for cream four days old or older, while
another plan is to grade on the temperature of cream when delivered
to the buyer. All of these methods or every one of them would be prac-
tical if the state were back of them and would see that they were en-
forced.
The plan which I believe would be the best is as follows: Have
the legislature pass a law making it compulsory for the sellers of
cream to deliver it not over a certain age and not above a certain tem-
perature. Also making it compulsory on the part of the buyer not to
accept cream over a certain age and above a certain temperature, and
then let our dairy authorities see that this law is enforced. At the first
glance this will appear as a difficult proposition to undertake on the
part of the dairy inspectors, but it would not be so burdensome if the
proper records were kept by the buyer.
I do not advocate two or three prices for cream, according to its qual-
ity. I believe in one price for cream and instead of paying three cents
less cream not of good quality, to absolutely refuse it if not up to the
requirements of the law.
The main difficulty we find in the grading of cream is in the differ-
ence of judgment of different people. I am certain that these buttermak-
ers present (and there are none better, Minnesota not excepted) would not
all agree on the quality of cream of doubtful character. For this reason
I am of the opinion that the standard should be on frequency of delivery
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII 289
and temperature and an excellent addition to this would be a require-
ment of not less than 30% cream.
I am optimistic as regards the future of the creamery business. I do
not believe, as many would have us believe, that it is going to the "eternal
bow wows." I do not believe the little innocent hand separator is going
to eliminate the great dairy state of Iowa from off the map. We will
have to meet this question in an intelligent and practical manner. And I
firmly believe we are going to handle this matter in a more intelligent
manner and get more and better results, but we must first take the mote
out of our own eyes. If our neighbor sins it is no sign that we are justi-
fied in sinning also. Just as long, however, as one buttermaker or one
cream buyer takes bad cream because his neighbor does, just so long will
we be unable to get better results. Moral suasion is a good thing in some
lines of busines, but it don't work in the cream buying business.
It is really a pity that laws must be enacted to force us to do the right
thing. We had to have a law to prevent our buttermakers from shipping
all the water down east and we have had to have a law to regulate the
kind of color we should use. These laws were all necessary and it will
be necessary for us to have a law to compel us to buy and sell milk and
cream that will make good butter.
Now, just a word to the buttermakers present. No doubt you, at your
creamery, like other people, receive a good deal of cream that is made
into better butter by being taken care of properly. Now, the question is,
are you all doing everything possible in the way of handling this cream to
produce better results? I am afraid that too many buttermakers just take
this cream in, cool it and churn it and the result is not a very good article
of butter. If, on the other hand, they would grade this cream, cut out the
cans that are not up to the standard, then pasteurize it all and use a
good starter they would find that the results would be much better. It
is still true that no one can make good butter out of poor milk or cream,
but it is also true that even poor milk or cream can be handled so that
it will make a better quality of butter than it would otherwise, but this
cannot be done with half day buttermakers, and what I mean by this is
to finish up at noon and then lock the creamery up until the next morning.
I do not wish to be misunderstood. Buttermakers as a rule are hard work-
ing people and it is to be hoped that all of them will get away from the
factory as much as possible, but you know and I know that many a vat
of cream has been spoiled by neglect after it had been taken into the
creamery in the best of condition.
I have not the figures to show definitely how many creameries take
in hand separator cream in Iowa, but from what I can learn from the
boys who travel over the state, fully two-thirds of them receive more
or less hand separator cream. Granting this to be true, how many of
these creameries grade this cream as it is delivered to them and have a
seperate vat for the cream of doubtful character? I am very much of
the opinion that the number of creameries who follow the above plan
are in the minority. A great many buttermakers are afraid of offending
their patrons by emptying their cream into a separate vat, possibly afraid
19
290 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
that t1a.e patrons will sell to the other fellow. But would this be such a
serious loss to the creameries employing these buttermakers?
It is true that every buttermaker or creamery manager who has the
interest of his employers at heart desires to maintain the business and
keep his make of butter up to a high notch and he feels that in order
to do this every patron must be kept in line and the patron who brings
poor cream is allowed to continue doing the same thing, probably in
the hope that he will reform and do better. But these are not the kind
of patrons that reform. They have got to have a big revival in their
neighborhood and this revival must be conducted by the dairy inspectors,
assisted by a county attorney and the town justice and it is surprising
how a revival of this nature will spread. First John Jones over on the
river hears of the good work and commences to investigate this dairy
life. Then Sam Smith over on the hill gets affected and comes to the
conclusion that the clean, up-to-date dairy life is the best to live and this
spreads throughout the whole county and it does great good and there
is much rejoicing, especially among butttermakers. Of course, some of
these good people are going to backslide, but all there is to it is to get
evangelist Johnson, exhortors Ross and Uiff, to hold another meeting
and revive a few more Smiths and Jones.
The buttermakers could help to keep up interest in these revivals by
writing up the particulars in their town papers and it would be very
instructive reading matter in the shape of a clipping from the town paper
mailed to each patron. Give it publicity. These revivals would not have
the desired effect unless publicity be given them. Go into details minutely
so that the dairy people may learn just what kind of dairy religion we
advocate.
Now, there are one hundred counties in the state. I will guarantee that
if four of these revivals are held in each county during the next year that
the year following will see the best behaving, dirt-fearing and filth-fighting
dairymen ever known in Iowa, and one thing we must remember, in these
revivals we will have the help of a vast number of splendid dairymen.
We will also have the moral support of millions of butter consumers.
I believe that the time is coming when most of the teachings of the
dairy instructors will be direct to the producers of the raw material.
Our imagination cannot conceive of the amount of good that could be
accomplished if twelve inspectors could be turned loose in Iowa with good
dairy laws back of them and with authority to enforce these laws. I
believe that if the state of Iowa would spend $3,000.00 each on twelve in-
spectors that the increase of revenue to the state of Iowa would be at
least twelve hundred thousand dollars or one thousand dollars on our
investment of $3,000.00. I believe this estimate is not a particle too high.
In conclusiion let me add: Whatever we do, let us do it in a sensible
and broad-minded spirit, remembering that whatever hurts one class of
creamery men hurts all; that whatever benefits one class, benefits all.
We must also bear in mind that every one who has money invested in
the creamery business is interested in seeing that business as a whole
bulit up and improved. Also remember it is much easier to tear down than
to build up. I believe that if we put the same amount of energy in our
own business as we sometimes put in the other fellow's, we would have
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII 291
nothing to fear from our competitors. Tlie world is big; opportunities
are plenty in our line of business. There will always be different sys-
tems of conducting the business, but there should be only one system
used in getting a better raw material. We may differ on many things,
but it certainly looks to me as though we all could agree on this one
thing; namely, that we must have better cream and that to get it we must
pull together. If we do not pull together the future of the butter busi-
ness will remain in doubt. However, as I said before, I believe this
creamery business in Iowa is going to get better each year and it will
not be long before Iowa will not only continue to make the most butter,
but will make the best of any state or nation.
Q. Don't you believe it would pay to grade this cream and make
the poor quality up and pay those patrons what that butter brings,
and pay patrons that bring the better quality more ?
Mr. Leighton: Not unless you pay 20c a pound difference.
I believe that we will never get any good results until we refuse
absolutely to take poor stuff.
Mr. Bower: It makes me feel good to hear some of the big
creamery men get up and tell us that we have got to have laws to
make one price on cream and that there is only one grade of
cream that will make good butter.
Member : I think there is only one way to come to a settlement
of this trouble. We should have a law compelling the farmer to
bring his milk or cream to the creamery in good condition. We
ought to have inspectors all over the state (we ought to have at
least eight). Go to the creamery, inspect the milk and if it is
not fit to work into butter go out on the farm and if he would
not improve his quality fine him.
Chairman: I yould like to hear from Mr. Mortensen.
Mr. Mortensen: I am a little timid to speak to you on this
subject. I believe as you do that we should do our best to secure
the best possible cream that could be secured, and I believe, as
you do, that we should have inspectors and they should have the
power to prosecute.
Chairman: As our time is growing short we will call on Dr.
Scott, government inspector of the Waterloo packing house, who
will talk on tuberculosis.
2y2 iOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE
TUBERCULOSIS.
DB. THOS. W. SCOTT, GOVERNMEXT INSPECTOR, WATERLOO, IOWA.
Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen: I have been asked to address you on
the subject of tuberculosis, a somewhat burning subject, and in doing so
I will be obliged to confine myself to only two or three phases of the
subject. In a paper of this character I do not deem it necessary or wise
to go into any lengthy discussion of the pathology of the disease. Suffice
to say that it is a highly contagious disease, that it is common to man,
to domestic animals, birds and many of the cold blooded animals. It is
caused by the invasion of the system by a vegetable organism, known as
the tubercle bacillus, and can not be produced in any otlicr way.
This bacillus may be introduced into the system in a variety of ways,
namely, by inhalation, by direct inoculation, by ingestion, etc. The bacil-
lus appears to be able to penetrate the mucus membrane, at least in cer-
tain places, even when there is no wound or abrasion, and leave no trace
or sign of its point of entrance. However, in its progress through the
tissues it is usually soon arrested by a Ij'mphatic gland, or in some other
manner, and then it multiplies and causes the formation of tubercles.
After an animal, or a man either for that matter, becomes infected
(and hereafter I shall confine my remarks more particularly to the do-
mestic animals) the disease may develop rapidly, or it may progress very
slowly and insiduously. Usually its progress is very slow and very sure.
From one lymphatic gland it is carried in the lymphatic vessels to other
lymphatic glands, or, perhaps, directly into the circulation and thence to
the lungs or other vital organs.
There is no question, however, but that in many cases it remains a
local disease for some time, and sometimes remains confined entirely to
one lymphatic gland or chain of lymphatic glands throughout the entire
life of the animal and may never give its victim but very slight incon-
venience or trouble.
What are the manifestations of this disease? What symptoms, if any,
does it present? In answering these questions, referreing particularly to
the lower animals, I may say that in hundreds of cases, and indeed I
might say in most of cases, there are no physical signs or manifestations
whatever. This is one of the puzzling and perplexing phases of this dis-
ease. Our animals, such as hogs and beef cattle, come to the shambles
at an early age. They are quickly matured and hence most of them are
slaughtered at from one year to three years old, with the exception of the
cast-off or worn out dairy cow, which, of course, remains in the dairy as
long as she can show that she is at all profitable, which, in the case of
the tubercular victim, may not be very long. But other hogs and cattle
go to market quite young and, as United States Veterinary Inspector, it
is my duty to inspect quite a number of them annually, both at anti-
mortem and post-mortem inspection, and I can say that we can reject
very few hogs or cattle at anti-mortem inspection, but at post-mortem we
find in this vicinity in the neighborhood of four to six per cent of the
hogs of all classes affected. I regret that I am unable to give you the
exact percent of all classes of cattle found in this vicinity to be more or
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII 293
less tuberculous. Of the cattle of all classes that have come under my own
observation about four per cent have been more or less tuberculous, and
I know that I am conservative when I say that six per cent of dairy cattle
in the state of Iowa are infected.
I am referring to the number affected and the number rejected at
anti-mortem inspection to show you that up to a given point, or time, in
the progress of this disease there are no physical signs of this disease.
The animal looks healthy. There are no apparent signs of disease. And
this is, as I have remarked, one of the perplexing phases of tuberculosis,
for most men absolutely refuse to believe that there is much the matter
with a hog or steer or a cow when it eats well, looks well and to all
appearances is well.
Not long since I had a visitor, a farmer from Butler county, who hap-
pened into the packing house when slaughtering was in progress. Short-
ly after he came in we were finding some tubercular hogs. Soon we found
we had nearly a carload of infected hogs, all fine looking, fat hogs, but
many of them were badly infected, the lesions of disease showing ex-
tensively on the viscera and also on the carcass in a good many instances.
After we had made our final examination of these infected hog carcasses
there was, of course, some condemnations — some good looking carcasses
that according to the U. S. regulations, had to be consigned to the fertil-
izer tank as utterly unfit for human food.
Our visitor at this juncture made vigorous protest, saying that it
looked like an awful waste to put such good looking hogs in the tank;
many a poor, hungry man, he said, would be glad to get such meat as that,
and yet you are going to convert it into fertilizer. But when I questioned
him more closely and put the matter up to him individually, "Would you
like to eat such meat, knowing what you do about the condition of the
animal in life and this evidence of this loathsome disease, which you
have witnessed here this morning; would you actually eat such meat if
you knew it?" And he answered, "No, I guess I w^ould not." "But," said
he, "These hogs could be sold and enter into the general channels of
trade and nobody w ould be any wiser." These carcasses most of them look
all right now, since you have disected out those diseased glands and pro-
cesses, and a butcher or nobody else, not even a veterinary inspector
could see or discover anything that even looks suspicious about the most
of them now.
Gentlemen, w^e hear such remarks almost every day with reference to
this disease. Its progress is so gradual and insiduous, and after the animal
is eviserated there may be no lesions left on the carcass which one could
discover by any ordinary microscopic examination. Do not misunderstand
me at this point, hov/ever, because we do see many carcasses of both cat-
tle and swine w^here the inroads of tuberculosis are so extensive as to
cover the whole pleura and pentoneum and involve almost every lymphatic
gland in the carcass. And the remarkable feature about some of these
extensive or generalized cases is that the animal may still have the ap-
pearance of health.
The disease is non-inflamatory as a rule and as a rule in animals there
is not much disturbance of the temperature.
294 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUER
Quite recently a case came under our observation. A dairy cow sup-
pling milk to her owner's family. The cow was a grade Ayrshire, a pro-
lific milker, slightly thin in order, but not noticeably so for a deep milker,
otherwise in apparent health. We were asked to test two cows on the
place, this being one of them, as the owner was contemplating making
additions to his herd. There was nothing unusual about her temperatures
before the injection of tuberculin, but the next forenoon after the injection
her fever rose typically, showing a decided reaction. The owner was ad-
vised to have her removed from the place and slaughtered at once, to
which he consented and brought her to the packing house. The post-
mortem revealed a case of extraordinarily extensive tuberculosis, con-
fined almost entirely to the right lung and the right thoracic cavity. The
lung and the walls of the chest on that side were almost completely cov-
ered over by tuberculous growths, and that lung itself was nearly a solid
mass of hard tubercles. The other lung and the balance of the organs,
tissues and glands were very little, if any, diseased, accounting for her
healthful appearance.
I cite this case to show you how deceitful these animals may be. Here
was a cow harboring this disease in one corner of her body, pouring
out poison from every pore, scattering and disseminating the tuberculous
germs with every step, with almost every breath, and her every exhala-
tion and excretion of every kind and character, a positive menace to her
companions, both human and bovine — going along day after day entirely
unsuspected.
But on the other hand many cattle and hogs as they grow older if
they are already victims of this loathsome disease begin to show symptoms,
as one after another the organs that are of vital necessity to the life of
the animal become involved. The animal coughs, becomes emaciated,
the hair loses its lustre, the appetite may fail, the eye becomes dull,
exercise fatigues and causes accelerated respiration, etc. There are no
tissues or organs in the animal economy exempt from the inroads of
this disease, and hence every case is peculiar to itself, you might say.
Gentlemen, it is astonishing how many of our hogs and cattle, too,
are showing bone lesions now, such as a caseous condition of the ver-
tebrae or back bone. Many of our cripples, among both hogs and cattle,
are thus affected. Many hogs that drag their posterior extremities and
are supposed to be suffering from rickets are the victims of tuberculosis
of the vertebrae.
But we have dwelt long enough on this phase of the disease. We have
endeavored to show you that physical signs are absent, that clinical symp-
toms are rare, that it is next to impossible to make a positive diagnosis
of the disease by a physical examination.
And this brings us to speak of our present manner of diagnosis in the
living subject, aside from bacterial or laboratory examination. I refer,
of course, to the tuberculin test — tuberculin, an agent that is much talked
of in these latter days and often much maligned and slandered — even
among intelligent dairymen and in reputable agricultural papers and live
stock journals, notwithstanding these discouraging facts, tuberculin, after
being in use now for many years, is as truthful and reliable as ever.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII 295
I am not going to discuss the merits or demerits of tuberculin as a
diagnostic agent. Suffice it to say that if there is anything settled
conclusively concerning this disease it is that tuberculin is reliable and as
accurate as anything human can be, when used intelligently and its fiind-
ings correctly interpreted.
But we must pass to the consideration of the economic aspects of this
disease, and here we find much of intense interest. Dr. Melvin, in study-
ing this subject, has estimated that in the United States alone the losses
are about $14,000,000 annually from condemnation, deaths, keeping and
feeding unprofitable animals, etc., not to speak of legislation. In this
connection I desire to call your attention to individual losses that are
often overlooked, such, for instance, as the losses sustained by one farmer
or stock owner unconsciousely sharing his neighbor's losses. To illus-
trate. Side by side live two farmers, each engaged extensively in mixed
farming, with large dairy, beef and pork interests. One of these farmers'
live stock are absolutely free from disease of every description, and tu-
berculosis in particular. His neighbor's live stock are infected. When
they go to market with their products, the man with the clean stock
has no advantage, for, as is often the case, their live stock presents about
the same physical appearance. The price they receive is the same. Then
he is at a positive disadvantage, for if they sell to a pr.cker he buys them
both with the knowledge that a certain percentage will be condemned,
and I suppose he makes provision in the matter of price accordingly.
I believe if I were farming that I would make it a point to know the
condition of my live stock with reference to tuberculosis and if I found
the tuberculosis free, I would advertise that fact I would guarantee them
in that respect to the buyer.
In the matter of dairy products the circumstances are substantially
the same. Farmers and dairymen are competing with each other so to
speak and under the present conditions there is not very much encourage-
ment for one to endeavor to keep his farm and its live stock free from
this disease when adjacent farms and their live stock are badly in-
fected. Packers are urging the government to take some action in this
matter, suggesting an idea of enacting a law requiring systematic tag-
ging of all the animals on farms so that they could be identified at the
packing centers and traced back to the farms from which they were
originally shipped.
Dr. Burton Rogers, of Manhattan, Kan., estimates that about six per
cent of the farms are furnishing all the tuberculosis, and the other 94
per cent are sharing the loss. I suppose, however, in the matter of the
loss, the consumer bears his part also, not alone in the price he pays
but from the fact that the product is not, perhaps, of as good quality,
or as wholesome and safe, taking the view that in the consumption of
such products he is in danger of becoming infected with tuberculosis.
This aspect of the subject is inexhaustible and it is impossible to do more
than merely mention a few of its more salient features. We might go
on and consider tuberculosis in its relation to the dairy business and in
all its branches.
Tuberculosis as it relates to the meat business, and you can hardly
think of these occupations without realizing that this disease has a
296 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
great bearing on them even at the present time, and without conjectur-
ing what a vast bearing it is to have on them in the future, for, we in
this country are just beginning to realize what a collosal proposition this
matter of tuberculosis is becoming in its relation to society generally.
The subject of the suppression of this disease is a theme which is oc-
cupying the minds of dairj^men, farmers, physicians, veterinarians and
legislators very considerably in recent times, and they are finding it a
most perplexing problem.
The disease is on the increase perceptibly among our farm animals.
How can it be otherwise. Here is a highly contagious disease and little
or nothing being done to prevent its spread. Some states have formulated
laws looking to the suppression of the disease and the protection of the
consumer of meats and milk, etc. The United States government is ex-
pending three million dollars annually in carrying out the provisions of
the act of congress of June 30, 1906, with reference to meat inspection.
Under this law I believe it is estimated that about 75 per cent of the
meat consumed in this country is inspected, as well as all the meat that
is exported. But, what about the other 25 per cent? Meat inspection
was first inaugurated in this country not because we thought we should
have it, but because certain foreign countries said that we must have
it if we expected to sell them our meats. And the day will come when
foreign countries will demand the same thing concerning our dairy prod-
ucts. And then, perhaps, some great system of inspection may be evolved
which will embrace our entire domestic dairy business. But inspection
of the products of dairies and meats will not prevent the spread of this
disease, only indirectly as producers see that they are losing money by
reason of condemnations, etc.
Legislation is a good thing, but I agree with Dr. Moore, of New
York, when he says that you cannot legislate tuberculosis out of this
country, or words to that effect. We hear much lately about the Bang
method of eradication. Those who have thought most about the subject
in this country do not seem to look with much favor on the Bang method
of eradication. We can not deny, or refute, or gainsay, what Dr. Bang
has actually accomplished in Denmark. But observation and experience
shows that what may apply there cannot be called practical here. Ameri-
can farmers and Danish farmers are different and their farms are also
quite different. I again agree with Dr. Moore that the suppression of
this disease here is largely an individual proposition. Every owner of
cattle must ascertain the condition of his cattle with reference to tubercu-
losis by the application of the tuberculin test in the hands of some in-
telligent and careful veterinarian and after discovering the disease once
he must use his own judgment coupled with the advice of his veterinar-
ian as to his proceedure. In some cases slaughtering all suspicious and
reacting animals, in others complete isolation, disinfection, etc., and, of
course, he must not again introduce it by buying infected animals, but
demand a certificate of healthfulness, signed by some yeterinary in whom
he has implicit trust.
I have heard it asserted over and over again in this vicinity that you
can not purchase tuberculin test cattle, that farmers who have cattle for
sale reject the suggestion almost as an impertinence and refuse to sell to
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII 297
the purchaser who would have the audacity to ask such a condition. Per-
haps there is some truth in these assertions, but when the demand is
sufficiently urgent and a slight advance in the purchase price offered as
an incentive some of these notions with reference to the tuberculin test
will change. This requisite concerning the tuberculin test is growing
and will soon be quite fashionable in every vicinity and when it is as
popular as I expect to see it soon it will not be necessary to offer reward,
so to speak, for it but the sale of a cow for dairy purposes will be next
to impossible without it at any price.
I alluded to the fact that we could hardly expect to legislate tuberculosis
out of our dairy herds. There has been considerable legislation along
these lines, some, perhaps, that is unwise. And unless the individual
cattle owners and dairymen take hold of this subject in dead earnest
there will be more, for the consumer is going to demand protection. He
certainly ought to have as much protection for his milk and rairy prod-*
ucts, which are consumed in the raw state, as he demanded, and has very
largely received, for his meats, which are usually well cooked before
they are consumed.
"We cannot spend time here to argue about its transmissibility from
animal to animal, and from animal to man. We have not the time to
discuss the identity of the disease in man and the lower animals. The
giants have fought over these features of the disease and have brought
in their verdict of guilty in every count.
At the recent congress on tuberculosis held in Washington, not-
withstanding the attitude of the renowned Dr. Koch, the discoverer of
the tubercular bacillus that congress of scientists put this German savant
utterly to route and forced him to modify many of his cherished notions
regarding the dangers of infection of human beings, particularly chil-
dren, by the ingestion of the products of afflicted animals and further-
more unanimously adopted resolutions endorsing and approving every
effort and every movement looking to the protection of mankind from in-
fection from the consumption of food stuffs, meats and dairy products.
I remarked at the outset of this paper that tuberculosis was a some-
what burning subject. I still think it is. The world has begun a great
campaign of education concerning it, children in the public schools in
some of our cities are taking up the study of it, ministers, teachers, not
to speak of physicians, veterinarians and scientists everywhere are de-
voting more and more time to the study of it and knowledge concerning
it is spreading faster than its ravages. States and municipalities all over
this broad land are enacting laws for human protection. The dairyman
and farmer and live stock owner of every name, unless they awaken
soon to their individual responsibility will be obliged to pay much more
than their share in the losses that are bound to follow in the wake of
this world-wide movement, which has already been inaugurated looking
to complete extirpation and anhilation of this great white plague. I
thank you.
Chairman: I am sure we have all enjoyed the Doctor's dis-
cussion. It is late, and we will stand adjourned until this evening.
298 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE
THURSDAY EVENING, 7 :45.
Chairman : The first on our program this evening is an address
by G. L. McKay, of Chicago.
ADDRESS.
PBOF. G. L. MC KAY, CHICAGO, ILL.
M?: Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: It is needless for me to go
through the formula of telling this audience that I am pleased to be
present at a meeting of this kind. In coming to this magnificent state of
lov/a, I feel that I am coming home. I am bound to this state by many
ties 1 spent fifteen years of the best part of my life in connection with
that great institution, the Iowa State College, and they were among thQ
pleasantest years of my life. Very few people, I believe, realize the
great work that institution is carrying on for the benefit of mankind. I
say "mankind" because we are all dependent upon the soil for existence.
We hear it sometimes said, "He is only a farmer." Why, we might truly
say ihat the farmer is the axle of all creation. The prosperitv and hap-
piness of every nation depends largely upon the agricultural resources;
therefore, the occupation of farming should be classed among the highest
of the professions. The agricultural colleges and experiment stations,
throagh their research work, are beacons of light for guiding farmers in
the channels of success. As my friend Dr. Robertson has said, "Agricul-
ture in its different phases, not only includes cultivation cf the land, but
tlie culture of the people who live on the land."
Wealth may be defined as anything that admmisters to the wants or
happiness of man, and the ownership and possession of which may be
transferred from one person to another. Its original sources are the sun,
soil, air, water, plants, animals and labor. It is the task of the agricul-
turist to so manage these agents and agencies as to obtain the largest
and best services for himself and fellow, from them. The outcome of
true culture is the exercise of intelligent purpose in the activities of life;
and that, in his occupation, stamps the farmer as the man of real culture.
It is a false idea that culture is found only in idleness, amid luxurious
surroundings.
Agriculture has many branches, and no particular branch deserves more
fostering care than dairying, owing to the fact that dairying, in its
adaptability for conserving the fertility of the soil, makes it possible for
all other branches to flourish. Therefore, the man who gives intelligent
care and attention to this line of agriculture is assured of success in all
other branches. The amount of revenue derived from the production of
butter does not materially diminish the revenue from other sources, but
rather increases it, owing to the added fertility of the soil. Show me any
section or any country where dairying is carried on extensively and I will
show you a people uniformly proseperous and happy.
It is not my purpose to talk to you on the producer's side of the ques-
tion, although it is the hub around which all other dairy questions re-
volve. Every person who manufactures butter, or sells the same, realizes
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII 299
that quality plays a very important part in jBxing the price and regulat-
ing the consumption. While no doubt some improvement has been made
during the last few years in quality, I think I am safe in saying that our
butter is not, as a whole, in the same class as the butter that was made
when we worked under the whole milk system, and yet it is surprising
what a good grade of butter some of our large creameries make, under
what might be termed perfect sanitary conditions, from the bulk of their
cream, or that which grades number one. Every creamery, however, re-
ceives cream, from which it is impossible to make first-class butter, no
matter what methods are employed. Some of this cream reminds me of
what Mark Twain said about Naples. He said he had heard the term,
"See Naples and die." He saw Naples and did not die, but he said the
smell was awful. This is the kind of cream that all parties interested
in the welfare of dairying should unite in condemning and refuse to ac-
cept under any consideration.
Not many years ago there was started in this state a system that was
known as the Moody & Sharpies system. This was the beginning of the
hand separator system, or the skimming of cream by separators on the
farm. Many of us opposed this method, as we feared a lowering of the
quality would ultimately follow. Nevertheless, the system increased.
Hand separator factories sprang up in various parts of the country. Right
here in this city you have two or three factories. One of them is pos-
sibly the largest and best equipped factory in this country. Now, if we
have this great demand for hand separators, there must be some reason
for it, and when we investigate, we find that the hand separator system
is based on economic principles, and to my mind there are three reasons
why the sale of hand separators is increasing and cannot be stopped any
more than -the incoming of the tide.
Under the whole milk system it costs, I should say, about 12 cents per
hundred to deliver the milk, or about 3 cents per pound to deliver the
butter fat. Under the hand separator system it costs about IVo cents per
pound to deliver butter fat, if delivered daily. If delivered every other day,
the cost of course would be much less. In connection with this, the value
of the skimmed milk for feeding purposes is increased at least one-
third, owing to the fact that it is skimmed while warm and is in the best
possible condition for young stock. The third reason is a very important
one at the present time. A man who has a hand separator and who
skims his own milk is not in danger of transmitting tuberculosis to his
stock from other herds. While this system must increase on account of
the reasons given, it must also be regulated so as to meet the demands for
quality.
There is nothing about a hand separator that will injure cream, if
the ordinary precautions in cleanliness and regulating of temperature are
observed. There is no good reason why cream cannot be delivered every
other day in good enough condition to make the highest possible grade
of butter. This system has enabled farmers in all parts of the country to
take up dairying, whether there was sufficient milk in this neighborhood
to warrant the erection of a creamery or not. So, today we have local
buyers and cream shipping in practically all states where dairying is car-
ried on, especially in the central west.
300 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
At the present time, the merchant buyers of cream are the greatest
menace to quality with which we have to contend. Before we progress
much in quality, this practice of buying cream in stores will have to be
done away with. It is unreasonable to expect a merchant, who has a
business of his own, to give proper attention to another branch of busi-
ness with which he is unfamiliar, especially with such a perishable prod-
uct as cream; so the result has been disastrous to quality, as might have
been expected. The farmer is not going to cool and care for his cream
as he should when he sees the unsanitary methods by which the cream
is handled by the merchant, where practically no attention is given to
controlling the temperature of cream and to keeping the surroundings san-
itary. If cream is properly cooled and cared for, it can be shipped quite
a distance with practically no injury to quality. When we used to make
butter under the whole milk system it was quite a common thing with
many creamerymen to separate the cream Saturday morning and cool it
down to a low temperature and churn it Monday morning with the best
possible results.
The question of improving the quality of cream has engaged the atten-
tion of the dairy press and dairy experts for the last few years, and
among the latest suggestions we find federal inspection of cream-
eries. This, of course, would mean a federal law to control the inter-
state traffic in butter and cream, and such a law would have to be en-
acted by congress. Personally, I am in favor of most anything that
would aid in improving the quality of our cream and thus raising the
standard of American butter, so any practical plans that my friend
Chief Webster may formulate in regard to government inspection will
certainly receive due consideration from me and from our association.
When it comes to the government having entire supervisipn of the
dairy business, I am a good deal like the Irishman. You know Irishmen
are all politicians. Pat was shipwrecked and after clinging to a mast
for nearly two days, was washed ashore on a little island. One of the
natives saw him and came to his rescue. About the first thing Pat asked
was, "Have you got a government here?" When the native answered
in the affirmative, Pat rejoined, "Be gorra, I am against the government."
Now, I am against the government's taking entire control of the dairy
business of the country. If the object in appointing inspectors is to
prevent the spread of disease by dairy products, an army of trained bac-
teriologists would be necessary. Even a microscopical inspection of the
cream would not be sufficient. It would be much easier to find a needle
in a haystack than to find certain specific germs in cream with a microscop-
ical examination alone. Every creameryman that has a knowledge of his
business understands the grading and caring for cream now. It seems to
me like the old question of trying to purify a stream by working at the
lower end when the source of contamination is at the head. Cream at the
farm may be kept under very unsanitary conditions and may contain
germs that possibly may be injurious to health and yet might pass a
microscopical examination all right. We had a typhoid epidemic at
Ames some years ago that resulted disastrously to a number of our
students. Upon close investigation, it was found to come from contami-
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII 301
nated milk, due to the use of water in cleansing cans, from a well in-
fected by sewerage; yet the milk, under an ordinary microscopical exam-
ination, would pass muster any place.
We are told in Bulletin No. 127, put out by the Department of Agri-
culture, that the tuberculosis germ will live at least three months in
butter and be in a vigorous condition. It has been a common belief
among many of our scientists that the tuberculosis germ would not live
long in butter, but it seems from experiments reported in Bulletin No.
127 that this is not the case, and I have no reason to doubt the reliability
of these experiments. Whether they are reliable or not, there is a strong
sentiment being worked up in the country on the danger of tuberculosis
being transmitted from dairy products to the human family; therefore,
dairymen should take necessary precautions to protect their own busi-
ness. Even the oleomargarine people are advertising their vile products
as being sanitary and germ free, due to special precaution in pasteuriza-
tion. Eyerybody who knows anything about their business knows where
the cheaper fat from all animals goes, whether diseased or not. It is a
generally accepted theory that the milk from a cow can only be con-
taminater when the udder is diseased or affected, and there are very few
cows in the country that have diseased udders. Nevertheless, I believe
that all states should pass laws making compulsory the paseturization
of all dairy products. If it is true that the bovine tubercle bacilli are
transmittable to the human, and many of our scientists think they are,
then pasteurization of all dairy products should certainly be made com-
pulsory by law. Dr. Koch still maintains that bovine tubercle bacilli are
not trasmittable to the human, and notwithstanding all the agitation to
the contrary, no positive proof has been brought forth to show that they
are.
I am a firm believer in pasteurization. I think the future will no
doubt see laws passed that will make it compulsory to pasteurize all
dairy products, and that water used for home consumption from lakes,
streams and shallow wells shall also be subject to a heating process
sufficient to kill disease germs. I think there is more danger from the
latter than from milk.
While pasteurization is a good thing for checking or preventing the
spread of disease, it is not a panacea for removing all the old undesir-
able flavors from stale, overripe cream, and we must all admit that we
have such cream. So the question naturally arises— What are we going to
do about it? The passing of drastic laws that would seriously interfere
with the rights of farmers should be out of the question. I would per
sonally like to see our dairy laws amended so as to have our farmers
keep their separators in sanitary places; to have separators washed each
time they are used; to have cream cooled down as soon as separated
to well water temperature or at least to 60 degrees F., and kept at this
temperature until delivered to the buyer, and that cream should not be
over three days old when delivered. I would make it compulsory for
buyers of cream to have a sanitary room in which to keep the cream at a
temperature not to exceed 60 degrees, until it was shipped. Such laws
would practically take the buying of cream out of the hands of the mer-
802 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
chants. Laws of this kind would not greatly inconvenience the farmer,
as most every farmer has lots of water and the majority of them have
windmills. Take the little shotgun cans that we used with the Cooly
system, which was one of the best systems for caring for cream that we
ever had, and immerse these cans in a little tank of water where the water
may run from it to the big tank, and you will have an ideal place for
keeping cream. The cream should not be placed in the large cans until
the day of shipment. I am satisfied that under these conditions, cream
could be kept two or three days in most any kind of weather and be
delivered in good condition.
If I owned a dairy farm, I would certainly have a gasoline engine for
operating my separator. I would have a milk house near enough to my
residence so it would be convenient to have an abundant supply of hot
water for cleansing the separator and all dairy utensils. I would have a
well in the milk house and operate the pump with a gasoline engine, and
also have my tank of cold water for caring for my cream. Some of you
may think this would be a great expense, but I maintain that it would be
a question of economy. I have a friend, Mr. Rockwell, of Belle Plaine,
Iowa, who has a one and one-half horse power Fairbanks gasoline engine
that cost him, I believe, $140 (and I presume it is unnecessary for me to
say that I have no interest in any make of gasoline engines). This
engine has been in constant use for six or seven years, with practically
no expense. They have a herd of 20 Jersey cows and it costs him, on an
average, 55 cents per month for skimming the milk twice a day from
that herd of 20 cows, a little less than one cent each skimming. No man
could skim that milk by hand for that price, if he put any value on his
time. Outside of the question of labor, you will get a more exhaustive
skimming, as the separator is run at a uniform speed. In connection
with this, if the inflow of milk is kept the same, you get cream of about
the same density from day to day, thus avoiding the annoyance of varia-
tion of tests, which is one of our most common complaints.
(Mr. Rockwell's Letter.)
"Prof. G. L. McKay,
Chicago, 111.
Dear Professor : In regard to the cost of running our No. 5 U. S.
cream separator would say: For running separator alone, it takes five
gallons of gasoline a month at 11 cents per gallon, separating the milk
from 20 cows; power 1% horse. When we run the churn and washing
machine it takes from eight to ten gallons per month. We have sawed
wood, shelled corn and always run the grind stone when needed. The cost
of the engine is $140 with electric sparker, which is the cheapest way of
running a small engine, doing away with electric batteries altogether, as
the engine will start from the sparker. If I can be of any more help to
you, call upon me.
Yours very truly,
Chas, H. Rockwell."
Now, I have tested skimmed milk caught from the separator as it is
separated on the farm under ordinary conditions, and I have found in
some cases the fat in the skimmed milk to actually read over one per
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII 303
cent. It would not take a man very long who was doing this kind of work
and who owned a large herd, to waste enough to purchase a gasoline
engine.
The question may be asked, "Would the large creameries stand for the
changes I have advocated in the laws?" I cannot speak for all centralized
plants, as they are not all members of the American Association of Cream-
ery Butter Manufacturers. I can say for the majority of the members of
our association that they are heartily in favor of any laws or anything
else that will aid in raising the standard of the American butter. It is
the purpose of one of our leading members to put in sanitary stations, as
I have described, at all points where they take in cream; to put compe-
tent men that have a knowledge of the business in charge of these stations.
In addition to this, it is the purpose of the said comt)any to place in the
field two or three men, who have an expert knowledge of the side of pro-
duction. It will be the duty of these men to furnish information to
patrons through the station men and to hold meetings for the discussion
of questions that will be of interest to the producers. It will be the duty
of these men also to organize and encourage test associations among their
patrons for weeding out the undesirable cows. This work at the head of
the stream I believe will have the effect of purifying the whole stream, or
of improving the conditions all along the line. Drastic laws can be passed
in any state, but they cannot be enforced unless they are backed up by a
strong sentiment in their favor.
With all our boasted intelligence, we are losing annually in Iowa alone
$15,000,000, as compared with the results in some of the European coun-
tries, where the soil and climatic conditions are not the equal of ours for
dairying.
These are serious problems and are worthy the consideration of our
legislators. An effort is being made at the coming session of the legisla-
ture in Iowa to get an appropriation to be used for educational purposes
along dairy lines. Every man who is interested in dairying, especially
every creameryman, should appoint himself a committee of one to do all
he can to aid this bill. The average butter production per cow in the
state is, I believe, something less than 140 pounds, while the average pro-
duction in some of the European countries is some 260 odd pounds. With
something like 1,250,000 cows producing milk in this state, and taking the
difference in production, as compared with the European cows, the figures
are appalling. Now, we do not need to go to Europe in order to make a
comparison of this kind, as we have many herds in this and adjoiniig
states that are producing over three hundred pounds per cow. If it is
possible for one man to bring his herd up to an average of three hundred
pounds, it is possible for another to do the same.
What we need is a more thorough organization of the dairymen of the
country, so as to bring about the use of more intelligent dairy methods,
not only for increased production but for better sanitary methods for car-
ing for milk and cream. We need more harmony among the different
organizations interested in the manufacture of butter. Parties that try to
divide the dairy interests and set one faction against the other are not
working for the benefit of the dairy interests of the country, but rather
304 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE
for their own personal gain. That old Bibilical saying that "A house
divided against itself cannot stand" is as true today as it was at the time
it was uttered.
Every system of creamery operation has possiby some defects, which
should be remedied as soon as seen. The business that is established on
economic principles and on an honest basis will prosper, while that built
upon fraud and trickery may flourish for a time but eventually it will fail.
Farmers today rank in intelligence and business instincts with most any
other class, and they are certainly the best judges concerning the disposal
of their products, and are going to sell their goods where they can get the
greatest returns, regardless of the system used. We have co-operative
creameries, individual creameries and so-called centralized creameries, and
I presume we will always have them so as to meet the demands of varying
conditions.
This association meets every year and goes through about the same
routine of business each time. A legislative committee is usually ap-
pointed composed of three or five members whose business it is to solicit
aid from the legislature for educational purposes or for advancing the
dairy interests of the state. The members of this committee are supposed
to pay their own expenses for the honor of being on the committee. After
a good deal of correspondence, some one is found who will assume the
responsibility and burden of introducing a bill for the said appropriation.
Then after a little delay, the committee is informed that they can meet
with the House committee or the Senate committee, but that their speeches
must be brief and not exceed five minutes in duration. In fact, that august
body tries to give you the impression that they are conferring a great
favor upon you by granting you this privilege. The last time I attended
such a meeting, while one of our principal speakers was addressing the
Senate committee, a senator, who was chairman of the Senate Appropria-
tion Committee, deliberately turned his back and walked away to one of
the w^indows and viewed the landscape around the capitol. It is needless
for me to say that the committee seeking aid from such a body of men
is made to feel that the organization they represent is unworthy of con-
sideration.
These representatives are only servants of the people. The reason
why an organization which represents one of the greatest industries in
the country, is snubbed year after year in this state is due to the fact
that the dairymen are not organized. The dairymen of this state have
never been recognized as they should be. The dairy business is looked
upon as a cross-road affair, and yet the industry represents at least
$50,000,000 annually.
The first thing necessary, in my judgment, to carry on an organization
of any kind, politically or otherwise, is money. You have in this state, I
believe, about six hundred creameries. If an intelligent appeal were made
to these creamerymen, even to the buttermakers, I am satisfied they would
contribute at least $5.00 apiece toward forming a permanent organization
with headquarters, say at Des Moines. This would give you a fund from
creameries alone of at least $3,000.00 per year. Then, our good friends,
the manufacturers of dairy machinery and the sellers of dairy supplies
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII 305
would, I am sure, add their quota to the same. I own a half interest in
a creamery in this state and will at any time contribute at least $15.00 per
year. With such an endowed organization, you can carry on a campaign
of dairy education that will reach the people and command respect. If
you reach the people, they will see that they are justly represented. If you
want any delegates to go to Des Moines, you will be in a position then to
pay their expenses. In such an organization, everyone interested in dairy-
ing of any kind should be represented. This would also include breeders
of the various kind of dairy stock. Such an association seems to me to
be practical and is worthy of consideration.
I am satisfied that if five or six men were placed in the field in this
state, who were competent to give instruction on the production side, in-
cluding feeding, breeding and formation of test associations to weed out
poor cows, that the revenues of this state would at least be increased
within a period of five years, $1,000,000 annually, without increasing the
number of cows in the state.
Mr. Shilling will, I hope, excuse me for trespassing on his territory.
I do not know of anyone better qualified for heading such an organization
than Mr. Shilling. If an appropriation is secured for placing men in the
field, and the prospects seem good, I would have these men placed under
the direction of this association, working in co-operation with the exten-
sion department and dairy department of the Iowa State College, thus
keeping the appointments free from politics. I thank you.
Chairman: The next is an address by E. R. Shoemaker, editor
of The Creamery Journal, on the subject, "Iowa Needs an Ad-
vertising Man."
IOWA NEEDS AN ADVERTISING MAN.
E. R. SHOEMAKER, WATERLOO, IOWA.
I am not here to tell you what a grand and glorious state old Iowa is.
I am not here to tell you that no other state produces the hogs, or poultry
or eggs or hay or oats or cattle that Iowa does. I am not here to glory
with you in that only one state beats Iowa in the value of her corn, her
horses, her mules, her dairy cows and her butter. These are facts every
lowan should know and of which we should all be proud. To discuss
them would be interesting and profitable. But, instead of rejoicing with
you tonight in the greatness of this state, I will ask, and try to answer,
the question: "What's the matter with Iowa?"
Iowa is good enough for us all. But, while we are basking in the sun-
shine of her prosperity, while her land values are increasing year by year;
while we are marketing millions of dollars of her products each season;
while we are building bigger barns to keep more stock to eat the gree,t
crops that Iowa grows, let us not forget that there is a difference between
$20 and $100 land, and that the kind of farming that pays big dividends
on one will not do so on the other.
I am not here to sympathize with the poor Iowa farmer, who has no
place to live but in a nice, big house surrounded by nice, green lawns and
20
306 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
nice, big barns nothing to eat except everything heart could wish; no
way to talk to his neighbors except by telephone; no way to get his mail
except by daily rural free delivery; no way to go to town except in his
rubber-tired buggy, his automobile or the electric car that he flags in his
own back yard; no way to pay his bills except by checking on his bank
account; no way to avoid becoming a millionaire except by dying or giving
his property away. I am not here, I say, to shed tears with him — I have
troubles of my own— but I want to remind every Iowa farmer, every Iowa
business man, every Iowa citizen, that, no matter how easy the triumphal
business march has so far been, Iowa must look to the future.
The question is not how great and prosperous are we today, but how
great and prosperous will we be twenty-five years from now?
Most any kind of a farmer can herd enough cattle on $5.00 land to pay
big dividends. Most any kind of a farmer can make money raising grain
on $10.00 land. Most any kind of a farmer could soon pay for $20.00 Iowa
land growing corn. A reasonably intelligent farmer can make money fat-
tening cattle on $50.00 Iowa land. But when Iowa farms are selling for
$100.00 to $150.00 an acre the fellow who starts out to pay dividends on
that investment is up against a different proposition.
Iowa will always be known as a great corn state and live stock state
and dairy state, but she is to become better known as a dairy state for
the simple reason that therein lies her own salvation. Iowa must econo-
mize. She must turn from extensive to intensive farming. She must
grow crops in fence corners and vacant fields where now she is growing
weeds. No state on earth but Iowa could afford to waste, absolutely
waste, $40,000,000 worth of cornstalks every year. And Iowa can't afford
it any longer. No state on earth, but Iowa, could afford to be milking
cows that produce less than 150 pounds of butter-fat a year. And Iowa
can't afford it any longer.
Her future prosperity will be worked out by smaller farms and better
farming; by more and better dairy cows; by more silos and fewer corn
cribs; by more clover and alfalfa and less timothy hay.
In short, Iowa is going into the dairy business heart and soul, and
she's going into it from purely business motives, because it means more
money to her than any other method of farming; because the market for
dairy products is constant and never satisfied, and because the man who
dairies intelligently makes his money and leaves his land richer than he
found it.
This dairy wave is on the way. In fact, it is already here. It wasn't
many years ago that our worthy president and others breeding dairy cat-
tle were the laughing stock of their neighbors. Often they did not raise
their male calves because nobody would buy them. Today you are lucky
if you can find for sale by an Iowa breeder of dairy cattle a male calf fit
for service, and I know some who have already sold calves that haven't
been born.
Five years ago Kimball's Dairy Farmer was started. Inquiries for
dairy cattle then were few and far between. But now I could show you
dozens of letters every week from subscribers asking where they can buy
dairy cattle of this breed or that breed. Hundreds of Iowa farmers in
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII 307
the past two years have purchased pure bred sires and are now breed-
ing up dairy herds that you will hear from later on.
So much for the dairy cattle end of the business.
Two years ago there were in Blackhawk county, if my census is correct,
two, or possible three, silos. Tonight there are close to seventy-five. I
could take you out and show you twenty-five in a single township. Seventy-
five silos aren't a drop in the bucket compared with the number there
should be and eventually will be in Black Hawk county, but this rapid in-
crease shows that our farmers are seeking economy in feed and adopting
methods that will bring the biggest returns. I mention my home county
because I am more familiar with it, but the same thing is going on all
over this state, and the time is rapidly nearing when the silo will be as
common as the corn crib in Iowa.
I want to give you all fair warning. This dairy spirit is catching.
It's spreading and will continue to spread all over this state. The little
fires of enthusiasm that have been kindled here and there by the per-
sistent, faithful pioneer friends of dairying — especially if fanned by the
gentle breeze of a state appropriation — will burst into flames that by way
of the dairy cow will sweep the whole state with an era of prosperity
such as she has never known.
I grant you that Iowa to-day is twenty years behind where she should
be as a dairy section, and, yet, Iowa has done remarkably well to have
achieved so much without a single dollar's help from the state.
It is gratifying to be able to say that Iowa has 1,500,000 dairy cows.
But it is not so gratifying to be compelled also to say that the average
production of these cows is only about 140 pounds of butter fat per year.
In Europe dairy cows average 300 pounds per year. In Iowa and other
western states there are scattered herds doing as well, but the cows of
our neighboring states will average twenty to thirty pounds better than
ours. It is an actual fact that Iowa dairymen are losing every year $20,-
000,000 to $30,000,000 because of poor cows and poor methods.
That's the one big thing that's ailing Iowa. And until it's corrected,
until farmers are led to see the loss in keeping poor cows; till they are
shown methods of dinging out which are the poor cows and helped to put
these methods into practice; till the cow that gives the butter-fat sup-
plants the cow that doesn't — ^I care not what the breed may be — Iowa is
not going to prosper as she should.
To do this will take money. The loyal friends of dairying in Iowa have
for thirty years put their shoulders to the wheel and their hands into their
pocketbooks and gladly and generously contributed the money that has
given dairying a start. It is now the duty of this state to see that this,
the most neglected industry in Iowa, is given such support as shall make
up for past neglect. A liberal appropriation for carrying this educational
work to all corners of the state will prove the best investment Iowa can
make, and go a long ways toward putting us at the head of the dairy
states, where we properly belong.
But there's something else that's wrong with Iowa.
For ten years her farm population has been steadily decreasing. We
308 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
have been contributing our thousands to the upbuilding of other sections
while we have failed to attract many to us. This is serious.
We are a good deal like a merchant I one time knew. I was employed
on a country newspaper. My official title was foreman. The force con-
sisted of a 16-year old girl who was there two days a week, a boy who
helped on Thursday nights and Saturdays and myself. My duties were to
set all the type I could, write all the local news I could and get all the
advertising I could. One day I called on the proprietor of quite the largest
store in town. (They called it the "Bee Hive.") He wasn't advertising.
I explained who I was and started in to give him a talk on our immense
circulation and to say that if he would let me write his ads and print
them in our paper there'd be so much business coming his way that he'd
have to rent the next building in a week or two, but he rather rudely
interrupted me by saying: "Young man, I've been in business here for
twenty years. I built the first store in this town. I've got the biggest
store here today, I know every family in this county and everybody trades
with me. What do I want to advertise for?" I was considerably squelched
so sneaked out as quietly as I could. The next week a young fellow came
to town and opened the same kind of store right across the street. He
jumped in with a page ad and kept on pounding away with page and
half-page ads. In six months the once busy man at the Bee Hive was
looking rather worried; in a year he had mighty little trade left, and in
eighteen months he sold the remains of his run down stock for what he
could get and went back east to live with his wife's relation.
Iowa may well take a lesson from him. We have too long been folding
our arms, looking complacently out over the fields of plenty and congra-
tulating ourselves that everybody knows all about Iowa.
And while we sit still in supreme satisfaction, the states to the north,
the states to the south, and those on the east and west are reaching in
and silently snatching out thousands of citizens who imagine they see
the land of promise elsewhere than in Iowa, and thousands more pass us
by on their way to the untried but well advertised west.
Is there a better state in all these United States than Iowa? Are there
better opportunities anywhere in agriculural, mercantile or manufacturing
lines than right here in Iowa? Is there a better dairy section on earth
than right here in Iowa? Are there better people, better churches, better
schools anywhere than right here in Iowa?
Then why not tell the world about it.
Iowa needs to advertise her resources and her opportunities. She needs
to advertise, first, to open the eyes of her home people and keep them here,
and second, to attract outsiders to her.
If Kansas today would pay the debt she owes her advertising man.
Secretary F. D. Coburn, he would be as rich as Croesus. If it hadn't been
for Coburn the winds and drouths and grasshoppers would be all we would
know of Kansas. Every time somebody raised a big hog in Kansas Co-
burn told about it. Every time somebody raised a big crop of grain Co-
burn told about it. Every time the hens laid well or the turkeys were
numerous, Coburn told about it. Every time they cut alafalfa Coburn
told about it. And he told it well. His pen has been working night and
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII 309
day in the one great cause of telling the folks about Kansas till that state
is known the country over. Coburn has brought thousands of settlers to
Kansas and kept thousands more from moving away. He's worth more to
Kansas than any other official she has.
And look at Minnesota. They figure that state can support 30,000,000
people. They've got one-tenth that many and are now out after the rest.
Last year they spent just a little money advertising land and business
opportunities. The state immigration bureau was swamped with 60,000
inquiries from homeseekers and investors. This has opened their eyes
and the commercial clubs of the state are working together for an appro-
priation of $100,000 a year to advertise Minnesota. And it will be the
best investment Minnesota can possible make.
Speed the day when Iowa shall begin to advertise; when we shall keep
at honie those who should stay and bring into the str..e the thousands for
whom fortunes are waiting here.
When Iowa's advertising man gets to work in earnest, when dairying
and intensive farming become general throughout the state, our farm
population will increase, our bank deposits grow, our factories thrive and
all Iowa virtually flow with milk and honey. I thank you.
President: We will next hear from the conimittee on resolu-
tions. Mr. AYright is chairman.
]\Ir. Wright : As chairman of the resolution committee, I have
the following to orer :
Resolved, That the Iowa State Dairy Association express its high ap-
preciation of the w^elcome given this convention by the Waterloo Com-
mercial Club, the mayor and the citizens, as well as the daily press of the
city. That the success of this convention has been greater because of the
delightful music furnished by Jules Lumbard, E. C. Lytton, E. T. Sadler
and their accompanists. That the thanks of this association are given
to the friends of the association who contributed to the funds, and to the
Northey Manufacturing Company for the use of their butter room. ^
We recommend that the state legislature make an appropriation of not
less than $10,000 a year for use of the Iowa State Dairy Association, said
funds to be expended for the holding of short courses in dairying through-
out the state and in the conduct of educational meetings and campaigns
among the farmers for the purpose of teaching scientific methods in dairy-
ing, feeding, breeding and the care of dairy products on the farm looking
toward increasing the butter-fat product of Iowa cows, the keeping of
better cows, the adoption of better methods and an increase of profits
from dairying to the farmers in this state.
We believe that a bill should be passed by the Thirty-third General
Assembly of Iowa, authorizing an appropriation by the state to provide
for a fair and reasonable compensation to the owners of cattle slaughtered,
after having been tested and condemned as being infected with tubercu-
losis.
Be it further Resolved, That this association petition the Thirty-third
General Assembly to enact a law prohibiting discriminations in prices
paid for milk, cream or butter-fat by any creamery in this state.
310 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
We, the dairy and creamery men of Iowa, respectfully ask our mem-
bers of Congress that the duties on dairy and farm products be main-
tained; that a copy of these resolutions be forwarded to our representatives
and senators in Congress.
The resolutions as read were unanimously approved and accepted.
President : We will now listen to S. B. Shilling, of Chicago.
ADDRESS.
BY S. B. SHILLING, OF CHICAGO.
It is getting late so I am going to have some feeling for you and not
afflict anything upon you any more than I can help. But there are one
or two things that I want to dwell on for a short length of time, and the
first of these is because it is uppermost in my mind and the minds of
those who live in Chicago, and it undoubtedly has been brought to your
attention in a way that has caused you to do considerable serious thinking
if you are aware of this fact (I say this in consideration for the Chicago
market in all I am saying) that there goes into force the first day of
January a new ordinance which says this: That after January 1st no milk
or its products shall be sold in the city unless from tuberculin tested
cows or from pasteurized milk. Now this ordinance has been passed by
the Chicago city council, but I want to say to you that are shipping to
that market or contemplating doing so, that you stand in no danger what-
ever. It was my privilege last week to go before Mayor Busse with a
committee to learn their attitude in regard to the matter. Now they are
not going to place the Chicago market in a position where they do not
dare receive a pound of butter, because there is not a creamery, that I
know of, that could comply with those requirements, either from tuber-
culin tested cows or from pasteurized milk and cream. I have to bring
this to you to show you the trend of events. It has been told to you
several times that we have got to give the consuming public a guaranteed
product. It is going to be up to you now in a short time to furnish a
guaranteed healthful product to the consumers of this country, and you
boys and buttermakers have got to put in pasteurizers. It is only a ques-
tion of time before other markets will follow in the footsteps of Chicago.
It don't do for us to oppose an ordinance of this kind. The Chicago com-
mission mechants are not opposing it. An ordinance of this kind is good
as far as it goes, but we say this that we won't stand for any prohibitive
or drastic action upon it. They said, "you need have no fear that any
action will be taken by the board of health or by Dr. Evans that will
cause the loss of a single dollar to anyo'ne. They assured us, however,
that this would be enforced gradually and you are going to have every
opportunity to comply with it, and while I am not authorized to stand
before you I know that I voice the sentiment of every commission man
in the city of Chicago when I say that they will stand by every shipper
and they won't stand by and see him lose money because of that ordi-
nance going into effect. But boys, I want to impress upon you the fact
that we must go to the consuming public with a guaranteed product, a
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII 311
pure product and a healthful one. It is not for us to stand back and ask
whether this is a fact or not, whether it is possible to transmit tubercu-
losis. We dare not stand up to it. What we have to do is to comply
with the consumers' demand and it is going to be up to us, and the sooner
we get there and the sooner we come to their conditions the sooner we
will cease to hear such talk as we have heard here today and truths told
about the conditions of our butter traffic, and of the raw material and the
less talk of that character we have go into print the more popular will
our product become. It is simply a business proposition and I want to
impress upon you that you have got to furnish a guaranteed product.
I believe I was to talk on organization and I am only going to dwell on
it for just a few minutes. First I will call to your attention some of the
things accomplished by the National Dairy Union last year. I want to
tell you just one instance that came before me this year. I went before
the Secretary of Agriculture in an argument for the dairy industry against
the oleo manufacturers. The first question asked was, "Who are you^ who
do you represent, and what is your membership?" It all seemed to de-
pend upon that one thing. As you know, it didn't take the Secretary of
Agriculture very long to decide in favor qf the dairy industry. And be-
fore I left, he said, "I ^m glad to know that you dairymen are keeping
track of this thing."
Another thing, we have been instrumental in the election of governor
of Illinois. His opponent was being heavily backed by the oleo people.
I am not flattering myself, but I have it from the chairman of the Repub-
lican committee that it was the help of the National Dairy Union that
placed Mr. Deneen in the governor's chair. Later Mr. Deneen said, "When
the dairymen want a new commissioner appointed tell me who you want.
We never have had as good a condition in the Chicago market as we have
at the present time." Mr. Shucknecht has succeeded in doing more than
has ever been done before in closing the illegal sale of oleomargarine in
the city of Chicago.
St. Louis is the v/orst hotbed of oleo in the United States. There are
perhaps two or three carload sold there every week. I formed an associa-
tion among the butter dealers there and raised nearly $500 to fight the
illegal sale of the butter substitute. The National Dairy Union furnished
some of the money for taking the matter to the state legislature, and as
you know Mr. Washburn resigned and left the city. They got after him
so hard that it was absolutely impossible for him to remain.
I just want to mention one more market before I close, and that is
Denver. That, also, is one of the worst places for oleo in the country.
So far as our association is concerned we have reduced our expenses to
the very lowest possible point. There isn't an officer drawing a single
dollar for salary. We felt it was a burden and we want a larger member-
ship. We are up against this situation. The National Retail Grocers*
Association has come out and endorsed a strong resolution favoring the
repeal of the oleo law. The Butchers' Association have done the same
thing and we have to meet them. They have elected two representatives
in Missouri, both pledged to the oleo cause, and we must have your sup-
port again this winter. I thank you.
312 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE
FRIDAY MORNING, 10:00 O'CLOCK.
President: On account of some of the commission men going
away at 2 o'clock it has been decided to sell the butter at 12 o'clock
or soon after the close of this meeting. We will now listen to an
address by L. H. Paul, on "The Silo."
THE SILO.
L. H. PAUL, AXAMOSA, IOWA.
Your committee has asked me to give a tallv at this meeting on the
question of cheaper production of dairy products from the viewpoint of
the man who raises the feed, milks the cows and cleans out the barns.
There seems to be something wrong with this part of the dairy business.
A large number of men have told me during the past year that their cows
did not bring them enough to pay for the feed they ate. At the same
time consumers of dairy products all along the line complain of the high
prices of the same. Now, these two complaints are so common that we
are led to believe that both are right and If this is so there must be some-
thing wrong. Either it is costing the farmer too much to produce the
milk or the plan of manufacturing and delivering is to expensive, making
the finished product too high to the consumer, and I take it that the
object of a meeting like this is to get the producer of raw material and
the manufacturer together and if possible learn some plan by which the
costly features may be eliminated and better methods introduced so that
every one from the producer to the consumer may get just compensation
for the labor done and the manufactured products still be produced at a
price that the consumer can afford to pay. Our opinion is that the solu-
tion of this question of cheaper production lies almost entirely with the
man who keeps the cows. We have long rows of figures on the value of
our dairy products for the county, state and nation. We have it figured
for us that one-third of the cows of Iowa are kept at an actual loss; that
another third just plays even and that all the profits made must be made
by this last one-third of all the cows. Still I doubt if there is a farmer
in Iowa who knows what it costs to produce a pound of butter on his own
farm. Small neglects make large failures. All the great manufacturers
of the country put in all their days and some of them a large part of
their nights studying how to cheapen the cost of their product.
While this is a question to which we farmers have given very little
thought, many of us have plowed the same old fields and harvested the
same old crops that our fathers did; we feed and milk the same kind of
cows in the same old way. Some of our fathers started life with nothing
and held their own through all the changing years and some of us have
done as well, but on some farms we are pleased to note that the highway
cow and the long horned steer have passed away. The thunder does not
sour the milk any more, and cows have quit dying with hollow horn and
wolf in the tail. As the world becomes more thickly settled, the struggle
for existence becomes harder; the farmers of the world are driven into the
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII 313
dairy business. The fact that meetings like this are becoming so popular
shows that we are not satisfied with the results we are getting from our
so-called "high priced land." We are all working for better results; we
want better results that we may buy more of the necessaries and comforts
and luxuries of life for ourselves and our families; that we may better
care for and educate and cultivate that most valuable of all crops grown
on our farms today, that is, our crop of boys and girls. This is the most
valuable of all crops grown and we are sorry to say in many cases is the
worst neglected. In some childish natures the seeds of discord and dis-
content are so deeply rooted that it takes years of careful cultivation
to kill them or cover them up so deeply that they will be entirely smoth-
ered out. Times have changed since our forefathers roamed over these
broad plains hunting deer with their rifles on their arms and powder in
their flasks; the girls hunt dears today with nothing on their arms and
powder on their faces. We are living in what we are pleased to call a
fast age. We once had a quotation, "Early to bed and early to rise."
An Irishman said, "We quote it differently nowadays. Now it is 'Early to
bed and early to rise; hustle like hell and advertise.'" Changed conditions
demand different methods. Better results can only be obtained by adopt-
ing and pursuing better methods. Better methods mean more care, better
preparation of the soil, better selection of our cows, better care of our
breeding stock, better care of our growing crops, better care of our crops
at harvesting time, a little closer attention to our business in every line.
The farmer can hardly change the selling price of farm products, so
in order to enhance his own profits he must get his head into the game
and produce his goods cheaper. The man who reduces the cost of the
necessaries of life is a world's benefactor. We are often told that the
way to get better results from a dairy herd is to get scales and a test
machine and weigh and test the milk from each individual cow and w^eed
out those that are not making a profit. In our opinion this is commenc-
ing at the bottom of a hole to dig. First, feed and treat the cows right
that you have on your farms. Provide a cheap succulent feed. When
you commence feeding and treating your cows right, then get your scales
and test machine and you will be surprised at how few cows you have that
will not pay for their feed. There is a theory taught at nearly all of
our agricultural schools that any animal on the farm should be fed a full
feed, or all that it will eat, at all times. This is all right in theory, but
if your feed costs too much it is likely to be a money losing game when
put into practice. If you get your feed cheap enough, most any kind of
an animal can be kept at a profit, so on Iowa farms with land at the
present prices, both the production of milk and beef depends almost en-
tirely on the cost of feed. It is said that if a public speaker washes to
interest his audience he must tell them things they already know. In
doing so they will recognize the greatness of his mind from the fact that
he knows the same things that they know. I suppose on the theory that
all great minds think along the same lines. My theory is that if you
want to do a man some good you must tell him things he doesn't know.
Naturally, when a man hears a thing that he doesn't know himself he
doesn't believe it, so if I can say something to you today that will cause
314 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
you to investigate this matter of cheaper production for the express pur-
pose of proving that I am mistaken you will then begin to learn some-
thing. On our farm at home the silo has almost entirely solved the
question of cheap feed. Men often say to me: "If a silo is as good a thing
as you say it is how does it come we don't all have them?" The silo
never was as good a thing as I say it is until within the last few years;
that is, since we have learned to let a corn crop get ripe, not ripe like a
dried apple, but ripe like a ripe apple, before we put in into the silo.
Both stock and ears must be well matured. Our plan of rotation is from
corn to pasture. During the past five years we have used but very little
hay. The old method of feeding corn and hay for producing milk is cer-
tainly very expensive with corn at the present prices. The only reason
your cows do not starve to death on timothy hay is because the winter is
not long enough. When any healthy animal is getting lighter in weight,
it is pretty good evidence that it does not have enough of nutritious feed.
Ten acres of corn in a silo will furnish more feed and better feed than
fifty acres of timothy hay. Corn silage for the bulky and succulent feed
and alfalfa or clover hay for the protein feed will make an almost perfectly
balanced ration and one upon which cows will give a full flow of milk
and keep in good condition. We are often asked if we limit the amount
of silage we feed our cows. My answer is, "We do limit them to what
they will eat." We have known herds of cows to stay in good flesh and
give good flow of milk through the entire winter where corn silage was
their entire feed with no other grain or rough feed. Farmers take to
new ideas about like they take castor oil; that is, well mixed with pre-
serves. If you will spread preserves on thick enough we are willing to
take almost any kind of a dose, but to get out of the old rut takes a long,
hard pull. In our opinion the question of cheaper production will be
solved on most farms when we learn to grow all the corn we can grow
on all the good corn land we have, and put enough of it in silo in the fall
to winter all the stock on the farm. We have all been reading silo
literature for many years;; we have read just how thick to plant the
corn and no two writers agree on the question. We hav3 read of how to
cultivate the corn, and no two cultivate alike. We have read just when
to cut the corn and very few agree. In reading these small technicalities,
we are liable to lose sight of the main question, which is the one ques-
tion on which all writers and feeders of ensilage feed agree; that is,
grow all the corn you can on all the corn land you have, according to
your best methods, and put enough of it in the silo to winter your stock.
We are satisfied from our own observation and personal experience
that alfalfa will some day be grown in Iowa on a commercial basis, as
it seems to grow very readily on any land which is well drained. We
have it growing on our farm at Anamosa on top of a clay hill on the
poorest land on the farm. Still it is hardly worth while for the Iowa
farmer and dairyman to experiment with alfalfa until he learns to grow
clover. There are 205,000 farms in Iowa. Statistics show that there is
an average of one acre of clover on each farm, so until we learn to grow
lots more clover than we are growing at present it is hardly worth while
to experiment with alfalfa.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII 315
Few men realize the actual food value of an acre of our Iowa corn
when it stands in the field fully matured, when the ear is ripe and when
the shell and pith of the stock is filled with digestible and nutritious
moisture, if it is put into a silo and kept in that condition for winter
feed. By its use the cost of producing milk can be reduced one-third and
we are producing beef on two-year old steers today for less than five cents
per pound and it is costing some of our neighbors, feeding corn the old
way, close to ten cents per pound. Some men are afraid of the silo be-
cause they have read that corn ensilage is not a balanced ration and I
don't think they know any more about a balanced ration than I do, and I
don't know anything about it at all; and our observation is that more
cows suffer from a lack of sufficient ration than suffer from not having
this ration properly balanced. The first step in economy is to save an
abund3,nce of cheap succulent feed which grows on our Iowa farms
every year. Balance this with, clover or alfalfa grown on the farm. If
we buy a ton of protein from the feed man we have the feed and he has
the money, but if we grow a ton of protein on our farm we have the feed
and the money both.
We have very few dairymen in Iowa, but we have lots of men who are
keeping and milking some cows, not only for the income they get from
their cows but for that and for the purpose of stocking their farms with
young growing stock. These men own large farms and the question of
farm labor is such that it is impossible for them to go into intensive
dairying. But we think that with proper methods of feeding they can
continue to keep what they are pleased to call their dual purpose cows
and continue to stock their farms with well bred young stock. "We have
read some well written articles showing that it was not possible to grow
beef any more on our Iowa farms. We have talked with several farmers
in the past month that sold beef cattle on the Chicago market above 7i/^
cents per pound and they said the cattle lost them money. We have seen
in the last thirty days thrifty young hogs go begging for buyers at public
sale at much less than the market price, simply because the farmers
present had failed to provide some cheaper feed than sixty cent corn
with which to carry their own hogs through the winter till grazing time
next spring. The cost of feed enters just as largely into the cost of pro-
ducing beef and pork as it does into the cost of producing milk and
butter. We are told that the average cow of Iowa only produces 140
pounds of butter per year. This, at 25 cents per pound, would be $35.00
per* year. We are also told that it costs $35.00 to feed the average cow
one year. We have simply made an even trade. We have traded our
feed to our cows for butter-fat. We have sold the butter-fat for cash and
have our farms the richer from having our feed eaten on the farm. And
we think this is better than selling the crop because when we come to
selling the crop that we generally feed to our cows we would find a large
part of it unmarketable and our farms would be the poorer from selling
the crop off the farm. So we think we are still ahead if our cows do
pay even on paper.
Before we go at it to change these conditions would it not be well
first for us to determine whether the trouble lies entirely with the poor
316 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
quality of our cows or does a great part of it come from our expensive
vnd wasteful methods of feeding. Our experience teaches us that the
quick solution of the matter is to change our methods of feeding. This
we can do in one year, w^hile the grading up of our herds will take several
years. Allowing $5.00 per acre rent on land, $7.00 per acre for growing
the corn and $1.00 per ton for putting into silo, corn silage can be grown
in Iowa for $2.00 per ton, figuring only twelve tons per acre. Eight tons
of corn silage w^ill keep a cow a year. This would be keeping a cow
one year for $16.00, leaving a nice margin between that and $35.00.
Now, don't understand me to say that I think any cow will do her best
on corn silage alone. But I do say that the cows of Iowa will do much
better if fed all the silage they will eat than they ever have done from
the old methods of feeding. We are not going to quit producing beef in
Iowa and we are going to continue to increase our milk and butter yield,
by growing all the corn we can grow on all the corn land we have and
put enough of it in silos to winter all the stock on the farm. Then get
scales and test machines and weed out the poor cows and during the
years that it takes to grade up your herd they will still be making you
some profit. I thank you.
President: Our constitution and by-laws, which I believe are
about 17 years old needed to be revised and I appointed a committee
to look them over. I believe Mr. Kieffer is chairman, and we will
hear from him.
Mr. Kiepfer: We, your commitee, appointed to amend the
by-laws of this association, beg leave to make the following report :
Moved that the by-laws be amended by adding to Section 2 thereof the
following: "The treasurer shall give a good and suflacient bond in such
sum as the executive committee may require; said bond to be subject to
the approval of the executive committee.
Moved that Section 5 of the by-laws of the Iowa State Dairy Associa-
tion be amended by striking out the last sentence thereof, which is as
follows: "And that there be but one class of creamery butter recognized
in the contest of the exhibitors at the convention of this association,
which shall include both separator and gathered cream," and substitute
the following: "And that there be but two classe3 of creamery butter
recognized in the contest of the exhibitors at the convention of -this
association, one of which shall include butter made from whole-milk and
the other to include butter made from gathered cream.
That Section 6 of the by-laws be amended by dividing said Section 6
at the word "committees" in line 7, by numbering the same Section 7.
Preceding the said word "committes"; then add to said new Section 7
after the word "industry", the following: "Said legislative committee
to have the power and authority to appoint two additional members when
in their judgment it is deemed necessary."
P. H. KlEFFEB,
H. J. NiETEET,
The amendments as read were approved. Committee.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII 317
President : Mr. Wright has a resolution of a little different char-
acter.
We, the dairymen of Iowa, respectfully ask our members of congress
that the duties on dairy and farm products be maintained; that a copy
of this resolution be forwarded by the secretary to our representatives
and senators in congress.
The breeders of dairy stock in Iowa unanimously request the Iowa
State Board of Agriculture to furnish better facilities for showing dairy
stock at the Iowa State Fair. They also urge that the superintendent
of cattle for the fair put forth every effort to induce breeders of dairy
cattle in Iowa and adjoining states to show their stock at this fair. We
further respectfully request him to appoint an assistant superintendent to
have charge of the dairy cattle exhibit and look after the best interests
of the exhibitors in this class.
President: With reference to that resolution I would say that
the dairy cattle at the Iowa State Fair for some time have had to
take what I call a back seat. I have exhibited at the Illinois State
Fair for a number of years, and I well remember when Illinois had
no better showing of dairy cattle than Iowa. About five years
ago they appointed a dairy cattle superintendent, who made it
his business to go among the breeders to get out a showing of dairy
cattle. The consequences are that the dairy cattle showing in Illi-
nois for the last three or four years has been equal to that of the
beef breeds. Last year they had nine herds of Holsteins, eight
or nine of Jerseys, seven or eight of Guernseys, four or five of
Ayreshires, besides other dairy breed representatives. Conditions
over there are much the same as they are in Iowa, and what we
want is an effort along the same line — to get out a showing of dairy
cattle. in Iowa, and Mr. Wright's resolution is to sort of waken
our fair people to the fact that something should be done.
Mr. Wright : ]\Ir. Barney has taken his cows there, and a good
many others have done so, during the month of August and had to
exhibit them under conditions already described by Mr. Odell, and
until such time comes that the state of Iowa opens up her purse
strings and gives them some money it will be worse each year.
The hog men have down there the finest hog pavilion there is in
the country, but there isn't a building do^vn there you would allow
your cattle to remain in except one. Breeders go down there and
the conditions under which they have to exhibit are rotten.
Mr. Barney: Mr. Wright is correct in his statements. The
dairymen don't propose to show their cattle up there in a hen
house.
The resolution as read was unanimously adopted.
318 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
[Note. — The above resolution and remarks could belter have been
directed to those who were empowered with authority to provide funds
for the improvements necessary at the State Fair and Exposition Grounds.
The State Board of Agriculture has done a good work the past seven
or eight years in adding necessary improvements at the State Fair
Grounds. Not only have they expended the surplus of each fair, amount-
ing in the aggregate to over $200,000.00, for additional permanent equip-
ment, but have secured from the legislature from time to time additional
funds for the same purpose. The dairymen must know that the needs
of the fair are large and varied, and that it takes time and money alone
to provide suitable buildings for all purposes. As to the exhibit of
dairy cattle, in our judgment the fault for the scarcity of dairy cattle
shown lies with the breeders of these cattle and not with the fair
management. The classification offered is up to date, but the lack of
interest taken in getting out a good exhibit by the breeders is deplor-
able. It would appear that with the splendid field Iowa now affords for
the sale of dairy cattle, those engaged in breeding this type would take
greater interest in seeing a good exhibit at the annual State Fair. Just
a word of advice: don't be selfish. If conditions with reference to stabl-
ing are not as they should be, remember the conditions of other exhibitors
are equally as inadequate, and in many instances, worse. Lend your
assistance for the betterment of the improvements in all departments;
they are as necessary as new cattle barns. — Editor.]
Chairman : The next is an address by Prof. Bower, of the Iowa
State College.
THE BUTTERMAKER IN HIS RELATION TO CREAMERY MANAGE-
MENT.
PKOF. JOHN BOWER, AMES, IOWA.
Mr. Chairman, and Brother Dairymen: The subject that I have chosen
to deal with is, as stated on the progarm, "The Buttermaker in His
Relation to Creamery Management." In one sense it is needless at this
moment to point out to the makers before me just how intimately they
are related to this important subject. Many of you believe and rightly
believe that without the buttermaker not much butter, good nor bad,
excellent or indifferent, specials or extras, would be made. In that sense
you are right but it is in a more general sense and later in a more
particular sense that I wish to speak to you.
As you are aware two great systems of management with modifications
are engaged in a struggle for the butter-fat trade of this country. Of
these systems I have naught to say at the present moment. V/hat I desire
to do is to point out in both systems the importance of the maker as a
factor in the successful management of the creameries in either system.
Taking the co-operative system, in which most of the makers here
before me are interested, I believe that the maker makes or unmakes the
system. This is becoming more and more noticeable as competition be-
comes keener. By that I mean that the success of that particular
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII 319
creamery in this system is and will be dependent almost wholly upon
that maker. Incidentally other factors enter in but not one factor bears
such a part as this one.
Some years ago the success of many of the co-operative creameries
depended upon the absence of competition. In many places this is true
still. In a large measure, however, this condition of affairs no longer
exists and we have to look to better systems of management if the system
as a system is to hold the premier position. Now in looking for better sys-
tems of management to whom do we look? Usually the directors of a co-
operative plant are farmers who as a class are noted for lack of business
training. The secretary though better informed along business lines is
not often better fitted than his associates, the president and directors.
And there is a good reason for this. These men do not realize that the
volume of business in one day in a creamery is often as much as passes
through their hands in six months. They do not realize that in handling
butter-fat they are handling a product three or four times the value of
most other farm products. Besides their interests are not centered in
the success of the creamery. They are interested and intensely inter-
ested in the success of their farm. The farm is primary, the creamery
is secondary in importance. Can you expect a creamery of such a sort
to compete with one where the management is centered in the hands of
a man whose very existence as manager of that plant is dependent upon
its success?
Besides, we know that this class of manager is inclined to practice
small economies. You know and I also know through experience the
difficulty of getting the absolute necessities of the creamery. Up-to-date
machinery does not appeal to him. Pasteurizers and starter cans are
but the phantasies of a disordered brain to one whose wife Maria made
the best butter in the county without such fool apparatus. A piece of
new belting, repairs to machinery, necessary improvements here and
there all come within the compass of their economical tendencies. This
w^ould not be so bad if this tendency did not extend to the maker. Even
at this day and age we have advertised in dairy papers a want ad de-
siring makers at from $40.00 to $50.00 per month. What kind of makers
do they expect to get for that price? Is it for nothing that the managers
of the central plants are paying for makers twice or threi times what is
being paid in the small creameries?
It has been stated on platforms and you have heard it argued else-
where that a small creamery could not afford to pay for a high priced
maker. I am firmly convinced that if the creamery has the right to exist
as a creamery they cannot afford to be without a high priced maker, pro-
vided that price actually pays for ability and not for bluff as is some-
times the case. In a creamery whose average daily make is 300 pounds,
one cent on quality alone would be sufficient to pay the difference be-
tween a $40.00 per month man and one at $100.00 per month and then
leave the $30.00 to help pay the running expenses of the creamery. An
increase of five per cent on the overrun which is quite w^ithin the realm
of possibility in many instances would on the same volume of business
justify the management in paying the maker from $80.00 to $90.00 per
320 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
month more than the poorer maker. Think then what would be the
difference in the value of a maker who could increase the value of the
quality two or three cents. In a central plant where a maker would have
charge of 8,000 to 10,000 pounds daily one cent would be equal to $80.00
or $100.00 per day. Th^t would be a nice income for our president here.
Some central plants are also guilty in playing small economy, though I
can't see that the maker in a central plant has a ghost of a chance to
improve the quality as compared with his brother maker in the smaller
plants who comes daily in contact with his patrons.
Gentlemen, I believe the time has come when the demands upon the
maker are more and more insistent. He is called upon not only to make
butter of the highest quality, but to meet the competition of managers of
larger plants. Our colleges and dairy schools must realize that the
student who comes within their influence must know more about the
management of the creamery than heretofore. Directors of smaller cream-
eries must take counsel with the maker and if he is the right type,
aggressive, resourceful, versed in methods of management as well as
skilled in the process of manufacture he should be given the manage-
ment of the creamery and no centralizer, however shrewd, can hope to
compete with the local creamery. It would be the old problem of what
would happen if an irresistible force ran up against an immovable ob-
ject. Each would have to keep its place.
Not only must he be versed in all things pertaining to management
and manufacture but there will be a growing demand on the part of the
producer for knowledge of feeds and feeding, for pointers in breeding.
On him develops the duty of extending interest in better cows and better
care of hand separators, cream and milk. The initiation of cow testing
associations and founding of dairy discussion clubs will be the work of
his hands. Why, brother makers, dairying is only in its infancy in this
state. There is scarce a land under the sun that can produce butter-fat
more cheaply than we do. The call is for that maker which has the
right kind of snap to him.
If I were to ask you makers what you were worth as makers and
managers there is scarce a man among you who do not believe that at
least $100.00 or $150.00 a month would be cheap. Yet some of you could
not calculate correctly the pounds butter-fat in a ten item column, could
not figure the percentage overrun if your life depended upon it, could not
or would not recognize a bacterium if you met him in a dairy conven-
tion, much less in a creamery, could not tell why milk sours, why cen-
tralizers exist, who is Colantha 4th's Johanna. Some do not even know
the market price of butter and care less, nor the thousand and one things
an intelligent maker and manager should know. You attend dairy con-
ventions and read indifferently dairy literature. You talk politics when
you should talk dairy cow, you may or may not study the problems that
confront you daily in the creamery; you may or may not enter educa-
tional scoring contests, you never would be seen in a dairy school nor do
anything to burden your mind with the fundamental principles and recom-
mended practices in the making of butter. Yet you believe yourself
worthy of a salary of from $100.00 to $150.00 a month and some of you
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII 321
want every afternoon off to play base ball in the summer, go duck shoot-
ing in the fall and do nothing in the winter and as is too much the case,
I am sorry to say, make slaves of yourself in the busy season.
You will notice that this charge is not laid at the door of you all.
There are many of you who are continually preparing yourselves for
better positions. I believe as a rule the buttermaker is underpaid. As
a skilled workman he should have the wages paid to this class. Besides,
your hours are longer, your work more disagreeable in some ways, and
unevenly distributed throughout the seasons. You should have more
help in the busy season and more to do in the winter season. To those
makers who work in large creameries, this is usually arranged by the
manager in a manner not always to the advantage of the maker.
Managers of both systems must realize that to do the work that the
maker is called upon to do requires more time than is usually given
him. Skilled labor in all branches of industry is not required to work
at lightning speed. Time is given to him to do the work right. Makers
in central plants might with profit be allowed more time or more help to
do the thing in hand. What should be considered, however, is the result.
More time or more help is simply wasted time and w^asted help unless
definite results are obtained. Extra profits through more intelligent
efforts should not all go into the pockets of investors, but part should
go to the man or men who made such profit possible. It is theirs by
ever3^ moral right, no matter what industrial methods dictate. I believe
also that it is also good sound business policy to respond thus to well
directed efforts along lines of improvement.
If this is true of the central plants it is much more true of the co-
operative. We hear a great deal about the maker in the small cream-
eries being so much a factor in education of the patron. Through him
dairy education along the lines of cheaper production, and bettering of
quality is to spread space. From my experience in such creameries, I
found that usually when I had time to talk to the patron the patron did
not have time to talk to me, and when he had time to talk to me I had
not time to talk to him. When we did get together, there was other
differences which took up our attention.
I believe if the maker in the small creamery is to be the factor he
should be, then he should have more time to do what he should do. You
cannot add to his work the burden of management without giving him
the opportunity to show his hand by giving him time to check up losses,
to make moisture determinations, to make chemical analysis, to better
dispose of by-products, to investigate local and other markets, in fact
to do the thousand and one things that are being done in order to make
the business a success.
But here again I would urge the necessity of preparation on the part
of the maker if he is to make good when the time calls for him to do
this work. You can not drift into it. Physical strength is required in
creamery work, don't forget that brain is a^so needed, now more than
eve r.
21
322 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
I can recall an instance which goes to show more than many words
the exact relation of the maker to the successful management of the
creamery. A creamery not twelve miles from here wrote to Professor
McKay at Ames for a butter-maker. The case was urgent. Business was
falling off. Patrons were discontented. Shareholders were sending milk
elsewhere. The creamery was gradually being eaten up with debt. The
maker was sent, one of the students who was taking the one year dairy
course. During the year, by actual comparison of prices received for
butter and that paid for butterfat during the years 1906 and 1907 he
netted the creamery $2,940 over and above the increase in salary. An
estimate of increase for the present year shows an advantage of $4,375
over that before the management was placed in his hands. Not only
that, but business is increased, debt wiped out, number of patrons doubled,
confidence restored, and there is a general feeling in the community that
there is something in dairying after all.
At this particular creamery they are paying over two cents per pound
butterfat over that obtained for butter and the prices of butter is above
that received before the maker took up the management. Of this I have
not taken into account in the figures given above. Fancy if you will a
centralizer trying to get trade at such a point.
Had I the time to investigate I believe such instances are not rare.
I see before me men who could point to records equally good. Enough
has been said to show the importance of the maker in both systems in
the successful management of this business.
DO THE DAIRYMEN NEED A PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION?
J. G, MORE. OF WISCOXSIX.
Mr. President, Ladies and Geritlemen : — I have been asked ta talk to you
today on the subject "Do the Dairymen Need a Protective Association,"
and I believe the reason therefore is the interest manifested in the cream
rate case, and the part the Wisconsin Protective Association took in
that case.
I intend to leave it to you to answer that question and in order that
you may intelligently answer it I desire to call your attention to some
things that have happened in the past, for it has been said that we may
judge of the future by the past. For some years prior to and for some
years after 1894 the dairy industry of the United States was laboring
under the unfair competition of makers of oleomargarine, who not con-
tent with selling their product for what it really was, insisted and pre-
sisted in palming it off on the consumer as and for butter and at a price
but a shade under that which the genuine article was selling for.
The burden imposed on the dairy interests by this unfair competition
became so great th^t in January, 1894, the National Dairy Union was
organized in Chicago for the purpose as stated in its first report "to secure
legislation to prevent the fraudulent sale of butter substitutes and to
encourage an increased and more economical production of high grade
dairy products."
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII 323
That some such step was necessary is evident from the fact that in
1902, the last fiscal year of the existence of oleomargarine artificially
colored, there was made in this country 123,180,075 pounds, equal to
2,053,001 sixty-pound tubs or as much oleomargarine as one thousand
large creameries turn out the butter. Quoting from the Creamery Patrons'
Hand Book, "In other words 27 oleomargarine factories turned out oleo-
margarine equal in quantity to 25 per cent of the butter product of all
the creameries of the United States.
That the effect of the unrestrained and fraudulent sale of oleo for
butter was felt by all, can readily be seen by a perusal of the list of the
organizations represented in the formation of the National Dairy Union
from IS different states as follows:
New York Mercantile Exchange.
Baltimore Produce Exchange.
Philadelphia Produce Exchange.
Chicago Produce Exchange.
National Grange.
Patrons of Husbandry Supreme Association.
Chatauqua Grange.
New York State Grange.
Ohio State Grange.
Indiana State Grange.
New Jersey State Grange.
The State Dairy Associations from Illinois,
Wisconsin, Missouri, Nebraska, New^ York, Indiana and California.
Illinois State Board of Agriculture.
New York Department of Agriculture.
New Jersey Dairy & Fruit Commission.
Minnesota Dairy and Food Commission.
Illinois Experimental Station.
Western Holstein Friesian Association.
Holstein Friesian Association of North America.
Jersey Cattle Club.
Michigan Jersey Cattle Club.
St. Louis Butter & Cheese Dealers' Association.
National League of Commission Merchants.
Chester County Creamery Association.
Elgin Dairy Association
St. Louis Dairy Company.
California Creamery Company, and last, but not least, the National
Creamery, Butter and Cheese Makers' Association.
D. W. Wilson, Secretary of the National Dairy Union, in his address
at the first meeting said, "We need an organization around which the
dairymen can rally and devise means and ways for their own protection
from the great fraud that is so prevalent. We must impress upon all
the people of this country and especially our legislators the importance
and value of the dairy and the votes that are behind it so that v/hen we
ask for proper legislation either national or state, we shall have a backing
that will secure what we demand."
324 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE
Some of you older buttermakers and creamerymen can remember the
low prices received for dairy products when the twin evils of oleo and
filled cheese were allowed to masquerade in the guise of the genuine;
when the filled cheese^law was passed, due to the efforts of organized
dairymen, the price of the pure article was raised 25 to 33 per cent and
since the passage of the law of 1902 which relieved us of much of the
unfair competition of the oleo makers, the price of pure butter has in-
creased, thus stimulating production. The average price in 1896 (the
lowest in 27 years) was 17.8 cents and under the stimulus of efllcient
laws, enforced as well as the means at hand would permit, the average
price has raised until in 1907 it was 27 2-3 cents.
In the dairy press and at every convention for some years past since
the hand separator has come into general use, complaints long and loud
have been made that the methods of the centralizers in obtaining business
have been detrimental to the local creameries, that they have resorted to
methods of a type commonly known as "Standard Oil Methods" and con-
sisting in the main of paying larger prices for butterfat than it was
worth where there was competition, of raising the test, of accepting
cream in any condition regardless of its fitness for making an article of
human food; of a desire to monopolize the industry and so on.
I quote from the report of the Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry
on this point as follows:
"The methods of the centralizers are sometimes very reprehensible.
Where these concerns have come into competition with small creameries,
they have raised their prices to a point that made it impossible for the
small concerns to continue, and have thus forced the latter out of busi-
ness. Competition having been destroyed and a monopolj^ secured, the
prices paid to the farmers were lowered. The large concerns operating
over a great territory, with here and there a competitor that they wished
to put out of business, could in one locality raise the price paid above
that possible to pay with profit, and at other places decrease the price so
little as not to be apparent and more than offset the loss. This ability to
destroy competition without self-injury has been used effectively in many
localities."
Investigating the business of the centralizers, it was found by certain
friends of the local creameries that the centralizers had a much more
favorable rate from the railroads for transporting cream than the local
creameries had for transporting butter. So far as I know this first found
public expression at the Wisconsin Buttermakers convention held at
Wausau, February 5-8, 1907, when Hon. J. Q. Emery, addressing the con-
vention, spoke in part as follows:
"In my judgment never in the history of this state has the local
creamery industry been so menaced as at the present time. If our local
creamery interests in Wisconsin, this magnificent dairy state with a total
annual income from her dairy products of more than fifty-seven million
dollars, is to continue and advance that industry, there are certain con-
ditions that are absolutely indispensable. First, and foremost, cleanliness
in dairy products from cow to consumer; second, in our creamery work
the testing of butter-fat in cream or milk of the patrons must be done with
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII 325
intelligence, with painstaking care, and with absolute honesty; third,
there must be no discrimination in railroad transportation by the roads
between the various classes of products of these dairy products.
Now, gentlemen, this is a serious proposition and there is no body of
men so called upon to deal with this proposition as the Wisconsin Dairy-
men's Association and the Wisconsin Buttermakers' Association. I state
to you things that I know, and I say a local creamery is charged one
dollar a hundred to ship its butter to Chicago by express. Now keep that
in mind; at the same time, from the same place they take one hundred
pounds of cream to Chicago for 26 cents. The cream is 40 per cent
butter-fat. Now, under the arrangements, a large proportion of this
cream that is shipped to Chicago centralizers averages 40 per cent butter-
fat. It amounts to this, that the Chicago centralizers get their butter
for 52 cents a hundred for transportation charges, while the Wisconsin
local creamery pays $1.00 a hundred to get its butter to Chicago. Gentle-
men, that is not a square deal. In addition to this, the railroads return
the cream cans free of charge, they do this by shipping as baggage.
Thus it will be seen that by this action of the railroads the Wisconsin
local creamery is placed in a position of particular hardship if this thing
continues. No Chicago centralizer, nor any other centralizer can get out
of a farmer's cream any more, honestly, than a local co-operative cream-
ery can get out. Therefore it is to the interest of every Wisconsin farmer
to stand by the Wisconsin local creamery. He gets all there is in the
over-run, and everything! The dairy sentiment of our state, the railroad
commission and all the forces of our state should stand like a solid wall
in defense of our dairy interest as a part of Wisconsin. Not only should
they stand as a stone wall, but should be just as aggressive as a mighty
army seeking to gain what is right and just in these matters. The
Creamery Buttermakers' Association can do much to bring this matter
to a right turn."
The low^ rate enjoyed by the centralizers in the transportation of cream
can best be shown by again quoting from the report of the Chief of the
Bureau of Animal Industry for 1907, as follows:
"Perhaps the most potent factor, however, in restricting the business
of the small creamery has been the special low rates reported to be
granted by the railroads to the big creameries. These rates were under-
stood to be much lower than for any similar commodity, being only about
one-third of the rate on butter. In Nebraska, in the best territory, the
gross earnings for hauling cream were but thirteen cents per car mile,
while the settling basis between railroads for hauling empty cars was
fifteen cents per car mile."
This low rate was put into effect at the instance of the president of the
Beatrice Creamery Company, at a time when conditions in Nebraska
were at their lowest ebb, and have continued in force ever since, and have
leen used as a lever to obtain like rates in other territory. Not^vith-
standing this low rate dairying in the states, where the centralizers have
a virtual monopoly, has not increased like it has in Minnesota and Wis-
consin and again let me quote from the report of the Chief of the Bureau
of Animal Industry:
326 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
"The investigation shows that the co-operative creamery yields the
largest returns to the farmer for his butter-fat. The individual and com-
bination creameries usually being located in close competition with the
co-operative creameries, pay very nearly as much. The centralizers,
where they have gained a monopoly, pay as little as the farmer will
accept. Reports for July, 1907, show that in Kansas and Nebraska, where
the monopoly appears to be complete, the farmers received only 17 to 18
cents a pound for their butter-fat, while in northern Iowa, Minnesota,
Wisconsin and Illinois, where the co-operative creameries have the field,
the prices were from 25 to 26 cents.
The system of killing the small creameries has been carried on to the
fullest extent in southern Iowa, Missouri, Kansas and Nebraska. Taking
Kansas as an illustration, it is found that the number of creameries de-
clined from 133 in 1900 to 67 in 1905, while in Minnesota in the same
period there was an increase from 5S2 to 905.
There can be no doubt that the tendency of the centralizing system is
bad for the farmer and the public. The effect is to exact high prices from
the consumer and to pay low prices to the farmer, the profits going to the
large operator who control the situation. The small local co-operative
creameries should be encouraged."
Realizing that at least not only was dairying not increasing in the
territory covered by the centralizers and that they were losing money
by the low rates, the railroads adopted a new schedule of rates consider-
ably higher than the ones so long in force, but before the time set for
their collection the centralizers appealed to Judge Kohlsaat of the United
States Circuit Court for an injunction restraining the roads from enforc-
ing the new rate until such time as the Interstate Commerce Commission
could hear the case; the injunction was granted.
On July 30, 1907, a call was issued by Mr. Fred Seeber, of Waterloo,
Wisconsin, for a meeting at Watertown, at which time some of the above
related facts were set forth and the creamery men present decided that
is was essential to their continued welfare that something should be
done and the Wisconsin Dairy Manufacturers and Milk Producers Pro-
tective Association was the result.
In our ignorance of what was needed some of us attended the hearing
before Judge Kohlsaat, but learned that in order to have any opportunity
of presenting our side of the case it would be necessary to be made par-
ties to Xhe suit and employ an attorney to represent us. This we decided
to do and our attorney, Mr. John Barnes, former chairman of the Wiscon-
sin Railroad Commission, filed an intervening petition with the Interstate
Commerce Commission at Washington, setting forth our interest in the
matter and which was accepted, making us parties to the suit.
Previous to the hearings in Chicago, the Wisconsin Railroad Commis-
sion, said to be the best railroad commission in the United States, of its
own motion decided to investigate the rate on milk and cream, and at the
hearing November 5, 1907, the Wisconsin Protective Association had a
chance to show what it was worth and it was no doubt the able presenta-
tion of our side of the case by Judge Barnes that led the commission to
make a favorable decision, separating for the first time milk and cream
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII 327
and raising the rates on cream. The printed decision, covering G4 pages,
is said to be the best exposition of this matter so far made and v/as in-
troduced as part of the exhibits in our case at Chicago.
The value of an organization in fostering and protecting the dairy inter-
ests is well explained by the testimony 'of Chief Webster at the Septem-
ber hearing, as follows:
"The creameries for a certain period of years stood still and went back
all through the country. In other parts there was an organization on ihe
part of the state through the schools (and otherwise) to sustain the dairy
interests in this state. In Kansas there was no such organized interests
whatever. The creameries were absolutely independent and dependent
on their own business."
'They went down possibly because they had no assistance. If they had
the same assistance in Kansas that they had in Minnesota they ivoald
probably have them in Kansas yet:'
Further, "it has been my experience that during the last half dozen
years there has been in certain quarters a decided improvement, in some
quarters there has been a decided going backward."
Question : What states have there been a decided improvement %
]\Ir. "Webster : In those states where there was good, strong local
organizations that have stood back of the farmer, encouraging them
to bring good cream.
- Question: And what states have you in mind?
Mr. Webster: ^Minnesota and Iowa, Northern Wisconsin w^ould
be included and perhaps some parts of Illinois.
Our friends, the centralizers, have organized under the name of the
American Creamery Butter Association and that the organization is per-
manent would seem from the fact that they have engaged a secretary for
a period of five years.
The ostensible purpose of the organization is said to be the improve-
ment of the quality of the cream received, and the publication of the
Northwestern Dairymen's and Produce News is another indication along
this line, but it would seem as suggested by Chicago Dairy Produce that
the quickest way to produce the quality would be to make a distinction
in price that would make it worth while to produce a better quality.
However, a letter sent out to the creamery men of Minnesota by the
secretary of this new centralizers' organization, shows that while the
improvement of quality may be one of the aims of the association it is
not the end for it is evident that the letter referred to asking for informa-
tion as to the quantity of cream shipped from Minnesota points, would be
used by the attorneys for the centralizers, to influence the Interstate
Commerce Commission at the hearing in Washington, December 2d.
The true reason for asking for information as to amount of cream
shipped is apparent, when it is known that Commissioner Prouty asked at
the June and September hearing if the centralizers desired a blanket
328 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
rate for the entire territory involved, or one rate for east of the Missouri
river and a different one west of the river. Their leading attorney pro-
fessed at both hearings, that he did not know what they did want, but,
Judge Hainer of Nebraska said that he didn't know but what it would
be a good thing to place a Mason and Dixon line around Wisconsin, Min-
nesota and eastern Iowa, and give that territory a higher rate than the
balance of the territory where the centralizers controlled the business."
No doubt in thinking it over, the rich pickings in Minnesota has
aroused anew the cupidity of the centralizers and hence this move on
the part of their secretary to obtain information seeking to place Minne-
sota in the ranks of centralizing states.
The state of Iowa in 1900 had 914 creameries and in 1908 only 552, the
falling off largely due to the work of the centralizers in the state. Pres-
ident Haskell of the Beatrice Cre^ery Company testified that when the
company he represents started in Chicago, in order to obtain business,
he shut up ten creameries around Elkader, Iowa.
Hon. H. R. Wright, Dairy and Food Commissioner of Iowa, sent out a
circular letter to all the creameries of his state as follows:
"Dear Sir, — There is pending before the Interstate Commerce Com-
mission a petition by the rairoads seeking to raise the transportation
rates on cream shipped to Chicago. This movement is also supported by
an organization of Wisconsin dairy manufacturers and producers and by
three associations of Minnesota.
The undesigned expects to attend the hearing of this case as a witness
in regard to Iowa conditions, and very much desires to know the ideas
of the buttermakers and creamery managers on this subject, so that he
may accurately represent them to the commission.
Will you kindly answer the following questions and add such other
information and opinions as you may desire? Please also present this
matter to your secretary or manager and get his opinion as well as yours
upon this same sheet.
The matter of cream rates is of very great importance and you are
urgsd not to neglect this letter.
In order to be of value your answer must be at hand by next Sunday,
as the hearing begins Monday morning next.
Yours truly,
H.R. Weight,
Commissioner."
To this letter 293 were returned of which 25 did not volunteer any in-
formation, not having come in contact sufficiently. Seven thought the
rates were all right as they were, while 243 answered as follows:
Have present shipping rates on cream been any advantage to your
creamery business? No.
Or to milk and cream producers of your community? No.
Does the shipping of cream to central plants result in the production
of a better or poorer quality of cream than formerly? Poorer.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII 329
Do the central creameries doing business in your vicinity pay the
same price for cream as elsewhere or do they pay different prices in
different localities? Different prices in different places.
Do buyers for central plants in your vicinity grade the cream? Not
at all except on basis of test.
Do they reject any cream on account of bad quality? No.
Are the present rates on cream in your vicinity favorable to the central
plants at the expense of the local plants? Yes.
What, in your opinion, will be the result of a continuation of these
rates? General disaster to the local creameries."
From such a showing it would seem as though the creameries of Iowa
were awake to the situation and yet, in the face of this sentiment, no
organized assistance has been rendered by Iowa in this fight. And if we
are to judge the future by the past what difference will there be in cream
conditions of Iowa from that of Kansas? Let me again quote Chief
Webster:
"They went down possibly because they had no assistance. If they had
the same assistance in Kansas that they had in Minnesota they would
probably have them (the local creamery) in Kansas yet."
In all this argument about rates and their effect it will have on the
different systems of creamery management, one basis fact should not be
overlooked, and that it what is best for the producer. Let me quote Com-
missioner Prouty:
"Now, what I would like to do, I don't know now how^ much bearing
it would have on the case, but what I would like to do is to get at it.
What is the best method for the farmer to handle his business? What
secures him the best market for his cream? In what way would the
producer look at this quesion? It seems to me from the standpoint of
largest financial returns, which gives the most and which is best in the
long run the centralizer or the creamery?
As to prices paid let me say that according to the summary compiled
by Hon. B. D. White of the dairy division, Washington, from reports re-
ceived from the creameries themselves it appears that in 1907 the farmers
in Minnesota were paid by the local creamery an average of 27.99 cents
for butter fat and the cost of making per pound of fat 2.28 cents; in Wis-
consin the net price to the farmer was 28.76 cents per pound, cost to
make, 2.10 cents. In Iowa the farmers were paid 28.20 cents for butter
fat and it cost 1.85 cents to make a pound of butter.
The average price in Nebraska is 23.95 cents and certainly there must
be some good reason why the local creameries of Iowa pay net to the
farmer 28.20 as against the 23.95 paid to the farmer in Nebraska. It is
well said that this great difference is not accounted for by any change
in natural conditions.
Let me quote you prices paid by the David Cole Creamery Company at
Ross, Iowa, in comparison with WisiTonsin Co-operative creameries:
*rir:e
Wise. Cry.
Difference.
27
33%
6.5
31
36
5.
25.8
32%
6.8
26.2
331/4
7.
20.4
25 ys
5.3
18.8
25%
6.7
18.4
263/4
8.2
18
27 1^
9.2
330 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
buying.
No. days
January 4
February 4
March 5
April 7
May , 9
June 9
July 9
August 7
It has been charged that the centralizers pay different prices on the
same day dependent on whether there was local competition or not.
February 25, 1908, Fairmont Creamery Company paid prices as follows:
Gallatin, Mo., 34 cents distance shipped, 230 miles.
Stew^artsville, Mo., 30 cents; distance shipped, 180 miles.
Hamilton, Mo., 40 cents; distance shipped, 220 miles.
Albany, Mo., 29 cents; distance shipped, 210 miles.
Difference of 11 cents.
This is the testimony from the sworn statements of the centralizers
themselves. No evidence has as yet been produced to show that the local
creameries pay different prices on the same day to their patrons.
On the standpoint of quality it is general knowledge that the quality
of our butter had deteriorated in the last ten years, and speaking on the
subject Chief Webster said, "As the systems exist now, the local creamery
is making by far the best butter.
.The longer distance cream is transported the greater the impossibility
of making good butter. To make good butter you have got to have as
short a time as possible between the milking of the cow and the getting
of the butter in the tub.
It has been shown that the local creamery serves best the interests
of the producer, the farmer. It is equally in the interests of the con-
sumer. The interest of the two classes, the producer and the consumer,
are bound up together. The consumer desires good butter and is willing
to pay a good price for it, and any system that lowers the quality of the
butter manufactured will ultimately harm the producer. His interests
demand the production of a superior article and such is the demand of
the consumer.
The local system is the only one that furnishes opportunity for proper
inspection and supervision on the part of the state, and our experience
in the past has demonstrated the great value of such inspectors and as
a rule such supervision has come largely from the insistent call of or-
ganized dairymen, and it seems to me that if the future is to see the
proper development of the dairy business along proven lines, then cer-
tainly the dairymen need the protection of organized effort. I thank you.
A motion was made by Mr. Wright, and adopted, donating $150
of the association funds to aid in carrying on this work.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII 331
President : If there is no further business to come before the
convention, we will stand adjourned.
Adjournment.
ARTICLES OF INCORPORATION OF THE IOWA STATE DAIRY
ASSOCIATION.
We, the undersigned citizens of the State of Iowa, whose names are
subscribed to these articles of incorporation, have associated ourselves
together for the purpose and upon the terms and by the name herein
stated under and in pursuance of the laws of the State of Iowa.
First. — The name of this corporation shall be the Iowa State Dairy-
Association.
Second. — The purpose for which this corporation is formed is to pro-
mote the dairy interests within the State of Iowa and everything per-
taining thereto and connected therewith.
Third. — The principal place of business of this corporation shall be in
the City of Des Moines and State of Iowa.
Fourth. — The duration of this corporation shall be fifty years from and
after the acknowledgment and recording of these articles of incorporation,
unless sooner dissolved by a majority of the members of this corporation.
Fifth. — There is no capital stock, nor are there any shares of stock
in this corporation.
Sixth. — The officers of tuis corporation shall be one president, one vice-
president, one secretary and one treasurer, who shall be elected at the
annual meetings of this corporation from the members thereof, and whose
powers, authority and duties shall be fixed by the by-laws of this corpora-
tion.
Seventh. — The names of the officers of this corporation for the ensuing
year are as follows, namely: President, O. T. Denison; Vice-President,
Peter G. Henderson; Secretary, C. L. Gabrielson; Treasurer, S. H. Sibley.
Eighth. — That the private property of the members of this corporation
shall be exempt from corporate debts.
Ninth. — Fees for membership and annual dues for membership will be
assessed as the corporation by its by-laws shall determine, which fees and
dues will be applied for promoting the purposes for which this corporation
is formed.
Dated at Waverly, Iowa, November 12, 1891.
O. T. Dexisox,
E. C. Bennett,
S. H. SiBLET,
W. L. Newton,
A. C. TUPPEB,
C. L. Gabeielson.
332 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
(Amended).
BY-LAWS OF THE IOWA STATE DAIRY ASSOCIATION.
Section 1. The name of tkis association shall be the Iowa State Dairy-
Association, as provided by the articles of incorporation filed with the
Secretary of State.
OFFICEES.
Sec. 2. The officers shall be president, vice-president, secretary and
treasurer; said officers constituting the executive committee. The treas-
urer shall give a good and suffici'^nt bond in such sum as the executive
committee may require; said bond to be subject to the approval of the
executive commitee.
ELECTIOX.
Sec. 3. All officers shall be elected by ballot. A majority of the vote
of the membership present shall be required to constitute an election;
said election being a special order of business at 11 a. m., Thursday ses-
sion of the convention. Their term of office shall be for one year from
the first of January following.
Sec. 4. The place of holding the annual convention shall be selected
and the date fixed by the executive committee, said committee to be com-
posed of president, vice-president, secretary and treasurer.
Sec. 5. That every buttermaker who attends the convention shall be
expected to send or bring one package of not less than twenty pounds of
butter from the factory where he is employed at the date of convention,
same to be sold by the association and the proceeds thereof to be used
to pay express charges and membership fee of the exhibitor, the balance
to be donated to the association. And that there be but two classes of
creamery butter recognized in the contest of the exhibitors at the con-
vention of this ai^rociation, one of which shall include butter made from
v,%oie-milk and the other to include butter made from gathered cream.
MEMBEESHIP.
Sec. 6. Any person may become a member of this association upon
the payment of a membership fee of $1.00. The annual dues shall be
$1.00, payable to the treasurer on or after January 1st of each year. Said
dues must be paid before any member can become an exhibitor or exer-
cise the right to ^oue.
COMMITTEES.
Sec. 7. The president shall appoint the following committees of three
members each:
Reports — To whom shall be referred the annual reports of the presi-
dent and secretary.
Resolutions — To whom shall be referred all resolutions, without de-
late. .
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VII 333
Finance — Whose duty shall be to audit the accounts of the secretary
and treasurer; to report at the evening session, Thursday.
Legislative — Consisting of five members, of which the president and
secretary shall be ex-officio members, to co-operate with our dairy com-
missioner and similar committees from our sister states, for the advance-
ment of the dairy industry. Said legislative committee to have the
power and authority to appoint two additional members when in their
judgment it is deemed necessary.
AN ACT to Encourage the Dairy Industry of the State of Iowa, to aid in
Providing Instruction in Practical and Scientific Dairying and Making
and Appropriation Therefor.
Be it Enacted hy the General Assembly of the State of loioa:
Section 1. Whenever the organization now existing in the State of
Iowa and known as the Iowa State Dairy Association shall have filed
with the Secretary of State of the State of Iowa verified proofs of its
organization, the names of its president, vice-president, secretary and
treasurer, and that it has one hundred (100) bona fide members, such
association shall be recognized as the Iowa State Dairy Association of
the State of Iowa, and be entitled to the benefits of this act.
Sec. 2. For the purpose of aiding in the promotion and development
of the dairy industry of the State of Iowa, such association shall cause
to be made such inspection of dairy farms, dairy cattle, dairy barns and
other buildings and appliances used in connection therewith, dairy prod-
ucts and methods as they shall deem best and shall arrange to furnish
such instruction and general assistance, either by institutes or other-
wise, as they may deem proper to advance the general interests of the
dairy industry of the state.
Sec. 3. For all the purposes of this act the said association shall act
by and through an executive committee of seven (7) members, consisting
of the president, vice-president, secretary and treausrer of the Iowa
State Dairy Association, the dean of the Iowa State College of Agricul-
ture and Mechanic Arts, and the professor of dairying at the same insti-
tution, and the Food and Dairy Commissioner of the State of Iowa.
Sec. 4. They may employ two or more competent persons who shall
devote their entire time to such inspection and instruction under the
direction of the said executive committee, and who shall hold office at
the pleasure of the committee, and who shall each receive a salary of
not to exceed fifteen hundred dollars ($1,500.00) per annum, and actual
expenses while engaged in such work.
Sec. 5. The salaries of all persons employed under the provisions of
this act shall be paid monthly out of the appropriation herein provided
and all traveling expenses and all general expenses incurred by the asso-
ciation in carrying out the purposes of this act shall be paid out of the
said appropriation and in the manner provided by sections 170-d, 170-e
and 170-f of the supplement to the Code, 1907, and upon statements filed
with the executive council as therein provided; but no such bill shall be
paid until after it shall have been audited and approved by the associa-
tion in such manner as the executive committee shall provide.
334 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Sec. 6. The said association may require such reports from their em-
ployes as they shall deem proper, and shall make to the governor an
annual report of their proceedings under this act, which report shall be
published as a part of the proceedings of the annual convention of the
Iowa State Dairy Association.
Sec. 7. For the purpose of carrying into effect the provisions of this
act and the payment of all expenses connected therewith, there is hereby
appropriated out of any funds in the treasury of the state, not other-
wise appropriated, the sum of ten thousand dollars ($10,000.00) or so
much thereof as may be secessary to pay the salaries and expenses of
the employes appointed under the provisions of this act and the expenses
incurred by the Iowa State Dairy Association in developing and pro-
moting the dairy industry of the state as by this act provided.
Se.'.. 8. This act, being deemed of immediate importance, shall take
effect and be in force from and after its passage and publication in the
Register and Leader and the Des Moines Capital, daily newspapers pub-
lished in the city of Des Moines, Iowa.
Ap])roved April 12, A. D. 1909.
PART VIII.
EXTRACTS FROM
STATE DAIRY COMMISSIONER'S
REPORT OF 1908.
TWENTY SECOND ANNUAL.
H. R. WRIGHT, Commissioner.
The statute requires that the dairy commissioner shall make
annually a statistical report covering the dairy business. Since
this law was enacted, additional work has been given to this depart-
ment in the enforcing of the :
PURE FOOD LAW,
PAINT AND LINSEED OIL LAW,
CONCENTRATED FEEDING STUFFS LAW,
CONDIMENTAL STOCK FOOD LAW,
AGRICULTURAL SEEDS LAW.
The volume of work undertaken in enforcing these laws is much
larger than that originally undertaken by the dairy commissioner,
but not of more importance. There are in the department sixteen
office employees, two of which are kno"v\rQ as assistant dairy com-
missioners, who devote their time exclusively to work among the
creameries and the statistical and clerical work in relation to the
administration of the dairy Avork of the department is, of course,
largely undertaken by the office force. It will be understood that
only a part of the time of the commisioner can now be given to
the dairy work, so that the amount of effort which the office can
336 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
devote to the work originally intended as the duty of the dairy
commissioner is lessened by the addition of other duties much
greater in volume than those originally undertaken. These facts
are here stated in the hope that they will be taken into account by
the legislature and the dairy force strengthened at the coming ses-
sion by the authorization of additional assistant dairy commis-
sioners.
No extraordinary changes have taken place in the past year in
Iowa dairy conditions. The usual large amount of butter has been
produced. The ascendancy of the central plants is a little more
marked than formerly and the competition between them and the
local creameries is keener than before. The number of creameries
on the list has decreased from 594 to 552, and there have been only
a few plants built, except in the case of rebuilding of old and well
established plants.
There has been little or no improvement in the quality of cream
shipped by rail and almost the same is true of that delivered in
other ways to the creameries of every kind. The greatest problem
now confronting the maker of butter in this state is to get to his
factory that quality of milk and cream from which it is possible to
make butter of the high grade demanded by the markets everywhere
and it has seemed almost impossible to achieve any great improve-
ment in the raw material received.
The creameries of the state make approximately 100,000,000
pounds of creamery butter annually which has an aggregate value
of nearly or quite $25,000,000. About one-third of this amount of
butter, 32,000,000 pounds, is produced in thirty-four creameries
of the state, which operate generally upon the plan of shipping
cream to central points to be churned. These creameries make
from 300,000 pounds to 6,000,000 annually each. The remaining
68,000,000 pounds of butter is manufactured in 468 creameries,
which also operate about fifty skimming stations. More than 100-
000 patrons and nearly 800,000 cows are tributary to the butter-
making plants of the state. While the tables of this report show
an increase of perhaps 10,000,000 pounds of butter made in the
last year as compared with the year previous, such increase is
probably due to favorable season and other minor contributing
causes rather than to any permanent or extraordinary factors which
would indicate continuous increases for the future. The production
of butter in this state is one of the settled and permanent lines of
industry for the farm and will be subject to temporary increases
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VIII
33/
and decreases just as other farm crops or products fluctuate from
season to season.
The state now has three condensed milk factories, located at
Waverly, West Liberty and Perry and each is doing a succesful
business. Other such plants are in prospect.
ASSISTANT DAIRY COMMISSIONERS.
The state has been fortunate in the character and ability of the
men who have successively held office as assistant dairy commis-
sioners, and the effectiveness of the work has been the greater by
reason of the activity and interest sho^\TQ by them. But the kind
of work done by them as well as the amount of it does not seem
to be well understood. Frequent requests come to this department
asking for the services of the assistant for a week or ten days at a
time. It is impossible to attempt to meet such demands upon their
time. It was never intended that the assistants should take the
place of the dairy school and give a buttermaker a course of instruc-
tion, nor that he should w^holly train a new creamery manager or
secretary, nor that he should attempt to canvass the patronage of
the creamery and try to remedy difficulties that are continuously
met in every creamery and which ought to be handled by the
creamery management without outside help. Such work might be
very desirable, both from the standpoint of the creamery and of
the dairy business generally, but with but two men at work among
552 creameries it is an evident physical impossibility for the assist-
ants to stay any extended length of time at any one plant.
This department is required by statute to enforce certain laws
of the state, which duty cannot well be avoided or postponed. Also
the department is in receipt of numerous and constant requests for
assistance in solving occasional and unusual problems, and with
the limited force at command it is not possible to even get to all
the plants in a year's time, much less do any extraordinary amount
of work for each. It, therefore, happens that the department is
embarassed by inability to comply with some of the requests made,
and by the further fact that we are obliged to discriminate against
some plants in the furnishing of assistance for the simple reason
that we have two men to do the work that could scarcely be accom-
plished by four. This is a situation for which the commissioner and
assistants are not at all responsible.
22
338 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUKE
There are 342 creameries which have been visited by one or the
other of the assistant commissioners and help of some kind given
them, but there are 203 creameries and 49 skimming stations that
have not even been seen by the assistants, a condition which the
department very much regrets.
Upon such visits to the creameries the assistant commissioners
have instructions to see the buttermaker and the manager of the
business end of the creamery, and to give to both the best assist-
ance and advice that is possible. Also to see that the statutes of
the state are complied with and if necessary to bring prosecutions
for violation. It is evident that this work cannot, for lack of men
and time, extend to the producer of milk or cream, though such
work would be extremely desireable and valuable to the industry
and to the state, but it cannot be undertaken without considerable
increase of men and money.
A considerable number of complaints of low over-run have been
investigated and the discovery made that the sampling by haulers
of cream was at fault, resulting in tests that were too high. The
sampling of cream is of such importance in the matter of testing
that it ought to be checked up by the buttermaker and the over-run
secured at the churn compared with that secured upon the books
of the creamery secretary or manager.
The state has a very considerable number of old creamery build-
ings that have fallen into decay to a greater or less degree and the
efforts of the assistants have been directed toward better creamery
buildings, and especially towards better creamery drainage, not
only because the laws require that creamery buildings and utensils
shall be kept in a clean and hygienic condition, but because the best
butter can only be produced in clean surroundings. Very great'
improvements have been noticed during the year along the line of
creamery building and sanitation. The commissioner regrets that
threats of prosecution seem to be the only way to compel sanitary
practices in some plants and in some cases prosecutions have beer
undertaken by assistant commissioners and notice is here given that
this practice will be followed with even more vigor than formerly.
The statute requiring the pasteurization of skimmed milk before
returning the same to patrons seems to have been complied with by
practically all of the few creameries still receiving milk, and but
few prosecutions have been made for offenses under this law.
One prosecution of two counts has been made against a cream
buyer at Gladbrook for manipulating the Babcock test. The exact
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VIII 339
offense charged was raising the test, evidently for the purpose of de-
stroying competition and the buyer was very properly fined an agre-
gate of $50 and costs. Numerous complaints of similar offenses have
been made and some of them seem to have been well founded, but
it has been impossible to secure satisfactory evidence to warrant
prosecutions.
During the year the department has conducted an educational
scoring contest of four numbers in addition to the State Fair But-
ter exhibit and the exhibit at the meeting of the State Dairy Asso-
ciation. The butter at each of these scorings, except that of the
dairy association has been scored by the assistant commissioners
and no small amount of effort has been put forth by them to
make these scorings successful. Nearly seven hundred tubs of
butter have been scored and careful criticisms made and sent to
the respective makers of the exhibits in the hope that these criti-
cisms will be of value in the further improvement of their product.
It is expected and intended that a similar scoring will be held during
the next year.
QUALITY OF IOWA BUTTER.
From all over the country, without an exception, makers of but-
ter and particularly dealers in this product are complaining that the
butter which they now make is at least not better than that which
they made three, or five, or ten years ago, notwithsanding increase
in knowledge and ability of buttermakers generally, and notwith-
standing the introduction of improved methods during the last
decade. No part of the country that produces butter at all is free
fronj this complaint, and in the last analysis of causes for the situ-
ation practically everybody has agreed that while there may be
other reasons, the principal reason is the character of the raw mate-
rial which comes to the creamery. Every butter producing state
in the Union is giving great quantities of the poor grades of butter,
so much so, that the markets of the country are always overstocked
with undergrades and are always short on the higher and better
grades. It is difficult, of course, to compare the quality of butter
produced nowadays to that produced in the years gone by. It is
perhaps true that the market is more critical ; it is likely true that
buttermakers, themselves, are demanding better results than for-
merly; it is possible that dairy schools and dairy instructors are
keener in their criticisms than formerly, but at any rate, the
demand for better quality of butter is universal on the part of pro-
340 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
ducers, manufacturers, commission merchants, and, particularly,
on tlie part of consumers.
In the last decade extraordinary efforts have been made by state
authorities, and by dairy schools, in the direction of instruction of
buttermakers along scientific lines. The thought has been often
expressed that with buttermakers better trained for their work, and
with greater knowledge of conditions from a scientific standpoint,
a great improvement in the quality of butter would be notice-
able. The efforts of these various forces has been very marked and
great advances have been made in the directions as planned. Only
once in a while is a buttermaker discovered that is not making about
as good butter out of the material at hand as could be expected. The
ability of buttermakers in this state has very greatly improved
without a corresponding improvement in the quality of the goods
that they are able to produce, and it is quite evident that further
improvement in their knowledge of buttermaking will not wholly
solve the question of quality in the future any more than it has
in the past.
Another line of effort to which considerable energy has been de-
voted has been the attempted education of creamery patrons by
means of farmers' meetings, farmers' institutes, dairy associations,
and the dairy press. Such efforts have been of very great value
to the dairy industry in this state, but have brought results more
along the line of cheaper methods of production and manufacture
rather than in the direction of cleanliness and general improvement
of the raw material and the resulting product.
It has also been seriously suggested that prosecutions by some
state or other official, would be the solution of the problem. There
are 552 creameries, and probably 3,000 cream buying stations in
this state and more than 100,000 persons selling to them. It is
quite evident that the enforcement of any such statute would re-
quire a small army of officials and such prosecutions could be di-
rected only toward unwholesome and unclean products and not
against those that w^ere merely second or third class, but still fit for
making butter. Convictions could be secured only in cases where
the facts were out of the ordinary, and such prosecutions would not
result in eliminating a good deal of the milk and cream from which
now second and third grade butter is unavoidably made.
Efforts along the lines suggested above are extremely valuable
and desirable and should not only be continued but if possible in-
creased in volume, but the experiences of the past with these
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VIII 341
methods leads to the belief that they will in the future be inadequate
in a very large degree and that some addition must be made to them
if we are to make any considerable improvement in the quality of
the butter manufactured in this state.
There is universal complaint on the part of good buttermakers
and poor buttermakers alike, that the quality of milk and cream
which comes to them has at least not shown any improvement and
very likely in a good many places is less desirable than formerly.
The introduction of the hand separator has changed our butter-
making in this state from 10 per cent gathered cream to 80 or 85
per cent gathered cream. The less frequent delivery of the cream
has resulted in a much poorer product from patrons who always
did furnish a poor quality of product and from those patrons who
formerly could be depended upon to furnish a good quality of milk,
now comes a quality of cream at least no better. It is quite evi-
dent that the fault lies not with the creamery management nor the
buttermaker, it does not lie in any increased ignorance of the farm-
er, nor in any decreased activity of various persons in official capa-
cities, but rather with the producer of the raw material. It is,
therefore, logical to suppose that efforts towards improvement must
be more largely directed to the farmer than they have been hereto-
fore.
While the creameries of the west generally have not improved
their quality of raw material, there are other lines of manufacture
connected with the dairy industry that have succeeded in securing
uniformly from their patrons a high grade of milk, milk that is
clean and handled in such a manner that a high grade of product
can be manufactured from it.
The condensed milk factories in various parts of the country have-
been uniformly successful in securing clean, sweet milk and the
methods by which such character of raw material has been secured
are worthy of investigation and adoption by a very large number
of our creameries, and if so adopted, the food and dairy commis-
sioner believes that the desired quality of raw material will be in
most cases secured. While dairy schools and dairy authorities of
every kind can be expected to render assistance, and very great as-
sistance, in the direction of the desired result the experience of
creameries, cheese factories, and condensed milk factories leads to
the belief that the desired results will not be obtained except by per-
sistent and continual effort on the part of the creamery manage-
ment.
342 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
The plan pursued by the more successful condensed milk factories
is as follows:
First, a formal contract between the management and the pro-
posed patrons is entered into, which contract specifies the duties and
obligations of each party to the same and upon the part of the
patron who agrees to furnish milk from a definite number of cows ;
to provide clean barns; to care for his cows and to milk them in
a cleanly manner ; to use clean utensils for handling and transport-
ing milk ; and to keep the same in a clean milk house provided for
that purpose, and to thoroughly cool the milk after each milking.
He also agrees to permit inspection of his bams, cows, dairy uten-
sils and appliances by representatives of the management and to
take all needful pains for the production and delivery of a clean
product.
Second, a system of inspection and instruction by a milk inspec-
tor employed by the factory, is persistently followed, an inspection
of the milk as it arrives at the factory, and a further inspection
of the dairies, cows and appliances of the patron.
From a theoretical standpoint, the foregoing plan is especially
desirable and easy of adoption in any large co-operative creamery
in the state. A competent person employed by the creamery to
work among the patrons of the creamery would almost certainly
insure a very considerable improvement in the quality of raw mate-
rial furnished. The average creamery aside from the large central
plants in this state, produce about 140,000 pounds of butter annu-
ally. An increase in the value of this product of a cent a pound
would employ a person at $100 a month for the year, so that the
expense would almost certainly be easily provided for by the in-
crease in price received for the improved butter, and such a man
could easily more than earn his salary in the assistance, advice and
instruction along other dairy lines that he might give to the patrons
of the creamery ; or the expense might be cut into by two adjoining
creameries employing a man to work among their patrons as sug-
gested above.
A cent a pound means $1,000,000 annually to the milk and cream
producers of the state. If such an increase can be secured by an
expenditure of even half a million dollars, it ought to be undertaken
Everybody knows and acknowledges that such an increase in the
value of Iowa's creamery butter is easily possible by improving the
quality of the raw product which now comes to the factories. Ex-
perience has shown that the efforts of the buttermaker so long
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VIII 343
as he is confined to the creamery by his usual duties, are not ef-
fective in most cases in improving the quality of the product sent
to him. The experience of the assistant commissioners and others
who habitually go among the creameries leads to the conclusion
that the improvement in quality can only be secured by giving some
attention to the farmer on his farm, by insisting that better practices
be followed by him. Creamery patrons of this state are so numer-
ous that it is impossible to imagine any such effort being adequately
provided for by legislation at state expense. It is eminently proper
that such work should devolve solely upon the creamery and the
farmers to whom the direct monetary benefit is sure to go, and the
commissioner urges that the successful plans adopted and followed
by the condensed milk factories in other states and this state be
considered seriously with a view to their adoption by numerous
creameries of Iowa.
PRICES PAID FOR BUTTERFAT.
A very considerable number of complaints come to this office
regarding the extremely high prices paid by various local creamer-
ies, and the allegation is made by the complainants that such high
prices per pound of butterfat are only possible when cutting of
tests is generally practiced. All such complaints have been care-
fully investigated, but in no case has there been any reasonable
ground for suspicion of any irregularity in the matter of testing.
As is well known, the co-operative creamery does not pay for but-
terfat with relation to the market on the exact day that the but-
terfat was received at the creamery. The prices paid by the co-
operative creamery are dependent upon the prices received for the
butter. For example, if the price of butter on the first day of
May is thirty cents and on the tenth of May is only 25, it is quite
evident that the co-operative creamery wiU be only able to pay on
the basis of a twenty-five cent market rather than on a thirty cent
market, because the butter could not get to market in time to gain
the advantage of the higher price. Likewise on a rising market,
the creamery will always receive more per pound than the market
for the day upon which the butterfat was received, and this, by
reason of the fact that approximately ten to fourteen days are nec-
essary to ripen and churn the cream, get it to market, and sell it
under present conditions. If there are cases where creameries
have reduced the test in order to make the price for butterfat very
high, this department has been unable to find them after a consid-
344 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
arable effort in the way of investigating complaints of this charact-
er. In order to more fully illustrate the high prices possible to be
legitimately paid by a local creamery under present conditions,
there is given below a statement of the business of one of our mode-
rate sized co-operative creameries for the butterfat received for
September :
The average price of butter in New York for September was
''creamery specials" 24 1-2 cents, and this creamery paid for butter-
fat 29 cents, which was a half cent more than they should have paid
by reason of an error of the secretary amounting to $83.03. The
secretary in making up his books for the 20th of the month was
obliged to estimate receipts on the last shipments and he made his
estimate too high. If he had paid 28 1-2 cents, which he could
have done and had a little money left, he would still have paid 4
cents more than the average of the market for the month. Whereas
the market for the twenty-five business days in September was
24 1-2, the market for the four days upon which he actually sold
his butter was 25 7-8. This man sold half his butter at two
cents premium and the other half at 2 1-2 cents premium — an aver-
age of 2 1-4 cents, so that he actually received for his butter an
average of 28 1-8 cents. This advance of 3 5-8 cents over the market
of 24 1-2 cents for September is 2 1-4 cents premium and 1 3-8 ad-
vance in the market from the time the fat was received till it was
sold in New York. Further, the 2 1-4 cents premium on the butter
sent to New York amounted to $418.23. The overrun of 18.7 per
cent or 3,000 pounds of butter had a value of $847.50, which is more
than all the expenses of the creamery added to the freight and com-
mission.
That is to say this creamery received a price two and one quarter
cents above the New York market for specials, and made one and
three-eighths cents by reason of the fact that nearly two weeks
elapsed from the time the butter fat arrived at the creamery until
it was sold as butter in the market. The overrun more than paid
all the expenses of the creamery, the freight on the butter to market
and the commission for selling the same. The price paid was en-
tirely warranted by the receipts, except the half cent error men-
tioned.
The following figures are not at all abnormal except by reason of
the fact of the rising market and the gain occasioned by having this
abnormality out of the question there is no reason why any well
managed creamery making a high grade of butter may not duplicate
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VIII 345
this report and the relative prices paid any month in the year. If
it does much less the management will do well to look for a leak
somewhere, either in the quality of the butter and price obtained, or
in the overrun secured, or in the expense bill.
REPORT OF AN IOWA CO-OPERATIVE CREAMERY FOR SEPTEMBER, 1908,
BUSINESS.
Sales on Market. Selling Price.
September IS 78 tubs 24 c a6ic
September 25 .73 tubs 2t^c 26tc
October 5 77 tubs 27 c 2!>|c
October 16. 81 tubs .28 c _ ...soic
309 tubs Av. 2.^c Av. 2^c
Total sales in New York as above:
309 tubs,, net $ 4,695.32 Freight and commission... $ 504.84
981 lbs. sold at home. 272.93
Buttermilk 26.60
Surplus from previous month.. 35.10
$ 5,059.95
Making expenses 308.14 See below 308.14
$ 4,721.31 $ 812.93
I'aid at 29 cents 4, 804. St
Overdrawn $ 83.03
Butterfat 16,568.4 lbs. Pounds butter per tub 61.4 lbs.
Butter 19,569 lbs. Average premium 2J cents
Overrun 18.7%
Making expenses as follows:
Tubs $83.73
Salt 12.00
Circles, etc, 12.00
Coal 30.00
Buttermaker 100. OO
Officers 29.00
Sinking fund 41.42
$308.14
OLEOMARGARINE.
The following table shows the production of oleomargarine for the
United States for the last several years, ending in each case with
June 30th. On July 1, 1902, the recent oleomargarine statute be-
came effective and the measure of its effectiveness is shown by the
rapid decrease of production. The gradual and steady increase of
recent years is occasioned by the fact that makers of this article
have been giving much attention to its sale and to the fact that the
so-called uncolored oleomargarine nevertheless has a light yellow
color and readily sells as butter.
346 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
U. S. statistics of Manufacture of Oleomargarine.
1901 .104,943,856
1902 126,316,472
1903 71,804,102
1904 48,071,480
1905 49,880,982
1906 53,146,459
1907 68,988,639
1908 79,107,273
At this writing, Nov. 1, 1908, there are 110 licensed dealers in un-
colored oleomargarine in Iowa and doubtless before spring there
will be as many more added to this number. The statute in this
state prohibits the sale of oleomargarine if it has a yelloiu color.
When the first sales of uncolored oleomargarine were made in this
state in 1902 the dairy commissioner began a case against the
Armour Packing Co., doing business in Des Moines and there selling
so-called uncolored oleomargarine. The offense alleged was that
the oleomargarine had a yellow color and that such sale was con-
trary to the statute. The sample purchased had not been artificially
colored but nevertheless had a considerable yellow color and could
easily have been sold for butter to any unwary purchaser. The
case was hard fought both in the district court and in the supreme
court and resulted in establishing the contention of the commis-
sioner. Under this decision the sale in this state of oleomargarine
having a yellow color is prohibited, no matter whether the color
arises from some artificial added color or from the color of the fats
of which the article is composed. Following this decision others
of similar import have been secured in other states and the manu-
facturers have been making grades of uncolored oleomargarine al-
most or quite white for sale in states where the statutes are as strict
as those of Iowa. The sale of such product has been greatly urged
by the manufacturers and the number of dealers has very greatly
increased under their efforts.
Very little oleomargarine is sold in this state during the
summer but as soon as cold weather comes and the accompanying
higher price for butter then the sale of oleomargarine begins and in
localities assumes considerable proportions. The licenses issued are
mainly for the larger cities as will be seen by the list below, but the
smaller country communities also are beginning the sale of this pro-
duct.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VIII 347
The following shows the location of the 110 licensees on record
November 1, 1908.
Burlington 3
Cedar Rapids 13
Clinton and Lyons 12
Des Moines 13
Dubuque 10
Fort Dodge 3
Independence 5
Marshallown 2
Waterloo 15
The following towns have each two dealers : Ames, Cedar Falls.
Coggon, New Hartford, Manchester.
The following towns have each one dealer : Belle Plaine, Baldwin,
Central City, Colesburg, Delmar, Dennison, Grundy Center, Gut-
tenburg, Hurstville, Iowa City, Iowa Falls, Lamont, Lost Nation,
Masonville, Maquoketa, Olin, Onawa, Ottumwa, Parkersburg, Seev-
ers, Winthrop, Wyoming.
From the above list it will be seen that the sale of oleomargarine
is carried on in a number of towns that have been more or less
famous for their creameries and the production of butter.
The dairy inspectors and the food inspectors of this department
during the last winter visited all the establishments where oleomar-
garine Avas on sale and will do so as rapidly as possible the present
season. Cases Avere brought against several dealers and fines as-
sessed as follows :
Gus Heinrichs Council Bluffs
E. Bill ' Council Bluffs
Niels Peerson Council Bluffs
Prank Peterson Council Bluffs
John Schwinn Sioux City
Hugh Bain Sioux City
Nelson & Niebel Ames
Other cases are pending at Council Blufps, Sioux City and Em-
metsburg.
Under the statute of Iowa the retailer of oleomargarine must sell
it for what it is, he must furnish the buyer with a printed state-
ment that the substance is a substitute for butter and giving the
name and place of business of the manufacturer, and the substance
itself may 'not have a yellow color.'
The U. S. statute requires also that the retailer shall have a li-
cense for which he pays at the rate of $6 per year, and that after
the package is w^rapped up for delivery to the purchaser the seller
348 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
shall print -apon it with a rubber stamp the word OLEOMARGA-
RINE and stating the weight of the same and his own name and
business address. It is the intention of this department for th-j
future as well as the practice in the past to insist that all these re-
quirements shall be met by retailers of oleomargarine in this state.
This department now has two dairy inspectors and six food inspec-
tors and the force will easily call upon every licensed dealer of oleo-
margarine and make sure that the law is obeyed.
Persons interested in the sale of oleomargarine continue to make
persistent efforts to arouse public sentiment to demand a repeal of
the present oleomargarine statute of the United States. Dairy-
men should not forget that the makers and dealers in this product
are men of unlimited means, of greatest shrewdness, that they are
able to command influence of the press and of various organizations
by means unknoT\Ti to the general public and that they have great
monetary interests at stake and will use every effort to promote
their own interests. They can be successfully opposed in their
efforts for repeal of the statute by the united efforts of the cream-
ery and dairy people of the country. The National Dairy Union
has in the past served the general dairy interest f aithfuUy and well
and will continue so to do in the future but this organization can
not succeed unless it is well backed by every one who wishes the
sale of butter and substitutes for the same to continue on a basis
free from fraud. The statistics of manufacture of oleomargarine
quoted at the head of the paragraph well show the effect of the
present law upon the fraudulent sale of oleomargarine and the only
object of the repeal of the statute is to bring about the conditions
that formerly prevailed.
The following table shows the number of pounds of creamery but-
ter manufactured in the creameries of this state for the years as
given, which year ends in each case July 1,
1897 88,900,000
1898 87,704,214
1899 87,972,470
1900 84,965,062
1901 82,706,944
1902 7«f ,885,696
1903 64,565,970
1904 '. 70,000,000
1905 82,707,588
1906 91,202,354
1907 91,164,363
1908 101,552,063
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VIII
349
COMPARISONS.
1897118981809
1900
1901
1902 1903 1904
1905 1905 1907 1908
Total number of creameries and skim
stations
Ownersliip.
Individual —
891
501
954
516
967
501
994
5?4
960
497
919
377
792
306
691
655
90S
593
190
319
85
594
187
1.4
\9n
Co-operative -
349 ^9 349 3G4 360 370
37 1 8S 116 1 105, 102 1 165
l| 1 Ij 1[ 1| 1
3.50 335 316
1:3.5 113, 132
li 1| 1
3191 263
Stocli company
State property
87 1 103
^1 '
CITY MILK INSPECTION.
The growth of the city milk inspection in this state is indicated
by the following table showing the number of permits for milk
dealers issued in the years from 1896 to 1908. The j';ears end in
every case on the 4th of July:
1893
1897
18981899 1900
1901
1902
190311904
1905
1906
1907' 1909
Number _
555
620
574
676
714
784
821
783
780
827
83310061078
1 t
Cities ^tjg- Inspectors
Burlington
Cedar Rapids
Clinton _ - .
25,318
28,7.59
22,756
25,. 321
39,797
75,026
41,941
14,36)
14,604
12,045
15,037
20,181
40,952
18,071
Oscar C. Hoerr
Dr. J. W. Griffltli
Cliarles B. Tliomas
Council Bluffs
Davenport
H. A. Lennox
H. J. High
Des Moines --
J. P. Morey
Dr. F. J. Kennedy
Fort Dodge
Keokuk -
D. C. Benjamin
Arthur J. Anderson
Dr. E. M. Singleton
Muscatine --
Dr John Tillie
Ottumwa _-
E. B. Hill
Sioux City _
0. M. Hanson
Waterloo
Theo. Peek
Total
394,737
The law authorizing city milk inspection under the direction of
the dairy commissioner was passed about twenty years ago and was
intended to cover only the question of adulteration of milk and
cream by skimming or watering, a practice which was then quite
prevalent. The results from inspections have demonstrated quite
relatively infrequent. During the last five or six years considerable
clearly that the adulteration of milk and cream in such senses are
efforts have been made in the way of examining milk and cream
350 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
for chemical preservatives and few such cases have been discovered,
and almost no prosecutions along this line have been undertaken
within the last twelve months. G. W. Andrews of Burlinffton, Iowa,
was fined fifty dollars and costs for selling cream containing formal-
dehyde. It is believed that the use of chemical preservatives is ex-
tremely infrequent notwithstanding sensational newspaper articles
to the contrary.
This department has neither money nor authority to inspect
farms and herd barns from which milk comes to the fourteen cities
named above, and hence the inspection has been restricted to samp-
ling and examining the milk which is offered for sale on the streets
and in the stores of these cities. It is possible to compel cleanly
practices on the part of the last handler of the milk or cream, but
all such efforts are idle and vain if the milk has been produced from
diseased animals or if it has been kept in unclean cans and thereby
contaminated with germs, perhaps of disease, and certainly filth.
Ordinary examination of milk as it comes upon the market does not
detect unwholesome contamination such as suggested above and
indeed the detection of unwholesome bacteria in milk is extremely
difficult and in some cases impossible even in the hands of an ex-
pert with the best of apparatus at command.
There has been no considerable improvement in the character of
the milk supply in these cities during the last several years. While
there are individual instances of progressive dairymen who have
taken pains to make sure that their herds are free from disease and
who have spent money and energy in fitting their barns for the
production of clean milk, such practices have not been at all gen-
eral, and very great improvement in this direction could be made
by voluntary effort on the part of the dairymen. The experience
of the department has been such as to lead to the belief that such
improvement is not likely to occur by reason of voluntarj^ effort
especially in view of the fact that the public very generally declines
to reward such efforts by increased patronage or by paying higher
prices for such clean wholesome product.
During the last several years a very considerable interest has
been taken by the public in the question of tuberculosis in cows, and
in general the knowledge of existing conditions has been much in-
creased during the last twelve months. For example, the Board of
Control of state institutions has had the state veterinarian test all
the cows that are kept in connection with the several charitable in-
stitutions of the state, and the result has shown nearly one-third of
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VIII 351
these cows to be affected with tuberculosis and they have been de-
stroyed. It is quite reasonable to suppose that a much too large pro-
portion of cows from which milk is sold by dairymen in the various
cities and towns of the state are affected with tuberculosis. At
present there is no law requiring them to be tested, there is no
law requiring dairymen to make certain that their milk is from
healthy cows, and only in exceptional cases has such a test been made
and the affected cows elminated.
Persons competent to form judgment on the subject are almost
though not quite unanimous in the belief that tuberculosis cows are
a very dangerous source and means for the transmission of the
disease to human beings, and such being the case it is extremely de-
sirable from the standpoint of public health that all milk for con-
sumption as such shall be from cows known to be free from tuber-
culosis. The tuberculin test is very simple and easy to apply, and
repeated investigations have shown that as a means of diagnosis it
is accurate more than ninety-eight times out of a hundred.
The stories of egregious blunders mad by veterinarians with this
test are either not true at all or very greatly exaggerated. In the
hands of a competent man the tuberculin test is almost absolutely
accurate, perfectly harmless to a healthy animal and its applica-
tion is quite inexpensive. The danger of transmission of this
disease by means of milk is so great and the means of knowing
whether the animals are free from it are so easy that it seems al-
most criminal not to require that milk sold at least in the cities
where inspections are maintained shall be from cows free from the
disease.
It is quite evident that if such requirements were made in the
particular cities named above that in order that such a requirement
may be enforced, that either some state or municipal office be cre-
ated, for the express purpose of enforcing it. A statute of this kind
will not enforce itself and it will be wholly a dead letter unless it is
made some official's business to continually visit farms upon which
milk is produced and to keep track of the herds and practices of the
various dairymen.
It is also evident that if practices in the handling of milk, on the
farm and at the dairy are to be much improved, there must be some
form of inspection at these dairies and some definite form of cleanli-
ness which must be enforced upon the dairymen by an official in-
spector charged with this duty. The inspection now authorized
by law and now carried out by this department comes far short of
352 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
what it ought to be. The question of whether this inspection should
be carried on by the municipalities themselves at their own expense
or at the expense of the state as is now the case is a question for
legislative decision but if inspection is to remain under the supervi-
sion of this department the following recommendations are made:
First, that a statute be enacted requiring that milk offered for sale
by city milk dealers be only from cows which have been tested and
shown to be free from tuberculosis, such test to be made by the
state veterinarian or under his authority and to be repeated at
proper intervals. Second, that milk offered for sale by city milk
dealers shall be required to be produced in clean barns, and to be
handled in a cleanly fashion in every particular. Third, that au-
thority and appropriation be given for employment of proper num-
ber of inspectors to give their time to inspecting not alone the milk
as it comes upon sale in the cities, but also the barns and dairy
utensils amd apparatus used upon the farm to see that the statute
is complied with. Fourth, that the inspector be required to score
each dairy where milk is produced or store where milk is sold, in
accordance with score card system adopted by the U. S. Department
of Agriculture, and that the name of the dairyman and such score
be published in the local newspaper for the information of the
public.
If the system of local inspectors were continued and one or two
general inspectors added to the force it is the belief that the pro-
duction of clean, wholesome milk from healthy cows could be en-
forced.
On the other hand if it is deemed proper that the cities should be
charged with this responsibility and expense, then it is the judg-
ment of this department that a similar plan to that outlined above
is both suitable and desirable Avith the municipalities. At any rate
the conditions are such that additional legislation is necessary in
order to insure proper sanitary inspection of milk in cities.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VIII
353
SHOWING AVERAGE MONTHLY PRICE OF EXTRA WESTERN CREAMERY
BUTTER IN NEW YORK MARKET.
Si
00 -
«D « CO *
05 *
f3
s-
S-
s-
00 -
£3"
2
c >
a >
a> a>
a>
a >
2^
C>
fl >
^^
i~rs
o o
o o
o o : o o
o o
o c
o o
o o
c o
o o
IS
fiz
fiZ
S2 a^
a^
a^
a^
a^
a^
6^
Mouth
fa
> .2 ' > .S
|.s
oM
?c
''.5
^1
~i
gSSjggS
^£S
m
gS5
gSs
m
§5
November
$.2325
$.2337
$.260Oi$.2487($.2412l$.2650
$.2317
$.0181
$.2350 $.2762'$.2T23
December
.2290
.2160
.2720 .2510 .2510 .2^)20
.2423
.2688
.2480 .3161 .28S7
.2010
.2042
.1975
.2100
.2650 .2232 .2t25 .2762
.2500 .22.50 .28G2 .2600
.2270
.2.517
.2910
.3218
.26.5-) .308 J .3069
February
.270'J .3251 .3233
Miirch
.mr,
.207t
.25')!; .2212' .281^1! .?-6'
.2r.2
.2S0;
.270' ..061 .2S40
April
.1990
.1962
.1960 .2099 .282.5 .2725
.2284
.3008
.2188 .3069 .2855
May
.1580
.1790
.2012
.19001 .2275 .2200
.2012
.2371
.2017 .25911 .2363
.1687
.1687
.1860
.188]
.l&tT
.2000
.19.50
.19r,0
.19251 .2r.i5 .2160
.1960: .21.31' .2012
.18):::
.1767
.1793
.201!j
.20 V.
.2111
.2022 .2360: .2329
Julv
.2012 .2481 .2213
August
.2100 .2050 .1990 .1940
.2257 .2488 .2285
September
.202.5
.2252
.21.50 .2110, .2] 70 .2075
.1947
.2D6S
.0462 .27.^1 .2;-;83
October -
.2235
.0400
.2190 .2200
.2362- .2100
.2095
.2181
.2611 .2915 .2673
Average value per
1
1
lb. per year ...
$.1971
$.2065
$.2278
$.2165
$.2416
$.2417
$.2140
$.2487
$.2375
|$.2826 $.2653
TABLE SHOWING NUMBER OF POUNDS OF MILK RECEIVED, NUMBER OP
POUNDS OF CREAM RECEIVED, POUNDS OF BUTTER MADE AND
POUNDS SOLD TO PATRONS AND OTHERS IN IOWA SO FAR AS RE-
PORTED BY THE CREAMERIES.
Counties
^1
3 0) o
o fc- a>
^ Old)
ro o c
C-rt U
K Pi
Adair
\
228,620
3,278,236
835, C83
7,969,667
1,078,112
283,958
1,987,278
26,037
6,139
24,420
24,946
Adams
3,000
52,021
Appanoose
Audubon
Benton
Black Hawk
9
4
1
24
,!
5
5
3
I
3
12
7,003,842
736,204
37,^3,793
3,457,378
1,194,209
2,627, .571
883,243
390,328
1,017,936
3,121,377
2,-591,260
5,488,806
5,324,7^
1,179,593
579,081
4,598,770
1,874,312
3,540,353
1,502,360
411,130
2,375,051
374,644
3,257, .522
1,681,962
1,001,903
2,177,438
1,993,668
1,595,094
408,732
185,068
1,568,396
486,764
2,184,188
60,239
3,750
168,531
1,948
244,321
142,998
14,842
154,040
10,139
19,295
3,020
2,606
14,210
1,460
162, a5C
17,288
947
238,010
2,364
Bremer
71,465,787
30,242,286
96,C12
34,330,967
1,078,.596
104,599
31,000
110,632
Buchanan
Buena Vista
103,154
12,575
Butler „.
70,137
Calhoun
11,307
Carroll
Cass _
Cedar _..
24,640
77,121
65,867
Cerro Gordo
1,284,514
38,000
27,588,781
114,952
Cherokee
24,650
Chickasaw .. ..
48,792
Clarke .
Clay ■ .
8
11
3
1
5
4,233,125
14,505,305
2,206,339
913^35
2,818,748
8,404,029
1,066,907
3,674,172
2,791,109
1,068,799
2,900,^10
425,-562
918,513
878,091
40,815
71,600
11,826
2, .500
21,507
18,293
Clayton
57,902
Clinton
1,921
Crawford
Dallas
Davis _ _
49,a55
Decatur
1
16
Delaware
42,494,010
5,830,605
3,562,193
184,032
170,540
Des Moines . . . __
Dickinson
5
17
6
20
588,989
17,430,702
5,892,234
52,843.116
1,789,949
7,615,636
^4,898
4,335,871
573,080
2,724,021
562,140
3,603,990
26,234
90,291
41,444
246,927
25,5-53
Dubuque
Emmet
Fayette _.
199,203
973
164.774
23
354
IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
TABLE WISHONG NUMBER POUNDS MILK RECEIVED— (Continued.
Counties
O O tH
s^
C O ^
o o t,
d
(U
coSfl
^ g 0)
-c)_o
o o g
c2t!
3 O «!
o M a
Ph
^
Flovfl
6
6
1,357,073
2,794,490
3,217,443
3,344,724
867,317
1.184,272
40,186
36.5£9
43,023
Franklin -
21,349
1
8
7
4
7
9
863,233
13,951,859
7.52,786
7,652,046
953,051
2,450,788
82,938
2,851,193
2,946,560
1,093,625
3.479,801
4,708,410
58,220
1,489,263
1,027,135
645,233
1,049,346
1.579,699
1,133
75,225
28,048
44,958
30,994
59,493
3,245
37,833
Guthrie
24,750
22,301
Hancock -
7,300
Hardin
37,955
Henrv
Howard
Huniboldt
7
7
1
7
12
2
3
5,926,222
2,428,166
3,700,089
2, 961,. 544
700,799
1,02.3,175
6, 734,. 582
309,220
1,210,427
1.157.759
917.434
275.660
563,344
2,022,254
166.658
404,328
35,156
39,638
7,029
51,839
39,079
6,718
7,489
9,733
8,428
Ida
Iowa
7,385,132
5,549,015
1,746,943
783,6.50
10,802
Jackson
51,484
34,183
Jefferson
44,383
Jones - _ -
11
1
18
1
13
13,751,599
11,535,062
4.50,000
5,005,250
2,114,331
6,145,049
4,523,402
142,000
2,098,159
816.257
2,618,813
176.151
116,140
Keokuk
Kossuth
12,708,442
160,335
50,279
Lee
102,400
Linn __
14,647,760
65,148
455,494
Louisa
Lvon .
1
1,297,944
432,648
3,160
Madison
2
1
4
1,454,442
549,087
2,127,510
283.058
221,228
673,902
60,000
21,123
Marion
"1^033^734
Marshall
13,286
61 , 112
Mills
Mitchell
Monona _.
9
1
1
2,W8,873
479^952
5,009.557
347,603
238,912
1,440,431
99,341
108,906
83,582
122
1,874
217,523
203
Monroe
29,765
Montgomery
Muscatine _
1
5
4
1
14
5
5
4
1
5
5,074,215
220,680
969,215
376,528
2,426,233
1,746,264
981,469
400,938
4,892,577
300,000
854,254
O'Brien
2,709,991
1,493,421
6,600,000
2,385,983
2,591,944
1,158,693
15,533,888
840,000
3,055,247
13,611
6,886
70,. 534
1,840
150,000
50 212
Osceola
43,795
808,250
23,272,000
49,370
Page _
Palo Alto ... _ .
185,784
20,119
21,564
Plymouth
Pocahontas
38,011
512
Polk
1,155,400
1,500,000
6,812
851,000
Pottawattamie _..
300 OOO
Poweshiek
8,710
8,375
Ringgold -
Sac _
Scott
8
2
6
8
3
2
1
48,009
543,001
929,494
318,777
8,229,380
21,251
2,165,375
878,183
1,692,090
4,212,707
2,057,694
937,447
5,122,715
460,000
719,835
304,276
617,556
1,605,787
1,066,5.53
232,866
1,463,633
182,553
24,415
250
23,349
21,098
81,256
995
10,600
3,814
3,283
163,153
7,808
26,725
90,949
8,151
17 763
Shelby
Sioux
Story
Tama
Taylor
Union
_
5.573
Van Buren
Wapello
2
802,723
1,685,551
507,774
2,500
36,720
"Warren
Washington
1
1
1
7
12
2
S
4
501
233,100
2,184,640
1,500,000
2,708,446
9, 107,. 394
18,517,897
2,739,272
2,624,225
80,600
655,. 392
477,004
1,610,253
2,905,334
6,898,. 547
945,482
7r7,663
Wayne
6,000
^50
111,279
17,122
4,500
51,425
21,349
8,000
40,000
32,234
75,3S3
830,816
8,855
46,650
Webster
40,000
18,216,156
Winnebago _
Winneshiek .
Woodbury ... _
500,000
3,.5a5,115
247,656
Worth
Wright
Total
518,786.576
209.257,006
101,552,063
3,440.639
5,546,350
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VIII
355
TABLE SHOWING NUMBER OF HAND SEPARATORS, NUMBER OF PATRONS
AND NUMBER OF COWS.
Counties
Number of
creameries re-
porting hand
separators
a
CO
O
IB ti
Number of
creameries re-
porting pat-
rons and cows
1
13 O
2"
Adair -
5
3
8
2
1,130
412
1,553
5
3
8
1,150
420
1,794
8,230
3,304
Allamakee . .
12,833
Audubon . . ...
8
4
11
3
3
8
6
14
5
5
3
3
4
3
9
-
2
2
.
2
1
-
2
1,278
522
755
550
101
553
1,104
555
9
4
15
3
24
8
6
18
i,44S
572
1,941
572
1,99:>
1,509
1,146
1,811
2,033
2,317
662
172
1,988
896
1,791
10,941
4,300
17,2.38
3,330
19,080
Benton
Black Hawk
Bremer —
Buchanan ....
11,799
9,114
14,129
14,563
16,994
4,173
1,325
13,06i
6,325
16,817
Buena Vista
Butler
Calhoun ._ _. .. .. ..
1;641
5
Carroll
2,198
622
16S
1,800
812
591
5
3
3
4
3
12
Cass
Cedar
Cerro Gordo
Cherokee _
Chickasaw
Clarke
Clay --
Clayton _
8
10
3
1
5
2
2
1
1
977
2,917
296
l,8t7
8
11
3
1
5
1,140
3.705
374
1,487
1,108
7,773
27,978
2,945
10,706
7,^
Clinton — ... ..
Crawford .__
Dallas
Davis ..
Decatur
1
13
1
1
.
Delaware . ..
1,512
16
2,671
23,852
Des Moines
Dickinson
5
15
5
9
5
6
1
3
1
1
1
584
4,541
268
885
486
1,224
5
17
6
20
6
6
601
6,398
435
2,795
999
1,583
4,255
46,736
4.262
24,335
Dubuque _. ..
Emmet
Fayette
Floyd
Franklin
6,423
10,874
Fremont _
Greene
1
8
7
4
7
9
2
1
3
1
105
823
1,100
439
809
1,380
1
8
7
4
7
9
147
1,299
1,307
803
979
1,493
1,050
10,761
9,433
Grundy
Guthrie
Hamilton
5,872
Hancock
Hardin
8,537
10,836
Harrison
Henry _ __
,
Howard
6
7
1
7
12
2
3
1
2
_
__
^
7
1,267
1,037
219
719
1,745
181
622
7,980
8 381
Humboldt .. ..
94>
7
Ida
Iowa
219
395
1,487
111
536
I
7
12
2
3
1,586
5,183
Jackson .._
13,215
1 283
Jasper .
Jefferson
3,407
Johnson ._
Jones
11
1
17
1
12
4
1
1
1
2
3,115
55
1,323
1,200
2,452
11
1
18
1
13
3,384
140
1,784
1,550
3,185
32 652
Keokuk __
1,003
Kossuth _
14,017
10,850
Lee . ..
Linn ..
6,718
Louisa
Lucas
Lyon
1
1
550
1
600
4,200
Madison „
Mahaska
2
1
3
2
1
2
410
2
603
400
867
3,024
Marlon .
300 1
607 4
1,500
Marshall ...
6,074
Mills
Mitchell
9
781
9
1.722
ii.932
356
IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
TABLE SHOWING NUMBER HAND SEPARATORS, ETC.— (Continued.)
Counties
ftp
*H O
O ft
^^
Monona
Monroe
Montgomery _
Muscatine
O'Brien
Osceola
Page -
Palo Alto
Plymouth
Pocahontas —
Polk
Pottawattamie
Poweshiek
Ringgold
Sac
Scott — -
Shelby _.._
Sioux
Story —
Tama _
Taylor
Union
Van Buren
Wapello
"Warren
Washington —
Wayne
Webster _
Winnebago _„
Winneshiek _„
Woodbury
Worth
Wright —
Total
716
498
3,000
704
951
563
7,012
400;
1,049
442
97
. 5001
8831
2,004
76:3
305
1,910
250
1,250
130
1,200
1,090
767
1,509
8,611
763
830
81,706
1,119
196
131
735
528
3,500
1,387
1,019
607
8,768
450
1,118
1,059
545
902
1,542
1,037
358
2,010
2,040
2 1,328
140
1,600
1,148
1,299
2,529
8,811
863
955
965
1,300
5,258
2,830
17,500
11,823
8,307
3,823
63,129
3,240
7,221
7,016
4,080
5,818
13,449
7,250
2,160
13,472
10,150
10,056
1,008
11,530
6,000
12,576
19,967
63,439
6,580
7,271
500 108,638 792,598
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VIII
357
TABLE SHOWING NET POUNDS OF BUTTER SHIPPED OUT OF THE
STATE, AS REPORTED BY THE RAILROADS, FOR THE YEAR ENDING
SEPTEMBER 30, 190S, COMPARED WITH SIMILAR STATEMENTS FOR
THE YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 1907.
Counties
1907
1908
Increase
Decrease
Adair
973,566
1,363,748
93,639
1,618,525
42,051
1,475,384
458,297
1,032,444
201,647
2,475,121
1,980,218
1,000,624
2,185,260
1,642,105
1,749,307
540,046
733,708
1,524,885
298,431
2,105,415
7,895
855,233
3,078,268
1,783,648
1,195,398
650,532
24,948
528,.566
2,961,054
115,920
427,377
2,329,629
570,585
2,710,902
619,237
665,668
6,309
167,477
390,183
98,639
43,332
6,183
351,078
216,541
62,371
86,397
Allamakee
Anpanooss - -_ -
1,572,193
35,868
1,124,306
241,756
969,073
115,250
2,773,413
1,886,103
1,128,073
1,723,565
1,400,018
1,888,055
203,379
177,725
1,185,823
568,939
3,056,017
11,051
935,814
2,418,368
1,019,196
942,591
937,224
546
168
2,799,336
2.59,284
583,516
2,223,196
771,489
2,517,736
761,792
588,481
5,716
80,352
895,148
864,650
874,014
963,934
1,728,363
28,738
38,620
794,768
684,712
277,505
246,739
1,593,207
126,772
134,599
21,679
4,630,275
40,305
1,758,215
3,508,813
1,607,383
8,217
Audubon _ __
Black Hawk
Boone -- -- -- -
298,291
Buchanan
Buena Vista
lifiiis
Butler _
462,695
242,087
Carroll — —
138,748
Cass
336,667
555,9&3
339,062
Cedar
Cerro Gordo
Cherokee
270,503
Chickasaw
49,398
Clarke _.
3,156
Clay __
80,579
Clav-ton _- -. -
659,900
763,452
252,807
24,042
528,403
161,718
Clinton
Crawford
.
Dallas - --
285,692
Davis
Decatur
Delaware
Des Moines __ _ _._
143,364
Dickinson
156,139
Dubuque __ -
106,433
200^909
Emmet
Fayette
193,166
Floyd
142,555
Franklin _.__ _.
77,187
593
87,125
Fremont _
Greene
Grundy _ _ __
816,346
78,803
Guthrie _ _
Hamilton
992,315
1,244,965
943,241
1,538,010
38,910
52,909
1,030,964
683,240
240,903
127,665
370,^1
Hancock
20,603
190,253
Hardin
Harrison
13,182
14,289
Howard
236,196
Humboldt
1,472
Ida
37,603
Iowa '
536,510
289.771
Jackson _
2,112,726 520-519
Jasper _
118,722
8,050
Jefferson
146,646
24,612
5,812,705
93,563
1,654,957
2,106,978
1,719,490
4,161
20,353
12,045
2,933
1,182,430
Johnson
Jones _
Keokuk
53,258
Kossuth ..
103,358
Linn "__.""~""irn~"ir"~irir"r"iiiiii
Louisa
Lucas
112^108
26'S53
1,397,905
I'm
558
IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Counties
Lyon
Madison
Mahaska
Marion
Marsliall
Mill;
Mitchell
Monona
Monroe
Montgomery-
Muscatine
O'Brien
Osceola
Page -
Palo Alto
Plymouth
Pocahontas —
Polk
Pottawattamie
Poweshiek .
Ringgold
Sac
Scott
Shelby ._
Sioux
Story
Tama
Taylor
Union
Van Buren
Wapello
Warren
Washington
Wayne
Webster _,
Winnebago
Winneshiek
Woodbury
Worth
Wright -
Totals
Net increase
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VIII
359
TABLE SHOWING TOTAL NET BUTTER SHIPMENTS OP THE STATE FOR
THE YEARS 1890 TO 1908 INCLUSIVE, FROM IOWA TO POINTS OUTSIDE
THE STATE; ALSO INCREASE OR DECREASE AS COMPARED WITH THE
YEAR PRECEDING.
Years Ending October 1st.
0
If
ft
>■ V
o >>
^^
d
i
ft
a t-
k
r
1890 — *
71,255,796
68,690,716
60,112,931
51,572,902
54,509,417
66,497,108
80,032,916
83,620,081
75,364,337
76,620,326
71,719,329
74,863,995
72,714,-584
77,079,794
75,889,260
91,051,-551
98,184,607
92,174,776
98,970,991
—
1891 -_ .. _.
2,565,080
1892
8,577,785
1893 _. __
5,540,029
1894
63,485
1895 __
11,987,691
13,5.35,803
3,587,165
1896
}897 --
1898
6,355,744
1899 -— -— --
1,255,909
1900
4,910,997
1901
3,144,666
1902 ... .. _ -. - _.
2,149,411
1903 -.
4,365,210
1904
1,190,534
1905 — -- — -.
15,162,291
: 7,133,056
1906
1907
6,009,831
1908 — —
6,796,215
PART IX.
EXTRACTS FROM
STATE VETERINARY SURGEON'S
REPORT OF 1908.
SIXTH BIENNIAL REPORT.
PAUL O. KOTO, State Veterinary Surgeon.
INTRODUCTORY.
In compliance with the statutes directing the proceedings of
this department, I submit herewith the Sixth Biennial Report for
the period ending June 30, 1908.
While there have been no serious outbreaks of infectious dis-
eases among live stock in Iowa the past term, the results accom-
plished during this period have been more than beneficial to the
live stock interests, and adequate measures are in force to prevent
epidemics of contagious diseases, as well as to protect the state at
large from general infection through any diseased stock. This
department has taken its place prominently among kindred depart-
ments of other states and within the precincts of the government
Bureau of Animal Industry.
The establishment of an office at the Capitol, and attending ben-
fits through close association with the state administration, have
accomplished much towards placing the department in closer touch
with the public interests.
Competent assistants, w^hose duties lie in seeking and main-
taining the welfare of their respective districts, have worked har-
moniously with the Veterinary Surgeon, and have ahvays rendered
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART VIII 361
invaluable aid in checking sudden outbreaks, such as occur within
their jurisdiction.
Because Iowa has inadequate laws governing the shipment of
disease-infected stock to points within our borders, there have been
some serious lossess sustained by stock raisers. Registered and
unregistered animals bought in other states and shipped to Iowa
have developed such extensive cases of tuberculosis that thousands
of dollars worth of stock have been lost, to the end that public
safety and protection of other stock might be conserved.
By far the most important work of the department has centered
about the location and eradication of tuberculosis among cattle.
The life of the Iowa hog is so short that there are rare cases where
infection has extended to the human family from this source, so
that all efforts to eradicate the disease have been directed toward
the cattle industry. Of the subject, tuberculosis, too much cannot
be written, and it has been proven that, so far, educational meas-
ures as applied to published articles on tuberculosis, have stirred
the people of our state to action, and more especially to sensible
efforts towards destroying all possible avenues from whence this
disease enters the human family. And it rests with this department
to carry out a work which is the foundation of all subsequent ef-
forts, namely, the destruction of tuberculous stock from whence the
disease originates and is spread. It is not within our province to
report full and comprehensively all work along this line as so far
accomplished, but suffice to say that thousands of cattle found to be
afflicted with tuberculosis have been either destroj^ed or placed in
safe quarantine, and the spread, at least from these animals,
checked, thus saving the state and stock raisers thousands of dol-
lars. Tersely told, the intrinsic value of tuberculin tests made of
Iowa cattle cannot be reckoned in facts and figures, for the reason
that the ultimate end of infection is beyond human knowledge.
Elsewhere in this report is found a comprehensive article upon the
subject, including an exhaustive outline of its cause and effects.
This department has been obliged to respond to a large number
of calls where infection from glanders and kindred diseases have
started. As shown by articles upon this subject, much has been
accomplished to, in a systematic way, prevent spread and subse-
quent losses through serious outbreaks. Another feature which
developed new tendencies during this period is that of supplying
stock shippers with certificates of health for stock consigned outside
of the state. It is a fact that other states have rigid rules govern-
362 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
ing the importation of stock of all descriptions, and we have had
to keep for ready reference the laws of each state bearing upon this
point so that we have been able to properly advise all shippers who
want the certificates. Several hundred such calls reach this depart-
ment every year.
Through co-operation with the Bureau of Animal Industry in
acting upon all cases of contagion throughout the United States
this department has received and given reports of contagious
diseases, including the locality of its origin. This has been a class
of work of importance and has affixed the Iowa department in a
creditable standing among similar departments of other states.
Aside from the regular work of the department, we have received
and responded to many calls for papers to be read before various
gatherings of farmers and stock men. This branch of educational
work, while not a given duty, has had our enthusiastic support,
and we believe we have accomplished a new purpose, that of bring-
ing the agricultural interests of the state in closer touch with the
department, and thereby rendering every possible aid to the actual
fulfillment of the object of this office.
Concluding, we wish to call attention to the small appropriation
upon which we have had to operate. There has been necessary the
closest economy in every branch, and while this has not interfered
with the proper work, it has in a measure effected a strong barrier
to the consummation of the results we had hoped to obtain. The
department and its needs have grown in the same way every other
utility of the state has grown, and it is hoped that the coming legis-
lature will increase the appropriation, so that the work may be
extended to better ends during the ensuing term, and that all who
are desirous of the service of this department may be accommodated
in an equitable way.
TUBERCULOSIS.
No subject emanating from medical jurisdiction is more prominently
discussed today than tuberculosis. As applied to the human family much
has been and is now being done to effect some relief from the widespread
existence of the disease. Tubercle Bacilli, the germ from which the
disease originates, has been found to gain its foothold among cattle, and
in order to co-operate with those who are seeking to relieve sufferers,
this department has lil^ewise sought to destroy, in as far as our appro-
priation and means admit, the original source of the infection; that is,
to determine the cattle affected and make disposition of them. In this
effort we have had the hearty support of the medical fraternity, and the
administration of the state, as well as that of the National Bureau of
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX
363
Animal Industry. A corps of assistant veterinarians and government
inspectors have exerted their best efforts along this line, and perhaps no
greater results have been accomplished in the history of this office than
that which have taken place during the past few years.
Of tuberculosis itself much has been said and written, and the sub-
ject has taken the form of a study in a class by itself, but the future
offers to this department a still more important work to be done, and
that lies in the testing of all cattle; weeding out those diseased and
perfecting sanitary measures to prevent its existence.
Below we reproduce a photograph of a cow from which was ob-
tained the supply of milk for a family living near Forest City. Shortly
before the picture was taken the state veterinarian was called to
see this animal, and at once pronounced her condition due to an ad-
vanced stage of tuberculosis. About a year before this time a member
of the family receiving the milk of this cow had died of tuberculosis. It
was decided to kill this cow, and at the post mortem which was held
afterw^ard the animal was found in even worse condition than expected.
In order to show the tubercular lesions, the accompanying photograph
of the same cow is published also, and it may be readily seen that this
is one splendid and most conclusive example of the existence of the dis-
ease, and also portrays the necessity of slaughtering such animals in
order to prevent loss of human life and destruction of other stock.
Another case, and one which attracted unusual attention, was that of
the herd of twenty-four cows belonging to T. J. Joseph, of Hopkinton.
No. 1. Tuberculosis Cow Near Forest City.
364
IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
^HHioi^ ■' I' '^^ "^^^^Htt^E^^^^^^
^^■IP)^^^^
^ -J
No. 2. Tuberculosis Cow. Post Mortum.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX
365
366 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
When tested with tuberculin twenty out of the twenty-four reacted to
the test, and these were taken to the packing house at Cedar Rapids,
where they were slaughtered. The post mortem gave evidence of tuber-
cular lesions in each of the animals slaughtered, and we reproduce here
a photograph of one of the animals after it had been subjected to post
mortem. The tubercular lesions are present in such pronounced form
as to indicate the wisdom of the test and subsequent slaughter of all
diseased animals. Many other herds in the same locality were tested,
and those reacting were disposed of in a similar manner.
The progress of Bovine Tuberculosis is ordinarily very slow, often
taking years to destroy its victims. The period of incubation is inde-
finite, varying from a few days to months; but the germ once entering
into the system of the patient, unless very robust, passes through the
circulation and starts its destruction. It often happens that the organism
passes into other parts of the body, thus producing the condition known
as Generalized Tuberculosis, then two or more organs may be affected;
such as the lungs in the plural cavity and the liver in the abdominal
cavity. An animal in this condition of tuberculosis of a closed cavity
like the plurse may not be a source of infection to a herd for years, yet,
from the migration of the germ of tuberculosis passing to other organs,
especially the bowels, might become a prolific source of infection.
The chief industry of our state consists of live stock, and in attempt-
ing to eradicate tuberculosis we must pursue a course that will be of
greatest benefit to all. The interests of the farmers, breeders and stock
raisers, consumers of vast dairy products must all be considered. It is
a difficult matter to determine to what an extent it exists among live
stock in the State of Iowa, but it is safe to predict that the losses from
this disease, directly and indirectly, amounts to millions of dollars. The
financial losses being so great makes the eradication of tuberculosis from
our live stock necessary, and the movement must be carried out as a
matter of economy and as a protection to the public health.
According to the Iowa Year Book of Agriculture the number of milch
cows in Iowa January 1, 1908, was 1,429,017, at an average price of
$33, equals $47,157,561; stock cattle, 3,548,493, at an average price of
$25, equals $78,712,325, making a total value of milch cows and stock
cattle $125,869,886.
According to the estimate made by Dr. A. D. Melvin, Chief of the
Bureau of Animal Industry, the average loss from tuberculosis among
milch cows will be 9^4 per cent, making a total value of $4,362,074; and
the loss among stock cattle about 1 per cent, amounting to $787,123,
making a total value of $5,149,197. The number of swine in Iowa is 8,366,-
520, at an average of $9 apiece, would make a total value of $75,295,680;
and the loss among swine due to tuberculosis is estimated by the same au-
thor at 2 per cent, making a value of $1,505,973, making a total value of
cattle and swine affected with tuberculosis in the state of Iowa $6,655,170
annually. Thus the loss from tuberculosis among live stock would practi-
cally amount to more than the loss from all other diseases combined;
and it is estimated that one death in seven, of all the deaths in the
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX 367
human family, is caused by some form of tuberculosis. Hence tlie nec-
essity of municipal and state measures.
Dr. A. D. Melvin, Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry, has made
the following statements of the economic importance of food-producing
animals:
"While the saving of human life affords the highest motive for com-
bating tuberculosis, the prevention of financial loss is alone a sufficient
reason for undertaking the eradication of the disease from farm animals.
Statistics of the United States Federal meat inspection for the fiscal
year ending June 30, 1908, covering 53,973,337 animals, or more than one-
half of all those slaughtered for food in the country, show the following
percentages of tuberculosis: Adult cattle, 0.961; calves, 0.026; hogs,
2.049; sheep and goats, 0. The proportion of tuberculosis is probably
higher in animals slaughtered without inspection.
Reports of the tuberculin test made in the 15 years from 1893 to
1908 by Federal, State and other oflEicers with tuberculin prepared by the
Bureau of Animal Industry have been carefully analyzed and tabulated.
Out of the 400,000 cattle tested (mostly dairy cattle) there were 37,000
reactions or 9.25 per cent.
From these two classes of statistics, it is concluded that on an average
about 10 per cent of the milch cows, 1 per cent of other cattle, and 2 per
cent of the hogs in the United States are affected with tuberculosis, the
average percentage for all cattle being estimated at 3.5.
The accuracy of the tuberculin test has been confirmed in a remarkable
way by post mortem examinations. Out of 23,869 reacting cattle slaugh-
tered, lesions of tuberculosis were found in 23,585, a percentage of 98.81.
The economic loss on account of tuberculosis in food-producing animals
is heavy. The loss on animals in which tuberculosis is found in the
Federal meat inspection is estimated at $2,382,433 annually, and if the
same conditions were applied to animals slaughtered without Federal in-
spection, the annual loss on all animals slaughtered for food in the
United States w^ould be increased to $4,354,855. The stock of animals on
hand is also depreciated in value because of tuberculosis. Assuming that
living tuberculosis milch cows are annually depreciated to the extent of
one-tenth of what the loss would be if they were slaughtered, other cattle
one-third, and hogs one-half, the total annual depreciation amounts to
$8,046,219. The annual loss from decreases in milk production is esti-
mated at $1,150,000, and there is also some loss from impairment of
breeding qualities, etc. Taking all these items into account, the aggregate
annual loss because of tuberculosis among farm animals in the United
States is estimated at not less than $14,000,000.
Such heavy financial losses makes the eradication of tuberculosis from
farm animals very desirable purely as an economic matter. As the disease
is found principally among cattle and hogs, and as most of the infection
in hogs is derived from cattle, the main effort should be directed against
the disease in cattle. Among the measures proposed are the following:
Live stock owners should be educated by means of official publications,
the agricultural and general press, lectures at farmers' institutes, etc.
Authorities should make a systematic effort to determine to what extent
368 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
and in what localities the disease exists, and should apply the tuberculin
test generally and systematically to cattle in sections where this seems
desirable. Reacting animals should be slaughtered under competent vet-
erinary inspection, so that the loss may be minimized by passing car-
casses for food where the infection is so slight that this can safely be-
done; dangerous carcasses, of course, to be condemned. In the case of
valuable breeding animals, where slaughter would involve great sacrifice,
the Bang system may be used. A system of tagging all cows sent to
market is advocated, so that when animals are found tuberculous in the
meat inspection, they may be traced back to the place of origin, centers
of infection located, and steps taken for eradication. As the eradication
of tuberculosis is largely a public health measure, it is only reasonable
that the persons whose cattle are slaughtered should be paid indemnity,
at least in part. This is not only just, but is absolutely essential, if the
co-operation of cattle owners is to be secured. Several states already have
provisions of this character.
The benefits to follow from the eradication of tuberculosis from farm
animals are so great and so obvious, that the necessary expenditures,
even though they must be heavy, may be regarded as a highly profitable
investment."
We see what a fearful risk is being taken by the use of the meat and
milk of tuberculosis animals, even if it could be shown that such meat
and milk are themselves free from the living bacillus. Such reckless
consumption of the products of tuberculous animals can only be looked
upon as a direct means of sealing the fate of that large proportion of the
community which is already slightly attacked with tuberculosis. It is
often the most thrifty and least suspected in the herd that have the dis-
ease. Oftentimes there may be a large number of animals that are
affected with tuberculosis, but which appear to be sound. Those, how-
ever, in an advanced stage will show that they are affected with the dis-
ease, so that a physical examination in advanced stages can usually
be relied upon. When we take into consideration that this state of
affairs exists, and that the consumers of most of the milk are invalids and
children, what a responsibility rests upon us!
Much information has been obtained of Bovine Tuberculosis by the
co-operation of the municipal, state and sanitary oflicers, requiring that
all owners of dairy herds supplying milk to any city or town be com-
pelled to furnish a certificate showing that all such animals have been
subjected to the tuberculin test and are free from tuberculosis.
Realizing the importance of such a measure, at a meeting of the State
Board in the summer of 1907, we suggested that the board recommend
that all cities and towns adopt an ordinance to that effect. A copy of the
suggested ordinance and the rules and regulations for the prevention and
restriction of contagious diseases among domestic animals may be found
in this report. Many cities and towns have adopted such an ordinance,
with beneficial results. In many instances, in the inspection of such
herds, a few animals have been found diseased and usually disposed of
in the manner suggested by our department.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX
369
The method of immunization as a preventative measure, under the
Von Behring method, is now being tried quite extensively in different
parts of the world, and many encouraging reports are being made, and it
is to be hoped that this immunizing agent will prove successful.
Another method of eradicating tuberculosis, and known as the Bang
method, is to test all the animals in a herd, and isolate as completely as
possible those reacting from those that do not, and which show no physi-
cal signs of the disease, and also isolating the calves from reacting cows
and feeding them upon milk of healthy cows. This method, where tried,
has been voluntary on the part of the owners. However, it has not been
entirely satisfactory, mostly on account of the expense of keeping sepa-
rate diseased animals from those healthy; also the ever-present risk of
infection to the healthy animals.
Through the efforts of this department the enactment of a law making
compulsory the pasteurization of skimmed milk has been one effective
means of preventing the spread of tuberculosis among patrons of Iowa
creameries.
As an example of the direct results accomplished in our department,
the following report is cited: One of the assistants tested forty-three
Short Horn and Jersey cattle. Of this number forty reacted — about 93
per cent. Acting upon this finding fourteen of the infected animals were
immediately slaughtered at a packing house. Upon post mortem exami-
nation all revealed tubercular lesions, three were condemned and the
others were placed in quarantine. The owner of this herd expects to
have the remaining twenty-seven slaughtered soon, and he will also use
the Bovo-vaccine method as a future preventative. One specific fact in
connection with this case, and one upon which particular stress is laid,
is that the owner and breeder of this stock suffered the amputation of
one of his limbs because it was affected with tuberculosis. It would,
therefore, be of interest to know exactly the source of inoculation;
whether the method of transmission was through the owner of the stock
or the reverse.
POST MORTEM TEST SHEET NO. 1.
t-l
Glands
a
Glands
>
2
d
ft
Disposition
B
1
1
si
o
d
o
1
o
a
O
"3
o
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
p
p
p
p
p
p
p
p
p
p
p
+
24
370
IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
In nine other herds tested by this same veterinarian, consisting of 276
head, 137 reacted, or about 49 per cent of the animals were found dis-
eased. Nearly all of these animals were slaughtered, subject to Federal
inspection, and all showed tubercular lesions.
One test consisting of forty-three head was owned by the Dubuque
County Poor Farm at Julien, Iowa. Having obtained a notice from the
Bureau of Animal Industry, and also from the chairman of the board of
county poor farm, that tuberculosis had been discovered among swine on
the premises, by request I personally visited Julien, where the county
poor farm is located, and made an investigation. The herd, with the
exception of a few, appeared to be in a healthy condition, but inasmuch
as tuberculosis had been discovered among swine on the premises, the
herd of forty-two cows and one bull were tested. The twenty animals
reacting to the test, about 42 per cent, were slaughtered, all showing
tubercular lesions. Seven were consigned to the tank, being diseased in
a generalized condition. Of five of this number the following glands
were affected: Bronchial, mediastinal, lungs, mesenteric, and liver; in
others the cervical, plurae and portal glands were affected. The premises
were disinfected and the members of the county board expressed them-
selves as thoroughly satisfied and well pleased with the work.
TEST SHEET NO. 2.
DUBUQUE COUXTY FARM HERD.
u
Glands
a
2
Glands
u
>
13
Disposition
B
s
60
o
I
o
a
la
1=
"3
o
a
m
1
o
41
80
9
-
_
-
*
-
-
•
•
*
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
+
+
+
+
-1-
+
^Generalized.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX 371
In order to show the percentage of different herds affected, the follow-
ing is a partial summary of tests made by a number of the assistants:
Thirty-seven herds tested, consisting of 305 head, forty-one reacted, about
14 per cent; nine herds, consisting of 215 head, fifty-seven reacted, about
26 per cent; eight herds, consisting of 280 head, fifty-four reacted, making
about 26 per cent; nine herds, 176 tested, twelve reacted and eight sus-
picious, making a percentage of about 7 per cent diseased; four tests,
consisting of sixty-three head, fifteen reacted and five were suspicious, or
about 24 per cent being diseased; twenty tests, consisting of 272 head,
forty-five reacted, or about 16 per cent; seven herds, eighty-one tested,
thirty-eight reacted, or about 47 per cent; another test, consisting of
eight herds, 148 head of cattle, of which seven reacted, making about 5
per cent. The last test, however, consisted mostly of cattle intended for
export.
Another interesting test was reported to our department by a packing
house in Pittsburg, Pa., stating that out of a shipment of eleven head,
five were found to be diseased with tuberculosis. The shipment was
traced to Halligan & Son, Moorland, Iowa. An investigation was made
by our department and the dairy herd tested, consisting of fifty-eight
head, out of which thirty reacted to the test, nearly 52 per cent. Nine-
teen of this number were immediately slaughtered at the Agar Packing
Co., Des Moines, all showing tubercular lesions, six being found diseased
in a generalized condition. The post mortem was conducted by the chief
in charge, and witnessed by the owner, members of the board of health,
the State Veterinarian and three assistants. The owner expressed him-
self as well pleased and thoroughly satisfied, and that the tuberculin test
was absolutely reliable. He further stated that he would not have known
of the existence of disease among his cattle if his attention had not been
<!alled to it by our department, inasmuch as his herd appeared to be per-
fectly healthy.
A similar test was conducted on the farm of Hon, C. W, Stewart, of
Clive, Iowa. During the early part of last spring we received notice
from the bureau stating that out of a shipment of nineteen head slaugh-
tered at a packing house six were found diseased with tuberculosis. The
bureau also notified Mr. Stewart, and he at once called upon us and ex-
pressed a desire to have his entire herd tested. Being very desirous of
eradicating the disease from his premises, and as soon as convenient the
herd was tested, consisting of thirty head, ten of this number reacted to
the test and all w^ere immediately slaughtered, all being found diseased,
three in a generalized condition, Mr. Stewart has taken a very active
interest in this work, and has written a very exhaustive report of the
test, which was copied in some of the leading papers. He expressed him-
self as thoroughly convinced of the reliability of the test, and the need
of legislation that would aid our department in carrying on this work,
and, as a further safeguard to prevent a recurrence of the disease on his
premises, he has decided to use the immunizing agent known as Von
Behring's Bovo-vaccine,
372
IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
The benefits derived by the stock breeders co-operating with our de-
partment may well be illustrated by the following example:
W. F. Wilcox, a prominent farmer and stock raiser near Marshalltown,
requested a member of our department to visit his premises and test his
herd of milch cows. Nine cows were tested and five reacted to the test.
At the owner's request he was granted permission to keep the cows iso-
lated until, as he thought, they would be better fitted for market. Some
two or three months later we were surprised to learn that the owner had
permitted these animals to mingle with the remainder of the herd. Com-
plaint was filed by the local authorities, and upon investigation it was
found that his swine were also affected with tuberculosis. V/hile it is a
difficult matter to detect tuberculosis among swine on foot, it was plainly
visible, and a post mortem held on one of the hogs revealed generalized
tuberculosis. The balance of the cattle were tested, consisting of thirty-
two head, and twenty-five out of this number responded to the test, about
80 per cent, and were slaughtered by the Agar Packing Co., of Des
Moines. All showed marked lesions, three being consigned to the tank.
TEST SHEET NO. 3.
MARSHALLTOWN HEED.
6
Glands
CD
bc
a
3
Glands
I'
13
a
V
ft
CD
Disposition
o
>
(-1
8
2
o
a
2
■3.2
1
1
o
t
2261
2209
2422
2312
2398
2278
31
2470
2303
16
2193
2139
32
2459
29
2481
236.5
2110
2101
2167
2039
2344
2126
2354
2456
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Being convinced that tuberculosis existed to a considerable extent
among cattle at the various state institutions, under the supervision of
the State Board of Control, we requested permission to test the dairy
herds, which was granted, and we immediately began an investigation,
with results as follows:
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX 373
STATE HERDS.
Postoflace
No.
Tested
No.
Re-
acted
Sus-
pic-
ious
Heal-
thy
Mitchellville -- -
28
97
106
36
31
176
63
10
6
33
15
195
66
3
3
57
3
5
22
89
49
Davenport - --
36
Council Bluffs
1
129
--
30
Independence
^1
Eldora -- -. -. -
1 «•?.
Anamosa . -
10
4
V i n to n J
Iowa Tuberculosis Sanatorium, Iowa City
1
Knoxville -i
15
Mount Pleasant
Marshaltown, individuals supplying milk for Soldiers'
Home
73
7
122
59
862
274
15
573
Note — Some of the above tests were completed after June 30th, but were sub-
sequently included in the above table.
FINAL POST MORTEM, INDEPENDENCE HERD.
u
Glands
Glands
Disposition
^
^
o
a
^
a
u
60
o
2
0
2
0)
o
a
1
>
1
§
H
O
03
S
J
E
Ph
S
^
CO
b
H
O
2154
♦
*
*
P
2231
—
P
2068
—
—
P
P
P
—
t
t
t
—
t
t
+
—
+
t
t
_
—
—
P
P
+
t
t
_
—
*
♦
P
—
—
—
—
P
—
P
—
t
t
t
_
—
—
—
_
P
—
—
P
P
P
—
—
+
t
t
—
—
—
—
—
—
P
~~
—
~
—
P
_
_
P
—
—
—
P
—
P
—
X
t
_
P
—
—
__
P
—
t
t
f
_
—
—
_^
§
_
—
P
—
+
t
f
—
—
—
—
—
—
P
Bull
—
—
P
~
—
P
374
IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
FINAL POST MORTUM, INDEPENDENCE HERD— CONTINUED.
Glands
Glands
Disposition
I*
2
o
a
a
^
■S
1
3
Z
^
o
>
u
0)
o
a
o
u
a
9)
o
a
03
a
ft
o
"3
H
O
a
s
^
E
0^
13
02
u,
H
o
_
_
p
—
p
_
t
t
t
—
_
—
p
t
t
—
_
t
t
t
—
p
2326
—
p
2080
—
—
—
p
2187
—
2428
—
—
—
—
§
—
2066
—
p
2112
p
2347
—
—
—
p
2236
—
—
—
—
—
»485
—
—
—
—
p
286
—
—
—
p
2156
—
—
—
p
2145
—
—
—
—
p
•2234
t
+
t
—
219
—
—
p
2479
t
t
t
—
287
t
t
t
— .
2249
t
t
t
—
50
t
+
t
—
128
p
206
v
t
+
t
p
—
—
—
p
p
p
p
-
—
2448
t
t
+
_
2463
t
t
t
p
—
p
2100
»
*
»
p
—
—
—
—
—
§
p
p
—
z
_
_
_
2103
p
2278
_
p
2306
—
—
—
—
—
—
23:36
—
—
—
—
2:J63
*
*
•
p
2440
t
t
+
—
2415
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
p
2127
_
_
_
_
p
23.58
p
2219
♦
*
♦
p
2210
t
t
•—
2408
t
t
35
_
p
2190
p
141
t
t
_
2195
—
—
p
221
p
2308
_
_
p
2074
t
t
300
_
p
2373
t
t
p
299
_
p
2177
—
—
p
220
—
—
—
p
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX 375
FINAL POST MORTEM, INDEPENDENCE HERD— CONTINUED.
S3
Glands
Glands
Disposition
o
a
^
.2
'u
0
z
^
as
o
V
u
(U
2
0) Xj
a
0
2
9i
o
d
a
1
ft
■o
o
o
o
id
H
O
03
s
a
Kt
CLi
S
a
CO
fe
H
O
2276
t
t
t
2-m
t
t
t
20r,8
t
t
f
2388
t
t
t
2038
t
t
+
__
2301
—
—
p
713
—
—
p
15
—
—
—
__
17
»
•
•
p
19
—
—
—
p
21
—
—
p
23
t
t
t
23
t
t
t
p
+
25
—
p
27
—
p
29
—
_
—
p
31
—
—
—
+
33
—
t
+
t
p
+
35
—
—
p
37
^
p
39
t
t
t
+
41
p
43
—
—
—
p
45
*
«
♦
p
47
—
—
—
—
p
49
—
—
—
+
51
—
p
53
p
55
—
p
57
t
t
+
—
+
59
p
61
f
t
t
+
63
—
—
p
tGeneral tuberculosis.
^Excessive tuberculosis.
§Emaciated.
The number of cattle tested by our department at the various in-
stitutions was 796 head, of which 267 reacted to the test, being a fraction
under 34 per cent. There were also fifteen head suspicious, which added
to the 267 reacting, makes a total of 282 head, being about 35.5 per cent.
Sixty-six head owned by individuals supplying milk to the inmates of the
Soldiers' Home at Marshalltown were tested, seven of this number reacted
to the test, about 11 per cent. All animals reacting to the test showed
tubercular lesions, and some of the suspicious animals were found dis-
eased, a great many in an advanced stage. Out of the 135 cattle slaugh-
tered from the Independence herd, including those suspicious, forty-seven
were tanked, making a fraction under 34 per cent of those slaughtered.
Among this number was one cow with extensive lesions, of which we have
preserved a specimen, as shown in the following picture.
Of the 195 head tested at Mt. Pleasant, seventy-three reacted to the
test, about 39 per cent. Seventeen was found diseased in a generalized
condition, making about 23 per cent of the animals slaughtered.
376 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
The following cuts show post mortem results on the Independence
herd after the diseased animals had been slaughtered at Cedar Rapids.
This post mortem was witnessed by members of the State Board of Con-
trol and others interested in the test.
The first picture shows a number of the animals after post mortem and
ready for disposal. The latter gives a closer view of the tubercular lesions
as existing in each of them.
Experiments have proven that milk from a tubercular udder fed to
calves has produced the disease in from one to ninety days. We also
find that in Iowa the largest percentage of tubercular swine come from
districts where the cattle are diseased, the infection coming through the
faeces, milk or dead carcasses, for example: A case came under our ob-
servation where a cow had died from tuberculosis. The carcass was
drawn into the swine pen, giving the swine free access to the internal
organs. The drove of swine were seventy-two in number, and were
sold in about ninety days to a packing house where federal inspection
was maintained. Upon being slaughtered every animal showed tubercular
lesions, and twenty-two were consigned to the tank.
Animals very rarely become diseased without coming in contact with
infected ones, or by eating and drinking from the same boxes or troughs.
It has also been demonstrated that tubercular mothers very rarely give
birth to tubercular offspring. Almost every example proves conclusively
that the greatest method of infection is through the digestive tract.
Dr. H. E. Talbotj'^Assistant State Veterinarian, has compiled a report
of intense interest, dealing with the testing of one thousand cattle, the
animals being an average, and neither under suspicion nor within reach,
so far as known, of the infection. Of this number, 306, or 30 3-5 per cent
reacted, and 61 per cent of the entire herds were suspected cases. The
306 animals found reacting were condemned, and were slaughtered under
federal inspection, but one of the number being found free from tubercular
lesions. There were seventy-six of the slaughtered animals put in tank-
age as unfit for use.
While this report of 1,000 animals comprises but approximately one-
fourth of the number tested by us during 1908, this number has been sufii-
cient to establish beyond any question of doubt the reliability of the
tuberculin test.
We have experimented with tuberculin upon animals having previously
reacted to the test, and infected with tuberculosis, for the purpose of
determining how often cattle would react. We will give one experiment,
using the owner's name by his permission:
W. F. Parks, Indianola, Iowa; dates, February 5 and 6, 1908; number
tested, twenty-five, all being pure bred Short Horns; number reacting,
thirteen. Of this number six were immediately slaughtered, the remain-
ing seven being allowed to stay on the premises for the purpose or saving
their calves. We were unable to give the exact dates of the subsequent
tests, but can give them very closely. In about ninety days (May 1st)
these seven cows were retested, only five reacting, no attention whatever
being paid to advanced pregnancy, the majority of them having calved.
One animal, however, which was due to calf in about ten days, failed to
react.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX
377
IOWA depart:\iext of agriculture
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX 379
About sixty days later (July 1st) they were tested for the third time,
at that time all having reacted, when four of the seven failed to react.
Some time later they were tested for the fourth time, five reacting, but
during these four tests there were two which failed to react after the
first test.
Still later the seven cows were slaughtered at the Agar Packing Co.
plant in Des Moines, Iowa, and all showed advanced tuberculosis, two of
the seven being consigned to the tank.
However, we do believe repeated tests to be of vital importance to the
non-reacting animals at any time from six to twelve months, as tuberculin
will not always give a reaction during the period of incubation or where
the disease has been arrested. The same is also true of advanced stages
of the disease, so that the records of tested herds do not always point out
all of the infected ones, as the ones recently infected, or those in the
advanced stages, may not react until the disease becomes active. In
order to eliminate the disease entirely from a herd repeated tests are
necessary.
Where tuberculosis has been known to reappear in a herd, after the
reactors have been slaughtered, both the owner and the public are prone
to place the blame upon the veterinarian or to question the reliability of
the test, when in fact the owner himself is to blame for this failure to have
them retested. It is therefore quite important that the owner be advised
by his veterinarian as to the necessity of subsequent testing, thereby re-
lieving himself of the responsibility should the disease recur.
Cattle reacting to the tuberculin test should be disposed of in the fol-
lowing manners: (1) Total destruction; (2) slaughtered at abattoirs
under proper inspection; (3) isolated for breeding purposes according
to the Bang method.
The veterinarian must in all cases keep a record of animals tested,
date of testing, owTier's name, number reacting, and the disposition of
all reactors, if possible.
Among the several thousand animals which have been tested during
the past season there was no herd in which so great an amount of interest
was taken as that of a state herd at Glenwood, and there were several
reasons for this unusual interest, the first and greatest being that it was
the most beautiful, typical dairy herd of Holsteins that it has ever been
our pleasure to test. There were 106, practically all Holsteins, and of all
ages, and were tested April 21 and 22, 1908. Of this number there were
fifty-seven reactors, almost 54 per cent, and this was not considered a
suspected herd.
Elsewhere in this report is given a brief summary of a proposed ordi-
nance which should be adopted by every city and town in Iowa. This
ordinance provides for the testing of all dairy cattle, and especially the
cows from which the city milk supply is taken. Many Iowa cities and
towns have adopted the suggestion and the results have been most grati-
fying. As an example we have a report from a town in northern Iowa,
where inspection is in force. The local veterinarian while inspecting
some cattle which had been slaughtered for beef purposes found tubercular
lesions very pronounced. Other parties who refused to comply with the
ordinance were prosecuted. At the preliminary trial, a fine of $25 was
380
IOWA depart:jext of agriculture
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX 3 SI
imposed by the mayor, and the case was taken to the district court where
the verdict for the city was sustained. We reproduce here a cut showing
one of the animals slaughtered and the tubercular lesions are shown to
be so prominent that it leaves no question of doubt as to the importance
of maintaining such inspection, wherever meat and milk are sold to the
city trade.
THE FENCE OR THE AMBULANCE.
In a well populated district of one of our western states there is a cliff,
over which thousands of people pass daily. Some are unaware of the
close proximity of the cliff to their pathway, and when passing along
make a misstep and are precipitated to the street far below.
The people wanted some remedy for the danger. Some argued for a
fence and some for an ambulance. The latter method prevailed. An
ambulance, then, was required to carry the injured to a hospital, and the
expense was allowed to accrue, not to mention the loss of life and limb
which continued.
Finally the accidents grew so numerous and the expense so heavy that
the ambulance became a burden in place of a remedy — and then a fence
was built. There were no more accidents. The ambulance was removed,
and the hospital closed. And there was no more suffering. The needs
to combat the dangerous cliff were satisfied.
Why not apply the same principle to the treatment of tuberculosis?
Let us build a system of prevention by destroying its origin among
stock. The hospital and its varying attending avenues of taking care of
the afflicted would then be useless — in time. Human suffering and heavy
cost would be lessened and in keeping with this advanced stage of civili-
zation. The expense would be small, and equality of misfortune in dis-
eased stock would prevail.
GLANDERS.
We have to report quite a number of cases of glanders among horses
and mules in this state, the disease having originated and existed in many
different sections of the state at various intervals. We have given special
attention to calls in suppressing the disease or preventing. its spread, and
although having accomplished good results, the losses have been extensive
in some cases. Outbreaks of this disease have occurred in the following
counties: Black Hawk, Buena Vista, Butler, Clinton, Chickasaw, Craw-
ford, Cerro Gordo, Carroll, Dallas, Dubuque, Franklin, Greene, Hardin,
Harrison, Hamilton, Iowa, Lyon, Lucas, Madison, Mitchell, Poweshiek,
Pottawattamie, Polk, Pocahontas, Ringgold, Story, Shelby, Tama, Wood-
bury, Worth, Wright and Washington.
One case in particular which commanded urgent action came from
Ames, where a contractor had set up winter quarters. He had shipped
into Iowa from South Dakota, and glanders w^as discovered among these
animals. Out of a herd of nineteen tested, fourteen reacted, and were
destroyed, eight had died previous to the test. We were compelled to
order the destruction of all others found diseased. It required rigid en-
IOV\'A DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX 383
forcement of quarantine regulations, however, to keep the disease within
the herd. It is believed the disease was taken from among other stock
in South Dakota.
Shortly after the above outbreak, another case was reported from
Nevada, where a herd of horses and mules were found afflicted with the
disease. Fifty-eight horses and mules were immediately quarantined,
and several of them died or were destroyed. After making the proper
tests, and finding that subsequent developments indicated the quarantined
animals were not affected, they were released from quarantine.
Another call in May of 1907, from New Liberty, Iowa, developed five
diseased out of a herd of thirty-two, and these were destroyed.
During the spring of 1907, an outbreak occurred near Kellerton, which
was traced to a carload of western horses sold to various farmers in
that vicinity. The disease was found to exist at seven different farms,
and more than a dozen horses and mules were destroyed or died from the
effects of this disease. One interesting feature of this case was, that from
this shipment of western horses, another and more severe outbreak oc-
curred near Cummings, where one farmer lost fourteen head of horses
and mules. At the time our attestion w^as called to these cases, four of
the animals had died from the disease. Twelve head were tested, ten
reacting to the test. Seven of this number showing symptoms were
promptly destroyed by the owner. The other three were isolated and
kept in quarantine, and in about ninety days the disease developed and
they w^ere destroyed. The owner deserves a great deal of credit for
generous and prompt action in destroying all animals found diseased,
and thoroughly disinfecting the premises to prevent further spread. He
kept over one hundred horses on his farm, and through his hearty co-
operation no further evidence of the disease has developed.
During the early part of April, 1907, and prior to this time, we re-
ceived calls from Clinton where several cases of glanders were reported.
Investigations had developed no less than 26 cases of the disease, and
among them were the horses used by the Clinton Transfer Company. An
effective system of quarantine operative for a period of about two years,
finally resulted in completely destroying all existence or trace of the dis-
ease.
But the most distressing result of this outbreak was the death of
Thomas Farrel, aged 35, who was a driver for the transfer company, and
had contracted the disease from horses he had driven and cared for.
So seldom does it occur that glanders has been transmitted from animal
to man, that this was a case which required the most careful considera-
tion. During I\Ir. Parrel's sickness, and in the month of July, 1907, the
time of his demise, it became known for the first time that he had been
exposed to the disease through attending horses which w^ere known to
have had glanders. We were called upon then for our co-operation in
determining exactly the nature of Mr. Farrel's sickness. The disease
first made its appearance about the head and shoulders of the patient,
thence it developed into pimples or pustules, showing in the glands and
throat. There were symptoms at that time of malaria or septic poisoning.
Associating the symptoms of Mr. Farrell wdth those of the diseased
horses, it was found that the similarity justified further diagnosis. Micro-
3S4 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
scopical and bacteriological examinations confirmed this similarity, and
the mallein and agglutinations test applied to three horses showing
typical symptoms, proved beyond a doubt that the disease was glanders.
We watched subsequent developmests and by means of further micro-
scopical examinations, concluded that Mr. Parrell had suffered and died
of glanders, as transmitted to him by the diseased horses he had attended.
Just after Mr. Farrell's demise, we secured the photograph shown on
the opposite page, and the result of glanders, in the human form, may
readily be seen.
HOG CHOLERA.
With the exception of the past two years, we have had less cholera
than in any former period. The heaviest losses sustained thoughout this
country, occurred several years ago. Quarantine methods and regula-
tions to keep under control the existence of any outbreak, have been the
only way and means of preventing losses.
Possibly the most prominent avenues from w^hich cholera is known
to originate and spread, is through improper disposition of dead hogs.
Birds are known to carry infection from one place to another, after having
been around an animal which has succumbed to the disease. It is also
believed that droppings from railway cars, or contagion beginning at
public sales or markets, fairs, etc., have had to do with spreading the
disease.
One gratifying report we have to make as related to our swine industry
is that we have had very few cases of contagion reported among stock
shipped to any state or county fair for exhibition purposes. When we
take into consideration the fact that Iowa has had as many 3,100 hogs on
exhibition at our State Fair, and also the fact that Iowa is the largest
hog raising state in the Union, we have a right to expect more or less
contagion. It is true that the other states seldom have more than 1,000
hogs exhibited at one time, and yet these states have rigid rules and
regulations to prevent the importation of any stock for exhibition pur-
poses to their state fair. Some of our stock men were much concerned
last year over the possibility of being barred from outside exhibitions
on account of contagion among swine, but fortunately this has never
occurred, and it is partly due to the careful manner in which these ani-
mals are cared for and protected from infection. At the last session of
the legislature, in order to identify the township and county health or-
ganizations with their due responsibilities, included in connection with
other laws enacted, the duty of local boards of health to take action
wherever and whenever they were informed of any contagious disease
among domestic animals in their locality, and to co-operate with the state
veterinarian and serve him with notice of such disease promptly upon its
discovery. This not only applied to hog cholera, but to all other infectious
diseases among live stock. While this regulation has not been fully com-
plied with, it is true that there have been a large number of important
calls come to this department through this means. We have appreciated
tne immediate attention given by many of these boards, and cannot too
strongly urge others to follow their example, in order that public safety
of live stock may better be conserved.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX 385
While the cholera has worked disastrous results among the hogs, it
has been under constant surveillance and at least one remedy has been
found after years of study, which it is believed will relieve the conditions,
and eventually immunize hogs from taking it. Dr. W. B. Niles, co-oper-
ating with the government Bureau of Animal Industry, has experimented
with what is known as hog cholera serum. The Bureau of Animal In-
dustry has taken an active interest in the experiments, until now this
serum has been practically adopted by the bureau as official. It is hoped
that Iowa will follow the example of other states in providing for the
manufacture or preparation of this serum after this formula, so that
farmers and stock raisers of Iowa may obtain much needed benefit from
its application to their herds.
MALADIE-DU-COIT.
Perhaps the most interesting and yet serious case coming to this de-
partment, and related to the horse, has been that of Maladie-Du-Coit,
which originated in Van Buren county. It has been fully determined
that this disease, while of very rare occurrence, was one of the most
destructive known to veterinary science. In this case, the malady origi-
nated in a thoroughbred stallion, bought by a company of seventeen
farmers in ^an Buren county, and this animal came from Columbus,
Ohio, having been shipped under proper authority, as at the time, being
free from disease. The price paid for this horse was $3,000. Following
is a photograph of the horse known as Marquis.
Some time after this horse was put into service by farmers, and during
the latter part of the season, he developed symptoms of the disease, which
was only in its incipiency when pronounced by the writer to be Maladie-
Du-Coit, and stringent measures to prevent its spread were put in force
at once. Later through co-operation of the Bureau of Animal Industry,
this horse was shipped to Washington, D. C, with two mares, which were
suffering from the same trouble. Our diagnosis was not only verified, but
proved the occasion of one of the most interesting cases they had had.
Subsequent action, almost brought about the quarantine of Iowa against
the shipment of horses, but through the destruction of all other affected
animals in Van Buren county, such measure was prevented. In all, 173
mares and five stallions were placed in quarantine, and about twenty
head of mares were killed, the state paying for three of them and the
government paying owners for the others. This practically ended the
existence of Maladie-Du-Coit in Iowa. Following is another photograph
showing the horse while he was in an advanced stage of the disease, and
by comparison with the first picture, it may be seen the disastrous effect
produced by this disease.
25
386
IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
No. 10. Maaldia-Du-Coit.
Van Buren County.
No. 11. Maladie-Du-Coit.
Same Animal Afcer Diseae Had Developed.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX 387
OUR RELATION TO. KINDRED DEPARTMENTS OF OTHER STATES.
The Department of the State Veterinary Surgeon of Iowa, has, during
the past three years, affiliated closely with similar department of other
states. Reports of all contagious and infectious diseases existing among
live stock, have been forwarded to this office from time to time, promptly,
as such diseases originated. We have, therefore, kept in close touch with
existing conditions in other localities.
WTiile there have been few infectious diseases transmitted to the State
of Iowa through shipping stock, we believe that the precautions here
stated, have prevented any such movement on the part of owners of such
animals, and it is a well known fact that Iowa is not a dumping ground
for undesirable live stock.
In accordance with section 5028-j, chapter 14. we have caused to be
issued to purchasers of stock residing with the State of Iowa a certificate
proving that all stock imported into this state, are free from infectious
diseases. This is commonly known as a health certificate and permit for
the shipment of cattle for dairy or breeding purposes, and applies only
to registered cattle or cattle eligible to registration. There have been a
large number of such certificates received by this department.
In this connection, we find but one draw-back to the plan of receiving
such certificates. There have been some cases under suspicion where
tuberculosis is at issue, and we believe that stock have had the tuberculin
test one or more times, and finally oecome immune to the test, so that
when passing before the inspector ready for shipment, the tuberculin test
dees not develop the actual conditions of such animals. In such cases,
we have made tests which have developed tuberculosis in such cattle
passing inspection, and they have been slaughtered, and the fact that
these cattle were registered and were high priced stock, has been a heavy
burden of loss to such purchaser, and for this reason, the certificate des-
cribed above, has become a matter of utmost importance as a protective
measure to breeders of high grade stock. On the other hand, the depart-
ment issues a certificate upon the same plan. These certificates, and so
far as our knowledge extends, prove of the utmost value to shippers of
live stock to Iowa; and they have been subjected to the closest scrutiny of
the officials examining them at the point of delivery.
The expense of this inspection and issuance of this certificate is borne
by the shipper.
REPORTS FROM PACKING HOUSES.
In each of the larger packing houses located within the State of Iowa,
the gcvernment maintains an inspector whose duty it is to pass upon the
condition of stock received for slaughter after post mortem. These in-
spectors in turn, send to this department a memorandum of final post
mortem examinations, showing the nature and condition of disease, if
any, of live stock so slaughtered; also giving the location from w^hich
such stock is received. Through this means as applied to inter-state ship-
ments of cattle, we have been in close touch with the conditions existing
among practically ail the live stock offered for sale to the packing house.
388 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
We have also traced back tuberculous conditions to localities where
they were least suspected, and after examination, have lound we v.-ere
justified in making the tuberculin test, and preventing through quarantine
measures, any further spread of the disease. The reports above referred
to are filed in this office and under constant surveillance, so that in the
event that they are of a serious nature, we are able to jjrevent outbreaks
of any other surrounding stock. We have been favored with the ro-opera-
tion of the management of packing houses, owners of shi;jpins sto^k and
shippers in suppressing any spread of disease, and also, in disinfecting
premises and stock cars where disease is known to have existed.
THE BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.
There is no wider range of identification of the live s'^ock interests
of this country, than that originating through the Bureau of Animal In-
dustry. An efficient corps of inspectors under the managemant of a fhief
inspector at Y/ashington, is always in close touch with the stock shipnipnts
originating throughout the United States. Iowa has had no small part
of shipments to eastern markets. The inspector at such points or yards,
where the Iowa cattle are unloaded, also makes a thorough investigation
of their condition, and we have had but few reports dercgatory to the
welfare of our cattle shipping interests.
The Bureau of Animal Industry file with this department a list of tha
names and addresses of all Iowa shippers, number of animals shipped,
points of destination, and finally, the last post mortem reports on such
animals. These reports originating in Washington, and forwarded under
the authority of the chief of the inspection division, are on file in this
office.
During the past three years, there have been few other diseases out-
side of tuberculosis and scabies reported, and these were found to be of
an incipient form only. The Bureau of Animal Industry also have super-
vision over the inter-state shipments, and the shipment of breeding and
dairy cattle into other states. There is a stringent law prohibiting the
shipment of infected stock and this law is enforced, inasfar as the juris-
diction of the inspectors will admit. We have had cases where an effort
has been made to ship diseased stock from Iowa into other states, and
through the Bureau of Animal Industry we have learned of this effort,
and prevented such violation of the law. In this connection, we also
received through a joint circular issued by the Western Trunk Line Com-
mittee of Chicago, information as to the quarantine rules and regula-
tions applied to state and inter-state traffic, and under supervision of the
railway company's transporting stock; also governing the location of un-
loading or feeding points upon the route or any cross-country shipments.
Such unloading or feeding pens are subject to disinfection, etc., to pre-
vent the existence or spread of any disease.
These reports are kept on file in this office for reference at any time.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX 389
FEDERAL MEAT INSPECTION.
DB. G. A. JOHNSON.
Acccrcling to the English statistics, the people of the United States are
fl-e lHlg^'St meat eaters of the world, with the possible exceptions of the
/ ustralians. It is probable that we now consume an average of about 125
1 mine's of meat annually for each person, young or old, of the United
States proper. Taking into consideration the fact that such a vast amount
of meat is being annually consumed for food together with the absolute
laiowledge that a number of diseases are communicable form the lower
ariiraals to man. should malce it patent to all that the health of our
l)Pople demands that its meat supply should be clean and wholesome and
free from diseases.
Oi the other hand, it will be readily understood that any unnecessary
derannds that v/ould materially interfere with the live stock industry,
would be felt to a greater or lesser degree throughout our vast business
system; because the live stock industry is not only one of the largest of
the country, but it is also intimately connected with such industries as
tbe packing houses, the stock yards, the railroads and agriculture. With
this information before us, it must be evident to all, that to formulate
and carry into effect any set of regulations relative to the inspection of
the meat products of the country that will accord reasonable protection for
the consumer on the one hand, and that will not, on the other hand, be
burdensome to any of the allied industries, is a problem of vast magni-
tude and importance. But we are now in a position to state that this has
been accomplished in a large measure by the system of federal inspection
now in vogue in this country. And, notwithstanding the fact that the
primary object of this inspection w^as to protect our export trade, it has
under the wise direction of Dr. D. E. Salmon, ex-chief of the Bureau of
Animal Industry, been gradually enlarged and perfected so that now it
includes a large proportion, but not all of the meat products used in this
country.
Owing to the fact that the federal government has no legal authority
to make regulations that interfere with the matters of state within the
state, it has no authority to inspect any meats except such as are offered
for interstate or export trade. Consequently, no slaughter house is sup-
posed to have federal inspection that does not do an interstate or export
business, but many, in fact most of the packing houses, do more or less
local trade, as well as interstate and export business. At first, the pack-
ers thought that by taking advantage of the law, they could get all the
benefits of the inspection for their interstate and export trade, and at the
same time, escape the loss of the condemned carcasses by stating that all
such carcasses were intended for local trade; but it was found imprac-
tical, If not impossible, for the inspectors in the large packing houses to
keep the carcasses that were slaughtered for local trade separate from
those slaughtered for the interstate and export trade. So in order to
obviate the difficulty and also to relieve the state of the burden of look-
ing after the diseased carcasses that might be rejected from interstate
390 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
and export trade, the Secretary of Agriculture early adopted the plan of
making each firm enter into an agreement, to abide by the rules and
regulations and to tank all diseased meats that are condemned by the
inspectors before he grants them inspection, and should they refuse to
stand by this agreement, he could take the inspection away from them.
By this method, the chances for a conflict between the packers and in-
spector, and the federal and state inspectors, is greatly lessened and the
local patrons of these houses get meats that are inspected the same as
those for interstate and export trade.
From a sanitary standpoint, the meat products from the large packing
houses where federal inspectoins are maintained, are more wholesale than
are the meats slaughtered in the smaller houses where no inspection is
maintained, because, where there is no inspection, the butcher will seldom
tank a whole carcass, but usually he will trim off the diseased parts and
sell the remainder. The fact that the federal government maintains a
system of inspection at the larger live stock centers, adds rather than
detracts from the reasons why local communities should maintain inspec-
tion at their local slaughter houses; because the tendency is for those
who know that their stock is diseased to try to sell it at home and often
they will sell at a very low figure rather than ship it to the stock yards
where there is inspection and take the chances of having it^condemned.
For this reason, many diseased animals find their way to the slaughter
house of the local butcher, who, because there is so inspector present to
watch him, can remove the diseased parts and sell the remainder as good
wholesome meat to the unsuspecting public.
Having thus given a somewhat general discussion of the reason why
meats should be inspected and the objects to be obtained, we will now take
up the discussion of how the work is done.
In the first place, there are at least two inspections of every animal —
the first of the animal while alive, which is known as the ante-mortem.
This is made at the stock yards, or where there are no public yards, in the
pens of the packing house where the animal is killed. This ante-mortem
inspection is for two purposes. First, to note such animals as show symp-
toms of such diseases as actinomycosis, lumpy jaw, hog cholera, etc.
These animals are tagged or marked, asd a notice is sent to the inspector
in the slaughter house, so that the symptoms that they present alive, may
be considered when the final inspection is made of the carcass. The sec-
ond purpose is to learn if they are affected with any contagious disease
that is of sufficient importance to demand attention, such as sheep or cat-
tle scab, hog cholera, etc.
It will be readily understood that the inspection at our large public
yards, where many animals are received from various parts of the coun-
try to be sold and re-shipped to other parts, is of great importance, not so
much from the point of wholesome meats, but more especially to the stock
industry because of the check it forms to the carrying of contagious dis-
eases from one section of the country to others, some of which might be
of considerable distances.
By the system now in vogue, all stock arriving at yards where inspec-
tion is maintained, is inspected at the dock as the animals are unloaded;
or in case they have been unloaded in the night, they are inspected in
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX 391
the pens before they are sold; and any lots that present symptoms of
such diseases as scab, cholera, etc., are held for final disposition according
to the regulations of the Secretary of Agriculture.
These regulations are formulated for the purpose of preventing the
spread of disease, and consequently vary according to the character of
the disease and its mode of transmission; and the regulations relative to
any particular disease may be changed from time to time as the condi-
tions change. For illustration, cattle or sheep that are found upon yard
inspection to be affected with scabies, may be slaughtered at the local
abattoirs; for these are diseases of the skin due to a small parasite, some-
what like a louse, and the flesh is not affected except in the latter stages
of very severe cases. But scabby cattle are prohibited from being shipped
to other public yards until after they have been dipped; and where they
are to be shipped to country points for feeding, stocker or breeding pur-
poses, they must be dipped twice at about ten days apart. This is done
to prevent these diseased animals conveying the disease to those locali-
ties that are now free. The regulations relative to hig cholera and its
allied diseases, prescribes that no swine can be shipped from public yards
to country points for any purpose.
The reasons for this are, that these diseases are contagious and healthy
S"w ine may contract them by being yarded in pens that have recently held
diseased hogs. Owing to the fact that more or less diseased swine are
being continually shipped to market, the public yards are always infected
so that all hogs being yarded in them are exposed to the germs of these
diseases, and experience has demonstrated that where hogs have been
taken from public yards to country feed lots, they usually contract one
or more of the diseases and more or less of them die; thus making it not
only a poor investment for the owner, but also a center of infection for
the spread of the disease; and, therefore, a source of danger to all his
neighbors who own swine. Numerous instances are on record where
cholera has been carried into non-infected territory and at times several
hundred miles from the yards where the disease was contracted.
The general public may think that no one would take the chances of
carrying a contagious disease like hog cholera, sheep scab, or cattle mange
from the yards to their stock at home, but it should not be forgotten
that there are always men who do not know that these diseases and oth-
ers— a more dangerous class, who think that they are wise enough to do
those things that good prudent business men would not consider wise or
safe, and the public needs protection from these classes of individuals.
This protection is afforded to a greater or less degree by the extension of
the meat inspection system to cover this work. So much for the branch
covering the control of contagious diseases.
The stock that is sold for slaughter in the city where the inspection
is carried on are inspected again — as they go to the scales to be weighed
— for such diseases as actinomycosis, tuberculosis, abcesses, injuries, etc.,
and such animals as present any of these diseases sufncient to make prob-
able that their flesh will be unwholesome for food, are tagged vrith a
metal tag bearing a number so that the animal may be identified when it
reaches the slaughter house. Then the inspector doing the post mortem
392 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE
work is notified of the condition of the animal at the time it was weighed
and this information is used by him in making his decision as to the
wholesomeness or unwholesomeness of the carcass.
When slaughtering is going on at a house where federal inspection is
maintained, the inspectors are there to inspect the animals as they are
dressed. The inspection of cattle is made by the inspector passing along
with the gutter, the man who removes the internal organs, intestines,
liver, lungs, heart, etc., and as these viscera drops to the floor, the inspec-
tor has an opportunity to examine them. As the inspectors are all edu-
cated in this line of work, by practice, they soon become so proficient
that they can tell at a glance if the carcass is in a normal condition or
not, and usually they can tell as soon as all of the parts can be seen
whether the carcass will be wholesome for meat or not. But, in cases
where it cannot be determined at once whether the flesh is fit for human
food, the carcass is tagged with a numbered paper tag and sent to the
detention room where it is held until the exact condition has been deter-
mined. All parts of the carcass, as head, tail, fat, etc., must be tanked
or held until the animal is finally disposed of and in case the carcass is
condemned these parts go with it.
The carcasses of all cattle that are considered unwholesome for food
are tagged with condemnation tags and tanked at once or are held in the
detaining room, which is under a government lock, the key of which is
held by the inspector until such time as it is convenient to the house and
inspector to tank them. All condemned carcasses are tanked and ren-
dered with fertilizers, etc. This is done under the supervision of an em-
ploye of the bureau, who sees the carcass cut up and put into the tank
and then he seals up the tank so that it cannot be opened without break-
ing the seal. After the carcasses are cooked suflaciently to destroy them
for food, the same or another employe of the bureau breaks the seal. All
beef quarters that are passed for food, are marked with a label bearing a
serial number and the words "U. S. Inspected."
In the larger packing houses, the Logs that are to be slaughtered are
driven into a small pen — catch pen — where they are caught by fastening
one end of a short chain around one hind leg, and the other end is hooked
to a large revolving wheel (hoist) which raises the hog on an inclined
rail and as the animal slides down this rail, the sticker, with a long,
sharp-ponted knife, severs the large blood vessels just inside the chest.
As the carcass passes along the rail, a large part of the blood escapes from
the body, then the carcass is dropped from the end of this rail into a
long scalding vat, through which it is worked, so that when it reaches
the further end, it is sufficiently scalded and is lifted from the vat by
machinery to a table where, by means of a special hook inserted between
the lower jaws, it is attached to an endless chain which draws it up
through a machine known as a scraper, which removes a large portion of
the hair.
From the scraper the carcass is dropped to the scraping or heading
bench, which has a moving top that carries the carcass along the rail. On
this bench more of the hair is removed, the head is nearly severed from
the body, and the gambrel is put in place. By this time, the carcass has
reached the end of the bench and the gambrel is put upon a roller hook.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX 393
and dropped head downward upon the rail. From here, it is carried along
by means of an endless chain arrangement. While the carcass is passing
along this rail, the remainder of the hair is removed, the carcass ia
opened, the viscera (internal organs) and leaf lard are removed, and
after passing through one or more washers, the head is cut off and the
carcass is split in halves. In this condition, it passes to the hanging
floor, where it is held a short time to drip and cool off. It is then passed
on to the chill (refrigerating) room, where is is thoroughly cooled before
being cut up into shoulders, hams, loins, bellies, etc.
By this means it is possible to kill from 200 to 1,000 hogs per hour,
according to the room, machinery and number of men employed. To
those not familiar with the work, it might appear impossible to properly
inspect so many hogs per hour, but, by the method now in vogue, it is
possible for two men to do this work very thoroughly and without ma-
terially interfering wath the workmen of the company.
This is accomplished by having one man examine the glands of the
head and neck, either on the header's bench after the head has been cut
nearly off, or on the rail before the carcass reaches the gutters; and when
a carcass presents lesions of disease either on the external skin surface
or in the glands of the neck, he attaches a numbered tag on the carcass,
the head and viscera, except the intestine, being left in these carcasses.
The second man, who is stationed at the gutters' bench near the rail,
can plainly see all of the carcasses as they pass and also all of the viscera
as they are removed; and when he sees a carcass or viscera that is dis-
eased, he tags the carcass. He also makes a close examination of the
viscera of all tagged carcasses and notes the lesions found upon a record
slip kept for this purpose. When carcass bearing a government tag
reaches the hanging floor, it is run aside and held for final inspection.
The final inspection is made by making a close examination of the car-
cass and the retained viscera— lungs, liver and spleen— and the conditions
presented at this examination, together with those noted by the man at
the visceral bench, determines what shall be done with the carcass. This
final inspection is made necessary because the men do not have time to
make a sufficiently close examination while the carcass is passing along
the rail. On final inspection, those carcasses that are found diseased to
such an extent as to make flesh unwholesome for food, are condemned.
But where the disease is not of sufficient extent to render the meat un-
wholesome, the diseased parts are removed and the carcass passed for
food, when it is taken to the chill room with the others of the day's kill.
Of the carcasses condemned when the disease is of such a character or
extent as to render it fit for food after proper cooking, it is permissible to
render them into lard after all diseased parts have been removed by the
inspectors; while such carcasses as are so diseased as to make them
wholly unfit for food and all diseased parts are at once placed in tanks
and cooked with other refuse material until rendered inedible. Or they
may be placed in the retaining room and held under lock until such time
as it is convenient for the company and inspector to tank them. The
tanking of hog carcesses is done under the supervision of an employe of
the government the same as beef carcasses.
394 • IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
The inspection as now carried out is of great importance, not only to
the public because of giving them a more wholesome meat supply, but
also to the live stock industry in general by materially checking the
spread of certain contagious diseases and protecting and keeping open
foreign markets for our surplus meat products.
Again, the records of the post mortem inspection furnish valuable
knowledge of the prevalence of the more common diseases of meat ani-
mals and by comparing the records from year to year, it may be ascer-
tained whether these diseases are on the decrease or increase.
Thus it is demonstrated that tuberculosis of cattle and swine is on the
increase, while hog cholera and its allied diseases have been gradually
diminishing for several years.
The stock raisers could receive valuable lessons if more of them would
call upon the inspectors and go with them and look over the diseased
carcasses. By such a method, they would not only learn what diseases
are prevalent, but they would become familiar with the appearances —
pathology — of the various diseases; and by questioning and discussion of
the various questions with the inspectors, they could gain valuable infor-
mation relative to the freeing and keeping their animals free from dis-
ease.
RECOMMENUATIOX.
The Iowa State Board of Health recommends that all dairy and breed-
ing cattle used in the State of Iowa be tested with tuberculin at intervals
of one year, until it is determined that such herds are free from tuber-
culosis. The board also recommends that every dairyman and breeder
when purchasing cattle, be required to see that such animals are free
from tuberculosis, as determined by the tuberculin test. It is recom-
mended that the council of every city, town or village in the State of
Iowa, adopt a milk and dairy ordinance similar to, or incorporate the
provisions embodied in the copy for as ordinance as given below.
SUGGESTED ORDIXAXCES.
An Ordiaaxce providing for testing dairy herds with tuberculin and
regulating the sale of milk in the city of
Be it Ordained by the City Council of
Section 1. No person, firm or corporation shall sell any cream within
the city limits of without first having obtatined a li-
cense so to do, in the manner provided in section 2 of this ordinance.
Sec. 2. Any person, firm or corporation on desiring a license or renewal
of license to sell milk or cream in shall first make appli-
cation for such license to the city council by filing an application in writ-
ing, which application shall state explicitly the name and address of
the applicant, the names and addresses of all persons from whom he pur-
chases milk or cream to be sold, the number of cows owned by him and
by each of the persons from w^hich he purchases milk or cream, and that
t::e appiication be accompanied by a certificate from an inspector whose
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART IX 395
competency and reliability are certified to by the authority charged with
the control of contagious and infectious diseases among domestic ani-
mals in the State of Iowa, certifying that said cattle had been examined
and subjected to the tuberculin test and found free from disease within
one year from the date of filing said application, and that the premises
from which the milk is obtained is kept in a sanitary conditon.
Sec. 3. Addtional cattle may be added to the herd or herds, at any
time, provided that the holder of the license relative to such, submits to
the Mayor, within one week of such addition, a written statement indi-
cating the exact number of cows added to such herd or herds, from
whom and where they were obtained, and accompanied by a certificate
from an inspector as provided for in section 2.
Sec. 4. The expense of the inspection of the herd or herds as provided
in section 2, are to be borne by ,
Sec. 5. Every license permitting the sale of milk must be renewed at
least once every year.
Sec. 6. Any person; firm, or corporation, or employe thereof, violating
any provisions of this ordinance, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and
upon conviction thereof shall be fined in any sum not exceeding $100, or
be imprisoned in the county jail not exceeding thirty days, or both such
fine and imprisonment at the discretion of the court.
Sec. 7. The City Council shall have full authority to revoke any li-
cense Issued under the provisions of this ordinance.
Sec. 8. This ordinance shall take effect and be in full force from and
after its passage and publication, as provided by law.
Attest:
Mayor.
Recorder.
PART X.
COMMON DISEASES AMONG
DOMESTIC ANIMALS.
SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT.
From Special Report of U. S. Department of Agriculture.
Department of Animal Industry.
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS.
BY CH. B. MICHENER, V. S
(Revised in 1903 by Leonard Pearson, B. S., V. M. D.)
It will not prove an easy task to write "a plain account of the common
diseases, with directions for preventive measures, hj^gienic care, and
the simpler forms of medical treatment," of the digestive organs of the
horse. This study includes a careful consideration of the food and drink
of our animals, their quality, quantity, analyses, etc. This, of itself, is
material for a book. Being limited as to space, the endeavor must be
made to give simply an outline — ^to state the most important facts — leav-
ing many gaps, and continually checking the disposition to write any-
thing like a full description as to cause, prevention, and modes of treat-
ment of disease.
These articles are addressed entirely to farmers and stock owners,
and I must ask my professional brethren to bear this in mind when they
are disposed to complain of a want of scientific treatment of the sub-
jects.
WATEE.
It is generally held, at least in practice, that any water that stock can
be induced to drink is sufficiently pure for their use. This practice oc-
casions losses that would startle us if statistics were at hand. Water
that is impure from the presence of decomposing organic matter, such as
is found in wells and ponds in close proximity to manure heaps and
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 397
cesspools, is frequently the cause of diarrhoea, dysentery, and many other
diseases of stock, while water that is impregnated with different poisons
and contaminated with specific media of contagion produces death in
very many instances.
Considering first the quantity of water required by the horse, it may
be stated that when our animals have access to water continually they
never drink to excess. Where the horse subjected to ship voyages or any
other circumstances where he must depend upon his attendant for the
supply of water, it may be roughly stated that each horse requires a
daily average of about 8 gallons of water. This will vary somewhat
upon the character of his food; if upon green food, less water will be
needed than when fed upon dry hay and grain.
The time of giving water should be carefully studied. At rest, the
horse should receive water at least three times a day; when at work,
more frequently. The rule should be to give in small quantites and often.
There is a popular fallacy that if a horse is warm he should not be al-
lowed to drink, many claiming that the first swallow of water "founders"
the animal or produces colic. This is erroneous. No matter how warm
a horse may be, it is always entirely safe to allow him from six to ten
swallows of water. If this is given on going into the stable, he should be
given at once a pound or two of hay and allowed to rest about an hour
before feeding. If water be now offered him it will in many cases be
refused, or at least he will drink but sparingly. The danger, then, is not
in the "first swallow" of water, but is due to the excessive quantity that
the animal will take when warm if he is not restrained.
Water should never be given to horses when it is ice cold. It may
not be necessary to add hot water, but we should be careful in placing
water troughs about our barns to have them in such position that the sun
may shine upon the water during the winter mornings. Water, even
though it be thus cold, seldom produces serious trouble if the horse has
not been deprived for a too great length of time.
In reference to the purity of water. Smith, in his "Veterinary Hygiene,"
classes spring w^ater, deep-well water, and upland surface water as whole-
some; stored rain w^ater and surface water from cultivated land, as
suspicious; river water to which sewage gains access and shallow-well
water, as dangerous. The water that is used for drinking purposes for
stock so largely throughout some states can not but be impure. I refer
to those sections where there is an impervious clay subsoil. It is the
custom to scoop, or hollow out, a large basin in the pastures. During
rains these basins become filled with water. The clay subsoil, being
almost impervious, acts as a jug, and there is no escape for the water
except by evaporation. Such water is stagnant, but w^ould be kept com-
paratively fresh by subsequent rains were it not for the fact that much
organic matter is carried into it by surface drainage during each suc-
ceeding storm. This organic matter soon undergoes decomposition, and,
as the result, we find diseases of different kinds much more prevalent
where this water is drunk than where the water supply is wholesome.
Again, it must not be lost sight of that stagnant surface water is much
ijTore certainly contaminated than is running water by one diseased animal
01 the herd, thus endangering the remainder.
398 IOWA DEPART.AIEXT OF AGRICULTURE
The chief impurities of water may be classified as organic and inor-
ganic. The organic impurities are either animal or vegetable substances.
The salts of the metals are the inorganic impurities. Lime causes hardness
of water, and occasion will be taken to speak of this when describing in-
testinal concretions. Salts of lead, iron, and copper are also frequently
found in water, and will be referred to hereafter.
About the only examination of water that can be made by the average
stock raiser is to observe its taste, color, smell, and clearness. Pure
water is clear and is without taste or smell.
Chemical and microscopic examination will frequently be necessary in
order to detect the presence of certain poisons, bacteria, etc., and can,
of course, be conducted by experts only.
FOODS AXD FEEDING.
In this place one can not attempt anything like a comprehensive dis-
cussion of the subject of foods and feeding, and I must content myself
with merely giving a few facts as to the different kinds of food, prepara-
tion, digestibility, proper time of feeding, quality, and quantty. Improper
feeding and watering will doubtless account for over one-half of the di-
gestive disorders met wth in the horse, and hence the reader can not
fail to see how very important it is to have some proper ideas concerning
these subjects.
KINDS OF FOOD.
In this country horses are fed chiefly upon hay, grass, corn, fodder,
roots, oats, corn, wheat, and rye. Many think that they could be fed on
nothing else. Stewart, in "The Stable Book," gives the following extract
from Loudon's Encyclopedia of Agriculture, which is of interest on this
point:
'In some sterile countries they (horses) are forced to subsist on dried
fish, and even on vegetable mold; in Arabia, on milk, flesh balls, eggs,
broth. In India horses are variously fed. The native grasses are judged
very nutritious. Few, perhaps no, oats are grown; barley is rare, and
not commonly given to horses. In Bengal a vetch, something like the tare,
is used. On the western side of India a sort of pigeon pea, called
gram (cicer arietinum), forms the ordinary food, with grass while in
season, and hay all the year round. Indian corn or rice is seldom given.
In the West Indies maize, guinea corn, sugar-corn tops, and sometimes
molasses are given. In the Mahratta country salt, pepper, and other
spices are made into balls, with flour and butter, and these are supposed
to produce animation and to fine the coat. Broth made from sheep's
head is sometimes given. In France, Spain, and Italy, besides the
grasses, the leaves of limes, vines, the tops of acacia, and the seeds
of the carob tree are given to horses.
"For information as to the nutritive value, chemistry, and classification
of the different kinds of food, I will refer the reader to Jordan's or
Armsby's book on feeding animals, or to 'Smith's Veterinary Hygiene.' "
XIXTH AXXtAL YEAR BOOK— PART K 399
We cannot, however, leave aside entirely here a consideration of the
digestibility of foods; and by this we mean the readiness with which
foods undergo those changes in the digestive canal that fit them for ab-
sorption and deposition as integral parts of the animal economy.
The age and health of the animal will, of course, modify the digesti-
bility of foods, as will also the manner and time of harvesting, preserving,
and preparing the foods.
In the horse digestion takes place principally in the intestines, and
here, as in all other animals and with all foods, it is found that a cer-
tain part only of the provender is digested; another portion is undigested,
xhis proportion of digested and undigested food must claim passing no-
tice at least, for if the horse receives too much food, or bulky food con-
taining much indigestible \a aste, a large portion of food must pass unused,
entailing not only the loss of the unused food, but also calling for an
unnecessary expenditure of vital force on the part of the digestive organs
of the horse. It is thus that, in fact, too much food may make an animal
poor.
In selecting food for the horse we should remember the anatomical
arrangement of the digestive organs, as well as the physiological functions
performed by each one of them. Foods must be wholesome, clean, and
sweet, the hours of feeding regular, the mode of preparation found by
practical experience to be the best must be adhered to, and cleanliness in
preparation and administration must be observed.
The length of time occupied by stomach digestion in the horse varies
with the different foods. Hay and straw pass out of the stomach more
rapidly than oats. It would seem to follow, then, that oats should be
given after hay, for if reversed the hay would cause the oats to be sent
onward into the intestines before being fully acted upon by the stomach,
and as a result produce indigestion. Experience confirms this. There is
another good reason ^hy hay should be given first, particularly if the
horse is very hungry or if exhausted from overwork, namely, it requires
more time in mastication (insuring proper admixture of saliva) and can
not be bolted, as are the grains. In either instance water must not be
given soon after feeding, as it washes or sluices the food from the stomach
before it is fitted for intestinal digestion.
The stomach begins to empty itself very scon after the commencement
of feeding, and continues rapidly while eating. Afterwards the passage
is slower, and several hours are required before the stomach is entirely
empty. The nature of tne work required of the horse must guide us in
the selection of his food. Rapid or severe labor can not be performed on
a full stomach. For such labor food must be given in small quantity
and about t'.vo hours before they go to work. Even horses intended for
slow work must never be engorged with bulky, innutritious food imme-
diately before going to labor. The small stomach of the horse would
seem to lead us to the conclusion that this animal should be fed in small
quantities and often, which, in reality, should be done. The dispropor-
tion between the size of the stomach and the amount of water drank tells
us plainly that the horse should always be watered before feeding. One
of the common errors of feeding, and the one that produces more di-
gestive disorders than any other, is to feed too soon after a hard day's
400 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
work. This must never be done. If a horse is completely jaded, it will
be found beneficial to give him an alcoholic stimulant on going into the
stable. A small quantity of hay may then be given, but his grain should
be withheld for one or two hours. These same remarks will apply with
equal force to the horse that for any reason has been fasting for a long
time. After a fast, feed less than the horse would eat; for if allowed
too much the stomach becomes engorged, its walls paralyzed and "colic"
is almost sure to follow. The horse should be fed three or four times a
day. It will not answer to feed him entirely upon concentrated food.
Bulky food must be given to dettain the grains in their passage through
the intestinal tract; bulk also favors distention, and thus mechanically
aid absorption. For horses that do slow work for the greater part of
the time, chopped or cut hay fed with crushed oats, ground corn, et©.,
is the best manner of feeding, as it gives the required bulk, saves time,
and half the labor of feeding.
Sadden changes of diet are always dangerous. When desirous of
changing the food, do so very gradually. If a horse is accustomed to
oats, a sudden change to a full meal of corn will almost always sicken
him. If we merely intend to increase the quantity of the usual feed, this
also must be done gradually. The quantity of food given must always be
in proportion to the amount of labor to be performed. If a horse is to
do a small amount of work, or rest, entirely from work for a few days,
see that he receives a proportionate amount of feed. If this should be
observed even on Saturday sight and Sunday, there would be fewer cases
of "Monday morning sickness," such as colics and lymphangitis.
Foods should also be of a more laxative nature when the horse is to
stand for some days.
Musty or Moldy Foods. — Above all things, avoid feeding musty or
moldy foods. These are very frequent causes of disease of different kinds.
Lung trouble, such as bronchitis and "heaves," often follows the use of
such food. The digestive organs always suffer from moldy or musty
foods. Musty hay is generally considered to produce disorder of the
kidneys; and all know of the danger to pregnant animals from feeding
upon ergotized grasses or grains. It has often been said to produce that
peculiar disease known variously as cerebro-spinal meningitis, putrid sore
throat, or choking distemper.
Leaving these somewhat general considerations, I will refer briefly
to the different kinds of foods:
fl'ay.— The best hay for horses is timothy. It should be about one
year old, of a greenish color, crisp, clean, fresh, and possessing a sweet,
pleasant aroma. Even this hay, if kept for too great a length of time,
loses part of its nourishment, and, while it may not be positively injurious,
it is hard, dry, and indigestible. New hay is difiicult to digest, produces
much salivation (slobbering) and occasional purging and irritation of
the skin. If fed at all, it should be mixed with old hay.
Second Crop, or Aftermath.— This is not considered good hay for horses,
but it is prized by some farmers as a good food for milch cows, the claim
being made that it increases the flow of milk. The value of hay depends
upon the time of cutting, as well as care in curing. Hay should be cut
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 401
when in full. flower, but before the seeds fall; if left longer, it becomes
dry and woody and lacks in nutrition. An essential point in making
hay is that when the crop is cut it should remain as short a time as pos-
sible in the field, If left too long in the sun it loses color, flavor, and
dries or wastes. Smith asserts that one hour more than is necessary in
the sun causes a loss of 15 to 20 per cent in the feeding value of hay.
It is impossible to state any fixed time that hay must have to cure, this
depending, of course, upon the w^eather, thickness of the crop, and many
other circumstances; but it is well known that, in order to preserve the
color and aroma of hay, it should be turned or tedded frequently and
cured as quickly as possible. On the other hand, hay spoils in the mow
if harvested too green, or when not sufficiently dried. Mowburn hay pro-
duces disorder of the kidneys and bowxls and causes the horse to fall off
in condition.
The average horse on grain should be allowed from 10 to 12 pounds
of good hay a day. It is a mistake of many to think that horses at light
work can be kept entirely on hay. Such horses soon become pot-bellied,
fall off in flesh, and do not thrive. The same is true of colts; unless the
latter are fed with some grain they grow up to be long, lean, gawky
creatures, and never make as good horses as those accustomed to grain
with, or in addition to, their hay.
Straiv. — The straws are not extensively fed in this country, and when
used at all they should be cut and mixed with hay and ground or crushed
"grain. Wheat, rye, and oat straw are the. ones most used, and of these
oat straw is most easily digested and contains the most nourishment.
Pea and bean straw are occasionally fed to horses, the pea being preferable,
according to most writers.
Chaff. — Wheat and rye chaff should never be used as a food for horses.
The beards frequently become lodged in the mouth or throat and are
productive of more or less serious trouble. In the stomach and intestines
they often serve as the nucleus of the "soft concretions," which are to be
described when treating of obstructions of the digestive tract.
Oat chaff, if fed in small quantities and mixed with cut hay or corn
fodder, is very much relished by horses, it is not to be given in large
quantities, as I have repeatedly witnessed a troublesome and sometimes
fatal diarrhoea following the practice of allowing horses or cattle free
access to a pile of oat chaff.
Grains. — Oats take precedence of all gains as a food for horses, as
the ingredients necessary for the complete nutrition of the body exist
in them in the best proportions. Oats are, besides, more easily digested
and a larger proportion absorbed and converted into the various tissues
of the body. Care must be taken in selecting oats. According to Stewart,
the best oats are one year old, plump, short, hard, clean, bright, and
sweet. New oats are indigestible. Kiln-dried oats are to be refused, as a
rule, for even though originally good this drying process injures them.
Oats that have sprouted or fermented are injurious and should never be
fed. Oats are to be given either whole or crushed — w^hole in the majority
of instances; crushed to old horses and those having defective teeth.
26
402 IOWA DEPARMTENT OF AGRICULTURE
Horses that bolt their feed are also best fed upon crushed. oats and out
of a manger large enough to permit of spreading the grain in a thin
layer.
The average horse requires, in addition to the allowance of hay above
mentioned, about 12 quarts of good oats daily. The best oats are those
cut about one week before being fully ripe. Not only is the grain
richer in nutritive materials at this time, but there is also less waste
from "scattering" than if left to become dead ripe. Moldy oats, like hay
and straw, not only produce serious digestive disorders, but have been
the undoubted cause of outbreaks of that dread disease in horses, already
referred to, characterized by inability to eat or drink, sudden paralysis
and death.
V.lieat and Rye. — These grains are not to be used as food for horses
except in small quantities, bruised or crushed, and fed mixed with other
grains or hay. If fed long, in any considerable quantities, they are
almost certain to produce digestive disorders, laminitis (founder), and
similar troubles. They should never constitute more than one-fourth
of the grain allowance, and should always be ground or crushed.
Bran. — The bran of wheat is the one most used, and its value as a
feeding stuff is variously estimated. It is not to be depended upon if
given alone, but may be fed with other grains. It serves to keep the
bowels open. Sour bran is not to be given. It disorders the stomach
and intestines and may even produce serious results.
Maize {Corn). — This grain is not suitable as an exclusive food for
young horses, as it is deficient in salts. It is fed whole or ground. Corn
on the cob is commonly used as the food for horses affected v;ith "lampas."
If the corn is old and is to be fed in this manner it should be soaked in
pure, clean water for ten or twelve hours. Corn is better given ground,
and fed in quantities of from 1 to 2 quarts at a meal mixed with crushed
oats or v^heat bran. Be very particular in giving corn to a horse that
is not accustomed to its use. It must be commenced in small quantities
and very gradually increased. I know of no grain more likely to pro-
duce what is called acute indigestion than corn if these directions are
not observed.
Linseed. — Ground linseed is occasionallj'' fed with other foods to keep
the bowels open and to improve the condition of the skin. It is of parti-
cular service during convalescence, when the bowels are sluggish in their
action. Linseed tea is very often given in irritable or inflamed condi-
tions of the digestive organs.
Potatoes. — These are used as an article of food for the horse in many
sections. If fed raw and in large quantities they often produce indiges-
tion. Their digestibility is favored by steaming or boiling. They pos-
sess, in common with outher roots, slight laxative properties.
Beets. — These are not much used as food for horses.
CfHTo^s.— These make a most excellent food, particularly during sick-
ness. They improve the appetite and slightly increase the action of the
bowels and kidneys. They possess also certain alterative properties.
The coat becomes smooth and glossy when carrots are fed. Some vete-
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 403
rinary writers claim that chronic cough is cured l:y giving carrots for
some time. The roots may be considered, then, as an adjunct to the
regular regimen, and if fed in small quantities are highly beneficial.
Grasses.— Grass is the natural food of horses. It is composed of a
great variety of plants, differing widely as to the amount of nourishment
contained, some being almost entirely without value as foods and only
eaten when there is nothing else obtainable, while others are positively
injurious, or even poisonous. None of the grasses are sufficient to keep
the horse in condition for work. Horses thus fed are "soft," sweat easily,
purge, and soon tire on the road or when at hard work. To growing
stock grass is indispensable, and there is little or no doubt but that it
acts as an alterative when given to horses accustomed to grain and hay.
It must be given to such horses in small quantities at first. The stomach
and intestines undergo rest, and recuperate if the horse is turned to grass
for a time each year. It is also certain that during febrile diseases grass
acts almost as a medicine, lessening the fever and favoring recovery.
Wounds heal more rapidly than when the horse is on grain, and some
chronic disorders (chronic cough, for instance) disappear entirely when
at grass. In my experience, grass does more good when the horse crops
it himself. This may be due to the sense of freedom he enjoys at pasture,
to the rest to his feet and limbs, and for many other similar reasons.
When cut for him it should be fed fresh or when but slightly wilted.
PEEPARATIOX OF FOODS.
Foods are prepared for feeding for any of the following reasons: To
render the food more easily eaten; to make it more digestible; to econo-
mize in amount; to give it some new property; and to serve it. We have
already spoken of the preparation of drying and need not revert to this
again, as it only serves to preserve the different foods. Drying does,
however, change some of the properties of food, i. e., removes the laxa-
tive tendency of most of them.
The different grains are more easily eaten when ground, crushed, or
€ven boiled. Rye or wheat should never be given whole, and even of
corn it is found that there is less waste when ground, and, in common
with all grains, it is more easily digested than when fed whole.
Hay and fodder are economized when cut in short pieces. Not only
will the horse eat the necessary amount in a shorter time, but it will be
found that there is less waste, and the mastication of the grains (whole
or crushed) fed with them is insured.
Reference has already been made to these horses that bolt their food,
and we need only remark here that the consequences of such ravenous
eating may be prevented if the grains are fed with cut hay, straw or
fodder. Long or uncut hay should also be fed, even though a certain
amount of hay or straw is cut and fed mixed with grain.
One objection to feeding cut hay mixed with ground or crushed grains,
and wetted, must not be overlooked during the hot months. Such food
is apt to undergo fermentation if not fed directly after it is mixed; and
the mixing trough e\en, unless frequently scaled and cleaned, becomes
404 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE
sour and enough of its scrapings are given with the food to produce
flatulent (wind) colic. A small amount of salt should always be mixed
with food. Bad hay should never be cut simply because it insures a
greater consumption of it; bad foods are dear at any price and should
never be fed.
I have before spoken of the advantage of boiling roots. Not only
does this render them less liable to produce digestive disorders, but it,
also makes them clean. Boiling or steaming grains is to be recom-
mended when the teeth are poor, or when the digestive organs are weak.
Of ensilage as a food for horses I have no experience, but am inclined
to think that (and this opinion is based upon the imperfect manner in
which the crop is often stored) disordered digestion would be more
frequent were it extensively fed.
COLIC.
Colic. — The disease of the horse that is most frequently met with is
what it termed "colic," and many are the remedies that are reputed to
be "sure cures" for this disease. Let us discover, then, what the word
"colic" means. This term is applied loosely to almost all diseases of the
organs of the abdomen that are accompanied by pain. If the horse
evinces abdominal pain, he is likely to be put down as suffering with
colic, no matter whether the difficulty be a cramp of the bowel, an inter-
nal hernia, overloading of the stomach, or a painful disease of the
bladder or the liver. Since these conditions differ so much in their causa-
tion and their nature, it is manifestly absurd to treat them alike and to
expect the same drugs or procedures to relieve them all. Therefore it is
important that the various diseased states that are so roughly classed
together as colic shall so far as possible, be separated and individualized
in order that appropriate treatments may be prescribed. With this ob-
ject in view, colics will be considered under the following headings: (1)
engorgement colic; (2) obstruction colic; (3) tympanitic colic; (4)
spasmodic colic; (5) worm colic.
'iiie general symptoms of abdominal pain, and therefore of colic are
restlessness, cessation of whatever the horse is about, lying down, look-
ing around toward the flank, kicking with the hind feet upward and
forward toward the belly, jerky switching of the tail, stretching as though
to urinate, frequent change of position, and groaning. In the more in-
tense forms the horse plunges about, throws himself down, rolls, as-
sumes unnatural positions, as sitting on the haunches, and grunts
loudly. Usually the pain is not constant, and during the period of pain
sweat is poured out freely. Sometimes the horse moves constantly in a
circle. The respirations are accelerated, and usually there is no fever.
(1) Engorgement Colic.— This form of colic consists in an overloading
of the stomach with food. The horse may have overfed or the food may
have collected in the stomach through failure of this organ to digest it
and pass it backward into the intestines. Even a normal amount of
food that the horse is unaccustomed to may cause disease. Hence a
sudden change of food may produce engorgement colic. Continued full
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 405
rations while the horse is resting for a day or two or working too soon
after feeding may serve as a cause. New oats, corn, or hay, damaged
food, or food difficult of digestion, such as barley or beans, may incite
engorgement colic. This disease may result from having fed the horse
twice by error or from its having escaped and taken an unrestricted meal
from the grain bin. Ground feeds that pack together making a sort of
dough may cause engorgement colic if they are not mixed with cut hay.
Greedy eaters are predisposed to this disease.
Symptoms. — The horse shows the general signs of abdominal pain,
which may be long continued or of short duration. Retching or vomit-
ing movements are made; these are shown by labored breathing, upturned
upper lip, contraction of the flank, active motion at the throat, and
drawing in of the nose toward the breast, causing hign arching of the
neck. The horse may assume a sitting position on his haunches, like a
dog. At times the pain is very great and the horse makes the most vio-
lent movements, as though mad. At other times there is profound mental
depression, the horse standing in a sleepy, dazed way, with the head
down, the eyes closed, and leaning his head against the manger or wall.
There is, during the struggles, profuse perspiration. Following retching,
gas may escape from the mouth, and this may be followed by a sour froth
and some stomach contents. The horse can not vomit except when the
stomach is violently stretched, and, if the accumulation of food or gas is
great enough to stretch the stomach so that vomiting is possible, it may
be great enough to rupture this organ. So it happens not infrequently
that a horse will die from ruptured stomach after vomiting. But after
the stomach ruptures vomiting is impossible. The death rate in this
form of colic is high.
Treatment. — The bowels should be stimulated to contraction by the
use of clysters of large quantities of water and of glycerin. Veterinarians
use hypodermic injections of eserin or arecolin or intravenous injections
of barium chloride, but these have to be employed with great caution.
It is not profitable to give remedies by the stomach, for they can not be
absorbed. But small dose of morphine (5 grains) or of the fluid extract
of Indian hemp (2 drams) may be placed in the mouth and are absorbed
in part, at least, without passing to the stomach. These drugs lessen
pain and thus help to overcome the violent movements that are danger-
ous, because they may be the means of causing rupture of the dia-
phragm or stomach. If facilities are available, relief may be afforded by
passing an esophageal tube through which some of the gaseous and
liquid contents of the stomach may escape.
Rupture of the Stomach.— This mostly occurs as a result of engorged
or tympanitic stomach (engorgement colic) and from the horse violently
throwing himself when so affected. It may result from disease of the
coats of the stomach, gastritis, stones, or calculi, tumors, or anything
that closes the opening of the stomach into the intestines, and very
violent pulling or jumping immediately after the animal has eaten
heartily of bulky food. These or similar causes may lead to this acci-
dent. The symptoms of rupture of the stomach are not constant or al-
ways reliable. Always make inquiry as to what and how much the horse
^.}6 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
has been fed at the last meal. Vomiting may precede rupture of this
organ, as stated above. This accident appears to be most likely to occur
in heavy draft horses. A prominent symptom observed (though it may
also occur in diaphragmatic hernia) is where the horse, if possible, gets
the front feet on higher ground than the hind ones or sits on his
haunches, like a dog. This position affords relief to some extent, and it
will be maintained for some minutes; it is also quickly regained when
the horse has changed it for some other. Colicky symptoms, of course,
are present, and these will vary much and present no diagnostic value.
As the case progresses "the horse will often stretch forward the forelegs,
lean backward and downward until the belly nearly touches the ground,
and then rise up again with a groan, after which the fluid from his nos-
trils is issued in increased quantity." The pulse is fast and weak, breath-
ing hurried, body bathed in a clammy sweat, limbs tremble violently, the
horse reels or staggers from side to side, and death quickly ends the
scene.
In the absence of any pathognomonic symptoms of colic that cease
suddenly and are succeeded by cold sweats and tremors; the pulse quick
and small and thready, growing weak and more frequent, and at length
running down and becoming altogether imperceptible; looking back at
the flank and groaning; sometimes crouching with hind quarters; with or
without eructation and vomiting.
There is no treatment that can be of any use whatever. Could we be
sure of our diagnosis it would be better to destroy the animal at once.
Since, however, there is always the possibility of a mistake in diagnosis,
we may give powdered opium in 1-dram doses every two or three hours,
with the object of keeping the stomach as quiet as possible.
(2) Ohstruction Colic. — The stomach or bowels may be obstructed by
accumulations of partly digested food fecal matter, by foreign bodies, by
displacements, by paralysis, or by abnormal growths.
Impaction of the Large Intestines. This is a very common bowel
trouble and one which, if not promptly recognized and properly treated,
results in death. It is caused by overfeeding, especially of bulky food
containing an excess of indigestible residue; old, dry, hard hay, or stalks
when largely fed; deficiency of secretions of the intestinal tracts; lack of
water; want of exercise, medicines, etc.
Symptoms. — Impaction of the large bowels is to be diagnosed by a
slight abdominal pain, which may disappear for a day or two to reappear
with more violence. The feces are passed somewhat more frequently,
but in smaller quantities and more dry; the abdomen is full, but not dis-
tended with gas; the horse at first is noticed to pay and soon begins to
look back at his sides. Probably one of the most characteristic symptoms
is the position assumed when down. He lies flat on his side, head and
legs extended, occasionally raising his head to look toward his flank; he
remains on his side for from five to fifteen minutes at a time. Evidently
this position is the one giving the most freedom from pain. He rises
at times, walks about the stall, paws, looks at his sides, backs up against
the stall, which he presses with his tail, and soon lies down again, assum-
ing his favorite position. The intestinal sounds, as heard by applying
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 407
the ear to the flank, are diminished, or there is no sound, indicating ab-
sence of motion of the bowels. The bowels may cease entirely to move.
The pressure of the distended intestine upon the bladder may cause the
horse to make frequent attempts to urinate. The pulse is but little
changed at first, being full and sluggish; later, if this condition is not
overcome, it becomes rapid and feeble. Horses may suffer from impac-
tion of the bowels for a week, yet eventually recover, and cases extend-
ing two or even three weeks have ended favorably. As a rule, however,
they seldom last four or five days, many, in fact, dying sooner than this.
The treatment consists of efforts to produce movement of the bowels
and to prevent inflammation of the same from arising. A large cathartic
is to be given as early as possible. Either of the following are recom-
mended: Powdered Barbados aloes 1 ounce, calomel 2 drams, and powd-
ered nux vomica 1 dram; or linseed oil 1 pint and croton oil 15 drops;
or from 1 pint to 1 quart of castor oil may be given. Some favor the ad-
ministration of Epsom or Glauber s salts, 1 pound, with i/4 pound of com-
mon salt, claiming that this causes the horse to drink largely of water,
and thus mechanically softening the impacted mass and favoring its
expulsion. Whichever physic is selected, it is essential that a full dose
be given. This is much better than small and repeated doses. It must
be borne in mind that horses require about twenty-four hours in which to
respond to a physic, and under no circumstances are physics to be re-
peated sooner than this. If aloes has been given and has failed to operate
at the proper time, oil or some different cathartic should then be ad-
ministered. Allow the horse all the water he will drink. Calomel may
be administered in half-dram doses, the powder being placed on the
tongue, one dose every two hours until four doses are given.
Enemas of glycerin, 2 to 4 ounces, are often beneficial. Rubbing or
kneading of the abdominal walls and the application of stimulating lini-
ments or strong mustard water will also, at times, favor the expulsion
of this mass. Walking exercise must occasionally be given. If this treat-
ment is faithfully carried out from the start the majority of cases will
terminate favorably. Where relief is net obtained inflammation of the
bowels may ensue and death follow from this cause.
Constipation, or Gostiveness. — This is often witnessed in the horse, and
particularly in the foal. Many colts die every year from failure on the
part of the attendant to note the condition of the bowels soon after birth.
Whenever the foal fails to pass any feces, and in particular if it presents
any signs cf colicky pains — straining, etc. — immediate attention must be
given it. As a rule, it will only be necessary to give a few injections of
soapy water in the rectum and to introduce the finger through to anus
to break down any hardened mass of dung found there. If this is not
effective, a purgative must be given. Oils are the best for these youns
animals, and preferably castor oil, giving from 2 to 4 ounces. The foal
should always get the first of the mother's milk, as this milk, for a few
(iays, possesses decided laxative properties. If a mare, while suckling, is
taking laudanum, morphine, atropia, or similar medicines, the foal should
be fed during this time by hand and the mare milked upon the ground.
Constinaticn in adult horses is often the result of long feeding on dry.
408 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
innutritious food, defiiciency of intestinal secretions, scanty water sup-
ply, or lack of exercise. If the case is not complicated with colicky symp-
toms, a change to light, sloppy diet, linseed gruel or tea, with' plenty of
exercise, is all that is required. If colic exists, a cathartic is needed. In
very many instances the constipated condition of the bowels is due to
lack of intestinal secretions, and when so due, may be treated by giving
fluid extract of belladonna three times a day in 2 dram doses, and hand-
ful doses daily of Epsom salts in the feed. It is always best, when pos-
sible, to overcome this trouble by a change of diet rather than by the
use of medicines. For the relief of constipation such succulent foods as
roots, grass, or green forage are recommended. Silage, however, should
be fed sparingly, and not at all unless it is in the very best condition.
Moldy silage may cause fatal disease.
Foreign Bodies (Calculi [stones] in the stomach. — There are probably
but few symptoms exhibited by the horse that will lead one to suspect
the presence of gastric calculi, and possibly none by w^hich we can unmis-
takably assert their presence. Stones in the stomach have been most
frequently found in millers' horses fed sweepings from the mill, A
depraved and capricious appetite is common in horses that have a stone
forming in their stomach. There is a disposition to eat the woodwork
of the stable, earth, and, in fact, almost any substance within their
reach. This symptom must not, however, be considered as pathogno-
monic, since it is observed when calculi are not present. Occasional
colics may result from these "stomach stones," and when these lodge at
the outlet of the stomach they may give rise to symptoms of engorged
stomach, already described. There is, of course, no treatment that will
prove effective. Give remedies to move the bowels, to relieve pain, and
to combat inflammation.
Intestinal Concretions (calculi [stones] in the intestines). — These con-
cretions are usually found in the large bowels, though they are occasion-
ally met with in the small intestines. They are of various sizes, weigh-
ing from 1 ounce to 25 pounds; they may be single or multiple, and differ
in composition and appearance, some being soft (composed mostly of
animal or vegetable matter), while others are porous, or honeycombed
(consisting of animal and mineral matter), and others are entirely hard
and stonelike. The hair balls, so common to the stomach and intestines
of cattle, are very rare in the horse. Intestinal calculi form around
some foreign body, as a rule — a nail or piece of wood — whose shape they
may assume to a certain extent. Layers are arranged concentrically
around such nucleus until the sizes above spoken of are attained. These
stones are also often found in millers' horses, as well as in horses in
limestone districts, where the water is .hard. When the calculi attain a
sufficient size and become lodged or blocked in some part of the intes-
tines, they cause obstruction, inflammation of the bowels, colicky symp-
toms, and death. There are no certain signs or symptoms that reveal
them. Recurring colics of the type of impaction colic, but more severe,
may lead one to suspect the existence of this coadition. Examination
through the rectum may reveal the calculus.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 409
The symptoms will be those of obstruction of the bowels. Upon post
mortem examinations these stones will be discovered mostly in the large
bowels; the intestines will be inflamed or gangrenous about the point
of obstruction. Sometimes calculi have been expelled by the action of a
physic, or they may be removed by the hand when found to occupy the
rectum.
As in concretions of the stomach, there can be but little done in the
way of treatment more than to overcome spasm (if any exists), and to
give physics with the hope of dislodging the stone or stones and carrying
them on and outward.
Intussusception, or Invagination. — This is the slipping of a portion of
the intestine into another portion immediately adjoining, like a partially
turned glove finger. This may occur at any part of the bowels, but is
most frequent in the small guts. The invaginated portion may be slight
— 2 or 3 inches only — or extensive, measuring as many feet. In intus-
susception, the inturned bowel is in the direction of the anus. There are
adhesions of the intestines at this point, congestion, inflammation, or
even gangrene. This accident is most likely to occur in horses that are
suffering from spasm of the bowel, or in those where a small portion of
the gut is paralyzed. The natural wormlike or ringlike contraction of
the gut favors the passage of the contracted or paralyzed portion into
that immediately behind it. It may occur during the existence of almost
any abdominal trouble, as diarrhea, inflammation of the bowels, or from
injuries, exposure to cold, etc. A fall or leaping may give the initial
maldirection. Foals are most likely to be thus afflicted.
Symptoms. — Unless the invaginated portion of the gut becomes strangu-
lated, probably no symptoms will be appreciable, except constipation.
Strangulation of the bowel may take place suddenly, and the horse die
within twenty-four hours, or it may occur after several days — a week
even — and death follow at this time. There are no symptoms positively
diagnostic. Colicky pains, more or less severe and continuous, are ob-
served, and there may be at first diarrhea followed by constipation.
Severe straining occurs in some instances of intussusception, and this
should be given due credit when it occurs. As death approaches the horse
sweats profusely, sighs, presents an anxious countenance, the legs and
ears become cold, and there is often freedom from pain immediately be-
fore death. In some rare instances the horse recovered, even though the
invaginated portion of the gut has become strangulated. In this case
the imprisoned portion sloughs away so gradually that a union has taken
place between the intestines at the point where one portion has slipped
into that behind it. The piece sloughing off is found passed with the
manure. Such cases are exceedingly rare. Non-irritating laxatives, such
as castor oil, sweet oil, or calomel in small doses should be given, and
creolin in 2-dram doses in a pint of warm water. Soft feed and mucilag-
inous and nourishing drinks should be given during these attacks. E.
Mayhew Michener has operated successfully on a foal with intussuscep-
tion by opening the abdomen and releasing the imprisoned gut.
Volvulus, gut tie, or twisting of the bowels. — These are the terms ap-
plied to the bowels when twisted or knotted. This accident is rather a
410 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
common one, and frequently results from the violent manner in which
a horse throws himself about when attacked by spasmodic colic. The
symptoms are the same as these of intussusception and obstructions of
the bowels; the same directions as to treatment are therefore to be ob-
served.
Paralysis of the Intestine. — This occurs in old, debilitated animals that
have been fed on coarse innutritions fodder. This produces a condition
of dilatation so pronounced as to make it impossible for the intestine to
advance its contents, and so obstruction results. The symptoms are as
in other forms of obstruction colic. The history of the case is of much
service in diagnosing the trouble. The treatment consists in the ad-
ministration of laxatives. One may give 1 quart of raw linseed oil and
follow it the next day with 1 pound of Glauber's salts dissolved in a
quart of vvarm water. Strychnia may be given in doses of 1 grain two
or three times daily. If the stagnant mass of feces is in the rectum, it
must be removed with the hand.
Abnormal Growths, such as tumors or fibrous tissue, producing con-
traction or stricture may be causes of obstruction. The colic caused by
these conditions is chronic. The attacks occur at gradually shortening
intervals and become progressively more severe. Relief is afforded by
the use of purgatives that render the feces soft and thin and thus enable
them to pass the obstruction. But in time the contracted place is likely
to close so far that passage is impossible and the horse will die.
(3) Flatulent Colic (Tympanitic colic, wind colic, or bloat). — Among
the most frequent causes of this form of colic are to be mentioned sudden
changes of food, too long fasting, food then given while the animal is
exhausted, new hay or grain, large quantities of green food, food that has
lain in the manger for some time and become sour, indigestible food,
irregular teeth, crib-biting, and, in fact, anything that produces indiges-
tion may produce flatulent colic.
The symptoms of wand colic are not so suddenly developed nor so
severe as those of cramp colic. At first the horse is noticed to be dull,
paws slightly, and may or may not lie down. The pains from the start
are continuous. The belly enlarges, and by striking it in front of the
haunches a drumlike sound results. If not soon relieved the above symp-
toms are aggravated, and in addition there are noticed different breathing,
bloodshot eyes, and red mucous membranes, loud tumultuous heart beat,
profuse perspiration, trembling of front legs, sighing respiration, stag-
gering from side to side, and finally, plunging forward dead. The diag-
nostic symptom of flatulent colic is the distention of the bowels with
gas, detected by the bloated appearance and resonance on percussion.
The treatment for wind colic differs very materially from that of
cramp colic. Absorbents are of some service, and charcoal may be given
in any quantity. Relaxants and antispasmodics are also beneficial in this
form of colic. Chloral hydrate not only possesses these qualities but it
also is an antiferment and a pain reliever. It is then particularly well
adapted to the treatment of wind colic, and should be given in the same-
sized doses and in the manner directed for spasmodic colic. Diluted
alcohol or whisky may be given, or aromatic spi^'its of ammonia in 1
ounce doses at short intervals.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 411
A physic should always be given in flatulent colic as early as possible,
the best being Barbados aloes in the dose already mentioned. Injec-
tions, per rectum, of turpentine, 1 to 2 ounces, linseed oil, 8 ounces,, may
be given frequently to stimulate the peristaltic motion of the bowels and
favor the escape of wind. Blankets wrung o t of hot water do much to
afford relief; they should be renewed every five or ten minutes and
covered with a dry wollen blanket. This form of colic is much more
fatal than cramp colic, and requires prompt and persistent treatment.
It is entirely unsafe to predict the result, some apparently mild attacks
going on to speedy death, while others that appear at the onset to be
very severe yielding rapidly to treatment. Do not cease your efforts
until you are sure the animal is dead. In these severe cases puncturing
of the bowels in the most prominent (distended) part by means of a
small trocar and cannula or with a needle of a hypodermic syringe, thus
allowing the escape of gas, has often saved life, and such punctures, if
made with a clean, sharp instrument that is not allowed to remain in
the horse too long are accompanied by little danger and do more to
quickly relieve the patient than any other treatment.
(4) Spasmodic, or Ci'amp, Colic. — This is the name given to that
form of colic produced by contraction, or spasm, of a portion of the
small intestines. It is produced by indigestible food; large drinks of
cold water when the animal is warm; driving a heated horse through
deep streams; cold rains; drafts of cold air, etc. Unequal distribution of
or interference with the nervous supply here produces cramp of the
bowels, the same as external cramps are produced. Spasmodic colic is
much more frequently met with in high-bred, nervous horses than in
coarse, lymphatic ones.
Symptoms. — These should be carefully studied in order to diagnose
this from other forms of colic requiring quite different treatment. Spas-
modic colic always begins suddenly. If feeding, the horse is seen to
stop abruptly, stamp impatiently, and probably look back. He soon
evinces more acute pain, and this is shown by pawing, suddenly lying
down, rolling, and getting up. During the period of pain the intestinal
sounds, as heard by applying the ear over the flank, are louder than in
health. There is then an interval of ease; he will resume feeding and
appear to be entirely well. In a little while, however, the pains return
and are increased in severity, only to again pass off for a time. As the
attack progresses these intervals of ease become shorter and shorter,
and pain may be continuous, though even now there are exacerbations
of pain. Animals suffering from this form of colic evince the most in-
tense pain; they throw themselves down, roll over and over, jump up,
paw, or strike rather, with the front feet, steam and sweat, and make
frequent attempts to pass urine. Only a small amount of water is passed
at a time, and this is due to the bladder being so frequently emptied.
These attempts to urinate are often regarded by horsemen as symptoms
of trouble of the kindneys or bladder. In reality they are only one of
the many ways in which the horse expresses the presence of pain. As
a matter of fact, diseases of the bladder or kidneys of the horse are
exceedingly rare.
412 I3WA DEPARTMENT OF ACRICULTUKi:
To recapitUia^e, the symptoms of spasmodic rollc: Keep in mind tlift
history of the ca^e. the type of horse, the suddenness of the attack, ihe
increased intcs^tir.al rcuiids, the intervals of ease (wh.ich become of
shorter duration as the case progresses), the violent jiain. the nornjMl
temperature and pulse during the intervals cf ease, the frequent at-
tempts to urinate, etc.. and there is but little danger of ccnfouridiiig this
with other forms of colic.
Treatment. — Since the pain is dre to spasm, or cramp, of the bore'?!,
medicines tSat overcome spasms — antispasmodics — are the cr.es indi-
cated. Chloral hydrate may be used. This is to be given in a do^e
of 1 ounce in a lint of v.ater as a drench. As this drug is ir:itant to
the throat and stomach, it has to be well diluted. A common and goo I
remedy is sulphuric ether end laudanum; cf each 2 ounces in a half pint
of linseed oil. Another drench may be composed of 2 ounces each of
sulphuric ether and alcohol in 8 ounces of water. If no'hin^ else is at
hand give whisky, one-ha'f pint in hot water. .Jamaica ginger is useful.
If relief is net obtained in one hour from any of the above doses, ihcy
may be repeated. The body should be warmly c'oUie.l a^d perspiratica
induced. Blankets dipped in very hot water to ^\hich a small cuantity
of 'turpentine has been added should be placed aicrnd the bePy auil
covered with dry blankets, or the abdomen may be rubbed with stimu'at-
ing liniments or mustard water. The diScuIty. hoveve". cf applying
blankets and keepi-'g them in place forces us in most instances to dis-
pense with them. If the cramp is due to irritants in the bowels, a cure
is not complete until there is given a cathartic of 1 ounce of aloes or 1
pint of linseed oil. Injections into the rectum of warm soapy water
or salt and water aid the cu-re.
Rectal injections, clysters, or enemas, as a rule should be lukewarm,
and from 3 to 6 quarts are to be given at a time. They may be repeated
every half hour if necessary. Great care is to be taken not to injure
the rectum in giving such injections. A large syringe or a piece of
rubber hose 4 or 5 feet long, with a funnel attached at one end, affords
the best means by which to give them. The pipe of the syringe or the
hose introduced into the rectum must be blunt, rounded, and smooth. It
is to be thoroughly oiled and then carefully pushed through the anus in
a slightly upward direction. Much force must be avoided. If the horse
can have a loose box or paddock, it is the best, as he will then take the
exercise he wants. If the patient be extremely violent, it is often wise
to restrain him by leading him with a halter since rupture of the stomach
or displacements of the bowels may result and complicate the trouble.
THICK WIND AND EOAKIXG.
Horses that are affected with a chronic disease that causes a loud un-
natural noise in breathing are said to have thick wind, or to be roarers.
This class does not include those affected with severe sore throat, as in
these cases the breathing is noisy only during the attack of the acute
disease.
Thick wind is caused by an obstruction to the free passage of the
air in some part of the respiratory tract. Nasal polypi, thickening of.
NIXTII ANNUAL YEAR BDOi:— PART X 413
tlie membrane. pharyna:eal lolyiji. r>foimecl bcr.es. paralysis of the wing
cf the i.oLtril. et(.. aie occasicnal cau.sj's. The noisy breathing of horses
afler ha\iiig been idle and put to sudden exertion is not due to any dis-
la&e and is c:iiy teniiiorary. Veiy o;teu a nervous, excitable horse will
maUe a noise tcr a slioit ti-ne v\lie:i started off, generally caused by the
cramped iicsiticn in v. liich the hiad and Leek are lorced in order to
hold him back.
I\'any other causes niay rccaMon temporary, intermitting, or permanent
roisy lespiraticn. hut (hionic icaiing is caused by ])aralysi3 of the
inisc!es cf the larynx; and almost invariably it is the muscles of the left
Li^e cf tl.e larynx that aie alTected.
In chronic tearing the ncise is made when the air is drawn into the
lun^; and only v\hen the disease is far advanced is a sound produced
\ he:i the air 13 expelled, and e»eu then it is not near so loud as during
inspiration.
In p. normnl condition the muscles dilate the aperture of the larynx
by moving outward the car'ilage and vocal cord, allowing a sufficient
Aolunie cf air to rush through. But when the muscles are paralyzed the
cartilage and \ocal cord that are normally controlled by the affected
muscles lea-i into the tuLe cf the larynx, eo that when the air rushes in
it meets this cbstructicn and the noise is produced. When the air is
expel: ed from the lungs its very force pushes the cartilage and vocal
cords out, and consequently noise is not produced in the expiratory act.
The paralysis of the muscles is due to derangement of the nerve that
supplies them with energy. The muscles of both sides are not supplied
by the same nerve; there is a right and a left nerve, each supplying its
respective side. The reason why the muscles on the left side are the
ones usually paralyzed is owing to the difference in the anatomical ar-t
rangement of the nerves. The left nerve is much longer and more ex-
posed to interference than the right nerve.
In chronic roaring there is no evidence of any disease of the larynx
other than the wasted condition of the muscles in question. The dis-
ease of the nerve is generally located far from the larynx. Disease of
parts contiguous to the nerve along any part of its course may interfere
with its proper function. Enlargement of lymphatic glands within the
chest through which the^ nerve passes on its way back to the larynx is
the most frequent interruption pf Jiervous supply, and consequently roar-
ing. When roaring becomes confirmed, medical treatment is entirely-
useless, as it is impossible to restore the wasted muscle and at the time
remove the cause of the interruption of the nervous supply. Before roar;
ing becomes permanent the condition may be benefited by a course of
iodide of potassium, if caused by disease of the lymphatic glands. Elec-
tricity has been used with indifferent success. Blistering or fireing over
the larynx is, of course, not worthy of trial if the disease is due to
interference of the nerve supply. The administration of strychnia (nux
vomica) on the ground that it is a nerve tonic with the view of stimulat-
ing the affected muscles is treating only the result of the disease without
considering the cause, and is therefore useless. The operation of extir-
414 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
pating the collapsed cartilage and vocal cord is believed to be the only
relief, and, as this operation is critical and can only be performed by the
skillful veterinarian, it will not be described here.
From the foregoing description of the disease it will be seen that the
name "roaring," by which the disease is generally known, is only a
symptom and not the disease. Chronic roaring is also in many cases
accompanied by a cough. The best way to test whether a horse is a
"roarer" is either to make him pull a load rapidly up a hill or over a
s'andy road or soft ground; or, if he is a saddle horse, gallop him up a
hill or over soft ground. The object is to make him exert himself. Some
horses require a great deal more exertion than others before the char-
acteristic sound is emitted. The greater the distance he is forced, the
more he will appear exhausted if he is a roarer; in bad cases the animal
becomes utterly exhausted, the breathing is rapid and difficult, the 'nos-
trils dilate to the fullest extent, and the animal appears as if suffocation
was imminent.
An animal that is a roarer should not be used for breeding purposes.
The taint is transmissible in many instances.
Grunting. — A common test used by veterinarians when examining
"the wind" of a horse is to see if he is a "gunter." This is a sound
emitted during expiration when the animal is suddenly moved, or
startled, or struck at. If he grunts he is further tested for roaring.
Grunters are not always roarers, but, as it is a common thing for a
roarer to grunt, such an animal must be looked upon with suspicion
until he is thoroughly tried by pulling a load or galloped up a hill.
The test should be a severe one. Horses suffering with pleurisy, pleuro-
dynia, or rheumatism, and other affections accompanied with much pain,
v/ill grunt when moved, or when the pain is aggravated, but grunting
under these circumstances does not justify the term of "gunter" being
applied to the horse, as the gunting ceases when the animal recovers from
the disease that causes the pain.
High Bloicing. — This term is applied to a noisy breathing made by
some horses. It is distinctly a nasal sound, and must not be confounded
with "roaring." The sound is produced by the action of the nostrils. It
is a habit and not an unsoundness. Contrary • to roarin'g, when the
animal is put to severe exertion the sound ceases. An animal that emits
this sound is called a "high-blower." Some horses have naturally, very
narrow nasal openings, and they emit sounds louder than usual in their
breathing when exercised.
Whistling is only one of the variations of the sound emitted by a
horse called a "roarer," and therefore needs no further notice, except to
remind the reader that a whistling sound may be produced, during an
attack of severe sore throat or inflammation of the larynx, which passes
away with the disease that causes it.
HEAVES, BROKEN WIND, OR ASTHMA.
Much confusion exists in the popular mind in regard to the nature of
heaves. Many horsemen loosely apply the term to all ailments where the
breathing is difficult or noisy. Scientific veterinarians are well acquainted
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 41->
with the phenomena and locality of the affection, but there is a great
diversity of opinion as regards the exact cause. Asthma is generally
thought to be due to spasm of the small circular muscles that surround
the bronchial tubes. The continued existence of this affection of the
muscles leads to a paralysis of them and the forced breathing to em-
physema, which always accompanies heaves.
Heaves is usually associated v*^ith disorder of the function of diges-
tion or to an error in the choice of food. Feeding on clover hay or
damaged hay or straw, too bulky and innutritions food, and keeping the
horse in a dusty atmosphere or a badly ventilated stable produce or pre-
dispose to heaves. Horse brought from a high to a low level ate pre-
disposed.
In itself broken wind is not a fatal disease but death is generally
caused by an affection closely connected with it. After death, if the
organs are examined, the lesions found depend much upon the length of
time broken wind has affected the animal. In recent cases very few
changes are noticeable, but in animals that have been broken-winded for
a long time the changes are well marked. The lungs are paler than
natural, and of much less weight in proportion to the volume, as evi-
denced by floating them in water. The walls of the small bronchial
tubes and the membrane of the larger tubes are tickened. The right
side of the heart is enlarged and its cavities dilated. The stomach is
enlarged and its walls stretched. The important change found in the
lungs is a condition technically called pulmonary emphysema. This is
of two varieties: First, w^hat is termed vesicular emphysema, which con-
sists of an enlargement of the capacity of the air cells (air vesicles) by
dilation of their walls. The second form is called interlobular, or inter-
stitial, emphysema, and follows the first. In this variety the air finds
its way into the lung tissue between the air cells or the tissue between
the small lobules.
8ymi)toms.— Almost every experienced horseman is able to detect
heaves. The peculiar movement of the flanks and abdomen point out the
ailment at once. But in recent cases the affected animal does not always
exhibit the characteristic breathing unless exerted to a certain extent.
The cough which accompanies this disease is peculiar to it. It is diffi-
cult to describe, but the sound is short, and something like a grunt. When
air is inspired— that is, taken in— it appears to be done in the same
manner as in health; it may possibly be done a little quicker than
natural, but not enough to attract any notice. It is when the act of ex-
piration (or expelling the air from the lungs) is performed that the
great change in the breathing is perceptible. It must be remembered
that the lungs have lost much of their elasticity, and in consequence, of
their power of contracting on account of the degeneration of the walls of
the air cells, and also on account of the paralysis of muscular tissue be-
fore mentioned. The air passes into them freely, but the power to expel
it is lost to a great extent by the lungs; therefore the abdominal muscles
are brought into play. These muscles, especially in the region of the
flank, are seen to contract, then pause for a moment, then complete the
act of contracting, thus baking a double bellowslike movement at each
416 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
expiration, a sort of jerky motion with every breath. The double ex-
piratory movement may also be detected by allowing the horse to exhale
against the face or back of the hand. It will be observed that the ex-
piratory current is not continuous, but is broken into two jets. When
the animal is exerted a wheezing noise accompanies the breathing. This
noise may be heard to a less extent when the animal is at rest if the ear
be applied to the chest.
As before remarked, indigestion is often present in these cases. The
animal may have a depraved appetite, as shown by a desire to eat dirt
and soiled bedding, which he often devours in preference to the clean
food in the trough or manger. The stomach is liable to be overloaded
with indigestible food. The abdomen may assume that form called "pot-
bellied," The animal frequently passes wind of a very offensive odor.
When first put to work dung is passed frequently; the bowels are often
loose. The animal cannot stand much work, as the muscular system is
soft. Round-chested horses are said to be predisposed to the disease, and
it is certain that in cases of long standing the chest usually becomes
rounder than natural.
Certain individuals become very expert in managing a horse affected
with heaves in suppressing the symptoms for a short time. They take
advantage of the fact that the breathing is much easier when the stomach
and intestines are empty. They also resort to the use of medicines that
have a depressing effect. When the veterianrian is examining a horse
for soundness, and he suspects that the animal has been "fixed," he
usually gives the horse as much water as he will drmk and then has him
ridden or driven rapidly up a hill or on a heavy road. This will bring
out the characteristic breathing of heaves if the horse is so afflicted, but
will not cause the symptoms of heaves in a healthy horse. All broken-
winded horses have the cough peculiar to the affection, but it is not
regular. A considerable time may elapse before it is heard and then it
may come on in paroxysms, especially when first brought out of the
stable into the cold air, or when excited by work, or after a drink of
cold water. The cough is usually the first symptom of the disease.
Treatment. — When the disease is established there is no cure for it.
Proper attention paid too the diet will relieve the distressing symptoms
to a certain extent, but they will undoubtedly reappear in their intensity
the first time the animal overloads the stomach or is allowed food of
bad quality. Clover hay or bulky food which contains but little nutri-
ment have much to do with the cause of the disease, and therefore should
be entirely omitted when the animal is affected, as well as before. It
has been asserted that the disease is unknown where clover hay is never
used. The diet should be confined to food of the best quality and in the
smallest quantity. The bad effect of moldy or dusty hay, fodder, or food
of any kind can not be overestimated. A small quantity of the best hay
once a day is sufficient. This should be cut and dampened. The animal
should invariably be watered before feeding; never directly after a meal.
The animal should not be worked immediately after a meal. Exertion,
when the stomach is full, invariably ae-gravates the symptoms. Turning
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 417
on pasture gives relief. Carrots, potatoes, or turnips chopped and mixed
with oats or corn are a good diet. Half a pint to a pint of thick, dark
molasses with each feed is useful.
Arsenic is efficacious in palliating the symptoms. It is best admin-
istered in the form of the solution of arsenic, as Fowler's solution or as
the white powdered arsenious acid. Of the former the dose is 1 ounce
to the drinking water three times daily; of the latter one may give three
grains in each feed. These quantities may be cautiously increased as
the animal becomes accustomed to the drug. If the bowels do not act
regularly, a pint of raw linseed oil may be given in the feed twice daily,
so long as necessary. It must however, be borne in mind that all medical
treatment is of secondary consideration; careful attention paid to the
diet is of the greatest importance. Broken-winded animals should not
be used for breeding purposes. A predisposition to the disease may be
inherited.
THUMPS, OR SPASM OF THE DIAPHRAGIM.
"Thumps is generally thought by the inexperienced to be a palpitation
of tlie heart. While it is true that palpitation of the heart is sometimes
called "thumps," it must not be confounded with the affection under
consideration.
In the beginning of this article on the diseases of the organs of respira-
tion, the diaphragm was briefly referred to as the principal and essential
muscle of respiration. Spasmodic or irregular contractions of it in man
are manifested by what is familiarly known as hiccoughs. Thumps in
the horse is similar to hiccoughs in man, although the pecular noise is
not made in the throat of the horse in all cases.
There should be no difficulty in distinguishing this affection from palpi-
tation of the heart. The jerky motion affects the whole body, and is not
confined to the region of the heart. If one hand is placed on the body
at about the middle of the last rib, while the other hand is placed over
the heart behind the left elbow, it will be easily demonstrated that there
is no connection between the thuping or jerking of the diaphragm and
the beating of the heart. In fact, when the animal is affected with
spasms of the diaphragm the beating of the heart is usually much weaker
and less perceptible than natural. Thumps is produced by causes similar
to those that produce congestion of the lungs and dilatation or palpita-
tion of the heart, and may occur in connection with these conditions. If
not relieved, death usually results from congestion or edema of the lungs,
as the breathing is interfered with by the inordinate action of this im-
portant muscle of inspiration so much that proper aeration of the blood
can not take place. The treatment should be as prescribed for congestion
of the lungs, and, in addition, antispasmodics, such as 1 ounce of sulphuric
ether in warm water or 3 drams of asafetida.
Treatment. — If the animal is attacked by the disease while on the
road, stop him immediately. Do not attempt to return to the stables. If
he is in the stable, make arrangements at once to insure an unlimited
27
418 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE
supply of pure air. If the weather is warm, out in the open air is the
best place, but if too cold let him stand "with head to the door. Let him
stand still; he has all he can do, if he obtains sufficient pure air to sus-
tain life. If he is encumbered with harness or saddle, remove it at once
and rub the body with cloths or wisps of hay or straw. This stimulates
the circulation in the skin, and thus aids in relieving the lungs of the
extra quantity of blood that is stagnated there. If you have three or
four assistants, let them rub the body and legs w^ell until the skin feels
natural; rub the legs until they are warm, if possible. When the circu-
lation is reestablished, put bandages on the legs from the hoofs up as far
as possible. Throw a blanket over the body and let the rubbing be done
under the blanket. Diffusible stimulants are the medicines indicated —
brandy, whisky or even ale or beer if nothing else is at hand), ether, and
aromatic spirits of ammonia. Two ounces each of spirits of nitrous
ether and alcohol, given as a drench diluted with a pint of water every
hour until relief is afforded, is among the best remedies. Or, give a
quarter of a pint of whisky in a pint of water every hour, or the same
quantity of brandy as often, or a quart of ale every hour, or 1 ounce of
tincture of arnica in a pint of water every hour until five or six doses
, have been given. If none of these remedies are at hand 2 ounces of oil
of turpentine, shaken with a half pint of milk, may be given once, but
not repeated. The animal may be bled from the jugular vein. Do not
take more than 5 or 6 quarts from the vein, and do not repeat the
bleeding. The blood thus drawn w^ill have a tarry appearance.
EECUEEEXT OPHTHALMIA (PEEIODIC OPHTHALMIA, OE MOOXBLIXDXESS) .
This is an inflammatory affection of the interior of the eye, intimately
related to certain soils, climates, and systems, showing a strong tendency
to recur again and again, and usually ending in blindness from cataract
or other serious injury.
Causes. — Its causes may be fundamentally attributed to soil. On damp
clays and marshy grounds, on the frequently overflowed river bottoms
and deltas, on the coasts of seas and lakes alternately submerged and
exposed, this disease prevails extensively, and in many instances in
France (Reynal), Belgium, Alsace (Zundel, Miltenberger), Germany, and
England, it has very largely decreased under land drainage and im-
proved methods of culture. Other influences, more or less associated with
such soil, are potent causative factors. Thus damp air and a cloudy, wet
climate, so constantly associated with wet lands, are universally charged
with causing the disease. These act on the animal body to produce a
lymphatic constitution with an excess of connective tissue, bones, and
mjiscles of coarse open texture, thick skins and gummy legs covered w^ith
a profusion of long hair. Hence the heavy horses of Belgium and south-
western France have suffered severely from the affection, while high dry
lands adjacent, like Catalonia, in Spain, and Dauphiny, Provence, and
Languedoc, in France, have in the main escaped.
The rank aqueous fodders grown on such soils are other causes, but
these again are calculated to undermine the character of the nervous
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 419
and sanguineous temperament, and to superinduce the lymphatic. Other
foods act by leading to constipation and other disorders of the digestive
organs, thus impairing the general health; hence in any animal predis-
posed to this disease, heating, starchy foods, such as maize, wheat, and
buckwheat, are to be carefully avoided. It has been widely charged that
beans, pease, vetches, and other leguminosae are dangerous, but a fuller
inquiry contradicts this. If these are well grown they invigorate and
fortify the system, while, like any other fodder, if grown rank, aqueous,
and deficient in assimilable principles, they tend to lower the health and
open the way for the disease.
The period of dentition and training is a fertile exciting cause, for
though the malady may appear at any time from birth to old age, yet
the great majority of victims are from two to six years old; and if a
horse escapes the affection till after six there is a reasonable hope that
he ^\ill continue to resist it. The irritation about the head during the
eruption of the teeth, and while fretting in the unwcnted bridle and col-
lar, the stimulating grain diet and the close air of the stable all combine
to rouse the latent tendency to disease in the eye, while direct injuries
by bridle, whip, or hay seeds are not without their influence. In the
same way local irritants, like dust, severe rain and snow storms, smoke,
and acrid vapors are contributing causes.
It is evident, however, that no one of these is sufficient of itself to
produce the disease, and it has been alleged that the true cause is a
microbe, or the irritant products of a microbe, which is harbored in the
marshy soil. The prevalence of the disease on the same damp soils which
produce ague in man and anthrax in cattle has been quoted in support of
this doctrine, as also the fact that the malady is always more prevalent
coeteris paribus. In basins surrounded by hills where the air is still and
such products are concentrated, and that a forest or simple belt of trees
will, as in ague, at times limit the area of its prevalence. Another argu-
ment for the same view is found in the fact that on certain farms irri-
gated by town sewage this malady has become extremely prevalent, the
sewage being assumed to form a suitable nidus for the growth of the
germ. But on these sewage farms a fresh crop may be cut every fortnight,
and the product is precisely that aqueous material which contributes to
a lymphatic structure and a lovv' tone of health. The presence in the
system of a definite germ has not yet been proven, and in the present
state of our knowledge we are only v/arranted in charging the disease to
the deleterious emanations from the marshy soil in which bacterial fer-
ments are constantly producing them.
Heredity is one of the most potent causes. The lymphatic constitution
is of course transmitted and with it the proclivity to recurring ophthalmia.
This is notorious in the case of both parents, male and female. The ten-
dency appears to be stronger, however, if either parent has already suf-
fered. Thus a mare may have borne a number of sound foals, and then
fallen a victim to this malady, and all foals subsequently borne have like-
wise suffered. So with the stallion. Reynal even quotes the appearance
of the disease in alternate generations, the stallion offspring of blind
parents remaning sound through life and yet producing foals which fur-
420 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
iiish numerous victims of recurrent ophthalmia. On the contrary, the
offspring of diseased parents removed to high, dry regions and furnished
with wholesome, nourishing rations will nearly all escape. Hence the
dealers take colts that are still sound or have had but one attack from
the affected low Pyrenees (France) to the unaffected Catalonia (Spain),
with confidence that they will escape, and from the Jura Valley to Dau-
phiny with the same result.
Yet the hereditary taint is so strong and pOTnicious that intelligent
horsemen everywhere refuse to breed from either horse or mare that has
once suffered from recurrent ophthalmia, and the French government
studs not only reject all unsound stallions, but refuse service to any
mare which has suffered with her eyes. It is this avoidance of the heredi-
tary predisposition more than anything else that has reduced the formerly
wide prevalence of this disease in the European countries generally. A
consideration for the future of our horses would demand the disuse of all
sires that are unlicensed, and the refusal of a license to any sire which
has suffered from this or any other communicable constitutional disease.
Other contributing causes deserve passing mention. Unwholesome
food and a faulty method of feeding undoubtedly predisposes to the dis-
ease, and in the same district the carefully fed will escape in far larger
proportion than the badly fed. But it is so with every other condition
which undermines the general health. The presence of worms in the in-
testines, overwork, and debilitating diseases and causes of every kind
weaken the vitality and lay the system more open to attack. Thierry
long ago showed that the improvement of close, low, dark, damp stables,
where the disease had previously prevailed, practically banished this af-
fection. Whatever contributes to strength and vigor is protective; what-
ever contributes to weakness and poor health is provocative of the dis-
ease in the predisposed subject.
Symptoms. — The symptoms vary according to the severity of the at-
tack. In some cases there is marked fever, and in some slighter cases
this may be almost altogether wanting, but there is always a lack of
vigor and energy, bespeaking general disorder. The local symptoms are
in the main those of internal ophthalmia, with, in many cases, an increased
hardness of the eyeball from effusion into its cavity. The contracted
pupil does not expand much in darkness, nor even under the action of
belladonna. Opacity advances from the margin, over a part or whole of
the cornea, but so long as it is transparent there may be seen th6 turbid,
aqueous humor with or without flocculi, the dingy iris robbed of its clear
black aspect, the slightly clouded lens and a greenish yellow reflection
from the depth of the eye. From the fifth to the seventh day the flocculi
precipitate in the lower part of the chamber, exposing more clearly the
iris and lens and absorption commences, so that the eye may be cleared
up in ten or fifteen days.
The characteristic of the disease is, however, its recurrence again and
again in the same eye until blindness results. The attacks may follow
each other at intervals of a month, more or less, but they show no rela-
tion to any particular phase of the moon as might be inferred from the
familiar name, but are determined rather by the weather, the health, the
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 421
food, or by some periodicity of the system. From five to seven attacks
usually result in blindness, and then the second eye is liable to be attacked
until it is also ruined.
In the intervals between the attack some remaining symptoms betray
the condition, and these become more marked after each successive ac-
cess of disease. Even after the first attack there is a bluish ring round
the margin of the transparent cornea. The eye seems smaller than the
other, at first because it is retracted in its socket, and often after several
attacks because of actual shrinkage (atrophy). The upper eyelid, in
place of presenting a uniform, continuous arch, has about one-third from
its inner angle an abrupt bend, caused by the contraction of the levator
muscle. The front of the iris has exchanged some of its dark, clear
brilliancy for a lusterless yellow, and the depth of the eye presents more
or less of the greenish yellow shade. The pupil remains a little contracted,
except in advanced and aggravated cases, when, with opaque lens, it is
widely dilated. If one eye only has suffered, as is common, the contrast
in these respects with the sound eye is all the more characteristic. An-
other feature is the erect, attentive carriage of the ear, to compensate to
some extent for the waning vision.
The attacks vary greatly in severity in different cases, but the recur-
rence is characteristic, and all alike lead to cataract and intraocular ef-
fusion, with pressure on the retina and abolition of sight.
Prevention.— The prevention of this disease is the great object to be
aimed at, and this demands the most careful breeding, feeding, housing,
and general management, as indicated under "Causes." Much can also
be done by migration to a high, dry location, but for this and malarious
affections the improvement of the land by drainage and good cultivation
should be the final aim.
Treatment is not satisfactory, but is largely the same as for common
internal ophthalmia. Some cases, like rheumatism, are benefited by
scruple doses of powdered colchicum and 2 dram doses of salicylate of
soda twice a day. In other cases, with marked hardness of the globe of
the eye from intraocular effusion, aseptic puncture of the eye, or even
the excision of a portion of the iris, has helped. During recovery a course
of tonics (2 drams oxide of iron, 10 grains nux vomica, and 1 ounce sul-
phate of soda daily) is desirable to invigorate the system and help to
ward off another attack. The vulgar resort to knocking out the wolf teeth
and cutting out the haw can only be condemned. The temporary re-
covery would take place in one or two weeks, though no such thing had
been done, and the breaking of a small tooth, leaving its fang in the jaw,
only increases the irritation.
CATARACT.
The common result of internal ophthalmia, as of the recurrent type,
may be recognized as described under the first of these diseases. Its of-
fensive appearance may be obviated by extraction or depression of the lens,
but as the rays of light would no longer be properly refracted, perfect
422 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
vision would not be restored, and the animal would be liable to prove an
inveterate shyer. If perfect blindness continued by reason of pressure on
the nerve of sight, no shying would result.
PALSY OF THE NERVE OF SIGHT, OR AMAUROSIS.
Causes. — The causes of this affection are tumors or other diseases of
the brain implicating the roots of the optic nerve, injury to the nerve
between the brain and eye, and inflammation of the optic nerve within
the eye (retina), or undue pressure on the same from dropsical or in-
flammatory effusion. It may also occur from overloaded stomach, from
a profuse bleeding, and even from the pressure of the gravid womb in
gestation.
Symptoms. — The symptoms are wide dilation of the pupils, so as to
expose fully the enterior of the globe, the expansion remaining the same
in light and darkness. Ordinary eyes when brought to the light have
the pupils suddenly contract, and then dilate and contract alternately
until they adapt themselves to the amount of light. The horse does
not swerve when a feint to strike is made unless the hand causes a cur-
rent of air. The ears are held erect and turn quickly toward any noise,
and the horse steps high to avoid stumbling over objects which it can
not see.
Treatment is only useful when the disease is symptomatic of some
removable cause, like congested brain, loaded stomach, or gravid womb.
When recovery does not follow the termination of these conditions, apply
a blister behind the ear and give one-half dram doses of nux vomica
daily.
TUMORS OF THE EYEBALL.
A variety of tumors attack the eyeball — dermoid, papillar, fatty, cystic,
and melanotic — but perhaps the most frequent in the horF3 is encephaloid
cancer. This may grow in or on the globe, the haw, the eyelid, or the
bones of the orbit, and is only to be remedied, if at all, by early and
thorough excision. It may be distinguished from the less dangerous
tumors by its softness, friability, and great vascularity, bleeding on the
slightest touch, as w^ell as by its anatomical structure.
STAPHYLOMA.
This consists in a bulging forward of the cornea at a given point
by the saccular yielding and distention of its coats, and it may be either
transparent or opaque and vascular. In the last form the iris has
become adherent to the back of the cornea, and the whole structure has
become filled with blood vessels. In the first form the bulging cornea
is attenuated; in the last it may be thickened. Tlie best treatment is
by excision of a portion of tlie rise so as to relieve the intraocular pres-
sure.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 423
PARASITi:S IX THE EYE.
Acari in the eye have been incidentally alluded to under infiiimmation
of the lids.
Fllaria Palpedralis is a white worm, one-half to one inch long, which
inhabits the lachrymal duct and the underside of the eyelids and haw in
the horse, producing a verminous conjunctivitis. The first step in
treatment in such cases is to remove the worm with forceps, then treat
as for external inflammation.
Filaria Equina is a delicate, white, silvery-looking worm, which I
have repeatedly found 2 inches in length (a length as great as 5 inches
have been reported). It invades the aquenous humor, where its constant
active movements make it an object of great interest, and it is frequently
exhibited as a "snake in the eye." It is found also in other internal
cavities of the horse, to which it undoubtedly makes its way from the
food, and especially the water swallowed, and its prevention is therefore
to be sought mainly in the supply of pure water from closed deep wells.
When present in the eye it causes inflammation and has to be removed
through an incision made with the lancet in the upper border of the
cornea close to the sclerotic, the point of the instrument being directed
slightly forward to avoid injury to the iris. Then apply cold water or
astringent antiseptic lotions.
Filaria Conjunctivae, resembling Filaria Equina very much in size
and general appearance, is another round worm which has been found in
the eye of the horse.
The Echijwcoccus, the systic, or larval stage of the echinococcus tape-
worm of the dog, has been found in the eye of the horse, and a cysticercus
(Cysticercus Fistularis?) is also reported.
HARNESS GALLS (SitfaStS) .
Wounds or abrasions of the skin are frequently caused by ill-fitting
harness or saddles. When a horse has been resting from steady work
for some time, particularly after being kept idle in a stable on a scanty
allowance of grain, as in winter, he is soft and tender and sweats easily
when put to work again. In this condition he is apt to sweat and chafe
under the harness, especially if it is hard and poorly fitted. This chafing
is likely to cause abrasions of the skin, and thus pave the way for an
abscess, or for a chronic blemish, unless attended to very promptly. Be-
sides causing the animal considerable pain, chafing, if long continued,
leads to the formation of a callosity. This may be superficial, involving
only the skin, or it may be deep-seated, involving the subcutaneous fibrous
tissue and sometimes the muscle and even the bone. This causes a dry
slough to form, which is both inconvenient and unsightly. Sloughs of
this kind are commonly called "sitfasts" and, while they occur in other
places are most frequently found under the saddle.
Treatment. — Abrasions are best prevented by bringing the animal
gradually into working shape after it has had a prolonged rest, in order
that the muscles will be hard and the skin tough. The harness should
424 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
be well fitted, neither too large nor too small, and it should be cleaned
and oiled to remove all dirt and to make it soft and pliable. Saddles
should be properly fitted so as to prevent direct pressure on the spine,
and the saddle blankets should be clean and dry. Parts of the horse
where chafing is likely to occur, as on the back under the saddle, should
be cleaned and brushed free of dirt.
The remedies for simple harness galls are numerous. Among them
may be mentioned alcohol, 1 pint, in which are well shaken the whites
of two eggs; a solution of nitrate of silver, 10 grains to the ounce of
water; sugar of lead or sulphate of zinc, 20 grains to an ounce of water;
carbolic acid, 1 part in 15 parts of glycerin, and so on almost without
end. Any simple astringent wash or powder will effect a cure, provided
the sores are not irritated by friction.
If a sitfast has developed, the dead horn-like slough must be carefully-
dissected out and the wound treated carefully with antiseptics. During
treatment it is always best to allow the animal to rest, but if this is
inconvenient care should be taken to prevent injury to the abraded or
wounded surface by padding the harness so that chafing can not occur.
FISTULAS.
Definition. — The word fistula is applied to any ulcerous lesion upon the
external surface of the body which is connected by ducts, or passages,
with some internal cavity. Because of this particular formation the term
fistulous tract is often used synonymously with the word fistula. Fistulas
may exist in any part of the body, but the name has come to be com-
monly accepted as applicable only to such lesions when found upon the
withers. Poll evil is a fistula upon the poll, and in no sense differs from
fistulous withers except in location. The description of fistula will apply,
then, in the main, to poll evil equally well. Quittor presents the char-
acteristic tubular passages of a fistula and may therefore be considered
and treated as fistula of the foot. Fistulous passages may also be de-
veloped upon the sides of the face, th'rough which saliva is discharged
instead of flowing into the mouth, and are called salivary fistulas. A
dental fistula may arise from the necrosis of the root of a tooth. Again,
a fistula is sometimes noted at the umbilicus associated with hernia, and
recto-vaginal fistulas have been developed in mares following difficult
parturition. Fistulas may arise from wounds of glandular organs or
their ducts, and thus we have the so-called mammary, or lachrymal,
fistulas.
Fistulous tracts are lined with a false, or adventitious, membrane and
show no disposition to heal. They constantly afford means of exit to the
pus or ichorous material discharged by the unhealthy parts below. They
are particularly liable to develop at the withers or poll because of the
exposed position which these parts occupy, and, having once become lo-
cated there, they usually assert a tendency to further extension, because
the vertical and laminated formation of the muscles and tendons of these
parts allows the forces of gravitation to assist the pus in gaining the
deeper lying structures and also favors its retention among them.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 425
Causes. — Fistulas follow as a result of abscesses, bruises, wonuds, or
long-continued irritation by the harness. Among the more common
causes of fistula of the poll (poll evil) are chafing by the halter or heavy
bridle; blows from the butt end of the whip; the horse striking his head
against the hayrack, beams of the ceiling, low doors, etc. Fistulous
withers are seen mostly in those horses that have thick necks as well
as those that are very high in the withers, or, among saddle horses,
those that are very low on the withers, the saddle here riding forward
and bruising the parts. They are often caused by bad-fitting collars or
saddles, by direct injuries from blows, and from the horse rolling upon
rough or sharp stones. In either of these locations ulcers of the skin, or
simple abscesses, if not properly and punctually treated, may become
fistulas. The pus burrows and finds lodgment deep down between the
muscles, and escapes only when the sinus becomes surcharged or when,
during motion of the parts, the matter is forced to the surface.
Symptoms. — These, of course, will vary according to the progress made
by the fistula. Following an injury we may often notice soreness or stiff-
ness of the front legs, and upon careful examination of the withers we
will see small tortous lines running from the point of irritation down-
ward and backward over the region of the shoulder. These are superfi-
cial lymphatics, and are swollen and painful to the touch. In a day or
two a swelling is noticed on one or both sides of the dorsal vertebraw,
which is hot and painful and rapidly enlarging. The stiffness of the
limbs may disappear at the time, and the heat and soreness of the parts
may become less noticeable, but the swelling remains and continues to
enlarge.
A fistulous ulcer of the poll may be first indicated by the opposition
which the animal offers to the application of stable brush or bridle. At
this time the parts are so sore and sensitive that there is some danger
that the patient will acquire disagreeable stable habits unless handled
with the greatest care. The disease in its early stages may be recognizd
as a soft, fluctuating tumor surrounded by inflammatory swelling, with
the presence of enlarged lymphatic vessels and stiffness of the neck.
Later the inflammation of the surrounding tissues may disappear, leav-
ing a prominent tumor. The swelling, whether situated upon the head
or the withers, may open and form a running ulcer, or its contents may
dry up and leave a tumor which gradually develops the common char-
acteristics of a fibrous tumor. When the enlargment has opened we
should carefully examine its cavity, as. upon its condition will wholly de-
pend our treatment.
Treatment. — In the earliest stage, when there is soreness, enlarged
lymphatics, but no well marked swelling, the trouble may frequently be
aborted. To do this requires both general and local treatment. A
physic should be given, and the horse receive 1 ounce of powdered salt-
peter three times a day in his water or feed. If the fever runs high,
20-drop doses of tincture of aconite root every two hours may be admin-
istered. The local application of cold water to the inflamed spot for an
hour at a time three or four times a day has often proved very beneficial,
and has afforded great relief to the patient.
426 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Cooling lotions, muriate of ammonia, or saltpeter and Vv'ater; sedative
washes, such as tincture of opium and aconite, chloroform liniment, or
camphrated oil, are also to be frequently applied. Should this treatment
fail to check the progress of the trouble, the formation of pus should be
hastened as rapidly as possible. Hot fomentations and poultices are to
be constantly used, and as soon as the presence of pus can be detected, the
abscess wall is to be opened at its. lowest point. In this procedure lies
our hope of a speedy cure. As with any simple abscess, if drainage can
be so provided that the pus will run off as fast as formed without re-
maining within the interstices of the tissues, the healing which follows
will be rapid and satisfactory.
Attention is again called to the directions given above as to the neces-
sity of probing the cavity when opened. If upon a careful examination
with the probe we find that there are no pockets, no sinuses, but a
simple, regular abscess wall, the indication for treatment is to make an
opening from below so that the matter must all escape. Rarely is any-
thing more needed than to keep the orifice open and to bathe or inject
the parts with some simple antiseptic wash that is not irritant or
caustic. A low opening and cleanliness constitute the essential and ra-
tional treatment.
If the abscess has already opened, giving vent to a quantity of purulent
matter, and the pipes and tubes leading from the opening are found
to be extensive and surrounded with thick fungoid membranes, there
is considerable danger that the Internal ligaments or even some of the
bones have become affected, in which case the condition has assumed a
serious aspect. Or, on the other hand, if the abscess has existed for
some time without a rupture, its contents will frequently be found to
consist of dried purulent matter, firm and dense, and the walls surround-
ing the mass will be found greatly thickened. In such a case we must
generally have recourse to the application of caustics which vdll cause a
sloughing of all of the unhealthy tissue, and will also stimulate a rapid
increase of healthy organized material to replace that destroyed in the
course of the development and treatment of the disease. Threads or
cords soaked in gum-arabic solution and rolled in powdered corrosive
sublimate may be introduced into the canal and allowed to remain. The
skin on all parts of the shoulder and leg beneath the fistula should be
carefully greased with lard or oil, as this will prevent the discharge that
comes from the opening after the caustic is introduced from irritating
or blistering the skin over which it flows. In obstinate cases a piece of
caustic potash (fused) one to two inches in length may be introduced into
the opening and should be covered with oakum or cotton. The horse
should then be secured so that he can not reach the part with his teeth.
After the caustic plug has been in place for twenty-four hours, it may
be removed and hot fomentations applied. As soon as the discharge
has become again established the abscess should be opened from its lowest
extermity, and the passage thus formed may be kept open by the intro-
duction of a seton. If the pipes become established in the deep tissues
beneath the shoulder blade or among the spines of the vertebral column,
it will often be found impossible to provide proper drainage for the ab-
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 427
scess from below, and treatment must consist of caustic solutions care-
fuly injected into all parts of the suppurating sinuses. A very effective
remedy for this purpose consists of 1 ounce of chloride of zinc in half
a pint of water, injected three times a week, after which a weak solution
of the same may be occasionally injected. Injections of Villate's solu-
tion or alcoholic solution of corrosive sublimate, strong carbolic acid, or
possibly oil of turpentine will also prove beneficial. Pressure should be
applied from below, and endeavors made to heal the various pipes from
the bottom.
Should the swelling become general, without forming a well-defined
tumor, the placing of 20 to 30 grains of arsenious acid, wrapped in a
single layer of tissue paper, in a shallow incision beneath the skin will
often produce a sloughing of the affected parts in a week or ten days,
after which the formation of healthy tissue follows. The surrounding
parts of the skin should be protected from any damage from escaping
caustics by the application of lard or oil, as previously suggested.
Although the successful treatment of fistulas requires time and pa-
tience, the majority of cases are curable. The sinuses must be opened
at their lowest extremity and kept open. Caustic applications must be
thoroughly used once or twice, after which mild astringent antiseptic
washes should be persistently used until a cure is reached.
It sometimes happens that the erosions have burrowed so deeply or
in such a direction that the opening of a drainage passage becomes im-
practicable. In other cases the bones may become attacked in some in-
accessible location, or the joints may be affected, and in these cases it is
often best to destroy the horse at once.
The reappearance of the fistula after it has apparently healed is not
uncommon. The secondary attack in these cases is seldom serious. The
lesion should be carefully cleansed and afterwards injected with a solu-
tion of zinc sulphate, 20 grains to the ounce of water, every second or
third day until a cure is effected.
In fistula of the foot we see the same tendency toward the burrowing
of pus downward to lower structure, or in some cases upward toward the
coronet. Prior to the development of a quittor there is always swelling
at the coronet, accompanied by heat and pain. Every effort should now
be made to prevent the formation of an abscess at the point of injury.
Wounds caused by nails, gravel or any other foreign body which may
have become lodged in the sole of the foot should be opened at once
from below so as to allow free exit to all purulent discharges. Should
the injury have occurred directly to the coronet the application of cold
fomentations may prove efficient in preventing the formation of an abscess.
When a quittor becomes fully established it should be treated precisely
as a fistula situated in any other part of the body; that is, the sinuses
should all be opened from their lowest extremities so as to afford con-
stant drainage. All fragments of diseased tissue should be trimmed
away, antiseptic solutions injected, and, after covering the wound with
a pad of oakum saturated with some good antiseptic wash, the whole foot
may be carefully covered with clean bandages, which will afford valuable
assistance to the healing process by excluding all dirt from the affected
part.
428 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE
WOUNDS AND THEIB TREATMENT.
Description of Wounds. — A wound is an injury to any part of the
body involving a solution of continuity or disruption of the affected
parts and is caused by violence, with or without laceration of the skin.
In accordance with this definition we have the following varieties of
wounds: Incised, punctured, contused, lacerated, gunshot, and poisoned.
They may further be classified as superficial, deep, or penetrating, and
also as unclean, if hair, dirt, or splinters of wood are present; as infected,
when contaminated with germs; and as aseptic, if the wound does not
contain germs.
An incised wound is a simple cut made with a sharp body, like a
knife, producing merely a division of the tissues. The duller the body,
the more force is required, the more tissues destroyed, and a greater
time will be required for healing. In a cut wound the edges are even
and definite, while those of a lacerated wound are irregular and torn.
Three conditions are present as a result of an incised wound: (1) Pain,
(2) hemorrhage, (3) gaping of the wound. The first pain is due to the
crushing of the nerve fibers. In using a sharp knife and by cutting
quickly the animal suffers less pain and healing occurs more rapidly.
The secondary pain is usually due to the action of the air
and inflammatory processes. When air is kept from the wound
pain ceases soon after the lesion is produced. Hemorrhage is absent only
in wounds of nonvascular tissues, as the cornea of the eye, the cartilage
of joints, and other similar structures. Bleeding may be from the arteries,
veins, or capillaries. In the latter form of "bleeding the blood oozes from
the part in drops. Hemorrhage from the veins is dark red and issues
in a steady stream without spurting. In arterial bleeding the blood is
bright red and spurts with each heart beat. This latter variety of
hemorrhage is the most dangerous, and should be stopped at once be-
fore attempting any further treatment. Bleeding from small veins and
capillaries ceases in a short time spontaneously, while larger vessels,
especially arteries, require some form of treatment to cause complete
stoppage of the hemorrhage.
HEMOSTASIA.
By this term is meant the checking of the flow of blood. It may be
accomplished by several methods, such as compress bandages, torison,
hot iron, and ligatures. The heat from a hot iron will cause the imme-
diate clotting of the blood in the vessels, and this clot is further supported
by the production of a scab, or crust, over the portion seared. The iron
should be at a red heat. If at a white heat, the tissue is charred, which
makes it brittle and the bleeding is apt to be renewed. If the iron is at a
black heat, the tissues will stick to the iron and will pull away from
the surface of the wound. Cold w-ater and ice bags quickly stop capillary
bleeding, while hot water is preferable in more excessive hemorrhages.
Some drugs, called styptics, possess the power of contracting the walls
of blood vessels and also of clotting the blood. A solution of the chloride
of iron placed on a wound alone or by means of cotton drenched in the
liquid produces a rapid and hard clot. Tannic acid, alum, acetic acid.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 429
alcohol, and oil of turpentine are all more or less active in this respect.
To check bleeding from large vessels compression may be adopted. When
it is rapid and dangerous and from an artery, the fingers may be used
for pressing between the wound and the heart (digital compression), but
if from a vein, the pressure should be exerted on the other side of the
wound. Tourniquet may also be used by passing a strap around the
part and tightening after placing a pad over the hemorrhage. The rub-
ber ligature has now replaced the tourniquet and is bound tightly around
the limb to arrest the bleeding. Tampons, such as cotton, tow or oakum,
may be packed tightly in the wound and then sewed up. After remaining
there for twenty-four or forty-eight hours they are removed. Bleeding
may sometimes be easily checked by passing a pin under the vessel and
by taking a horse-hair and forming a figure 8 by running it above and
below the pin, thus causing pressure on the vessel. Torsion is the twist-
ing of the blood vessel until the walls come together and form a barrier
to the flow of blood. It may be accomplished by the fingers, forceps, or
by running a pin through the vessel, turning it several times, and then
running the point into the tissue to keep it in a fixed position.
Ligation is the third method for stopping a hemorrhage. Seize the
blood vessel with the artery forceps, pass a clean thread of silk around it,
and tie about one-half inch from its end. The silk should be sterilized by
placing it in an antiseptic solution so as not to impede the healing pro-
cess or cause blood poisoning or lockjaw, which often follows the ligation
of a vein with unsterilized material. Sometimes it will be impossible to
reach the bleeding vessel, so it is necessary to pass the ligature around
a mass of tissue which includes the blood vessel. Ligation is the most
useful method of arresting hemorrhage, since it disturbs healing least
and gives the greatest security against secondary hemorrhage.
SUTURES.
After the bleeding has been controlled and all foreign bodies removed
from the wound, the gaping of the wound is noticeable. It is caused by
the contraction of the muscles and elastic fibres, and its degree depends
on the extent, direction, and nature of the cut. This gaping will hinder
the healing process so that it must be overcome by bringing the edges
together by som.e sort of sultures or pins, or by a bandage applied from
below upward. As suture material, ordinary cotton thread is good if
well sterilized, as is also horsehair, catgut, silk, and various kinds of
wire. If sulture is made too light, the subsequent swelling may cause
the stitch to tear out. In order to make a firm suture the depth of the
stitch should be the same as the distance the stitch is from the edge
of he wound. The deeper the suture is the more tissue is embraced and
the fewer the number of stitches required. In tying a suture use the square
or reef knot. Closure of w^ounds by means of adhesive plaster, collodion,
and metal clamps is not practiced to any great extent in veterinary
practice.
430 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE
PEOCESS OF HEALIXG.
In those cases where perfect stoppage of bleeding, perfect coaptation
of the edges of the wound, and perfect cleanliness are obtained, healing
occurs within three days, without the formation of granulations, pus, or
proud flesh, by what is termed first intention. If wounds do not heal in
this manner they will gap somewhat and become warm and painful.
Healing then occurs by granulation or suppuration, which is termed
healing by second intention. The sides of the wound become covered with
granulation tissue which may fill the wound and sometimes overlap the
lips, forming a fungoid growth called proud flesh. Under favorable condi-
tions the edges of the wound appear to grow together by the end of the
first week, and the whole surface gradually becomes dry, and finally cov-
ered with pigmented skin, when the wound is healed. The cause of pus
formation in wounds is usually due to the presence of germs. For this
reason the utmost care should be adopted to keep clean wounds aseptic,
or free from germs, and to make unclean wounds antiseptic by using
antiseptic fluids to kill the microbes present in the wound. The less the
injurious action of this fluid on the wound, and the greater its power
to kill germs, the more valuable it becomes. All antiseptics are not
equally destructive, and some germs are more susceptible to one antisep-
tic than to another. The most important are (1) bichloride of mercury,
which is to be preferred on horses. It becomes weakened in its action if
placed in a wooden pail or on an oily or greasy surface. It is used in
the strength of 1 part of bichloride to 1,000 to 5,000 parts of w^ater, ac-
cording to the delicacy of the tissues to which it is applied. (2) Carbolic
acid in from 2 to 5 per cent solution is used on infected wounds and
for cleaning instruments, dressing, and sponges. It unites well with
oil and is preferred to the bichloride of mercury on a greasy surface. A
5 per cent solution in oil is often used under the name of carbolized oil.
(3) Aluminum acetate is an efficient and cheap antiseptic, and is com-
posed of 1 part alum and 5 parts acetate of lead, mixed in 20 parts of
water. (4) Boracic acid is good in a 2 to 4 per cent solution to cleanse
wounds and wash eyes. Creolin and lysol may be used in a 2 to 5 per cent
solution in water. Iodoform is one of the most used of the antiseptics
and it also acts as an anodyne, stimulates granulation, and checks wound
secretion. A very efficacious and inexpensive powder is made by taking
5 parts of iodoform and 95 parts of sugar, making what is called iodoform
sugar. Tannic acid is a useful drug in the treatment of wounds, in that
it arrests hemorrhage, checks secretion, and favors the formation of a
scab. A mixture of 1 part tannic acid and 3 parts iodoform is good in
suppurating wounds. lodol, white sugar, ground and roasted coffee, and
powdered charcoal are all used as protectives and absorbents on suppurat-
ing surfaces. More depends on the care and the method of application
of the drug than en the drug itself. On aseptic wounds use only those
antiseptics that do not irritate the tissue. If care is used in the appli-
cation of the antiseptic, corrosive sublimate or carbolic acid is to be
recommended, but in the hands of irresponsible parties lysol or creolin
is safer. In order to keep air from the wound and to absorb all wound
secretions rapidly, a dressing should be applied. If the wound is aseptic,
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 431
the dressing should be likewise, such as cotton gauze, sterile cotton, oakum,
or tow. This dressing should be applied with uniform pressure at all
times and secured by a bandage. Allow it to remain for a week or ten days
if the wound is aseptic or if the dressing does not become loose or mis-
placed or become drenched with secretions from the wound, or if pain,
fever, or loss of appetite does not develop. The dressing should then be
removed, the wound treated antiseptically, and a sterilized dressing ap-
plied.
HEALING UNDER A SCAIJ.
This often occurs in small superficial wounds that have been kept
aseptic. In order for a scab to form, the wound must not gap, secrete
freely, or become infected with germs. The formation of scab is favored
by astringents and styptics, such as tannic acid, iodoform, and 5 per cent
solution of zinc chloride. In case of large hollow wounds that can not
be dressed, such as fistulous withers, open joints, etc., antisepsis may
be obtained by warm water irrigation with or without an antiseptic fluid.
It should continue day and night, and never be interrupted for more than
eight hours, for germs will then have gained headway and will be diffi-
cult to remove. Four or five days of irrigation will be sufficient, for
granulations will then have formed and pus will remain on the outside
if it forms. For permanent irrigation the stream should be very small,
or drop by drop, but should play over the entire surface of the v^ound. It
is always better to heal an infected wound under a scab, or treat it as
an open wound, than it is to suture the wound, thus favoring the growth
of the inclosed germs and retarding ultimate healing. In the latter case
pus may develop in the v/ound, form pockets by sinking into the tissues,
and cause various complications. Such pockets should be well drained
either through incisions at the bottom or by drainage tubes or setons.
They should then be frequently syringed out or continuously irrigated.
In case proud flesh appears it should be kept down either by pressure
or by caustics, as powdered bluestone, silver nitrate, chloride of antimony,
or by astringents, such as burnt alum. If they prove resistant to this
treatment they may be removed by scissors or the knife or by searing
with the hot iron. The following rules for the treatment of wounds
should be followed: (1) See that the wound is clean, removing all foreign
bodies. (2) For this purpose use a clean finger rather than a probe. (3)
Arrest all hemorrhage before closing the wound. (4) Antiseptics should
only be used if you suspect the wound to be infected. (5) When pus is
present treat without closing the wound. (6) This may be accomplished
by drainage tubes, absorbent dressings, setons, or continuous irrigations.
(7) Protect the wound against infection while healing.
LACERATED AND CONTUSED WOUNDS.
Lacerated and contused wounds may be described together, although
there is, of course, this difference, that in contused wounds there is no
break or laceration of the skin. Lacerated wounds, however, are as a
rule, also contused — the surrounding tissues are bruised to a greater or
lesser extent. While such wounds may not appear at first sight to be as
432 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
serious as incised wound, they are commonly very much, more so. Lacera-
tions and contusions, when extensive, are always to be regarded as dan-
gerous. Many horses die from septic infection or mortification as a re-
sult of these injuries. We find in severe contusions and infiltration cf
blood into the surrounding tissues; disorganization and mortification fol-
low, and involve often the deeper seated structures. Abscesses, single or
multiple, may also result and call for specail treatment.
In wounds that are lacerated the amount of hemorrhage is mostly in-
considerable; even very large blood vessels may be torn apart without
inducing a fatal result. The edges of the wound are ragged and uneven.
These wounds are produced by barbed wire or some blunt object, as where
a horse runs against fences, board piles, the corners of buildings, or
wTiere he is struck by the pole or shafts of another team, falling on
rough or irregular stones, etc.
Contused wounds are caused by blunt instruments moving with suflS-
cient velocity to bruise and crush the tissues, as running against objects,
kicks, or falling on large, hard masses.
Treatment. — In lacerated wounds great care must at first be exercised
in examining or probing to the very bottom of the rent or tear, to see if
any foreign body be present. Very often splinters of wood or bits of
stone or dirt are thus lodged, and unless removed prevent the wound
from healing; or if it should heal the wound soon opens again, discharging
a thin, gluey matter that is characteristic of the presence of some object
in the part. After a thorough exploration these wounds are to be care-
fully and patiently fomented with warm water, to which has been added
carbolic acid in the proportion of 1 part to 100 of water. Rarely, if ever,
are stitches to be inserted in lacerated wounds. The surrounding tissues
and skin are so weakened in vitality and structure by the contusions that
stitches will not hold; they only irritate the parts. It is better to en-
deavor to secure coaptation by means of bandages, plasters, or collodion.
One essential in the treatment of lacerated wounds is to secure a free exit
for the pus. If the orifice of the wound is too high, or if pus is found tot
be burrowing in the tissues beneath the opening, we must then make a
counter opening as low as possible. This will admit of the w^ound being
thoroughly washed out, at first with warm water, and afterwards in-
jected with some mild astringent and antiseptic wash, as chloride of zinc, 1
dram to a pint of water. A dependent opening must be maintained until
the wound ceases to discharge. Repeated hot fomentations over the
region of lacerated wounds afford much relief and should be persisted in.
BRUISES.
Bruises are nothing but contused wounds where the skin has not been
ruptured. There is often considerable solution of continuity of the parts
under the skin, subcutaneous hemorrhage, etc., which may result in local
death (mortification) and slough of the bruised parts. If the bruise or
contusion is not so severe, many cases are quickly cured by constant
fomentation with hot water for from two to four hours. The water
should be allowed about this time to gradually become cool and then
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 433
cold. Cold fomentation must then be kept up for another hour or two.
Dry parts thoroughly and iiuickly and bathe them freely with camphor 1
ounce, sweet oil 8 ounces, or with equal parts of lead water and laudanum.
A dry, light bandage should then be applied, the horse allowed to rest,
and if necessary the treatment may be repeated each day for two or
three days. If, however, the wound is so severe that sloughing must
ensue, we should encourage this by poultices made of linseed meal, wheat
bran, turnips, onions, bread and milk, or hops. Charcoal is to be sprinkled
over the surface of the poultice when the wound is bad smelling. After
the slough has fallen off the wound is to be dressed with warm antiseptic
washes of carbolic acid, chloride of zinc, permanganate of potash, etc. If
granulating (filling up) too fast, use burnt alum or air-slaked lime. Be-
sides this local treatment we find that the constitutional symptoms of
fever and inflammation call for measures to prevent or control them.
This is best done by placing the injured animal on soft or green food. A
physic of Barbados aloes, 1 ounce, should be given as soon as possible
after the accident. Sedatives, such as tincture of aconite root, 15 drops,
three times a day, or ounce doses of saltpeter every four hours, may also
be administered. When the symptoms of fever are abated, and if the
discharges from the wound are abundant, the strength of the patient
must be supported by good food and tonics. One of the best tonics is as
follows: Powdered sulphate of iron, powdered gentian, and powdered
ginger, of each four ounces. Mix thoroughly and give a heaping table-
spoonful twee a day, on the feed or as a drench.
PUNCTURED WOUNDS.
Punctured wounds are produced by the penetration of a sharp or
blunt pointed substance, such as a thorn, fork, nail, etc., and the orifice
of these wounds is always small in proportion to their depth. In veterinary
practice punctured w^ounds are much more common than the others.
They involve the feet most frequently, next the legs, and often the head
and face from nails protruding through the stalls and trough. They are
not only the most frequent, but they are also the most serious, owing
to the difficulty of obtaining thorough disinfection. Another circum-
stance rendering them so is the lack of attention that they first receive.
The external wound is so small that but little or no importance is at-
tached to it, yet in a short time swelling, pain, and acute inflammation,
often of a serious character, are manifested.
Considering the most common of the punctured wounds, we must give
precedence to those of the feet. Horses worked in cities, about iron
works, around building places, etc., are most likely to receive "nails in
the feet." The animal treads upon nails, pieces of iron or screws, and
forces them into the soles of the feet. If the nail, or whatever it is that
has punctured the foot, is fast in some large or heavy body, and is with-
drawn as the horse lifts his foot, lameness may last for only a few steps;
but unless properly attended to at once he will be found in a day or
two to be very lame in the injured member. If the foreign body remains
in the foot, he gradually grows worse from the time of puncture until
28
434 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
the cause is discovered and removed. If, when shoeing, a nail is driven
into the quick (sensitive laminae) and allowed to remain, the horse grad-
ually evinces mere pain from day to day; but if the nail has at once
been removed by the smith, lameness does not, as a rule, show^ itself for
some days or, if the nail is simply driven "too close," not actually prick-
ing the horse, he may not show any lameness for a week or even much
longer. At this point it is due the blacksmith to say that, considering
how thin the walls of some feet are, the uneasiness of many horses while
shoeing, the ease with w^hich a nail is diverted . from its course by strik-
ing an old piece of nail left in the wall, or from the nail itself splitting,
the wonder is not that so many horses are pricked or nails driven "too
close," but rather that many more are not so injured. It is not always
carelessness or ignorance on the part of the smith, by any means, that is
to account for this accident. Bad and careless shoers we do meet with,
but let us be honest and say that the rarity of these accidents points
rather to the general care and attention given by these much-abused me-
chanics.
From the construction of the horse's foot (being incased in an, im-
permeable horny box), and from the elasticity of the horn closing the
orifice, punctured wounds of the feet are almost alw^ays productive of lame-
ness. Inflammation results, and as there is no relief afforded by swelling
and no escape for the product of inflammation, this matter must and does
burrow between the sole or wall and the sensitive parts w^ithin it until
it generally opens "between hair and hoof." We can thus see w^hy pain is
so much more severe, why tetanus (lock-jaw) more frequently follows
wounds of the feet, and why, from the extensive, or at times complete,
separation and "casting" of the hoof, these wounds must always be re-
garded with grave apprehension.
Symptoms and Treatment. — A practice which, if never deviated from —
that of picking up each foot, cleaning the sole, and thoroughly examining
the foot each and every time the horse comes into the stable — w^ill enable
us to reduce the serious consequences of punctured wounds of the feet
to be the minimum. If the wound has resulted from pricking, lameness
follows soon after shoeing; if from the nails being driven too close, it
usually appears from four to five days or a week after receiving the shoe.
We should always inquire as to the time of shoeing, examine the shoe
carefully, and see w^hether it has been partially pulled and the horse
stepped back upon some of the nails or the clip. The pain from these
wounds is lancinating; the horse is seen to raise and lower the limb or
hold it from the ground altogether; aften he points the foot, flexes the
leg, and knuckles at the fetlock. Swelling of the fetlock and back ten-
dons is also frequently seen and is apt to mislead us. The foot must be
carefully examined, and this cannot be properly done without removing the
shoe. The nails should be drawn separately and carefully examined. If
there is no escape of pus from the nail holes, or if the nails themselves
are not moist, we must continue our examination of the foot by carefully
pinching or tapping it at all parts. With a little practice w^e can detect
the spot w^here pain is the greatest or discover the delicate line of scar
left at the point of entrance of the foreign body. The entire sole is then
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 435
to be thinned, after which we are to carefully cut down upon the point
where pain is greatest upon pressure, and, finall5% through the sole at this
spot. When the matter has escaped, the sole, so far as it was undermined
by pus, is to be removed. The foot must now be poulticed for one or
two days and afterwards dressed with a compress of oakum saturated
with carbolic acid solution or other antiseptic dressing.
If we discover a nail or other object in the foot, the principal direction,
after having removed the offending body, is to cut away the sole, in a
funnel shape, down to the sensitive parts beneath. This is imperative,
and if a good free opening has been made and is maintained for a few
days, hot fomentations and antiseptic dressings applied, the cure is
mostly easy, simple, quick, and permanent. The horse should be shod
with a leather sole under the shoe, first of all applying tar and oakum
to prevent any dirt from entering the wound. In some instances nails
may puncture the flexor tendons, the coffin bone, or enter the coffin joint.
Such injuries are always serious, their recovery slow and tedious, and the
treatment so varied and difficult that the services of a veterinarian will
be necessary.
PUNCTURED WOUNDS OF JOINTS, OR OPEN JOINTS.
These wounds are more or less frequent. They are always serious,
and often result in anchylosis (stiffening) of the joint or death of the
animal. The joints mostly punctured are the hock, fetlock, or knee,
though other joints may, of course, suffer this injury. As the symptoms
and treatment are much the same for all, only the accident as it occurs
in the hock joint will be described. Probably the most common mode of
injury is from the stab of a fork, but it may result from the kick of
another horse that is newly shod, or in many other ways. At first the
horse evinces but slight pain or lameness. The owner discovers a small
wound scarcely larger than a pea, and pays but little attention to it.
In a fevv' days, however, the pain and lameness become excessive; the
horse can no longer bear any weight upon the injured leg; the joint is
very much swollen and painful upon pressure; there are well-marked
symptoms of constitutional disturbance— quick pulse, hurried breathing,
high temperature, 103° to 106° F., the appetite is lost, thirst is present,
the horse reeks with sweat, and shows by an anxious countenance the
pain he suffers. He may lie down, though mostly he persists in stand-
ing, and the opposite limb becomes swollen from bearing the entire
weight and strain for so long a time. The wound which at first appeared
so insignificant, is now constantly discharging a thin whitish or yellowish
fluid — joint oil or water, which becomes coagulated about the mouth of
the v^ound and adheres to the part in clots like jelly, or resembling
somewhat the v/hite of an egg. Not infrequenly the joint opens at dif-
ferent places, discharging at first a thin bloody fluid that soon assumes
the character above described.
Treatment of these wounds is most difficult and unsatisfactory. We
can do much to prevent this array of symptoms it the case is seen early —
within the first twenty-four or forty-eight hours after the injury; but
when inflammation of the joint is once fairly established the case be-
436 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
comes one of grave tendencies. Whenever a punctured wound of a
joint is noticed, even though apparently of but small moment, we should,
without the least delay, apply a strong cantharides blister over the entire
joint, being even careful to fill the orifice of the wound with the blister-
ing ointment. This treatment is almost always effectual. It operates
to perform a cure in two ways — first, the swelling of the skin and tissues
underneath it completely closes round and prevents the ingress of air;
second, by the superficial inflammation established it acts to check and
abate all deep-seated inflammation. In the great majority of instances, if
pursued soon after the accident, this treatment performs a cure in about
one week, but should the changes described as occurring later in the joint
have already taken place, we must then treat by cooling lotions and the
application to the wound of chloride of zinc, 10 grains to the ounce of
water, or a paste made up of flour and alum. A bandage is to hold these
applications in place, which is only to be removed when swelling of the
leg or increasing febrile symptoms demand it. In the treatment of open
joints our chief aim must be to close the orifice as soon as possible. For
this reason repeated probing or even injections are contraindicted. The
only probing of an open joint that is to be sanctioned is on our first visit,
when we should carefully examine the wound for foreign bodies or dirt,
and after removing them the probe must not again be used. The medi-
cines used to coagulate the synovial discharge are best simply applied
to the surface of the wound, on pledgets of tow, and held in place by
bandages. Internal treatment is also indicated in those cases of open
joints where the suffering is great. At first we should administer a light
physic and follow this up with sedatives and anodynes, as directed for
contused wounds. Later, however, we should give quinine, or salicylic
acid in 1 dram doses two or three times a day.
WOUNDS OF THE TEIN^DGN SHEATHS,
Wounds of tendon sheaths are similar to open joints in that there is
an ascape of synovial fluid, "sinew water." Where the tendons are simply
punctured by a thorn, nail, or fork, we must, after a thorough exploration
of the wound for any remaining foreign substance, treat with the flour-
and-alum paste, bandages, etc., as for open joint. Should the skin and
tendons be divided the case is even more serious and often incurable.
There is always a large bed of granulations (proud flesh) at the seat
of injury, and a thickening more or less pronounced remains. When
the back tendons of the leg are severed we should apply at once a high-
heel shoe (which is to be gradually lowered as healing advances) and
bandage firmly with a compress moistened with a 10-grain chloride of
zinc solution. When proud flesh appears this is best kept under control
by repeated applications of a red hot iron. Mares that are valuable as
brood animals and stock horses should always be treated for this in-
jury, as, even though blemished, their value is not seriously impaired.
The length of time required and the expense of treatment will cause us
to hesitate in attempting a cure, if the subject is old and comparatively
valueless.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 437
GUNSHOT WOUNDS.
These wounds vary in size and character, depending on the size and
quality of the projectile and also the tissue injured. They are so seldom
met with in our animals that an extended reference to them seems un-
necessary. If a wound has been made by a bullet a careful examination
should be made to ascertain if the ball has passed through or out of
the body. If it has not we must uen probe for the ball, and if it can be
located it is to be cut out when practicable to do so. Oftentimes a ball
may be so lodged that it can not be removed, and then it may become
encysted and remain for years without giving rise to any inconvenience.
It is often difficult to locate a bullet, as it is very readily deflected by
resistances met with after entering the body.
The entering wound is the size of the projectile, the edges are in-
verted and often scorched. The wound produced in case of the bullet's
exit is larger than the projectile, the edges are turned out and ragged.
A bullet heated by the friction of the barrel or air often softens and
becomes flattened on striking a bone or other tissue. Modern bullets that
have an outer steel layer may pass through bone without splintering it.
Leaden bullets may split, producing two exit wounds. Spent bullets may
only produce a bruise. Should bones be struck by a ball they are some-
times shattered and splintered to such an extent as to warrant us in
having the animal destroyed. A gunshot wound, when irreparable in-
jury has not been done, is to be treated the same as punctured wounds, i.
e., stop the hemorrhage, remove the foreign body if possible, and apply
hot fomentations . or poultices to the wound until suppuration is fairly
etsablished. Antiseptic and disinfectant injections may then be used.
Should pus accumulate in the tissues, openings must be made at the most
depending parts for its escape. Wounds from shotguns fired close to
the animals are serious. They are virtually lacerated and contused
wounds. Remove all the shot possible from the wound, and treat as di-
rected for contusions. When small shot strike the horse from a distance
they stick in the skin or only go through it. The shot grains must be
picked out, but as a rule this "peppering" of the skin amounts to but
little.
POISONED WOUNDS.
These injuries are the result of bites of snakes, rabid dogs ,stings of
bees, wasps, etc. A single sting is not dangerous, but an animal attacked
by a swarm of insects may become serious, the chief danger coming from
the swelling produced. If stung about the head, the nostrils may be
closed as a result of the swelling, causing labored breathing and possibly
asphyxiation. Intoxication may be produced by the absorption of this
poison and is manifested by staggering gait, spreading of the legs, pa-
ralysis of the muscles, difficult respiration, and rise of temperature. Death
may follow in five to ten hours.
Treatment. — Douse animal with cold water and apply any alkaline
liquid, such as soapsuds, bicarbonate of soda, or weak solution of am-
monia. Internally give alcohol, ether, or camphor to strengthen the
heart. In case of bites by rattlesnakes, moccasin, or other poisonous
438 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
snakes, a painful swelling occurs about the bitten part, which is fol-
lowed by labored breathing, weakness, retching, fever, and death from
collapse. The animal usually recovers if it can be kept alive over the
third day. In treating the animal, a tight ligature should be passed about
the part above the wound to keep the poison from entering the general
circulation. Wash out the wound thoroughly with antiseptics and then
appxy a caustic, such as siiver nitrate, or burn with a hot instrument.
A subcutaneous injection of one-fourth dram of 1 per cent solution of
chromic acid above the wound is also beneficial. Cold water may be ap-
plied to the wound to combat the inflammation. Bites of rabid dogs
produce an infected wound, and the virus of rabies introduced in this
manner should be removed or destroyed in the wound. Therefore produce
considerable bleeding by incising the wound, w^ash out thoroughly with
10 per cent solution of zinc chloriae and then apply caustics or the
actual cautery.
NAVICULAR DISEASE.
Navicular disease is an inflammation of the sesamoid sheath, induced
by repeated bruising or laceration ,and complicated in many cases by
inflammation and caries of the navicular bone. In some instances the
disease undoubtedly begins in the bone, and the sesamoid sheath becomes
involved subsequently by an extension of the inflammatory process.
The thoroughbred horse is more commonly affected than any other,
yet no class or breed of horses is entirely exempt. The mule, however,
seems rarely, if ever, to suffer from it. For reasons which will appear
when considering the causes of the disease, the hind feet are not liable
to be affectd. Usually but one fore foot suffers from the disease, but
if both should be attacked the trouble has become chronic in the first
before the second shows signs of the disease.
Causes. — To comprehend fully now navicuar disease may be caused
by conditions and usages common to nearly all animals, it is necessary
to recall the peculiar anatomy of the parts involved in the process and
the functions which they perform in locomotion.
It must be remembered that the fore legs largely support the weight
of the body when the animal is at rest, and that the faster he moves the
greater is the shock which the fore feet must receive as the body is
thrown forward by the propelling force of the hind legs. This shock
could not be withstood by the tissues of the fore feet and legs were it not
that it is largely dissipated by the elastic muscles w^hich bind the shoul-
der to the body, the ease with which the arm closes on the shoulder
blade, and the spring of the fetlock joint. But even these means are not
sufRcient within themselves to protect the foot from injury; so nature
has further supplemented them by placing the cofSn joint on the hind part
of the coffin bone instead of directly on top of it, whereby a large part of
the shock of locomotion is dispersed before it can reach the vertical
column represented by the cannon, knee, and arm bones. A still further
provision is made by placing a soft, elastic pad— the frog and plantar
cushion — at the heels to receive the sesamoid expansion of the flexor
tendon as it forced dovv-nward by the pressure of the coronet bone against
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 439
the navicular. Extraordinary as these means may appear for the des-
truction of shock, and ample as they are when the animal is at a slow
pace or unweighted by rider or load, they fail to relieve completely the
parts from concussion and excessive pressure whenever the opposite con-
ditions are present. The result, then, is that the coronet bone forces
the navicular hard against the flexor tendon, which, in turn, presses
firmly against the navicular as the force of the contracting muscles lifts
the tendon into place. It is self-evident, then, that the more rapid the
pace and the greater the load, the greater must these contending forces
be, and the greater the liability to injury. For the same reason horses
with excessive knee action are more likely to suffer from this disease
than others, concussion of the foot and intense pressure on the tendon
being common among such horses. ~"
Besides the above exciting causes must le considered those which pre-
dispose to the disease. • Most prominent among these is heredity. It
may be claimed, however, that an inherited predisposition to navicular
disease consists not so much in a special susceptibility of the tissues
which are involved in the process as in a vice of conformation which, as
is well known, is likely to be transmitted from parent to offspring. The
faults of conformation most likely to be followed by the development of
navicular disease are an insufficient planter cushion, a small frog, high
heels, excessive knee action, and contracted heels. Finally, the environ-
ments of domestication and use, such as dry stables, heavy pulling, bad
shoeing, punctured wounds, etc., all have their influence in developing
this disease.
Symptoms. — In the early stages of navicular disease the symptoms are
generally very obscure. When the disease begins in inflammation of the
navicular bone, the animal while at rest points the affected foot a time
before any lameness is seen. While at Vvork he apparently travels as
well as ever, but when placed in the stable one foot is set out in front
of the other, resting on the toe, with fetlock and knee flexed. After a
time, if the case is closely watched, the animal takes a few lame steps
while at work, but the lameness disappears as suddenly as it came, and
the driver doubts if the animal was really lame at all. Later on the
patient has a lame spell which may last during a greater part of the day,
but the next morning it is gone; he leaves the stable all right, but goes
lame again during the day. In time he has a severe attack of lameness,
which may last for a week or more, when a remission takes place and it
may be weeks or months before another attack supervenes. Finally, he
becomes constantly lame, and the more he is used the greater the lame-
ness.
In the lameness from navicular disease the affected leg always takes
a short step, and the toe of the foot first strikes the ground; so the shoe
is most worn at this point. If the patient is made to move backward,
the foot is set down with exceeding great care, and the weight rests upon
the affected leg but a moment. When exercised he often stumbles, and
if the road is rough he may fall on his knees. If he is lame in both
feet the gait is stilty, the shoulders seem stiff, and, if made to work,
sweats profusely from intense pain. Early in the development of the
440 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
disease a careful examination will reveal some increased heat in the heels
and frog, particularly after work; as the disease progresses this becomes
more marked, until the whole foot is hot to the touch. At the same time
there is an increased sensibility of the foot, for the patient flinches from
the percussion of a hammer lightly applied to the frog and heels or from
the pressure of the smith's pincres. The frog is generally shrunken,
often of a pale-red color, and at times is affected with thrush. If the
heels are pared away so that all the weight is received on the frog, or if
the same result is attained by the application of a bar shoe, the animal
is excessively lame. The muscles of the leg and shoulder shrink away,
and often tremble as the animal stands at rest. After months of lame-
ness the foot is found to be shrunken in its diameter and apparently
lengthened; the horn is dry and brittle and has lost its natural gloss
while circular ridges, developed most toward the heels, cover the upper
part of the hoof. When both feet are affected, the animal points first
one hoof, then the other, and stands with the hind feet well forward be-
neath the body, so as to relieve the fore feet as much as possible from
bearing weight. In old cases the wasting of the muscles and the knuckl-
ing at the fetlock become so great that the leg cannot be strightened;
and locomotion can scarcely be performed. The disease generally makes
a steady progress without inclining to recovery — the remission of symp-
toms in the earlier stages should not be interpreted as evidence that the
process has terminated. The complications usually seen are ringbones,
sidebones, thrush, contracted heels, quarter-cracks, and fractures of the
navicular, coronet, and pastern bones.
SIDEBOXES.
A sidebone consists in a transformation of the lateral cartilages found
on the wings of the coffin bone into bony matter by the deposition of lime
salts. The disease is a common one, especially in heavy horses used for
draft, in cavalry horses, cow ponies, and other saddle horses, and runners
and trotters.
Sidebones are peculiar to the forefeet, yet they occasionally develop in
the hind feet, where they are of little importance since they cause no
lameness. In many instances sidebones are of slow growth and, being
unaccompanied by acute inflammation, they cause no lameness until such
time, as by reason of their size, they interfere with the action of the
joint.
Causes. — Sidebones often grow in heavy horses without any apparent
injury, and their development has been attributed to the over-expansion
of the cartilages caused by the great weight of the animal. Blows and
other injuries to the cartilages may set up an inflammatory process
which ends in the formation of these bony growths. Highheeled shoes,
high calks, and long feet are always classed among the conditions which
may excite the growth of sidebones. They are often seen in connection
with contracted heels, ringbones, navicular disease, punctured wounds of
the foot, quarter-cracks, and occasionally as a sequel to founder.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 441
Symptoms. — In the earlier stages of the disease, if inflammation is
present, the only evidence of the trouble to be detected is a little fever
over the seat of the affected cartilage and a slight lameness. In the lame-
ness of sidebones the toe of the foot first strikes the ground and the
step is shorter than natural. The subject comes out of the stable stiff
and sore, but the gait is more free after exercise.
Since the deposit of bony matter begins in that part of the cartilage
where it is attached to the coffin bone, the diseased process may exist
for some time before the bony growth can be seen or felt. Later on,
however, the cartilage can be felt to have lost its elastic character, and
by standing in front of the animal a prominence of the coronary region
at the quarters can be seen. Occasionally these bones become so large
as to bulge the hoof outward, and by pressing on the joint they so inter-
fere with locomotion that the animal becomes entirely useless.
Treatment. — So soon as the disease can be diagnosed active treatment
should be adopted. Cold water bandages are to be used for a few days to
relieve the fever and soreness.
The improvement consequent on the use of these simple measures often
leads to the belief that the disease has recovered; but with a return to
work the lameness, fever, etc., reappears. For this reason the use of
blisters, or better still, the firing iron, should follow on the discontin-
uance of the cold bandages.
But in many instances no treatment will arrest the growth of these
bony tumors, and as a paliative measure neurotomy must be resorted to.
Generally this operation will so relieve the pain of locomotion that the
patient may be used for slow work; but in animals used for fast driving
or for saddle purposes, the operation is practically useless. Some years
ago I unnerved a number of cavalry horses at Fort Leavenworth that
were suffering from sidebones, and the records show that in less than
seven months all were more lame than ever. Since a predisposition to
develop sidebones may be inherited, animals suffering from this disease
should not be used for breeding purposes, unless the trouble is known
to have originated from an accident.
SPLIXTS.
We first turn our attention to the splint, as certain bony elargements
which are developed on the cannon bone, between the knee or the hock
and the fetlock jont, are called. They are found on the inside of the leg,
from the knee, near to which they are frequently found, downward to
about the lower third of the principal cannon bone. They are of various
dimensions, and are readily perceptible both to the eye and to the touch.
They vary considerably in size, ranging from that of a large nut down-
ward to very small proportions. In searching for them they may be
readily detected by the hand if they have attained sufficient development
in their usual situation, but must be distinguished from a small bony
enlargement which may be felt at the lower third of the cannon bone,
which is neither a splint nor a pathological formation of any kind, but
merely the buttonlike enlargement at the lower extremity of the small
metacarpal or splint bone.
442 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
We have said that splints are to be found on the inside of the leg.
This is true as a general statement, but it is not invariably so, and they
occasionally appear on the outside. It is also true that they appear
most commonly on the fore legs, but this is not exclusively the case, and
they may at times be found on both the inside and outside of the hind
leg. Usually a splint forms only a true exostosis, or a single bony
growth, with a somewhat diffuse base, but neither is this invariably the
case. In some instances they assume more important dimensions, and
pass from the inside to the outside of the bone, on its posterior face,
between that and the suspencory ligament. This form is termed the
pegged splint, and constitutes a serious and permanent deformity, in
consequence of its interference with the play of the fibrous cord which
passes behind it, becoming this a source of continual irritation and con-
sequently permanent lameness.
Symptoms. — A splint may thus frejuently become a cause of lameness
though not necessarily in every instance; but it is a lameness possessing
features peculiar to itself. It is not always continuous but at times
assumes an intermittent character, and is more marked when the animal
is warm than when he is cool. If the lameness is near the kneejoint, it
is very apt to become aggravated when the animal is put to work, and
the gait acquires then a peculiar character, arising from the manner in
which the limb is carried outward from the knees downward, which is
done by a kind of abduction of the lower part of the leg. Other symptoms,
however, than the lameness and the presence of the splint, which is its
cause, may be looked for in the same connection as those v/hich have
been mentioned as pertaining to certain evidences of periostitis, in the
increase of the temperature of the part, with swelling and probably
pain on pressure. This last symptom is of no little importance since its
presence or absence has in many cases formed the determining point in
deciding a question of difficult diagnosis.
Cause. — A splint being one of the results of periostitis, and the latter
one of the effects of external hurts, it naturally follows that the parts
which are most exposed to blows and collisions will be those on which
the splint w^ill most commonly be found, and it may not be improper,
therefore, to refer to hurts from without as among the common causes
of the lesion. But other causes may also be productive of the evil, and
among these may be mentioned the overstraining of an immature organ-
ism by the imposition of excessive labor upon a young animal at a too
early period of his life. The bones which enter into the formation of
the cannon are three in number, one large and two smaller, which during
the youth of the animal, are more or less articulated, with a limited
amount of mobility, but which become in maturity firmly joined by a
rigid union and ossification of their interarticular surface. If the im-
mature animal is compelled, then to perform exacting tasks beyond his
strength, the inevitable result will follow in the muscular straining, and
perhaps tearing asunder of the fibers which unite the bones at their
points of juncture, and it is difficult to understand how inflammation or
periostitis can fail to develop as the natural consequence of such local
irritation. If the result were deliberately and intelligently designed, it
could hardly be more effectually accomplished.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 443
The splint is an object of the commonest occurrences — so common, in-
deed, that in large cities a horse which can not exhibit one or more
specimens upon some portion of his extremities is one of the rarest of
spectacles. Though it is in some instances a cause of lameness, and its
discovery and cure are sometimes beyond the ability of the shrewdest and
most experienced veterinarians, yet as a source of vital danger to the
general equine organization, or even functional disturbance, or of prac-
tical inconvenience, aside from the rare exceptional cases which exist
as mere samples of possibility, it can not be considered to belong to the
category of serious lesions. The worst stigma that attaches to it is that
in general estimation it is ranked among eyesores and continues in-
definitely to be that and nothing different. The inflammation in which
they originated, acute at first, either subsides or assumes the chronic
form, and the bony growth becomes a permanence — more or less estab-
lished, it is true but doing no positive harm and not hindering the ani-
mal from continuing his daily routine of labor. All this, however, re-
quires a proviso against the occurrence of a subsequent acute attack,
when, as with other exostoses, a fresh access of acute symptoms may be
followed by a new patholigical activity, which shall again develop, as a
natural result, a reappearnce of the lameness.
Treatment. — It is, of course, the consideration of the comparative
harmlessness of splints that suggests and justifies the policy of non-
interference, except as they become a positive cause of lameness. And
a more positive argument for such non-interference consists in the fact
that any active and irritating treatment may so excite the parts as to
bring about a renewed pathological activity, which may result in a re-
duplication of the phenomena, with a second edition, if not a second and
enlarged volume, of the whole story. For our part, our faith is firm in
the impolicy of interference, and this faith is founded on an experience
of many years, during which our practice'has been that of abstention.
Of course, there will be exceptional conditions which will at times
indicate a different course. These will become evident when the occasions
present themselves, and extraordinary forms and effects of inflammation
and growth in the tumors offer special indications. But our conviction
remains unshaken that surgical trep,tment of the operative kind is usu-
ally useless, if not dangerous. We have little faith in the method of
extirpation except under very special conditions, among which that of
diminutive size has been named, which seems in itself to constitute a
suflicient negative argument. But even in such case a resort to the knife
or the gouge could scarcely find a justification, since no operative pro-
cedure is ever without a degree of hazard, to say nothing of the con-
siderations which are always forcibly negative in any question of the
infliction of pain and the unnecessary use of the knife.
If an acute periostitis of the cannon bone has been readily discovered,
the treatment we have already suggested for that ailment is at once
indicated, and the astringent lotions may be relied upon to bring about
beneficial results. Sometimes, however, preference may be given to a
lotion possessing a somewhat different quality, the alternative consisting
of tincture" of iodine applied to the inflamed spot several times daily.
444 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
If the lameness persists under this mild course of treatment, it must, of
course, be attacked by other methods, and we must resort to the can-
tharides ointment or Spanish-fly blister, as we have before recommended.
Besides this, and producing an analogous effect, the compounds of bini-
odide of mercury are favored by some. It is prepeared in the form of an
ointment, consisting of 1 dram of the biniodide to 1 ounce of either lard
or vaseline. It forms an excellent blistering and alternative application,
and is of special advantage in newly formed or recently discovered exo-
stosis.
It remains a pertinent query, however, and one which seems to be
easily answered, whether a tumor so diminutive in size that it can only
be detected by diligent search, and which is neither a disfigurement nor
an obstruction to the motion of the limb, need receive any recognition
whatever. Other modes of treatment for splints are recommended and
practiced which belong strictly to the domain of operative veterianry
surgery. Among these are to be reckoned actual cauterization, or the
application of the fire iron and the operation of periosteotomy. These
are frequently indicated in the treatment of splints which have resisted
milder means.
The mode of the development of their growth; their intimacy, greater
or less, with both the large and the small cannon bones; the possibility
of their extending to the back of these bones under the suspensory liga-
ment; the dangerous complications w^hich may follow the rough handling
of the parts, with also a possibility, and indeed as probability, of their
return after removal — these are the considerations which have influenced
our judgment in discarding from our practice and our approval the
method of removal by the saw or the chisel, as recommended by certain
European veterinarians.
RINGBONES.
This term forms the designation of the exostosis which is found on
the coronet and in the digital and phalangeal regions. The name is
appropriate, because the growth extends quite around the coronet, which
it encircles in the manner of a ring, or perhaps because it often forms
upon the back of that bone a regular osseous arch, through which the
back tendons obtain a passage. The places where these growths are usu-
ally developed have caused their subdivision and classification into three
varieties, with the designations of high, middle, and low, though much
can not be said as to the importance of such distinction. It is true that
the ringbone or phalangeal exostosis may be found at various points on
the foot, in one case forming a large bunch on the upper part and quite
close to the fetlock joint; in another around the upper border of the hoof,
or perhaps on the extreme front or on the very back of the coronet. The
shape in which they commonly appear is favorable to their easy dis-
covery their form when near the fetlock usually varying too much from
the natural outlines of the part when compared with those of the opposite
side to admit of error in the matter.
A ringbone when on the front of the foot, even when not very largely
developed, assumes the form of a diffused convex swelling. If situated
i^INTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 445
on the lower part, it will form a thick ring, encircling that portion of
the foot immediately above the hoof; when found on the posterior part,
a small, sharp osseous growth somewhat projecting, sometimes on the
inside and sometimes on the outside of the coronet, may comprise the
entire manifestation.
Cause. — As with splints, ringbones may result from severe labor in
early life, before the process of ossification has been fully perfected; or
they may be referred to bruises, blows, sprains, or other violence; or
injuries of tendons, ligaments, or joints may be among the accountable
causes.
It Is certain that they may commonly be traced to diseases and trau-
matic lesions of the foot, and their appearance may be reasonably anti-
cipated among the sequelae of an abscess of the coronet; or the cause
may be a severe contusion resulting from calking, or a deep-punctured
wound from picking up a nail or stepping upon any hard object of suflB-
ciently irregular form to penetrate the sole.
Moreover, a ringbone may originate in heredity. This is a fact of no
little importance in its relation to questions connected with the extensive
interests of the stock breeder and purchaser.
That the hereditary transmission of constitutional idiosyncrasies is
an active cause with regard to diseases in general, it would be absurd
to claim, but we do claim that a predisposition to contract ringbone due
to faulty conformation, such as long, thin pasterns with narrow joints
and steep fetlocks, may be inherited in many cases, and in a smaller
proportion of cases this predisposition may act as a secondary cause in
the formation of ringbone.
The importance of this point when considered in reference to the policy
w^hich should be observed in the selection of breeding stock is obvious,
and, as the whole matter is within the control of the owners, and
breeders, it will be their own fault if the unchecked transmission of
ringbones from one equine generation to another shall be allowed to con-
tinue. It is our belief that among the diseases which are known for their
tendency to perpetuate and repeat themselves by individual succession,
those of the bony structures stand first, and the inference from such a
fact which would exclude every animal of doubtful soundness in its
osseous apparatus from the stud list and the brood farm is too plain for
argument.
Symptoms. — Periostitis of the phalanges is an ailment requiring care-
ful exploration and minute inspection for its discovery, and is quite likely
to result in a ringbone of which lameness is the result. The mode of its
manifestation varies according to the state of development of the dis-
eased growth as affected by the circumstances of its location and dimen-
sions. It is commonly of the kind which, in consequence of its inter-
mittent character, is termed lameness w^hen cool, having the peculiarity
of exhibiting itself when the animal starts from the stable and of dimin-
ishing, if not entirely disappearing, after some distance of travel, to
return to its original degree, if not indeed a severer one, when he has
again cooled off in his stable. The size of the ringbone does not indicate
the degree to which it cripples the patient, but the position may, especi-
446 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
ally when it interferes with the free movement of the tendons which
pass behind and in front of the foot. While a large ringbone will often
interfere but little with the motion of the limb, a smaller growth, if
situated under the tendon, may become the cause of considerable and con-
tinued pain.
A ringbone is doubtless a worse evil than a splint. Its growth, its
location, its tendency to increased development, its exposure to the influ-
ence of causes of renewed danger, all tend to impart an unfavorable cast
to the prognosis of a case and to emphasize the importance and the value
of an early discovery of its presence and possible growth. Even when the
discovery has been made, it is often the case that the truth has come
to light too late for effectual treatm'ent. Months may have elapsed after
the first manifestation of the lameness before a discovery has been made
of the lesion from which it has originated, and there is no recall for the
lapsed time. And by the uncompromising seriousness of the discouraging
prognosis must the energy and severity of the treatment and the prompt-
ness of its administration be measured. The periostitis has been over-
looked; any chance that might have existed for preventing its advance
to the chronic stage has been lost; the osseous formation is established;
the ringbone is a fixed fact, and the indications are urgent and pressing.
Treatment. — The preventive treatment consists in keeping colts well
nourished and in trimming the hoof and shoeing to properly balance the
foot, and thus prevent an abnormal strain on the ligaments. Even after
the ringbone has developed, a cure may sometimes be occasioned by proper
shoeing directed tov.ard straightening the axis of the foot as viewed from
the side by making the wall of the hoof from the coronet to the toe con-
tinuous with the line formed by the front of the pastern. As long as
inflammation of the periosteum and ligaments remains, a sharp blister
of biniodide of mercury and cantharides may do good if the animal is
allowed to rest for four or five weeks. If this fails some success may be
accomplished by point firing in two or three lines over the ringbone. It
is necessary to touch the hot iron well into the bone, as superficial firing
does little good. When all these measures have failed to remove the
lameness, or when the animal is not worth a long and uncertain treat-
ment, a competent veterinarian should be engaged to perform double
neurectomy, high or low, of the planter nerves, or neurectomy of the
median nerve as indicated by the seat of the lesion.
This affection, popularly termed bone spavin, is an exostosis of the hock
joint. The general impression is that in a spavined hock the bony growth
should be seated on the anterior and internal part of the joint, and this
is partially correct, as such a growth will constitute a spavin in the
most correct sense of the term. But an enlargement may appear on the
upper part of the hock also, or possibly a little below the inner side of
the lower extremity of the shank bone, forming what is known as a high
spavin; or, again, the growth may form just on the outside of the hock
and become an outside, or external, spavin. And, finally, the entire under
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 447
surface may become the seat of the osseous deposit, and involve the
articular face of all the bones of the hock, and this again is a bone
spavin. There would seem, then, to be but little difficulty in compre-
hending the nature of a bone spavin, and there Vvould be none but for
the fact that there are similar affections which might confuse one if the
diagnosis is not very carefully made.
But the hock may be "spavined," while to all outward observation it
still retains its perfect form. With no enlargement perceptible to sight
or touch the animal may yet be disabled by an occult spavin, an anchylo-
sis in fact, which has resulted from a union of several of the bones of
the joint, and it is only those who are able to realize the importance of
its action to the perfect fulfillment of the function of locomotion by the
hind leg who can comprehend the gravity of the only prognosis which
can be justified by the facts of the case — a prognosis which is essentially
a sentence of serious import in respect to the future usefulness and value
of the animal. For no disease, if we except those acute inflammatory
attacks upon vital organs to which the patient succumbs at once, is more
destructive to the usefulness and value of a horse than a confirmed
spavin. Serious in its inception, serious in its progress, it is an ailment
which when once established, becomes a fixed condition which there is
no known means of dislodging.
Cause. — The periostitis, of which it is nearly always a termination is
usually the effect of a traumatic cause operating upon the complicated
structure of the hock, such as a sprain which has torn a ligamentous
insertion and lacerated some of its fibers; or a violent effort in jumping,
galloping, or trotting, to which the victim has been compelled by the
torture of whip and spur while in use as a gambling implement by a
sporting owner, under the pretext of "improving his breed"; or the extra
exertion of starting an inordinately heavy load; or an effort to recover
his balance from a misstep; or slipping upon an icy surface, or sliding
with worn shoes upon a bad pavement, and other kindred causes. And
we can repeat here what we have before said concerning bones, in respect
to heredity as a cause. From our own experience we know of equine
families in which this condition has been transmitted from generation to
generation, and animals otherwise of excellent conformation rendered
valueless by the misfortune of a congenital spavin.
Symptoms. — The evil is one of the most serious character for other
reasons, among which may be specified the slowness of its development
and the insidiousness of its growth. Certain indefinite phenomena and
alarming changes and incidents furhish usually the only portents of
approaching trouble. Among these signs may be mentioned a peculiar
posture assumed by the patient while at rest, and becoming at length so
habitual that it can not fail to suggest the action of some hidden dis-
order. The posture is due to the action of the adductor muscles, the
lower part of the leg being carried inward, and the heel of the shoe
resting on the toe of the opposite foot. Then an unwillingness may be
noticed in the animal to move from one side of the stall to the other. When
driven he will travel, but stifly, and with a sort of sidelong gait between
the shafts, and after finishing his task and resting again in his stall will
448 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
pose with, the toe pointing forward, the heel raised, and the hock flexed.
Some little heat and a considerable amount of inflammation soon appear.
The slight lameness which appears when backing out of the stall ceases
to be noticeable after a short distance of travel.
A minute examination of the hock may then reveal the existence of a
bony enlargement which may be detected just at the junction of the hock
and the cannon bone, on the inside and a little in front, and tangible
both to sight and touch. This enlargement, or bone spavin, grows rap-
idly and persistently and soon acquires dimensions which render it im-
possible to doubt any longer its existence or its nature. Once established,
its development continues under conditions of progress similar to those
to which we have before alluded in speaking of other like affections. The
argument advanced by some that because these bony deposits are fre-
quently found on both hocks they are not confined to a single point.
The characteristic lameness of bone spavin, as it affects the motion
of the hock joint, presents two aspects. In one class of cases it is most
pronounced when the horse is cool, in the other when he is at work.
The first is characterized by the fact that when the L^nimal travels the
toe first touches the ground, and the heel decends more slowly, the mo-
tion of flexion, at the hock taking place stiffly, and accompanied by a
dropping of the hip on the opposite side. In the other case the peculiarity
is that the lameness increases as the horse travels; that when he stops
he seeks to faver the lame leg, and when he resumes his work soon after
he steps much on his toe, as in the first variety.
As with sidebones, though for a somewhat different reason, the dimen-
sions of the spavin and the degree of the lameness do not seem to bear
any determinate relation, the most pronounced symptoms at times accom-
panying a very diminutive growth. But the distinction between the two
varieties of cool and warm may easily be determined by remembering the
fact that in a majority of cases the first, or cool, is due to a simple
exostosis, while the second is generally connected with disease of the
articulation, such as ulceration of the articular surface — a condition
which, as we proceed further, will meet our attention when we reach the
subject of stringhalt.
An excellent test for spavin lameness, which may be readily applied
consists in lifting the affected leg off the ground for one or two minutes
and holding the foot high so as to flex all the joints. An assistnat, with
the halter strap in his hand, quickly starts the animal off in a trot,
when, if the hock joint is affected, the lameness will be so greatly inten-
sified as to readily lead to a diagnosis.
Prognosis. — Having thus fully considered the history of bone spavin
we are prepared to give due weight to the reasons which exist for the
adverse prognosis which we must usually feel compelled to pronounce when
encountering it in practice, as well as to realize the importance of early
discovery. It is but seldom, however, that the necessary advantage of
this early knowledge can be secured, and when the true nature of the
trouble has become apparent it is usually too late to resort to the reme-
dial measures which, if duly forewarned, a skillful practitioner might
have employed. We are fully persuaded that but for the loss of the
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 449
time wasted in the treatment of purely imaginary ailments very many
cases of bone spavin might be arrested in their incipiency and their
victims preserved for years of comfort for themselves and valuable labor
to their owners.
Treatment. — To consider a hypothetical case: An early discovery of
lameness has been made; that is, the existence of an acute inflammation —
of periostitis — has been detected. The increased temperature of the parts
has been observed, with the stiffened gait and the characteristic pose of
the limb, and the question is proposed for solution. What is to be done?
Even with only these comparatively doubtful symptoms — doubtful with
the nonexpert — we should direct our treatment to the hock in preference
to any other joint, since of all the joints of the hind leg it is this which
is most liable to be attacked, a natural result from its peculiarities of
structure and function. And in answer to the query. What is the first
treatment indicated? We should rest — emphatically, and as an essential
condition, rest. Whether only threatened, suspected, or positively dis-
eased, the animal must be wholly released from labor, and it must be no
partial or temporary quiet of a few days. In all stages and conditions
of the disease, whether accompanied by the complication of arthritis, there
must be a total suspension of effort until the danger is over. Less than
a month's quiet ought not to be thought of — the longer the better.
Good results may also be expected from local applications. The vari-
ous lotions v.'hich cool the parts, the astringents which lower the tension
of the blood vessels, the tepid fomentations which accelerate the circula-
tion in the engorged capillaries, the liniments of various compositions, the
stimulants, the opiate anodynes, the sedative preparations of aconite, the
alternative friction of iodine — all these are recommended and prescribed
by one or another. We prefer counter-irritants, for the simple reason,
among many other, that they tend by the promptness of their action to
prevent the formation of the bony deposits. The lameness will often
yield to the blistering action of cantharides, in the form of ointment or
liniment, and to the alterative preparations of iodyne or mercury. And
if the owner of a "spavined" horse really succeeds in removing the lame-
ness, he has accomplished all that he is justified in hoping for; beyond
this let him be well persuaded that a "cure" is impossible.
For this reason, moreover, he will do well to be on his guard against
the patented "cures" which the traveling horse doctor may urge upon
him, and withhold his faith from the circular of the agent who will
deluge him vvith references and certificates. It is possible that nostrums
may in some exceptional instances prove serviceable, but the greater
number of them are capable of producing only injurious effects. The
removal of the bony tumor can not be accomplished by any such means,
and if a trial of these unknown compounds should be followed by com-
plications no worse than the establishment of one or more ugiy hairless
cicatrices, it wall be well for both the horse and his owner.
Rest and counter-irritation, with the proper medicaments, constitute
then, the prominent points in the treatment designed for the relief of
bone spavin. Yet there are cases in which all the agencies and methods
29
450 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
referred to seem to lack effectiveness and fail to produce satisfactory re-
sults. Either the rest has been prematurely interrupted or the blisters
have failed to rightly modify the serious infiltration, or the case in hand
has some undiscernible characteristics which seem to have rendered the
diease neutral to the agencies employed against it. An indication of
more energetic means is then presented, and free cauterization with the
firing iron becomes necessary.
At this point a word of explanation in reference to this operation of
firing may be appropriate for the satisfaction of any among our readers
who may entertatin an exaggeraed idea of its severity and possible cruelty.
The operation is one of simplicity, but is nevertheless one which, in
o'rder to secure its benefits, must be reserved for times and occasions of
which only the best knowledge and highest discretion should be allowed
to judge. It is not the mere application of a hot iron to a given part of
the body which constitutes the operation of firing. It is the methodical
and scientific introduction of heat into the structure with a view to a
given effect upon a diseased organ or tissue by an expert surgeon. The
first is one of the degrees of mere burning. The other is scientific cauter-
ization, and is a surgical manipulation which should be committed ex-
clusively to the practiced hand of the veterinary surgeon.
Either firing alone or stimulation v.ith blisters is of great efficacy for
the relief of lameness from bone spavin. Failure to produce relief after
a fev/ applications and after allowing a sufficient interval of rest should
be followed by a second, or, if needed, a third firing.
In case of further failure there is a reserve of certain special opera-
tions which have been tried and recommended, among which those of
cunean tenotomy, periosteotomy, the division of nervours branches, etc.,
may be mentioned. These, however, belong to the peculiar domain of
the veterinary practitioner, and need not now engage our attention.
CUBE.
This lesion is the bulging backward of the posterior part of the hock,
where in the normal state there should be a straight line, . extending
from the upper end of the point of the hock down to the fetlock.
Cause. — The cause may be a sprain of the tendon which passes on the
posterior part of the hock, or of one of its sheaths, or of the strong liga-
ment situated on the posterior border of the oscalcis.
Hocks of a certain conformation seem to posses a greater liability to
curb than others. They are overbent, coarse, and thick in appearance,
or may be too narrow from front to back across the lower portion. This
condition may therefore result as a sequence to congenital malformation,
as in the case of horses that are saber-legged. It often occurs, also, as
the result of violent efforts, of heavy pulling, of high jumping, or of
slipping; in a v/ord, it may result from any of the causes heretofore con-
sidered as instrumental in producing lacerations of muscular, tendinous,
or ligamentous structure.
Symptoms. — A hock affected with curb will, at the outset, present a
sweeling more or less diffuse on its posterior portion, with varying de-
grees of heat and soreness, and these will be accompanied by lameness of
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 451
a permanent character. At a later period, however, the swelling will be-
come better defined, the deformity more characteristic, the prominent
curved line readily detected and the thickness of the infiltrated tissue
easily determined by the fingers. At this time, also, there may be
a condition of lameness, varying in degree, while at others, again, the
irregularity of action at the hock Vv^ill be so slight as to escape detection,
the animal betraying no appearance of its existence.
A curb constitutes, by a strict construction of the term, an "unsound-
ness," since the hock thus affected is less able to endure severe labor,
and is more liable to give way with the slightest effort. And yet the
prognosis of a curb can not be considered to be serious, since it generally
yields to treatment, or at least the lameness it may occasion is generally
easily relieved, though the loss of contour caused by the bulging will
always constitute a blemish.
Treatment. — On the first appearance of a curb, when it exhibits the
signs of an acute inflammation, the first indication is to subdue this by
the use of cold applications as intermittent or constant irrigation or an
ice poultice; but v, hen these have exhausted their effect and the swelling
has assumed better defined boundaries, and the infiltration of the tendons
or of the ligaments is all that remains of a morbid state, then every
effort must be directed to the object of effecting its absorption and
reducing its dimensions by pressure and other methods. The medica-
ment most to be trusted are blisters of cantharides and frictions with
ointments of iodine, or, preferably, biniodide of mercury. Mercurial
agents alone, by their therapeutic properties or by means of the artificial
bandages which they furnish by their incrustations when their vesica-
tory effects are exhausted, Vvill give good results in some instances by a
single application and often by repeated applications. The. use of the
firing iron must, however, be frequently resorted to, either to remove the
lameness or to stimulate the absorption. We believe that its early ap-
plication ought to bs resorted to in preference to waiting until the exuda-
tion is firmly organized. Firing in dull points or in lines will prove as
beneficial in curb as in any other disease of a similar nature.
LACEEATED TENDONS.
This form of injury, whether of a simple or of a compound character,
may become a lesion of a very serious nature, and wall usually require
long and careful treatment, vrhich may yet prove unavailing in conse-
quence either of the intrinsically fatal character of the wound itself or
the complications v^^hich have rendered it incurable.
Ca-wse.^Iike all similar injuries, these are the result of traumatic
violence, such as contact with objects both blunt and sharp; a curbstone
in the city; in the country, a tree stump or a fence, especially one of
V ire. It may easily occur to a runaway horse when he is "whipped"
with fragments of harness or "flogged" by fragments of splintered shafts,
"thrashing" his legs, or by the contact of his legs with the wagon he
has overturned and shattered with his heels while disengaging himself
from its v^reck, ,
452 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE
Syinptoms. — It is not always necessary that the skin should be in-
volved in this form of injury. On the contrary, the tegument is fre-
quently left entirely intact, especially when the injury follows infectious
diseases or occurs during light exercise after long periods of rest in the
stable. Yet, again, the skin may be cut through and the tendons nearly
severed. A point a little above the fetlock is usually the seat of the
injury. But irrespective of this, and whether the skin is or is not im-
plicated, the symptoms very much resemble those of a fracture. There
is excessive mobility, at least more than in a normal state, with more or
less inability to carry v^^eight. There may be swelling of the parts, and
on passing the hands carefully along the tendon to the point of division
the stumps of the divided structure will be felt more or less separated,
perhaps wholly divided. The position of the animal while at rest stand-
ing is peculiar and characteristic. While the heels are well placed on
the ground, the toe is correspondingly elevated, with a tendency to turn
up — a form of breaking down which was described when speaking of the
fracture of the sesamoids. Carrying weight is done only with consider-
able difficulty, but with comparatively little pain, and the animal will
unconsciously continue to move the leg as if in great suffering, notwith-
standing the fact that his general condition may be very good and his
appetite unimpaired.
The effect upon the general organism of compound lacerated wounds of
tendinous structures, or those which are associated with injuries of the
skin, are different. The w^ound becomes in a short time the seat of a
high degree of inflammation with abundant suppuration, filling it from
the bottom; and the tendon, whether as the result of the bruise or of the
laceration, or of maceration in the accumulated pus, undergoes a process
of softening, and necrosis and sloughing ensue. This complicates the
case, and probably some form of tendinous synovitis follows, running into
suppurative arthritis, to end, if close to a joint, with a fatal result.
Prognosis. — The prognosis of lacerated tendons should be very conserva-
tive. Under the most favorable circumstances a period of from six
weeks to two months will be necessary for the treatment, before the
formation of the cicatricial callus and the establishment of a firm union
between the tendinous stumps.
Treatment. — As with fractures, and even in a greater degree, the nec-
essity is imperative, in the treatment of lacerated tendons, to secure as
perfect a state of immobility as can be obtained compatibly with the
disposition of the patient; the natural opposition of the animal, sometimes
ill-tempered and fractious at best, under the necessary restraint, causing
at times much embarrassment to the practitioner in applying the neces-
sary treatment. Without the necessary immobility no close connection
of the ends of the tendons can be secured. To fulfill this necessary con-
dition the posterior part of the foot and the fetlock must be supported
and the traction performed by them relieved, an object which can be
obtained by the use of the high-heeled and bar shoe, or possibly better
accomplished with a shoe of the same kind extending about 2 or 2i/4
inches back of the heels. The perfect immobility of the legs is obtained
in the same w^av as in the treatment of fracture, with sulints. bandages.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 453
iron apparatus, plaster of adhesive mixtures, and similar means. So long
as the dressing remain in place undisturbed and no chafing or other evi-
dence of pain is present, the dressing may be continued without changing,
the patient being kept in the slings for a period sufficient to insure the
perfect union of the tendons. But for a compound lesion, when there is
laceration of the skin, some special care is necessary. The wound must
be carefully watched and the dressing removed at intervals of a few days,
or as often as may be needful, all of which additional manipulation and
extra nursing, however indispensable, still adds to the gravity of the
case and renders the prognosis more and more serious. When the ten-
dons have sloughed in threads of various dimensions, or if in the absence
of this process of mortification healthy granulations should form and fill
up the wound, still very careful attention will be required, the granulat-
ing ends of the tendons having a tendency to bulge between the edges of
the skin and to assume large dimensions, forming bulky excrescences or
growths of a warty or cauliflower appearance, the removal of which be-
comes a troublesome matter.
The union of the tendons will at times leave a thickening of varying
degree near the point of cicarization, the absorption of which becomes
an object of difficult and doubtful accomplishment, but which may be
promoted by moderate blistering and the use of alterative and absorbent
mixtures or perhaps the fire iron. A shoe with heels somewhat higher
than usual will prove a comfort to the animal and aid in moderating
and relieving the tension of the tendons.
DISEASES OP CATTLE.
Revised Edition, 1908.
ABORTION (slinking THE CALF) .
Technically, abortion is the term used for the expulsion of the off-
spring before it can live out of the womb. Its expulsion after it is cap-
able of an independent existence is premature parturition. In the cow
this may be after seven and one-half months of pregnancy. Earl Spencer
failed to raise any calf born before the two hundred and forty-second day.
Dairymen use the term abortion for the expulsion of the product of con-
ception at any time before the completion of the full period of a normal
pregnancy, and in this sense it will be employed in this article.
Abortion in cows is either contagious or non-contagious. It does not
follow that the contagium is the sole cause in every case in which it is
present. We know that the organized germs of contagion vary much in
potency at different times, and that the animal system also varies in
susceptibility to their attack. The germ may therefore be present in a
herd without any manifest injury, its disease-producing power having for
the time abated considerably, or the whole herd being in a condition of
comparative insusceptibility. At other times the same germ may have
become so virulent that almost all pregnant cows succumb to its force,
or the herd may have been subjected to other causes of abortion which,
though of themselves powerless to actually cause abortion, may yet so
454 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
predispose the animals that even the weaker germ will operate v/ith
destructive effect. In dealing with this disease, therefore, it is the part
of wisdom not to rest satisfied with the discovery and removal of one
specific cause, but rather to exert by correcting all the harmful conditions.
CAUSES OF NON-CONTAGIOUS ABORTION.
As abortion most frequently occurs at those three-week intervals at
which the cow would have been in heat if nonpregnant, we may assume
a predisposition at such times due to a periodicity in the nervous system
and functions. Poor condition, weakness, and a too watery state cf the
blood is often a predisposing cause. This in its turn may result from
poor or insfficient food, from the excessive drain upon the udder while
bearing the calf, from the use of food deficient in certain essential ele-
ments, like the nitrogenous constituents or albuminoids, from chronic
wasting diseases, from roundworms or tapeworms in the bowels, from
flate Vvorms (flukes, trematodes) in the liver, from worms in the lungs,
from dark, damp, unhealthy buildings, etc. In some such cases the nourish-
ment is so deficient that the fetus dies in the womb and is expelled in
consequence. Excessive loss of blood, attended as it usually is by shock,
becomes a direct cause of abortion. Acute inflammations of important
organs are notorious causes of abortion, and in most contagious fevers
(lung plague, rinderpest, foot and mouth disease) it is a common result.
Affections of the chest which pervent due aeration of the blood induce
contractions of the womb, as shown experimentally by Brown-Sequard.
Pregnant women suffcated in smoke aborted in many cases (Retoul).
Chronic diseases of the abdominal organs are fertile sources of abor-
tion, especially those that cause bloating (tympany of the first stomach)
or diarrhea, or the diseases of the ovaries, kidneys, or bladder. The
presence of gravel, or stone, in the kidneys, bladders, or urinary canals
is an especial predisposing or even an exciting cause in magnesium
limestone districts and in winter. The presence of tubercles in the
ovaries, the broad ligaments of the womb, and even on the outer surface
of the womb itself, must be added as efficient causes.
Fatty degeneration of the heart, a common disease in old cov/s of im-
proved beef breeds, lessens the circulation in the placenta (and fetus)
and arresting nutrition, may cause abortion.
Indigestions of all kinds are especially dangerous, as they are usually
associated with overdistension of the first stomach (paunch) with gas.
As this stomach lies directly beneath and to the left side of the womb
any disorder, and above all an excessive distention of that organ presses
on or affects the womb and its contents dangerously. It further causes
contractions of the womb by preventing aeration of the blood. Hence all
that tends to indigestion is to be carefully guarded against. Privation
of water, which hinders rumination and digestion; ice-cold water, which
rouses the v/omb to contraction and the calf to vigorous movement; green,
succulent grass, to which the cow has been accustomed; clover which has
just been wet with a slight shower; all green food, roots, potatoes, ap-
ples, pumpkins that are frozen or have been, or that are simply covered
with hoar frost; food that has been grown in wet seasons or that has
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 455
been badly harvested; growing corn, oats, etc., if the animal is unused
to them; a too dry food or a too stimulating food (wheat bran, pease,
maize, and cotton seed) fed too lavishly may, any one of them, induce
abortion. The dry and stimulating foods last named bring on constipa-
tion with straining and also elevated temperature of the body, which, in
itself, endangers the life of the fetus.
Putrid, stagnant water is hurtful both to digestion and the fetus and
abortions in cows have been repeatedly traced to this source and have
ceased when pure water was supplied. Ergoted grasses have long been
known as a cause of widespread abortion in cows. The ergot is familiar
as the dark purple or black, hard, spur-like growths which protrude from
the seeds of the grasses at the period of their ripening. (PI. V.) It is
especially common in damp localities and cloudy seasons on meadows
shaded by trees and protected against the free sweep of the winds. The
same is to a large extent true of smut. Hence, wet years have been often
remarkable for the great prevalence of abortions. Abortions have greatly
increased in New Zealand among cows since the introduction of rye grass,
which is specially subject to ergot. As abortion is more prevalent in old
dairying districts, the ergot may not be the sole cause in this instance.
The smut of maize, wheat, barley, and oats is fostered by similar con-
ditions and is often equally injurious. It should be added that the ergots
and smuts of certain years are far more injurious than those of others.
This may be attributed to the fact that they have grown under different
conditions, and therefore have developed somewhat different properties,
a habit of fungi which has been often observed; or that in certain sea-
sons the cows have been more powerfully predisposed by other operative
causes of abortion.
Both ergot and smut vary in potency according to the stage of growth.
Doctor Kluge found that the ergot gathered before the grain had fully
ripened was much more powerful than that from the fully ripened grain.
McGugen found the ergot of wheat more potent than that of rye. It
should be added that both ergot and smut are robbed somewhat of their
deleterious properties if fed with an abundance of water, so that they
may prove harmless if fed with roots, ensilage, etc., whereas they will
prove hurtful when fed in the same amount with dry hay. They are
also more liable to injure if fed for a long time in succession in winter,
though it may be in smaller quantity.
Rust is also charged with causing abortions. That other cryptogams
found in musty fodder are productive of abortion has been well estab-
lished. In Germany and France the wet years of 1851, 1852 and 1853
were notorious for the prevalence of abortions. Fodders harvested in
such seasons are always more or less musty, and musty hay and grain
have been long recognized as a prolific cause of digesive, urinary, and
cerebral disorders. Impactions and bloating of the stomachs, excessive
secretion of urine (diuresis), and red-water are common results of such
musty fodder, and we have already seen that such disorders of the diges-
tive and urinary organs are very liable to effect the pregnant womb and
induce abortion.
456 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
The riding of one another by cows is attended by such severe muscular
exertion, jars, jolts, mental excitement, and gravitation of the womb and
abdominal organs backward that it may easily cause abortion in a pre-
disposed animal.
Keeping in stalls that slope too much behind (over 2 inches) acts in
the same way, the compression due to lying and the gravitation backward
proving more than a predisposed cow can safely bear.
Deep gutters being in the stalls, into which one or both hind limbs
slip unexpectedly, strain the loins and jar the body and womb most in-
juriously. Slippery stalls in which the flooring boards are laid longi-
tudinally in place of transversely, and on which no cleats or other device
is adopted to give a firm foothold, are almost equally dangerous. Driving
on icy ground or through a narrow doorway where the abdomen is liable
to be jammed are other common causes. Offensive odors undoubtedly
cause abortion. To understand this one must take into account the pre-
ternaturally acute sense of smell possessed by cattle. By this sense the
bull instantly recognizes the pregnant cow and refrains from disturbing
her, while man, with all his boasted skill and precise methods, finds it
difficult to come to a just conclusion. The emanations from a cow in
heat, however, w-ill instantly draw the bull from a long distance. Car-
rion in the pasture fields or about slaughter houses nearby, the emana-
tions from shallow graves, dead rats or chickens about the barns, and
dead calves, the product of prior abortions, are often chargeable v/ith the
occurrence of abortions. Aborting cows often fail to expel the afterbirth,
and if this remains hanging in a putrid condition it is most injurious to
pregnant cows in the near vicinity. So with retained afterbirth in other
cows after calving. That some cows kept in filthy stables or near-by
slaughter houses may become inured to the odors and escape the evil
results is no disproof of the injurious effects so often seen in such cases.
The excitement, jarring, and jolting of a railroad journey will often
cause abortion, especially as the cow nears the period of calving, and
the terror or injury of railway or other accidents prove incomparably
worse.
All irritant poisons cause abortions by the disorder and inflammation
of the digestive organs, and if such agents act also on the kidneys or
womb, the effect is materially enhanced. Powerful purgatives or diure-
tics should never be administered to the pregnant cow.
During pregnancy the contact of the expanding womb with the paunoh,
just beneath it, and its further intimate connection through nervous
sympathy with the whole digestive system, leads to various functional
disorders, and especially to a morbid craving for unnatural objects of
food.
In the cow this is shown in the chewing of bones, pieces of wood, iron
bolts, articles of clothing, lumps of hardened paint, etc. An unsatisfied
craving of this kind, producing constant excitement of the nervous sys-
tem, will strongly conduce to abortion. How much more so if the food
is lacking in the mineral matter, and especially the phosphates necessary
for the building up of the body of both dam and offspring, to say nothing
of that drained off in every milking. This state of things is present in
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 457
many old dairy farms, from which the mineral matters of the surface
soil have been sold off in the milk or cheese for generations and no return
has been made in food or manure purchased. Here is the craving of an
imperative need, and if it is not supplied the health of the cow suffers
and the life of the fetus may be sacrificed.
Among other causes of abortion must be named the death or the
various illnesses of the fetus, which are about as numerous as those of
the adult; the slipping of a young fetus through a loop in the naval
string so as to tie a knot which will tighten later and interrupt the flow
of blood with fatal effect, and the twisting of the naval string by the
turning of the fetus until little or no blood can flow through the con-
torted cord. There is in addition a series of diseases of the mucous mem-
brane of the womb, and of the fetal membrane (inflammation, effusion of
blood, detachment of the membranes from the womb, fatty or other de-
generations, etc.), which interfere with the supply of blood to the fetus
or change its quality so that death is the natural result, followed by
abortion.
CAUSE OF CONTAGIOUS ABORTION.
While any one of the above conditions may occur with the contagious
principle in precipitating an epizootic of abortion, yet it is only by
reason of the contagium that the disease can be indefinitely perpetuated-
and transferred from herd to herd. When an aboring cow is placed in a
herd that has hitherto been healthy, and shortly afterwards miscarriage
becomes prevalent in that herd and continues year after year, in spite
of the fact that all the other conditions of life in that herd remain the
same as before, it is manifest that the result is due to contagion. When
a bull, living in a healthy herd, has been allowed to serve an aborting
cow, or a cow from an aborting herd, and when the members of his own
herd subsequently served by him abort in considerable numbers, contagion
may be safely inferred. Mere living in the same pasture or building does
not convey the infection. Cows brought into aborting herd in advanced
pregnancy carry their calves to the full time. But cows served by the in-
fected bull, or that have had the infection conveyed by the tongue or tail
of other animals, or by their own, or that have had the external genitals
brought in contact with wall, fence, rubbing post, litter, or floor previ-
ously soiled by the infected animals, will be liable to suffer. The Scot-
tish abortion committee found that when healthy, pregnant cows merely
stood with or near aborting cows they escaped, but when a piece of cotton
wool lodged for twenty minutes in the vagina of the aborting cow v/as
afterwards inserted into the vagina of a healthy, pregnant cow or sheep,
these latter invariably aborted within a month. So Roloff relates that in
two large stables at Erfurt, without any direct inter-communication, but
filled with cov/s fed and managed in precisely the same way, abortion
prevailed for years in the one, while not a single case occurred in the
other. Galtier finds that the virus from the aborting cow causes abor-
tions in the sow, ewe, goat, rabbit, and guinea pig, and that if it has been
intensified by passing through either of the two last-named animals it
will affect also the mare, bitch, and cat.
458 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
It does not appear that it is always the same organism which causes
contagious abortion. In France, Nocard found in the aborting mem-
branes and the mucous membrane cocci, or globular bodies, singly or in
chains, and a very delicate rod-shaped organism by which the disease was
propagated and which survived in the womb through the interval between
successful pregnancies. The Scottish commission found as many as five
separate kinds of bacteria. Bang, in Denmark, found a very delicate
rod-shaped organism showing its most active growth at two different
depths in nutrient gelatin, and which produced abortion in twenty-one
days when inocculated on the susceptible pregnant cow. In America,
Chester, of Delaware, and Moore, of New York, constantly found organ-
isms differing somewhat in the two states, but evidently of the same
group with the colon germ {Bacillus coli covimunis) . These were never
found in the healthy pregnant womb, but in the cow that had aborted
they continued to live in that organ for many months after the loss of
the fetus.
We may reasonably conclude that any micro-organism which can live
in or on the lining membrane of the womb producing a catarrhal inflam-
mation, and which can be transferred from animal to animal without
losing its vitality or potency, is of necessity a cause of contagious
abortion. As viewed, therefore, from the particular germ that may be
present, we must recognize not one from only of contagious abortion, but
several, each due to its own infecting germ, and each differing from
others in minor particulars, like duration of incubation, infection of the
general system, and the like. In Europe the germs discovered seem to
affect the general system much more than do those found in America.
Bang's germ caused abortion in twenty-one days; the New York germ,
inoculated at service, often fails to cause abortion before the fifth or
seventh month.
Symptoms of Abortion. — As occurring during the first two or three
months of gestation, symptoms may escape detection, and unless the
aborted product is seen the fact of abortion may escape notice. Some
soiling of the tail with mucus, blood, and the waters, may be observed or
the udder may so show extra firmness and in the virgin heifer or dry
cow the presence of a few drops of milk may be suggestive, or the fetus
and its membranes may be found in the gutter or elsewhere as a mere
clot of blood or as a membranous ball in which the forming body of the
fetus is found. In water the villi of the outer membrane (chorion, PI.
XII) float out, giving it a characteristically shaggy appearance.
In advanced pregnancy abortion is largely the counterpart of parturi-
tion, so that a special description is superfluous. The important thing is
to distinguish the early symptoms from those of other diseases, so that
the tendency may be arrested and the animal carried to full time if possi-
ble. A cow is dull, sluggish, separate from the herd, chewing the cud
languidly, or there may be frequent lying down and rising, uneasy move-
ments of the hind feet or of the tail, and slightly accelerated pulse and
breathing, and dry muzzle. The important thing is not to confound it
with digestive or urinary disorder, but in a pregnant covv' to examine at
once for any increase of mucus in the vagina, or for blood or liquid there
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 459
or on the root of the tail; for any enlargement, firmness, or tenderness
of the udder; or in dry cows examine for milk; and above all for any
slight straining suggestive of labor pains.
In many cases the membranes are discharged with the fetus; in others,
in advanced pregnancy, they fail to come away, and remain hanging
from the vulva, putrefying and falling piecemeal, finally resulting in
fetid discharge from the womb. According to the size of the herd, con-
tagious abortions will follow one another at intervals of one to four or
more weeks, in the order of their infection or of the recurrence of the
period of activity of the womb which corresponds to the occurrence of
heat.
Prevention. — Weakness and bloodlessness are to be obviated by gen-
erous feeding, and especially in ailments (wheat uran, rape cake, cotton
seed, oats, barley, beans, peas, etc.), rich in earthy salts, which will also
serve to correct the morbid appetitie. This will also regenerate the ex-
hausted soil if the manure is returned to it. In the same way the ap-
plication of ground bones or phosphates will correct the evil, acting in
this case through the soil first and raising better food for the stock. The
ravages of worms are to be obviated by avoiding infested pastures, ponds,
streams, shallow w-ells, or those receiving any surface leakage from land
where stock go, and by feeding salt at will, as this agent is destructive
to most young worms.
The tendency to urinary calculi in winter is avoided by a succulent
diet (ensilage, steamed food, roots, pumpkins apples, potatoes, slops), and
by the avoidance of the special causes named under "Gravel." Furnishing
water inside the barn in winter in place of driving once a day to take
their fill of ice cold water will obviate a common evil. Putrid and stag-
nant waters are to be avoided. Sudden changes of food are always rep-
rehensible, but much more so in the pregnant animal. Let the change
be gradual. Carefully avoid the use of spoiled or unwholesome food.
In case of prevalence of ergot in a pasture it should be kept eaten
down or cut dewn with a mower so that no portion runs to seed. In
case of a meadow the grass must be cut early before the seeds have filled.
The most dangerous time appears to be between the formation of the
milky seed and the full ripening. Yet the ergot is larger in proportion to
the ripeness, so that the loss of potency is made up in quantity. The
ripe seed and ergot may be removed by thrashing and the hay safely fed.
It may also be noted that both ergot and smut may be safely fed in mod-
erate quantity, provided it is used with succulent food (ensilage, roots,
etc.) or with free access to water, and salt is an excellent accessory as en-
couraging the animal to drink. Both ergot and smut are most injurious
in W'inter, when the water supply is frozen up or accessible only at long
intervals. The ergoted seed when thrashed out can not be safely sown,
but if first boiled it may be fed in small amount or turned into manure.
The growth of both ergot and smut may be to a large extent prevented by
the time-honored Scotch practice of sprinkling the seed with a saturated
solution of sulphate of copper before sowing.
Fields badly affected with ergot or smut may be practically renewed
by plowing up and cultivating for a series of years under crops (turnips,
460 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
beets, potatoes, buckwheat, etc.) which do not harbor the fungus and
which require much cultivation and exposure of the soil. Drainage and
the removal of all unnecessary barriers to the free action of sunshine and
wind are important provisions.
Other precautions concerning separation from cows in heat — a proper
construction of stalls, the avoidance of carrion and other offensive odors,
protection from all kinds of mechanical injuries including overdriving and
carrying by rail in advanced pregnancy, the exclusion of all irritants or
strong purgatives and diuretics from food or medicine, and the guarding
against all causes of indigestion and bloating — have been sufficiently indi-
cated under "Causes." For protection of the womo and fetus against the
various causes of disease, available methods are not so evident. For cows
that have aborted in the last pregnancy, chlorate of potash, 3 drams daily
before the recurrence of the expected abortion, has been held to be useful.
eeatmejvt of nox-coxtagious aboetiox.
Although the first symptoms of abortion have appeared, it does not
follow that it will go on to completion. So long as the fetus has not
perished, if the waters have not been discharged, nor the w'aterbags pre-
sented, attempts should be made to check its progress. Every appre-
ciable and removable cause should be done away with, the cow should be
placed in a quiet stall along, and agents given to check the excitement
of the labor pains. Laudanum in doses of 1 ounce for a small cow or 2
ounces for a large one should be promptly administered and repeated in
three or four hours, should the labor pains recur. This may be kept up
for days or even weeks if necessary, though that is rarely required, as
the trouble'^either" subsides^or abortion^'occurs. If the laudanum seems
to lack permanency of action, use bromide of potassium, or, better, extract
of Viburnum prunifolium (40 grains), at intervals of two or three hours
until five or six doses have been given.
PBEVEXTION AND TREATMENT OF COXTAGIOUS AEOETIOX.
So far as this differs from the treatment of sporadic abortion, it con-
sists in separation and the free use of germicides or disinfectants.
(1) Separate all aborting cows in isolated building, yard, and pasture,
allowing no other cows to have access even to their manure, liquid or
solid. Not even breeding ewes, goats, sows, rabbits, or mares should be
allowed to go from the isolated to the non-infected premises. Separate
attendants and utensils are desirable.
(2) Scrape and wash the back part of the stall and gutter and w^ater
it with a solution of 5 ounces sulphate of copper (bluestone) in 1 gallon
pure water. Repeat this cleaning and watering at least once a week.
This should in all cases be applied to every stall where an aborting cow
has stood and to those adjacent. To treat the whole in the same way
would be even better, as it is impossible to say how many of the cows
harbor the germ. This is the more needful as that in one to three j'^ears.
if the aborting cow is kept on, she becomes insusceptible and carries her
calf to full time. A cow may therefore be infecting to others though she
herself no longer aborts.
(3) Dissolve 1 dram corrosive sublimate, 1 ounce each of alcohol and
glycerine, and shake this up in a gallon of water, to use as an injection
into the vagina and a wash for the parts about the vulva and root of the
tail. Being very poisonous, it should be kept in a wooden barrel out of
the way of animals or children. Every morning the vulva, anus, back
of the hips, and root of the tail should be sponged with this liquid, and
this is best applied to the whole herd. A 1 per cent solution of carbolic
acid is a good substitute.
(4) When any case of abortion has occurred the fetal membranes must
be removed by the hand without delay, and, together wtih the fetus, de-
stroyed by burning or boiling, or buried deeply, and the stall should be
cleansed and watered freely with the copper solution. Then the womb
should be washed out with li/^ gallons of the corrosive sublimate solution
injected through a rubber tube introduced to the depth of the womb and
with a funnel in its outer elevated end. This should be repeated daily
for a week. In the case of the other non-pregnant cows of the herd one
injection of the same kind should be made into the vagina, after which
they need only have their external parts and tail washed with the solu-
tion daily.
(5) Do not breed aborting cows for two or three months, then use a
separate bull, injecting his sheat and washing his belly before and after
each service with the carbolic acid solution. Exclude all outside cows
from service by the regular herd sire and, in purchasing breeding ani-
mals, subject them to quarantine and treatment before placing them in
the sound herd.
As a certain number of the cows will harbor the germ in the womb
when treatment is started, it is not to be expected that abortions will
cease at once, but by keeping up the treatment the trouble may be got
rid of in the following year. As an aborting cow is usually of little use
for the dairy, it is best to separate and fatten her and apply treatment
to those that remain. In this, as in other delicate manipulations, the
stock owner will consult his own interest by employing an accomplished
veterinarian and avoiding such as have not had the privileges of a thor-
ough professional education. In addition to the above, the removal of
all manure and contaminated litter and the sprinkling of the surface
with the sulphate of copper solution is called for. Drains should no less
be thoroughly rinsed and disinfected. Milking stools, and other imple-
ments may be treated in the same way, or with carbolic acid or boiling
water. Great care should be taken to guard against bull or cows from an
aborting herd or district; streams even may be suspected if there is an
aborting herd near by and higher up on that stream. Cows sent to bull
from an aborting herd are to be positively denied, and worknlen that
have attended on such a herd should be made to wash and disinfect their
clothes and persons.
462 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
SYMPTOMS OF CALVIXG.
In the cow the premonitions of calving are the enlargement of the
udder, which becomes firm and resistant to the touch, with more or less
swelling in front, and yields a serious milky fluid; the enlargement and
swelling of the vulva, which discharges an abundant stringy mucus; the
drooping of the belly, and the falling in of the muscles at each side of the
root of the tail, so as to leave deep hollows. When this last symptom is
seen calving may be counted on in twenty-four hours or in two or three
days. When the act is imminent, the cow becomes uneasy, moves rest-
lessly, leaves off eating, in the field leaves the herd, lies down and rises
again as if in pain, shifts upon her hind feet, moves the tail, and may
bellow or moan. When labor pains come on the back is arched, the croup
drooped, the belly is drawn up, and straining is more or less violent and
continuous. Meanwhile blood may have appeared on the vulva and tail,
and soon the the clear water bags protrude between the lips of the vulva.
They increase rapidly, hanging down toward the hocks, and the fore
or hind feet can be detected within them. With the rupture of the bags
and escape of the waters the womb contracts on the solid angular body
of the fetus and is at once stimulated to more violent contractions, so
that the work proceeds with redoubled energy to the complete expulsion.
This is the reason why it is wrong to rupture the water bags if the pre-
sentation is normal, as they furnish a soft, uniform pressure for the pre-
liminary dilation of the mouth of the womb and passages, in anticipation
of the severe strain put upon them as the solid body of the calf passes.
The cow often calves standing, in which case the navel string is broken
as the calf falls to the ground. If, however, she is recumbent, this cord is
torn through as she rises up. The afterpains come on three or four hours
later and expel the membranes, which should never be left longer than
twenty-four hours.
FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASES.
This disease is also known as epizootica aphtha, aphthous fever, in-
fectious aphtha, eczma epizootica, and may be defined as an acute, highly
contagious fever of a specific nature, characterized by the eruption of vesi-
cles, or blisters, in the mouth, around the coronets of the feet, and between
the toes.
The tremendous ravages of the disease are seen in the number and
variety of species attacked. While it may be regarded as essentially a
disease of cattle, hogs would seem to be as easy a prey. Almost in
the same grade of receptivity come sheep and goats. Next in order of
liabilty come the buffalo, American bison, camel, deer, chamois, Llama,
giraffe, and antelope. Horses, dogs, cats, and even poultry have been
victims of the infection, the last three classes being particularly dan-
gerous as carriers of the contagion. Man himself is not immune, and
the frequency of his infection by coming in contact with the diseased
animals themselves is established by numerous observations. Children
suffer as a result of drinking the unboiled milk from infected animals.
There is fever and difficulty in swallowing, followed by an eruption of
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 463
blisters in the mouth and very rarely by similar ones on the fingers. The
disease is very seldom fatal, and chiefly restricted to children and to
those adults who handle sick animals or diink large quantities of un-
boiled milk. Some veterinarians regard tho human affection as by no
means uncommon in countries where foot-and-mouth disease prevails, but
that the disturbance of health is usually too sMght to come to the notice
of the family doctor.
The disease prevails in European countries and occasions great losses.
Although the actual mortality is quite low, serious losses result from the
diminution of the milk secretion and consequent interference with the
business of the dairy. There is likewise more or less loss of flesh in
animals.
Every appearance of foot and mouth disease upon American soil has
been quickly follov/ed by the total suppression of the disease, and it
will therefore be necessary to go abroad for evidences of the devastation
which always follows in the vrake of an outbreak of this scourge and for
estimates of the loss which it entails upon the farmers and stock owners
in affected districts.
According to the very accurate statistics collected by the German
Empire, 431,235 head of cattle, 230,868 shsep and goats, and 153,808 swine
w^ere affected with' the disease in that country in 1890. The infection,
quite insignificant in 1886, had been gradually spreading until it reached
the enermous figures given above in 1890. During this same year it pre-
vailed in Franco, Italy, Belgium, Austria-Hungary, Switzerland, Rou-
mania, and Bulgaria.
The losses from this disease in England in the year 1883 were esti-
mated at $5,000,000. An English practitioner of wide experience states
that it is none too high to place the loss upon each animal that becomes
infected but that ultimately recovers at $20, when milch cows or feeding
cattle that are nearly finished are under consideration. On store cattle
and calves the loss is proportionally less.
Estimating the losses upon the surviving animals from this basis and
adding the value of those that die, it will be seen that an outbreak of
this disease may quickly result in direct losses of many millions of dol-
lars. In addition to this, a considerable spread of the contagion in this
country would entail the entire loss of our export trade in live animals,
interruptions of domestic commerce, and quarantines, which v\'ould sur-
pass the loss caused by the ravages of the disease.
Unlike most other infectious disea,ses, foot-and-mouth disease may
attack the same animals repeatedly. The immunity or protection con-
ferred is thus only of limited duration. Hence protective inocculation
with the virus, in whatever manner it may be practiced, is not only of
no use, but decidedly dangerous, as it will introduce the disease. It is,
however, not uncommon in European countries to practice inocculation
after the disease has appeared in a herd in order to hasten its progress.
This is highly recommended by some, since it not only hastens the
infection, but the disease is apt to be milder and limited to the mouth.
It consists in rubbing with the finger or a piece of cloth a little of the
464 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
mucus from the mouth of a diseased animal upon the inner surface of
the upper lip of those to be inocculated. From 50 to 75 per cent of the
inocculated animals take the disease.
Cause. — As with outher communicable diseases, the source and origin
of foot-and-mouth disease has given rise to much speculation. The disease
had been known in Europe for centuries, but it, until a comparatively
recent date that the erroneous conceptions of its spontaneous origin as
a result of climatic and meteorological conditions, exhausting journeys,
etc., were abandoned. It is now conceded that foot-and-mouth disease is
propagated by a specific virus and that every outbreak starts from some
pre-existing outbreak.
The causative agent of this disease has not been isolated, although
numerous attempts have been made to cultivate and stain it. Experi-
ments have shown that the virus will pass through standard germ proof
filters, thus indicating its minute size and the reasons it has not been
detected by the staining methods. The contagion may be found in the
serum of the vesicles on the mouth, feet, and udder; in the saliva, milk,
and various secretions and excretions; also in the blood during the rise
of temperature.
A wide distribution of the virus and a rapid infection of a herd is the
result. Animals may be infected directly, as by licking, and in calves by
sucking, or indirectly by fomites, such as infected manure, hay, utensils,
drinking troughs, railway cars, animal markets, barnyards, and pastures.
Human beings may carry the virus on their clothing and transmit it on
their hands when milking, since the udder is occasionally the seat of the
eruption. Milk in a raw state may also transmit the disease to animals
fed with it.
The observations made by some veterinarians would lead us to sup-
pose that the virus is quite readily destroyed. It is claimed that stables
thoroughly cleaned become safe after drying for a short time. Hence
litter of all kinds, such as manure or soiled hay and straw, may remain
infective for a longer time because they do not dry out. Other authori-
ties maintain that the virus is quite tenacious and may live in stables
even so long as a year. They also state that animals which have passed
through the disease may be a source of infection for several months after
recovery.
Symptoms. — In three to six days after the exposure of the animal to
the infection the disease makes its appearance. It is first indicated by
the animal suffering from a chill, quickly followed by an invasion of
fever, which may cause the temperature to rise as high as 10d°F. Fol-
lowing this in one or two days it will be noticed that small vesicles about
the size of hemp seeds or peas are making their appearance upon the
mucous membranes of the mouth at the border and upper surface of the
tongue near the tip, the inside of the cheeks, on the gums and the inner
surface of the lips, or on the margin of the dental pad. These little
blebs contain a yellowish watery fluid and gradually become more exten-
sive as the disease advances. Soon after the eruptions have appeared
in the mouth of the animal it will be noticed that there is considerable
swelling, redness, and tenderness manifest about the feet, at the coronet
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 465
and between the digits of each foot. Eruptions similar to those within
the mouth make their appearance upon these swollen regions of the foot
a day or two later, and at this stage it is usual to find that like lesions
have made their appearance upon the perineum of the victim. In the
case of milch cows the udder and more particularly the teats show the
same vesicular eruption, but later as the result of milking soon become
covered with reddened spots deprived of the superficial layer of skin and
may develop deep, obstinate fissures.
As soon as the disease has become well established the patient evinces
pain when attempting to eat; in fact, the appetite is often so seriously
affected that all food is refused and the animal uneasily opens and shuts
its mouth with a characeristic smacking sound, while strings of cohesive,
ropy saliva hang suspended from the lips. With the advance of the dis-
ease the vesicles have widened and extended until they may reach a
diameter from that of a dime to that of a silver dollar. These ruptures,
soon after their appearance, sometimes on the first day, more rarily on
the second or third day. After they have ruptured the grayish white
membrane forming the blister may remain attached for a day or more
or disappear speedily and leave deeply reddened sensitive spots or ero-
sions behind, both wdthin the mouth and upon the coronet and between
the claw^s of the feet. The same ulceration may be noticed in cases in
which the teats of milch cow^s have become affected, and instances are
reported in which sloughing of the tegument immediately around the
ulcer upon the udder has occurred. Owing to the tough, fibrous nature
of the bovine skin, it is exceeding rare for sloughing to occur upon any
part of the body other than those mentioned.
The attack upon the feet of an animal is frequently manifested in all
four feet at once, but one or more of the feet may entirely escape and
remain unaffected throughout the course of the disease. As the feet be-
come sensitive and sore the animal lies down persistently, and it has
been found that bed sores develop with amazing rapidity in all such cases
and wholly baffle all attempts at treatment until after the patient has
regained its feet.
The disease may attack some of the internal organs before it appears
upon any of the external tissues. These cases are very liable to prove
quickly fatal. The animal dies from paralysis of the heart due to the
formation of poisonous principles wathin the system, or it may suffocate
by reason of the action of these same poisons upon the tissues of the
lungs, or it may choke to death as a result of paralysis of the throat.
In cases of serious affection of the udder the erosions will often be
found located within the passages of the teats, resulting in a "caked"
udder, and the same toxic poisoning, which is the cause of death in the
apoplectiform types just mentioned, may arise from this source. In any
event the milk from such cases will be fond dangerous for use, causing
fatal diarrhea in sucking calves or young pigs and serious illness in
human consumers. The milk obtained from cows suffering wath foot-
and-mouth disease is not readily converted into either butter or cheese,
but remains thick, slimy, and inert in spite of churning and attempts at
30
466 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
curdling. The ulceration of the interdigital tissue may extend to the
ligaments of the fetlock or produce disease of the joint or bone. Preg-
nant animals may abort. In pigs, sheep, and goats i^ie lesions in the
foot are most common, but both forms may be observed or only the
mouth lesions.
When the disease has become fully established it will be found that
the duration of the attack will vary greatly with different animals. From
ten to tvrenty days are usually required for the recovery of the normal
appetite and spirits in mild outbreaks, while the return to a full flow of
milk, in the case of milch cows, is seldom witnessed before the arrival
of the following season.
In the malignant type of the disease it requires from three months to
a year for an animal to recover. The mortality is not great, generally
about 1 to 3 per cent, but in severe outbreaks it may reach 5 per cent. It
is more fatal in young animals that have been fed on infected milk,
and produces death in from 60 to 80 per cent of these cases as a result
of gastro-enteritis.
Biagnosis. — The recognition of this affection should not, as a rule, be
difficult, especially when the disease is known to be in the vicinity; in
fact, the group of symptoms form a clinical picture too decided to be
doubted. The combination of high fever, vesicular inflammation of the
mouth, and hot, painful, sw^ollen condition of feet, followed in twenty-four
to forty-eight hours by the appearance of numerous small vesicles varyitfg
in size from that of a pea to that of a hazel nut on the udder and feefe
a,nd in the mouth should prevent any serious or long-continued error In
the diagnosis. However, in the inoculation of calves we have a certain
final test. In twenty-four to seventy-two hours after inoculation the calves
present the characteristic vesicles. Such inoculation should be practiced,
however, only by officials who are properly authorized to deal with con-
tagious diseases.
Differential Biagnosis. — It can be asserted positively that no disease
of cattle closely simulates the symptoms of the eruption of aphthous
fever on the lining membrane of the mouth. Cowpox or horsepox may-
be accidentally transmitted by inoculation. But the eruption in the "pox"
goes on to the development of a pustule, while in foot-and-mouth disease
the eruption is never more than a vesicle, even though the contained
fluid may become turbid.
The inoculation test in the case of cowpox does not respond with fever
and eruption for at least ten days, and often longer.
In mycotic stomatitis or inflammation of the lining membrane of the
mouth the entire buccal cavity is inflamed and in a few days the croupops
membrane forms, peels off, and exposes a raw, bleeding surface, while the
thin skin between the toes may also be inflamed. The previous history
of the case; the failure of the vesicles, if any appear, to spread exten-
sively; the absence of vesicular eruptions on other portions of the body,
notably the udder and teats, and characteristically, the hoof, together
with the absence of infection in the herd and the complete negative char-
acter of inoculation of calves, distinguish between the local disease named
and foot-and-mouth disease.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 467
The lesion resulting from ergotism may be differentiated from those
of foot-and-mouth disease by the lack of eruptions in the mouth and by
the location of the disease at the tips of the ears, end of the tail, or upon
the lower part of the legs, usually belov/ the knees or hocks. The lesion
of ergotism does not take the form of pustules or blisters, but mani-
fests itself first as a swelling auout the ankle, v.hich later may slough and
circumscribe the limb, forming a deep crack extending entirely around
the limb and forming a distinct line of demarcation betv/een the healthy
skin above and the diseased below. The absence of ulerous sores on the
coronet and between the claws, together with a healthy condition of the
membranes of the mouth and the knowledge that the lesion upon the limb
in question extends uninterruptedly around it, should point conclusively
to a diagnosis of ergotism and to the exclusion of all fears of foot-and-
mouth disease.
In foul foot or ground itch of cattle the inflammation of the skin and
toes is general and not in certain spots as in foot-and-mouth disease; the
mouth remains unaffected, and the presence of the disease may be traced
to filth and poor drainage.
These severer forms of the disease might be confounded with certain
general diseases. Where gastro-intestinal symptoms predominate acute
gastric catarrh or inflammation of the intestines might be thought of.
Involvement of the lungs might lead to a diagnose of acute congestion of
the lungs or pneumonia. The distinction is apparent in these diseases
by the lack of vesicular eruption on the mucous membrane or skin, and
also by lack of evidences of infection in the herd or neighboring ani-
mals.
Prophylaxis. — The measures to be adopted to prevent the spread of the
affection must take into consideration the highly infectious nature of
the disease, its ease of dissemination, and the liability of the virus to
live a sapropytic life for long periods. Great care should therefore be
observed in keeping healthy animals unexposed to the contagion. When
an outbreak occurs in a community the ov, ner should make every effort
to keep other animals from coming in contact w^ith his diseased cattle.
This especially applies to dogs, cats, goats, and poultry, which usually
have access to the stables and barnyards and in this way furnish excellent
means for disseminating the infectious principle. He should be equally
particular in prohibiting any person from coming onto his premises,
especially an attendant or owner or other person in any way connected
with cattle. Such a herd may be placed under quarantine, with an in-
spector appointed to keep the premises under c/^nstant surveillance.
This method of quarantine alone, while very satisfactory in many in-
stances, is rather tardy in obtaining the desired result. For the reason
when the disease breaks out in a country like the United States, where
the contagion is likely to spread rapidly by means of infected cars,
manure, hay, and other feed, and where the loss attendant upon its ob-
taining a firm foothold would result so disastrously, it seems that this
method of temporizing is rather tedious, and more radical steps are re-
quired in order to suppress and eradicate completely the infection in the
quickest and most thorough manner possible.
468 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
It would therefore appear better to concentrate the expense incident to
the extermination of foot-and mouth disease by purchasing and slaughter-
ing all affected and exposed cattle after judicious appraisem.ent. The
carcasses of these animals should be totally destroyed, preferably by cre-
mation, or otherwise by burying them in a hole six feet deep and covering
them with air-slaked lime. The infected stable should be disinfected by
thoroughly cleaning it, scrubbing the floor with hot water, brushing down
all loose dust from the walls, and tearing off all woodwork which is partly
decayed. Then the whole interior of the stable should be covered with a
good coat of limewash containing one part of 40 per cent solution of
formaldehyde (which is sold by the drug trade under the commercial
name of formalin) to 30 parts of the limewsh, or four ounces of formalin
to each gallon of limewash. Another efficient wash for this purpose may
be prepared by adding six ounces of chloride of lime to each gallon of
limewash. All stable utensils should be thoroughly cleaned and disin-
fected by the application of a solution containing four ounces of formalin
to a gallon of water, or six ounces of crude cabolic acid to each gallon
of v^-ater. The manure should be burned or spread over ground (other
than meadow land) that is to be turned under. No other cattle should
be purchased for at least thirty days after the complete disinfection of
the premises.
The method of eradicating the outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease in
New England in 1902-3 consisted in the rigid quarantine of all infected
premises and of the animals upon them, in slaughtering the diseased and
exposed animals at the earliest practicable moment, and in thoroughly
disinfecting the stables and the contents of the buildings in which they
had been sheltered. The progress of this work, the confinement of the
disease to four of the New England states, and its complete eradication
in a comparatively short time demonstrate in a striking manner the
efficacy of slaughtering and the futility of relying upon quarantine alone
in stamping out the disease.
Inoculation has been adopted in some countries in order to have the
disease spread quickly through the herds, and while this practice has
undoubted value where the disease is indigenous, it is not desirable in
this country and should not be adopted.
Medicinal Treatment. — In some mild attacks of foot-and-mouth dis-
ease great benefit may be derived from a judicious attempt to relieve the
symptoms and thus assist nature in overcoming the disease, but the great
clanger attached to the presence of an infectious disease in any nonin-
fected locality for twelve to twenty days, while the disease is running
its course, must appeal to the sanitarian and prevent indiscriminate
medicinal treatment.
However, benficial results have been obtained by the local application
of disinfecting and astringent lotions. A teaspoonful of alumn, chlorate
of potash, boracic acid, or one-half teaspoonful of the tincture of aloes
and myrrh placed in the mouth has proved efficacious. The infected
animals may be made to stand from five to ten minutes in a shallow
trough containing medicinal agents such as a l-to-1,000 solution of bi-
chloride of mercury or a 3 per cent carbolic acid or creolin solution. Where
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X
469
the teats and udder are affected the application of carbolized vaseline,
camphor ointment, or borated glycerin has given excellent results. If
the symptoms of heart weakness are manifest, give digitalis, camphor, or
alcohol, while excessive fever may be reduced with phenacetin.
The complications that may follow the disease are usually the result
of contaminating bacteria, and it is therefore desirable to have the ani-
mals and their surroundings kept in as cleanly a condition as possible.
The cattle should be fed on soft meal or grain and given a plentiful sup-
ply of clean water.
THE TUBERCULIN TEST.
The tuberculin test, which is marvelously accurate in its indications,
has been almost universally adopted for the detection of tuberculosis.
Tuberculin is a drug prepared by sterilizing, filtering, and concentrating
the liquids in which the tubercle bacillus has been allowed to vegetate.
It contains the cooked products of the growth of these bacilli, but not the
bacilli themselves. Consequently, when this substance is injected under
the skin of an animal it is absolutely unable to produce the disease,
cause abortion, or otherwise injure the animal. In case the inoected
animal is normal there is no more effect upon the system than would be
expected from the injection of sterile water. However, if the animal is
tuberculous, a decided rise of temperature will follow the use of tuberculin.
This substance, discovered by Koch, has the effect when injected into the
tissues of a tuberculous animal of causing a decided rise in temperature,
while it has no such effect upon animals free from the disease. The
value of tuberculin for this purpose was tested during the years 1890 and
1891 by Guttman, Roeckl and Schutz, Bang and Salomonsen, Lydtm, Johne
and Siedamgrotzky, Nocard, and many others. It was at once recognized
as a most remarkable and accurate method of detecting tuberculosis even
in the early stages and when the disease had yet made but little progress.
The tuberculin test came into existence through the most careful and
thorough scientific experimentation. In practice it is applied by first
taking the temperature of the animal to be tested, at intervals of about
two hours, a sufficient number of times to establish the normal tempera-
ture of the body under the ordinary conditions of life. The proper dose
of tuberculin is then injected under the skin with a hypodermic syringe
between 8 and 10 P.M. on the day of taking the prelimnary temperatures.
On the following day the temperatures are taken every two hours, be-
ginning at 6 A. M. and continuing until twenty hours following the in-
jection if the fullest information is desired. From average temperatures
calculated by De Schweinitz in 1896 of about 1,600 tests of tuberculous
cows, it appears that in general rise of temperature begins from five and
one-half to six hours after the tuberculin is injected, reaches its greatest
height from the sixteenth to the twentieth hours, and then gradually de-
clines, reaching the normal again by the twenty-eighth hour.
As a result of this method an accurate diagnosis may be established
in over 97 per cent of the cases tested. The relatively few failures in
diagnoses are included among two classes of cattle. The first class con-
tains those that are tuberculous, but which do not react either because
470 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
of the slight effect of an ordinary-sized dose of tuberculin on an advanced
case of the disease with so much natural tuberculin already in the sys-
tem, or on account of a recent previous test with tuberculin which pro-
duces a tolerance to this material lasting for about six weeks. The
second class includes those that are not tuberculous, but which show an
elevation of temperature as a result of (a) advanced pregnancy, (b) the
excitement of oestrum, (c) concurrent diseases, as inflammation of the
lungs, intestines, uterus, udder, or other parts, abortion, retention of
afterbirth, indigestion, etc., (d) inclosure in a hot stuffy stable, espe-
cially in summer, or exposure to cold drafts or rains, (e) any change in
the method of feeding, watering or stabling of the animal during the
test. Notwithstanding all these possibilities of error, the results of
thousands of tests show that in less than 3 per cent of the cases tested
do these failures actually occur. In the first class the chances of error
are decidedly reduced by the skilled veterinarian by making careful phy-
sical examination and diagnosing clinically these advanced cases, and by
the injection of double or triple doses into all recently tested cattle, with
the taking of the after temperatures, beginning two hours following the
injection and continuing hourly for twenty hours.
It is therefore apparent that tuberculin should only be applied by or
under the direction of a competent veterinarian, capable not only of in-
jecting the tuberculin but also of interpreting the results, and particularly
of picking out all clinical cases by physical examination. The latter ob-
servation is extremely important and should always be made on every
animal tested.
In the second class errors are avoided by eliminating those cases from
tne test that are nearing parturition or are in heat or show evidence
of the previously mentioned diseases or exhibit temperatures sufficiently
.high to make them unreliable for use as normal. Then, in reading after
temperatures it is advisable not to recognize as a reaction an elevation
of temperature less than 2° F. and which at the same time must go
above 103.8° F., and the temperature reaction must likewise have the
characteristic rainbow curve. (Those cases which approximate but do
not reach this standard should be considered as suspicious and held for
a retest six weeks later). In addition, a satisfactory tuberculin must
be used, also an accurate thermometer and a reliable syringe, in order
that a sufficient dose of tuberculin may be given. Finally, the number
of apparent errors of the tuberculin test will be greatly diminished if a
careful post-mortem examination is made, giving especial attention to
the lymph glands. This low percentage of failures being the oase. cattle
owners should welcome the tuberculin test, not only for their own interest
but for the welfare of the of the public as well. There this method
of diagnosing the disease has been adopted tuberculosis is gradually
being eradicated, while it is spreading rapidly and becoming widely dis-
seminated in those districts where the tuberculin test has not been em-
ployed. Without its use the disease can not be controlled and the cattle"
owner is confronted with serious and continuous losses; with its use the
disease can be eradicated from the herd, a clean herd established in a
few years without very "serious loss or hardship, and the danger of its
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 471
spread to man removed. Tuberculin may therefore be considered a most
beneficial discovery for the stock raiser. Strange to say, many of these
men have been incredulous, antagonistic, or prejudiced against the tu-
berculin test by misinterpreting published statesmonts, by incorrect un-
substantiated, or exaggerated reports, and by alleged injurious effects
to healthy cattle.
Law has clearly stated the question when he says:
"Many stock owners sitll entertain an Ignorant and unwarranted dread
of the tuberculin test. It is true that when recklessly used by ignorant
and careless people it may be made a root of evil, yet as employed by
the intelligent and careful expert it is not only perfectly safe, but it is
the only kno.vn means of ascertaining approximately the actual number
affected in a given herd. In most infected herds living under what are
in other respects good hygienic conditions two-thirds or three-fourths are
not to be detected vathout its aid, so that in clearing a herd from tuber-
culosis and placing both herd and products above suspicion the test be-
comes essential. In skilled hands the tuberculin test will show at least
nine-tenths of all cases of tuberculosis w'hen other methods of diagnosis
will not detect one-tenth."
It is perfectly natural that there should be objection to its use among
those who are not acquainted with its method of preparation or its
properties, but it is difficult to explain the antagonism of farmers who
are familiar with the facts connected with the manufacture and use of
tuberculin. Probably the most popular objection to tuberculin is that
it is too searching, since it discovers cases in which the lesions are small
and obscure. While this fact is admitted, it should also be borne in
mind that such a small lesion today may break down and become widely
disseminated in a relatively short period. Therefore any cow affected
V. ith tuberculosis even to a slight degree must be considered as dangerous
not only to the other animals in the herd but also to the consumer of
her products.
In 1898, Bang, of Copenhagen, one of the highest European authorities,
in his paper presented to the Congress for the Study of Human and Ani-
mal Tuberculosis, at Paris, said:
"Numerous tests made in almost every civilized country have demon-
strated that in the majority of cases tuberculin is an excellent means for
diagnosing, the existence or the non-existence of the disease, but giving
us no positive information as to the extent to which the disease has
progressed. When tuberculin produces a typical reaction we may be
almost sure that there exists in the body of the animal a tubercular
process. The cases in which a careful examiner has not succeeded in
finding it are very rare, and I am led to believe that when, notwithstand-
ing all the pains taken, it has escaped discovery, the reason is that it is
located in a portion of the body that is particularly inaccessible. Never-
theless, it is not to be denied that a fever, entirely accidental and of short
duration, may in some rare cases have simulated a reaction. How'ever this
may be, the error committed in wrongly condemning an occasional ani-
mal for tuberculosis is of no practical consequence.
472 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
"A worse aspect of the case is that there are some diseased animals
in which tuberculin fails to discover the existence of tuberculosis. In
most of these, no doubt, the deposits are old, insignificant, and generally-
calcified, or they are cases where the disease is arrested and perhaps in
process of recovery, and which are possibly incapable of disseminating
the contagion. But it is known that there are cases, not altogether rare,
where tuberculin fails to cause a reaction in a highly tuberculous animal,
and consequently one in which the disease exists in an extremely con-
tagious form. For this reason a clinical examination should always be
made of an animal which does not give a reaction, but which shows symp-
toms indicating that notwithstanding the test it may suffer from tuber-
culosis."
Nocard, of Paris, wrote also in 1898 as follows:
The degree of certainty of the indications furnished m.ay be stated in
precise terms. The observation of a clear reaction to tuberculin is un-
equivocal; the animal is tuberculous. The pretended errors imputed to
the method are explained by the extreme sensitiveness of the reagent
which is capable of detecting the smallest lesion. It often requires pro-
longed and minute researches in the depths of all the tissues to discover
the few miliary centers, the presence of which has been revealed. The
reaction is absolutely specific. In those cases where it is observed with
animals which show lesions of another disease (actinomycosis, hydatid
disease, verminous bronchitis, distomatosis), it may be affirmed that
there exists, in addition to these conspicuous changes, a tuberculous cen-
ter which alone has provoked the reaction.
"The failure to react does not necessarily imply absence of tubercu-
losis. Such failures of tuberculin are very exceptional. They are seen
most frequently with animals affected with tuberculosis in a very ad-
vanced stage and made evident by plain external signs. Sometimes, also,
there are found at the post-mortem examination of animals which have
not reacted small fibrous or calcified lesions in such a condition that one
is tempted to believe them cured. Whether sterile or not these lesions
have no tendency to increase, and they are not very dangerous from the
point of view of contagion."
These opinions of two eminent authorities, living in different countries,
after long experience of their own and after studying the results of the
many tests made in different parts of the world, should have great weight.
They are essentially the same throughout.
-In 1897 Voges compiled statistics of tuberculin tests the accuracy of
which has been determined by post-mortem examination. Of 7,327 ani-
mals tested it appeared that errors had been made with 204, or 2.78 per
cent. In the work of the Pennsylvania Live Stock Sanitary Board post-
mortem examinations were made on about 4,400 reacting cattle and the
disease was found in all but eight of those which had given characteristic
reactions.
The results of a much larger number of tests might be compiled at
this time but they would not materially change the average of those al-
ready mentioned. It is plain that tuberculin is a remarkably accurate
test of tuberculosis; that the animals which react may be safely con-
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 473
sidered as tuberculous and that when a careful clinical examination is
practiced in addition to the test there are few animals in a dangerous
condition which escape detection.
The first questions asked by those who oppose the adoption of the tu-
berculin tests are: Is this test infallible? and, if it is not infallible, why
should it be forced upon the cattle owners of the country?
In answer to these questions it may be said that tuberculin is not ab-
solutely infallible, and yet it is by far the best method of diagnosing
tuberculosis that has been discovered. It is much better than any test
known for pleuro-pneumonia when that disease was eradicated.
Practically all the animals that react are affected with tuberculosis
and should be separated from the herd, not only in the interest of the
public but in the interest of the owner of the herd. The best authorities
admit, after studying many thousands of tests, that there are few, if any,
mistakes made in condemning cattle which show a typical tuberculin
reaction. The errors are principally in the other direction — that is, some
tuberculous animals are not discovered by the tuberculin test, but as the
most dangerous of these may be picked out by ordinary clinical examina-
tion the fault of tuberculin is not so serious as it at first sight appears.
This being the case, it should not be necessary to force the tuberculin
test upon owners. They should be anxious to adopt it in their own in-
terests and for the protection of their patrons. There is today no
greater danger to the cattle and hog industries ti^an that which confronts
them in the form of tuberculosis, a disease already widespread and rap-
idly extending. Furthermore, tuberculin must be considered as harmless
for healthy animals in view of the results revealed by numerous tests
covering vast numbers of animals. And it has also been clearly demon-
strated that tuberculin interferes in no way with the milking function in
healthy cattle; neither in the quantity of milk nor in butterfat value
has any variation been detected. The conclusions of some of the best
authorities on the subject of its harmlessness to healthy animals are
given below.
Norcard and Leclainche state:
"Direct experiments and observations collected by thousands show that
the tuberculin injections have no unfavorable effect. With healthy ani-
mals the system is indifferent to the inoculation; with tuberculous animals
it causes slight changes w^hich are not at all serious."
Bang has written as follows on this question:
"We will now consider the following question, a very important one,
in the application of tuberculin, viz.: Can the reaction produce a worse
condition in tuberculous animals than before existed? Hess emphatically
states that it can, and on this account he earnestly warns against its
application. My attention has been directed to this question from the
beginning. In my first publication on tuberculin injection I reported two
cases in w^hich acute miliary tuberculosis was proved in two high-grade
tuberculous cows several weeks after the tuberculin injection. I then
stated my suspicion that perhaps the tuberculin injection had some con-
nection with this, just as is often supposed to be the case in human
practice. With my present very large amount of material for observa-
474 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
tion at hand I may express the following opinion: Sucn an acute devel-
opment of tuberculosis as a result of tuberculin injection is to be feared
only exceptionally, and then in cases of advanced tuberculosis. It must
not be forgotten that acute miliary tuberculosis by no means rarely ac-
companies an advanced tuberculosis of long standing. It is therefore
impossible to offer strict proof of the casual connection with the injection,
and only oft-repeated observation could ma^e this probably. In support
of my vievv I offer the following: In the course of the last three years I
have made careful postmortem examinations of 83 tuberculous animals,
which have been removed from my experiment farm, Thurebylille. Among
these were 18 (or, strictly speaking, 23) high-grade tuberculous animals.
I have been able to prove miliary tuberculosis in only 4 of these. Among
the others, w'hich showed less developed tuberculosis, I have never found
miliary tuberculosis, and w'ith very many I have never found any sign
of a more rapid development of the process. On the contrary, it has been
proved that the disease was restricted locally, often for years, in spite
of yearly repeated injections. Dissections w^ere made at very different
periods after the injections — in 17 cases from four to twelve days after
the last test. In all of these cases earlier tests had been made months
or years before. In 28 cases the injection took place from nineteen days
to two months before the butchering: In 3 of these cases earlier injec-
tions had been made. In 38 cases from two anad one-half months to
one year intervened betw^een the last injection and the dissection. Dis-
section gives the best explanation of this question, but a clinical observa-
tion continued for years, of a herd tested with tuberculin can render very
essential aid. If Hess's opinion is correct, it is to be assumed that tu-
berculosis must take an unusually vicious course in such herds, but this
I have been unable to prove. At Thurbylille there has existed for three
years a reacting division, consisting originally of 131 head and now of
69. Although these animals are yearly tested, and although most of
them react every year, the division certainly appears to be made up of
healthy animals, and the farm inspector has expressed the decided
opinion that the tuberculosis in this division is no more developed than
at the beginning of the experiment. The testimony of many owners of
large herds of cattle which have long ago been injecetd is to the same
effect. I will adduce statements from several. A farm tenant whose
cattle were injected tw^enty months previously, when 82 per cent of the
grown animals reacted, wrote me recently as follows: "Only 2 cow&
from the division of 100 head had been sold as decidedly tuberculous.
The majority appeared afterwards, just as before, entirely healthy. The
fat animals which had been slaughtered had been pronounced healthy by
the butchers." Another farm tenant with a herd injected in 1894 had
not been obliged to remove a single animal from the tuberculosis divi-
sion, numbering 70 head. A large farm owner in Jutland stated in Sep-
tember that he had traced no undesirable result from the injection. His
herd of 350 had been injected in February and about 75 per cent reacted.
Similar answers have been given by other owners and veterinarians.
"A veterinarian who had injected 600 animals, among them a herd of a
large farm, eighteen months previously, expressed the belief that the
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 475
injection had produced in no single case an unusually rapid or vicious
course of tuberculosis. In spite of a demand made monttis ago, I have
received thus far no report from any veterinarian of an undesirable
result.
On a large farm, on which before the injection tuberculosis had ap-
peared in a vicious form the owner had the impression that the severe
cases had afterwards become more numerous. He had, however, not
suffered severe losses, and eight months later the large reacting division
by no means made a bad impression. Finally, it is to be noticed that
tuberculin has been employed on a large scale in Denmark for years, and
still the demand from farmers constantly increases. This could certainly
not be the case if the injections were generally followed by bad results.
Paige said, after the tests of the herd of the Massachusetts Agricul-
tural College, tliat "its use is not followed by any ill effects of a serious
or permanent nature.' "
Lamson of the New Hampshire College Agricultural Experiment Sta-
tion, said: "There is abundant testimony that its use is not in any way
injurious to a healthy animal."
Conn, who made a special study of the present attitude of European
science toward tuberculosis in cattle, reached the following conclusions:
It has been, from the first, thought by some that the use of tuberculin
produces a direct injury upon the inoculated animals. This, however, is
undoubtedly a mistake, and there is no longer any belief anyvvhere on
the part of scientists that the injury thus produced is worthy of note.
In the first place, the idea that it may produce the disease in a perfectly
healthy animal by the inoculation is absolutely fallacious. The tuberculin
does not corttain the tubercle bacillus, and it is absolutely certain that it
is impossible to produce a case of tuberculosis in an animal unless the
tubercle bacilli are present. The use of tuberculin, therefore, certainly
can never produce the disease in the inoculated animal.
It has been more widely believed, however, that the inoculation of an
animal v/ith this material has a tendency to stimulate an incipient case
of tuberculosis. It has been thought that an animal with a very slight
case of the disease may, after inoculation, show a very rapid extension
of this disease and be speedily brought to a condition where it is beyond
any use. The reasons given for this have been the apparent activity of
the tuberculosis infection in animals that have been slaughtered shortly
after inoculation. This has been claimed, not only by agriculturists who
have not understood the subject well, but also by veterinarians and bac-
teriologists. But here, too, we must recognize that the claim has been
disproved and that there is now a practical unanimity of opinion on the
part of all who are best calculated to judge, that such an injurious effect
does not occur. Even those who have been most pronounced in the claim
that there is injury thus resulting from tuberculin have, little by little,
modified their claim, until at the present time they say either that the in-
jury w^hich they formerly claimed does not occur, or that the stimulus of the
two or three who hold this very moderate opinion, all bacteriologists
and vptprlnarians iinifp in np-rppin^ that thprp is no pvidpnpp fnr hplievina:
476 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
sands of animals have been inoculated, and the veterinarians say there is
absolutely no reason in all their experience for believing that the tuberculin
inoculation is followed by any injurious results.
In 1898 tuberculosis was found in the large Shorthorn herd belong-
ing to W. C. Edwards, of Canada, who with commendable promptness and
public spirit had his animals tested, and at once proceeded to separate
the diseased from the healthy animals. These were all finely bred ani-
mals, and the very class which we have been told are most susceptible to
the injurious effects of tuberculin. After using this test regularly for
two years, Mr. Edwards wrote as follows:
"I have seen nothing to lead me to believe that the tuberculin test had
any injurious influence on the course of the disease. It is by no means
our opinion that the disease has been stimulated or aggravated by the
application of the tuberculin test. All animals that we have tested two
or three times continue as hale and hearty as they were previously, and
not one animal in our herds has broken down or failed in any way since
we began testing."
Mr. Edwards, in December, 1901, verbally stated to the writer that his
views as to the harmlessness of tuberculin remained unchanged, and
that he had not seen the least ill effect with any of his cattle from its use.
Those who have had most experience with tuberculin have failed to
observe any injurious effects following its use upon healthy cattle. With
tuberculous cattle it produces a fever of short duration, and in the great
majority of cases all derangement of the system which it causes disap-
pears withn forty-eight hours after the tuberculin is administered. There
appear to have been a very few cases in which the disease was aggravated,
and a greater number in which it was benefited by the injection of tu-
berculin. The cases of abortion following the tuberculin test have not
been numerous, even when cows v/ere tested within a few weeks of the
normal time of calving. The few cases of abortion which have occurred
may be explained by the fact that abortion in cattle is a very common
occurrence, and that it would inevitably happen sometimes after the tu-
berculin test as a mere coincidence, and without any relation between the
test and the loss of the calf. The cases of abortion which have been cited
appear to be no more numerous than might be expected to have occurred
among the same number of cattle within the same period if the test had
not been applied.
Most of the objections to tuberculin would probably be removed if
some method of compensation for the reacting animals could be de-
vised. Thus, in Pennsylvania, where tuberculosis is being eradicated with
more success than in any other State, and where there are usually three
times as many voluntary requests on file for the application of the
test as can be made, all reacting animals are paid for by the State. As the
suppression of tuberculosis is a public health measure it would appear
perfectly logical for the State governments to reimburse cattle owners
for animals condemned and slaughtered.
Provision could be made to pay 70 per cent of the appraised value of
the condemned animals, not to exceed $30 per head for common stock
or $60 for registered stock. Such legislation should also include a re-
nnirpmp.nt for thfi testinar of all cattlft cominar into the state.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 477
All tuberculous animals should be slaughtered in abattoirs having
federal inspection, and the money obtatined from carcasses which are
inspected and passed for food, and from the hide and offal of those car-
casses condemned as unfit for food, should be applied as part payment on
the indemnity for their respective owners. The payment of indemnity for
their respective owners. The payment of indemnity for tuberculous ani-
mals is a good business policy and would do more toward making the
tuberculin test popular with cattle owners than any other possible action.
And as a corollary of the latter more testing would be performed, and
more tuberculous cattle would be discovered at the start, but the gradual
suppression of the disease would soon be manifest, as has been noted in
Pennsylvania and Denmark. Furthermore, as Stiles has mentioned, if
tuberculosis can be eradicated from dairy herds with but slight loss to
the owner, the increase in the price of milk would naturally be inhibited,
and the children of poor families would consequently be in less danger
of having this very important article of their diet decreased.
From the investigations and observations that have been mentioned it
may be safely concluded:
1. That the tuberculin test is a wonderfully accurate method of de-
termining v\^hether an animal is affected with tuberculosis.
2. That by the use of tuberculin the animals diseased with tubercu-
losis may be detected and removed from the herd, thereby eradicating the
disease.
3. That tuberculin has no injurious effect upon healthy cattle.
4. That the comparatively small number of cattle which have aborted,
suffered in health, or fallen off in condition after the tuberculin test
were either diseased before the test was made or were affected by some
cause other than the tuberculin.
SUMMAEY OF DIRECTIONS FOR MAKING THE TUBERCULIN TEST.
1. Stable cattle under usual conditions and among usual surround-
ings, feed and v/ater in the customary manner.
2. Make a physical examination of each animal, and give to each one
some designation by which the animal will be known throughout the test.
3. Take each animal's temperature at least three times at two or three
hour intervals on the day of injection; for instance, at 2, 5, and 8 P. M.
4. At 8 or 10 P. M. inject a dose of tuberculin under the skin in the
region of the shoulder, using a sterile hypodermic syringe after disin-
fecting the skin at the seat of injection with a 5 per cent solution of
carbolic acid or a similar antiseptic solution.
5. Tuberculin is not always concentrated to the same degree and there-
fore the dose, which should always appear on the label, varies consid-
erably. The dose of imported tuberculin is 0.2.5 c. c. for an adult cow,
and before injection is diluted with sterile water to 2 c. c. The tubercu-
lin made by the Bureau of Animal Industry is prepared so that it will
not be necessary to dilute it, and the dose is 2 c. c. for an adult animal.
Yea.rlinars and 2-vear-olds. accordins: to size, should receive from 1 to IVo
478 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
6. The next day, at 6 A. M., commence taking temperatures, and con-
tinue every two or three hours until the twentieth hour after injection,
at which time if there is no tendency for ihe temperature to rise the
test may cease.
7. A rise of two or more degrees Fahrenheit ahove the maximum tem-
perature observed on the previous day, providing this temperature ex-
ceeds 103.8° P., should be regarded as an indication of tuberculosis.
Those cases which approximate but do not reach this standard should
be considered as suspicious and held for a retest six weeks later, giving
double the original dose.
TREATMENT OF TUBEKCULOSIS.
Treatment of the disease is not seriously considered by any authori-
ties at the present time.
The measures to be adopted to prevent the spreading of the disease
must, take into consideration not only the tubercle bacillus, but likewise
all those circumstances which make cattle more susceptible to the disease
which have already been dwelt upon. It would be useless to repeat here
all that has been said above on the transmission of tubercle bacilli from
one animal to another, and on the dangers of certain debilitating influ-
ences. A careful study of these will show how tuberculosis may, at least
in some cases, be prevented. Great care should be bestowed upon the
breeding, the surroundings, and the food of the animal, so that the latter
may be put into a condition to resist infection even when exposed to it.
A tuberculin test should be applied to all strange cattle before they are
introduced into the herd, and those which show a reaction should be re-
fused.
A rigid exclusion of tuberculous animals is all that is. necessary to pre-
vent the appearance of the disease, provided cattle are not infected by
consumptive persons and animals, though it is probably unusual, be-
cause the bacilli from man are, in the majority of cases, attenuated and
harmless for cattle.
Tuberculosis in cattle must also be considered as bearing upon tuber-
culosis of other domesticated animals, particularly hogs. In Europe
and the United States this disease is not so uncommon among hogs, and
appears to be on the increase. The reason for its existence may be
looked for in the feeding of pigs with skim milk, buttermilk, and whey
in dairies, with the offal of the abattoirs, behind tuberculous cattle, and
the household refuse generally. If tuberculosis is common among cattle
it is likely to be transmitted to hogs kept in this v/ay.
The carcasses of animals which have died of tuberculosis should be
buried deeply so that they can not be eaten by other animals. This
is likewise true of all organs or tissues of slaughtered animals con-
taining tubercles. These should never be fed to other animals, such as
licgs, dogs, and cats, and should either be destroyed by fire or deeply
buried.
When any of the animals in a herd of cattle show evident symptoms
of tuberculosis, or when they are proved to be affected with this disease
by the tuberculin test, the best method of procedure in most cases is to
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 479
have the affected animals slaughtered and the stables disinfected. A
large proportion of the animals which are slightly affected yield car-
casses which are perfectly wholesome and fit for human food, but in all
such cases there should be an inspection by an expert at the time of
slaughter to determine which carcasses may be used and which should be
destroyed.
The disinfection of stables may be accomplished by thoroughly cleaning
them, scrubbing the floors with hot water brushing down all loose dust
from the walls, and tearing off all woodwork which is partly decayed.
Then the whole interior of the stable should be covered with a good coat
of lime wash containing 1 part of formalin (which is a 40 per cent v.^atery
solution of formaldehyde) to 30 parts of the lime wash, or 4 ounces of
formalin to each gallon of lime wash.
Similar precautions should be observed in removing the manure of the
infected herd from the barnyard and other places accessible to cattle
since it is known that tuberculous cattle frequently eliminate large num-
bers of tubercle bacilli from their bodies through the feces. The ground
under the manure pile could then be disinfected either by applying the
above mentioned formalin solution or unslaked lime thickly sprinkled
over the soil.
If all the animals which react are destroyed and the stables disinfected
in this manner, the herd should remain free from the disease unless other
affected animals are added to it. The introduction of the disease in this
manner may be avoided by requiring a tuberculin test of all new animals
admitted on the premises.
It is unfortunately a fact that animals v/ith tuberculosis Y.hich have
been tested several times may become so accustomed to tuberculin that
they will no longer react consequently it is always advisable to purchase
cattle from some one who is known to be reliable, as otherwise tubercular
animals may be treated with tuberculin for the purpose of hiding the
disease.
In the case of very valuable thoroughbred animals it may be more
advantageous to retain the reacting animals which are in good condition,
in order to breed from them and in that manner avoid the excessive loss
which would follow from their immediate slaughter. This may be
done safely if proper percautions are adopted. The healthy animals should
be separated from the diseased ones, and the stable in which the dis-
eased animals have been should be frequently disinfected. When calves
are dropped by the tubercular cows they should be immediately removed,
or at least not allowed to drink the mother's milk more than once or
twice, and after that fed upon the milk of healthy cows. The milk from
the animals which have reacted should not be used until after it has been
boiled and the tubercle bacilli thus destroyed. The young animals which are
raised from tubercular dams should be tested when they are about six
months old, and all those which react should be immediately slaughtered.
It has been found that by following the plan suggested above not more
than 1 or 2 per cent of the calves will develop tuberculosis. It is, of
course, some trouble to follow this method, but it enables the owner of a
pure bred herd to retain the strains of blood which he has been breeding
480 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE
and gradually to eliminate the disease. At the end of six or eight years
he should have a herd of cattle free from tuberculosis and be prepared to
destroy all of those which have reacted.
BOVIXE TUBEKCULOSIS AND PUBLIC HEALTH.
The increasing amount of evidence point to the identity of human and
animal tuberculosis, combined with the extraordinary mortality of hu-
man beings from this disease, often amounting to 10 to 14 per cent, has
raised the question in all civilized countries as to how far animal, and
especially bovine, tuberculosis was to blame for this high mortality. The
medical and veterinary professions have approached this problem with
equal zeal, and much has come to light within recent years which enables
us to come to some conclusion. If this disease is transmitted from ani-
mals to man, how does the transmission take place? As comparatively
few people come in direct contact with tuberculous cattle, it must be
either through the meat, the milk, the butter, the cheese, or through
all of these products that the virus enters the human body. The question
has thus narrowed itself down to the food products furnished by cattle.
It has become a very urgent question, especially in the poorer countries
of Europe, whether all flesh from tuberculous animals is unfit' for human
food. It is argued there that if it can be shown that in the majority of
cases of tuberculosis the bones and the muscular system are free from
infection, there is no reason why the meat should not be put on sale under
certain restrictions. The question may be resolved into two divisions:
(1) How frequently does the disease invade those parts of the body
which are used as food? (2) When the disease process is manifestly re-
stricted to the internal organs do tubercle bacilli circulate in the blood
and lymph? and can they be detected in the muscular tissue?
(1) Disease of the bones is not unknown, although very rare. Ac-
coding to Walley it appears chiefly in the spongy bones of the head and
backbone and in the long bones of the limbs. Occasionally the ends of
the bones, where they are covered by the synovial membrane of the
joints, are dotted with tubercles. The muscular system itself is very
rarely the seat of tubercular deposits, although the Imphatic glands lying
near and among the muscles may be not infrequently diseased.
(2) Whether tubercle bacilli are found in muscle juice independent
of any tubercular deposits is a question which must be approached ex-
perimentally. There is on record a great variety of opinions on this
matter, some authorities considering all flesh from tuberculous animals
unfit for food, while others hold a contrary view. Experiments have
shown that in rare cases the flesh of tuberculous cattle contains a small
number of tubercle bacilli. In Germany the flesh of animals in which the
disease is just beginning, or in which it is restricted to one or more re-
lated organs, is not rejected. When, however, the disease has affected
the muscles, or bones, or lymphatic glands situated on or between them,
the flesh is condemned as unfit and dangerous. Animals are also rejected
in which it is evident, from the general distribution of tubercles through-
out the various organs, that the bacilli have been distributed by the
blood and may have been carried into the muscular system (generalized
tuberculosis).
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 481
Concerning the infectious nature of milk secreted by tuberculous cows,
authorities have universally agreed that when the udder itself is in the
slightest degree involved, the milk possess infectious properties, and is
therefor dangerous. Tubercle bacilli have been found in large numbers
in the milk and the udder under such circumstances. Unlike other af-
fections of the udder, tuberculosis of this organ does not at once
change the appearance and the quality of the milk secreted. Bang
states that for at least a month after the disease has appeared the milk
is normal in appearance and may be consumed and sold without arousing
the suspicion of the owner. There is, therefore, considerable danger
involved in this disease, and the necessity for the careful inspection of
dairy cows seems more urgent than ever before.
Authorities are, however, not fully agreed as to whether the milk from
tuberculous cows in which the udder is apparently not invaded by tha
disease should be considered dangerous or not. Some are inclined to
believe that the milk secreted by healthy udders is never infectious, even
when the lungs or other organs are affected; that, in other words, the
tubercle bacilli are rarely, if ever, separated from the lesions which they
produce, and that the udder itself must be diseased before tubercle bacilli
can appear in the milk. Experiments made with the milk of tuberculous
cows in which there were no indications of udder disease do not bear out
this theory, since authorities still believe that the udder s diseased when
the milk is infected, but that the disease escapes observation. However
this may be, the fact that the udder may be diseased and the disease not
recognizable, simply casts suspicion upon all milk from tuberculous ani-
mals. We know that the milk of tuberculous cattle may or may not con-
tain tubercle bacilli when the udder is apparently free from disease. But
we have no rapid method of determining whether, in any given case, the
milk contains tubercle bacilli or not. Moreover, the bacilli may be absent
at one time and present at another in milk from the same cow. When we
consider therefore, the extent of tuberculosis and the hidden character of
the disease, a certain amount of suspicion rests upon all milk. Fortu-
nately tubercle bacilli are readily destroyed by the temperature of boiling
water, and hence both meat and milk are made entirely safe, the former
by the various processes of cooking, the latter by boiling for a few
moments. Until better means of diagnosis are at hand it is incumbent
upon all communities to have dairy cows examined or inspected, at least
to the extent of finding out whether the udder shows any signs of dis-
ease. If this is detected the affected animal should be killed at once, or
else all opportunity for the sale of such milk removed by appropriate
measures. The dangers from infected milk might by these means be very
materially lessened.
Recently there has been much discussion of the question as v/hether
human and animal tuberculosis are identical diseases and as to the pos-
sibility of the tuberculosis of animals being transmitted to man or that
of man being transmitted to animals.
The fact that tubercular material from human subjects often failed
to produce serious disease in cattle was observed by a number of the
earlier investigators who experimented with such virus. It was the ex-
482 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
periments and comparative studies of Tlieobald Smith, however, which
attracted special attention to the difference in virolence shown by tubercle
bacilli from human and bovine sources when inoculated upon cattle.
Smith mentioned also certain morphological and cultural differences in
bacilli from these two sources, and in the location and histology of the
lesions in cattle produced bj^ such bacilli. He did not conclude, however,
that bovine bacilli could not produce disease in the human subject, but
said:
"It seems to me that, accepting the clinical evidence on hand, bovinq
tuberculosis may be transmitted to children when the body is over-
powered by large number of bacilli, as in udder tuberculosis, or when
certain unknown favorable conditions exist."
Koch, however, in his address at the British Congress on Tuberculosis,
went far beyond this and maintained that "human tuberculosis differs
from bovine and can not be transmitted to cattle." As to the suscepti-
bility of man to bovine tuberculosis, he said it vras not yet absolutely
decided, but one was "nevertheless already at liberty to say that, if such
susceptibility really exists, the infection of human beings is but a very
rare occurrence." He emphasized this view in the following language:
"I should estimate the extent of infection by the milk and flesh of
tubercular cattle and the butter made of their milk as hardly greater than
that of hereditary transmission, and I therefore do not deem it advisable
to take any measures against it."
This conclusion was so radically different from the views of most ex-
perimenters and so out of harmony with facts which had apparently been
demonstrated by others that it at once aroused opposition in the congress,
followed by the adoption of dissenting resolutions, and led to numerous
investigations in various countries. Koch's conclusions were based upon
his failure to produce tuberculosis in cattle and other animals by inoculat-
ing them with tubercular material of human origin, and his success in
causing progessive and fatal tuberculosis in the same kinds of animals
when inoculated with tubercular material of bovine origin. With such
positiveness did he hold to the constant and specific difference between
the human and bovine bacillus that he promulgated an experimental
method of discriminating between them. Speaking of the etiology of
intestinal tuberculosis in man, he said:
"Hitherto nobody could decide with certainty in such a case whether
the tuberculosis of the intestine was of human or of animal origin. Now
we can diagnose them. All that is necessary is to cultivate in pure cul-
ture the tubercle bacilli found in the tubercular material, and so ascer-
tain whether they belong to bovine tuberculosis by inoculating cattle with
them. For this purpose I recommend subcutaneous injection, which yields
quite specially characteristic and convincing results."
These important and comprehensive conclusions followed from a com-
paratively few experiments upon animals, and apparently no effort had
been made to learn to what extent human tubercle bacilli might differ
in their virulence for cattle or what grades of virulence there might be
among bacilli of bovine origin. Vagedes had already shown that bacilli
were sometimes present in human lesions v.-hich were as virulent as
bovine bacilli, but his work was wholly ignored by Koch.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 483
A considerable number of investigators, including Chauveau, Vagedes,
Ravenel, de Schweinitz, Mohler, De Jong, Delepine, Orth, Stenstrom,
Fibiger and Jensen, Max Wolff, Nocard, Arloing, Behring, Dean and Todd,
Hamilton and Young, the German Tuberculosis Commission and Theobald
Smith, have found tubercle bacilli in the bodies of human beings that
died of tuberculosis, which proved to have about the same virulence for
cattle as had the bacilli from bovine animals affected by the disease.
Kossel, in a preliminary report, stated that the German commission
had tested seven cultures of tuberculosis from cattle and hogs — four from
cattle and three from hogs. Two of these cultures proved acutely fatal
in cattle after eight to nine weeks; four of the cultures likewise produced
a generalized tuberculosis, but which certainly had a more chronic course,
while one of the cultures caused only an infiltration at the point of in-
oculation, with some caseous foci in the adjoining prescapular gland and
in one of the mediastinal glands, and there was lacking the spreading
of the tuberculosis over the entire body, which they were accustomed to
see after the injection of cultures of bovine tuberculosis. "Hence," says
Kossel, "among bovine tuberculosis bacilli there can also occur differences
with regard to virulence."
The German commission also tested 39 different freshly made cultures
from tuberculous disease in man. Nineteen of the cultures did not produce
the slightest symptoms in cattle; with nine other the cattle exhibited
after four months very minute foci in the prescapular glands, which were
mostly encapsuled and showed no inclination to progess; with seven
other cases there was somewhat more marked disease of the prescapular
glands, but it did not go so far as a material spreading of the process to
glands next adjoining. There were four cultures, however, w^hich were
more virolent and caused generalized tuberculosis in the cattle inoculated
with them.
It would appear, therefore, that hereafter everyone must admit that it
is impossible always to tell the source of a culture of the tubercle bacil-
lus by its effects when it is inoculated upon cattle. One of the bovine
cultures failed to produce generalized tuberculosis in cattle, and some
of the human cultures did produce this form of the disease in such ani-
mals. Moreover, while some of the human cultures caused no disease
at all, others led to the development of minute foci in the prescapular
glands, and still others to somewhat more marked disease of these
glands. There were, consequently, four degrees of virulence noted in these
39 cultures of bacilli from human sources and three degrees of virulence
in the seven cultures from animal sources.
Now, if v.e accept the views of Koch as to the specific difference be-
tween human and bovine tubercle bacilli, and that the human bacilli pro-
duce only localized lesions in cattle, while bovine bacilli produce general-
ized lesions in these animals, must we not conclude that the one non-
virulent bovine culture was in reality of human origin, and that the ani-
mal from which it was obtained had been infected from man? That is a
logical deduction, but reverses the dictum laid down at London that
human tuberculosis is not transmissible to cattle. Again, how are we to
explain the human cultures of medium virulence? Are they human
484 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
bacilli which for some unknown reason, are increasing in virulence and ap-
proaching the activity of the bovine bacillus? Or are they really bovine
bacilli which have multiplied in the human body until their virulence has
become attenuated? In whatever manner these questions are decided it
would seem that the finding of the German commission, instead of sup-
porting Koch's views that we can decide with certainty by the inocula-
tion of cattle as to the source of any given bacillus, really show that
this method of diagnosis is extremely uncertain in the present condition
of our knowledge.
It is definitely admitted that four of the human cultures caused gener-
alized tuberculosis in cattle; but Kossel suggests that it might be possible
that the bacilli in cases of human tuberculosis under certain circum-
stances could likewise attain a very high pathogenic activitity for cattle
without being for that reason bovine bacilli. Undoubtedly the German
commission is confronting the two horns of the dilemma, either one of
v/hich is fatal to the views of Koch as stated with sucn positiveness at
London. If v»'e accept this suggestion thrown out by Kossel, we must
conclude that Koch was wrong in his claim that human tuberculosis can
not be transmitted to cattle, and thus with one blow we. destroy the en-
tire experimeptal support which he- had for his argument before the
British Congress on Tuberculosis. And if, on the other hand, we accept
the conclusion which follows from the principle laid down by Koch for
the discrimination between human and bovine bacilli, and which appears
to be favored by Kossel, we must admit that bovine tuberculosis is an
extremely important factor in the etiology of human tuberculosis. Of
the 89 cases of human tuberculosis tested, four, or over 10 per cent, were
virulent for cattle and would be classified as of bovine origin; but these
four cases were all found among sixteen cases of tuberculosis in children
which the commission investigated; hence it is plain that 25 per cent
of the cases tested of tuberculosis in children would by Koch's method be
classified as of bovine origin.
In the Bureau of Animal Industry two distinct lines of experiment*
have been carried on, in order that one might serve as a check against
the other. There has been, however, no discrepancy in the results. • De
Schweinitz, in the Biochmic Division, Bureau of Animal Industry, has
isolated nine cultures from human tuberculosis. Two of these were de-
rived from human sputum, three from cases of generalized tuberculosis
in adults, and four from cases of generalized tuberculosis in children.
By comparing these cultures with a newly isolated virulent culture of
bovine tuberculosis, there were found among them two cultures from
children which were identical in their cultural and morphological char-
acters with the bovine bacillus. These cultures also killed rabbits and
guinea pigs in as short a time as did the bovine bacillus. Hogs which
were inoculated subcutaneously with these two cultures from children
died of generalized tuberculosis. Two calves weighing over 300 pounds
each v.ere inoculated subcutaneously with these virulent human cultures,
and as a result developed generalized tuberculosis. A yearling heifer
inoculated with one of the cultures showed generalized tuberculosis when
killed three months after inoculation. Both the cattle and the hogs had
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 485
been tested with tuberculin and found to be free from tuberculosis before
the inoculations were made. It is important to observe in this connec-
tion that two out of four, or 50 per cent, of the cultures obtained from
cases of generalized tuberculosis in children proved vrulent for cattle.
Mohler, workng in the Patholigical Division, Bureau of Animal Indus-
try, has obtained three very virulent cultures of tubercle bacilli from the
human subject. A goat inoculated subcutaneously with one of these cul-
tures died in thirty-seven days with miliary tuberculosis of the lungs in-
volving the axillary and prescapular glands. This bacillus was obtained
from the mesenteric gland of a boy. Of still greater interest is a bacillus
insolated by Mohler from human sputum. A goat inoculated subcutan-
eously with a culture of this germ died in ninety-nve days of pulmonary
tuberculosis. A cat inoculated in the same manner died in twenty-three
days of generalized tuberculosis. A rabbit inoculated with bovine culture
for comparison lived ten days longer than the one inoculated with this
sputum germ. Mohler also inoculated subcutaneously a one-year-old
heifer with a culture derived from the tubercular mesenteric gland of a boy
four years of age. This culture was always refractory in its growth under
artificial conditions, and the bacilli were short, stubby rods, corresponding
in appearance with the bovine type. At the autopsy, held one hundred
and twenty-seven days after the inoculation, the general condition was
seen to be poor and unthrifty, and large, hard tumors were found at the
points of inoculation. On the rigth side the swelling measured 3VL> by
5 inches, and the corresponding lymph gland was 2% inches long by 1%
inches in diameter. This gland contained numerous clacareous foci; one
of these at the apex was an inch in diameter. The lesions on the left
shoulder of the animal were very similar to those found on the right
side, but the dimensions of the tumor were slightly less. The lungs pre-
sented an irregular mass of tubercular nodules, and seven or eight grape-
like nodules were seen on the parietal pleura. Bronchial and mediastinal
lymph glands contained numerous tubercular foci, and the pericardium,
peritoneum, spleen, and liver were also affected.
In order to throw some light, if possible, upon the morphological con-
stancy of the different types of tubercle baculi, Mohler has made com-
parative studies of bacilli from various sources, and which had been
passed through various species of animals, by making the cultures upon
dog serum after the method described by Theobald Smith. Some im-
portant results have been obtained. One culture of human bacilli which
had morphological and cultural peculiarities similar to those of the bovine
bacillus, and which only produced local lesions in cattle, was passed
through a series of five cats. It was then found to be completely changed
in its morphological characters, the rods being elongated, slender, more
or less beaded, and entirely of the human type. But far from decreasing
in virulence, as might be expected from its morphological appearance, this
bacillus had so increased in its pathogenic activity that it now produced
generalized tuberculosis in a cow. This cow was inoculated subcutan-
eously in front of each shoulder with 2 c.c. of a salt solution emulsion of
the tuberculous omentum of the last cat of the series. The cow rapidly
lost flesh, had a temperature of 104°P., with the point of inoculation and
486 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
adjacent glands greatly swollen. The autopsy revealed generalized tuber-
culosis, involving the lungs, mediastinal glands, spleen, liver and kidneys.
Tubercle bacilli of the bovine type obtained from the mesenteric glands
of a sheep, hog, and cow were similarly transformed in their morpholog-
ical appearance after being passed through a series of cats and recovered
on dog serum. These bacilli also increased in virulence, as the last cat
in the series invariably succumbed in a shorter time than the first of the
series.-
These experiments and observations indicate that the types of tubercle
bacilli are very inconstant, and that under suitable conditions they readily
change both in morphology and in virulence. A similar conclusion was
reached by other investigators in working with the avian and piscine
types of tubercle bacilli several years ago, and was reasonably to* have
been expected with the human and bovine type.
It must be plain to all, from these recent developments, that too much
has been made of the slight differences in cultural characteristics, in
morphology, and in virulence which have been observed in some cases
in comparing the human and the bovine bacilli. The observations were
interesting, and it was important that they should be followed up until
their significance was made entirely clear; but it was almost unpardon-
able error, from a sanitary point of view, to promulgate sv/eeping gener-
alizations calculated to arrest and abolish important measures for prevent-
ing human tuberculosis before the soundness of these generalizations had
been established by a thorough course of experimentation.
When Koch said in the British Congress on Tuberculosis that he should
estimate the extent of infection by the milk and flesh of tubercular cattle
and the butter made of their milk as hardly greater than that of here-
ditary transmission, and that he therefore did not deem it advisable to
take any measures against it, he went far beyond vvhat was justified by
any experiments or observations w'hich he reported, and he did an im-
mense amount of harm, which -will be manifested for years to come to
those who endeavor to guard the human race from the dangers of animal
tuberculosis. The researches which have been alluded to make these
dangers more definite and certain than they have appeared before, and
sanitarians should therefore most earnestly endeavor to counteract the
erroneous and harmful impression which was made by Koch's address at
London and his subsequent address at the International Conference on
Tuberculosis at Berlin.
DISEASES OP YOUNG CALVES.
SUSPENDED BBEATHIXG.
The moment the circulation through the naval string is stopped the
blood of the calf begins to get overcharged with carbon dioxid (CO2), and
unless breathing is speedily established death promptly follows. For-
tuneately the desire to breathe, roused by the circulation of the venous
blood and the reflex action from the wet and chilling skin, usually at
once starts the contractions of the diaphragm and life is insured. Among
the obstacles to breathing may be named suffocation before or during
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 487
birth from compression of the naval cord and the arrest of its circulation;
the detachment of the fetal membranes Irom the womb before the calf is
born; a too free communication between the two auricles of the heart
(foramen ovale), by which the nonaerated blood has mixed too abun-
dantly with the aerated and induced debility and profound weakness; a
condition of ill health and debility of the calf as a result of semistarvation,
overwork, or disease of the cow; fainting in such debilitated calf when
calving has been difRcult and prolonged; the birth of the calf with its
head enveloped in the fetal membranes, so that it has been unable to
breathe and the presence of tenacious phlegm in the mouth and nose,
acting in the same manner.
Besides the importance of proper care and feeding of the cow as a
preventive measure, attention should be given at once to relieve the new-
born calf of its investing membrane and of any mucus that has collected
in mouth and nostrils. Wiping out the nose deeply with a finger or
feather excites sneezing, hence to breathing. Blowing into the nose has
a similar effect. Sucking the nostril through a tube applied to it is even
more effective. Slapping the chest with the palm of the hand or with a
towel dipped ,ii\ cold water, compression and relaxation alternately of the
walls of the chest, may start the action, and ammonia or even tobacco
smoke blown into the nose may suffice. Every second is precious, how-
ever, and if possible the lungs should be dilated by forcibly introducing
air from a bellows or from the human lungs. As the air is blown through
bellows or a tube the upper end of the windpipe must be pressed back
against the gullet, as otherwise the air will go to the stomach. In a
large dairy a piece of elastic tube one-third of an inch in bore should be
kept at hand for sucking and blowing in such cases.
BLEEDIXG FEOil THE NAVAL.
This may occur in two conditions — when the cord is cut off too close
to the naval and left untied and when it tears off at the naval. (PI. XIV).
It may also bleed when torn across naturally, if it is sucked by the dam
or another calf. In an animal with little plasticity to its blood it will
flow under almost any circumstances. Where any cord is left it is always
safe to tie it, and it is only when it is swollen and may possibly contain
a loop of the bowel that there is danger in doing so. By pressing up-
ward any bulky contents such danger is avoided. If torn or cut too
close to be tied the bleeding may be checked by applying alum copperas,
or for a fraction of a second the end of an iron rod at a dull red heat.
If much blood has been lost it may be requisite to transfuse several
ounces of blood or of a weak common-salt solution into the open um-
bilical vein.
URIXE DISCHARGED THROUGH THE XAVEL (PERSISTENT URACHUS).
Before birth the urine passes from the bladder by a special tube
through the navel and navel string into the outer water bag (allantois).
(PI. XII). This closes at birth, and the tube shrinks into a fine cord up
488 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
open, doubtless because of the long, narrow channel through which the
urine must otherwise escape. The urethra, too, is sometimes abnormally
narrow, or even closed, in the male. If part of the cord remains tie it
and allow the whole to wither up naturally. If the cord has been re-
moved and the tube (urachus), protrudes, discharging the urnie, that
alone must be tied. If there is nothing pendent the urachus must be
seized, covered by the skin, and, a curved needle being passed through the
skin and above the duct, it may be tied along with this skin. A blister
of Spanish flies, causing swelling of the skin, will often close the orifice.
So with the hot iron. If the urethra of the male is impervious it can
rarely be remedied.
INFLAMMATION OF THE URACHUS (NAVEL UEINE DUCT).
This may originate in direct mechanical injury to the navel in calving,
or shortly after, with or without the lodgment of irritant and septic mat-
ter on its lacerated or cut end. The mere contact with healthy urine,
hitherto harmless, can now be looked on as becoming suddenly irritating.
The affection is usually marked by the presence of redness and swelling
at the posterior part of the naval and the escape of urine and a few drops
of v/hitish serous pus from the orifice of the urachus. In those cases in
which urine is not discharged a tender swelling, like a thick cord extend-
ing upward and backward from the navel into the abdomen, may be iden-
tified. The naval enlargement may be considerable, but it is solid, does
not gurgle on handling, and can not be done away with by pressing it
back into the abdomen, as in a case of hernia.
In cases at first closed the pus may burst out later, coming from the
back part of the navel and the swelling extending backward. In other
cases whitish pus may pass with the urine by the ordinary channel, show-
ing that it has opened back into the bladder. In other cases the umbilical
veins become involved, in which case the swelling extends forward as well
as backward. Thus the disease may result in destructive disorders of
the liver, lungs, and, above all, of the joints.
The disease may usually be warded off or rendered simply and com-
paratively harmless by applying antiseptics to the navel string at birth
(carbolic acid 1 part, water and glycerin 5 parts each, or wood tar).
Later, antiseptics may be freely used (hyposulphite of soda 4 drams,
water 1 quart) as an application to the surface and as an injection into
the urachus, or even into the bladder if the two still communicate. If
they no longer communicate, a stronger injection may be used (tincture
of perchlorid of iron 60 drops, alcohol 1 ounce). Several weeks will be
required for complete recovery.
ABSCESS OF THE NAVEL.
As the result of irritation at calving or by the withered cord or by
licking with the rough tongue of the cow, inflammation may attack the
loose connective tissue of the navel to the exclusion of the urachus and
veins, and go on to the formation of matter. In this case a firm svrelling
appears as large as the fist, which softens in the center and may finally
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 489
burst and discharge. The opening, however, is usually small and may
close prematurely, so that abscess after abscess is formed. It is distin-
guished from hernia by the fact that it can not be returned into the
abdomen, and from inflammation of the veins and urachus by the ab-
sence of swellings forward and backward along the lines of these canals.
Treatment. — Treatment consists in an early opening of the abscess by
a free incision and the injection twice a day of an astringent antiseptic
(chlorid of zinc i/. dram, water 1 pint).
INFLAMMATION OF THE NAVEL VEINS (UMBILICAL PHLEBITIS).
In this affection of the navel the inflammation may start directly from
mechanical injury, as in either of the two forms just described, but on
this are inoculated infective microbes, derived from a retained and putre-
fying afterbirth, an abortion, a metritis, a fetid discharge from the womb,
an unhealthy open sore, a case of erysipelas, from overcrowding, from
filthy floor or bedding, or from an offensive accumulation of manure,
solid or liquid. As the microbes vary in different cases, given outbreaks
will differ materially in their nature. One is erysipelatoid; another puru-
lent infection vAth. the tendency to secondary abscesses in the joints, liver,
lungs, etc.; another is due to a septic germ and is associated with fetid
discharge from the navel and general putrid blood poisoning. In estimat-
ing the causes of the disease we must not omit debility of the calf when
the mother has been underfed or badly housed or when either she or the
fetus has been diseased.
Symptorns. — The symptoms will vary. With the chain-form germs
(streptococci) the navel becomes intensely red, with a very firm, painful
swelling, ending abruptly at the edges in sound skin and extending for-
ward along the umbilical veins. The secondary diseases are circum-
scribed black engorgements (infarctions) or abscesses of the liver, lungs,
kidneys, bowels, or other internal organs, and sometimes diseases of the
joints.
With the ordinary pus-producing germs (staphylococcus pyogenes
aureus and streptoccoccus pyogenes) and local inflammation in the navel
causes a hot, painful swelling, which rapidly advances to the formation
of matter (pus), and the raw, exposed surface, at first bright red, be-
comes dark red or black, soft, friable, and pultaceous. If the pus is
white, creamy, and comparatively inoffensive in odor, the secondary for-
mations in internal organs and joints are mainly of he same purculent
character (secondary abscesses).
If on the other hand, the discharge is very offensive and the pus more
serous or watery or bloody, there is reason to suspect the presence of
some of the septic bacteria, and the results on the general system are
a high fever and softening of the liver and spleen and no tendency to
abscesses of the internal organs. Diarrhea is a common symptom, and
death ensues early, the blood after death being found unclotted.
Complicated cases are common, and in all alike the umbilical veins
usually remain open and can be explored by a probe passed at first up-
ward and the forward toward the liver.
490 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Prevention is sought by applying a lotion of carbolic acid or iodine
solution to the navel string at birth, or it may be smeared with common
wood tar, which is at once antiseptic and a protective covering against
germs. In the absence of either a strong decoction of tea of oak bark may
be used.
Local Treatment consists in the application of antiseptics to the surface
and their injection into the vein. As a lotion use carbolic acid, 1 ounce
in a quart of strong decoction of oak bark, or salicylic acid or salol may
be sprinkled on the surface. The interior of the vein should be swabbed
out with a probe wrapped around with cotton wool and dipped in boracic
or salicylic acid.
If complications have extended to the liver or other internal organs,
or the joints, other treatment will be demanded. In acute cases of gen-
eral infection an early fatal result is to be expected.
PYEMIC AND SEPTICEMIC INFLAMMATION OF JOINTS IN CALVES ( JOINT-ILL).
This occurs in young calves within the first months after birth; it per-
sists in the joints when once attacked, and is usually connected with dis-
ease of the navel. Rheumatism, on the other hand, rarely occurs in a
calf under a month old. It tends to shift from joint to joint and is inde-
pendent of any navel disease. Rheumatism, again, affects the fibrous
structures of the joints, and rarely results in the formation of white
matter, while the affection before named attacks the structures outside as
well as inside the joints and, above all, the ends of the bones, and tends
to the destruction and crumbling of their tissue and even to the forma-
tion of open sores, through which the fragile bones are exposed. The
microbes from the unhealthy and infected wound in the navel pass into
the system through the veins, or lymphatics, and form colonies and local
inflammations and abscesses in and around the joints.
Symptoms. — The symptoms are swelling of one or more joints, which
are very hot and tender. The calf is stiff and lame, lies down constantly,
and cares not to suck. There is very high fever and accelerated breath-
ing and pulse, and there is swelling and purulent discharge (often fetid)
from the navel. There may be added symptoms of disease of the liver,
lungs, heart, or bowels, on which we need not here delay. The imptorant
point is to determine the condition of the navel in all such cases of dis-
eased and swollen joints beginning in the first month of life, and in all
cases of general stiffness, for besides the diseases of the internal organs
there may be abscesses formed among the muscles of the trunk, though
the joints appear sound. Cases of this kind, if they do not speedily die,
tend to become emaciated and perish later in a state of w^eakness and
exhaustion.
Prevention. — Prevention must begin with the purity of the buildings
and the navel, as noted in the last article.
Treatment. — Treatment is in the main antiseptic. The slighter forms
may be painted daily with tincture of iodine; or an ointment of biniodid
of mercury (1 dram) and lard (2 ounces) may be rubbed on the affected
joints daily until they are blistered. In case of swellings containing
matter this may be drawn off through the nozzle of a hypodermic syringe
and the following solution injected: Compound tincture of iodine, 1
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 491
dram; distilled (or boiled) water, 2 ounces. Internally the calf may take
5 grains quinia twice daily and 15 grains hyposulphite of soda, or 20
grains salicylate of soda three times a day.
UMBILICAL HERNIA (BREACH AT THE NAVEL).
They may exist at a birth from imperfect closure of the muscles
around the opening; it may even extend backward for a distance, from the
two sides failing to come together. Apart from this, the trouble rarely
appears after the calf has been some time on solid food, as the paunch
then extends down to the right immediately over the navel,, and thus
forms an internal pad, preventing the protrusion of intestine.
Symptoms. — The symptoms of umbilical hernia are a soft swelling at
the navel, with contents that usually gurgle on handling, and can be en-
tirely returned into the abdomen by pressure. The diseases of the navel
hitherto considered have not gurgling contents and cannot be completely
returned into the abdomen. The only exception in the case of the hernia
is when the v.alls of the sac have become greatly thickened; these will,
of course, remain as a swelling after the bowel has been returned; and
w^hen the protruding bov.'el has contracted permanent adhesions to the sac
it is impossible to return it fully without first severing that connection.
Treatment. — Treatment is not always necessary. A small hernia, like
an egg, in a new-born calf, will usually recover of itself as the animal
changes its diet to solid food and has the paunch fully developed as an
internal pad.
In other cases apply a leather pad of 8 inches square attached around
the body by two elastic bands connected with its four corners, and an
elastic band passing from its front border to a collar encircling the neck,
and two other elastic bands from the neck collar along the two sides of
the body to the two bands passing up over the back.
For small hernias nitric acid may be used to destroy the skin and
cause such swelling as to close the orifice before the skin is separated.
For a mass like a large goose egg one-half ounce of the acid may be
rubbed in for three minutes. No more must be applied for fifteen days.
For large masses this is inapplicable, and with too much loss of skin the
orifice may fail to close and the bowels may escape.
The application of a clamp like those used in castration is a most
effective method, but great care must be taken to see that all the contents
of the sac are returned so that none may be inclosed in the clamp.
Another most effective resort is to make a saturated solution of com-
mon salt, filter and boil it, and when cool inject under the skin (not into
the sac) on each side of the hernia a dram of the fluid. A bandage may
then be put around the body. In ten hours an enormous swelling will
have taken place, pressing back the bowel into the abdomen. When this
subsides the wound will have closed.
492 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
DROPSY OF THE NAVEL.
A sac formed at the navel, by contained liquid accumulated by reason
of sucking by other calves, is unsightly and sometimes injurious. After
making sure that it is simply a dropsical collection it may be deeply
punctured at various points with a large sized lancet or knfe, fomented
with hot water, and then daily treated with a strong decoction of white
oak bark.
THE BLUE DISEASE (CYANOSIS).
This appearing in the calf at birth is due to the orifice between the
two auricles of the heart (foramen ovale) remaining too open, allowing
the nonaerated (venous) blood to mix with the aerated (arterial) blood,
and it is beyond the reach of treatment. It is recognized by the blue-
ness of the eyes, nose, mouth, and other mucous membranes, the coldness
of the surface, and the extreme sensitiveness to cold.
CONSTIPATION.
At birth the bowels of the calf contain the meconium, a tenacious, gluey,
brownish yellow material largely derived from the liver, which must be
expelled before they can start their functions normally. The first milk of
the cow (colostrum, beestings), rich in albumen and salts, is nature's
laxative to expel this now offensive material and should never be withheld
from the calf. If, for lack of this, from the dry feeding of the cow, or
from any other cause, the calf is costive, straining violently without pass-
age, lying down and rising as in colic, and failing in appetite, no time
should be lost in giving relief by an ounce dose of castor oil, assisting its
action by injections of soapsuds or oil. Whatever meconium is within
reach of the finger should be carefully removed. It is also important to
give the cow a sloppy, laxative diet.
INDIGESTION.
This may occur from many different causes, as costiveness; a too liberal
supply of milk; milk too rich; the furnishing of the milk of a cow long
after calving to a very young calf; allowing a calf to suck the first milk
of a cow that has been hunted, driven by road, shipped by rail, or other-
wise violently excited; allowing the calf too long time between meals, so
that impelled by hunger it quickly overloads and clogs the stomach; feed-
ing from the pail milk that has been held over in unwashed (unscalded)
buckets, so that it is fermented and spoiled; feeding the milk of cows
kept on unwholesome food; keeping the calves in cold, damp, filthy, or
bad-smelling pens; feeding the calves on artificial mixtures containing too
much starchy matter; or overfeeding the calves on artificial food that
may be appropriate enough in smaller amounts. The licking of hair
from themselves or others and its formation into balls in the stomach
will cause obstinate indigestion in the calf.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 493
Symptoms. — The symptoms are dullness', indisposition to move, un-
easiness, eructations of gas from the stomach, sour breath, entire loss of
appetite, lying down and rising as if in pain, fullness of the abdomen,
which gives out a drumlike sound when tapped with the fingers. The
costiveness may be marked at first, but soon it gives place to diarrhea,
by which the offensive matters may be carried off and health restored.
In other cases it becomes aggravated, merges into inflammation of the
bowels, fever sets in, and the calf graduaUy sinks.
Prevention. — Prevention consists in avoiding the causes above enume-
rated or any others that may be detected.
Treatment. — Treatment consists in first clearing away the irritant pres-
ent in the bowels. For this purpose 1 or 2 ounces of castor oil with 20
drops of laudanum may be given, and if the sour eructations are marked
a tablespoonful of limewater or \i ounce calcined magnesia may be given
and repeated two or three times a day. If the disorder continues after
the removal of the irritant, a large tablespoonful of rennet, or 30 grains
of pepsin, may be given at each meal along with a teaspoonful of tincture
of gentian. Any return of constipation must be treated by injections of
warm water and soap, while the persistence of diarrhea must be met as
advised under the article following this. In case of the formation of
loose hair balls inclosing milk undergoing putrid fermentation temporary
benefit may be obtained by giving a tabelespoonful of vegetable charcoal
three or four times a day, but the only real remedy for these is to cut
open the paunch and extract them. At this early age they may be found
in the third or even the fourth stomach; in the adult they are confined
to the first two, and are comparatively harmless.
DIARRHEA (sCOURING) IX CALVES (SIMPLE AND CONTAGIOUS).
As stated in the last article, scouring is a common result of indiges-
tion, and at first may be nothing more than an attempt of nature to re-
lieve the stomach and bowels of offensive and irritating contents. As the
indigestion persists, hov/ever, the fermentation going on in the undigested
masses become steadily more complex and active, and what was at first
the mere result of irritation or suspended digestion comes to be a genuine
contagious disease, in which the organized ferments (bacteria) propagate
the affection from animal to animal and from herd to herd. More than
once I have seen such epizootic diarrhea start on the headwaters of a
creek, and, traveling along that stream, follow the watershed and attack
the herds supplied with water from the contaminated channel. In the
same way the disease, once started in a cow stable, is liable to persist for
years, or until the building has been thoroughly cleansed and disinfected.
It may be carried into a healthy stable by the itroduction of a co\y
brought from an infected stable w^hen she is closely approaching calving.
Another method of its introduction is by the purchase of a calf from a
herd where the infection exists.
In enumerating the other causes of this disease w^e may refer to those
noted above as inducing indigestion. As a primary consideration, any
condition which low^ers the vitality or vigor of the calf must be accorded
a prominent place among the factors which, apart from contagion, con-
494
IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE
tribute to start the disease de 7iovo. Other things being equal the strong,
vigorous races are the least predisposed to the malady, and in this re-
spect the compact from the healthy coat, the clear eye, and the bold,
active carriage are desirable. Even the color of the hair is not unim-
portant, as in the same herd I have found a far greater number of vic-
tims among the light colors (light yellow, light brown) than among those
of a darker tint. This constitutional predisposition to indigestion and
diarrhoea is sometimes fostered by too close breeding, without taking due
account of the maintenance of a robust constitution, and hence animals
that are very much inbred need to be especially observed and cared for
unless their inherent vigor has been thoroughly attested.
The surroundings of the calf are powerful influences. Calves kept in-
doors suffer to a greater extent than those running in the open air and
having the invigorating influences of sunshine, pure air, and exercise;
but close, crowded, filthy, bad-smelling buildings are especially causative
of the complaint. The presence in the air of carbon dioxide, the product
of breathing and of the fetid gaseous products of decomposing dung and
urine diminish by about one-fourth of their volume the life-giving oxygen,
and in the same ratio hinder the aeration of the blood and the mainten-
ance of vigorous health. Worse than this, such fetid gases are usually
direct poisons to the animal breathing them; for example, sulphurated
hydrogen (hydrogen sulphi(^e 2 SHJ and various alkaloids (ptomaines)
and toxins, neutral poisonous principles produced in the filth fermenta-
tions. These lower the general health and stamina, impair digestion,
and by leading to the accumulation in stomach and bowels of undigested
materials they lay the foundation for offensive fermentations within
these organs, and consequent irritation, poisoning, and diarrhea. They
further v/eaken the system so that it can no longer resist and overcome
the trouble.
The condition of the nursing cow and her milk is another potent cause
of trouble. The food of the cow is important. The influence of this is
shown in the following tables:
BECQUESSEL AND VERNOIS.
Character of [Feed
S3
as
o
■^.^
nS o fc^
S M ««
sag
u
CO
2
03
Cows on winter feed-
Trefoil or lucern, 12-13 pounds; oat
straw, 9-10 pounds; beets 7 pounds
water, 2 buckets
Parts in
1,000.
871.26
8.59.56
838.68
SS8.77
8M.90
Parts in
1,000.
47.81
54.70
47.38
.33.81
33.14
Parts in
1,000.
33.17
36.38
35.47
38.03
36.90
Parts in
1,000.
42.07
42.76
52.54
33.68
56.87
Parts in
1,000.
5.31
6.80
5.93
5.72
6.18
Cows on summer feed-
Green trefoil, lucern, maize, barley,
grass, 2 buckets water ___
Goat's milk on different feed-
On straw and trefoil
On beets
Normal mean
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X
495
In these examples the deterioration of the milk in casein on the
less nutritious winter feeding is very marked, although the relative
amount of butter remains almost unchanged. In the case of the goat
the result is even more striking, the beet diet giving a very large de-
crease of both casein and butter and an increase of milk sugar.
The following table, condensed from the Iowa Agricultural Experi-
ment Station Bulletin, gives the results in butter and total solids when
the same cows were fed on different rations in succession. Each cow
was fed a daily ration of 12 pounds corn fodder and 4 pounds clover
hay, besides the test diet of (1) 12 1^ pounds corn and cob meal, and
(2) 10 pounds sugar meal — a product of the gluco&e manufacture. This
special feed was given seven days before the commencement of each
test peirod to obviate the effects of transition. The analyses of the
special rations are given below:
"3
?
5^
S
Constituents
fl-S
^R
60
o^
3
o
CO
Moisture ;
Salts _ _
13.37
1.43
2.81
65.99
8.03
8.37
6.10
1.17
Fat ,
11.16
Carbohyclrates (heat formers)
52.66
Woodj^ fiber i
Proteids (flesli formers)
8.64
20.27
The great excess of fat and nitrogenous or flesh-forming principles
in the sugar meal is very evident.
Animal
m
O
CO
OS
m
"o
Ratio of
Fat to
Solids
Not Fat
Grade Slior thorn cow-
First period, 21 daj^s, corn and cob
meal _ __
Lbs.
631.25
641.50
559.00
604.75
582.00
527.00
753.50
601.50
560.50
487.50
379.00
374.50
Perct.
3.43
4.04
3.22
3.57
3.91
3.37
3.97
3.15
3.85
4.15
3.51
3.72
Perct.
11.57
12.53
11.86
11.95
12.37
12.05
12.43
11.45
12.16
13.27
12.69
13.01
Lbs.
21.67
25.93
17.97
21.56
22.74
17.78
29.94
18.97
21.58
20.25
13.30
13.95
Lbs.
73.02
83.38
66.32
72.28
72.57
63.48
93.67
68.89
68.16
64.69
48.09
48.74
422.0: 1,000
Second period, 21 days, sugar meaL.
Third period, 21 days, corn and cob
476.2: 1,000
371.7: l.OOO
Grade Shorthorn cow-
First period, 21 days, corn and cob
meal
425.1: 1,000
Second period, 21 days, sugar meal-
Third period, 21 days, corn and cob
meal '
456.3: 1,000
389.1: 1,000
Grade Shorthorn cow-
First period, 21 days, sugar meal-
Second period, 21 days, corn and cob
469.8: 1,000
380.0: 1,000
Third period, 21 days, sugar meal-
Grade Holstein cow-
First period, 21 days, sugar meal-
Second period, 21 days, corn and cob
meal ^
Third period, 21 days, sugar meaL-
463.3: 1,000
455.6: 1,000
382.3: 1,000
401.0: 1,000
496 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Here we see in every instance a marked relative increase of the but-
ter, and to a less extent of the other milk solids whenever the sugar
meal — rich in fat and albuminoids — was furnished. The opposite
theory having been largely taught, it becomes needful to thus sustain
the old and well-founded belief of the dairymen.
Not only does the richness of the milk vary with the nature of
the food, but it varies also according to the time of the day when it
is drawn, the morning milk giving 714 per cent of cream and the even-
ing milk 9% per cent (Hassall). Boedecker found that the morning
milk had 10 per cent of solids, -while the evening milk had 13 per
cent. Again, the milk first drawn at any milking is always poorer
thrai the last drawn. The first may have only one-half, or in extreme
cases one-fourth, the cream of the last. Once more, when the cow
is in heat the milk becomes richer in solids (casein and butter), and
contains granular and white blood cells like the colostrum, and often
disagrees with the young animal living on it. Now, while these various
modifications in the amount of solid matters may prove harmless to a
strong and vigorous calf, they can easily be the occasion of intestinal
disorder in a weaker one, or in one with health already somewhat im-
paired by sickness, exposure, or unwholesome buildings. The casein
of the cow's milk coagulates in one solid mass, and is much less easily
penetrated by the digesting fluids than the fine flaky coagula of wo-
man's or mare's milk. An excess of casein, therefore, thrown on an
already overtaxed stomach can all the more readily induce disorder.
So with butter fat. While a most important element in nutrition, it
may be present in the stomach in such amount as to interfere with
the action of the gastric juice on the casein, and with the interruption
of the natural stomach digestion the fats themselves undergo decompo-
sition with the production of offensive and irritating fatty acids.
The milk of the very young cow is usually more watery than that
of the mature animal, and that of the old cow has a greater liability
to become acid. It varies much with the breed, the Channel Island
cattle being notorious for the relatively large amount of cream, while
the Holsteins, Ayrshires, and Shorthorns are remarkable rather for
the amount of casein. The milk cows fed on potatoes and grass is
very poor and watery; that from cows fed on cabbage or Swedish tur-
nips has a disagreeable taste and odor (from the former an offensive
liquid has been distilled).
Cow^s fed on overkept, fermented, and soured rations have acid
milk which readily turn and coagulates. Thus old, long-kept brewer's
grains, swill, the refuse of glucose factories, and ensilage v/hich has
been put up too green, all act in this way. The same may come from
disease in the cow's udder, or any general disease of the cow with at-
tendant fever, and in all such cases the tendency is to rapid change and
unwholesomeness. If the milk is drawn and fed from a pail there is
the added danger of all sorts of poisonous ferments getting into it and
multiplying; it may be from the imperfect cleansing and scalding of
the pail; from rinsing the pails with water that is impure; from the
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART X 497
entrance of bacterial ferments floating in the filthy atmosphere of the
stable, or from the entrance of the volatile chemical products of fer-
mentation.
In addition to the dangers coming through the milk, the calf suf-
fers in its digestive powers from any temporary illness, and among
others from the excitement attendant on the cutting of teeth, and
impaired digestion means fermentations in the undigested masses and
the excessive production of poisonous ptomaines and toxins.
Whatever may be the starting or predisposing cause of this malady,
when once established it is liable to perpetuate itself by contagion and
to prove a veritable plague in a herd or a district.
Symptoms. — The symptoms of diarrhoea may appear so promptly
after birth as to lead to the idea that the cause already existed in the
body of the calf, and it usually shows itself before the end of the
second week. It may be preceded by constipation, as in retained mecon-
ium, or by fetid eructations and colicky pains, as in acute indigestion.
The tail is stained by the liquid dejections, which are at first simply
soft and mixed with mucus with a sour odor, accompained by a pecu-
liar and characteristic fetor (suggesting rotten cheese), w^hich con-
tinually grows worse. The amount of water and mucus steadily in-
creases, the normal predominance of fatty matters becoming modified
by the presence of a considerable amount of undigested casein, which
is not present in the healthy feces, and in acute cases death may
result in one or two days from the combined drain on the system and
the poisoning by the absorbed products of the decomposition in the
stomach and bowels. When the case is prolonged the passages, at
first five or six per day, increase to fifteen or twenty, and pass with
more and more straining, so that they are projected from the animal
m a liquid stream. The color of the feces, at first yellowy becomes a
lighter grayish yellow or a dirty white (hence the name white scour),
and the fetor becomes intolerable.
At first the calf retains its appetite, but as the severity of the dis-
ease increases the animal shows less and less disposition to suck,
and has lost all vivacity, lying dull and listless, and, when raised,
walking weakly and unsteadily. Flesh is lost rapidly, the hair stands
erect, the skin gets dry and scurfy, the nose is dry and hot, or this
condition alternates with a moist and cool one. By this time the
mouth and skin, as well as the breath and dung, exhale the peculiar
penetrating sour, offensive odor, and the poor calf has become an
object of disgust to all that approach it. At first, and unless inflam-
mation of the stomach and bowels supervene (and unless the affection
has started in indigestion and colic), the belly is not bloated or painful
on pressure, symptoms of acute colicky pains are absent, and the
bowels do not rumble, neither are bubbles of gas mingled with the
feces. The irritant products of the intestinal fermentations may, how-
ever, irritate and excoriate the skin around the anus, which becomes
red, raw, and broken out in sores for some distance. Similarly, the
rectum, exposed by reason of the relaxed condition of the anus, or
32
498 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
temporarily in straining to pass the liquid dejection, is of a more or
less deep red; and it may be ulcerated. Fever, with rapid pulse and
increased breathing and temperature, usually comes on with the very
fetid character of the feces and is more pronounced as the bowels
become inflamed, the abdomen sore to the touch and tucked up, and
the feces more watery, and even mixed with blood.
Prevention. — The prevention of these cases is the prevention of
constipation and indigestion, with all their varied causes as above
enumerated, the selection of a strong, vigorous stock, and, above all,
the combating of contagion, especially in the separation of the sick
from the healthy, and in the thorough purification and disinfection of
the buildings. The cleansing and sweetening of all drains, the removal
of dung heaps, and the washing and scraping of floors and walls, fol-
lowed by a liberal application of chlorid of lime (bleaching powder),
4 ounces to the gallon, are indicated. Great care must be exercised
in the feeding of the cow to have sound and wholesome food and
water, so apportioned as to make the milk neither too rich nor too
poor, and to her health, so that the calf may be saved from the evil
consequences of poisonous principles that may be produced in the body
of the cov/. The calves should be carefuly kept apart from all calving
cows, and their discharges. Similarly, each calf must have special
attention to see that its nurse gives milk which agrees with it, and
that this is furnished at suitable times. If allowed to suck, it should
either be left with the cow or it may be fed three times a day. If it
becomes hungry twice a day it is more likely to overload and derange
the stomach, and if left too long hungry it is tempted to take in un-
suitable and unwholesome food, for which its stomach is as yet un-
prepared. So, if fed from the pail, it is safer to do so three times
daily than twice. The utmost cleanliness of feeding dishes should be
secured and the feeder must be ever on the alert to prevent the strong
and hungry from drinking the milk of the weaker in adition to their
own. In case the cow nurse has been subjected to any great excite-
ment by reason of travel, hunting or carrying, the first milk she
yields thereafter should be used for some other purpose and only
the second allowed to the calf. Indeed, one and all of the conditions
above indicated as causes should be judiciously guarded against.
Treatment. — Treatment will vary according to the nature and stage
of the disease. When the disease is not widespread, but isolated cases
'only occur, it may be assumed to be a simple diarrhoea and is easily
dealt with. The first object is to remove the irritant matter from
stomach and bowels, and for this 1 or 2 ounces of castor oil may
be given, according to the size of the calf. Reduce the milk by one-
half or twothirds. If the stools smell particularly sour, it may be re-
placed by 1 ounce calcined magnesia, and in any case a tablespoonful
or two of lime water must be given with each meal. Great harm is
often done by giving opium and astringents at the outset. These
merely serve to bind up the bowels and retain the irritant source of
the trouble; literally, "to shut up the wolf in the sheep-fold." When
the offending agents have been expelled in this way carminatives and de-
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART X 499
mulcent agents may be given: 1 dram anise water, 1 dram nitrate of
bisn^uth, and 1 dram gum arabic, three times aday. Under such a
course the consistency of the stools should increase until in a day or
two they become natural.
If, however, the outbreak is more general and evidently the result
of contagion, the first consideration is to remove all sources of such
contamination. Test the milk of the cow with blue litmus paper,
and, if it reddens, reject the milk of that cow until by sound, dry
feeding, with perhaps a course of hyposulphite of soda and gentian
root, her milk shall have been made alkaline. The castor oil or mag-
nesia will still be demanded to clear away the (now infecting) irri-
tants, but they should be combined with antiseptics, and, while the
lime water and the carminative mixture may still be used, a most
valuable addition will be found in the following: Calomel, 10 grains;
prepared chalk, 1 ounce; creosote, 1 teaspoonful; mix, divide into ten
parts, and give one four times a day. Or the following may be given
four times a day: One dram Dover's powder, G grains powdered
ipecacuanha; mix, divide into ten equal parts. Injections of solutions
of gum arabic are often useful, and if the anus is red and excoriated,
one-half dram of copperas may be added to each pint of the gummy
solution. All the milk given must be boiled, and if that does not
agree, eggs made into an emulsion with barley water may be sub-
stituted. Small doeses (tablespoonful) of port wine are often useful
from the first, and as the feces lose their watery character and be-
comes more consistent, tincture of gentian in does of 2 teaspoonfuls
may be given three or four times a day. Counterirritants, such as
mustard, ammonia, or oil of turpentine, may be rubbed on the abdo-
men when that becomes tender to the touch.
ACUTE CONTAGIOUS SCOURING IN THE NEWBORN.
The most violent and deadly form of diarrhoea in the newborn
calf deserves a special mention. This may appear immediately after
birth, and shows itself almost invariably within the first or second
day. The most intense symptoms of white scour are complicated by
great dullness, weakness, and prostration, sunken eyes, retracted belly,
short, hurried breathing, and very low temperature, the calf lying on
its side, with the head resting on the ground, lethargic and uncon-
scious or regardless of all around it. The bowel discharges are pro-
fuse, yellowish white, and very offensive. As a rule, death ensues
within twenty-four to thirty-six hours.
A marked characteristic of this form of illness is that it attacks
almost every calf born in the herd, or in the building, rather, and if
the calf escapes an attack in the first two or t^iree days of its life
it usually survives. Those that recover from an attack, however, are
liable to suffer from an infective inflammation of the lungs one or
two weeks later. The infection clings to a stable for years, rendering
it impossible in many cases to preserve and raise the calves. It has
frequently coincided with abortions and failures to conceive in the
same herd, so that it has been though that the same infective germ
500 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
produces one type of abortion. On the other hand, the removal of
the calving cow from the herd to calve in a separate building, hitherto
unused and therefore uninfected, usually secures the escape and sur-
vival of the offspring.
The disease has been traced by Nocard and Lignieres to a small
bacillus having the general characters of those which produce hemor-
rhagic septicemia, which is usually combined with a variety of others,
but is in some cases alone and in pure culture, especially in the joints.
The theory of Lignieres is that this bacillus is the primary offender,
and that once introduced it so depresses the vital powers of the system
and tissue cells that the healthy resistance to other bacteria is im-
paired or suspended, and hence the general and deadly invasion of the
latter.
Inoculations with this bacillus killed guinea pigs or rabbits in six
to eighteen hours, and calves in thirty hours, with symptoms and lesons
of hermorrhagic septicemia, including profuse fetid diarrhoea.
The predominance of the early and deadly lesions in the alimentary
tract would seem to imply infection through the food, and the prompti-
tude of the attack after birth, together with the frequent coincidence
of contagious abortion in the herd, suggest the presence of the germ
in the cow; yet the escape of the calf v/hen the cow calves in a fresh
building is equally suggestive of the infection through germs laid up
in the building. This conclusion is further sustained by the observa-
ton that the bacillus evidently enters by the raw, unhealed navel, that it
is diffused in the blood, and that a very careful preservation of the
navel against infection gives immunity from attack.
Prevention. — The disease is so certainly and speedily fatal that it
is hopeless to expect recovery, and therefore prevention is the rational
resort.
When a herd is small, the removal of the dam to a clean, unused
stable a few days before calving and her retention there for a week
usually succeeds. But it is in the large herd that the disease is
mainly to be dreaded, and in this it is impossible to furnish new and
pure stables for each successive group of two or three calving cows.
The thorough disinfection of the general stable ought to succeed; yet
I have seen the cleanest and purest stable repeatedly disinfected with
corrosive sublimate without stopping the malady. It would appear
as if the germ lodged on the surface or in the bowels of the cow and
tided the infection over the period of stable disinfection. But though
insufficient of themselves, the supply of separate calving boxes and
the frequent thorough cleaning and disinfection of both these and
the stables should not be neglected. The most important measure,
however, is the disinfection of the navel.
The cow should be furnished with abundance of dry, clean bedding.,
sprinkled with a solution of carbolic acid. As soon as calving sets
in the tail and hips, anus and vulva, should be sponged with a carbolic
acid solution (one-half ounce to the quart), and the vagina injected
with a weaker solution (2 drams to the quart). Fresh carbolized bed-
ding should be constantly supplied, so that the calf shall be dropped
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART X 501
on that and not on soaked litter nor manure. The navel string should
be at once tied with a cord that has been taken from a strong solution
of carbolic acid. The stump of the cord and the adjacent skin should
then be washed with the following solution: lodin, one-half dram;
iodid of potassium, one-half dram; water, 1 quart. When dry, it may
be covered with a coating of collodion of tar, each containing 1 per
cent of iodin.
Whenever a calf shows any sign of scouring, it should be instantly
removed to another pen and building, and the vacated one should be
thoroughly cleaned and disinfected. Different attendants should take
care of the sound calves and infected ones, and all utensils, litter, etc.,
kept scrupulously apart.
After one week the healthy calves may usually be safely herded
together or they may be safely placed in the cow stable.
OTHER AILMENTS OF THE CALF.
Among these may be named several congenital imperfections, such
as imperforate anus, vulva, or prepuce, which are to be recognized
by the inibility to pass dung or urine, in spite of straining, and the
formation of sv/ellings in the anus, vulva, or sheath. Each must be
carefully incised with the knife, taking care not to injure the muscles
which circumscribe the respective openings. Also tongue-tie, in which
the thin flaccid mucous membrane passing from the median line of
the lower surface of the tongue binds the latter too closely to the
floor of the mouth and renders the tongue unfit for gathering in the
food in after life. This must be cut with knife or scissors, so as to
gi\e the tongue a reasonable amount of liberty.
Aphtha, or thrush, is another trouble of the sucking calf, showing
itself as a white, curdy elevation on the tongue, lips, cheeks, or gums,
and when detached leaving a raw, red, angry surface. It is due to
the growth of a vegetable parasite long recognized as the Gidium
abicans (Saccharomyces albicans). It is easily removed by rubbing
with powdered borax, but inasmuch as other colonies are likely to
start either in the mouth or lower down in the pharynx, gullet, or
stomach, it is well to give a dose of one-half dram of hyposulphite of
soda in water day by day for several days.
Rickets is not a common disease in calves, and come on, if at all,
later than those we have been considering. It consists in softening
and friability of the bones from a deficiency of lime salts, and appears
to be mainly connected with an inherited weakness of constitution, un-
suitable feeding, cold, close, damp buildings, microbian infection, and
other conditions inimical to health. The preventon and treatment of
rickets consists essentially in the improvement of the digestion and
general health; hence sunshine, open air, exercise, nourishing food
and tonics are indicated.
PART XI
IOWA STATE FAIR AND EXPOSITION, 1908.
Press Reports and Live Stock Awards,
Results in Boys' Judging and Girls' Cooking Contest.
Awards in the Corn Show at the State Farmers'
Institute Meeting December, 1908.
PRESS REPORTS.
Wallaces' Farmer, Des Moines, Iowa.
Secretary of Agriculture James Wilson probably would not lay
claim to being a judge of what constitutes a good "horse-trot" fair, but
when it comes to an agricultural exposition it will be generally con-
ceded that he knows what he is talking about. ' In the course of his
address on the state fair grounds last week he said: "I spent yesterday
going over the fair and visited all of the different departments, and I
want to say to you Iov;a folks that it is the greatest live stock and
agricultural exposition in the United States and that, of course, means
the world as well. Nov/here in the entire country can be found such a
display of agricultural resources, while the live stock exhibit is even
greater than most of the special live stock expositions, and the people
who come to the fair are the most successful farmers in the world and
live in the most fertile agricultural section of the world."
Secretary Wilson was absolutely right. He made his statement
none too strong. For the past five or six years we have been obliged
to begin our report of the Iowa State Fair with the statement that it
excelled all previous expositions. Each year we have cast around for
some new way of telling the same old story. But what is one to do?
The bald statement that this year's fair has never been approached
by any previously held in Iowa or in any other state tells it all, and
no quantity of rhetorical flourishes or literary ornamentations will
add anything to the fact.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI
503
The directors did a wise thing when they set the opening of the fair
two days ahead, opening it Wednesday instead of Friday as has hereto-
fore been the custom. These two days— every minute of them— were
needed by the exhibitors to prepare for the crowd which came later.
During the past two or three years there has been quite a sentiment
in favor of a two w^eelc's fair. We have not thought the time had
come for that, but as the number of permanent buildings increases
and the fair becomes more independent of the weather, the sentiment
for a longer fair will undoubtedly grow. The addition of some agri-
cultural short course features would help make a longer stay desir-
able. Who knows but some time in the future our state fair may de-
velop into a month's exposition.
When representatives from the various state fairs, and from the
commercial clubs and business interests of the different cities went to
Chicago about a month or six weeks ago and met with the officers of
the Western Passenger Association, they told these gentlemen of the
railroads that the conditions were right this year for a great state
fair if the railroad people would do their part and put in the old rate
of three cents per mile for the round trip. These gentlemen pointed
out the necessity of having successful fairs in the west this year and
the influence this would have on the business conditions of the country
generally. Some of the railroad people were inclined to be skeptical on
this point, but after considering the matter carefully they conceded to
the wishes of the western folks and granted the rate of three cents
a mile for the round trip. If there remains any doubt in their minds
as to the wisdom of granting this rate it can very quickly be put aside
by consulting their passenger receipts to Des Moines last week. While
the official figures can not yet be obtained, it is estimated that over
200 000 people came to the state fair. The attendance each day ex-
ceeded that of the same day last year. On Monday of last week for
example, the gate receipts alone at Des Moines were $15,015.40, while
for the corresponding Monday in 1907 they were but $7,279.80; on
Tuesday this year, $26,181.85, as compared with $19,081.55 last year; on
Wednesday $24,470.35, as compared with $21,348.75 last year; on Thurs-
day $18 279.10, as compared with $12,862.90 for the same day m 1907.
Up 'to Thursday night the total receipts of the fair amounted to $116,-
911 00 as compared with $83,164.00 for up to the same date last year.
When 'the total receipts for the entire fair are figured up carefully they
will be found to run from $125,000. to $130,000, and after all expenses
are deducted it is probable that the profits will run from $30,000 to
$50,000, which will be used to further improve the grounds and build-
ings.
If anyone wants to know whether Iowa folks are suffering from the
financial flurry of last winter he ought to be able to find a sufficiently
definite answer in the foregoing record of attendance. If Iowa was m
the dumps financially we would not have had a record-breaking, at-
tendance at the state fair. The Iowa farmer is thrifty and frugal. He
504 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
comes to the state fair because of its educational value and does not
begrudge the money spent in this way; but vs^hen times are hard with
him and money not as plentiful as usual he does not spend it on trips
of this sort. If our eastern friends know how to read the signs of the
great agricultural country of the central west they Y>dll cheer up when
they hear of the record-breaking success of the Iowa State Fair. It
should be a good luck sign to them. If the attendance this year had
fallen below last year conservative men would have regarded it as a
warning to move cautiously. We may have financial troubles in dif-
ferent sections, but the real prosperity of the country depends upon
the farmer, and as long as he feels comfortable over the situation there
is no reason for general alarm. The attendance at the Iowa State
Fair is a good financial barometer.
The principal event of Wednesday was the visit of Secretary of
Agriculture Wilson and his address before a very large audience. We
can not publish this address for the reason that Secretary Wilson had
not reduced it to manuscript. He dealt with agricultural matters en-
tirely. He told something of the work that is being done by his
department. Speaking of the fertility of our farm lands, he said
that some time since one of the industrial commissions appointed by
the president had asked the Department of Agriculture for statistics
on this subject, and to get at the facts he had some of the department
staff make a careful investigation into the yield of crops for the past
forty years. He said that this investigation showed very clearly that
while there had been some variations, yet the last ten years of the
forty had given larger yields per acre than any other ten-year period.
He did not know of any other way to answer the question as to the
fertility of our land better than by the yield of crops per acre. Tie
said there is no need of the Iowa farmer bothering his head about
commercial fertilizers if he will simply follow the common sense of
rotation. Grow grass, pasture it, plow it up and grov/ corn, feed the
corn, stalks and all, to the live stock on the farm, return the manure
to the land — that is the secret of keeping up the fertility and increasing
the crop yield. On his own farm in Tama county crops had never
yielded so well as during recent years. The land is increasing in fer-
tility instead of deteriorating. An acre of corn fodder is worth as
much as stock feed as an acre of timothy hay. Don't grow the timothy
hay at all. Cut up the corn, husk out the ears and feed the fodder.
The farmers of Iowa are losing $40,000,000 a year in not saving their
corn fodder. Of course, they can stand it if anyone can. But if the
time comes when they want to make a little extra money, just save the
corn fodder.
On the subject of tuberculosis he said that it was becoming more
and more serious. Some European countries were now asking that the
Department of Agriculture certify that the meat sent to them is from
animals which had not been affected with tuberculosis. Meat inspection
in the United States is more rigid than in any other country in the
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 505
world. All meat which is unfit for food is condemned, but now some
of our European customers are insisting that the department certify
that there were no traces of tuberculosis in any part of the animal.
This means trouble. Secretary Wilson said it was tim^e for the Ameri-
can farmer to eradicate this disease. He can do it if he wants to. The
tuberculin test will enable him to locate it in the cattle and get rid of
the diseased ones. If the disease is stamped out in the cattle there
will be no bother with the hogs.
Referring to agricultural education, he said that there was a greater
demand for our young men v/ho understood agricultural matters than
in any other profession or business. The trouble is in finding the
young men who can do things and then keeping them at home. One
of the greatest difficulties he met with in his department was to keep
the bright young men; as soon as they demonstrated their ability
some of the foreign governments or large land holders offer them
more money than the department will pay and take them away. The
demand from the agricultural colleges for qualified men is far in
excess of the supply.
Secretary Wilson urged Iowa farmers to tile all the wet land. He
said he thought the yield could be increased 25 per cent by proper
tiling where needed. He had in mind not only lands which are now
too wet to farm at all but lands which are under cultivation but cold,
in the spring, making it necessary to defer planting until late in the
season. Tiling will warm the soil, make it easier to work and hasten
the maturity of the crop. Iowa farmers who have money to invest
can invest it to no better purpose than in tiling such fields as would
be benefited by it.
Speaking of the fair, the secretary said that he had but one word of
criticism to offer. It excelled all other fairs of this sort in the United
States, and that meant in the entire world. But he suggested that there
was one department which was not receiving the attention it deserved.
The poultry industry is greater than the wheat industry or than the
cotton industry. It was not right that there should be such a light
display of poultry. The directors of the fair were men who knew their
business, and he felt sure that all that was necessary was to direct
their attention to this fact and to suggest that instead of offering $2
as first premiums for the exhibits in the poultry department they iai-
crease it to $10, or even $25, and thus encourage a display in keeping
with the importance of the industry. The poultry exhibit at the Iowa
State Fair ought to be as great in its field as the cattle exhibit or the
horse exhibit or the hog exhibit
The secretary concluded his address with an appeal to the farmers
of Iowa to continue the good work of agricultural education; to instill
in their boys a desire for real agricultural knowledge; to study nature
506 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
as well as books; to stand by the agricultural institutions of the state,
the short courses, the farmers' institutes, the state and county fairs;
to train them up as God-fearing, man-loving, bible-reading young men
fit to receive and preserve for their posterity the richest agricultural
area on the face of the earth.
Secretary Wilson was preceded by Judge Deemer, to whom very much
of the credit of the Red Oak short course is due. Governor Cummins
introduced the secretary in his usually felicitous manner.
Each year at least one new permanent building is erected. This year
it was an administration building, in which are housed all of the ad-
ministration offices. Heretofore these offices have been scattered over
the grounds in small buildings, to the annoyance and discomfort not
only of the officers but of those who wished to transact business with
them. The new building is of brick with wide verandas on all sdes,
and a large rotunda in the center, the offices surrounding it. The
building is well built, of pleasing architecture, and admirably suited
to the purpose for which it was designed. In addition to this building
another brick horse barn v. as built on short notice in the effort to
take care of the demand for space by clamorous exhibitors. With the
profits of this year's fair the directors will find it possible to still
further increase the number of substantial barns, and thus gradually
do away with the flimsy old structures which were all right for their
time but v/hich seem singularly out of place nov\\
The appropriation by the legislature of funds to build a commodious
fire-proof grand stand should be no longer delayed. The need is urgent;
more so than for anything else than can be asked. Iowa can not af-
ford to risk the lives of so many of her best citizens in the present
inflammable old grand stand. It might be used for years without ac-
cident, but there is the ever present danger of a catastrophe v\^hich
would kill and maim hundreds and perhaps thousands. The legislature
this winter should appropriate ample funds for a concerete and steel
structure large enough to take care of the greatest crowds that come,
and it should be roady for the fair of 1S09. Let us delay this matter no
longer. Iowa does not want a fire or stampede horror.
THE IOWA STOCK SHOW BREAKS ALL RECORDS.
The Iowa State Fair has held the record for state fair stock shov/s
for a number of- years, but no other Iowa fair has ever approached
in numbers and quality the exhibit of this year. It established a new
record for state fair shows, a record, too, v/hich few live stock shows
ever held in this country has surpassed. Indeed, not since the World's
Fair at St. Louis has there been so great a lot of cattle, horses, sheep,
and hogs of all the breeds gathered together at one place. It was a
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 507
well rounded out, finished show, with quality a conspicuous feature. It
opened most auspiciously the show season of the year and surprised
even the most optimistic by its strength and quality. Not only were
the exhibits a record breaker, but no exposition ever had a more ap-
preciative or intelligent audience, farmers from all over Iowa, and
from other states as well, being interested students of the judging,
the attendance being greater than in any previous year. Both the ex-
hibits and the interest they created were a fitting tribute to Iowa's rank
as a live stock state, and what more fitting than that Iowa, the greatest
live stock state in the union, should have the greatest show? Nothing is
too good for the Iowa farmer, and gratifying it is to note that much of
the excellence of the exhibit was due to the Iowa farmer's skill and
intelligence in breeding and feeding.
Iowa exhibtors were more strongly in evidence than they have ever
been before, and made an excellent showing. Our predictions in com-
menting upon the show last year "That the breeders will arise to the
emergency and that future shows may even yet surpass the great show
of 1907" was fulfilled this year, and. this prediction will probably hold
good for another year, as there seems to be no limit to the growth of
the Iowa State Pair. Iowa breeders have done well, but they can do
better.
THE HORSE SHOW.
This year's horse show was a big one, surpassing anything that has
been seen at Des Moines for many years. From many viewpoints its
general appearance was not unlike the International horse show with
horses from the very best studs of Europe and America on exhibtion,
and they were presented in their very best form and furnished a great
opportunity for the student to make comparisons and study. The aged
classes of stallions and mares were well filled, but the younger classes
were light, with only a few entries in each ring. It was evident,
however, that the show had outgrown the space provided for it in the
pavilion, as it was nearly impossible to find space to move the horses
for the inspection of the judges. Iowa furnished at least half of the
draft horses, with Illinois, Wisconsin, and Minnesota contributing the
balance.
The light harness classes were lightly filled, as v/ere the saddle
classes, but there were a fev/ very stylish fancy pairs that were high
class and very attractive, and the high school saddlers made a fine
show and did much to entertain the crowds.
THE PERCHEEOXS.
In numbers this breed surpassed all other draft breeds. It was
truly a fine display of the French horse through all the classes. Some
excellent mares and fillies were shown and many of them Vv^ere home-
grown, being products of Iowa, and is very suggestive of what might
be accomplished if farmers would pay more attention to the horse
breeding industry. The exhibitors in this class well deserve the plaudits
508 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
which they received, for they made one of the best Percheron shows
that Iowa follis have ever seen. Twenty-two stallions lined up in the
fouryear-old class before Judges Alex Galbraith and Professor Kennedy,
who placed the awards for the breed in all the regular and special
classes. It was a splendid show for the breed and filled more than
one side of the large ring in the pavilion. To place the awards was
no easy task and consumed considerable time, and when done one
could select quite a number of splendid stallions that were outside the
money. Eighteen head were shown in the three-year-old class, and they
made a fine show. But the two-year-old stallion class consisted of
thirty head, which was the largest ring of the entire show and con-
tained many fine specimens of the breed. They were noted for their
weight and quality.
CLYDESDALES.
While this breed made the lightest show in numbers, it equaled any
of the others in high class quality and merit. It consisted of choicely
selected imported and American-bred stallions, the very best that can
be found. A pleasing feature of this class was the high class American-
bred horses that were shown, as the judge found some that in his
opinion were superior to imported ones. The exhibitors who made this
show were John Leitch, of Lafayette, 111,; Alex Galbraith, of Janesville,
Wis.; and W. V. Hixon, of Marengo, Iowa. Wm. Pritchard placed the
awards.
BELGIANS.
This breed put up the best show ever seen in Iowa or at any state
fair, and suggests the advance which this heavy breed is making. The
aged and three-year-old stallion classes made a very high class show.
They were noted for their, smoothness, quality, and weight, and it was
very apparent that they received their full share of attention. Robert
Ogilvie placed the awards.
THE SHIEES.
This breed made the best show for the breed that v/as ever made
at the Iowa State Fair. It had much breed character, weight, and
quality, and contained many horses of great value. The principal ex-
hibitors were Trumans' Pioneer Stud Farm, Bushnell, 111.; Wm. Crov/n-
over, Hudson, Iowa; A. G. Soderberg, Osco, 111.; Taylor & Jones, Wil-
liamsville, 111.; Watson & Wood Bros, and Kelley, Lincoln, Neb.; Finch
Bros., Joliet, 111.; and Robt. Burgess & Son, of Wenona, 111. Trumans'
imported gray Shire mares were a special attraction for this breed. Our
readers who were fortunate enough to see this great show of stallions
and mares can say it was the greatest that was ever made in America.
Wm. Pritchard, of Ottawa, Illinois, had the difficult task of placing
the awards.
DRAFT GELDINGS AND MARES.
This show brought out quite good entries. In the aged class firs«r
and second went to Burgess, third to L. Dunbar, fourth to J. W. Jarvis.
In the three-year-old class first and third went to Finch Bros, and sec-
ond to Irvine. In the two-yearold class first went to Jarvis, second
to W. W. Miller, third and fourth to Henry Lefebure. In the gelding
or mare one-year-old class A. G. Soderberg
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 509
SADDLERS.
The display of saddle horses was light, Thomas Bass, of Mexico, Mo.;
Chas. D. Judy, of Tallula, 111.; T. C. Evans, of Paola, Kan.; Adam
Sterling, of Des Moines, Iowa; Chas. Glover, of Springfield, 111.;' and
C. E. Monahan, of Des Moines, Iowa, comprising the entries. Mr.
Bass won first in the four-year-old and three-year-old stallion classes,
and also in the two-year-old stallion and three-year-old mare classes,
and champion stallion. Mr. Judy won first in the four-year-old stallion
class and in the four-year-old mare class. While not large in numbers,
the exhibit was of excellent quality and attracted much attention.
HARNESS HORSES.
There were not as many horses shown in harness as usual this
year, but the entries were of excellent quality, the Pabst Stock Farm
bringing out some exceptionally well conditioned and stylish entries,
winning first on matched heavy carriage or coach team, first on single
mare or gelding, and first on tandem team. Charles C. Judy, Tallula,
111.; T. C. Evans, Paola, Kan.; Shaw Bros., Mitchellville, Iowa; and C.
E. Monahan, Des Moines, Iowa, were the other exhibtors.
FRENCH AND GERMAN COACH.
The display of French and German Coach horses was light this
year, Singmaster Bros, having the only entries with the exception of
the Taylor & Jones entry in the two-year-old stallion class, the only
one in that class.
STANDARD BRED AND ROAD HORSES.
While not so many horses were exhibited in harness in these classes
this year, yet there were many entries in the younger classes, the
management having offered considerable encouragement to breeders of
Morgan horses and American carriage horses.
MORGANS.
Morgans were shown by P. F. Smith, Montezuma, Iowa; C. T. Ay res,
Osceola, Iowa; S. B. Mills, Ames, Iowa; and Alex Dallas, Atlantic, Iowa.
The former won first in the three-year-old stallion, yearling stallion, and
get of stallion classes. Mr. Mills won first in horse and mare foal, first,
second and third in mare three years old and over, and first in grand
display of five animals bred by exhibtor. Mr. Ayres won third in the
aged stallion class and Dallas second. Geo. M. Rommel, of the De-
partment of Agriculture, Washington, D. C, made the av^^ards.
HACKNEYS.
Quite a good showing of Hackneys were on the grounds, the Pabst
Stock Farm, of INIilwaukee, Wisconsin, and Truman's Pioneer Stud
Farm, having some especially choice entries, as did also Chas. E. Bunn,
of Peoria, 111. Henry Lefebure, of Fairfax, Iowa, had one or two entries,
and John Tate, of Nevada, Iowa, several entries. Pabst Stock Farm
won first in the aged stallion, two-year-old stallion, two-year-old and
yearling filly, and the best five animals owned by exhibitor classes.
510 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm won second in both the aged and two-
year-old stallion classes, the strongest of the show. Mr. Bunn won first
in the yearling stallion, aged mare, and produce of mare classes. Mr.
Lefebure won second in the aged mare class and Mr. Tate second,
third, and fourth in the two-year-old filly class.
STANDARD BRED TROTTERS.
The rings in this class were especially well filled in the older classes,
although there were not full entries in the younger classes. James Watt,
Des Moines, Iowa, won first in the aged stallion class. E. A. Elliott, of Des
Moines, first in the two-year-old stallion class; Winchester Stock Farm
first in the two-year-old and yearling stallion classes, also in the two-
year-old and three-year-old filly classes, and also get of stallion; L. H.
Pickard, of Harlan, Iowa, won first on horse foal. Thos. Bass, of Mexico,
Mo., first on four-year-old mare; Mr. Brouhard first on yearling filly; Mr.
Bruere first on mare foal. Shaw Bros, won on produce of mare.
AMERICAN CARRIAGE HORSES.
This class brought out a first rate show. Mr. Smith won first on stal-
lion four years old or over, and first on stallion with three of his get;
Mr. Elliott won first on three-year-old stallion; Mr. Brouhard first on
yearling stallion, yearling mare and mare foal.
SHETLAND PONIES.
There were some splendid ponies on the grounds and they attracted
much attention, especially when shown in the pavilion and under har-
ness and saddle. Mr. Bunn won first in all the stallion classes, first in all
the mare classes with the exception of mare three years old or over,
which went to Charles Parmenter. Mr. Bunn also won all prizes for
Shetlands in harness and on stallion and get and grand display. Horace
Anderson, of Des Moines, Iowa, won first on pony under saddle.
THE CATTLE SHOW.
THE SHORT-HORN S.
Always strong at the Iowa State Fair, the Short-horn show equaled
the record of previous years this season. It was not perhaps any stronger
than it has been in previous years, but a show nevertheless that would
have done credit to a world's fair or international exposition, and few
shows of the year will surpass it in the number and quality of the ex-
hibit. Iowa breeders continued the record they have made in the past two
years, bringing out better conditioned cattle and more good cattle than
they have ever brought out before, furnishing the outside herds of Elmen-
dorf Farm, F. W. Harding, and D. R. Hanna competition of the most in-
teresting character. While few of the Iowa herds make the show circuit
and therefore are not as well conditioned as a rule as the outside herds,
yet they always show strong at the Iowa State Fair and give competition
in the younger classes in particular that is anything but easy to overcome.
The younger classes of the show were particularly strong this year.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI
511
512 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
In the bull classes, Whitehall Marshall, last year's champion, leads the
aged bulls, but had very close competition in his half brother, Whitehall
King, the Harding entry, the latter being an exceptionally smooth bull
and making a strong showing. The Iowa bulls also were very strong in
this class, it being one of the best aged bull classes that has faced the
judges in some time. With the exception of the senior yearling bull class,
the other bull classes were very well filled indeed, and the quality of the
rings was good. The junior yearling bull class was the banner class of
the show, and in King Cumberland, H. H. Powell & Son brought out one
of the greatest Short-horn bulls of recent years. Indeed, so strong were
this young bull's claims that Captain Robson, of Canada, who judged
the Short-horns, could have made him grand champion and it would have
met with the approval of many of the best judges of Short-horn cattle at
the ringside. King Cumberland having many friends, and making him
champion would have been a popular decision. He is a roan bull of
beautiful type, exceptionally good in his lines, deep of body, with lots of
width, good head and horns, short neck; in short, a show bull from all
points. It has been a long time since we have seen a bull that so well
fills our eye as this grand young roan. If this bull continues through the
circuit it will not be at all surprising if he wears the championship
la,urels at a number of the shows before the season is over. His claims
for recognition are indeed strong.
The female classes of the show were even stronger than the bulls, take
it all in all. A wonderfully good cow was brought out in the Hanna entry
Flora 90th, who was made champion of the show. The two-year-old,
yearling, and heifer calves were also a fine lot, the younger classes being
exceptionally strong in both numbers and quality. Iowa had the honor
of furnishing the first prize senior heifer calf in the Flynn Farm Company
entry Countess F., also the first prize junior calf in Saunders' entry,
Susan Cumberland.
THE HEKEFOEDS.
The Hereford show this year outclassed all previous Iowa shows. In
fact, if the Kansas City and International shows are as strong in the
Hereford department they will have unusually strong shows. The
Hereford exhibitors are to be congratulated on the showing they made
at the Iowa State Fair, and it forecasts a successful year for them
throughout the circuit. From the aged bull class down through the herd
classes there were a large number of entries, and close competition. In
the aged bull class there were nine entries. The class was uniformly ex-
cellent. Van Natta's Prime Lad 9th won over Cargil & McMilan's Bonnie
Brae 3d, reversing last year's placing of these two bulls as two-year-olds.
In the junior yearling bull class there were thirteen youngsters shown and
Logan won on a remarkably smooth, blocky little fellow. In the aged
cow class a strong, uniform lot of thirteen were shown. Cargill & Mc-
Millan's Mignonette, last year's grand champion cow at the Iowa fair, won
over Van Natta's Pretty Face. Mignonette is of the extreme low, blocky
type. She shows very smoothly for an old cow, although a trifle under in
weight. In the two-year-old heifers Cargill & McMillan again won first
on Miss Filler 2d, who is a beautiful Hereford type in almost every re-
NINTH ANUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 513
spect. She is a smooth, low-set, broad heifer, but with lots of scale and
quality. She was made grand champion cow without much trouble. Both
the yearling heifer classes were large, strong classes, and in both Cargill
& McMillan won. In the heifer calf classes there was also strong competi-
tion. Van Natta won the senior class. In the junior class Logan won
first on a trifle small but wonderfully smooth, low-set heifer. When it
came to the exhibitor's herd class there was a tight place between Cargill
& McMillan and Van Natta. In Van Natta's herd were the grand champion
bull and the first prize senior heifer calf. In Cargill & McMillan's herd
were the second prize aged bull, the grand champion cow, and two other
first prize cows. Van Natta won. Besides Cargill & McMillan and Van
Natta other prominent breeders were Mousel Bros., of Nebraska; Cornish
& Patton, of Missouri; and the Heath Stock Farm, of Illinois. Iowa ex-
hibitors were G. W. Way & Son, Cyrus Tow, and the Cook's Brookmont
Farm. Professor Mumford, of Illinois, made the awards.
THE ANGUS.
Angus entries were about the same in number as last year, but the
herds were a little closer together if anything and competition was
keen in all the classes, with few outstanding winners. With the exception
of the Illinois herd of C. J. Off, it was entirely an Iowa exhibit, but as
Iowa has been furnishing the bulk of the prize winners for the past six
or seven years at all the big shows, this means the strongest kind of a
show. Nearly every year brings out a new strong Iowa contender for
the principal honors, and this year is no exception to the rule, the Rosen-
gift Stock Farm bringing out a splendidly conditioned lot of entries and
proving hard competition in all classes. Angus judges nearly always have
a hard task, as there is little to choose between, quite often, betwixt the
foot of the class and the top, and in many of the classes this was the
case this year, the entries being very close together and hard to decide
between E. T. Davis, of Iowa City, the well known breeder, placed all the
awards save in the senior bull calf and junior heifer calf classes. Profes-
sor Kinzer, of the Kansas Agricultural College, acting on these classes at
Mr. Davis' request, he having bred one or two of the animals in the ring
and for that reason preferring to have another pass on the class in ques-
tion. Mr. Davis is a good judge of cattle and did a good job of judging
in the various classes. Angus cattle are so close together, however, that
it will not be at all surprising if some of the future shows tell a slightly
different story, as there is room for difference of opinion as between
the many choice entries on exhibit. It is not likely that the herds will
come together again as a whole until the Kansas City show, as part go
to Minnesota and part to Nebraska from the Iowa fair.
The aged bull class this year is stronger than a year ago. Glenfoil
Thickest 2d, graduating from the two-year-old class of last year, heads
the class, while the Rosengift entry, Vala's Rosegay, stood second, and
Jim Delaney, last year's winner in the same class, third. Mr. Battles was
very strong in the bull classes all the way through, furnishing the two-
33
514 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
year-old prize winner, also the senior yearling and the junior bull calf,
the Rosengift Stock Farm furnishing the senior bull calf winner and A. C.
Binnie the junior yearling.
The female classes were good throughout, especially close competition
coming in the yearling and heifer calf classes, Binnie, Battles, Hess, Mc-
Henry, and Rosengift herds each furnishing winners in these classes. It
was nip and tuck all down the line, and it need occasion no surprise if
the awards be changed about in some of the future shows. We do not
anticipate that there will be any large reversal of Iowa decisions, but the
competition is so close between the many excellent entries in the Angus
classes that good judges are liable and have license to differ in their
opinion relative to the respective merits of the various entries, as the
cattle seem closer together than ever this year.
THE GALLOWAYS.
Three herds comprised the Galloway exhibit this year, those of J. E.
Bales & Son, Stockport, Iowa; Straub Bros., Avoca, Nebraska; and C.
S. Hechner, of Princeton, Illinois. It was not as strong in numbers as
the Galloway show has usually been at the Iowa fair, but the quality
was excellent and some especially desirable specimens of the breed were
exhibited. The show in this regard ranked well with former years.
EED POLLED,
All records for state fair exhibits were broken by the Red Polled
breeders this year. Not only was the showing of this dual purpose breed
the strongest in numbers that it has ever been, but it was also excellent
in quality, there being as many as twenty-two entries in the ring in
some of the classes, with the quality good throughout. The splendid show-
ifig of the breed was a matter of common remark, as the cattle were
generally in excellent condition and we congratulate the Red Polled breed-
ers on the splendid record that they have set for the Iowa State Fair
this year It is seldom that the breed has equaled the state fair show
this year at any of the world's expositions, and the breeders and friends
of the breed have a right to be proud of the showing made. J. W. Martin,
of Richland Center, Wisconsin, one of the best known Red Polled breeders,
made the awards, and it was one of the most satisfactory jobs of judging
that has been done at an Iowa State Fair on the Red Polled cattle for
some time. Mr. Martin paid due attention to the dual qualities of the
breed, and his work gave general satisfaction. Perhaps the two best
classes of the show were those of aged cows and senior yearling heifers,
both these classes being unusually strong in numbers and quality.
THE POLLED DUEHAMS.
The showing of this breed was rather stronger than usual, five herds
contending for the honors, three from Iowa, one from Wisconsin, and
one from Indiana. The quality of the exhibit was excellent and the
competition was close and interesting. With the exception of the breeder's
young herd, which only had two entries, the classes were well filled and
the exhibit as a whole was one which would do credit to the breed, one
which, by the way, is growing very rapidly in popularity. Messrs. Shaver
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 515
& Deuker, who have been showing for several years at the Iowa State
Fair, brought out a splendidly conditioned herd and had a little the
best of it in prizes won, taking more firsts than any other exhibitor.
Their aged cows, and they had the honor of winning the first three prizes
in this class, also their roan bull, attracted particular attention and much
favorable comment. Mr. Hadley, of Indiana, brought out some splendid
young things in particular and also made an excellent showing, ranking
•next to Shaver & Deuker in the number of prizes won.
THE JERSEYS.
The exhibit of Jersey cattle was hardly as strong as in former years,
although there were some excellent representatives of this popular dairy
breed on exhibit.
HOLSTEINS.
Holstein exhibitors were John B. Irwin, of Minneapolis, Minn., and C.
F. Stone, of Peabody, Kan., both old timers in the business, and August
Winter, of Boyden, Iowa, a new exhibitor. Some excellent representatives
of the breed were shown. Ribbons w^ere awarded by Prof. H. G. Van Pelt.
THE HOG SHOW.
The high price of corn did not deter the swine breeders from making
about their usual number of entries this year for the Iowa State Fair,
and, as last year. Superintendent Johnston had to refuse space to a num-
ber of exhibtors because the mammoth hog pavilion containing 1,154 pens
would not accommodate all who wanted to come. Yet the number
was not quite as large this year as last, there being 2,600
this year and over 2,800 last. The new ruling, which limits
exhibitors to two entries in a class, probably made some dif-
ference as to the number, and as usual some who made entries did
not exhibit. The weather was ideal for a hog show. It turned cool
about the time exhibtors started to ship to the fair and was cool most
of the week, including the time for shipping out, so that there were not
the usual losses by heat this year. A new feature of the show was the
showing of Hampshires, which was large for a new breed. The different
breeds were represented as follows: Duroc Jerseys, 896; Poland-Chinas,
846; Chester Whites, 442; Berkshires, 176; Yorkshires, 32; Tamworths, 83;
and Hampshires, 197. Sales were not up to former years. The high
price of corn is evidently causing the farmers to delay their buying of
herd boars as long as possible, and then the management is working more
each year to make the Iowa State Fair a high class hog show and not
a sale mart of farmer boars. Public sales, too, are causing the farmers
to buy more at home and less at the fair. Superintendent Johnston man-
aged the show in a satisfactory manner, as usual, but needs badly some
improvements in the judging pavilion so as to faciltate the judging with-
out the interference of such a large crowd of spectators. This improve-
ment is contemplated by the management and when completed the visiters
will watch the judging from seats around the ring. This year the crowd
was so much in the w^ay at times that no judge could be sure he was do-
ing good work.
516 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
POLAND-CHINAS.
The exhibit of Poland-Chinas was large as usual, but not so uniformly-
good nor so large as some former shows at Des Moines. Some of the
classes were strong and some were very ordinary for the Iowa State Pair.
The aged boar class, considering condition and all, was about the most
ordinary class of aged boars that has been seen at the Iowa State Fair,
yet our readers must not infer that there were no good ones in the ring.
The two junior yearling classes were exceptionally strong and the pig
classes were large and good. There were some good big ones found
among the prize winners, but more of the small quality type. It would
have been a good year for the big ones, as the judge was a man who'
looks well to size in his own breed. Mr. L. H. Roberts, the well known
Duroc Jersey breeder, tied the ribbons.
DUEOC JERSEYS.
As last year, the Duroc Jerseys outnumbered any other breed. It was
a big show, but no better than last year, if as good. The exhibtors came
from several different states, a number from Nebraska, on the west, and
from as far east and south as Kentucky. The show was not characteristic
for sensational winners, although a better two-year-old Duroc Jersey boar
has not been seen at an Iowa State Fair than Model Chief 2d, the sweep-
stakes winner this year, and he is far better than the sweepstakes win-
ner at some recent Iowa State Fairs. Mr. N. H. Gentry, the well known
Berkshire breeder, did the judging, and it was quite interesting to Duroc
Jersey breeders to learn how the prizes would be placed from a Berkshire
standpoint. It can not be said that the breeders in general always agreed
with the judge, and while no one accused him of being unfair or incom-
petent, yet there were those who thought that a man who had looked
at and admired a dish-faced, straight-eared, quality Berkshire for a life-
time was not so well qualified to judge Duroc Jerseys (a breed that has
gained great popularity because of the demand for a somewhat coarser,
more prolific type than some of the other breeds supplied) as a man
would be who had bred Duroc Jerseys and knew and admired their char-
acteristics. Outside of a few of the pig classes, however, the judging was
pretty generally satisfactory, and on the large pig classes the judge did
not have a fair chance because there were so many spectators in the
ring that he could not well compare the pigs for the people. The prizes
were distributed among a large number of exhibitors, no one breeder get-
ting many prizes.
^ ^ ^ CHESTER WHITES.
About the usual number of Chester Whites were in the pens, the num-
ber having been around 450 head for several years. It was largely an
Iowa exhibit, with exhibitors from nearly every part of the state. As
will be noted by the awards which follow, the prizes were divided among
a large number instead of among a few exhibitors. The champion boar
was L. C. Reese's O. K. Mikado, who won first and championship at the
Iowa State Fair on two former occasions. Championship on sow was
won by E. L. Leavens on a sow of his own breeding. He also had the
champion boar bred by exhibitor and won first on aged herd and get of
sire classes, while Reese won first on young herd. W. Z. Swallow, the
pioneer Poland-China breeder and exhibitor, tied the ribbons.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 517
THE BEEKSHIEES.
There was a good exhibit of Berkshires, although not large. With the
exception of one herd it was an all Iowa exhibit. The exhibtors had an
expert Berkshire judge in Mr. Gentry, and the judging was entirely satis-
factory. There were 176 Berkshires in the pens this year, which was a
small exhibit compared with the Duroc Jerseys and Poland-Chinas, but
is about the usual number of Berkshires at the Iowa State Fair. Con-
sidering the importance of Iowa as a corn and hog state and the popu-
larity of the Berkshires with the packers, it would seem that the Berk-
shire men would make a bigger showing, and their small exhibit at this
fair has often been a matter of comment.
HAMPSHIRE SWINE,
There was a good showing of this white-belted breed of swine, especially
for a comparatively new breed, and considering that it was the first
show the Hampshire breeders have made at Des Moines. The exhibit
attracted much attention and the Hampshire men had a good week. Prof.
J. J. Ferguson did the judging and made the awards.
TAMWOBTHS.
There was about the usual showing of this bacon breed of hogs, and
the Tamworths attracted their full share of attention from the visitors.
Prof. J. J. Ferguson awarded the prizes.
YOEKSHIRES.
Only one exhibitor had animals in the Yorkshire classes, and all prizes
went to B. F. Davidson.
THE SHEEP SHOW.
We do not remember of ever having seen a stronger sheep show at the
Iowa State Fair than this year. All the barns were filled and the quality
of the sheep on exhibit was excellent. All the breeds were represented,
and we venture to say that the exhibitors will have found it well worth
their while to exhibit at the Iowa State Fair, as Iowa is worthy of more
attention in the sheep line than it has received at the hands of the
breeders. One of the interesting features of the sheep show was the public
sale of Shropshires and Oxfords by McKerrow & Sons, of Wisconsin, on
Thursday. It afforded breeders an opportunity to buy the best class of
imported stock, and that it was appreciated is evident by the success of
the sale. Professor McLean, of the Iowa Agricultural College, judged the
sheep classes, with the exception of the Rambouillets and Merinos, which
were judged by G. W. Hervey, and the Cotswolds, Leicesters, and Lin-
colns, which were judged by John A. Craig, formerly a professor in the
Iowa Agricultural College.
MEEIXOS.
There were two exhibitors of Merinos, Uriah Cook & Son, of Peoria,
Ohio, and E. M. Moore, of Orchard Lake, Wisconsin. Messrs. Cook won all
the first prizes.
518 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
BAMBOILLETS.
E. M. Moore and Robt. Taylor, of Abbott, Neb., and Max Chapman, of
Marysville, Iowa, were the exhibitors of this breed. Mr. Moore won first
in the aged ram, ram lamb, aged ewe, yearling ewe, ewe lamb, four lambs,
flock, and champion ram and champion ewe. Mr. Taylor won first on
yearling rams.
COTSWOLDS.
This breed was exhibited by F. W. Harding, of Waukesha, Wisconsin,
and Lewis Bros., of Camp Point, Illinois. Mr. Harding won all first prizes
and championships.
SHROPSHIRES.
The Shropshire show was the strongest of any of the breeds. Messrs.
Harding, Taylor, and McKerrow being the exhibitors from outside the
state, while Chandler Bros., of Chariton, la.; Kauffman Bros., of Moscow,
la.; J. L. Plumley, of Springville, la.; Peasley & Son, of Indianola, la.,
were the Iowa exhibitors.
OXFOEDS.
Geo. McKerrow & Son, of Wisconsin, and John Graham & Son, of Eldora,
la., were the exhibitors of Oxfords. Messrs. McKerrow won first in the
two-year old ram, ram lamb, two-year-old ewe, yearling ewe, ewe lamb and
flock classes, also both championships. Graham & Son won first on ram
lamb and first on four lambs.
POULTRY AT THE IOWA STATE FAIR.
The poultry at the Iowa State Fair this year was not the exhibit it
should have been nor the exhibit it would have been had it been made
worth while for the poultry breeders of Iowa to show. As matters are
arranged now, the breeder who shows at the state fair must feed his own
birds and bring his own feed if he wishes to make sure that they are
properly cared for. Many breeders who would otherwise make an exhibit
do not because it is an impossibility for them to attend the fair in person
or send a representative.
On Tuesday afternoon Secretary Wilson made a brief visit to the poul-
try department, and in his speech the following day called the attention
of his audience to the fact that the poultry department was not receiving
the attention it should from the hands of the board. As Secretary Wilson
said, they seem to have a very competent board of directors, but the at-
tention of this board has evidently not been called to the poultry depart-
ment. "There is only one place where Iowa could improve," said Secre-
tary Wilson, "that is in the poultry department. The poultry industry of
the United States is greater than the wheat industry, and almost up to
the cotton. It should receive more attention." As is usual at the fall
fairs, the birds in the best plumage carried off the ribbons. Some excellent
stock, young and old, were shown. We are unable at this writing to get
any figures as to the size of the exhibit. Our own judgment is that while
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 519
there were fewer birds shown than last year there were more small
exhibits and more of the exhibits were from the farms. This is as it
should be. Iowa exhibttors should be encouraged to bring their chickens
as well as their horses, pigs, and cattle to the show. There are too many
farmers breeding pure bred cattle and scrub chickens.
The Iowa State Fair is the place to show the farmers and the townsmen
what Iowa is doing in the poultry line.
THE MACHINERY EXHIBIT.
The machinery exhibt at the Iowa fair this year was the greatest that
it has ever been, all the available space on the grounds being utilized,
and the manufacturers reported a greater interest was taken in the ex-
hibits than ever before. The machines in practical operation attracted
particular attention, and crowds of interested spectators were on hand
when the steam plows gave their demonstration, and when the grain
drills were shown at work seeding. The Superior, Van Brunt, Hoosier,
Kentucky, Monitor, and Peoria drills were all shown in operation, and
many farmers availed themselves of the opportunity to study the grain
drills at work. It is impossible to mention the various exhibits of ma-
chinery and in detail. Suffice it to say that there was no implement that
the farmer could be interested in but what was exhibited on the grounds,
and the exhibit was one of benefit both to the manufacturer and the
farmer. We hope to see more and more machines shown in actual opera-
tion at future fairs, as it is an ideal way to show farm machinery, par-
ticularly anything new, and it adds much interest to the fair.
CAMPING ON GROUNDS.
Each year an increasing number of people camp on the grounds. Many
within driving distance of Des Moines come in covered wagons and bring
their own tents. Many more rent tents. This year there were' a number
of camping clubs of ten to twenty each, made up of neighbors and friends
who rented a large tent and distributed the cost equitably. This suggests
the idea that we are coming to the time when community bungalows
might be erected under proper restrictions. The way to see the fair com-
fortably is to stay on the grounds at night, thus avoiding the congested
lines of traffic morning and evening.
EVENING SHOWS.
There was far better provision for the entertainment of folks at night
than ever before.. On a stage in front of the grand stand a high class
vaudeville entertainment was given, concluding with a magnificent display
of fireworks. In the live stock pavilion the entertainment was of the
520 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
circus or hippodrome variety, including each evening a parade of prize-
winning horses and cattle. The circus features were mostly in the nature
of exhibitions of educated animals, horses, mules, cattle, hogs, and even
sheep. It was both instructive and entertaining and the seating capacity
of the pavilion was taxed to the utmost each evening. These entertain-
ments proved very popular and will probably be continued and improved
another year. They also serve to keep the crowd fairly well scattered
and prevent serious congestion.
IOWA STATE COLLEGE EXHIBIT.
The exhibit of the Iowa State Agricultural College attracted great at-
tention and was one of the most instructive exhibits on the ground. The
building formerly occupied by the secretary and treasurer of the fair was
turned over to the college and was found none too large for its purpose.
Among the different departments of agriculture represented here were the
farm crops, the farm machinery, the dairy, the extension, and the horti-
cultural. Each department was in charge of a specialist along that parti-
cular line who was ready to answer all questions concerning the exhibit
of which he was in charge. Among the most instructive exhibits was the
collection of weeds and weed seeds. Many spent a profitable half hour
here learning the names of our common weeds and the appearance of the
weed seeds ordinarily found in clover and alfalfa. The college is to be
commended on the practical nature of their exhibit.
BREEDER'S GAZETTE, CHICAGO, ILL.
All signs did not fail in dry weather this time. The signs of tne
Zodiac have jumped the fence, but the signs of the times still continue to
cast shadows before that find their complete confirmation in the event.
A show of unusual strength and impressiveness was expected at Des
Moines, from all prophetic indications, and the realization was complete.
The fifty-fourth annual exhibition of the Iowa State Pair made glorious
history in the annals of cornbelt agricultural fairs. Neither the flood nor
the drouth of the present growing season prevailed against it.
The improvement of these grounds proceeds apace. The pace is not
as rapid as the requirements demand, but it moves on all-fours with finan-
cial possibilities. The rehabilitation of a state fair grounds to accomo-
date in modern style the aggregations of exhibits which annually assemble
at Des Moines is a gigantic task, and nobly is Iowa meeting the emergency.
Much has been done, much remains to be accomplished. The net total
added to the equipment, which will stand for long years to come and
serve to identify these grounds as among the best fitted in America, was
the administration building and a new horse barn. The administration
building was a tardy recognition of the unsparing, unselfish and taxing
labors of the executive officers of the fair. The public — and even the pigs
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 521
— had their measure of comfort before the officials of the fair were installed
in suitable quarters for the convenient and expeditious discharge of their
duties. These have now been provided at a cost of $30,000. Pictures
spare the necessity of architectural description. The new building is
located immediately south of the grandstand and on the main road into
the grounds, commanding the intersection of the two driveways as they
join to continue up the hill. It is constructed of brick, atter plans which
involved much study and which in use have been proved to be well laid.
The departments are arranged around an open court, and most of the
offices of superintendents may be entered from the outside as well as the
inside. A broad piazza extends entirely around the building and furnishes
suitable resting space and view points from which to watch the kaleide-
scopic activities of a goodly portion of the grounds. The second story of
the new building has not yet been finished off into sleeping rooms for those
whose duties require night as well as day attendance. The basement has
been rented for a restaurant and the rental renders a fair interest return
on the investment in the construction fund. Officials pronounce the new
building quite satisfactory in all respects after the test of this season.
The tremendous demand for stalls from the constantly increasing entry
list of horses spurred the board into almost record-breaking building in
that department. Eventually this equipment will contain eight brick
barns, joined by roofs with an open court yard in the center. The second
of these barns was rushed through to completion when it w^as found that
the department was. fairly overflowed with entries. When the barns are
all built, stall accommodations for about 800 horses will be provided and in
substantial construction, light, ventilation and all conveniences these
barns will leave little to be desired.
Plans to which the board of agriculture is working contemplate a re-
quest to the legislature for $125,000 with which to erect a new grandstand.
The moving of the race track will be necessitated by the present plan and
the entire cost of the work, including a grandstand of structural iron and
concrete floors, will likely be around $125,000. Accommodations for 15,000
people will thus be provided. Moreover, the amazing display of agricultural
implements cries aloud for roofing, and the board expects to ask for an
will thus be provided. Moreover, the amazing display of agricultural im-
plements cries aloud for roofing, and the board expects to ask for an
appropriation of around $100,000 for the erection of a vast train shed
affair under which all the machinery and implements may be sheltered
except those which have been furnished with "homes" by private enter-
prise. The capital use to which the state funds have thus far been put,
the impressive and permanent results which have been achieved, and the
popularity of the improvements with the public certainly afford ample
foundation on which to rest an effective appeal to the legislature.
Among the betterments which must come shortly, with a view to the
best interests of the fair, are an enlargement of the live stock pavilion
and the erection of seats around the judging arena in the swine depart-
ment. We built about as well as we knew in the early days of live stock
judging pavilions, but Illinois quickly had to knock out an end of its
coliseum and enlarge it about one-third, and Iowa must follow suit. Thou-
522 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
sands are each year turned away from the doors of the Iowa pavilion
while the judging is in progress. It is just as much of a mathematical
impossibility to crowd into the pavilion all who desire to see the judging
as it is to compress two quarts of water into a one-quart jug. The mag-
nificent swine section is not yet finished, but while waiting for funds with
which to carry out the complete design the board should without fail pro-
vide seats for spectators around the judging rings and keep them from
literally swarming over the judges and exhibitors as they did last week.
Every thinking farmer who visits the Iowa State Fair and notes the
modern conveniences for the care and the exhibition of live stock returns
home an earnest advocate of the continued rebuilding of these grounds
until accommodations are wholly adequate to the demand of exhibitors
and spectators.
Coming within the shadow of the live stock pavilion the official figures
tell eloquent tales of an interest and enthusiasm that neither time nor
tide can touch, that neither financial disturbance nor unfavorable seasons
have discouraged. Over 800 cattle were on the grounds, contributed by
80 exhibitors. The record runs somewhat, although not measurably,
above the totals of last year. The most notable features are the superbly
high level of the quality and the better balance of the exhibit by breeds.
Shorthorns were about 100 less in number than in 1907 and by that much
the better in average excellence. Herefords doubled the number of their
exhibitors, reaching up to a total of 18 who made entries, and thus a better
balance was presented. Red Polls and Polled Durhams made record-break-
ing displays, number mounting up into an impressiveness that was telling,
and quality running brim-full. Aberdeen-Angus were about an average in
numbers, but distinctly higher in class than on recent annual occasions,
while the Galloways were somewhat fewer in numbers, but of admirable
quality. In the dairy division deficiency falls again to be recorded. It
is idle to philosophize on the fact that with all the greatness of the state
in dairy production neither its exhibit of dairy cattle nor of products
rises in volume to the dignity of a lively county fair.
Automobiles were parked around the swine department and the live
stock pavilion and encountered on every driveway, and the high-wheeled
autos especially built for country use were plentifully in evidence, and yet
the number of horse exhibitors exceeded last year by about 25 per cent
and reached the total of 87. And by actual entries there were 765 horses
on exhibition. Numbers of course carry weight in such a presentation,
but that weight is markedly increased when it is stated that broadly
speaking the excellence of the exhibits as a whole was perhaps never ex-
celled at this fair. There were those who put the case more strongly, but
we are apt, in the enthusiasm of the present, to forget the impressions
of the past. There were some weak spots in the horse exhibit, but it will
take high rank as a whole in the annals of such exhibitions. Overflow
barns were hastily erected.
When a thing is full it cannot be fuller. That is the chronic condition
of the swine department at Des Moines. On no ground in the world are
porcine accomodations so substantial, so elaborate, so commodious and so
convenient. Seating accommodations at the ringside are alone lacking.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI
523
524 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
About 2,500 swine is the usual entry. The pens will hold more if pigs are
plentiful. We found no statistician who had attempted to enumerate the
actual entries. The pens were full, the quality was high and the argu-
ments over the decisions of the judges were quite as lively as ever.
Sheep reached up around 650, which was nearly 150 more than last
year. The "gentle shepherds" went gunning for one another with all the
old-time vigor and some highly interesting exhibits were set before on-
lookers.
Summing it all up on the entry side. Secretary John C. Simpson author-
izes the statement that he issued 1,325 exhibitor tickets to the 1908 Iowa
State Fair — an increase of 130 over last year's total. And thus is epi-
tomized the story from the inside view of this great fair.
Iowa railroads are accustomed to hauling the products of the farm in
vast volume from the prairies of that state. It would seem that they
should some time grow accustomed to carrying the human products of the
same farms to the state fair. But railway corporations, like individuals,
are apt to be of little faith at times. We are writing without a detailed
knowledge of the attendance at Des Moines last week, but it is known to
be record-breaking. Just how many thousands more would have been
clicked up through the turnstiles if the excursion trains could have car-
ried them will never be known. Reports came from all roads that the
special trains were running full past station platforms filled with people
who were headed toward the fair. Last year excursion rates were denied,
but the unbusiness-like, not to say unpatriotic, nature of this refusal be-
came manifest and a one and a third round trip was granted. Equipment
was borrowed by some roads, but cars proved inadequate to the demands
made on them by farmers who sought opportunity to inspect this great
agricultural exhibition. The attendance was well distributed. Monday
was a rousing big day and Tuesday came near breaking the highest day's
record in the history of the fair. The weather seemed somewhat settled
from the erraticism which has worried the Iowa farmer. A light shower
fell early Wednesday morning, but the early opening days were most de-
lightfully cool — capital for comfort if not for corn. The mercury during
the closing days reached up more nearly to a normal August mark. The
attendance was in money-making volume, rejoicing the hearts of the
managers, proving the loyalty of the Iowa farmer to his central fair, and
demonstrating anew that the enterprising people of this magnificent agri-
cultural commonwealth are keen to utilize their educational advantages.
Iowa is endeavoring to mix entertainment with its instruction at this
fair. Band concerts and acrobatic performances of varied character are
sandwiched between the races in front of the grandstand in the afternoon,
and at night concerts and magnificent fireworks spectacles are presented.
In addition to this line of attractions, which have been successfully pre-
sented for some years, the live stock judging pavilion was made a magnet
of evening attraction by performances which presented one of the most
remarkable combinations ever witnessed. The fore part of the entertain-^
ment brought into the arena magnificent parades of the horses and cat-
tle on exhibition, each breed preceded by a banner announcing its idenity
for the benefit of the uninformed. One of the most unique and most pleas-
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 525
ing spectacles ever staged at such an exhibition was the dairymaid's drill,
performed by ten young women from the Iowa Agricultural College at
Ames, while the dairy cattle were on parade. Each of the animals wore a
Swiss cow bell, and the tintinnabulation suggested vividly winding home-
ward o'er the lea of dairy herds galore. This dairymaid's drill was given
by a college class in calisthenics, ten young women gowned all in white,
five of them carrying beribboned milking stools and the other five berib-
boned milkpails, and the graceful evolutions of the drill, performed with
spirit and precision to the music of the band and the tinkling of the cow
bells, formed a feature of singular attractiveness and thoroughly conso-
nant with the character of the occasion. This exercise was originally in-
troduced as a May dance at Ames, and it was a happy thought which sug-
gested its reproduction during the parade of the dairy cattle.
This arena further afforded a striking linking of the past with the
present, and an instructive illustration of the progress in transportation
which has marked the past half century. The entrance of the Armour six-
horse team of grays, sufficient in itself to enthrall the attention of assem-
blies on both continents, received measurable emphasis by contrast with
the "Gee, haw, whoa!" of the ox driver preceded the entrance of a genuine
old "prairie schooner" drawn by a yoke of oxen. The wagon, loaned by
the historical department at the state house, was somewhat of a wreck in,
•its slatted body, but the gears were in fair order, and more than a hint of
the manner in which the trail of civilization was blazed across the trackless
prairies of the great American desert was afforded by this historic exhibit.
The contrast in transportation, the old-time, patient slow-moving oxen in
the yoke, and the prancing ponderous draft horses of the present era, clad
in their beautiful and brilliant harness and housings, touched chords that
vibrated more deeply than those to which mere amusement appeals.
The rest of the program was taken chiefly from the circus, including
trained elephants, donkeys, dogs and bulls, with the clown and acrobatic
features so familiar through all these years of perennial circus perform-
ances. It was not especially enlightening, but it appeared to be enter-
taining to the assembled thousands, and rounded out with the froth of
mere amusement a day and a night that had been crowded to the full with
educational tendencies.
When the 45 acres of agricultural implements are reached one's lungs
inhale the real Iowa atmosphere, one's vision broadens to the wide sweep
of its activities and possibilities. Here is a real index of the agricultural
importance of the commonwealth. Four hundred exhibitors contributed to
it, about 100 more than last year. Every conceivable variety of farm im-
plement is in evidence, all of them suggesting strikingly the modern need
of supplementing and economizing human labor by machinery. Motive
power was present. The ponderous traction engines, propelled by steam
and by gasoline, the stationary gas engine in its multiplicity of forms,
edging now on to what may be described as the "vest pocket" size, and
the farm auto all offered power, traction and transportion to the farmer.
The gasoline engine was readily the dominant feature of the exhibit, and
possibly the manure spreader was next numerously represented. Several
sermons could be preached from these texts.
526 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
A working feature that attracted thousands of visitors was the steam
plowing and grain drill exhibitions. A plot of about 15 acres was set aside
for the gang plow drawn by steam and gasoline traction engines, and at
regular assigned intervals a gang of plows was started turning furrows.
Their work appeared to be very satisfactory. Following them came an
exhibition of the working of grain drills, and so thoroughly had the feet
of the thousands who followed the plows pulverized and leveled furrows
that harrows were not needed ahead of the drills. This behemoth depart-
ment, surcharged with interest and value to the farmer, imperatively
needs the sheltering roof of the great shed which has been planned by the
fair managers, and which depends for its realization on the liberality of
the next legislature.
Live stock is the corner stone of Iowa agriculture. This fair annually
submits proof of that fact. This season is summoned exhibits from as far
east as Ohio and as far south as Kentucky, while Minnesota on the north
and Nebraska on the west marked the boundaries in those directions. The
three essential elements to a complete measuring up to the opportunities
were here present — numbers, quality and interest. The winnowing floor
of the state fair has blown away the chaff. Not even the attractions of
closed classes, for state exhibitors only, brought out much sub-standard
stuff. Numbers were a little reduced in some sections, but the tail-end
had been cut off to the advantage of all concerned. The net result of th«
years of successful educational work at this fair was the most satisfactory
showing in the stock department that has yet been credited to its history.
Such in summary was the 1908 Iowa State Fair. The prize lists in the
live stock departments are presented, compiled by our reporters with care,
and a few general observations are submitted on the several sections. Ob-
viously a show of such magnitude does not lend itself to the detailed re-
ports which aforetimes this journal was accustomed to present, when ex-
hibitors were few and entries light. The battles of the breeds have out-
grown, through their very magnitude, the detailed accounts of individual
prizewinners which in the early times formed the subject of these annual
reviews.
THE CATTLE SECTION.
THE SHORT-HORNS.
The quality of the cattle in the Short-horn section averaged better by
reason of lessened entries over last year to the number of about 100.
The offer of prizes open only to exhibitors who live in the state resulted in
the past in getting out quite a few animals that were not up to state fair
standard, and it requires some years of experience for exhibitors to get
that standard well fixed in mind. That the lesson has been learned seems
evident. This show ground has witnessed some historic presentations of
the "red, white and roans," and the one last week deserves to take high
rank among them. Its conspicuous feature was the uniformity of excel-
lence that ran through most of the classes. Some outstanding animals
appeared, but even in these classes merit was carried well down toward
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI
527
the end of the company. Most of the "crack" show herds of the breed
seek this opening engagement, as it is known that the crossing of steel
here strikes flashes that hint as to results on down the line during the
season. Hence intense interest attaches to the initial engagement at Des
Moines, and a large company hung close on the decisions the week long,
requiring the emphatic orders of a mounted ring marshal at times to keep
them back out of the way of the judge. An artistic job of ribbon-tying
was performed by Capt. T. C. Robson, Ilderton, Ont. Rarely has more
satisfactory service been rendered by a judge in our showyards. And of
course at that there were those who did not at all times see through the
same eyes.
Aged bulls presented some old time favorites. While Whitehall Mar-
shal is still formidable, the superior freshness of Whitehall King, a much
improved bull over his last year's form, may at any time reverse the
First Prize Short Horn Junior Bull Calf (Open Class) and First Prize Aged Cow
in Iowa Class.— Iowa State Fair and Exposition, 1908.
award. The fine stamp and accurate mold of Golddigger suggest show-
yard possibilities that his present condition has not developed. Clear the
Way, a red and white, presented a capital form and agreeable smoothness
and the low-set blocky red Good Lad was pleasing. This class of bulls was
sent forward in good form for the most part and made a highly creditable
display. After Anoka Sultan assumed his rightful position among the
two-year-olds the strength was hardly so well maintained as in the pre-
ceding ring, although useful animals were on view. Snowflake's fine front
and smooth back were notable, and the evenness of City Marshal was ap-
parent.
528 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
King Cumberland readily wore the crown without dispute among the
junior yearlings. He is for the most part made of championship material,
wanting a little more finish in the hind quarters. This light roan is so
well matured, so clever in his outlines, so wealthy and level in his flesh
that he proved one of the bright stars of the show. The red Royal Diadem
was a trifle further from the ground but a handsome and nicely finished
bull, pleasing in his front and quite accurate in his lines. Count Abbot is
a real thick one. The classes, already of agreeable proportions, began to
"bulk up" when the 21 senior calves entered tne arena, and the excellence
of the youngsters was as notable as their numbers. Leader of Fashion
proved a well-christened calf, and the stamp of this roan is very taking,
his companion Baron Sultan is thicker and somewhat deeper of rib. King
Champion 2d is a very fleshy smooth red. The juniors could not equal in
quality their older companions, but Malaka's Goods was toppy enough for
the leading place, a real good roan with only a trifling unevenness at the
tail head. Those which followed him were fair.
It is unnecessary again to revert to the condition of continued fitting
which lands three-year-olds in the cow class in rather lumpy condition.
It was marked on this occasion, as it has been for years in the past. But
Flora 90th, which stood second at Chicago last December among the two-
year-olds, has chiefly escaped the unfavorable results of much feeding and
was a clear queen in this company. She has ample scale, much substance
and a taking smoothness, although somewhat lacking in the sweet femin-
inity that characterizes Lovely of Grasmere. This cow is not so heavily
weighted as some of them, but yet a trifle uneven in flesh. Missie of
Browndale 12th carries a great lot of substance, having matured according
to her promise, but has failed to lay it on quite as smoothly as would be
desired. The broad-loined Grace is scarcely so wide through the fore ribs
as is liked. The two-year-olds made a fair class, with a very beautiful
head in Poplar Park Queen, that starts anew a winning campaign, hand-
some, fresh and sweet. Anoka Gloster has characteristic spread of frame
and the depths that classes an animal among tne blocky ones. Sinnissippi
Rose — these are all names which have filled the prize list in previous years
— carries depth and smoothness and beautiful finish. Among the senior
yearlings Sultan's Athene walked her way through a large company of
eighteen to the top position, pushing her scale and bulk irresistibly along.
This popular calf of last season has come into a great yearling, with
beautiful front, broad bosom, shoulders smoothly laid and covered, and a
roominess that suggests early maturity. Anoka Countess is very sweet of
head and countenance, an attractive heifer in her finish as well as her
beef form. Bernice needed further fitting to get higher up, but her femi-
nine attractiveness, her finish and her level outlines stamp her as a
choice one. A broad-loined, low-legged roan is Elmendorf Lassie. Beau-
fort Princess 3d asserted claims to honors among the juniors, by reason of
her strapping size and blocky form, with its ample wealth of flesh under
her roan coat. The roomy red roan Lady Graceful, with the pleasing
finish of an incurve horn and sweet head, commanded favor. The neat
white Gloster Sultana looked well on the list and Veronica 5th presented
a blocky form in a coat of red hair. The thirty-four senior heifer calves
recalled some of the classes at the great breed shows, when orders were
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 529
sent scurrying about to get together the executive committee to enlarge
the prize list to take in ten or a dozen more worthy ones. Here two types
invited and in selecting the large more mature sort, with greater scale,
the judge had followers, as did also those who would have taken the block-
ier sort as a starting point. The white Countess is finely grown and
beautifully fashioned, and the flesh is very smoothly disposed until the
hind quarters are reached. There is a sweetness about her that will win
almost any judge. The same general stamp is found in Diamond Anoka,
another white, perhaps not just so even in her lines as the one set above
her, but quite ripe. Outside favor ran some little toward the blocky roan
Butterfly Queen and Flynn Farm Missie, another of the same build and
color of hair, for first and second on the list, but the judge had a better
furnished body in the two whites he preferred. The sweet white nugget
Rose of Elmendorf was much liked. Among the fourteen juniors some
beautiful roans were sent up to the top of the class, and Susan Cumberland
was esteemed the best of them, while her companion bcottish Sempstress
fell back before the Isabelle, which presented a highly satisfactory back
and hind juarters.
THE HEREFOEDS.
There was very little public information which would lead to the ex-
pectation of such an array of "white-faces" at this fair. Exhibitors of
this day are not much given to sounding a trumpet before them. They
like to keep their best ones, and sometimes even the intention of showing,
under cover as much as possible, and spring the exhibit as a surprise.
There was material enough for a surprise at Des Moines. Last year nine
exhibitors contributed to an interesting show. This time twice that num-
ber furnished one of the most stubbornly contested battles of recent years.
Some times in the past strength lay rather in numbers than character of
the exhibits, but barring possibly one company the breed maintained its
standing very creditably throughout the list. The experienced fair-goer
has learned to be prepared for sensations among the Herefords, and he is
rarely disappointed in this regard. Certainly plenty of entries at this
time reflected great credit on the breed and some of them sustained well
the reputation of the "white-faces" for presenting animals of the sensa-
tional stamp. Prof. H. W. Mumford, Urbana, 111., assigned honors, and
on the entry of the female classes he had as consulting judge, E. B.
Mitchel.
Nine aged bulls, and no "mean" ones among them, made an impressive
display. There was only one extreme of type, the "nuggety" Prime Lad
9th, as the big old-fashioned coarse type was notably absent. The bull
just named and Bonnie Brae 3d are old-time rivals, and at the outset this
season Prime Lad 9th assumes the lead. He is not so large as the other,
but he is stuffed about as tight in his hide and carries it more smoothly.
It w^ould be difficult to get these bulls to carry any more weight. Weston
Anxiety has the feeder, not himself, to blame for failure to reach higher
up. Barring a tendency toward roughness of shoulder, this bull is about
as satisfactory in his type, character and form as any feeder ever started
34
530 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
toward championship honors. It can scarcely be said that the two-year-
olds measured up to the standard of the older bulls, nor was the type quite
so modern, after the head of the class was left. Beau Carlos had no trouble
in claiming premier honors, as he is a splendid model, especially attrac-
tive in the fashioning of his hind quarters. The senior yearling Prime
Lad 38th is quite a "classy" bull. He is not the chunk that the older
Prime Lad Bull is, inclining more to the larger pattern, but he is ad-
mirably formed and finished and carries with him a style and presence
that count for much in any male. Gomez Perfection carries the mold of
the Weston stamps, blocky and well spread. Heath's Money Maker has
no length of leg to spare, and his smoothly-turned top and general soggi-
ness are pleasing. Among the baker's dozen of junior yearlings six were
of exceptional merit. Castor, the junior champion of last year, has come
on apace, on the same plan and from his "bully" head to his perfectly
finished hind quarters he is a rare one, with much spread of carcass and
wealth of flesh. Between him and Princeps 15th a lively scrimmage oc-
curred, as the latter is a great show calf, modeled on exquisite lines, but
he is on the large pattern while Castor represents the blocky sort. A
Prime Lad and a Bonnie Brae again came together in the senior calves,
the winner a fine specimen of the breed with ample scale and choice
promise. The youngsters were very bonnie, nearly all six of them. The
winner Harold is very even in make-up, and Perfector needs only a little
more flesh.
The talent on the outside was by no means content with the rating of
Mignonette at the head of the cows. This egg-like yellow-red three-year-
old is a familiar flgure. She has few "holes" in her form, but has stopped
short of the size that a female of her age should carry. Pretty Face was
the decided favorite and Princeps Lassie, a typical sort in fine bloom could
well have stood next to her. Pretty Face presents one of the most satis-
factory show yard representatives of the breed that has appeared in the
cow class in recent years. Priscilla carries ample scale and a level top
with broad loins. Among the twelve forward the type ranged upwarcj
from the "nuggety" Mignonette to some of quite generous size. The two-
year-old Hereford heifers rarely disappoint. Some beauties were grouped
up toward the top. Miss Filler 2d and Miss Filler 7th, a magnificent pair,
the former pushed to the very limit and yet as smooth as an egg, were
divided by the big and hurley Margaret that may yet find favor for first
place. Mary Gertrude is of the same description in her forwardness and
rotundity. Fifteen senior yearlings saluted, and rare gems were among
them. The winner Princess 2d filled well her position, praise of her parts
extending down to the fullness of thighs. Cleo is cylindrical and smoother
than her companion Iba, which however carries more breadth. Princess
7th takes rank among the greatest of her sire's rich progeny, and Mis-
souri Queen and Heath's Gem are high-class heifers, but toward the tail
end of these 16 were a number that stood considerably below the average
of excellence. The calves, 21 seniors and 17 juniors, maintained well the
reputation these classes have long carried for sappy maturity, and the
winners were satisfactory specimens.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 531
THE ABERDEEN-ANGUS.
An exhibit in consonance with a long-time record of this breed at Des
Moines must necessarily be pitched in a high key. The strength of the
Aberdeen-Angus in Iowa, the superior character of the herds long main-
tained, and the enterprise of their breeders are factors which have long
made brilliant history at this fair. And this year all expectations based
on past accomplishments were quite fully met. Numbers have at times
been larger and yet the representation was gratifying in that respect,
while as regards freedom from inferior or even indifferent animals, this
exhibit was gratifying to the pride of all adherents of the breed. It was
a strong clean show, one that stimulated.
The three-year-old bull Glenfoil Thickset 2d has quite justified expecta-
tions and enters the list afresh, with another year's development that has
been carried forward very uniformly. He is a capital example of the
blockiness, bloom and beauty of the breed. Vala's Rosegay is a wonder
in his way, his legs affording no more length than is necessary to locomo-
tion, and his compact rotund body filled in every part almost to bulging.
Jim Delaney holds his form very well under years of showyard fitting.
The two-year-olds furnished a real beefy company, headed readily enough
by Golden Gleam. The senior yearlings were a fair lot but the juniors
were scarcely up to the high mark. The senior bull calf class held some
very promising material, the winner Prince of Quality readily enough
claiming his position and justifying his name. He is a grand youngster
and should go forward to a very notable career. The head of the juniors
also attained his rank without difficulty, and Thickset Blackbird is destined
to become well known in fair history, barring accident, as he well sustains
careful examination.
A beautiful lot of matrons, almost all in beautiful flesh and superb
bloom, delighted the eyes of the onlookers. The Angus females never dis-
appoint the most critical searchers after bovine attractiveness, and here
we had it in rich measure. Into the contentions of this competition we
do not enter. Perhaps Glenfoil Queen 2d may want scale a bit in her
three-year-old form, but she certainly carries weight for her size, and her
substance and sweetness are outstanding. It was a triangular difference
of opinion, as Winnie of Meadowbrook, winner in the cow class at the
International, and Abbess McHenry 6th never lost sight of premier honors
until their younger rival secured firm hold on the ribbon. Winnie carries
wonderful smoothness and bloom and will acquire somewhat more of con-
dition as the season advances. Abbess was clearly the most massive and
with her beautiful feminine front and her level thickly fleshed back she
had points on which to center her claims for preference. Gussie of Kirk-
bridge perhaps was never in better form; her fine top and her sweet front
attract attention always. Such evenly matched contents kindle much in-
terest and enthusiasm. The two-year-olds were a capital lot, as is ordi-
narily the case, merit holding up throughout, although perhaps a trifle
of over-condition was in evidence up toward the top. The standard w^as
not upheld throughout the senior yearlings, although the first three picked
ones were satisfactory. Eza Lass is a remarkable heifer built on the
"bullet" plan, very even and thickly padded with flesh. Brookside Quality
532 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Queen 2d carries more scale but is not so level and even along tlie back.
The junior yearlings quite atoned for the little slackness among the pre-
ceding class, as they brought into the ring as beautiful a company of
bonnie blacks as one would wish to see. About a dozen of them made
hard work for the judge, and when the two calf classes, the seniors an
even dozen, and the juniors only two less, came forward in their turn,
the showing of the individual classes were brought to a most satisfactory
conclusion. There were gems in plenty among them.
THE GALLOWAYS.
Rarely has the Galloway breed revealed finer character and quality
than arrested attention in the well fitted exhibit made on this occasion.
Numbers were below the mark set at some former fairs, but the cattle
were distinctly high class. A. C. Binnie, Alta, la., tied the ribbons. It
is evident that the art of fitting Galloways is being mastered by some
herdsmen. It is equally evident that "shaggy-coats" will respond to the
right kind of treatment. During the last five years the breed has im-
proved markedly in its beef qualities. Showyard candidate stand closer
to the ground, show greater spring of rib and better filling about the
shoulder. These betterments were noticeable in the collection under re-
view.
■,;-^*>:.
"fffr^- - •^^^^li%irrtrr*"r--ip^^- ■ " "--■ ■- f-^
mK^m^^^^~-^yA~\' ' ^^-TlW^^^'-.::^'^ --*
Champion Galloway Cow, Iowa State Fair and Exposition, 1908.
Standard favorite was the bull of the show, heading his class and going
straight to the championship. He shows improvement over his last year's
form. He is liberally fleshed and is a good type. Captain 4th of Tar-
breoch is an even-turned smooth two-year-old that is low-set and strongly
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 533
masculine. A crack yearling is Douglas of Meadow Lawn, compact, large,
of girth for his age and neatly finished. Billy Bryan is an excellent type,
but lacks flesh. Scottish Pride, smooth and even in his milk fat, is a
comely youngster.
Evaline 2d of Avondale is a grand old cow. She is an experienced
showyard winner. Although past six years of age, she still holds intact
of her old-time charms and was in the judge's opinion the best female in
the show. Galloway matrons have been a strong class at many of the
fairs for some years, and this distinguished cow has figured conspicuously
in the contests. Sadie of Meadow Lawn is not so large nor so sweetly
feminine, but she is smoother and more compact. Lady Graceful is a
beautiful pattern and was presented in arresting form.
THE POLLED DURHAMS.
Polled Durhams have made good the claims of their friends in Iowa
who secured el classification for them in the Iowa State Pair premium list
two years ago. Hawkeye breeders and several from other states have
responded to the invitation, and this year one of the most satisfactory
shows of the breed was given. There is no longer any question as to the
advisability of continuing a classification for this hornless type of Short-
horn. It is making friends in Iowa and elsewhere, as attested by the
increasing strength of its displays at the fairs. Moreover, Polled Dur-
hams are improving in those qualities which are of the largest value to
the beef cattle grower. Some of the entries forward lacked condition,
some would not make a first-class impression with any sort of fitting, but
the bulk of the cattle were in creditable fix, and some of them were of out-
standing character.
Roan Hero and Royal Flora repeated last year's trick by gaining the
two championships. This was their achievement at Des Moines and
at the International last year. Here is a pair that fill the eye. The bull
has held his form better than the matron. Considering their age, both
are extraordinarily smooth and fresh. In type they illustrate with much
fidelity the ideals aimed at by Polled Durham breeders. Amity Bruce is
a very good two-year-old. He stands on short pegs and is level and deep,
with ample spring of rib. Cupbearer is a remarkably growthy, blocky
one, with quality and character to satisfy the most critical. Bull calves
made a beautiful exhibit, Buttonwood Tip 5th, a clever roan, heading the
class.
Considering the number of entries, the aged cows made as creditable
a showing as any breed on the grounds. The two-year-old heifers were a
strong ring, and Mr, Hadley's capital daughter of Buttonwood Marshall
5th, Buttonwood Duchess, was at once elevated to the leading position. In
form and finish she is a study. The yearling heifers were the high spot
of the show. Two beautiful lassies were rated first and second. Button-
wood Maud and Buttonwood Jenny Lind 4th, half-sisters, are a sweet
pair, and please the eye from any angle. Another pair from the same
herd of outstanding excellence in make-up and finish led the heifer calves.
534 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
THE RED POLLS.
The largest and strongest show of Red Polls ever seen at a state fair
attracted its full share of attention, and the careful, intelligent work of
the judge, J. W. Martin, Gotham, Wis., was helpful to exhibitors and
others who followed it. The cattle were judged on the dual-purpose
basis, and the job was well done. While many admirable show types
were forward, there was a considerable sprinkling of entries which lacked
flesh to such an extent that they should humiliate an exhibitor. This has
been the case for years in this breed. At one end of the big class stands
a high-class animal in attractive bloom, worthy of the place it occupies,
while at the other end stands a "skate." It is unfortunate for the breed
that where there is so much good wheat there should be so much chaff.
In aged bulls, Cremo demanded that his smoke be watched. He is a
smooth low-set bull of scale and quality. Itoo, a milk bull, topped the
two-year-olds. Rutland is chock full of beef and milk quality, an excellent
blend of the two virtues, and is of pleasing architecture. Bull calves
were an uneven lot, owing to the diversity of ages represented. They
should have shown in seniors and juniors, which also applies to the
heifer calves. A big class of them puzzled the judge, owing to the grada-
tions in size. Don won because of his fine balance of the qualities prized
by breeders. He is a quality sort of ample size. He is well grown.
Inez is a type to imitate. She has reached the matron class a stronger
candidate than when she headed the two-year-olds last year and gained
the female championship of the breed. She is a genuine double-decker,
short, smooth, even-lined, large of barrel and admirably equipped with
milking parts. Lady was a popular winner among the two-year-olds, a
very sweet robust heifer with well-defined veins and a fair udder. If the
yearlings had been divided into senior and juniors the exhibitors would
have better satisfied and so would the judge. The class was large and
rich in top-notch show material. Lena made an appropriate headpiece. Her
sweetness of character and symmetry made her invincible. The calves
were a big class, with "more than enough good ones to take the prizes.
THE FAT STEERS.
Marked improvement in the quality of the pure-bred fat cattle exhibit
was noted in all the breeds represented, although the number shown was
about the same as a year ago. Short-horns made a particularly impres-
sive display, while the Angus came fully up to their usual high standard,
this breed furnishing the grand champion of the show in Edison, a prime
bullock that is full of meat. The grand champion group also was "black."
The steers were judged by the breed judges in each breed and they
worked together on the championship — Prof. H. W. Mumford, E. T. Davis
and Capt. T. E. Robson. In the grand championship contest the tug of
war was between the Angus Edison and the roan Short-horn Look Me
Over. But for a little softness of flesh the latter would have won.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 535
THE JERSEYS.
Represented by about the usual number of breeders but of more than
average showyard excellence, the Jerseys scored high in the strong list of
bovine attractions. The classes were small and the prizewinners were
qualified for much stouter competition than they encountered. With but
few exceptions they showed that beauty of finish which makes potent ap-
peal to students of the breeder's art, and in their combined strength madet
a magnificent display of the breed's popular points. Prof. Hugh G. Van
Pelt of the Iowa Agricultural College, Ames, la., assigned positions, and
more acceptable work is rarely witnessed, barring his attempt to mix
prophecy with judgment in sending the female championship to a yearling
not yet freshened. It is of historical interest to record that in this breed,
as well as in Holstein-Freiesians and other dairy races, many of the
entries, especially in the cow classes, showed without horns. Working
dairy cows do not need these weapons of defense and offense under mod-
ern conditions, and the growing practice among breeders and dairymen
of removing them does not render dehorned specimens any the less at-
tractive to judges who consider the practical side. A pair of polished
horns, prettily set, complete a typical head, but they do not spell dairy
efficiency.
Zelaya's Fancy Lad, no^ nearly six years old, is as flash and stylish as
he was last season, and no one questioned his leadership in the aged
bulls, but the yearling Stockwell's Giltedge, thoroughly good at every point
which makes for practical value, had popular license to defeat him for
the championship. As a breeder's type this young bull fills the require-
ments. Another one of much the same stamp headed the calves.
Morey's Golden Lass, a sweet matron of type and strong in dairy equip-
ment, was a handy winner among the cows. Three dehorned entries in
the ring of six two-year-olds gained places. The yearlings in milk were
a clean quality lot. In the dry yearlings the judge found the champion
female, Jolly Sweet Thing 2d, a half-sister to the champion bull and as
complimentary to her sex as he is to his.
THE HOLSTEIN-FRIESIANS.
Competition among Holstein Friesians was mainly between two herds.
Prof. Van Pelt distributed prizes. The older rings were stronger than
usual. Most of the entries were nicely fitted. Kaan Jewell of Woodlake
did well to get ahead of Ethel Alexanders 2nd's Sir Netherland in the aged
bull class. The latter is not showing in as good form as usual. Both are
big rugged bulls. The first named gained the championship without much
hindrance. In aged cows, the good old matron Maryka 3d's Gerben 4th,
with a typical Holstein udder, and carrying a deal of bloom for one of
her years, was an easy winner. She won the championship as easily.
She is a great dairy cow and a capital type of the breed. Heifer calves
were a better class than the bull calves.
536 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
IN THE HORSE SECTION.
The impressive statistics of this division are presented in our intro-
ductory comments. The interest of farmers in this state in the production
of market horses has waxed with the years, until the industry has as-
sumed large proportions. Some of the best-known importers have long
been bringing valuable sires to this state, and it has been a remunerative
market for many other stables. For years at this fair striking displays
of horses, especially in the draft classes, have been made, and the exhibit
last week awakened the keenest interest. It was noteworthy in the em-
phasis it laid on the success which attends the production of superior
draft horses in this country. The classes for American-bred horses were
w^ell filled with creditable exhibits for the most part. Altogether this
department contributed greatly to the outstanding success of the fair.
THE PERCHEBOXS.
Clearly dominant in the equine interest of the Iowa farmer is the
Percheron, as repeatedly evinced by the exhibits on these grounds. The
list of exhibitors contained numbers of lowans who are undertaking the
production of breeding stock in a comparatively small way, laying the
foundation for a future development which can not prove otherwise than
remunerative in high degree. Awards were made in this breed by Alex-
ander Galbraith, Janesville, Wis., and Prof. W. J. Kennedy, Ames, la.
The ring of twenty-three aged stallions presented a lot of weighty ones
of strong excellence, although not containing sensational horses. Only a
few of the lighter sort were present, most of them dropping naturally
into the real drafter class. So uniform were they that they gave the
judges some little difficulty in assorting them. These experienced men
were a little critical, especially as regards feet and legs, which accounts
for some decisions which were not just approved on the outside. The
winner was found among the Singmaster entries, in the black Aurele,
quite a "classy" horse, with toppy crest and impressive presence, a level
well ribbed black and the cleanest of legs. Much more bone was carried
by Decime, that was placed second, and this very rugged horse promises
to come into quite a prominent winner. At present he is the embodi-
ment of power at draft. The gray Bonpays is a great-bodied horse, better
in his top than in his underpinning, with a character and a presence and
a bulk that make him very popular with farmers. Alban was another
toppy one, a black again, as were most of them throughout the stallion
classes, and he was able to make a fine show at the leading rein. Pros-
perity is a level-topped gray with particularly attractive fashioning of
hind quarter.
Nearly a score of three-year-olds presented one of the problems of the
week, the rub finally occurring between the black American-bred Brilliant
D. and the imported gray Trochu. The talent called it a nip and tuck fight,
but the all round excellence of Brilliant D., a really remarkable stallion
in many ways, with capital legs and feet and finely turned body, carried
the day and he eventually became champion. Trochu was the better
horse at this time in the middle piece. His companion Abatvent made with
him a strong pair to come from one stable. Closier is a real stocky-built
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 537
stallion, of much draft power. Loulaba is a dazzling dapple gray, a real
eye-catcher, and stands on the best of legs. These horses were a very
mature lot of three-year-olds from start to finish, but the official veteri-
narian was not able to send any of them out of the class after a careful
mouthing of the contestants.
First Prize Three Year Old Percheron Stallion,
Iowa State Fair and Exposition, 1908.
The thirty two-year-olds made one of the most notable collections of
that age that the breed has ever presented. They were very well grown —
so well that one of them was excused by the vet after he had examined
the mouths of all of them — and for the most part they were in prime con-
dition. When the yearlings came forward not only the vet but the regis-
tration certificates of the massive colts that were eventually placed first
and second were called for, but the record in both cases appeared straight
and they were certainly entitled to their places on the prize list. Blodin
is an altogether good one, and Harcourt is not far behind him.
The mares made a class of twenty-three, which tells tremendously of
the development of the breeding business in this country. They were
headed by Castille, the roan which won at Chicago last fall, and which
is heavier than ever. The big and showy Soubrette, a flash dapple-gray,
stood second and the handsome black lolanthe, a last year's champion
and in better form than ever, was third. The entire lot of females pre-
sented most gratifying evidence of progress in the work of producing on
this side the water the' sires needed for our market stock.
538 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
THE SHIRES. •
The Shire horses were capitally represented in numbers and in quality.
"We have had occasion in times past to commend importers for the dis-
crimination with which they have chosen stallions for our farmers, in
that they have avoided the old-fashioned coarse-jointed harsh-haired kind,
and sought those whose quality of bone and feather represent modern
ideas. A repetition of that commendation is again in order. Very little
suggestion of the undesirable sorts were seen, and yet bulk in plenty was
presented. Nine aged stallions came under W. E. Pritchard, Ottawa, 111.,
as judge, and he was critical to an extent that disappointed some on-
lookers as well as exhibitors, but with bulk he demands soundness and
wearing qualities of foot. He got a real toppy one with a deal of sub-
stance at the head of the lot in the bay Waresley Defiance, and while Bury
Radium is scarcely on the same scale he is yet a real draft horse and of
such character and quality, as revealed in head, ear, eye, legs and bear-
ing, that he ranks high as a sire of valuable geldings. Moulton Florizel
is big and stocky with strong stifles. The three-year-olds revealed capital
quality, and it was typified in high degree in the winner Ashwell Bess-
wood, a colt of the rarest excellence of bone, foot and feather. That he
should have stood above Shelford Friar was by no means conceded, as
the latter is much better built on the rump and back and about as free
from criticism of foot, leg and hair as you can find them. He is a grand
colt top and bottom. His stable companion Bury Magnet is splendidly mod-
eled in body, with breadth of frame, depth of rib and grand hind quarters,
but is not so choice in his legs and feather. Blaisdon Cardon, a big and
toppy colt, made a fine performance at the halter. There could be no deny-
ing premier honors to the blue roan two-year-old Bradgate Blue Jacket, as
he is made after the modern pattern and turned out about proper. He
is a colt of fine finish and much promise. Among the dozen forward were
a few that did not lend especial credit to the breed, but the prizewinners
were of good class. Finstall Triumph was perhaps the most massive colt
in the company, and of nice quality but not so nimble on his feet as those
ahead of him.
THE BELGIANS.
Again note must be made of a large and admirable exhibit of Belgians.
There was very little trash among them from first to last. Evidently
importers have picked with discrimination as to soundness and quality,
and it deserves record that among the older stallions the larger draftier
type was chiefly in evidence. The smaller sort, which finds some favor in
Belgium, is not so desirable for our purposes. R. B. Ogilvie, Secretary
of the American Clydesdale Association, Chicago, allotted positions in
this breed and sent onto the list a very uniform type, chosen closely to
his standard. The leader in the aged stallions was the burly bulky Par-
fait Pruyer, a real draft sort with a most engaging walk. Martin du
Hayoir is a great-middled bigended bay of wearing quality, and the chest-
nut Major's Tugel represents capitally the drafty type of the breed. The
three-year-olds were a uniform company of pleasing character, eleven of
them, and hardly one among them that would not prove a ready seller.
The winner Martin is a shapely bulky chestnut and the others below him
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 539
were of acceptable type. A little variation in type appeared among the
two-year-olds, as a few were on the order of the "Dutchman's" horse,
while others had more scale and would mature into larger, if not more
weighty,horses. Paul de Roe is a very light roan of very impressive
character and a great lot of substance, carried in shapely form.
THE CLYDESDALE.
Larger and more impressive exhibits of this breed have been seen in
this pavilion, but quite a number of them were newly over. Indeed, the
horses from the stables of Alexander Galbraith & Son, which won leading
honors, were barely landed, and moreover did not represent the choice of
the importation, which had been entered for the show. The troubles of
shipment incapacitated for the time a number of their best show horses,
so that substitutions were made at the last moment, by consent of the
fair managers. The winner of last year. Baron Clifton, again headed his
class and his companions are useful horses, but somewhat wanting in con-
dition. The three-year-olds revealed little fitting, but throughout the
exhibit the prime excellence of foot and pasterns was almost uniformly
illustrated. A few rather plain heads were to be noted, and on the whole
under the handicap of recent importation the Clydesdales were not so
impressive in their exhibit as the other breeds.
THE HACKXETS.
It looks a little odd to see the Hackney Ponies in competition with the
horses, and yet the classification at our western shows, which take no
note of height, permit this mix-up. No little interest attached to the
exhibit of this breed as it presented a number of high-class animals.
Meanwood Majesty and Prickwillow Connaught had a sharp conflict before
William Marshall of Tichenor & Co., Chicago, for honors in the stallion
class, and these two famous prize-winners were on their metal in capital
fashion. The decision finally fell to the Pabst representative, and the
sensational pony Dillham Prime Minister was third. The youngsters
were not great, but the mare ring presented the famous champion Ele-
gance 2d which has long been a familiar and dazzling figure at eastern
shows and is still in fine fettle. All three prizes among the mares fell to
Pabst entries.
Entries of saddle-bred horses were draw^n from Missouri, Kansas and
Illinois as well as Iowa, and some showings were made that greatly inter-
ested the people. Alexander Jester was the winning ' stallion, defeating
the more masculine but rather coarser Forest Rose, under the judgment
of R. E. Jones, Webster City, la. Tom Bass rode a handsome chestnut
gelding named King to victory in the gelding class, although he wants
a little more education in mouth and manners, and this flash-going gelding
was finally made champion.
THE EOADSTEKS.
The roadsters both pairs and singles made a specially strong showing.
In these classes conformation counted for 60 per cent, manners 25 per
cent and appointments 15 per cent. The fact that appointments received
attention operated strongly against some exhibitors, for the horses were
540 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
shown by some attached to road carts, others to sulkies, but the most of
them were to road wagons with appropriate harness. In the class of
pairs Winchester Stock Farm had a well matched pair of blacks that could
show considerable speed. They were in good style, shapeliness and speed.
The second place pair were shown by Chas. C. Judy of Illinois. They were
not nearly so evenly mated as the first pair, but were shapely, with a nice
way of going. Tom Bass secured third place with a pair of chestnuts,
one being the mare that led her class in the standard-breds. Her mate
was not of equal merit.
In single drivers Tom Bass secured first with his chestnut mare. While
it was very close between his mare and that of Mr. Judy the matter of
appointments threw the outcome decidedly in favor of the mare. The
Winchester Stock Farm had likely more speed than any of them, but
not quite as nice a way of going as the other two. The three of them
made a capital showing. The mare shown by Tom Bass has enough
substance to guarantee durability, while she is smooth and well pro-
portioned, but she falls away from the Judy entry when quality is con-
sidered. These two entries were notable in the degree to which they
combined speed with a high order of road action.
SHETLAND PONIES.
The state, and probably the West, never witnessed such an outpouring
of ponies. Last year numbers were strong, so strong as to occasion com-
ment, but this time they came even more numerously and in far better
quality. C, E. Bunn journeyed out to test the metal of the Iowa ponies,
and w^hile he made his accustomed record he yet found stout competition.
Prof. John A. Craig, San Antonio, Tex., tied the ribbons with discrimina-
tion, although the aged mare award might readily enough be overturned,
and a slight misunderstanding of the conditions in the saddle class let
a pony go to the front that is not especially typical of Shetland size and
form. The ponies in harness made a brilliant exhibit, no less than four-
teen pairs coming into the arena and a quartette of four-in-hands were
forward. The Shetland Pony exhibit classed among the sensational
features of the fair.
PONIES OTHER THAN SHETLAND.
The ponies other than Shetlands came out very strong, Chas. E. Bunn,
Peoria, 111., and the Pabst Stock Farm, Oconomowoc, Wis., making the
main showing with Hackney ponies. In the class for ponies in harness
the entry of Mr. Bunn was placed first. With such finish, style, smooth-
ness and substance, combined with correct harness action and manners,
this entry is hard to beat. The Pabst entry posseses unusual quality and
attractiveness in addition to good action and perhaps in step could lead
the other, but fast or slow the Bunn entry could show many a big Hack-
ney the correct way of doing it. In pairs Mr. Bunn showed two, the
winners being beautifully matched in type, with such a similarity of
action and manners as to make them almost perfect as a pair.
The class for ponies under saddle brought out a remarkable pony from
the Pabst stable. Perfect in type with the manners that could not be
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 541
excelled, this pony showed correct gaits and splendid education. While
the representative from Mr. Bunn's stable was an unusually attractive
pony standing or in action, yet the winner was of exceptional merit.
IN THE SWINE PENS.
Quality is the goal at which the swine department officials are aiming.
They have had numbers in which quality did not measure up to a satis-
factory standard. For years the number of entries has been overwhelm-
ing in its magnitude and more or less disappointing in the average of its
excellence. With no restrictions to limit them, exhibtors were in the
habit of entering two or three pigs to show and 30 to 40 to sell. Instead
of making the fair memorable for its competitions in the prize ring they
converted it into a sort of clearance house. But this abuse of the swine
department served one good purpose at least: it emphasized the necessity
of larger and better accomodations for housing and showing hogs, and the
result is the magnificent new pavilion, built last year. Now that some
restrictions as to the number of entries that any one exhibitor may
make have been imposed by the management in the interest of the show,
a betterment in quality is sure to materialize. In fact, the exhibit this
year showed higher average merit than any former display. A new rule
reads that no exhibitor shall have more than ten pens in the building
and not more than two of these can be used for pigs under six months.
Altogether over 2,500 hogs were shown by 211 exhibtors from seven dif-
ferent states. It was chiefly a breeder's show, and Iowa furnished the
bulk of the entries. For the most part the hogs were in attractive fix.
The judging was performed amid difficulties which should be eliminated.
Since there are no seats around the pavilion onlookers stood inside the
arena, so that when a large class was under review it was a physical
hardship for the judge to make his way among the people, the hurdles and
the hogs. He ougth to have more room.
Berkshires made a thoroughly creditable show, N. H. Gentry, Sedalia,
Mo.,making the awards. About 200 were exhibited, with only one herd
from outside the state. Very few mediocre entries were seen. Ten
breeders were reprsented in the showing and the ribbons were fairly well
divided, indicating uniformity of type. Especially good were the pigs.
It was an altogether toppy pair that received the championships. Most
of the entries were nicely fitted. McPherson won the silver cup offered
by the American Berkshire Association for the best young herd bred by
an Iowa exhibitor.
Poland-China classes were strong from start to finish. In some of the
aged rings only a few were shown, but the quality was top-notch, and it
took the judge, L. H. Roberts, Paton, la., two days to make the awards.
The type selected to head the classes was generally very satisfactory to
lovers of the medium-sized hog which showed lots of quality, width of back
and depth of ham. It was anybody's ribbon in a good many of the classes,
and in aged sows when the first three were finally brought side by side
542 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGKICULTURE
for further comparison the ringside was unable to tell which was the head
end of the line. Burroughs' junior yearling boar annexed the champion-
ship ribbon, defeating Francis & Sons' aged board. The ribbons were
divided among a good many breeders, with Winn, Chiles, Burroughs,
Francis & Sons, Walgamuth and Wellington sharing the best ones.
More Duroc- Jerseys than of any other breed were seen at this fair.
Eighty-nine breeders brought out 896 entries to compete for honors, and
79 of these live in Iowa, while the rest came from South Dakota and Ken-
tucky. Iowa breeders gathered in most of the ribbons. The classes were
large, over 50 coming out in the junior boar class. So many hogs scat-
tered promiscuously through a large crowd in the ring made the judging
very difficult. N. H. Gentry, Sedalia, Mo., tied the ribbons. In giving
Model Chief 2d the championship he picked a capital representative of
the breed.
Chester Whites numbered 442 animals shown by 35 exhibitors. They
were unsurpassed in quality by any other breed. Several breeders, now
in the ring, chose Iowa for their initiation into the State Fair circuit. Th0
strongest competition was between Reese and Leavens, with the latter
rather ahead, finally taking three championships and leaving only the
boar championship to Reese. The breed made a very strong show. W.
Z. Swallow, Waukee, Iowa, awarded the prizes.
Hampshires made the strongest show in the history of the white-belted
breed. Eight exhibitors contributed the entries. Prof. J. J. Ferguson,
with Swift & Co., Chicago, assigned the positions. Outstanding showyard
character, distinguished the winners in every class, and the champions
were real fancy ones.
In point of numbers the show of bacon breeds is of minor importance,
yet 115 Tamworths and Large Yorkshires were entered, and among them
w^ere animals which the judge, Prof. J. J. Ferguson, pronounced as good
as the breeds afford. According to students of the industry Iowa will
never produce many bacon hogs until the packers are willing to pay a
premium on them sufficient to justify their production. It is further
argued that the feed grow^n in Iowa produce lard hogs cheaply, and if the
bacon breeds are fed the same kind of feed only a few^ generations will
be necessary to turn them into fatbacks. The crossing of Tamworths on
lard types, however, is becoming popular in some sections, and the pigs
thus raised are prime favorites with the packers. They make good
killers.
THE SHEEP SHOW.
Twenty-six exhibitors from eight different states, bringing in all 640
sheep, made the exhibition the largest and truly the best dsplay of sheep
ever seen in Iowa. While the accommodations for sheep are limited,
fair treatment and a liking for keen and worthy competition brought to
Des Moines the strongest importers and breeders of the Middle West with
the best they have been able to produce and to w^rest from Old Country
shepherds. In all ten breeds were represented, but outside of the Shrop-
shires, Oxfords, Cheviots, Lincolns and Rambouillets, there was very lit-
tle competition.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 543
Shropshires made by far the strongest show. Three money prizes for
American-bred sheep and seven ribbons for Iowa-bred stock, in addition
to the open class premiums, brought out a great many of the less promi-
n3nt breeders. These American-bred rings while showing very markedly
the lack of proper and sufficient preparation yet greatly excelled those
same classes of previous years, especially in the ewe classes. The open
classes were practically all won by imported stock. The aged ram class
was well filled with very strong individuals. A ram of unusual indi-
viduality and masculinity with wonderful constitution, back, loin and leg,
which to the ringside looked good for first place, finally stood second
to a very typey, thick one that walked with more freedom and grace. The
yearling ram which afterward was made champion showed splendid type
throughout and in thickness of firm flesh was almost ideal; in wool, how-
ever, he was somewhat coarse, though densely covered. Type and char-
acter in the head, shortness of leg and depth of body placed an excellent
ewe of McKerrow's at the head of the aged class. In the various yearling
ewes the pick of the display presented itself in Chandler's first prize
and champion winner. Seldom has the purple been tied on a more ac-
ceptable type of Shropshire. She stands four square, with a sweet well
covered head, a very smooth, broad, compact shoulder and a depth of firm
flesh everywhere that is wonderful. She was in beautiful fix and a delight
to every lover of Shropshires.
In Oxfords competition was not keen, but splendid specimens of the
breed gained the coveted positions. Depth, compactness, shortness of leg,
flesh and a uniformity that should delight every true breeder's heart
were shown in the rings of this breed.
Although only two breeders presented Cheviots the display was a splen-
did one for the breed and these compact meat-laden little sheep with their
long wool and alert clean faces w^on the admiration of the onlookers.
Only three contestants were forw^ard in the Rambouillet class. These
were Moore, of Michigan; Uriah Cook oc Sons, of Ohio; and Robt. Taylor
of Nebraska. The exhibit comprised only 35 head all told, but the animals
were high class. The largest winnings went to Mr. Moore's flock, which
had in it the champion ram and ewe. Both were aged and of high merit.
This flock also won the prize for besi pen, but the other contestants also
won good money.
The two Delaine flocks in the contest came respectively from Mr. Moore
and Messrs. Cook & Son. The latter won considerably the larger share
of the honors. The champions of both sexes were in this exhibit. They
were two years old and of prime quality. No American Merinos were
on the ground.
FARM BOYS' JUDGING CONTEST.
The boys' judging contest, conducted by Prof. J. A. McLean of the
Iowa Agricultural College, developed the fact that the farm boys of Iowa
are well versed in stock judging. There were over 30 contestants and all
were under 21 years of age. The contest provided for points on judging
544 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
two classes each of horses, cattle, hogs and corn, and in addition a first,
second and third prize was given for the best ear of corn furnished by
the contestant. With the 15 points given for the best ear of corn a
total of 815 points was possible. Four prizes were awarded as follows:
First, $200 in cash; second, $100 in cash; third, $25 in cash; fourth, a
pure bred Collie pup.
R. A. Rutledge of Fort Dodge won the first prize with a total of 496
points, M. O. Cooper was second with 483 points, I. C. Kinzer of Bangor
third with 474 points and Frank Sanders of Hartley fourth with 472
points.
Farmers' Tri'bune, Sioux City, Iowa.
The 1908 Iowa State Fair and Exposition of live stock and agricultural
products has passed into history. It was a great show — a magnificent
exhibition — magnificent in proportions, in quality of exhibits and in the
manner in which it was managed. It was a show that reflected great
credit on a great state — a show of which the farmers, breeders and general
exhibitors were justly proud. Words of praise for the great fair and
its management floating though the balmy air that prevailed through
nearly the entire farm holiday period united into music of sweetest
rythmic harmony and exquisite beauty that spoke of a still greater future
for the State of Iowa and its great annual fair.
Only those who had attended shows of a similar nature before could
fully realize the meaning of the tremendous exhibits and the uniform
high quality of them all. The effect of the combined exhibts — those of
the various classes of live stock, of agricultural, horticultural, culinary
and art products, of useful labor saving machinery and of farm imple-
ments and vehicles of all descriptions — was such as to leave an indelible
impression for good upon the minds of the 200,000 people who attended
the great show. It spoke positively of Iowa's tremenduous agricultural
resources. It paid a fitting tribute to the leading agricultural state in
the Union and to the skill and progressive attitude of its farmer citizens.
Not only could the agricultural resources of the state be seen through
the great fair as a mirror, but the many manufacturing industries en-
gaged in lessening the drudgery of the farm were equally in evidence
with the latest and most efficient farm implements and machinery in the
world.
It spoke of the wisdom of the state in treating its fair liberally and
pointed to the future with a suggestion of the need of still larger appro-
priations to accommodate more and bigger exhibits and to encourage, if
possible, still greater excellence. It emphasizes the fact that the modern
state has spent about $159,0000 on its fair, while during the same period
the fair itself has put over $161,000 of net receipts into permanent im-
provements, making a total of over $320,000. This is a large sum of
money, but it is only a small amount for a state with the resources of
Iowa. It will pay the state well to be more liberal in the future. The
building of the Iowa State Fair has just begun; the work of construction
must go on, and it should continue more rapidly in the future than it
has in the past. A new grandstand is a necessity for the coming year.
The old wooden structure is inadequate to take care of the crowds, and
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 545
what is of still greater consequence, it is no longer safe. The day of
wooden public structures has passed; steel, cement and brick are needed,
to make a safe grandstand large enough to accommodate at least 20,000
people. Such a building will cost close to $150,000, which would still be
$75,000 less than the Canadian Fair at Toronto paid for its grandstand.
More land is also needed; at least 20 acres should be added to the grounds
to partly prevent the present congested conditions that prevail. This
would probably cost in the neighborhood of $10,000.
The net earnings of this year's fair, which will be in the neighborhod
of $43,000, could be used to good advantage for finishing the new Adminis-
tration building and for providing for other needed improvements in the
way of buildings, walks and better sanitary facilites. Every dollar the
state may see fit to add to the well started nucleus now on the grounds
will be money well invested — money that will pay big dividends in the
form of increased returns from the farms of the state and thus aid in
augmenting general agricultural progress.
A great fair that is well managed is truly educational. It impresses the
young, teaches and inspires the old and uplifts and enthuses the great
body agricultural to an extent that can not be measured in dollars and
cents. Nor is this all. It has a tremendous moral effect on the whole
state, which manifests itself in a stronger and more determined effort
on the part of the ambitious to strive for higher ideals and greater ex-
cellence. The average man of the rural districts needs to attend a great
fair at least once a year; he needs to come in contact with the leaders in
his line of work in order to have his latent powers stirred into action.
His brain needs a stimulant such as is furnished by seeing what those
who, perhaps under more favorable conditions, have succeeded in accom-
plishing.
For these and other reasons farmers should see to it that the legis-
lature treates them liberally next year in the way of big appropriations
for their greatest educator — the state fair.
HORSES.
The horse show was large — larger than any previous shows made in
Iowa, and we believe it is entirely safe to say, in the world. Think of
an exhibition comprising 800 magnificent equines! Where and when has
it been equaled? It was not only a great show numerically, but it was a
superb show from a quality standpoint. It taught an impressive lesson
of the tremendous advancement that has been made in developing that
noble, useful and faithful friend of man, the horse. It seemed to say
emphatically, though modestly, that man is trying to show his apprecia-
tion of the valuable services rendered him by the great equine race by
helping to develop and improve its physical beauty as well as its mental
capacity, for the impressive array of splendid steeds seemed to have
greater mental powers than their progenitors. They are certainly in-
telligent.
While it may be said that there was general satisfaction among the
horsemen with the manner in which the judging was conducted, there
35
546 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE
were a few things that might have been done in a somewhat different vray
and thus have made the show a great deal better from an educational
point of view. Among these things was one that was evident even to the
most casual observer. The world has been taught by experience that
there is something of value in the purity of blood in our pure-bred
breeds of live stock and it has learned to prize a stallion, a mare, a bull,
a cow, or any other breeding animal not merely because of its individual
merit but also, and very largely, because of the performance records of
its ancestors. This is why breed records have been established and why
an animal with a pedigree is considered more valuable for breeding
purposes than one whose ancestors are unknown. Breed character, in
other words, has come to mean something.
It was evident to all who know anything about the different breeds of
horses that there was a certain animal in the show ring which gave very
little individual evidence of belonging to the breed with which it was
shown. So much did it resemble another breed that had it been classed
with the one it resembled most, its relationship would probably never
have been questioned. While the horse referred to was possessed of in-
dividual excellence it had but few characters common to the breed with
which it was classified, and it seems as though it should have been ruled
out of that breed. If a century of breeding does not stand for breed
character what does it represent?
The cattle show as a whole was larger and better than that of last
year. There were in the neighborhood of 800 on the grounds. The
Short-horns did not make so large a showing as usual, but the quality
was fully up to the standard of previous years. The high price of grains
and the slight depression in the live stock trade that has prevailed for
a few months perhaps caused the falling off of the popular Short-horns
in the show ring, of which there were 189 in the breeding classes. None
of the classes were very large, nevertheless they were strong. The Here-
ford breeders, who for several years have been pushing their cattle to
the front, were decidedly in evidence with their favorites this year. No
less than 169 "white faced" breeding cattle were at the show and a mag-
nificent lot they were! They truly made a fine appearance, some of the
classes having as many as 25 or 30 head. The exhibtor's herd, breeder's
herd, calf herd, get of sire and produce of cow classes T\'ere very large
and made the biggest show of "white faces" that has ever been seen in
tne ring at the Iowa State Fair. The Angus breed was represented by
91 head of breeding stock and it was a general ringside remark that
the quality of the "Doddies" was first-class and the show as a whole of
superior excellence. The number was about the same as last year. The
Red Poll show was larger than last year, 83 head being entered. The
Polled Durhams, Galloways, Jerseys and Holsteins were represented by
55, 40, 45 and 43 head, respectively.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 547
SWINE.
The great swine pavilion, as last year, was filled to overflowing. The
only reason there were not 6,000 hogs in the pavilion was because it will
accommodate only one-half that number. Pen room w^as all spoken for
as early as June 15th. It is questionable if accommodations sufficiently
large to accommodate all the breeders who wish to send hogs to the show
could be provided on the grounds. The Duroc breed made the largest
showing, and for the first time placed the Poland-Chinas second from a
standpoint of numbers. The former was represented by 898 and the
latter by 850 individuals. The Chester White breed made a very good
showing, as did also the Berkshires. The Tamworth breed, which is
gradually becoming more popular in some sections, was w^ell represented
from a quality standpoint and it apparently won many new friends among
farmers in attendance.
FARM MACHIXERY.
The farm machinery display was so large that it is impossible in an
article of this kind to give anyone an adequate idea of its magnitude.
There were no less than 400 machinery exhibtors on the grounds. Several
big steam plow^s were operated on the grounds every afternoon. Four
silos were to be seen in which apparently many farmers took great in-
terest. Silage cutters were also in operation, which cut and elevated the
corn into one of these structures. There w^ere no less than 150 different
makes of gasoline engines on the grounds, show^ing that these machines
are becoming more and more popular for farm use. Binding twine was
being made by machinery, a process in which many were greatly in-
terested. Among the comparatively new features were up-to-date 'light-
ing and the heating plants for farm homes, testifying to the rapid advance-
ment that is being made by the farmer in the way of improvements
that go to make life more pleasant in the rural districts. Nor was the
automobile absent. Manufacturers of autos spoke freely of the large
number of machines they have been selling to farmers during the last
few years; in fact many farmers came to the fair in automobiles.
A new and improved combined corn cutter and husker was on exhi-
bition. This machine cuts, husks and elevates corn into a wagon box all
in one operation. Whether this machine will prove to be practical re-
mains to be seen. It is probable that it will have to be considerably im-
proved before it will come into general use. Besides, there is one thing
strongly against its' efficiency and that is that it wastes the cornstalks.
While it is true that the great bulk of cornstalks, perhaps 90 per cent,
are wasted today, and while as Secretary Wilson said in one of his
speeches on the ground, that the Iowa farmer can afford to w^aste part
of his corn crop, it is not likely that the thrifty farmer will do this when
he has to operate on $100 or $150 an acre land.
Considerable interest was manifested in an Iowa-made milking ma-
chine which was operated twice a day on the grounds throughout the
entire week. It was run by a gasoline engine and apparently did its
work of drawing the milk from the cows as well as anyone could do it
by hand.
548 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
EDUCATIONAL FEATUEES.
The Iowa State College had a very fine exhibit in the old Administration
building. One thing in which many farmers took a great deal of interest
was a collection of mounted specimens of common weeds and grasses, to-
gether with small samples of seeds of each variety. The Extension De-
partment of the college has been devoting a great deal of time and effort
to making collections of this kind during the last summer as well as col-
lections of the common insects, shov^^ing them in their different stages
of development. These collections will be for sale to schools teaching
agriculture and will also be supplied at cost to all agricultural clubs and
societies that may wish them. A few collections, we understand, can be
furnished to private parties.
A minature cement silo was also exhibited by the college, and directions
for constructing silos of cement were given. It was claimed by those in
charge of this exhibit that a cement silo can be constructed at a cost not
to exceed 25 per cent in excess of the cost of wooden structures, and it
was suggested that wherever sand and gravel can be easily secured
cement silos will be much cheaper in the end than wooden structures.
The soils department of the college showed in a very striking manner
a county map of the state by means of the principal grains and grasses
grown. It was evident from this that the area devoted to clover in Iowa
is exceedingly small as compared with the area devoted to corn and other
crops. Thus for every acre devoted to clover in Iowa 16 are devoted to
timothy and 46 to corn production.
Many important educational meetings w^ere held on the grounds and
plans were made for introducing agriculture into rural schools. Secretary
of Agriculture, James Wilson, made several addresses, in one of which he
said that he would never recommend that the federal government give
financial aid for the introduction of agriculture into the public schools un-
til the states provide teachers competent to teach agriculture. The sec-
retary urged the importance of eradicating bovine tuberculosis from the
herds in the state and was in favor of the enactment of laws to that end. It
was also his opinion that the state should partially compensate farmers
and breeders for any financial loss they may sustain in cleaning up their
herds. He called attention to the tremendous waste that is going on on
the average Iowa farm and urged farmers to take steps to save the corn-
stalks, of which he estimated that 90 per cent are practically entirely
wasted. While he was looking forward to a big crop of corn this year, he
advised farmers, especially those in the northern part of the state, to
grow early maturing varieties and to pay more attention to early ma-
turing qualities than to the size of the ears, as it is the ripe corn that
counts.
Reference was also made to the importance of tiling and of getting
every acre of land in condition to produce crops so as to be able to secure
good yields not only in a dry, but also in a wet s'eason.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 549
Ticenticth Century Farmer, Omaha, Nebraska.
Tin-: IOWA STATE FAIR SHOWS THE TREM::XUOUS RESOURSES OF THIS GREAT
COMMONWEALTH.
Iowa is indeed a great state. Never before has it given so pronounced
a demonstration of its real greatness in its agricultural and industrial re-
sources as was displayed at its recent State Fair held at Des Moines
August 23 to 28, 1908. This annual exhibition of the Iowa State Fair is
only the presentation of the evidence establishing the fact that this great
commonwealth is on the highway to a still greater degree of success and
achievements in agricultural prosperity than has heretofore existed.
Each year sees this great agricultural enterprise climb higher and
higher in the scale of exhibition achievements.
The Iowa State Fair is the exponent of a great agricultural state,
whose resources are primarily the soil and the products thereof. The
man behind the plow and the boy upon the cultivator have been the
prime factors in building up the conditions which today assert the great-
ness and grandeur of this highly prosperous and wealthy district of
country. Iowa has developed in recent years with astonishing rapidity
in every feature of farm and land improvement, production and enter-
prise. Almost from the beginning of settlement on the prairie lands
of Iowa it acquired the distinction of being the corn country. It has
also gradually developed into a clover, timothy and blue grass country,
until today it is the greatest combined corn and tame grass district in
the United States.
Iowa is great in its live stock industries and interests. It is the
great center of live stock improvement. No state, district or section of
country of equal area is displaying more activity, energy and real breeding
enterprise than is found in Iowa. Thus the Iowa State Fair has behind
it the backing for the greatest live stock show in the country. Its large
and spacious grounds, its greatest hog barn in the world and its live
stock pavilion, where seven breeds of cattle were congregated at one
time in classification, being passed on by the judges of these several
breeds, gives some idea of how the fair management is trying to keep
pace with the development of the farm and state.
The 1908 fair was in all respects an advancement over last year and
all fairs that have gone before. State fair officials expressed an opinion
that all departments were increased this year over last by 10 to 50 per
cent in extent.
THE RIGHT MAX IN THE PLACE.
President Cameron, the genial and courteous official of the Iowa State
Fair, who has a smile and pleasant greeting for all callers, even for the
newspaper man, in an interview concerning the fair in general, said:
"We feel that the State Fair and the people of the state are in closer
touch than ever before, that the citizens of Iowa are realizing more and
more that the State Fair is really and truly an Iowa institution and
that they are a part of it; that one of their first duties is to attend the
fair end lend their influence to the enterprise by their attendance.
550 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
"Our people have finally acquired the State Pair habit and they come
without any urging or special inducements. The great educational feat-
ures of the fair are being appreciated and the progressive citizen feels
that he cannot afford to stay away. Our State Fair is the greatest factor
in the state in demonstrating the values of Iowa lands; each year con-
vinces more of the fact that Iowa is a great agricultural state and that
Iowa land investments cannot be bettered; that this is a good enough
state to live in. 'Let well enough alone' is the motto with our best
thinking people.
This fair is growing better each year. This year in all departments it
exceeds last year from 10 to 50 per cent. The attendance is greater each
year and in all respects we should congratulate ourselves in the success
of our fair. Would be pleased at any time to give the press any assist-
ance in my official capacity or personal attention. Good day, call again."
An instance in state fair history where the right man is in the right
place.
GREAT LIVE STOCK SHOW.
The horse department, comprising all outside the track horses, was
a matter of general remark in the excellence of quality and large num-
bers. In this division were 785 horses entered.
In cattle there was also great interest, there being in all breeds 627
head exhibited. There was some complaint amongst breeders on the extra
expense this year in fitting cattle for the fair owing to the higher prices
for feeds that had to be used in finishing the show animals. The cattle
show was not only large, but it conclusively demonstrated that the
breeder is getting a little nearer perfection each year. Some of the old
breeders and exhibitors were not present, but their places werre filled by
new recruits to the great army of cattle breeders that are constantly
being added to the lists.
The swine department reached the enormous aggregate of 2,642 ani-
mals, representing all breeds common to the corn country. Experts and
clever critics in hog finish detected a very perceptable lowering in condi-
tion of the hogs shown compared with former years of more bountiful
feed supply, and lower prices for feed stuffs. The quality of animal was
equal to the best that has ever been produced. There was not so free a
buying spirit as has formerly prevailed at these fairs. This was also
attributed to the prospect of at least 50-cent corn for the present unde-
veloped crop. As hogs and corn naturally go together, there is nothing
remarkable in this evidence of caution.
NEED OF NEW SHEEP BAKN.
The Iowa Sheep Breeders' Association has stimulated more interest
in the sheep show and the increased attention to founding nev/ flocks of
both grade and full blood sheep is making it more of an object for
breeders to exhibit than formerly and the quality was good. In many
classes the competition was very close, there being present some of the
best sheep in the entire country. The sales of rams were reported good by
those having sales sheep with them. The Iowa State Fair management
will make no mistake in using a portion of its surplus before another
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 551
fair season in the building of a suitable sheep barn, to house comfortably
this division of its live stock show. The present accommodations are
not in accord with the other departments of the fair and greatly below
that of other fairs where the sheep and wool interests of the state are
much below that of Iowa.
The dairy interests were particularly well represented both by the
show of the dairy breeds of cattle and in the products and dairy machin-
ery and appliances for carrying on this important branch of farm in-
dustry. Iowa is to be complimented for its very systematic and v/ell
proportioned display of dairy work. Its exhibtion of butter and designs
in butter were especially interesting, both to the curious and the student.
The displays at the dairy division in the agricultural hall, in all its
specialties, was a good incentive to start the farmer on down the row
to the cattle barn, where the specialty dairy cows were on exhibition,
showing to a certainty that if butter fat is the object you need go no
farther.
Horticulture, one of the most important branches of general agriculture,
forms a leading feature on the Iowa farm, not that it is taken up as a
particularly money-making proposition or a general ambition encouraged
for commercial orcharding, but as a home necessity. The family orchard
is no longer regarded in Iowa as a luxury; it is one of the necessities to
good living and is as common on the farms as the garden.
The show of fruits this year is very good, fully up to the average
season, though procured under a little more restriction in territory. The
Des Moines valley or territory central in the Des Moines district was
the only section of the state that was not seriously damaged by the frost
period last spring. In the above territory there intervened a period of
cloudy, moist weather following the frost, which gradually thawed out
the freezing or frost influence and left the fruit unharmed; where the
reverse condition of sunshine existed, the blight was fatal.
DISPLAY OF SPRAYED FKUIT.
One very remarkable display was that of F. O. Harrington of Williams-
burg, Iowa, who had an educational exhibit of apples, illustrating the in-
fluence of spraying on the apple crop. Mr. Harrington's spraying con-
sisted of four applications; the first just before the opening of the
blossom, the second after the fall of the petals, the third two v/eeks
later and the fourth and last in August. He sprays with Bordeaux
mixture and insecticides for the coddling mom.
Mr. Harrington has been practicing this course of tree treatment for
the last five years in his orchards, and was exhibiting about fifty varieties
of apples, which were without defect or blemish. They were the very
pink of perfection in fruit, and demonstrated what all orchardists can
have when they put into practice Mr. Harrington's methods of treat-
ment. He uses a gasoline power sprayer. He has fifty acres of orchard
and says the commercial orchard is a success and a money maker when
the spray is used.
The machinery department at this fair has developed into proportions
almost incredible to the casual observer. Mr. Ledgerwood, the super-
552 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
intendeat, estimates the actual ground space occupied with all forms of
machinery and implements at forty acres, independent of the machinery
halls erected by the fair association for the exhibition of machines.
There are four of these large machinery buildings owned and rented
by the State Fair to machine exhibitors. There are twenty-four private
machinery buildings for the housing of exhibition machinery and forty
acres of open ground. There is more machinery being operated on the
fair grounds than formerly. The increase in small devices is a matter of
great interest among machine men. It was estimated that there were
fully 250 gasoline engines on exhibition; the popularity of this plan of
power is urged by the exhibits that are being made.
The exhibition of bees and honey was a good presentation of the im-
portance of this industry, and the ease with which a practically waste
product may be made not only highly profitable, but a real source of live-
lihood to the efforts of the attentive and industrious owner of small
landed possessions. The exhibit was put up in artistic style and showed
the skill of the practical apiarist and bee-handler.
The boys' stock judging contest was a feature at this fair. This is not
new, but was started several years ago, and is so important as a class
training that the Ames college animal husbandry department has it con-
tinued. It meets the endorsement of public sentiment in Iowa and has
undoubtedly resulted in making some very good judges of live stock
from among these young men, whose services will be in demand soon.
The visit of Secretary James Wilson of the Department of Agriculture
at the Iowa State Fair w^as highly appreciated by the Iowa people, and
was a very proper recognition of his loyalty to his home state. Secretary
Wilson has, how^ever, grown beyond state lines in his relationship to the
people of this country. He has made himself so closely related to the
general agricultural interests of the whole country that he has a place
in the esteem and business friendship of the agricultural classes that no
other man can hope to acquire.
The topics outlined for discussion at the meeting planned for Secre-
tary Wilson on the Iowa State Fair grounds were:
The importance of teaching agriculture in our public schools.
The correspondence school of agriculture.
The importance of organization of farmers into societies for industrial
and social purposes.
Judge Deemer also took part in the discussion.
The night show and the vaudeville of the present day entertainment
for the state fair has been introduced into the program of the Iowa fair
and has met with the endorsement of the people. The band concert,
where the highest order of musical talent is employed to entertain the
fair visitors, is a feature of fair amusement that the refined and ac-
complished talent of the' country demands, and therefore the State Fair
has provided it. "There is nothing too good for the farmer," has been
preached so persistently by the agricultural press that the sentiment has
taken root, and the state fair managers all over the country have noth-
ing to do but provide the best talent that the country can turn out.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 553
The Iowa State Fair has become of national interest, and is now at-
tracting the attention and attendance of many of the most noted agricul-
tural and live stock characters in the country. Its extensive and well
filled departments in live stock, its spacious and finely decorated grounds,
its magnificence and grandeur in landscape, finish and natural scenery,
with its great crowds of interested sightseers, is bound to bring it into
national prominence and world-wide reputation as an agricultural en-
terprise worthy the consideration of the scientific representatives of every
land,
CATTLE DEPARTMENT.
Secretary J. C. Simpson of the Iowa State Fair thinks it doubtful if
there will be a greater state fair held in America this year than was
pulled off at Des Moines last week.
Governor Packard was in charge of this department and with the aid
of his efficient assistants kept things going on schedule time. There
was much interest on the part of the public shown, as the great pavilion
at times was crowded until standing room was at a premium during
the time the judges were placing the awards and at times the crowd
would take part by vigorous applause. The arena at times became too
crowded for the judges by those visitors with special pass privileges, but
the patient marshals good naturedly asked them to "stand back," and
their commands were always promptly heeded. The forenoons were
given to the horse exhibits and at 1:15 p. m. the march of cattle to the
arena would begin into the formation of the various classes that were
booked for the day's show. On tw^o or three occasions the evening shades
would begin to make their appearance before the judicial work docketed
for the day would be completed.
The Homestead, Des Moines, loica.
A triumph never equaled in the annals of the Iowa State Fair and
Exposition was recorded at Des Moines last w^eek. This year's fair was
the fifty-fourth annual exhibition of the kind, and not one of the fifty-
three creditable fairs which preceded this one — for all Iowa fairs are
creditable — approached the exposition of 1908 as an all-around exemplifica-
tion of what a state fair ought to be. The probability of such a success had
been foreseen; for great prosperity was known to prevail throughout the
state, and the outlook for another good crop w^as excellent, and the rail-
roads had wisely decided to make reduced rates for the fair; but the
attendance at a state fair is largely affected by the weather and the
weather is proverbially fickle, hence every friend of the fair was on net-
tles, so to speak, until enough fine days had passed to insure the complete
and unexampled success of the fair this year.
The weather was almost as if made to order. Clear, cool and pleasant,
it w^as delightful for the tens of thousands of visitors who flocked to the
fair grounds from the beginning to the end of the great show. The fair
opened on Saturday this year, a successful innovation. That day being
children's day, several thousand adults were attracted to the grounds for
the sake of the little ones. And the fair was complete and ready for
them. Saturday, Sunday, Monday and Tuesday all broke their previous
5g4 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
records for cash receipts. V/ednesday morning opened with showers and
a temporary dampening of the ardor of fair-goers; hut presently the
clouds lifted and the business of the fair picked up; and when the re-
turns were all in, Wednesday was found to be a record-breaker, too, be-
sides being made notable by the visit of Secretary Wilson and his fine
address on timely agricultural topics in the big G. A. R. tent. By Thurs-
day night the fair had beaten last year's record of cash receipts up to the
same time by over $22,000 and the total receipts were already greater than
from any previous Iowa State Fair in its entirety, even the great fair
of 1906 being already thrown into the shade, with many thousands of
dollars still to come from Friday's receipts and numerous miscellaneous
sources.
And all this in a so-called panic year, with well-authenticated reports
that times are really hard down east! And this great fair and exposition
conducted on the highest plane as to morality; with liquor-selling and
gambling and fake schemes of all kinds ruthlessly excluded from the
grounds; with no train-wrecks or balloon ascensions or sensational novel-
ties of any kind to allure those who crave mere excitement — just a great,
clean, varied and overv.helming exhibit of the wholesome activities of
one of the greatest of our agricultural states, managed by competent men
so as to give opportunities for an energetic and intelligent and enterpris-
ing people to show what they could do.
The crowds were exceedingly well behaved. There v/as a noteworthy
absence of the rude, the coarse, the uncouth and the unworthy, in both
conduct and appearance. Everybody was well dressed and everybody
looked happy and comfortable. Accidents were remarkably few. Trans-
portation from the city to the fair grounds and return, by both the rail-
road and street car lines, was in the main adequate and comfortable,
though at times the cars were overcrowded. The city authorities made
an extraordinarily good record in holding crime in check. The citizens
and the municipal government frowned upon extortion and arrests were
promptly made for over-charging when reported. Every effort was made
to provide good lodging places for strangers remaining in the city over
night. In the streets and on the fair grounds, universal courtesy and a
desire to accommodate fair visitors prevailed.
The commodious and convenient new administration building; the
increased space accorded to the unparalleled horse show; the extended
sidewalks; the well-kept flower-beds, and the generally improved ap-
pearance of the grounds; the dignified and attractive entertainments
held in the stock pavilion and a score of new and distinctive improve-
ments in fair management combined to give point and cogency to the
remark everywhere heard that this was by a,ll odds the best fair ever
held in Iowa. There was much talk, too, about the urgent need for a
great steel and concrete amphitheater as the next permanent improvement
which the liberality of the State and the practical wisdom of a far-seeing
raanageraent should combing to provide,
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 555
While the lateness of the season cut down to some extent the exhibit
of agricultural and horticultural products, yet the character of the ex-
hibits installed was sufficiently high to be beyond criticism. Iowa has
never made a record as to the number of county exhibits made at the
State Fair, though the quality of the products shown wall compare fa-
vorably with those state fairs where the county exhibits are more exten-
sive. In the northern third of the state Clayton and Cherokee counties
were the only contestants, the latter installed by Victor Felter, carrying
away first premium. Mr. Felter's exhibit showed rare taste in design
and the high quality of grains, fruits and vegetables furnished the sub-
ject for much favorable comment. There were but two counties in the
central, Polk and Delaware. The former, installed by Fred Heathershaw,
of Des Moines, carrying off the prize by a score of eighty-nine out of a
possible 100 points. The Delaware county exhibit was installed by Mr.
L. G. Clute, who made a most excellent showing, scoring 79 out of a pos-
sible 100 points. There were three counties in the southern class, namely,
Cass, which scored 85 per cent, winning first; Warren, 83 per cent, second,
and Lucas third with a score of 81 per cent.
Too much praise cannot be given to the educational exhibit made by
the Agricultural College. This included a model cottage in which was
shown the possibilities of comfortably furnishing a four-room cottage at
a minimum cost. This exhibit was certainly a study in harmony of color,
convenience of arrangement and economy as applied to household affairs.
It attracted no small share of attention on the part of visitors. The col-
lege exhibit included models of individul hog houses, milking machines,
barn models, and an exceedingly interesting series of maps dealing spe-
cially with the rotation of crops. No part of the fair furnished a more
interesting study than the minature map of the state designed to show
the acreage of the most important grains grown in each county, and of
course no educational exhibit would be complete in these days without a
display of corn racks of the most modern type. These proved to be the
center of much attraction. Farmers, on the whole, spend much time
in studying these various phases of the work that is being done at the
college, and not a little interest w^as taken in examining the weed speci-
mens that were there shown, as a state fair is above all things an edu-
cational institution, this feature is to be most highly commended, and
in our opinion it would not be unwise to even provide larger quarters for
the installation each year of an exhibit of this character, with such added
features as may come up from time to time.
The fair board of managers acted wisely when they outlined their
musical program for this year. Something out of the ordinary was at-
tempted and, in addition to the famous Liberati band, upwards of a score
of opera singers w^ere engaged to take part both in the daily and even-
ing programs. So popular was this feature that not in a single instance
was the amphitheater large enough to accommodate those who w'ished to
hear the musical program; and this only brings up the old subject again,
556
IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 557
that the greatest need at the present time that confronts the management
of the Iowa State Fair is a new and much larger amphitheater. We un-
derstand that it required no small outlay to secure the splendid musical
talent this year, but the fair management has reason to feel that they are
backed up by the citizens of the state when going ahead in this liberal
handed manner. Even though the division of the crowd was made both
afternoon and evening on account of the counter attraction in the stock
judging pavilion, yet the crowds were too large to be cared for in the
present out-of-date amphitheater.
There were many special features of the 1908 fair relating to which
the lack of space prevents comment. "One matter, however, should not be
overlooked, namely, the universal satisfaction expressed by stockmen in
the ratings made in the various classes. Not in many years has a more
competent and more honest set of judges been put to work, and while it is
never possible to please all, yet awards as given in this issue show in a
remarkable degree the relative merit of the animals entered. To some
extent college men were rsponsible for this condition, though equal credit
must be given to those experienced breeders who were called to the im-
portant task this year of placing ribbons. If there w^ere classes "fixed"
in advance this year they failed to come under our notice, and it mat-
tered not whether the judge had come by his knowledge through the
present-day stock judging schools or through long experience, the result
was the same in practically every instance. And this condition means
much, because we have seen the time when the "fixing" process was the
rule and not the exception. We mean by this that judges were undoubt-
edly influenced in too many instances in the past by considerations which,
though not know^i, nevertheless brought forth fruit; and on this point
we take the time to compliment the fair management in the choice made
of the judges. A list of judges including such men as Craig, of Texas;
Mumford, of Illinois; Swallow, Kennedy, Roberts and Davis, of Iowa;
Martin, of Wisconsin;' Kizer, of Kansas, and Captain Robson, of Canada
— these and others being kept busy during the week — means that square-
toed, out-and-out decisions are to be expected. This is exactly what
occurred and exhibitors on the whole expressed keen appreciation of the
work done by tnese judges.
The contest held among girls and boys in the competition for the
scholarship offered by the Iowa Agricultural College was more than usu-
ally interesting this year. It was held on Saturday and was "therefore out
of the way before the regular judging began. In the girls' class Miss
Ruby Lynch, of Ames, won the $100 scholarship, second going to Sheila
Hasbrouck, of Humeston, third to Pansy Edwards, of Des Moines, and
fourth to Louise Wood, of Iowa Falls. In the boys' contest a number of
classes of live stock were passed on and, in addition to this, both white
and yellow corn were judged. The winner in the joint rating of live
stock and corn was R. A. Rutledge, of Fort Dodge, whose score w^as 496.
This w^on for Mr. Rutledge a $200 scholarship at the low^a Agricultural
558 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
College. The $100 scholarship was won by N. O. Cooper, of Knierim, with
a score of 483, while the $25 scholarship in the short course was won by
I. C. Kinzer, of Bangor, who scored 475, the Scotch Collie pup as a fourth
premium going to Frank Sanders, of Hartley, who made a score of 472.
In this competition there were thirty-three entries and every man who
took part in it made a most creditable showing. Professor McLean, who
had charge of the contest, claimed it was the most successful that had
ever been held, claiming as he did that never before had he seen so
much promising material in one bunch of men.
CATTLE.
SHORT-HORXS.
Of the aged Short-horn bulls shows three were prize winners at Des
Moines in 1907, namely, Whitehall Marshall, Whitehall King and Scottish
Champion. In neither year have the judges — Mr. C. B. Dustin, of Sum-
mer Hill, 111., in 1907, and Capt. T. E. Robson, of London, Ontario, in
1907 — had any inclination to lead any bull ahead of old Whitehall Mar-
shall. Although he has been successfully fitted and shown for five suc-
cessive seasons, yet he is starting out on this season's circuit in remark-
ably good form — very naturally not quite the equal of what he was when
in his prime, but, nevetheless, extremely good. Time and the annurJ grind
of showing, however, are telling upon him and many admirers of the
"grand old bull" are forced to regret that he is again making the rounds.
He has everything to lose and nothing to gain in the venture. His laurels
are won. His half brother, Whitehall King, stood next in line, which
position is one better than he had last year when Bellows' bull. Good
Choice, was placed above him. This bull has made remarkable progress
since last year and unless something unexpected happens he is going to
"make good" on the circuit this year. Scottish Champion, a Victor Baron
bull exhibited by H. D. Parsons, was fifth in last year's ring, but fate was
unkind and forced him down to sixth place last w^eek. Anoka Sultan,
formerly owned by Mr. Harding, once more stood at the head of his
class and we predict that, in his case, history will again repeat itself.
He is a splendid son of the illustrious Whitehall Sultan. C. W. Daws'
Nonpareil Prince proved a disappointment to Captain Robson, for he was
unable to place him within the money,although Mr. Dustin found him good
enough for third premium last year. In the junior yearling bull class
Thomas Stanton's old bull, Cumberland's Last, was again heard from.
At least, a son of his. King Cumberland by name, stood in first place.
He is the property of H. H. Powell & Son, of Linn Grove, Iowa. This
class of fourteen contained many bulls of exceptional merit. The judge
found a bull for second place in Thomas Andrews' Royal Diadem, out
of the cow Juno by Diamond Rex. Count Abbott, a much 3'ounger animal,
shown by C. L. McClellan, stood third, and had it not been for his lack
of fitting would have given the other two bulls a still harder battle for
their places. Unfortunately the youngster had been kept with the herd
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 559
up to within a short time of the fair and consectuently was not in the
rig he should have been. F. M. Zenor, of Woolstock, Iowa, had a bull in
the class which, while not the recipient of fancy money, was neverthe-
less a right good sort of a sire type, and with good care will develop into
one that will make trouble in future show rings. This btlll, Bach Grove
Viscount, was sired by Viscount Secret out of Imp. Queen Bess. White-
hall Sultan and Whitehall Marshall sired three of the prize winners in
the senior bull calf class, namely, Leader of Fashion, recipient of first
money; Baron Sultan, of second, and Sultan's Crown of sixth. Fourteen
tried for the positions in line and many possessed unusual merit, but the
Harding bulls possessed still more. In deciding to give D. R. Hanna's
aged cow, Flora 90th, the first premium. Captain Robson had to draw
out a lot of six, but upon closer examination was able to confirm his first
judgment without an exception. Two of these cows were from Wiscon-
sin, one from Kentucky, one from Ohio, one from Iowa and one from
Kansas. When it came to picking the winning junior heifer calves there
was still closer picking, and several exceptionally good ones had to be
lead back to the barns without any ribbons. George Sims had Cherry
Blossom Anoka in the line, but it was her off day and she behaved miser-
ably. Had this heifer been less restless and uneasy she would have shown
to much better advantage. As it was she did not get within the money.
Susan Cumberland, another gotten by Cumberland's Last, stood at the
head of the class and she had proper credentials for the place, for she
is as neat a block as is often seen. She did not have the front that her
herdmate, Scottish Sempstress 4th had, but this winner of the red vrould
be hard to beat in that respect, for she has a phenomenally good head and
neck. Every detail of her make-up shows excellent Short-horn type and
character. G. H. White's Hampton Lady called forth much favorable
comment by reason of her excellent body. The judge possibly faulted
her a bit on her plainness about the head. Taken as a whole, the Short-
horn show was strong in number (possibly not equal in many former
shows in this respect) and in quality as well. There were but a few
tail-enders and there was not a mean class shown. To the surprise of
many the animals were well fitted, for it had been thought that, owing
to the prevailing high prices of feed, many herdsmen would appear with
their cattle in poorer rig than usual. This was not the case. The ani-
mals were well fitted, considering that Des Moines is the first fair of the
circuit. Better satisfaction has never been given in the Short-horns at
Des Moines than was given by Judge Robson this year. He worked sys-
tematically and his decisions were consistent throughout.
HEREFORDS.
In numbers and to a lesser extent in quality the Hereford show this
year was a distinct advance over any previously held. The ribbons were
placed by Professor Mumford, of the Illinois Experiment Station, with
the assistance of F. B. Mitchell, formerly of Tebo Lawn, on some of the
more difficult classes. Some of these were stiff enough to require the
utmost skill of both judges. While a few of the decisions were not ex-
actly pleasing to the ringside, as a whole the placings were as satisfaC'
560 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
tory as could be expected under the circumstances. Cargill & Price and
Van Natta & Son contested warmly for the honors as usual, breaking
about even when the final reckoning was taken. Van Natta's aged bull,
Prime Lad 9th, was the type to find favor in the eyes of the judge. He
is extremely low set, thick-fleshed and massive, though lacking the size
and scale of Cargill & Price's Bonnie Brae 3d. These two bulls made the
circuit together in the two-year-old class last year, at which time Prime
Lad carried off the lion's share of the honors. He is showing up very
smooth this year, while Bonnie Brae 3d shows a tendency to patchiness.
In the two-year-old class Cornish & Patton's Beau Carlos showed the
smoothness and massiveness that the judge was seeking, and landed the
blue ribbon without difficulty. The second bull, Mousel Bros.' Alto Hesiod,
had plenty of width and depth, but lacked the filling in hind quarters
that was one of the other bull's strongest points. As a class the senior
yearling bulls would have made a better appearance for a closer acquaint-
ance with the corn crib. None of them were in prime show condition,
though first-class individuality was everywhere in evidence.. Van Natta
& Son's Prime Lad 38th was an outstanding winner. He came nearer to
being in condition than anything else in the class. Between the next
three bulls the decision was extremely close. There was a rub between
Logan's Castor and Cargill & Price's Princeps loth in the junior yearling
class. The latter bull's style and evenness of width from end to end
made him look good for first place to many of the onlookers, but Logan's
bull had more of the low-set, blocky type and was a bit superior in qual-
ity. In the senior bull calf class Heath Stock Farm's Repeater was a
popular favorite for second place. In depth and width he had a manifest
advantage over Cargill & Price's Bonnie Brae 13th, which wore the red.
An inclination to poddiness and a bit of lack in quality were fatal to
Repeater, however. Van Natta's Prime Lad 42d had the blockiness and
condition to make him an easy winner of the blue. The high rating
which the judge placed on smoothness and evenness was again shown in
the junior bull calf class, when Cargill & Price's Princeps 20th was rated
ahead of Mousel Bros.' Harold, a bull with a straighter top line, but with
too much lack of width in hind quarters.
The class of twelve aged cows were so close that the assistant judge
had to be called on. In the final rating Cargill & Price's Magnonette
stood ahead of Van Natta's magnificent Pretty Face. This decision did
not meet with popular approval, though Magnonette was more of the
blocky, low-set type that the judge had been selecting. In scale and
width of loin, however, she was far outclassed by the Van Natta cow. In
the two-year-olds Cargill & Price had an easy winner in Miss Filler 2d,
a heifer remarkable for her depth and filling of fore flank. In the senior
yearling heifer class the second animal. Van Natta & Son's Cleo was more
of the low-set, smooth type that the judge had been picking, and strict
adherence to type would have put her either first or third. The first-
prize heifer, Cargill & Price's Princess 2d, was a deeper and somewhat
higher-set animal, as was also the third heifer, Cargill & Price's Princess
3d. Although the first three animals in the junior yearling class were
very close, there could be but little question but that Cargill & Price's
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 561
Princess 7th was well deserving of first place. Of the twenty-two senior
heifers, Van Natta's Miss Duchess 3d had the smoothness and evenness
to capture the blue. Leona Lass, owned by the same firm, was a close
competitor, though hardly as good in width of hind quarter.
The sensation of the Hereford show was the exhibitors' herds. There
were nine of these, with five animals to the herd, making forty-five ani-
mals in the ring. It was a line-up of typy whitefaces to arouse admira-
tion in the heart of every onlooker. Mitchell and Mumford went at the
difficult task of placing the ribbons, and after over an hour of comparison
placed the blue ribbon on the Van Natta herd. The decision between this
herd and that of Cargill & Price was so close as to be almost a toss up.
There Avere some splendid individuals in the latter herd, but it did not
show quite the uniformity throughout that distinguished the Van Natta
lineup.
ABERDEEN ANGUS.
With the opening of the fall show circuit the old-time rivalry between
the herds of A. C. Binnie, of Alta, lov/a, and 0. V. Battles, of Maquoketa,
Iowa, was renewed. This year the presence of a third serious competitor,
Rosengift Stock Farm, added considerable zest to the placing of the
awards. So far Battles seems to have a little the best of U, with five
firsts, exhibitor's herd and both championships to his credit. One show
does not make a circuit, however, and if last year's awards are any cri-
terion many of the placings will be reversed before the season is over.
Rosengift Stock Farm is in the ring for business, as was shown by the
two firsts and several seconds which they carried away. They will be
heard from later. Battles' Glenfoil Thickset 2d, the bull that made a
clean sweep in the two-year-old class last year, lived up to his reputation
by taking first in the aged bull class and later the championship. He is
a wonderful bull, and one that will be exceedingly hard to beat. He had
a close second in Vala's Rosegay, the head of the Rosengift Stock Farm
herd, however. Jim Delaney, last year's winner, was forced to be con-
tent with third honors. Battles' Golden Gleam, the bull that captured
the blue in his class at the International last fall, led the two-year old
class by a safe margin. He has superb quality and is remarkably uniform.
In the senior yearling class Battles again claimed a first with Oakville
Quiet Lad, a young bull remarkable for his depth and symmetry. Rosen-
gift's Brookside Erin and Hess' Autocrat, the bulls that stood in second
and third places, were of much the same type as Quiet Lad, and could
hardly be called inferior. The placing of these three bulls was close, and
they could be easily shifted. Binnie had an easy first in the junior yearl-
ing class with Cotto Mere, a bull of outstanding scale and smoothness.
In the senior bull calf class Rosengift Stock Farm brought out an easy
winner in Prince of Quality, a bull that combines growthiness with a
remarkable degree of symmetry and quality. Aside from first place, the
awards in this class were extremely close. Battles' Thickset Blackbird
and Hess's Ebony's Quality fought hard for first place in the junior calf
class, and were away ahead of the other entries in the class.
36
562 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Battles' Glenfoil Queen 2(1 is a cow of wonderful depth, width, shapeli-
ness and quality, and was an outstanding winner among the aged cows,
as well as the prime favorite for championship. In the two-year-old cow
class the fight was between Binnie's Queen Lass of Alta 3d and Rosengift
Stock Farm's Queen Mother Johnson 2d for first place. The Rosengift
heifer was a little better filled behind than Queen Lass, but lacked the
former's superb blending of neck and shoulder and filling of flanks. The
closest placing in the whole breed came in the junior yearling class, and
the judge was free to acknowledge that there would be strong grounds
for a different placing. The senior heifer calves were also a close class,
it being a toss-up between the top four.
Taken as a whole the Angus show was an advance, both in numbers
and quality, over that of last year. The judging was done by E. T. Davis,
of Iowa City, with occasional help from Prof, Kinzer, of the Kansas Ex-
periment Station.
GALLOWAYS.
Three breeders from three different states made the Galloway show — C.
S. Hechtner, of Princeton, 111.; J. E. Bales & Son, of Stockport, Iowa, and
Straub Bros., of Avoca, Neb. Of necessity the classes were small, but, be
it said to the crdit of the breeders, the animals shewn were entirely rep-
resentative and were almost without exception in good "fit." A. C.
Binnie, of Alta, Iowa, placed the awards in a very satisfactory manner.
The exhibit of Galloways was necessarily select; it lacked in number,
but made up in quality. Mr. Binnie confronted some difficult tasks in
certain classes, but with one exception, did not call for assistance. In
picking the champion cow Prof. Thomas Shaw was called in and agreed
on Mr. Hechtner's aged cow, Evaline 2d of Avondale. Her victory was
by no means a walk away. Scottish Pride, a junior bull calf shown by
Straub Bros., was the star actor in the Galloway circles. This youngster
was a smooth one from tip to tip. In fact, he was so good throughout
that many at the ringside even claimed he was the best young thing
shown at the fair.
RED POLLS.
Dual purpose enthusiasts, in general, and admirers of the Red Polled
breed in particular, had a rare treat at Des Moines last week. In the
first place there was a phenomenally good showing of these cattle, every
class containing several excellent representatives of the breed and many
classes being so crowded with outstanding individuals as to require the
closest scrutiny to properly select the winners. From beginning to end
the exhibits were highly gratifying and creditable in every respect. In
addition, Mr. James W. Martin, of Gotham, Wis., placed the awards and
it is safe to say that no one in America could give better satisfaction to
breeders. Mr. Martin has made a careful study of this breed; he knows
its merits and special qualifications and, still more, is gravely interested
in its very best development. In the past the breed may have suffered
at the hands of some judges who have not had a perfectly fixed standard
for Red Polled cattle. This Mr. Martin has. He has bred Red Polls and
therefore knows the capabilities and potentialities and fully realizes
that a certain fixed or definite standard must be accepted if the fullest
success is to be attained. That Red Polled cattle breeders do have an
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 563
established type even the most skeptical could hardly question after in-
specting the herds exhibited at the Iowa State Fair. To be sure, the
herds exhibited were some of the very best in the country, but they are,
nevertheless, entirely representative. Following is a list of the breeders
who had herds at Des Moines last week: Frank J. Clouse, Clare, Iowa;
Dan Clark, Cedar Falls, Iowa; Adolph P. Arp, Eldridge, Iowa; W. S. Hill,
Alexandria, S. D.; Frank Davis & Son, of Holbrook, Neb., and Charles
Graff, Bancroft, Neb Visitors expected to see good "stuff" exhibited by
these men, but even their best expectations were exceeded.
The yearling bull class was an interesting one to many at the ring-
side. Not a few picked Dan Clark's sappy Midnight for the winner, but
Judge Martin did not find him as good a handler nor as typical a Red
Polled sire as Mr. W. S. Hill's Rutland, a growthy dark youngster by the
bull, Protction 12095. In the aged cow class Mr. Hill's cow, Inez, had no
difficulty in carrying away the first honors. It will be remembered that
this same cow was the grand champion Red Polled female at the 1907
Iowa State Fair. To all appearances she is the same splendid individual
that she was a year ago and her fit and finish was about all that could
be desired. Cremo, sired by Happy Jack, a bull from the herd of G. W.
Coleman, of Webster City, Iowa, as v/ere Logan and Durock, second and
third prize winners, proved an attraction to every man w^ho cared for the
breed at all. This bull, now owned by Frank Davis & Sons, of Nebraska,
by reason of the rare manner in which he embodied the standards of the
breeds, was picked as the first-prize aged bull and then as the champion
of the entire show. Several of the other classes and animals deserve
equally complimentary comment, but we must content ourselves by voting
the 190S Iowa State Fair Red Polled show, as did many another, the best
(with possibly but one exception) ever made at Des Moines.
POLLED DURHAM S.
The Iowa State Fair show of Polled Durhams is never lacking in inter-
est, for invariably a goodly number of the best herds in the country gather
at Des Moines each August. Iowa generally has several good herds en-
tered, "Wisconsin has one and Indiana, that stronghold of Polled Dur-
hams, seldom fails in sending a representative group of the "hornless"
Short-horns. This year herds were entered by Shaver & Deuker, Kalona,
Iowa; L. S. Huntley & Son, Chariton, Iowa; William Smiley, Albany,
Wis.; and Oscar Hadley, Plainsfield, Ind. Prof. R. J. Kinzer, Manhattan,
Kan., was called upon to tie the ribbons. Although entirely familiar
with the breed and much experienced in judging, Mr. Kinzer frequently
found great difficulty in placing awards. In one instance, that of the ex-
hibitor's herds, he was forced to call in Mr. E. T. Davis, of Iowa City,
for counsel, as the exhibits were so close.
JERSEYS.
Prof. H. G. Van Pelt, of the Iowa State Agricultural College at Ames,
judged the Jerseys and while he was not called upon to examine large
classes, yet he did have ring after ring of superior animals — superior in
breeding, individuality and finish. In fact the little corner of the show
564 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
ring given over to Jersey cattle proved intensely interesting to many.
The Jersey show was good, even excellent as far as it went, but it did not
go far enough. This condition of affairs, however, is scarcely amend-
able, for everyone knows how extremely reluctant dairymen are in ex-
hibiting their herds. A dairy animal generally has an extremely nervous
temperament which naturally does not take kindly to changed conditions
and surroundings. These changes are necessarily incident to the fair
circuit and consequently men are reluctant to show. The few who did
show at Des Moines exhibited some very choice representatives of their
herds and deserve every possible credit. IMessrs. Dixon & Deaner, of
Brandon, Wis., were the largest exhibitors. In the aged cow class this
firm had but little difficulty in capturing first and second places with
Morey's Golden Lass and Silver Carrie. The former was an extremely
beautiful and nicely-turned golden fawn sired, by Fancy Golden Lad and
out of Morey's Franklin. The cow in second place was a year younger
and was scarcely up to her herd mate in dairy type. A daughter of
Morey's Golden Lass appeared in the heifer calf class and took first place
without a question. This young thing, Bessie's Golden Lady by name,
was or eventually will be, a good reproduction of her mother. Against
her was shown a late calf owned by Honeywell & Reedy, of Lincoln,
Neb., which was full of promise, but as she appeared last week was not
entitled to better than third place with Dixon & Deaner's two calves in
the ring.
HOLSTEIXS.
Iowa's display of Holstein-Freisian cattle is never complete without
the herd of Mr. W. B. Barney, of Hampton, Iowa, and consequently the
Iowa State Fair Holstein show was not an unqualified success. Four
breeders, two from Iowa, Mr. August Winter, of Boyden, and Mr. C. P.
Houtsma, of Orange City; one from Minnesota, Mr. John B. Irwin, of
Minneapolis, and one from Kansas, C. F. Stone, of Peabody, entered ani-
mals and competed for the premiums. More spirited competition was
needed in nearly every class. The judging in these, as in the Jersey
classes, was done by Professor Van Pelt, of Iowa State College. In the
aged Holstein cow class he found an easy winner in Mr. C. F. Stone's
Maryke 3d Gerben 4th. This cow is now nine years old and has been a
wonderful milk machine. She carries abundant evidence of her milking
qualifications in her large, tortuous milk veins, her many milk wells, a
well-placed and well-developed udder, large, capacious barrel and general
milk temperament. She is a pleasing matron in the ring and must be a
favorite in the herd.
FAT CATTLE.
There were enough entries in the fat classes this year to make a fairly
good showing, and when it came to the grand championship the placings
were very close. The awards were made by Captain Robson, Mr. Mitchell
and Professor Mumford. Saunders' champion Short-horn steer. Look
Me Overr, was in very good condition and had an abundance of spring of
rib, quality and depth. The judges hesitated a long time before putting
the grand champion ribbon on the Angus steer, Edison. He is a low
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI
565
down, blocky and evenly fleshed, but to many the Short-horn steer would
have looked better as champion. The grand champion herds were also
very close. The ribbon finally went to the Saunders herd, chiefly on
uniformity.
HORSES.
PERCIIERONS.
The Percherons were the sensation of the horse show, if not of the
whole fair. There was not a dull moment from the time the twenty-two
aged stallions lined up for the inspection of the judges until the ribbons
were placed on the champions. The ringside was packed with excited on-
lookers, who occasionally broke into cheers as some particularly close
placing was announced. The judging was creditably done by Alex. Gal-
First Prise Two Year Old Percheron Stallion,
Iowa State Fair and Exposition, 1908.
braith and Prof. W. J. Kennedy. The twenty-two aged stallions, all in
the pink of condition, were a difficult proposition for the judges. After
the short leet of ten head had been chosen it looked to the average by-
stander as though the only way to place the ribbons would be by lot.
The size, symmetry and muscling of Singmaster Bros.' Aurele finally gave
him the blue, however. Burgess & Son's Decime, the horse that landed
second in the final shakeup, is a horse of outstanding quality and finish,
but scarcely showed the scale of the blue ribbon horse. With many the
566 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
third horse, Bonpays, a gray belonging to Adam Stamm & Son, was a
favorite for first place. He had the Percheron type in an outstanding
degree — size and muscling throughout. He didn't move, however, to suit
the judges and this outweighed his other good points and he was rele-
gated to third place. No sooner had the aged stallions vacated the ring
than their places were taken by a class of fourteen toppy three-year-olds.
The first four animals in this class were of the ideal Percheron type.
The fifth horse was a somewhat more leggy animal of high-class action,
but the heavier type seemed to find more favor in the eyes of the judges.
Taylor & Jones' Ryan, the capturer of the blue, is an exceedingly massive,
heavily-muscled horse. The second horse. Burgess & Son's Notcher, was
a somewhat lively actor, but hardly as well muscled in the hind quarters.
He was a clean-cut drafty fellow, nevertheless. The real sensation came
with the two-year-olds. There were thirty of these, a line reaching two-
thirds of the way around the ring. It is doubtful if a class equal to this
in numbers and quality was ever shown at a state fair in this country.
It was certainly a record-breaker for the Iowa fair, and strikingly showed
the great advancement that is being made in the horse department as a
feature of the show. After an extended examination a short leet of nine
was selected, which was later reduced to seven. Then the real work
began. The horses which captured the two top places, Burgess & Son's
Gascon and Singmaster Bros.' Guerrier, were of much the same type.
There could be little question about meir relative placing, however, since
Gascon's great symmetry and extraordinary muscling are of the kind that
is hard to beat. He was later awarded the championship ribbon. The
third horse. Burgess & Son's Gabrais, was a trifle light in the middle and
in the bone to make a serious competitor for the crackers above him.
The yearlings were not a close class. Burgess & Son's Blondin, a massive,
muscular iron gray, was an easy winner. Not to be outdone in size or
excellence of showing, the aged mares lined up twenty-two strong for the
inspection of the judges. The work of selecting the short leet was slow,
and the five mares that composed it were all outstanding representatives
of the breed. Burgess & Son's massive Castille, a first-prize winner at
last year's International, easily captured the blue, and later the cham-
pionship. McMillan's smoothly-turned lolanthe, the second premium mare
at the International, was placed below Singmaster's Soubrette, a heavily-
muscled mare of much the same type as Castille. In the three-year-old
class, McMillan's Columbine, an outstanding mare of much the type of
lolanthe, was well deserving of first place. Patterson & Errickson's two-
year-old Sybil was of the low-down, blocky, heavily-muscled type that
found most favor in the eyes of the judges. The second mare. Burgess
& Son's Razelle, is a plainer animal and hardly as good in spring of rib,
though otherwise she is scarcely to be faulted.
SHIKES.
For uniform excellence throughout the Shires excelled everything else
in the horse classes. Every entry was up to standard and quality was
everywhere in evidence. There was not an easy class in the entire breed
from the judge's standpoint, and the satisfactory way in which the ani-
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 567
mals were placed speaks well for the ability of Mr. W. E. Pritchard, of
Ottawa, 111., who did the judging. Eleven toppy animals were lined up
in the aged stallion class. They were all outstanding representatives of
the Shire type and were a sight to gladden the eye of a lover of good
draft horses. Taylor & Jones' Waresley Defiance, a horse that won third
in his class at the last International, won over Truman's Busy Radium
by a narrow margin. The second premium horse was almost a sensation
in the matter of type, but he was up against a hard proposition because
Waresley's Defiance is one of the hard nuts to crack. The three-year-old
Shires were more uniform if possible than the aged class. Burgess &
Son's Ashwell Besswood and Truman's Shelford Friar fought hard for
first place. Blockiness of a most attractive type possibly won the judge
in favor of the Burgess' horse. Truman's Busy Magnet is an exceptional
actor, and with a little more weight to his credit would have crowded
hard for a higher place. Pinch Bros.' Joliet Wolf, which took first in the
two-year-old class at the International last fall, fell to fifth place, the
competition being too strong for him. In the two-year-old class Truman'b^
Bradgate Blue Jacket, though a bit thin, showed promise of developing
into a splendid animal. In bone, action, and hind quarters, he easily
outclassed anything else in the ring. The second horse, Crownover's
Friar, was an animal of much the same type. Soderberg's Osco Baron
Prince won an easy first in the yearling class.
When it came to the exhibit of females the Shires did not slacken the
pace that was set by the stallions. The three animals that stood at the
head of the aged mare class were outstanding representatives of im-
proved Shire type that it would be hard to equal in any show ring. The
first two mares, Wrydeland's Starlight and Enfield Fuchsia were owned
by Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm. They were dapple gray in ^olor, and
of vvonderful size, massiveness and muscling. There could be but little
choice betvv^een them, though Wrydeland's Starlight was a bit wider and
better muscled in hind quarters. The third mare, Berkey's Queen of
Hearts, was of the same type as the other two, and while nearly as large
could hardly equal them in condition and symmetry. The five three-
year-old mares were of a uniform high class Shire type throughout.
Crownover's Northea Melody took the blue and a right good one she is.
The judging was done by W. E. Pritchard, of Ottawa, 111.
BELGIANS.
Second only to the Percherons in numbers, and with quality and style
that testifies to the skill of the improvers of the breed, the Belgians con-
tributed in no small degree to the success of the horse show. The prizes
Vv'ere well divided among the principal exhibitors, and every ribbon was
vrell earned. By the time the eighteen aged stallions had been sifted
down to six it became evident that Robt. Ogilvie, who made the awards,
had a difficult piece of work laid out for him. There could be no question
but that Taylor & Jones' Parpart Pruyere had enough of the typical wide,
deep Belgian form combined with his exceptional quality to entitle him
to the blue. It was no v/alkaway, though, for Grigsby's Martin Du
Hayoir was a larger horse, and but for a little shortness in croup and
568 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
plainness about the head and neck would have made things lively for the
Taylor & Jones' horse. The third animal was short and chubby, a little
on the old-style Belgian type. In the three-year-old class Irvine's Coquet
had the massiveness that the judge was looking for, and with it had the
style and quality that the second horse, Loughridge's Gaillard, lacked.
Finch's Paul de Roe had the superb massiveness and smoothness to make
him an easy winner in the two-year-old class. Lefebure's Brilliant was an
animal of much the same type, but he lacked Paul de Roe's muscling and
was a trifle further from the ground. While the Belgian mare classes
were not well filled, the competition was keen and some splendid indi-
viduals were shown. J. A. Loughridge's Madame II, winner of first in
the aged class and later the championship, is a mare of great scale and
•massiveness. She has never yet met defeat in the show ring. Lefebure's
Idealiste was an easy winner over Hawley & Ives' Milliaire in the yearl-
ing class. She is a very smoothly-built mare of first-class quality and
gave the Loughridge's mare a close rub for championship.
CLYDESDALES,
Though greatly overshadowed in numbers by the Percherons, which
occupied the ring at the same time, the Clydes made a showing that was
a credit to the breed. The aged stallions were an especially strong class.
Gaibraith & Son's Baron's Voucher, a splendid actor, pushed W. V. Hix-
scn's Baron Clifton hard for first place, but the latter's superior depth
of barrel justly gave him the blue. John Leitch's Quartermaster was
good enough in conformation to win third, though he was hardly up to
the notch in action, a point on which W. E. Pritchard, of Ottawa, 111.,
who placed the ribbons, lays considerable stress. Fourth honors went to
Gaibraith & Son on Alloa Lad. Among the three-year-old stallions Gai-
braith & Son's Batewill carried off the blue, his quality, muscling and ac-
tion making his an outstanding winner. Between the next two the decision
was close, but the red was finally given to Merry King, owned by John
Leitch, of Lafayette, 111., while Gaibraith & Son's Sir Rupert was given
third. In the two-year-old stallion class Gaibraith & Son again came in
for the lion's share of the honors, carrying off first and second with
Baron Cowdor and Heather Blossom respectively. In the yearling class
the preference of the judge for action was again strikingly shov/n. Gal-
braith's Baron Montrave, w^hich took the blue, was such an outstanding
actor that the judge could not see his way clear to place it anywhere but
at the head of the class, though Galbraith's Auditor had condition and
substance enough to make warm competition.
Soderberg's Osco Sweetness led the aged mare class by a safe margin.
She is a smooth, blocky, well-rounded mare, one that would acquit her-
self creditably in any ring. His Thorn Cliffe Belle, which took the red,
was hardly as symmetrical as Osco Sweetness. The third mare, James
Pedley's Queen of the Clydes, was a splendid animal, but in rather thin
condition. Palmerston's Darling is a heavily-muscled mare of superb
quality, and was good enough to capture first in the three-year-old class,
second in the aged home-bred mare class and later the championship.
Hixson's Peach Blossom, which won first in the yearling class at the In<
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 569
ternational last fall, is showing up well this season. She had a walk-
away in the two-year-old class. John Leitch's Edna, which carried off
the red, is a strong-boned, growthy mare, but too light in the middle to
make a serious competitor to Peach Blossom. Hixson's Lady Palmerston,
is a sweet, typey filly, and was an easy winner in the yearling class.
Soderberg's home-bred three-year-old mare, Osco Bloss, had the symmetry
and quality to put her first in this class. In this class for mares under
three years bred by exhibitor, Hixson's Peach Blossom was beyond com-
petition.
SWINE.
DUEOC JERSEY.
Statistics of the numerical strength of this popular breed placed it
again at the head of the list, there being an even 900 head in the pens.
The position can be claimed over the Poland Chinas by the small margin
of a half a hundred, the shrinkage on the number shown last year being
about 300. This decrease was accountable principally to the absence of
many who regularly come to the fair only to sell. As suspected sales
were nothing to boast of, which would seem to indicate that boar buying
will be more extensive at the fall sales, and the connection between the
buyer and seller merely delayed a spell. This condition applied to the
transactions in all the pens. As to the general excellence of the classes,
nothing but praise can be offered, though as might be expected there
was less extravagant fitting than usual. The success of those who for
the first time submitted subjects of their fitting to the consideration of
the judge was notable, though for the most part the competition was be-
tween those of experience. The number of breeders from outside the
state was limited to a bare dozen. The deficit of numbers, however, was
counterbalanced by a degree of excellence w^hich won some of the best
ribbons. Illinois sent six herds, Nebraska three and South Dakota and
Kentucky one each. The awards were made by the veteran breeder and
showman, Mr. N. H. Gentry, of Sedalia, Mo., who did the work of dis-
tributing ribbons carefully and conscientiously. The disgruntled exhibitor
is always in evidence, and if he was any more so than ever on this occa-
sion, the conditions under which the classes were shown were chiefly ac-
countable. Two things seriously hampered the work of judging. The one
the absolute lack of order in the arrangement of display hurdles, made
comparison slow and bunglesome and the other, the ever-present onlooker
in far too great majority made headway from one part to another tedious
and discouraging. A short leet, the only resort in large classes — and
some were to the extent of sixty head — was out of the question. These
faults can easily be remedied by the co-operation of all parties interested,
and they should be for next year's show. Around the making of awards
of a show centers the success or failure of that great event, hence the
need of facilitating the task of the judge. What we have said here ap-
plies in all breeds, but particularly in those classes which congest the
show space on account of their numbers. The contest for champion boar
570 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
was between Illinois and Iowa, as last year. It went after a spirited
contest to the grand specimen of Duroc excellence, Model Chief 2d, shov/n
by Johnson Bros. & Newkirk and C. W. and Wm. Reed. Fagan, Brown-
ing & McCabe's Express Package, and Griffitt's The King, were a pair of
competitors that won much favor with the ringside. The champion sow
earned her title in a close contest, she being known as Barbara's Queen.
Her strong competitor shown by Mr. Ashby got champion bred by ex-
hibitor.
The problem which faced the judge, Mr. Gentry, in the opening class
of the Duroc shov/ was to select from an even quarter of a hundred kings
of the breed the best seven. In choosing Model Chief II for the first place,
a boar of substantial makeup and type closely approaching ideal was
honored. The decision for second place was made on good grounds and
was filled by a w^orthy competitor having the same sire. Model Chief, and
the prestige of this famous sire of prize winners was further added to in
the selection of a fourth-prize winner, namely, the Hockett entry. Easton
Bros, got a third out of the contest with a v/ell-fitted, good type of boar.
Mr. Miller's Daisy's Advance got his place on good grounds; Wonder Boy,
a litter brother to the champion last year, got next place, and the enter-
prising firm of Balmat & Son.
POLAND CHINAS.
The show of this breed scored its usual success. There was something
like 850 head on the grounds, a deficit over last year's number of a round
hundred head, due largely to the absence of the usual sale stuff. There
was to be observed the unfortunately wide divergence in type with the
plump little parlor pets on one hand and the "whoppers" on the other,
and in between were the more conservative type that m^aintain the good
name of the breed. The showing afforded a full share of interest and
entertainment to the visitors, and some disappointment, as always, to
admirers. In the hands of Mr. L. H. Roberts, of Paton, Iowa, the tying
of the colors progressed with generally satisfactory results.- The type of
hog chosen for honors by Mr. Roberts was the tidy, smooth kind, of
medium size, sound and active. The sluggish hog of either sex is not
the kind to improve the breed, which was thus emphasized in the awards
as consistently as possible. A noticeable feature of the show was the
frequency in v.hich the progeny of past prize winners v.on. The competi-
tion was for much of the time four cornered — Indiana, Illinois, Missouri
and Iowa being the principals. The champions in both cases were hotly
contested for and in the open contest went to eastern herds, while the
champions bred by exhibitor were gotten by Iowa breeders, which award
closed the two days' contest.
CHESTER WHITES'
The display and contest for honors in this breed constituted one of the
most interesting and instructive features of the swine show. Approximately
450 were in the pens, about the same as last year, and the quality of the
display was on a par if not superior to that of past exhibitions, all of
which speaks well for the foothold which the breed is gaining in the
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 571
corn belt. The only herds (two in number) from outside the state came
from Illinois, while the home representation comprised a quarter of a
hundred herds. Awards were made by the pioneer swine breeder, Mr. W.
Z. Swallow, of Waukee, Iowa, who gave careful attention to the task.
BERKSHIRES.
The show of Berkshires was a live one. It was highly complimentary
to the breed. Mr. N. H. Gentry, of Sedalia, Mo., made the ratings in a
manner that left no doubt as to their consistency. Outside of a single
exhibitor from Nebraska, it was a home show, and a good demonstration
of the high excellence w^hich is being attained in corn-belt herds. There
should be, and there is a place for herds of this, the oldest breed in ex-
istence, in every corn belt community. The championship on boar was
won by an loua breeder, Mr. Ogle, on a very promising senior yearling,
Premier Belle's Duke, while the champion sow was the aged one, Tilda's
Model, in the Nebraska herd owiied by Mr. Holt.
HAMPSHIRES.
Tire popularly called thin-rined or white-belted breed, but officially
known as Hampshire, made their initial show at the fair this year. Seven
well-fitted herds numbering 1.50 head constituted the display and aroused
much interest and attention. Had pens been available, fully double the
number would have been on the ground. As it is, a start has been made
which promises much for future exhibitions. And it is pretty certain
that the efforts of breeders in this direction will be attended with the best
results. The rapid advancement of this breed in favor among farmers and
packers is being made on good grounds. Professor Ferguson, of Chicago,
made the awards and stuck close to the long, smooth-sided hog, of size and
quality. A tendency "to the lard" w^as too much in evidence in some
cases, and this is liable of course to occur W'hen pigs are reared with too
free access to corn.
TAMWORTHS.
Awards in this breed were made by Mr. J. J. Ferguson in his usual care-
ful and precise manner.
YORKSHIRES.
The showing in this breed was considerably reduced this year owing
to the absence of several of the herds which regularly show, but one herd
being in the pens. This was owned by Mr. B. F. Davidson, of Menlo,
Iowa, w'ho brought thirty-two head. Mr. J. J. Ferguson, the judge, granted
full honors to the exhibit, which was a highly creditable one.
SHEEP.
A very excellent showing of sheep was made at the Iowa State Fair
last week, and this department attracted more than its usual share of at-
tention. The auction sale held on Thursday by George McKerrow & Sons,
of Wisconsin, was a new^ thing for Iowa breeders, and the promptness with
w^hich the McKerrow sheep were picked up certainly indicated a revival
572 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
of the interest in this class of live stock. The private sales made were
numerous and practically every breeder present disposed of his surplus
ewes and rams. This applied not only to the American-bred, but also to
the imported animals.
IOWA STATE REGISTER AND FARMER, DES MOINES, IOWA.
Nothing seemed to be out of joint at the Iowa State Fair last week.
The weather man after having made a few moves in the way of dark
clouds and morning sprinkles, settled down to business and gave almost
ideal weather for the rest of the week save that of Friday when he
opened his flood gates and a real drenching rain poured down in all its
unwelcome dampness which drove the thousands of visitors to shelter in
the various buildings. It was a good natured crowd and if one jostled his
neighbor it did not matter.
A suggestion has been made, called out by the rain, that it would be
well for the Iowa fair management to provide some covered walks, after
the plan of Illinois, but one who has been there during a time of rain
complains that while such are very convenient for people to get in out
of the rain, they likewise furnish a place for the people to stand under
the shelter while those wishing to pass along the covered walks to some
building where they may continue their sight-seeing are prevented from
doing so unless they get out from under the shelter.
This year is the first year that the Iowa State College has had sufficient
space to make an exhibit of the work that is being carried on at Ames.
The old secretary's office had been set aside for their exhibit, where much
information had been compiled for the edification of those interested in
such things. Prof. Pammel gave an interesting lecture on diseases of
grasses and had the various samples of grasses with the cultures of such
diseases as they are heir to. Prof. Bowman was in his usual good humor
and tried in every way possible to assist the seeker after knowledge to find
it. Many hours could be profitably spent in this building.
The fair began one day earlier this year than formerly and it was a
matter of surprise to note the great number of visitors who came to the
fair on Saturday, the first day. That day had more the appearance of
IMonday or Tuesday and the show was complete. It was children's day
and if any one thinks there is danger of race suicide, he had better consult
some one who was at the fair on that day.
More than 200,000 people saw the great Iowa State Fair this year and
the throngs kept up until the rain on Friday gave everything a chill that
meant many thousands of dollars of loss to the fair. Already the fair
had been pronounced by officials to be a financial success and when the rain
began to come there was an assurance that the sinking fund would still
be augmented, despite the rain.
The live stock exhibit was the best to be found anywhere. It was
simply a repetition of former years with a few added to the number. There
was not only a larger number of all kinds of live stock present, but there
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 573
was an appreciable improvement in the quality which proves to be the
great educator of the fair. It is here farmers can come and see the
value of breeds and the result of feeds and where he can make practical
comparisons of such animals as may be of interest to him and he can
see the possibilities. Men have learned that what one man can do an-
other can do under like conditions, and it is this that is spurring stock
breeders to do their very best.
Only a brief while ago the horse barns at the fair were empty and no
one could interest any breeder of horses. They were a drug on the market
and the transition state was just taking place from a poor grade of com-
mon horses to something better. At the close of that period farmers un-
derstood the problem and asked for something better and this has in-
duced an exhibit of some of the best horses in the world. Iowa farmers
have also found that it is almost as essential to have good mares as to
have good stallions and this has called out the greatest exhibit of mares
America has ever seen. The old horse barns have been switched about
remodeled, and new ones have been built until there seemed to be no
vacant stall in all the buildings required to house the one thousand hea-'
of horses.
The Beatrice Creamery Company had one of the most attractive feature-^
on the ground. It was located in the dairy building and consisted of a
sculpture figure made of butter. The figure showed a Jersey cow at a
drinking trough where- a small boy was pumping water for the cow to
drink while a. second boy was milking a stream of milk into a pig's
mouth, and the countenance of the pig as well as the kink of his tail
showed infinite satisafction while the boy seemed to be very much pleased.
The sculptured figure was the work of Prof. Daniel of St. Paul and is
really a work of art.
Occasionally we heard persons say that they tire of state fairs, stating
that they all looked alike to them, and when such people were sounded it
was found that they held complimentary tickets to the state fair and
that they had about as much idea of the scope and magnitude of a state
fair as they had of science of an undiscovered art. The farmers and their
wives never tired looking at the many features of interest to them and
all pronounced it a great educational feature worth going many miles
to see. In our inquiry about the fair we ascertained that all up-to-date
farmers of the state were very much impressed with the permanent
structures that were being put up from time to time and feeling proud
of such a fair, they felt that the legislature should not withhold a liberal
hand in making provisions for such buildings as were very much needed.
All joined us in the belief that a new grand stand was very much needed
and such of our visitors who had seen other state fairs wondered why
Iowa was not just a little more liberal toward this one of her best and
most useful state institutions.
As we stood in the agricultural hall, recently built, and saw the fruit,
grain and dairy displays in this building we could not help but observe a
need for each of these interests having a separate building. Certainly the
grains, grasses and vegetables of this great state are most important,
and no one but a simpleton, who can not see further than a "punkin show"
574 IOWA DEPARTIMENT OF AGRICULTURE
would object to any such advancement. The corn alone is worthy of such
an expenditure. It would only he justice to the horticultural and dairy
displays to provide separate and suitable buildings for them as soon as
possible. We believe that such improvements will be made at the earliest
possible moment.
The railroads made a wise move this year in the reduced rates they
gave fair visitors and in the magnificent service they gave patrons in
times of excursion v/hen no one expects the best of service. Trains
brought people to the capital city by the tens of thousands and all ap-
preciated the reduced rate given them. There is no losing sight of the
fact that the state fair being the occasion when a great many people take
their vacation and it is then when they obtain the greatest enjoyment in
such a vacation, and they certainly are in a position to appreciate a re-
duction in the regular fare.
The special features of the fair this year were of the highest order
and were instructive as well as entertaining. The evening show in the
stock pavilion was a most excellent one being a combination of horse and
trick show. While the fine horses and other stock which were led into
the ring were most attractive there were such other additional features
as to make it attractive to such persones who could see no beauty or in-
terest in a fine specimen of the equine race. We heard many compliments
favorable to the night show.
If no other one thing could be seen but the two six-horse teams on
exhibition by Armour and Pabst, it would repay for making a trip many
miles to see. These teams are a marvel and w^ould have been among the
things impossible a decade ago. So large, so fine, matched so w^ell and all
the accompaniments in the way of harness and wagon so fittingly made
them presentable in the best manner. We gazed at these teams as in-
tently as we did the first locomotive we ever saw. Others did the same
thing.
If we were called upon to write up the exhibit of implements at the
state fair we should be compelled to ask for weeks in which to make
the inspection and then would require a much greater time than that
usually alloted a writer to give an account of them. We simply became
exhausted in trying to see everything in the implement line. We followed
the steam plovv^s with as much eagerness as a small boy escorts a brass
band through the streets of his town. We did not tire at the practical
demonstrations of all kinds of field machinery which were being given
practical tests in a field set apart for that purpose. Vv^e v/ere most
especially interested in grain drills and their operations, and as we
looked at their work we only wished we could compel the use of a drill
wherever small grain is grown. The grain cleaning machinery canie in
for its share of time and attention. Manure spreaders were there — not
two or three of them — but by the acre. These were being inspected by
farmers as never before. The more interest created as to the necessity
for manure spreaders the better system of soil improvement Vvill be in-
augurated.
On Wednesday many thousands gathered at the "big tent" on the hill-
side to see and hear Secretary Wilson, who spent two days at the fair.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 575
"Tama Jim," as he is familiarly known by Iowa people, spent much time
making comparisons of the present fair w^ith those of the past, when he
was an annual visitor at such fairs. In his talk he told the people what
was being done for agriculture in his department at Washington, and he
certainly enjoyed the hearty handshakes of his many friends.
IOWA'S PEERLESS EXPOSITION.
"See Rome and die" is an old saying that carries with it the implica-
tion that there is nothing else to see, or that one has lived his life and
finished all that he is capable of doing when he has seen Rome. See the
Iowa State Fair and one v/ill have seen the best products of earth, the
finest live stock of Iowa's broad acres and sister states' production and
all the greatest results of man's genius and skill. In almost every depart-
ment the simple word with so much meaning, "big," fails to give even
an idea of what one sees at this fair. Everybody in the state seemed to
be at the fair dressed in their "best bib and tucker" exhibiting on every
hand unparalleled prosperity. The weather, although not without its
threatening clouds and a slight precipitation on one or two days of the
fair, was not in the least deterrent, but more fully demonstrated Iowa's
ability to rise superior to the elements. Iowa has served notice long
ago that she is firm in the belief of "plenty of water" and in nowise
could slight sprinkling or lowering clouds interfere with the success of
the fair.
The Iowa State Fair somewhat resembles the boy of fourteen who may
be said to be in the "gosling state" — that is just between boyhood and
manhood. Old buildings have been removed to outer and less con-
spicuous locations and new ones have replaced them which are of more
permanent character and still the business of rebuilding goes on, all of
which are much needed. The realizations and hopes of all who are
proud of this great commonwealth may be reached in the near future,
low^a made one of her best improvements when the live stock pavilion
was built, which has so comfortably quartered both exhibitor and visitor,
but how inadequate so soon. W^e very well remember that only a few
short years ago Iowa's best cattle and horses had to be shown in the
open, be that torrid sunshine or drenching rain. The more w^e see of
this pavilion the more we are impressed that it wall either have to be
enlarged or another built so as to divide the show^ ring exhibits and the
crowds.
For many years low'a has been the first state in her showing of swdne
and at one time the state fair was thought to have had the best accom-
modations for hogs in all the great list of state fairs. All out of doors
seemed to teem wdth swine of all ages, colors and merit calling for almost
as many first premiums as there were individuals in the ring. Even
such quarters were outgrown and Iowa undertook the herculean task of
576 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE
erecting a building for her unexcelled and seemingly unapproachable ex-
hibit of swine. The arrangement of this building seems to be ideal in
the way of ventilation, comfort and sanitary provisions. So gigantic is
this structure that all pictures which may be taken of it can incorporate
only a portion of its magnificent architectural beauty and efficiency.
Room for over 3,000 swine and then many exhibitors had to stay av/ay.
The fact was more in evidence this year than ever that it is not incumb-
ent en any fair management to furnish costly quarters for sale stock.
Enough has been done when show stock is comfortably housed.
This year the management finished a new building almost in the center
of the grounds for the officers of the fair, where all business can be
transacted without inconvenience. Surrounding this building, known
as the administration building, is a wide porch and that together w-ith the
copious rotunda on the inside afforded friendly shelter to many thousands
of people on Friday, when the drenching rain drove people to shelter.
The expenditure necessary for building this structure was wisely ex-
pended and is a much needed improvement.
In the agricultural building was to oe found the best corn show on
earth. Nothing like it has been seen anywhere. Several counties had
well arranged exhibits of their products competing for a liberal prize.
Cass county captured the first prize on a well arranged exhibit, and for
artistic display of grains and grasses, Cass also took the prize on a most
artistically arranged figure made wholly of grain. Other counties had
creditable displays of grains and other products which attracted much
attention.
The old wooden amphitheater which was built in 1896 to replace one
which had just been taken away by cyclone for many years has been
inadequate and unsafe. The management is now laying plans for a steel
structure that will fill the bill. It is contemplated that the new structure
will hold at least 20,000 people and that it will cost not far from $1.50,000.
The present structure will hold only about 5,000, and any number beyond
this makes it unsafe. This year it was filled to its capacity long before
the time for the races and many were compelled to stay out. It has
been estimated that the loss from this source alone would have built a
new amphitheater.
It is to be regretted that the management did not see proper to make
one admission cover all the inside features of the fair. Some criticism
on this point has been made. Of course there is great need for the money
since the matter of obtaining help from the legislature is wholly problem-
atical. Liberati's great musical concert this year was given in front of
the amphitheater and one had to pay another admission to hear that, and
to attend the horse show another admission was required. These were
not concession features, but a part of the fair. Of course the manage-
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 577
ment claims that the money is very much needed to defray expenses and
for a surplus for less prosperous years. While this is all true, it it also
true that the fair is an educational institution and not a money making
affair. It is to be regretted that this one state institution must be
singled out of all others and placed on the requirement that it be self-
sustaining. The state should be liberal enough to arrange for all neces-
sary buildings, and then the management could be more liberal in the
dispensing of convenience to visitors
(Note. — It probably never occurred to the writer of this article that it
an admission fee had not been charged to the night show in the stock
pavilion no show would have been held. Again, the management was
aware when arragements were completed for this entertainment, of the
fact that it was not possible for the receipts to more than cover the cost
of production. In other words, the management merely advanced the
money to provide the extra entertainment for those who desired it and
were reimbursed for the expenditure during the fair, or nearly so, for in
this instance, like other similar cases, some of those for whom the man-
agement made the advancement failed to pay it back. — Editor.)
There is some talk of making the Iowa State Fair a two weeks' exhibi-
tion. This talk has been made before, but since Iowa is the first in the
circuit of state fairs it is possible to increase the number of days to
advantage. The two added days this year were noticeable in the distribu-
tion of the crowds. Saturday was a day of large attendance. By having
a ten days' or two weeks' fair it may be possible to get away from the
"big days" and thus distribute the attendance all along through the whole
time of the fair.
This is the first year that our friends have come to see us on the fair
grounds in their automobiles, but we were both surprised and pleased to
notice how many of our good Iowa farmer readers took this easy method
of seeing Iowa's greatest show. It was a common sight to see parties on
the ground who have run in to the fair from a hundred miles away.
Next year we expect to see many more farmers with good automobiles.
We were surprised to hear some people in our building one day talking
about the manner in which the state fair was managed. They had the
Impression that it was a sort of private affair and that the earnings went
to the individuals instead of the state. On making some inquiry we
found there were a number of people who thought the same thing, so we
took the occasion to explain the workings of the state fair management.
It is not a private affair in any sense of the word and the board of direc-
tors who manage it have no more financial interest in it than any other
good citizen of the state. It belongs solely to the state of Iowa and all
monies left over after all expenses are paid are put into new buildings
and other improvements on the grounds.
37
578 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Never before in the history of the fair did the exhibitors do as much
business as this year. Many of the farmers found it handy to leave their
orders for the different machines they were interested in and could see
them in operation. One manufacturer of cream separators said he had
filled up one order book early in the week and started another. There
v>'as never such an exhibit of farm machinery gotten together before in
this country and it was a great opportunity to study the wonderful ad-
vancement in this department of farm work.
And this calls to mind another thing that impressed us and that was
the great number of young men managing farms who visited us on the
grounds. They may talk about the young men leaving the farm, but that
was not the impression we got, especially when we took a look once at
the exhibitors of live stock and almost invariably it was a young man
making the exhibit. Iowa easily has more successful farmers and stock
raisers among its young men than any state in the union and we think
that is the reason the state ranks so high as an agricultural state.
Vi^OMAN'S WORK AT THE IOWA STATE FAIR.
From a woman's standpoint the Iowa State Fair just closed was the
most successful yet known. There was so much to see, in three entire
days one could get over the grounds nicely; but if only one day could be
spent, still it vras worth the effort to have the one day, and by making
the most of each hour a great deal of valuable information could be
gathered, a great deal that was useful and beautiful could be seen, and if
one went home aching from over-exhaustion, still would they say, "But
it was worth all it cost. I wouldn't have missed it for anything."
The weather was ideal throughout, not too hot for comfort,^, as state
fair week frequently has been in years past. And one of the greatest
sights of all was the people. Such crowds and crowds of them! Whole
families together, fathers and mothers, each with a baby in arms, and
several little steps clinging close to their side; happy sweethearts, hand in
hand; brides and grooms, of whom fair week ahvays brings an unusual
large number to the capital. Imagine seventy thousand people on the
grounds in one day, each building, tent and street filled solidly with a
mass of good-natured, jolly crowds, ever changing and moving, eager to
see it all. And then I thought of the thousands and thousands of wives
and daughters in lov/a farm homes who v>'ere not there, and I wished
each one of them might arrange to attend next year, if only for a couple
of days, not alone for the change and recreation, but to carry back the
inspiration of meeting people, of seeing the latest inventions in domestic
science helps, of hearing about everything pertaining to the farm, indoors
and out, to every department of women's as well as men's work.
Des Moines certainly had reason to be proud of the excellent treatment
accorded the strangers v/ithin her gates. There were beds for all who
applied, and an abundance of good things to eat; citizens everywhere went
out of their way to show a courtesy, to direct strangers where to go, to
explain about public buildings and the parks. The beautiful state house,
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 579
the historical building, Polk county's splendid new court house, the many
new office buildings along the business thoroughfares, the fine department
stores, and numerous others smaller, but equally complete in their respec-
tive lines, were visited by throngs early and late, and the concessions
made for the comfort of the fair visitors will be remembered with the
beauty of the buildings, Ingersoll, our popuar amusement park, vied
with the attractions at the fair grounds, and was crowded to its utmost
capacity each afternoon and evening. With the state fair at the extreme
eastern limits of the city, and Ingersoll park west of town, the city rail-
way handled the traffic with remarkable ease, and without accident.
Considering the jam at the gates each day the few minutes delay in load-
ing a car was not worth mentioning, and the street car company deserves
unstinted praise.
Within the gates one passed between long rows of refreshment booths
extending on either side of the wide brick walk, clear to the stock pa-
vilion. If you turned off to the right, you entered the semi-circle of stock
barns, where the aggregation of blooded and high grade animals, cattle
and horses, has never been equalled at any fair in the world.
Because this is from a woman's standpoint, I cannot particularize, but
I want to mention in passing the splendid horses exhibited by the Ar-
mour company, with heavily gold-plated harness and mammoth wagon,
and the barn full of cunning little Shetland ponies, which every child
wanted to see.
If you turned to the left instead of to the right, you wandered along
among the side shows, with their free exhibitions — mostly noise — every
few minutes, to attract a crowd. Chief among these was the Igorrotte
village, \^ere swarthy savages from the Philippine were on exhibition,
portraying the customs and characteristics of their tribe.
If you kept straight on up the walk — and in passing it might be noticed
that there are walks of brick or cement now connecting most of the
buildings, so that the weather is not at all the serious problem it Vvas a
few years ago — you reached the fine stock pavilion, where the judging
occupied all the middle hours of each day, and in all that vast building
it was difficult at all times to obtain even standing room, for women as
well as men, coming in just to look, became interested enough to stay
for hours at a time.
West of the stock pavilion has been erected this year an administration
building that would be a credit anywhere. On the settees that lined the
wide verandas encircling the building on all four sides, many hundreds
of people daily found rest and a delightful place from which to view the
grounds. Within, in addition to spacious private offices used by officers
of the association, was a wide court, resembling a hotel lobby, with a
fountain in the center, and opening off this court were writing and rest
rooms. In numerous quarters provision was made for the comfort of
visitors, and upon the hill beyond the exposition building, the large hall
formerly devoted to horticulture was given over this year to rest rooms,
a nursery, where babies could be checked in care of competent nurses, an
emergency hospital and doctor's oflBce.
5S0 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE
The exposition building contained so much of real interest it really
seemed a pity so much space should be devoted to fakirs, cheap jewelry,
and cheaper souvenir stands. There were the same knives, with a pocket-
book thrown in, positively w^orth a dollar, yours for the sum of twenty-
five cents; there were shells, cheap bracelets and beads, glassware marked
free, fortune tellers, and all the popular fakes known. And sandwiched
in between all these were exquisite displays of hand-painted china, case
after case of finest needlework, embracing almost every known stitch in
embroidery, drawn work, all kinds of fancy work, knitting, crocheting;
a variety of pieced quilts, elaborate in design and finely quilted; sofa
pillows, beautiful fancy ones to look at, simple ones that appealed to
one's sense of harmony and restfulness; exquisite hand wrought under-
wear and children's clothing, in which any woman's heart would delight;
all these, and much more, you found by dodging cheap souvenir stands.
Many of our local merchants maintained stands in exposition hall, also,
and visitors could judge from the beauty of their goods displayed there
the pleasure a visit to their stores in the city would afford.
One-half of the east wing of the exposition hall was devoted to a model
cottage, presented for public inspection by the domestic science depart-
ment of the Iowa State College, Ames. The decorations and furnishings
were by local firms, under the supervision of the college instructors.
There were four rooms, living room, dining room, kitchen and bed room.
The wall decorations of the first named, wood brown, with ceiling of a
warm yellow tint, harmonized with the plain, substantial mission furnish-
ing. The curtains also were yellow, with inner curtains of thin white
Swiss. In the dining room also mission furniture was used, the mural
decoration being in shades of green. Plate rails are tabooed as unsightly
and dust-gatherers besides. The bed room furnishings were blue and
white, simple and dainty and cool looking. The kitchen I own, was a
disappointment to me. There was nothing to mark it a model kitchen,
no new ideas to be carried home by interesed hosewives. The whole aim
of the model cottage was simplicity, durability, harmonious arrangement,
and the questions asked and the interest shown proved that the average
woman visitor to the great Iowa fair is, above all else, a home-maker.
In a corner of the little cottage formerly known as the secretary's
office, where the Iowa State College made good its claim as a great agri-
cultural institution, the domestic science department devoted a tiny por-
tion of wall space to an exhibit used in extension w^ork, bottles showing
relative food values, and the like. Then there was a case in which wo-
men were especially interested. The domestic science teachers have
simplified the infant's first wardrobe to the plainest articles possible, yet
very daintily made, easy laundering being one of the main considerations,
and the outfit, displayed in a glass show case, was taken out many times
each day for closer inspection by interested mothers. The soft flannels
were hand-finished, the seams cat-stitched in silk or bound with silk tape.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 581
There was the little shirt band, the skirt fastened over the shoulders with
two pearl buttons, the night gown made to draw up in a bag below the
feet— all these of softest flannel. The dresses were noticeable for length,
being very short, and very plain, two very sensible ideas for first clothes.
The teacher in charge of the exhibit said the cost of such an outfit had
not been estimated, although it would be interesting to know.
Ctfokery forms such an important part of a housewife's daily life it
was not surprising that the bread and cake exhibit proved one of the
attractions that always held a crowd. Women struggled for a place be-
fore the long glass cases, or waited patiently until they could slip into
the front row. And after the awards had been made, comment was not
always in favor of the judge's decision. Many of the cakes looked fine,
but there were others that were coarser grained, yet bore a red or blue
card. The only doughnuts exhibited were by the same woman. They
were in two glass jars, cut extra large and dipped in coarse granulated
sugar. In fact they looked as though they might have been bought at
any bake shop. That they received the awards was because they were
the only ones in their class. But as a whole the bakings were creditable
to Iowa cooks, as were also the jellies, jams and preserves.
To go into detail regarding the exhibits would require more time and
space than I command. But I noted two or three novelties that if per-
fected might simplify woman's work some day. There was a combination
range, in which you could build a coal fire to get breakfast, then when
the kitchen was warmed, throw the grate, turn two gas burners into the
fire box, and while using one burner for cooking you could, by keeping
the rest of the lids on to retain the heat, boil a teakettle on the back of
the range, just the same as if the hot coals had been retained. There
were kitchen cabinets that w^ere marvels of completeness, everything
needed in cooking being right at your hand. Fireless cookery w^as de-
monstrated by airtight wooden chests, containing one, tw^o or three com-
partments, though for that matter an old trunk converted into a hay
box, if airtight, would serve the purpose eauaily well. Dish washers
were in operation, filled with hot soapy water and a few pieces of heavy
stone china. Anyone, a child even, could turn the handle, similar to a
w^ashing machine. It seemed to me it might be useful in hotel or re-
staurant kitchens, but most housekeepers would prefer the good old way.
I saw a steam cooker, however, it would be a joy to own. Only the other
day we wanted to steam a chicken, and found that the ordinary size?
steamer lacks depth. This cooker would go over an ordinary burner, and
would hold a turkey or a ham. Or it could be used to cook three differ-
ent dishes at one time, and it was positively guaranteed odorless.
LIVE STOCK AT IOWA STATE FAIR.
The live stock industry of the state of Iowa put forward last week, an
exposition of pure bred animals that stands without a peer in the history
of live stock shows.
682 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Few people realize the wonderful progress and development that have
been made in the brief period of half a century that has elapsed since the
establishment of the Iowa state fair. Few realize that during that time
there have been perfected breeds of cattle, hogs and horses previously
unknown, or only in a crude starting form. Yet these are facts, and the
Iowa State Fair, in connection with kindred organizations, is to a very
large degree responsible for the rapidity of the advancement. It is true
that Iowa soil products are, to a greater extent than those of any like ter-
ritory, particularly adapted to this growth and improvement of domestic
animals, but the oportunity for comparison and the spur of competition
given by the show have been the dominating influence in the forward
movement that produced the wonderful exhibition of last week.
Five thousand head of the various breeds congregated for the com-
petitions, taxing the housing facilities to the limit. The notable increases
were in the cattle, horse and sheep departments. Some interesting facts
concerning the numbers of cattle and swine are given in a table that ap-
pears elsewhere on this page, and the figures are in some measure a
barometer of the shifting popularity of the different breeds, or the exist-
ing business conditions.
In the cattle division there was a magnificent display. The marked
increase brought an unusual number of more than ordinarily good speci-
mens of the various breeds, showing the general greater excellence to
be found in Iowa herds. There was a much smaller proportion of im-
ported animals in competition than ever before, nor was there any out-
standing merit in this class. The condition is a most gratifying one, in-
dicating as it does that the necessity of dependence upon the old country
for high class breeding stock no longer exists in any degree which would
imperil our industry should importations be entirely discontinued. In
particular does this situation impress itself in the class of fat cattle in-
augurated at the lovv'a State Fair. Gentlemen who have made careful
inspection of Scotch and English shows advise us that the little ring at
our Iowa State Fair does not suffer by the comparison. The block being
the objective view in all cattle operations, it would seem that this argu-
ment in our behalf is conclusive.
The horse department attracted a great deal of attention, particularly
that devoted to the draft breeds. While there were many importers in
evidence with a line-up of some of the best animals to be found in Eng-
land, Scotland, France and Belgium, there were also a prominent bunch
of American breeders who were able to compete in the strongest rings
and to do credit to themselves and the breeds they represented. The
horse business has been getting down to a more practical basis. Farmers
have been educating themselves in this direction until today in the pur-
chase of breeding animals they are influenced by actual merit of the stock
rather than the old-time glitter and hurrah that made up the show rings.
We are producing good horses, and every year the importers find it more
difficult to find those which have merit and strong characteristics de-
manded by our home breeders. In the sections devoted to driving, coach,
carriage and saddle horses, there was v/arm competition and some most
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 583
excellent specimens were represented. The judges were strong in their
commendations of these latter classes, v hich, being almost purely Amer-
ican bred, and largely of Iowa, adds to the high appreciation in which
they are held.
The splendid new swine pavilion was, as usual, filled with the best of
the various breeds. The total number in the show, however, was a couple
hundred less than last year. It was unfortunate perhaps that quite a con-
siderable number of breeders reserved and paid for pens and then failed
to make their appearance at the fair, thus barring out a large number of
other men who would gladly have been present and who had in fact been
refused admittance because the pens had all been disposed of. However,
it continues to be the greatest hog show on earth. There was a marked
absence of high fitting this year except in one or two herds that are con-
ducted by what we may call professional show men. The high price of
feed operated against superfatted hogs, but the buyer of breeding stock
will no doubt be the beneficiary from this condition. There was nothing
of a sensational character in any of the shows. In fact, in most breeds
there was lacking some of the toppyness of finish and high character that
have hitherto made the Iowa State Fair notable. An exception to this
rule, however, applies to the Chester Whites, which breed presented the
strongest rings of the week. Berkshire breeders increa.sed their numbers
over previous years through active work of their state orgaization and
got together a highly creditable showing. A new feature in the swine
department was the Hampshire or thin rind breed given its first classifi-
cation here this year. Gentlemen engaged in the forwarding of the intp'^
ests of that breed have been particularly aggressive in their efforts to put
the Hampshire prominently before the public, and so brought about a hun-
dred and fifty head to this fair. But one herd of this number came from
Iowa. While this breed doubtless has advantages that justify its exist-
ence, the average farmer frequently asks what its advantages are over
the more firmly established breeds.
In the sheep rings there was more enthusiasm among our home breeders
than has been noticeable for quite a number of years. Iowa men got out
in greater numbers and with a higher order of individual merit. In
most classes the judges faced specimens of more than ordinary quality.
It was particularly apparent that Iowa breeders who at one time were
loth to show in open classes, this year never hesitated to get into the
world's competition. A hopeful aspect is here shown for the betterment
of Iowa's flocks, and if we mistake not in the near future there will be a
decided increase in flocks in this state and quality will in no wise suffer
thereby.
The world must bow to the aristocracy of Iowa live stock as seen at
the Iowa State Fair. The supremacy of its products is already firmly
established in foreign countries, and it can be but a matter of a few
years until the supply of breeding animals of the world must be drawn
from the sections from which come the animals that make up this
exhibit.
It is a flattering testimonial to the intelligence of the Iowa farmers,
and their aptness in recognizing the important position that good live
584 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE
stock occupies in the promotion of their prosperity, that every ring of
stock was surrounded by close and critical observers, and men too keenly
alive to the existence of qualities that were the turning points on the
decision of close points.
The fairs, the live stock organizations, and the agricultural colleges
have, in their combined efforts, succeeded in instilling into the minds of
farmers more correct ideals of animal form, and the knowledge thus
gained is put to the test in an examination of the stock assembled at
the fair.
In the ambition to produce the highest character in all kinds of meat
animals we fear that the dairy cow has been lost sight of by many who
formerly made creditable showings at this fair. We are on the eve of
better things in dairying, such as the silo, the milking machine, and there
is no reason why the dairy cow should not keep pace with all else that
is for improvement in Iowa stock conditions. The exhibit of dairy cattle
was a little lacking in numbers. There is no reason why this waning
should take place, for those interested in dairying were just as anxious
as ever to see the changes that were taking place for the better. We
trust our dairy cattle breeders will see to it that their interests are v/ell
represented at coming fairs.
The work of the student classes from the Iowa Agricultural College was
of a most useful and instructive character, and must have great influence
on the coming generation of stock grov/ers. A prominent breeder freely
expressed it as his opinion that the work of these students compared
quite favorably with that of judges who v/ere known as practical breeders.
Taken all in all there was general satisfaction with the decisions of
the judges. In no departments except that of swine w^ere there com-
plaints. In this department, however, there has been so much expression
of criticism on the part of exhibitors that the fair management are in-
clined to consider the present instances in the light of a joke. The num-
ber of uninformed exhibitors in some classes doubtless has much to do
with the condition. It is also aggravated by the aggressiveness of cer-
tain interested outsiders, who really have no right to be in the rings.
AWARDS IN LIVE STOCK DEPARTMENTS
Iowa State Fair and Exposition
1908
SUPEEIXTE-VDEXT
HORSE DEPARTMENT.
C. F. CURTISS.
STANDARD BRED.
EXHIBITORS.
Horace Anderson, Des Moines, Iowa; A L Beres^en Winfiaui t
E. J. Brouhard, Colo, Iowa; John W. Bruere, Tracy lUa T^^^^
First Prize Staadard-Bred Horse Foal
Iowa State Fair and Exposition, 1908.
586 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE
Iowa; E. H. Jackson, Jefferson, Iowa; Tom James, Des Moines, Iowa;
Chas. C. Judy, Tallula, 111.; J. A. Mason, Carlisle, Iowa; C. E. Monahan,
Des Moines, Iowa; L. H. Pickard & Bro., Harlan, Iowa; Shaw Bros., Mit-
chellville, Iowa; M. E. Spring, Des Moines, Iowa; Otto Schroeder, Des
Moines, Iowa; Wilson Bros., Menlo, Iowa; Winchester Stock Farm, Win-
chester, 111.; James Watt, Des Moines, Iowa.
AWAEDS.
Judge John A. Craig, San Antonio, Texas.
Stallion Four Years Old and Over — First, Hail Cloud 23606, James
Watt; second, McNaught 37375, Winchester Stock Farm; third, Baron-
dale 20184, Tom James; fourth, Sinclair 1st 38671, Chas. C. Judy; fifth,
Peter Kane (36969) 5591, Alex Dallas.
Stallion Over Three and Under Four — First, Pancetto 48336, Elmore A.
Elliott; second, Axindale 44449, Shaw Bros.
Stallion Over Two and Under Three — Fred Mc 47790, Winchester Stock
Farm; second. Colonel Ale 47947, A. L. Bergsten; third, Convictor 48029,
E. H. Jackson.
Stallion Over One and Under Tivo — First, Charley Mc 47788, Win-
chester Stock Farm; second, Burnie Brino 46830, E. J. Brouhard; third,
Vanline 47416, E. J. Brouhard.
Horse Foal — First, Oh No, L. H. Pickard; second, Prairie Hail, Frank
Bo wen; third. Prince W., E. J. Brouhard.
Mare Four Years Old or Over — First, Petra M., Tom Bass; second.
Peak's Baby Vol 17, Winchester Stock Farm; third, Glacine Vol. 18, Win-
chester Stock Farm; fourth, Anna Rietta, John W. Bruere.
Filly Over Three and Under Four — First, Helen Thomas, Vol. 14, Win-
chester Stock Farm; second. Baby Axineer, Vol. 17, Shaw Bros; third,
Lou Neeley, Winchester Stock Farm.
Filly Over Two and Under Three — Ganahl's Baby, Vol. 18, Winchester
Stock Farm. i /- ■«!
Filly Over One and Under Two — First, Verilla, Vol. 18, E. J. Brouhard;
second, Sunray, F. C. Copeland.
Mare Foal — First, Mary Consul, John W. Bruere; second. Perfect Lady,
E. J. Brouhard.
Get of Stallion— First, Winchester Stock Farm; second, E. J. Brouhard;
third, Winchester Stock Farm.
Produce of Mare — First, Shaw Bros.; second, Shaw Bros.; third F. C.
Copeland.
AMERICAN CARRIAGE HORSES.
EXHIBITORS.
A. L. Bergsten, Winfield, Iowa; Chas. S. Bradshaw, Des Moines, Iowa;
E. J. Brouhard, Colo, Iowa; John W. Bruere, Tracy, Iowa; Seth Cook, Mt.
Hamill, Iowa; Alex Dallas, Atlantic, Iowa; Elmore A. Elliott, Des Moines,
Iowa; E. H. Jackson, Jefferson, Iowa; Chas. C. Judy, Tallula, 111.; C. E.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 587
Monahan, Des Moines, Iowa; J. A. Mason, Carlisle, Iowa; W. C. Mc-
Clanahan, Girard, 111.; L. H. Pickard & Bros., Harlan, Iowa; Shaw
Bros., Mitchelville, Iowa; P. F. Smith, Montezuma, Iowa; Winchester
Stock Farm, Winchester, 111.
AWARDS.
Judge Geo. M. Rommell, Washington, D. C.
Stallion Four Years Old or Over — First, Morgan Panic 5003, P. F.
Smith; second, Peter Kane (36969) 5591, Alex Dallas; third, S. Russell
1802, C. E. Monahan.
Stallion Three Years Old and Under Four— First, Pancetto 48336, El-
more A. Elliott; second, Axindale 44449, Shaw Bros.
Stallion Two Years Old and Under Three — First, none; second, Fred
Mc 49790, Winchester Stock Farm; third. Colonel Ale 47947, A. L. Berg-
sten.
Stallion One Year Old and Under Two — First, Vanline 47416, E. J.
Brouhard; second, Charlie Mc 47788, Winchester Stock Farm; third, V«n
Foxy 5415, P. F. Smih; fourth, Burnie Brino 46830, E. J. Brouhard.
Stallion With Three of His Get of Either /Sfea;— First, P. F. Smith;
second, Winchester Stock Farm; third, Chas. C. Judy.
Mare Four Years Old and Over — First, Glacine, Vol. 18, Winchester
Stock Farm; second, Peak's Baby, Vol. 17, Winchester Stock Farm;
third. Black Bess, C. E. Monahan.
Mare Three Years Old and Under Four — First, Helen Thomas, Vol. 17,
Winchester Stock Farm; second. Baby Axineer, Vol. 17, Shaw Bros.
Mare Two Years Old and Under Three — First, Ganahl's Baby, Vol. 18,
Winchester Stock Farm. '
Mare One Year Old and Under Two — First, Verilla, Vol. 18, E. J. Brou-
hard; second, Gertrude, P. F. Smith.
Mare and Foal of Either Sex — First, John W. Bruere; second, P. F.
Smith; third, E. J. Brouhard.
Foal Under One Year Old, Either Sex — First, Mary Consul, John W.
Bruere; second, E. J. Brouhard; third, E. J. Brou-
hard.
GENTLEMEN'S DRIVING HORSES AND ROADSTERS.
EXHIBITORS.
Horace Anderson, Des Moines, Iowa; John W. Bruere, Tracy, Iowa;
Tom Bass, Mexico, Mo.; F. C. Copeland, Des Moines, Iowa; T. C. Evans,
Palo, Kan.; Chas. C. Judy, Tallula, 111.; C. E. Monahan, Des Moines,
Iowa; W. C. McClanahan, Girard, 111.; Shaw Bros., Mitchellville, Iowa;
Otto Schroeder, Des Moines, Iowa; Winchester Stock Farm, Winchester,
111.; Wilson Bros., Menlo, Iowa.
58S IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
AWARDS.
Judge John A. Ceaig, San Antonio, Texas.
Driving Team (Pair) to Pole — First, Napton's Pride and Aneas, Win-
chester Stock Farm; second, Harry C. and Cynthia, Chas. C. Judy; third,
Petra M. and Jack O'Hearts, Thos Bass; fourth, Elsie May and Sir L,
Shaw Bros.
Single Driver to Harness — First, Petra M, Thomas Bass; second, Harry
C, Chas. C. Judy; third, Aneas, Winchester Stock Farm; fourth, Napton's
Pride, Winchester Stock Farm.
HARNESS HORSES, AMERICAN OR FOREIGN BRED.
EXHIBITORS.
Chas. S. Bradshaw, Des Moines, Iowa; T. C. Evans, Palo, Kan.; Chas.
Cf Judy, Talulla, 111.; C. E. Monahan, Des Moines, Iowa; Pabst Stock
Farm, Oconomowoc, Wis.; Shaw Bros., Mitchellville, Iowa; Winchester
Stock Farm, Winchester, 111.; Wilson Bros., I\Ienlo, Iowa.
AWARDS.
Judge W. M. Marsh^vll, Chicago Illinois.
Matched Heavy Carriage or Coach Team — First, Guardsman and Island
Buttercup, Pabst Stock Farm; second, T. C. Evans; third Elsie
May and Sir L, Shaw Bros.; fourth, Jessie and Jerry, C. E. Monahan.
Single Mare or Gelding — First, Guardsman, Pabst Stock Farm; second,
Harry C, Chas. C. Judy; third. My O Me, Thos. Bass; fourth. Elegance
2d 17438, Pabst Stock Farm.
Tandem Team — First, Guardsman and Lady Lou, Pabst Stock Farm.
SADDLE HORSES.
exhibitors.
Chas. S. Bradshav/, Des Moines, Iowa; Thos. Bass, Mexico, Mo.; T. C.
Evans, Palo, Kan.; Chas. Glover, Springfield, 111.; W. W. Gill & Son,
Packwood, Iowa; Chas. C. Judy, Tallula, 111.; C. E. Monahan, Des Moines,
Iowa; W. C. McClanahan, Girard, 111.; H. D. Parsons, Newton, Iowa; R.
S. Ross, Des Moines, Iowa; Adam Sterling, Des Moines, Iowa.
awards.
Judge R. E. Joxes, Webster City, loioa.
Gelding Four Years or Over — First, King, Thos Bass; second, King
Crow, Chas. C. Judy; third, Red King, T. C. Evans; fourth, Shamrock
Lad. Adam Sterling,
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI- 589
Gelding Three Years Old and Under Four— First, Chestnut, Thos. Bass.
Stallion Four Years Old or Over— First, Alexander Jester 1979, Chas.
C. Judy; second, Forest Rose, Thos. Bass; third. Chief, Jr., Chas. Glover;
fourth, S. Russell 1802, C. E. Monahan.
Stallion Three Years Old and Under Four — First, Brown Alfurd, Thos.
Bass; second. Rex Alexander 3222, Chas. C. Judy.
Mare Four Years Old or Over — First, Cynthia, Chas. C. Judy; second.
Rose Bud, Chas. S. Bradshaw; third, Cuba, H. D Parsons.
3Iare Three Years O-ld and Under Four — First, Ida McDonald, Thos.
Bass.
Champion Stallion, Mare or Gelding — First, King, Thos. Bass.
Stallion and Four of His Get — First, Chas. C. Judy.
WALK, TROT OR CANTER.
Stalli07i, Mare or Gelding, Any Age — First, Wallace Cole, Chas. Glover;
second, Chas. C. Judy; third, Chas. C. Judy; fourth,,
Louis A, Thos. Bass.
COMBINED HARNESS AND GAITED SADDLE HORSES.
Stallion, Mare or Gelding, Any Age — First, King, Thos. Bass; second.
Rex Alexander 3222, Chas. C. Judy; third, Cynthia, Chas. C. Judy.
HIGH SCHOOL HORSES.
Stallion, Mare or Gelding — First, Louis A, Thos. Bass; second, Artis
Demear, Chas. Glover; third, S. Russell 1802, C. E. Monahan.
SHETLAND PONIES.
EXHIBITORS.
Horace Anderson, Des Moines, Iowa; Chas. E. Bunn, Peoria, 111.; John
Donhowe, Story City, Iowa; H. C. Davis, Ames, Iowa; Cassidy & Thomp-
son, Jamaica, Iowa; W. W. Gill & Son, Packwood, Iowa; W. McDonald,
Ames, Iowa; H. D. Parsons, Newton, Iowa; Chas. Parmenter, Des Moines,
Iowa; W. T. Roberts & Son, Ames, Iowa; Adam Sterling, Des Moines,
Iowa.
AWARDS,
Judge Joiix A. Craig, San Antonio, Texas.
Stallion Three Years Old or Over — First, Grandee 4423, Chas. E. Bunn;
second. Jack Frost 5734, Chas. E. Bunn; third, Anton -±342, John Don-
howe; fourth, Taaggum 6744, Cassidy & Thompson.
Stallion Two Years Old and Under Three — First — Lysander 7072, Chas.
•E. Bunn.
Stallion or Mare Foal — First, Nasturtium, Chas. E. Bunn; second. King,
John Donhowe; third, Trix, W. McDonald; fourth, Nazelle, Chas. E.
Bunn.
Mare Three Years Old or Over — First, Lady 2nd, Chas. Parmenter;
second, Kessie 7071, Chas. E. Bunn; third, Fairy 4092, Chas. E. Bunn;
fourth, Maud D. 6392, John Donhowe.
590 .IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Mare Two Years Old and Under Three — First, Lottie Isabelle, Chas E.
Bunn; second, Lynette 7076, Chas. E. Bunn; third. Dab D. 6422, John
Donhowe; fourth, Skip, W. T. Roberts & Son.
Shetland Pony in Harness — First, Grandee 4423, Chas. E. Bunn; sec-
ond. Jack Frost 5734, Chas. E. Bunn; third, Lady 2nd, Chas. Parmenter;
fourth, W. T. Roberts & Son.
Pair Shetland Ponies in Harness— First, Grandee and Prince of Wales,
Chas. E. Bunn; second. Jack Frost and Jap, Chas. E. Bunn; third, Light-
ning and Jester, W. T. Roberts & Son; fourth, lola and No No G., Cas-
sidy & Thomson.
Four-in-Hand Shetland — First, Chas. E. Bunn; second, Maud D., Pet.
D., Teddis and Black Bessie, John Donhov.e; third, H. C.
Davis.
Tandem Team of Shetlands— First, Grandee and Mate, Chas. E. Bunn;
second, Jack Frost and Jap, Chas. E. Bunn; third. Lightning and Jester,
W. T. Roberts & Son; fourth, W. T. Roberts & Son.
Shetland Pony Under Saddle— First, Folly, Horace Anderson; second,
Kelia, Chas. E. Bunn; third. Lady 2nd, Chas. Parmenter; fourth, Jap
5513, Chas. E. Bunn.
Shetland Stallion and Four of His Get — First, Chas. E. Bunn; second,
Chas. E. Bunn; third, John Donhowe; fourth, W. T. Roberts & Son.
Best Five Animals Bred hy ExhiUtor — First, Chas. E. Bunn; second,
Chas. E. Bunn; third, John Donhowe; fourth, H. C. Davis.
PONIES OTHER THAN SHETLAND.
EXHIBITORS.
Chas. E. Bunn, Peoria, 111.; Chas. E. Davis, Ames, Iowa; W. W. Gill
& Son, Packwood, Iowa; Pabst Stock Farm, Oconomowoc, Wir.
AWARDS.
Judge John A. Craig, San Antonio, Texas.
Pony in Harness— First, Zambo, Chas. E. Bunn; second, Elegance IV
(1567), Pabst Stock Farm; third, May Flower 1553, Chas. E. Bunn.
Pair of Ponies in Harness — First, May Flower and Leamington, Chas.
E. Bunn; second, Czarina and Firebrand, Chas. E. Bunn; third, Juliett
and Daisy, W. C. McDonald.
Pony Under Saddle— First, Pompadour, Pabst Stock Farm; second,
Lightning, Chas. E. Bunn; third, H. C. Davis.
MORGANS.
EXHIBITORS.
C. T. Ayres, Osceola, Iowa; Alex Dallas, Atlantic, Iowa; Elmer A.
Elliott, Des Moines, Iowa; S. B. Mills, Ames, Iowa; P. F. Smith, Monte-
zuma, Iowa; E. T. Waterman, Council Bluffs, Iowa.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 591
AWARDS.
Judge Geo. M. Rommell, Washington, D. C.
Stallion Three Years Old and Over — First, Morgan Panic 5003, P. F.
Smith; second, Peter Kane (36969) 5591, Alex. Dallas; third. Foxy
Eclipse 5011, C. T. Ayres.
Stallion One Year Old and Under Two — First, Van Foxy, P. F. Smith.
Horse or Mare Foal — First, Merl Morgan, S. B. Mills; second, Lou Mor-
gan, P. F. Smith; third, Vailess, P. F. Smith.
Mare Three Years Old or Over — First, Nellie, S. B. Mills; second,
Nettie, S. B. Mills; third. Princess, S. B. Mills.
Get of Stallion— First, P. F. Smith.
Grand Display — Best Five Animals Bred by ExhiMtor — First, S. B.
Mills; second, P. F. Smith.
HACKNEY.
EXHIBITORS.
Chas. E. Bunn, Peoria, 111.; Crawford & Griffin, Newton, Iowa; Finch
Bros., Joliet, 111.; Alex Galbraith & Son, Janesville, Wis.; Henry Lefe-
bure, Fairfax, Iowa; Jno. Leitch, LaFayette, Ind.; Pabst Stock Farm,
Oconomowoc, Wis.; Trumans Pioneer Stud Farm, Bushnell, 111.; Jas. G.
Tait, Nevada, Iowa.
AWARDS.
Judge William M. Marshall, Chicago, Illinois.
Stallion Four Years Old and Over — First, Minwood Majesty, Pabst
Stock Farm; second, Kingsland Raincliffe 8213, Truman's Pioneer Stud
Farm; third, Dilham Prince, Pabst Stock Farm.
Stallion Over Tivo Years and Under Three — First, Redskin, Pabst
Stock Farm; second, Tollington, Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm; third,
Lightning, Chas. E. Bunn.
Stallion Over One Year and Under Two — First, Mormon, Chas. E. Bunn.
Maj'e Over Four Years Old — First, Elegance 2nd, Pabst Stock Farm;
second, Joan, Pabst Stock Farm; third. Island Buttercup, Pabst Stock
Farm. : I
Mare Over Three Years and Under Four — First, Czarina 1836, Chas. E.
Bunn; second, Wood Molly 1105, Henry Lefebure.
Filly Over Tivo Years and Under Three — First, Pabst Stock
Farm; second, John G. Tait; third, John G. Tait;
fourth, John G. Tait.
Produce of Mare — First, Chas. E. Bunn.
Grand Display — First, Pabst Stock Farm; second, Chas. E. Bunn; third,
John G. Tait.
592
IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
FRENCH AND GERMAN COACH.
EXHIBITORS.
Singmaster Bros., Keota, Iowa; Taylor and Jones, Williamsville, 111.
AWAEDS.
Judge W. E. Peitciiaed, Ottawa, Illinois.
Stallion Over Thr'ee and Under Four— First, Fulcan (1750), Sing-
master Bros.; second; Maikranz (39105), Singmaster Bros.; third, Thron
(13305) Singmaster Bros.
Stallion Over Two and Under Three — First, Menno, Jr., 4621, Taylor
& Jones.
Mare Over Four Years 0?(Z— First, Recha (3446), Singmaster Bros.;
second, Gitana (14420), Singmaster Bros.
Filly Over Three and Under Four— First, Sundicap (5001), Sing-
master Bros.
Filhj Over One Year and Under Two— First, Modest Lady, Fabst Stock
Farm; second. May Apple 1837, Chas. E. Dunn.
Grand Display — Best Five Animals Owned by ExhiUtor-First, Sing-
master Bros.
CLYDESDALE.
EXHIBITOES.
Alex Galbraith & Son, Janesville, Wis.; W. V. Hixson, Marengo, Iowa;
John Leitch, LaFayette, Ind.; James Pedley, Algona, Iowa; A. G. Soder-
burg, Osco, 111.; John G. Tait, Nevada, Iowa.
First Prize Three Year Old Clydesdale Stallion,
Iowa State Fair and Exposition, 190S.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI
593
AWAEDS.
Judge W. E. Pritchard, Ottawa, Illinois.
Stallion Four Years Old and Over— First, Baron Clifton 12611 (13252),
W. V. Hixson; second. Baron's Voucher (12041), Alex. Galbraith & Son;
third, Quartermaster 12709, John Leitch; fourth, Alloa Lad (12801),
Alex. Galbraith & Son; fifth, Argosy (11247), Alex. Galbraith & Son;
sixth. Lord Stormont 13220, John Leitch.
Stallion Over Three and Under Four — First, Bakewell, Alex. Galbraith
& Son; second. Merry King 13229, John Leitch; third, Great Hill Chief,
Alex. Galbraith & Son; fourth. Grand Triumph 12047, A. G. Soderberg.
Stallion Over Two and Under Three — First, Heather Blossom (14161),
Alex. Galbraith & Son; second. Baron Covv'dor (13975), Alex. Galbraith
& Son; third. Playwright 13224, John Leitch.
Stallion Over One and Under Two — First, Dinwoody Star, Alex. Gal-
braith & Son; second. Auditor 13368, Alex. Galbraith & Son; third,
Cragsmen, Alex. Galbraith & Son.
Horse Foal — First, Forest King, James Pedley.
Stallion Under Three Years Old, Bred by Exhibitor — First, Forest King,
James i edley.
Mare Over Four Years Old— First, Thorn Cliffe Belle 12458, A. G. Soder-
berg; second, Osco Sweetness, A. G. Soderberg; third. Queen of the
Clydes 10934, James Pedley; fourth. May Blossom 19519, John Leitch.
Champion Clydesdale Mare.
Iowa State Fair and Exposition, 1908.
594 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Filly Over Three and Under Four — First, Palmerston's Darling 12332,
W. V. Hixson; second, Osco Bloss 12056, A. G. Soderberg; third, Daisy-
Belle, John G. Tait; fourth, Ardyne Daisy 20772, John Leitch.
Filly Over Two and Under Three — First, Peach Blossom 12584, W. V.
Hixson; second, Edna 20774, John Leitch; third, Winsome Princess
12841, A. G. Soderberg; fourth. Confidante, Alex. Galbraith & Son.
Filly Over One and Under Two — First, Lady Palmerston 13565, W. V.
Hixson; second. Fair Ophelia 20775, John Leitch; third, Wedelberg Bell,
John G. Tait; fourth, Osco Lady Baron, A. G. Soderberg.
Mare Foal — First, Princess Clifton, W. V. Hixson.
Mare Over Three Years Old, Bred "by Exhibitor — First, Palmerston's
Darling 12332, W. V. Hixson; second, Osco Bloss 12056, A. G. Soderberg;
third. Queen of the Clydes 10934, James Pedley.
Mare Under Three Years Old, Bred by Exhibitor — First, Peach Blossom
12584, W. V. Hixson; second, Lady Palmerston 13565, W. V. Hixson;
third. Princess Clifton, W. V. Hixson; fourth, Osco Tily 12784, A. G.
Soderberg.
Produce of Mare — First, A. G. Soderberg; second, W. V. Hixson.
Grand Display — First, W. V. Hixson; second, A. G. Soderberg.
ENGLISH SHIRES.
EXHIBITORS.
Bliss Bros., Diagonal, Iowa; Frank Berkey, Ankeny, Iowa; Robt. Bur-
gess & Son, Wenona, 111.; Wm. Crownover, Hudson, Iowa; Crawford &
Griffin, Newton, Iowa; Finch Bros., Joliet, 111.; Singmaster Bros., Keota,
Iowa; A. G. Soderberg, Osco, 111.; Taylor & Jones, Williamsville, 111.;
Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm, Bushnell, 111.; Watson, AVoods Bros. &
Kelley, Lincoln, Neb.; Union Wrecking Co., Des Moines, Iowa.
AWARDS.
Judge W. E. Pritciiard, Ottawa, Illinois.
Stallion Four Years Old and Over — First, Waresley Defiance 9304,
Taylor & Jones; second, Bury Radium 23113, Truman's Pioneer Stud
Farm; third, Moulton Florizel 23514, Finch Bros.; fourth, Togo (22864)
9798, Watson, Woods Bros. & Kelly; fifth, Dunsmore Rector 9215 (23277),
Robt. Burgess & Son; sixth, Wiseman 2nd 24812, Truman's Pioneer Stud
Farm.
Stallion Over Three and Under Four — First, Ashwell Besswood 9821
(23957), Robt. Burgess & Son; second, Shelford Friar (24608), Truman's
Pioneer Stud Farm; third. Burg Magnet (24102), Truman's Pioneer Stud
Farm; fourth, Blaisdon Carbon (24015) 9799, Watson, Woods Bros. &
Kelly; fifth, Buscat Viotex, Wm. Crownover; sixth. King Alfred 5th 9310,
Taylor & Jones.
Stallion Over Ttoo and Under Three — First, Curlien Frank (25104),
Truman's Stud Farm; second, Shelford Friar, Wm. Crownover; third,
Finstall Triumph 9822 (25199), Robt. Burgess & Son; fourth, Givyn Lad
9223, A. G. Soderberg.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 595
Stallion Over One and Under Two — First, Osco Baron Prince, A. G.
Soderberg; second, Dunsby Electric, Vol. 30, Truman's Pioneer Stud
Farm.
Stallion Foal — First, Frank Berkley
Stallion Over Three Years Old, Bred by Exhibitor — First, ,
Finch Bros.
Stallion Under Three Years Old, Bred by Exhibitor — First, Osco Baron
Prince, A. G. Soderberg; second, Keota Duke, Singmaster Bros.
Mare Over Four Years OZ(Z— First, Wrydelands Starlight (37804), Tru-
man's Pioneer Stud Farm; second, Enfield Fuchsia (21754), Truman's Pio-
neer Stud Farm; third. Queen of Hearts 6384, Frank Berkey; fourth,
Glory of Verona 5823, Finch Bros.; fifth, Osco Spinet 7084, A. G. Soder-
berg.
Filly Over Three and Under Four — First, North Melody, Wm. Crown-
over; second, Cranmore, Wm. Crownover; third, Damset's Queen, Wm.
Crownover; fourth, Isa 9385, Finch Bros.
Filly Over Two and Under Three — First, Arbutus Berry, Wm. Crown-
over; second. Queen of the Rose 8728, A. G. Soderberg.
Filly Over One and Under Tico — First, Verona Lillie 9585, Finch Bros.;
second. Duchess, Union Wrecking Co.
Mare Foal — First, Verona May 9599, Finch Bros.; second, Osco Easter,
A. G. Soderberg.
First Prize Shire Mare.
Iowa State Fair and Exposition, 1908.
596 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Mare Over Three Yea7-s Old, Bred hy ExMMtor — First,
Finch Bros; second, Osco Spinet 7084, A. G. Soderberg.
Mare Under Three Years Old, Bred ty ExMditor — First, — —
Finch Bros.; second, Osco Duches, A. G. Soderberg; third,
Finch Bros.
Get of Stallion — First, A. G. Soderberg; second. Finch Bros.
Produce of Mare — First, Finch Bros.; second, A. G. Soderberg.
Grand Display — First, Finch Bros.; second, A. G. Soderberg.
PERCHERONS AND FRENCH DRAFT.
EXHIBITORS.
Robt. Burgess & Son, Wenona, 111.; Loren Dunbar, Earlham, Iowa;
Wm. Crownover, Hudson, Iowa; Cresap Bros., Altoona, Iowa; Crawford
& Griffin, Newton, Iowa; Finch Bros., Joliet, 111.; S. B. Frey, Ames, Iowa;
Alex. Galbraith & Son, Janesville, Wis.; J. N. Harrison, Herman, Neb.;
Chas Irvine, Ankeny, Iowa; J. E. Junk, Stuart, Iowa; H. G. McMillan,
Rock Rapids, Iowa; Maasdam & Wheeler, Fairfield, Iowa; F. O. Nutting
& Son. Indianola, Iowa; Singmaster Bros., Keota, Iowa; W. C. Strait,
Keosauqua, Iowa; W. F. & Ulda Igo Sinnard, Carlisle, Iowa; Adam
Stamm, Carlisle, Iowa; Taylor & Jones, Williamsville, 111.; Union Wreck-
ing Co., Des Moines, Iowa; Watson, Woods Bros. & Kelly, Lincoln, Neb.;
Patterson & Errickson, Worthington, Minn.
AWARDS.
Judge Prof. W. J. Kennedy, Ames, Iowa.
Stallion Four Years Old and Over— First, Aurelia 47085 (62282), Sing-
master Bros.; second, Decime 55365 (60587), Robt. Burgess & Son; third,
Bonpays, 64190, Adam Stamm & Son; fourth, Alban 46137 (64433), Pat-
terson & Errickson Co.; fifth. Prosperity 15070, Taylor & Jones; sixth,
Ciceron (58822) 48663, S. B. Frey.
Stallion Over Three and Under Four — First, Brilliant D., Taylor &
Jones; second, Trochu 52480 (68092), Robt. Burgess & Son; third, Closier
53354 (67994) Singmaster Bros.; fourth, Abatvent 52422 (66370), Robt.
Burgess & Son; fifth, Loulaba 50782 (68247), Crawford & Griffin.
Stallion Over Two and Under Three — First, Gascon 55373 (71455),
Robt. Burgess & Son; second, Guerrier (69388), Singmaster Bros.; third,
Gabrias 55368 (69328), Robt. Burgess & Son; fourth. Nobleman 50665,
Patterson & Errickson Co.
Stallion Over One and Under Tioo— First, Bloudin 55417, Robt. Burgess
8c Son; second, Harcourt 55384 (74115), Robt. Burgess & Son; third,
— — — — , H. 0, McMillan.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 597
Stallion Foal — First, Faboin, Patterson & Errickson; second, ,
J. N. Harrison; third, ; S. B. Frey.
Stallion Over Three Years Old, Bred ly ExJiihitor — First, Prosperity
15070, Taylor & Jones; second, Vinson 46379, Robt. Burgess & Son; third,
Putman 2nd 31784, Taylor & Jones; fourth. Starlight 50860, H. G. Mc-
Millan,
Stallion Under Three Years Old, Bred ty Exhibitor — First Bloudin
55417, Robt. Burgess & Son; second, Briaro 48857, Maasdam & Wheeler;
third, Charlemagne 45556, H. G. McMillan; fourth. Sir Phill 46671, W. T.
& Ulda Igo Sinnard.
Mare Over Four Years OZ(Z— First, Castille 43913 (61068), Robt. Burgess
& Son; second, Soubrette 46204 (61101), Singmaster Bros.; third, lo-
lanthe 40925, H. G. McMillan; fourth, Ganfrette 51853 (66411), Sing-
master Bros,
Filly Over Three and Under Four — First, Columbine 45557, H. G. Mc-
Millan; second. Coquette 51831 (66411), Singmaster Bros.; third, Etin-
celle 52722 (66980), Robt. Burgess & Son.
Filly Over Ttvo and Under Three— First, Sybil 46789, Patterson &
Errickson; second, Rozelle 55416, Robert Burgess & Son; third, Adelaide
50646, H. G. McMillan.
Filly Over One and Under Tioo — First, , H. G. McMillan;
second, Mazette 55418, Robt. Burgess & Son; third, , H. G. Mc-
Millan.
Mare Foal — First, Rubina 55117, Cresap Bros; second, Monnie, Adam
Stamm & Son; third, Lucy, F. O. Nutting & Son.
Mare Over Three Years Old, Bred by Exhibitor — First, lolanthe 40925,
H. G. McMillan; second, Jessie 54762, H. G. McMillan; third, Fauchette
44029, Maasdam & Wheeler; fourth, Paulette, Robt. Burgess & Son.
Mare Under Three Years Old, Bred hy Exhibitor — First, Sybil 46789,
Patterson & Errickson; second, , H. G. McMillan; third,
Razelle, Robt. Burgess & Son; fourth, Adelaide 50646, H. G. McMillan.
Get of Stallion — First, H. G. McMillan; second, Patterson & Errickson;
third, Maasdam & Wheeler; fourth, Union Wrecking Co.
Produce of Mare — ^First, H. G. McMillan; second, Robt. Burgess & Son;
third, Patterson & Errickson.
Grand Display — Four Animals Bred by Exhibitor — First, H. G. McMil-
lan; second, Robt. Burgess & Son; third, Patterson & Errickson.
SPECIAL PRIZES BY THE PERCHERON SOCIETY OF AMERICA.
Best American Bred Stallion, Any Age — Brilliant D., Taylor & Jones;
second, Blondin 55417, Burgess & Son.
Best American Bred Mare, Any Age — First, lolanthe 40925, H. G. Mc-
Millan; second, Columbine 45557, H. G, McMillan.
Champion Stallion, Open Class— First, Gascon 55373 (71452), Burgess
& Son; second. Brilliant D., Taylor & Jones.
Champion Mare, Open Class— First, Castille 43913 (61068;, Burgess Sz
gpn; second, Erma 46201 (60061), Singmaster Bros.
598 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE
Best Five Stallions — First, Burgess & Son; second, Taylor & Jones.
Best Three Mares — First, Burgess & Son; second, Singmaster Bros.
Best American Bred Five Stallions — First, Taylor & Jones; second,
Patterson & Errickson.
Best American Bred Three Mares — First, H. G. McMillan; second,
Patterson & Errickson.
Best Stud (Stallion and Four Mares) Any Age, Owned by Exhibitor —
First, Robt. Burgess & Son; second, Singmaster Bros.
Best Stud (Stallion and Four Mares) Bred and Owned hy ExhiMtor —
First, H. G. McMillan; second, Patterson & Errickson.
Four Animals, Get of One Sire, Any Age — First, H. G. McMillan; sec-
ond, Patterson & Errickson.
Two Animals, Produce of One Mare — First, H. G. McMillan; second,
Patterson & Errickson.
Best Stallion, Any Age, Bred and Owned by Exhibitor — First, Robt.
Burgess & Son; second, Taylor & Jones.
Best Mare, Any Age — First, H. G. McMillan.
BELGIAN.
EXHIBITOKS.
W. B. Donelson, Ogden, Iowa; Crawford & Griffin, Newton, Iowa;
Finch Bros., Joliet, 111.; G. "W. Grigsby, Sheldabl, Iowa; Haeley & Ives,
Pioneer, Iowa; Chas. Irvine, Ankeny, Iowa; Henry Lefebure, Fairfax,
Iowa; J. A. Loughridge, Delta, Iowa; J. W. Jarvis, Morning Sun, Iowa;
Maasdam & Wheeler, Fairfield, Iowa; Singmaster Bros., Keota, Iowa;
Taylor & Jones, Williamsville, 111.; Truman's Pioneer Stud Farm, Bush-
nell, 111.; A. M. VanSteenberg, Fairfax, Iowa.
AWABDS.
Judge Robert Ogilvie, Chicago, Illinois.
Stallion Four Years Old or Oi;er— First, Parfait Pruyere 3168 (41376),
Taylor & Jones; second, Martin Du Hayoir 2445 (31862), G. W. Grigsby;
third, Major's Tugel (46584), Pinch Bros.; fourth, Togo's Ecous (40986),
Finch Bros.; fifth, Honnard Du Fosteau 3088 (29026), A. M. Van Steen-
berg; sixth, Lion de Vyrickt (37207), Singmaster Bros.
Stallion Over Three and Under Four — First, Martin (46580), Pinch
Bros.; second, Coquet (41852) 2766, Chas. Irvine; third, Gaillard 2763, Vol.
2, (55719), J. A. Loughridge; fourth, Debonnaise 3166, Taylor & Jones;
(55719), J. A. Loughridge; fourth, Debonnaise 3166, Taylor & Jones;
fifth, Fougleur (46586), Finch Bros.; sixth, Condon (45620), Finch Bros.
Stallion Over Two and Under Three — First, Paul de Roe, Vol. 15,
Finch Bros.; second, Brilliant 3238, Henry Lefebure; third, Mikado 3167,
Taylor & Jones.
Stallion Over One and Under Ttuo— First, Sampson (3285) Vol. 3,'W.
B. Donelson; second. Coco (46578), Finch Bros.; third, Gouye 2979, W. B.
Donelson.
Stallion Foal — First, Pompee, Henry Lefebure. 5
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI
599
Stallion Over Three Years, Bred hy Exhibitor — First, Bayard 2204,
Henry Lefebure.
Stallion Under Three Years Old, Bred 'by Exhioitor — First, Prince II
2946, Henry Lefebure; second, Pompee, Henry Lefebure.
Mare Over Four Years Old — First, Madam II, Vol 2, J. A. Loughridge;
second, Noisette 393, Henry Lefebure; third Julie 253, Henry Lefebure.
Filly Over Three and Under Four — First, Mariette (55725) 405, Chas.
Irvine.
Filly Over Two and Under Three — First, Mirza de Rhode 396, J. W.
Jarvis; second, Rosette de Rhode 395, J. W. Jarvis; third, Flossie 353,
Chas. Irvine; forth, Princette 472, Henry Lefebure.
Filly Over One and Under Two — First, Idealiste 635, Henry Lefebure;
second, Milliaire 474, Hawley & Ives.
Reserve Champion Belgian Mare,
Iowa State Fair and Exposition, 1908.
Mare Foal — First, Marquise 583, Hawley & Ives; second. Quality, Hawley
& Ives.
Mare Under Three Years Old, Bred by Exhibitor — First, Cigarrette 471,
Henry Lefebure; second, Princette 472, Henry Lefebure; third. Quality,
Hawley & Ives.
Get of Stallion — First, Finch Bros.; second, Henry Lefebure.
Produce of Mare — First, Henry Lefebure; second, Hawley & Ives.
Grand Display — First, Henry Lefebure.
600
IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
■^ -.-^^
First Prize Begian Stallion,
Iowa State Fair and Expositon,
DRAFT GELDINGS AND MARES.
EXHIBITORS.
Armour & Co., Chicago, Illinois; Robt. Burgess & Son, Wenona, Illinois;
Cresap Bros., Altoona, Iowa; Crawford & Griffin, Nev/ton, Iowa; Loren
Dunbar, Earlham, Iowa; Finch Bros., Joliet, Illinois; S. B. Frey, Ames,
Iowa; Alex Galbraith & Son, Janesville, Wisconsin; W. V. Hixon, Ma-
rengo, Iowa; Henry Lefebure, Fairfax, Iowa; C. E. Jones, Madrid, Iowa;
J. W. Jarvis, Morning Sun, Iowa; W. W. Miller, Orilla, Iowa; F. 0. Nut-
ting & Son, Indianola, Iowa; A. G. Soderburg, Osco, Illinois; H. G. McMil-
lan, Rock Rapids, Iowa; Patterson & Errickson, Worthington, Minnesota;
J. E. Junk, Stuart, Iowa.
AWARDS.
Judge Robert Ogilvie, Chicago, Illinois.
Gelding or Mare Four Years Old and Over — First, Robert Burgess &
Son; second, Robt. Burgess & Son; third, L. Dunbar; fourth, J. W. Jarvis.
Gelding or Mere Three Years Old and Under Four — First, Finch Bros.;
second, Chas. Irvine; third, Finch Bros.
Gelding or Mare Tico Years Old and Under Three— First, J. W. Jarvis;
second, W. W. Miller; third, Henry Lefebure.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 601
Gelding or Mare One Year Old and Under Ti(;o— First, A. G. Soderberg-
second, C. E. Jones.
Draft Team in Harness— Yir&t, Robert Burgess & Son; second. Finch
Bros.
Best Groomed and Harnessed Farmer's Team, Team to Count 50 Per
Cent, Grooming and Harnessing 50 Per (7eni— First, Robert Burgess &
Son; second, Crawford & Griffin.
MULES.
EXHIBITORS,
Loren Dunbar, Earlham, Iowa; A. L. Foster, Winterset, Iowa; Chas. C.
Judy, Tallula, Illinois; H. L. Orcutt, Monroe, Iowa.
AWARDS.
Ju^GE Robert Ogilvie, Chicago, Illinois.
Mule Four Years Old or Over— First, Chas. C. Judy; second, Chas. C.
Judy.
Mule Three Years Old and Under Four— First, Chas. C. Judy second
Chas. C. Judy.
Mule Tivo Years Old and Under Three— First, Chas. C. Judy; second,
Chas. C. Judy.
Mule One Year Old and Under Two— First, Chas. C. Judy; second,
Chas. C. Judy.
Mule Colt Under One Yea?-- First, Loren Dunbar; second, Loren Dunbar.
Mi7ie Mule 15 Hands or Over— First, Chas. C. Judy; second, Chas. C.
Judy.
Mine Mule 15 Hands or Under— First, H. L. Orcutt; second, A. L.
Foster.
Mule, Any Afire— First, Chas. C. Judy.
Pair of Mules Over 2J,00 Pounds— First, Chas. C. Judy; second H L
Orcutt.
Pair of Mules Under 2J,00 Pounds— First, Chas. C. Judy; second H L
Orcutt.
Pair of Mules, Amj Age or Weight— First, Chas. C. Judy; second H L
Orcutt.
Five Mules of Any A^re- First, Chas. C. Judy; second H. L. Orcutt.
CATTLE DEPARTMENT.
Superintendent S. B. Packard, Marshalltown, Iowa.
SHORT-HORNS.
EXHIBITORS.
A. Alexander, Morning Sun, Iowa; Thos. Andrews, Cambridge, Ne-
braska; J. B. Brown, Solon, Iowa; G. H. Burge, Mt. Vernon, Iowa; R. A.
Carrier, Newton, Iowa; C. W. Daws, Harlan, Iowa; James Duffus, Malcolm,
602 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Iowa; F. A. Edwards, Webster City, Iowa; Elmendorf Farm, Lexington,
Kentucky; Flynn Farm Co., Des Moines, Iowa; F. W. Harding, Waukesha,
Wisconsin; Harmon & Mansfield, Rliodes, Iowa; Everett Hayes, Hiavv^atha,
Kansas; J. T. Judge, Carroll, Iowa; C. F. Mitchell & Son, Farragut, Iowa;
D. R. Hanna, Ravenna, Ohio; Edward Odendahl, Carroll, Iowa; H. D.
Parsons, Newton, Iowa; H. H. Powell & Son, Linn Grove, Iowa; C. A.
Saunders, Manilla, Iowa; E. R. Silliman, Colo, Iowa; Wm. Smiley, Mal-
colm, Iowa; O. O. Smith, Des Moines, Iowa; J. F. Stevenson, Hancock,
Iowa; G. H. White, Emerson, lov/a; F. M. Zenor, Webster City, Iowa.
AWAEDS.
Judge Capt. T. E. Robson, London, Ontario.
Bull Three Years Old or Over — First, Whitehall Marshall 209776, Elm-
endorf Farm; second, Whitehall King 222724, P. W. Harding; third. Gold-
digger 261957, William Smiley; forth. Clear the Way 231482; J. T. Judge;
fifth. Good Lad 215023, Flynn Farm Co.; sixth, Scottish Champion 224435,
H, D. Parsons.
"Whitehall Marshall"
Grand Champion Short Horn Bull, Iowa State Fair and Exposition, 1908.
Bull Two Years Old and Under Three— First, Anoka Sultan 264212, D. R.
Hanna; second, Snowfiake 263207, Everett Hayes; third. City Marshall
270020, Flynn Farm Co.; fourth, The Dreamer 283208, G. H. White; fifth,
Baron Pride 275479, Harmon & Mansfield; sixth, Acanthus King, 275727,
C. F. Mitchell & Son.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 603
Senior Yearling Bull — First, Pineherst Champion 285286, J, P. Steven-
son; second, Rob Roy 293798, Harmon & Mansfield.
Junior Yearling Bull— First, King Cumberland 288383, H, H. Powell &
Son; second, Royal Diadem 283492, Thomas Andrews; third, Count Abbot
300501, C. L. McClellan; fourth, Double Goods 297521, Flynn Farm Co.;
fifth. Golden Chief 300203, A. Alexander; sixth, Marsahll Gloster, P. W.
Harding.
Senior Ball Calf — First, Leader of Fashion, F. W. Harding; second.
Baron Sultan, F. W. Harding; third, Lovat Champion F., Vol. 72, Flynn
Farm Co.; fourth. King Champion 2nd 192600, C. A. Saunders; fifth,
Ringmaster 299782, C. W. Daws & Son; sixth. Sultan's Crown, F. \^
Harding.
Junior Bull Calf — First, Malaka's Goods, H. D. Parsons; second, New
Year Gift, Vol. 73, G. H. Purge; third. King Maringo 2nd, C. A. Saunders;
fourth, Marchal Neil, Elmendorf Farm.
Cow Three Years Old or Over— Fust, Flora 90th 70130, D. R. Hanna;
second, Missie of Browndale 12, F. W. Harding; third. Lovely of Grass-
mere, Vol. 57, P. 991, Elmendorf Farm; fourth, Grace, Vol. 66, Everett
Hayes; fifth, Choice Blythesome, H. D. Parsons; sixth, Rachael's Daugh-
ter, P. W. Harding.
Heifer Tico Years Old and Under Three — First, Poplar Park Queen
12878, D. R. Hanna; second, Anoka Gloster 2d, P. W. Harding; third,
Simissippi Rose, Vol. 69, Elmendorf Farm; fourth, Beauty Rose 30769,
Flynn Farm Co.; fifth, Julia C, Vol. 68, G. H. White; sixth, Bauff's Lily,
Vol. 68, Everett Hayes.
Senior Yearling Heifer — First, Sultan's Athene, P. W. Harding; sec-
ond, Anoka Countess, P. W. Harding; third, Bernice, P. A. Edwards;
fourth, Elmendorf Lassie 15353, Elmendorf Farm; fifth, Ethel 12882,
Thomas Andrews; sixth. Roan Lillian 264112.
Junior Yearling Heifer — First, Beaufort Princess 3d 15254, D. R. Hanna;
second, Lady Graceful 154118, Flynn Farm Co.; third, Gloster Sultana,
P. W. Harding; fourth, Veronica 5th 15026, J. T. Judge; fifth, Isabelle
Princess 12884, Thomas Andrews; sixth, Nuptial Flower 19850, Elmendorf
Farm.
Senior Heifer Calf — First, Countess F.,Vol. 72, Flynn Farm Co.; sec-
ond. Diamond Anoka, P. W. Harding; third, Butterfly Queen 35630, D. R.
Hanna; fourth, Rose of Elmendorf, Elmendorf Farm; fifth, Flynn
Farm Missie, Vol. 72, Flynn Farm Co.; sixth, Lady Maringo 4th, C. A.
Saunders.
Junior Heifer Calf — First, Susan Cumberland, C. A. Saunders; second.
Sultana P., Vol. 72, Flynn Farm Co.; third, Scottish Sempstress 4th, C. A.
Saunders; fourth, Hampton's Lady 36599, G. H. White; fifth, Mildred's
Heiress, Vol. 73, G. H. Burge; sixth, Cherry Blossom Anoka, P. W. Hard-
ing.
Exhibitor's Herd — First, D. R. Hanna; second, P. W. Harding; third,
Elmendorf Farm; fourth, Flynn Farm Co.; fifth, G. H. White.
Breeder's Young Herd — First, P. W. Harding; second, Thomas Andrews;
third, C. W. Daws & Son; fourth, G. H. Burge; fifth, H. D. Parsons.
604 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Calf Herd— First, F. W. Harding; second, C. A. Saunders; third, C. W.
Daws & Son; fourth, G. H. Burge; fifth, Everett Hayes.
Get of Sire — First, F. W. Harding; second, F. W. Harding; third, J. T.
Judge; fourth, C. W. Daws & Son; fifth, G. H. Burge.
Produce of Cow — First, F. W. Harding; second, F. W. Harding; third,
F A. Edwards; fourth, G. H. Burge; fifth, C. W. Daws & Son.
Champion Short Horn Cow,
Iowa State Fair and Exposition, 1908.
Senior Champion Bull — Whitehall Marshall 209776, Elmendorf Farm.
Junior Cliampion Bull— King Cumberland 28S383, H. H. Powell & Son.
Senior- Champion Cow — Flora 90th 70130, D. R. Hanna.
Junior Champion Heifer — Sultan's Athene, F. W. Harding.
Grand Champion Bull — Whitehall Marshall 209776, Elmendorf Farm.
Grand Champion Female — Flora 90th 70130, D. R. Hanna.
IOWA SPECIALS.
Bull Three Years Old or 0^•er— First, Golddigger 261957, William
Smiley; second. Clear the Way 231482, J. T. Judge; third. Good Lad
215023, Flynn Farm Co.; fourth, Scottish Cnampion 224435, H. D. Par-
sons; fifth, Claverburn's Ideal 247812, E. R. Silliman.
Bull Two Years Old and Under Three— First, City Marshall 270020,
Flynn Farm Co.; second. The Dreamer 283208, G. H. White; third, Baron
Pride 275479, Harmon & Mansfield; fourth, Acanthus King 275727; C. F.
Mitchell & Son; fifth, Hamptons Counsellor 284533, G. H. White.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART Xl
605
Junior Yearling Bull— First, Count Abbot 300501, C. L. McClellan;
second, Double Goods 297521, Flynn Farm Co.; third Golden Chief 300203,
A. Alexander; fourth, Beaufort Prince 296939, O. O. Smith; fifth, Black
Grove Viscount, F. M. Zenor.
Senior Bull Calf — First, Lovat Champion F., Vol. 72, Flynn Farm Co.;
second. King Champion 2d 192600, C. A. Saunders; third. Ringmaster
299782, C. W. Daws & Son; fourth. Royal George, Vol. 73, G. H. Burge;
fifth, Louisa's Victor, J. B. Brown.
Junior Bull Calf — First, King Maringo 2nd, C. A. Saunders.
Cow Three Years Old or Over — First, Choice Blythesome, H. D. Parsnos;
second, Sonerila 12th, Vol. 63, G. H. White; third, Fenimore Princess, F.
A. Edwards; fourth. Flora Dell, Vol. 50, G. H. Burge.
Heifer Two Years Old and Under Three — First, Beauty Rose 30769,
Flynn Farm Co.; second, Julia C, Vol. 68, G. H. White; third, Florella,
Vol. 68, G. H. Burge; fourth, Dora 5th, H. D. Parsons.
Senior Yearling Heifer — First, Bernice, F. A. Edwards; second, Roan
Lillian 264112, F. A. Andrews; third. Maple Hill Ruby 13943, G. H. White;
fourth, Victoria 72nd, 15183, C. W. Daws & Son; fifth, Rosemond, Vol.
71, G. H. Burge.
Junior Yearling Heifer — First, Veronica 5th, 15026, J. T. Judge; second,
Roan Countess 12713, G. H. White; third, Ceremonious Dove, G. H. Wliite;
fourth, Veronica Queen 36220, J. T. Judge; fifth, Waveland Rose 6th, J.
B. Brown.
First Prize Senior Short Horn Heifer Calf,
Iowa State Fair and Exposition, 1908.
606 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE
Senior Heifer Calf — First, Flynn Farm Missie, Vol. 72, Flynn Farm
Co.; second, Lady Maringo 4th, C. A. Saunders; third, Mysie Girl 36218, J.
T. Judge; fourth, Claverburn's Queen, E. R. Silliman; fifth, Blossom, Wm.
Smiley.
Junior Heifer Calf — First, Scottish Sempstress 4th, C. A. Saunders;
second, Hampton's Lady 36599, G. H. White; third, Mildred's Heiress,
Vol. 73, G. H. Burge; fourth, Dora 7th, H. D. Parsons; fifth, Isabelle F.,
Vol. 72; Flynn Farm Co.
Exhibitor's Herd — First, Flynn Farm Co.; second, G. H. White; third,
G. H. Burge.
Breeder's Young Herd — First, C. W. Daws & Son; second, G. H. Burge;
third, H. D. Parsons.
Calf Herd— First, C. W. Daws & Son; second, G. H. Burge; third, H. D.
Parsons.
Get of Sire— First, J. T. Judge; second, C. W. Daws & Son; third, G. H.
Burge.
Produce of Cow — First, F. A. Edwards; second, G. H. Burge; third, C.
W. Daws & Son.
Senior Champion Bull — Golddigger 261957, William Smiley.
Junior Champion Bull — Lovat Champion F., Vol. 72, Flynn Farm Co.
Senior Champion Cow — Choice Blythesome, H. D. Parsons.
Junior Champion Heifer — Berenice, F. A. Edwards.
Grand Champion Bi<ZZ— Golddigger 261957, William Smiley.
Grand Champion Female — Berenice, F. A. Edwards.
HEREFORDS.
EXHIBITORS. '
G. G. & W. S. Amos, Indianola, Iowa; Cargill & McMillan, La Crosse,
Wisconsin; Carrothers Bros., Ryan, Iowa; G. G. Clement, Ord, Nebraska;
Cook's Brookmont Farm, Odebolt, Iowa; Cyrus Tow, Norway, Iowa; Cor-
nish & Patton, Osborn, Missouri; Dale & Wright, Pleasanton, Iowa; O. S.
Gibbons & Son, Earlham, Iowa; Heath Stock Farm, Smithboro, Illinois;
J. J. Early, Baring, Missouri; J. L. Lamont, Geneseo, Illinois; James E.
Logan, Kansas City, Missouri; Mousel Bros., Cambridge, Nebraska; J. H.
& J. L. Van Natta, LaFayette, Indiana; W. S. Van Natta & Son, Fowler,
Indiana; G. W. Way & Son, New Sharon, Iowa.
AWARDS,
Judge H. W. Mumford, Urbana, Illinois.
Bull Three Years Old or Over— First, Prime Lad 9th 213963, W. S. Van
Natta & Son; second, Bonnie Brae 3d 203317, Cargill & McMillan; third,
Weston Anxiety 242862, Cornish & Patton; fourth. Sailor 93833, Cook's
Brookmont Farm; fifth. Fast Freight 184272, G. G. Clement; sixth, Brock
173750, J. H. & J. L. Van Natta.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 607
Bull Ttvo Years Old and Under Three— First, Beau Carlos 248915, Cor-
nish & Patten; second, Alto Hesoid 236293, Mousel Bros; third, Princeps A.
234591, Mpusel Bros.; fourth. Sunny U. J. 239824, J. J. Early; fifth. Anxiety
Stamp 3d 245125, G. W. Way & Son; sixth, Woodland Chief 223394, Cyrus
A. Tow.
Senior Yearling Bull— First, Prime Lad 38th 261816, W. S. Van Natta
& Son; second, Gomez Perfection 297758, Cornish & Patton; third. Heath's
Money Maker, 263879, Heath Stock Farm.
Junior Yearling BwZZ— Castor 259475, James E. Logan; second, Prin-
ceps 15th 268046, Cargill & McMillan; third. General Wooly 297757, Cor-
nish & Patton.
Senior Bull Calf— First, Prime Lad 42nd 289284, W. S. Van Natta &
Son; second, Bonnie Brae 13th 288342, Cargill & McMillan; third. Re-
peater 287598, W. S. Van Natta & Son; fourth, Young Albany 290216,
Cyrus A. Tow; fifth, Beau Weston 297754, Cornish & Patton; sixth,
Princeps 30th, 288901, Mousel Bros.
Junior Bull Calf— First, Harold 295535, Mousel Bros.; second, Princepts
20th 288347, Cargill & McMillan; third. Pretty Lad 291343, J. H. and J. L.
Van Natta.
Cow Three Years Old or Ot;er— First, Magnonette 209514, Cargill &
McMillan; second. Pretty Face 207319, W. S. Van Natta & Son; third,
Princeps Lassie 18083, Mousel Bros.; fourth, Priscilla 204713, J. L. La-
mont; fifth, Orange Belle 169011, J. H. & J. L. Van Natta; sixth. Orange
Bud 3d 206958, Dale & Wight.
Heifer Two Years Old and Under Three— First, Miss Filler 2nd 230514,
Cargill & McMillan; second, Margaret 234336, W. S. Van Natta & Son;
third. Miss Filer 7th 239660, Cargill & McMillan; fourth, Mary Gertrude
219966, J. J. Early; fifth, Miss Princeps 8th 234588, Mousel Bros.; sixth,
Clematis 2nd 234330, J. H. & J. L. Van Natta.
Senior Yearling Heifer— First, Princess 2nd, 264207, Cargill & Mc-
Millan; second, Cleo 261808, W. S. Van Natta & Son; third. Princess 8d
264208, Cargill & McMillan; fourth, Iba 261810, W. S. Van Natta & Son;
fifth. Miss Roseberry 251471, Jas. E. Logan; sixth. Golden Treasurer
264668, G. G. Clement.
Junior Yearling Heifer— Princess 7th 267032, Cargill & McMillan;
second, Missouri Queen 2nd 27598, Mousel Bros.; third. Heath's Gem
270008, Heath's Stock Farm; fourth, Sunny Maiden 268466, J. J. Early;
fifth, Jessica 259478, James E. Logan; sixth. Lady Secret 3d 284711, J. H.
& J. L. Van Natta.
Senior Heifer Calf— First, Miss Duchess 3d 289278, W. S. Van Natta &
Son; second. Princess 9th 288919, Cargill & McMillan; third, Leona Lass
289277, W. S. Van Natta & Son; fourth, Dorothy Perkins 281467, James
E. Logan; fifth, Myrtis 297761, Cornish & Patton; sixth. Miss Brae 10th
288918, Cargill & McMillan.
Junior Heifer Calf— First, Ardis 293931, James E. Logan; second.
Water Pearl 296954, Heath Stock Farm; third. Miss Brae 13th 288344,
Cargill & McMillan; fourth, Ovie 2nd 291342, J. H. & J. L. Van Natta;
fifth, Ruby 2nd 297762, Cornish & Patton; sixth, Miss Gaiety, 296951,
Heath Stock Farm.
608 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Exhibitor's Herd — First, W. S. Van Natta & Son; second, Cargill &
McMillan; third, Mousel Bros.; fourth, G. W. Way & Son; fifth, J. H.
and J. L. Van Natta.
Breeder's Young Herd — First, W. S. Van Natta & Son; second, Cargill
& McMillan; third, James E. Logan; four_n. Heath Stock Farm; fifth,
J. H. & J. L. Van Natta.
Calf Herd— First, W. S. Van Natta & Son; second, Cargill & McMillan;
third, Heath Stock Farm; fourth, Cornish & Patton; fifth, J. L. Lamont.
Get of Sire— First, W. S. Van Natta & Son; second, Cargill & McMil-
lan; third, James E Logan; fourth. Heath Stock Farm; fifth, Cornish &
Patton.
Produce of Coio — First, Cargill & McMillan; second, W. S. Van Natta &
Son; third, Cargill & McMillan; fourth, W. S. Van Natta & Son; fifth,
Cornish & Patton.
' ' Prime Lad 9tli ' '
Champion Herford Bull, Iowa State Fair and Exposition, 1908.
Champion Bull, Any Afire— Prime Lad 9th 213963, W. S. Van Natta
& Son.
Champion Cow, Any Age — Miss Filler 2nd 230514, Cargill & McMillan.
IOWA SrECIALS.
Bull Three Years Old or Over— First, Sailor 93833, Cook's Brookmont
Farm; second. Preceptor 232358, Dale & Wight; third. Field Marshall
208813, Carrothers Bros.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 609
Bull Two Years Old and Under Three — First, Anxiety Stamp 3d 245125,
G. W. Way & Son; second, Woodland Chief 223394, Cyrus A. Tow; third,
Brookmont Actor 267636, Cook's Brookmont Farm.
Senior Yearling Bull — Emancipator 5th 281235, Carrothers Bros.;
second. General G 261924, O. S. Gibbons & Son.
Junior Yearling Bull— First, Frank 269920, Dale & Wight; second,
Victor 1st 265380, Cyrus A. Tow; third. Dandy 277595, G. G. & W. S.
Amos.
Senior Bull Calf — First, Young Albany 290216, Cyrus A. Tow; second,
Glencain 297839, Cook's Brookmont Farm; third, Emancipator 11th 297796,
Carrothers Bros.; fourth. Emancipator 12th 297797, Carrothers Bros.;
fifth. Emancipator 9th 297794, Carrothers Bros,
Junior Bull Calf — First, Menominee 297844, Cook's Brookmont Farm.
Cow Three Years Old or Over— First, Orange Bud 3d 206958, Dale &
Wight; second, Kiowa 163892, G. W. Way & Son: third, Peach 3d 108852,
Cook's Brookmont Farm; fourth, Rachel Randolph 100082, Cyrus A. Tow;
fifth, Nellie 208512, Carrothers Bros.
Heifer Tioo Years Old and Under Three— First, Mabel 234074, G. W.
Way & Son; second. Beau Anna 238380, G. W. Way & Son; third, Edward's
Lassie 232978, Cyrus A. Tow; fourth, Princess 5th 269664, Dale & Wight.
Senior Yearling Heifer— First, Golden Leaf 4th 257494, G. W. Way &
Son; second, Gwennie Sailor 297840, Cook's Brookmont Farm; third,
Bright Eyes 266378, O. S. Gibbons & Son; fourth. Trilby 297846, Cook's
Brookmont Farm.
Junior Yearling Heifer — First, Olive 269926, Dale & Wight; second,
Fleming 297838, Cook's Brookmont Farm; third, Lettie 269924, Dale &
Wight; fourth. Belle of Fairview 265379, Cyrus A. Tow.
Senior Heifer Calf— First, Pretty Face 284897, G. W. Way & Son;
second, Viola 2nd 278239, O. S. Gibbons & Son; third. Beauty 281655,
Dale & Wight; fourth, Alice 297837, Cook's Brookmont Farm; fifth, Le-
flora 297843, Cook's Brookmont Farm.
Junior Heifer Calf— First, Oral 295481, Dale & Wight; second, Gwennie
Sailor 2nd 297841, Cook's Brookmont Farm; third, Nannie Sailor 297845,
Cook's Brookmont Farm; fourth, Marjorie 293627, Cyrus A. Tow,
ExhiUtofs Herd— First, G. W. Way & Son; second. Dale & Wight;
third, Cook's Brookmont Farm.
Breeder's Young Herd — First, Dale & Wight; second, Cook's Brookmont
Farm.
Get of -Sire— First, G. W. W^ay & Son; second, Dale & Wight; third,
Cook's Brookmont Farm.
Produce of Cote — First, Dale & Wight; second. Cook's Brookmont Farm;
third, Carrothers Bros.
Champion Bull, Any Age— Anxiety Stamp 3d 245125, G. W. Way & Son.
Champion Cow, Any Agre— Pretty Face 284897, G. W. Way & Son.
39
610
IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
ABERDEEN-ANGUS.
EXHIBITORS.
J, Auracher, Shenandoah, Iowa; Otto V. Battles, Maquoketa, Iowa;
A. C. Binnie, Alta, Iowa; J. 0. Gring, Dallas Center, Iowa; H. J. Hess,
Waterloo, Iowa; M. D. Karns, Hartwick, Iowa; W. J. Miller, Newton,
Iowa; W. A. McHenry, Denison, Iowa; Chas. J. Off, Peoria, Illinois; Ros-
engift Stock Farm, Kelley, Iowa.
" Glenfoil Thickset 2nd "
Champion Aberdeen Angus Bull, Iowa State Fair and Exposition, 1908.
Judge .
AWAEDS.
E. T. Davis, Iowa City, low;
Bull Three Years Old or Over— First, Glenfoil Thickset 2nd 88142, Otto
V. Battles; second, Vala's Rosegay 63745, Rosengift Stock Farm; third,
Jim Delaney 62767, A. C. Binnie; fourth. King Donald 80599, W. J. Miller.
Bull Tioo Years Old and Under T7«ree— Golden Gleam 93256, Otto V.
Battles; second. Parole 2nd 98346, M. D. Karns; third. Prince Pico 93306,
W. A. McHenry; fourth, Quinrod of The Oaks 93236, J. O. Gring.
Senior Yearling Bull— First, Oakville Quiet Lad 109220, Otto V. Bat-
tles; second, Brookside Erin 107615, Rosengift Stock Farm; third. Auto-
crat 104127, H. J. Hess; fourth, Ederic 104114, W. A. McHenry; fifth,
King Blackbird, A. C. Binnie; sixth. Sir Novice 2nd 106540, W^ J. Miller.
Junior Yearling Bull — First, Cotto Mere 109700, A. C. Binnie; second,
Brookton Fame 115889, Otto V. Battles; third. Blackbird Brilliant 106060,
Chas. J. Off.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 611
Senior Bull Calf — First, Prince of Quality, Rosengift Stock Farm;
second. Blackbird Brilliant 2nd, 114728, Chas. J. Off; third, Questman 2nd,
A. C. Binnie; fourth, Pasadena 116617, W. A. McHenry; fifth, Ethan Eric
115868, Otto V. Battles; sixth. Gay Princeps, W. J. Miller.
Junior Bull Calf— First, Thickset Blackbird 115895, Otto V. Battles;
second. Ebony's Quality 115356, H. J. Hess; third, Snowflake's King, W.
J. Miller.
Coiv Three Years Old or Over— First, Glenfoil Queen 2nd 88143, Otto
V. Battles; second, Winnie of Meadow Brook 72461, Rosengift Stock
Farm; third, Abbess McHenry 6th 82318, A. C. Binnie; fourth, Gussie of
Kirkbridge 64008, W. J. Miller; fifth, Queen of Denison 39th 46126, W. A.
McHenry; sixth. Walnut Dell Pearl 85319, M. D. Karns.
Heifer Tiuo Years Old and Under Three — First, Queen Lass of Alta 3d
95007, A. C. Binnie; second. Queen Mother Johnson 2nd 95884, Rosengift
Stock Farm; third. Pride McHenry 53d 93305, W. A. McHenry; fourth
Gaylawn Bonnie Lass 10060S, Otto V. Battles; fifth, Alicia of Quietdale
94108, W. J. Miller; sixth, Walnut Dell Coquette 92717, M. D. Karns.
Senior Yearling Heifer — First, Eza Lass 106501, A. C. Binnie; second,
Brookside Quality Queen 2nd, 102355, Otto V. Battles; third. Walnut Dell
Perl 3d 106459, W. D. Karns; fourth, Marguerite D. 2nd 96118, Rosengift
Stock Farm; fifth. Sycamore Woodlawn Pride 97570, W. J. Miller; sixth,
Walnut Dell Coquette 2nd 106458, W. D. Karns.
Junior Yearling Heifer — First, Blackbird of Quietdale 6th 105554, H. J.
Hess; second, Esthonia of Alta 106505, A. C. Binnie; third, Erona of Alta
2nd, 107613, Otto V. Battles; fourth. Pride McHenry 62nd 104143, W. A.
McHenry; fifth, Barbara McHenry 24th 104144, W. A. McHenry; sixth,
Barbena 110403, Rosengift Stock Farm.
Senior Heifer Calf— First, Pride McHenry 72nd 116635, W. A. McHenry;
second, Sunnyside Inez, 109651, Rosengift Stock Farm; third. Blackbird
McHenry 76th 116631, W. A. McHenry; fourth. Thickset Rose 115890,
Otto V. Battles; fifth, Banbee Lass, A. C. Binnie; sixth. Blackbird of
Quietdale 9th 111156, H. J. Hess.
Junior Heifer Calf— First, Prima D. 115869, Rosengift Stock Farm;
second. Thickset Lass 115896, Otto V. Battles; third. Blackbird of Quiet-
dale 9th 115350, H. J. Hess; fourth, Blackbird Lassie 3d, A. C. Binnie;
fifth. Pride of Alta 10th, A. C. Binnie; sixth, Elopis of Quietdale 115351,
H. J. Hess.
Exhibitor's Herd — First, Otto V. Battles; second, A. C. Binnie; third,
Rosengift Stock Farm; fourth, W. A. McHenry; fifth, W. J. Miller; sixth,
M. D. Karns.
Breeder's Young Herd — First, A. C. Binnie; second, W. A. McHenry;
third, H. J. Hess; fourth, Otto V. Battles; fifth, W. J. Miller.
Calf Herd— First, H. J. Hess; second, Otto V. Battles; third, A. C.
Binnie; fourth, Chas. J. Off.
Get of Sire— First, W. A. McHenry; second. Otto V. Battles; third, H.
J. Hess; fourth, A. C. Binnie; fifth, W. J. Miller; sixth, Chas. J. Off.
Produce of Coic — First, Otto V. Battles; second, W. A. McHenry; third,
H. J. Hess; fourth, W. J. Miller; fifth, M. D. Karns; sixth, M. D. Karns.
Champion Bull, Any Agre— Glenfoil Thickset 2nd, 88142, Otto V. Battles.
Champion Coic, Any Age — Glenfoil Queen 2nd 88143, Otto V. Battles.
612
IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 613
GALLOWAY.
EXHIBITORS.
J. E. Bales & Son, Stockport, Iowa; C. S. Hechtner, Princeton, Illinois;
C. P. Houstma, Orange City, Iowa; C. D. McPherson, Fairfield, Iowa;
Straub Bros., Avoca, Neb.; C. F. Stone, Peabody, Kan.; Aug. Winter,
Boyden, Iowa.
AWARDS.
Judge A. C. Binnie, Alta, Iowa.
Bull Three Years Old or Over — First, Standard Favorite 25550, C. S.
Hechtner; second, Wild's McDougal 24673, J. E. Bales & Son.
Bull Two Years Old and Under Three— First, Captain 4th of Tarbreoch
(97011) 30933, Straub Bros.; second, Compoct 30576, Straub Bros.
Bull One Year Old and Under Two — First, Douglas of Meadow Lawn
30618, J. E. Bales & Son; second, , Straub Bros.; third, Noble
Standard 30754, Straub Bros.
Senior Bull Calf— First, Billy Bryan 32252, C. S. Hechtner.
Junior Bull Calf— First, Scottish Pride, Straub Bros.; second, Billy
Sunday, J. E. Bales & Son; third, Billy Taft 32251, C. S. Hechtner.
Cow Three Years Old or Over— First, Evaline 2nd of Avondale 20124,
C. S. Hechtner; second Sadie of Meadow Lawn 26833, Straub Bros.; third,
Hawkeye Lady 27121, J. E. Bales & Son; fourth, Dorthea 18673, J. E.
Bales & Son; fifth, Valentine of Wavertree 17095, Straub Bros.
Heifer Two Years Old and Under Three— First, Lady Graceful 28781,
J. B. Bales & Son; second, Vinola 3rd of Maples 2S855, C. S. Hechtner;
third. Lady Douglass 3rd, 28745, Straub Bros.; fourth, Molly Standard
30428, Straub Bros.
Senior Yearling Heifer— First, Meg Standard 30721, Straub Bros.; sec-
ond, Vala 30802, J. E. Bales & Son; third. Lady of Maples 30639, C. S.
Hechtner.
Junior Yearling Heifer— First, Lily May 30803, J. E. Bales & Son; sec-
ond, Vinola 4th of Maples 30640, C. S. Hechtner; third, Princess Standard
30723, Straub Bros.
Senior Heifer Calf— First, Annie Davids 7th, J. E. Bales & Son; second,
Dorothea 2nd, J. E. Bales & Son; third, Merry Maid, Straub Bros; fourth,
Ada of Maples 32248, C. S. Hechtner.
Junior Heifer Calf— First, Sweet Maid, Straub Bros.; second, Bessie
of Maples 32250, C. S. Hechtner.
Exhihitor's Herd— First, C. S. Hechtner; second, J. E. Bales & Son;
third, Straub Bros.; fourth, Straub Bros.
Breeder's Young Herd — First, J. E. Bales & Son; second, Straub Bros.;
third, C. S. Hechtner.
Calf Herd— First, C. S. Hechtner
614
IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Get of Sire — First, J. E. Bales & Son; second, Straub Bros.; third,
Straub Bros.; fourth, C. S. Hechtner.
Produce of Cow — First, Straub Bros.; second, J. E .Bales & Son; third,
Straub Bros.; fourth, J. E. Bales & Son; fifth, C. S. Hechtner.
Champion Bull, Any Age — Standard Favorite 25550, C. S. Hechtner.
Champion Cow, Any Age — Evaline 2nd of Avondale 20124, C. S. Hecht-
ner.
" Standard Favorite "
Champion Galloway Bull, Iowa State P^air and Exposition, 1908.
POLLED DURHAM.
EXHIBITORS.
E. J. Augsperger, Pulaski, Iowa; Oscar Hadley, Plainsfield, Ind.; L. S.
Huntley & Sons, Chariton, Iowa; Shaver & Duker, Kalona, Iowa; Wm.
Smiley, Albany, Wis.
Judge.
AWARDS.
,R. J. KixzER, Manhattan, Kansas.
Bull Inree Years Old or Over— First, Roan Hero 3613, Shaver &
Deuker; second. Champion of Iowa 4739, L. S. Huntley & Son; third, Vic-
toria's Lad 5785, Wm. Smiley.
Bull Two Years Old and Under 'ihree — First, Amity Bruce 5879, L. S.
Huntley & Son; second. Arcade Duke 3rd 5026, Vol. 4, Shaver & Deuker;
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI
615
third, Buttonwood Marshall 19th 5014, Oscar Hadley; fourth, Lucille's
Tip 5947, Wm. Smiley.
Bull One Year Old and Under Tioo — First, Cupbearer Prize, Vol. 5,
Shaver & Deuker; second. Walnut Grove Tip 6433, Wm. Smiley; third,
Don Carlor, L. S. Huntley & Son; fourth. Gold Coin, E. J. Augsperger.
Bull Calf Under One Year— First Buttonwood Tip 5th 6672, Oscar Had-
ley; second, Butterfly Boy, Vol. 5, Shaver & Deuker; third. Amity Mar-
shall, L. S. Huntley & Son; fourth, A Secret, L. S. Huntley & Son; fifth,
Lida's Monarch, Wm. Smiley; sixth, Hero's Marshall, Vol. 5, Shaver &
DeuKer.
Cow Three Years Old or Over- First, Royal Flora, Vol. 3, Shaver &
Deuker; second, Scottish Bell 4th, Vol. 4, Shaver & Deuker; third, Streat-
heam Queen 62nd, Vol. 4, Shaver & Deuker; fourth, Guyola, Vol. 4, L. S.
Huntley & Son; fifth. Queen Mary, Vol. 3, E. J. Augsperger; sixth. Brun-
ette Birdie, Vol. 4, L. S. Huntley & Son.
To h ,1 s t
Champion Polled Durham Cow and Bull,
Iowa State Fair and Exposition, 1908.
Heifer Tico Years Old and Under Three — Buttonwood Duchess, Vol.
4, Oscar Hadley; second. Royal Queen, Vol. 4, Shaver & Deuker; third.
Princess Second, Vol. 4, Shaver & Deuker; fourth, Moss Rose 69th, Vol.
4, L. S. Huntley & Son; fifth. White Stockings 3rd, Vol. 4, Wm. Smiley;
sixth, Golden Rose 6th, Vol. 4, E. J. Augsperger.
Heifer One Year Old and Under Tiro— First, Buttonwood Maud, Vol. 4,
Oscar Hadley; second, Buttonwood Jenny Lind 4th, Vol. 4, Oscar Hadley;
third, Scottish Bell 5th, Vol. 4, Shaver & Deuker; fourth, Victoria 90th,
Vol. 4, L. S. Huntley & Son; fifth, Scottish Bell 6th, Vol. 4, Shaver &
Deuker; sixth. Hero ]Maid, Vol. 5, Shaver & Deuker.
616 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Heifer Calf Under One Year — First, Button wood Gladi 3rd, Vol. 5, Os-
car Hadley; second, Buttonwood Jenny Lind 5tli, Vol. 5, Oscar Hadley;
third, Orange Blossom, Vol. 5, Shaver & Deuker; fourth, Buttonwood
Ophelia, Vol. 5, Oscar Hadley; fifth. Brunette Carrie, L. S. Huntley &
Son; sixth, Lova 2nd, Vol. 5, Shaver & Deuker,
ExMMtor's Herd — First, Shaver & Deuker; second, Oscar Hadley;
third, Shaver & Deuker; fourth, L. S. Huntley & Son; fifth, Wm. Smiley.
Breeder's Young Herd — First, Oscar Hadley; second. Shaver & Deuker.
Get of Sire — First, Oscar Hadley; second, Oscar Hadley; third, L. S.
Huntley & Son; fourth, Shaver & Deuker; fifth, E. J. Augsperger.
Produce of Cow — First, Shaver & Deuker; second, Oscar Hadley; third,
L. S. Huntley & Son; fourth, Wm. Smiley.
Champion Bull, Any Age — Roan Hero 3613, Shaver & Deuker.
Champion Coio, Any Age — Royal Flora, Vol. 3, Shaver & Deuker.
RED POLLED.
EXHIBITORS.
Adolph P. Arp, Eldridge, Iowa; Dan Clark, Cedar Falls, Iowa; Frank
J. Clouse, Clare, Iowa; Frank Davis & Sons, Holbrook, Neb.; Chas.
Graff, Bancroft, Neb.; W. S. Hill, Alexandria, S. Dak.
Judge J. W. Martix, Gotham, Wisconsin.
AWARDS.
Bull Three Years Old or Over — First, Cremo 13018, Frank Davis &
Sons; second, Logan 13500, Frank J. Clouse; third, Durock 14573, Dan
Clark; fourth, Blooming's Perfection 10067, Adolph P. Arp; fifth. Nelson
14070, W. S. Hill.
Bull Two Years Old and Under Three— First, I Too 16313, Chas. Graff;
second. Major Bragg 16502, Vv^. S. Hill; third. Rowdy Staff 16503, Adolph
P. Arp; forth. Morning Star 16313, Chas. Graff.
Bull One Year Old and Under Ti(;o— First, Rutland 16053, W. S. Hill;
second, Midnight 17947, Dan Clark; third, Leon 17467, Chas. Graff;
fourth. Nailer Boy 17205, Adolph P. Arp; fifth, Dafter 15871, Adolph P.
Arp.
Bull Calf Under One Year— First, Don 17164, W. S. Hill; second. Fav-
orite 17846, Frank Davis & Sons; third, Evans 17421, Frank J. Clouse;
fourth, Belmont 17167, W. S. Hill; fifth, Napoleon 17849, Frank Davis &
Sons; sixth, LeRoy 17847, Frank Davis & Sons.
Coxo Three Years Old or Over — First, Inez 23477, W. S. Hill; second,
Lala 18480, Adolph P. Arp; third, Ruperta 18993, Chas. Graff; fourth.
Ruby Rose 22524, Adolph P. Arp; fifth, Ruberta 22307, Chas. Graff; sixth,
DewDrop 21054, Frank Davis & Sons.
Heifer Two Years Old and Under Three— First, Lady 26499, Adolph P.
Arp; second, Mandeline 24971, Frank J. Clouse; third, Inas 25786, Chas.
Graff; fourth. Buttercup 24686, W. S. Hill; fifth, Miss Perfection 26871,
Dan Clark; sixth, Quarts 29133, Frank J. Clouse.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 617
Heifer One Year Old and Under Tico— First, Lena 26752, W. S. Hill;
second, Lena 28536, Chas. Graff; third, Cedar Girl 26891, Dan Clark;
fourth, Dorothy 26751, W. S. Hill; fifth. Miss Saucy 26676, Frank J.
Clouse; sixth. Lulu 27784, Adolph P. Arp.
Heifer Calf Under One Year— First, Marian 28109, W. S. Hill; second.
Excellence, Chas. Graff; third, Narcissa 4th, 28655, Frank J. Clouse;
fourth, Quartz 29134, Frank J. Clouse; fifth, lone 28115, W. S. Hill;
sixth, Luna Davy 29110, Adolph P. Arp.
Exhibitor's Herd— 'First, W. S. Hill; second, Chas. Graff; third, Frank
J. Clouse; fourth, Adolph P. Arp; fifth, Dan Clark.
Breeder's Young Herd— First, W. S. Hill; second, Chas. Graff; third,
Frank Davis & Sons; fourth, Adolph P. Arp.
Get of Sire— First, Chas. Graff; second, W. S. Hill; third, Frank Davis
& Sons; fourth, Adolph P. Arp.
Produce of Cow — First, Adolph P. Arp; second, cnas. Graff; third,
Dan Clark; fourth, W. S. Hill; fifth, Frank J. Clouse.
Champion Bull, Any Agre— Cremo 13018, Frank Davis & Sons.
Champion Coiu, Any Age— Inez 23477, W. S. Hill.
HOLSTEIN.
EXHIBITORS.
John B. Irwin, Minneapolis, Minn.; C. F. Stone, Peabody, Kan.; August
Winter, Boyden, Iowa.
AWAEDS.
Judge Hugh G. Vax Pelt, Ames, Iowa.
Bull Three Years Old or Over — First, Kaan Jewell of Woodlake 28725,
John B. Irwin; second, Ethel Alexander 2nd, Sir Netherland 26423, C. F.
Stone; third. Empress Laddie 2nd 38529, August Winter.
Bull Tivo Years Old and Under Three— First, Tula Ce Kol Pietertje
41458, John B. Irwin; second, Karel Netherland De Kol 41760, C. F.
Stone.
Bull One Year Old and Under Ttuo— First, Sir Pontiac Marie Henger-
veld 50609, C. F. Stone; second. Sir Mercedes Pauline 47148, John B.
Irwin; third, Laddie of the West 52853, August Winter.
Bull Calf Under One Year— First, Sir Korndyke Heng. Mechthilde, John
B. Irwin; second. Sir Korndyke Heng. Ormsby 3rd, John B. Irwin; third,
Prince of Rosedale, C. F. Stone; fourth, Sir Josephine Abberkirk, C. F.
Stone; fifth. Sir Pietertze Prince Cornucopia, John B. Irwin.
Coio Three Years Old or Over— First, Maryke 3rd," Gerben 4th 54935, C.
F. Stone; second, Chloe Mechthilde 2nd 56754, John B. Irwin; third,
Hulda Twish 2nd 60397, C. F. Stone; fourth. Lady Parthena Swart 58518,
C. F. Stone; fifth, Betty Henry 51294, August Winter.
Heifer Tico Years Old and Under Three— First, Josephine 2nd, Gerben
De Kol 78622, C. F. Stone; second, Sissy i^aker Alexander 76364, C. F.
Stone; third, Mazee Johanne De Pauline 91568, John B. Irwin; fourth,
Canary Mechtilde 96685, John B. Irwin; fifth, Lillie Empress 95498,
August Winter.
618 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Heifer One Yea?' Old and Under Two (In Milk) — First, Lucy Colantha
Empress 95497, August Winter; second. Bertha Empress 95999, August
Winter.
Heifer One Year Old and Under Tico (Dry) — First, Lady Truth Gerben
Alexander 95630, C.*F. Stone; second, Josephine Gerben Netherland 88432,
C. F. Stone; third, Ormsby De Kol Queen, John B. Irwin.
Heifer Calf Under One Year — First, Miss Korndyke Hengerveld Ormsby
4th, John B. Irwin; second. Miss Korndyke Hengerveld Johanna 2nd,
John B. Irwin; third. Miss Korndyke Hengerveld Johanna 3rd, John B.
Irwin; fourth. Lady Truth Alexander, C. F. Stone; fifth, Ethel's Pride,
C. F. Stone.
Exhiltitors Herd — First, C. F. Stone; second, John B. Irwin; third,
C. F. Stone; fourth, August Winter.
Breeder's Young Herd — First, C. F. Stone; second, August Winter.
Get of Sire — First, C. F. Stone; second, John B. Irwin; third, August
Winter.
Produce of Cow — First, C. F. Stone; second, John B. Irwin; third,
John B. Irwin; fourth, August Winter.
Champion Bull, Any Age — Kaan Jewell of Woodlake 28725, John B.
Irwin.
Champion Cow, Any Age — Maryke 3rd, Gerben 4th, 54935, C. F. Stone.
JERSEY.
EXHIBITORS.
Dixon & Deaner, Brandon, Wis.; Honeywell & Reedy, Lincoln, Neb.;
Geo. S. Redhead, Des Moines, Iowa; A. U. Quint, Des Moines, Iowa.
AWAEDS.
Judge Prof. H. G. Van Pelt, Ames, Iowa.
Bull Three Years Old or Over — Zelaya's Fancy Lad 65883, Dixon &
Deaner; second. Prince Fontaine 71829, Honeywell & Reedy; third. Quint's
Quest 73431, A. U. Quint.
B^ill Two Years Old and Under Three — First, Guenion's Champion Lad
73959, Dixon & Deaner; second, Golden Fern's Grandson (73385), Honey-
well & Reedy; third, Nebraska Forfershire 73811, Honeywell & Reedy.
Bull One Year Old and Under Two — First, Stockwell's Giltedge 79145,
Dixon & Deaner; second, Silverine Lovely Lad, Dixon & Deaner; third,
Guenon's King, Geo. Redhead.
Bull Calf Under One Year — First, Combination's Golden Prince 79767,
Dixon & Deaner; second, Johanna's Golden Lad 80893, Dixon & Deaner;
tmrd. Bob La Follette, Dixon & Deaner; fourth, , Honeywell
& Reedy; fifth, , Honeywell & Reedy.
Cow Three Years Old or Over — First, Morey's Golden Lass 168471,
Dixon & Deaner; second. Silver Carrie 182974, Dixon & Deaner; third,
Brown Fountain of Trinity 172296, Honeywell & Reedy; fourth. Madam
Rioter King 163156, Geo. S. Redhead.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 619
Heifer Tivo Years Old and Under Three — First, Liddie's Pet 208387,
Dixon & Deaner; second, Cambraie's Golden Pet 214992, Dixon & Deaner;
third, Princigem 199541, Honeywell & Reedy; fourth, Mariona 199540,
Honeywell & Reedy; fifth. Marigold Kate 2nd 212439, Honeyw^ell & Reedy.
Heifer One Year Old and Under Two {In Milk) — First, Merry's Golden
Lady, Dixon & Deaner; second. Liberal Lady 213518, Dixon & Deaner;
third, Brandon Pet 217443, Dixon & Deaner; fourth, Decanter's Spot
212442, Honeywell & Reedy; fifth, Ida Golden 208583, Honeywell & Reedy.
Heifer One Year Old and Under Tiuo (Dry) — First, Jolly Sweet Thing
2nd 213532, Dixon & Deaner; second, Maceo's Signal V 2nd, Geo. S. Red-
head; third, Velda 3rd, Geo. S. Redhead.
Heifer Calf Under One Year — First, Bessie's Golden Lady 217444, Dix-
on & Deaner; second, Derry's Rosa 216577, Dixon & Deaner; third,
, Honeywell & Reedy; fourth, Oxford's Eminent 216578, Dixon
& Deaner; fifth, Cupid's Alice, Dixon & Deaner.
Exhibitor's Herd — First, Dixon & Deaner; second, Dixon & Deaner;
third, Honeywell & Reedy.
Breeder's Young Herd — First, Dixon & Deaner; second, Honeywell &
Reedy; third, Honeywell & Reedy.
Get of Sire — First, Dixon & Deaner; second, Honeywell & Reedy; third.
Geo. S. Redhead.
Produce of Co2(?— First, Dixon & Deaner; second, Honeywell & Reedy;
third, Geo. S. Redhead.
Champion Bull, Any Age — Stockwell's Giltedge 79145, Dixon & Deaner.
Champion Cow, Any Age — Jolly Sweet Thing 2nd, 213532, Dixon &
Deaner.
TEST OF MILCH COWS.
EXHIBITORS.
John B. Irwin, Minneapolis, Minn.; Dixon & Deaner, Brandon, Wis.;
August Winter, Boyden, Iowa; Adolph P. Arp, Eldridge; C. F. Stone,
Peabody, Kan.
AWARDS.
Judge H. G. Vax Pelt, Ames, Iowa.
Test of Milch Coics — First, Chloe IMechthilde, John B. Irwin; second,
Morey's Lass, Dixon & Deaner; third, Louise Elgin, August Winter;
fourth, Tinnie De Kol, August Winter; fifth, Ruby Rose, Adolph P. Arp;
sixth. Mulberry Beechwood, C. F. Stone.
FAT CATTLE— SHORTHORNS.
EXHIBITORS.
J. B. Brown, Solon, Iowa; C. W. Daws, Harlan, Iowa; Elmendorf Farm,
Lexington Ky.; Flynn Farm Co., Des Moines, Iowa; Wm. Smiley, Malcom,
Iowa; C. A. Saunders, Manilla, Iowa.
620 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
AWARDS.
Judge T. E. Robsox, London, Ontario.
Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer, Two Years and Under Three — First,
Look Me Over, C. A. Saunder; second; Kenneth, Wm. Smiley; third,
Martin, Elmendorf Farm.
Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer, One Year and Under Two — First,
Look at Me, C. A. Saunders; second. Baron Lovely, J. B. Brown; third,
Sol, Elmendorf Farm.
Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer, Under One Year — First, Prince, C. W.
Daws & Son; second. Boxer, Elmendorf Farm; third, Jim, C. A. Saunders.
Champion Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer — Look Me Over, C. A. Saun-
ders.
Champion Group — First, C. A. Saunders; second, Elmendorf Farm;
third, Wm. Smliey.
FAT CATTLE— HEREFORDS.
EXHIBITOES.
Cargill & McMillan, LaCrosse, Wis.; J. H. & J. L. Van Natta, La
Fayette, Ind.
AWARDS.
Judge Herbert W. Mumford, Urbana, Illinois.
Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer, Tioo Years and Under Three — First,
Durbur 255027, Cargill & McMillan; second, Orvie's Diamond, J. H. &
J. L. Van Natta.
Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer, One Year and Under Two — First,
Brock's Lad, J. H. & J. L. Van Natta; second, Princepts 18th 288345, Car-
gill & McMillan.
Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer Under One Year — First, Brock's Boy,
J. H. & J. L. Van Natta; second, Bonnie Brae 14th 288352, Cargill & Mc-
Millan.
Champion Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer — Duber, Cargill & Mc-Millan.
Champion Group — First, J. H. & J. L. Van Natta; second, Cargill &
McMillan.
FAT CATTLE— ABERDEEN ANGUS.
EXHIBITORS.
W. J. Miller, Newton, Iowa; second, Chas. J. Off, Peoria, 111.
AWARDS.
Ji:dge E. T. Da\is, Iowa City, Iowa.
Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer, Two Years and Under Three— F'w&t,
Edison 1446, Chas. J. Off; second, Proud Lad 1450, W. J. Miller; third,
Syberian 4th, 1435, W. J. Miller.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 621
Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer, One Year and Under Tico— First,
Peoria 1493, Chas. J. Off; second, Pride of Peoria 12th 100592, Chas. J.
Off; third, Metz Prince 3rd 1516, W. J. Miller.
Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer, One Year Old and Under Two— First,
Peoria 1493, Chas. J. Off; second, Pride of Peoria 12th 100.92, Chas. J.
Off; third, Metz Prince 3rd 1516, W. J. Miller.
Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer, Under One Year— First, Peoria 14th
1583, Chas. J. Off; second, Model Lad, W. J. Miller.
Champion Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer— Bdison 1446, Chas. J. Off.
Champion Group of Three Owned hy One Exhibitor— First, Chas. J.
Off; second, W. J. Miller.
FAT CATTLE— GALLOWAYS.
EXHIBITORS.
C. S. Hechtner, Princeton, 111.; C. D. McPherson, Fairfield, Iowa.
AWARDS.
Judge A. C. Bixxie, Alta, Iowa.
Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer, Two Years and Under Three— First,
Governor, C. S. Hechtner; second, Orange, C. D. McPherson; third, Hecht-
ner's 3rd, C. D. McPherson.
Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer, One Year and Under Two— First,
None; second. None; third. Sunshine, C. D. McPherson.
Champion Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer— Governor, C. S. Hechtner.
Champion Group of Three Oioned hy One Exhihitor—First, C. D. Mc-
Pherson.
FAT CATTLE— RED POLLED.
EXHIBITORS.
Adolph P. Arp, Eldridge, Iowa; Frank Davis & Son, Holbrook, Ne-
braska; W. S. Hill, Alexander, S. Dak.
AWARDS,
jxjDGE J. W. Martix, Gotham, Wisconsin.
Steer One Year Old and Under Tico— First, Perfection 16880, Adolph
P. Arp; second. Twin White Sox, Frank Davis & Son; third. Nailer 16882,
Adolph P. Arp; fourth, , W. S. Hill.
Steer Calf One Year Old— First, Sam 17939, Adolph P. Arp; second,
Jim 17940, Adolph P. Arp.
FAT CATTLE— GRADES AND CROSS BREEDS.
exhibitors.
Thomas Andrews, Cambridge, Neb.; G. G. Clement, Ord, Neb.; Dale
& WMght, Pleasanton, Iowa; C. W. Daws, Harlan, Iowa; Chas. J. Off,
Peoria, 111.; C. A. Saunders, Manilla, Iowa.
622 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
AWABDS.
Judge T. E. Robsox, London, Ontario.
Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer, Tivo Years and Under Three — First,
Ike, C. A. Saunders; second, Metz Ben, W. J. Miller; third, Jumbo, Dale
& Wight.
Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer. One Year and Under Two — First,
Metz Jerry, W. J. Miller; second, Roan Jack, C. A. Saunders.
Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer, Under One Year — First, Pinehurst Lad,
C. W. Daws & Son; second. Chunk, G. G. Clement; third. White Rose,
Thomas Andrews.
Champion Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer — Ike, C. A. Saunders.
Champion Group of Three Oicned "by One Exhibitor — First, W. J. Miller;
second, C. A. Saunders.
FAT CATTLE— GRAND CHAMPION.
EXHIBITORS.
Chas. J. Off, Peoria, 111.; Cargill & McMillan, LaCrosse, Wis.; C. A.
Saunders, Manilla, Iowa.
AWARDS.
r T. E. RoBSOx.
Judges < E. Davis.
(_ Herbert W. Mumford.
Grand Champion Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer, Any Age or Breed,
Limited to the Sweepstakes or Champion Steers, Spayed or Martin Heifers
Winning in the Pure Bred Short-horn. Hereford, Aberdeen-Angus, Galloioay
and the Grade and Cross-Bred Sections — Edison 1446, Chas. J. Off.
FAT CATTLE— GRAND CHAMPION GROUP.
exhibitors.
Chas. J. Off, Peoria, 111.; C. A. Saunders, Manilla, Iowa; W. J. Miller,
Newton, Iowa; J. H. & J. L. Van Natta, LaFaj^ette, Ind.
r T. E. Robsox.
Judges -I E. Davis.
I Herbert W. Mu:\iford.
Grand Champion Group of Three Steers, Spayed or Martin Heifers —
To Cosist of One Steer, Spayed or Martin Heifer Tivo Years and Under
Three, One One Year and Under Ttoo, and One Under One Year, Owned
by One Exhibitor. Competition Limited to the Champion Groups in
Short-horn, Hereford, Aberdeen-Angus, Galloway and G^'ades and Cross-
Bred Sections — Chas. J. Off.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI
623
624 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
SWINE DEPARTMENT.
Superintendent R. S. Johnston, Columbus Junction.
POLAND CHINA.
EXHIBITORS.
F. L. Bunton, West Union, Iowa; M. W. Bateman, Monroe, Iowa; J. F.
Bonner, Panora, Iowa; A. J. Banks, Montour, Iowa; Banks & Banks,
Knoxville, Iowa; H. C. Boyer, Lovilia, Iowa; R. R. Ballantine, Jewell,
Iowa; Edward Burroughs, Panola, 111.; S. P. Chiles, Fairfield, Iowa; A.
W, DeWitt, Russel, Iowa; J. I. Davis, Mt. Hamill, Iowa; A. A. Dodge,
Remington, Ind.; D. B. Davenport, Carlisle, Iowa; John Duff, Winterset,
Iowa; R. H. Fichtenmueller, Farmington, Iowa; J. H. Fawcett, Wool-
stock, Iowa; G. Friday & Son, Sigourney, Iowa; J. M. Frey & Sons, Wa-
dena, Iowa; S. Fleming, Stuart, Iowa; John Francis & Sons, New Lenox,
111.; J. E. Francis, New Lenox, 111.; J. S. Fawcett & Son, Springdale,
Iowa; J. A. Goltry, Russel, Iowa; B. L. Gossick, Fairfield, Iowa; J. W.
Garvey, Auburn, 111.; J. E. Graham, Menlo, Iowa; A. Glenn, Glenn Ellyn,
111.; L. Hunsberger, Elgin, Iowa; W. H. Harrison, Wright, Iowa; W. J.
Hansen, Holbrook, Iowa; Holland & Hansen, New London, Iowa; Hem-
merling & Palmer, Dike, Iowa; A. P. Hoisington, Fontanelle, Iowa, C.
W. Humerick, Atlantic, Iowa; J. R. Hoover & Son, Oskaloosa; Chas.
Krumm, Postville, Iowa; C. F. Keeling, Avon, Iowa; Koebel Bros., Wa^-
land, Iowa; Wm. Lentz, Ankeny, Iowa; A. J. Lytle & Son, Oskaloosa,
Iowa; J. G. Lytle & Son, Oskaloosa, Iowa; J. V. Lingenfelter, Altoona,
Iowa; J. W. Locke, Remington, Ind., W. O. Merideth, Fairfield, Iowa; N.
F. Miller, Knoxville, Iowa; E. M. Metzger, Fairfield, Iowa; J. A. Mason,
Carlisle, Iowa; Morris Bros. & Nicholson, Lohrville, Iowa; James O'Don-
nell, Ames, Iowa; F. N. Orr & Sons, Albia, Iowa; G. A. Perry, Knoxville,
Iowa; Wm. Pedrick & Son, Ottumwa, Iowa; C. L. Prouty, Council Bluffs,
Iowa; J. W. Parker, Columbia, Iowa; Andrew Rosso w, Lohrville, Iowa;
Harry Stevenson, Knoxville, Iowa; Mark I. Shaw, Monroe, Iowa; F. P.
Sanders, Sigourney, Iowa; Strater Bros., Monroe, Iowa; W. G. Steven-
son, Knoxville, Iowa; W. Z. Swallow, Waukee, Iowa; O. Sw^allow, Waukee,
Iowa; Al. Schwaller, Burlington, Iowa; Schrader & Sexsmith, Greenfield,
Iowa; John Sippel, Casey, Iowa; E. G. Tweed, Le Grand, Iowa; R. G.
Tweed, Le Grand, Iowa; Dr. R. W. Thomas, St. Joseph, Mo., J. M. Wright,
Russell, Iowa; F. D. Winn, Randolph, Mo.; Frank Wolgamuth, Elgin, 111.;
R. E. West, Altoona, Iowa; J. H. Watson, Madrid, Iowa; Chas. D. Wel-
lington LaFayette, Ind.; O. W. Whiteman, Biggsville, 111.
AWARDS.
Judge L. H. Roberts, Paton,Iowa.
Boar Two Years Old or Over — First, Improvement, Frank Wolgamuth;
second. Nobleman, F. D. Winn; third. Charmer, F. N. Orr & Sons; fourth,
Iowa Perfection, S. Fleming; fifth. Ringleader, R. R. Ballentine; sixth,
L. & W. Second, Jas. Locke; seventh. Peerless Thickset, J. M. Wright.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 625
Boar Eighteen Months and Under Two Years — First, Comptroller, A.
Glenn; second, Upper Notch, Dr. R. W. Thomas; third, Gambler, Holland
& Hanson; fourth. Spellbinder Chief, J. W. Garvey; fifth. Joker, Jno.
Francis & Son; sixth, James, A. J. Lytle; seventh. Sunflower Sunshine,
E, G. Tweed.
Boar One Year and Under Eighteen Months — First, Boxler, Edward
Burroughs; second, Oriental, S. P. Chiles; third. Warrior, Frank D. Winn;
fourth, Keep On Keepsake, Dr. R. W. Thomas; fifth. Star Leader, Charles
D. Wellington; sixth, Prospect, J. W. Garvey; seventh. Reflector, Oliver
W. Whiteman.
Boar Under Six Months — First, Teddy R., J. F. Bonner; second, R. G.
Tweed; third, , E. M. Metzger; fourth, Leatherstockings, Frank
D. Winn; fifth, , W. Z. Swallow; sixth, -, James
Locke; seventh, , J. M. Francis.
Boar Six Months and Under One Year — First, S. P.'s Choice, S. P.
Chiles; second. Pilot, Frank D. Winn; third, , F. H. Gibbons;
fourth. Corrector's Last, W. Z. Swallow; fifth, Capital, H. G. Boyer; sixth.
Candidate, James Locke; seventh. Protector, Chas. D. Wellington.
Sow Two Years Old or Over — First, Margaret, James Francis & Son;
second. Handsome, S. P. Chiles;- third, Imp's Pocket, Frank Wolgamuth;
fourth. Lady Blackhawk, A. P. Hoisington; fifth, Cinderella, Schrader &
Sexsmith; sixth. Living Jewel, Andrew Rossow; seventh, Sister Sue,
John Francis & Son.
Sow Eighteen Months and Under Two Years — First, , Frank
D. Winn; second, Corrector's Best, W. Z. Swallow; third, Myrtle, John
Francis & Son; fourth, Margaret, James Locke; fifth, Sally, John Francis
& Son; sixth, Lady Walkover, W. L. Willey; seventh. Miss Rude's Lady,
Schrader & Sexsmith.
Sow One Year and Under Eighteen Months — First, Grace Walkover 2d,
Chas. D. Wellington; second. Oriental Queen, S. P. Chiles; third, Grace
Walkover, C. D. Wellington; fourth, Classical Girl, F. Wolgamuth; fifth,
Vanity Fair, Frank D. Winn; sixth, Fanny May, Dr. R. W. Thomas;
seventh, Silverine, W. J. Hanson.
Sow Six Months and Under One Year — First, E. L. Perfection, A.
Schwaller; second. Red Bud, Frank D. Winn; third, , Chas. D.
Wellington; fourth, , J. Francis & Son; fifth, , Schra-
der & Sexsmith; sixth. Mistress Mary, James Locke; seventh, Lady Hand-
some, F. P. Sanders.
Sow Under Six Months — T. R.'s Daughter, J. F. Bonner; second, Keep-
sake's Choice, W. Z. Swallow; third, , Frank Winn; fourth,
, Oscar Swallow; fifth, , J. R. Hoover & Son; sixth,
, J. E. Francis; seventh, , James Locke.
Boar and Three Sows Over One Year — First, S. P. Chiles; second,
Frank P. Winn; third, Frank Wolgamuth; fourth, Chas. D. Wellington;
fifth, John Francis & Son; sixth, Dr. R. W. Thomas; seventh, James
Locke.
Boar and Three Sows Over One Year, Bred hy Exhibitor — First, Frank
D. Winn; second, S. P. Chiles; third, Francis & Son; fourth, R. W.
Thomas; fifth, James Locke; sixth, Oliver Whiteman.
40
626 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Boar and Three Sows Under One Year — First, Frank D. "Winn; second,
J. F. Bonner; third, C. D. Wellington; fourth, W. Z. Swallow; fifth, A.
Schwaller; sixth, James Locke; seventh, John Francis & Son.
Boar and Three Sows Under One Year, Bred 'by Exhihitor — First, F.
D. Winn; second, C. D. Wellington; third, W. Z. Swallow; fourth, A.
Schwaller; fifth, J. Locke; sixth, Jno. Francis & Son; seventh, A.
Schwaller.
Get of Sire — First, Jno. Francis & Son; second, S. P. Chiles; third,
Frank D. Winn; fourth, Chas. D. Wellington; fifth, James W, Locke;
sixth, J. T. Bonner.
Produce of Sow — First, Oscar Swallow; second, J. E. Francis; third,
W. Z. Swallow; fourth, F. D. Winn; fifth, J. R. Hoover; sixth, James W.
Locke; seventh, E. M. Metzger.
Champion Boar, Any Age — Vexer, Edward Burroughs.
Champion Sow, Any Age — Grace Walker II, C. D. Wellington.
Champion Boar, Any Age, Bred ty Exhibitor — S. P.'s Choice, S. P.
Chiles.
Champion Sow, Any Age, Bred by Exhibitor — Weeping Willow, F. D.
Winn.
BERKSHIRES.
EXHIBITORS.
W. P. Dietrich, Menlo, Iowa; H. U. Hainline, Orient, Iowa; Mrs. W.
R. Holt, Falls City, Neb.; W. R. Holt, Falls City, Neb.; C. L. Johnson,
Nashua, Iowa; W. C. Knapp, Guthrie Center, Iowa; Forrest McPherson,
Stuart, Iowa; J. C. Miller, Harlan, Iowa; T. W. Miller, Menlo, Iowa;
J. M. McPherson & Son, Stuart, Iowa; F. E. Taylor, Menlo, Iowa; H. B.
Turner, Elliott, Iowa; J. W. Ogle, Ames, Iowa.
A-WARDS.
Judge N. H. Gentry, Sedalia, Missouri.
Boar Two Years Old or Over — First, Longfellow's Premier, W. R. Holt;
second, Starlight Victor 2nd, C. L. Johnson; third, Duke Cedar Height,
H. U. Hainline; fourth. Quality of Iowa 5th, John C. Miller; fifth. Gen-
eral Logan, John McPherson; sixth, Modle E 2nd, C. L. Johnson
Boar Eighteen Mo7iths and Under Two Years — First, Premier Bell
Duke, J. W. Ogle; second, Premier Bell Duke 2nd, H. D. Turner; third,
Orphan Boy, W. R. Holt.
Boar One Year Old and Under Eighteen Months — First, Oriental
Charmer, H. U. Hainline; second, F. B. Masterpiece, C. L. Johnson; third.
Prince Lee, J. M. McPherson & Son; fourth, Major Mac, W. R. Holt; fifth.
Starlight Lee D., Henry B. Turner.
Boar Six Months and Under One Year — First, Master of the Realm, J.
W. Ogle; second. Model Premier, W. R. Holt; third. Royal Duke, Mrs.
W. R. Holt; fourth. Model H. 5th Duke, H. U. Hainline; fifth, Longfel-
low King, W. R. Holt; sixth, Judas Duke, J. M. McPherson & Son; sev-
enth. Premier Lord Masterpiece, J. W. Ogle.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 627
Boar Under Six Months— First, T. W. Miller; second, J. W. Ogle;
third, J. W. Ogle; fourth, P. E. Taylor; fifth, C. D. Johnson; sixth, H. U.
Hainline; seventh, T. W. Miller.
Sow Tioo Years Old or Over— First, Tilden's Model, W. R. Holt; second.
Model H. 5th, H. U. Hainline; third. Lady Lee 3rd, H. B. Turner; fourth,'
Lady Victor 27th, C. L. Johnson; fifth. Glover Long Lady, H. U. Hain-
line; sixth, Western D., J. M. IMcPheo-son & Son; seventh, March Lady
Logan, John C. Miller.
Sow Eighteen Months and Under Two Years— First, Golden Queen,
W. R. Holt; second. Lady Victor 26th, C. L. Johnson; third, Model C. 34,'
H. U. Hainline; fourth. Model C. 35, H. U. Hainline; fifth, Sadie Logan!
J. M. McPherson & Son; sixth. Miss Elm wood, C. D. Michael.
Sow One Year and Under Eighteen Months— First, Crystal Brooks
Perfection, Henry B. Turner; second, Logans Pride, J. M. McPherson &
Son; third. Masters Queen 2nd, W. E. Dietrich; fourth, , W. R.
Holt; fifth. Stout Lady Lee, H. B. Turner; sixth, '- , c. L. John-
son; seventh. Big Four 7th, John C. Miller.
Sow Six Months and Under One Year— First, Mack's Myrtle, J. M. Mc-
Pherson & Son; second, Ida's Bell, Mrs. W. R. Holt; third, Rubertson of
Rosedale, J. W. Ogle; fourth, Mack's Lady Logan, J. M. McPherson &
Son; fifth, Longfellow's Lady, W. R. Holt; sixth, F. E. Taylor; seventh
, F. E. Taylor.
Sow Under Six Months— First, W. F. Dietrich; second; J. W. Ogle;
third, W. F. Dietrich; fourth, J. W. Ogle; fifth, H. B. Turner; sixth,
H. B. Turner; seventh, C. L. Johnson.
Boar and Three Sows Over One Year— First, W. R. Holt; second, H.
U. Hainline; third, H. B. Turner, fourth, C. L. Johnson; fifth, J. M. Mc-
Pherson; sixth, John C. Miller.
Boar and Three Sows Over One Year, Bred l)y Exhihitor—First, C. L.
Johnson; second, W. R. Holt; third, H. B. Turner.
Boar and Three Soivs Under One Year— First, Mrs. W. R. Holt; second,
J. M. McPherson & Son; third, T. W. Miller; fourth, J. W. Ogle; fifth,'
W. R. Holt; sixth, C. L. Johnson; seventh, H. B. Turner.
Boar and Three Soivs Under One Year, Bred ly Exhibitor— First, Mrs.
W. R. Holt; second, J. M. McPherson & Son; third, T. W. Miller; fourth,
J. W. Ogle; fifth, W. R. Holt; sixth, C. L. Johnson; seventh, H. B. Turner.'
SPECIAL PRIZES OFFERED BY IOWA BERKSHIRE ASSOCIATION.
Boar and Three Sows Under One Year, Bred hy Exhibitor— First, J. M.
McPherson & Son; second, T. W. Miller; third, J. W. Ogle.
Get of ^ire— First, C. L. Johnson; second, J. M. McPherson & Son-
third, Mrs. W. R. Holt; fourth, T. W. Miller; fifth, J. W. Ogle; sixth,
C. L. Johnson; seventh, W. R. Holt.
Produce of ^ow— First, T. W. Miller; second, J. W. Ogle; third, C. L
Johnson; fourth, H. B. Turner; fifth, P. E. Taylor; sixth, H.' U. Hainline.
Champion Boar, Any A^re- Premier Bell. Duke, J. W. Ogle.
628 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Champion Boar, Any Age, Bred ly Exhibitor — Orient Charmer, H. U.
Hainline.
Champion Soiv, Any Age — Tilden's Model, W. R. Holt.
Champion Sow, Any Age, Bred hy ExhiUtor — Tilden's Model, W. R.
Holt.
CHESTER WHITE.
EXHIBITORS.
Allen Bros., Russell, Iowa; J. L. Barber, Harlan, Iowa; R. P. Down-
ing, Albia, Iowa; W. H. Dunbar, Jefferson, Iowa; B. M. Eastburn & Son,
Hillsboro, Iowa; G. L. Emmert & Sons, Mason City, Iowa; Henninger
Bros., Smith & Adams, Geneseo, 111.; W. F. Hemmerling, Dike, Iowa;
J. W. Hollowell, Richland, Iowa; A. B. Heath, Newell, Iowa; Humbert
& White, Nashua, Iowa; Harman & Mansfield, Rhodes, Iowa; A. J. John-
son, Brighton, Iowa; J. A. Loughridge, Delta, Iowa; G. H. Lawshe, Defi-
ance, lov/a; E. D. Leavens, Shell Rock, Iowa; Will Michael, Selma, Iowa;
J. H. Mahannah, North English, Iowa; E. L. Nagle & Son, Deep River,
Iowa; H. L. Orcutt, Monroe, Iowa; N. A. Ranck, Niota, 111.; L. C. Reese,
Prescott, Iowa; Henry Romberg, Williamsburg, Iowa; Wm. Whitted &
Son, Monroe, Iowa; Melvin W. Young, Ankeny, Iowa.
AWAEDS.
Judge W. Z. Swaixow, Waukee, Iowa.
Boar Two Years Old or Over — First, O. K. Mikado, L. C. Reese; second,
Boxer, Henry Romberg; third, Nashua Lad, J. L. Barber; fourth. Special,
W. P. Hemmerling; fifth. Lengthy Boy, Stevens Bros.; sixth, Ted I Am,
N. A. Ranck; seventh, Wonder, B. M. Eastburn & Son.
Boar Eighteen Months and Under Tioo Years — First, Highland Teddy,
A.llen Bros.; second, Nashua Boy 3rd, Humbert & White; third, Iowa
Captain, Geo. H. Lawshe; fourth, , Humbert & White; fifth,
, B. M. Eastburn & Sons; sixth, Niota Taft, H. A. Ranck.
Boar One Year and Under Eighteen Months — First, Christopher, E. L.
Leavens; second. Perfection, L. C. Reese; third, Niota Win, N. A. Ranck;
fourth, C. A.'s Model, Henninger Bros., Smith & Adams; fifth, ,
E. L. Leavens; sixth, Niota Bryan, N. A. Ranck; seventh, ,
R. P. Downing.
Boar Six Months and Under One Year — First, , L. C. Reese;
second. Statesman O. K., J. H. Mahannah; third, Niota Kern, N. A.
Ranck; fourth, , J. H. Mahannah; fifth, , L. C. Reese;
sixth, Oskaloosa Lad, J. L. Barber; seventh. He's O. K., Henninger Bros.,
Smith & Adams.
Boar Six Months or Under — First, Peacemaker, E. L. Nagle & Son;
second, Triumph O. K., J. H. Mahannah; third. Bob White, A. B. Heath;
fourth, Daylight, E. W. Nagle & Son; fifth, , W. H. Dunbar;
sixth, Jim's O. K., Henninger Bros., Smith & Adams; seventh, ,
A. B. Heath.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 629
Soto Two Years Old or Over — First, lola, E. L. Leavens; second, Sa-
mantha, B. M. Eastburn & Son; third, Maude S., Henninger Bros., Smith
& Adams; fourth, Blanche 3rd, J. L. Barber; fifth, , E. L.
Leavens; sixth, Oskaloosa O. K., J. H. Mahnanah; seventh, Orange
Blossom, J. L. Barber.
Soto Eighteen Months and Under Two Years — First, Topsy, Henninger
Bros., Smith & Adams; second, , L. C. Reese; third, J. H.
Mahannah; fourth, , Humbert & White; fifth, , L. C.
Reese.
Sow One Year and Under Eighteen Months — First, Tilly, E. L. Leavens;
second, , L. C. Reese; third, lola 4th, E. L. Leavens; fourth;
, H. L. Orcutt; fifth, Mary Prophet II, Henninger Bros., Smith
& Adams; sixth, , Geo. H. Lawshe; seventh, , Geo.
H. Lawshe.
Soiv Six Months and Under One Year — First, , L. C. Reese;
second, , Humbert & White; third, Juanita 0. K. VIII, J. H.
Mahannah; fourth, Gem O. K. VII, J. H. Mahannah; fifth, , Wm.
Whitted & Son; sixth. She's O, K.. Henninger Bros., Smith & Adams;
seventh. Miss O. K., Henninger Bros., Smith & Adams.
Sow Under Six Months — First, Model L., F. L. Nagle & Son; second.
Model J., E. L. Nagle & Son; third, Juanita O. K. IV, J. H. Mahannah;
fourth, Juanita, J. H. Mahannah; fifth, , Wm. Whitted & Son;
sixth. Little Nell, W. H. Dunbar; seventh, Molly Gray, A. B. Heath.
Boar and Three Soics Over One Year — First, E. L. Leavens; second,
L. C. Reese; third, J. L. Barber; fourth, Henninger Bros., Smith & Adams;
fifth, E. L. Leavens; sixth, J. H. Mahannah; seventh, W. F. Hemmer-
ling.
Boar and Three Soics Over One Year, Bred hy Exhibitor — First, E. L.
Leavens; second, L. C. Reese; third, Henninger Bros., Smith & Adams;
fourth, E. L. Leavens; fifth, Humbert & White; sixth, Geo. H. Lawshe.
Boar and Three Sows Under One Year — First, L. C. Reese; second, E.
L. Nagle & Son; third, J. L. Barber; fourth, J. H. Mahannah; fifth,
Henninger Bros, Smith & Adams; sixth, A. B. Heath.
Boar and Three Sows Under One Year, Bred T}y Exhibitor — First, L.
C. Reese; second, E. L. Nagle & Son; third, J. L. Barber; fourth, J. H.
Mahannah; fifth, Henninger Bros., Smith & Adams; sixth, A. B. Heath;
seventh, A. J. Johnson.
Get of Sire — First, E. L. Leavens; second, L. C. Reese; third, E. L.
Nagle & Son; fourth, Henninger Bros., Smith & Adams; fifth, L. C. Reese;
sixth, J. H. Mahannah; seventh, J. W. Hollowell.
Produce of Soiu — First, E. L. Nagle & Son; second, Wm. Whitted &
Son; third, Henninger Bros., Smith & Adams; fourth, J, H. Mahannah;
fifth, A. B. Heath.
Champion Boar, Any Age — O. K. Mikado, L. C. Reese.
Champion Sow, Any Age — lola, E. L. Leavens.
Champion Boar, Any Age, Bred 'by Exhibitor — Christopher I, E. L.
Leavens.
Champion Soic, Any Age, Bred by Exhibitor — lola, E. L. Leavens.
630 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE
DUROC JERSEYS.
EXHIBITORS.
A. J. Alsin, Boone, Iowa; H. S. Allen, Russell, Iowa; J. B. Ashby,
Audubon, Iowa; Balmat & Son, Mason City, Iowa; A. L. Bergsten, Win-
field, Iowa; L. Baker, Mingo, Iowa; W. R. Bennethum, Madrid, Iowa;
Walter Bowen, Neola, Iowa; E. M. Castle & Son, Joy, 111.; Cooper & Co.,
Ferris, 111.; Cornell Bros., Laurel, Iowa; M. C. Cramer, Monroe, Iowa;
O. H. Chitty, Toledo, Iowa; E. J. Compton, Newell, Iowa; J. A. Cotting-
ham, Indianola, Iowa; Dr. J. A. Downs, Glidden, Iowa; U. G. Davidson,
Scranton, Iowa; Easton Bros., Ida Grove, Iowa; F. Fowler & Son, Menlo,
Iowa; S. P. Freed, Ames, Iowa; Fagen, Browning & McCabe, Hersman,
111.; H. B. Griffitts, Bowen, 111.; E. H. Gifford, Lewistown, Neb.; F. E.
Garrett, Lohrville, Iowa; F. W. Geno, Sigourney, Iowa; Hammer & Sea-
man, Jefferson, Iowa; Amos Harris & Sons, Morganfield, Ky.; John Ham-
man, Nauvoo, 111.; S. L. Hopper, Neola, Iowa; F. H. Herring, Kalona,
Iowa; Hanks & Bishop, New London, Iowa; Edwin Hummer, Iowa City,
Iowa; G. W. Hockett, Manning, Iowa; Claude Huffman, Scranton, Iowa;
W. H. Hudson, Lohrville, Iowa; R. J. Harding, Macedonia, Iowa; H. M.
Jones, Berwick, Iowa; Ira Jackson, Tippecanoe City, Ohio; John Justice,
Ankeny, Iowa; Johnston Bros. & Newkirk, Brooklyn, Iowa; S. A .Jones,
Lohrville, Iowa; Kraschel Bros., Macon, 111.; W. D. Kail, Carlisle, Iowa;
W. F. Kilpatrick, Harlan, Iowa; O. A. Kilpatrick, Harlan, Iowa; Chas.
Kilpatrick, Harlan, Iowa; A. A. Lein, Story City, Iowa; C. E. Longnecker,
Maxwell, Iowa; H. W. Lineweaver, South English, Iowa; Leonard Lun-
blad, Pilot Mount, Iowa; A. D. Mackrill, Platte, S. D.; G. R. Manifold &
Son, Shannon City, Iowa; E. D. Michael, Selma, Iowa; Oscar Miller,
Loami, 111.; G. H. Miller, Chariton, Iowa; H. M. Moore, Orient, Iowa; B.
C. Marts, Polk City, Iowa; Chas. G. McGinnis, Nevinville, Iowa; A. L.
Massman, Radcliffe, Iowa; M. S. Moats & Son, Randolph, Neb.; G. A.
Munson, Maxwell, Iowa; J. S. Moore, Wadena, Iowa; D. Nauman, West;
Liberty, Iowa; John Norris, Audubon, Iowa; O. E. Osborn, Weston, Iowa;
A. W. H. Orr, Lorimar, Iowa; W. J. Prather, Russell, Iowa; G. H. Purdy,
Mason City, Iowa; A. J. Pinck, Maxwell, Iowa; D. J. Pollock, Thayer, Iowa;
J. G. Parker, Harlan, Iowa; L. H. Roberts & Son, Paton, Iowa; E. Z.
Russell, Blair, Neb.; W. H. Rodenbough, Macedonia, Iowa; C. H. & A. J.
Reisser, Sanborn, Iowa; J. O. Reece & Co., Eldora, Iowa; E. B. Ryan,
Neola, Iowa; J. E. Smith, Victor, Iowa; A. T. Sundell, Paton, Iowa; G.
W. Stout, Rose Hill, Iowa; Aug. Sonneland, Harlan, Iowa; Sexsmith &
Strong, Orient, Iowa; W. M. Sells, Indianola, Iowa; C. O. Thornburg,
Pleasantville, Iowa; L. E. Thomas, Golden, 111.; F. S. Taylor, Wellman,
Iowa; L. R. Van Nice, Russell, Iowa; C. E. Veak, Essex, Iowa; J. J.
Vosika, Pocahontas, Iowa; A. N. Voge, Portsmouth, Iowa; Waltermeyer
Bros., Milbourne, Iowa; J. G. Winslow, Neola, Iowa; J. E. Wehr, Ports-
mouth, Iowa; W. L. Willey, Menlo, Iowa; White & Dewey, Afton, Iowa.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 631
AWARDS.
Judge N. H. Gentry, Sedalia, Mo.
Boar Tivo Years Old or Over — First, Model Chief 2nd, Johnson Bros.
& Newl^irl^; second, Model Prince, C. E. Veak; third, Iowa Notchness,
Easton Bros.; fourth. Model Chief 3d, G. W. Hockett; nfth, Daisy Ad-
vance, Geo. H. Miller; sixth, Wonder Boy, Cooper & Co.; seventh, Iowa
Chief, Belmat & Son.
Boar Eighteen Months and Under Two Years — First, Express Package,
Fagen, Browning & McCabe; second, Teinsin No. 2, A. L. Massman; third,
Cash Register, L. E. Thomas; fourth, Proud Chief, E. Z. Russell; fifth,
Aristocrat, Easton Bros.; sixth. Bright Man, B. J. Pollock; seventh, B. S.
Crimson Winner, A. J. and C. H. Reisser.
Boar One Year and Under Eighteen Months — First, The King, H. B.
Griffiths; second, Guthrie Chief, D. R. Wilson; third, Model Top, W. R.
Bennethum; fourth, Russell's Critic, E. Z. Russell; fifth, Hogate's Model,
O. A. Kilpatrick; sixth. Buddy's Critic, Jr., J. E. Wehr; seventh. Jumbo
Critic, Jr., E. Z. Russell.
Boar Six Months and Under One Year — First, Red Jim, F. Fowler &
Son; second. Chief Protection, R. J. Harding; third, Belle's Wonder, Sex-
smith & Strong; fourth. Model Prince 2nd, C. E. Veak; fifth, Tip's Chief,
S. L. Hopper; sixth, Advance Tientsin, Belmat & Son; seventh. Highball,
Kraschel Bros.
Boar Under Six Months— First, , O. A. Kilpatrick; second,
Baker's Keep On, F. Fowler & Son; third, , W. F. Kilpatrick;
fourth, , Balmat & Son; fifth, , G. A. Munson; sixth,
, J. S. Moore; seventh, , W. M. Sells.
Sow Two Years Old or Over — First, Barbara Queen, H. M. Moore; sec-
ond, Hazel D. 3d, A. L. Massman; third, S. E. Model 8th, J. B. Ashby;
fourth, Iowa Bell, Belmat & Son; fifth. Alberta, Hammer & Seaman;
sixth, Lady Proud, White & Dewey; seventh, Notcher's Lena, Easton Bros.
Sow Eighteen Months and Under Two Years— First, Clarmont Pride,
J. B. Ashby; second, Browning's Choice, Fagen, Browning & McCabe;
third, Ruth V., A. L. Massman; fourth, Ruburta Best, S. A. Jones; fifth.
Proud Maggie, White & Dewey; sixth. Model Queen 4th, Claude Huffman
seventh, Ruburta's Lady, J. O. Reese & Co.
Sow One Year and Under Eighteen Months— First, Proud Sixteen, C.
E. Veak; second, I Am a Crimston Wonder, U. G. Davidson; third. Model
Girl, W. R. Bennethum; fourth, Valley Jewell 3d, Sexsmith & Strong;
fifth. Valley Jewell 2nd, Sexsmith & Strong; sixth, Advance Maiden, S.
A. Jones; seventh. Model Choice 3d, Balmat & Son.
Sow Six Months and Under One Year— First, Mona, Fagen, Browning
& McCabe; second. Chief Proud Lady, R. J. Harding; third, Claremont
Pet, J. B. Ashby; fourth. Model Daisy, C. E. Veak; fifth. Darling, J. E.
Weaver; sixth. Lady Paul, E. M. Castle & Son; seventh, Tientsin Lady,
F. E. Garrett.
Sow Under Six Months— First, Minnie Wonder, H. S. Allen; second.
Myrtle Crimson Wonder, W. M. Sells; third, Clovercloth Chieftess, Dr.
J. A. Downs; fourth, Claude Huffman; fifth, Claude Huffman; sixth, Sex-
smith & Strong; seventh, 0. A. Kilpatrick.
632 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Boar and Three Sows Over One Year — First, Johnson Bros. & New-
kirk; second, Fagen, Browning & McCabe; third, Balmat & Son; fourth,
Easton Bros.; fifth, Sexsmith & Strong; sixth, G. W. Hockett; seventh,
White & Dewey.
Boar and Three Sows Over One Year Bred hy Exhibitor — First, Johnson
Bros. & Newlvirk; second, Easton Bros.; third, Sexsmith & Strong; fourth,
G. W. Hockett; fifth, White & Dewey; sixth, H. S. Allen; seventh, E. M.
Castle & Son.
Boar and Three Sows Under One Year — First, Johnson Bros. & Newkirk;
second, G. W. Hockett; third, C. E. Veak; fourth, E. M. Castle & Son;
fifth, H. S. Allen; sixth, E. Z. Russell; seventh, R. J. Harding.
Boar and Three Sows Under One Year Bred by Exhibitor — First, John-
son Bros. & Newkirk; second, G. W. Hockett; third, C. E. Veak; fourth,
E. M. Castle & Son; fifth, H. S. Allen; sixth, E. Z. Russell; seventh, R. J.
Harding,
Get of Sire — First, Johnson Bros. & Newkirk; second, W. R. Benne-
thum; third, White & Dewey; fourth, J. E. Wehr; fifth, Sexsmith &
Strong; sixth, G. W. Hockett; seventh, E. M. Castle & Son.
Produce of Sow — First, W. M. Sells; second, Johnson Bros. & Newkirk;
third, Balmat & Son; fourth, W. F. Kilpatrick; fifth, Chas. Kilpatrick;
sixth, Dr. J. A. Downs; seventh, H. S. Allen.
Champion Boar, Any Age — Model Chief 2nd, Johnson Bros. & New-
kirk.
Champion Sow, Any Age — Barbara Queen, H. M. Moore.
Champion Boar, Any Age, Bred by Exhibitor — Model Chief 2nd, John-
son Bros. & Newkirk.
Champion Sow, Any Age, Bred by Exhibitor — Hazel D. 3d, A. F. Mass-
man & Son.
LARGE YORKSHIRES.
EXHIBITOBS.
B. F. Davidson, Menlo, Iowa.
Judge J. J. Fekgusox, Chicago, 111.
There being only one exhibitor in this class first premium in each di-
vision in which he had entries was awarded on recommendation of the
judge and superintendent to B. F. Davidson, Menlo, Iowa.
TAMWORTHS.
J. W. Justice, Kalona, Iowa; Jas. P. McCollom, Nauvoo, 111.; C. C.
Roup, Kalona, Iowa; E. O. Thomas, Kalona, Iowa.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 633
AWARDS.
Judge J. J. Ferguson, Chicago, 111.
Boar Two Years Old or Over — First, Profit Farm Royal, Jas. P. McCol-
lom; second, Sir George, C. C. Roup; third, Sherwood Farm Fannie, Jas.
P. McCollom.
Boar Eighteen Months and Under Tivo Years — First, Springbrook Burfl,
E. O. Thomas; second, Duke of Sir George, Jas. P. McCollom; tuird, Sher-
man Prince, J. W. Justice.
Boar One Year and Under Eighteen Months — First, Red Wonder, J. W.
Justice; second, Cushman 2nd, C. C. Roup; third. Profit Farm Duke, Jas.
P. McCollom; fourth. Profit Farm Matthew, Jas. P. McCollom.
Boar Six Months and Under One Year — First, C. C. Roup; second, C. C.
Roup; third, J. W. Justice; fourth, E. O. Thomas; fifth, J. W. Justice.
Boar Under Six Months— First, J. W. Justice; second, C. C. Roup; third,
E. O. Thomas; fourth, J. W. Justice; fifth, C. C. Roup.
Sow Two Years Old or Over — First, Lady Onward, C. C. Roup; second,
Profit Farm Martha, James P. McCollom; third, Zela, J. W. Justice; fourth.
State's Lady, J. W. Justice; fifth. Maple Hurst Dora, C. C. Roup.
Sow Eighteen Months and Under Two years — First, Lady Rose, E. O.
Thomas; second, Hillcrest May 4th, Jas. P. McCollom.
Sow One Year and Under Eighteen Months — First, Maple Hurst Bell,
C. C. Roup; second. Red Rose, J. W. Justice; third. Profit Farm Julia,
Jas. P. McCollom; fourth, Profit Farm Ethel, Jas. P. McCollom; fifth.
Orient Lady, J. W. Justice.
Sow Six Months and Under One Year — First, C. C. Roup; second, C. C.
Roup; third, J. W. Justice; fourth, E. O. Thomas; fifth, J. W. Justice.
Sow Under Six Months — First, C. C. Roup; second, J. W. Justice;
third, C. C. Roup; fourth, J. W. Justice; fifth, E. O. Thomas.
Boar and Three Sows Over One Year Old — First, J. W. Justice; second,
Jas. P. McCollom; third, C. C. Roup.
Boar and Three Sows Under One Year — First, C. C. Roup; second, J.
W. Justice; third, E. O. Thomas; fourth, C. C. Roup; fifth, E. O. Thomas.
Boar and Three Sows Over One Year, Bred 'by Exhibitor — First, Jas. P.
McCollom.
Boar and Three Sows Under One Year, Bred by Exhibitor — First, C. C.
Roup; second, J. W. Justice; third, E. O. Thomas; fourth, C. C. Roup;
fifth, E. O. Thomas.
Get of /Sfire— First, C. C. Roup; second, J. P. McCollom; third, J. W.
Justice; fourth, E. O. Thomas; fifth, C. C. Roup.
Produce of Soiv — First, J. W. Justice; second, C. C. Roup; third, E. 0.
Thomas.
Champion Boar, Any Age — Profit Farm Longfellow, Jas. P. McCollom.
Champion Boar, Any Age, Bred by Exhibitor — Profit Farm Longfellow,
J. P. McCollom.
Champion Soiu, Any Age — Lady Onward, C. C. Roup.
Champion Sow, Any Age, Bred by Exhibitor — Lady Onward, C. C. Roup,
634 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
HAMPSHIRES.
EXHIBITORS.
Hughes Atkinson, Mt. Sterling, 111.; W. J. Brinigar, Blythedale, Mo.;
R. L. Bollman, Coal Valley, 111.; DeKalb & Smith, DeKalb, 111.; G. M.
Dodds, Kenton, Ohio; A. L. Goodenough, Morristown, 111.; Frank Morrill
& Co.; Niota, 111.; E. C. Stone, Armstrong, 111.
AWARDS.
Judge J. J. Ferguson, Chicago, Illinois.
Boar Two Years Old or Over — First, Missouri King, Hughes Atkinson;
second, Legal Tender, A, L. Goodenough; third, Englander, E. C. Stone;
fourth, Blythedale Duke, W. J. Brinigar; fifth. Gold Crown, R. L. Boll-
man.
Boar Eighteen Months and Under Two Years — First, Duke of Long-
view, H. Atkinson; second. Stone's Monarch, E. C. Stone; third, Missouri
King 2nd, W. J. Brinigar; fourth, Top Round, R. L. Bollman; fifth, Ken-
tucky King, E. C. Stone.
Boar One Year and Under Eighteen Months — First, Duke of Niota,
Frank Morrill Co.; second, Bon Bon Beauty, A. L. Goodenough; third,
Billy Sunday, R. L. Bollman; fourth, Aylor, E. C. Stone; fifth. Monarch
of Maple Leaf, A. L. Goodenough.
Boar Six Months and Under One Year — First, Frank Morrill & Co.; sec-
ond, Hughes Atkinson; third, E. C. Stone; fourth, E. C. Stone; fifth, W.
J. Brinigar.
Boar Under Six Months — First, Frank Morrill & Co.; second, Frank
Morrill & Co.; third, Hughes Atkinson; fourth, E. C. Stone; fifth, W. J.
Bollman.
Sow Two Years Old or Over — First, Miss Quality, A. L. Goodenough;
second, Beauty's Best, A. L. Goodenough; third. Lady Miles 3rd, E. C.
Stone; fourth, Catalpa 3rd, Frank Morrill & Co.; fifth. Gold Cup, R. L.
Bowman.
Sow Eighteen Months and Under Two Years — First, Perfection, E. C.
Stone; second, Sylvia, A. L. Goodenough; third, Maud, A. L. Goodenough;
fourth, Longview, H. Atkinson; fifth, Catalpa Lass, F. Morrill & Co.
Sow One Year Old and Under Eighteen Months — First, King's Perfec-
tion, E. C. Stone; second. Merry Widow, R. L. Bollman; third. Queen of
Longview, F. Morrill & Co.; fourth, Evalyn 2nd, A. E. Goodenough; fifth,
Minnie, A. L. Goodenough.
Sow Six Months and Under One Year — First, Hughes Atkinson; sec-
ond, Hughes Atkinson; third, R. L. Bollman; fourth, W. J. Brinigar;
fifth, E. C. Stone.
Sow Under Six Months— First, A. L. Goodenough; second, E. C. Stone;
third, H. Atkinson; fourth, W. J. Brinigar; fifth, W. J. Brinigar.
Boar and Three Sows Over One Year — First, E. C. Stone; second, A.
L. Goodenough; third, Hughes Atkinson; fourth, R. L. Bollman; fifth,
E. C. Stone.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 635
Boar and Three Sows Over One Year, Bred hy Exhibitor — First, E. C.
Stone; second, A. L. Goodenough; third, H. Atkinson; fourth, R. L. Boll-
man.
Boar and Three Sows Under One Year — First, Hughes Atkinson; sec-
ond, R. L. Bollman; third, E. C. Stone; fourth, W. J. Brinigar; fifth,
Frank Morrill & Co.
Boar and Three Soius Under One Year, Bred by Exhibitor — First,
Hughes Atkinson; second, R. L. Bollman; third, E. C. Stone; fourth, W.
J. Brinigar; fifth, Frank Morrill & Co.
Get of Sire — First, E. C. Stone; second, A. L. Goodenough; third,
Hughes Atkinson; fourth, Hughes Atkinson; fifth, R. L. Bollman.
Produce of Sow — First, Hughes Atkinson; second, W. J. Brinigar;
third, E. C. Stone; fourth, Frank Morrill & Co.; fifth, A. L. Goodenough.
Champion Boar, Any Age — Morrill Duke, Frank Morrill & Co.
Champion Sow, Any Age — Perfection, E. C. Stone.
Champion Boar, Any Age, Bred by Exhibitor — Duke of Longview,
Hughes Atkinson.
Champion Sow, Any Age, Bred by Exhibitor — Perfection, E. C. Stone.
SHEEP DEPARTMENT.
Superintendent H. L. Pike, Whiting, Iowa.
MERINOS, AMERICAN, SPANISH OR DELAINE.
EXHIBITORS.
Uriah Cook & Son, Peoria, Ohio; E. M. Moore, Orchard Lake, Mich.;
Robert Taylor, Abbott, Neb.
AWARDS.
Judge G. W. Hervey, Omaha, Nebraska.
Ram Two Years Old or Over — First, Uriah Cook & Son; second, Uriah
Cook & Son; third, E. M. Moore.
Ram One Year Old and Under Two — First, Uriah Cook & Son; second,
E. M. Moore.
Ram Lamb — Uriah Cook & Son; second, E. M. Moore.
Ewe Two Years Old or Over — First, Uriah Cook & Son; second, E. M.
Moore.
Ewe One Year Old and Under Tico — First, Uriah Cook & Son; second,
E. M. Moore.
Ewe Lamb — First, Uriah Cook & Son; second, E. M. Moore; third, E.
M. Moore.
Get of Sire — First, Uriah Cook & Son; second, E. M. Moore.
Flock — First, Uriah Cook & Son; second, E. M. Moore.
Champion Pure Bred Ram, Any Age — Uriah Cook & Son.
Champion Pure Bred Ewe, Any Age — Uriah Cook & Son.
636 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
RAMBOUILLET.
EXHIBITORS.
Max Chapman, Marysville, Ohio; E. M. Moore, Orchard Lake, Mich.;
Robt. Taylor, Abbott, Neb.
AWARDS.
Judge G. W. Hervey, Omaha, Nebraska.
Ram Two Years Old or Over — First, E. M. Moore; second, Robt. Taylor;
third, Robt. Taylor.
Ram One Year Old and Under Two — First, Robt. Taylor; second, E.
M. Moore; third, Robt. Taylor.
Ram LamT) — First, E. M. Moore; second, Robt. Taylor; third. Max
Chapman.
Ewe Two Years Old or Over — First, E. M. Moore; second, E. M. Moore;
third. Max Chapman.
Ewe One Year Old and Under Two — First, E. M. Moore; second, Robt.
Taylor; third, E. M. Moore.
Eive Lamh — First, E. M. Moore; second, Max Chapman; third, E. M.
Moore.
Get of Sire — First, E. M. Moore; second, Robt. Taylor.
Flock — First, E. M. Moore; second, Robt. Taylor.
Champion Pure Bred Ram, Any Age — E. M. Moore.
Champion Pure Bred Ewe, Any Age — E. M. Moore.
COTSWOLDS.
EXHIBITORS,
F. W. Harding, Waukesha, Wis.; Lewis Bros., Camp Point, 111.
AWARDS.
Judge Johx A. Craig, San Antonio, Texas.
Ram Two Years Old or Over — First, F, W. Harding; second, Lewis
Bros.; third, F. W. Harding.
Ram One Year Old and Under Tioo — First, F. W. Harding; second, F.
W. Harding; third, Lewis Bros.
Ram Laml) — First, F. W. Harding; second, F. W. Harding.
Ewe One Year Old and Under Two — First, F. W. Harding; second, F.
W. Harding; third, Lewis Bros.
Ewe Two Years Old or Over — First, F. W. Harding; second, Lewis
Bros.; third, F. W. Harding.
Etce Laml) — First, F. W. Harding; second, F. W. Harding; third, Lewis
Bros.
Get of Sire—F. W. Harding.
Flock— First, F. W. Harding; second, F. W. Harding.
Champion Pure Bred Ram, Any Age—F. W. Harding.
Champion Pure Bred Ewe, Any Age — F. W. Harding.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XT 037
LEICESTERS.
EXHIBITORS.
Robert Taylor, Abbott, Neb.
AWAEDS.
Judge John A. Craig, San Antonio, Texas.
Ram Two Years Old or Over— First, Robt. Taylor.
Ram One Year Old and Under Two— First, Robt. Taylor.
Ram Lamb— First, Robt. Taylor; second, Robt. Taylor.
Ewe Tivo Years Old or Over — First, Robt. Taylor; second, Robt. Taylor.
Ewe One Year Old and Under Two— First, Robt. Taylor; second, RobI -
Taylor.
Ewe Lamb-First, Robt. Taylor; second, Robt. Taylor.
Get of Sire— First, Robt. Taylor.
i^Zocfc— First, Robt. Taylor; second, Robt. Taylor.
Champion Pure Bred Ram — Any Age — Robt. Taylor.
Champion Pure Pred Ewe, Any Afire— Robt. Taylor.
LINCOLNS.
EXHIBITORS.
Alex Arnold, Galesville, Wis.
AWARDS.
Judge Johx A. Craig, San Antonio, Texas.
Ram Two Years Old or Over— First, Alex. Arnold; second, Alex Arnold.
Ram One Year Old and Under Two—First, Alex Arnold; second, Alex
Arnold.
Ram Lamb — First, Alex Arnold; second, Aelx Arnold.
Ewe Two Years Old or Over— First, Alex Arnold; second, Alex Arnold.
Ewe One Year Old and Under Two— First, Alex Arnold; second, Alex
Arnold.
Ewe Lamb — First, Alex Arnold; second, Alex Arnold.
Get of Sire — First, Alex Arnold.
Flock — First, Alex Arnold; second, Alex Arnold.
Champion Pure Bred Ram, Any Age— Alex Arnold.
Champion Pure Bred Eive, Any Age— Alex Arnold.
HAMPSHIRE DOWNS.
exhibitors.
Alex W. Arnold, Galesville, Wis.; F. W. Harding, Waukesha, Wis.;
Robt. Taylor, Abbot, Neb.
638 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
AWARDS.
Judge J. A, McLean, Ames, Iowa.
Ram Two Years Old or Over — First and second, F. W. Harding; third,
Alex W. Arnold.
Ram One Year Old and Under Tivo — First and second, F. W. Harding;
third, Robt. Taylor.
Ram Lamb — First, second and third, F. W. Harding.
Ewe Two Years Old — First and second, F. W. Harding.
Eice One Year Old and Under Two — First, second and third, F. W.
Harding.
Ewe Lamh — First, second and third, F. W. Harding.
Get of Sire — First, F, W. Harding; second, Robert Taylor.
Flock — First and second, F, W. Harding.
Champion Ram, Any Age — F. W. Harding.
Champion Ewe, Any Age — F. W. Harding.
SOUTHDOWNS.
EXHIBITORS.
Geo. McKerrow & Sons, Pewaukee, Wis.
AWARDS.
Judge J. A. McLeax, Ames, Iowa.
Ram Two Years Old or Over — First, Geo. McKerrow & Sons; second,
Geo. McKerrow & Sons.
Ram One Year Old and Under Two — First, Geo. McKerrow & Sons.
Ewe Two Years Old or Over — First, Geo. McKerrow & Sons; second,
Geo. McKerrow & Sons.
Ewe One Year Old and Under Two — First, Geo. McKerrow & Sons; sec-
ond, Geo. McKerrow & Sons.
Eive Laml) — First, Geo. McKerrow & Sons; second, Geo. McKerrow &
Sons.
Flock — First, Geo. McKerrow & Sons; second, Geo. McKerrow & Sons.
Champion Pure Bred Ram, Any Age — Geo. McKerrow & Sons.
Champion Pure Bred Ewe, Any Age — Geo. McKerrow & Sons.
SHROPSHIRES.
EXHIBITORS.
J. M. & L. E. Bauer, Jameson, Mo.; Blanchar Bros., Winnebago, Minn.;
Chandler Bros., Chariton, Iowa; Ralph Findley, Monmouth, 111.; W. L.
Farmer, Indianola, Iowa; J. S. Fawcett & Sons, Springdale, Iowa; F. W.
Harding, Waukesha, Wis.; Kauffmann Bros., Moscow, Iowa; A. J. Lytle,
Oskaloosa, Iowa; Geo. McKerrow & Sons, Pewaukee, Wis.; F. P. Mc-
Adoo, Indianola, Iowa; O. H. Peasley & Sons, Indianola, Iowa; J. L.
Plumly, Martelle, Iowa; W. A. Taylor, Ames, Iowa.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI
639
Judge .
AWARDS.
J. A. McLeax, Ames, Iowa.
Ram Two Years Old or Over — First, Geo. McKerrow & Sons; second,
Chandler Bros.; third, Geo. McKerrow & Sons.
Ram One Year Old and Under Two — First, J. M. & L. E. Bauer; sec-
ond, Geo. McKerrow & Sons; third, Geo. McKerrow & Sons.
Ram Lamb — First, Chandler Bros.; second, J. M. & L. E. Bauer; third,
Geo. McKerrow & Sons.
Ewe Two Years Old or Over — First, George McKerrow & Sons; second.
Chandler Bros.; third, Geo. McKerrow & Sons.
Ewe One Year Old and Under Two — First, Chandler Bros.; second, Geo.
McKerrow & Sons; third, J. M. & L. E. Bauer.
Eice Lamb — First, Chandler Bros.; second, J. M. & L. E. Bauer; third,
Geo. McKerrow & Sons.
First Prize Shopshlre Ram Lamb,
Iowa State Fair and Exposition, 1908.
Get of Sire — First, 0. H. Peasley & Sons; second, J. L. Plumly; third,
W. L. Farmer.
Flock — First, Chandler Bros.; second, McKerrow & Sons.
Cliampion Pure Bred Ram, Any Age — J. M. & L. E. Bauer.
Champion Pure Bred Ewe, Any Age — Chandler Bros.
640 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
SPECIAL PREMIUMS OFFERED BY THE AMERICAN SHROPSHIRE
REGISTRY ASSOCIATION.
Rajn Tico Years Old or Over — First, Geo. McKerrow & Sons; second,
J. L. Plumly; third, Kaufmann Bros.
Bam One Year Old and Under Tivo — First and second, Blanchar Bros.;
third, J. L. Plumly.
Ram Lamh — First, J. L. Plumly; second and third, O. H. Peasley &
Sons.
Eice Two Years Old or Over — First and third, Kaufmann Bros.; sec-
ond, O. H. Peasley.
Eive One Year Old and Under Two — First, Blanchar Bros.; second and
third, J. L. Plumly.
Eice LamTj — First and second, O. H. Peasley & Sons; third, J. L.
Plumly.
Champion Ram, Any Age — Geo. McKerrow & Sons.
Champion Ewe, Any Age — Blanchar Bros.
Get of Sire — First, O. H. Peasley & Sons; second, J. L. Plumly.
Flock — First, O. H. Peasley & Sons; second, J. L. Plumly; third, Blan-
char Bros.
IOWA SHROPSHIRES.
EXHIBITORS.
W. L. Farmer, Indianola, Iowa; Kaufmann Bros., Moscow, Iowa; F.
P. McAdoo, Indianola, Iowa; O. H. Peasley & Sons, Indianola, Iowa; J.
L. Plumly, Martelle, Iowa.
AWARDS.
Judge J. A. McLeax, Ames, Iowa.
Ram Two Years Old or Over — First, J. L. Plumly; second, J. L. Plumly;
third, O. H. Peasley & Sons; fourth, O. H. Peasley & Sons; fifth, Kauff-
mann Bros.; sixth, Kaufmann Bros.
Ram One Year Old and Under Two — First, J. L. Plumly; second, J. L.
Plumly; third, J. L. Plumly; fourth, Kaufmann Bros.; fifth, Kaufmann
Bros.; sixth, O. H. Peasley & Sons; seventh, O. H. Peasley & Sons.
Ram Lamt — First, J. L. Plumly; second, O. H. Peasley & Sons; third,
O. H. Peasley & Sons; fourth, J. L. Plumly; fifth, J. L. Plumly; sixth, O.
H. Peasley & Sons; seventh, F. P. McAdoo.
Ewe Two Years Old or Over — First, O. H. Peasley Sc Sons; second,
Kaufmann Bros.; third, J. L. Plumly; fourth, J. L. Plumly; fifth, O. H.
Peasley & Sons; sixth, Kaufmann Bros.; seventh, J. L. Plumly.
Eive One Year Old and Under Two — First, J. L. Plumly; second, J. L.
Plumly; third, J. L. Plumly; fourth, J. L. Plumly; fifth, O. H. Peasley &
Sons; sixth, J. L. Plumly; seventh, Kaufmann Bros.
Ewe Laml)— First, O. H. Peasley & Sons; second, O. H. Peasley &
Sons; third, J. L. Plumly; fourth, J. L. Plumly; fifth, J. L. Plumly; sixth,
Kaufmann Bros.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI
641
Get of Sire — P^irst, J. L. Plumly; second, Kaufmann Bros.; third, W.
L. Farmer.
Flock — First, O. H. Peasley & Sons; second, J. L. Plumly; third, Kauf-
mann Bros.
Champion Pure Bred Ravi, Any Age — J. L. Plumly.
Champion Pure Bred Ewe, Any Age — O. H. Peasley & Sons.
Three First Prize Shopshire Rams,
Iowa State Fair and Exposition, 19C
OXFORD DOWNS.
EXHIBITORS.
John Graham & Son, Eldora, Iowa; Geo. McKerrow & Sons, Pewaukee,
Wis.; F. P. McAdoo, Indianola, Iowa.
AWARDS.
Judge J. A. McLean, Ames, Iowa.
Ra7n Two Years Old or Over — First, Geo. McKerrow & Sons; second,
Geo. McKerrow & Sons.
Ram One Year Old and Under Two — First, John Graham & Son; sec-
ond, Geo. McKerrow & Sons; third, Geo. McKerrow & Sons.
Ram Lamb — First, Geo. McKerrow & Sons; second, Geo. McKerrow &
Sons; third, John Graham.
41
642 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Etce TiDo Years Old or Over — First, Geo. McKerrow -& Sons; second,
Geo. McKerrow & Sons; third, F. P. McAdoo.
Ewe One Year Old and Under Two — First, Geo. McKerrow & Sons; sec-
ond, John Graham; third, Geo. McKerrow & Sons.
EwG Lamh — First, Geo. McKerrow & Sons; second, Geo. McKerrow^ &
Sons; third, John Graham.
Get of 8ire — First, John Graliam.
Flock — First, Geo. McKerrow & Sons; second, Geo. McKerrow^ & Sons.
Soiis.
Champion Pure Bred Ram, Any Age — Geo. McKerrow & Sons.
Champion Pure Bred Ewe, Any Age — Geo. McKerrow & Sons.
SPECIAL PRIZES BY AMERICAN OXFORD RECORD ASSOCIATION.
Best Yearling Ram — First, John Graham & Son; second, John Graham
& Son.
Best Yearling Etoe — First, John Graham & Son; second, John Graham
& Son.
Best Pen of Four Lamhs, Either Sex — First, John Graham & Son; sec-
ond, John Graham & Son.
IOWA OXFORD DOWNS.
EXHIBITORS.
John Graham & Son, Eldora, Iowa; F. P. McAdoo, Indianola, Iowa.
AWARDS.
Judge J. A. McLean, Ames, Iowa.
Ram One Year Old and Under Two — First, John Graham & Son; second,
John Graham &. Son.
Ram Lamh — First, John Graham & Son; second, John Graham & Son;
third, F. P. McAdoo.
Ewe Two Years Old or Over— First, F. P. McAdoo; second, F. P. Mc-
Adoo; third, John Graham & Son.
Ewe One Year Old a7id Under Tu'o— First, John Graham & Son.
Ewe Laml) — First, John Graham & Son; second, John Graham & Son;
third, F. P. McAdoo.
Get of Sire— First, John Graham & Son; second, John Graham & Son.
Flock — First, John Graham & Son.
Champion Pure Bred Ram, Any Age — John Graham & Son.
Champion Pure Bred Ewe, Any Age — F. P. McAdoo.
DORSETS.
EXHIBITORS.
F. K. Grossman, Arlington Heights, 111.; F. W. Harding, Waukesha,
Wis.; Harry H. Wheeler, Elburn, 111.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 643
AWARDS.
Judge J. A. McLean, Ames, Iowa.
Ram Two Years Old or Over — First, H. H. Wheeler; second, F. K.
Grossman.
Ram One Year a7id Under Two — First, F. W. Harding; second, F. K.
Grossman; third, H. H. Wheeler.
Ram Lamb — First, H. H. Whieeler; second, H. H. Wheeler; third, F.
K. Grossman.
Ewe Two Years Old and Over — First, F. K. Grossman; second, F. K.
Grossman.
Ewe One Year and Under Two — First, F. W. Harding; second, F. K.
Grossman; third, F. K. Grossman.
Ewe Lamb — First, F. K. Grossman; second, F. K. Grossman; third, H.
H. Wheeler.
Get of Sire — First, F. K. Grossman; second, H. H. Wheeler.
Flock — F. K. Grossman.
Champion Pure Bred Ram, Any Age — F. W. Harding.
Champion Pure Bred Eioe, Any Age — F. W. Harding.
GHEVIOTS.
EXHIBITORS,
Alex W. Arnold, Galesville, Wis.; G. W. Parnell, Wingate, Ind.
AWARDS.
Judge J. A. McLeax, Ames, Iowa.
Ram Two Years Old or Over — First, G. W. Parnell; second, G. W. Par-
nell; third, Alex W. Arnold.
Ram One Year Old and Under Tivo — First, G. W. Parnell; second, G.
W. Parnell; third, G. W. Parnell.
Ram Lamb — First, G. W. Parnell; second, G. W. Parnell; third, A. W.
Arnold.
Ewe Two Years Old or Over — First, G. W. Parnell; second, A. W.
Arnold; third, A. W. Arnold.
Ewe One Year Old and Under Two — First, G. W. Parnell; second, A.
W. Arnold; third, G. W. Parnell.
Ewe Lamb— First, G. W. Parnell; second, G. W. Parnell; third, A. W.
Arnold.
Get of Sire — First, G. W. Parnell; second, A. W. Arnold.
Flock— G. W. Parnell.
Champion Pure Bred Ram, Any Age — G. W. Parnell.
Champion Pure Bred Ewe, Any Age—G. W. Parnell.
644 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
POULTRY DEPARTMENT.
Superintendent H. L. Pike, Whiting, Iowa.
AMERICANS.
EXHIBITORS.
A. L. Anderson, Indianola, Iowa; Mrs. N. B. Ashby, Des Moines,
Iowa; Barker Bros., Indianola, Iowa; Wilbert W. Bond, Des Moines, Iowa;
Wib. F, Clements, Agency, Iowa; J. L. Crawford, Winterset, Iowa; R. T.
Cameron, Ottumwa, Iowa; John Duff, Winterset, Iowa; John Dwight,
Des Moines, Iowa; Dr. H. E. Day, Dumont, Iowa; M. M. Evans, Le Grand,
Iowa; Geo. N. Foote, Ames, Iowa; R. J. Gaines, Altoona, Iowa; Chas.
Guth, Berwick, Iowa; Hanson Bros. & Co., Dean, Iowa; Weir Hart, West
Liberty, Iowa; F. H. Holloway, Lytton, Iowa; Peter Hove, Stanhope, Iowa;
F. W. Johnson, Luther, Iowa; R. D. Lancaster, Des Moines, Iowa; E. J.
Lown, Jesup, Iowa; Will Michael, Selma, Iowa; M. C. Miller, Des Moines,
Iowa; A. W. Nichols, Indianola, Iowa; J. T. Perry, Selma, Iowa; S. H.
Page, Waverly, Iowa; W. R. Prewitt, Onawa, Iowa; Pleasant View Poultry
Farm, Griswold, Iowa; J. A. Pease, Fort Dodge, Iowa; W. Roll, Avon,
Iowa; H. H. Rich, Des Moines, Iowa; E. G. Roberts, Fort Atkinson, Wis.;
John D. Reeler, Mason City, Iowa; G. W. Stout, Rose Hill, Iowa; M. L.
Seeley, Stuart, Iowa; Anthony Stocker, Des Moines, Iowa; F. V. Stone,
Belle Plaine, Iowa; F. W. Stolt, Odebolt, Iowa; Clem Thompson, Hiteman,
Iowa; W. B. Wilson, Delta, Iowa; Chas. E. Wayman, Carlisle, Iowa; W.
D. Welch, Marathon, Iowa; V. G. Warner, Bloomfield, Iowa.
AWARDS.
Judge W. S. Russell, Ottumwa, Iowa.
Barred Plymouth Rock Cock — First, E. G. Roberts; second, S. H. Page;
third, A. W. Nicholls.
Barred Plymouth Rock Hen — First, G. W. Stout; second and third, S.
H. Page; fourth, E. G. Roberts.
Barred Plymouth Rock Cockerel — First, John Dwight; second and
tnird, S. H. Page; fourth, E. G. Roberts.
Barred Plymouth Rock Pullet — First, S. H. Page; second and third, A.
W. Nicholls; fourth, G. W. Stout.
BujJ Plymouth Rock Cock — First, E. G. Roberts; second, Peter Hove.
Buff Plymouth Rock Hen — First and second, H. H. Rich; third, E. G.
Roberts; fourth, Peter Hove.
Buff Plymouth Rock Cockerel — First and second, H. H. Rich; third,
Peter Hove; fourth, Geo. N. Foote.
Buff Plymouth Rock Pullet— First, second and third, H. H. Rich;
fourth, Peter Hove.
White Plymouth Rock Cocfc— First and second, F. H. Holloway; third,
J. T. Perry; fourth, Chas. C. Wayman.
White Plymouth Rock Hen — First, F. H. Holloway; second, Chas. Guth;
third, J. T. Perry; fourth, Chas. E. Wayman.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 645
White Plymouth Rock Cockerel—First and second, F. H. Holloway;
third, F. V. Stone; fourth, M. L. Seeley.
White Plymouth Rock Pullet — First and second, F. H. Holloway; third,
M. L. Seeley; fourth, F. V. Stone.
Partridge Plymouth Rock Cocfc— First, E. G. Roberts; second, R. J.
Gaines.
Partridge Plymouth Rock if en— First, E. G. Roberts; second, V. G.
Warner; third and fourth, R. J. Gaines.
Partridge Plymouth Rock Cockerel — First, E. G. Roberts; second, R. J.
Gaines; third, V. G. Warner.
Partridge Plymouth Rock Pullet— First, V. G. Warner; second, E. G.
Roberts; third, R. J. Gaines.
Partridge Wyandotte Cock — First, E. J. Lown; second, E. G. Roberts;
third, V. G. Warner; fourth, E. J. Lown.
Partridge Wyandotte Hen— First, V. G. Warner; second, third and
fourth, E. J. Lown.
Partridge Wyandotte Cockerel — First, V. G. Warner; second, E. G.
Roberts; third, F. W. Stolt.
Partridge Wyandotte Pullet— First, F. W. Stolt; second, E. G. Roberts;
third, V. G. Warner.
Silver Laced Wyandotte Cock— First, E. G. Roberts; second, F. W.
Johnson; third, J. T. Perry.
Silver Laced Wyandotte Hew— First, V. G. Warner; second, A. L. An-
derson; third, J. T. Perry; fourth, E. G. Roberts.
Silver Laced Wyandotte Cockerel— First, John Dove; second, A. L. An-
derson; third, Will Michael; fourth, E. G. Roberts.
Silver Laced Wyandotte Pullet— First, A. L. Anderson; second. Will
Michael; third and fourth, John Dove.
Silver Pencilled Wyandotte Cock— First, V. G. Warner; second, E. G.
Roberts.
Silver Pencilled Wyandotte Hen— First, E. G. Roberts; second and
third, V. G. Warner.
Golden Wyandotte Cocfc— First and second— A. L. Anderson; third,
E. G. Roberts; fourth, W. D. Welch.
Golden Wyandotte Hen— First, A. L. Anderson; second, E. G. Roberts;
third and fourth, W. D. Welch.
Golden Wyandotte Cockerel— First, A. L. Anderson; second and third,
W. D. Welch; fourth, E. G. Roberts.
Golden Wyandotte Pullet— First and second, A. L. Anderson; third,
W. D. Welch; fourth, E. G. Roberts.
White Wyandotte Cock— First, Clem Thompson; second, E. G. Roberts;
third, Anthony Stocker; fourth, Mrs. N. B. Ashby.
White Wyandotte Hen— First and second, Mrs. N. B. Ashby; third, E.
G. Roberts; fourth, Clem Thompson.
White Wyandotte Cockerel— First, Mrs. N. B. Ashby; second, Barker
Bros; third, E. G. Roberts; fourth, W. W. Bond.
^7hite Wyandotte Pullet— First and third, Mrs. N. B. Ashty; second
and fourth, Barker Bros.
646 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Buff Wyandotte Cocfc— First, V. G. Warner; second, A. L. Anderson;
third, E. G. Roberts; fourth, J. A. Pease.
Biiff Wyandotte i?ew— First, Peter Hove; second, J. A. Pease; third, A.
L. Anderson; fourth, J. A. Pease.
Buff Wyandotte Cockerel — First, A. L. Anderson; second and fourth,
J. A. Pease; third, F. W. Stolt.
Buff Wyandotte Pullet — First, F. W. Stolt; second, A. L. Anderson;
third, E. G. Roberts.
ColumMa Wyandotte Hen— First, second and third, J. A. Pease.
ColumUa Wyandotte Cockerel— First, M. C. Miller; second, J. A. Pease;
third, F. W. Stolt; fourth, E. G. Roberts.
ColumMa Wyandotte Pullet — First, J. A. Pease; second, F. W. Stolt;
third, E. G. Roberts; fourth, M. C. Miller.
Black Java Cock — First, E. G. Roberts.
Black Java Hen — First, E. G. Roberts.
Black Java Cockerel — First, E. G. Roberts.
Black Java Pullet— First, E. G. Roberts.
S. C. Buff Orpington Cock — First and £:econd, Dr. H. E. Day; third,
Dr. H. E. Day; fourth, E, G. Roberts.
S. C. Buff Orpington Hen— First and second, Dr. H. E. Day; third, J. L.
Crawford; fourth, W. R. Prewitt.
8. 0. Buff' Orpington Cockerel — First, second and fourth, Dr. H. E. Day;
third, E. G. Roberts.
S. C. Buff Orpington Pullet — First, J. L. Crawford; second and third.
Dr. H. E. Day; fourth, E. G. Roberts.
S. C. White Orpington Cock — First, M. M. Evans.
;Sf. C. White Orpington Hen — First, A. H. Retsloff; second and third, M.
M. Evans.
S. C. White Orpington Cockerel— First, second and fourth, Beatrice
Richey; third, W. B. Wilson.
8. C. White Orpington Pullet — First and second, A. H. Retsloff; third
and fourth, W. B. Wilson.
R. C. Rhode Island Cock — First and fourth, Pleasantview Poultry Farm;
second, E. G. Roberts; third, M. L. Seeley.
R. C. Rhode Island Red Hen — First, E. G. Roberts; second and third,
J. D. Reeler; fourth, Hanson Bros. & Co.
R. C. Rhode Island Red Cockerel — First and second, W. F. Clements;
third and fourth, Pleasantview Poultry Farm.
R. C. Rhode Island Red Pullet — First and fourth, W. F. Clements;
second and third, Pleasantview Poultry Farm.
8. C. Rhode Island Red Cock — First, E. G. Roberts; second, S. H.
Page; third, W. Roll; fourth, W. F. Clements.
8. C. Rhode Island Red Hen— First, E. G. Roberts; second, third and
fourth, S. H. Page.
-S'. C. Rhode Island Red Cockerel — First, W. F. Clements; second and
third, S. H. Page; fourth, W. F. Clements.
8. C. Rhode Island Red Pullet — First and third, S. H. Page; second,
W. F. Clements; fourth, M. C. Miller.
Silver Gray Dorking Cock, Hen, Cockerel and Pullet — First, E. G.
Roberts,
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 647
ASIATICS.
EXIII15IT0KS.
R. T. Cameron, Ottumwa, Iowa; Hanson Bros. & Co., Dean, Iowa;
F. W. Johnson, Luther, Iowa; Weir Hart, Bondurant, Iowa; R. D. Lan-
caster, Des Moines, Iowa; L. M. McKay, Des Moines, Iowa; P. R. Osborn,
Des Moines, Iowa; E. G. Roberts, Fort Atkinson, Wis.; Will F. Shadle,
Belle Plaine, Iowa; R. E. West, Altoona, Iowa; Mrs. Leslie Richardson,'
Balfour, Iowa; Mrs. E. M. Brinkler, Stuart, Iowa; Miss Lizzie McCleary,
Altoona, Iowa.
A^VAKI),S.
Light Brahma Cock— First and third, R. T Cameron; second, E. G.
Roberts; fourth, Hanson Bros. & Co.
Light Brahma Hen— First and third, R. T. Cameron; second, Mrs. Les-
lie Richardson; fourth, Hanson Bros. & Co.
Light Brahma Cockerel— First, E. G. Roberts; second, Weir Hart;
third, R. T. Cameron.
Light Brahma Pullet— First, Weir Hart; second, E. G. Roberts; third
and fourth, L. N. McKay.
Dark Brahma Cock— First, E. G. Roberts; second, R. T. Lancaster.
Dark Brahma Hen— First, R. D. Lancaster; second, E. G. Roberts.
Buff Cochin Cock — First, E. G. Roberts; second, F. W. Johnson.
Buff Cochin Hen— First, E. G. Roberts.
Buff Cochin Cockerel— First, second and third, F. W. Johnson; fourth,
E. G. Roberts.
Buff Cochin Pullet— First, F. W. Johnson; second, E. G. Roberts.
Partridge Cochin Cocfc— First, E. G. Roberts.
Partridge Cochin Hen— First, E. G. Roberts.
Partridge Cochin Cockerel — First, Mrs. E. M. Brinkler; second, E. G.
Roberts; third and fourth, P. R. Osborn.
Partridge Cochin Pullet— First, Mrs. E. M. Brinkler; second, E. G.
Roberts.
Black Langshan Cock — First, R. E. West; second, W. F. Shadle; third,
E. G. Roberts; fourth, Hanson Bros. & Co.
Black Langshan Hen— First, E. G. Roberts; second, R. E. West.
Black Langshan Cockerel— First and fourth. Miss Lizzie McCleary;
second, R. E. West; third, E. G. Roberts.
Black Langshan Pullet— First, E. G. Roberts; second, third and fourth,
]\liss Lizzie McCleary.
MEDITERRANEANS.
EXHIBITORS.
Barker Bros., Indianola, Iowa; W. O. Coon, Des Moines, Iowa; John
D wight, Des Moines, Iowa; F. I\I. Finkbine, Des Moines, Iowa; Edmond
P. Hanson, Dean, lovva; Hanson Bros. & Co., Dean, Iowa; Peter S. Hurt,
648 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Thoriitown, Ind.; F. W. Johnson, Luther, Iowa; Will Michael, Selma,
Iowa; P. W. Pitt, Belle Plaine, Iowa; Mrs. S. P. Rogers, Pleasanton,
Iowa; E. G. Roberts, Fort Atkinson, Wis.; John D. Reeler, Mason City,
Iowa; Clem Thompson, Hiteman, Iowa.
AWARDS.
8. C. Brown Leghorn Cock — First, E. G. Roberts; second and third, F.
W. Johnson; fourth, W. O. Coon.
8. G. Brown Leghorn Hen — First, E. G. Roberts; second and third,
Clem Thompson; fourth, W. O. Coon.
8. G. Brown Leghorn Gockerel — First, T. W. Pitt; second, E, G. Roberts;
third, Will Michael; fourth, W. O. Coon.
8. G. Brown Leghorn Pullet — First, E. G. Roberts; second, Will Michael;
third, T. W. Pitt; fourth, W. O. Coon.
R. G. Brown Leghorn Gock — First, E. G. Roberts.
R. G. Brown Leghorn Hen — First, E. G. Roberts; second. Will Michael.
R. G. Brown Leghorn Gockerel — First,, E. G. Roberts; second. Will
Michael.
R. G. Brown Leghorn Pullet — First, Will Michael; second, E. G. Rob-
erts.
8. G. White Leghorn Gock — First, E. G. Roberts.
8. G. White Leghorn Hen— First, E. G. Roberts; second, Barker Bros;
third, F. W. Johnson; fourth, F. M. Finkbine.
8. G. White Leghorn Gockerel — First, E.- G. Roberts; second, Barker
Bros.; third, John Dwight; fourth, F. M. Finkbine.
• 8. G. White Leghorn Pullet — First and second, E. G. Roberts; third,
F. W. Johnson; fourth. Barker Bros,
R. G. White Leghorn Gock — First, E. G. Roberts; second, J. D. Reeler;
third, Mrs. S. P. Rogers.
R. G. White Leghorn Hen— First and second, Mrs. S. P. Rogers; third,
E. G. Roberts; fourth, J. D. Reeler.
R. G. White Leghorn Gockerel— First, J. D. Reeler; second, Mrs. S. P.
Rogers; third, E. G. Roberts.
R. G. White Leghorn Pullet— First, J. D. Reeler; second, Mrs. S. P.
Rogers; third, E. G. Roberts.
Buff Leghorn Gock — First and third, E. G. Roberts; second, P. S. Hurt.
Buff Leghorn Hen — First and second, P. S. Hurt; third and fourth, E.
G. Roberts.
Buff Leghorn Gockerel— First, P. S. Hurt; second, E. G. Roberts; third,
E. P. Hanson; fourth, Hanson Bros. & Co.
Buff Leghorn Pullet— First and second, P. S. Hurt; third, E. G. Roberts;
fourth, E. P. Hanson.
Black Minorca Gock — First and second, E. G. Roberts.
Black Minorca Hen — First and second, E. G. Roberts.
Black Minorca Gockerel — First and third, E. G. Roberts; second. Bar-
ker Bros.
Black Minorca Pullet — First and second, E. G. Roberts.
White Faced 8panish Gock — First, E. G. Roberts.
White Faced 8panish Hen — ^First, E. G. Roberts.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 649
White Faced Spanish Cockerel— First, E. G. Roberts.
White Faced Spanish Pullet— First, E. G. Roberts.
Blue Andalusian Cock— First, E. G. Roberts.
Blue Andalusian Hen— First, E. G. Roberts.
Blue Andalusian Cockerel — First, E. G. Roberts.
Blue Andalusian Pullet — First, E. G. Roberts.
POLISH.
EXHIBITORS.
E. G. Roberts, Fort Atkinson, Wisconsin.
AWARDS.
W. G. B. Polish Cock— First and second, E. G. Roberts.
W. G. B. Polish Hen— First and second, E. G. Roberts.
TV. C. B. Polish Cockerel— First, E. G. Roberts.
W. C. B. Pullet— First and second, E. G. Roberts.
Golden Polish G. or P.. Cock — First and second, E. G. Roberts.
Golden Polish G. or P. Hen— First and second, E. G. Roberts.
Golden Polish G. or P. Cockerel— First and second, E. G. Roberts.
Golden Polish B. or P. Pullet— First and second, E. G. Roberts.
Silver Polish B. or P. Cock — First and second, E. G. Roberts.
Silver Polish B. or P. Hen — First and second, E. G. Roberts.
Silver Polish B. or P. Cockerel— First and second, E. G. Roberts.
Silver Polish B. or P. Pullet — First and second, E. G. Roberts.
HAMBURGS.
EXHIBITORS.
L. Cook, Morning Sun, Iowa; E. G. Roberts, Fort Atkinson, Wisconsin.
Single Spangled Hamburg Cock— First, E. G. Roberts; second, L. Cook.
Silver Spangled Hamburg Hen— First, E. G. Roberts; second and third,
Cook.
Silver Spangled HamMirg Cockerel—First and second, L. Cook.
Silver Spangled Hamhurg Pullet — First, L. Cook.
G. S. Hamburg Cock— First, E. G. Roberts.
G. S. Hamburg Hen— First, E. G. Roberts.
G. S. Hamburg Cockerel— First and second, E. G. Roberts.
G. 8. Hamburg Pullet— First and second, E. G. Roberts.
White Hamburg Cock— First, E. G. Roberts.
White Hamburg Hen— First, E. G. Roberts.
White Hamburg Cockerel— First, E. G. Roberts.
White Hamburg Pullet— First, E. G. Roberts.
Black Hamburg Cock— First, E. G. Roberts.
Black Hamburg He7i— First, E. G. Roberts.
Black Hamburg Cockerel— First, E. G. Roberts.
Black Hamburg Pullet— First, E. G. Roberts.
650 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
FRENCH.
EXHIL5IT0RS.
E. G. Roberts, Fort Atkinson, AVisconbin.
AWARDS.
Houdon Cock — First, E. G. Roberts.
Houdon Hen— First, E. G. Roberts.
Houdon Cockerel — First, E. G. Roberts.
Houdan Pullet — First, E. G. Roberts.
GAMES.
EXHIBITORS.
E. G. Roberts, Fort Atkinson, Wisconsin.
AWARDS.
Cornish Indian Game Cock — First, E. G. Roberts.
Cornish Indian Game Hen — First, E. G. Roberts.
Cornish Indian Game Cockerel — First, E. G. Roberts.
Cornish Indian Game Pullet — First, E. G. Roberts.
B. B. Red Game Cock — First, B. G. Roberts.
B. B. Red Game Hen — First, E. G. Roberts.
Golden Duckwing Game Hen— First, E. G. Roberts.
Golden Duckiving Game Cockerel — First, E. G. Roberts.
BANTAMS.
EXHIBITORS.
Will Michael, Selma, Iowa; P. R. Osborn, Maxwell, Iowa; E. G. Roberts,
Fort Atkinson, Wis.; R. E. West, Altoona, Iowa; V. G. Warner, Bloom-
field, Iowa.
AWARDS.
B. B. Red Game Bantam Cock — First and sceond, E. G. Roberts.
B. B. Red Game Bantam Hen — First and second, E. G. Roberts.
B. B. Red Game Bantam Cockerel — First and second, E. G. Roberts.
B. B. Red Game Bantam Pullet— First and second, E. G. Roberts.
Red Pyle Bantam Cock — First and second, E. G. Roberts.
Red Pyle Bantam Hen — ^First and second, E. G. Roberts.
Red Pyle Bantam Cockerel — First and second, E. G. Roberts.
Red Pyle Bantam Pullet— First, E. G. Roberts.
Silver Duckwing Bantam Cock — First, E. G. Roberts.
Silver Duckwing Bantam Hen — First and second, E. G. Roberts.
Silver Duckwing Bantam Cockerel — First E. G. Roberts.
Silver Duckwing Pullet — First, E. G. Roberts.
Golden Duckwing Bantam Cock — First, E. G. Roberts.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 651
Golden Duckwing Bantam Hen — First, E. G. Roberts.
Golden Duvkicing Bantayn Cockerel — First, E. G. Roberts.
Golden Duckwing Bantam Pullet — First, E. G, Roberts.
Golden Seabright Bantam Cock — First, E. G. Roberts.
Goldeii Beahright Bantam Hew— First, E. G. Roberts.
Golden SeahrigJit Bantam Cockerel — First, E. G. Roberts.
Golden Seahright Bantam Pullet — First, E. G. Roberts.
Silver Seahright Bantam Cock — First, E. G. Roberts.
Silver Seabright Bantayn Hen — First, E. G. Roberts.
Silver Seahright Bantam Cockerel— First, E. G. Roberts.
Silver Seahright Bantam Pullet — First, E. G. Roberts.
BujJ Cochin Bantam Cock — First, E. G. Roberts; second, V. G. Warner;
third. Will Michael; fourth, P. R. Osborne.
Buff Cochin Bantam Hen — First, E. G. Roberts; second, R. E. West;
third, V. G. Warner; fourth. Will Michael.
Buff Cochin Bantam Cockerel — First, E. G. Roberts; second and third,
P. R. Osborne; fourth, R. E. W^est.
Buff Cochin Bantam Pullet — First, E. G. Roberts; second, Will Michael;
third and fourth, R. E.. West.
B. T. Japanese Cock — First, E. G. Roberts.
B. T. Japanese Hen — First, E. G. Roberts.
B. T. Japanese Cockerel — First, E. G. Roberts.
B. T. Japanese Pallet— First, E. G. Roberts.
TURKEYS.
EXHIBITORS.
Hanson Bros. & Co., Dean, Iowa; E. G. Roberts, Fort Atkinson, Wis.;
Harry H. Wheeler, Elburn, 111.
Narragansett Old Gobbler — First, E. G. Roberts.
Narragansett Hen — First, E. G. Roberts.
Bronze Old Gobbler — First, V. G. Warner.
Bronze Old Hen — First and second, V. G. Warner.
Bronze Young Gobbler — First, V. G. Warner.
Bronze Young Hen — First, V. G. Warner.
White Holland Old Gobbler — First, E. G. Roberts; second, Hanson Bros.
& Co.
White Holland Old Hen— First, E. G. Roberts; second and fourth, V.
G. Warner; third, Hanson Bros. & Co.
WJiite Holland Young Gobbler — First and second, V. G. Warner.
GEESE.
EXHIBITORS.
Carrie B. Farmer, Indianola, Iowa; Hanson Bros. & Co., Dean Iowa;
E. G. Roberts, Fort Atkinson, Wis.
652 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGki CULTURE
Toulouse Old Gander' — First, E. G. Roberts; second, Hanson Bros. & Co.
Toulouse Old Goose — First, E. G. Roberts.
Toulouse Young Gander — First, E. G. Roberts.
Toulouse Young Goose — First, E. G. Roberts.
Embden Gander Old — First, E. G. Roberts; Second, Carrie B. Farmer.
EmJ)den Gander Young — First, Carrie B. Farmer.
EmT)den Goose Old — First, E. G. Roberts; second, Carrie B. Farmer.
Emhden Goose Young — First, Carrie B. Farmer.
DUCKS.
EXHIBITORS.
Carrie B. Farmer, Indianola, Iowa; Hanson Bros. & Co., Dean, Iowa;
E. G. Roberts, Fort Atkinson, Wis.; Clem Thompson, Hiteman, Iowa; V.
G. Warner, Bloomfield, Iowa.
AWAEDS.
Aylesbury Drake Old — First, E. G. Roberts.
Aylesbury Drake Young — First, E. G. Roberts.
Aylesbury Duck Old—First, E. G. Roberts.
Aylesbury Duck Young — First, E. G. Roberts.
Pekin Drake Old — First and second, V. G. Warner; third, E. G. Roberts;
fourth, Clem Thompson.
Pekin Drake Young — First, V. G. Warner; second, E. G. Roberts.
Pekin Duck Old — First and second, V. G. Warner; third, E. G. Roberts;
fourth, Clem Thompson.
Pekin Duck Young — First, V. G. Warner.
Rouen Drake Old — First, E. G. Roberts; second, Hanson Bros. & Co.
Rouen Duck Old — First, E. G. Roberts; second, Hanson Bros. & Co.
Rouen Drake Young — First, E. G. Roberts; second, Hanson Bros. & Co.
Rouen Duck Young — First, E. G. Roberts.
White Muscovey Drake Old — First, E, G. Roberts.
White Muscovey Drake Young — First, E. C. Roberts.
White Muscovey Duck Old — First, E. G. Roberts.
White Muscovey Duck Young — First, E. G. Roberts. ;
Colored Muscovey Drake Old — First, E. G. Roberts.
Colored Muscovey Drake Young — First, E. G. Roberts.
Colored Muscovey Duck Old — First, E. G. Roberts.
Colored Muscovey Duck Young—First, E. G. Roberts.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 653
BREEDING PENS.
Barred Plymouth Rock Fowls — First, S. H. Page; second, G. W. Stout;
third, E. G. Roberts.
Barred Plymouth Rock Chicks — First, S. H. Page; second, G. W. Stout;
third, W. B. Wilson; fourth, J. S. Shannon.
Biiff Plymouth Rock Fowls — First and second, H. H. Rich; third, Peter
Hove.
Buff Plymouth Rock CJiicks — First and second, H. H. Rich; third, Peter
Hove.
White Plymouth Rock Foiols — First, F. H. Holloway; second, Chas. E.
Wayman; third, J. T. Perry; fourth F. H. Holloway.
White Plymouth Rock Chicks — First and second, F. H. Holloway; third,
Chas. Guth; fourth, F. V. Stone.
Silver Wyandotte Fowls — First, V. G. Warner.
Silver Wyandotte Chicks — First, John Dove; second, A. L. Anderson;
third, V. G. Warner.
Golden Wyandotte Fowls — First, V. G. Warner.
Golden Wyandotte Chicks — First, V. G. Warner.
White Wyandotte Foiols — First and third, Mrs. N. B. Ashby; second,
W. W. Bond.
WMte Wyandotte Chicks — First and second, Mrs. N. B. Ashby; third,
W. W. Bond; fourth, Anthony Stocker.
Buff Wyandotte Foiols — First, V. G. Warner; second, J. A. Pease; third,
A. L. Anderson.
Buff Wyandotte Chicks — First, J. A. Pease; second, A. L. Anderson;
third, V. G. Warner; fourth, F. W. Stolt.
ColumMa Wyandotte Chicks — First, J. A. Pease; second, Ella Randolph.
Partridge Wyandotte Fowls — First, V. G. Warner.
Partridge Wyandotte Chicks — First, Ella Randolph; second, V. G.
Warner,
R. C. Rhode Island Red Fowls— First and second, Pleasantview Poultry
Farm.
R. C. Rhode Island Red Chicks— First, W. F. Clements; second and
third, Pleasantview Poultry Farm.
S. C. Rhode Island Red Chicks — First and third, W. F. Clements; sec-
ond, R. D. Graham.
Light Brahma Fowls — First, R. T. Cameron; second, E. G. Roberts.
Light Brahma Cliicks — First, Weir Hart; second, R. T. Cameron.
Buff Cochin Chicks — First, F. W. Johnson.
Partridge Cochin Fowls — First, Mrs. E. N. Brinkler.
Partridge Cochin Chicks — First, E. G. Roberts; second, Mrs. E. M.
Brinkler; third, P. R. Osborne.
654 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Buff Orpington FoicJs — First, second and third, Dr. H. E. Day; fourth,
W. R. Prewitt.
Buff Orpington Chicks — First and fourth, Dr. H. E. Day; second, Hanson
Bros. & Co.; third, J. L. Crawford.
Black Langshan Foiols — First, E. G. Roberts; second and third, R. E.
West; fourth, Hanson Bros. & Co.
Black Langshan Chicks — First and second, R. E. West.
S. C. White Leghorn Fowls — First, E. G. Roberts; second, Barker Bros.
S. C. White Leghorn Chicks— First, F. W. Johnson; second, Anthony
Stocker; third, F. M. Finkbine.
R. C. White Leghorn Fowls — First, Mrs. S. P. Rogers; second, J. D.
Reeler.
R. C. White Leghorn C/iicfcs— First, J. D. Reeler; second, Mrs. S. P.
Rogers.
Silver Crest Brown Leghorn Fowls— First, W. Patterson; second, E. G.
Roberts; third, W. O. Coon; fourth, F. W. Johnson.
Silver Crest Brown Leghorn Chicks— First, T. W. Pitt; second, W. O.
Coon; third, W. Patterson.
Black Minorca Chicks — First, Barker Bros.
Silver Spangled Hamburg Fowls — First, L. Cook.
Silver Simngled Hamburg Chicks— First, L. Cook; second, E. P. Farmer.
Golden Seahright Bantam Foivls— First, E. G. Roberts.
Buff Cochin Bantam Fowls— First, E. G. Roberts; second, Dow Car-
penter.
Buff Cochin Bantam Chicks— First, P. R. Osborne; second, N. C. Miller.
Pair Homing Pigeons— First and second, W. F. Clements; third, C. C.
Bartlett.
AWARDS -WINTER CORN SHOW
IX CON.NECTIOX WITH
State Farmers' Institute and Agricultural
Convention,
DES MOINES, IOWA, DECEMBER 8-9, 1908.
Northern District:
Division No. 1—Ten Ears Yellow Corn — $10; $8; $6; $4; $2.
First, Geo. M. Allee, Newell; second, J. W. Eral, Pocahontas; third,
H. L. Felter, Washta; fourth. Miller S. Nelson, Goldfield; fifth, J.
J. Allee, Newell.
Division No. 2 — One Ear Yelloiv Corn — $6; $5; $4; $3; $2.
First, J. J. Allee, Newell; second, H. L. Felter, Washta; third, J. J.
Allee, Newell; fourth, Marquis Madison, Goldfield; fifth, J. W.
Eral, Pocahontas.
Division No. 3 — Ten Ears White Corn — $10; $8; $6; $4.
First, Henry George, West Union; second, Geo. M. Allee, Newell;
third, A. J. Doore, Greene; fourth, E. R. Mawdsley, Burt.
Division No. -'• — One Ear V/Jiite Corn — $6; $-5; $4; $3.
First, Geo. M. Allee, Newell; second, J. J. Allee, Newell; third, E. R.
Mawdsley, Burt; fourth, Henry George, West Union.
Cextbl District:
Division No. .')—Ten Ears Yelloiv Corn — $10; $8; $6; $4; $4; $2; $2; $2;
$2; $2.
First, D. W. Wilson, Panora; second, J. W. Coverdale, Elwood; third,
O. Osborn, ^Maxwell; fourth, Fred Hethershaw, Des Moines; fifth,
A. L. Garrett, Mitchellville; sixth, E. ]\I. Wilson, Panora; seventh,
C. R. Bishop, Altoona; eighth, Ed Ballou, Panora; ninth, J. C. Freel,
Mitchellville; tenth, Chas. O. Garrett, Mitchellville.
Division No. 0 — Single Ear Yelloiv Com— $6; $.5; $4; $4k$2; $2.
First, C. R. Bishop, Altoona; second, E. L. Pearson, Mitchellville;
third, Frank Justice, Berwick; fourth, O. Osborn, Maxwell; fifth,
H. V. Hethershaw, Des Moines; sixth, Neal Bros., Mt. Vernon.
^6
IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI 657
Division No. 1—Ten Ears White Corn— $10; $8; $6; $4; $2; $2.
First, Perry Livingood, Castana; second, Fred Hethershaw, Des
Moines; third, W. M. Dunn, Bondurant; fourth, Ed. Chaloupka, Yale;
Fifth, N. J. Harris, Des Moines; sixth, Chas. O. Garrett, Mitchell-
ville.
Division No. S— Single Ear White Corn- $6; $5; $4; $3; $2.
First, Leon Harris, Des Moines; second, N. J, Harris, Des Moines;
third, Ed Chaloupka, Yale; fourth, Chas. O. Garrett, Mitchellville;
fifth, Fred Hethershaw, Des Moines.
SouTHEKX District:
Division No. 0— Ten Ears Yelloiv Corn— ^10; $8; $6; $4; $2; $2.
First, U. S. Chacey, Hedrick; second, J. A. Mason, Carlisle; third,
W. E. Shakespeare, Lamoni; fourth, J. F. C. Finnell, Hamburg;
fifth, Thurman Ward, Knoxville; sixth, L. W. Roe, Oskaloosa.
Division No. 10— Single Ear Yelloiv Corn— $6; $5; $4; $3; $2; $2.
First, U. S. Chacey, Hedrick; second, J. L. Crawford, Winterset;
third, J. F. C. Finnell, Hamburg; fourth, J. C. Frame, Lockridge;
fifth, Walter Plows, Chariton; sixth, Thurman Ward, Knoxville.
Division No. 11— Ten Ears White Corn— $10; $8; $6; $4; $2.
First, L. W. Roe, Oskaloosa; second, T. B. White, Oskaloosa; third,
J. F. C. Finnell, Hamburg; fourth, W. A. Hook, Packwood; fifth,
Thos. Thompson, Villisca.
Division 12— Single Ear White Corn— ^6; $5; $4; $3.
First, J. C. Frame, Lockridge; second, J. F. C. Finnell, Hamburg;
third, Thos. Thompson, Villisca; fourth, U. S. Chacey, Hedrick.
Sweepstakes for State:
Te7i Ears Yelloiv Corn — $5. D. G. Wilson, Panora.
Single Ear Yelloiv Corn — $5. U. S. Chacey, Hedrick.
Ten Ears White Corn — $5. L. W. Roe, Oskaloosa.
Single Ear White Corn — $5. Leon Harris, Des Moines.
Gra>-u Sweepstakes:
Best Ten Ears any Variety — Gold Medal — D. G. Wilson, Panora.
Best Single Ear any Variety — Gold Medal — U. S. Chacey, Hedrick.
Commercial Clup. Corn Trophy:
Best Ten Ears any Variety — D. G. Wilson, Panora.
42
G58
IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
SCORING IN BOYS' LIVE STOCK AND CORN JUDGING CONTEST,
IOWA STATE FAIR, 190S, FOR IOWA STATE COLLEGE
SCHOLARSHIP.
-
Names of Classes
^
>,
«3
Corn
u
C
Names
Address
a
o
OQ
•0
m
j3
a
Is
is
d
5§
•a
V
c
^8
Ss
Is
"5
a
^rH
^^
CC
75
<
a
CO
q
^
>-
aj
H
Ryburn A. Rutledge.-
Morton O. Cooper
I. C. Kiiizer
Frank Sanders
Harley Walker
Carlos V. Hill
Harral A. Longworth
Carl E. Phillips
Albert Ruess
Herman Steen
Albert Bakehouse _ —
Chas. Connelly
Henrj^ Hasbrouck - —
Orville Ufford
Ray Darbyshire
Rav Gatewood
Harry W. Hall
Ryle S. McKee
Jno. B. Slocum, Jr--
Edmund P. Hauson.-
Tom Thornburg, Jr-.
Wm. H. Arnold
Harry Wilson
Floyd Schriver
Floyd G. Hodsdou--_
Harold Nichols
Lloyd Eveland
Geo. C. Mauss
Lee Hays
Harvey Beedle
Geo. E. Storm _-^— .
Wallace R. Conrad-—
Ora J. Brouhard
Fort Dodge
Knierim
Bangor
Hartley
Swan
Montezuma
Polk City
Centerville
West Liberty-
West Liberty
Sigourney
AYest Liberty —
Humeston
Ames
Shannon City-
Pack wood
West Liberty-—
Indianola
Minden \
Dean
Linden
Strawberry Pt--
Malvern
Rockwell City —
Clarksville
Y'est Liberty-
Jamaica
Belmond
Hamlin —
Ames
Rockwell City-
Rockwell City-
Colo
,
55
37
65
13
16
39
65
42
57
49
53
57
5t
26
71
52
69
40
60
60
48
59
72
35
68
55
63
33
71
31
62
42
63
5
45
26
02
25
48
33
66
42
30
35
47
.52
63
35
49
35
61
12
54
49
62
'is
42
39
50
15
57
28
61
7
51
23
10
43o
4.-3
174
472
452
451
415
441
438
436
430
42S
42G
423
419
413
410
403
402
401
400
399
399
394
301
382
381
375
373
343
.337
322
.317
J. A. McLeax,
Superintendent of Contest.
SCORING IN GIRLS' COOKING CONTEST, IOWA STATE FAIR, 1908,
FOR IOWA STATE COLLEGE SCHOLARSHIP.
'°o
m
a;
' '^ 3
■o
C
60
1 -S-o
o
o
a
Name
Address
1 -si
X!
m
%S
es
i^^^
to
K
^^ ■
K^
<'"
1 I Ruby Lynch
2 I Sheila Hasbrouck /
3 I Pansy Edwards .
4 Louise Wood
Ames 34
Humeston 37
Des Moines 28
Iowa Falls 29
15
37
86
15
27
79
14
35
77
14
25
68
Miss Edith G. Charltox,
Superintendent of Contest.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XI
659
PART XII.
Papers on Live Stock, Agricultural and Miscell-
aneous Topics
FROM
BULLETINS, AGRICULTURAL PRESS
AND
Papers Read Before County Farmers Institutes
A COMPLETE RECORD OF THE FRED McCULLOCH FARM
FOR THE YEAR BOOK 1908.
Compiled by the division of Farm management, B. P. I., U. S. De-
partment of Agriculture.
The Iowa Department of Agriculture is under obligations to Mr.
Fred McCulloch of Hartwick, Iowa, for placing in their hands the
complete records of the operation of his three hundred and twenty
acre farm in Iowa County, for the year 1908, for publication in the
Iowa Year Book of Agriculture. The preface to these records w^ere
kindly furnished by W. A. Peck, Assistant Agriculturist of the U.
S. Department of Agriculture, B. P. I.
PREFACE.
The section of farm economics in the United States Department of
Agriculture began to make a detailed study of farms in 1907; the object
being to provide data — fundamental economic units — for effecting an
economic farm organization.
In making a working plan for a farm developing a cropping system, etc.,
in other words, effecting an economic farm organization, there is a certain
adjustment of farm forces, dealing with the size of the farm, values, rela-
tive profitableness of crops and live stock, yields, feed requirements of
live stock, necessary equipment, available working time for operations,
etc., which will produce maximum net returns.
(660)
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII 661
The section of farm economics in the United States Department of
Agriculture presumes to so study the individual farm problems as to pro-
vide data for bringing together the different parts into an economic whole
and to create, as a part of an efficient system of management, a system of
financial accounts and supplemental records.
Up to the beginning of these investigations in 1907 only a few attempts
had been made to study the business management of farms by detailed
methods. Several serious difficulties stood in the way of carrying on
investigations of this character; there was no satisfactory method of col-
lecting reliable data which would reduce liability of error to the mini-
mum, the expense was heavy and a long time was required before results
could be shown.
The first of these was by far the most serious difficulty. The few
attempts that have been made have not developed methods for collecting
satisfactorily accurate data, accordingly it became necessary to try out
various schemes for collecting desired records. The plan was to solicit
the co-operation of a few successful farmers who were desirous of know-
ing results of their own management, the farmers to send in reports on
forms furnished and the department to tabulate or make summaries.
In Iowa Mr. Fred McCulloch, a progressive up-to-date farmer interested
in knowing the hows and whys of his failures and successes was the first
in that state to enter into this co-operation. His records appear here and
form the subject matter of this article. About twenty other farmers in
the north middle states entered this co-operative work directly with the
United States Department, while in Ohio, thirty-five others entered in
joint co-operation with the Ohio Experiment Station and the United States
Department. Co-operation with farmers was limited to these few in
order to accomplish the primary purpose of perfecting a satisfactory sys-
tem for collecting reliable data rather than show statistical figures of
interest.
Below are sample forms of labor time sheets used by farmers in re-
porting labor performed on all operations.
662
Form A.
U.S. Department of Agriculture
in cooperation witti
Day of week: Tues.
IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
REGULAR WORKER'S DAILY TLME CHECK.
Fred McCulloch.
Uatts 5-18 1909
KIND OF WORK
Field
Man
Hours
Horse
•Include implements used, number of loads, etc.)
No.
Hours
4:30-
5:00 Care Horses,
3-4
5:30- Milking,
1--
6:00 Breakfast,
6:30-
1
7:00
7:30-
8:00 Discing,
A
3 1-2
4
14
8:30-
9:00
9:30-
••
10:00
10:30-
11:00 Mowing Weeds in Orchard and Garden,
11:30-
3
12:00
12:30-
1:00
1:30-
2:00 Helping Store Machinery,
2
2:30-
3:00
3:30-
4:0: Cleaning Barn— Rain,
2
4:30-
5:00
5:30- Milking,
1
6:00
Supper,
6:30-
Feeding Horses, ^
7:00
1-2
7:3C-
8:00
-
Workman: J. J. McMillan.
Total Hours | 13 1-4
Remarks:
I Report O.K. McC.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII
663
Form B.
PROPKIETORS OR SUPERINTENDENT'S DAILY LABOR REPORT
U. S. Department of Agriculture
in cooperation with
Day of week: Tues.
Fred McCuUoch.
Date, 5-18 1909
KIND OF WORK
Field
Man
Hours
Horse
(Include implements used, number of Ijads, etc.)
No.
Hours
4:30-
5:00
Care of Cows; Horses and Hogs,
5:30-
1
6:00
Breakfast,
6:30--
7:00
7:30-
8:00 — Planting Corn-finished field,
8:30- Planted 6^ bu. corn fa $2 00.
9:00
9:30—
10:00
10:30-
A
4 1-4
2
8 1-2
11:00
Desk Work,
11:30-
1
12:00
Dinner,
12:30-
1:00
1:30-
Storing Machinery,
2:00 —
2:30-
2
1
3:00
3:30-
To town— personal,
4:00 Rain.
4:30-
1
2
5:00
Feeding Stock,
5:30-
1
6:00
6:30- Supper,
7:00
7:30-
Totals,
Give weather and crop conditions, general note, etc.
(Continued on next page.)
664
IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
EXTRA LABOR
Field
Time A.M.
Time P.M.
No.
of
Men
No.
Man
Hours
No.
of
Horses
No.
Kind of Work
Begin-
ning
End-
ing
Begin-
ning
End-
ing
Horse
Hours
Harrowing
A
7
10
1
4
Cleaning Hog Pens
10
12
!
1
Hauling Manure
1
Four loads
B
13
1
2
1 1
1 1 1
L Wage rate : $1 25 per day, with dinner.
Signed.
Fred McCulloch.
The above is a sample report of J. J. McMillan, employed as farm
workman by Mr. McCulloch. A similar time sheet is made out at close
of each day by each regular workman, signed by him and O.'K.'d by pro-
prietor or superintendent. Requires two to five minutes to make out re-
port and is usually done before or just after the evening meal.
The above is a sample report of Mr. McCulloch's labor and that of extra
help for . The proprietor or superintendent reports the time of
extra labor while all regular help make out their own reports.
These labor report forms have been very sucessful in getting accurate
data when other forms have failed because they guide the memory and
require no mental calculations to determine time spent on different kinds
of work.
In addition to the labor records statements of all cash receipts and
expenditures, feeds fed to live stock, performance records as milk yields,
etc., are reported. At beginning of the year complete inventories are
made and sometime during the year farms are surveyed by government
experts. Copy of inventory and plat of farm showing field arrangement,
acreage, etc., are furnished the farmers.
Monthly statements are sent to the farmers of reports as sent in and
at end of year summaries showing results.
While in 1908 the record work was carried on with only a few
farmers primarily for developing methods for collecting data, some very
interesting records were obtained. Mr. McCulloch has very kindly per-
mitted the publication of his records.
The work planned for 1909 and 1910 contemplates co-operation with a
large number of farmers throughout the north middle states. In Iowa
some thirty more farmers are desired and it is therefore suggested that
those interested may learn further concerning the work and perhaps have
opportunity to co-operate by writing the office of Farm Management, De-
partment of Agriculture, at Washington.
W. A. Peck,
Assistant Agriculturist.
NINTH AlINNAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII
66J
COMPILED BY OFFICE OF FAKM MANAGEMENT, B. P. I., UNITED STATES
DEPARTMENT OF AGIlICULTURE-1908.
(Farm of Fred McCullocli, Ilartwicli, Iowa.)
MAN AND IIOItSE LABOR.
Workman
a
a
0 to
i33
g
«J m
So
H
Av. per
day
t-l
P.
1
0
Horses
Month
6,
o
6
00
d
II
5
OS
<
Jan
2m
sm
332
2994
320.^.
333i
317
2im
2671
275
270^
285i
321^;
1
S3<).^
539^
5591
5OT2
8.>3
9062
9.-Ky2
1,0543
1, 10.54
7842
676
046
74^
Q.srr
10.62
10.60
12.70
12.32
12.00
11.88
11.94
12.00
11.35
10.81
10.23
2.65
3.50
5.00
2.G6
3.10
2. 84
2.21
3.53
3.00
2.63
3.72
4.10
14.8
14.0
13.0
12.0
12.1
11.9
12.1
12.3
12.0
11.7
12.9
15.3
183
191.2
479
1,673
862
1,308
1,364
1,1154
mi
1,.317J
317
.90
Feb.
5504
1.50
Ma roll
0O7i
932
9154
1,170^
1,2484
986i
700
956
747
9i
79
8^
13:1
lie
143
9012
24
10
2.28
April
mi
3t3
3343
34U
83.5
342
34O4'
3103
23Sh
2 m
228|
8.0t
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
12
m
263
200
GG
378
4.14
6.25
6.31
5.36
3.90
3.75
Nov JL
6.51
Dec.
194
1..50
Total
3,623
3,817S
475S
i,2iej
i,im
10331i
6052
9,7353
10417
AV2.
11.37
3.2 1 12.6
4.1
Average yearly cost per hour of horse labor, 7 cents.
COMPILED BY OFFICE OF FARM MANAGEMENT, B. P.
MENT OF AGRICULTURE— 1908.
I., U. S. DEPART-
(Farm of Fred McCulloch, Hartwick, Iowa.)
SUMMARY.
Crop
Totals
Per Acre
Field
0)
0
<
ii
u 0
A
Corn
44.24
20.25
16.23
8.'52
8.46
24.25
40.00
3.70
8.15
28.73
35.20
81.57
1,190^
3784
1704
141J
144
4274
1,011 J
130J
45^
2,557
442i
1921
179i
1321
603^
2,1682
248
734
194i
366
235J
26.86
18.65
10.52
16.60
17.02
17.60
25.30
35.27
55.93
7.21
9.25
4.73
.57.85
B-1
21.83
B-3
Timothy seed
11.88
D^l
Barley
21.05
D-2
Wheat
15.56
D-3
Oats _ -
24.80
E-1
Corn
54.22
E-2
67.16
F-1
F-2
G
Mi seel 1
Alfalfa
Timothy and Clover seed
Timothy and Clover seed
aneous lands
90.09
6.80
10.40
2.88
T
A
Live s
Harves
Crops-
Fairs
T
Outsid
Tot
319.3
4,967
8,05^
verage per acre
15. '56
25.23
tock
3,183i
7694
216i
5864
614i
353
450
21
-1909
and institutes
otal farm
'•SI
9,9(^
91'5
e labor
xil _
10,331i
10,417
1
666
IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
COMriLED BY OFFICE OF FARM MANAGEMENT, B. P. I., U.
:iIENT OF AGRICULTURE-190S.
(Farm of Fred McCullocb, Hartwick, Iowa.)
Crop. Corn. 1908. Field A, 44.24 acres.
DEPART-
Dates
Totals
Per Acre
a o
O
o
2
ji
ii
1
Remarks
Machine used
Care seed corn
1^
90i
77h
m
354
3^
93
82h
611
611
62^
mh
91
1,190J
310
137
705
"lie"
1645
1221
879""
mi
$ 2.05
39.29
31.46
14.95
9.38
.44
24.74
21.88
16.29
16.37
16.76
120.05
15.3:3
.37
2.25
1.75
.79
7.
3.10
1.58
.OKi
.888
.711
.338
.212
.01
.359
.494
.368
.37
.379
2.713
.346
Plowing'
Gang plow.
4- 8— '3-9
4-^— '5-14
.5- 2— 5-15
6- 6—
5-2:3— &-2
6-3— 6-10
6-13— 6-18
6-22— 6-26
6-29- 7- 2
9-28-12- 2
12 discs.
Harrowing
Spike tooth.
Planting
Replanting
1st cultivation
2d cultivation
3d cultivation
4th cultivation
otli cultivation
2.10
1.90
1.39
1.39
1.41
10.. 50
2.06
4.20
3.80
2.78
2.78
2.82
19.90
1.25
1 row.
1 row.
1 row.
1 row.
1 row.
Wagon.*
General expense
Total labor cost
2,337
$328.99
19.50
19.77
22.12
221.30
26.86
37.85
7.434
.41
.417
.50-
5.00
Seed
65 bu. @ $3.
Taxes
Interest
Total
1,1905
2,1557
$311.83
26.89l57.85
13.S21
YIELD.
Total 44.21 acres: 2,820.3 bu. corn Qi 50 cents per bushel $1,410.15
Yield per acre, 63.75 l)u. corn @ .% cents per bushel 31.87
SUMMARY.
•$
1,410.15
611.83
$
31.87
13.83
$
..50
Cost __..-- - -
.217
Profit
$
798.27
$
18.05
.283
Rate per liour man labor, 12.6 cents
Rate per hour horse labor, 7 cents.
NINTH AUNNAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII
U.
COMPILED P.Y OFFICK OF FARM MANAGEMENT, B. P
MENT OF AGKICUI/rURE-liX)S.
667
S. DEPART-
(Fjinn of Fred MeCullocli,
1908. CROP. CLOVER HAY.
Ilartwick, Iowa.)
FIELD B; 20.23 A.
Dates
Totals
Per Acre
CD
•1
on
1 ■
0
CO
So
1-
SI
1
0
Remarks
Machine used
Mo winjr
7- G- 9
7- 7-11
7-&-11
1%
5.3 $ 7.31 1.35' 2.70
50ii 8.32 1.87 2. .30
162A 29.24 6.99 8.02
$ .361
.411
1.443
5 ft mower
Ti'dding-Rakiiig
Storing'
Tot'l labor 1st crop
Hauling manure
2071
24
m
44i
16
238
m
107
27i
$ 44.87 10.21 13.22
5.80 1.18 1.96
18.39 4.27 5.28
7.54 2.19 1.37
2.02 .80
$2,215
.287
.909
.372
.100
7-16-20
General expense
Special machinery ._
Labor repairs.
Total labor cost
37B4
442 J if? 7S.fi2 IS fiLi'ai 83
$3,883
1.030
.85
.397
.500
5.000
Manure
21.00
1
14 loads (a $1..30.
(h) 17 lbs. per A.
Seed, (10c lb.)
j
17.21
7.83
10.13
101.25
Machinery cost
;
1
Taxes
t
Interest
1
.....J......
1
Total
$236.04
.....
$11.65
Total 59. 2 tons @ .$3.00.
Per acre, 2.92 tons.
YIELD.
SUMMARY.
-$ 532.80
Total
Ptr Acre ! Per Ton
Income — . _, .
$ 532.80
236.04
$ 26.28
11.65
$ 9.03
4.00
Cost - - -_
Profit
$ 296.76
« 1i R3
$ 5.00
Rate per hour man labor, 12.6 cents
Rate per hour horse labor, 7 cents.
668
IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
COMPILED BY OFFICE OF FARM MANAGEMENT, B. P.
MENT OF AGRICULTURE— 1908.
I., U. S. DEPART-
1908.
(Farm of Fred McCullocb, Hartwick, Iowa.)
CROP, TIMOTHY SEED. 16.23 ACRES. FIELD B-:
Dates
Totals
Per Acre
GO
ai
05
u o
S
CO
m
IE
OS
6
Remarks
Machine used
Cutting'
7-2S-29
7-28-30
9- 9-10
29
26S
81|
1T(^
'"90"
20k
$ 9.43 1.78
3.31 1.62
16.54 5.06
5.63 2.06
o.OS
'5"55
1.^5
$ .580
.204
1.020
.347
Grain binder.
Threshing
1921
34.94'10..52
11.88'S 2.1.11
Threshing charges
8.63
12.50
.532
.770
.357
.351
.503
5.000
12 cents per bu.
J of 5 bu. @ $5
per bu.
58 lbs. @ 10c.
Twine
5.80
5.70
8.12
81.15
Machinei'y cost
Taxes
Interest
Total cost
$156.86
$ 9.^
YIELD.
Timothy and some clover seed, 72 bu. @ $1.50 bu $ 108.00
Yield per acre, 4. 4 bu. @ $1.50 bu 6.60
SUMM.IRY.
Total
Per Acre Per bu.
Income - - -- -- -- -
$
1
108.00$
156.86
6.60
i^
1.50
Cost
9.66
'
2.18
$
48.86 $
3.06
*
.68
Rate per hour man labor, 12.6 cents
Rate per hour horse labor, 7 cents.
NINTH AUNNAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII
669
COMPILED BY OFFICE OF FARM MANAGEMENT, B. P.
MENT OF AGRICULTURE— 1908.
I., U. S. DEPART-
(Farm of Fred McCulloch, Hartwick, Iowa.)
1908. CROP, BARLEY. FIELD D-1, 8.52 ACRES.
Dates
Totals
Per Acre
2
1'
m
on
O
o
So
1^
t-, o
0
Remarks
Machine used
Cleaning' seed
12^'
.96
4.46
1.61
2.44
3.20
1.73
4.47
9.95
.44
1.30
.6
.7
1.11
1.61
3.04
6.33
■"82
5.19
1.6
2.8
3.35
'2'oi
5 28
$ .185
.113
.527
.186
.285
.374
.208
.523
1 TfV7
Clearing land
S
6
26
54
7
U
14
24
28i
45
Discing
4-6— 4-10
4- 9- -10
Drilling . . ..
Cutting
7-ia-
7-13 14
Threshing
8-11—
Total labor cost
14U
179i
$30.40
15.32
16 60
21 05 * ^ ^^(^
Threshing charges- -
1.80
2.817
.317
.653
.'50
5.00
4c bu
Seed
24.00
2.70
5.56
4.26
42.60
24 bu. @ $1.
27 lbs. @ 10c.
Twine
Machinery
~ '
Taxes
Interest
Total
$124.84
$14.65
1
YIELD.
Total yield, 383 bu. @ 50 cents
Straw, 8.52 tons @ $1.50
Yield per acre, 45 bu. @ '50 cents'
Straw, 1 ton @ $1.50
191.50
12.78
22.50
1.50
SUMMARY.
Total
Per Acre Per bu.
1
Income _
$ 204.28$ 24.00
124.84 14.60
$ .533
.326
Cost . ..
Profit -
$ 79 44 « 0 -"^i
$ .207
Rate per hour man labor, 12.6 cents
Rate per hour horse labor. 7 cents.
670
IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
COMriLi:D BY OFFICE OF FARM MANAGEMP]XT, B. P. I., U.
MENT OF AGRICULTURE— 1908.
(Farm of Fred McCulIoch, Hartwick, Iowa.)
1908. CROP, WHEAT. FIELD D-2; 8. 40 A.
S. DEPART-
Dates
Totals
Per Acre
m
CO
EC
0
go
a"
EC
m
5
Remarks
Machine used
19
14
16
593
25i
19
14
28i,
""54"
17
$ 3.72
2.74
3.20
2.02
11.32
4.43
>i.25
1.66
1.12
1.9
7.03
3.04
2.25
1.66
3.37
"e'ss
2.01
$ .44
.32
.38
.2i
1.34
.52
Cutting
7-2.5— -27
7-27— .-28
8-14-
Shocking- ..
Threshing
144
132^
$27.43
7.12
21.00
5.50
42.30
17.03
15.67
$ 3.24
.84
2.18
.65
5.00
.50
Threshing
Seed — _—
4.23
.-
Total cost
[107.. 58
.$ 12.71
YIELD.
Total, 178 bu. @ 90 cents bu $ 100.20
Per acre, 21 bushels @ 90 cents bn
Straw, 8i tons @ $1.50 ton 12.25
Total $ 172.45
SUMMARY.
Total
Per Acre
Per bu.
;$
172.45
107.58
$
20.43
12.71
$
.99
Cost
.61
Profit
_ j$
64.87
$
7.72
^
.38
Rate per hour man labor, 12.
Rate per hour horse labor, 7
► cents
cents.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII
CO.Ml'ILIOI) I'.Y OFFICE OF FARM MANAGEMENT, B. P. I..
MENT OF AGRICULTURE-190S.
(F;u-ui of Fred McCiilloeli, I Far I wick, Iowa.)
CROP, OATS. FIELD D-3, 2i.25 A.
671
U. S. DEPART-
Dates
Totals
Per Acre
So
1"
8
u 0
OX!
03
00
0
0
Remarks
Machine used
Clearing lauil
Clean in J,' seed, etc..
4- 3— 4^ 7
lOJ
20
31S
32^
14
•S8\
m
8
1.52i
73^
m
115
44
114i
"135'
49
$ 2.70
3.28
12.79
12.15
4.84
12.87
5.07
1.01
28.63
12.69
.44
1.07
1.30
1.34
.58
1.'39
1.66
.33
6.28
3.04
.82
4.74
1.82
4.72
"s'57
2.01
$ .113
.135
.527
.531
.200
.531
.^9
.041
1.181
.523
Discing' .
4-6—4-9
4^6-4-9
4-14— 4-15
7-21- 7-23
7-22— -23
8- 4— &- G
^IJ—
Sowing-
Harrowing .. __
Cutting
Shocking
Recapping _
Tliresliing _
General expense _ —
Total labor cost.
4274
em
$ 93.03
31.29
72. OD
11.20
15.83
12.12
121.25
17.63
24.87
3.961
1.290
2.970
.460
.653
.533
5.033
Threshing charges .-
3 cents bu.
Seed .
Twine
112 lbs. @ lOc.
Machinery
Taxes ...
Interest .
Total cost
i!359.72
$14,834
YIELD.
Total, 1,043 bu. @ 45 cents ^ 469.35
Yield per acre, 43 bu. @ 45 cents
Straw, 244 tons @ $1.30 le'sr
Total ^ 5^3_73
SUMMARY.
Total
Per Acre
Per bu.
Income
Cost -
Profit
505.72
359.72
20.&5|.?
14.83i
Rate per hour man labor, 12.6 cents
Rate per hour horse labor, 7 cents.
).02($
I
672
IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTliRE
COMPILED BY OFFICE OF FARM MANAGEMENT, B. P
MENT OF AGRICULTURE— 190S.
I., U. S. DEPART-
(Farm of Fred McCulloch, Hart wick, Iowa.)
CROP, CORN. FIELD E, 40 ACRES.
Dates
Totals
Per Acre
£
fi
CO
as 3
;- O
OS
0
0
4
u 0
X
1
Remarks
Machine used
133
m
a
30
251
784
em
57
51|
■53
3611
821
"'332!
ia3
113
eo
8S
im
114
1021
106
7231
50
$ 1.73
35.58
18.78
13.67
7.98
9.46
20.82
18.28
15.16
13.64
14.10
97.31
13.90
.31
2.44
1.16
1.14
75
8.32
4.63
2.82
1 ^0
$ .043
.888
.40J
.340
.200
.520
.457
.379
.341
.352
2.433
.^47
4-17— 5- 2
4-17— 5-19
4-17— .5-19
5-l.>- 5-20
.5-20— 6- 8
6- 3— - 5
6-10— -12
6-19- 6-23
6-2^~ -29
7- 2- 7- 6
10-2^-11-16
Gang plow.
12 discs
Discing:
Spike tooth.
2 ro w
Planting
.67' 2.26
1.96 3.91
1.72 3.44
1.42' 2.85
1.28 2.56
1.S2 2.65
9.0118.09
2.06^ 1.25
Spike tooth.
1 row.
1 row.
1 row.
1 row.
1 row.
Wagon.
1st cultivation
2(1 cultivation
3d cultivation
4th cultivation
5th cultivation
1,011 J
2,1682
$280.41
16.50
17.88
20.00
200.00
25.30 ^i ^>
$ 7.005
.401
.447
.500
5.000
Seed corn _
51 bu. @ $3.
Machinery cost . _
Taxes
Interest
Total
$534.79
$13,353
YIELD.
Total, 40 acres, 2,550 J)u.
Yield per acre, 63.7 bu.
@ 50 cents bu-
i 50 cents bu.—
-$ 1,275.00
31.85
SUMMARY,
Total
Per Acre Per bu.
Income
Cost -.
Profit -
1,275.00
534.79
740.21
$ 31.85
13.35
18.50
.29
Rate per hour man labor, 12.6 cents
Rate per hour horse labor, 7 cents.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII
673
COMPILED BY OFFICE OF FAR^l MANAGEMENT. B. P. I., U. S. DEPART-
MENT OF AGRICULTURE— 1908.
(Farm of Fred McCullocb, Ilartwick, Iowa.)
CROP, POTATOES. FIELD E-2, 3.7 A.
Dates
Totals
1^
Per Acre
m
m
■3 =
Eg
^a
0£J
o
S
B
o
Remarks
Machine used
Cutting seed
Plowing
Discing 4-17— 5-19
Harrowing I 4-17— 5-19
Planting 5-23— -22
Harrowing 6- 8—
Cultivating (4) 6- 6— 7-25
Raking off weeds
Digging '
General expense
Total labor cost-
Seed value
Machinery cost
Taxes
Interest
$ 1
i}.20 i
2.43 8.31i
1.15 4.571
l.OS 3.58J
2.43 4.78
1.20 1.22 2.43
6.27 6.4212.84
1.51 1.89 2.43
13.17 13.38 26.76
1.23 2.06 1.25
1.73
1.43
2.39
.388
.646
.324
..700
.408
!.557
13aV 248
$ 40.03 35.^,66.95 $10.832 1
37.50 I 10.1401
1.65! .440,
1.85' I .500
18.30 I 5.000
By hand.
Gang.
12 discs.
Planter.
1 row.
50 bu.
Total cost
YIELD.
Total, 215 bu. @ 50 cents
Per acre, 66.2 bu. @ 50 cents.
.$ 122.50
SUMMARY.
Total
Per Acre j Per bu.
Income
Cost
$ 122..50
93.11
?
33.10
25.18
$
.50
.38
Profit
.- -^ 29.39
$
7.92
$
.12
Rate per hour man labor, 12.6 cents
Rate per liour horse labor, 7 cents.
43
674
IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
COMPILED BY OFFICE OF FARM MANAGEMENT, B. P. I.,
MENT OF AGRICULTURE— 190S.
(Farm of Fred McCulloch, Hartwick, Iowa.)
CROP, ALFALFA. FIELD F-1, 8.15 ACRES.
U. S. DEPART-
Dates
Totals
Per Acre
•1
t^ o
'ro
8
u O
8
Remarks
Machine used
Labor 1st crop
6-15— 6-17
7-20 ^28
21i
lOi
119
63i
1
? 9.80 5.21
7.79$
1.20
43
24
5.71 2.63' 5.27
3.00 1.28 3.00
.70
.36
3.28
Raking-Tedding'
7-21— -30
167i
26.72 14.60 20.55
TtL labor 2d crop
Labor 3d crop
151
4Si
'1%
234i 35.4:318.5128.82
=52 1 9.78 6.00 6.38
37^1 50.74 24.02 45.73
111 3.01 2.19 1.37
4.31
1.20
6.22
.37
1
Hauling manure
General expense
5-13—10-19
156 loads.
Total labor cost
4-551
734
$108.76 55.93 90.09 S
13.33
1.33
.39
.50
5.00
10.84
3.18
4.07
40.75
1
25 lbs. per A. 1-3.
: '
Interest
1
I
$167.60
' «
Total
20.55
'
YIELD.
Total 18 tons @ $12.00
Per acre, 2.21 tons, @ $12.00-
.$ 216.00
26.52
SUMMARY.
Total Per Acre Per Ton
$ 216.00 $ 26.52
167.C0 20.55
$ 12.00
Cost --
9.31
Profit -
$ 48.40$ 5.97
$ 2.69
Rate per hour man labor, 12.6 cents
Rate per hour horse labor, 7 cents.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII
COMPILED P.Y OFFICE OF FARM MANAGEMENT, B. P. I.
MENT OF AGRICULTURE-1908.
U,
67a
S. DEPART-
(Farni of Fred McCulloch, Ilartwick, Iowa.)
CROP, TIMOTHY AND CLOVER SEED. FIELD F-2, 28.73 A
Dates
Totals
Per Acre
1^
*->
CD
o
o
ii
1
Remarks
Machine used
Cutting _
7-31- 8- 2
7-31— 8- 4
&-11-
m
34^
88J
59J
o-! „ ..L _.
Shocking'
:
88
36
4.28
17.31
10. 00
.00 2.4o
1.20
3.10 3.10
3.06[ 1.25
.147
.603
.347
Thrashing
General expanse
Total labor cost-
Threshing charge
206J
194i
$ 39.61
17.28
22.12
6.40
10.08
14.36
143.65
7.21 6.89
1.377
.602
.770
.223
.351
.500
5.O0O
12c per bu.
Seed value
— 1
TAvine
1 ""'
64 lbs. @ 10c.
Machinery cost
1
Taxes
—
Interest
1
1
Total
$253. '30
$ 8.823
I
— 1
Total yield, 144 bu.
Yield per acre, 5 bu.
$1.50-
$1.50_
YIELD.
216.00
7.50
SUMMAHY.
Total
Per Acre
Income
Cost I---I-riIII-I-III^II^III]
Loss
Rate per hour man labor, 12.6 cents
Rate per hour horse labor, 7 cents*.
216.00.1;
253.50
37.50$
Per bu .
7.50
8.82
1.32$
I
1.50
1.76
.23
6V6
IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
I., U. S. DEPART-
COMPILED BY OFFICE OF FARM MANAGEMENT, B. P
MENT OF AGRICULTURE— 1908.
(Farm of Fred McCullocli, Hartwick, Iowa.)
CROP, TIMOTHY SEED. FIELD G, 35.20 ACRES.
Dates
Totals
Per Acre
CD
OQ
*•>
s
So
1
Remarks
Machine used
Cutting
8-2— - 5
S- 4— -6
9-10- -11
48
leoh
72J
145
"irY
44
$ 16.20 1.36 4.12
5.64 1.27
32.61 ■4-56i n.m
.460
.160
.927
.347
Binder.
Tlireshing'
12.22
2.06' 1-25
3251
366
$66.67
13.00
18.00
9.25
10.40
$1,894
.370
.511
.8M
.370
.500
5.OO0
Twine
130 lbs. @ IOC.
12c per bu.
J of 12 bu. @ $5.
Seed value
30.00
13.00
17.60
176.00
Machinery cost
Taxes _ —
Interest
Total
$334.27
$ 9.50
Total yield, 150 bu. @ $1.50—..
Yield per acre, 4J bu. @ $1.50.
YIELD.
.$ 225.00
6.39
SUMMAUY.
Total
Per Acre Per bu.
i
Income ^
Cost —
$ 22-5.00
334.27
$ 6.39
9.50
$ 1.50
2.23
Loss
$ 109.27
$ 3.11
$ .73
Rate per hour of man labor, 12.6 cents.
Rate per hour of horse labor, 7 cents.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII
677
80t.ICl
SSOI IBJOX
JUOJd
IBJOX
a J OB
JQd SHOT
8J0B
J9d auoJd
8J0B
J8d jsoo
OJOB J8d
auiooni
JSOO IBJOX
80100
■ui iBaox
9J0B
J8d P18IA
Piaijt
IBJOX
8J0H
jaqranN
S8S f5?g522;^S8S?R
Ci I- CO t» I- o
CQ O o '-5 '-I ?2 "^^ '2 2;^ "5
eo rH oi 'Hi (>i -*' M ip o 00 oi
So?8g
82?SS2SS^
53g^
(Ji R Oi C<5 CO Ji
^
ggss
SS^?2g^S8gS:i
lis
slii^^ii
sss
g^gi88888
lis
imi^m
Ss-
>H
l^i
1^ s 3 s 3 rs* • s 3
;:^^ ^ ;d ^ ^ ^ H J2 ;a
'". '^. 't
i2« iSiSSSsg
°o *3 s; s «i
55^=^=^Si3
^ 0)
ci ^ rt o o ii; .- •"
678
IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
,1
,3±^
n a^4^
■it z-^
A
Corn
\Z.3^
M e^^E. I9Z-^
ZOZS
B
Cloue,
B
le 7>6
X
i-ziv ^1 4Z
FARM PLAT
or
FRED MCCULLOCH
MAf^TW/CH^/OWA-
3co/e /'= 6cha/M^ or 396 p-
BUILDlTiGS
4
a house
T
6 ho.r,
t
C corn cri t
/
J pump house
.
e gro/jary
f mochi rte shed
/
9 ^^'=>P
h jhaep shsd
rnncE lzgep/d.
i henhouse
k 3hecf
y,o fe^ce
foicHet fence
I tariH
» » ■' » ujouefi a barbec
i ujir
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII
679
^Orcfora ^
z.ei
^
■- f
Corn j
^
'.
hoy Lot ^ 'c/o„e/
1
1
i.za ci«^, \
1
I
1
Jcl?
^1
,3 jo"*'
r
'i\
1326 - - -
I?
1
C/ou.r
GALa^t
I'^^^'^n
^07
^
1,
£££. 77«o//»^
7. 7-^
/\l/a//o
i-'
5
Permanent Fhofure
J/.J-i
H
IS
z
ClOo^r fit Timor hi/
JSZO
G
.-V
1
1
1
1
c
1
>99e^
, . '^^ . . . .
1
1
J
3 ai^, W 29 7J
setwiaii.
1
FRED McGULLOCH
Hartwick, Iowa
NINTH ANNUTL YEAR BOOK— PART XII 681
FRED Mcculloch in co-operation with united states de-
partment OF AGRICULTURE.
FINANCIAL STATKMENT.
Farm inventory January 1, 1908 $46,307.50
Capital invested in land (320 acres) and equipment 37,325.00
Receipts —
Live stock sales $3,738.78
Crop sales 1,841.31
Inventory increase 1,397.00
Total receipts $6,977.09
Deduct expenses 4,313.14
Gross gain $2,663.95
Deduct proprietor's salary 500.00
Net gain $2,163.95
Deduct five per cent on $37,325.00 1,866.25
Profit on proprietor's labor 297.70
Add salary allowed 500.00
Labor income $ 797.70
Gain $2,163.95 equals 4.7 per cent on total investment of $46,307.50, or
5.8 per cent on capital of $37,325.00.
HOW TO GROW OATS.
Paver written for The Quaker Oats Co. Contest.
J. II. BUEGY, SOUTH AMANA, IOWA FIRST PRIZE.
The seed corn agitation that has been carried on the past few years has
been a great help towards developing that important cereal, but during
this little time was accomplished toward improving our seed oats. When
we come to realize that Iowa produces on an average only twenty-nine
bushels per acre, we think that this is an opportune time to inaugurate an
educational campaign so that the Iowa farmer may "get next" to the
fundamental principles in oat growing, thereby enabling our state to boast
of an average yield of at least fifty bushels per acre, which could easily
be realized if more attention was given to the selection and preparation of
the seed, properly prepared seed hed and time and method of planting.
The first and most important item to be considered is the seed, as what
we sow that we must expect to reap. To produce a large crop we must have
682 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
seed that is in its highest state of development; furthermore, it must be
thoroughly fanned and properly graded so that none but heavy and uni-
form kernels remain, after which it should be carefully treated for smut.
The old method of taking the seed from the bin direct to the field, without
any previous preparation, is the leading cause why such low yields are in
evidence. Some advocate obtaining an occasional supply of seed from some
cool climate where it reaches its highest development. This is advisable
if for any reason our grain shows evidence of running out, as is often the
case in our climate.
The preparation of the seed bed is next in importance. Upon investi-
gation we find that most farmers give little or no previous preparation to
tne soil before planting. The usual plan that is practiced is to plant the
grain, then disc and harrow it in; or, in other words, prepare the seed
bed after the planting. Then the farmer will wonder why his stand is
streaky and so uneven.
To obtain an eveii stand and unifonnity in ripening of the grain, we
must have a well prepared seed bed previous to planting. In this section
oats usually follows a corn rotation. Thereby we have to contend with
the stalks, but by the use of a sharp disc little trouble is experienced.
As oats do best on a firm seed bed it is not advisable to make it more
than 3 or S^/^ inches in depth. This is usually acomplished by discing
twice, giving it a half lap, following by double harrowing. This treatment,
if properly done, will leave the ground in excellent shape for the disc drill
to do first-class work. In sowing the seed, which is the last step, the use
of a drill cannot be recommended too highly, as it places the seed in the
ground at uniform depth into moist soil, and none is wasted as in broad-
casting.
After repeated tests in drilling and sowing broadcast, a difference is
found 01 from four to eight bushels per acre in favor of the former. Sow-
ing or drilling should be commenced as early in the season as conditions
permit, as early planted fields usually produce the better quality of oats.
Three to three and one-half bushels to the acre of ordinary size seed gives
the best results; broadcasting and the large varieties of oats requiring
more. It is important that the seed receives an even covering at a depth
of from lYz to 2 inches.
In conclusion we may again state that too much importance cannot be
attached to seed and its proper preparation, as no matter how well we
prepare the seed bed, or how we manage the time or method of planting,
unless every kernel is of the highest mtaUty and is capable of producing
a strong and vigorous plant, we cannot expect a bumper crop of oats.
F. D. STEEX, WEST LIBEETY, IOWA — SECOND PRIZE.
Oats are a grass of the cereal family. The grain or seed is edible and
furnishes some of the most healthful of human foods. It is also best of
feed for horses and other domestic animals. As a farm crop of Iowa oats
rank second in money value, being surpassed by corn only.
Oats for seed purposes should be well matured, clean, free from w^eeds
seeds and fungus spores. They should be run through a good fanning
mill to take out all small kernels and seeds. To do this a number of
cleanings is necessary. Only good-sized, plump kernels should be sown.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII 683
They should be of the same variety to secure eveness in ripening. The
variety itself depends upon the soil, locality and the purpose for which
it is grown.
When the seed has been cleaned and just before sowing it should be
treated with a diluted solution of formaldehyde to kill smut and other
spores. This can be done by spreading the oats a few inches thick on a
floor, sprinkling over it some of the formalin solution, putting on more oats
and then more of the solution until all are treated. Next shovel over the
heap so that it may be well and evenly mixed. Cover over with blankets
till next day to prevent escape of fumes and that every kernel may be
brought under the effect of the formalin. Then spread out the oats upon
the floor to let dry quickly ready for sowing.
The seed bed for oats should be well prepared before seeding. In Iowa
oats are usually sown on cornstalk ground. The stalks should be re-
moved by putting them in silo or shock in the fall, or they should be
thoroughly disced, and harrowed down evenly before seeding. This is
very important because a great deal depends upon the evenness of depth in
planting. This cannot be secured when long cornstalks lie in greater or
smaller heaps over the ground, preventing even working of the seed drill.
The ground should be worked to a depth of about four inches so that the
little roots may readily spread and absorb the plant food from the soil.
This stirring of the soil warms it and later on helps it to retain moisture
for the use of the plant. On rich land the seed bed should not be made
too loose, as oats like the ground well prepared, yet somewhat compacted,
which condition is secured by the use of a good smoothing harrow.
The time of planting depends on the season. Oats should be sown early,
just as soon as the ground is in condition to work well. Earliness of
planting is very important because oats thus sown develop less straw and a
larger proportionate amount of grain of better quality than when sown
later. Early seeding also helps them to escape hot weather and storms
near the end of the ripening season. Very hot weather prevents proper
filling of the grain and storms blow down the straw and thus injure the
filling and ripening process.
The seed should be put into the ground with a drill to the depth of
about two inches. To secure more uniform distribution of the seeu, one-
half of it may be put in the ground, and then going over the field with the
drill at right angles from the first drilling to put in the balance or the
seed. This, however, is not so important as to have the seed sown early
at an even depth, and that the ground be in first class condition. The even
depth of planting is desirable because it secures even germination, even
development of the plants, and evenness of ripening.
Oats are ripe when the stalk has turned a golden yellow. They must
then be cut without delay. If for any reason they be cut before fully ripe
it is well to let the sheaves lie upon the ground a few hours to cure out.
But in all cases they should be set up into shocks before night. This pre-
vents bleaching by dew and rain. The shock should always be small, con-
taining about eight sheaves, compactly and regularly placed together, with
a capsheaf over the top to run off the rain. If the shock be well put up
it is surprising how much storm it will withstand and how well it will
preserve the grain.
684 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE
After a week or ten days, according to the weather, these oats are
ready to be stacked. Beginning with the sliock place the sheaves around
it, buts down and heads up, going around until the bottom is the de-
sired size. Then begin on outside and lay the sheaves around the out-
side and then another course, lapping over on the preceding one as far
as the band, and so on to the center of the stack. Build up till about six
feet high, letting the sides project over a little, and by that time have
the middle well filled. Now lay two courses at once, making the outside
one project over for "eaves" of the stack, laying it in a slanting manner
to run off rain. Do not tramp on outside course after this. Draw in
each succeeding layer of sheaves a little until stack is finished. Place
capsheaves in center of stack as much as possible because they are flat
and will pack closer than other sheaves. Rake loose straw from outside
of stack in a downward manner. If the stack stands straight after
settling it will shed a surprising amount of water. Thresh after sixty
days or more, and both straw and grain will be of much better quality
tnan if threshed from the shock.
B. T. SEAMAN, DAVENPORT, IOWA ^TIIIRD PRIZE.
First test the seed for vitality. Place in the bottom of a shallow dish
three or four layers of newspapers; spread over this a layer of thin mus-
lin; place a good handful of oats upon this, covering with another layer
of muslin, and lastly several layers of newspapers. Fill the plate with
water of a temperature of sixty degrees. Allow it to soak three or four
hours; then pour off all surplus water and place where it can be kept
moderately moist and at a temperature of about seventy degrees.
In about three days by removing the cloth you can determine the exact
percentage of grain showing a good healthy sprout. Reject any sample
which does not show at least ninety-five per cent of good healthy sprouts.
Being satisfied that your seed will grow, it should be run through the
fanning mill at least twice. The first time use sufficient wind to blow out
all chaff, hulls and light grain, the second time to screen out all weed
seed and small oats, thus procuring seed uniform in size and weight.
Next treat your seed for smut, using formaldehyde treatment. Take
one pint of a 40 per cent solution of formaldehyde and dilute with fifty
gallons of water (soft water preferred). Spread a three inch layer of
oats on the granary floor and sprinkle it thoroughly witn your solution,
using a spray pump or sprinkling can. Then add another layer of grain
and spray again, and so on. The above amount of solution is sufficient
for about sixty bushels of seed.
After the seed has all been sprinkled, mix it thoroughly with the
shovel, working the pile over six or eight times; then round it up and
cover with canvas to prevent the too rapid evaporation of the formalde-
hyde fumes, which kill the smut germ.
In from ten to twelve hours remove the covering and spread out the
grain to dry, accelerating the process by frequent stirring and in damp
weather by running through the fanning mill. The seed is ready to sow
when dry enough to run through the grain drill, but it may be kept for
several days, being careful not to contaminate again with smut.
NITNH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII 685
Oats grow best in a well prepared seed bed of three to four inches In
depth on a rather compact foundation. This may be obtained on corn
stalk ground, when the stalks are not too heavy, by using first the stalk
cutter, then disc or corn plow, then harrow. If the stalks are heavy and
tne ground weedy, first break, rake and burn the stalks and trash.
It is not advisable to spring plow for oats, except when the land is
uneven and poor; but if you do, work down well with disc and harrow.
If sowed on fall plowed land, the plowing should be done early and
about four inches deep. This needs no preparation, except harrowing.
Oats should be sowed as early as the ground can be put in good phys-
ical condition, but not earlier than the 20th of March, except in unusually
forward seasons. Good crops have been raised when sown as late as the
third week in April.
The best results are obtained by using a single disc grain drill, set to
plant the seed from two to two and one-half inches deep. Good results
are also obtained by the broadcast disc seeder. In any case the seed must
be evenly distributed and well covered. The weather permitting defer
harrowing until the second or third day.
In selecting seed oats choose those which show large, plumpy kernels
when the hull is removed. Avoid thick, heavy hulled oats. I prefer white
oats.
The amount of seed per acre depends upon time and method of sowing
and condition of the soil. When treated seed is sown with a drill, in
good land, well prepared, in March or early April, seventy-five pounds per
acre is sufficient. Late planting or poor soil requires more seed. In ex-
treme cases as much as one hundred and twenty pounds may be used
with profit. Less seed is required when drilled than when sown broad-
cast. '" ' '^'^
The three great enemies of oats are smut, rust and heat. Smut can
be positively prevented by the formaldehyde treatment. Rust may be
lessened by choice of land, early sowing and early varieties of seed.
Oats should not be sown on newly broken land, especially when highly
nitrified by the use of clover, or rich in humus through heavy manuring,
as the growth will be too luxuriant; the grain apt to lodge and more
susceptible to rust. The land can scarcely be too rich in mineral matter.
Avoid sowing oats where the land is sheltered on the west or south as
an oat field needs what the orchardist calls "air-drainage."
A temperature of around one-hundred degrees is very injurious to oats
at any time after blossoming, which largely accounts for our light crops
the last few years. For this reason also we advise early seeding and early
varieties. For early varieties I prefer Kershon, Early Champion and
Lincoln. For late varieties I prefer White Probstei and Big Four. There
are other new varieties which are worthy of trial, but for the main crop
select such as are known to give good results in the locality in which they
are to be sown. Should the ground become crusted before the oats are
three or four inches high break the crust by rolling, light harrowing or
by using a Hallock weeder, which gives especially good results on drilled
oats.
686 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
FRED MC CULLOCH, HARTWICK, IOWA — FOURTH FRIZE.
How to grow oats is one of the great problems to be solved by the
Iowa farmer of today. It will not be hard for him to do so if he will only
commence this spring and resolve to prepare the seed bettfer and sow
nothing but good, heavy, clean seed.
The ground on which the oats are to be sown should be put in the best
condition possible; first the stalks should be well broken, then raked and
burned, thus giving the disc a better chance. Next give the field two
good discings the same way; the first time following the corn rows, and
the second time following the ridge made by the disc the first time. This
will cut up all the ground in good shape. Now the next thing to do is to
give it a good harrowing the opposite way from discing, so it will be
level; then go on with a good disc drill, which is the only way to sov/
small grain on stalk ground. When it is possible to do so it should be
drilled north and south, as that will let more light and sunshine to the
growing plants.
After the drilling is finished, give the ground a good harrowing. Nov/
you will have a very good seed bed for your oats. Most farmers think if
they go out and sow the oats and scratch over the ground a little they
will get a crop, and then they wonder why they did not get a large yield.
Oats need a good rich soil, as rich as is required of corn. The old
story that the ground is too rich for oats is wrong, the trouble being in
not properly working the ground, and having a good seed bed.
The preparing of the seed to be sown is a matter that has received less
attention than the properly made seed bed. The greater portion of the
oats sown at the present time is done by backing up to the granary with
an old end gate seeder, and scooping in the oats, dirt, light oats and all;
then going to the field, and see how many acres can be sown in the least
possible time, and yet expect a good crop.
Oats must be cleaned and well graded before sov/ing. The only way
to grade is by weight, using plenty of v.ind, and clean out all the light
and pin oats, as nothing but the very plumpest oats should be sown. A
large number of farmers do not have such a thing as a fanning mill, and
yet expect to raise a big crop by sowing the oats just as they are in the
granary. If they expect to increase the yield they must begin to select
better oats and grade them by weight, as just screening is not sufficient.
Many of the oats will be large double oats, which if carefully examined
will be just a hull v.ithout a berry in it. These v;ould be blown out if
the weight system was used, as nothing but heavy grains can fall against
a strong current of air, this giving a uniform grade.
The type of oats best adapted to the locality should be selected, but
care should be taken to select oats free from double or pin oats, because
these cannot be used by the milling factories to whom a large amount
of our oats are sold; they can and will pay more for good oats which
they can use than for these others, so nothing should be grown but what
shows a very small per cent of double or pin oats.
After the oats are well graded they should be treated for smut, by using
the formalin solution, which is one pound of 40 per cent formaldehyde to
thirty-five gallons of water; allowing them to thoroughly soak in this to
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII 687
kill all the smut spcrcs. Thoy should now be piled on the floor of the
granary in long rows and covered with blankets and allowed to remain
in this condition from ten to twelve hours, then spread them out to dry
and when thoroughly dry they will be ready for sowing.
Sow the oats as early in the spring as the ground will work up in good
condition. This will give them time to ripen before the extreme hot
weather in July, which is bad for the late oats. They should be sown
thick enough to prevent stooling; a fact which most farmers do not be-
lieve in, for they think they should be so^^n thin so they will stool out
well, and this is the very thing they should guard against. It is just as
injurious for the oat .plant to stool as it is lor the corn to sucker, and
the farmers knov/ the result in that case.
It is hard to give the exact amount to sow per acre as the varieties
vary in size. The medium or late varieties should be sown at the rate
of about three bushels per acre, drilled. In case the extra large oats,
such as the Carton Seed Oats, are used, they should be sown at the rate
of five bushels per acre, and small or early oats less according to size of
kernels. Surely if the soil is well prepared, the seed carefully selected,
cleaned, graded and treated, the great problem of "How to Grow Oats"
will be nearer completion.
WHAT THE SHROPSHIRE SHEEP HAS DONE FOR THE AMERICAN
FARMER.
HOWAED A. CHANDLER, CHABITOX.
The Shropshire sheep enjoys the distinction of having been the solid
rock upon which the foundation was first really begun to make America
a mutton producing country. It seems nearly as if Providence has
piloted the breed to this country for improving or "opening up" the same
as Columbus came first to a country which later grew and improved far
beyond their greatest ideas. But it was a country which if left un-
touched would still have been a wilderness in comparison with what it
is today, but a new country was needed by the people of the world and
it was discovered. When the Shropshire sheep was first introduced into
America there were practically no mutton sheep, but they were needed
and they came. There was a place for them, and had they not been
introduced the agricultural population of this country would be at a
great loss. What the Shropshire has done to the sheep industry is
nearly too vast to comprehend. When it is considered how the favor-
able results which came from the first Shropshire was a stimulant for
an expansion of mutton sheep production, it must be granted that the
Shropshire is a breed of great merit. They have proved profitable from
the very beginning and the present condition of the mutton industry
traces to a greater or less extent back to this one breed. Of course, to-
day there are many mutton breeds but they have come along the path
previously paved by the Shropshire. It came and made clear the fact
that mutton sheep were required. Their strong constitution made them
do well under all farm and climatic conditions, their mutton was of
688 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
such quality that it filled a market requirement which had never before
been met, their fleece was of good weight and with special density under
the body to protect the sheep when lying on damp ground, and not only
did the pure Shropshire fulfill the requirements but they strongly im-
pressed these qualities in their offspring when crossed on other sheep.
When people began to learn of this the demand for Shropshire blood in-
creased and has steadily increased ever since. The breed greatly im-
proved the common sheep and made an excellent cross with the fine-
wools, and not only did the sheep produced by such crossbreeding meet
the requirements but they have broadened the mutton demand into all
sections of the country.
First, the Shropshires came to one section and the improvement was
not far reaching but it soon began to spread and has continued until the
present day. The comparatively limited number of rams available in
early years even retarded the improvement that sheepmen wanted to
make when it was generally known what advancement mutton sheep
were making. As better mutton has been produced from year to year,
the demand has not only increased but has steadily changed for the best
class. As the country's population has learned that first-class mutton
is obtainable, a much greater quantity is being consumed. These facts
are especially verified by the great change in market conditions. In days
gone by there was not much discrimination when a car of sheep was
set to market, but now the price varies exactly according to the quality
of sheep being offered. Good ones bring good prices and the undesirable
sheep bring that kind of prices. Has the Shropshire not been a main
factor in bringing all this about? They proved that Shropshire-cross
mutton was good mutton and thousands of people were ready to buy that
class of meat. As the sheepmen have learned that was what is required
the breeding of Shropshire sheep has expanded, but that expansion has
hardly been as great as is the demand. Farmers have been well pleased
because the Shropshire flock has taken a place on the general farm that
nothing else seems to fill. The fact that the Shropshire is at the present
day raised in every state in the union is because they have given results
which are sought for by the agricultural population and they have the
mutton that is sought for by the meat-eating public. They are the uni-
versal sheep because they have "made good" from the beginning. Should
not all sheepmen be thankful for this because it has placed the sheep
industry of America on a solid foundation and made it a business of
stability? Had this breed never been introduced here, what would have
been the present condition of the industry? An answer to that question
would lead to supposition, but it is safe to say that had the breeders have
started with sheep which were not so hardy under all conditions and did
not produce such a good mutton carcass when crossed on other breeds,
their interest would have been slackened and desire to expand would have
been cut off. Also, if the public had not been continually getting a better
grade of mutton their demand would have contracted instead of expand-
ing. But the Shropshire pleased the breeder and pleased the consumer,
and our country is thankful for such a breed. The great strides forward
which have been made are a benefit to all and we do not believe that any-
one does not really in their own mind give all due credit to the Shrop-
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII 689
shire. The greater portion of America must be a mutton producer and
none other than a mutton sheep of the highest class fills the bill. The
Shropshire has done it, is doing it, and always will. They are the sheep
for the farmer and there are good reasons for it; so many that none but
those who raise Shropshires can ever really learn them all. Constitution
has been a most desirable characteristic and farmers want such a sheep
that doesn't need to bo kept in a hot-house and that will not suffer if
caught out in a storm. Not only are they naturally strong but their
dense fleece which completely covers the body is the greatest sort of
protection. Probably they are in a class by themselves when it comes to
raising twin lambs. Some breeders may say that they would rather have
one strong lamb than two weak ones. Yes, but wouldn't you rather have
two strong lambs than just one? That is what the well cared for Shrop-
shire ewe will bring. Only a short time ago we saw two Shropshire ewes
with seven big lusty lambs on an Ohio farm. Of course, that is an ex-
ceptional instance, but the fact that the two ewes gave birth to the seven
lambs and were rearing them well only shows one of the breed's strong
characteristics. That the quality of Shropshire mutton has been a prin-
cipal factor in building up the American mutton business speaks strongly
enough for itself, and the most desirable feature is that these good
qualities come out very distinctly in the offspring when low-quality flocks
have had Shropshire blood introduced. That fact has been a boon to
American agriculture because the importance of a flock on every farm
is getting more and more evident each year and had not the Shropshire
given such good all-around results in the past the probabilities are that
the sheep industry would shine under a different light than it does today.
To a certain point, the more Shropshire blood that has been introduced
into the flocks of a community the greater has been the success of those
breeders because they have met the demand for first-class mutton, and
mutton is what the world is calling for. The demand which the Shrop-
shire breed has created, and the desire of farmers to raise them because
they are so profitable, when coupled together is what makes the Shrop-
shire the exceptional breed that it is. Grade sheep producers have learned
that it is the breed for them because of the market demand, and pure-
bred breeders achive success because the demand is keen for the Shrop-
shire breeding material they offer for sale.
Facts of conditions show that they are in a class by themselves as
a utility sheep for the general farmer and in addition to that they are
most beautiful for those who love to have good live stock as well as to
have the kind that are a financial success. Therefore, today the solid
old Shropshire is to be recommended to those who want a general farm
flock that will raise lambs to bring the highest price, and also to those
who are engaging in a pure-bred business to derive satisfaction, pleas-
ure, and profit from it. The Shropshire has done well by its breeders
and will do even better in the future because it has built up its own
foundation that has stood the storms and is not floating on borrowed
reputation. It lives on facts, and facts are what count. The future must
be judged more or less by the past and that is what makes the Shrop-
shire enjoy its present distinction.
690 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
THE FARIM AND THE FLOCK.
HOWARD A. CHANDLER, CHARITOX, IOWA.
Farmers of today are working under different conditions than did their
forefathers, in many instances the soil has been tilled until it is weak-
ened, the population has so rapidly increased that there is keen demand
for land and its value has greatly advanced, the world demands higher
class products from the farm, and all of the many millions of people
must be clothed and fed. The agricultural population realizes more fully
than ever before the necessity of restoring strength to worn out farms
and also of keeping up even those that are the most productive. Farmers
do not desire to repeat past folly of continually raising grain and not
returning anything to the soil and they are anxious to learn the best
solution of this problem. Land is getting higher and higher in price and
not only are owners of deteriorated farms striving to bring theirs up to
an average but those who have the most valuable and richest farms want
some means of keeping up this high standard and to derive the necessary
profit from a large investment. Therefore the main purpose of the farmer
is to increase the productive power of the soil and to raise upon that land
what will make the largest net returns. As no soil can be continually
farmed for grain it must be changed to clovers and other grasses and
then comes the question "what is it that will give the best results in in-
creasing soil fertility and also the largest profits from grasses both
green and in the form of hay?" The fact that many have learned the
correct answer to this question is one reason why the sheep business
has generally increased. Their droppings are the richest of known
natural fertilizers and are well scattered over the pasture. In addition
to this, the flock is the greatest of weed destroyers and killing such large
quantities of numerous weeds preserves in the soil that plant food which
the weeds would have consumed. So the flock adds strength to the soil
in two ways, and the good returns from their eating nearly every known
weed is invariably underestimated. No other domestic animal will so
completely clear the farm, and at the same time sheep use weeds as
food. Apart from preserving soil fertility, the total riddance of weeds
adds much to the appearance of land. Farmers, as a whole, have parti-
ally learned the value of a flock in this respect and those who are work-
ing to preserve their farms are not scoffed at as they were a few years
ago. As more attention is given to the soil, the number of Locks will
increase. If sheep consumed as much grain and hay accordingly as
other stock, sold for the same market price, and had no wool, flocks
would anyway eventually become more numerous on our farms in order
to obtain the results just mentioned. But there are many more facts
that place sheep in favor over other farm animals. Our population all
must be clothed and their average wealth is such that good clothes will
be purchased. That means large demand for wool and it is in evidence
according to the high price for wool. The strong continual demand v/ill
always keep it there, too, just the same as wheat, corn, etc., which the
millions of people must have.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII 691
The Avool clip will invariably fully pay for the yearly upkeep of the
flock, and no other domestic animal has a "side product" that will pay
its yearly board bill. The lamb crop comes in as clear profit and it is
a good large return according to the investment. More mutton is being
consumed per capita and the great increase in population has made a
noticeable advancement in the demand for mutton. The price of lamb on
the leading markets during recent years has averaged higher than cattle
or hogs. Even though prices were equal, lambs would be by far the most
profitable owing to the cost of production. It has been demonstrated that
from a given amount of feed, lambs will make the largest gain, and they
are also much easier cared for than other stock. Many farmers have
been born where cattle, hogs, and corn were about all they saw, and truly
good returns have come from that sort of farming but it cannot always
be continued. Experienced men say that the profits are not nearly so
great now as in the past, and if it were continued without variation the
farms would not be as valuable as they might have been and the world
would sometime be glutted with beef and pork. Evidence of this comes
from a large number of flocks having been founded during recent years
on just such farms. The necessity of a change is realized and nothing
else fills the place like a flock of sheep. Years ago the prevalent idea
was that sheep vrere only good for rough brushy land which could not be
plowed. They did give the largest obtainable returns from such land,
but now farmers also know that they in their place give the largest re-
turns from high priced land. Those who realize that no land can raise
corn for an indefinite period are in a majority of cases putting in a flock
of sheep. For the change, they give returns which no other live stock
does. In past years many who knew the value of a flock did not get one
owing to insufficient farm fencing. That difllculty is being gradually
overcome because all farms are getting better fences. However, a five wire
fence is quite good enough for sheep and that does not require much of
an addition to the average fence. The principal cause of less flocks
seems to have been because most farmers did not grow up where sheep
were kept, so they have never given any attention to the true value of a
flock. As deeper study is given to sheep, the fewer will be the number
of farms without them. English farmers have long ago learned that in
order to derive the greatest possible profit from a farm a flock of sheep
must be kept upon it. As American land approaches the value of theirs,
and the absolute necessity of soil fertility comes into prominence, and
farmers figure for the last dollar that their farms will produce either
directly or indirectly, then sheep will come into their proper place and
there will be the right relation between the farm and the flock.
THE PERCHERON AND OTHERS.
The Wisconsin Agriculturist.
A recent issue of Collier's Weekly contained the following article re-
garding Percheron and other horses, written by Joseph Medill Patterson.
In tLls article Mr. Patterson, who is a former student of the Wisconsin
Agricultural College, and an Illinois horseman and stockman, discusses
6J2 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
the evolution of the size and weight of the Percheron draft horse, the
future prospects of the draft horse, and the "new move" in Wisconsin
liorse breeding due to the passage of the stallion law, devised and
fathered by Dr. A. S. Alexander, in charge of the horse breeding depart-
ment at our Agricultural College at Madison. The article is interesting
to Wisconsin breeders and farmers. We therefore print it in full:
The automobile has cut into the Hackney and the trotter. Folk, Hughes
and John Healy of Chicago have about extinguished the thoroughbred,
but nothing like that has happened to the draft horse. He never had a
better year.
The Hackney was a gay-looking fellow that consumed as much life
force going up and down as straight ahead. Because of the pounding his
feet and legs often went back on him, and he had to be coddled like a
lady's toy dog. It took an Englishman to properly brush and blow the
dust out of his hide of a morning — Americans wouldn't and Swedes could-
n't. Anybody who owned a pair of Hackneys belonged to the leisure
class.
Then the automobile came along. It went faster, looked flashier, and
kicked up the dust magnificently. By night it sent tireless link-boys
of light, two hundred feet along, ahead of it to announce its coming, and
it cost several times as much as the Hackney. It soon relegated him,
and now he is only a pensioner.
But the draft horse, so far, is safe from the machine. Maybe the auto-
van will drive him from the city streets — ^that wouldn't be a bad thing
for the city streets — but I don't think the autoplow and autoharrow will
banish him from the farm, because autoplows can't raise little auto-plows
each year to rustle for themselves in the pastures.
The draft horse is getting bigger and bigger. In the late '80s if one
weighing over 1,600 pounds came from France it was an event, and the
horse papers talked about him — with pictures. Today the draft importer
will touch nothing under 1,800 pounds, and 3-year-old colts often run up
to a ton.
The favorite draft breed in America — 6 or 8 to 1 — is the Percheron of
France. He comes from Le Perche (southwest of Paris), and nowhere
else. The horse breeders of that district have banded themselves into
a guild or union and decreed and decided that no horse from outside the
irregular borders of their district can ever be recorded as a Percheron
in the stud book of the breed. A colt foaled just across the line, out of
a mare and by a sire correctly registered, cannot himself be registered.
The foundation blood of the Percheron is, or is said to be Arab. The
Frenchman will tell you that a Percheron is an Arab "made heavy" by
the climate. But whether Arabian extract or no, it is sure
that the breed has been made heavy by the climate or human
selection during the past half century. When George Sand wrote, the
Percheron was famous as a road horse, a traveler, a ground coverer. Her
heroes used to drive hither and thither "behind four splendid distance-
eating Percherons." No modern Frenchman would dream of driving up
to his Ninette's door behind four Percherons.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII 693
The Perche peasants are artists, sculptors who, within the limitations
of their material, most wonderfully fashion into being their equine imag-
inings.
It is much easier and simpler to carve a horse of the shape you want
on tue Parthenon frieze, than out in a lucerne pasture in the Eure-et-
Loir district. Dazed by their artistry, the French Minister of Agricul-
ture gravely reports: "These men of Le Perche are incredible! Com-
mand from them a horse, they will build you one to your specifications.
But they weren't clever enough to keep their best stallions for breed-
ing. "Tempted beyond endurance by the incredible prices of the
stranger," says the historian, "the country was being surely denuded of
its most superb breeding animals." Naturally the oncoming generations
were falling off, and then in 1885 the French government stepped in and
began paying even more than "the incredible prices of the stranger" for
the very best stallions raised in France. The fees charged for the services
of these splendid government sires were fixed at ridiculously low figures — ■
from $3 down to $1. The owners of horses not quite good enough for the
government stud, but too good to be exported, were subsidized at from $80 to
$100 a year to keep their animals at home and stand them to not less
than sixty mares a season.
"Then," continues the chronicle, "began the American invasion, strongly
apropos at a time when a crisis threatened ragingly over tne breeding
industry, following on the development of railroads; and their (the
American) apparition was a veritable mine of good fortune for Le Perche;
but they did wrong to demand that one should make a new type of Perch-
eron for their convenience and almost to their measurement. They paid
prices unknown until that very moment, but they exacted enormous horses,
and it was necessary, therefore, to construct them. Then the dapple gray
not being to their taste, they stipulated for black. This was likewise
done for them. What would one not do to satisfy such good clients?"
These same good clients import about one thousand Pecheron breeding
horses annually at an average cost of $.500, which are sold in this country
at from $1,000 to $3,000. Fewer than two hundred mares are brought
over each year. The peasants of Le Perche hate to sell any except barren
mares — not because they are afraid of us as breeders, however.
Hear the Percherographer, M. Vallee de Loncez: "The North American
is not a veritable breeder. With the national device, 'Go ahead,' 'en
avant,' he has not the patience, the perseverance, the consecutive series
of ideas that are qualities necessary for breeding. He does not know how
to wait. It is because the Yankee is not a veritable breeder that he has
not been able to realize the dearest of his dreams: to create an American
Percheron race superior to the French Percheron race."
And it is true that so far American bred Percherons have never equaled
the imported horses in our show rings. In all the big shows of the past
dozen years, the highest an American bred has ever ranked is second;
and even second has been rarely won.
This is true, although the best blood of France has been imported year
after year to breed from. In lineage the American Percheron is identical
-with the French, but he falls behind in conformation. You can hear a
dpze^ expLsinations for this. Perhaps the best was given by J. B. Mc-
694 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE
Laughlin of Columbus, Ohio. He says: 'The soil of Le Perche is ex-
tremely calcareous, bone making. American soil is less calcareous. Con-
sequently, the French Percheron is better boned than the American and
always will be."
With which explanation we must content — or discontent — ourselves.
From the current report of the French horse breeding bureau, it is
learned that during the fiscal year, 161,414 mares were bred to stallions
belonging to the state, 81,207 to approved stallions, 9,467 to authorized
stallions. That is bureaucratic, isn't it? — that a country should be able
to report a thing like that. And in the archives of the French govern-
ment is the name and description of each mare in France, together with
data about the horse to which she was bred.
Bureaucracy goes farther. It says a horse to breed must be of a cer-
tain quality; otherwise his owner shall not be allowed to stand him
publicly. Furthermore, all sires licensed to breed are subdivided into:
1. Those approved (and usually subsidized), recommended by the
public veterinary as free from hereditary ailment, well put up, pure bred ;
2. Those authorized — permitted to stand, but not highly recommended.
These also must be pure bred.
The French never dream of breeding to stallions of mixed or unknown
blood. But the American farmer who bred his mare to a Percheron for
a heavy colt, usually changes his mind a couple of years later, puts what
he got from the first cross to a coach horse tor style, this product to a
trotter for speed, and the grand result to a jack, for a mule. As a horse
breeder, he doesn't shine, as M. Vallee de Loncez remarked. He looks
only at the outside of a sire (and apparently not so very carefully at
that) and cares little what kind of blood is running inside.
But Wisconsin (of course, Wisconsin) took the lead in this matter of
horse breeding. They have a singularly forceful veterinary surgeon at the
University of Wisconsin, who is also one of the most influential members
of the faculty. (Fancy such a condition at Harvard or Yale!) His
name is Alexander Septimus Alexander, and he "kissed" a bill to help
horse breeding through the legislature. He hid the full import of it even
from the legislators until after they had passed it. When the bill had
become a law and its enforcement began, the ov,^ners of mongrel stallions
shrieked. But it was too late. The legislature had adjourned.
Alexander's law provides that when a man stands a grade stallion pub-
licly, he must announce in large letters on his advertising matter that he
offers a grade stallion.
Speaking in a very general way, a grade is any animal of mixed,
mongrel or impure blood. A big chunk of a blood bay with feather on
his legs would be called a grade shire, for instance. Properly, a grade
Shire could be got only by a pure bred Shire sire. To breed a pure bred
mare to a mongrel stallion v/ould not be grading up, but de-grading.
A grade is often a handsome individual, but he is unsafe to breed to,
because the inferior blood concealed in him is apt to show in his off-
spring.
A pure bred animal is pre-potent. His blood dominates when blended
with the mixed cross currents of a mongrel. If you take an Aberdeen-
Angus bull (long a hornless breed) and cross him with horned cqws, you
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII 695
will get calves that stay hornless in from 80 to 90 per cent of the cases.
But take a bull of one of the newer hornless breeds, Polled Jerseys or
Polled Durhams, for instance, to breed to your horned cows, and 35 to 40
per cent of your calves will eventually grow horns. The Polled Durhams
and Polled Jerseys have not been pure breeds for nearly so long as the
Aberdeen Angus, hence are not nearly so pre-potent in transmitting tneir
characteristics.
Alexander's law, besides compelling grade stallions to be advertised
as such, absolutely prohibits the public scervice of stallions with defects
pronounced hereditary by the state veterinary inspectors.
Wisconsin passed this law in 1903. Iowa, Minnesota, Utah, Pennsyl-
vania, New Jersey have now followed suit, and the idea is spreading.
The only incomprehensible thing about it is its absence from the Okla-
homa constitution.
Personally, 1 hope to see the law passed in Illinois. There may be a
bit of economic determinism in that. I have a sound, pure bred stallion,
but there are two or three grades and an unsound one nearby. The law
would make it easier for him and harder for them. I have talked with
their owners and find them entirely set against the fool new-fangled Wis-
consin notion of meddling with horse breeding, which is a private con-
cern. Why shouldn't a man be allowed to breed his mare to the stallion
he prefers? It is his mare.
It is merely another skirmish in the fight that is gong on all over the
white man's world. The world is filling up, getting crowded. Elbow
room is less than it was, and people can no longer be so free with their
elbows as they used to be, even though they are their elbows.
In the meantime, up in Madison, Dr. Alexander is blazing away at his
pet enemy, the grade stallion. Ho is now using his influence over the
various county fair secretaries of the state to taboo all grades from
county fair show rings.
I wish Dr. Alexander were attached to the University of Illinois instead
of to the University of Wisconsin, because now he is driving scrub stal-
lions in large numbers out of his state and into mine.
DAIRYING ON THE FARM.
W. E. GOODRICH, CLIMBING HILL, IOWA.
(Before Woodbury County Farmers' Institute.)
This subject, "Dairying on the Farm," that has been assigned me, is
such a comprehensive one that I have been somewhat at a loss to know
how to -handle it in the limited time at my disposal, but have decided that
perhaps the most useful way at this time would be to give some advice
to the farmer who has not had much experience in handling cows for
profit from their milk, but, realizing that there is but little profit in them
from any other source, desires to try to add to his income in this way.
We will assume, then, that you already have some cows and heifers.
Begin at once to arrange for plenty of good milk, making feed for them
in fall and winter when pasture fails. This means alfalfa hay or clover
696 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
for second choice, but does not mean timothy by any means. Good oat
hay, cut just after oats have headed, is better than timothy for millv.
It also means good bright corn fodder, or still better, corn ensilage.
Corn fodder, after the corn has been husked, can be run through the
cutter into a silo, 'spraying a stream of water on it at the same time,
making an excellent feed that will be eaten without any waste and with
a better relish than dry fodder. From our experience we believe this Is
the best and most practicable way to handle corn fodder where a man
does not wish to make ensilage of the whole corn while green.
before cold weather comes provide comfortable quarters for the cows
and heifers. If they calve in the fall your chances for profit are better
because you will have more time to care for them through winter, and
their product while fresh is worth much more than in summer.
Right at the start get some spring scales and a Babcock tester and
learn how to use the latter, unless you can get someone else to test milk
for you. Keep a record of the milk yield of each cow and test often enough
to be able to estimate closely the butter fat yield of each cow for a year.
Sell the unprofitable cows to the butcher. If you buy others to replace
them, don't buy square, blocky, table-backed beef cows. Remember, you
are trying the dairy business, not beef making, and as a rule the better
the cow for beef, the poorer for milk.
If you find that you are adapted to dairying, believe you can handle
the business all right to your profit and wish to do so, buy a good regis-
tered bull of one of the dairy breeds. Drop the beef business and the
general purpose idea right there. You cannot, simply cannot, raise beef
steers and dairy heifers from the same parents.
Raise the heifers in the way they should go. That is, do not fatten
them on corn or other fat-producing feed, but keep them growing on the
same kinds of feed you feed your cows giving milk. Give them a good
show, have them well grown at as early an age as possible. If you do
this they should be bred to calve at thirty months old.
When you need another bull, buy the best one you can afford of the
same breed as the other. Don't try crossing breeds. If you must be
fickle-minded and changeable and bound to make a change, sell out and
start over again. It will not take many years to get in the way I have
outlined, a herd of high grades that will be profitable producers, provided
you have continued to use the scales and tester, and kept the best while
disposing of the unprofitable ones. Your education should now be far
enough advanced so that, if so inclined, you can wisely invest in a few
good registered females.
By continuing the same process of evolution, following the law of the
survival of the fittest, in a few years more you will be a breeder of pure-
bred dairy stock as well as a dairyman.
Of course, only the man adapted to the business, who likes it, and is
naturally qualified for it, will reach the development I have mentioned.
But if he starts as I have suggested, and grows in knowledge with his
business or makes his business keep pace with his knowledge, he will
progress without risk of disaster such as might easily overtake a man
who plunges into something he does not understand and may be entirely
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII 697
unfitted for, and will gradually slow up and stop at the point of develop-
ment that represents the limit of his natural ability or desire.
One point I should have mentioned in the beginning. Take good dairy
papers and read them. When you begin to think about that registered
bull, post yourself on the different dairy breeds, so you can intelligently
make a choice. Learn all you can about your business, and be guided
by the advice and experience of men who are regarded as good authority
and have been successful.
The man who is controlled by prejudice and refuses to believe anything
he reads or hears that differs from what "Dad" used to do, had better
let dairying alone.
To be successful as a dairyman requires a man to be progressive and
willing to learn at every step, always ready to discard unprofitable or
impractical ideas as soon as recognized, and quick to recognize them.
IS IT ADVISABLE TO CONSOLIDATE THE RURAL SCHOOLS?
MRS. JAMES MATEER, OSKALOOSA, IOWA.
(Before Mahaska County Farmers' Institute.)
The consolidation of rural schools has long been a topic of much
interest to those working with the problem of making much of the child's
few years of life preparation. It is a radical change from the present
system, and its advantages and disadvantages should be weighed carefully.
"Look before you leap" is an expression trite, but true.
The educator in his soul-stirring convention cries for the change. The
farm mother hampered by her multitudinous duties, untouched by the
convention's magnetism, cries "wait, wait, not in my child's time," neither
one really conscious of the standpoint of the other. It is a blessing that
the conservatism of parents serves as a check to impulsive leaders who
else might too often experiment with their new-fangled ideas upon the
child's soul.
Many a wonderful school improver is advocated in one generation
that is never heard of in the next. Some, though tried thoroughly, are
ignominious failures. The pity of it is, that never again, their faults
erased, can their strength be practiced upon that generation of fleeing
children. There is not a grey head facing me today, but has a brain both
marred by some educator's mistake, and rounded by some skillfully di-
rected force. Each of you is conscious as I speak, of some defect dating
from what you now can see, was a mistake of some youthful director, and
you also have some lofty principle, some element of success, power within
yourself, that has caused you always to bless the day you came in con-
tact with the teacher who put it there.
Thus considered, it is a delicate thing to thrust one's bungling hands
into a school system. It is a task from which the thoughtful person well
might shrink to advocate from a public platform. A radical change from
a method of education which certainly has not been a failure in the
lassing years.
698 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
The heart of this speaker is with the rural child, and, because of her
abiding faith in the simplicity and labor-blessed helpfulness of the average
rural home, and the great need of its child remaining therein during his
impressionable years, she pleads for the consolidation of the country
schools.
It is not to be denied that of late years the country school does not
attract pupils very far beyond the primary classes. The boy who works
summers dislikes to go to school winters because no other boy of his age
is there. If he is pretty well along in arithmetic he is apt to have a
companion or two in his classes. If he studies algebra or botany he is
alone and half feels that the neighbors are begrudging him the class time
for a first reader drill. This state of things has grown gradually, caused
partially by more time-taking methods for the little folks, and greater
ease, as wealth increased, of sending the older children to the small
college. The bright Johnnie and Mary are ready for that small college
in their early teens. In their own little school they can not advance as
they are able, but must repeat and review, fettered by lack of apparatus,
by short class time, by the lack of enthusiasm of numbers, by too much
power of choosing their own curriculum, and perhaps, by an inefficient
or uninterested teacher.
The family is confronted by grave alternatives. They must break loose
from their farmstead moorings and follow Johnnie and Mary to town, or
send them away alone, or keep them at home awhile till they have lost
some youth and interest with it.
With a township center school provided with a wholesome, common
sense graded course of study, they can go in the morning, pursue studies
suitable to their age and ability, and be where they ought to be at night —
in the unbroken family circle.
The sending of our farm youth early away to school is one of the evils
of country life. Free from their accustomed mode of living, so many
have lost their health or contracted habits of idleness or expenditure
beyond the family income, and, being away so much, seem not to be able
to pick up again the farm life and its homely duties.
The township school would be a social factor to a greater extent than
the isolated small school of the present. The children of the whole town-
ship being school comrades, will bring families into closer acquaintance,
tending to keep the interest and attention away from the towns, more
among the farming population.
A baneful influence of the small school is the frequent change of
teachers, each one having her own mode of proceedure, not remaining in
power long enough to measure the caliber of her pupils. Her employment
is often subject to the whim of some family who at the time has power,
influenced possibly by a spoiled child dominating a weak parent.
The central school should be able to do away with a few favorite
patrons having things to their own notion. It could provide a continuity
of mature, stable and efficient teachers adequate for the responsible posi-
tion. At the same time its course of study should be carefully guarded
against fadism or studies not calculated for the practical welfare of the
rural youth.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII 699
The test of the sterling worth of a school innovation is time. Fad is
short-lived; merit rises above the cloud of doubt and uncertainty and as-
serts its plea after the fanciful embelishments have been tried and for-
gotten. "In union there is strength" is as true of schools as of states.
This union is no new and untried thing; from Massachusetts along the
Ohio road it has come triumphant through every trial. It has been tried
in our own state and kept its successful record and time will bring it
to us.
The difficulty in making the change is no small problem. It is at-
tended with expenditure of money, and, no matter how long its intro-
duction is delayed, it will meet with more or less public disapproval. The
American public rings true upon all matters of progress when once it
understands; but, it has so many units, it is a cumbersome mass to mould
into new ideas. The parent conservatism that blesses is not to be con-
founded with the parent old fogyism that stubbornly clings to the old,
not looking for advantages in the new. The partition between the two is
so thin that sometimes the b^st of us break through into fogy hall
without realizing exactly where we are "at."
In life we must journey forward toward a better state of completion,
each generation profiting by the onward march of others. Change is
ever present, we must go. We can go near the lead singingly, helpfully,
or we can be tugged along clutching and clawing at backward sureness
like a cat being pulled along by the tail. This onward sweep forms new
ties in families, and rends the old home to build the new; changes field
methods as well as school methods. What a waste of vitality to go
clutching and clawing! It takes no more energy to "right about face"
in the general direction, and, besides, the clawing about is so apt to clear
the reachable space of friends — the dearest comfort of the journey. The
unyielding dispositions need the patience and pity — they will arrive and
finally adjust themselves to the new way. Have they more affection
because they thus reach so frantically backward? Not necessarily so; it
is more adulterated with persistency.
Who does not love the little school? Think of the sacrifice it took to
plant it on "every hilltop." Were the pioneers looking backward when
they built the rude shelter for the neighborhood children? What of the
pioneer mother who was glad to put the corn bread and bottle of milk —
all she had — in the dinner bucket and send her children away to the log
palace of learning? There they wrestled happily for a few months of the
year with what books they could get, and cut off arithmetic and self-
reliance in large chunks. In time it gave way to the box-building, sided,
painted, window-shuttered — the neighborhood's pride. On its teacher's
platform, ably directing her audience, was a maiden, who, on the back-
less seats of the old structure, had soaked in such a good education that
she forgot about needing a diploma to herald its presence. Thither came
the young men and the young women; they parsed, and ciphered, and
hunted map rivers, and obscure capes, spelled the spelling book from end
to end till they knew every word in old age, and debated till they kept it
going in congress. Time passed and still the star of the little school was
in the ascendency with forty to sixty pupils. It did its work well and
out of it came many companions who walk the "long path" united.
700 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
The inevitable change has touched this pioneer legacy till its oft-times
six to ten pupils speak for another forward step. If there is no "school
house on every hilltop," there can be a school wagon taking the children
therefrom to a school more in unison with our time.
In a discussion, such as this paper is the opening, the object is to
hold aloft for public view, to offer for public consideration a theme upon
which the public needs information. For this reason the following speaker
will take the negative side of this question, and, it is to be hoped, the
educators present will not fail to handle both sides vigorously.
In further consideration of the central school, I will dwell upon the
topic of transportation. In preparation for presenting this paper, the
writer talked with numerous farm mothers. Without a single exception
they gave the reason of transportation for opposing the larger school.
They all wanted the better advantages, the graded work, but getting the
child to it was the terror. One mother was afraid the horses would run
away, another was afraid the child would get wet before reaching the
wagon corner, and take cold riding, but usually the fear is of the moral
influence of the driver. In the number of parents approached was one
father and he said it was all a "fool idea, perfectly impossible and gotten
up by a few smart Alicks." I was bound to put this in, because this is
woman's day, and to show how much more capable of unprejudiced reason-
ing is the feminine mind than the masculine.
It is my understanding that the driver is chosen by the school board,
and must produce satisfactory evidence of character and ability to govern
children. They are subject to his control and must be kept quiet and
orderly en route. That the children are more safe from contaminating
influence, than they often are in numbers by themselves in lonely lanes
or crossing fields. If this is wrong, would ask the county superintendent
to set us right in the matter.
I once saw a picture of the closing of an Ohio central school. A row
of comfortable covered wagons were backed up outside the fence, and
the lines of children were coming toward the different vehicles in a
methodical manner. There was nothing about the scene that looked as
if the most timid mother need fear for the safety of her child. It would
seem more difficult to manage the condition of the spring roads than to
get a man capable of taking care of the children.
The mistake in any school system is unpractical ideas. If Mary's
make-up shows that she will be a common, every day woman, why load
her with French grammars? Why stuff Johnnie about room at the "top"
when he would only be hanging dizzily on if you boosted him there?
Alas! for them both when they learn such roseate views of their
destiny that they slight humble work looking for something beyond their
compass.
The education which does not create in the pupil a power and desire
to do with all might whatever humble duty comes in life — that does not
produce unshirking adaptability to circumstances — that education is a
failure.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIl 701
TPIK SILO.
GKO. S. LISTKI!, INI A XCiriCSTKH, IOWA.
(Before Delaware County Farmers' Institute.)
The advantage of the silo I will try and give from what I can gather
from the experience of others and my own.
I find the silo in this section of the country is fast growing in favor.
A few years ago if you would speak to a farmer about a silo he would
tell you that it cost too much and was too hard work to fill them, but
some of them have put in silos and others are getting interested.
There are so many arguments in favor of them and so few against
them, I wonder why more have not got them, but the past two years has
made great strides in that direction.
I think corn is the crop to put in the silo as you can raise so much
more of it to the acre than other crops. In regard to the ground, take
a piece of pasture or sod, top dress it, make it as rich as you can, plow
it and make a good seed bed. Use common field corn of the early va-
rieties, drill it in, not too thick, so the corn will have a chance to grow
large and tall with good ears and well matured when put in the silo.
I filled a 75-ton silo last season from 5i/^ acres with good rich feed
and have heard of persons getting 30 tons from one acre. What crop is
there you can raise on the farm, cared for in the usual way, that would
return you one-quarter the feed for the amount of ground, quality taken
into consideration.
The shrinkage of hay, corn and other grains cured in the fields, is
from 25 to 50 per cent, and corn cut and put in the silo shrinks only
5 to 10 per cent. It shows a great economy in favor of the silo as it
takes less than one-half the room for the same amount of ensilage as it
does for hay and dry feeds. I think, taking all things into consideration,
the round stove silo is the best for farmer use.
One has said when the green stalks are put in the silo they are worth
as much for feed as the corn. Another writer says the green stalk
without the corn is worth $8.00 net per acre after the expense of putting
in the silo. When they are left in the field they are not worth over $1.00
per acre.
V. A. Hooper, Professor of Dairy Husbandry of Arkansas, says: "The
silo is not only a valuable but a necessary adjunct to the dairy farm."
Prof. W. J. Kennedy, of the Iowa Agricultural College at Ames, said at
the institute held here three years ago — I will try to quote his words:
"If you want to make money dairying, you must put in a silo. With a silo
I can produce milk cheaper during the winter months than in the sum-
mer with pasture, and milk is usually 40 to 50 per cent higher."
It is not only valuable feed for cows but a cheaper feed for steers,
young stock and sheep.
The 1908 Missouri Bulletin of Agriculture, says: "The silo in America
will some day be as common as the cow stable I am satisfied beyond
a doubt a farm of 120 acres with the silo will give a net income equal
to 160 acres without a silo."
702 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
If any ensilage is left after the cattle are turned out to pasture, it
can be kept until the latter part of the pasture season and if the dry
weather makes the pasture short it is much better feed and less work
to feed it than to go out in the field and cut green corn to feed the stock.
Professor Kennedy says: "When bran sells for $16.00 per ton, timothy
hay is worth only $2.00 a ton to produce milk, although bran is higher
than that now. You can buy protein in cotton seed meal almost as cheap
as that at the present time, or if you have good clover hay I think that
will answer."
Ensilage is rich in carbohydrates so you want to feed a small quantity
of protein feed with it for a balanced ration for milk. It has been said
that condensed milk factories would not take milk from cows fed ensilage,
but as far as I can find out it is not the case when the ensilage is good.
I will read one letter in support of it.
SILOS AND SILAGE.
C. W. ADAMS, AMES. IOWA.
(Prize-winning essay in the Contest held by National Corn Show Associa-
tion, December, 1908.)
Corn is the ideal food for cheap milk production. The evolution of the
silo has taken place in dairying regions where the winter season is long,
and is the result of trying to counterfeit grass by preserving forage crops
in a suculent condition.
The fundamental principle upon which silage making is based is the
exclusion of air. If this is done the gases arising from fermentation
seem to preserve the silage by the prevention of fungus and moulds.
The first silos were pits in the ground, but as it became evident that
pressure must be had, to exclude air, and that to get this pressure depth
was required, the silo has gradually come to be built above ground. The
old type was square, but as the sides sprung out upon pressure allowing
the corners to become aired and spoil, the corners Vv'ere filled in and
finally the round type was evolved.
Modern silos may be divided into four classes. First, stave silos,
which are usually factory made and are shipped to the farm ready for
erection. Second, steel silos, which are also factory made and ready for
erection. Third, carpenter built silos, made on the farm by 'banding and
sheathing upright studding with layers of thin lumber. Fourth, rein-
forced concrete, brick, stone or tile silos, built on the farm. The com-
parative cost varies largely with the locality.
A number of satisfactory types of carpenter built silos were formerly
used, but the recent advance in prices of lumber makes their use less
practicable. The majority of successful silos in use today are factory
made stave silos bound with steel hoops. In their favor it may be said
that the cost of erecting is small, they are comparatively cheap and they
can be moved if necessary. They are made from the following woods,
the comparative durability of which is in the order named. Redwood,
cypress, Oregon fir, tamarack or larch, and white and long leaf yellow
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII 703
pine. A good silo may be made of redwood in the lower part and of some
cheaper wood in the upper part where the strain is not so great.
A successful silo must have a solid foundation sunk below freezing line,
a smooth perpendicular wall, and the walls must be air tight. Most silos
are located outside the barn and this is to be recommended, since they
add much to the appearance of the place and are handier to fill. The size
will depend upon the number of cattle to be kept. The diameter should
be such that a layer of at least one and one-half inches will be taken off
the top daily in feeding to insure fresh silage as it spoils if left exposed
to the air more than twenty-four hours. A cow will eat one cubic foot,
or about forty pounds per day. At this rate to feed cattle six months
the diameter of a 30-foot silo should be such as to allow about five square
feet of surface for each cow.
The diameter should vary as the number of cows and the depth as
the length of the feeding period. Capacity varies as the square of the
diameter and the wall surface varies directly as the diameter, therefore
the first cost, as compared to capacity, is less in a silo of greater diam-
eter. However two small silos are recommended rather than one large
one because the silage will always be in better condition.
The use of silos has three great advantages over dry feed methods.
It is more economical, the feeding value of the product is improved, and
silos make cattle feeding profitable, hence help to maintain soil fertility.
The economy of silage results from the fact that cattle wall readily eat the
entire stalk in silage form, while in whole or shredded dry fodder a
goodly portion of the stalk is refused. If fodder is stored in a dry shed
the percentage waste in curing is not much different from the same in
silos, since there is a portion of silage on top that spoils, but if corn is
husked in the field the same crop is husked in the field the same crop
in silage is worth at least 25 per cent more.
If the crop is to be stored the silo is the most economical storage
room, since nearly twice the amount of dry matter may be stored in the
same space in the form of silage than as fodder. Also crops may often
be siloed that w^ould otherwise be lost.
The greatest recommendation for a silo is that it increases the feeding
value of a crop. The increased feeding value does not result from in-
creased digestability, or from changed chemical composition, but chiefly
from the physical effect and increased palatability of the silage, therefore
animals may be induced to eat larger amounts. Owing to its succulence
silage, like grass, keeps the bowels regulated and tends to maintain
that degree of healthful vigor so essential in hard worked dairy and
breeding animals.
Some silo advantages are indirect. The most laudable thing about the
silo harvest system is that it does away with selling crops off the land,
thereby depleting soil fertility. It makes possible a system of stock
farming whereby nearly all the fertilizing constituents are thrown back on
the soil in the form of manure.
Chief among silage crops is corn. If a large amount of coarse feed
is wanted it pays to plant some large-stalk southern variety, but if a
richer feed is wanted, northern varieties, which yield more grain, should
be used. In either case a variety should be selected that will mature
704 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
before frost. In the south sweet sorghum has been found to be a good
silage crop as the tonnage per acre is greater than corn and the heads
yield a fair percentage of grain. Red clover, alfalfa, and peas have been
used, but owing to their juiciness it is difficult to get silage from them
that will not sour. Mixed crops have also been used, out they rarely pay
for the added trouble of mixing. Plants with hollow stems are unsatis-
factory it is so difficult to force out the air.
There are several practicable types of silage cutting machines on the
market. The blower elevator is used almost altogether now. In filling
the silo care should be taken to tramp well next to the walls. It is best
to take several days in filling, so that the air may be forced out more
completely, tnereby making a sweeter flavored silage.
Silage is pre-eminently a cow feed. It finds greatest favor with dairy
cattle since it may be made to reproduce succulence of grass in winter
or may serve to uphold the milk flow during the drought in summer. In
dairies near cities where pasture is not available it often determines the
difference between profit and loss by supplanting costly grain foods. It
also makes possible the rearing of calves cheaply to replenish the herd.
Some complaint has been made against the flavor of milk from silage-fed
cows, but there is no danger from this source, if the silage is first class,
unless the milk is allowed to remain in open vessels in the barn and so
absorb the odors.
On the general farm the good effect of silage on the health of the breed-
ing herd and young stock in winter can hardly be overestimated. It is
an excellent feed for ewes with lambs. It may be used in small quanti-
ties for maintaining horses, though it is too sappy to feed work horses.
It is a significant fact that people who have used silos most are most
enthusiastic .in their praise. As farming becomes more intensive the
number of silos will increase. By inducing the dairy farming they are
destined to be of great service in conserving and restoring soil fertility
and agricultural prosperity.
SILOS AND SILAGE.
F. J. MYERS.
(Before Cedar County Farmers' Institute.)
This subject is indeed a broad and very important one, when you con-
sider the interest of him who tills the soil.
We are surely playing a losing game, if we simply sow and reap as our
ancestors for generations have done. Not considering the new and im-
proved methods of handling what we produce on the farm. The new
methods presented for the consideration of the farmer are many, and
each one of us will have to search out those best adapted to his particular
line. For the man who wants to run a dairy or feed cattle the modern silo
is the best of them all. It was not my intention to go back to the be-
ginning of silos until a few days ago, I noticed in the Register and
Farmer a statement so interesting to me that I will pass it along. The
first silo built in the United States was in the year 1875, only thirty-four
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII 705
years ago, and six years later there were only ninety-one. The first one
was built by a Frenchman after methods used in France, and not different
from those in use now, other than the shape of the silo, ami condition of
fodder when made into ensilage.
Our Agricultural College made an investigation in regard to silos
which was put in bulletin form under date of July, 1908. Their work of
investigation was carried on through the mails which of course was not
a thorough one. They located 161 silos in Iowa. All being sucessful,
although varying according to the care that was taken in building and
filling them. There are a great many kinds of silos. The first one was
square or hectagon and large in diameter. They were a failure, as the
silage would settle away from the corners and spoil, also spoil on the top
because of too much surface exposed. At the present time it is agreed
that the correct shape is round, and as high as can be conveniently filled.
This will give weight to settle it right and keep out the air, which is
very necessary. Care should be taken to make the silo small enough in
diameter so that at least two inches per day can be fed off. In my opinion
fourteen feet would be the limit, unless one expected to feed heavy all
the time. The trouble w^ith the large silo is when you want to feed light
in the fall or perhaps continue the feed for a few cows in the spring after
the other stock has been turned out for the summer. Two small siles
is much preferred to one large one for this reason. And I dare say many
of us have made this mistake for when you consider the small difference
in cost, capacity considered, between a 100-ton and a 200-ton silo it is
very tempting to bund the larger one, but if you get a silo too large I
promise you that you will always regret it. The length of time silage
will keep varies a great deal. In weather cold and dry with mercury
at 20 degrees above zero or colder, it will keep nicely and if there were
no silage removed for three or four days you could &o right on feeding
without any loss, but when the foggy warm and rainy weather comes,
as it always does at times through the winter season, then you will find
it necessary to keep the silage fed off at least 'l\vo inches a day, and
three or four would be better. The farther down in the silo the better
tne silage as it is settled tighter and the air cannot penetrate so deep.
The stave silo is the popular one at the present time, many new compa-
nies are springing up here and there over the country to supply the nec-
essary demand. From reports that I have they are giving good satisfac-
tion, and have some advantages over some other kinds as well as some
disadvantages. If there are those here who have stave silos, I hope you
will pardon me if my views of the same are not just the same as yours.
The great advantage of the stave silo is that it can be constructed with
little labor as compared with some other kinds, and taking all things into
consideration is perhaps the cheapest in first cost. When it comes to
lasting qualities it will take the proof of time to convince me of their
durability, as it seems to me they are more liable to shrink when empty
and rot out more quickly than some other kinds. This is especially true
when we consider the fact that lumber is becoming more scarce and
kinds of wood are now being used that we would not use at all in days
when we could get better kinds. I would advise the person who is intending
45
706 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
to buy a stave silo to look well to the kind and quality of wood used. I
noticed recently an advertisement for a one piece stave silo made of fir,
and this strikes me as being something good. The concrete, brick, and
cement block silos are common in some districts, but are more expensive,
and I think would freeze worse than other kinds. I was told not long
ago by a party who had estimates on a concrete silo, that it would cost
between $350 and $400 for a 120-ton capacity. The girder silo can be
built for less money. This kind is built with 2x4 studding sixteen inches
apart, placed on circular sills and held in place at the top by circle plates,
double lined with one-half inch fencing, being careful to break joints both
ways. Inside of this we strip up and down, on each 2x4, then lath and
plaster with cement. On the outside we place sufficient belts to withstand
the pressure of the silage. These are made of three thicknesses of i/^-inch
fencing. The silo is set on a concrete foundation with three foot pit which
will add to the capacity. We put a good roof on our silo as experience has
taught us that silage wet from rain or snow is not palatable to the stock.
This silo can be built for $200 if you do the work yourself. We expect
to case ours with galvanized iron soon, which will add about $40 to the
cost. This silo is giving satisfaction, and I heard recently the first one
of this kind built in Illinois fourteen years ago is still in good and use-
ful condition.
Care should be taken in selecting a silo to get one that will not freeze
if possible. Cattle do not like frozen silage any better than we would
cold and partly frozen food, although they make less demonstration about
it. I have always worked the frozen silage in with the good and thawed
it out enough to feed without loss or damage to the stock, although I
have been told it was very dangerous to feed when frozen. I omitted one
item in regard to kinds of material advisable to use in silos and that is
to avoid using metal where it comes in contact with the silage, as I
notice that a patch made from heavy galvanized iron on the floor where
we keep silage laying only a part of the time has been practically eaten
up by the acids in less than two years.
Filling the silo at the proper time is of great importance. In 1907
we filled ours with corn just nicely glazed in order to get in ahead of
the frost; this made good feed, but not as good as might have been.
Last fall we tried corn well dented and added a little water which makes
better feed. I find that it pays to feed a little bran and crushed corn
with the silage to cows giving milk. We feed about twenty pounds of
silage, two quarts of bran, two quarts of crushed corn and cob meal to
each cow twice a day and have received excellent results. During Jan-
uary, February and March of last year we milked thirteen cows which
gave 24,163 pounds of milk, valued at $342.13, an average of $8.77 per
cow for each month. Three of these cows were so near the end of their
period of lactation that we turned them dry immediately after the test.
In January of this year we milked ten cows, two of them heifers giving
milk since June and one since November, the rest being aged cows. They
gave 6,332 pounds, worth $98.15, an average of $9.82 per cow.
I do not give these figures to show what I have done, but to show what
you can do if you will build a silo. I have tried feeding silage to
chickens and find they will eat it with the exception of some of the
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII 707
coarse pieces, and it is an excellent feed for them in the winter months
when they need green feed. Hogs will eat some of the best of it, but I
do not consider it an economical feed for them, more than just as an
occasional feed for a change and an appetizer. As to who should have
a silo, I would say that every man who owns a farm should have one,
and the smaller the farm the more the need. I heard of a man who
had recently built a silo saying that any man who had a dozen chickens
should have a silo. I can hardly verify this statement but I dare say
that if you fed silage to a dozen chickens you would soon see the virtue
of it as a feed and have something else to feed. As this is my first
attempt to read a paper before your institute I hope you will pardon the
fragmentary way in which it is presented and bring out the many points
of interest I have omitted in the discussion that is to follow.
ALFALFA.
JAS. BROCKWAY, LETTS, IOWA.
(Before Louisa County Farmers' Institute.)
I shall not try to give you the history of alfalfa. I shall not try to
tell you how old the plant is nor how long it has been known to civiliza-
tion. We all know that as a forage plant it has no equal either for feed
value or in productiveness. Especially is it rich in protein, that blood,
bone and muscle making element that is so lacking in a ration composed
chiefly of corn. It has been proven by several experiment stations that
alfalfa leaves are of as much value for feed as wheat bran. And when
we consider that five to seven tons per acre, even in Iowa, is not an un-
common yield, then the value of alfalfa can at once be recognized.
But I take it that these facts are familiar to most of you. That you
know and realize the value of this great plant, and the great question is,
how shall I secure a stand, will it winter-kill, etc. To be successful with
alfalfa we must study the plant, study its needs, its nature, etc. Then
fit the soil in a way and sow the seeds at a time that will meet these
demands. If you are not willing to give the use of a portion of your
best ground, or do a lot of work, and bear a heavy expense for seed, don't
try to raise alfalfa in Iowa. However, if you are willing to do all this,
if the harvest will justify the outlay, then don't hesitate to try alfalfa.
It is a common opinion that to secure a stand of alfalfa one must lose
the use of the ground for at least one season. This is not at all neces-
sary. This year we secured as fine a stand of alfalfa as one could wish
to see on fifteen acres, that this year produced over thirty bushels of wheat
per acre.
Whatever you do, don't try spring sowing either with or without a
nurse crop. We tried it for five years in succession and failed every
time. We used all kinds of bacteria cultures and soil inocculations and
still we failed. However, we could not give up the idea that alfalfa)
could be made a success in Louisa county. We believed then, as we do
now, that if alafalfa will succeed pther places in the corn belt that it
will succeed here.
708 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
At first alfalfa is a tender plant; the first few weeks of its life it is a
mere thread of a plant. The rank growth of weeds, and especially foxtail,
that we have here in June and July mean death to the little alfalfa plant
every time.
Fall sowing is a different proposition and is far more certain of suc-
cess. However, it means work and lots of it. But don't be discouraged
on that acount, for it is work that pays. Select your richest and best
drained ground; from this you may take a crop of small grain or potatoes,
anything that will leave the ground free to be worked by the latter part
of July. By the first of August this ground should be plowed and
plowed shallow, not over four inches deep. As you plow, harrow down
all, every half day, so that no clods can form. Make what you would
call a first class seed bed for corn, then apply eight or ten loads of
manure per acre, the more the better, and harrow at least once a week
for a month. If rains come, harrow as soon as it begins to dry. Pack
the ground all that you can below, but keep the top inch or so loose.
Aim to bring the moisture that is in the ground as close to the surface
as you can and hold it there by means of the dust mulch. Remember
that the alfalfa seed is small and that a loose seed bed, such as we wouM
use for corn, would not do; but rather a solid, packed seed bed as we
would use for fall wheat, and exceedingly well prepared.
A good way of sowing is to use the seed attachment of a wheat drill,
and put in the seed only deep enough to cover it. And now comes one
of the most important parts, in my experience. Suppose that we have
prepared our seed bed perfectly; that we have used at least twenty pounds
of good seed per acre; that we have applied plenty of stable manure.
The whole purpose of our preparation has been to conserve the moisture
that is in the soil and to store it up. Now that the seed is sown we
want to turn the full force of this moisture upon the little seeds. This
can best be done by rolling or flanking the ground. This packs the dirt
close to the little seeds, and the final packing of the ground forms the
capillary connections which have been broken all the time by our dust
mulch and allows the moisture to come to the surface just as oil comes
up on a lamp wick.
Of the fifteen acres that we sowed this fall we left one acre without
rolling, but handled in every other way as the rest of the field had been,
on this acre the stand was not as good by 50 per cent.
Make a perfect bed.
Use plenty of stable manure.
And don't forget the roller.
Non-irrigated seed is best, and it is better to buy it from an Iowa
seedsman, as the Iowa pure seed law compels the Iowa seed companies to
properly represent their seeds.
By following the above methods we feel almost as certain of securing a
stand of alfalfa as we would of securing a stand of corn. Whether it will
stand our winters may be another question, but we have seen no tendency
to winter-kill. We believe that it will winter all right. We have a three-
acre piece that has made about twenty tons of hay, both last year and the
year before, and is going into its third winter in fine condition.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII 709
We have a lot of confidence in alfalfa here in Louisa county and in the
near future we expect to see a field of i!: on every farm.
POULTRY ON THE FARM FOR PROFIT.
W. L. WIXK, IDA GROVE, IOWA.
(Before Ida County Farmers' Institute.)
This is something that should be of interest to every farmer. Spur-
geon says that two things are needed to get on in life; elbow grease and
stick-to-it. There is no way to learn to preach like preaching; you cannot
make sailors unless you send them out to sea; you cannot be a good
farmer unless you make a study of it and learn how. Just so with the
poultry on the farm. There is no way to learn poultry raising like raising
poultry, read up on the subject, study poultry books and papers and you
will gain a great deal of valuable information.
The fact that poultry is one of the most profitable adjuncts of the
farm and that the raising of the same is growing in interest cannot be
denied and only a short time will elapse before it will receive the attention
that it deserves. It may be the smallest income on the farm in some
localities, yet it should not be overlooked. When we consider that for
years it was looked upon as the work of womenfolks, we wonder how
the change came about to work its way into being considered a part of
the regular work of the men folks. The only way we can account for
this is that when the women take up any branch of industry they carry
it to success, then the men are ready to take hold of and continue same,
then say see what they did after I began to take care of them.
I want to. say a word or tw^o right here in regard to poultry houses.
Of course, if we keep chickens we must have some place for them to
stay, and for them exclusively. It is not necessary that it should be a
very expensive building nor an extensive one, but make it just large
enough for what fowls you have, and it is easy to add on as your flock in-
creases. Do not forget the scratching shed, or your profits will be less-
ened. Your hens won't get out when the thermometer is hovering around
zero and scratch in a snowbank, and just remember this, a hen that won't
scratch when she has an opportunity and one that is willing, but no place
but a snowbank to exercise in will not make you any money.
Put in just what is needed and no more and place it in
such a way that it will be handy. Do not put in those elevated or slant-
ing perches for it has a bad effect on the hens, creates casts, sets the
claws. The old roosters and a few boss hens will occupy the top perches
and the others will have to go down lower. They have been weighed in
the balance and found wanting. The low perches are much better. Place
them around the walls with the dropping board underneath, both being
hinged to the wall so they can be swung up out of the way when neces-
sary. Your nest boxes place under the platform out of the way, and it
suits the hens better to have them partly hidden. Be sure and have all
the cracks closed. If you do not, don't be surprised when you go to feed
some morning and find a half-dozen of your nicest hens with eyes and
710 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
heads swelled and a lot more sneezing. You have a few cases of roup
and you will not get any profit from them.
The old saying "that an ounce of preventive is worth a pound of
cure" is as true in the poultry business as in any other place.
Now you have the house already for your hens, what kind are you go-
ing to get. Well you can get any kind that suits you. I am not going to
tell you that common hens are no good, and that in order to make any
money from poultry you must have the pure-bred to start with for I know
better, but I do believe in pure-bred poultry and in improved poultry and
improved stock of all kinds and I would advise all who keep common
fowls to breed them up to a higher grade. For myself I would start
with pure-bred stock. All you need for a beginning would be a half-
dozen hens and with good care you could raise enough to have a good
sized flock the second year. I think your profit would be greater for the
reason that there is always a demand for good pure-bred breeding stock
at considerable above market price and the cost of keeping them is no
more than that of common fowls. Then again, they look so much nicer
that you take pride in showing them and caring for them.
Now you have a good house and a nice fiock of hens in it, and every-
thing to make them comfortable in way of shelter and right here is where
nine out of ten make the great mistake and so great is it that it leaves
the profits so small that it hardly pays to figure them up. A hen can
take care of herself pretty well as long as nature provides her with plenty
of green grass and lots of bugs and warm weather, providing you have
"get up and get" enough to you to keep the lice and mites from eating
them alive. But they cannot take care of themselves in the winter when
it is cold and snowy. Then is the time that if you want eggs you must
look after your hens, do not think it too much trouble to give them warm
water to drink and a variety of grains to eat and don't wait until noon
before you look after them; they should be fed as soon as it light and
by sunup you can go out and bring in fresh eggs for breakfast.
If you have everything else that is necessary and leave out the care
your profits will be nothing, but give them the care they should have and
you will always have plenty of eggs and be happy.
Another great stumbling block to your success in the poultry business
is in not culling out your flock every year systematically. Do not catch
the first hen you come to and chuck her in the coop for it might be one
of your early pullets and they are what will give you your winter eggs.
As a rule it does not pay to keep a hen for laying more than two winters,
but I will venture to say that in the majority of farm flocks you will
find them all the way from one to six years of age, but if you wanted to
sell everything but your one and two year olds, could you do it and be
sure of leaving nothing older than two years old. The only sure and
correct way is by foot marking when little and record it so you can
refer to it and you can tell just what year they were hatched. The profit
will more than pay for the trouble in marking. Try it. Your best winter
layers will be from your March or April hatched pullets.
The future looks promising to the man or woman with the hen. The
high prices of beef, pork and mutton has caused an increased consump-
tion of poultry and eggs. It has been fully demonstrated that a dozen
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII 711
eggs have as miuli nourishment in them as a pound of meat and will
prpduce a better development of the human race than the -eating of so
much meat, especially pork. It is the poultry man's opportunity to sup-
ply It, and why shouldn't the farmer be the one to do it.
The price of eggs and poultry will be just what the hens make it.
Armour or Morrison or any of the large packers cannot rule the price of
eggs like they can the hog and cattle market, for just when they think
they have all the eggs in their control the old hen will begin to cackle and
you soon have plenty of eggs that the meat kings were not looking for.
Do not be afraid of a corner on eggs and poultry.
When we learn of the great number of egg consumers in the United
States and of the millions of dollars sent to foreign countries to pay for
Imported eggs, we read in Secretary Rusk's report which says the time
has come when the importance of the poultry interest should be recogn-
ized in this department, the poultry products of the United States has a
farm value of $200,000,000. This was in 1899. I was unable to find
figures of more recent date. No less than 16,000,000 dozen were imporied
at a first cost of 15 cents a dozen or nearly $2,500,000 while the average
annual value of such importations the four years previous were $2,216,326.
Such facts emphasize the necessity for encouraging the increase of
domestic fowls of all kinds and they further indicate beyond question that
this industry is important enough to demand special consideration of
this department and besides the $200,000,000 value of eggs there was
about $81,000,000 to represent the poultry or $281,000,000 for eggs and
poultry produced in the United States.
The consumption of eggs per capita is one egg every three days for
every man, woman and child. Not so great is it, and yet the United
States is not supplying nearly all of this, so my brother farmers, do not
think that the poultry business is overdone. Many of you can increase
your flock and take better care of what you have and double your profits,
for in whatever business you are engaged if it pays to do it at all it will
doubly pay you to do it well.
CLOVER AS A MEANS OF MAINTAINING SOIL FERTILITY.
J. J. GASTOX, WINTERSET.
(Before Madison County Farmers' Institute.)
The maintenance of the fertility of Iowa soil at present prices should
interest every owner and every tiller of the soil. The price of our land
is based upon the productiveness of the soil. The business of the shrewd
land agent is to sell you acres, furnishing you a warranty deed, but no
guarantee as to fertility. If you purchase a piece of land and find that it
has been systematically robbed and will not produce half a crop, you
have no recourse on the man who sold it to you. Cannot proceed against
him for obtaining money under false pretense. What is the best and the
usual test of fertility of soil? We answer, plant it to corn. Why the
Iowa farmers dreams of corn, for corn and its by-products may produce
good dreams and had dreams. Food for man and beast. An Iowa farm
712 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
that won't produce corn has lost its value and standing. A farm in Madi-
son county that won't produce corn has lost its charms and value. No
corn — no money! No money — bankruptcy! Corn means everything. Why,
did you ever stop to uhink what an immense pile one year's crop of Iowa
corn would mean? It means this: Loaded in wagons containing fifty
bushels to the wagon and allowing thirty feet to the team and wagon,
start the wagon westward upon its journey around the world, crossing
the Missouri river at Omaha, on westward across the plains of Nebraska,
over the mountains of Colorado, across Utah and Nevada, over the
mountains of California, on westward across the great Pacific ocean to
Japan, ever westward to the Japan Sea and Korea, and still on and west-
ward across the Chinese empire and over the limitless wastes of Siberia,
still westward through Russia and Austria Hungary, on through Ger-
many and across Prance, over the British channel, across the British
Isles and still on across the broad Atlantic, over Rhode Island and Con-
necticut crossing the Empire State, through Pennsylvania; on, ever on,
westward across Ohio, through Indinana and Illinois, back across the great
Mississippi and on to Winterset. A complete circle of loaded wagons around
the entire globe and yet the great pile is not exhausted. Not until an-
other line of loaded wagons encircles the globe more than half again."
This is not a dream. This is a mathematical truth. Made possible only
in lowu. And if it were not for the fact that the land robber had been
at work the second line of wagons loaded with Iowa corn would have been
in long ago.
The United States government cannot run a mint with everything going
out and nothing coming in. Everything going out and nothing coming in
isn't good for a railroad station! Then why not apply these plain, every-
day truths to our farms? It is true that the systematic robbery that has
been going on recklessly for many years is a serious menace to the con-
tinued prosperity of the farmer. It costs more to raise a half crop than
it does to raise a full crop. It matters not how thoroughly we may pre-
pare the seed-bed and how well we cultivate the crop if we have robbed
the land of its fertility we will only get what is by right due us — a light
crop. How can we make restitution? How can we pay the debt? If
you owe me a hundred dollars and have a credit at the bank you give me
a check. If not, you may go to the bank and borrow the money and pay
the debt. Now it is not my intention to go back several hundred years
and try to give a scientific treatise on common red clover or the "Clover
Quartette" feeling that this is not necessary. I do believe that every
Iowa farmer is indebted greatly to "Common Red Clover" and I am con-
vinced that common red clover can, and will pay more debts and add
more to his wealth, if generously used, than any one, and I might say all,
other popular fertilizers combined. Many a man has lost ten dollars
trying to save a quarter. Many a farmer has lost $500.00 because clover
seed was selling 12 or 15 cents too high per bushel. Too high! Can't
afford to buy it! I am in a position to know from personal experience that
clover seed is not pi'oMMtive at $25.00 per bushel. The writer owns a
worn-out farm that a few years ago, planted to corn, raised about seven
bushels of corn and forty-five bushels of cockleburrs to the acre. The
cockleburrs showing 110 per cent germination. From this same identical
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII 713
land we have always obtained a full crop. That farm has paid the original
cost, interest, taxes and for all improvements, viz.: Good fences, good
sheds, etc., and has advanced in price $95.00 per acre; and to ''Common
Red Clover'' the honor is due. We didn't do this by waiting until seed
got cheaper. We didn't do this by counting the seeds. How I hate a
stingy man! I once heard Robert G. Ingersoll say: "Young man, if you
have but a dollar in the world — spend it like a lord." And I want to say
to my farmer friends: If you have but ten dollars in the world, spend it
for clover seed and sow it like a lord!
Consider well the clovers. 1st. The old reliable "Common Red. This
is tne standard. 2d. The Mammoth. 3d. The Alsyke.
The white and the "Four Leafed" will take good care of themselves.
"The time is here that determines whether a man is capable of becoming
a true farmer with a happy home and family; independent, as only the
farmer can be, or a 'soil robber,' with a heavy mortgage and bankruptcy
staring him in the face." The King drag will not make a good road if
left in the fence corner. Clover seed won't help you out if left in the
granary or the sack. "It was not the intention of the Supreme Being that
our fair State of Iowa should be doomed to sterility and barreness through
the folly and parsimony of man. He has provided in the Common Red
clover a sure means of restoring and conserving rich and abundant fertility
to the soil of every farmer and stock grower who is willing to accept and
use the means within the reach of every owner of a sterile farm" with a
big mortgage attachment or of an humble tenant, who has a two to
four year lease.
Consider well the clovers. The pigs in clover is no longer a puzzle. If
we had bought clover seed with the money expended for blue sky (of
which Texas has a surplus), Bohemian oats, portable pantries and the
many patented devices whose only real merit consisted in separating a
man from his money, and had sown the seed intelligently and honestly we,
today, would be a more prosperous people.
When you buy clover seed buy it from a responsible and reputable
dealer and pay him a fair and equitable price for it. If you do this, under
the provisions of the pure food law, you are measurably protected against
polluting your land with noxious weeds. Insist that you are getting a
seed of at least 95 to 98 per cent germination. My experience in selling
clover seed for more than thirty years has been that the old axiom which
applies to almost every commodity is especially emphasized when applied
to clover seed and that is: "The best is always the cheapest."
This applies also to stock, the field and garden seeds. In many cases
I firmly believe the man who buys a second class farm and first class
clover seed, sowing generously, can show a better per cent of gain than
the man who buys the high priced land and sows a little or no clover
seed. In fact much of our soil ranking as second class lands selling in
many cases from $50.00 to $65.00 per acre, are the best adapted to the
growing of clover. Experience teaches that land that will grow a heavy
crop of clover will produce a good crop of corn; true it may not repeat
the corn crop as often without changing as the higher priced land, yet
by careful figuring the per cent of profits on the investments the cheaper
714 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
land will give you the better return, especially to the man of moderate
means who has to carry a mortgage of from 50 to 60 per cent of the
original investment. As a rule one acre of the first class land will not
beat two acres of the second grade, either in blue grass, clover or corn,
provided always, 1st, he will market the finished product, viz., horses,
cattle, hogs, etc. 2d. Accumulate, husband and use all fertilizer on the
farm. 3d. Sow generously red clover seed wherever he can, with the
oats, with the barley, with the wheat, and even in the corn after the
last plowing of the corn, crossing the same with cultivator w^ith harrow
attachment if desired to leave for meadow the next year. If this is not
desirable sow just before the last plowing of the corn. If this be done
you may get good results. Time would fail us, your patience exhausted,
and the half would not be told of the possibilities, the mine of wealth
within the reach of many, in the intelligent and generous use of red
clover seed.
Then sow clover seed.
"Since the time we have to live
In this world is so short let's strive
To make our best advantage of it.
And pay our losses with our profits."
MAINTAINING THE PHYSICAL CONDITION OF THE SOIL.
W. B. GOULDING, BELLE PLAINE, IOWA.
(Before Benton County Farmers' Institute.)
The words, physical condition, as applied to the soil, relates to the
structural condition or state of granulation or crumb structure of that
upper stratum of the earth's surface commonly called soil. The science
of soil physics does not inquire into the chemical composition of soils or
into what amount of fertility they may contain, but is of great importance
in teaching how that fertility may be made available to the growing crops.
The soil chemists tell us that there is stored up in the average soil
of this section enough fertility to last for many generations, but very little
of this stored up fertility can, even under the best methods of soil man-
agement, be made available at any one time. It is a well recognized fact
that a rational system of soil management is the foundation of successful
agriculture, and the real reason why some farmers make their calling a
brilliant success while others make it a dismal failure and finally "fold
their tents like the Arabs and quietly steal away" to start anew upon
upon the virgin lands of the west, is found in the difference in their sys-
tems of soil management. A great French writer once remarked that
there is in the universe an all-wise providence whose eternal purposes
embrace all accidents converting them to good, and if the farmer neglects
to maintain his soil in a good physical condition he will soon arrive at the
point where providence will no longer permit him too draw a subsistence
from the stored-up fertility of the soil.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART Xll 715
This sometimes happens before the soil has been brought to anywhere
near its maximum producing capacity. Nature has placed metes and
bounds to the operations of the soil robber. She says to him: "This
far Shalt thou go and no farther." Then the soil robber says: "The land
is run out; farming no longer pays here." So he sells his farm and wan-
ders on to pastures new, leaving the land to others. Others who under-
stand that the soil is not a fixed and generally decreasing source of
income as are many of the other natural resources of the country. The
wealth of the soil may not properly be compared with a fixed bank account
upon which drafts in the form of crops are continuously drawn with the
ultimate result of the complete exhaustion of the capital involved. The
soil is more nearly compar.able with an invested fund whose annual interest
is paid in the form of crops and, which under proper management, may
be continually increased from its annual earnings. The forces of nature
which have produced soils have not ceased to act, and through their
steady, continued operations, they are capable of maintaining and renew-
ing the producing power of this great natural resource when they are
properly directed and assisted by the husbandman.
One of the principal agencies in making the crude materials of the
soil available for growing crops is the action of bacteria, the action of
those minute organisms which produce the phenomena of decomposition
and decay as well as those forms that combine the nitrogen of the air
with the elements found in the soil and in the roots of growing plants.
It is a well known fact that these organisms thrive best when the soil
is in a good physical condition.
Perhaps it would be well to discuss briefly what is meant by a good
physical condition of the soil. Every farmer knows pretty well what a
bad physical condition of the soil is: The humus of the soil may be ex-
hausted by excessive cropping and neglecting to use the legumes or
grasses in the rotation; then the soil loses its granulation or crumb struc-
ture; when wet it becomes like putty, lacks the porous nature of productive
soil, is heavy and dead. The clay appears on the hillsides and when heavy
rains come, the water being unable to soak into the soil, runs off on the
surface causing excessive washing away of the richest part of the soil,
as well as the formation of ditches and gullies and the farmer is given
an object lesson of the way that the "Father of Waters catches the hills
in his arms and drags them down to the ocean." Dried out the soil Is
baked and hard, difficult to cultivate, crops fail to do well, the tender
rootlets can not find many pathways to penetrate among the insensible
clods which the rude swain turns with his share and treads upon. If
the oak should send his roots abroad he scarce could pierce that mold.
The soil has become, as it were, a mass of dead matter. The water
from below can not rise through the capillaries of the soil because the
soil has not the capillaries. In times of drouth plants in such soil wither
away like the seed that fell upon the rock because they have no root. A
similar result may be obtained by allowing stock to tramp the soil
during the early spring or by going upon the land with harrows and
other implements when it is too wet. The result is that the farmer, like
the Israelites of old, makes bricks without straw.
716 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
On the other hand, a soil in good physical condition, has much the
structure of a sponge; it is filled with decaying vegetable matter or humus,
the soil particles adhere together in small masses, forming what is
called a crumb-structure. The decaying vegetable matter forms parting
planes separating these crumbs and rendering the soil friable and loose.
The air freely penetrates among the particles of the soil assisting the
bacteria to fit the crude elements for the use of growing plants. Every
soil particle is surrounded by a thin film of water held in place by the
force of gravitation. The soil is not wet, it is moist. This soil water
holds the plant food in solution. Other water rises from below, deeper
down in the earth, to take the place of that absorbed by the growing
plants or lost in evaporation, for the capilliary attraction of the soil is
good. The loose crumb-structure of the soil makes it easy for the
tender rootlets of the growing plants to push their way among the soil
particles and lying close to the small soil masses the rootlets drink up
the soil water with its liquid plant food.
The soil is warm for the air circulates among the soil particles and
seed planted in such a soil quickly germinates and like that that fell
upon good ground, brings forth fruit a hundred-fold. •
It is a well known fact that a soil containing an excessive amount of
moisture can not be put into good physical condition. An attempt to
cultivate such a soil is time and labor wasted. The water in the soil
prevents the air from entering, prevents the growth of the beneficial
forms of bacteria and aids in the formation of acids injurious to growing
crops. Therefore, if a soil is wet, the first step toward putting it into a
good physical condition, is to drain it. The next important thing in
maintaining the soil in good physical condition is to keep up the supply
of humus or decaying vegetable matter. Nature has, when left to herself,
always provided for the maintenance of the humus supply. She will not
tolerate bare ground. Let man destroy the vegetation of a plot of
ground and Nature at once commences to cover it with a mantle of green.
She covers the ground with a carpet of grasses; their leaves prevent the
rays of the sun from burning up the organic matter of the soil, prevent
the winds from scattering its particles and the fioods from sweeping it
away. The roots bind the soil together and the plant decaying leaves a
supply of humus in the soJ so that two blades of grass may grow where
but one grew before. We should learn a lesson from Nature and never
leave the soil bare to the burning rays of the summer sun. We should
avoid all unnecessary waste of the humus already in the soil and add
to the supply by an intelligent system of crop rotation. Clovers or other
legumes should be frequently grown. Green manure should be plowed
under. Corn stalks and straw should not be burned but their organic
matter should be returned to the soil to furnish a humus supply and a
store of plant food for future years. In this connection it is not generally
known that the farmer may add indirectly to the supply of nitrogen in
the soil by plowing under material of this kind. There are several forms
of nitrogen fixing bacteria that use the carbonaceous matter in the soil in
the process of fixing atmospheric nitrogen. Speaking of this matter. Prof.
A. F. Woods, says: "In warm, well areated soils containing sugars,
starches, and cellulose from decaying grasses and other vegetation, and
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII 717
well supplied with carbonate of lime or other bases and mineral foods,
these bacteria fix considerable atmospheric nitrogen. The amount, of
course, depends upon the nature and amount of carbohydrate food avail-
able, the species present, their number and the degree of favorableness
of the other factors mentioned. In ordinary cultivated soils the supply
of available carbohydrate materials is the factor that usually limits free
nitrogen fixation."
As much as possible crops should be fed on the farm and the manure
returned to the soil in order to keep up the humus supply. Stock should
not be allowed to tramp the soil when wet. Neither should the farmer
cultivate too early in spring or immediately after rains. Erosion of the
soil should be prevented as much as possible by intelligent methods of
cultivation, preventing the formation of ditches and keeping rolling land
covered with vegetation as much as possible. To state the meaning of
maintaining the physical condition of the soil in a single sentence, I feel
that I can not do better than use the expression of Henry Wallace, and say:
"Keeping the soil in good physical condition means keeping it in such
shape that the growing crops can get the juice out of it."
FORESTRY FOR THE FARM.
G. B. BLISS, AMES, IOWA.
(Before Clinton County Farmers' Institute.)
The farmer is, in many ways, becoming more and more vitally related
to the forestry problem. The questions of lumber and fuel supply, protec-
tion from the winds and heat, climatic conditions, irrigation, water supply
and other phases of forestry are coming to be of paramount importance
to agriculture as well as to all other industries of America.
In the early settlement of this country the question was "How can we
clear the land of trees most quickly and economically?" Hence a terribly
wasteful system of forest removal was inaugurated. All over the United
States forests were hewn down without regard to their value. The timber
allowed to rot or deliberately burned to get it out of the way, if now
available would be worth billions of dollars. Yet conditions demanded this
sacrifice. So the forests, with their enormous resources, had to go.
Today conditions have changed. Thousands of acres of the very land
so ruthlessly shorn of its forests in former years is now practically worth-
less for agricultural crops. The soil has been eroded leaving the rocks
in conspicuous relief. Corn, tobacco and cotton have been the wealth pro-
ducers of America but their culture has wrought havoc with the basis of
Ame-rican prosperity and power, the soil.
With the scarcity of trees comes the rise in the prices of lumber. Every
year the farmer pays more for his lumber and hauls out a lighter load.
Every year the thickness of a board contracts a little. A common inch
board now seldom exceeds two-thirds to three-fourths of an inch in thick-
ness.
There is a constant tendency to force lumber of inferior quality upon
the market. Brashy and checkered boards, light in weight and with little
durability are the rule rather than the exception.
718 IOWA DEARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
We are warned of a timber famine and the warning has come none too
soon.
While distant portions of the earth, such as the Philippine Islands, the
Amazon valley and portions of Africa, still have a surplus of timber, the
Mississippi valley has a deficit which is yearly growing greater. It is this
fact which so vitally concerns the Iowa farmer.
Many contend that, owing to the numerous substitutes for wood, the
demand for that commodity will steadily diminish and finally cease al-
together. Such is not the case. It is an undeniable fact that the demand
for wood is increasing every year despite the extensive use of the substi-
tutes. More wood is now used than ever before. Steel, iron, concrete,
cement nor any other material can supplant wood in many of its uses.
These substitutes may be hard and durable and free from insect and fun-
gus attacks, but still they are heavy, break quite easily, are seriously af-
fected by heat and cold, cost a great deal more and utterly lack the elas-
ticity of wood.
But where is the necessary timber to come from? Practically all of
the eastern states have been stripped of their forests. Little is left ex-
cept large areas of charred stumps, and scattering saplings or sprouts
where once stood vast forests. Nature has very kindly created new
forest growth in many places of the east and south where the ravaging
hand of man has wrought destruction. Many of the abandoned farms
of those states have young tree growth w^ell started. The old plantations
of the south, rendered desolate by the civil war, have a new stand of
long leaf pine upon them.
As yet these trees are too small to cut for lumber. For the present,
the farmer must depend upon the Pacific states. The tall Oregon pines
and white cedars must respond to the demand. But the cost of transporta-
tion coupled wath the increased demand and unreplenished supply is cer-
tain to boost prices.
low^a land is too high in price to profitably turn large tracts into for-
ested districts. High as lumber may be, the returns from forests cut forty
to eighty years hence on land now worth sixty or eighty dollars an acre
would never meet the interest on the capital invested.
Still there is much land in the state that should be planted to timber.
This is mainly the rough sections along bluffs and waterways, and the
steep clayey hillsides which have been eroded until cultivation does not
pay. Such lands should be put in forests and kept that way because
they are of little agricultural value and because primarily, some forested
areas are essential in every section.
Forests are great soil formers and rene\vers. In rocky regions a tree
starts in the barren soil, sends its roots down into the rock crevices,
loosens and penetrates the soil in every direction and subjects it to the
action of the water and bacteria which enrich it. The tree prevents
washing by holding the soil with its roots, renders the ground porous,
adds humus year after year and finally converts a barren, sterile land in-
to a rich, productive one. Forests hold the snows in winter and act as
a sponge to absorb the water which is precipitated at all seasons. One
of the most serious problems in the east has arisen because the forests
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII 719
have been depleted from the hills upon which large cities depend for
their water supply. The cleaning away of the vegetation from the higher
lands has left no humus to hold the Avater precipitated. Consequently the
hard rains give rise to torrential streams which rush into the valley,
eroding all the fertile soil and, upon augmentation from other streams
causing floods with consequent enormous losses to life and property.
Then the hills become barren, the springs cease flowing, the rivers sub-
side into sluggish streams, wells and underground current that formerly
flowed constantly, diminish in volume and flow only intermittently or
not at all.
Forestry is vitally associated with irrigation. All waters used for this
purpose in the west are obtained from the mountain sides. The coniferous
trees growing on the mountains shelter the snow from the sun and hold it
until late spring or summer, then slowly melting it feeds the streams
from which water is taken for irrigation. Where the trees have been
cut, the wind blows the snow from the mountains into the valleys where
the sun rapidly melts it. The water thus formed rushes off in early
spring in torrents. When the farmer wants water for irrigation he may
find it in the Gulf of Mexico.
When the pioneer first broke the western prairies he had little trouble
with insects. Large areas were cleared and planted to agricultural crops.
The equilibrium of nature was disturbed, the plants upon which the in-
sects had been feeding being killed by the plow and harrow and these in-
sects turned to cultivated crops. As large areas were planted to corn and
other cereals, the enemies of these grains swarmed in to feed upon them.
With the destruction of the woodland inevitably followed the slaughter of
the birds which the trees sheltered. Without protection from the birds of
prey and the gun of man these insect eating birds were seriously depleted
in numbers. In many cases they have become extinct or have left their
old haunts entirely. Then, with their foes gone, the insects multiplied at
an enormous rate and devastated the farms. Hence, the farmer is now
troubled by hundreds of species of insects which annually cause a loss of
about $700,000,000.
THE CATALPA FROM A SEED TO A FENCE POST.
M. C. BURXET, ALLERTOX, lOAVA.
(Before the Wayne County Farmers' Institute.)
The farmers of the middle west are facing a post famine. The second
growth of native timber, where available, is poor post material, and
almost all of the matured trees have been used. The present high priced
labor and the expense of transporting post material from a distance makes
it an item of expense to replace posts every few years. A solution of
the problem is to plant a growth of catalpa speocia, or hardy catalpa. This
tree is of quick growth and the wood is light, strong and durable. It
is a native of the Wabash and its tributaries in Indiana and southwest.
More than eighty years ago in an address at an agricultural fair in Cin-
cinnati, Gen. Harrison gave an account of a catalpa log over a small
720 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICoLTURE
stream in the lower Wabash country that had been in use as a fool
bridge one hundred years and was still doing duty as such. The catalpa
timbers in the government stockade at Vincennes, Indiana, were sound
after being in the ground eighty years, long after the other timbers had
fallen with decay. We have authenticated reports of catalpa fence
posts that have been in use for fifty years and bid fair to last fifty more
years. This wood is practically indestructable in the ground, or in con-
tact with it; the lumber has a nice grain and takes a fine finish, does
not warp, or even check. The catalpa trees have endured a temperature
of thirty-five degrees below zero and started growing the next spring.
In regard to growing the catalpa, first be sure to get the seed of ca-
talpa speciosa and not catalpa bignonioides; the latter is a southern tree,
tender as a peach tree and the wood of no value, as are also the Japanese
catalpa and its hybrids; second, prepare your seed bed early and keep
working it to get it in fine tilth and all the weed seeds near the surface
to grow before planting the catalpa seed. About the last week in May
or the first of June, when the ground is moist, not wet, plant the seed
in a plat, drill about a foot wide and cover about one-fourth of an inch
deep; sow the seed rather thick, as not all will grow. A good stand of
plants will be of little trouble; make two or three different plantings a
few days apart, so if the climate conditions are not right one time they
may be another. The next spring the plants are ready to set in a grove.
In my first grove I set the trees four feet apart each way, but that is toe
close. For the next grove I shall set the rows about ten and one-halt
feet apart and about three feet apart in the row; that gives a chance
to grow two rows of corn or potatoes between each row of trees for
two or three years while the trees need cultivation. After the trees arc
large enough to use a team can be driven through to haul out the pole« ,
which is better than dragging them out by hand. After the trees ha^ e
grown one or two years, cut them off at the ground with a sharp matto.k
or ax when the ground is frozen. After they start in the spring, piii! off
all but one of the best shoots; this will grow from six to eight feet tliat
year, straight as an arrow. The next fall and winter care shoulc be
taken that the rabbits do not injure the trees; after that there is not
much danger.
I believe a plantation of catalpa will yield more revenue than any
cereal crop. We have reports of an annual income of twenty-one and
one-half dollars per acre for fifteen years after deducting all expenses
for labor and rent of land. Trim the catalpa and cut the posts in Novem-
ber, or as soon as possible after the leaves fall. A limb cut when the
sap is up will cause a decayed spot in the tree. A post cut in NoA ember
is worth two cut in INIay. I believe one thousand posts can be gr\-wn on
an acre of good land in ten years; it is surprising how much tim.jer will
grow on an acre wiien it is as thick as it will grow. As the Sa;tchman
said to his son, "Plant a tree Jock; it will be growing whiK you are
sleeping."
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII 721
HOW I WOULD RUN A FARM IF I WERE A MAN.
FANNIE E, BECK, WOODBINE, IOWA.
(Before Woodbury County Farmers' Institute.)
This subject may seem along the line of the new woman, but neverthe-
less, a farmer's wife has several impressions about farming that can be
expressed in this way which would never dare to be mentioned at home.
I honor the woman who can do more than simply keep house if the
occasion arises. I know a woman who can harness a team, hitch it up
properly, cut and rake hay or stalks, drive the horse to the hay fork,
husk corn, and even run the binder, and many other kinds of farm
work along this line when it was impossible to get a hired man at $25 or
$30 a month and found, and you could get an excellent girl for $10 or $12
who would not only do the house work neatly and well but would keep
the lawn mowed and take care of 200 or 300 little incubator chickens.
The hired help problem for the farmer is a serious one. When hired
men don't take any interest in anything much but the care of their own
horse or team, as the case may be, giving them as much care each morn-
ing as your work horses get in a week, and doing as little as possible
during the day so as to be able to do the bumming act properly in the
evening while you do all the chores.
W^hen a farmer is out $40 or $50 a month it is only right to expect
some returns. Here is where the farmer's wife can not only tell how
but can do much to help. I can not see that it in any way detracts from
a woman's modesty to not only know hovv^ but to take the management
of the farm in her own hands when left alone and with a family. Don't
take the children to town, try running the farm. You will gain a stock
of good health that v/ill last through many weeks of confining house work.
To the wives that have to chop the wood let me say, try driving a
team on the farm, while the husband does the chopping, and see how
much easier.
You may not all believe that you could go into a crowd of society
people in town and it would be difficult to pick out the farmer's wife who
was such a tom-boy as I have described. She probably reads as much
and is as intelligent, as any of them. She may not be able to speak
German or Latin, but she can tell you all about the big international
shows, bank guaranty, anti-injunction, and a bear hunt in Mexico.
If I were running a farm I would begin the day right by getting up
first in the morning and building the fires, making just as little noise
and dirt as possible. Really I think a man has more self-respect if he is
up in time to ansv.er the first telephone call, than to have his wife answer
it and say, I will see if John is awake yet.
Next begin the week right by helping get the washing machine in
place and if the water has to be pumped by hand, helping a little with
that. Your wife will have time to get you a better dinner and will wear
one of Samantha Allan's smiles when you come in to eat it, if the wash-
ing is all done and the house tidied up.
16
722 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Begin the month right by giving your wife a little allowance, we will
say $5.00 or even less, if your habits correspond.
Give her about what you spend each month for incidentals, as the item
goes in your farm book-keeping. She will know what to do with it, and
if she doesn't, she isn't fit to be your wife and you shouldn't have mar-
ried her.
Your wife cannot help but feel the enjoyment you get out of a good
cigar on a gloomy Sunday, when the magazines have all been read, but
she would be even happier if she had in her purse the equivalent of those
smokes in money.
If I were running a farm I would begin the year by making some good
resolutions and being sure to stick to this one, come to you meals on
time. This is one of the farmer's wife's greatest sorrows.
Don't think you must take just one more look at the stock or plow,
one more row of corn. Provide a dinner bell and come when you hear it.
During the winter the next year's work should be talked over and
planned, so the very day that ground is in condition to work you know
just how to begin. Select your seed corn sometime in October and this
can be tested in the winter. See to it that there is a year's wood up and
the summer's meat cured and put away.
There is one item I forgot to mention, and that is at the beginning of
winter be sure to go shopping with your wife and, make great prepara-
tions for Christmas. Spend as much as your financial condition permits
and don't forget that "It is more blessed to give than to receive."
About this time the year's reading matter should be selected.
In the latter part of the winter I would see to repairing the farm ma-
chinery, get the plows and disc sharpened and save the precious time
that is wasted by some farmers waiting at blacksmith shops when every-
body wants their work done the same day.
See that the yards and sheds are all cleaned up and right here let me
say that the easiest and by far the best way is to keep the spreader near
the barn and haul out the manure as it is made. This will save much
time and is more beneficial. By this I mean much of it is hauled at idle
times. A wagon box spreader can be bought for $60 and is all right, and
the stock and the wife would both be happier for having these fly in-
cubators removed.
I would prepare my fields for corn in the very best way possible, as
much of the cultivation of corn can be done before and soon after planting.
I would not be opposed too much to new methods. I believe the surface
cultivator could be more generally used to advantage. In planting corn
aon't forget to plant pumpkins as they are a very healthful and ecofiom-
ical feed.
Don't be afraid of straining your land, take good care of the fertility
and the strain will never be noticed.
I would practice diversified farming in this locality and aim at the
improvement of domestic animals.
Strive to grow better beef, pork, mutton and horses by improved
methods and at a greater profit.
I would not envy a more prosperous neighbor, but try to imitate his
methods.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII 723
Provide a good family orchard, not a commercial one, also enough
small fruit that tho family can have an abundance.
Keep a King road drag and use .it at the right time, thereby having
good roads to use as well as the blessing of your neighbors, who travel a
greater distance to town.
Another thing I would do is to insist that the law governing legal
fences be a hog and sheep fence as well as for cattle and horses.
If I were running the farm no farm machinery would be left in exposed
places. It was not made to decorate the fence corners and yards. This
is profitable to the implement dealer but not to the farmer, and a woman
would never have iforn out machinery in conspicuous places.
There is one advantage the farmer has and that is, he is never out
of a job. There is always something to do and something that is really
worth while.
And last, but not least, don't sell your farm unless you have no use
for it at all.
HAVE THE PRINCIPLES OF AGRICULTURE A LEGITHIATE PLACE
IN OUR PUBLIC SCHOOLS?
A. P. HUGHES.
(Before Poweshiek County Farmers' Institute.)
In considering the above subject we must not be unmindful of the fact
that it is occupying a large place in the thought, not only of this, but
of other countries, some of which have realized its importance long be-
fore the contracting area forced it on the attention of this country, not-
ably England and Germany, to which countries we might now well look
with profit as to the best means to employ to interest our young man-
hood in the noble occupation of tilling the soil.
In seeking a solution of the question it is well that we consider the
object of all schools. The cry that goes up today all over the land is
for education — it is demanded in all walks, the demand being for better
brains, brighter brains, directing brains. The question arises, therefore,
"What is education?" One replies that it is our experience from birth
to death and is never complete. This is no doubt correct, but education
in the abstract is the development of the facultuies of the mind which
gives a distinctive force to the individual; education is the steam by
which the mental energies are furnished with force, education gives to
mind clear and vivid conceptions, stimulates its energies and prepares it
for long and vigorous exertions. It enables one to form a correct esti-
mate of life and its purposes and developes the constructive and thinking
capacity. Education is sometimes confounded with information. Some
have the idea that an educated man should be capable of expressing an
opinion on any and all questions, but in its truest sense, education is not
only the acquiring of knowledge but is the art of learning how to use
the gifts with which we are endowed.
Understanding, therefore, just what is meant by education, it is im-
portant that we study those of whom we are the trustees. Admitting that
724 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
in the days of development, when this great state was in semi-wild condi-
tion, the occupation of farming was not without its hardships, and I am
going to be frank with the older members of this institute and say that I
trust they are not guilty of the indiscretions of their fathers, when he
said to them that he hoped they would not have to toil and slave as he
had. No doubt the old gentleman was well meaning and thought he had
your best interest at heart, but when he said those words he planted the
seed of unrest in your mind and turned your attention to other thoughts
than farming. He taught you that farm work was drudgery and sought
to fit you for some more elevated profession. I sincerely trust that the
fathers of today do not sow such seed of discontent in the minds of their
children. If they do, small advantage would result from introducing
agriculture in our public schools.
Of what particular value are our rural schools, and graded schools, for
that matter, to the youth of the land in the way of fitting them for rural
life? Rural schools are taught by inexperienced girls from eighteen to
twenty-five years of age, who teach, not because of their special fitness
or desire, but because they have not yet had an opportunity to marry —
and they all prefer a dude from the city to a stalwart, manly country
boy. For the most part the teachers have no sympathy with or interest
in farm life. As at present taught the rural schools tend to drive the
boys and girls away from the farm, whereas, one of their missions should
be to teach at least the primary elements of agriculture. The same may
be said of the graded schools. After a boy has spent four years in a
graded school what is he worth on the farm? The primary object of the
graded school is to fit for a collegiate education, and as a general rule
only one out of three hundred ever reach college, and yet the state
spends millions for that small percentage. Would it not be better wis-
dom to spend, at least a part of that sum, for the equipment of a central-
ized school devoted to the principles of agriculture, taught by teachers
who make teaching their life profession and who would send your sons
and daughters back to their homes thoroughly imbued with the import-
ance of agriculture and with a knowledge that will enable them to engage
in the w^ork with pleasure and profit.
The work of these schools could be supplemented and augmented by
the co-operation of the homes. No plan for encouraging agriculture can
attain large success unless it includes provision for instruction in horti-
culture and garden methods. As an ideal the public schools should pro-
vide the instruction and the parent direct the training. At present
neither school nor home is fitted for the task. A successful summer
school of agriculture was conducted by the Massachusetts agricultural
college last summer, and one is being planned for New Hampshire this
year, and no doubt other states will follow.
The education of the young men and women of today must be broader
than was the education of their fathers and mothers in order to meet the
problems of advanced civilization, and this education must be moral and
social as well as intellectual. It must be the sort of education that will
favor new social ideals and enable farmers to work together and stick
together in their various co-operative undertakings. The farmer's strong
individualism, combined with rural isolation has unfitted him for the
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII 725
work of organization, and while other lines of business have been organ-
ized, systematized and syndicated he has remained largely an individual.
The work of the secondary or agricultural schools would remedy this by
an enlarged conception of the importance of farming as related to co-
operation.
As a result of the benefits of teaching agriculture in public schools, I
desire briefly to call attention to the work done in Page county, as told
by the county superintendent in the "Iowa Year Book of Agriculture."
The work began in 1907, at a county educational rally. Prof. Holden
was present, and in talking to the rural teachers suggested that it would
be a good plan for the strongest and most successful teachers, thoroughly
interested in the w^ork, to meet later and make definite plans for work
that spring. The county superintendent selected fourteen of his best
teachers w ho met with Professor Holden, who entered the room with some
corn stalks under his arm. Together they spent several hours planning
for the work to be done. The germination test box was explained, and
before leaving every one present had caught from Professor Holden the
spirit that is proud to be seen carrying corn stalks. They took this
spirit back to their schools, and to judge by results imparted it to their
pupils. In all of the schools seed corn tests were carried out and work
along other lines inaugurated. One day of the county teachers' institute
was set apart for a report of the work done. There was an address by
Professor Holden and some actual milk testing. The reports of the
teachers were interesting. One reported that his boys had walked five
miles in a snow storm to secure the saw^dust for the germination boxes;
another reported a boy who had used his lap robe to save his box from
freezing, and another told of a girl teacher w'ho had gone back to her
school after supper to build up the fire to preserve the even temperature
of the room. Patrons of the schools, who had been inclined to scoff at
first, have become enthusiastic advocates of the work. Germination tests
in the schools resulted in germination tests at home, which enlarged the
knowledge of the older farmers. As a result of the reports of the teach-
ers, practically every teacher in the county caught the spirit and were
anxious to take up the work. They realized that it could be done, that
the children enjoyed the new world it opened up to them; that untold
good would result from it to the neighborhoods in which they taught.
In the fall w^ork was taken up in regard to harvesting and caring for
seed corn. The pupils were furnished with circulars from the state col-
lege, and it was suggested that each child go into his father's field and
select the best ear of corn he could find and bring it to school, w^here it
would be labeled and hung up to dry in the approved manner. Very
often, when the county superintendent visits the rural schools the first
question asked is, "which ear is the best?" Before planting time each
school will have a germinating test, using the corn selected by the chil-
dren. In addition to this, the superintendent has purchased a milk tester
and a complete testing outfit, which will be passed to different schools,
both in the country and towns, who wish to learn how to test milk.
There is a wonderful field for work in this line and the general weeding
out of worthless cows could be secured though the schools much more
726 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE
quickly and effectively than in any other way. Three thousand tuilp,
bulbs were distributed among the schools of the county, which were
planted by the pupils. Tulips were chosen because they were sure to
blossom before the schools are out in the spring, and also it was hoped
a bright tulip bed in every school yard would help in the campaign for
better and more attractive school houses and grounds.
This account of the work done in Page county is introduced as a strong
argument in favor of agriculture in the public schools.
Theory is not what is demanded at present. Superintendent Riggs is
no doubt sincere in his contention for secondary or vocational schools,
but by his own admission it will require several years before his plan
will bear fruit in the rural districts. What we want is a plan by which
the schools as at present constituted can be utilized in teaching the rudi-
ments at least of agriculture. 'There is no question as to the necessity
of such instruction, and I believe the time is ripe for its introduction
into the rural and graded schools right now. What has been done in
Page county can be done in Poweshiek county, and if our teachers
take hold of the matter as did the teachers in Page county our rural
schools would at once spring into importance, and there would be less
desire on the part of the pupils to enter the graded schools. Teachers
can easily fit themselves for teaching primary steps in seed life and
growth and with the assistance of the homes all would be surprised at
the progress the. children would make and in the added attendance and
interest in the rural schools. Farmers owning land adjacent to school
buildings could be prevailed upon to donate sufficient ground for a school
garden, wherein the children could spend an hour each day in pursuit of
knowledge that will direct their attention back to the farm. These school
gardens could be profitably introduced in the graded schools in the
towns, and much would be gained by the pursuit of studies aided by
actual experience in cultivating plant life.
The demand for this sort of instruction is acknowledged by the bills
in the congress and state legislatures favoring some plan of introducing
agriculture in the public schools, but for the most part the plans sug-
gested are complex in their workings and do not reach the vital question
soon enough to be of much benefit to present day pupils. What we want
is active interest on the part of teacher and pupils in present day facil-
ities and a will to do the w^ork as best they can. Let the teachers take
advantage of every opportunity to post themselves and interest the chil-
dren in the w^ork along with their other studies, with a day given to the
subject by the county teachers' institute.
Dr. A. C. Trude, director of the experiment station of the department
of agriculture, Washington, D. C, says that there must be and will come
a general improvement in the country elementary schools. I think we
should do something to promote the teaching of the elements of agricul-
ture in the public schools and through the association of agricultural
colleges and experiment stations, working in harmony with the national
experiment station.
There has been introduced in the lower house of the national congress
by Representative Davis a bill to co-operate with the states in encourag-
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII 727
ing instruction in farming and home malving in agricultural secondary-
schools, with branch experiment stations, instruction in the non-agricul-
tural industries and in home making in city secondary schools, and in
providing teachers for these vocational subjects in state normal schools.
Just before his death Ian MacLaren said: 'I'll tell you, the problem
of Iowa is not a political or industrial one — it is the problem of the
bairns scattered over our prairies." It is well, at this time, to carefully
consider this bit of good advice. If the training of our boys and girls
does not bring out the very best there is in them; if it does not fit them
to deal intelligently and successfully with the problems they are to meet;
if it does not fit them to make the best use possible of the soil and
climate; if it does not teach them in fact the ennobling principles of
agriculture, then it is time that we made it such.
AGRICULTURE IN RURAL SCHOOLS.
MRS. MAX DAX.
' (Before Kossuth County Farmers' Institute.)
Every thinking man and woman will concede that the development of
the country schools is not in proportion to the development of the coun-
try in other lines. The country school is practically the same today as
it was twenty years ago, with perhaps a few exceptional cases. In a
great measure this is the fault of the farmer, though a mistake of the
head rather than of the heart. We have been, so occupied, some of us,
adding to our material possessions, some of us striving to meet our ob-
ligations, that we have given the school little attention, beyond keeping
the children at school and supplying the necessary material. It is only
recently that agriculture as a life work, has received much consideration.
It was regarded as a means, not an end. Parents were content to work
the farm long enough to secure a competence that would allow them to
move to town, or perhaps remained on the farm to provide the means to
educated the sons and daughters, that they might escape the drudgery
of the farm, forgetting that w^ork is drudgery only when it is work we
do not like to do, be it on the farm, in the office, shop, or school. But a
reaction has set in, a new era has begun; we realize that the farmer as
the main producer of wealth, needs a special training quite as much as a
follower of a profession or a trade; that it takes skill to make a success
of farming on high-priced land; and that to be a producer of fine crops
and fine animals is an object well worth aspiring to; and since a very
small per cent of the farm boys ever go to college, we must look to the
rural schools for their training.
With the country schools as they now are, all we can hope to do is to
arouse the ambition of the pupils and patrons that they may desire a
better knowledge of agriculture; if this can be done, fewer and better
equipped schools will follow. We have heard it said that no child can be
taught till it has a disposition to learn; this is also applicable to children
of a larger growth and rural schools will be made of more practical value
to farm boys and girls when the majority of farmers demand it; and
they will not demand it till they feel the need.
728 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
We believe neighborhood organization would be an aid to cultivating
this disposition to learn in the farmer. Let the teacher, aided by a few
of the most progressive farmers, form a club, the aim of which shall be
a larger and better supply of agricultural knowledge. Persuade every
man, woman and child in the neighborhood to be a member and partici-
pate in discussions of agricultural problems. The best journals devoted
to farming interests are doing an inestimable amount of good in awaken-
ing men and women to their responsibilities and opportunities as tillers
of the soil. If all would read, assimilate, and then put into practice the
information these publications are disseminating an epoch of remarkable
progress would follow. Would it be amiss to compare the reading ele-
ment among farmers to the parable of the sower? He who reads with
the purpose of gaining and applying knowledge would represent the fertile
soil on which the seed fell and brought forth abundantly; those who read
understandingly, but are not enterprising enough to carry out the ideas
thus gained, would correspond to the thin soil upon which the seed fell,
sprang up, but straightway withered; lastly, those who read uncompre-
hensive or not at all suggest the wayside upon which the seed fell and
was trodden upon or devoured by the fowls of the air. We believe the
last two classes represent a majority, they are satisfied with present con-
ditions, giving no thought to improvement. It seems probable that the
neighborhood club would be a means of getting this class in touch with
up-to-date ideas. Scientific feeding, improving plants and animals by
selection, a study of the noxious weeds of the locality, and the best and
easiest way of eradicating them, insect enemies, plant diseases; beauti-
fying the homestead, and farm sanitation are a few of the topics on which
the average farmer has everything to learn. Books on these subjects and
articles taken from reliable journals would furnish interesting and in-
structive reading at club meetings and supplementary reading at school.
Pupils would become familiar with terms commonly used in scientific agri-
culture, and enable and encourage them to read these publications intel-
ligently, and wouldn't the study of these and similar subjects develop the
intellect and broaden the mind quite as much as reading ancient fables
and myths or studying latin and algebra?
The country school offers the best facilities for nature study, and
would help the little folks see the attractive side of farm life. Get them
familiar with birds that frequent your locality, learning to distinguish
them by name would be fascinating to both large and small pupils. The
same can be said of insect life and elementary botany, and instead of
adding to the work of the teacher it would lighten her work by making
reading and language study interesting. The bugbear of every country
school boy is language work. The most important study and most neg-
lected. Surely in having something interesting to say, the saying in
suitable language would be easier and composition shorn of some of its
terrors.
In forming the club the most capable should be elected as officers and
serve not in a spirit of patronage but of comradeship. Energy, diplo-
macy and unlimited perseverance, and the two proverbial bears (bear
and forbear) will be indispensable to insure success. It will be hard work
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII 729
for pulling up stream is harder than to drift, but powers grow with
exercise and we should be willing to aid in working out our own salva-
tion. If it is right thinking that will shape future destiny of farm life,
let parents and teacher co-operate to put the farm boys in line for doing
things in the right way and let parents keep the pace. Let every pro-
gressive farmer and every teacher interested in the advancement of agri-
culture do a little missionary work along this line, and since a "little
leaven leaveneth the whole lump" w^e see in the near future consolidated
schools with agriculture and domestic science taught as regular branches,
and the country scholar placed on a fair footing with the town scholar.
Meanwhile let us not despise small beginnings, and if the country school
teacher can aid arousing the boys' ambition, help him to see that there
is something more in farming besides hard work, start him in the way
of reading, thinking, investigating, until he acquires the habit, she will
have builded better than she knew.
DRAINAGE.
FEANK FORBES, KORTHWOOD, lOW^V.
(Before Worth County Farmers' Institute.)
It is both profitable and interesting to study the peculiar effect of
water upon soil, and upon vegetable life in the soil, but the scope of this
paper will not admit much discussion of that subject. It must be enough
to say that plants can not feed on the soil unless water is frequently
supplied; neither can the plants valuable in Iowa farming feed upon the
soil unless the water is promptly removed. This problem of getting the
water to the soil, and then getting it away, must be constantly in mind
when studying drainage in any of its phases.
In some countries the soil is supplied with water by irrigation, in
w-hich case the amount supplied, the time applied, and place at which it
is applied are easily regulated, but in this country the water is supplied
by rain, which comes unbidden and uncontrolled, and although one of the
greatest of blessings it often becomes a source of great injury. It has
been truly said that it falls on the just and the unjust alike, but after it
falls, no rule of fairness is observed, and it may bless one man and injure
his neighbor.
It serves its purpose where it falls, and there is no place where it can
be said that more rain falls than is needed, but where the rain fall from
one place is allowed to accumulate at another, or where it is not allowed
to flow away, it becomes at once a source of injury. So i..e bare question
is, how shall we remove the water after it has served its purpose without
damage to other soil? No method has yet been discovered that is prac-
tical except to allow it to flow by force of the laws of nature. But if
allowed to Mow on or near the surface it injures the soil along its path,
while if allowed to flow a reasonable depth below the surface no harm
is done, and the effect is even beneficial to the soil above its road.
So we may say that the first requisite is to get the w^ater down to a
safe depth below the surface. If the water is allowed to stay on the soil
730 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
more than one day, even where it originally fell, it injures farm crops;
for that reason we may add: Get it down immediately. It will do but
iiitle good to get it down unless a way is provided by which it may
flow away. This way must have slope enough to cause the water to flow,
and be large enough to hold the volume of water to be moved and at the
same time keep it at a safe depth below the surface of the soil. The
volume of water to be moved, and the slope of the waterway, or drain,
as we call it, are usually items which are fixed by nature and both affect
the required size. So we cannot judge of the required size unless we
know the slope and the volume. Then here is another rule: Ascertain
the available slope of the drain and the volume of water to he moved.
When the drain is constructed if there are^ places where the slope is
greater than at others the water will flow more rapidly at those places,
but the water will not get away any more rapidly than it flows at the
flatest place, and so we should make the drain of uniform slope if pos-
siole. It is true also that crooks and bends in a drain obstruct the flow,
and a drain should be made in as straight a line as possible.
Open drains when constructed often become obstructed by flowing silt,
falling turf and growing vegetation, and besides they are a serious an-
noyance in cultivating land and destroy a considerable portion of land
that should raise good crop with less labor in farming. Where it is
possible to use covered drains, they are less liable to obstruction, the
land is saved from loss and waste, and good crop is grown where with an
open drain there is nothing but an unsightly hole with weeds on its
banks. Then let us make the rule: Always use a covered drain if
possible.
Nature has wisely prepared the surface of the earth so that in most
places there are plane of more or less spherical surfaces with natural
slope in some direction. These sloping surfaces intersect each other in
all manner of ways, but the intersections of the lower edges make con-
tinuous water courses toward some river or natural body of water. These
natural courses are liable to become overflowed, because the water natur-
ally seeks them. Water will not cross these courses to seek a drain
somewhere on the surface sloping to it. For that reason it is needful to
locate drains near the natural water course and these of necessity are
often crooked and meandering, but there is no reason why the drains
on the sloping surfaces should not be in straight lines, parallel with each
other, and it is much better to have them so as it gives uniform results
and systematic work. Then we would say: Locate the main drains
along tne natural water courses, but make the lateral drains as near cw
possible parallel with each other, even though you disregard slight un-
dulations of the land. Lay them out so they will follow the line of
greatest fall, only modified to a reasonable extent to keep the lines
parallel and avoid acute angles at the junction.
The law of this country gives every man a right to have the water
flow from his land onto the land of his neighbor in its natural course, in
natural quantity on the surface of the ground or in a natural channel.
This is a wise and just law, but often the outlet thus afforded is not deep
enough to give perfect drainage. Thus it is often necessary to co-operate
with neighbors to get good results. This is not always possible, and our
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII 731
legislature has enacted a law whereby a man may force a drain across
his neighbor's land, and this law should be used whenever necessary.
So far in this discussion we have only considered general conditions
and what things it is proper to do. That part is important as it gives
a starting point from which to discuss the more important question, How
best to do the proper thing? That is a more difficult task, and in under-
taking it I will only profess to give the result of my observation, ex-
perience and study. It may well be asked:
First — What is a safe depth below the surface? I would say from
three to four feet. Sometimes it is necessary to go much deeper in order
to procure a uniform grade, or for some other reason. As a rule that
makes it better rather than worse. The only objection is the additional
cost. There is a constant temptation to save money or labor by shallow
tiling and ditching, but it will be a great mistake if you yield to the
temptation. It is very easy to waste a hundred, or even a thousand, dol-
lars, by laying a string of tile too near the surface. This is particularly
true with large tile. A 12-inch tile should be laid four feet deep, if
possible. Sometimes it is impossible on account of poor outlet or slight
fall to get a drain three feet deep. In that case do the best you can. I
have seen excellent results with a depth of a foot and a half at the out-
let, or at the upper end. Such a drain will not drain a large area, but
will do good work for a small area. If it is a main drain it will need
lateral drains where otherwise they might not have been needed, and if
a lateral drain, other laterals near; in some cass two or three times as
many would be needed if the drain were deeper, so it will prove in the
end very much more expensive to drain land with shallow drains than
with deeper ones.
Second — What is sufficient slope? In measuring slope engineers usually
use one hundred feet of drain as a unit. That is to say, if an engineer
should tell you that a drain has a slope of fifteen-hundredths, he would
mean fifteen-hundredths of a foot to every hundred feet. The fall is
usually expressed in hundredths of a foot rather than in tenths or inches,
because it is convenient to use the decimal system, and we need a small
subdivision, as we often have a very small amount of fall to apportion
to a very long drain. Good drainage can be secured on a very small fall.
Good authorities say as low as one hundredth, or even on a level, but the
less the fall the more expensive the drainage. In this country I consider
a slope of from ten to twenty-five hundredths a good practical condition
for such drainage as will not be unusually expensive. This question of
slope must always be considered in connection with the size of drain and
volume of water, and I will give some tables in connection with those
subjects that will involve all three questions.
Third — How can we compute the proper size of a drain? It is abso-
lutely necessary first to know the volume of water and the slope of the
drain. In measuring the volume of water to be moved you must know
the area to be drained, and the amount of rainfall.
The area can be carefully measured if you like, but usually a rough
estimate will answer every necessity. Then with the average rainfall
known the problem should be easy; but some of this water sinks to sub-
732
IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
terranean currents, and does not reach the drain, and besides that the
rain does not fall at a uniform rate and it must be cared for as soon as
it comes. So we must know the greatest rainfall likely to come in any
one day, and the portion that is likely to reach the drain. It is safe to
count that practically all of the water falling on the untillable land
should be carried by drains. The portion coming from the tillable land
depends largely on the surface and subsoil and is largely of necessity a
matter of judgment. Steep hills with clay subsoil furnish more than
gentle slopes with gravel subsoil. Hills with sand or gravel subsoil ab-
sorb the water and give it out in seepage at the foot of the hills; but in
this case it comes to the drain much more slowly. In computing size of
drain I usually compute tillable land sloping to the drain at about one-
fourth the area of untillable land, but this can not be considered a safe
rule for all cases; sometimes it should be more and sometimes less. We
occasionally have a rainfall of two inches, and on rare occasions, like
June, 1864, and May, 1902, we got four or even five inches. But good
authorities use a maximum of one inch for a basis from which to compute
the size of tile. In ascertaining the slope of the drain you must measure
and find how much lower the bottom of the drain is at the outlet than the
bottom of the drain will be at the upper end, and divide the amount by
the length of the drain. For the purpose of computing the size of the
drain, this measurement can be made by any intelligent man with a
carpenter's level. As to measurements in general I will speak in another
part of this paper.
After you have learned the slope and the volume of water to be moved
you will be in position to judge of the kind of drain to make. You may
find that a tile large enough to drain the land would cost more than you
can afford. In that case you will find an open ditch less expensive but not
so good. Small sized tile should never be used on flat slopes nor for
large areas. You must have the drains large enough and near enough
together to carry away a large rainfall before it drowns your crop, or your
money is wasted. There were thousands of rods of perfectly working
tile in this county last year that drained the land splendidly, but left it
bare of crop because it was too slow. This was a waste of money. If
you compute the gallons of water to be moved in a day, the following
table will help you to compute the size of tile needed:
TABLE SHOWING NUMBER OF GALLONS PER MINUTE C^VRRIED BY
DIFFERENT SIZES AT DIFFERENT SLOPES.
Size
Slope .13
Slope .25
Slope .50
Slope .75
Slope 1.00
4
36
54
84
10 i
144
232
267
470
830
1,200
52
78
120
160
208
2.30
377
680
1,000
1,600
76
111
169
220
304
470
463
960
1,400
1,900
92
134
206
280
368
570
655
1,160
1,800
2,800
108
159
240
330
432
660
803
1,300
2.KX)
3,300
5
G -
7
8
y
10 .
12
14 _.-
16
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII
733
This table is prepared from figures given in surveyor's tables of F.
Hodgmann, and credited to catalog of Bennett Sewer Pipe Co.,T]iere are,
however, tables prepared which give reference to acres rather than gallons,
and I believe they are better for the ordinary farmer than the above.
When you Imow the slope of the drain and acres of untillable land to be
accommodated you can be reasonably safe in relying on these tables, I
will give a table here adapted from the tables of Wells and Carpenter,
and published in Hodgmann's Manual of Surveying:
Table showing capacity in acres of drain of different sizes and slopes:
OrEN DITCH, SIDE SLOPE 1 TO 1.
Slope
.05
.08
.12
.15
3 ft. bottom.
"■
aa.
1,600
2,000
2,600
3,500
4,000
4,000 '
6,000
8,000
10,000
15,000
4 ft. bottom.
3d. ! ed,
6 ft. bottom.
3d. j 6d.
i
10 ft. bottom.
6d.
3d.
2,000
2,300
3,200
4,000
4,600
5.000
6,500
9,000
12,000
16,000
3,000
3,500
4,500
5,500
6,200
8,000
10,000
12,000
16,000
20,000
4,000
5,000
7,000
8,500
9,500
12,000
15,000
21,000
25,000
30,000
TILE.
Slope
4 inch.
6 inch.
8 inch.
10 inch.
13 inch.
.05
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
7
7
8
10
0
0
0
0
13
15
17
IS
20
23
27
0
0
21
24
28
30
34
38
43
48
56
0
30a.
37
42
48
54
60
65
74
84
97
40 a.
47
56
65
74
81
90
107
117
132
15 1
.07
.10 _ .
.12 _-.
.16
.20 -
.25
.33
.40
..50 -
.65
For instance, if you have an untillable slough of ten acres with forty
acres of ordinary tillable land draining into it, and find that you can make
a drain with a slope of only five hundredths, you will learn from the
table that nothing smaller than a 12-inch tile can be used, and that will
be good for forty acres or its equivalent in wet land. You have ten acres
of slough and forty acres of dry land, equal to ten acres more, or twenty
acres of drainage, and your 12-inch tile will do in like manner; if your
slope is seven hundredths a 10-inch tile will do. If it is ten hundredths,
8-inch will do; if it is forty-hundredths, a 6-inch will do.
Third — How can a uniform slope be secured? The line should be
carefully laid out, and a stake set at the end of every hundred feet, and
the depth of cut computed at every stake. A cord or wire should be
stretched tightly eight feet above the required bottom, as shown in the
following cut. A light measure eight feet long should be used on every
foot when cutting the bottom of the trench. A line of targets will answer
the same purpose, but are not as accurate or handy as a line. It is
734 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
absolutely impossible to do good work by what is called "water level," or
by a straight edge and carpenter's level in the trench. The computations
of cuts can only be made by measuring the elevation at every stake. This
could be done by a carpenter's level, but the inconvenience in making the
many adjustments make it unprofitable to do so. -A surveyor's level can
be purchased for a small sum, and any farmer's boy can learn in an
hour's time to measure elevations for all ordinary drainage work. I wish
to speak briefly in closing about the drainage district law, but before I
pass to that I will devote a little space to the general subject of tile
draining, and must be content with a few injunctions and expressions of
opinion. Drawing surface water off from land is good as far as it goes,
but there is not much profit in it even though done at small cost, because
the land is still wet. The great profit comes when you can raise big
crops on land that was once a waste place, and this is true even though
the cost is very great. Then it is wise when you begin to tile to plan for
complete and thorough drainage. Do not despise a small tile. Sometimes
you may think your tile is too small when the trouble is that it is
poorly laid. It costs nearly five times as much to put in 12-inch tile as it
does to put in 4-inch, and in many cases five lines of 4-inch tile would be
very much better than one of 12. Do not spend too much time "fussing"
with the bottom of your trench. If it is cut accurately as it should be the
"crumbs" do more good than hurt. If tile is laid in sand, cover all joints
thoroughly with clay or black soil. If in quicksand, lay a few rods and
let the water drain out before you go any further. Protect your outlet
against caving earth by a stone wall, and against animals that would
harbor in the tile by a Tenold protector. (I would not use this paper
for the praise of a special article if there was another in the market in
its class. This article stands alone and is an entire success.) I do not
feel competent to advise as to the merits of cement tile. It seems that
on large sizes when made on the ground in the field where used there is
considerable saving in cost, but the relative merits of clay and cement
are yet in dispute, and I am as yet unconvinced of the merit of cement.
The ordinary cost of putting in tile drain where the hauling is not more
than ten miles may be roughly estimated as follows: 4-inch, 65 c per rod;
5-inch, 80c; 6-inch, $1; 7-inch, $1.40; 8-inch, $1.80; 10-inch, $2.50; 12-inch,
$3.25. These estimates are actual cost w^ithout mishap. The danger of
floods, quicksand, hardpan, bad roads, expensive handling on soft ground,
etc., makes it difficult to get contracts for these prices, but if you have no
mishap they will about cover cost for ordinary depth in this county.
Now, what about the drainage district law? Yes, it is a good law.
It will be an untold blessing to Worth county more and more as the years
go by. It may need some changes, but in the main it is a good law. It
is not strange if some mistakes are made in the first cases; it is probable
that more yet will be made. My e^iperience both as a lawyer and as an
engineer has given me an opportunity to see where mistakes are apt to
be made, and I will here point out some of these dangers: If an open
ditch is specified on your land it will be a mistake if you do not file a
claim for damages. The right of way is part of the cost, and justice
cannot be done unless every man files his claim and a fair (not large)
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART Xll 7S5
amount is allowed thereon. When a notice is served on you that an
engineer's report is on file, it will be a mistake if you do not examine
it. If you find something you do not like it will be a mistake if you do
not file objections in writing, and a bigger mistake if you get angry
about it. If the report does not recommend an outlet for you, it will be
a mistake if you do not ask for one (that is if you want it and are willing
to pay your share for it.) It is often wise for the engineer to leave
that question for you to decide. When the petition is filed for the drain-
age of a special piece of wet land, it would be a mistake if all the land
dependent on that body for a drainage outlet is not included in the
district. It will also be a mistake if any land is included in that district
that is not dependent on that body for a drainage outlet, even though
it is in the "water shed." When the commissioners classify land and
assess benefits, it will be a mistake if they judge by results attained
rather than by the amount of money expended. I believe the supreme
court will some time decide that benefit to a piece of land is measured
by the money spent for that piece of land, let the result be greater
or less as it may be. It is a mistake to make drains too small, and
also a mistake to make them too large. It is a mistake to force drainage
upon people against their wish at an unreasonable cost, and also a
mistake to allow an obstinate man to block the progress of his neigh-
bors unreasonably. It will be the greatest mistake of all if all are not
good-natured and friendly with your neighbors and with the engineer
and the officers. If you all try to help each other you will succeed.
GOOD COUNTRY ROADS.
C. C. DYE, LINEVILLE, IOWA.
(Before Jefferson County Farmers' Institute.)
To have a good road in any country, in the first place we must have
drainage. You will all agree with me there. Because a road must be
kept dry, or it will be soft.
I have a system of road work, which I have followed for the last five
or six years, and if you will w^atch me closely I will explain this all to
you, in giving you my system. We must have a system by which to
build our roads, or we never can have good roads.
One year I graded a lot of road from twenty, to twenty-three feet wide,
and had it in nice shape and expected next year to widen it or the next
man would; but what did he do. He started about six feet on the outside
of my ditches and ran the dirt Into my ditches and filled them, and then
he had a thirty-three to thirty-five foot, flat road. Both his work and
mine thrown away.
I know of no better way to give my system of road work than to tell
how I worked half of a township for three years, then I will tell how I
fixed and maintained certain pieces of road.
Five years ago I took one-half of the road work in Jefferson town-
ship, Wayne county, there being about thirty-six miles of road in very
bad shape, ditched up, and culverts in very bad shape and only about
forty poll taxes and $380. to do this work with.
736 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
As early in the spring as I could get upon the ground while it was too
wet to plough in the field, I took two plows, right and left, went all over
the roads, plowing furrows from twenty to twenty-two feet apart on the side
of the road. Sometimes when the road was in trough shape I plowed as
close as eighteen feet. And lov/ places and near culverts where I had
used scrapers, I plowed three or four furrows on a side. By the time I
got over the roads I knew just what had to be done and how to distribute
my work. I told the people that there wasn't money enough to fix the
road right and I would have to call upon them for a little donation
work. As soon as it was dry enough to scrape I went on the road with
a small crew; I fixed the culverts and wherever I felt I had time filled
in ditches and threw up low places and got it in fair shape for the
grader. In June after the ground got in shape and these sods had rotted,
I went to work with the grader. I mostly put on ten horses, the people
responding nicely. Those who did not donate, we left their roads un-
graded. In the fall some wanted their roads graded again, and donated
the work. I got $150.00 donation work, nearly a.i the roads graded, most
of the low places and the roads in fair shape. The next year I went on
the roads with the plows and plowed one furrow on each side of the road,
then fixed culverts and put in the time throwing up low places and filling
large ditches. I then went over the road with a grader asking a little
donation in some places where the roads needed a little more work. I
got $50.00 donation and the roads in fine shape. They were from twen-
ty-three to twenty-five feet wide and from sixteen to twenty-four inches
highest in center, and in nice oval shape. The next year I went on the
road and fixed culverts and places where water had made some large
ditches and scraped in the sand that lodged in the low places at the foot
of the hills. When the ground got in good condition I took two King
drags, improved as the ones I have shown you, a right and left hand
one. I hitched to them so they ran at an angle of 45 degrees, commenced
at outside of road, and when I came to a hill where the banks needed
cutting, I hitched near the end, so it would cut the bank that was to
move the ditch over from the road. We would go a few rounds, one
drag would cut up hill and the other dow^n. Then I would drag the
center of the road toward the ditch and it would leave the hill in fine
shape. I would keep on and go just far enough so I could get back by
quitting time and would have eight or ten miles dragged, and I kept on
until I was over the road. It cost from seventy-five to ninety cents per
mile. Later on after the weeds had started some I went one round with
the grader and let the dirt settle and run it in with the drag. I left the
road in fine shape and about $40.00 in the treasury, and did some heavy
hill and bottom work.
The other half of the township had been worked by one man. He
worked in a haphazard way, not using the plow or drag much, and peo-
ple told me $1,000 would not fix his half of the township, in as good shape
as mine. A young Mr. Massey has taken up the work where I left off,
using my plans and some of his own, which are better, and the roads are
still improving.
I will now take up stretches of road that I have fixed, show by dia-
gram, and prove the assertions I made at the start.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII 737
Six years ago a steep hill east of my house was in a trough shape, and
I could hardly haul my feed up it in the spring. I plowed the sides and
threw it in with the scraper until I had it highest in the middle, and
about twenty feet wide. It took about one-half day, and I think it has
had a light grading since. Four years ago I commenced dragging it, and
quite a large ditch had got on one side. I plowed a few furrows and
then dragged right down in the ditch, and cut the sides with the drag.
It is now about twenty-five feet wide, and no ditch. I also widened it
by running against the bank with the wagon wheel, while driving to the
field, using it for a lock and wear out the bank. I also threw up the
sand at the foot of the hill until it was three feet higher and the hill is
out about two foet, a difference of about five feet, and I am sure it hasn't
cost over two days' work.
Another hill, near my farm, thirty rods long, for about one hundred
feet, was very narrow, and a ditch five feet deep, and there was a ditch
two or three feet deep all the way down. I plowed eighteen inches off
that narrow steep place, scraped it in ditch, moved the other ditch over
four or five feet, leaving the hill in fine shape and three teams did it in
one day. It is now in fine shape, and has had no work since, only a light
grading or two and some dragging.
The ditch along the side was about five feet deep and one hundred
feet long. I took long double-tree, put it on plow, put one horse in ditch,
other on bank, left the checks unsnapped and had a man to lead each
horse, went a few rounds, then put them on the usual way. It only takes
a little while to plow in the road.
I have a hill west of my place, which I commenced to dr^g about four
years ago. It was lowest in the middle. I had ten acres of ground to
plow, which took me about four days. I hitched onto my drag with
three horses, put the plow on it and started to the field. I commenced the
road about twenty feet wide, a part of the way there was sod. I would
bring the drag home and take it back every time I went. By the time
the field was plowed I had an impression on the road, so the water took
to the side of the road where I had gone with the drag. By the next
spring the ditches were a foot deep and of course the middle was a foot
the highest. I kept on dragging every time I went to the field and would
set my drag into the bank wherever it would get mellow, and you know
it always is in the spring, and whenever it gets wet and dries it slacks
easily. It has had nothing on it but the drag and now it is twenty-five
feet wide, twenty inches highest in the center. The elements did at
least 60 per cent of the work. You may sight across the banks and the
middle of the road is no higher than the banks, so you see the water has
done the work and I smoothed up after it. I now drag from the center
to the outside, that keeps every clod and pebble out of the road, and it is
smooth as a pavement, also wears away the hill.
The two miles of road I keep up in fine shape around my farm. Three-
fourths of a mile I have to go on purpose to drag it, and it takes about
one day in the year to keep it up. The other one and one-fourth miles I
never drag only when I go to the field, except in the fall sometimes I
have no work in the field, then I drag it a few times.
47
738 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
You take a level stretch, of road and you have to throw it up every
year and every time it rains it softens it and lowers it, and the frost and
spring rains soften and lower it.
In a hilly road the washing makes it higher where the wind blows,
and if It is dusty, on a level road, it blows the dust away, and it is lower.
Weeds and trash gather at the sides of the road and is hard to get away
unless you run the grader and throw them out. Weeds and grass are
harder to keep down on a level road and they grow more rank than on
clay, hilly roads.
How I fix deep gullies that are from ten to twenty feet deep and the
ditches at the side of the road, which have almost taken the road I cut
the bridge down two to four feet or put in tube plow in the ditches, and
lower the road and widen it. I leave crack near the end of the bridge
so that water will run under the bridge and not wash the abutments.
If the dirt lodges on the bridge, running across it with the drag runs it
down the cracks and keeps it clean. This is quickly done and easily
kept up. Make culvert with 2^/^ inch crack.
There was a bridge on a large gulley and the ditches on both sides of
the road for seven or eight rods had gotten so narrow that it was almost
impossible in wet weather to drive to the bridge. I spoke to the county
commissioner about it. Told my ideas and he didn't like them, but told
me to go ahead. I cut the bridge down three feet and plowed in the
ditches, and lowered the middle of the road. It cost about fifteen dollars.
You would hardly notice the slope. That was about three years ago, and
it hasn't needed any work since.
Some years ago I plowed two furrows on each side of a hill road and
I never got back there to work it. The ditches got two or three feet
deep and the people were complaining that ditches would take the road.
A Mr. Brown who took the road work and followed my plans told them
he would fix it. He plowed some dirt for his men to scrape and went to
the hill, put one horse in the ditch and plowed one furrow on each side
of ditch and went one more round throwing the dirt toward the ditch
from the inside, and went three or four rounds with a drag and had a
beautiful road twenty-two feet wide, only costing one-half hours work.
If those ditches had not been there it could not have been done for less
than four or five dollars. You put the water in the right place and it
will help to make a road. You drag such a road and hit the bank moving
the ditch over, and the water will lower it, and in a few years you can
get the ditches over far enough so they will not harm the road.
Wherever you find two low places requiring culverts, with a small
raise between, if not too expensive, cut the raise down, using only one
culvert where two would have formerly been necessary.
Six years ago there was a ditch ten feet and twenty feet wide, the
people had filled it with logs and the water ran through between the
logs, after every big rain they would settle and they would have to put
on another layer of logs. I 'phoned to the county commissioner and told
him that this place would have to be fixed; he said they would have to
put in a bridge; I told him I could put in a fill and run the water down
the hill for fifteen dollars, and he said for me to do it. I fired the logs
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIl 739
that night and by morning they were burned out so I could commence,
by evening I had it finished in fine shape, and it cost exactly fifteen
dollars. It is there as it was the day I put it in.
Near this place was a forty rod hill, sideling, rough, and in the spring
it was sprouty; there were rails and poles showing that people kept ask-
ing how I was going to fix it, and I told them I didn't know just yet.
They said men who had tried to fix it had upset the grader, and could do
nothing with it. I got there in the evening about four o'clock, with plow
and three scrapers, commenced plowing on the upper side about four feet
wide, and let the scrapers throw it over. I got the ditch about two feet
deep, and took only about four hours to do it. A short time after, when
I was running the grader I smoothed it up and made a fine grade of it,
and left it in fine shape. It has had no work since to speak of, and it
was in fine shape until the last year it is ditching out some and will soon
be in bad shape, so it will have to be doctored all over again, when if a
little bit of dragging had been done it would have gotten better instead
of going to the bad. Some people work hills too wide. A man near
here spent thirty dollars on a hill. He worked it about thirty-five feet
wide, cut a ditch to run the water from the road into a man's pasture,
and he left the hill almost flat. The next the water started down the
middle of the road, and there was two ditches a foot deep, and you could
hardly get up the hill. Four men wanted to donate enough work to fix
two miles of the road and this hill was included. They hired me to run
the grader. I said, "How do you want the hill fixed?" and they said
to do it the way I wanted to. I said, "I will grade it about twenty-two
feet wide," as I had to start narrow to get the middle full. I said to
them, "you must not let the ditches take the hill, but keep moving them
over until they get over to the ditches that cost the other man thirty
dollars." They did as I said and the hill has been in fine shape until
the last year; it hasn't been dragged, and is beginning to get a little
rough. It only cost us a few hours' work.
Dragging now has a two-fold purpose. One is to keep the roads
smooth and hard, the other is to throw up a grade. For the first, go one
round in the center of the road when it is just dry enough so it will
pack, and not stick to the drag. But to grade a road you must have it
dry enough so you can move the dirt.
In the spring, as soon as the road is dry, I go one round the outside of
the road, about an inch of the top is mellow and moves very easily.
Then I wait until it mellows again, which it will do as soon as it rains,
and dries, and I go another round in the same place, and drag this to the
center. That way you save one round, as you can move as much as you
can get from the outside in two or three rounds, and by not dragging
quite all of this dirt away you can leave a shoulder and have the road
hipped. Keep this up whenever the road is slacked or mellow and you
will have a beautiful road, and no weeds at the side of the road. If you
move all the dirt that is run in from the side of the road it will have
straight sides and look like a house roof, and when it is slick, horses will
slip and slide, and it worries them to get along. Along a hill road where
the rain makes ditches, by dragging in the ditches it is easy to keep the
road in a nice circle or hip shape. When the center gets high enough
740 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
to drain well, always drag from the center out, and every clod and stone
will be run out of the road, and the road will be as smooth as a pave-
ment, and it looks nice and is delightful to drive over. If a light snow
falls and is likely to melt soon, go one round with drag and run this
snow off of the center of the road, and when the sun shines on it a little
bit it will be as dry as ever.
In the spring of the year when the snow melts and the roads begin to
thaw, take the drag and run the mud and slush off the road, and it will
thaw out just as a point is dry where the snow has blown off.
If you will keep the sides of the road well draggea so the ditches will
be filled in, in winter, the snow will blow^ off of the center of road and
you have a nice place to drive with wagons and buggies, and snow will
lodge at the sides of the road and will be nice for sleds and sleighs.
A few weeks ago I experimented with one hundred and forty feet of
hill road, the ditch on about forty feet of the steepest part of the hill
was three and a half feet deep and the rest was two feet deep. I took the
plow and commenced at the outside and threw the dirt in the ditches.
It was very hard and it took me one hour to plow the one hundred and
forty feet. I commenced at outside again and threw the dirt same as
before. It took twenty minutes this time, and I kept on the same until
I had plowed it four times. It took two hours. I spent one half hour
throwing the clods from the forty feet into the ditches and when I got
through, the one hundred feet was six inches the lowest, and the forty
feet was about one foot, and the cost was less than one dollar. The first
hard rain that comes will melt the clods and clean out the ditches and I
will give it a dragging and it will be in fine shape, and about one foot of
the steepest part of the hill gone, and all together it will not cost over one
dollar.
Commence right. Use a system, and you can have good roads with
very little cost. Did you ever think of the difference of the cost between
a narrow and a wide road, in making and maintaining it. A twenty foot
road to the foot, there is about fifteen cubic feet of dirt; twenty-two foot
road, eighteen cubic feet; twenty-five foot road, about one cubic yard.
A thirty foot road, about thirty-six cubic feet; thirty-five foot road, two
cubic yards; forty foot road, three cubic yards. See the difference. A
twenty foot road is wide enough for a by-road where there is very little
travel, and is easily kept up, and twenty-five to thirty, at the very out-
side, near the large towns and cities.
SPEECH OF HON. WILLIAM SULZER.
(The House being in committee of the whole house on the state of the
Union and having under consideration the bill (H. R. 1438) to provide
revenue, equalize duties, and encourage the industries of the United
States, and for other purposes.)
Mr Chairman: For years I have been trying to secure national aid in
the building of good roads throughout the land. National aid for good
roads is demanded by the people, and the question will grow more and
more important as the seasons come and go until the demands of the peo-
ple are granted by the national government.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII 741
Good roads mean progress and ijrosperity, a benefit to the people who
live in the cities, an advantage to the people who live in the country, and
it will help every section of our vast domain. Good roads, like good
streets, make habitation along them most desirable; they enhance the
value of farm lands, facilitate transportation, and add untold wealth to
the producers and consumers of the country; they are the milestones
marking the advance of civilization; thoy economize time, give labor a
lift, and make millions in money; they save wear and tear and worry
and waste; they beautify the country — bring it in touch with the city;
they aid the social and the religious and the educational and the indus-
trial progress of the people; they make better homes and happier hearth
sides; they are the avenues of trade, the highways of commerce, the mail
routes of information, and the agencies of speedy communication; they
mean the economical transportation of marketable products — the maxi-
mum burden at the minimum cost; they are the ligaments that bind the
country together in thrift and industry and intelligence and patriotism;
they promote social intercourse, prevent intellectual stagnation, and in-
crease the happiness and the prosperity of our producing masses; they
contribute to the glory of the country, give employment to our idle work-
men, distribute the necessaries of life — the products of the fields and the
forests and the factories — encourage energy and husbandry, inculcate love
for our scenic wonders, and make mankind better and broader and greater
and grander.
The plain people of the land are familiar with the truths of history.
They know the past. They realize that often the difference between good
roads and bad roads is the difference between profit and loss. Good
roads have a money value far beyond our ordinary conception. Bad
roads constitute our greatest drawback to internal development and ma-
terial progress. Good roads mean prosperous farmers; bad roads mean
abandoned farms, sparsely settled country districts, and congested popu-
lated cities, where the poor are destined to become poorer. Good roads
mean more cultivated farms and cheaper food products for the toilers in
the towns; bad roads mean poor transportation, lack of communication,
high prices for the necessaries of life, the loss of untold millions of
wealth, and idle workmen seeking employment. Good roads will help
those who cultivate the soil and feed the. multitude, and whatever aids
the producers of our country will increase our wealth and our greatness
and benefit all the people. We cannot destroy our farms without final
decay. They are today the heart of our national life and the chief
source of our material greatness. Tear down every edifice in our cities
and labor will rebuild them, but abandon the farms and our cities will
uisappear forever.
Mr. Chairman, the report of the country life commission, appointed by
President Roosevelt to consider the condition of the farmers and recom-
mend remedies for existing deficiencies in country life, was submitted
to congress on February 9, 1909, together with a message from the Pres-
ident. While the commission purposely avoided indorsing any particular
bill now before congress for national aid for good-road building, it does
make certain specific recommendations.
742 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
"The demand for good highways," it says, "is general among the
farmers of the entire United States. Education and good roads are the
two needs most frequently mentioned in the hearings. Highways that are
usable at all times of the year are now imperative, not only for the
marketing of produce, but for the elevation of the social and intellectual
status of the open country and the improvement of health by insuring
better medical and surgical attendance. The advantages are so well un-
derstood that arguments for better roads are not necessary here. With
only unimportant exceptions, the farmers who have expressed themselves
to us on this question consider the federal government is fairly under
obligation to aid in the work. We hold that the development of a fully
serviceable highway system is a matter of national concern, co-ordinate
with the development of waterways and the conservation of our native
resources. It is absolutely essential to our internal development. The
first thing necessary is to provide expert supervision and direction and to
develop a national plan. All the work should be co-operative between the
federal government and the states. The question of federal appropriation
for highway work in the states may well be held in abeyance until a
national service is provided and tested. We suggest that the United
States government establish a highway engineering service, or equivalent
organization, to be at the call of the states m working out effective and
economical highway systems."
Mr. Chairman, the report and recommendations of the commission are
highly valuable, as its careful investigation, including personal visits to
all sections of the country, and correspondence with 550,000 residents of
the country districts as to the most pressing needs of the farmers for
the improvement of their condition, shows that public sentiment is unani-
mous in favor of better roads as a practical means of supplying existing
deficiencies in country life.
In his message to congress accompanying the commission's report.
President Roosevelt summarizes the conclusions arrived at by the com-
mission, and states that as the result of its investigations the following
three great general and immediate needs of the country life stand out:
"First. Effective co-operation among farmers, to put them on a level
with the organized interests with which they do business.
"Second. A new kind of schools in the country, w^hich shall teach the
children as much outdoors as indoors, and perhaps more, so that they
will prepare for country life, and not as at present, mainly for life in
town.
"Third. Better means of communication, including good roads and a
parcels post, which the country people are everywhere, and rightly,
unanimous in demanding."
Mr. Chairman, the satisfaction of the first tw^o of these needs will be
greatly facilitated by the adoption of a system of improved roads ex-
tending through all the farming sections of the country. Bad roads are
the chief obstacle to co-operation among the farmers, and improved roads
will make co-operation possible.
The need for a new kind of country schools cannot be met so long as
our dirt roads, w^hich at certain seasons are almost impassable, prevent
the attendance of the farmers' children at centralized schools where they
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII 743
could have all the advantages of a graded school in connection with a high
school. Central schools of this kind are now being established in some
sections of the country, where good roads permit the pupils of an entire
township being transported to them daily from their homes, and with
the extension of improved roads this school system would become general.
It can thus be seen that of the three reforms which in the opinion of the
president have been shown to be urgently desirable, road improvement is
the most important, eCs' it would aid in making the others practicable.
That highway improvement is the most important economic reform
has long been urged by the farmers, who, through their principal organi-
zation, the National Grange, have been pesistently agitating for the adop-
tion of a policy of federal aid for good road construction and mainten-
ance. The declaration by the country life commission that the establish-
ment of a fully serviceable highway system is a matter of national con-
cern, absolutely essential to our internal development, should serve to
hasten the enactment of legislation providing for the creation of a
national highway commission, and making liberal appropriations for car-
rying on its work.
The direct connection between good roads and the value of farm lands
is shown in a striking manner in Bulletin No. 38 of the United States
Department of Agriculture. This bulletin gives the results of an investiga-
tion by the office of public roads of that department relating to public-
road mileage, revenues, improved roads, and expenditures in the United
States in the year 1904, and the information contained therein is of great
importance in connection with the movement on behalf of the systematic
improvement of the public highways.
The returns from various states show that in nearly every case the
states having the highest percentage of improved roads have the largest
population per mile of road, thus showing that better roads are a powerful
factor in encouraging the settlement of unused lands, especially in sparsely
populated sections of the country. Good roads are also an important in-
fluence in retaining in the farming districts the desirable elements who
might otherwise drift into the towns and cities. As the price of farm
lands depends on their productivity, accessibility to markets, and popula-
tion engaged, or desiring to engage, in agricultural pursuits, it follows
that road improvement, by attracting additional settlers, and giving them
better facilities for reaching their markets, directly tends to increase the
values of all farm lands within the radius of the roads improved.
A comparison of the percentage of the improved roads of the various
states shows that the average percentage of the improved roads in all
states where farm land is worth less than $20 per acre is only 1.8 per
cent; whereas in the states where the acreage value is more than $20,
improved roads constitute an average of 9 per cent of the total mileage.
While there may be minor causes of varieties in the value of farm
lands, it is an undoubted fact that as a general rule the higher values of
certain states are largely due to their superior roads. Records on file in
the office of public roads show that farm lands have been known to ad-
vance in value from oO to 500 per cent on account of the improvement of
the roads connecting them with market towns.
When the facts secured by the Department of Agriculture become
744 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
known to the farmers of the country, and they realize that the establish-
ment of a complete system of properly constructed public roads will have
the direct effect of greatly increasing the value of their farms, they will
be the foremost advocates of a broad, comprehensive policy of public-road
improvement by the nation, states, counties, and townships.
Mr. Chairman, the farsighted wisdom of Julius Csesar built from the
imperial exchequer the magnificent roads that led in all directions to
eternal Rome. The great Napoleon — Csesar like — built the roads of
France that center in Paris from the general funds of the government;
and these French roads have done more than any other single agency
to encourage the thrift and increase the industry and insure the content-
ment of the people of France. Caesar and Napoleon were the great road
builders of ancient and modern times, and their foresight and their judg-
ment and their work demonstrated the beneficent results that follow like
the night the day the building of great governmental highways.
The Chairman. The time of the gentleman from New York has ex-
pired.
Mr. Sulzer: Mr. Chairman, I ask unanimous consent to print in the
Record as a part of my remarks an address by the Hon. N. J. Bachelder,
master of the National Grange.
The Chairman. Is there objection? [After a pause.] The Chair hears
none, and the request is granted.
The address referred to follows:
THE DEMAND OF THE FARMERS FOR NATIONAL AID FOR HIGHWAY IMPROVEMENT,
Address by the Hon. N. J. Bachelder, Master of the National Grange —
National Carriage Builders' Association, Chicago, October 14, 1908.
"The deplorable condition of the public roads in nearly all sections of
the United States has for many years been the subject of careful con-
sideration by the farmers, and they fully realize the great economic and
social importance of substituting a scientific system of road construction
and maintenance for the crude and old-fashioned methods that prevail to
so large an extent at the present time. It may seem to outsiders that it
has taken the farmers a long time to appreciate the benefits of improved
roads, but in reality they have not been so backward as some of their
critics suppose. As the chief sufferers from the rough dirt roads which
constitute by far the greater mileage of the country's highways, the
farmers have been foremost in favoring the general policy of road im-
provement, and have been using their influence to bring about a change
in methods of road construction.
"Up to a comparatively recent period the question of better roads was
regarded as one that concerned only the districts in which the highways
are located, and it was believed that the expense of road construction
and improvement should be borne by such districts. As the result, very
largely, of the persistent agitation by the farmers for better roads, the
road problem has come to be considered from the wider point of view
that bad roads affect not only the communities through which they run,
but also the interests of the towns, cities, states, and nation. There
is now a general agreement that since the manufacturers, merchants,
and workers of the country at large are all concerned with the prosperity
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII 745
of the farmers, the question of good roads, as a means of improving the
condition of the farmers, is of direct interest to all other classes of our
people.
"I assort without fear of contradiction that the establishment of a
complete system of improved public highways is the most important eco-
nomic issue now confronting the American people. The conservation of
our forests and other natural resources; the improvement of our rivers
and harbors; railway and trust regulation; all these sink into insignifi-
cance in comparison with this question, in so far as it relates to the per-
manent welfare ajid i)rosperity of the nation. Careful estimates of the
loss in time, labor, and actual expenditure for marketing the country's
enormous volume of farm products show that bad roads impose an an-
nual burden of at least $125,000,000, the difference between the cost
of hauling these products over the dirt roads, which constitute 93 per
cent of our total road mileage, and the cost of hauling the same quan-
tity over improved roads. This loss falls heaviest on the farmers, whose
productive capacity is decreased because of the greater portion of their
time that is spent in conveying their crops to market, but it also imposes
the burden of higher prices on the consuming public generally. Manu-
facturing and business interests are affected through the fact that under
present conditions the farmers produce less, and therefore consume less
manufactured goods, than they would under more favorable conditions.
"It is a truism that the prosperity of the whole country depends on
the condition of our agricultural interests, yet this simple statement of
fact is practically ignored in all discussions of how to restore and main
tain prosperity. The dependence of our whole complicated system of
manufacturing, transportation, and trade on the farmers of the country
has been clearly illustrated during the past year, when Wall street, oui]
great railway systems, and to a large extent our manufacturing and
business interests generally, have been anxiously following the crop re-
ports, in order to assure themselves of a mo*re favorable outlook and the
coming of another period of manufacturing, transportation, and busi-
ness activity. But when it comes to appropriating money by Congress,
how do we find the great basic agricultural industry treated? The sta-
tistics of the expenditures of the national government during a period
of ten years ending with 1906 show that out of appropriations of
$6,309,742,632, collected, it must be remembered, by taxes paid in large
part by the farmers of the country, only $47,000,817 was devoted to
furthering the interests of agriculture; that is, three-quarters of 1 per
cent of the total appropriations for the department of our national
government that is concerned with the advancement and welfare of the
most important interest of the country.
"Much attention has recently teen given to the appointment of a na-
tional commission to study the needs and condition of the farmers, with
a view to aiding in making farm life more attractive and desirable. The
commission will doubtless receive many suggestions, but I am confident
that when the real sentiment of the farmers of every section of the
country, as to the reform which would confer the greatest benefit upon
them, is expressed, it will be, "Give us good roads."
"It is because of their earnest conviction that the improvement of our
highways would be the most effective agency in promoting not only their
746 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE
own prosperity, but that of the entire country, that the farmers are now
everywhere demanding larger appropriations by the states for road im-
provement, and for federal appropriations for the same purpose. They
believe that a part of the money raised by the taxation of all the people
of the United States should be devoted to assisting in the construction
of better roads, and are taking action to secure the enactment of the
necessary legislation by congress.
"The initiative in the movement for federal appropriations has been
taken by the farmers through their principal organization — the National
Grange — which has upward of 1,000,000 members, with local granges
in all sections of the country.
"The National Grange is organized to further the interests of the
farmers in legislative matters, and has for several years favored the
policy of national aid to road improvement. During the past year it
has perfected plans for carrying on a widespread, systematic move-
ment throughout the whole country, for the purpose of creating a
public sentiment favorable to legislation by congress creating a na-
tional highways commission and making liberal appropriations in
aid of public road improvement. The grange believes that the proper
method of securing legislative action on any subject is through first
convincing the people that it is in their interest, and when this has
been accomplished bringing the influence of the individual voters to
bear on their senators and representatives; and it is with this view
that they are conducting their educational campaign for good roads.
"A bill embodying the principle of federal assistance was prepared
by the grange legislative committee, and introduced in congress at
its recent session by the Hon. Frank D. Currier of New Hampshire.
This bill was carefully drawn so as to meet all objections raised against
bills previously introduced for the same purpose. By decisions of the
Supreme Court of the United States it has been held that the National
Government has power to construct, maintain, or improve roads in the
various states used in interstate commerce, and all roads leading into
or connecting therewith. Under the grange bill it will be possible for
the proposed highways commission to aid in the improvement of any road
in any section of the country, since all roads connect with or lead into
some other road which is used in interstate commerce. It is believed,
however, that the greater part of such appropriations as may be made by
congress will be expended by the highway commissions or other road au-
thorities of the various states.
"It may be objected that in undertaking to assist in the improvement
of our highways the National Government would be encroaching on
the sphere of the states, and that the matter is one with which con-
gress has no concern. I would submit that the long neglect of the
nation to contribute toward the expenditures for road improvement is
no reason why this mistaken policy should be continued. The chief
obstacle, in fact I might say the only difl^culty, in the adoption of a
general plan of highway improvement is the lack of the money neces-
sary for the construction and maintenance of improved roads. The
principle that the work of road improvement should be provided for
more largely out of the public funds and less at the expense of the
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII 747
abutting owners is finding general acceptance as a matter of state
policy, and in many states large amounts are being annually appro-
priated for the public roads. But there is a limit to the ability of the
states to furnish the funds required, and it is for this reason that the
farmers feel justified in urging that appropriations be made out of the
revenues derived by taxing the people of the whole country for what is
so clearly a matter of national importance.
"The farmers have for a long time believed that the highways of the
country are of greater importance than its waterways, and that every
argument in favor of appropriations by congress for the improvement
of our rivers applies even more strongly to the improvement of the
public roads. They also believe that they are not now receiving a
fair share of the money taken from them as federal taxes, and that if
congress wishes to dispose wisely of the present large surplus in the
treasury it can not do better than to devote at least $50,000,000 to
the work of road improvement.
"The benefits which would follow the enactment of the legislation
advocated by the National Grange are by no means to be measured
by the mileage of improved roads that could be constructed with the
appropriations made by congress. The most effective argument for
good roads is the object lesson of the improved road, as contrasted with
the ordinary dirt road, and each new section of properly constructed
road is an inducement for the municipal, county, and state road author-
ities to unite in placing the largest possible mileage of the highways
w^ithin their jurisdiction in a similar condition.
"Another great advantage resulting from federal appropriations ex-
pended under the general supervision of the proposed national high-
ways commission would be the substitution for our present haphazard
methods of road construction of a scientific system of road making.
It is estimated that out of our annual expenditure for road construction
and maintenance of about $80,000,000 at least one-half is w^asted through
unwise methods or the use of wrong materials. This waste would be to
a large extent, if not entirely, avoided through bringing to bear on the
subject the knowledge and experience of trained engineers, whose advice
and services would be at the disposal of the various local road authorities.
I may mention in this connection the example of France, which is admitted
to have the best road system of the world. It is the opinion of experts
who have given the subject careful consideration that the superiority of
the French roads is chiefly due to the fact that the National Government
of France not only contributes very largely to the construction and re-
pair of the highways, but also maintains a staff of highly trained road
experts, whose co-operation with the local road authorities has given the
whole country an effective body of competent highway administrators.
"The subject is of such magnitude and extends in so many directions
that I have only been able to outline some of its phases. I am con-
fident that when the attitude of the farmers is understood and the
vital importance of the question realized that public sentiment will be
practically unanimous in favor of this proposition, and that congress
will at an early date enact this most desirable legislation.
748
IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
jaqm n i^
TBjox
pazittiaiT jou
sasaadxa jamo
juaj iiBH
aSBjsod
puB Suisu
jaApB'SaijaiJd
snoa
■aBiiaosijv
itjjinod
ujoo
saSpnf
eja5iB9(Is
I c>j CO -i< ic CO I- 00
^ssss;=;3;s$;ssgs^gS3s;eSS^§igs
M©1 iH rHi-Hi-H iHiH
* CO 80
8
8888
888
888888
S S U 53 i-H S
88
888
SS
888
888888888
"_o oj «j ifi CO «5
CO {>
8SS
© CO rH OJ VO
8S
Oj CO » 10 © ^
lO O ift "5 CO •*
8S
8S3.8
t- e* -IH
88
8gS8g88S85?SS^i38g8^^feS8^^8?38gfeSS
IBJOX
8^88^S8fS^S8SSgS8g^^8fe888S8fc8g8
saojnos
jamo puB saaj
diqsjaquiapi
8^
8Sfe53
?88g
881
^8^
^^i
88S88S88 88S888§i8S8^^8888S8S88
piB ajBJS
C3 ft c ^ ~ '■' "''^
-a ft
it.
, ^- o o 2i^
fefefafaO
wqrannN
i-l«<jeO'*iO(£ilS«Cs©rH(NCO-*>(5«ot-i
5g55g^S5^^^^S§i^
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XII . 749
6.50
3.00
3.00
4.75
37.55
S8;^
«o
?S8§ !!^8
2§?
88
8
3
8
CO
8
g
M
S
8
888
82 '^S
8
^
CO
888
88S
8
i3
'^8SS8
« d «o 'j^ lo
88
c^5
8888888
88888888
t^ gj OS eO rH 00
8g|2?:S8S3S^gS^gSSoS^8i?§88S^8S88
l-i l-l CJ
8^825 l28SSJ8858g
oggjco^gco.oc^oj^oogjc^
B8
^
i
5i
8
8
o
8 1
S 1
8
o
!^888
8
8
o
8
8
88
88
8
00
8
8 j
2
«o
8
8
1
1
8
1
8gS8S88Se;S?H8J3^?^85??s8^?ilB^'ag^SS'^8;5^^^?S888?5^888;58S8^^
r co'iri
8
8
8
fe
^
M
i
^^ i
a?s i
Ei l^BtB^ !^
1 iggjis;^ j^
S8S5
126.00
15.99
22.20
5.15
fig
8888gS88^?28SS8S888^815?8888^88S!58888888^88 888S888
>..S2^n§ -I
?:-^5'
w w _ a: i c —
i = ^?i2
o rt
.i4
<5o
750
IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTJRE
jaqmnM
IBJOX
sataadxa J9q}0
juaj iiBH
• §6 00 c
8S38S
fS
Is
f2
o
i
o
i
1 I CD I
188^ |s 1^
^8 IS |?2
aSBjsod
puB8atsij
snoa
■uwiiaosiw
-fjjinoj
ujoo
B98pnf
sjanBadg
CO O oi CO -^i
I o. I
8 oS 8
S ?j ji '-^
r2 I £;
IBJox
Bdojnos
jamo poB Baaj
diqsjaqcaai*^
PIB ajBJs
^888§
.8
S
5?f?5?58|
g i
8838S
B
s
^$|2i2fc
§
S
1
I-
8 1
88S88
es — < o O 'S ^ H
jaqcanN
?^gSSS8
PART XIII
FINANCIAL STATEMENT
AND
Report of Agricultural Conditions
BY
County and District Agricultural Societies In Iowa, 1908
ADAIR.
W. W. West, Greenfifxd, October 9, 1908.
General Condition of Crops and Season— Very favorable.
Corn— Corn well matured and will make a good average yield of good
quality. New corn is being contracted at 50 cents per bushel.
Oats— Yery good quality and a light yield per acre. Worth 42 cents
on the market.
W^eaf— Small acreage.
Rye — Small acreage, but a good crop.
BarZei/— Small acreage, good yield and good quality.
Flax — None raised.
Buckwheat — None raised.
Millet — Small acreage, but a good crop.
Sorgr^tww— Small acreage, and a fair crop.
Timothy— Yery fair crop, and a good yield. Considerable cut for seed.
Closer— The heaviest crop that has been raised for years, and many
hundred acres cut for seed.
Prairie Hay — None.
Other Grains and Grasses— A heavy fall pasturage.
Potatoes— Good crop and good quality. More than enough to supply
the home demand.
Vegetables — Very good.
Apples — About half a crop.
Other Fruits — Very light crop.
Cattle— A good supply, in splendid condition, splendid quality, and
good price.
(751)
752 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE
Horses — Especially good quality of young colts; good horses are in
good demand and selling at good prices.
Swine — In a good healthy condition and are selling at good prices.
Sheep — An average number.
Poultry — Average number birds raised and are selling at good prices.
Bees — On account of heavy crop of clover, bees have been doing very
nicely and have put up a splendid supply of honey.
Drainage — An unusual amount of tiling has been done this season,
redeeming many hundreds of acres of land. Our tile factory here can't
supply the demand.
Other Industries— ^e would not neglect to mention the cows of this
county, which pays the grocery bills of more than 90 per cent of the
farmers of this county. The creameries of this county ship hundreds of
tons of butter annually.
Lands — Lands are fast becoming very valuable and selling from $65.00
to $125.00 per acre.
Report of Fat?-— September 8 to 11, 1908, were the dates of our fair.
We had a splendid fair, with the best showing of stock and all other
products that have been here for many years, and was a financial success.
ADAIR.
A. C. Savage, Adaie, Octobee 21, 1908.
General Condition of Crops and /Season— Good. Spring backward, wet
and cold; summer fine. Frost injured small portion of the corn crop.
Corn — One of the best crops in this vicinity in fifteen years. Of fine
quality. A small portion of the late corn injured by frost; price 50 cents.
Oats — Light and of poor quality. Yield about 20 bushels per acre.
Price 40 cents.
Wheat — Fair quality.
Rye — ^Very little raised and only for feed.
Barley — Very little grown for feed.
Flax — None.
Buckwheat — None.
Millet — None.
Sorghum— A little for feed. Yielded well.
Timothy — Good. Not as much cut for seed as usual.
Glover — Fine crop and good yield. Considerable cut for seed.
Prairie Hay — None.
Potatoes — Fair; somewhat small; fair yield.
VegetaUes — Good.
AppZes— Better crop than expected. Nearly all varieties yielded well.
Other Fruits — Strawberries and small fruit light; peaches fair.
Cattle — Have not done as well as usual; too wet. Good prices prevailed
during most of the year. Feeding will be light on account of the high
price of corn.
fi'orses— Stock improving and believe there are more horses than a
year ago. Market has been slow but prices good.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 753
Swine — Good pricos; number short, probably due to wet weather. Some
disease south and southwest during spring and summer. Not as many
being fed as usual on account of high price of corn.
Sheep — Few handled but seem to be profitable.
Poultry — Conditions improving and more being raised.
Bees — Returns have been good and good quality.
Drainage — More tile put in than heretofore and more slough land
brought under cultivation.
Other Industries — Creameries have done larger business than any year
before; good prices have been secured for cream. More cows are milked
each year with profit.
Lands — Value increased and a number of farms have changed hands.
Highest price, 67 acres adjoining town, $150.00 per acre; 80 acres, mile
from town, $140.00 per acre; 390 acres, joining town, $100.00 per acre;
240 acres, eight miles from town, $92.50 per acre.
Report of Fair — Held at Adair September 23, 24 and 25. Best fair
ever held; larger number of exhibits and exhibitors. Sentiment seems
to be in favor of securing permanent grounds and incorporating the
association. Exhibits showed marked improvement in quality. In way
of amusements we furnished free ball games each day and some vaude-
ville and put on an evening show. No racing.
ADAMS.
George E. Bliss, Corning, September 20, 1908.
Corn — Seventy-five per cent of an average crop. Too wet in many places
in June for a large yield.
Oats — Fifty-nine per cent of an average crop. Yielded from eight to
forty bushels per acre; good quality.
Wheat — Ninety per cent of an average crop. Excellent quality; spring
wheat made light yield but winter wheat was fine.
Barley — Ninety-nine per cent of an average crop. Good yield and fine,
quality.
Flax — None raised,
Millet-^O-HQ hundred per cent of an average crop. A great deal sown
and promises a lot of hay.
Sorghum — One hundred per cent. A great deal sown and promises well.
Timothy — One hundred per cent of an average crop. A large crop.
Glover — Eighty-nine per cent of an average crop; fine and of excellent
quality.
Prairie Hay — One hundred per cent of an average crop. Very little
wild grass in county.
Potatoes — Ninety-two per cent of an average crop; excellent quality and
fair yield.
Vegetables — One hundred per cent of an average crop; all doing
splendid.
Apples — Forty per cent of an average crop; frost killed more than one-
half of apple blossoms but quality is good,
48
754 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Cattle — One hundred per cent of the average number raised ; cattle have
done well owing to excellent pasture.
Horses — Ninety-five per cent of the average number raised; a good
many colts raised and of good quality.
Sioine — Eighty-three per cent of the average number raised; swine
plague reduced many herds in the county.
Sheep — Ninety-five per cent of the average number raised; doing well
but are being sold freely.
Poultry — Eighty-nine per cent of the average number birds raised;
number will be reduced on account of wet spring.
Bees — One hundred per cent of the average number; increased rapidly
and made a great quantity of honey.
Drainage — More tile put in this year than ever before.
Lancls — Are at a standstill; very few real estate transfers.
Report of Fair — Very successful fair; receipts were $3,423, with all
obligations met and nice balance in treasury.
ALLAMAKEE.
A. L. Larson, Waukox, October, 14, 1908.
General Condition of Crops and /Season— Fairly good. A portion of the
county was damaged by hail on June 20th but corn and hay crop revived
and made a fairly good crop.
Corn — Fairly good; fully as good as last year.
Oats — Poor.
Wheat — Good.
Rye — Good.
Barley — Good.
Buckivlieat — Good.
Millet — Good.
Sorghum — Good.
Timothy — Half crop.
Clover-^ — Good.
Prairie Hay — None.
Other Grains and Gr'asses — Good.
Potatoes — Just fair.
Vegetables — Good.
Apples — Poor.
Other Fruits — Blackberries good.
Cattle — Good.
Horses — Good.
Sioine— Good, but on account of scarcity of feed, had to be marketed
light in weight.
Sheep — Good.
Pultry — Good.
Bees — Good.
Drainage — Always good in this county.
Lands — Are advancing slowly but surely.
Report of Fair— Held September 15th to 18, 1908; fairly good.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 755
AUDUBON.
S. C. Curtis, Audubox, Octouer 17, 1908.
General Condition of Crops and Season — The farming season of 1908
in Audubon county opened with dry, favorable weather for putting in
crops and continued so until about the 20th of May. Some fear was felt
regarding pastures and hay crop but at that time some very heavy rains
fell insuring pasturage and a hay crop. At the same time the rains
caused damage to bridges and corn and considerable loss resulted from
the washing of hillsides and the flooding of bottom lands. The contin-
uance of wet weather necessitated late planting of a small part of the
corn. From the latter part of June the weather was seasonable and
the yield of all crops fair except late potatoes.
Coi'7i — Corn has done well since about July 1st, and ai)pears to be a
fair crop and most of it of good quality. Some late fields will yield
small ears but sound and some fields will be soft and chaffy. Will prob-
ably have eight-five per cent of an average crop and of much better
quality than in 1907.
Oats — Very uneven, varying from twenty to over forty bushels per acre
and in weight from twenty to thirty-five pounds per bushel. Acreage yield
about thirty bushels standard weight.
Wheat — Spring wheat yielding about twenty bushels per acre of good
quality.
Barley — Near thirty bushels yield per acre of fair quality.
Timothy — Pastures held out well and the crop of hay is good both in
quantity and quality, namely, timothy and clover. Very little wild hay
owned in this county.
Prairie Hay — Very little wild hay.
Potatoes — Fair crop.
Vegetables — Very few vegetables raised.
Other Fruits — Fruits of all kinds were very scarce; killed by late
spring frosts.
Poultry — This is quite an industry with the farmers in this county.
Other Industries— ThQ only industry we have here is a cannery which
ran about four weeks this fall, consuming quite a large amount of sweet
corn of good quality.
Report of Fair— Held September 22, 23, 24 and 25, 1908. The fair was
one of the most successful fairs ever held in the county, both in attend-
ance and financially. Weather was very good except the last day which
was very disagreeable on account of high winds, dryness, and dustiness.
BENTON.
Arad Tiiompsox, VixTox, October 26, 1908.
General Condition of Crops and Season — Good. There have been no
better crops in the ten years past.
Corn — Ninety per cent of an average crop; well matured and good
yield. Acreage not up to average.
Oats — Average crop.
Wheat — Not wheat enough to report.
756 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Rye — Small acreage but good yield and good quality.
Flax — None.
Buckwheat — Very small amount raised.
Timothy — Large yield and good quality.
Clover — Large crop, good quality.
Prairie Hay — Not much prairie left upon which to raise prairie hay.
Potatoes — Fine quality and good yield, probably ninety per cent of an
average crop.
Vegetables — Fine.
Apples — The banner year.
Other Fruits — Quite a quantity of peaches raised for the first year of
peaches.
Cattle — Many stockers, cows and young stock. Not as many fat steers
s in some previous years, owing to the high price of corn and feed.
Horses — More good horses and colts than any previous year,
Sunne — Not up to the average; as in cattle the high price of feed has
affected the quantity and quality of hogs.
Sheep — This industry is increasing in this county.
Poultry — Continually on the increase. It has become one of the at-
tractions at our county fair.
Bees — Not many.
Drainage — Farmers are continually draining their lands. The lands
that once were considered almost worthless have become by drainage,
the most productive and best.
Lands — The price has continually advanced and is now advancing.
Farms sell from $100 to $150 per acre.
Report of Fair— Held September 23, 24 and 25, 1908. Weather was
perfect and attendance large. In most departments the exhibits were full
up to the average and in some departments were a marked improvemnt.
Our premiums were larger than in former years and the best of feeling
prevailed. The prospects are bright for a larger and better fair the coming
year.
BLACK HAWK,
F, E. HoYT, La Porte City, October 28, 1908.
General Condition of Crops and Season — Cold, wet spring; summer and.
fall warm and dry.
Corn — Forty bushels per acre, good quality. Sweet corn raised for
canning factory not up to average. Price, $3.00 per ton at factory.
Oats — Thirty-five bushels per acre; good quality.
Wheat— None.
Rye — Twenty bushels per acre; good quality.
Barley — Thirty bushels per acre; good quality.
Flax — None.
Buckwheat — None.
Millet — Good; not much raised.
Sorghum — None.
Timothy — Two and one-half tons per acre; good quality.
Glover— Same as timothy.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 757
Prairie Hay — None.
Other Grains and Grasses — None.
Potatoes — Below average but good quality.
Vegetables — Good average crop.
Apples — Large crop, good quality.
Other Fruits — All good; large crops.
Cattle — Many cattle; good condition.
Horses^ — Good increases; high prices.
Swine — Large number of pigs; no disease.
Sheep — Very few.
Poultry — Average number of birds raised; prices high.
Bees — Large crop of honey; twelve to ten cents per pound.
Drainage — Great deal of tiling done.
Other Industries — Some sugar beets raised but results not very satis-
factory.
Lands — Advancing in price.
Report of Fair — Held September 15, 16 and 17, 1908. Weather good;
average attendance.
BOONE.
W. C. Treloak, Ogden, October 16, 1908.
General Condition of Crops and Season — The general condition of the
crops are good; the season was very wet in the spring.
Corn — Pretty good. The early corn is good while the late is a little
soft.
Oats — Most of the oats are light.
Wheat — Small acreage but very fair quality; average yield about twen-
ty-two bushels per acre.
Barley — Very little sown.
Timothy— Timothy was very good; mostly made for hay, very little
threshed.
Clover — Good quality of seed but not very heavy yield.
Prairie Hay — Scarcely any.
Potatoes — Below an average on account of wet season.
Vegetables — Very fair.
Apples — Good yield of early apples but no winter varieties.
Cattle — The country is stocked with good grade cattle and a few
bunches of pure breds are to be found.
Horses — Our horses are first-class as was evidenced by our large ex-
hibit at the fair this year. This department attracted the most attention.
Simne — Good average number raised; well bred; some disease.
Sheep — A few sheep are fed. Not much interest taken in raising
sheep; those fed are from the west and southwest.
Drainage — Probably more county drains in Boone county than any
county in the state.
Lands — Worth from $80 to $125 per acre.
Report of Fair— Held at Ogden, September 14, 15 and 16, 1908. De-
lightful weather and good attendance. The management were out on
phe grounds early and late trying to make all arrangements agreeable to
758 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
exhibitors and patrons, realizing that it takes hard and diligent work
to make an institution of this character a success. The entries in all
departments fell below last year, but this did not lesson the attendance.
We account for this falling off in entries to the early dates, which were
about two weeks earlier than ever before. The society owns its own
grounds and while they did not make any payment as yet on their in-
debtedness they put about $200 in improvements this year and will
probably have a little surplus from the fair of 1908. They own forty
acres of choice land located inside the corporation of Ogden and although
the fairs held the past several years have not been a paying proposition
yet the increased value of lands have kept the credit of the society good.
BOONE.
A. M. BuRNSiDE, Boone, October, 1908.
General condition of Crops and Season — Considering the excessive rain-
fall during sowing and planting time the crops were good.
Cornr— The usual acreage planted and good yield and quality.
Oats — In some localities a good yield reported and in others very light
but good quality.
Wheat — Very little raised but good yield. Some winter wheat also
raised.
Rye — None sown.
Barley — Good.
Flax — None raised.
Buckwheat — Very little raised; good quality.
Millet — Good.
Timothy — Good.
Clover — Good,
Prairie Hay — Acreage small and light crop.
Other Grains and Grasses — Good.
Potatoes — Not any raised for shipment; all used for home consumption;
were of good yield and quality.
Yegetahles — Good.
Apples — Good crop of early varieties.
Other Fruits — Early fruits damaged by frost; small yield.
Cattle — The usual number being raised. Not many being fed on ac-
count of the high price of grain.
Horses — More being raised and a good demand for drafters.
Swine — Average number raised; very few old ones on hand. Cholera
reported in different localities.
Sheep — More attention being given to the raising of sheep and good
breeds being introduced.
Poultry — Large numbers being raised although the numbers were con-
siderable reduced in the spring months on account of the wet, cold
weather.
Bees — Very few kept but a good crop of honey.
Drainage — More county drains being established, there being now 9,bout
sixty in the county besides a vast amount of private drains,
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 759
Other Industries — Coal mines, brick and tile plants, all running to
their full capacity.
Lands — Not much changing hands but when a sale is made it is for
a good price.
Report of Fair — Held at Boone September 22-25th. Good weather dur-
ing the fair. Exhibits and attendance were doubled over last year.
Good races and free attractions. The management was well pleased with
the showing made at the second annual fair.
BUCHANAN.
Cii.\RLES L. Ktxg, Independence, September 19, 1908.
General Condition of Crops and Season — Good.
Corn — Fine.
Oats — Fair.
Wheat — None.
Rye — Good.
Barley — Good.
Flax — None.
Buckwheat — Good.
Millet— Fine.
Sorghum — Good.
Timothy — Extra Good.
Clover — Good.
Prairie Hay — Extra Good.
Other Grains and Grasses — All good but oats.
Potatoes — Good but crop will be light.
Vegetables — Good and great yield.
Apples — Fine.
Other Fruits — Fine.
Cattle — Good; plenty of pasture.
Horses — Good.
Swine — Fair.
Sheep — Good.
Poultry — Good.
Bees — Good.
Drainage — More being done than ever before.
Lands — About holding their previous prices, ranging from $65 to $125
per acre.
Report of Fair — Held September 1, 2, 3 and 4. Attendance and interest
about as usual. Larger and better display of cattle than ever. Gate
receipts were very small for the reason that we gave an entertainment
on July 4, 1908, and unintentionally disappointed the spectators, so, in
order to right matters, we gave free admission to fair to all those who
were here July 4th. This made a big crowd but small box receipts.
760 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
BUENA VISTA.
Wm. Zeilman, Alta, October 31, 1908.
General Condition of Crops and Seaso7i — Crops good except oats which
were poor. Temperature about normal. Excessive rainfall during June,
July and August, but dry since then.
Corn — Average acreage; yield one hundred ten per cent of an average
crop and quality good.
Oats — Acreage up to the average but yield poor; about seventy per
cent of an average crop and very poor quality.
WTieai;— Little raised but a good yield and good quality.
Rye — None sown.
Barley — One hundred per cent of an average crop and a good berry.
Flax — Not much sown; a poor quality and yield.
Buckivheat — None.
Millet — Very little sown; good yield and good quality.
Borghum — Very little raised but it was good.
Timothy — Good quality and an average yield; the seed crop only fair.
Clover — Heavy hay crop but no seed. Not much seeded last spring
on account of price of seed.
Prairie Hay — Not much in county; yield good.
Other Grains and Grasses — Experimenting a little with alfalfa, also
with speltz.
Potatoes — Good; yield above the average and of good quality.
YegetaUes — Average crop with the exception of tomatoes and cabbage
which were poor.
Apples — Very light yield and not very good quality.
Other Fruits — Cherries good; plums scarce and all small fruit almost
a failure.
Cattle^ — Average number and in good flesh; prices low.
Horses — Increasing in number and decreasing in price; in fair flesh.
Swine — Below the average in number and not in as good shape as usual.
A little cholera in center of county.
Sheep — Good and increasing in numbers.
Poultry — A little below the average on account of wet weather.
Bees — Number of colonies up to the average but yield of honey only
fair.
Drainage — A great deal of underground drainage being done and sev-
eral drainage ditches completed and working on others.
Lands — Increasing in price; in southern part of county it is changing
hands at $100 to $140 per acre; in the northern' and eastern parts it is
not worth quite as much.
Report of Fair — Held at Alta, August 11-14, inclusive. Weather against
it; rained two days and those days the attendance was light; other days
a good attendance. Exhibits in all departments good except horses.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 761
BUTLER.
N. W. SCOVEL, BUTI.KR, SEPTEMBER 18, 1908.
General Condition of Crops and Season — Very good.
Corn — Good, but a little backward owing to the late spring.
Oats — Good.
Wheat — Fair.
Rye — Good,
Barley — Good.
Flax — I know of none in the county.
BucJcwheat — Average what there is of it, which is very little.
Millet — Good.
Sorghum — Average, but very little in county.
Timothy — Good.
Clover — Good, but very little sown.
Prairie Hay — Good, but very late, owing to the late spring.
Other Grains and Grasses — On the average they all are the best in
five years.
Potatoes — A very good crop.
Vegetables — All are good.
Apples — About an average crop.
Other Fruits — Mostly good, except blackberries, which were hurt by
a dry spell at the time they were ripening.
Cattle — Not in very good condition ov/ing, it is thought, to the hot
weather and scarcity of shade.
Horses — Average, except that a great many young colts died at foaling.
Swine — Good; number below average owing to the scarcity of breeding
stock, caused by their being sold on account of very poor corn crop last
year.
Sheep — Average.
Poultry— A little light.
Bees — Very good.
Drainage — Considerable tile has been laid this year. .
Other Industries — About an average with years past.
Lands — Soil was in good condition for w^orking during the whole
summer, and the price has steadily advanced. How^ever, there were
but few sales.
Report of Fair — Held September 1, 2 and 3, 1908. Report was a little
better than in former years and is gradually getting better. ^
CALHOUN.
H. A. Arnold, Mansox, October 19, 1908.
General Condition of Crops and Season — Fairly good; too much rain
in early part of season but the balance very favorable.
Corn — Nearly all matured; will grade good.
Oats — Fair; too much moisture in the early part of the season for
good results.
Wheat — None raised to speak of.
Rye — Good.
762 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Barley — Fairly good.
Flax — Not much raised.
Buckwheat — Failure.
Millet — Excellent.
Sorghum — But little raised; good.
Timothy — Extra heavy.
Clover — Same as timothy.
Prairie Hay — Good.
Potatoes — Medium.
Vegetables — Good.
Apples — Generally light yield; rained in different localities.
Other Fruits — Fairly good.
Cattle — Conditions good.
Horses — Conditions good.
Swine — No disease as far as I know.
Drainage — Much is being done in the county; several large dredges are
at work night and day. A vast amount of large tile are being used also.
Lands — Prices range from $65 to $150 per acre.
Report of Fair— Held September 1, 2, 3 and 4, 1908. Weather all that
could be wished for; attendance a little less than a year ago. Nearly all
breeds were represented in the horse department; also the cattle. Farm
department never any better; art department well filled and ladies' de-
partments were all excellent.
CALHOUN.
Corn — Average crop and of good quality; some loss of acreage in low
lands but the well drained land yielded good, making average crop.
Oats — Average crop; early oats yielded good but late oats were a little
lower than average.
Wheat — None grown.
Barley — Very little grown.
Flax — Fifty per cent of crop.
Buckwheat — None grown.
Millet — Very little grown; average crop.
Sorghum — None raised.
Timothy — Good; average crop.
Clover — Good; average crop.
Prairie Hay — Good; average crop.
Potatoes — Fifty per cent of crop.
Vegetables — Good.
Apples — Twenty-five per cent of crop.
Other Fruits — Average crop.
Cattle — Fair.
Horses — Average.
Swine — Not so many raised; prices good.
Sheep — Increased.
Poultry — Average.
Bees — Average amount of honey.
Drainage — Fifty per cent drained,
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 763
Other Industries — None.
Lands — Prices range from $75 to $150 per acre. Not much on the
market.
Report of Fair— Held at Rockwell City July 30, 31 and August 1, 1908.
Fair was scheduled for July 29, 30 and 31st but a rain of six inches pre-
ceded our opening day, hence the extension to August Ist. Weather
favorable during the last three days of fair. Attendance and exhibits
in all despartments were curtailed on account of rains delaying harvesting
and throwing it into fair time. Premiums were all paid in full and the
receipts more than paid the expenditures.
CASS.
E. E. Marquis, Atlantic, October 31, 1908.
General Condition of Crops and Season — Good.
Corn — Good.
Oats — Fair.
W7tea^— Fair.
Rye — Fair.
Barley — Fair.
Flax — Fair.
Buckwheat — Fair.
Millet — Good.
Sorghum — Good.
Timothy — Good.
Clover — Good.
Prairie Hay — Good.
Other Grains and Grasses — Good.
Potatoes — Fair.
Vegetables — Good.
Apples — Fair.
Other Fruits — Fair.
Cattle — Good.
Horses — Good.
Swine — Good.
Sheep — Good.
Poultry — Good.
Bees — Good.
Drainage — Good.
Lands— Good.
Report of Fair— Hold. September 14-17, 1908. Best fair ever held in
Cass county.
CASS.
J. J. HoGAN, Massexa, September 28, 1908.
General Condition of Crops and Season — Below average.
Corn — One-half crop.
Oats — One-third crop; quality fair; average, 20 bushels per acre.
Wheat — Fair to good; quality good; average 12i/^ bushels per acre.
764 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
llyQ — Not enough to make an estimate.
Barley — Fair; not much planted.
Flax — None.
Buckwheat — None raised.
Millet — Some millet; fair crop. Yield below average on account of
low ground being too wet.
Sorghum — Very little raised.
Tiynothy — Good; more than an average crop; put up in good shape.
Yield one and one-half tons per acre.
Clover — Good; put up in good weather. Prospects for a good seed
crop.
Prairie Hay — None.
Potatoes — Fair; below average.
Vegetables — Fair to good.
Apples — Short crop; very few to market.
Other Fruit — Some peaches; light crop; few plums.
Cattle — Big supply; not many being fed on account of scarcity of corn.
Horses — More than an average number.
Swine — Short crop of pigs.
Sheep — More than an average; some demand for more.
Poultry — Light supply of young poultry on account of wet spring.
Bees — Fair to good season; not many raised.
Drainage — Above the average amount of tile put in.
Lands — Raising in value; up ten to twenty per cent.
Report of Fair— Held August 31, September 1, 2 and 3, 1908. Attend-
ance about as usual; expenses less than ordinary; all premiums paid and
money to the good. People were pleased. Not so much stock exhibited
on account of scarcity of feed.
CEDAR
F. H. Connor, Tipton, October 27, 1908.
General Condition of Crops and Season — Good.
Corn — Little above average.
Oats — Light yield but early oats good quality.
Wheat — Not much raised, but what there was was of good quality and
large yield.
Rye — Good crop but not much planted.
Barley — Average and good quality.
Flax — None.
Buckwheat — Good quality and fair yield.
Millet — None.
Sorghum — Very little planted. i
Timothy — Very good quality and big stand.
Clover — Very good quality and big stand.
Prairie Hay — Very good quality and big stand.
Other Grains and Grasses — Same as above.
Potatoes — Good crop.
Vegetables — Very good crop.
Apples — Crop not very good.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 765
Other Fruits — Poor.
Cattle — Fair to good.
Horses — Good.
Swine — Good.
Sheep — Fair.
. Poultry — Poor.
Bees — Very good.
Drainage — More tile laid this year than for many years back.
Other Industries — Corn and tomato canning factory; put up two-thirds
canning.
Lands — Increase of $10 per acre over last year.
Report of Fair — Was not a financial success but had the best stock
and horse show ever held on grounds.
CERRO GORDO.
Geo. H. Pukdy, Mason City, October 28, 1908.
General Condition of Crops and Season — The season has been very
favorable on land that was well drained; excessive rain fell the first half
of the season. Fine w^eather for haying and harvest; no rain during Sep-
tember until the last of month.
Corn — Corn good except on low land; reported from forty to sixty-five
bushels per acre.
Oats — Average rather light; very uneven yield; fifteen to forty-five
bushels per acre; average about twenty-four bushels per acre.
Wheat — Very little raised.
Rye — Very little raised.
Barley — Very little raised.
Flax — Very little raised.
Timothy — Good; probably would average two tons of hay per acre.
Clover — Came through the winter in good shape; average about two
and one-half tons per acre.
Potatoes — Yield very uneven; from fifty to two hundred bushels per
acre; average about ninety bushels.
Vegetables — Good with the exception of late cabbage; too dry during
September and worms plenty.
Apples — Crop light. This was the off year here; some trees that bore
light or no crop last year were loaded this year.
Other Fruits — Light crop.
Cattle — Looking good this fall, although the pastures were getting
short before the late rains.
Horses — Work horses rather thin; those on pastures have done well.
Swine — Rather under sized and thin until they started feeding new
corn.
Sheep — Have done well and are in good condition.
Bees — This has proven an exceptionally good season for bees. Swarmed
freely and lots of honey.
Drainage — Several drainage districts established and considerable til-
ing done.
T66 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Other Industries — Have been generally prosperous and considerable
building going on.
Lands— Very little changing hands but bringing good prices.
Report of Fair — Held September 8, 9, 10 and 11. Weather fine; attend-
ance good; exhibits with the exception of swine very satisfactory. Cleared
about fifteen hundred dollars over and above current expenses.
CHICKASAW.
C. L. PuTXEY, Nashua, September 23, 1908.
General Condition of Crops and Season — Spring late and wet but later
conditions favorable; hay good; small grain fair and corn good and out
of the way of frost. ;
Corn — Good; better than average crop.
Oats — Fair; hardly an average crop.
Wheat — None.
Rye — None.
Barley — None to amount to anything; good quality what there is of it.
Flax — None.
Buckicheat — Very little.
Millet — None to speak of.
Sorghum — Very little.
Timothy — Good crop; some to be shipped out.
Clover — Enough for home consumption; gobd quality.
Prairie Hay — Enough for home consumption; good.
other Grains and Grasses — None.
Potatoes — Enough for home consumption; quality fair.
Vegetables — Enough for home consumption; very good.
Apples — No orchards to speak of; what we have is of good quality.
other Fruits — ^A few plums and grapes.
Cattle — Are being graded up better every year; show at fair good
in nearly all classes.
Horses — Raising more horses than formerly and better bred.
Swine — Average number raised and better bred.
Sheep — Numbers gradually increasing each year; good stock.
Poultry — Big item of revenue to farmers; more of them each year and
better stock.
Bees — Very few in county.
Drainage — Good naturally and some little tiling being done where
poor.
Lands — Values steady; average prices $70 to $75 per acre.
Report of Fair — Held September 1, 2, 3 and 4. Largest attendance
since organized; all lines of exhibits well filled and displays good; weather
fine and patrons well pleased with improvements made over last year.
CLAYTON.
Henry Leuhsex, Garnavillo. October 14, 1908.
General Condition of Crops and Season — In spite of the backward
teason and an abundance of rain the crops in general are all that can be
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 767
expected, with the exception of the northwest part of the county, where
a heavy hail storm did considerable damage to all crops and fruits.
Corn — Good; about eighty to ninety per cent.
Oats — Much better both in quality and yield than la^ year.
Wheat — Very little raised.
Rye — Not much raised.
Barley — Good yield.
Fiax — None raised.
Buckwheat — None raised to speak of.
Millet — Up to the average.
Sorghum — Good crop; fair quality.
Timothy — Good quality and yield.
Clover — Good crop and excellent quality.
Prairie Hay — Large crop and good quality.
Other Grains and Grasses — Good.
Potatoes — Good crop and quality in some parts; others : ot so L-od;
bugs did the damage.
Vegetables — Up to the average.
Apples — Small crop.
Other Fruits — Up to the average.
t^atle — More attention given than heretofore; farmers take great pride
in their herds of pure breds.
Horses — Scarce for market but seem to be "aised extensivel;'.
Sioine — Another great industry in this section; farmers raise lots of
them and good quality.
Sheep — More raised yearly; as high as five hundred to one herd.
Poultry — A very profitable industry.
Bees — An average yield; poor quality.
Drainage — Natural.
Other industries — Creamery very profitable.
Lands — Very good; prices way up; held from $75 to $115 per acre.
Report of Fair— Held at National, September 8, 9, 10 and 11, 1908.
Weather was fine and attendance great; all seemed satisfied with the
attractions, etc. Exhibits were good in all departments, especially in
cattle show. Fair was a financial success.
CLAYTON.
I. P. Howard, Strawberry Point, October 8, 1908.
General Conditions of Crops and Season — Average crops, late, wet
spring, offset by dry September.
Corn — Average acreage; good quality; fair yield.
Oats — Yield to acre light but of good quality.
Wheat — Good, but little raised.
Rye — Good.
Barley — Good.
Flax — None raised.
Buckwheat — Good.
Millet — Little raised.
Sorghum — Average acreage and good quality.
768 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Timothy — Large amount and good quality.
Clover — Heavy yield.
Prairie Hay — But little grown.
Other Grains and Grasses — All good but dry weather in September
injured pastures.
Potatoes — Yield light but of best quality.
Vegetables — All good.
Apples — Average yield and fair quality.
Other Fruits — All good.
Cattle — Dairy county, special attention given to milch cows but little
feeding done.
Horses — Not many marketable horses but a large number of draft colts
in the community.
Swine — A leading industry; several pure bred herds of different breeds,
which sell at best prices.
Sheep — But few raised.
Poultry — Large amount raised with good profits.
Bees — Not many bees but output of honey good.
Drainage — Good drainage naturally.
Other Industries — All in favorable condition.
Lands — A steady advance in price.
Report of Fair— Held at Strawberry Point September 8, 9, 10 and 11,
1908. Premiums paid in full; slight increase in attendance, although
weather very warm and dusty.
CLAYTON.
W. W. Davidson, Elkader, October 24, 1908.
General Condition of Crops and Seaso7i — Good.
Corn — Large yield and fine quality.
Oats — Mostly good.
Wheat — Good, but little is raised.
Rye — Good quality.
Barley — Good yield.
Flax — None.
Buckwheat — Very good.
Millet — None.
Sorghum — Reports show good crops but little is raised.
Timothy — Fine.
Clover — Good yield of hay; second crop well filled with seed.
Prairie Hay — None.
Other Grains and Grasses — Everything of good quality and large yield.
Potatoes — Poor crop in some localities and in others good.
Vegetables — Abundant.
Apples — Scarce.
Other Fruits — Plentiful.
Cattle — Fat and sleek.
Horses — Good quality and in fine condition.
Swine — Large number in county.
Sheep — Good crop wool.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 769
Poultry — Large flocks.
Bees — Very few kept.
Drainage — Good.
Lanrfs— Advancxng rapidly.
Report of Fair— Held September 15, 16, 17 and 18, 1908. Largest crowd
ever had on Thursday; good weather all week, very dry and dusty.
CLINTON.
E. J. QuiGLEY, DeWitt, October 1, 1908.
Corfi — Good crop.
Oats — Average crop.
Wheat — None raised.
• Rye — Small acreage; crop good.
Barley — Very little raised here.
Flax — None. *
Buckivheat — None.
Millet — None.
Sorghum — None.
Timothy — Excellent crop.
Clover — Good crop.
Prairie Hay — Good crop.
Other Grains and Grasses — All good crop.
Potatoes — Good crop; good quality.
Vegetables — Most varieties good.
Apples — Average crop.
Other Fruits — Good.
Cattle — Many raised; prices good.
Horses — Many good horses marketed at good prices.
Swine — Many pure bred swine raised here; many snipped to breeders
in other localities.
Sheep — Few raised.
Poultry — Raised here in large numbers; sold at good prices.
Bees — None.
Drainage — Considerable being done here.
Other Industries — None.
Lands — Good and increasing in price.
Report of Fair — Grand success; entries in all departments good; at-
tendance large.
CLINTON.
J. B. Ahrens, Lyons, September, 1908.
General Condition of Crops and Season — An average season.
Corn — Fair yield; about eight per cent, on lowlands a failure.
Oats — Poor; average about thirty bushels to the acre; quality good.
Wheat — Fall wheat good; spring wheat poor.
Rye — Very little raised and what there was raised yielded only about
a half a crop.
49
770 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Barley — Medium quality; yielded about twenty-five to thirty bushels
per acre.
Flax — None raised.
Buckwheat — None raised.
Millet — None raised.
Sorghum — None raised this year.
Timothy — Good quality and a full crop.
Clover — Good crop and of good quality.
Prairie Hay — None raised.
Other Grains and Grasses — Fair to good.
Potatoes — Early potatoes not very good and late potatoes not yet dug.
Vegetables — Plentiful and of good quality.
Apples — Medium crop and quality.
Other Fruits — Peaches plentiful and mostly of good quality.
Cattle — Very good and plentiful; prices holding quite firm.
Horses — More colts being raised; good horses scarce; price holding
firm.
Swine — ^Not so many raised this year on account of the high price of
corn.
Sheep — Quite a large number raised.
Bees — None raised.
Drainage — Fair; a good deal of tiling done this year.
Lands — In active demand; prices ranging from $85 to $150 per acre.
Report of i^m?-— Held September 8, 9, 10 and 11, 1908. The fair was
very successful; the attendance w^as good; w^eather ideal and exhibits
were of good numbers with the exception of the stock exhibit, which
was smaller than in former years.
CRAWFORD.
A. A. Conrad, Arion, October 1, 1908.
General Condition of Crops and Season — Fair. Had a very cold, wet
spring, continuing until nearly midsummer; extremely cool in August
and hot and dry in September.
Corn — Fair yield; some of the late corn chaffy.
Oats — Badly rusted; yield about twenty bushels per acre.
Wheat — Yield about seventeen bushels per acre; good quality.
Rye — Very little raised.
Barley — Fair yield.
Millet — Fair; about three ton per acre.
Timothy — ^Very good; about two and one-half tons per acre.
Clover — Good; from two to three tons per acre.
Prairie Hay-^Not enough to count raised.
Other Grains and Grasses — Some few patches of alfalfa; three cuttings
yielding from two to two and one-half tons per acre each cutting.
Potatoes — Nearly a failure.
Apples— Frost in May destroyed nearly all the blossoms.
Other Fruits — Small yield.
Cattle — Not many being fed on account of high priced corn.
Horses — About the average number; quite a few young colts.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 771
Swine — Cholera destroyed a large number in some parts of the county.
Sheep — Several herds of fair size; others of only a few head.
Poultry — Average condition.
Bees — Very few bees kept.
Drainage — Very little tile drainage in the county.
Report of Fair— Held September 16, 17 and 18, 1908.
DAVIS.
H. C. Leach, Bloomfield, October 23, 1908.
General Condition of Crops and Season — Crops generally late on ac-
count of the excessive rains in May and June.
Corn — Medium acreage; early corn good but late corn light and chaffy.
Oats — Fair acreage; quality inferior; light yield.
Wheat — No spring wheat raised; small acreage of winter wheat but
yield and quality good.
Rye — Small acreage; yield fair and quality good.
Barley — None raised.
Flax — None raised.
Buckwheat — None raised to speak of.
Millet — Acreage fair; yield good; quality of hay and seed both good.
Sorghum — Small acreage but good quality.
Timothy — Large acreage; excellent quality of hay; yield of seed fair
and quality fair.
Ciover — Best crop of hay and seed ever raised in the county.
Prairie Hay — About all gone.
Other Grains and Grasses — Blue grass good; good quality and large
yield.
Potatoes — Usual amount planted; yield fair and quality excellent.
Vegetables — Fair, both in quality and quantity.
Apples — Only a few small orchards; late frost in the spring killed
most of the blossoms but w^hat there were were of fine quality.
Other Fruits — Small crop of peaches; quality mostly fine; plums fair;
pears most all killed by frost; strawberries good.
Cattle — Quite an interest taken in breeding good breeds of cattle;
Polled Angus and Shorthorns predominate, although Herefords and Jer-
seys are raised quite extensively.
Horses — Are extensively bred and raised in this county; draft horses
predominate; some road horses are raised.
Swine — Great many raised and farmers take quite an interest in
building up the breeding quality. Both Poland China and Jersey Reds
are bred extensively.
Sheep — Farmers are taking quite an interest in sheep, both in the
quality and quantity. Nearly all our sheep raisers make good money
on same.
Poultry — Quantity and quality both good and is rapidly becoming one
of the leading industries of the county.
Bees — Wintered well and have done w^ell most of the season, producing
quite a good deal of honey.
Drainage — Fair. Farmers beginning to use tiling for flat lands.
772 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Other Industries — Dairy business quite good; farmers selling cream
instead of making butter.
Lands — Land ranges in price from $45 to $85 per acre; quite a good
deal is selling at $55 to $70 per acre.
Report of Fair— Held September 8, 9, 10 and 11, 1908. General at-
tendance good; the largest crowd present on Thursday, September 10th,
that has been known during the history of the fair. Exhibits in all
departments were the largest and best on record; races were good.
DELAWARE.
J. J. Pentony, Manchester, September 28, 1908.
General Condition of Crops and Season — Good.
Corn — Average crop.
Oats — About twenty-five bushels per acre; quality good.
Wheats — Good but very little raised.
Rye — Good yield; small acreage.
Barley — Fair crop.
Flax — Not any raised.
Buckwheat — Good.
Millet — Very little raised.
Sorghum — Good.
Timothy — Largest crop ever raised; eight to ten bushels per acre.
Clover — Very good.
Prairie Hay — Good.
Other Grains and Grasses — Good.
Potatoes — Small yield; good quality.
Vegetables — Good.
Apples — Fair crop.
Other Fruits — Fairly good.
Cattle — Conditions good.
Horses — Plenty of horses; prices twenty-five per cent lower than last
'ear.
Swine — Fully an average number of swine; herds free from disease.
Sheep — More sheep raised than last year and of better quality.
Poultry — Not in as good condition as last year and smaller crop;
turkeys scarce.
Bees — Very good this year.
Drainage — Lots of tiling being done.
Other Industries — Dairies; large number of silos being built..
Lands — Steady in price.
Report of Fair— Hem September 15, 16, 17 and 18, 1908. Attendance
smaller than last year; exhibits in all departments much larger than last
year; everybody seemed well pleased with the exhibition.
FAYETTE.
E. A. McIllree, West Union, September 26, 1908.
General Condition of Crops and Season — The year 1908 has been in
many ways remarkable. It had one of the mildest winters noted for
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 773
many years, and with no exception a total absence of storms, both during
the summer and winter. There has been no unusual yield of any one
crop, still all grains and grasses and root crops have given a good average
yield, and pasture has been full better than the average.
Corn— The corn crop this year has been matured under more peculiar
conditions, than any year for a long time back. The spring was dry and
cold and the seed was unusually poor, being low in vitality, and there
was little promise of even a light crop until the first week in September
when phenomenal hot weather set in and matured a full average crop of
good grain to the surprise of all.
Oa^5— The oat crop is generally of a good quality, but of light yield.
Some pieces not making more than fifteen bushels per acre. This was
largely due to poor seed causing a thin stand.
Wheat— Very little wheat is grown in this county. A small portion of
this is winter wheat, and the balance spring wheat. The yield was light
but of good quality.
Rye— Not much sown but amount sown yielded well and was of good
quality.
Barley— Nearly twice as much sown this year than usual and the yield
and quality were both good.
Flax— Not much sown in this county and the very few pieces that were
sown yielded from eight to ten bushels per acre, quality was average.
Buckwheat— Yery little sown and the recent dry weather has damaged
that somew^hat.
Millet— Not so much sown this year as in ordinary years on account
of the large hay crop and abundant pasturage but that which was sown
yielded well.
^orfir7/?/m— Planted very sparingly and there are only two or three
mills in the county where it is worked up in a small way.
Timothy— Good crop of both seed and hay and both were marketed in
good condition.
Clover— Quite badly frozen out last year and two years ago and there
were not many pieces for hay ou seed.
Prairie i^a?/— Nearly a thing of the past in this county. There are
only a very few places where there are any left, and that is nearly all in
pastures.
Po^a^oes— Disappointing crop; the quality has been above the average
but the yield was light. Late potatoes were particularly light.
Vegetables— Good crop this year with the exception of turnips, which
were cut short by the late drougth.
Apples— Good quality but the yield was light; there was an abundance
for home use and about ten car-loads shipped out.
Other Fruits— Were abundant and of a fine quality, particularly black-
berries.
Cattle— Have had a good year free from disease, and with an abun-
dance of pasture and hay. Prices have been good.
Ho7'ses— Are again on the increase. The number of colts being much
larger than at any time during the past ten years. There has been no
disease, and the prices have been very high.
774 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Swine — Have been very greatly reduced in numbers during the past
year on account of the scarcity of feed, and the pig crop was also light.
Sheep — Are considerably on the increase in the county, and have been
free from disease. Prices of wool and mutton have been very satisfac-
tory and more farmers will take up small flocks of sheep.
Poultry — Has never been more healthy or more profitable than during
me past year. Prices of eggs have been unusually high but the yield
of eggs has been light on account of the scarcity of feed.
Bees — Have very largely increased during the past summer.
Drainage — Has not been given much attention in this county. Only a
few have taken it up in a small way.
Other Iridustries — The increase of automobiles has brought into the
county a number of repair shops and this industry is likely to increase.
Building on farms has been quite active but building in cities has been
quite dull.
Lands — ^Are greatly increasing in price; rents are also advancing
some." This was not noticeable until the corn crop was an assured fact.
Quite a large number of farms are held at $100 per acre and a good
share of the county is held at $75 or better.
iK,eport of Fair — Held September 1st to 4th and was one of the most
successful in the history of the society. The attendance on Thursday
reached close to 10,000 people, and the weather for the entire fair was
ideal. The policy of the society is to gradually reduce the racing pro-
gram and increase the platform and other attractions, which appear to
be enjoyed by a larger portion of those in attendance. Another feature
which the society has given considerable prominence is base ball, which
seems to be a drawing card and was found to be a paying feature of
the amusement program. Good music was also furnished very liber-
ally. The poultry exhibit was probably the largest at any fair in the
north half of the state this year; the large new building built ex-
pressly for the poultry exhibit did not provide room enough for those
asking space, and arrangements have been made to add another sec-
tion to the building next season. The^ cattle exhibit was not so large
as on some former years, but the quality was A^ery fine; the reduced exhibit
was probably due as much to the high price of grain, which kept many
owners from feeding their stock for the show ring, as to any other cause.
New cattle barns are among the assured improvements for next year and
the society also has in view the building of a large auditorium for such
parts of the program as could be held indoors. The building is also
intended for a rest room for those who are tired of walking around the
grounds, and for protection in case of sudden rains.
The society contemplates the sale of enough additional life member-
ship tickets to cover the cost of the improvements beyond that amount
now in the treasury. A few years ago the society was $2,400.00 in debt
and after the fair this year it had over $1,000.00 in its treasury. This
fair has had exceptionally good business management during the last few
years and there is universal good feeding, both in the towns and country
for the association. It has been the policy of the present management
to conduct the fair on high moral ideas.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 775
FAYETTE.
W. J. Bki:.\.\an. O1.XWEIN. October 3, 1908.
Gennal Condition of Crops and .Sfeo.sow— Crops very good and the
season could not be better.
Corn—YQry good this year and will average about forty to fifty bushels
per acre.
Ottfs— Very good and will average about forty bushels per acre.
Wheat— V^h&t little wheat thero has been raised around here is very
good.
Rye— Very good crop; will average about thirty bushels per acre.
Barley— Very good crop this year; about thirty-five bushels per acre.
Flax— Not much raised in this section but what has been raised is
very good.
Buckwheat— Good crop when tried but there is very little raised in
this section.
Millet— Quite sl good deal raised and a good crop.
Sorghum— Good but very little raised in this section this year.
Timothy— Good crop this year.
Clover — Good crop this year.
Prairie Hay — Good.
Other Grains and Grasses— In general very good.
.Potatoes— Not an extra good crop this year; will sell for about fifty
to sixty cents per bushel.
Vegetables — Good in general.
Apples — Good crop.
Oiher Fruits — Good in general.
ra^//e— Quite a number raised and a general good increase.
./fors 65— General increase and in good condition.
Sivine— Quite a few raised this year and are looking good, probably due
to good new crop.
Sheep— Not very many raised in this section but what we have are
good.
Poultry— Good, much raised and prices good for all kinds.
Bees— Not much attention given to bees in this section.
Drainage— More done this season than in past years.
Other Industries — Good.
Lands — Steady increase in land.
Report of Fair— Held August 25, 26, 27 and 28.
FLOYD.
W. B. Johnson. Charles City, October 21, 1908.
General Condition of Crops and .Season— Crops as a whole are better
than for several years past. Season favorable in the early spring but
later too much rain, w^hich seriously injured crops on low lands.
Corn— Bumper crop on high dry land, well matured and quality fine.
Oa^— Medium yield; quality fair but do not hold out in weight.
WTiea^— Very little raised; quality and yield about average.
Rye — Small amount raised and about an average yield.
776 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Barley — Quality and yield poor.
Flax — Very little grown.
Buckwheat — Yield fair and about the usual amount grown.
Millet — Large amount sown; yield and quality excellent.
Sorghum — Very little raised.
Timothy — Acreage above the average; yield good; quality No. 1.
Clover — Large acreage; unusually good stand.
Potatoes — Good yield and fine quality where planted early; late plant-
ing effected by dry weather.
Vegetables — Very much better than last year.
Apples — Less than average crop; quality good.
Other Fruits — Good crop of small fruit with the exception of rasp-
berries.
Cattle — In good condition throughout county; small number will be
fed; quality of stock being improved each year.
Horses — Usual number raised; prices lower than a year ago.
Swine — Number of old hogs on hand below the average; large num-
ber of spring pigs which are looking fine.
Sheep — Only small number raised in county.
Poultry — Increased number in county; large amount of poultry and
eggs marketed.
Bees — None to speak of.
Drainage — Large amount of tiling being done in county.
Other Industries — Gasoline traction engine factory has doubled capacity
of plant during past year, and is employing many additional men.
Nurseries growing each year and they also are employing more men;
other factories gradually increasing.
Lands — Considerable land changing hands; prices about the same as
a year ago.
Report of Fair — Held at Charles City, September 8, 9, 10 and 11. More
stock exhibited than heretofore; other departments about the same as
last year; fair was a success financially and attendance was good.
GRUNDY.
C. E. Thomas, Grundy Cei^teb, October 24, 1908.
General Conddion of Crops and Season — Crops above the average in
yield; quality good. Season favorable for growing crops; no bad storms
but plenty of rainfall.
Corn — Yield from forty to sixty-five bushels per acre; quality very
good.
Oats — Yield from thirty-five to fifty bushels per acre; quality good.
Wheat — Small acreage; quality good.
Rye — None raised.
Barley — Good crop; fine quality.
Flax — None raised.
Buckwheat — None raised.
Millet — Only small amount raised; quality good.
Sorghum — Very small amount raised.
Tirnothy — Excellent crop; quality good.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 777
Clover — Good crop.
Prairie Hay — None; some slough hay of fair quality.
Potatoes — Increase in acreage over former years; yield from eighty
to two hundred twenty-five bushels per acre; quality not as good as last
year.
Vegetables — Good crops.
Apples — Orchards small; yield good.
Other Fruits— Good crop of all small fruits.
Cattle — Good many in the county and in hne condition.
/Worses— Good grades; plenty of draft horses; drivers scarce.
Swine — Great number in county; no cholera reported.
Sheep — Not many in tae county.
Poultry — Great number of all the best varieties.
Bees— Not many in the county; yield of honey good.
Draiwa^re— County is well drained by small streams.
Other Industries— Brick and tile factories doing a thriving business.
Lands— Rolling prairie with good natural drainage; selling from $100
to $140 per acre.
Report of Fair— Held at Grundy Center, September 8, 9 and 10.
Weather fine; attendance good; exhibits good and fair was a financial
success.
, ' GUTHRIE.
Thomas E. Grisell, Guthrie Center, October 24, 1908.
General Condition of Crops and Season — The season was very favorable
for an average crop.
Corn— Large acreage and an average crop of good quality; the quality
being far better than the crop of 1907.
Oa^s— Quality of grain excellent but small yield to the acre.
W/iea^— Winter wheat went about thirty bushels to the acre and was
of fine grade; spring v/heat went from ten to fifteen bushels to the acre.
Rye — Not enough sown to make an estimate.
Barley — Not enough sown to make an estimate.
Flax — None raised.
Buckwheat — None raised.
Millet — Small acreage; only sown on wet bottom lands.
Sorghum — None raised, except for forage.
Timothy — A bumper crop and saved in good condition.
Clover — Small crop, and used mostly as a fertilizer.
Prairie Hay — Guthrie county has passed the wild hay period.
Potatoes, — Fair crop.
Vegetables — The season was favorable for a large crop.
Applcs-^'Not enough to base an estimate.
Other Fruits — Average crop of berries; plums and cherries a failure
on account of late frost in the spring.
Cattle — Cattle will go into the winter in fine condition; not so many
steers being fed as usual on account of the high price of corn and stock
cattle.
778 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Horses — The high prices for horses in the past few years has drained
the county of its aged stock but the crop of colts coming on will soon
bring up the quota of saleable horses.
Swine — The cholera has played havoc with the hogs in this county
the past summer and will sadly shorten the number for 1908.
Sheep — Only a few flocks of sheep in the county.
Poultry — This is one of the main industries of tne farmers' wives of
the county and poultry of improved breeds and increasing numbers are
raised.
Bees — The season has been favorable for the storing of honey and the
bee-keepers are satisfied with the output.
Drainage — A large amount of tile drains have been put in this season
on the level lands and bottom lands of the county.
Lands — Are selling from $60 to $200 per acre.
Report of Fair — Held September 29, 30 and October 1 and 2. It was
well attended and the exhibits were up to former years.
HAMILTON.
F. A. P. Tatham, Webster City, October 31, 1908.
General Condition of Crops and Season — Average crop and season.
Corn — Thirty-five bushels per acre.
Oats — Thirty bushels per acre.
Wheat — Twenty-five bushels per acre.
Rye — None raised.
Barley — Twenty-five bushels per acre.
Flax — None raised.
Buckwheat — None raised.
Millet — None raised.
Sorghum — None raised.
Timothy — Average crop.
Clover — Average crop. ,
Prairie Hay — Average crop. * ' %
Potatoes — One hundred fifty bushels per acre. i
Vegetables — Average crop.
Apples — Average crop. ]
Other fruits — Average crop. i
Cattle — About average with other years.
Horses — About average with other years.
Swine — About average with other years.
Sheep — About average with other years.
Poultry — About average with other years.
Bees — About average with other years.
Drainage— More than average.
Other Industries — More than average.
Lands — About $10 higher per acre.
Report of Fair— Held September 8, 9, 10 and 11, 1908. Good weather;
fair races; good exhibits and a fair amount of interest but a very light
attendance.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 779
HANCOCK.
Jas. L. Manuel, Britt, Skptembkr 30, 1908.
General Condition of Crops and Season — Crop of corn very irregular
and spotted; some early pieces of corn fairly good crop but late plant-
ings did not mature. Oats light weight and about half a crop; barley
very good; hay good, and pastures have been good.
Corn — -Sixty per cent of an average crop; two-thirds of same safe from
frost.
Oats — Light yield and weight; price forty-four cents per bushel.
Wheat — Good crop and good quality; price eighty cents per bushel.
Rye — Not much grown; not enough to give an estimate.
Barley — Good crop; price about fifty cents.
Flax — Not much raised here.
Buckwheat — Not any to amount to anything.
Millet — Fair.
Timothy — Good.
Clover — Good.
Prairie Hay — Good; not much here.
Other Grains and Grasses — All grasses good.
Potatoes — Fairly good crop; some rotting in the ground.
Vegetables — Good.
Apples — One-half crop.
Other Fruits — Good.
Cattle — About the average number of cattle in the county.
Horses — About normal.
Sivine — Less than an average owing to the scarcity of corn last year.
Sheep — Increasing.
Poultry — About an average.
Bees — About normal.
Drainage — More than usual amount being done.
Other industries — No change.
Lands — Values from $60 to $100 per acre.
Report of Fair— Held September 22. 23 and 24, 1908.
HARDIN.
H. S. Martin, Eldora, September 17, 1908.
General Condition of Crops and Season — Corn has been late but dry
warm weather has put most of it out of the way of danger from frost.
Corn — Average.
Oats — Twenty-five to fifty bushels per acre.
Wheat — Fair: not much raised.
Barley — ^Good.
Flax — None.
Buckwheat — None.
Sorghum — Good.
Timothy — Good; one-half to two tons per acre.
Clover — Good.
Prairie Hay — None.
780 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Potatoes — Poor crop; too dry.
Vegetables — Average.
Apples — Eighty per cent of an average crop.
Other fruits — Fair.
Cattle — Good condition.
Swine — Healthy.
Sheep — Healthy.
Poultry — Healthy.
Lands — Selling from $90 to $125 per acre.
Report of Fair — Held September 1-4 inclusive.
HARRISON.
W. H. WiTHROW, Missouri Valley, October 19, 1908.
General Condition of Crops and Season — Early rains very much re-
tarded planting, and consequently all planting was late; the corn crop
will be much lighter than last year, although the acreage will be about
the same.
Corn — Crop will be lighter than for several years, particularly on the
low lands where the planting was delayed on account of too much rain.
Oats — The yield will be about the average and of fair quality.
Wheat — An increased acreage, particularly in winter wheat; yield and
quality was very good for the season; farmers are very much encouraged
on this crop, and will sow considerably more this fall and winter.
Rye — Acreage about an average with former years; quality and yield
fair.
Barley — Acreage about same as former years; yield and quality only
fair.
Flax — Very little raised in this county.
Buckwheat — Acreage not very heavy; yield and quality about an
average with last year.
Millet — Very good crop on high lands but very light on the low lands
on account of too much rain in the spring.
Sorghum — An average acreage with about an average yield.
Timothy — An increased acreage over last year and a good crop.
Clover — Acreage about the same as in former years with a good yield
on land that was not too wet.
Prairie Hay — The usual good yield, except where high water pre-
vailed.
Potatoes — Too much rain in the spring made planting late; quality
not up to the average; yield much lighter than usual.
Vegetahles—'Did very well, with a good yield where not damaged by
too much rain.
Apples — Very good crop but not so good as in 1906; several young
orchards produced good crops and more trees will be planted next spring.
Other Fruits — Very good crop of strawberries and blackberries, but
other small fruit did not appear to yield good.
Cattle — Very little summer feeding in this county but prospects are
that a large number will be fed the coming winter.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 781
Horses— We have a very good grade of horses and farmers are paying
more attention to the raising of a better grade each year.
Sivine—Wa always have a large number of hogs in this county and
more attention is given each year to the matter of raising better grades
the Duroc breed appearing to be the choice, although the Poland China
is well liked.
^heep — A few more are to be fed here during the coming winter, but
that industry does not appear to interest the average farmer very much,
but more attention will be given to the raising of well bred sheep the
next year.
Poultry — A very good year for poultry where good quarters were pro-
vided. A big loss to young stock resulted in the early spring rains on
account of poor protection; not much attention being given to raising
anything but common stock.
Sees— About the usual number interested in this industry with the
average production of honey and of good quality.
Drainage— OwY drainage system was not completed until late in the
spring and not much benefit was derived excepting in the higher parts
of the system or district where a very much improved condition was
noticeable; some of the land produced corn this year that had not been
seen for twenty years.
Lands — Values remain stationary, excepting those lands already bene-
fited by the drainage system, which have increased in value. Eastern
speculators have bought all cheap lands on the market and will hold for
higher prices.
Report of i^alr— Held October 6, 7, and 8; the 6th being entry day.
On the 5th it rained nearly all day and prospects for a successful fair did
not look very bright, but on the 6th the clouds passed away and we
thought we would have a big crowd, especially on the 7th, but a cool
wind from the northwest made the atmosphere too cold and damp for
the people to turn out in attendance, consequently the gate receipts v/ere
much lighter than last year.
The farmers, upon whom much depends for a successful fair, failed to
bring farm products for exhibition in the floral hall and that part of our
fair was nearly a failure, although what little farm produce was brought
in was very good.
The textile fabric department was also very light but we presumed
that the threatening weather deterred many from making entries from
the fear that their products for that department might be ruined by
rain.
The officers of the association are very much discouraged over the
future of the Harrison County Agricultural Society, knowing that if the
farmers will do nothing toward trying to make a successful meeting that
the society will be compelled to cease business.
HENRY.
0. N. KxiGiiT. Mt. Pleasant, October, 1908.
Corn— The corn crop in this county is much better than was expected
from the general conditions when it was planted; there was a good deal
782 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
of late planting and the farmers could not expect it all to mature but
owing to the extremely hot dry weather during August and September,
and the lateness of the frost, almost all of the corn matured and the
yield will be about seventy-five per cent of a full crop.
Oats — The oats crop was very light this year. The usual acreage was
sown but the yield was not over one half what it should have been and
the quality was light.
Wheat — Good, and an increased acreage will be sown next year.
Rye — The usual small acreage was sown but the yield w^as very satis-
factory.
Barley — Not enough raised to make a report on.
Flax — None raised in the county.
Buckwheat — Not much raised; do not know at this time what the
yield will be.
Millet — Very good.
Sorghum — Very good, but only a small amount raised in this county.
Timothy — An excellent crop and well harvested; there is but very
little damaged hay in this county and there is as heavy a crop as we
ever had.
^iOver — Very heavy; many acres of the second crop was cut for seed
and is yielding good.
Prairie Hay — None.
Other Grains aticl Gi'asses — Bluegrass is the principal pasture here
and is always good.
Potatoes — Very good quality but not very large yield; about sixty per
cent of an average crop.
Vegetables — A very good crop.
Apples — About one-fourth of a crop.
Other Fruits — There was a very good crop of peaches in this vicinity
this season; plums, berries, grapes, cherries and other small fruit were a
very fair crop.
Cattle — Cattle are generally in fine condition but on account of the
high price of corn there will not be as many fed here as usual; we had
a fine showing of cattle at our fair and the quality of cattle raised in
this county are the very best.
Horses — Horses are extensively raised here and the farmers are tak-
ing quite an interest in "good breeding" and there is an exceptional high
grade of horses in this county. The heavy draft horse is the money
maker for the farmer as they always are ready sale at a good price. The
norses shown at our fair were a fine lot and worthy of notice on any
fair ground.
Swine — A large number raised; well bred and profitable.
Sheep — Sheep are quite numerous in this county; the price is not
Wxiat it was last year on account of the decline in the price of wool.
The Shropshire is the popular breed and well bred ones still sell at a
very good price.
Poultry — Everybody raises poultry and some quite extensively. A
good profit is realized from the money invested in poultry and the more
attention paid to the poultry department the larger the returns. There
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 783
is quite an interest taken in pure bred stock and the grade of poultry is
generally very good.
Bees — Only a few kept here, but they have done well this summer.
Drainage — In general is good; the flat lands are tiled and are very
productive.
Other Industries — Are all in a prosperous condition; brick and tile
factory; stone quarry; cement block and other industries are all busy.
Lands — Are very high and selling readily and rapidly at $7o to $150
per acre.
Report of Fair — Meld August 11-15 inclusive and was a grand success.
We had a good display in every department; we had one hundred thirty-
six horses shown for premiums; fifty-five head of cattle; seventy-five
fine hogs and fifty-three head of sheep. We also had about eighty speed
horses on the ground and the racing was good. The art hall was well
filled and we had an "all-round" good show. The attendance was large
every day and after paying all our obligations in full and $800 for im-
provements we have $1,000 in cash left.
HENRY.
0. E. Wilson, Winfield. Skptkmber 22, 1908.
General Condition of Crops aiid Seaso7i — Part of season dry; midsum-
mer wet; corn bumper crop, badly lodged; oats about seventy per cent of
an average crop and very little wheat raised but what was raised was
fine.
Corn — Bumper crop.
Oats — Not over seventy per cent of an average crop; all harvested.
Wheat — Condition, quality and yield all fine but very little raised.
Rye — Very little raised.
Barley — None.
Flax — None.
Bucktoheat — None.
Millet — Fine condition; very little being harvested.
Sorghum — ^Very scarce; not yet harvested.
Timothy — Very fine as hay and seed.
Clover — Very fine as hay; seed not over sixty per cent of a crop.
Prairie Hay — None.
Other Grains and Grasses — None.
Potatoes — One hundred ten per cent of an average crop; all harvested.
Vegetables — Fine; easily one hundred ten per cent of an average crop.
Apples — Not over sixty per cent of an average crop.
Other Fruits — Peaches very abundant; other fruits plentiful.
Cattle — Not so plentiful; none on feed.
Horses — County is full of horses of a high class; stiff prices prevail.
Swine — Neglected; not over sixty per cent of an average number; no
disease.
Sheep — Usual number of lambs; free from disease.
Poultry — Full number chickens; turkeys light.
Bees — Honey crop immense.
784 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Drainage — The county is supposed to be underlain with tile but the
work is going on just the same; we raise a crop rain or shine.
Lands — All tillable, except orchards and groves; sells from $140 to
$200 per acre.
Report of Fair — September 15, 16, 17 and 18. Attendance very large;
very heavy showing of horses, cattle and hogs; sheep light; art hall
light; agricultural hall very good; crowd very orderly and v/eather hot,
dry and very dusty.
HUMBOLDT.
John Cunningham. HrMi:oLDT. Octobkk 10, 1908.
General Condition of Crops and Season — Crops generally good; season
wet until July; quite dry since that date.
Corn — Smaller acreage than usual but a fair yield; probably thirty to
fifty-five bushels per acre gathered.
Oats — From fifteen to fifty bushels, probably an average of twenty-five
bushels per acre; quality poor.
Wheat — Small acreage; good crop.
Rye — I know of none.
Barley — Small acreage; average crop.
Flax — Small acreage; average crop.
Buckicheat — I know of none In the county.
Millet — Very little grown.
Sorghum — Very little grown.
Timothy — Good crop.
Clover — Good crop.
Prairie Hay — Heavy crop and put up in good shape.
Other Grains and Grasses — All other grasses and grains yielded well
Potatoes — Fair crop.
Vegetables — Average crop.
Apples — Small crop of winter apples; fall varieties were a good crop.
Other Fruits — Plums and small fruit were a light crop.
Cattle — Condition good; quite a number condemned during the year
by tuberculin test.
Horses — In good condition ; prices not so high as a year ago.
Swine — Small number of pigs; generally in poor condition; very little
disease reported.
Sheep — In good condition and free from disease.
Poultry — Small number of birds but in good condition.
Bees — Doing well; not many in county.
Drainage — A vast amount of public drainage has been done during the
year. Private drainage has only nicely started but preparations are
b(fing made to drain most all low lands.
Other Industries — Chicken picking establishment not doing as large
a business as last year; creameries doing more business; considerable
building has been done during the year.
Lands— Have increased in value considerable during 1908; prices
range from $6.5 to $125.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 785
Report of Fair — Held September 12, 13, 14 and 15. Weather good;
attendance good except last day. There were good exhibits in all de-
partments except in the agricultural departmt^nt and there was no excuse
for the poor showing in that department.
IOWA.
Alkx McLennw. ]\LvRi:xf;(). Octoiikr 26, 1908.
General Conditions of Crops and Season — The quality of crops in gen-
eral are good and the season very favorable for maturing crops.
Co7-n — About ninety per cent of an average crop; good quality; not
harmed by frosts and yield good.
Oats — Light in yield and quality; average about thirty bushels to the
acre; straw and grain look bright.
Wheat — But very little grown; yield from fifteen to twenty bushels
per acre and of excellent quality.
Rye — But very little grown but good yield and quality.
Barley — About the usual acreage and fair quality.
Flax — None raised.
Buckwheat — Very little grown.
Millet — Very little grown.
Sorghum — Very little grown but of good quality.
Timothy — Very heavy crop and of good quality. This year's crop pos-
sibly the heaviest ever had in this section.
Clover — Crop very heavy and much harvested for hay; seeding poor
last spring.
Prairie Hay — None in the county.
Potatoes — Yield good and of good quality; quite a number of carloads
shipped out of the county.
Vegetables — About the average amount raised and quality good.
Apples — Fair crop; good showing at fair.
Other Fruits — Peaches good in most localities where grown; number of
trees increasing. Light crop of plums but very good crop of cherries.
Cattle — Not as many on exhibition at fair as last year but the breed-
ing and quality was of the best; Aberdeen Angus, Herefords and Short
horns predominate. General conditions good.
Horses — Good demand and high prices for horses; tendency among
farmers to raise more horses and raise only the best. Very good show
ing at the fair.
Siuine — Large number; better than last year; all well bred; no cholera
in the county and prices good.
Sheep — Not generally raised among the farmers.
Poultry — Increasing interest taken in poultry raising; larger number
on exhibition than usual.
Bees — Very few stands in county.
Drainage — Considerable wet land has been reclaimed in the past year
by tiling.
50
786 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Other Industries — Woolen and flouring mills report good business; can-
ning factories did considerable better than last year; creameries have
done an exceptional business and brick and tile factories are behind with
orders.
Lands — Improvement in methods of cultivation and more attention
given to rotation of crops and fertilizing. The use of manure spreaders
increasing considerable over last year; more intensive farming. Farm
lands range in price from $90 to $150 per acre.
Report of Fair — Held at Marengo, September 8, 9 and 10. Ideal v/eather;
good attendance; not as large exhibits of stock and poultry as last year
but of better quality. Exhibit of farm products larger than last year
and of better quality, while the exhibit of fine arts was the largest and
best ever on the grounds.
IOWA.
J. P. BowLTXG, Victor, September 19, 1908.
General Condition of Crops arid Season — Good.
Com — Will be a splendid yield in this vicinity; good quality and
mostly all out of danger from frost at this writing.
Oats — Good quality and fair yield.
Wheat — Not much raised but of good quality.
Rye — Fair crop and good quality.
Barley — Fair crop and good quality.
Flax — None raised in this vicinity. ,
Bucktvheat — Very little raised.
Millet — Very little raised.
Sorghum — Very little raised.
Timothy — Good crop and good quality.
Clover — Fair crop; price low.
Prairie Hay — Not much in county.
Other Grains and Grasses — Good.
Potatoes — Fair crop; good prices.
Vegetables — Average amount raised and of good quality.
Apples — Good crop.
Other Fruits — Light crop of cherries and plums but peaches good.
Cattle — Fine display at our fair.
Horses — Good; many sold at high prices.
Swine — Good prices and good reports from all over the county.
Sheep — Not many raised.
Poultry — A growing and profitable industry.
Bees — Very few stands.
Drainage — Considerable tiling done this year.
Other Business — Creamery has done a fine business all year.
Lands— Prices high.
Report of Fair— Held at Victor, August 11, 12 and 13. The best and
most successful fair ever held by the society; exhibits were large in all
departments and the most horses in the races ever seen in an Iowa
county fair.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 787
IOWA.
Charles Flktc her, Williamsburg. OcToni-.R, 1908.
General Condition of Crops and Season — The crop conditions throughout
Iowa county were above the averago this season and I am pleased to
note that the farmers generally are improving along all lines of farm
operations.
Cor7i — The corn crop will yield above the average owing to greater
car^ in the selection of seed and in the uniformity of the stand.
Oats — A fair crop and generally of good quality.
Wheat — But little raised in this county; but one field of about twenty
acres that was observed by the writer.
Rye — None sown to speak of.
Barley — Occasionally a small field of good quality.
Flax — Not sow any more in this county.
Sorghum — Some raised in the southeast townships of the county and
is of good quality.
Timothy — This crop especially good this year and a very large acreage
cut for seed.
Clover — Especially good crop this year; large acreage cut for seed.
Prairie Hay — None that I know of.
Potatoes — The quality is above the average but the yield rather below
normal.
Apples — The fall varieties excellent in both yield and quality.
Other Fruits — The crop of peaches excelled all former years, especially
in the south half of the county.
Cattle — Generally high in grade; many herds of pure bred, consisting
of Aberdeen-Angus, Herefords and Shorthorns.
Horses — I question if there is a section or county in the state that
can show better horses generally than we have in our county.
Swine — Poland China and Jersey Red are the leading breeds. There
are a few fine herds of Chester Whites and think there is a growing
demand for them.
Sheep — Too few to be considered.
Poultry — This is a great industry and the greatest money producer
in Iowa county today is the hen, for she brings in more dollars in propor-
tion to expenditure of feed and labor than any other industry; our dealers
paid the farmers of the county, during the last season, the sum of
$88,000 for poultry and poultry products.
Drainage — Much attention has been given to drainage and practically
all waste lands have been redeemed by a system of tile drainage.
Lands — Values have increased, ranging from $100 to $160 per acre, de-
pending upon the location.
Report of Fair — The Williamsburg Fair Association held its eleventh
annual exhibition on September 15, 16 and 17. The secretary is pleased
to note the growing interest that is manifested in the educational ad-
vantages accompanying this well organized fair. The lessons learned at
the annual fair, through the friendly contests of display, have a tendency
to encourage a spirit in each exhibtor to excell in what is produced on
the farm, in the orchard, in the field, and in the home. Each department
788 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
of the fair opens up a new and interesting study for consideration and
discussion, tlie educational influences of which are beneficial in bringing
new ideas before the mind which may be developed into practical appli-
cation.' You may rest assured that when the intelligent farmer enlists
as an exhibtor or even as an earnest visitor at the fair the seeds of im-
provement have been sown, and the results will be fully indicated in
the future by improved live stock, farm machinery, and improved grains,
vegetables, fruits, etc.; in fact by a general spirit of advancement along
all lines of agricultural development.
It has been the business of the Williamsburg Fair Association to
preach the gospel of pure bred stock persistently, until the live stock
on all of our Iowa county farms shall show unmistakeable evidence of
such breeding. The pure bred stock industry has never been under more
favorable conditions for advancement and there is no better evidence of
this than to see the young men of the farms making a start in pure bred
stock, indicating enterprise and intelligence and a better understanding
of what is practical in present high priced land values.
JACKSON.
B. D. Ely, Maquoketa, Septemb?:r, 1908.
General Condition of Crops and Season — Good.
Corn — Very good crop.
Oats — Good quality but not very large yield.
Wheat — Good but very little sown.
Rye — Not much planted.
Barley — Very good.
Flax — None raised in this county.
Buckwheat — Good.
Millet — Not much raised.
Sorghum — Not much raised.
Timothy — Good, large yield.
Clover — Good.
Prairie Hay — Not much in this county.
Other Grains and Grasses — Very little raised in this county.
Potatoes — Very good, big yield.
Vegetable — Good.
Apples — Excellent.
Other FrUits — Big crop of all fruits excepting plums.
Cattle— Good quality of cattle.
Horses — Good many horses raised and good quality.
Swine — Good quality and a great many raised.
Sheep — Not many.
Poultry — Raised extensively and of good quality.
Bees — Very few.
Drai7iage— Good natural drainage.
Other Industries — Two lime-kilns and a canning factory.
Lands — Increasing in value every year.
Report of Fair— Held at Maquoketa September 1, 2, 3 and 4, 1908. Very
successful fair; large exhibits in every department; fine weather; fast
track and very good racing.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 789
JEFFERSON.
D. R. Beatty. Fairkikli), Octoi?i:r 24, 1908.
General Co7idition of Crops and Season — Good.
Corn — Good; large acreage.
Oats — Fair; fair acreage.
wheat — Good; small acreage.
Rye — Good; small acreage.
Barley — Good; small acreage.
Flax — None sown.
Biickivlieat — Small acreage.
Millet — Small acreage.
Sorghum — Small acreage.
Timothy — Good; fair acreage.
Clover — Good; good seed crop.
Prairie Hay — None.
Potatoes — Fair.
Vegetables — Good.
Apples — Good crop.
Other fruits — Good.
Cattle — Good.
Horses — Good; best show for years.
Swine — Good.
Sheep — Small.
Poultry — Good.
Bees — Small.
Drainage — None except farm tile; large amount of tile being laid.
Other Industries — Good.
Land — In good state of cultivation and producing good crops.
Report of Fair— Held September 8, 9, 10 and 11, 1908. One of the best
shovv'ings of stock had for several years.
JOHNSON.
George A. Hitchcock, \o\\x City, October 2, 1908.
General Condition of Crops and Season — Very wet in the spring; so
much so that getting the crops in was much delayed and early crop of
corn was a poor stand and weedy before it was plowed the first time.
Corn — Notwithstanding a cold spring a warm September has made a
good crop.
Oats — Were rusty so that the yield was not up to the average.
Wheat — Good; some yields reported thirty bushels to the acre.
Rye — Fair.
Barley — Good; both in quality and yield.
Buckivheat — Not much raised.
Timothy — Good; heaviest crop in years and well filled out.
Clover — Very heavy; rain made it a hard crop to handle.
Prairie Hay — None here to amount to anything. <
Potatoes — Hardly an average.
Vegetables — Most all were good.
790 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE
Apples — Good; more than an average crop of fall apples; not many
\v inter ones raised.
Other Fruits — Good; peaches a banner crop.
Cattle — Not many on feed but the pastures have been good and stock
cattle are in good flesh.
Horses — Scarce but good prices prevail.
Sioine — Plenty; the price of old corn being high makes the farmers
put them on the market as soon as possible.
Sheep — Not so many as usual.
Poultry — Farmers are taking more interest in this business as a source
oi" profit than formerly.
Bees — Swarmed a good deal but made an extra amount of honey.
Drainage — More tile put in each year and consequently more land
reclaimed.
Lands — Sell at good prices; prices range from $100 to $200 per acre.
Report of Fair— Held August 31, September 1, 2 and 3, 1908. Had nice
weather; good showing of all kinds of stock except cattle; attendance
fair, and had Prof. A. V. Storm with us one day and he gave a lecture
which was very much enjoyed by the people, and we contemplate having
another such feature next year.
JONES.
J. J. LOCHER, MONTICELLO, OCTOBER 14, 1908.
General Condition of Crops and Season — Good, with the exception of
small grain.
Corn — Good stand and yield; very little soft corn.
Oats — Fair yield but of light quality.
Wheat — Very little raised.
Rye — Very little raised but good.
Barley — Very good.
Flax — None raised.
Buckwheat — Little, if any, raised.
Millet — Very little raised; have seen none.
Sorghum^dood.
Timothy — Very good.
Clover — Excellent yield of both hay and seed.
Prairie Hay — Little, if any.
Other Grains and Grasses — Good.
Potatoes — Good, but only fair yield.
Vegetables — Good.
Apples — Fair.
Other Fruits — Fair.
Cattle — Jones county is in the midst of a dairy country; good.
Horses — Very good.
Swine — Hogs thin, occasioned by lack of corn of the 1907 yield.
Sheep — Few, if any.
Poultry — Many chickens raised.
Bees — Very few hives.
Draiwa^Fe— Excellent; much tiling done.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 791
Other Industries — Good.
Lands — Land advancing rapidly.
Report of Fair — Held August 31, September 1, 2, 3 and 4. Excellent
weather; large attendance and was a financial success.
JONES.
L. W. RrSSKLL, AXAMOSA, OCTOHKR 15, 1908.
General Condition of Crops and Reason — Season very dry, damaging
small grain.
Corn — Crop about average and better than last year; quality fine.
Oats — Fair croj); quality good but runs a little light.
Wheat — None.
Rye— Yevy little
Barley — Not much raised but what there is is of good quality and yield.
Flax — None.
Buckwheat — None.
Millet — None
Sorghum — None.
Timothy — Good crop; quality fine.
Clover — Good.
Prairie Hay — None.
Potatoes — About one-half a crop; quality good.
Apples — Large crop.
Cattle — Not much feeding being done this year on account of the
high price of grain; plenty of milk cows.
Horses — More than ever; prices low.
Swine — Nearly all shipped out.
Sheep — Very few in county.
Poultry — Interest in poultry on the increase.
Bees — Not many.
Drainage — Farmers take great interest in tiling and are gradually
draining all wet land.
Lands — Prices on the increase and many farms changing hands.
Report of Fair — Held August 26-30, inclusive. More stock than ever
before; showing in all departments fine; people well pleased; large at-
tendance first three days but did not give a fair on the last day on ac-
count of rain.
KEOKUK.
Geo. A. Poff. What Cheer, October, 1908.
General Condition of Crops and Season— Good; above the average.
Corn,— Large acreage; large yield, about forty to sixty bushels per acre.
Oafs— Will average from twenty-five to thirty-five bushels to the
acre and is of excellent quality.
Wheat — Larger acreage than for some time past; yielded from twenty
to fifty bushels per acre.
Rye — Small crop.
7 92 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Barley — Small acreage but good quality; yield about twenty bushels
per acre.
Flax — None.
Buckwheat — None.
Millet — Small acreage.
Sorghum — Very little raised.
Timothy — Good crop.
Clover — Good; average two tons to the acre.
Prairie Hay — Good yield.
Other Grains and Grasses — Good; fall pastures very good.
Potatoes — Light; selling at seventy five cents per bushel.
Vegetables — Very plentiful and of excellent quality.
Apples — Fair crop and are bringing good price.
Other Fruits — Good yield.
Cattle — Cattle are in fine condition; several large breeders here.
Horses — Doing well; we have several large breeders and importers
of imported stock in this county.
Swine — A great many raised and of the best breeds.
Sheep — ^Are in fine condition; not so many raised as in former years.
Poultry — Increasing rapidly and is fast becoming one of the profitable
industries of the farm.
Bees — Average crop of honey.
Drainage — A great deal of tiling is being done at present.
Lands — Selling for $75 to $125 per acre.
Report of Fair — Held September 7, 8, 9 and 10. The most successful
and the largest attended fair in the history of the society, 7,324 tickets
being sold on Wednesday, September 9. Weather was ideal throughout
fair; exhibits of horses, cattle and swine, large; races good and attractions
all high grade.
KOSSUTH.
W. E. McDonald, Algona, October 27, 1908.
General Condition of Crops and Season — Early season very cold and
wet, making farming conditions very bad but crops are about a sixty
per cent average.
Corn — Only about fifty per cent of the usual acreage planted in this
county and about seventy-five per cent of this is good sound corn, balance
being cut for feed.
Oats — Will average about fifty per cent of the usual crop; early oats
being much better than the late sown ones.
Wheat — Very little sowed but crop was fine.
Rye — Good crop but little sown.
Barley — Yield good; quality good.
Flax — Fine crop; not much sown in the county.
Buckwheat — A very fair crop; quality good.
Millet — Fine; yield about three tons to the acre.
Sorghum — Yield good; sown much with millet for. cow feed.
Timothy — Good crop, averaging about one and one-half tons per acre.
Clover — Very fair crop.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 793
Prairie Hay — P"'ine.
Other Grains and Grasses — Not much grown here.
Potatoes — Yield about seventy per cent of usual crop; quality good.
Vegetables — Good.
Apples — Some orchards loaded while others are entirely bare owing
to early frosts.
Other Fruit — Good.
Cattle — Did better in the latter part of the season, owing to improved
conditions of the weather; prices low but farmers are feeding quite a
good many for Christmas delivery.
Horses — Fine; prices ruling strong and demand good for heavy farm
horses.
Swine — Very little trouble, if 'any, from cholera among the hogs of
this county and farmers as a rule are paying off their debts from this
source alone.
Sheep — Too wet in early season for sheep but the wool clip was fair
and many farmers keeping a few to trim up the pastures and fence
corners; prices low.
Poultry — The usual amount raised this year.
Bees — The few hives kept in this county are paying well this year
owing to the immense vegetation on account of the wet spring weather.
Drainage — We are just commencing; farmers are busy putting out tile
and more was used this year than in all of the preceding years put to-
gether.
Other Industries — Much attention has been given to the public roads
of the county this year and the townships and county supervisors are
co-operating with the farmers in tiling them out and keeping grades in
repair.
Lands — Values are some higher than last year; farms selling from
$50 to $85 per acre and there seems to be a good demand for better
tenants and better tiled farms.
Report of Fair— Held August 8, 9, 10 and 11, 1908. The exhibits far
exceeded anything ever shown at our county fair; the stock and farm
products being specially selected for prize winning. The races were well
attended and some of the best horses in Iowa entered in these races.
Attendance was the largest ever known; premiums were paid in cash
a.nd all exhibitors seemed satisfied with the treatment received. No
gambling of any kind was allowed on the grounds.
LEE.
Chris Haffxer. Doxxelsox, October, 1908.
General Condition of Crops and Season — Too much rain in the fore
part of the season but some of the crops fairly good.
Corn — Seventy-five per cent of an average crop.
Oats — Very light yield; quality poor.
Wheat — Very good yield; quality good.
Rye — Very good; not much grown.
Barley — None.
Flax — None.
794 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE
Buckwheat— Very little grown.
Millet — None.
horghmn — Quality good; not much grown.
T-hnothij—'Lsirge crop; quality fair.
Clover — Large yield; quality good.
Prairie Hay — None.
Other Grains and Grasses — Bluegrass pastures good.
Potatoes — Light crop owing to wet spring.
Vegetables — Fair yield; quality good.
Apples — Light crop; quality fair.
Other Fruits — Very good crop of peaches of good quality.
Cattle — Shorthorns and Polled Angua predominate.
Horses — Roadsters and Percherons predominate.
Swine — Chester Whites, Poland Chinas and Duroc Jerseys predominate.
Sheep — Shropshire and Delaines are the principal breeds.
Poultry — All kinds raised in large numbers.
Bees — Very few left.
Drainage — Good.
Other Industries — Thriving but plenty of room for more.
Lands — Range in price from $80 to $125 per acre.
Report of Fair — Held at Donnelson, September 15-18, inclusive. Ex-
hibits were extra good in all departments; w'eather was fine throughout
the entire fair; attendance was large and in every particular the fair
was a success.
LEE.
JOHX W^ALLJASPER, WeST PoINT, OCTOBER 5, 1908.
General Condition of Crops and Season — The season opened up fair
but turned out to be cold and wet, delaying the planting of corn, our
main staple. Weather was good during harvesting and the fall, up to
this writing, was the best to mature the corn crop that we have had for
years.
Corn — The heavy rains and the wet spring weather delayed planting in
general, consequently there is a lot of late corn, which matured well dur-
ing the hot, dry period of August and September.
Oats — Fair; light weight but fair yield.
Wheat — Fair, both in yield and quality.
Rye — But very little sown.
Barley — Hardly any sown.
Flax — None sown.
Buckwheat — Will be a fair yield and of good quality.
Millet — But very little sown.
Sorghum — Turning out very fair.
Timothy — Large crop and of good quality.
Clover — An immense crop of both hay and seed.
Prairie Hay — None.
Other Grains and Grasses — Bluegrass does well for pasture.
Potatoes — Fair crop; not as good as last year.
Vegetables — Pretty fair crop; cabbage not as good as last year.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 795
Apples — Crop was cut short by the late spring frost.
Other Fruits — Late spring frost cut short the crop.
Cattle— Are improving yearly; the Shorthorns are the leading breed;
Herefords and Polled Angus a close second. Some dairy breeds, but this
is not as much a dairy as a fat cattle county.
Horses — Are high in price and our farmers are going into the horse
industry stronger than ever; Percherons, Clydes and Belgians take the
lead in draft classes. All work and road horses are bred quite extensively.
Swine — There is much interest taken in this industry, the farmer's
"gold mine," Poland Chinas, Duroc Reds, and Chester Whites, being the
leading breeds.
Sheep — Fine, middle and coarse wool sheep are raised in this section;
the middle wool taking the lead. This is an industry in which quite a
number of farmers are making good money.
Poultry — Poultry is the "expense payer" of the farm and the farmer's
wife is making it pay nowadays at the prevailing price of eggs and birds.
Brahmas, Leghorns, Buff Cochins, Plymouth Rock and all the other lead-
ing breeds are represented in this section.
Bees — Quite a number kept and a large amount of honey made this year
on account of the heavy crop of clover.
Drainage — The flat lands are being tiled as fast as the farmer can get'
at them.
Other Industries — Very good.
Lands — Are steadily raising in price; a good farm will easily bring
from $100 to $125 per acre.
Report of Fair— Held August 18, 19 and 20. The exhibits in all de-
partments were first class, both as to quality and quantity; races were
well filled and gave satisfaction to the visitors, and all proclaimed that
the fair this year was the best ever held on our grounds.
LINN.
Thomas DeLaney, Fairfax, September 30, 1908.
General Condition of Crops and Season — Very good.
Corn — Quality of corn good but yield light.
Oats — Light; good color.
Wheat — Winter wheat good; spring wheat fair; about eighty per cent
of an average crop.
Rye — Good; ninety -five per cent of an average crop.
Barley — Fair.
Flax — None grown here.
Buckwheat — Very little grown here.
Millet — Fair; about eighty per cent of an average crop on account of
drought.
Sorghum — Fair; very little grown here.
Timothy — Good; ninety-five per cent of an average crop.
Clover — Good.
Praii'ie Hay — Very little grown here.
Other Grains and Grasses — Fair.
Potatoes — About sixty per cent of an average crop.
796 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Vegetables — Fair.
Apples — Good.
Other Fruits — Good.
Cattle — In good condition but not many in this vicinity.
Horses — In good condition.
Svnne — Healthy but not plentiful on account of high priced corn.
Sheep — Very few here and in poor condition.
Poultry — O. K.
Bees—0. K.
Drainage — Two dry to consider.
Other Industries — Very good.
Lands — In poor shape.
Report of Fair — Held September 1-4, inclusive. Our fair exceeded
our expectations as we had no fair in 1907 ; had a very good display of
stock and other exhibits and expect to do better still next year.
LINN.
E. E. Hendersox, Central City, Octodeb 1, 1908.
Corn — Much better matured than the 1907 crop and also a better stand
and yield. There was no killing frost until September 28th.
Oats — Very uneven crop; varying much in yield and quality, the yield
averaging from twenty-two to fifty bushels per acre.
Rye — Good quality; yield averaged about twenty bushels per acre.
Barley — Good quality and yield and a much larger acreage than in 1907.
Flax — None raised.
Buckwheat — Very little raised.
Millet — Small acreage; good quality.
Timothy — Good; large acreage threshed for seed.
Clover — Spring seeding suffered from August drought; old fields in the
average condition.
Potatoes — Average acreage but very light yield, especially of late pota-
toes.
Apples — Large crop and of good quality.
Other Fruits — Good condition and a fair crop.
Cattle — Good condition but feeders scarce. Farmers generally milk
cows and sell cream to local creameries.
Horses — Good condition but demand not quite so brisk as in 1907.
Swine — Healthy; no cholera but not so many raised as usual.
Sheep — Good condition and flocks increasing in this locality.
Poultry — Average number raised; good local markets for selling live
poultry.
Bees — Good season; large amount of honey made.
Drainage — Large amount of tile being laid.
Lands — Very little being sold; prices range from $70 to $110 per acre.
Report of Fair— Held at Central City. September 8, 9, 10 and 11, Was
very successful in attendance and the exhibits were large, the society pay-
ing over $200 more for premiums than in 1907. Prof. P. G. Holden. :Miss
Edith Charlton and others, were present in instruction work.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 797
LOUISA.
J. R. Smith, Columbus Junction, Skptember 28, 1908.
General Condition of Crops and Season-The season has been favorable
to the growth of all crops; there has been no excessive rains nor serious
droughts but crops on the river bottoms were damaged to some extent
by the overflow of the Cedar and Iowa rivers in May. However these
were largely replanted and have matured a fair crop of corn
Corn-The corn in this county is fully up to an averag^^ and at this
time ninety per cent of it is secure from damage from frost.
Oats-Oats are rather light and the yield will not exceed twenty to
twenty-five bushels per acre.
W7iea^— While not extensively grown is excellent both in quality and
quantity; both spring and winter varieties are good.
i?ye— Not extensively grown but is of good quality and averago yield
Barley— Not much grown except for feed and in connection with oats
Flax — None grown.
BuckiuJieat — But little grown; quality good.
Millet— Crop good; but little grown.
Sorghum — Good average crop.
Timothy— ExcemonaUy good and the hay nearly all si-cured in very
fair condition.
Clover— Above the average and most of it secured without serious
damage.
Prairie Hay— But little made.
Potatoes— Early potatoes are good in quality but not a large yield;
late varieties are reported fair.
Vegetables— Have done exceptionally well this season.
Apples— The crop is light and wormy.
Other Fruits— Peaches were plentiful and of good quality; cherries
about a half crop; berries and pears small yield; grapes fair, and plums
scarce.
Ca^^^e— Raising and feeding for beef is an extensive industry and the
condition of stock and prices are highly satisfactory; no disease is re-
ported.
Worses— The stock is large and condition entirely satisfactory.
Swine— With but few exceptions, and in the early part of the season
hogs have been healthy. The high price of corn led to some sales.
Sheep— This is not an extensive industry in this county; have heard
of no disease and 'what flocks are kept are in good condition.
Poultry— The hen, as usual, has covered herself with glory and is
now renewing her plumage; no disease; can give no estimate of value,
but it is im_mense.
Bees— Have done better than usual.
Drainage— Is on the increase, both as to tile and open ditches.
Other Industries — Very good.
Lands— Land values are firm and gradually increasing; this is more
nouceable in the best and highest priced lands than in the cheaper grades.
The methods of farming show a vast improvement over former vears;
many farms are producing better crops than ever tefore.
798 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Report of Fair — Held first four days in September; weather was good;
attendance large; exhibit satisfactory and the receipts show a small
margin to the good.
LYON.
J. t±. Harbisox, Rock Rapids, October 14, 1908.
General Condition of Crops and Season — Crops generally good; the
season has been favorable and farmers have attended to their crops at
tne proper time.
Corn — Best crop in the history of the county; yield will range about
fifty bushels to the acre and the quality is good.
Oats — Good yield but light weight; will average about thirty-five
bushels per acre.
Wheat — Very little, if any, wheat raised in the county.
Rye — But very little grown.
Barley — Crop was a good average quality; yield about thirty bushels
per acre.
Flax — Light acreage; yield about twelve bushels per acre.
Buckwheat — None.
Millet — Small acreage but excellent quality and yield.
Sorghinn — None.
Timothy — Good big yield; acreage increasing every year.
Clover — More clover sown each year; crop very heavy.
Prairie Hay — Small acreage.
Other Grains and Grasses — Grains and grasses did generally well.
Potatoes — Good yield and good quality; average about one hundred
twenty-five to one hundred fifty bushels per acre.
Vegetables — Matured in good season and of good quality.
Apples — Crop light on account of early frost.
Other Fruits — Crops light on account of early frost.
Cattle — In fair condition; a majority of the farmers have dairy herds;
feeders will be about the same as last year.
Horses — Are improving every year; farmers getting into the larger
breeds, such as Percherons; price high.
Swine — Have done well; price high.
Sheep — Increasing in number every year as they seem to do well in
this locality.
Poultry — Increasing every year and getting more into thoroughbred
stock.
Bees — A paying industry and increasing each year.
Drainage — Natural condition very good but farmers are doing a great
deal of sub-drainage as it enables them to work their entire farms.
Land^ — The lands in Lyon county are second to none in the state, the
soil is a deep black soil with a clay loam sub-soil. Lands are selling
from $10 to $15 per acre in advance of what they were selling for eighteen
months ago.
Report of Fair— Held at Rock Rapids, August 25 to 28. The weather
was fine and the fair a grand success. Entries in every department was
heavy and visitors went away seemingly well pleased; prospects for the
future look good.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 799
MAHASKA.
C. P. MoMYKH, Ni:w Sharon, September 30, 1908.
General Condition of Crops and Season — Good.
Corn — Good; never better and most all out of the way of frost.
Oats — Fair; good many light.
Wheat — Not much sown but good yield and quality.
Rye — Not much sown.
Barley — Good.
Flax — ^None.
Bucktoheat — None.
Millet — Not much sown.
Sorghum — Good.
Timothy — Good yield and good quality.
Clover — Never better.
Prairie Hay — None.
Other Grains and Grasses — Alfalfa good.
Potatoes — About half a crop.
Vegetables — Good.
AppZes— Exceptionally fine; the quality of the apple display at our
fair was better than that at the state fair, although not so large.
Other Fruits — An abundance of fruit and of finest quality.
Cattle — Not so many as last year; feeders are slow sale on account of
the high price of corn; stockers good sale; milch cows high.
Horses — Good demand and high prices prevail. We have a fine lot of
colts.
Swine — ^Not very large pig crop this year; so much disease last year
and some this year also.
Sheej) — Not many raised but a good many being shipped in and fat-
tened.
Poultry — Fine lot of poultry.
Bees — Did well this year.
Drainage — Quite a lot of tile being put in each year.
Other Industries — All flourishing.
LanfZs— High; selling from $50 to $175 per acre.
Report of Fair— Held September 15 to 18. The fair was a success in
every way; we will be able to pay up in full and have a small balance
on hand.
MARION.
Charles Porter, Pella, October 20, 1908.
General Condition of Crops and Season — During the early part of the
season the ground was in very good shape for seeding but during plant-
ing time too much rain and cold w^eather prevailed. At this time, how-
ever, our crops, as a whole, average good.
Corn — Early corn w^as good quality but late corn somewhat chaffy.
Oats — Very spotted this year; quality fair; yield varied on account of
seed more than anything else.
800 IOWA DEPART.AIEXT OF AGRICULTlRE
Wheat — Fall wheat exceptionally good, yielding as much as forty
bushels per acre; spring wheat better than usual as to quality and yield.
Rye — Not much sown; average crop.
Barley — Average.
Flax — None sown.
Buckwheat — Above average.
Millet — Average.
Sorghum — Increased output; good crop and of good quality.
Timothy — Heavy.
Clover — Both first and second cutting extra good; not a big yield of
seed but of fair quality.
Prairie Hay — None.
Other Grains and Grasses — Fair.
Potatoes — Some varieties very good, others only fair.
Vegetables — Extra good.
Apples — Quality fair and an average crop.
Other Fruits — Peaches abundant; no plums to speak of; small fruits
and average crop.
Cattle — Increasing in numbers; dairy cows high in price; beef breed
types are increasing in good quality.
Horses — Good quality; draft horses are very high, while brood mares
of draft breeds are not sold for shipment but selling price locally has
been at a high figure.
Swine — Very little sickness reported for the past eight months; being
marketed in large numbers; fair crop of pigs and of good quality.
Sheep — Average.
Poultry — Great interest taken in poultry raising and there is a good
demand for same. The American variety is taking the lead.
Bees — Did exceedingly well in June but did not do so well later.
Drainage — Great increase in tile drainage and some open ditches are
being cut in river bottoms.
Other Industries — Prosperous.
Lands — Selling very high when sales are made but not much land
changing hands.
Report of Fair — Held October 5 to 6. Rained entry day but good
weather the balance of week; had a very successful fair as the exhibits
were good in all departments. Our improvements are more than our
present debt.
MARSHALL.
H. M. Weeks, Rhodes, October, 1908.
General Condition of Crops and Season — Crops are generally fair;
season som.ewhat backward in the spring. Crops damaged somewhat by
drought in fore part of September; hardly enough rain for fall plowing.
Pasture was somewhat short in September.
Corn — About eighty per cent of an average crop.
Oats — Very good quality but not very large yield, about twenty to
thirty-five bushels per acre.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 801
Wheat — Very little sown; some very good yii'lds of winter wheat but
spring wheat was light and of good quality.
Rye — Did well where sown but very little raised.
Barley — Very light acreage but yield and quality fair.
Flax — None.
Buckwh eat — None.
Millet — None in this vicinity.
Sorghum — None raised. I think this is the first year for eighteen
years that we have not had samples of sorghum shown at our fair.
Timothy — Good crop and secured in good condition; very little sown
for seed.
Clover — Good crop, especially fine second growth; not much sown for
seed but what was sown was of good quality and yielded good.
Prairie Hay — No wild hay in this district except in sloughs.
Other Grains and Grasses — Fine crop of timothy and clover; pastures
have been good, except for a short time in September.
Potatoes — Early potatoes were good while the late potatoes were of
light yield but of fine quality; none rotted.
Vegetables — Good yield of all vegetables.
Apples — Fair crop of early fall varieties; winter apples light yield.
Other Fruits — Grapes good; fair crop of peaches and pears; peaches
seem to be doing better in this section every year; cherries good; few
plums and small fruits light.
Cattle — A leading industry here, many fine herds and many good
feeders and shippers in this district; have had no disease the past year
and cattle are looking fine. Much attention being given to the improve-
ment of stock and there were eighty-four cars of cattle shipped from
Rhodes since last report, October 12, 1907.
Horses — Above applies to horses. Horses have been healthy and prices
good. Twenty-three cars of good horses shipped from Rhodes since last
report; heavy draft horses are mostly bred.
Swine — Many good breeders in this district, some of whom have shown
stock at several county fairs. The stock is free from disease, generally,
and there is a good crop of spring pigs; fifty-nine cars have been shipped
frcm Rhodes since last report.
Sheep — Not many in this district; show at fair small; seven cars
shipped from Rhodes since the last report.
Poultry — A profitable industry; egg and poultry dealers at this place
report shipments from Rhodes for last six months at one thousand cars
of eggs and sixty thousand pounds of live poultry.
Bees — Not many kept but those who have them report a good season
and a good yield of honey, which is worth from ten to fifteen cents per
pound.
Drainage — Most of the low ground in Marshall county is well tiled.
Other InduMries — Very good in all branches.
Lands — High in price and still advancing; sales in this vicinity have
been made from $100 to $175 per acre during the past year.
Report of Fair — Held at Rhodes September 29, 30, October 1 and 2.
Weather was cold and disagreeable but attendance was very good. A
51
802 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
new feature was a stock judging contest which created much interest.
Many fine herds of cattle were entered and the horse department was
well filled with Percherons and Shires. The society was disappointed
in not being able to wipe out a debt of $355, but in spite of the Wr-
favorable weather will pay all bills and premiums in full and are not
discouraged but expect to go into the field with good courage in 1909.
MARSHALL.
W. M. Claek, Maeshalltown, October 8, 1908.
General Condition of Crops and Season — Season was backward with
heavy rains up to June 1st, which retarded the growth of corn, although
crops as a whole were above the average.
Corn — Usual acreage and average crop.
Oats — ^Very heavJ^
Wheat — Winter wneat was fine and yield excellent; more wheat being
raised each year; spring wheat fair, both as to quality and yield.
Rye — None raised.
Barley — Quality and yield good but little raised.
Flax — None raised.
Buckwheat — not enough raised to report on.
Millet — Very little sown but what there is is of good quality.
Sorghum — None raised for commercial purposes.
Timothy — Very heavy yield and secured in good condition.
Clover — Good, but little raised for seed.
Prairie Hay — None.
Other Grains and Grasses — Some alfalfa raised but mostly in the ex-
perimental stage; some fields promise well.
Potatoes— A fair yield and of excellent quality; heavy shipments from
the northern portion of the county; a profitable crop for the farmer.
Vegeta'bles — Abundance of all kinds.
Apples — Good, fruit is being given more attention each year with very
satisfactory results.
Other Fruits — Grapes, plums, and small fruits good, peaches are being
raised all over the county; over thirty exhibits at the county fair and
twelve premiums awarded.
Cattle — In good condition but sold off close.
Horses — More pure bred horses are being raised each year and find a
ready market at good prices.
Swine — But few old swine in the county, most of the up-to-date farmers
are getting pure bred stock; over four hundred registered animals shown
at county fair in September.
Sheep — But very few m the county, but the number of pure bred are
increasing rapidly and are proving profitable to the farmer.
Poultry — In healthy condition and money makers.
Bees — This industry is on the increase.
urainage — Several ditches have been constructed in the river valley
and the extreme western part of the county.
Other Industries — Prosperous.
Lands — Increasing in value, but few sales.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 803
Report of Fair — Held September 14 to IS inclusive. A very large at-
tendance and increase in interest. There were sixty more exhibitors this
year than last, especially good exhibits in the horse, swine and poultry de-
partments, while the ladies' department was exceptionally fine and the
showing of fruits and flowers was very good. We had good races and
the weather was fine during the entire fair.
MILLS.
G. W. Williams, Malvern, October 26, 1908.
Corn — Fair average; from twenty to sixty bushels per acre.
Oats — Very poor average; from six to twenty bushels per acre.
Wheat — Fair, from six to twenty bushels per acre.
Rye — Very little raised; average from ten to twenty bushels per acre.
Barley — Very little raised; from twenty to twenty-five bushels per
acre.
h tax — None raised.
Buckwheat — Very little raised.
Millet— Good.
kurghum — None raised.
Timothy — Good quality; yield from one to three tons per acre.
Glover — Good quality; good yield, second crop fine.
Prairie Hay — Good; put up in fair condition.
Other Grains and Grasses — Good.
Potatoes — Fair yield; good quality.
Vegetables — Fair.
Apples — Very poor inferior quality.
Other Fruits — Fair.
Cattle — Fine condition; not many on feed.
Horses — Fine condition; good horses scarce.
Swine — Good condition; not much disease.
Sheep — Very few raised.
Poultry — Good supply; good condition and good price.
Bees — Very few raised.
Drainage — Very little tiling done.
Other Industries — Good.
Lands — In good condition; price from $70 to $140 per acre.
Report of Fair — Held at Malvern, August 4 to 7. Stock exhibit small
but good; races very good; attendance good; every one pleased; receipts
did not quite meet the expenditures.
MITCHELL.
W. H. Gable, Osage, October 12, 1908.
General Condition of Crops and Season — The general average of crops
were good. A late backward spring retarded the growth of crops materi-
ally but a fine late fall in a measure made up for the late spring.
Corn — Acreage small; quality good, best had for many years.
Oats — Good crop.
Wheat — Practically none raised.
804 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Rye — Good crop.
Barley — Fairly good crop.
Flax — Quality good; not much raised.
Buckwheat — Good.
Millet — Very little raised.
Sorghum — None raised.
Timothy — Crop good.
Glover — Good.
Prairie Hay — None raised.
Other Grains and Grasses — Very good crop.
Potatoes — Crop only a fair one.
Vegetables — Yield and quality good.
Apples — A very light crop.
Other Fr'uits — Only a fair yield of small fruits.
Cattle — In good condition; Shorthorns predominate.
Horses — The grade is generally improving; prices continue high.
Swine- — Average number; no disease.
Sheep — Small flocks; good condition.
Poultry — In good condition; prices high for eggs and poultry.
Bees — In moderately good shape.
Drainage — Land is being tiled where at all necessary.
Lands — A good demand for lands in this county by eastern farmers;
prices high.
Report of Fair — Fair held at Osage, September 15, 16, 17 and 18. The
weather was excellent; attendance good, exhibits fine and the fair <.was
a success.
MONONA.
A. W. Burgess, Onaw^a, September 25, 1908.
General Condition of Crops and Season — Good for the year; early
spring fine for getting crops in; no rain in April; rained nearly every
day during May and into June, which made it next to impossible to get
into fields to cultivate.
Corn — Good quality and fairly good yield; acreage about the same
as last year.
Oats — Fair quality and average acreage.
Wiheat — Mostly winter wheat; good quality and more than the aver-
age acreage.
Rye — None.
Barley — Very little.
Flax — None.
Buckwheat — None.
Mine*— Very little; hay only.
Sorghum — Very little, if any.
Timothy — Average acreage; hay only.
Clover — More being sown every year, especially of alfalfa class; good
crops.
Prairie Hay — Below average yield; good quality.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII
805
Po/a<oes-EaiIy potatoes good; late potatoes light on account of dry
weather. "^
Vegetahlrs—Avoragti.
Apples— No apples, on account of frost.
Other Fruits — None.
Cattle— Move good cattle in this county than ever before; many of the
farmers getting small fancy herds.
horses-Crov about average with last year; good stallions coming in
Swtne-Not as good as last year; not many ready for market on ac-
count of high, priced feed.
Sheep— None to speak of.
Poultry— More than usual.
hces — Average.
Drai7iage-This county— the western part— is being ditched most every-
where; the big canal is well under way and many small ones being dug
Lands— hand business this summer has been quite brisk and many
acres have changed hands; prices here range from $60 to $150 per acre
Report of Fair-Held September 16, 17 and 18. Good a.splay of every-
thing but the attendance was not up to what it should have been.
MUSCATINE.
W. H. SiriPArAx, Wkst Libkrty, Oc-ronKK 27, 1908.
General Condition of Crops and 8easo?i— Good average season; not
backward at any time.
Corn— Good yield and quality and acreage up to the average.
Oa^s- Below the average in quality and yield; too hot at the time of
blooming.
V/heat—Yery little raised; good quality.
Rye — None raised.
Barley — Fair crop; acreage small.
Flax — None raised.
Buckwheat— Very little raised.
Millet — None raised.
Sorghum — None raised.
'1 tmothy—^xira good in quantity and quality; acreage above the aver-
age.
Clover— Yery good in yield and saved in fine condition.
Prairie Hay — None.
Po^a^oes— Above an average yield and quality good.
Yegetahles-^ome sugar beets raised with a satisfactory yield.
Apples — Good average crop.
Other Fruits— Grai>es and peaches a heavy crop; small fruits a good
average.
Cattle— The number fed is below the average; the demand for milk
makes the good milk cow bring a good price.
Worses— Good demand for everything that is salable; good ones scarce
and hard to buy.
F!toine—A little light for this time of the season on account of scarcity
of old corn; no cholera.
806 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Sheep — The grades are being thinned out and their places filled with
thoroughbreds.
Poultry — Sold off close on account of high prices.
Drainage — Considerable work being done uj the county; new ditches
and old ones cleaned out.
Other Industries — The Iowa Condensed Milk Company makes a good
market for milk; they make condensed milk, evaporated cream; plain
milk for ice cream, butter, etc.
Lands — More buyers than sellers and the price going up all the while.
Report of Fair — Held August 17 to 20 and was called the best held in
the forty -six years of the organization; exhibits good in all departments,
especially apples, garden vegetables, and farm products. We use the
single expert judge in all departments and find it very satisfactory.
We put on a boys' judging contest and sent the four highest boys
to the state fair contest. Had a good show in all stock classes and the
races were all filled and were closely contested.
MUSCATINE.
H. WiLDASi^", Wilton Junction, October 9, 1908.
General Condition of Crops and Season — About average.
C07'7i — Above average.
Oats — A little below average.
Wheat — Practically none raised.
Rye — Good.
Barley — Fair.
Flax — None raised.
Buckwheat — Practically none raised.
Millet — Practically none raised.
Sorghum — Good but small amount.
Timothy — Extra good.
Glover — Extra good.
Prairie Hay — None.
Potatoes — Below average.
Vegetables — Good.
Apples — Good crop.
Cattle — About as usual.
Horses — About as usual.
Swine — Not as many.
Sheep — About as usual.
Poultry — Average.
Report of Fair— Held September 1.5, 16, 17, 1908.
O'BRIEN.
J. B. Murphy, Sutherland, October 13, 1908.
General Condition of Crops and Season — Season wet and backward;
corn planting late; crops fair.
Corn— Average crop; dry and warm weather in September made the
corn mature.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 807
Oats — 'Fifty per cent of an average crop.
Wheat — Very little raised and poor quality.
Rye — None raised to speak of.
Barley — Average crop.
Flax — None raised.
Buchioheat — None.
Millet — Good crop.
Sorghum — None raised.
Timothy-rGood.
Clover — Hay about tne average, seed light.
Prairie Hay — Good.
Potatoes — Average crop.
Vegetables — Good.
Apples — Light crop.
Other Fruits — Cherries good; raspberries good; plums very ^oor,
strawberries below the average.
Cattle — Average number.
Horses — Increasing.
Sioine — Average number.
Sheep — Increasing.
Poultry — About the average.
Bees — Below the average.
Drainage — Fairly good; a large number of tile went into the ground
this year.
Lands— p5 to $150 per acre.
Report of Fair — Held at Sutherland, September 2, 3, and 4. A success
in every way.
O'BRIEN.
Joe Mortox, Sheldon, October 6, 1908.
General Condition of Crops and Season — General condition of crops
were good; fine crop of corn and grasses; oats wore very light; season
was backward and heavy rains 'in the fall made the harvest bad.
Corn — Good on high ground.
Oats — Fair, light quality and not an average crop.
Wheat — Winter wheat was good crop; on the whole wheat was a good
crop.
Rye — Fair crop; very little raised in this county.
Barley — Good stand and average yield.
Flax — Fair; not much raised.
Buckioheat — Fair.
Millet — Good.
Sorghum — None.
Timothy — Good stand.
Clover — Good stand.
Prairie Hay — Good.
Other Grains and Grasses — Good.
Potatoes — Good crop; heavy yield.
Vegetables — Good.
808 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Apples — Not very good; light yield.
Other Fruits — Fair.
Cattle — ^Did well owing to good pasture during the fore part of the
season.
Horses — Horses are handled by farmers and the disposition seems to
be to improve.
Swine — Hogs are light, owing to loss of young and high price of corn.
Sheep — Good.
Poultry — Good.
Bees^ — Good.
Drainage — Farmers are draining their lands; many miles of tiling has
been put in the past year.
Other Industries — Prosperous.
Lands — Values on land seem to advance and they are in a good state
of cultivation.
Report of Fair — August 18, 19, 20 and 21. Receipts were light, owing
to bad weather and the fact that farmers were too busy to leave their
harvest and work. Receipts at the gate were over $300 less than last
year and we had larger expenses in the way of attractions, etc.
PAGE.
J. C. Beckneb, Clarixda, Octob?:r, 1908.
General Condition of Crops and Season — Spring was extra fine and
crops were put in in good condition but about the middle of May rain
caused delay in attending to the corn and made it too wet for oats and
wheat. Grass, hay and pasture was fine and stock did well on same.
Corn — Corn on old ground and bottom land is very spotted. Some
very fine corn on sod, I think about eighty bushels per acre and of very
good quality.
Oats — Very badly rusted, about ten to thirty bushels per acre and
only about twenty to twenty-five pounds per bushel measure.
Wheat — Considerable was too heavy and lodged and was wet and hard
to cut; only a few pieces making thirty to thirty-five bushels per acre.
Rye — Very little sown.
Barley — Very little sown, except mixed with early oats; fair crop.
Flax — None raised that I know of.
Buckwheat — Very little sown.
Millet — Extra good and more sown than usual on account of the land
being to wet for corn in many places.
Sorghum — Very little raised in the county; what was planted was
good.
Timothy — Quality of hay and seed both extra good.
Clover — Early clover hay was very heavy but was lOO wet to cure
very good; second crop and seed extra good.
Prairie Hay— Very little but what we have is extra heavy, somewhat
mixed with weeds.
. . Other Grains and Grasses— Very little but what wo have is extra
Other Grains and Grasses — Some very good speltz grown this year;
the blue grass was good all season.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 809
Putatocs — Early potatoes were fair but was too dry for late ones.
Vegctahli'S — Hardly an average crop on account of the cold and wet in
May and June.
Apples — Some extra fine apples but the frost killed the bloom in
streaks.
Other Fruits — Peaches fine quality; strawberries, raspberries and black-
berries light crop; grapes were a fair crop but of extra fine quality.
Cattle — There are several small herds of Shorthorns and Polled Angus
In this county; a few fine Herefords and Red Polls and a fair grade of
common cattle, which are in fine condition.
Hojscs — Extra fine lot of pure brcds and grades, both draft horses and
roadsters. Also have a fine showing of Shetland ponies.
Sivine — The swine showing at the fair was of a quality that would
have looked well at the state fair; large and of good quality.
Sheep — Though they arc doing fine there are but very few sheep com-
pared with other stock.
Poultry — No county can boast of better poultry than we. It was too
wet this season for young chickens, consequently the crop is light.
Bees — Very little interest taken in bees in general, although we have
an apiary that ships queen bees to almost every clime.
Drainage — An increase in the amount of tile each year, we need more.
Other Industries — Very prosperous.
Lands — Very good; I am told that one man has eighteen acres of early
potatoes that wiH make two hundred fifty bushels per acre and on the
same ground raised a crop of millet seed that will make fifty to sixty
bushels of seed per acre.
Report of Fair— Held September 14 to 18, 1908. The show of cattle,
horses, hogs and sheep was extra good for a county fair; the show of
fruits was also fine; corn fine; oats poor, while wheat, rye and barley
was just fair. Fine showing of timothy and clover seed. Not much
poultry shown but what was shown was fine. Taking the exhibits alto-
gether we had a very good showing in each department. The county
superintendent had charge of the displays.
PAGE.
A. W. Goldberg, Siiexaxdoaii. October 16, 1908.
General Condition of Crops and Season — Season about two or three
weeks late and general condition below average.
Corn — About two-thirds of a crop.
Oats — About one-third of a crop.
Wheat — Two-thirds of a crop.
Rye — None to speak of.
Barley — None.
Flax — None.
Buckwheat — None.
Millec — ^Very little.
Sorghum — None. ]
Timothy — Good.
Clover — Good. ' i I ' ]
810 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Prairie Hay — None.
Other Grains and Grasses — Nothing to amount to anything.
Potatoes — Pair crop.
. Vegetables — Fair crop.
Apples — Spotted.
Other Fruits — Two-thirds crop of strawberries; few blacl^berries; few
raspberries; peaches spotted, generally more or less hurt by unfavorable
early season.
Cattle — About one-half as many on feed as usual.
Horses — About normal condition; good prices.
Swine — Not as many as usual by half.
Sheep — But few sheep around here.
Poultry — Normal condition.
Bees — None to speak of.
Drainage — Good.
Lands — Selling high and hard to get.
Report of Fair — Good fair; every obligation paid; good crowd, con-
sidering unfavorable weather for a couple of days.
Every one was pleased with our program.
POCAHONTAS.
General Condition of Crops and Season — Condition of crops fair with
a very wet season.
Corn — Will average about thirty-five bushels per acre and is of good
quality.
Oats — Poor yields and poor quality.
Wheat — Very little raised here.
Barley — Not much raised but what has been marketed show good qual-
ity for this county.
Fiax — A good crop and quality.
Buckwheat — Fair.
Millet- — Good.
Sorghum — None raised here.
Timothy — Good.
Clover — Good.
Prairie Hay — Good.
Other Grains and Grasses — Good.
Potatoes — Not very good yield but good quality.
Vegetables — Good.
Apples — Very small crop.
Other Fruits — Fair.
Cattle — Good.
Horses — Good.
Swine— Fair.
Sheep — Very few raised.
Poultry — Fair.
Bees — None.
Drainage — A large amount has been done this year; both in tile and
dredge ditches.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 811
Other Industries — Quite a few new industries have been started.
Lands — Average price of land about same as last year.
Report of Fair — Held on the 4, 5, 6 and 7 of August. Weather was
ideal during entire week and the attendance the largest had for several
years.
POTTAWATTAMIE.
Calei? Smitii. Avoca, Octohkr, 1908.
General Condition of Ci'ops and Season — Crops above the average, ex-
cepting oats which were light and of poor quality; late frost in the
spring destroyed most of the fruits. Had plenty of rainfall until late
in the season when it was rather dry for pastures.
Corn — An average crop; late planting may be light and chaffy on
account of dry weather late in the season.
Oats — Poor quality and a very light crop; prices good.
Wheat — Above the average and good quality.
Rye — Very little raised.
Barley — Yield above the average and of good quality.
Flax — No flax raised in this vicinity.
Buckwheat — None raised.
Millet — ^Very little sown.
Sorghum — None raised.
Timothy — Large yield; good quality and fair prices.
Clover — Good crop of hay and good prospects for seed.
Prairie Hay — Average yield; quality good but very little raised.
Potatoes — Of good quality and of average yield.
Yegetahles — Plenty and of good quality.
Apples — Very few raised on account of late frosts.
Cattle — In good condition and plenty of feed until latter part of Sep-
tember when dry weather caused the pastures to become short.
Horses — In good condition; more attention paid to the raising of good
horses than formerly.
Swine — A good many are raised in this locality and quite a number of
pure bred herds. Very little cholera reported.
Sheep — Very few handled in this section of the country.
Poultry — Demand a good price; quite a number of fine breeding pens
were exhibited at our fair.
Bees — Good crop of honey.
Lands — Are increasing in value and rents are advancing.
Report of Fair — Held at Avoca, September 8 to 11. Weather good;
attendance good and as a whole was a success. For the first time in the
history of the association it is now out of debt and six and a half acres
of additional ground was purchased also.
812 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
POWESHIEK.
James Nowak, Malcom, October 30, 1908.
General Condition of Crops and Season — Weather conditions too wet
in spring; quite warm in summer and very hot and dry in September.
C07-n — A very good crop and ninety per cent of it of good sound
quality; average yield is about thirty-seven and one-fourth bushels per
acre; price high.
Oats — A fair yield; average about twenty-seven and one-fourth bushels
per acre; price good.
Wheat — Not much raised but a good yield; good quality and good price.
Average about eighteen bushels per acre.
Rye — Not much raised but is of fair quality; about twenty bushels
per acre and the price is fair.
Barley — Good fair crop; quality good; price good and about an aver-
age of thirty bushels per acre.
Flax — None raised here.
Buckwheat — ^Very little raised.
Millet — Very little raised.
Sorghum — Not much grown; but a good yield.
Timothy — A good hay crop this year.
Clover — Good crop.
Prairie Hay — None grown; land all under cultivation.
Other Grains and Grasses — Pastures were good all the year up to
September when they suffered from drought.
Potatoes — A smaller yield than usual; good price.
Vegetables — All garden truck was good.
Apples — A fair crop of fall and winter apples.
Other Fruits — Most fruit suffered from a frost late in the spring; not
as large a crop as usual.
Cattle — Doing well and an average number raised; price good.
Horses — ^In good demand and good prices except that there was a
slump of about fifty dollars per head on account of the panic of 1907,
but a good part of that has been recovered.
Swine — Good prices have prevailed except for about three months last
winter, caused by the panic of 1907.
Sheep — Not many raised; price of wool now low.
Poultry — Good prices and in good demand.
Bees — Lots of honey this year.
Drainage — More attention given to drainage every year.
Lands — Lands are advancing in price steadily; prices are from $90
to $150 per acre. $110 is about the average for a good improved farm.
Report of Fair— Held August 18 to 20 and was a successful fair in
every way. Exhibits were good in nearly all departments; attendance
good and the weather was ideal. There was no gambling of any nature
permitted.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 813
POWESHIEK.
I. S. Bailey, Grinnell, Skptk.mher 17, 1908.
General Condition of Crops and Season— Crovs fair; large amount
of rain in fore part of season but dry in the last part of August and up
to the present writing.
Com— Oood; mostly out of the way of frost.
Oa^s— Fair; early sown berry quite plump and yield fair; late sown
rusted badly and yield very light.
Wheat — Good, both spring and winter.
Rye — Good.
Barley— Good.
Flax — None raised.
Buckwheat — None raised.
Millet — Good.
Sorghum — Good.
Timothy— Extra, good and of excellent quality.
Clover— Extra, good; best crop we have had for years.
Prairie Hay — Good, only small amount to be cut.
Other Grains and Grasses— All good.
Potatoes— Fa.ir', early varieties light yield, late better.
Vegetables — Good.
Apples — Fair.
Other Fruits — Fair.
Cattle— Good condition; pastures have been the best in years.
Worses— Good condition; price off about twenty per cent from 1906.
Swine— Very poor on account of no corn during season; many have
been raised on grass; some hog cholera reported among the pigs, which
were a light crop on account of the low price during winters of 1906 and
1907. Many farmers sold their brood sows to packing houses.
Sheep— Good condition; not so many as in 1907 by about twenty per
cent.
Poultry — Good.
Bees— Good; season has been good for bees on account of so much
white clover.
Drainage— Good; more tile being laid every season and with good
results.
Other Industries — Good shape.
Lands— Will sell about $10 per acre higher than in 1907.
Report of Fair— Held September 1, 2, 3, 1908. Weather was fine and
attendance largest known during the history of the society. There were
good exhibits in all departments and the premiums were paid in full.
RINGGOLD.
A. E. Lank, Tingley, September 21, 1908.
General Condition of Crops and Season— Good.
Com— Yield heavy and good.
Oa^s— Yield light but of good quality.
Wheat— Yield large and quality good.
814 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Rye — Yield good and quality good.
Barley — Small crop.
FlcLX — No flax raised.
Buckwheat — Crop good; not threshed yet.
Millet — Crop good; not threshed yet.
Sorglium — Quality and yield good.
Timothy — One of the best yields we have had.
Clover — Best clover crop we have had in years.
Prairie Hay — None.
Other Grains and Grasses — Good.
Potatoes — Yield good and large; quality good.
Vegetables— Could not be beaten.
Apples — Small crop.
Other Fruits — Small crop.
Cattle— We have some of the best cattle in the state; our exhibits good.
Horses— Our exhibit was excellent; it would be difhcult to beat the
showing any place; quality and breed of the best.
Swine— We raise the best hogs that are raised in the state.
Sheep — Our sheep are fine and exhibits large. Are good mutton sheep
and the v/ool is heavy.
Poultry— 'Excellent exhibits and the breeds all standard.
Bees — Large number of hives in this county.
Drainage — Good.
Other Industries — Good.
Lands — Good; prices range from $65 to $100 per acre.
Report of Fair— First annual fair held September 23 and 24, 1908. It
was a decided success from an exhibit standpoint as the showing in all
departments was fine.
:_ SAC.
S. L. Watt, Sac City, Octobek, 1908.
General Condition of Crops arid Season— Not up to standard but better
than last year; first part of season was wet and the last part dry; small
grains light but corn quite good.
Corn — Acreage a little short on account of the wet; quality good but
ears not filled clear out to ends. The yield was more than last year
and out of the way of frosts.
Oats — Better than last year; early oats the best but the yield is light
in weight.
Wlieat — Considerable wheat grown here; winter wheat good; spring
not very good.
Rye — Fair but not much raised.
Barley — Good and considerable raised.
Flax — Good but not very much raised.
Buckwheat — Good but not very much raised.
Millet — Good and lots raised.
Sorghum — Fair but not very sweet; considerable raised.
Timothy— Good and lots of it.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 815
Clover — Good but not seeding very well from the second crop; used
mostly for feeding.
Prairie Hay — Good but not much left here.
Other Grains and Grasses — Good and a large yield.
Potatoes — Lots raised and of good quality.
Vegetables — All good this year.
Apples — Not very many and crop not very good.
Other Fruits — Light yield.
Cattle — In good condition but some pink-eye scattered through the
county.
Horses — In good condition and lots of young horses and mules raised
here.
Swine — Number of spring pigs below general average and lots dying
from worms and general hog disease.
Sheep — Good, and lots raised; mostly Shropshire.
Poultry — Lots of poultry but some dying witii general disease; good
prices.
Bees — Extra good; lots of honey, made mostly from white clover.
Drainage — Good, and lots of tiling done.
Other Industries — Good corn canning factory; stone factory doing a
good business; lightning rod factory carrying on a big business and the
brick factory is considered one of the best equipped in the state. Tobacco
was good this year; about twenty acres grown with a yield of thirty-five
to forty thousand pounds.
Lands — Advancing in price and $20 higher than last year with lots of
buyers.
Report of Fair— Held August 11, 12, 13, 14, 1908. First day wet but
fair attendance; second day, good attendance, about 1800; third day,
large attendance, seventy-five hundred admissions, weather good; fourth
day, held over, and fifth day declared off after asking horsemen to vote on
what they wished to do. The fair was a grand success and every one
seemed well pleased; the prospects are for a larger fair in 1909. Racing
was especially fine as the horses were of the best; more cattle shown than
any other class, while the swine and horses followed next in order. Good
deal of improvement has been done and there is still about $400 left in
the treasury.
SCOTT.
Miles Collins, Dam<:nport, May, 1909.
General Condition of Crops and Season — Wet spring and dry summer.
Everybody prosperous and happy.
Corn — About average yield; mostly yellow dent corn. Also a good
yield of sweet corn for local markets.
Oats — More acreage than usual but a light crop.
Wheat — Good.
Rye — Very little.
Barley — Quite extensively raised and very good crop.
Buckwheat — Very little raised.
816 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Millet — Heavy crop but hard to cure for feed because of thick stalks
and heads which retained moisture.
Timothy — Exceptionally heavy crop, averaging over two tons per acre;
most of it was put in the mow without getting wet.
Clove)' — Clover was cut twice and both crops were good.
Potatoes — Fine yield where free from potato bugs. Some extra early
potatoes sold at $2.00 per bushel but the average price was 60 cents to
70 cents.
Vegetables — Fair crop.
Apples — Fair crop of summer apples, such as Wealthy, Snow and
Duchess.
Other Fruits — Peaches and grapes in abundance. Fair berry crop; few
pears and no plums.
Cattle — About the same number as usual.
Horses — Great demand for horses of any description.
SuHne — Not so many raised. Farmers pushed the sale of their hogs
at a very light weight on account of the high price of corn and fear of
cholera.
Sheep — Not many in Scott county but they do well here.
Poultry — Growing industry. Good poultry exhibition was held at Dav-
enport in November. Price of eggs high.
Bees — Lots of honey.
Drainage — Great deal of tiling; also making gravel roads.
Other Industries — Sweet corn canning factory; cucumber pickling
works, and also glucose works.
Lands — Steady price.
Report of Fair — Farmers' Institute largely attended.
SHELBY.
Fred Frazier, Harlan, September 1-4, 1908.
General Condition of Crops and Season — An average crop; the early
spring was favorable for seeding and planting but later on it became wet
and cold and some damage was done to corn and oats.
Corn — Little more than an average acreage and it is estimated that
it will be- an average yield of good quality.
Oats — About one-fourth of a crop and quality poor.
Wheat — About the usual acreage and yield and quality good.
Rye — Not much sown, except for hog pasture.
Barley — About the usual acreage and the yield and quality good.
Flax — Not much sown.
Buckwheat — Not much sown.
Millet — Small acreage; quality good.
Sorghum — Not much raised.
Timothy — Average yield; quality good.
Clover — The hay crop was good; there was also an excellent crop of
fall clover but little of it was cut for seed.
Prairie Hay— Yery little cut.
Potatoes — Small acreage; quality good.
Vegetables — An average crop.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 817
Apples~Yie\a very light; quality good.
Other Fruits — Light crop.
Cattle— Not as many steers on feed as usual; stock cattle in good con-
dition, while some very fine herds of pure bred cattle are owned by our
farmers.
Horses— mgh prices for horses has stimulated the breeders to raise
more colts then in former years but prices are fifteen to twenty-five dollars
a head cheaper than a year ago. All breeds are represented.
Swine— ThQ number of spring pigs below the average, not much dis-
ease among hogs in this county.
^^eep— Very few in county.
Poultry— 'E.xiYB. good.
Bees— Not many in the county.
Drainage — Good.
Other Industries— Gas engine factory; canning factory and brick plant
located at the county seat and furnish employment for about eighty men.
Lands— Advancing in price; market value fully ten dollars per acre
more than last year.
Report of Fair-Held at Harlan, September 1-4, inclusive. Attendance
large; all the exhibits were good with the exception of the cattle which
was not quite up to the average; the racing was good also the other at-
tractions. As a whole the fair was a success.
SIOUX.
H. Slikkerveer. Or.vxge City, October 22, 1908.
General Condition of Crops and Reason— Spring was cold and wet but
crops are good; corn is very good; wheat fair and oats poor.
Com— Very good, will average from forty to fifty bushels per acre.
0a^5— Poor; early oats good but late oats very poor; will average from
fifteen to thirty-five bushels per acre.
Wheat— Fair, will average from fourteen to twenty bushels per acre.
Fall wheat will average from twenty-five to thirty bushels per acre.
Rye — None raised here.
Barley— Fair, will average from thirty to thirty-five bushels per acre.
Flax — None raised here.
Buckivheat — None raised here.
Millet — Average crop.
Sorglium— Not much raised; average crop.
Timothy — Crop above the average.
Clover — Good crop.
Prairie Hay— Above the average.
Other Grains and Grasses— Good; above the average.
Po^a^oes— Good crop; above the average and the quality very good.
Vegetables — Very good.
Apples— Good quality; seventy-five per cent of a crop.
Other Fruits — Average crop.
Cattle— In good condition.
52
818 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Horses — In good condition.
Swine — Average number of pigs and very little disease.
Sheep — Good condition.
Poultry — Very good; no disease.
Bees — Have not done very well; very little honey.
Drainage — Good in this county but some lands could be improved by
additional drainage.
Other Industries — Dairy farming and gardening have been very profit-
able this year.
Lands — Good demand for lands and sells readily at from $85 to $125
per acre, according to improvements on some.
Report of Fair — Held at Orange City, September 16, 17 and 18. The
weather was very good; attendance large and the exhibit of horses and
cattle was better than they have been for a number of years. Sheep and
swine were about the same as last year while the poultry exhibit was
poor. The agricultural products and the art display were very pleasing,
and the racing and other attractions were excellent this year. As usual
the premiums were all paid in full.
STORY.
J. R. Laesox, Nevada, October 3, 1908.
General Condition of Crops and Season — Crops are very good; the
spring was somewhat backward but the corn was nearly all planted by
June Ist," after which date seasonable rains fell and a dry, warm September
allowed all of the corn to mature.
Corn — Some corn drowned out in the early part of the season, but after
tuat the season was very favorable and corn matured before frost.
Oats — Not so good as last year; yield about twenty to forty bushels
per acre; average about thirty bushels. The early oats were good but
the late ones only fair.
Wheat — Very little raised here but such as was raised was better
in quality and yield than usual.
Rye — Not much sown.
Barley — Practically none sown.
Flax — rractically none sown.
Buckwheat — Very little sown but quality good.
Millet — Sovvii to considerable extent where the corn was drowned
out and was a good crop but not so heavy as some years.
Sorghum — Not much planted; have seen but two patches in the county.
Timothy — The crop of hay this year was good but what was sown
this year did not make a very good stand.
Clover — An increasing amount of this is sown every year; what was
sown last year made splendid hay but this year's sowing did not do well.
Prairie Hay — Hardly any left and what there is is of poor quality.
Other Grains and Grasses — There are some few farmers raising alfalfa
with varying success; not enough raised to be able to report whether it is
profitable or not.
Potatoes — Practically no potatoes raised; not enough for home consump-
tion.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 819
Vegetables — There are a couple of very fine market gardens in the
county and also some watermelon farms.
Apples — Very few raised.
Other Fruits — Not a great deal of fruit raised; some small fruit.
Cattle — This industry very prosperous; many breeders of fine stock,
principally Shorthorns, Herefords and Aberdeen-Angus.
Horses — Very prosperous; many breeders of pure bred horses, princi-
pally Percherons, but a good many Clydes, Coach and Hackneys, also
Shetland ponies have been increasing during the last few years. Many
horses are sent from here to the east and south.
Sioine — Many breeders of fine stock; so far there has practically been
no disease among the swine this year.
Sheep — Not a very extensive industry but one that is growing rapidly.
The sheep exhibit at the fair this year was the best on record.
Poultry — Very extensive industry; all farmers raise a good deal of
poultry and there are many breeders of fancy stock.
Bees — Not much interest shown in bee culture here.
Drainage — Much money is being spent on county ditches and the
county is being pretty well drained.
Other Ifidiistries— There are several tile factories and canning fac-
tories in successful operation and also several creameries.
Lands— Are becoming very valuable; farms have changed hands here
this fall at from $100 to $125 per acre.
Report of Fair— Held September 22 to 25. Attendance and exhibits
fair. There were no races except a few pony races.
TAMA.
A. G. Smith. Toledo, October, 1908.
Corn — Planting delayed on account of a cold, backward spring and
September was dry with some frosts. Late corn dried up. A sounder
and better crop than in 1907; the yield is about forty bushels per acre.
Oats — Also averaged a better yield and better quality than 1907, the
yield being from ten to forty-five bushels per acre; average about twenty.
Wheat — Acreage small but increasing slightly. The quality was gen-
erally good; some pieces of winter wheat yielded forty bushels per acre.
Eye — Very little raised.
Barley — Was the best of the grain crops this season; quality was
good and the yield about twenty-five to twenty-eight bushels per acre.
Flax — Has ceased to be an item with us.
Buckwheat — ^Very little.
Millet — ^Very few fields, although what there is is of excellent yield.
Sorghum — Pretty nearly extinct; season favorable on account of late
frosts.
Timothy — Larger yield and more cut for seed than for years; sales
made from field at from four to six dollars per ton; the seed yield was
good.
Clover — Conditions about the same as timothy; seed yield about two
and one-half bushels per acre.
820 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Prairie Hay — Little left to cut in the county but has been of good
yield and sold at from five to seven dollars per ton from the field. The
price is eight dollars now since it has been mowed and stacked.
Other Grains and Grasses — Only staples above named raised to any
extent.
Potatoes — Both early and late was a smaller yield than usual; tubers
large but few in hill.
Vegetables — Good yield and quality.
Apples — Good average yield and quality; though more than average
damage by worms.
Other Fruits — Peaches are becoming quite plentiful and there is a
good yield, notwithstanding the late frost in the spring. Plums were
almost a failure on account of the frost; cherries fair and all small fruits
generally fair yield.
Cattle — Had abundant pasturage until the September drought. Not
as many cattle fed as usual on account of the high price of corn.
Horses — Good season and in good condition also. The county is kept
pretty closely drained for the Chicago market as the prices range from
one to three hundred dollars; average of about one hundred seventy-five
dollars.
Swine — On account of the high price of corn last year the crop was
sold off close and those kept put on grass largely. The brood sows will
be mostly of this season's growth and usually good.
Sheep — Slightly increasing in extent and quality.
Poultry — Fair season for the young; no general epidemic. Eggs have
been a good price and poultry raising is a steadily growing industry.
Bees — Wintered fairly well and have done well in swarming and in
the output of honey.
Drainage — Receiving much attention and proving profitable.
Other Industries — Brick and tile main ones, although there is a paper
mill at Tama and a mustard factory at Gladbrook.
Lands — Continually increasing in price and sales have been made
more largely to local buyers than to immigrants.
Report of Fair — Held September 22 to 25, 1908. Attendance was dis-
appointing on account of the drought the last week in September, al-
though v/e had a good attendance on the last day. The exhibit of horses
was not as good as usual although those brought in were of good quality;
herds of Herefords, Shorthorns and Jersey cattle of good quality were
exhibited. In the swine department the Poland Chinas predominated,
although the Jersey Reds were a close second and a very creditable
showing was also made of Chester Whites. Not a large exhibit of
sheep but of good quality; medium wool predominated. A very good
showing of agricultural products and fruits was made and the art de-
partment made an unusually good showing. The racing, acrobatic acts,
band, etc., were all good and as a whole the fair was above the average.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 821
TAYLOR.
F. N. Lkwis, Bedford, Si:i'Ti:MnKR 2, 1908.
General Condition of Crops and Season— Fair to good.
Corn— Fair to good; average crop.
Oats — Rather poor.
Wheat — Average crop.
Rye — Not much grown.
Barley — Average crop.
Flax~^o flax.
Buckioheat — Good.
Millet— Gooa.
SorgJmm— Not nuich raised.
Iwiothy— Good.
Clover — Good.
Prairie Hay— Good.
Other Grains and Grasses— Average crop for this locailty.
Potatoes — An average crop.
Vegetables— Good.
Apples— Foor crop.
OtJier Fruits— Very poor.
Cattle — Good.
Horses — Good.
Sioine — Good.
Sheep — Good.
Poultry— Good.
Bees — Very good.
Drainage— Some tiling being done.
L Jier Industries — Average.
Lands — Advancing some.
Report of Fair— About an average year.
UNION.
J. M. McCoRXACK, Crfstox, September 21, 1908.
General Condition of Crops and -Season— Continued wet weather early
in the season not favorable to crops with the exception of timothy and
clover; all crops will average a little short with the exception of hay.
Corn— Will not be quite up to an average crop although there is a
slightly increased acreage in corn this season and the quality will be
good.
Oafs— Rather a light yield; quality excellent.
Wheat— Small acreage of wheat sown in this county but an increase
over last year and the yield is good.
Rye— Fair yield on acreage sown, which is small.
BarZet/- Practically none raised in this county.
Flax — None raised.
BuckwJi eat— Acreage light but a good yield where sown.
Millet — Small patches that were sown were very good.
Sorghmn— Good yield but little grown.
322 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Timothy— Uore than an average crop and the quality is excellent.
(^jo^g^._An excellent crop of clover this season; fall crop of clover
very fine.
Prairie ii^a^/— Practically none in this county.
Other Grains and Grasses— Some attention being shown to alfalfa in
a small way.
Potatoes— A good yield and the quality is good.
Vegetahles-A large amount of vegetables grown in this county; crop
unusually large this year.
Apples — Apple crop not large; quality fair.
Other Fruits— A large amount of small fruits of all kinds.
Cattle — The number of cattle in the county fully up to the average
and all are in excellent condition as the summer feed has been good.
Much attention is being paid to the breeding of high grade cattle.
Horses — There is an increase of horses in number over last year.
Union county produces as good draft horses as can be found in any
county in the state. Much attention is being paid to the breeding of
horses.
Swine — Considerable attention is being paid to breeding of hogs. The
number of swine in the county is greater than a year ago.
Sheep — Small number of sheep are raised in Union county; large num-
bers are shipped in for feeding purposes.
Poultry — Much attention is being paid to the raising of poultry with
excellent results. Greater returns are being received considering the
amount of capital invested than from nearly any other source.
Bees — But little attention being paid to the bee industry.
Drainage — A large amount of tiling has been put in this season and
with good results.
Other Industries — A continued increase is being made in the dairy
business.
Lands — Fair demand for Union county lands during the past year with
a slight increase in price.
Report of jPa/r— Held at Creston, August 18 to 21, 1908. Attendance
very light; good display of live stock, especially in the swine depart-
ment and the racing was excellent.
VAN BUREN.
D. A. MiLLEE, MiLTOX, OCTOBER 8, 1908.
General Condition of Crops and Season — Crops fair; season late.
Corn — Fair.
Oats — Poor.
Wheat— Good.
Rye— Good.
Barley — None.
Flax — None.
Buckwheat — Fair.
Millet — Fair.
Sorghum — Good.
Timothy — Good.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— I^ART XI.] 823
Clover — Good.
Prairie Hay — Good.
Other Grains and Grasses— Good.
Potatoes — Poor.
Vegetables — Good.
Apples— Poor.
Other Fruits — Fair.
Cattle — Big lot on feed.
Iforses— Plentiful and good price.
Swine — Good price.
Sheep— Wool good price.
Poultry— Big business.
Bees — Business good.
Drainage — Good.
Other Industries — Good.
Lands — Good price.
Report of Fair— Held September 15, 16, 17 and 18, 1908. Excellent
fair.
WARREN.
Joe McCoy, Indianola, September 29, 1908.
General Condition of Crops and Season— Sesison was very wet in the
spring but turned off good in time to make a good crop, except on river
bottom lands.
Com— Good crop and quite well matured.
Oats — Good where drilled in.
Wheat—Both fall and winter wheat better than average.
Rye— Just fair.
BarZe^— Good.
Flax — None grown.
Buckwheat — None grown.
Millet — Not very much raised.
Sorghum — Not much grown.
Timothy — Good.
Clover — Good seed crop.
rrairie Hay — Not much grown.
Other Grains and Grasses— Good.
Potatoes — About an average crop.
Vegetables — Extra good crop.
Apples — About an average yield.
Other Fruits— Good yield and good quality.
Cattle— All look good; plenty of grass.
Horses— Plenty of good draft horses and selling at a good price. We
now have the herd of seventy head of trotting bred horses. The great
Allerton 2:09i^ is at the head of this herd of fast horses.
Swine— Vsual number in the county and no disease.
Sheep — This industry is increasing.
Poultry — Large numbers.
Bees — Not many.
824 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Drainage — Increasing.
LawfZ*— Selling from $60 to $150 per acre.
Report of Fair— Extra, good attendance and all departments were well
filled.
WINNEBAGO.
J. A. Peters, Forest City, October 21, 1908.
General Condition of Crops and Season — Crops about an average;
season about normal temperature and precipitation.
Corn — Much of the corn was drowned out on the low lands, thus cutting
the acreage quite a considerable. The latter part of the season was ex-
ceptionally fine for this crop and ninety per cent of it was safe from
frost before it occurred. This crop will probably yield about fifty bushels
per acre.
Oats — A very light oat crop; not more than twenty-five bushels per
acre. About the usual amount was sown.
Wheat — Very little wheat raised in this county but what was raised
was of very good quality and the average was about twenty bushels per
acre. No winter wheat.
Rye — Very little raised; quality fair.
Barley — Averaged about thirty bushels per acre and was of exceptionally
fine quality.
Flax — None raised.
Buckwheat — Very little raised but quality very good.
Millet — Quality and yield very good gut not much grown.
Sorghum — Only a small amount grown.
Timothy — The seed crop was excellent both as to yield and quality.
Glover — None grown for seed; the hay crop was very large and put
up in exceptionally fine condition.
Prairie Hay — ^Averaged about one and a half tons per acre and mostly
put into the mow and stack without a drop of rain on it.
Other Grains and Grasses — This is one of the great bluegrass spots
of Iowa, it making a rank growth and alfords feed usually about ten
days earlier in the spring and about thirty days later in the fall than
usual, and it is not an uncommon thing to see good pastures on the first
of November.
Potatoes — Rural New Yorkers and Early Ohios are the principal pota-
toes raised; the yield was very good, probably two hundred bushels per
acre but the acreage was not as large as usual.
Vegetables — Very good growth and a fine exhibit was made at our fair.
Apples — Poor crop; not enough to supply the local market, except in
the earlier varieties. There are many orchards in this locality and
many more are being started.
Other Fruits— Were only a fair crop.
Cattle — Have done well as the pastures have been very good except
during the month of September, which was a little dry; no disease among
the cattle.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 825
Horses — The number of colts was possibly a little above the average
and although the automobile is with us our horsemen are raising lots
of horses and are finding a ready sale for them at good prices.
Sivine — No disease, excepting in a few cases. Hogs have been fed on
grass largely this summer on account of shortage of corn. The pig crop
was not up to the average.
Sheep — There is more interest taken in sheep than in the past and
there are now some very fine flocks, though small in numbers.
Pom Zir?/— Continues to grow and every farmer is now taking an inter-
est in the hen. The shipments from this locality is very much on the
increase and prices have been exceptionally good.
Bees — Only a few apiaries but the quality of honey is pronounced to
be excellent.
Drainage — Cement tile are now being used extensively; much tiling
is being done as the farmers realize its value.
Other Industries — Sugar beets are being raised this year for the first
time; they are yielding well.
Lands — Values are lower in this county than any other in the state
and the quality of our soil can not be excelled. Good farms are being
sold at $.50 to $60 per acre. There are many bargains in farms here and
anyone interested in investing in an Iowa farm can do no better than
invest in this county.
Report of Fair — Held September 8, 9 and 10, 1908, and was one of the
best, in point of quality of exhibits, that we have ever held. On account
of the busy season the attendance was not as large as the management
hoped for but each department was well filled with exhibits and all
patrons were well pleased with the show.
WINNEBAGO.
J. P. Boyd, Buffalo Cp:nter, October 19, 1908.
General Condition of Crops and 8easo7i — Crops in general have been
fairly good and the season a very peculiar one; cold and w^et in the
spring, giving a backset to crops and making corn planting exceptionally
late but ending with a late dry fall that was the making of the corn crop.
Corn — Will yield about seventy per cent of an average crop, about
seventy-five per cent of which was well matured at time of killing frost.
Oats — Were about fifty per cent of an average crop; a good stand but
affected by the excessive hot weather during the ripening period, making
the quality light and weighing about twenty-five pounds to the bushel.
Wheat — Small acreage; yielded from fifteen to twenty bushels per acre
and quality good.
Rye — None raised here.
Barley — Very little barley raised here; yield about twenty bushels per
acre and quality good.
Flax — Very little raised here; quality fair; yield from five to seven
bushels per acre.
Buckwheat — Very little grown.
Millet — Good crop.
Sorghum — Very heavy growth and a good crop.
826 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Timothy — Hay was good crop; yield from ton and a half to two tons
per acre.
Clover — Good crop and considerable of second growth cut for seed
this fall.
Prairie Hay— Good crop and put up in good condition.
Potatoes— Good quality and average yield.
Vegetables— All varieties yielded an abundant crop and were of good
quality.
Apples— Yery small crop but quality fair.
Other Fruits — About the average.
Cattle — Usual number raised and doing well.
Horses— In good condition and the usual number raised.
Swi7ie— Great many raised but a great many lost during the last two
months by disease and many still dying at this time.
Sheep — Only a few raised here.
Poultry — Large numbers raised here and doing well.
Bees — Honey crop about the average.
Drainage — A great deal of drainage being done with tile and open
ditches. Several county ditches are being put in.
Lands — Prices from $45 to $60 per acre and very little changing hands.
Report of Fair— Held at Buffalo Center, September 1.5, 16 and 17, 1908.
Exhibits large; attendance very good and the society will about pay ex-
penses.
WINNESHIEK.
L. L. Cadavell, Decorah, September, 1908.
General Condition of Crops and Season — Six towmhsips visited by
severe hailstorm the 20th of June and in those townships there is but
about forty per cent of an average crop; all crops, with the exception of
oats and potatoes are good in the other portions of the county.
Corn — Good, best we have had for five years; fine quality.
Oats — About sixty per cent of an average crop; light w^eight.
Wheat — Very little raised; quality good.
Rye — Very little grown.
Barley — Fair crop and fine quality.
Flax — Good crop.
Buckwheat — Good but not much grown.
Millet — Small amount raised; quality good.
Sorghum — None raised.
Timothy — Good crop and fine quality.
Clover — Badly winter killed.
Prairie Hay — None.
Other Grains and Grasses — Fair,
Pofa^oes— Poor; small, few in hills.
Vegetables — Good yield and fine quality.
Apples — Poor crop both of summer and winter varieties.
Other Fruits — Poor.
Cattle — Fine condition; good prices.
Horses — Are in good demand and farmers raising a great many colts.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 827
Swine — A big increase in swine and are free from disease.
Hheep — Floclcs increasing and doing well; prices high.
Poultry^An grades raised extensively; this is one of the banner coun-
ties for poultry.
Bees — Only a few kept but they have done well this season.
Drainage — Lots of natural drainage.
Other Industries — Prosperous; no failures.
Lands — Prices range from $50 to $85 per acre.
Report of Fair— Held in Decorah, September 8 to 11, 1908. Attendance
good; weather fine, no rain; all expenses paid in full, including premiums
and a surplus left. The association is entirely free from debt.
WOODBURY.
John R. Sii.mfkk, Sioux City, Iowa, Octoiikk .30, 1908.
General Condition of Crops and Season — The rainfall during the season
was more than ample for the growing crops as shown in precipitation
by months: April, 2.45; May, 4.21; June, 3.91; July, 3.40; August, 2.96.
More than the average since the year 1903. From early morn of August
31st until nearly midnight of September 25th, a period of nearly twenty-
five days, there was only a trace of rain which occurred on September
15th. During the summer months the weather was unusually cool but
the hot weather from the latter part of August to late September saved
particularly the corn crop, enriching the producer to no small extent.
The first killing frost in early season fell May 1st, injuring the fruit crop
and partially destroying vegetation. The late killing frost was on Sep-
tember 27th, there being one hundred and fifty days without frost.
Corn — 'The reported acreage is the largest in the state with the excep-
tion of Pottawattamie and Plymouth counties. The average yield is
placed at thirty-eight bushels per acre and the quality is good. The
average price is fifty cents per bushel.
Oats — Thirty-four per cent of the amount grown in the state; average
yield tw^enty-five bushels per acre and the quality is light.
Wheat — Acreage ranks fourth in the state; the yield of spring wheat
is placed at twelve bushels per acre and winter wheat at twenty-five
bushels per acre.
Rye — Small acreage, not much attention paid to this crop.
Barley — The acreage is placed at 6,630; the yield varies considerable
and the quality is not good.
Flax — Total produce will not exceed fifteen hundred bushels.
Buckwheat — Very small acreage.
Millet — Grown principally for the seed.
Sorghum — Very little grown; going out of date.
Timothy — 23,160 acres; yield not up to the average; good prices pre-
vail.
Clover — Grown more to fertilize the land and for seed than for hay,
although some is sown with timothy.
Prairie Hay — 15,590 acres; yield reported at one and a half tons per
acre.
828 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE
Other Garins— Tendency to increase the area of alfalfa; generally
three crops have been cut this season, yielding about five tons per acre.
Potatoes— 1,200 acres reported; average yield sixty bushels per acre and
sells at fifty cents per bushel. The season was not profitable for this
crop.
Vegetables — Nearly every variety grown and as a rule all have done
well; enough grown to supply the demand at home and some shipped.
j^pp^f.s_Short crop; injured by early frost. Orchards are receiving
more attention.
Other Fritits—Kot an average crop; some varieties of fine pears and
peaches grown.
Cattle — A noticeable improvement in both beef and dairy classes;
dairy industry receiving most attention. There has been an increase in
cream separators. While there has been some tuberculosis reported there
has been no fatal cases.
Horses — An excellent grade; many fine draft and road horses; good
prices prevail and several car loads of fancy road horses have been
shipped. No disease reported.
Sivine—A general tendency to procure the best in breeding. Several
fine herds of Duroc Jerseys and Poland Chinas in the county but very
few other breeds represented. No disease reported and good prices pre-
vail.
Sheep — Do not receive the attention they deserve. Very few in the
county.
Poultry — Considering the amount invested in poultry it is one of the
most profitable industries on the farm. We have many fanciers here
who import their birds, paying high prices for them. There are various
breeds raised here.
Bees— Not a good year for the production of honey; too much cold
weather. There are some apiaries doing a profitable business.
Drainage— More attention paid to tile drainage; thousands of dollars
being spent on open ditches, which is a paying investment.
Other Industries — Largely represented.
LancZs— Range in price from $40.00 to $200.00 per acre; average price
aoout $80.00 per acre and many transfers have been made during the past
season.
Report of Fair— The harvest festival and Interstate Live Stock Fair
was held at Sioux City, Iowa, September 7th to 12th inclusive, affording
six days for recreation, pleasure, sightseeing and education. Although
the opening day generally finds an incompleteness in the installation of
exhi...LS, greater interest was evinced by exhibitors to not delay that
work than ever before, and by early afternoon everything was in readi-
ness for the visitor to admire and behold the great aggregation, and to
compare the results with the produce of the soil, the orchard, the garden,
t^e pasture, of the housewife's work, of the mechanic, the inventor and
the artist. Here was shown the development of the smallest seed to the
production of the mammoth pumpkin, from the tiniest flower to produc-
tion of the finest fruit, from the daintiest piece of needle work to the
masterpiece of the artist, from the smallest specimen of animal to the
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 829
large steer of four thousand pounds and the hog of over eleven hundred.
This was the transformation to be seen and accomplished by diligent and
willing hands.
The promoters of the fair spared no i)ains or expense to make this
sixth annual event better than the preceding ones. As an educational
force and power the fair is becoming an important factor in showing up
the wonderful and varied resources of the states embraced in her terri-
tory, the garden spot of the great union. There is not an enterprise,
factory, farm or a home that is not benefited directly or indirectly. This
interstate fair with its marvelous exhibits will do more to broaden the
mind, quicken the perception, and increase the knowledge of the visitor
than any other enterprise in the same length of time.
A free day was set apart for the pleasure and benefit of old soldiers
and children. The minute service of street cars with carriages, auto-
mobiles and wagons pressed into service brought hundreds of these peo-
ple to the fair ground at an early hour which was soon converted into a
romping play ground for the thousands of curious, bright and happy
hearted little children clothed in their best. The veterans of the civil
war with their good wives were as eager to see and learn of the great
fair as the little ones. A veteran large drum corps added pleasure to
the occasion. It was a record breaking day in attendance for hospitality,
yet the sight presented and the good accomplished well repaid the man-
agement for the courtesies extended.
The live stock industry was represented by the cream of the best herds
and flocks of the west in horses, cattle, swine and sheep. The exhibits
in all these departments were never excelled in quality and in number
never exceeded, especially is this true of the swine department. Cattle
were represented by Shorthorn, Aberdeen Angus, Galloway, Hereford,
Red Poll, Holstein and Jersey — the former predominating. Two hundred
and seventy pens were filled with nearly one thousand of the finest hogs
the sun ever shone on. Duroc Jersey leading in exhibits of Poland
China, Chester White and Berkshire, the latter not receiving the atten-
tion given to other breeds. One particular individual of the Poland
China breed weighing over eleven hundred pounds attracted scores of
people to see the massive porker. A special feature of the stock ex-
hibit was the grand display of Percherons and Belgian horses. Their
barns were filled at all times with an admiring multitude. The parade
of live stock composed of many herds of fine cattle and grand horses on
the race track was an imposing event for an admiring and cheering peo-
ple. INIore and better sheep were shown than ever before, consisting of
Shropshire, Southdown and Oxford. Many of them being imported. It
seems strange that more are not engaged in sheep husbandry. There is
no stock properly cared for that in the long run will bring a larger re-
muneration than sheep. They do not exhaust the land but enrich it.
The interstate fair is growing in favor and popularity with exhibitors.
It is growing in quality and exhibition importance until its accommoda-
tions are inadequate for the exhibits. The show has become of special
educational force with the exhibitors. The ambition of the management
to have everything first class has found a responsive chord with those
830 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
who make the show. It has demonstrated the progress and improve-
ment that is being made in the various industries in its territory. Sioux
City is located in the center of the finest stock breeding countries in the
world and should support one of the best fairs in t.-e country. It has
taken nerve to accomplish the good that has been done, and the manage-
ment will never falter if proper encouragement is given it by the resi-
dents of Woodbury county. It has a generous support from outside terri-
tory.
FARM PEODUCTS.
Every available inch of space was taken in the agricultural hall.
Nearly every known variety of grain, grasses and vegetables grown in
this territory were shown in profusion. The interior of the building w^as
nicely decorated with bunting and on all sides were artistically arranged
booths in grain and grasses. The exhibit of corn was pronounced by
experts to be the largest and best ever exhibited in the corn growing
district at this season of the year, much of it being fully matured. The
grand show of many varieties won the admiration of every visitor. Vege-
tables of all kinds were fine and produced in plenty, some ot our gar-
deners shipping surplus to other points.
The management was happily disappointed in the exhibits of this de-
partment, the reported shortage leaving the impression tnat there would
be a meagre show of fruit, but the showing made convinced the most
skeptical that this climate and section of the country will produce as fine
fruit as is grown in the land. The production of peaches, pears and
plums grown in this vicinity, of which there was a most creditable dis-
play, were equal, if not better, than of foreign growth. A tree of Russian
olives grown on city soil attracted much attention. The fruit is not eaten,
the tree being grown for ornamentation, having a peculiar and artistic
foliage.
THE DAIRY.
Increasing interest prevails in this department. One hundred and
fifteen exhibitors competed for the four hundred and twenty-five dollar
offerings on butter. Representatives came from Iowa, Minnesota, South
Dakota, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio and Wisconsin, showing the wide scope
that attracts exhibitors to the interstate fair.
APIARY EXHIBIT.
While the lack of continuous spells of warm weather made it a poor
year for the busy bee, detracting from the usual production of honey,
the exhibits and number of exhibitors averaged well with former fairs.
One building is entirely devoted to this exhibit and there was no lack of
interest. An interesting and educational feature being the handling of
bees and the methods of extracting honey by illustration twice each day.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII 831
PLANTS AND FLOWEKS.
Plants and flowers showed a large increase in the number of varieties
shown, and noticeable was the display made by foreign exhibitors. The
space allotted to this exhibit was inadequate yet the arrangement pre-
sented a beautiful sight and was the magnet that attracted many people
to this part of industrial hall.
PANTRY, KITCHEN AND FINE ARTS.
Occupying one-half of the large industrial hall and Avith over two
hundred feet of showcase room the space was inadequate for these ex-
hibits. There was a marked increase in number of exhibitors. It was
a tempting show in the display of bread, cake and culinary goods. The
fine display of embroideries, lace work and household goods, the beautiful
paintings and pictures, the large and handsome display of hand-painted
china won admiration and praise from every visitor.
MACHINERY.
While there were not as many exhibitors as in the previous year the
allotted space was all taken. The arrangement and value of exhibits
were much better. Every conceivable kind of labor-saving machinery-
adapted to the farm or home was sho\vn and exhibitors were profuse in
their demonstrations of value and use from the seed tester to the pon-
derous engine. It was evident that farmers are studying the best methods
of transportation as many automobile wagons were contracted for. One
firm spent five thousand dollars to make a special exhibit. Their sales
and contracts amounted to over thirty thousand dollars, showing con-
clusively that the fair is the place to advertise.
The display of cream separators was never excelled. In fact it was
larger than was reported from more pretentious fairs. The gasoline
milking machine was a great center of attraction. On a raised platform
occupied by two cows, two exhibitions were given each day, demonstrat-
ing the method of extracting the milk. It was a novel sight yet of
educational value to the dairyman and farmer.
children's DEPARTMENT.
Never in the history of the association was a larger or more creditable
display made by the children in farm products, paintings, needle work,
bread and cake. Their execution of work, especially in paintings, showed
talent and diligence and would have been meritorious to older minds. A
friendly rivalry existed among the young exhibitors, and while some were
disappointed in not winning the blue and red ribbons, they went away
not discouraged but determined to yet excel their rivals. Further en-
couragement could be given the children with beneficial results by in-
creased premiums.
attractions.
No department of the fair, no matter how important or of educational
force attracts the same attention as does the race track with its speed
contests and free attractions. It is the common center for all who attend
the fair. The large purses offered, exceeding many state fairs, for the
832
IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
trotter, pacer and runner, resulted in bringing out the best field of horses
that ever assembled at Woodland Park track. The race enthusiasts
showed their appreciation by turning out in large numbers. The former
track record was broken in the time of 2:04i^. The six best free attrac-
tions that could be procured were presented each afternoon in front of
the grand stand, and with six bands of music gave entertainment and
pleasure' that the people enjoyed.
A new and novel innovation of the fair was the Scottish games and
dances given in open air exhibition by the members of the St. Andrews
Society of Sioux City in front of the grand stand. These exercises were
witnessed by a vast concourse of people and were enthusiastically re-
ceived.
WORTH.
E. H. Miller, Northwood. September 24, 1908.
General Condition of Crops and Season — Fair crop; oats as a rule
were light in weight and yielded from ten to thirty bushels per acre.
Corn is fine, except on low lands where it was badly damaged by wet
weather in the fore part of the season.
Corn — Fine prospect, except on low lands.
Oats — Medium crop, light in weight and yield.
Ri/e — Very little grown but what w^e have is a fair crop.
Barley — Very good in quality and yield.
Flax — Good crop; fine quality.
Buckwheat — ^Very little raised.
Millet — Not much raised.
Sorghum — Not much grown.
Timothy — Splendid crop and saved in fine condition.
Clover — Good crop; some being cut for seed.
Prairie Hay — Good crop.
Potatoes — Crop is fair on the high ground but nearly a failure on tho
low land.
Vegetables — Mostly very good.
Apples — Small crop and very high.
Other Fruits — Not very plentiful.
Cattle — Stockers plentiful and cheap.
Horses — Twenty-five per cent cheaper than last year.
Swine — About the usual number and are high in price.
Sheep — Only kept here in small flocks.
Poultry — Plentiful; about the usual number of young raised.
Bees — Have done very well until the recent dry weather.
Drainage — Quite a large acreage is being drained by dredge and tile
drains.
Lands — Lands are holding their own but very little is changing hands.
Report of Fair— Held September 14. 15 and 16, 1908. Weather fine;
attendance large and more exhibits than we have had for years.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII
WRIGHT.
Chas. Rotzlkr, Clarion, Octoiji:k 8, 1908.
General Condition of Crops and ^Season— Fair.
Corn — Good.
Oats — Fair.
Barley— Good.
Timothy — Fair.
Clover — Good.
Prairie Hay— Good.
Potatoes — Fair.
Vegetables— Good.
Apples — Good.
OtJier Friiits— Good.
Cattle— Good.
Horses — Good.
Swine — Good.
/Sf/ieep— Good.
Poultry — Good.
Bees — Good.
Drainage — Not very good.
Other Industries — Good.
Lands — Good.
Report of Fair—Ueld September 2, 3 and 4, 1908.
^33
53
834
IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE
1908 FINANCIAL STATEMENTS OF COUNT! AND DIS
County or District
Receipts
d
o
<i> 5 ft
^ o'S
o
gl
II
5 ft
CO
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
'17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27 ,
23
20 1
30
31 .
32
33
34
35
36 I
37
54
Adair
Adair District
Adams
Allamakee
Audubon
Benton
Black Hawk— La Porte City District-
Boone— (Ogden;
Boone— Driving and Fair Association
Buchanan
Buena Vista
Butler
Calhoun— (Manson;
Calhoun— Rockwell City Fair Assn..
Cass 1—
Cass— Massena District
Cedar— Tipton Fair Association
Cerro Gordo— Nor. la. Agri. Assn...
Chickasaw— Big Four Fair Assn
Clayton— Strawberry Point District-
Clayton— (National)
Clayton— Elkader Track &' Fair Assn
Clinton— (De Witt)
Clinton— Clinton District
Crawford
Davis
Delaware
Fayette
Fayette— Oelwein District
Floyd .
Grundy
Guthrie 1
Hamilton
Hancock
Hardin
Harrison
Henry
Henry— Winfield Association
Humboldt _ J
Iowa
Iowa— Victor District
Iowa— Williamsburg Association
Jackson
Jasper
Jefferson
Johnson
Jones
Jones— Anamosa Association -
Keokuk— What Cheer District
Kossuth
Lee
Lee— West Point District."I"."II."
Linn— Wapsie Valley Association
I Linn— Prairie Valley Association
$ 105.00
117.61
115.23
..'$
37.47
do . 56
57.45
7.38
214.18
299.86
135.77
1,491.57
52.92
11.57
260.00
98.02
6.74
417.49
59.16
644.76
5.21
60.57
305.26
529.39
5.16
163.41
194.69
962.21
553.24
'56.02
596.15
145.44
42.84
228.61
42.53
337.11
64.87
2,624.15
2,550.85
3,118.00
1,827.36
3,414.10
2,697.00
1,605.20
1,481.97
1,531.55
820.36
4,365.69
2,309.99
2,645.32
8,221.81
4,633.45
3,232.73
1,541.45
11,910.40
3,046.62
2,702.67
2,877.25
2,984.75
5,799.30
4,540.55
1,448.08
3,255.66
1,907.81
4,040.72
1,106.00
2,428.92
2,384.27
2,687.05
2,286.29
3,247.18
5,465.55
1,720.90
6,567.12
3,047.01
2,343.13
2,139.90
2,930.57
2,203.55
4,487.50
4,068.25
3,196.35
3,335.67
4,613.62
4,290.14
4,087.25
5,590.00
1,977.05
2,665.32
2,441.30
1,708.00
200.00
175.38
200.00
168.40
200.00
200.00
153.40
188.56
176.24
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
100.34
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
137.60
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
198.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
190.80
200.00
200.00
200.00
156.00
160.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
197.10
169.92
200.00
200.00
2,824.15
2,726.23
3,423.00
2,113.37
3,729.33
2,897.00
1,758.60
1,708.00
1,707.79
1,075.92
4,623.14
2,517.37
3,059.50
8,322.15
5,133.31
3,568.50
1,741.45
12,110.40
4,738.19
2,955.59
3,088.82
3,184.75
5,999.30
4,740.55
1,845.68
3,551.68
2,114.55
4,658.21
1,306.00
2,683.08
3,229.03
2,887.05
2,489.50
3,447.18
5,726.12
2,216.96
7,296.51
3,283.77
2,543.13
2,301.06
3,253.98
2,598.24
5,649.71
4,821.49
3,396.35
3,591.69
5,409.77
4,635.58
4,287.25
5,838.84
2.402.76
2,877.77
2,978.41
1.972.87
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIII
835
TRICT FAIRS IN IOWA KIX'EIVING STATE AID 1908.
Disbursements
en CO
D a
o <u
CO
as
O
Profit and Loss
Assets and
Liabilities
O 0)
2&
1,226.00
2,251.33
i,:?o:).oo
1,467.37
1,718.93
1,071.61
522.62
839.85
917.19
1,266.53
1,681.27
871.20
2,079.30
9,628.89
1,98.5.95
1,. 507. 01
7*16.60
9, 114. SI
2,115.42
1,687.75
1,. 565. 23
2,275.59
2,511.60
3,903.75
82L66
839.53
1.2'?5.9f)
2,375.40
r»3.f>:>
1,0.91.03
1,212.03
1,291.12
1,2^.33
1.925.93
2,885.00
875.81
2.511.98
,116.70
591.01
..328.93
,893.97
,1,38.00
,107.20
1,408.52
1,272.41
1,. 568., 59
3,408.91
2,891.86
1,652.75
2.406.97
1.125.61
1,100.46
1,791.30
1,504.^
701.00 $
1,070.00
2-25.00
1,337.-50
1,084.00
840.00
176.50
350.00
268.00
2,1.50.00
847.58
260.10
1,787.-50 1
1,309. .50
750.00
225.. 50
2,075.00 \
eio'oo I
.5SL75
779.15
1,605.-50 j
1,900.00 I
210.75
1,431.25 \
2 17. .50 '
495.00
^310.00 :
100.00 ;
470.99
825.00
1,103.25
772.. 50
1,960.00
665.. 50
2,600.00
1,215.00
332.-50 I
1.053.25
796.25
800.00
2,250-00
1,8-36.25
1,170.00
962 -.50
850.00
1.1.50-00
2,100.00
1,897.-50
616.00
1.300.00
175.00
619.05
4.38.25
880.00
421.00
612.90
579., 50
383.50
471.40
440.60
507.64
1,101.00
586.-57
685.75
250.85
906.80
,537.00
1,160.70
800.05
8a3.00
635.77
716.90
669.. ^5
1,075.50
1,036.90
314.20
1,039.85
519.25
7.55.95
822.. 50
495.00
625.8.5
622.80
.575.. 30
630.25
8'06-OO
477-00
1,1.59. .36
915.00
723.75
.390.00
400.00
650.00
7.59.71
1.017.70
1,080.70
9.36.85
.51 7.. 33
5.58.62
631.50
1.227.60
492.75
421.79
1,185.73
620.75
2,. 579. 05
2,692. .58
3,2-55.00
2,113.37
3,729.33
2,735.14
1,746.12
1,487.75
1,707.79
2,042.17
4,935.27
2,-308.44
3,025.15
11,667.21
4,292.25
2,794.04
2,1.52.80
12,019.89
3.298.42
2, 9-33.. 52
2,866.88
3,724.09
5,192.60
6,810.-55
1.379.61
3,-310.63
2,082.65
3,626.35
1,2-55., 50
1,676.93
2,338.87
2,738.92
3.0-57.88
3.-3.37.68
5,6-51.00
2,018.34
6, .301. 34
3,276.70
2,617.26
2,772.18
3,090.22
2,-5&8.00
5,416.91
4.3-52.47
3,823.11
3,467.94
4.776.27
4,600.48
4,387.25
5,-5.32.07
2,234.39
2,825.25
2,977.03
2,300.71
245.10 ! $
33.65 --.
168.00 I
6,300.00 $ 800.00
161.86
12.48
220.25
208.93
34.35
774.46
""96^.51"
,4.39.77
22.07
221.94
966.25
312.13
,345.09
'411^35"
806.70
"466^67"
211.05
.31.90
,031.86
-50.-50
,009.15
890.16
148.13
539.34
'ioo'oo"
-568.38
100.-50
75.12
198.62
995.17
7.07
163.76
10.24
232.80
469.02
'123^7-5'
633.. 50
35.10
'306^77'
168.37
52.-52
1.38
104.13
471.12
100.00
10,000.00
4,000.00
7,000.00
6,000.00
3,000.00
6,000.00
11,000.00
10.000.00
15,000.00
4,500.00
5,000.00
10,000.00
9,000.00
3,-500.00
7,000.00
24,000.00
6,500.00
3,200.00
3,000.00
6,000.00
5,000.00
12,047.78
8,000.00
7,000-00
4,800.00
10,000.00
1,600.00
5,000.00
5,000.00
8,000.00
2,000.00
300.00
2,464.00
4,607.00
500.00
900.00
2,615.60
400.00
935.00
1,200.00
327.83
4.000.00
10,000.00
15.000.00
12,-500.00 [-.
8,000.00 !..
3,000.00
5,000.00
2.. 500. 00
5,000.00 i
10,000.00
6.000.00
7.000.00
20,000.00
3,-500.00
10,000.00
6,000.00
16,000.00
2,000.00
4,000.00 I
5,000.00
4,100.00
400.00
2,600.00
'2^966'o6
'3,348"23
6,436.87
2,700.00
1,000.00
4-50.00
4,-580.00 2-2
1.-500.00 23
24
25
26
27
•28
^9
30
31
,32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
45
47
48
49
50
.51
52
-53
54
1,000.00
200.00
200.00
1,961.12
800.00
2,-500-00
2,500.00
1,300.00
1,859.00
5,268.00
"2joo'o6"
"S^GOS'SI
2,150.00
2,, 325. 00
900.00
836 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
1908 FINANCIAL STATEMENTS OF COUNTY AND DISTRICT FAIRS
County or District
Receipts
n
o
CO
Louisa— Columbus Jet. Associatiou.
Lyon
Madison
Mahaska— New Sharon District
Marion— Lalje Prairie District
Marshall
Marshall— Eden District
Mills
60.75
1,094.67
32.00
44.11
Mitchell
Monona
Muscatine— Union District
Muscatine— Wilton Association
O'Brien— (Sutherland)
O'Brien— Sheldon District
Page— Clarinda Association —
Page— Shenandoali Associatiou
Pocahontas— Big Four District
Pottawattamie
Poweshiek— (Malcom)
Poweshiek— (Grinnell)
Ringgold— Tingley Association
Sac
-Creston District
-Milton District-
Total
For comparison
84 fairs
with 1906 statement
22.59
220.05
136.81
401.42
51.21
1,683.02
Shelby
Sioux
Story
Tama
Taylor
Union-
Yan Bur en
Warren
Winnebago— Forest City Association.
Winnebago— Buffalo Center Assn
Winneshiek
Woodbury— Interstate Livestock Fair
Worth
Wright -
283.10
2.18
35.05
67.84
548.04
22,57X).93
128.01
048.16
897.00
,025.00
991.18
810.65
,620.26
307.40
,850.10
,923.7«
,896.50
8a5.'50
604.20
,618.92
,201.45
542.54
,013.87
,010.35
,706.98
,907.05
,727.30
4.53. .50
,041.. 58
,229.79
,702.16
,065.40
,383.36
,8.50.87
,942.12
,789.82
,035.7^
,163.00
967.00
,261.00
,579.89
,251.25
,019.62
$ 40,894.59 i$341,333.03
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
1.57.14
200.00
200.00
200.00
172.84
200.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
192.00
200.00
200.00
200.00
175.76
200.00
200.00
169.26
200.00
200.00
159.35
200.00
180.00
200.00
200.00
148.86
200.00
200.00
200.00
175.30
$ 11,358.32 $298,725.41
$ 17,302.25
$ 16,532.61
4,306.91
9,191.67
3,2.57.00
3,231.5.29
3,010.65
9,882.85
1,612.'50
4,007.24
2,482.08
2,096.50
5,108.00
2,777.04
3,038.92
6,390.85
6,990.65
9,213.87
5,339.19
7,308.40
3,161.29
4,595.83
629.26
4,»41..58
4,429.79
2,26.5.81
2,255.40
5,266.38
2,010.22
5,425.22
1,972.00
4,26.5.79
1,398.05
1,183.79
3,009.04
65,350.82
1,579.26
2,194.92
.$ 399,529.87
$ 326,596.34
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK -PART XIII
IN IOWA RECEIVING STATE AID 1908-CONTlNUED
837
Disbursements
4)
am
si
sa
o
Front and Lobs
Assets and
Liabilities
2,141.12
3,423.73
1,080.00
i 3,12.5.00
842.00
1,300.00
525.00
1,825.55
1,211.60
771.75
983.00
606.00
603.65
1,841.60
638. ffi
392.85
527.50
624.50
1,579.75
432.10
673.90
804.00
667.65
924.20
480.00
762.67
596.00
557.50
439.40
516.10
819.46
437.15
958.13
721.52
813!50
4.50.00
930.00
596.31
372.15
535.75
6,384.76
521.68
438.25
4,432.72
7,320.48
3,225.00
3,046.00
3,610.22
8,262.67
1,612.59
4,007.24
1,911.29
2,096.. 50
1 4,396.59
1 2,998. .37
2,805.61
6,149.43
6,7.35.78
8,977.66
4,857.29
6,241.06
3,082.89
4,160.57
1,143.20
3,909.16
4,507.74
1,888.00
2,168.88
5,622.48
2,128.57
5,416.14
1,9.52.10
3,928.88
1,477.06
1,206.93
2,761.23
52,493.34
1.. 532. 43
2,194.92
$376,250.39
!....
i 1,871.19
1 32.00
: 189.29
123.81
5,000.00
16,674.81
4,600.00
6,000.00
7,000.00
20,000.00
2,400.00
5,000.00
4,000.00
12,000.00
5,000.00
2,000.00
4,500.00
3,000.00
10,000.00
12,000.00
10,000.00
7,000.00
6,000.00
9,000.00
4,000.00
6,000.00
8,000.00
3,500.00
4.500.00
5,000.00
4.000.00
10,000.00
4,000.00
14,000.00
4,000.00
2,500.00
5,000.00
3,150.00
55
56
1,400.00
2,.500.00
400.00
57
58
59
1,140.00
2,487.57
605.57
4,595.52
1,020.18
>0
973.77
3*5.00
520.33
1,944.64
1,669.75
1 52.48
973.25
1,768.00
1,203.00
279.00
' 2,146.00
665.01
1,873.58
2,600.00
1,197.70
1,250.00
1,465.00
92
53
1,331.31
570.79
"""711^56"
"""233^31'
241.42
2.54.87
236.21
481.90
1,067.34
78.40
435.26
498.75
l,048.8i
1,163.27
1,8.52.71
3,199.43
""22i"33'
2,400.00
""i^sooyoo'
34
15
%
37
38
5,403.12
'
v>
6,179.88
1,2.50.00
1,2.50.00
""3^875'66'
eoo'oo"
3,465.85
70
71
72
73
74
1,777.29
4,280.69
1,236.89
2,138.07
703.80
513.94
1,573.06
1,820,00
1,825.00
307.10
332.42
76
77
78
79
SO
81
go
1,862.28
77.95
1,143.75
377.81
86.52
1,210.75
3,750.96
810.87
1,150.66
919.35
2,648.75
678.00
1,741.25
74.25
124.50
356.10
118.35
1,953.89
9.08
19.90
336.91
824.10
1,6.56.60"
7,600.00 ;
S3
84
85
86
87
09
1,257.63
806.50
79.01
23.14
710.28
2,225.48
'""247^81"
12,857.48
46.83
1
1,000.00
28,908.58
17,200.00
213.00
970.00
797.75
786.67
4,000.00
5,000.00
175.00 !
2,500.00
89
90
$200,643.78
$106,567.09
$69,039.52
$35,071.06
ni.791.58
$619,722.59
$107,815.84
$161,231.53
$ 80,526.49
$58,222.94
$308,980.96
^3,316.34
5 5,700.96
^18,996.42
$101,157.01
PART XIV
Horse Breeding Industry in Iowa
List of State Certificates Issued to May 1, 1909
(For copy of laws goveren state enrollment of Stallions see
Part XV)
The Iowa law requiring the owner or keeper of all pure bred stallions
standing for public service, or kept for sale or exchange, to take out a
state certificate was enacted by the Thirty-first General Assembly and
took effect July 4, 1906. By the provisions of this law the secretary of
agriculture is authorized to issue certificates only for such stallions as
have been registered in one of the stud book or registry associations
having the approval of the U. S. Department of Agriculture. It further
provides that the owner or keeper of all other stallions kept for public
service, sale or exchange, must advertise such stallion or stallions as
grades.
While it may seem to some that this law^ imposes an unjust tax on the
pure bred horse, it has done a w^onderful amount of good in ridding the
state of a large number of worthless grade and scrub stallions. The law
is lame in some respects: First, there should be some provision com-
pelling owners to report to the secretary of agriculture the death or re-
moval from the state of any stallion, that the county list w^ould show
horses in actual service; second, section 2341-c of the law should be so
amended that all advertisements of w^hatsoever nature, whether bills,
cards or newspaper advertisements, for stallions not having state certifi-
cate, should contain in plain, bold letters the words "grade stallion."
From July 4, 1906, to May 1, 1909, fifty-three hundred and twenty-nine
certificates and seven hundred and twenty-two transfers have been issued.
The rank by breeds and percentage of total is as follows: First, Per-
cheron, 42; second, American trotter, 14.5; third, Belgian, 12.5; fourth.
Shire, 11; fifth, French draft, 9; sixth, Clydesdale, 5.5. The balance of
the certificates cover ten different breeds, viz.: German coach. Hackney,
French coach, Morgan, Oldenburg coach, Shetland ponies, saddle horses,
thoroughbreds, Suffolk and Cleveland Bay.
It is the duty of the county attorney in each county within the state
to prosecute any of the violations of this law when evidence of any such
violation is laid before him.
(838)
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIV
REGULATIONS FOR THE CERTIFICATION OF ASSOCIATIONS OF
BREEDERS OF PURE BRED LIVE STOCK AND BOOKS
OF RECORD OF PEDIGREES.
U. S. Department of Agriculture, Office of the Secretary,
Wasiiingtox, D. C, June 20, 1906.
In accordance with paragraph 473 of the act of Congress, entitled, "An
act to provide revenue for the government and to encourage the industries
of the United States," approved July 24, 1897, authorizing the Secretary
of Agriculture to "determine and certify to the Secretary of the Treasury
what are recognized breeds and pure bred animals," as amended by the
act of Congress approved March 3, 1903, entitled, "An act regulating the
importation of breeding animals," the following regulations are hereby
prescribed for the certifications of associations of breeders of pure bred
live stock and books of record of pedigrees:
certification of AMERICAN ASSOCIATION AND BOOKS OF RECORD APPLICATION
FOR CERTIFICATION.
1. Any association in the United States desiring certification by the
Secretary of Agriculture to the Secretary of the Treasury, under the
provisions of paragraph 473 of the act of July 24, 1897, as amended March
3, 1903, shall submit the following:
(a) If incorporated with capital stock, a statement showing amount
of capital and number of shares, the names of incorporators, names and
residences of directors and officers, names and residences of shareholders,
with the amount of stock held by each, and a copy of its charter.
(b) If unincorporated, or if incorporated without stock, a statement
showing the names and residences of officers and directors, and the names
and residences of members. An association incorporated without capital
stock shall submit a copy of its charter.
(c) A statement of the foreign associations with which it is affiliated,
with the names and addresses of the custodians of their books of record,
a copy of its constitution and by-laws and rules of entry, and copies of all
blank forms used in the conduct of its business, such as applications for
registry, certificate of registry, transfer, etc.; a complete set of the pub-
lished volumes of its book of record (unless already on file), and a
statement of its financial condition on the 30th of June preceding date of
application.
REGULATION OF CERTIFIED ASSOCIATIONS.
2. (a) Each certified association shall submit a copy of each volume
of its book of record to the Department as soon as published. The Depart-
ment advises that at least one volume be published annually; however, in
cases where circumstances make it impossible to do this, a statement
840 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
shall be submitted showing how often the book of record will be published,
and his statement will be considered. The schedule so adopted shall
be adhered to, but the interval allowed between publication of any two
volumes shall not exceed four years.
(b) On or before August 1 of each year, ea^h certified association shall
submit to the Department a report of its operations during the preceding
fiscal year. This report shall include a statement of the number of animals
of each sex registered during the year, and the number of imported
animals of each sex registered, with the countries from which they were
imported; also copies of any changes that may have been made during
the year in the constitution and by-laws, rules of entry, or blank forms
used by the association in the conduct of its business. Operations during
the fiscal year ending June 30, 1906, are partially covered by reports
already submitted, and, therefore, a report will not be required on August
1, 1906, but the report for August 1, 1907, shall cover the period of eighteen
months from January 1, 1906, to June 30, 1907.
(c) No change shall be made by a certified American association in its
rules of entry, constitution, or by-laws concerning the registration of im-
ported animals unless first submitted to and approved by the Department.
Changes in the person or place of business of the custodian of the book
of record shall be reported without delay.
(d) The report required by the preceding paragraph, shall also include
a statement of the books of record published during the preceding
fiscal year by the affiliated foreign associations. Any changes in the per-
son, or place of business of the custodians of such books of record shall
be promptly reported to the Department by the secretaries of certified
affiliated American associations. The foreign associations with which
certified American associations are affiliated are given in paragraph 6 of
this order. By the term "affiliated associations" the Department means
an association whose pedigree certificates are accepted for record by a
certified American association.
(e) To simplify the methods formerly used to ascertain the pure
breeding of animals imported for breeding purposes, the Department has
recommended to the Secretary of the Treasury that in all cases where
a foreign association is affiliated with a certified American association
the certificate of the custodian of the book of record of the latter, and
no other, that animals are pure bred, of a recognized breed, and duly
registered in the books of records established for that breed, shall be
accepted by the officers of the customs as sufficient to entitle such animals
to free entry. , No such imported animals, certificate of w hose registration
is to be presented to the customs officers for free entry, shall be registered
by a certified American association unless they are pure bred, of a
recognized breed, and duly registered by one of the affiliated foreign asso-
ciations in its book of record established for that breed, or from sires
and dams so registered, except that registration in Canadian books of
record may be recognized where animals so registered trace on both
sides to stock registered by a certified foreign association for the same
breed, affiliated with a certified American association for that breed. Reg-
istration contrary to the provisions of this paragraph of imported animals
registered in books of record not included in section 6 of this order, or in
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIV 841
one of the amendments to this order, to obtain the duty-free privilege for
such animals, will render an association registering such animals liable
to withdrawal of certification.
(f) Should any association fail to act in conformity with any or all
of these regulations, notice shall be sent at once to such association
Failure to comply within thirty days after sending of such notice or to
submit reasonable explanation for the delay, shall be regarded as sufficient
ground for the withdrawal of the certification of the Secretary of Agri-
culture.
(g) Statements made under the provisions of these regulations shall
be under oath by the secretary of each association.
(h) Each association in the United States which has or may have
the certification of the Secretary of Agriculture shall hold all its books
open to inspection by the proper officer of this Department at any time.
CERTIFICATION OF FOREIGN ASSOCI.VTIONS AND BOOKS OF RECORD.
3. When a foreign association desires the certification of the Secretary
of Agriculture, the custodian of its book of record shall submit to the
Department a complete set of the published volumes of such book of
record to date of making application, forwarding them to the address
given in paragraph 4 of this order. When such foreign association is
affiliated with one or more certified American associations, the official
indorsement of the custodians of the books of record of the latter shall
be shown, stating that such foreign associations register only animals
which are pure bred and of a recognized breed. The Department re-
serves the right, however, to be governed in all cases by the advice of
representatives of the United States abroad, if the necessity for such a
course exists.
4. Custodians of the books of record of certified foreign associations
shall submit the volumes of their books of record direct to the Department
as soon as published, addressing them to the Chief of the Bureau of
Animal Industry, in care of the United States Dispatch Agent, 277 Broad-
way, New York, N. Y., U. S. A.
OFFICIAL COMMUNICATIONS.
5. All books of record, official papers, reports, and other communica-
tions submitted under the provisions of this order should be addressed to
the Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry, Department of Agriculture,
Washington, D. C, except as mentioned in the preceding paragraph.
CERTIFIED AMERICAN ASSOCIATIONS AND AFFILIATED FOREIGN ASSOCIATIONS.
6. The following American associations and books of record have
been certified to the Secretary of the Treasury on this date. Immediately
opposite the names of certified American associations are shown the
foreign associations and books of record with wmch they are affiliated. To
obtain the duty-free privilege, certificates of the latter, and not others,
except as provided in section 2, paragraph (e), of this order, shall be
accepted by American associations for record, subject to proper scrutiny
under the provisions of this order.
842
IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
STUDBOOKS RECOGNIZED BY THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT
OF AGRICULTURE.
HORSES.
American Books of Record.
American
Trotter
Belgian Draft
Cleveland Bay
Clydesdale . .
French Coach
French Coach,
French Draft. .
German Coach.
Hackney
Morgan ,
Percheron . . .
Percheron . . . .
Percheron . . . ,
Saddle Horse. .
Shetland Pony.
Shire
Suffolk
Thoroughbred .
Welsh Pony
and Cob
American Trotting Regis
ter.
American Register of
Belgian Draft Horses.
American Cleveland Bay
Studbook.
American Clydesdale
Studbook.
French Coach Horse Reg-
ister.
French Coach Studbook.
National Register of
French Draft Horses.
German, Hanoverian, and
Oldenburg Coach Horse
Studbook.*
American Hackney Stud
book.
American Morgan Regis
ter.
Percheron Studbook of
America.!
Percheron Register. . . .
The American Breeders'
and Importers' Perche-
ron Register.
American Saddle Horse
Register.
American Shetland Pony
Club Studbook.
American Shire Horse
Studbook.
American Suffolk Horse
Studbook.
American Studbook
Welsh Pony and Cob
Studbook.
American Trotting Register Associa-
tion, Wm. H. Knight, secretary, 355
Dearborn street, Chicago, 111.
American Association of Importers and
Breeders of Belgian Draft Horses,
J. D. Conner, Jr., secretary, Wa-
bash, Ind.
Cleveland Bay Society of America, R.
P. Stericker, secretary, 80 Chestnut
avenue, West Orange, N. J.
American Clydesdale, Association, R.
B. Ogilvie, secretary, Union Stock
Yards, Chicago, 111.
French Coach Horse Registry Com-
pany, Charles C. Glenn, secretary,
Columbus, Ohio.
French Coach Horse Society of Amer-
ica, Duncan E. Willett, secretary,
Maple avenue and Harrison street,
Oak Park, 111.
National French Draft Horse Associa-
tion of America, C. E. Stubbs, secre-
tary, Fairfield, Iowa.
German, Hanoverian, and Oldenburg
Coach Horse Association of America,
J. Crouch, secretary, Lafayette, Ind.
American Hackney Horse Society, Gur-
ney C. Gue, Secretary, Tichenor
Grand Bldg., 61st St. and Broadway,
New York, N. Y.
American Morgan Register Associa-
tion, H. T. Cutts, secretary, Middle-
bury, Vt.
Percheron Society of America, Geo. W.
Stubblefield, secretary. Union Stock
Yards. Chicago, 111.
The Percheron Registry Company,
Chas. C. Glenn, secretary, Columbus,
Ohio.
The American Breeders* and Import-
ers* Percheron Registry Company,
John A. Forney, secretary. Plain-
field, Ohio.
American Saddle Horse Breeders' As-
sociation, I. B. Nail, secretary, Louis-
ville, Ky.
American Shetland Pony Club, Morti-
mer Levering, secretary, Lafayette,
Ind.
American Shire Horse Association,
Charles Burgess, secretary, Wenona,
-111.
American Suffolk Horse Association.
Alex. Galbraith, secretary, De Kalb,
111.
The Jockey Club, James E. Wheeler,
registrar, 571 Fifth Avenue, New
York, N. Y.
The Welsh Pony and Cob Society of
America, John Alexander, secretary,
Aurora. 111.
♦Absorbed interest of the Oldenburg Coach Horse Register, C. E. Stubbs, Sec-
retary, Fairfield, Iowa.
tAbsorbed interests of the American Percheron Horse Breeders' Association
May 9, 1904, whose certificates issued prior to that date only, signed by S. D
Ihompson, as Secretary, will be recognized.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIV
843
NUMBER AND CHARACTER OP CERTIFICATES ISSUED TO MAY 1, 1909.
Counties
is
It
<
a
n
ca
> n
'J
P
0
<u
a
0
CO
S
a
ce
u
u
0
to
Is
0
a
0
0)
Shetland
Pony
Shire
3
CO
h
rt
§
Adair
12
1 10
1
6
3
10
11
7
3
5
8
9
9
4
10
3
2
9
7i
2
6
5
5
12
8
9
6
6
8
5
4
8
1
5
1
5
1
13
9
1
7
8
14
1
3
7
11
11
9
18
10
7
9
4
9.
17
8
5
2
6
7
16
4
2
2
11
4
8
2
2
1
r
i
3
3
i
1
1
1
8
50
14
8
9
21
26
12
9
nil
18
0
1
7
4
6
17
2
i
2
i
53
82
24
39
30
55
j 67
1 43
Adams _.
]
4
1 4
3
4
4
6
5
4
1
1
3
11
1
L
Allamakee
1
Appanoose
1
II"
IC
fi
2
4
Audubon
1
Benton
1
1
Blacli Hawk
Boone
1
1 '
—
1
Bremer
—
....
2
....
1
!■--■
I.II
i
-—
24
34
42
Buchanan
1 21 L...
' Jlc:::
' 27..-.
22_...
21 ....
17
2
7
2
'I
11
10
5
....
Buena Vista
5
'"■2!:_::
2-...
_._- 1
1
10-.-
....
1
i 2
i
Butler
6....
6
7— -
4
39
58
41
09
38
32
27
60
Calhoun
1
1
i
Carroll
Cass
Cedar
2
"
2
Cerro Gordo
Cherokee
3__..
4-__.
4-...
10_.._
2.
7
2--..
...I I
....
'
18
19
28
85
— .
Chickasaw
2
1
....
3
14
3
3
3
1
Clarke
131
Clay
12....
16 . —
13 ....
13
21
36
31
39
Clayton
2
5
6
10
15
4
"1
2
2
3
2
3
1
5
1
7
"
Clinton
5
8
""2
....
i
Crawford
1_...
1
2....
2_.-_
5| 3
2
1
"25
1
Dallas
11 -._.
161-
....
41
....
1
72
53
55
479
18
38
40
27
50
29
27
21
56
35
56
46
19
53
Davis
25-
19—.
227 .—
5
23—.
17—.
14 — .
19—.
17 — .
10 — .
13 ....
27 ....
23 .
14 ....
23 ■>
1-
11 ....
11—.
2
Decatur
Delaware
Des Moines
1
....
Dickinson
2L_.
1
Dubuque
Hi
1
""2
9
Emmet
2
3
2
~ "
Favette
1
1
1
nil
i
1
....
....
Floyd
I
2
11
1
1
4
1
6
"7
2
2
3
3
13
Franklin _.
2
Fremont
—
::::
Greene
2
8
7
1
2
1
J
18
1
6
6
1
3
1
6
1
1
1
""2
2
1
....
1
2
i
...ii
Grundy
1
1
1'
....
3
1
Guthrie
tl::::
5.._-
2
10
Hamilton
Hancock
3
3
6.
28.
15.
23.
7.
8.
15
1
Hardin
1
1
4
2
1
;
Harrison
...
....
35
74
25
27
34
73
39
68
88
61
45
81
53
23
173
45
101
28
55
84
73
Henry
14
1,
1
3
3
3
6
15
13!
3'
10
3
2
2
1
7
3
6
21
9
"~2
1
....
Howard
....
"""
"■
Humboldt
Ida
6
3
7
9
2
4
6
1
—
1
6
3
8
1
7;
13
6
4
15
9
1
7
2
11.
'iii!
3
j
....
-.-
"Ill
Iowa
1
23 .
14 - —
31 2
30 1
21 ■■ '
Jackson
2
....
....
1
....
1
1
....
1
1
Jeflferson
1
"'i
----
Johnson
Jones --
8!....'
5L
86..__
6-.__
2^
9.
30-
23
1
Keoktik j
Kossuth --
I
— .
Lee
10 ....
52 1
27.—
60-...
20-—
23 li
31 11
Linn
Louisa _
"~9
....
::.:
Lucas
Lvon
2.
3-
3L
2
i:
Mahaska
:
11
6
Marion
4'-...
24 ' 2 11'.
844
IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
NUMBER AND CHARACTER OF CERTIFICATES— CONTINUED
Counties
i
<
a
a
> cd
O
•0
II
eC 0
is
0
el
Morgan
Oldenburg
Coaoh
a
s
0
Pi
en
•0
1
Marshall
11
6
8
3
6
7
15
15
3
13
1
8
19
13
'I
10
6
4
5
7
14
14
8
3
10
14
10
8
2
4
3
6
3
1
5
4
n
1
4
11
4
1
45
Mills
1
13
19
18
8
14
18
20
13
2S
16
13
39
Mitchell
....
3
1
1
1
4
2
1
3
2
1
14
1
— -
2
....
....
44
Monona
m
""
1
2
1
8
11
3
5
2
8
7
_..-
25
Montgomery
Muscatine
O'Brien
....
1
....
38
2
3
3
0
"'2
"~2
1
1
....
2
43
....
1
2
9
61
Osceola
Page
Palo Alto
Plymouth
Pocahontas
Polk
Pottawattamie —
Poweshiek
Ringgold
Sac
Scott
Shelby
i
....
2
?8
1 1
65
1
1
1
....
— -
, -^
5
5_-_-
ll..._
7^— -
llj
1
1
1
n
2 "■•?
21
31
23
15
9^
5
14
7
10
5
6
50
1
2
8
4
7
_-_. 1
1 7
__._ 3
1 1
1 2
1 2
1: 6
1
3
....
i
2.—
1....
1
1
88
1
1
1
....
65
58
1
_-..
1
59
7
1
3
1
7
5
11
7
2
1
3
1
4
7
1
5
S
2
2
1
20
7
16
--1--
_- 1. ..
53
■
1
... !.-..
17
_.__
....
1
—-\-—
3
6
14
35
5
4
14
13
13
4
L...
30
Sioux
Storv
— -
3
3
9
5
1
7
5
1
19- J-—
31
....
....
'
....
39
31
73
68
1
2
5
10
11
....r...
71
Tavlor
1
-i
..__
" i
128
53i....
24....
119
Van Buren :.
ll 9
.-..1 4
ll 13
—
....
53
1
20
44
44
Warren
2
■
92
Washington
W^avne
7
7
8
1
2
6
18 1
—
50
....
1
1
-—
14
11
15
14
15
48
4
2
"4
2
1
1
1
292
.__.
34
Winnebago
Winneshiek
Woodbury
Worth
99
1
1
3
3
1
4
2
588
....
....
32
....
1
14
15
7
2280
::::
19
Wrjo-ht
2
731
53
5
— -
....
29
Horses owned
near state line
Total
1
65
19
54
50
23
11
20
10
11
531 ,S
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIV
845
DIRECTORY OF OWNERS OF PURE RKED STALLIONS
]n' COUNTIKS.
(Certificates Issued to May
ADAIR COUNTY
1909.)
5j5 Name of Owner
PostoflBce
Name of Stallion
Breed
1276
1279
1286
1318
1379
1380
1425
1528
1532
1533
1554
1558
1557
1603
1631
1718
1757
Jodu McDermott-
John McDermott-
Middle River
Horse Co
C. P. Liegerot
A. T. Mason
A. N. Vande-
water
E. W. Vande-
water
E. W. Vaude-
water — —
C. C. Huveus—
H. n. Buck
Fontanelle Coach
Horse Co.—
Fontanelle Perch-
eron Horse Co..
Raasch-
Jackson
Jackson
H. Ed-
wards
J. A. Griswold...
J. A. Griswold.-.
Wm. N. Green...
F. P. Culverson..
C. L. Waltz
F. W.
C. T.
C. T.
Frank
Bridge water
Bridgewater
Greenfield .
Greenfield .
Greenfield _
Billy Boy 33799
Honest Jerry 6374 —
.iPercheron
.Shire
Orient
Jerrierais 31111 (43734)..! Percheron
Radio M. 37196... jTrotter
Top Shot 7718 Shire
I
Ben Faraday 38258 Thoroughbred
Orient Orphan Boy 10873 Clydesdale
.. Crasher 9383 Clydesdale
.. Creston Boy 6206 ...Shire
.- Iowa Lee 40181 Trotter
2266 W. B. Hoskins--
2621 F, P. Culverson.
2454 G. H. Sawyer...
Orient
Greenfield _.
Greenfield ..
Fontanelle -
Fontanelle .
Bridgewater
Orient _
Orient
Orient
Greenfield
Greenfield
Fontanelle
Greenfield
Spaulding
Orient — .
Greenfield
Greenfield
2579
2753
67
3115
3158
3317
3326
3481
8501
3553
1606
4132
3942
4245
3697
4410
Grove Township
Horse Co Greenfield
John Wynn Greenfield
Wynn Bros Greenfield
E. J. Oshel. Orient ...
F. A. Strong Orient .. .
H. A. Alcorn Adair
Henion Drew Orient ...
D. J. Cowden Adair
Vandyke 1169 (2371) Cleveland B.iy
Percheron
Royaliste 31749 (45143)..
Prince Improver 7830... Shire
Orient Boy 37691 Trotter
Bob McGregor 9752 Clydesdale
Usurper 7567 (20996) Shire
Billy Grayson 40899 Trotter
Simmons Star 33030 Trotter
Botha 7003 (19390) Shire
Counsellor Jr. 34958 Trotter
Toneham Strexton 853:3 Shire
(23804)
Pride of the West 7842 shire
Canus 8683 Thoroughbred
Black Jack IV. 6377.— shire
(19^43)
Henion Drew
Adair Horse Co.
A. E. Johnson..
Strong Bros
W. N. Foster...
J. P. Kembery..
G. W. Hill
O. T. Truman.-
F. E. Louden...
Orient
Adair
Orient
Orient
Upas 14857 (59588) P
Rampton 12709
Brampton Harold 6237..
Joe Swift 37576
Wilfrid S. 39403
Lord Winchilsea 5720...
(18170) I
Billie Bryan 877
Bishop Whitestockings
43519
Bean Chief 9074
I Baron de Bois (Vol.
i XII)
I Soham Insurgent 6735..
! Nailstone Desert Chief
French Draft
Clydesdale
Shire
Trotter
Trotter
Shire
Belgian
Trotter
Shire
Belgian
Shire
Shire
Orient
Bridgewater .
Orient
Orient
Middle River
J Turgot 54390 (64346) Percheron
.| Mongol Best 48019 Percheron
.; Buzz K. 40414... Trotter
.1 .John Perfect 12361 Clydesdale
J Banker 512^4 Percheron
846
IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
ADAIR county-Continued
;^ Name of Owner
Postoffice
Name of Stallion
Breed
U95
4286
4856
3074
4935
1278
5040
5154
5180
Chris Frank
Chris Frank
E. Sulgrove
H. A. Alcorn
A. T. Mason
J. G. Dorsey
J. Pote
P. F. Hanley
Wm.
Co.
Tannatt &
5187 C. T. Jackson—.
5188 C. T. Jackson—.
H. A. Alcorn
Fontanelle .
Fontanelle .
Bridgewater
Adair
Greenfield .
Greenfield .
Bridgewater
Adair
Fontanelle .
Orient
Orient
Adair
Judge 6427
Blythe 3163
Gores Prince 9568
Delwood 43Q65
Charon II 8769
Vibrant 40702 (4SS91)—
White Sox 14055
Mercure de Voll 3232
(45244)
Thumper Chief 103G4
(25711)
Mack See 13001
Red Dare 48930
Rollo King 21247
Shire
Belgian
Shire
Trotter
Shire
Percheron
Clydesdale
Belgian
Shire
Clydesdale
Trotter
Percheron
ADAMS COUNTY
56?
F. Hoskinson
E. P. Chapman—
Holt Township
Horse Co
C. M. Bickford—
L. H. Humbert
& Son
L. H. Humbert
& Son
Corning
Mustapha (53274)
Beaumont 24984 _
Conine 9941
Duke of Altorf 21071..-
Voltaire 45320 (56916)....
Sully 21770 (40430)
Road Bird 22816
489
Prescott
Percheron
493
417
1029
Corning
Mount Etna ...
Corning
French Draft
Percheron
Percheron
1030
1355
J. M. Devore
H. E. Murdock—
J. A. Bohanan—
Wm. F. Hough...
Laban Harrison. .
Laban Harrison..
J. H. King
L. D. Bishop
L. D. Bishop
E. Humbert
E. Humbert
E. Humbert
Vicker & Blazek-
E. B. Hess
J. N. B. Miller—
J. N. B. Miller—
J. N. B. Miller—
E. L. Humbert...
Hugh Coglan
Hugh Coglan
E. P. Chapman...
James Foy
Corning
Trotter
1543
Brooks _. _
Lesdiguieres (51818) ..._
Prince Henry 10238
Red Garnet 27132
Prince Mac Lure 11665. .
Demster H. 12145
Kirk 6576 _ -
Percheron
1537
Corning
Clydesdale
178
Corning
Trotter
1803
Prescott
Clydesdale
1801
Prescott
Clydesdale
2275
Prescott _
Shire
'm9.
Brooks
LaSalle Star 37569
Waterloo 18609
Pasteur 50660 (65523)....
Manceau 50657 (58834)...
Primo 50661 (64315)
Domino 41882 (56570)....
Good Morning 8822
(21468)
Brilliant 1372
Trotter
2293
Brooks
Percheron
230?.
Corning
Percheron
2305
2306
2609
Corning _
Corning
Prescott
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
2623
Corning
Shire
2650
2651
2652
2443
Prescott -
Prescott
Prescott
Corning
Belgian
Belgian
Percheron
Plumeau d'Acosse 2041.
(31098)
Franklin 34653
Jerry 29836
Teddy 34721
Frank 43555
Snow Ball 21903
Apollon 26130 (42491)...
Nailstone Modern Type
7260 (21688)
Counter 15347 _ ._
Electralto 23579
Sully Jr. 48103.
Carat 50652 (59920)
Hal Parker 034
Bertie Long 37843.
Panama 50659 (52668")_..
Idylwild 36075
Neocho 43339
Blue Sully 49694
Alfred Sully 49692
Arthur 52833 (62596)....
Ruyter 52839 (64289).—
Cremieux 52835 (58976)-
Bourbon 528^4 (62605)
Mondoin 52836 (58922)-.
Soleil 52837 (57827)
Inel 52841 (57625)—
Evans 52840 (64318)...-.
2738
Corning _
Percheron
2739
Corning
587
?758
Prescott ._
Prescott
Prescott
Brooks
Percheron
Percheron
2886
?879
J. N. Ankeny
J. S. Bowman
John H. Oshel
Humbert & Son..
E. A. Hoskinson.
T. 0. Swain
Chas. Long
E. L. Humbert—
Wm. F. Hough—
E. L. Humbert—
E. L.Humbert
E. L. Humbert—
E. L. Humbert—
E. L. Humbert—
E. L. Humbert—
E. L. Humbert—
E. L. Humbert—
B. L. Humbert—
E. L. Humbert..-
E. L. Humbert...
Shire
French Draft
2896
2931
Nevinville
Corning
Trotter
Percheron
3060
3192
3287
Corning
Corning
Trotter
Trotter
8316
3448
Corning
Trotter
3943
Corning
Percheron
3941
3944
Corning
Percheron
3945
Corning
Percheron
3946
Percheron
3947
Corning
Percheron
3948
Corning
Percheron
3949
3950
3951
3952
Corning
Corning
Corning
Corning —
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIV
ADAMS county-Continued
847
go Name of Owner
Postofflce
Name of Stallion
Breed
3953
173J)
4065
4078
4099
4432
4486
4465
4466
4329
4374
4268
4533
4550
4581
4587
4588
4589
4920
4949
4950
4951
4952
49.53
4954
4955
4956
4957
49.5S
4959
4960
5106
5238
4017
E, L. Hnmbort...
Eno & Heather-
Jngton
E. L. Hnmbort...
Chas. Cook
T. C. Reese
Labon Harrison
& Son
C. C. Cook
J. W. Bipffor
J. W. Bif,'frer
H. C. Reese
H. C. Roeso
G. E. Stevens
H. B. Brown
F. L. Morris
F. L. Morris
A. ,T. Anderson..
A. .T. Anderson..
A. T. Anderson--
L. D. Bishop
E. L. Humbert..
E. L. Humbert...
E. L. Humbert...
E. L. Humbert.. -
E. L. Humbert...
E. Li. Humbert-..
E. L. Humbert...
E. L. Humbert.. -
E. Tj. Humbert...
E. Tj. Humbert.—
E. L. Humbert.. -
E. L. Humbert-. -
E. I,. Humbert...
H. J. Comisky...
Bursress Allen
Corning Joli 52838 (59401) Pereheron
Corning .
Corning .
Prescott .
Prescott .
Prescott -
Prescott .
Corning .
Corning .
Prescott
Prescott
Corning .
Corning .
Nodaway
Nodaway
Nodaway
Nodaway
Nodaway
Brooks -.
Corning .
Corning .
Corning .
Corning .
Corning .
Corning .
Corning .
Corning .
Corning .
Corning .
Corning .
Corning .
Corning .
Corning .
Prescott
Lapon 32S:]2 (1G018)
Jay Tee ■lGt67
Fordy Premwilliar 93;3^J
(24803)
Sammy R. 45537
King Cliattan 13406
Stuntney Daniel 9750...
(2:5704)
Blue Grass Prince 45008
Gamberton 43364
Bovdston Yet 86S2
Campi l.v;53 (33011)
G rover ll.)0()
Montieth Lad 12130
Brown Prince 53tt
Soudan 328:55 (48313)
Admiral 6131
Royal Prince 6469
Creston Webster 5947..
Duke 17t68 _-.
Dick 53699
Grey Voltaire 54098
Newcastle 58043 (64035)..
Genet 5«!0(2 (71365)
Clovis 5S934 (61577)
Generous: 5S939 (70176)..
Gourd in 580 to (6979:5)..
Bismuth 58032 (67578)
Gentry .58037 (72339)..
Robert .>S0f5 (65<¥>.3).-.
Gontil 5S033 (72337)
Nordstorn 4591
Francis 5-W89
Bruno 473^(9
Black Tack 4<*)69
Pereheron
Porclieron
Shire
Trotter
Clydesdale
Shire
Trotter
Trotter
Clydesdale
Perclieron
Clydesdale
Clydesdale
Sliire
Pereheron
Shire
Shire
Shire
French Draft
Pereheron
Pereheron
Perclieron
Pereheron
Pereheron
Pereheron
Pereheron
Pereheron
Pereheron
Pereheron
Pereheron
German Coach
Pereheron
Pereheron
Pereheron
ALLAMAKEE COUNTY
»,.'
W. L. Leas
Rossville
Herbert 29743
Pereheron
143
M. T. Tacobson..
Waterville
Black Ball 2l:5Sl
Pereheron
142
M. T. Tacobson—
Waterville
Alfonso .30910
Pereheron
445
.Tas. McCormick-
"Waterville
Bold Harry 5514
Shire
640
Elon Draft Horse
Assn
Waterville
Gamin De Glabais 1547.
(23560)
Belgian
974
John ^lunz
Waukon French
Pereheron
1078
Coach Stallion
Co.
Waukon
Beau-Sire 3644
French Coach
1098
S. J. Svendson...
Dorchester
Camille de Bierset 154?
(23056)
Belgian
1207
C. G. Helming &
Co. -
R. No. 1, Wau-
kon
Document 710 (4980)....
Belgian
1206
C. G. Helming &
Co.
R. No. 1, Wau-
Gillert 21037
2686
.Tas. Honlihan
Harpers Ferry..
Stick 45806 (61875)
Pereheron
3039
Henry Grodogut..
Waukon
Admiral de Tilly (26770)
Belgian
3205
P. H. O'Neill
Harpers Ferry— .
Lams Podro 9870
French Draft
3444
Henry Lenz
Lansing Draft
Lansing
Bussy 15181 (29810)
Pereheron
66 ^
Horse Co
Lansing
Bismark de Seumoy
Belgian
1.311 (24150)
4311
A. I. Steffen
H. H. Conley
4404
Postville
Dr. Cram 42585
Trotter
4.527
1 S. G. Erickson...
Postville .-
Isard 41862
Pereheron
4838
S. G. Erickson...
Postville
Delcasse 45794 (65021)...
Pereheron
5322 1 E. C. Rippe
Lansing
Azor 52289 (68S89)
Pereheron
848
IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
APPANOOSE COUNTY
So
Name of Owner
Postoffice
Name of Stallion
Breed
121
120
119
199
672
858
1412
August Post
August Post
August Post.
Lincoln Knapp
John C. McCon-
nell
Eli Smith, Sr_—
W. 0. Doggett
Smith & Clawson.
J. J. Strickler.—
J. J. Strickler—
Udell Horse Co.. -
Moulton
Moulton
Moulton
Centerville
Unionville
Unionville
Numa
Wayside Prince 10 til.. i Clydesdale
Wayside Douglass 9305 Clydesdale
Wayside Regnant 98'^6-. Clydesdale
Sisteron 44301 (57869)... Percheron
Keota-Allan 27631 Percheron
Bury Beauchief 11.6155 Shire
(17218)
Bob Brooks 43300 Trotter
1539
2125
2126
2223
Cincinnati
Centerville
Centerville
Udell
Brewer's Delight 6133 Shire
(10408)
Black Sluggard 28582... Trotter
Baron Dillon Jr. 33402.. Trotter
Taupin 26104 (46829) .Pprr^lipron
2231
W. H. Johnson.—
Forton (le Mons 1985..
(25500)
Gagnier 12666
Keota Ben 7792... -
Prince Esher 11907
Dunsmore Klondyke
6164 (18706)
Solide II 22672 (43537)..
Marronier 32421 (48881)
Had do of Hillsdale
12550
Marksman 881 (991)._.
Stettin 34504 (51406)-..
Hugh Dillon 45361
William J. Bryan 15350
King Royal 12481
Jack Sawver 35577
Bon Bacis 8790 (20281)-
Mitron 51377 (59142)
Bedwell Marquis 8326..
(22101)
Noble 13413
2588
Marion McCrory..
Lincoln Knapp
J. R. Hensley
W. M. Jackson...
W. M. Jackson...
Cincinnati Horse
Co.
French Draft
2770
3003
Centerville
Mvstic
Shire
Thoroughbred
3088
3087
3131
Centerville
Centerville
Cincinnati
Moulton
Shire
Percheron
Percheron
2991
C. E. Mathew and
W. H. Howard.
J. C. Stevenson-
Hollingsworth &
Clydesdale
3191
3350
Cincinnati
Centcrville
Unionville
Unionville
Moulton
Unionville
Unionville
Moulton
Moulton
Moulton
Mvstic
Cleveland Bay
Percheron
3405
John C. McCon-
nell
Trotter
3523
3579
3638
E. G. Swain -
D. A. Gregory
Thos. E. Hopkins
French Draft
Clydesdale
Trotter
3857
4056
1042
4280
Eli Smith. Sr.—
Siler & Hurd
Siler & Hurd
T A Sfipp
Shire
Percheron
Shire-
Clydesdale
2198 Edward Gault
King Robert 11918
Ensign Dillon 4/81^/-..-
Success 10153 ...
Clydesdale
4408 C. B. Sawyers
45'1 T> AT Post
Centerville
Moulton
Moulton
Moulton
Moulton
Unionville
Moulton
Unionville
Moravia
Trotter
French Draft
4523
4524
D. M. Post
D. M. Post
D. M. Post-
J. C. McConnell..
J. H. Martin
Eli Smith, Sr....
Jas. Kaster
Model George 13058
Philip 1464
Clydesdale
French Coacli
4522
4998
King Luzignan 42235
Sultan 16531
Percheron
French Draft
50D8
6080
S043
Great Scott 12781
Bury Combine 9602
(22175)
Centerville Prince 5292.
Clydesdale
Shire
Clydesdale
AUDUBON COUNTY
353
89
Oakfield Township
Horse Co.
C. R. Wilson
Melville Draft
Horse Co.
W. W. Weston. .-
Pleasant Valley
Horse Co.
M. P. Henricksen
L. N. Esbeck
Powell & Harvey-
Peter N. Esbeck..
J. C. Hardman
J. C. Hardman...
Richard Fancher.
C. Ward
Amos Fancher
Brayton
Exira
Monfino 28461 (44967)..
Greely 12440
Bon Rasselas 6064
(17789)
Prince Brilliant 9854..-
Champagne Mecht 1340-
(25514)
Uylisse 1714 (28228)
Enrage 8107 (841)
Sol Phallis 28606
Sefton 11640 _
Percheron
French Draft
93
66
657
Audubon
Audubon
Fiscus
Shire
Clydesdale
Belgian
713
Poplar
Belgian
145?,
Exira
French Draft
1490
Exira .. .
Trotter
?08t
Kimballton
Bravton
French Draft
?1?7
Prince 11588 .
Clvdesdale
2129
Scotland's Crown 10628-
St. Columba 11427
Scotland's Hero 10629...
Rattler 11214
civdesdale
2390
Ross
Clvdesdale
«128
Exira _.
Clydesdale
2497
Ross
Clydesdale
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIV
849
AUDUBON county-Continued
53° Name of Owner
Postofflce
Name of Stallion
Breed
28%
2St9
2872
2871
3014
3340
3533
2498
2719
4351
4378
4379
3.>S,
5348
Jacob
Layland
Jas. L. .Tohnson.-
Jas. L. Johnson. -
F. 0
Niklason...|
F. O
Niklason...
s. s.
Wilson
John
Cameron
Wm.
Layland
M. T
Foley
F. 0
Nicholson-.
Chas.
Reynolds ..
Wm.
Layland ...
Wm.
Layland ....
Christoffcr Han-|
son
0. Ward 1
S. L.
Mantz
Audubon Prince Albert 1545j French Draft
Exira Jouteiir 23567 (45000) il'ercheron
Exira Pastel 41104 (00075) . I'ercheron
Audubon Enrly Union 41555 ' frotter
Audu))on Kin? Standette 41388... I'rotter
Audubon Ambulant 3895 German Coach
Audubon Huster Brown 452D7 iPercheron
Audubon Major III 7440 \^\\\yq .
Audubon Fernando 4.'>0!)1 (.>7S )<}).. iPerclieron
Audubon 1 Royston Prince 1103.5-. Frenr-li Draft
Audubon Imperial 54553 (C2298)..- Perelicron
AuduDon ^Ladison Wonder 9741.. Shire
Audubon Col. Wm. Johnson 87)0 Shire
Audubon Admiral Tojro 4.3076 Percheron
Audubon Cliarmant 410.39 (.500!S8)-.jPerciieron
Audubon Gaston de Bossierre Belgian
■M'>?l (t.30-)0) I
BENTON COUNTY
185
761
702 '
1122
1269
1293
W. A. Roblson—
John Seolle
riias. Hennin?
Rene ITorso Co
Wm. Th lessen
David Spnrireon-..
Keystone Belcri.nn
Horse Co.
T. N. Compton
John Frese
Urbana | Aesop 27805
Norway ^ Alexiev 12400
Keystone Casimir 24720 (44603)..
Blnirstown Rene ^um (40600').
Keystone I General 2010 (3011S)
Shellsburg ' Koubo 1109
582 I Richard Pickart..
2263
2341
2480
2481
2503
Luzerne Belgian!
Horse Co. !
J. R. Patten I
Mt. Auburn Horse]
Co. !
J. T. Cameron |
L. L. .Johnson
L. L. Johnson
Eflen Township
Horse Co.
Kevstone _. Burton 11.53 (1S104) r'.elirinn
Bollo Plaine Vidocq 102S3 Frencli Draft
Norway Charennbriand 11281 ... Percheron
(200^)
Norway Bncephnle de Ninoye Fielgian
1618 (21953)
Trotter
French Draft
f'frcheron
Percheron
'••••lirinn
French Coach
2659 : C. A. Burns.
C. .v. Burris.
2200 Wm. Rabe-.-.
2465
2740
2764
2765
2766
2767
3063
3121
3178
2045
3278
3671
4107
1841
4194
Lxizerne
Vinton _.
Vinton
A'inton
Vinton
Oran 1390 (21626)
Star Counsellor 35936.-
Go- Ahead 7.351 (Vol. 26)
Bolivar 40111 (16162)
•ernnrd J. 45624
Belgian
Trotter
Shire
Percheron
Percheron
Georsre & Ross
Johnson
W. H. Tliiessen.-
W. J. Mnllin
F. L. Thompson—
F. L. Thompson.-
F. L. Thompson.-
F. L. Thompson.-
S. L. Johnson —
Thos. Sellers
Farmers' Perch-
eron Horse Co,-
Fry Bros. &
Richart — -
Vinton Coach
Horse Co.
T. H. We-l
W. F. A. Rabe--
I. N. Compton Sc
Geo. Parks
David Roth
Vinton Poppleton 45625 .'Percheron
Van Horn Gordon de L i e r d e! Belgian
(251f;8) I
Garrison Joe Briselain 38221 iTrotter
Garrison Gan-ison Reaper 44010 ^Trotter
Keystone Cambrinus de Lierde! Belgian
2589 (34388) |
Vinton ALnsterpiece 29732 I Belgian
Keystone .— :Moree II 2SS56 ...[Percheron
Aredale Trnvailleur 22056 ..iPercheron
(45430) ;
Van Horn Berenice 46035 (00.385)— Percheron
Van Horn Actif 41695 (61674) IPercheron
Van Horn ifourzouk 2040 Belgian
(Vol. 12, p. 425) I
Van Horn Bazol 39.368 ITrotter
Garrison Tliabor 41007 (00.302^ Percheron
Vinton Cosaque 41846 (62053)— Percheron
Vinton Flambard 41506 (52188).. I Percheron
Vinton Alencon 41121 (61660) Percheron
Garrison Schnppandre 2230 French Co.nch
Blnirstown Rene 49280 .IPercheron
Kevstone Colletts Chieftain 9246- Shire
(24823)
Belle Plaine Homestead Dignity 5120 Shire
Luzerne Wakefield 6311 (Vol. 23) Shire
54
850
IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
BENTON COUNTY— Continued
Co'
5^
Name of Owner
Postoffice
Name of Stallion
Breed
4193
David Roth
J. C. Stewart,
Otto Koopman,
Peter N. Kahler
& Hessenius
W. F. Cameron. -
Ellingson & We-
land
Ellingson & We
land
Elias L. Pederson
J. T. Cameron-
Henry Anderson-.
F. L. Thompson.
A. Simmons
Fred Kieffer
F. L. Thompson..
F. L. Thompson.-
I. W. Van Nice-
I. W. Van Nice-
J. C. Stewart et al
M. D. Dodd
L. H. Liebsch-...
F. C- Bobzien
1
Young Regenhald 88..
(1554)
Cramptimois 1184(20380)
The Connoiseur 47329..
Quandum 2O07 ..
Oldenburg Coach
1074
4436
Newhall
Vinton
Belgian
Trotter
1089
Nnr'U'fi V
French Coach
1497
Hardi (22e48)
Cossack 42916
Rampart 26915 (45839).-
Xenophon 47766
:\Iexicain 56784 (69148)—
Trefnant King 9693—
(24708)
Sir Kone 01131
Cambrinus 2757 (41128)..
Charmant 420»35 (58103)-
Al Alcott 50103
Belgian
4859
135
490-2
Blairstown
Vinton
Vinton
Percueron
Percheron
Percheron
4916
48S7
Van Horn
Vinton
Percheron
Shire
4989
Trotter
5027
5028
5138
Van Horn
Van Horn
Belle Plaine
Belle Plaine
Newhall
Belgian
Percheron
Trotter
5139
Cresceum 44726
Trotter
5144
Roosevelt 15265 . .
French Draft
5354
Belle Plaine —
Vinton
Trotter
5355
Walker 46104
Beach Insurgent 6554_—
(Vol 24)
Percheron
1172
Newhall
Shire
BLACK HAT
VK COUNTY
173
?43
C. C. Hahn
F. J. Schweer
Jas. Loonan
.Tas. Loonan
G. W. Clark-
E. E. Sage
K. E. Penney
W. D. Strayer—
W. D. Strayer—
C. F. Horse Im-
porting Co.
C. F. Horse Im-
porting Co.
C. F. Horse Im-
porting Co.
C. A. Hayzlett—
W, S. Brecunier-.
O. A. Jensen
Chas. & Ed Wal-
ter .
Raymond
Dunkertou
Waterloo
Waterloo
Cedar Falls — _
Waterloo
Cedar Falls
Waterloo
Waterloo -
Cedar Falls
Cedar Falls
Cedar Falls
La Porte City-
Waterloo
Dunkerton
Finchford
Waterloo
R. 1, Waterloo-
Cedar Falls
Cedar Falls
Dunkerton
Waterloo
Waterloo
Hudson
Faquin 22876 (437r8)
Captif (44891)
Perclieron
Percheron
221
Bloomer 40589
Percheron
290
Superior 40605
Percheron
182
286
7
478
Petronius 1249
Gartner 113 (1409)
Airoo 31861 _
Magor 26953
0!:>rman Coach
Oldenburg Coach
Trotter
Percheron
477
618
Gabels Hopeful 5785—
(18029)
Richard 8th 7574
Shire
Clydesdale
617
615
Coquet de Herck 1545.
(25466)
Headlight 5604
Belgian
Shire
774
1063
Tommy Brown 5128
^rorgan
Shetland Pony
ia38
1014
Don Pedro 22992
King Gothard 14218—
Colin 27082 (48354)
EclipseD'Oplinter(12588)
Gold Crown 10035
Keota Charming Gift
11160
Regulateur 25027 (43441)
Gilbert 43543
Percheron
French Draft
1129
1155
1416
1456
1581
1789
Black Hawk
Horse Co.
H. W. Miller
C. E. Hearst
Henry Thompson-
.Toseph Harn
•Tas. Loonan—
Jas. Loonan
Wm. Crownover..
Wm. Crownover—
Wm. Crownover.-
A. T. Kline
Wm. Blowers
Wm. Blowers
Wm. Blowers
Wm. Blowers
Wm. Blowers
Wm. Blowers
Percheron
Belgian
Clydesdale
Clydesdale
Percheron
Percheron
1787
1 Vanvert 41724
Percheron
1991
Flascoe 46220
Percheron
1990
1989
Hudson
1 Hudson
Sound Currency 8639—
Matchless 8640
Toneham Laddie 5393
(17041)
Lord Finley 43576
Velox R. 43574
Latier F. 43575
Shire
Shire
128
2556
2557
2558
j La Porte City-
Waterloo
Waterloo _ _.
Waterloo
Waterloo
, Waterloo
' Waterloo
Shire
Trotter
Trotter
Trotter
2.559
2560
2561
Axtello 26839
Camden W. 36231—
Allertonian 36131
Trotter
Trotter
Trotter
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIV
BLACK HAWK COUNTY-CONTINUED
851
5;0 Name of Owner
Postoflice
Name of Stallion
Breed
2900 M. J. Magee Dunkorton ^—
Nils Hansen &i
Sofus Larson™! Hudson .-_
Jacob Hansen ' Cedar Falls
Wm. Crownover.-! Hudson
Louis \Vielvkleson| Cedar Falls
E. It. Douglass— Waterloo -..
M. T. Stiles Cedar Falls
C. H. Blum 1 Cedar Falls
S, R. Lampman. Cedar Falls
H. A. Briuker Waterloo —
M. T. Stiles ] Cedar Falls
Wm. Crownover.. I Hudson
Wm. Crownover..
Wm. Crownover..
Wm. Crownover.
Wm.
Wm.
Crownover..
Crownover..
Wm. Crownover.
Wm. Crownover.
Wm. Crownover.
Wm. Crownover.
Wm. Crownover-
A. Ruthenberg...
Haring Bros.
Sam Gillen
W. H. Stevens...
James Loonau ...
James Loonan...
James Loonan
Wm. Crownover.
5032 Wm. Crownover.
5170 G. W. Streeter...
5212 ! M. T. Stiles
52S0 C. C. Hahn
Hudson
Hudson
Hudson
Hudson
Hudson
Hudson
Hudson
Hudson
Hudson
Hudson
Cedar Falls
La Porte City-
La Porte City.
I La Porte City.
! Waterloo
Waterloo
Waterloo
Hudson
Hudson
Cedar Falls
Cedar Falls
Raymond _.
Marquis De Warelles
2244 (33608)
Porcaro 15245
Prince of Denmark
40817
Royal Buster 8641
Welcome 47t)72
Bolivien 42070 (63855)...
Duncan 20584
Black Hawk Prince
45G40
Utell 22850
Monarch 51631
Red Rob 44135
Dewster Pioneer 9831. ..
(20125)
Coomiie Royalty 0838...
(25811)
Orange Pekoe 9833
(24509)
Maywood Monarch 9832
(24433)
Surveyor 9222 (24818)-...
Iloldenby Abbot 9835..
(25813)
Newton Dan 9129
Bury Leader 9565
Gazolite 55176 (69741)...
Manillon 55178 (671S2).-
Garain 55177 (70531)
Gresillon 55184 (71724)..
Royal James II 9633...
(23658)
Staunch 9635 (21859)
Grevin 55183 (70790)
Cadix 56401
Hobson 51490
Vidoo .56497
BuRCot Vortex 9634
(24111)
Mandril 57009
Lord Bingham 39768
Journaliste 55402 (67192)
Philax 2519 (Vol. 12)...
Belgian
French Draft
Trotter
Shire
Perclieron
jPerclierou
'Percheron
Percheron
Trotter
Perclieron
Trotter
Shire
Shire
Shire
Shire
Shire
Shire
Shire
Shire
Perclieron
Perclieron
I'orcheron
Percheron
Shire
Shire
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Shire
Percheron
Trotter
Percheron
Belgian
BOONE COUNTY
190
J. B. Tremain
Boone
Tlie Idol 36088
Trotter
202
W. B. Donelson...
Ogden
Herode de Fosteau 1466
(25494)
Belgian
203
W. B. Donelson...
Ogden
Boulet Gouy 1465
(25510)
Belgian
237
G. H. Zimbelmnn.
P.oone
Allertson 12S62
Trotter
368
Geo. D. Muench..
Ogdon
Iowa Bov 9285
French Draft
433
J. R. Doran
J. R. Doran
Beaver . .
Charmante 14544
La Fayette 12050
French Draft
434
Beaver
French Draft
677
N. C. Petty
Pilot Mound ....
Fitch Dandruff Cure
Boy 0901
Trotter
678
N. C. Petty
Pilot ^^ound ....
Villebon II 40668.
Percheron
679
N. C. Petty
Pilot Mound ....
Bumper 1865
Belgian
811
S. S. Gilbreath...
Pilot Mound ....
Count Shaw 43072
Trotter
1127
A. W. Williams.-
Pilot Mound
Keota Spurgeon 27696...
Percheron
1470
E. D. Bryant
Madrid
Ostendo 1055 (21594)
Belgian
1499!
E. D. Bryant
Madrid
Bismark 13298
French Draft
1547
J. E. Smith
Boone
Illustre 10237
French Draft
1602
Geo. F. & Theo.
F. Freie
Ogden „.
Madrid
Athos TI (919)
Belgian
1617
R. H. Reynoldson
Britian Yet 10113..
Clydesdale
2112
Clinton McCaskey
Ogden
Flamand 1970
(Vol. 12. p. 555)
Belgian
2146
August Peterson. -
Madrid
Keota Sharp 27686
Percheron
2182
Geo. Freie
Ogden
Shiloh 46858 ._
Percheron
852
IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
BOONE COUNTY— Continued
u 6
8^
Name of Owner
Postofflce
Name of Stallion
Breed
2225
Henry J. Lark—
H. J. Lark
James Nelld
David Welsh
Dotlef Harten
Husted Osterhandt
Husted Osterhandt
Farmers' Draft
Horse Co —
Geo. W. Colv^'ell-
Treloar Horse Co-
D. A. Bennett
Neild Bros.
Neild Bros.
Nield Bros.
Orlow Cohvell
J. A. Peterson
Geo. Freie
Healy Bros.
Geo. C. DurrelL-
0. E. Folk
S. S. Gilbreath—
Wm. Scball
Bdelweise 14658 —
Budweiser 14660
Colonel 12585
Delavan 20709
French Draft
2226
Ogden
French Draft
2403
Ogden
Clydesdale
2627
Percheron
Derwent Menestrel 6962
(213:^4)
Sir Consul Jr. 28899_-_.
Major Beath 8350
Congo (18468)
Attila 8140 (35812)
Tirailleur 11533 (45113).
Pierre Le Blanc 43808.
Normal Tom 8117
Clayton 8862 _—
Shire
193
2708
2801
2866
3301
2231
Trotter
Boone
French Draft
Boone
Pilot Mound _—
Belgian
French Draft
French Dx'aft
Berkley
Percheron
Shire
3938
3939
Shire
Ogden
Kruger 45446
Percheron
Berkley .—
Serail 51241 (56677)
Royal Mambretta 43531
Bayard 2204
Percheron
4501
4994
Pilot Mount
Boxholm
Boone
Trotter
Belgian
5033
Aey 17272 (65480)
Luron 56S82 (95952)
Paotolus 9102
French Draft
4707
5240
Pilot Mound
Boone
Percheron
Trotter
5256
Pilot Mound
Berkley
Percheron
5271
Regis 52414
Percheron
BREMER COUNTY
158
159
187
188
735
730
1073
1390
1391
1389
2139
2515
4064
211
4261
4413
4414
4580
5081
5245
5246
A. J. Schmit
B. B. Shroes
J. H. Carstensen-
J. H. Carstenscn-
George Leyh. -_._--
J. J. Lynes
F. F, Lynes
C. H. Baskin
C. H. Baskin
C. H. Baskin
Eugene White
Percheron Horse
Co.
F. H. Baskins
J. J. Lynes
Jennings Bros
J. W. Teight-
meier
J. W. Teight-
meier
F. H. Baskins
Bert Fry
Bert Fry
Verne Pierce
J. J. Lynes
Chas. Hemmings-
J. J. Lynes
Minkler _
.Tanesville
Tripoli
Tripoli
Sumner
Plainfield .
Waverly
Roosevelt 10343
Conquerant 32746
(44954)
Carliste 581 (4198)
Samson 32977
Marshall Lasnes 31059_.
Dude 4673
Keota Barnum 20646
Waverlv J Robert 25944 (46818)
Waverly Pomard 21275 (43229)
Waverly 1 King William 11524
Plainfield I Charleagno 25888 _ -
Waverly Mirliton 46055 (57209).
.Tanesville Lord Aberdeen 12970..
Plainfield Dart 5130
Janesville Raley 49418'
Sumner Charmant (Vol. XI)...
Suraner __
Janesville
Plainfield
Plainfield
Plainfield
Plainfield
Waverly
Plainfield
Beau-Rivage (6022)
Royal Sady II 12968...
Sans Peur 2228
Admiral Dewey 3288„.
Visco 30321
Herr Woodford 34439-
Treilleur 17278 (64166).
Franklin 8180 3989
Clydesdale
Percheron
Belgian
Percheron
Percheron
Morgan
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Clydesdale
Percheron
Percheron
Clydesdale
Morgan
Percheron
Belgian
French Draft
Clydesdale
French Coach
Shetland Pony
Trotter
Trotter
French Draft
Trotter and
Morgan
BUCHANAN COUNTY
363
P. H. Fockler....
Independence —
362
P. H. Fockler.-.-
Independence .. .
361
P. H. Fockler....
Independence _..
360
P. H. Fockler....
Independence —
381
D. J. Sensor
Hazleton
887
.Tas. Netcott
Independence —
151
W. H. Miller
Independence ...
208
W. M. Molyneaux
Independence — .
483
Peter Schuster
Rowley Draft
Jesup
L013
Horse Co.
B. B. Robinson...
Rowley
1060
R. 3. "Rowley —
Fairfield Buster 7833
Nig 17816
Monarch 5684
Royal 35357
Avon A. 40917
Red Reaper 39280
Fusain 42837 (56304)
King Greenlander 33775
Frivole 31448 (48512)
Archer 28748 (45436) Percheron
Drafty Bill 26372. Percheron
Shire
Percheron
Shire
Percheron
Trotter
Trotter
Percheron
Trotter
Percheron
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIV
BUCHANAN COUNTY-CONTINUED
853
ijS Name of Owner
Postofflce
Name of Stallion
Breed
1315
1316
1502
1820
1976
616
3004
3352
3425
3505
4053
2479
3723
4914
5162
5163
5185
5307
L. B. Young
L. B. Young'...
E. W. Chessmore
& M. 1». K op ford
Fred Rctz
Geo. B. Winegar-
C. H. Jakway
Aurora Percheron
Horse Co,
J. J. McBride-
A. J. Drake
Winthrop Horse
Co.
A. C. Whitcher...
A. D. Smith &
A. J. Silke
Clarence Wardoll.
Jas. J. McBrlde-.
J. W. Elliott
John D. Mahoney
Chas. Praugly .._
G. H. Frencn
G. H. French
Adam KiefFor..
G. H. French
Independence ... King Bow Bells 34231.
Independence ... -Reveur 10718
Independence — .
Lamont
Brandon
Aurora
Aurora ..
Winthrop
Hazleton .
Winthrop ..
Hazleton ...
Hazleton
Hazleton __.
Winthrop _
Brandon
Stanley _
Jesup
Independence ...
Independence ...
Hazleton
Independence —
Victor 11222
Ocean 21272 (42903).
Donnoll 46107
Newton J. 41382...
Lepanto 41657 (47428).
Lion de Loncin 1542.
(2.S464)
Darling 41620
Marengo 24467 (44400)..
Pomard 31444 (45243)...
Catalan 16798 (34304)
Bob 12473
Enjoue 52365 (62296)...
Remour II 45627
Mikado 2698 (41748)
Advanct! 41.yj2
Valcgrin 42722 (.5;»3()).._
Painipolai.s 402.10 (47G44)
Monteur 41469 (J1235)
Paimpolias II 43539.
Trotter
French Draft
French Draft
Percheron
Percheron
Trotter
Percheron
Frencli Draft
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
French Draft
Percheron
Percheron
Belgian
Percheron
I'erflicron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
BUBNA VISTA COUNTY
201
642
951
1083
1010
1219
1252
1261
1262
1759
1992
2037
2196
2363
C. E. Cameron Alta
J. E. Rudolph f Marathon
Jas. M. HoskiusJ Sioux Rapids ..
Jas. M. Hoskins.j Sioux Rapids _.
Holmes & Ken-
nedy j Alta -
Bradford & Seeth I Rembrandt
J. A. Chindlund. R. No. 3, AUa
Elk Percheron
Horse Co. .
J. M. Haywood. .-
Linn Grove Horse
Co.
David Snyder
Storm Lake Perch-
eron Horse Co...
M. Mulvihill, Sr..
N. M. Layman !
N. M. Layman
Carl P. Hoeg I
J. T. Norton !
Wm. Woods
E. E. Holmes I
Len H. Lamar.. .;
Marathon Shire
Horse Co
Alta
Alta
Linn Grove
Sioux Rapids
Storm Lake
Newell
Newell
Newell
Newell
Marathon ...
Newell
Marathon ...
Storm Lake
Look Sir 31562.
Zalfo 34092
Ole Oleson 35603.
Billy Lee 43177 .
Soprano 40393 (45063)...
Brutus 21457 (43203)
Sabinus 13093 (25670)...
Parmentier 32401.
(45668)
Satan 1813 (25282)
Moblot 29499
Ambassador 5034
2715
2784
4236
4351
4552
4563
4564
Marathon
Storm Lake
Storm Lake .
Storm Lake _
Geo. Kestell
Hayes Shire Horse
Co
B. Fultz
Webb Coach Horse,
Co. Marathon
Geo. D.. Anderson Newell __
H. F. Wellmerling Rembrandt .
J. J. Richardson.. Alta
J. J. Hughes Storm Lak'e.
Hans Hadenfeldt. Storm Lake
Len H. Lamar
F. N. Bucking-
ham
Storm Lake.
Alta
Muscle 34299 (46359) ....
Dewette 2688.5
French Monarch 9353..
Allside Prince 5621
Diamond 43300
Zaffre 37099
Duke II X 5934 (18689)..
Pompon Jr. 45197
3d Jeweled Prince 10881
Gabels Coeur-de-Lion
6961 (Vol. 25)
Munger 23794 _
Highland Hero 4940.
McCaskle 682u.
Samton de Goyer 1275..
(17032)
Prince Newell 45579
Procter 12631
Westonian 41552
Wild Cherrie 14223
Up-To-Date Armour ...
9243 (24815)
Royal Connaught 768...
Alphand II 49426
Trotter
Trotter
Trotter
Trotter
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Belgian
Percheron
Shire
Percheron
Percheron
French Draft
Shire
Percheron
Trotter
Percheron
Percheron
Clydesdale
Shire
Percheron
Shire
Clydesdale
Belgian
Trotter
French Draft
Trotter
French Draft
Shire
Hackney
Percheron
854
IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
BUENA VISTA COUNTY-CONTINUED
5J2 Name of Owner
o
Postofflce
Name of Stallion
Breed
4852 Mrs. Emma Hoff-
I man
4863 Leon Hurless — .
490O Sanfrid Lundgreu
4964 Louis Lauridson--
496o Carl P. Hoeg
2923 A. E. Sweet
3358 Belgian Horse Co,
Storm Lake.
Storm Lake.
Maratiion _.
Newell
Newell
Storm Lake
Storm Lake
Captain Black 5236
Guibray 42747 (70021)..
Hixon Blaze 6095 (18804)
Zit 88S2 (23934)-..
Condor 3261 (45620)
Baptiste 28163 (47052)
Ovation 1446 (25314)
Morgan
Percheron
Shire
Shire
Belgian
Percheron
Belgian
BUTLER COUNTY
247
236
548
T. J. Watterson.
Colin Horse Co —
W. J. Feltus
H. C. Miller
R. W. Webster—
F. W. Bucholz
Miller & Rogers-
Burt Curtis
J. Nevins
Aredale
Bourdon 7314 (1458)
Colin 29946 (48154)
Prince Perche 20951
Major McKinley 828
Brown King 26359
Keota Henry 31900
Alcibiade 15877 (22819).
Keota Rambler 27652...
Dude Jr. 43448
Drum Major 258S0.
Pierre de Pieton 1988.
(29746)
Pompedour 900
Dewey 24585
French Draft
Austinville
Allison
Percheron
Percheron
866
Bristow
Belgian
1084
1072
1064
Allison
Clarksville
Allison -
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
1186
1359
Allison —
Percheron
Trotter
1827
H. F. Stanton..-
Chas. & Wm.
Tell
John Metcalf
Wedeking Bros.
& Co
Greene
Percheron
2332
2413
Clarksville
Allison -
Belgian
Belgian
659
Clarksville
Dumont —
New Hartford.—
Clarksville
918
M. H. Barnes
Beaver Grove
Horse Co. _
Martin & Bur-
Guidon (34246)
2942
Grandee 23212
»il
Romeo II 12551—
Sherwin 20975
Clydesdale
Trotter
3244
M. H. Barnes
H. A. Boyd
C. A. Iblings...-
Geo, O'Brien
Walter C. Walker
0. J. Early
R. M. Skillen
Wm. Marlow
H. M. Bunker &
Sons
3510
3643
Clarksville
Parkersburg
King Kiosk 42251
Onix Vol. 7
Trotter
Oldenburg Coach
rrotter
3940
Warren Miles 43221
Abilly 51339 (65592)
Idol B. 35581
4071
3677
New Hartford —
Bristow
Percheron
Trotter
494
3685
Greene
Greene
Admiral Dewey 6241
Vyzenio 34685
Shire
Trotter
4506
Bristow
Bristow
Governor Swarts 34545.,
Prince Romeo's Heir...
12219
Taupin 10704
,m>,s
James Walsh
Ira Ingraham
Ira Ingraham
Henke Bros.
John Metcalf ....
John Metcalf
M. H. Barnes—,
J. A. Bell
Clydesdale
977
French Draft
4575
Coude 12292 -.
French Draft
4583
Aredale
Shellev 11670
French Draft
4876
Allison
Cornil 3398 (46044)
Farceur 51117 (68357)
Garisal 56789 (71595)....
Allison Lad 10286
Cashier 49S37
Belgian
4875
4709
Allison
Percheron
Percheron
4947
Shire
4986
H. Converse
Isaac Ackerson _.
C. R. Bragg & D.
W. Walker
C. R. Bragg & D.
J. W. Hiekle
W. Walker
New Hartford..
New Hartford—
Percheron
5023
4143
Ravachel 44100 (48785)-
Lafaette 43797
Percheron
Percheron
2690
3391
Quivit 2431 (36386)
Directum Centlivre
45440
Belgian
Clarksville
Trotter
CALHOUN COUNTY
160
411
J. M. Baker
Rockwell City
Horse Co.
-J. B. Richards.
Gingerich & Pe-
trie
J. M. Baker
Y e 1 1 e r Belgian
Horse Co
J. W. Lockie
Jolley
Rockwell City
Rockwell City
jManson
Jolley
Yetter
Pomeroy
Moustache 24572 (43576)
Monaco 26908
Baron Lee 36549
Butor (46127) _
Rutland Prince 6223
Charles Quint 18192
Allerce 35459
Percheron
Percheron
Trotter
Percheron
Shire _ _
■'■' -iii
Belgian
Trotter
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART XIV
CALHOUN county-Continued
855
Name of Owner
Postofflce
Name of Stallion
.^ Y- H- Kent
1021 I John Bauffhmen
1022 ! Elsen Bros. .."i;
1023 Woise & Co
2124
2511
2517
2=539
2541
2513
2855
A. A. Wells
A. A. Wells-...
J. H. Lish
L. E. Pieroo
W. Q. Stowart
A. F. Ramflinn-.
R. S. Cnrinoan...
Pomeroy ii,>rs,
Co.
John Dovle .
O. n. Snyrler..""
O. H. Snvder.
Knferim licli,'iar
Horse Co.
A. l\f. Pierce
J. H. Hildreth..
•T. W. Rrayton...,
Lake City Perch
ernn Horse Co .
F. W. .Arney
F. W. Arney
F. W. Arnev__
Hutchinson & .Ta
cobs Lake Citv
Horse Co.
J. E. Barr '&
Wm. Winklemaii
2906 W. D. PIttman..
2905 W. D. Pittman-.
2004 W. D. Pittiuan
1020 Nordhanspn Jt
Schmidt.
George Moss &
Cain & Son
3299 C. W. Titus &
I Son
3468 Smiley FrancLs"""
3469 Smiley Francis""'
3614 1 John Knoke &
Geo. Baskervell
Bree<l
Mnnson
Man son
Manson
Manson
Soniors
Sorners '__[
Manson ..."..
Rockwell City'
Rockwell City
Rock wf '11 City
Lake Citj'
Pomeroy
Pomeroy
Afanson _
^Lanson _
Knierim
Rockwell 01 fv
Rockwell City
Rockwell City.
Lake Citv _.
Lake Citv ..
Lake Citv _.
Lake City ..
Lake City
Lohrvllle .
Lake Citv
Lake Citv
Lake City
Brown Ben 6249..
St. Laurent 13509.
Mouvement 25593
(4(087) "" "
Monton D' Heure 1096..
f210!>6)
Colonel Berry 3.3720
Tic Tnc 28m' (4(773).."
r)r. Dnnkle 40()2O
^rarmotte 20142 ((4o]s)
Rockwell Bov 41851
Docrue 43010 (00856)
Surprise 25300
Shire
French Draft
Percheron
Belgian
Trotter
Percheron
Trotter
Perclieron
Trotter
Percheron
Percheron
Citadin (iSm) Percheron
nl'^rj^ '"^ (^^0)..... Pe^JheroS
Black Reaper 43.314 iPercheron
Victor 24008 (41560).... PerSlroS
Daniel 1182 (17830) 'Bel-tan
Dauphin 23(6 (30048)... (Belgian
Bed well Tom 8(35 Shire
(22102)
Lake City Matchles.^
7288
Emery 33740 (40207)
Prince :\fodel 4(208
Scarabe's Model 43701.
Togo 44270
Shire
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
^lanson
Lohrvllle
Tacticlen 2(81 iFrencli
r'oach
Popin De Leernes 17.5f
(21050)
Afahomet Rovallst 4861
Eden Chief 8712 (10580)
Mahomet Boaz 4928....
Waterloo 12661
4062 I
4083!
42(1
4288
4303
2743
4574 I
1175 I
2540
4925
5024
5046
5047
3661
5091
5121
2.370
John Doan..
J. W. Brayton"'
Lent & Petrie...
H. G. Filienwortl
Garrett & Hud
son
J. P. Hammond..
S. McCloud
O. G. Calmer ....'.
J. F. Benkendorf
John F. Haramen
W. II. Hudson...
W. D. Pittman..
W. D. Pittman....
J. O. Smithers
John Doan
Will R. King. ""
To<5onTi Barber
Yetter
.To 1 ley
To 1 ley
Knoke
Rockwell City
Rockwell Citv-
"^Tanson ...
Rockwell Cityl
Lohrville
Tolley
Lohrville I
Manson _. _
Lake City
Jolley .__'..
Lake Citv .
Lake Citv .
Lake City
Llynelys Ladd 7098—
(17450)
Pink Ma1or 43027
Colonel 32.306 (44313)...,
Keota Sorrento 27093...
Bristol de Lange 2514
(32902)
Black Frenchman 1164^
Diaz 45550 .
Saxwood .31704 I" .x„iivi-
Doctor Sennett 25423.. Trotter
Belgian
Shire
*^hire
Shire
French Draft
Shire
Lohrville
Rocrcweii City..
Aranson
Rockwell Citv" I
ALa.tor TIT 45501
Regent 27815 (43502)..
Togo the Second 5(803.
Ponca Van .30834
Tom Ton 44309
Prince 17056
Ix)hrville Princp fi032
Credit 5(520 (6S.-)-?0)....
Ravdon Guardsman
0728 ('2.5S03)
Boaz II 0.009
\ramis .51S23 (6466?)"
Foxv Dunr^an 470-2.
Dragon .Vicss (.503OS).
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Belgian
French Draft
Percheron
Trotter
Percheron
Perclieron
Percheron
Trotter
Percheron
French Draft
Shire
IPercheron
iShire
IShire
Percheron
Trotter
'Percheron
856
IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
CARROLL COUNTY
CASS COUNTY
'iw
A. P. Cuykendall
Atlantic
Westside Referee 250..
Suffolk
224
Caledonia Shire
Horse Co
Griswold
Stuntney Zephyr 8366—
(22841)
Shire
241
J. H. Schofleld &
Oliver Manison..
Griswold
Colosse 12458
French Draft
272
J. P. Brunner —
Griswold
Rex 1591 (1618)
German Coach
284
Alex Dallas
Atlantic
Peter Kane 36969
Trotter
583
R. A. Berry
Atlantic
Knottinglet Referee
(22501)
Prince B. 10731
Shire
651
Turner Bros
Griswold
Clydesdale
650
Turner Bros
Griswold
Major P. 11233
CIvdesdale
608
Perry Woods.
Marne _..
Green Mountain Boy—
Morgan
/)07
Perry Woods.
Anita Horse Co —
J. A. Nelson
Geo. C. Lindeman
Ray McClintock
Marne
Banqiieter 38881
Merrimac 11952
Lucnonnais 40874
(55255)
Banker Boy 21153
Archie Greenlander —
Trotter
41?
Anita
CIvdesdale
766
Atlantic
Percheron
739
Lewis
Percheron
831
Griswold _
Trotter
38704
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIV 857
CA8S COUNTY— Continued
tio'
Name of Owner
Postofflce
Name of Stallion
Breed
1062
E. D. Ruff
Fred Lassen
Atlantic
Pat King 35906
Captaine (51649)
Napoleon Boy 45204
Defender's Best 11646...
Tlie Master of Stair...
11607
Laird of Anita 12157...
Orlando (20785)
Plough Boy II 51.33
Luzignan 21778 (43899)..
Stuntney Blake II 6652.
(20061)
Northolme Gipsey King
8197 (22639)
Tudor II 2572 (29482)...-
Beecher 14292
Young Hylas 43703.
Julius 2529 (.33670)
Bouvois 41876
Roy 7S.59
Montekuma 31968
Herault 14972
Leloir 418.35 (54790)
Patriote 27823 (44454)....
Bishop Jr. 38199
Duke of Creston 10949..
Oriola 1567 _.
Janus 3899
Baba 41824 (60746)
Prince Kirtlebridge... .
9221
Prince L. 2606
Noxall R. 0565...
Harold Melrose 15274—.
Lumps 27290
Leslie Farghar 42553.—
Greviste 30617 (43717)...
Gay 2(^/87
Orlando 42S42
Stuntney Royal Don...
5748
Piston 2414 (37398)
Happy Thought 11761..
Moulton Sir Peter
(22957)
Roubigne 14877 —
.Joe Bailey 80O3..
Westside Sultan 2.30....
Hudson's Bay 5638
Hugh Vincent 9737
Major 52501
Tivoli 426.37 (66717)
Plumy Boy i:J0a3
Titus 42786 (60389)
Montmorency 51328
Cap Vincent 906.3
Gardon 56781 (72163)
Greathill Chief 13809...
Ciceron 31105 (46917)—.
Gayroche 55257 (71039)..
Nonpariel 23034
Black Prince 21415
Buffalo Bill 2406 (37402)
Trotter
Percheron
Percheron
Clydesdale
Clydesdale
Clydesdale
Shire
Shire
Percheron
Shire
Shire ■■
Belgian
French Draft
Trotter
Belgian
Percheron
Shire
Trotter
French Draft
Percheron
Percheron
Trotter
French Draft
German Coach
German Coach
Percheron
Clydesdale
Shetland Pony
Protter
Thoroughbred
Trotter
Trotter
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Shire
Belgian
Clydesdale
Shire
French Draft
Shire
Suffolk
Morgan
Shire
Percheron
Percheron
Clydesdale
Percneron
Percheron
Shire
Percheron
Clydesdale
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Belgian
878
Atlantic
1156 G. E. McDormott
Anita
1215 J. F. Giasibl.
Anita
1214
Alfred Bailey
Alfred Bailey
Wm. Hopley
Peter Biggs
Watt Devore.
W. B. Berry
F. H. & M. O.
Trailer
Anita
1213
1229
1396
1423
1.538
1597
Anita -.._
Atlantic -
Anita
Massena .-
Atlantic -
Marne _
2101
2298
Caledonia Belgian
Horse Co.
Opo SinitTi
Griswold
Atlantic
2444 E. F. Moon
2449 Frank Ruchs
2583 H. C. Wohlenhaus
K9Q Otto Lassen
2718 Cheney & Bell...
2720 Cheney & Bell...
2771 V. B. Mayberry..
2781 Wm. Toepfer
Atlantic — -
Massena
Griswold
Cumberland
Massena
Massena
Atlantic
Atlantic
697 Colwell & Brown.
Atlantic
Atlantic
2984 Gene Pierce
3109 Peter Hopley &
Son
Cumberland
Lewis
3106 A. R. Brown
Anita
3224 Wilson Bros
Anita — .
3246 Fred Steinke
Atlantic
3452 G. J. Pellett
Atlantic
3640 M. O. Trailer
Marne
3642 W. M. Burnside..
3862 M. A. Bell-
Atlantic
1274 W. H. Mauk.
4273
2721
A. Caywood
E. A. Taylor
G. E. Eshelman..
Metz Bros.
Cumberland
Anita
4319
2697
Griswold
Anita
2725 Hansen Bros.
Anita -
1181 H. G. Hierhlev
Anita
4511
1781
179
John Caywood ...
Pouder & Wilcox.
John F. Spies—-
H. M. Baker
J. P. Chandler...
J. P. Chandler—
Wm. Tocpfor
Hansen Bros.
V. B. Mayberry..
C. M. Hughes-.-.
J. E. Jowett
Frank Ruch & Z.
Scott
J. F. Gissibl
Frank Folly _
Lindeman&
Frank
Cumberland
Griswold
Wiota
4777
\tlantic - -
4287
4050
4930
4939
Cumberland
Cumberland
Atlantic
'vnita -
4967
6005
3499
Atlantic .-
Griswold
Anita
5014
5043
Massena
Anita
848
Wiota
5236
395
738
Wilson Bros.
Wohlenhous &
Pouder
Anita - —
Griswold
Cumberland
4272
Frank & Chas.
Kilpatrick
858
IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
CEDAR COUNTY
t^ o
8^
Name of Owner
Postofflce
Name of Stallion
Breed
390
Wm. Gray
Mechanlcsville _.
Mechanicsville —
Downey
Clarence
Tipton
Sandscale Mafeking _.
7111 (19100)
I. D. 36221
Shire
391
Wm. Gray
Downey Draft
Horse Co.
F. M. Emerson.—
F. W. Filers
J. J. Jackson
Jno. Wilier. Jr— .
Sam McAfee
C. E. Kohl
Glen Linden
Shire Horse Co..
B. Kook—
B. Kook
Trotter
Percheron
Shire
Shire
218
323
583
Negrillon 26105 (54340).
King Richard 5975
Jim Corbet Jr. 7387
Howard Black 38488.
Tipton Major 5454
Delamere Combination
7357 (1672)
Horbliug Field Mar-
shal 7112 (18814)
Blaisdon Vulcan 7113
(18529)
Pleasant Hill King
28380
Albert 32350 (48457)
Rustique 27152 (48366)..
Leander 12450
Cephas 10771
Giick's Plunger 41589
Auctioneer 30234
Winton Duke 2975
Red Amber 44098
Sebatier 50768 (64448)...
Taylor the Great 47101-
Joliet Wolf 9280 (24825)
Billy J. Bryan 15702-_.
Gervais 51S86 (72644)
Farceur 9247 (6426)
Bright Gamaleon 44187..
Farmers' Profit 7106....
Sergent 27189 (44292)
Clemenceau 31247 (4S713)
Acolyte 41375 (54915)....
Tipton 41117
720
8S7
Mechanicsville _.
Tipton
Trotter
Shire
832
870
1162
1217
Mechanicsville —
Mechanicsville —
Stanwood
Durant
Shire
Shire
Shire
Pprnhprnn
1218
Durant
Pprpliprnn
1233
Rustique Horse
Co
Stanwood
West Branch ___
Tipton
Clarence
Clarence
Mechanicsville _.
Clarence —
Downey
Percheron
1491
1478
2166
2179
2975
Leander Horse Co
Chas. Mason
A. J. Glick
0. R. Glick
C. L. & C. D.
Peck
French Draft
Trotter
Percheron
Percheron
Shire
Trotter
Percheron
Trotter
Shire
French Draft
Percheron
Percheron
4302
L. P. Yocum &
Son
4347
Downey Draft
Horse Co.
Chas. W. De
Camp __.
4365
4475
Wilier & Ham-
bright
Tipton
Mechanicsville —
West Branch
Lowden
3135
4657
3324
John Secord
Geo. H. Preston
& P. H. Moylan
C. L. McClellan_._
C. L. xMcCieilan-.
W. S. Spears
Fred Schmidt
M e c h a nicsville
Percheron Horse
Company
H. S. Hoyman &
Son
3323
Lowden
Trotter
3314
3396
3395
3668
Stanwood
Clarence
Mechanicsville —
Stanwood
Mechanicsville .,
Bennett
Shire
Percneron
Percheron
Percheron
Ppvphprnn
3683
Duane Rugby
Harris, Blair &
Loehr
5004
Jou Jou 56720 (60055). ._.
Maple Dick 12917
Old Tar 15701
Percheron
French Draft
French Draft
545
3136
H. A. Small
C. 0. Gray
Will Werling
Moore Bros.
West Branch
West Branch
Clarence
Tipton
6171
Solide 59161 ..
5315
Selim 53844
Percheron
CERRO GORDO COUNTY
578
C. H. Merchant...
C. H. Merchant...
C. H. Merchant— .
Neils Brown
A. M. Avery
P. Murphy
James Ferrier
Wetter, Latimer,
Crotty Horse
Co.
Mason City _...
Mason City
Mason City
Thornton
Mason City
Dougherty _
Mason City
Rockwell
Mason City __..
Mason City
Mason City
Mason City
Mason City
Mason City ....
Sir George 2736
Shire
579
Victor M. 8386
Shire
580
690
1580
1627
1646
1679
Maxmillion 7744
Caesar 27831 (48382)
Abe Lincoln 8400
Beauregard 40407
Pipestone Bill 41406....
Bolero 40391 (56734)
Connaught 2779
Rex 50294
Shire
Porcheron
Shire
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Shire
1756
2286
C. Bryant
L. G. Parker
L. G. Parker
Robt. Carr
Robt. Carr
L. G. Parker
2287
Rouser 35826 _. .
2313
2314
2415
Robert Patch 41405 „..
Barondean 36317
Peer 40418 ^
Trotter
Trotter
Percheron
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIV 859
CERRO GORDO COUNTY-Continued
g° Name of Owner
1235
8094
3337
3335
3334
3672
4118
4246
4384
4385
4386
782 I
4678
5041
Rockwell
Co
Horse
T. B. Morse.
Panl Bros __
Aut'ust rianson &
Paul Bros
C. M. Baker
Van Note Bros
Van Note Bros
T. M. Drosl)acli-_.
Fred El)nnit.
Mason City Bur-
chinal & Rock-
well Belgian
Horse Co
Postofflee
Name of Stallion
Breed
Rockwell _
Rock Falls
Thornton _
Clos Vougeot 2203
(33;n0)
Keota Narragansett
(31881)
Calei O. 42180 _._
Belgian
Perc heron
Trotter
Grant McGowan..
Grant McGowan..
Grant McGowan..
Grant McGowan..
Bennett Hayes ...
Lee & Geo. Lewis
P. H. Murphy....
L. M. Leainon
Thornton Renouvean 10G3 (21532).. Belgian
Mason City .... Frank 0523 French Draft
Mason City Armour 420:^5 Pereheron
Mason City Buster Brown 41364 Perfheron
Mason City . — Reno 48783 Percheron
Meservy _.. j Mountain 40688. Percheron
Rockwell
Mason City
Mason City
:Mason City
Mason City
Clear Lake
Thornton
Douglicrty _
Mason Citv
Cognac de Bovesse 1451 Belgian
(25332) I
Decided 30182 Perclieron
Win 51027 Perclieron
Right 51626 Perclieron
Prize 51625 Percheron
Prince Climax 9S07 Clydesdale
Chilperic 5K>26 (62732).. Percheron
Francais 5S910 (61883)... Percheron
Oki (Vol. 7) ;01denburg
I Coach
CHEROKEE COUNTY
157
1819
2143
Cherokee
Larrabee
J. J. Richardson.
F. W. & C. B.
Peck
F. F. Lowell
2168 Maple Valley
Belgian Horse
Co. Aurella .
2191 ! C. P. Spinharney Cherokee
2192 C. P. Spinharney Cherokee
2194 I John Soukup Marcus .
Marcus
21S7 W. J. Dawson
2404
2551
2552
2783
2796
2963
3005
3006
3007
3105 j
3114
3558
3637
4043
4291
4265
4131
4149 I
118 1
Washta
W. P. Green
G. W. Harrison..
G. "W. Harrison..
T. E. Linton
L. H. Dncommun.
J. A. Kelly
Geo. Hirschman-.
Fred Furklv.
E. V. Ferrin
Cleghorn Horse
Co. I
W. P. Green
P. L. Draper I
Geo. Bower _|
S. G. Dawson i
G. W. Brown
L. M. Miller
A. A. Goodburn..
Geo. Lock wood. __ I
.Tohn Stem pie __.l
Washta
Washta
Washta
Anrelia
Clegliorn
Larrabee
Marcus
^larcus
Marcus
Cleghorn
Washta
Larrabee
Cherokee
Washta
Marcus
Marcus |
Marcus |
Cherokee I
Cherokee I
Bloc 24705 Percheron
Sultan 44.3.30 (56244)...
Baccarat 20398
Percheron
Percheron
Belgian
Bflgian
Percheron
Belgian
French Draft
Percheron
Trotter
Percheron
Trotter
Percheroi-
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Canibodge 29402 (44914). Percheron
Chalet 40672 (55519) Percheron
Carnnval 2107 (20872') Belgian
Sans-Facon 323.33 (46S82) Perclieron
Sandy 46213 Percheron
Mouton 46707 Percheron
Tassin .33850 (45149) Percheron
Almond 25.317 Percheron
Major B. 48091 Percheron
Fashion n8t French Coach
Marquis de Wytschacte
482 (25416)
^loquart 1352 (16700)
Polo 411.35 (51875) „
Cadet de Mouchon 17.50
(2.3.S52)
Pieliogrn 13035
(5116.3) P.
Farmers Profit 27915
Walpole 24554
Mongout 27.375 (44592)..
Brancliwood 21164
Brilliant List 47328
^fnlmaison 41861
Sapliir 32834 (46498)
Corbon 330.56
Gold Bug 21127 ;
CHICKASAW COUNTY
487
F. P. Shekleton.-i Lawler
Matchless McKinley... Clydesdale
F. P. Shekleton.. Lawler .Tohn Lawler 11797 'ciydesdale
Lawler XcAvton Masher 7654 Shire
485 F. P. Shekleton.. Lawler XcAvton Masher 7654
484 F. P. Shekleton.., Lawler Rockwell 19843
1 Percheron
860
IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
CHICKASAW county-Continued
5; 2 Name of Owner
Postofflce
Name of Stalli
Breed
576
108
2
426
W. S. Thorn
Gilbert Touney_._
W. B. Porter
North Washing-
ton Horse Co.,.
L. C. Goodsell...
Bassett Perch-
eron Horse Co..
629 X. F. Mishak....
757 P. M. Smith
719 Smith Bros
914 J. P. Cagley. ."
1080 Dan Hickolj
1088 M. B. Farr..
1046 Alex Shekleton
1257 New Hampton
Belgian Horse
Co.
1224 Mike Whalen "
1225 Mike Whalen
1399 S. A. Shekleton...
1378 C. F. McNevin..
2219 Otto Koerth
1498 F. P. Shekleton-
1499 F. P. Shekleton..
1734 X. F. Mishak....
1750 Frank Leiq-htman
1837 James Ramsey
2237 F. P. Shekleton..
2236 F. P. Shekleton..
2265 X. F. Mishak..
2782 J. T. Huffman
2838 Jno. Clemens &
Co.
2902 Thos.
3129 S. E
3143 F. P
3142 F. P
Fredericksburg .
Lawler
New Hampton. __
No. Washington
Nashua
New Hampton...
Ionia
Ionia
Fredericksburg..
Nashua ,
Ionia
Nashua
Lawler
H. Smith
Johnson
Shekleton-
Shekleton.
3141 F. P. Shekleton..
3190 L. B. Scales
3194 R. W. Donovan..
3210 J. R. Whitcorab..
3282 Frank P. Shekle-
ton -
1947 ! Peter Birgen
3464 J. R. Hickok
3570 C. E. Sullivan....
360 J. W. Pierce
3602 J. W. Pierce.
3663 Frank P. Shekle-
ton
Alta Vista Draft
Horse Improve-
ment Co.
X. F. Mishak..
J. T. Huffman....
Peter Birgen
F r e d ericks
burg Shire Horse
Co.
1936
4087
1305
4230
4489
354.5
4602
New Hampton _
Jerico
•Terico
Lawler
Lawler
Ionia
Lawler
Lawler
Ionia
New Hampton..
Lawler
Lawler
Lawler
Ionia ._
Ionia ._
Faro 33136
Roy Benton 8368.
Boyer 10522
Tiflis 23227 (41397)
Sesostris 27871 (43661).
Rejoni 45011 .
Farmer 10119
King 12856 ...
Sherman 22339
Billy M. 5113-...
Percheron
Shire
Trotter
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Clydesdale
Percheron
Percheron
..j^Iorgan
Ralock 43241 I Trotter
Obus 27803 (43548) I Percheron
Cedric MacNeil 10049.. Clydesdale
New Hampton..
Lawler
New Hampton..
Lawler
Lawler
Lawler
Nashua
Lawler
Fredericksburg
Lawler
New Hampton..
Ionia
Fredericksburg
Republic
Republic
Lawler
Beduoin 1256 (23802)...
Lapin (58301)
Bangala 859 (11890)
Sable Prince 11300
Rob McNevins 34289
Russell Ago 44463
Wm. McKinley 12372...
Black Major II 45437
Francois II 40111
Gamzoo 34363
Silver Royal 43539
Robin Rant 14645
De Soto 47227.
Pleuris 14845 (61659)P_.
Nedrow 41809
Ray Westfall 9651
Mac Niven 8655
Clapet 11050
Prince Discoverer 9746 .
Crouse 47105
Quarius 43267
Donshaw a5979
Billy Bryan 13135
D'Aplomb 21604 (43071)
Baron Doune 12613
(132^54)
Aristide 50502 (64237)
Coran 2344 (32554)
Cecil Twig 42112..
Conway Albert 923
Vigeroux 41168
F. P. Wentz
Miller & Kenyon.
Wm. DeBettignies
Frank P. Shekle-
ton
Frank P. Shekle-
ton
Frank P. Shekle-
ton
Frank P. Shekle-
ton
Alta Vista ....
Ionia
Ionia
New Hampton...
Fredericksburg .
New Hampton...
New Hampton...
New Hampton..
Lawler
Lawler
Lawler
Barney's Chief 10848..
Pothuau 50548 (62463)
Der Captain 4645
Prince Hilton 40795
Turner (2155)
Kendal Budgeon 6514
(Vol. ^)
Trojan 31389
Mark Del 24914
Sethos 24754 (43357)
Bandit 51574
Univers 5157
Prince Rupert 56738.
Lawler 1 Prince George 17465.
Belgian
Percheron
Belgrinn
Clydesdale
Trotter
Trotter
Clydesdale
Percheron
Percheron
Trotter
Trotter
French Draft
Percheron
French Draft
Percheron
Clydesdale
Clydesdale
Percheron
Clydesdale
Percheron
Percheron
Trotter
Clydesdale
Percheron
Clydesdale
Percheron
Belgian
Trotter
Belgian
Percheron
Clydesdale
Percheron
German Coach
Percheron
Holstein Coach
Shire
Percheron
Trotter
Percheron
Percneron
Percheron
Percheron
Frencli Draft
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIV 861
CLARKE COUNTY
166
234
213
440
681
413
1071
1096
1135
1684
1800
1816
1815
1829
1862
1844
1845
1846
1847
1848
1849
1850
IS")!
1852
1853
1854
1855
1857
1858
1859
1860
1861
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2031
Name of Owner
J. A. & A. A.
Carson
Hart Bros
A. H. Griffin
Charles Swiek
Thos. .Tolinson
W. G. nindos-.-.
Hart Bros.
Hart Bros
Milton L. Evans.
Lewis Bros
G. C. Lucas
G. P. llhoflos
David Mitclicll....
Hart Bros
Hart Bros
Hart Bros
Hart Bros
Hart Bros
Hart Bros.—
Hart Bros
Hart Bros
Hart Bros
Hart Bros
Hart Bros
Hart Bros
Hart Bros
Hart Bros
Hart Bros
Hart Bros
Hart Bros.
Hart Bros
Hart Bros
Hart Bros
Hart Bros
Hart Bros.
Hart Bros
Hart Bros
Hart Bros.
Hart Bros-
Hart Bros
Hart Bros
Postofflce
Woodbnrn Bardolph 13566
Osceola
Osceola
Osceola
Name of Stallion
Breed
2032 Hart Bros.
2033
2034
2103
2121
1057
2216
2215
2248
2277
2291
Hart Bros
Hart Bros.
Hart Bros
Hart Bros
S. S. Critchfleld
Hart Bros
Robinson & Grif-
fin
David Mitchell—.
Hart Bros.—
Hart Bros
Hines Bros
Hart Bros
Wm. Ritchie, Ed
Husted & J. B.
Hazlett
Hart Bros...
2369 Hart Bros.
2370 I Hart
2371 Hart
2373 Hart
2374 Hart
2375 Hart
2376 Hart
2377 Hart
2378 Hart
2379 Hart
2380 Hart
Bros-
Bros.
Bros.
Bros.
Bros-
Bros.
Bros.
Bros.
Bros.
Bros-
Murray ..
-Murray ..
Osceola ..
Osceola ._
M'urray __
Osceola .__
Hopeville
Wood burn
Murray ...
Osceola ...
Osceola
Osceola ...
Osceola -—
Osceola _—
Osceola .„
Osceola ...
Hnmpfleld Samson 7153
' Martcllo 170S8 (37247)...
Hoverton Iron Duke
133W
Doctor D. 41505
The Spartan 3H75
Vincennes 50195 (59558).
Ducal 50194 (G0035)
Cenri>?ht 6900
The Black Prince 9345..
Walter T. 20225. ._
Caro (Vol. 7)
Teddy Roosevelt 1067..
Ducal 50311
Abbot 50387
Joe-Banker 50.386
Joseph the Banker 86J
Roublard 50136 (62775).
Joe Bailey 508S6 _
Spark SOSS")
Osceola Du-Rock 50312
Osceola ...i Victor Gilbert 50621....
Osceola .Ralph 50253
5"^^"^''^ ! Jerry .Johnson 50252...
Osceola
Osceola
Osceola
Osceola
Osceola
Osceola
Osceola
Osceola
Osceola
Osceola
Osceola
Osceola
Osceola
Osceola
Osceola
Osceola
Hempfleld Samson 5025(
Ducal .50674
Rataplan 50620 (60462)..
Mulot 50834 (53778)
Cattu 50424 (51.560).
Gran it 50427 (64873)
Panquert .50435 (55255)..
Souaze 50137 (64787)
Manbert 50431 (57853)..
Mosnil 50433 (55589)
Mastique 50430 (64774)..
Slather 8306
Osceola Sampson 8695..
Champion 50287
Spring-Up 50703
Senitor 50702
Osceola ! Tableau de Aspe 2378
I (29916)
Osceola ; Slasher 50283
Osceola i Victor-Gilbert .50730 _...
Osceola Ferry Oak 8441 (23918)
Osceola Osceola Banker .50746...
Osceola I Osceola Boy .50747
Woodburn ! Balandard 22664 (42798).
Osceola Jerry Johnson 12218
Osceola Aloes 50217 (55899)
Murray — .Tim Jam 328.'?8.-.
Osceola , Royal TI 7085.. _
Osceola Ralph 50819
Murray Osceola Rarapton 8352..
Osceola Durock 50203
Murray
Osceola
French Draft
Shire
Percheron
French Draft
Trotter
Trotter
Perclieron
Percheron
Clydesdale
T'lydosdale
'I'-of tor
Oldenburg Coaiii
I'.i Igian
Pfrcheron
Percheron
Percheron
^h i re
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Perclieron
Percheron
Perclieron
Percheron
Percheron
Perclieron
Percheron
Percheron
Perclieron
Perclieron
Percheron
Perclieron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Shire
■>hire
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Belgian
Percheron
Percheron
•^hire
Percheron
Perclieron
Percheron
French Draff
Percheron
Percheron
.Shire
Percheron
Shire
Percheron
Feramorz 12594
Stuntney George 8860_.
(24653)
Osceola Stuntney Shem 8861
(22835)
Mistral 50800 (62275)
Beatrix 50882 (62373)....
Dartagnon .508')6 (60007).
Xavier .50895 (61805)
Biffin 508S4 (5.3737)
Raab 50893 (.58383)
Turenne 50897 (58865)
Python 50892 (60409)
Affuteur 508S1 (64666)...
French
Shire
•« :■ -
Shire
Draft
Osceola
Osceola
Osceola
Osceola
Osceola
Osceola
Osceola
Osceola
Osceola
Osceola ,' Benjamin 50883 (54566).
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
862
IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE
CLARKE county-Continued
6^
Name of Owner
Postoffice
Name of Stallion
Breed
2381
Osceola
Damier 50885 (64212)....
Domino 50887 (64195)....
Horofe 50S89 (604.58)
Mogol 50891 (62665)
Conway Prince 978
Conrgeon 24268 (44031)..
Zulman 12368 (5957B).-
Hanker 50980
Banker Joseph 9021
Harts Thumper 9030
Hobson 9734
Iowa 5453
Planquin 51035 (.58803)..
Francillon 51038 (63-563).
Dusserre 51037 (62238)-_
.Tupiter 51031 (56613)....
Riflard 51036 (63337)....
Turbigo .51038 (56820)...
Guignol 51030 (63699)....
Fripon .51020 (51263)
Limier 51032 (63294')
Orphelin 51034 (60869)..
^farescot 51033 (62809)..
Sultan de Thy 2634
(34638)
Neron d' Ormei 3663...
(20794)
Grimaud 41197 (60489) _.
Camille 51026 (58952)....
Cncn 8^''6
3382
Osceola
2383
Hart Bros
2384
D. B. Hedge-
C. B. Shinn
Clark Co. Horse
Co. ..
Osceola
Percheron
2703
Osceola
Belgian
2811
Osceola
Percheron
3059
J. E. Perry
Hart Bros
Hart Bros
Osceola
French Draft
3149
Osceola
Pprphprnn
3148
Osceola
Shire
3147
Hart Bros
J. A. Voris
J. A, Voris
Hart Bros
Hart Bros
Osceola
"^hire
3356
3357
3366
Woodburn
Woodburn
Osceola ...
French Draft
Shire
3367
Osceola
Percheron
3368
Hart Bros
Hart Bros
Hart Bros
Hart Bros
Hart Bros
Hart Bros
Hart Bros
Osceola
Percheron
3269
Osceola
3370
Osceola
Percheron
3371
Osceola
Percheron
3372
Osceola
Pprphprnn
3!^3
Osceola ..
3274
Osceola
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
f.i
French Draft
3275
Hart Bros
Hart Bros
Osceola
3276
Osceola
3311
Hart Bros
Hart Bros.. .
Osceola
3310
Osceola
3369
Hart Bros
Osceola
3381
Hart Bros...
J. E. Reese & J.
W. Kent
Osceola
3526
Woodburn
3547
Baldwin. Reed &
Ayers
Robo 11944 (5966)
VTaT-n "Ran fll nQR
French Draft
Pprphprnn
3675
Hart Bros-...
Osceola
3852
Sinnott & Forney.
C. T. Ayers
R. B. Bartlett-.-
Milton Evans
E. G. Paul
Hart Bros
Osceola
Kernal 52063
Caten 49509
Pprphprnn
3897
Osceola
Percheron
4002
3437
Hopeville
Murray
Norwood Brilliant 49330
Eavineer 33054
Percheron
Trotter
3931
Osceola
Po^vprful 40993
Percheron
41 W
^rarengo .51439 (67.312)...
Ma mix de Destel 2894..
(41522)
Sampson 51513
Colonel Duroc 37967
Nemerod 51710 (60354)...
Le Bon TX 9344 (23426)
Ranger 6470
Gazouillis 42729 (71406)-
Osceola Chief -52044
Purne 2896 (41926)
Ecervele .51825 (61870)...
Hasty Boy 49793
4136
Hart Bros
J. G. Cams
Roy Sink
Belgian
Percheron
4195
Murray ._
439
Hopeville
Murray
Trotting
Pprphprnn
4435
W. C. Hindes
Hart Bros
4437
Osceola
Shire
235
C. B. Shinn
.T. M. Fenn
Hart Bros.
E. 0. Twombley.
L. Lf. Toutman
J. F. Reasoner...
E. 0. Twombly...
J. P. Pratt
Hart Bros.
Hart Bros.
.1. W. Stephenson
W. C. Hindes
E. G. Paul
T. A. Patterson-
Hart Bros.
Hart Bros.
Hart Bros.
Hart Bros.
Hart Bros.
Hart Bros.
A. M. Kelley
Hart Bros.
Hart Bros.
Shire
4715
4831
Murray
Percheron
4914
Osceola
Belgian
5039
5051
Murray
Osceola
Osceola
Trotter
French Draft
5090
.Toe Marshall 49033
Gontran 42232 (55970)...
Guiton 52235 (71530
Creston INIack 100.54
.Jacob 518.32 (683S9)
T rvT'nlfTT 1KY7Q
Trotter
5127
f>198
Osceola
Osceola
Percheron
658
Murrav
French Draft
.5244
Murray -
2622
Osceola
French Draft
.5261
Osceoia
Ha inzpl. 52-2.36 (7.5657)
TorpillPur .52294 (67784).
Hoche .52292 (66521')
Horaard .52-293 (74011)....
Carnbi 52290 (68(72)
TJrville 514.36 (6450.5)
Duke 15S7
Percheron
5324
5325
Osceola
Osceola ..
Pprcneron
Percheron
5326
Osceola
Percheron
5327
Osceola ..
Percheron
5328
Osceola
Percheron
5329
Osceola
Belgian
5340
Osceola
Percheron
'b3.30
Osceola
Osceola
\1px 3834 (46828)
Belgian
5366
.Toubert 3&36 (46812)
Bel -'inn
fid
508
1460
1561
1659
2353
2518
2519
253i
1272
2990
4262
4607
458
2518
5235
3171
3140
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIV
CLAY COUNTY
Name of Owner
Postofflce
Name of Stallion
Breed
A. A. Reynolds...
C. I. Ginger
Spencer Draft
Horso Co. _
Harmony, C.roon-
ville & Douglas
Horse Co
Alonzo Jonea
J. W. & Frank
McDowell
Royal Horse Co.. J
Frank McDowell. .i
Frank McDowolL.
Frank McDowell-J
Stouffor, Peterson
& Erfmeyer
I. N. Reed..
Spencer Draft
Horse Co. _
Spencer .
Langdon
Spencer
Oreenville
Peterson .
E. U. Roberts
H. H. Mills
W. H. Brown....
J. C. Clark
A. W. Jones
J. O. John.son
Albert Reno
F. J, Clarke
Fred McKee
D. McMillan 1
Peterson
Spencer
Spencer
Spencer
Fostoria
Webb ..
Spencer .
Dickens
Webb ..
Peterson
Dickens
Peterson
Royal ...
Eveiiy _.
Fostoria
DicKens
Peterson
Jonas 41838 (55201).
Sam H. :^5880..
Oreenville Bolslnger 33323
Monaco 1185 (19351)
Romnrin 27435 (43518).
Jumbo G. 8314
Pepin 29190 (45751)
Favorette 40658
Nogentais 23198 (43781),
Kenmor 23023
Percheron
Percheron
Belgian
Percheron
jShire
iTrotter
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Urson 2837
Audley Boy 715k.
(Vol. 25)
Armagh 2523
(Vol. 13. p. 543)
Tricolet 50350 (6011G)..
Reno 35761
Knute 18964 _
Black Prince 50389
Judge Lock ford Stt.JT..
St(K'kweIl IV G858 (20055
Favorette 406.58 '.
Lee Allerton Jr. 41012..
Improver 4017
Flanche 46481 (53965)
I French
Shire
Belgian
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Trotter
Siiire
Percheron
Trotter
Clydesdale
Percheron
Coach
CLAYTON COUNTY
Koontz Bros ' Monona
J. L. Schneider...' Elkader
J. L. Schneider Elkader
497 Joseph Cain.. Elkader
648 Pettit & Koontz.- Monona
668 Smith & Kahl
baum Elkader
958
1386
1458 I
1832 I
2241
2242
2397
2544 I
2837
2926
3472
3354
3549
3569
1201
4086
4119
Kaiser Bros
Wm. Koth & Co.
A. A. Kishman &
A. Henkes
G. E. Bachtell...
Jas. Crain
Jas. Crain..
Geo. Voshell
Garnavillo Shire
Horse Co '
Mrs. E. E. Mey-
ers .
Hurley & Meyer..
Henry Jennings.,
J. C. & Wm. I
Probert
M. S. AVelch
J. M. Donnelly...
n. C. Bothmer Co
H u ni p h r e y &
Leaiiy
Gordon White....
Percheron Horse ,
Co.
C. H. Donahe
J. L. Eno— _.
L. liosener
St. Olaf
Farmersburg
Farmersburg
Volga
Volga
Volga
Volga
Garnavillo ..
Elkader
Volga
Buzot de Picton (29360).
Triton 42875 (44805)
Clarion De Bel Air 1721
(29522)
Iron Duke 29304
Royal Emblem 43208
David De Voile 1317
(24318)
Torpilleur 428.32 (59926).
Larbin 42881 (54647)
LoFertois 2G295
Star Onward 31514
Mercure 25721 (43490)
Laddie 45427
Jabot 41034 (53708)
Volga
Volga
Bloom'ton,
Clayton _..
Volga ..
Volga ..
Wis
Magnum Bonum IV
7928 (18001)
Chabrol 26076 (44799).
Elvenden First Lord..
8583 (23919)
Pete 48051
Penrose 6174
Earl King 21817...
Allen Gilbert 42132
Paul 1944
Catuamet 31792.
Clayton ...
Mederville
Launa
Guttenburg
276 I W. F. Lees- Monona ...
3429 , Gus Seeman et all Guttenberg
4899 J. H. Beuzing 1 Girard
Young Cherri 25884 :
La Salle 21566. _.
Black King 45303
Clipper of Fairfield-
39803
Floyd Jim 43950
Montague 25357
Jongleur 3265 (46586)
Belgian
Percheron
Belgian
Percheron
Trotter
Belgian
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Trotter
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Shire
Percheron
Shire
Percheron
Shetland Ponv
Trotter
Trotter
French Coach
Trotter
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Trotter
Percheron
Percheron
iBelgian
864
IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
CLAYTON COUNTY— CONTII>^UED
^^ Name of Owner
Postofflce
Name of Stallion
Breed
49S0 ! Fred White
5000! F. W. Kann & T.
I Barnes
5003 John L. Scneider.
1628 Hiram Briggs —
5081
5130
Dan Schneider
Wm. Costigan _—
5216 ' Geo. Di:
Volga- City
King George 17162.
GuttenDerg ' Bierset 1S6S (23064)
Elkader ! Louis d' Or 8719 (i2dU).
Mederville ! Bury Colonel 6168
i (17220)
Elkader I Grenadier 2760
(Vol. XV.)
Elkport Slocum 52226
Volga I Volga Tom 10861
French Draft
Belgian
Belgian
Shire
Belgian
Percheron
French Draft
CLINTON COUNTY
527
525
526
528
513
529
790
A. W. Johnson—
A. W. Johnson—
A. W. Johnson—
A. SV. Johnson.--
J. E. Shannon
A, W. Johnson-
Center Grove
Horse Co.
George Corbin
George Corbin
Peter Frett
Chris Lund
Grand Mound
De Witt —J
De Witt
De Witt
De Witt
De Witt
De Witt
Charlotte
Calamus
Calamus
Valespir 11318
French Draft
Trotter
Border Wilkes 29022.—
Margot 27846 (47018)....
Sebastian 13886
Trotter
Percheron
French Draft
Enfield Stylish Chief-
7935 (21404)
Frank 9926
Shire
French Draft
1050
1051
994
1372
1544
Babeuf 44307 (51767)
Simon De Rosoux 1839.
(25366)
Africander (45089)
Apollon (19098)
Percheron
Belgian
Percheron
Grand Mound —
Pedro 28621 —
C. H. 33188
Percheron
1556
1985
O. C. Henyon
AVm. Burk
Trotter
Charlotte
Lost Nation
Brulot 41504 (59670)
Colson (62987)
Lion de Buzet (30272)..
Dewey Boy 39220
Brindisi 22723 (43414)...
Glendale Major 42438—
Vergoin 35101 (45656)—.
Paul .51532
Lew Karr 44300
Keota Emmett 8271
Decide 47084 (62936) — .
Invite 51872 (64997)
Wayne 15440 . .
Percheron
2438
2714
1041
2823
3082
Wm. Tinnefeldt—
Hicks Bros
A. W. Johnson-.
Brindisi Perch-
eron Horse Co-.
J. 0. Ott
Wm. F. Heiuke-
A. W. Johnson
A. W. Johnson
A. W. Johnson
A. W. Johnson
A. W. Johnson
F. U. Williams_-
Big Four Horse
Co.
Geo. McClintock-
Wm. Meyers
Wm. Burke
Percheron
Belgian
De Witt
Bryant
Baldwin
Trotter
Percheron
Percheron
3156
Percheron
3905
4042
3618
4157
4127
4878
4879
De Witt
De Witt
De Witt
De Witt —
De Witt
Charlotte
Lyons -- --
Percheron
Trotter
Shire
Percheron
Percheron
French Draft
Aristomene 5.5364 (86275)
Finstall Triumph 9822..
(2.5199)
Britt 18170
Pasteur 3182 (419J)4)
Percheron
4995
5321
4525
Shire
' \lmont
French Draft
i Charlotte
Belgian
CRAWFORD COUNTY
200
980
L. P. Rose
Peter J. Eggers..
Peter J. Eggers..
Peter J. Eggers..
Sehlichta Bros
B. B. White
Chirter Oak
General 186
Oldenburg Coach
Denison
Archie 31897
Percheron
981
982
Corbett 42790
Percheron
"npnifisoTi
]Mont Dor 8977 . .
French Draft
983
965
1151
TVpni t;nn
Vulcan 26841
Percheron
Manilla
Young MalkofE 9351 . .
French Draft
Denison
Decorah Jr. 32331
Trotter
1334
R. Knaul
Fred Coleman
Denison
\bsola 43175
Trotter
1488
Charter Oak
Victor Dewey 45479.—
Percheron
1656
Peter Jensen
Charter Oak _...
Energy 745 (4788)
Belgian
1640
Ida and Sac
County Perch-
eron Horse Co-.
Chris Koock
Kiron .
Feder 40143 (.51266)
Bismark de Braibnt...
Percheron
2391
Bover
Belgian
1703 (25394)
2494
Henry N. KuehL.
Schleswig
Beau Souvenir (15014)..
Belgian
2648
F. J. Smith
Charter Oak
Parnell Beauty 9179
Clydesdale
2672
Kemp & Killeen..
West Side
Victor 11478 __.
French Draft
2673
James Killeen
West Side
Arizona 13138
French Draft
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIV
86i
CRAWFORD county-Continued
5^
Name of Owner
Postofflce
Name of Stallion
Breed
25G6 H. C. Pithan &
Herman flnrhe
Charter Oak
\^ill
Michaux 14893
French Draft
1940
H. H. Cliapman
& H. J. MeGill
Adolf Meyer. Sr-
J. B. Gardner-..
Hugh Dauffherty--
P. A. Kliiikefus--
T. M. Sheridan...
T. J. Kenney
L. P. Rose-
Schmadke Bros..
L. P. Rose
Tom Ransom
Albert Peterson. ..
F. W. Miller
Ellsle Brokelsly-
T. M. Slier ida 11..
Isaac Sniitli
Perclutii Ilorsi' Co
Geo. \V. r.iiiiiail--
Geo. W. Biniiall.-
Galla.arher Bros
C. A. Saunders--
Chris Koch -
Tarascon 50^o2 (55555)..
Salvator 50219 (80080)--
Mastique 11 De Vlier
2932
3166
Charter Oak
Manilla
Percheron
3253
Manilla
ingen 1976 (28098) i
Titus 1735 (80G0) iGermau Coach
3264
Manilla
Sultan 285 Isuttolk
3512
Vail
Gravier 28179 (45129) Percheron
3513
Vail
Iowa Ranper 30713 Trotter
3544
361 5^
Charter Oak --.
Tammo (13103) German Coach
Colenso 1402 (25004) i:<l"ian
4080
3397
4227
303
Charter Oak ...
Denison
Dow City
Manilla
Vail
Piston 40903 (J0721)—
Harry .Tud^e 34500 -
Godolphin 48874 .-
Percheron
Trotter
Percheron
Shire
1700
Hanksold 33113
Jiirieu 5U«)
Foxie 2(tS;W
Paul 15919
Chariot 3413 (42710)
Kruger d' Hubaumont
3419 (4.j742)
Trotter
44:)1
374
4833
4684
4701
Vail
West Side
Dow City
Dow <Mty
Dow City
Vail
Manilla
Percheron
PercinM-on
French Draft
P.elgran
P>elgian
Percheron
Percheron
3522
5191
Matinal 25708 (4435J)
Furet 58341 (G<S91)
Zephie de Herlaimont
(Vol. 13)
1004
Bover
Helj?!an
DALLAS COUNTY
131
J. B. Saum
Woodward
Sans Tache 22012
(13146)
Percheron
226
Afartin Russell
Dallas Center ...
Wenona Regent 2256 L.
Percheron
953
Relcrian Horse Co
Redfield
Saint Martin (29162) —
ReK'ian
317
Leon Mills
Perry
Banner 13189
French Draft
818
•T. R. Mills -
Perry
Xarcisse 21992 (42 MO)-
Percheron
324
W. B. Fritz
Dexter
Sergeant Major 8292
(21819)
Shire
33t
T. P. Cushiii'.?
Rooneville
Sea re 1 iff Sweep (8173)-
Shire
287
Thos. Eckert
Woodward
Jules 647 .- --
P.elgian
652
Stoots & Kline.
Redfield --
Carral (51564) _
Percheron
50
.T. H. Andrew
Dexter
Earl Royal 37070
Trotter
6.17
R. S. Barr
Adel
Dan McCloud 431.39
Trotter
6:56
R. S. Barr
Adel
Colonel McCoy 3.3112—
Trottf-r
768
Robt. Burclitield-
Linden
Rex Legx-and 1993 -
Saddle Horse
6iS
W. S. Robinson-.
De Soto Shire
Dexter
Jim Kelly 43068
Trotter
626
Horse Co
De Soto
Halstead Duke 7352—
(20537)
Shire
409
J. F. Turner
Linden -
Facteur 26913 (45303)-.
Percheron
767
Wm. A. Warford.
Dawson Draft
Linden
Grant 9138
French Draft
1056
Horse Co
Dawson
Fairfield Stormer .5673..
Shire
1136
T. A. Thornburg.
Linden —
Maynard 10022
French Draft
1199
C. B. Pierce
Woodward _
Ma.ior De Beaumont..
(20760)
Belgian
1401
D. C. Kelly
Dallas Center —
Laurens 41030
Percheron
148:)
Perry Belgian
Horse Co
Perry —
Vulcan 2235 (25410) -
Belgian
1675
John Bair
Perry -
Dewey 10974 -
French Draft
1676
John Balr
Perry
Bataclan 30587 (48721)..
Percheron
1786
Belgian Horse Co
Dexter
Coco (10448) - -.-
Belgian
1826
A. W. Dickerson-
Woodward
Hero-Ben 50251
Percheron
ia36
T. R. Mills
Perry
Salem 15002
French Draft
1835
J. R. Mills
Perry
Minot 15090
French Draft
ia34
J. R. Mills
Perry
Conrad 15087
French Draft
1,8.^s
Leon Mills
Perry -- -.
Constant 1.5086
French Draft
1310
Emery Skinner
.Vdel
Rapin 24496 (42113)
Percheron
9-?l8
W. E. DuToit— .
Woodward
Abel 677 (.581)
German Coach
2671
Flwood Beaseloy--
Adel
Linwood 22566
Percheron
2VM
H. C. Addy
Van Meter
Yacca 35903
Trotter
2)3)
I. C. Stine
Dallas Center —
Iowa Chief 2569
Shire
55
IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
DALLAS COUNTY— Continued
u
Name of Owner
Postoffice
Name of Stallion
Breed
2734
Theodore Quick —
J. A. Minteer
J. H. Andrew
C. H. Green
C. W. Council
C. W. Council
R. C. Taylor
John J. Wolber—
Roy R. Estls
C. H. Gardiner...
R. K. Purviance—
Henry Schnoor
Ortonville Horse
Co -.
Dexter
Tuduc 14991 (57768P)
Prince I. X. L. 43530...
Victor 24128
Ted 45859
Pimeto 18761
Drifton 12165
Taylor W. 42190
Major Murray 4597
Nick 46503
Nobelmann (Vol. 7)...
French 15730
Profit 7296
2827
3388
Van Meter
Dexter _ .
Trotter
Percheron
3402
3433
Woodward
Percheron
Trotter
3432
3434
3489
3541
3562
3616
3891
Perry
Perry —
Woodward
Minburn
Bouton _ —
Minburn _
Perry
"Wnnkpe
Trotter
Trotter
Shire
Percheron
Oldenburg Coach
French Draft
Shire
4024
Ronflant 51434 (61553)....
Castor 41848 (62526)
Demblon 1327 (13188)..-
Molitor 44035
Percheron
2319
C. M. Badger
A. B. McCIeeary.
J. H. Royle
Belgian Horse Co
R. S. Witter
Crawford Bros
H. Giles
Adel —
Percheron
4225
4269
Booneville
Dallas Center _.
Minburn
Dawson
Bouton
Belgian
Percheron
4274
4307
4355
Gaspard de Liroux
(26910)
Avenir -de Thines 3008
(34174)
Rubis de Berlin 1355..
(23076)
Oyama i66i6
Picadere 57820
Farmer Scott 1023S ....
Flashlight Prince 7701..
Colin de Horion 3360
(42778)
Keota Teddie 68^
Thumper 13754
Berlucheur 55921 (65107)
Quanea Harold II 9254
(24793)
McDaniel Boy 47931
.Terry Devon 48879
Noble Gregory 50309
Edgar 58098
Argus du Fagot 2612
(29434)
Joe Banker 6976
Dance 12934 (53838)
Broadway 10230 (25993)..
Belgian
Belgian
Belgian
4846
Percheron
4845
H Giles
Perrv
Percheron
4848
1480
J. E. Brooker
Champ Forret
Wm. McCarthy-. -
0. V. Harden
Grant Dunbar
J. 0. Gring
John Bair
C. W. Huston
C. F. Maurer
J. L. Simcoke
Henry Schnoor
Jonas Walter
Roy J. Ellis
A. Betzenhouser.-
Huston Bros
Van Meter
W^auKee
Shire
Shire
5042
Perry - -
5094
Linden
Belgian
Shire
5095
LinfTen
Clydesdale
5103
5105
Dallas Center
Percheron
5156
5169
Booneville
Perrv
Shire
Trotter
Trotter
5221
Adel
Trotter
5230
Percheron
812
Perry
649
4356
5332
Minburn
Dallas Center —
Waukee
Belgian
Shire
French Draft
Shire
DAVIS (
::ouNTY
252
294
W. B. Trvin
T. D. Baughman..
Tno. Augspurger..
E. S. Stockman...
E. S. Stockman..
B. F. RH^z
Wm. G. Brown.—
L. C. Warthen...
W. C Baughraan.
W. C. Baughman-
W. C. Baughman.
W. C. Baughman-
Albert Munn
Peter B. Horn....
W. W. Powers.—
J. W. McConnell.
N. E. IVferry
Tames MoGowan..
Tames McGowan..
Tames IVfcGowan..
P. G. Martin
A. Li, Watson
I. C. Evans
J. & M. Horan —
IC. F. Davis
R. No. 1, Floris.
Pulaski
Pulaski .-
Bloomfield
Bloomfield
Pulaski
Bloomfield
Bloomfield
Pulaski
Enterprise 4047
Lfglitfoot 13749
Clydesdale
French Draft
Titus 4669
Morgan
557
558
592
700
972
904
Tnso 13764
French Draft
Tedy-R 34522
Fletcher 29112
Merak 9672
Percheron
Percheron
French Draft
Troubadour 26061
(46815)
Colonel 13015
Percheron
French Draft
905
PnlaskI
Lerov IT 14182
Initial 20030
Grand Papillon 29761...
IMalor R. 10.394
Brilliant 27209
French Draft
906
PnlaskI .-
Percheron
907
1085
Pulaski
Percheron
French Draft
1079
Bloomfield
Bloomfield
Drakesville
Bloomfield
Bloomfield
Bloomfield
Bloomfield
Bloomfield
Pulaski
Percheron
1054
.Tericarde 21857 .-
Percheron
884
Lorin 23700
Percheron
1165
Terome 9819
French Draft
1475
1476
Baron Laddie 39865
Alotell 40427
Trotter
Trotter
1477
1721
2322
Reed Bismont 34102
Ecumeur 28457 (45983)..
Delcarde (7510)
Andrew Carnagie 44363.
Samson 10395
Trotter
Percheron
Percheron
2386
Troy .
Percheron
2388
Floris
French Draft
8679
Bloomflefd
Beaucamp 19938
Percheron
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIV
DAVIS county-Continued
867
u, 6
5^
Name of Owner
Postofflce
Name of Stallion
Breed
9}m
J. M. Peden
N. M. Peden
I. C. Evans
Wm. J. Plank...
L. W. Cruikshank
A. A. Morgan
A. M. Swift
Cronk & Wise....
C. B. Swartzen-
druver
Floris -.
Noceur 11326 26911P ....
(45829)
Gaylord 11867
Picador 40:«5
Daniel 13002
Big Fox 12798
Indi 30823
Bonnie Dillon 30589
Uncle Bob 9958
Demon II 19407...
Kenebel 36731
Caserio 43318 (52417). ...
S E H 26654
French Draft
5>807
Florls
Percheron
French Draft
2828
Troy
Perclieron
2943
3043
3118
3117
3165
839
Bloomfield _
Bloomfield
Bloomfield
Bloomfield
Bloomfield
Pulaski
Bloomfield
Bunch
Bloomfield
Lunsford
Bloomfield
Troy
French Draft
Trotter
Trotter
Trotter
French Draft
Percheron
3297
3363
3453
Geo. Baird...
W. S. McFarlin..
L. E, Cambron
U. W. Boatman.-
P. C. Martin
I. C. Evans
L. C. & Walter
Warthen
Trotter
I'erclieron
Thorouglibred
34S4
3539
Topsman 125G1
Mosco 41954 . -
French Draft
Percheron
3651
Paul 50480
Turbulant 47078 (63196).
Demon's Dictator 53150
Sebeskl 51318 (6;J804)....
Brilliant III 14183
Le Boy III 15J:)8
I'erfection 4t5K)
Banker 13752
Theadore 3478^3
Percheron
3665
Bloomfield
Ashgrove
Pprf»1iprnn
4079
4353
J. F. Albright
Albert Munn
Albert Munn
Percheron
4352
Belknap
French Draft
4496
Bloomfield
Bloomfield
Drakesvllle
Bloomfield
Bloomfield
Bloomfield
Bloomfield
Drakesville
Bloomfield
Bloomfield
Frencii Draft
4537
4538
2817
L. W. Cruikshank
Robt. Kinsler
Thos. Laugh
James McGowan..
Thos. Laugh
James McGowan..
J. W. McConnell-
M. S. Paris
M. S. Paris
I'orchr'roii
Clydesdale
Percheron
4871
Shelford Friar 9853
(24608)
Shire
4885
Leward 17090
French Draft
4891
5160
5222
5223
Iowa Todd 4G401
Vaillant 15212
Bricoli 47070 (6448S)
Keota Andrew 490.53
Trotter
French Draft
Percheron
Percheron
DECATUR COUNTY
589
J. W. Mather
Lamoni
Glenbrino 30412
Trotter
565
J. S. Beavers
Woodland
Willingham Lad 5928...
(18453)
Shire
663
Pleasanton Horse
Co
Pleasanton
Garden Grove ..
Manuel (51817)
Ferndale 10529
Percheron
984
E. P. Hamilton..
French Draft
985
E. P. Hamilton..
Garden Grove ..
Creston Jerry 6205
Shire
986
E. P. Hamilton..
Garden Grove ..
Harbison 29900
Trotter
1264
W. M. Frost
Leon
Souldern Vulcan 7501...
Shire
(20038)
1358
N. L. Chase
Garden Grove ..
Prince of Norwood 1353
French Draft
1504
C. E. Thompson..
Leon -.
Major McKinley Jr. 955
Belgian
1135
Wm. Goodman
Leon _
Admiral Sampson 24957
Percheron
2137
Wm. Goodman
Leon
Augerau 44037
Percheron
2246
E. Gregory
Timpsj TTowoll
Wei don
Glendive 50155
Vampar 24560 (43505)
Percheron
2323
Leon
Percheron
j^
Van Wert Perch-
eron Horse Co.—
Van Wert
Vaillant 50642 (55506)—
Percheron
?R33
Andover Draft
Horse Co
Lamoni
Pekin 1701 (17450)
Belgian
488
H. L. Coontz
Woodland
Bury Ironclad 6692
(20332)
Shire
2447
Geo. P. Britt
Leon
Osceola Champion 11597
French Draft
1661
Leon Horse Co.—
Leon
Luron D'Orbais 2257...
(Vol. 12)
Belgian
2829
A. A. Rew
Lamoni
Prince Henry 8207
Nougat 22658 (43653)..-
Shire
2908
0. W. Hood
Percheron
2937
Chas. Boor & E.
H. Abraith
Le Roy
Mirko 640 (3934)...
Belgian
3046
Theo. Brenizer
Lamoni
Faro d'Bstinnes 2220.. -
Belgian
8086
Eden Prairie
(20510)
Highland Laddie 7950..
Shire
(22976)
8401
Wilber Prall —
Wilesman 21078
Trotter
3551
B. E. Rushing...
Le Roy
Jeff G. 32150
Trotter
8563
W. H. Hazlet
Leon
Eastwood Field Mar-
Shire
shal 8991 (24217)
868
IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
DECATUR COUNTY— Continued
t- o
Name of Owner
Postoffice
Name of Stallion
Breed
3576
3590
3591
1724
2249
3!>97
3998
4207
4409
4.509
4516
4.353
45S9
3401
4608
4790
21.58
4904
3037
50.50
51-26
5117
5118
5359
5373
John r. Kline
R. J. Critchfield-
R. J. Critclifield-
Clias. E. Hall
N. L. Chase
Otis Deisiier
E. P. Hamilton-
E. P. Hamilton—
E. P. Hamilton-
S. P. Rogers
Truman's Pioneer
iStud - Keeper
Wm. Camp
S . W . Robbins
Horse Co
I. Rees .Tones
S. Snowden
C. A. Luce
W. R. Cliandler-
Chas. E. Hall
Otis Deisiier
C. A. Luce
Claude E. Wood-,
Dr. McNay
N. L. Cliase
Numan Edwards-
E. P. Hamilton...
E. P. Hamilton...
G. F. Henderson-
B. E. Rushing
Geo. McKeowen.-
Weldon _..
Weldon ._.
Weldon
Weldon
Garden Grove _
Woodland
Garden Grove .
Garden Grove _
Garden Grove .
Pleasanton
Leon
Decatur
Grand River
Garden Grove. .
Weldon
Decatur
Weldon
Woodland
Weldon
Weldon
Garden Grove..
Garden Grove..
Grand River
Garden Grove..
Garden Grove..
Davis City
LeRoy
Pleasanton
Beau do in 10341 (13923)..
Nicljson Sprague 44368.
Prince Imperial 20340— |
Marquant 32430
(48896)
Marquis Dewey 11017.— i
Eastern Craftsman 6240
(19575)
.Tumbo 51260
Boliver 51261 1
Dale 51259
Tellico II 15022
8190
Hockwold Bordeaux —
Turco 52103 (.55108)
Gleenwood 45728
Locliinge Anglo-Saxon
9515 (20646)
Osier 46238 -■-
Wilkesman 21078
Vistor 42354
Osceola .Jumbo 10135...
Port Arthur 41412 (61936)
Bibia 2136 (Vol. 12)
Joe Cedric 40861
Marquis Dewey 11017..
Jambo 52041
C. S. S. 4S012
Jean Farochon 5952.5
Theddlethorpe Warrior
9857 (25820)
Morganmont .5430
Joyeux (33260)
Percheron
Trotter
Percheron
Percheron
Clydesdale
Shire
Percher'pn
Percheron
Percheron
French Draft
Hackney
Percheron
Trotter
Shire
Trotter
Trotter
Percheron
Shire
Percheron
Belgian
Trotter ;
ClydesdMlp
Percheron
Trotter
Perch iM-on
Shire
Morgan
Belgian
DELAWARE ^OUNTY
122
671
E. W.
Enterpr
Co. .
Henry
Henry
W. A.
Co. „
W. A.
Co. -
W. A.
Co. _-
Cook
ise Horse
746
715
921
Goodhile-
Percival.—
Lang &
931
Lang &
936
Lang &
938
W. A.
Co. -
W. A.
Co. .
W. A.
Co. _
W. A.
Co. -
W. A.
Co. .
W. A.
Co. .
W. A.
Co. .
W. B.
styne
H. Pu
Ryan ]
F. W.
Geo.
ough
A. B.
A. B.
A. B.
Lang &
939
Lang &
942
Lang &
943
Lang &
945
Lang &
946
Lang &
949
Lang &
1087
Van Al
1117
?h
1413
1609
1767
Eorse Co..
Smith™.
Coldsbor-
1821
1863
1866
Holbert....
Holbert-...
Holbert
Manchester , Conway Hercule 878.- Belgian ^
Rvan Mouton (53341) Percheron
Manchester Commodore Dewey 8883 Clydesdale
Manchester Ideal D. 14562 Trotter
Greeley Black Diamond 42423.. Percheron
Greeley Zurich De Ronquicres Belgian
2233 (27594)
Greeley — Marquis De Velroux.. Belgian
(Vol. 13, p. .513) !
Greeley- _ Cacas Wild (32040) Belgian
Greeley Mouffle (37362) .Belgian
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Manchester
Ryan _
Ryan
Manchester
Bourguinon (3G950)
Mikado (36916)
Dundee
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Belgian
Belgian
Wcrther Belgian
(Vol. 13. p. 287) 1
Bijou Du Moulin Belgian
Roustan (33822)
Osceola Prince 5988....
Bahno .38751
Gelif 2n09 (45.385)
Capricorne 24719 (44606).
Lexington Macey 26108.
Clamart (57369)
Tonsin (28530)
Stuntney Sagamore ...
(23828)
Belgian
Shire
Trotter
Percheron
Percheron
Trotter
Percheron
Belgian
Shire
XIXTIl ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIV
86<)
DELAWARE COUNTY-CONTINUED
ii2 Name of Owner
Postoflice
1868 A. B. Holbert.
1869 A. B. . Holbert.
1873 A. B. Holbert-
1874 A.
1875 A.
1876 A.
HolberL
Holbert-
1877
1879
1880
1881
1883
1884
1885
B. Holbert.
B. Holbert.
B. Holbert.
B. Holbert.
B. Holbert-
B. Holbert-
B, Holbert-
B. Holbert-
B. Holbert-
1887 A. B. Holbert-
1888 A. B. Holbert-
1889 A. B. Holbert-
18J0 A. B. Holbert--
1831 A. B. Holbert-
1832 I A. B. Holbert..
1893 I A. B. Holbert-.
1894 1 A. B. Holbert..
1S95
1836
1897
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
547
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
A. B.
Av^B.
A. B.
Win.
A. B.
A. B.
A. B.
A. B,
A, B.
Holbert..
Holbert..
Holbert-.
Holbert-
Holbert-.
Holbert-
' Holbert-
Holbert-
Holbert-
Holbert-.
J. Claus-.
Holbert-
Holbert-
Holbert--
Holbert-
Holbert..
1911 A.
1912 A.
1913
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924 1 A
1925 A
1927 A
1928! A
1929 ! A
B. Holbert- —
B. Holbert-—
B. Holbert—
B. Holbert—.
B. Holbert..-
B. Holbert—
B. Holbert-...
B. Holbert....
B. Holbert....
B. Holbert—.
B. Holbert.-..
B. Holbert—
B. Holbert
B. Holbert—
B. Holbert-—
B. Holbert—
B. Holbert—
B. Holbert—
Name of Stallion
Breed
Greeley
Greeley
G reeley
Greeley
G reeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley --
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley jc
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley .—
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Delaware
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley —
Greeley
Itip Van Winkle Shire
(23^40)
Stuntney Button Shire
(23743)
Rccllynch Nfentor Sliiie
(22716)
Clierry Fanner (23155) ShIre
Tansor I'rinee (22848).. Shire
Stone Ashton Nabob... Shire
(23730)
Troaff Conqueror Shire
(23931)
Boxeur D'Oplinter 2:J8» Belirian
(3;i012)
Bebe De He.x 2383 I'.dL'inn
(33352) -
Cresus D'Ap 2385 V,o\n\;in
(:i6920)
Pierrot De Keinexhe.. Bt'ltrian
2'm (37428) lWli?\nn
Zut 2:393 (30746) I'.cl-iaii
brigadier 2380 (25444).. Belgian
Bourguiguon 2382 Belgian
(Vol. 13, p. 698)
Capltaine De Questenne Belgian
2474 (28:324)
Joubert D'Enixhe 2476. Belgian
(Vol. 13, p. 469)
Midas 2480 Belgian
(Vol. 13, p. 935)
Ortoni 2481 iBelgian
(Vol. 13. p. 020) !
Bruno De Hartenge iBelgian
2472 (Vol. 13, p. 528)
Syveton 2482 Belgian
(Vol. 13, p. 619)
Marin II 2479 (:36496) Belgian
Bayard Bierse 2473 Belgian
(34696)
Le Dernier 2478 (35462). Belgian
Teutone (21S4) Belgian
Triumpf (2153) Holstein Coach
Trompeter (2152) Holstein Coach
Rittmeister (2085) Holstein Coach
Goldfellow 3507 German Coacli
Waldeniar 2507 German Coach
Conseil 50515 (63464) Percheron
Milan 50543 (.59935) .— Percheron
Chamant 50512 (59938)- 1 Percheron
Joe Anderson 40174 IPercheron
Arlequin .50503 (62524).- !Percheron
rartarin 50553 (.5.5554)
Idem 50530 (63371)
Lutteur 50539 (57156) —
Avenir D' Erbi 2381
(29458)
Grain D'Or D'Awans —
2387 (32418)
Hercule De Vald
(33290)
Puissant (33288)
Biocarde 50625 (63288)-
Coquet 50626 (64336)
Krasis 50630 (63367)
Louvigny 50.531 (63539)—
Martinet 50532 (58905)-..
Ilerien 50629 (63373)
Glorieux 50628 (.56527)-
I'ollux .50633 (58788)
Rosier .50635 (55147)
Eldorado 50627 (60095).-
Retour 506^ (61618)
Turbot .505.55 (.5672.5)
Ictere .50.5.33 (63372)
Liao ,50537 (62479)
Lusignan 50538 (62499)-.
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Belgian
Belgian
Belgian
Belgian
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
870
IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
DELAWARE COUNTY— CONTINUED
p
Name
of Owner
Postofflce
Name of Stallion
Breed
1931 A
B.
B.
B.
B.
B.
B.
B.
B.
B.
B.
B.
B.
B.
B.
B.
B.
B.
B.
B.
B.
B.
B.
B.
B.
B.
B.
B.
B.
B.
B.
B.
B.
B.
B.
B.
B.
B.
B.
B.
B.
B.
B.
ter
ter
ter
ter
ter
D.
B.
B.
B.
B.
B.
B.
B.
B.
mry
C.
hn
L
B.
B
Holbert. —
Holbert—
Holbert—
Holbert—
Holbert-—
Holbert—-
Holbert
Holbert
Holbert
Holbert-—
Holbert-—
Holbert—
Holbert—-
Holbert—
Holbert—
Holbert—
Holbert—
Holbert—-
Holbert—-
Holbert—
Holbert-—
Holbert—
Holbert—
Holbert—
Holbert—
Holbert
Holbert
Holbert—.
Holbert—
Holbert—.
Holbert—.
Holbert
Holbert—.
Holbert—.
Holbert—-
Holbert—
Holbert—-
Holbert—
Holbert
Holbert—
Holbert—
Holbert—
Milroy _—
Milroy _—
Milroy — -
Milroy —
Milroy —
Monlton
Holbert—-
Holbert-—
Holbert—
Holbert—
Holbert—
Holbert—-
Holbert—-
Holbert-—
ville Horse
Greeley
1
Marceau 50541 (62874) —
jiathurin 50542 (5i>4ci8;__
.viadrid 50540 (5c.u77;
Pomard 50547 (.55015;
Philosophe 5U5iti (Uia;i;i>-
Uoussillun 50550 (oZioo).
itamuueur 5U54'J (b247oj.
I'eleyliuue 50j54 (bOiOu;—
X'aluia 50551 (tJ25U0j
Vamqueur 5U557 (54334;.
Valluu 50559 (0302o;
Vibrant 50560 (5yy4i;
Xurco 5055ii idZi^l)
Armor 50505 (^62611)
Amiral 5u5oi (6i7l;i;
Arlequin 5u5o4 (oav'b/;
liaraoux 5o5dt> ((ji!i>3i;
Jiataclau 50500 io-MtS)..
Brillaut 50M6 (53t»50;
Comteyr 5o5ii i^b^r^)
Biscuit 50507 (oayyi; —
Castor 50510 (5ijya7;
Cab as ter 50500 (b307s;;__
Cuusiderant 50510
(000^4;
Costo 50517 (63970)
Chatlet 5U513 {07672)
Derval 50519 (0^567;
Kcorpain d0b2ii (OkJitW;..
i^dison 50523 (63119;—.
iiStival 50524 (03653;
iitudiant 50525 (63073;
li'acteur 50526 (64154;
Fierot 50527 (62666;
J^'lerridaleuzen 50528 _.
(63948)
Harley 50532 (61724)
Farino 50665 (62685;
itaciue 50666 (60613;
Passe Partout 2389
(35570)
Garcon de Bothey 2386
(Vol. 13, p. 600)
Valerien 50558 (62497)-
Pedro 50545 (55549)
Guignol 50531 (57894)
Hero 23943
Percheron
1932 A.
1933 A
Greeley
Percheron
Percheron
1934 A
Greeley -- -
Percheron
1935 A
Greeley
Percheron
1937 A.
1938 A
Greeley
Greeley
Percheron
Percheron
1939 A
Greeley ._ .
Percheron
1941 A
Greeley
Percheron
1942 A
Greeley
Percheron
1943 A
Percheron
1944 ' A.
1946 A
Greeley
Greeley
Percheron
Percheron
1948 ' A.
1949 A.
1950 A
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
1951 A.
1952 A.
Greeley
Greeley
Percheron
Percheron
1953 A.
1954 A.
1955 A
Greeley _.
Greeley
Greeley
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
1956 A
Greeley
Percheron
1957 A
Greeley
Percheron
1958 ' A
Greeley
Percheron
1959 A.
1960 : A.
1962 ' A.
1964 A.
1965 A
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
1966
1967 i
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1995
1996
1998
1999
2000
2095
2096
2097
2098
2099
2278
!W19
2420
2421
A.
A.
A.
A.
A.
A.
A.
A.
A.
A.
A.
A.
A.
Pe
Pe
Pe
Pe
Pe
J.
A.
A.
A.
A.
A.
A.
A.
A.
B£
(
H
L.
Jo
F
A
A
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Hopkinton -
Hopkinton
Hopkinton
Hopkinton _
Hopkinton
Hopkinton
Greeley
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Belgian
Belgian
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Bravo 22166
La-Forte 34839 _ .
Percheron
Percheron
Castelar I 29842
Percheron
Friedland (45001)
Stuntney Bulbo 888
(9557)
Blanch Bombey 890
(9554)
Ely Orel 884 (9209)
Misty Morn 885 (9344)-
B. B. Crispy 888 (9113)
Duke of the Hills 882-
(9199)
Priory Prince 887
(9556)
Stuntney Extradition
' 883 (9031)
Mercure 24743 (44027)—
J. S. Ricker 37168
1 Marcara Charming
10837
Perche ?6565^ 16185
Jann de Teny (32016)-
Regulus 43894— —
Percheron
Hackney
Greeley
Hackney
Greeley
Hackney
2422
Greeley
Hackney
2423
2424
2425
2426
2663
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Ryan _
Hackney
Hackney
Hackney
Hackney
Percheron
1575
2565
2578
2733
2801
Goodhile—
Reardon—
Rosa
Carpenter-
Holbert
Holbert—.
Manchester
Hopkinton
Masonville
Almoral Station.
Greeley —
Greeley
Trotter
Clydesdale
Percheron and
French Draft
Belgian
Percheron
29211
1 Joubert II
Belgian
1 (Vol. 12. p. 847)
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIV
DELAWARE COUNTY-CONTINUED
871
t.6
Name of Owner
PostofDce
Name of Stallion
Breed
3016
1878
L. B. Stanffor ___
A. B. Holbert....
Edward Cook
TTopkinton
Greeley — _
Manchester
.^rnncliostcr
Greeley
Greeley
3721
3709
3708
3707
3706
3705
3704
3703
3701
3737
S73^« A
373.? A
S732
3731
3730
37?<>
3727 ' A
3726 A
A. B. Holbert.
3725
A. B. Holhert-..
A. B. Holhert
A. B. HolhPrt-...
B. Holbert-...
B. Holbert-..
B. Holhert.-..
B. Holbert..-.
3743
3744 A. B
3753 A. B
A. B. Holhert.
A. B. Holbert-
Holhert
Holbert
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
3327 D. W. Barr
3357 W. A. Lang
Co.
3457 W. A. Lang &
Co.
1049 W. A. Lang &
or^ «^^^ 1 fJreeley
Tl\^' H- UtJey ' Arancbe.ster ..
3573 'H. C. Smith- i ^fanclie.ster
36.55 Thorpe Bros. I Manchester
3710 W. A. Lang &\
Co. Greeley .
3712 W. A. Lang &
Co. Greeley —
3713 W. A. Lang &
^ I Co. Gjeeley
3714 1 W. A. Lang &
Co. Greeley
3715 W. A. Lang &
\ Co. Greeley
3716 1 W. A. Lang &
I Co. Greelev
3717 W. A. Lang &
Co. Greeley
3718 1 W. A. Lang &
. Co. Greeley
3719 W. A. Lang &
I Co, Greelev
3720 1 W. A. Lang &
Co. Greeley __
W. A. Lang &
Co. Greelev ._
W. A. Lang &
Co. Greeley
W. A. Lang &
Co. Greeley
W. A. Lang &
Co. Greeley
W. A. Lang &
Co. Greeley
W. A. Lang &
Co. Greeley
W. A. Lang &
Co. .Greelev
W. A. Lang &
Co. Greelev
W. A. Lang &
Co.
A. B. Holhert—.
37^6 A. B. Holhert—
37.3'? I A. B. Holbert
B. Holbprt— .
B. Holhert--.
Prirao 25604 (44596)-..
Baron Wlllerby 889
(87.30)
Sultan de Kemexhe—
2391 (374.30)
Dr. Hardie 43521 -
Roynl King 9770..
(10276)
Perfection 48528 _.
Sceptiqne 44.308 (60627)
H.nzlptt 20267
Ardoll Simmons .38461
Grimaux 29511 (4.5374)-
Porcheron
Hackney
Belgian
Trotter
Clydesdale
Percheron
Percheron
Trotter
Percheron
Percheron
Alglon 2898 (41870) {Belgian
Belgian
Frlpon de Gammeragos
2003 (41268)
MoTiton de Lexhy 2907
(38236)
Loufogue 2906 -
Lillols 2904 (33210).
Monton de Blerset
2908
Philippe 2909 (41894)-..
Thomas 2910 (41872)
Leon de Trop 2905...
(41456)
Garibaldi de Rouvrov
2903
Bonnupt de Dhuy 2900
(39162)
Aspic 51232 (61814)
3754 A. B. Holbert..-l Greeley
Gourmand .51239 (67885)
Dubreuil .51236 (61890)..
Cerbere .51234 (62771)...
Etonne 51237 (68563)
Agraeh 51231 (65131) — ,
Dnrtncman .512.35 —
("657.56)
Phi no 51010 r6^?W)
April .51235 (50fiW?) J^
BnnmiPtpnr 5l?r^^ rfi2976)
r'fipricp 51?r?,9 r50096)
"Horp «;i230 r6t5in
Princp .51243 <'6.3i.56) ""
Bon Espoie 51237 —
r6.3.?32)
Afonnco 51242 (601 00")
RpTinult 5121 1 rRSOit;-)
Trn.nrpt .5i2io ((^9.:^'^^)
Trottpur 27ni r359.'?8>— I!
Tvofrp de "Wicken 2606..
r'wio6)
Clovis 269.? (41824>... Belgian
Bilon rie Ter 2692 Belgian
Gnrih.nldf 2695 r4i820)_. Belgian
Rnvin 51477 (6g42n Percheron
StiTTn.TtP 51446 r6R205) Percheroi
BrJll.int dp Malaxhe.. Belgian
30.33 (419^)
Insolent 3034 (37388)— . I Belgian
Belgian
Belgian
Belgian
Belgian
Belgian
Belgian
Belgian
Belgian
Belgian
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Belgian
Belgian
872
IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
DELAWARE COUNTY— CONTINUED
55° Name of Owner
PostoflSce
Name of Stallion
Breed
3755 A. B. Holbert— _
3756
3797
3758
3759
3767
3769
3770
3771
3772
37r3
3774
3775
3776
3777
3778
8779
3783
3784
3786
3787
3790
3791
3792
3793
3794
3795
3797
3799 I A.
3800 ! A.
3801
3802
3803
3804
3805
3807
3810
3811
3812
3813
3814
3815
3816 A.
3817 A.
3818 A.
3819 A.
3820 A.
3823 A.
3824 A.
B. Holbert-
B. Holbert-
Holbert-
Holbert-
Holbert..
Holbert-
Holberf-
Holbert-
Holbert-
B. Holbert-
B. Holbert-
B. Holbert-
B. Holbert-
B. Holbert-
B. Holbert-
B. Holbert-
B. Holbert-
B. Holbert-
B. Holbert-
B. Holbert-
B. Holbert-
B. Holbert-
B. Holbert-
B. Holbert-
B. Holbert-
B. Holbert-
B. Holbert-
B. Holbert-
B. Holbert-
B. Holbert-
B. Holbert-
A. B. Holbert—
Holbert.
Holbert-
Holbert.
Holbert.
Holbert.
Holbert.
Holbert-
Holbert-
Holbert.
B. Holbert-
B. Holbert-
B. Holbert-
B. Holbert.
B. Holbert-
Holbert-
Holbert.
Holbert-
Holbert.
Holbert.
Holbert.
Holbert-
Holbert.
Holbert-
Holbert.
Holbert-
Holbert-
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Narius de Bove 3035..
(39240)
Avenir de Bove 3032
Tunis 3038
Renard 3036 (41940)
Tambour 3037 (41942).. .
Soldat 4523 „_
Fulminate 51466 (66385).
Marcara 51485 (664&4).._
Albain 51479 (66227)
Lithium 51498 (63937). ._
Panhard 51488 (66456).-
Leon 51489 (65542)
Neptune 51493 (60632)..
Koko 51492 (67810)
Lubin 51494 (68568)
Patraque 51491 (65437).-
Kroumir 51490 (6.5686).. _
Marius 51511 (68702)-...
Bataclan 51.500 (62511).-
Duc 51501 (60024)
Forban 51.508 (66969).-.
Darius 51467 (65549)
Kalidor 51468 (65508)...-
Ajose 51469 (66225)
Orangiste 51470 (68735).-
Rambeau 51472 (68895) ._
Magenta 51474 (69129)-..
Madere 51475 (67094)...-
Petard 51473 (68511)
Flambard 51495 (.55486)-.
Robespierre 51481 (65817)
Polichinette 51482
(67785)
Framboisy 51483
(65709)
Lapin 51486 (65185)
Boulanger 51496
(.58992)
Roitlet .51499 (61904)
Cuba 51476 (68674)
Matinal 51477 (65767)
Brilliant 51487 (68902)-.
Zoubee .51510 (664621—..
Bonsfari .51505 (66463)..
Lacepede .51583 (68299)..
Alontjoie 51507 (67405)..
Rivarol 51.509 (66465). ..-
Aspect 51484 (66466)
Boileau 51508 (66469)
Polyte .51480 (66877)
Bruyant 51502 (65044).--
Petard 51478 (66833)
Volorabert .515.30 (6.5716)
Rivoli 51471 (66676)
Bolero .51.525 (663.56)
Robinot .51529 (.56255)..
Laghouat 51528 (68305)-
Craok 51527 (68372)
Colfichet 51526 (61600)-.
Stuntney Benedict lOOO
(8660)
Ely Dane 997 (9206).
Witcham Swell 998 .
Belgian
Belgian
Belgian
Belgian
Belgian
German Coacli
Percheron
Percberon
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Perclieron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Hackney
Hackney
Hackney
A. B. Holbert-
3846 j A.
3845 I A.
3844 ; A.
3843 ' A.
3842 A.
Holbert-
Holbert-
B. Holbert-
B, Holbert.
B. Holbert-
3810 A. B. Holbert.
Greeley 1 Putney Prospect 999.- : Hackney
(9380) 1
Greeley Major de Gerbehaye. Belgian
I 2997 (38598)
Greeley \ Premns de Vlad 2999. Belgian
(41918)
Greeley Orpheon de Marais 29op Rpioriai)
Greeley j Sultan Du Marais 3f>03 iBelsian
Greeley Hercule de la Dendre Belgian
1 2995
Greeley Sultan de Vlad 3002--. Belgian
I (41920)
NINTH ANNUAJ. YEAR BOOK— PART XIV &73
DELAWARE COUNTY-CONTINUKD
t- o
5^
Name of Owner
Postoffice
Name of Stallion
Breed
3835
SSii
3831
3830
3829
3858
3895
3867
3869
3870
3871
3872
3873
3874
3875
3916
3915
39i4
3913
3912
3911
3919
3907
3927
3955
4000
4015
4017
4224
4200
4187
4186
4168
575
A. B. Holbert- —
A. B. Holbert—-
A. B. Holbert— .
A. I?. Holbcrt---
A. B. Holbert--.
A. B. Holbert
A. B. Holbert—-
A. B. Holbert—
A. B. Holbert—
A. B. Holbert
A. B. Holbert
A. B. Holbert—.
A. B. Holbert—
W. A. Lang &
Co.
W. A. Lang &
Co. — -
W. A. Lang &
Co.
W. A. Lang &
Co.
W. A. Lang &
Co.
W. A. Lang &
Co.
W. A. Lang &
Co. — —
W. A. Lang &
Co.
W. A. Lang &
Co.
W. A. Lang &
Co.
A. B. Holbert—-
A. B. Holbert—
A. B. Holbert-—
A. B. Holbert
A. B. Holbert—-
A. B. Holbert
A. B. Holbert
A. B. Holbert—.
A. B. Holbert—
A. B. Holbert—
A. B. Holbert—-
A. B. Holbert—
A. B. Holbert
A. B. Holbert—
I. C. Odell
A. B. Holbert
A. B. Holbert—-
W. A. Lang &
Co.
C. H. Hull
Geo. B. Lane &
Son
Goo. B. Lane &
Sons
Geo. & J. B. Nie
man
Geo. & J. B. Nie-
man
W. A. Lang &
Co.
Greeley
Greeley
reeley
reeley
reeley
reeley
reeley
reeley
reeley
reeley
reeley
reeley
reeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Valnquerur de Ninove
3004 (41924)
Samson D' Anseghem.
3000
Rentier 4537
Partner 4535
Victor 4533
Heve D' Or 4531
Reoke 4549
Trojan 4547
Uhland 4545
Takt 4.543
Ubier 4541
Pascha 453.9
Seemann 9591
Coach
Coach
Coach
Coach
Coach
Coach
Coach
Coach
Coach
Coach
Coach
Chambol 3113 (31960).—
Millardaire 3116 (41954).
Milton 3117 (40160)
Blanc Bee D'Oudou
mont 3111
Bandouin 3109 (41524)
Ideal 3019
Zinger 3119
Forton de Lierde 3115..
Pomme d' Or 3118
(51966)
Lionel 2377 (41956)
Stuntney Dunneford-—
1005 (9910)
Witcham Gabriel 1006
(9984)
Stuntney Nigger 1013.
(9919)
Stuntney CbangeabU'.-.
1012 (9909)
Royal Coronet 1011
(8262)
Wintringham A. I. 1010
(8:338)
Wood Paragon 1009.--
(9988)
Golden Dream 1007
(10036)
Jack Tar 1003 (10031)-
Amber 1001 (10037)
King George 1004
(10035)
Wbarram Wanderer -.
1002 (9971)
Baron Drege 1449
(25334)
Diomede 3237
Fox 9605
Greeley 3164
Golden Dream 3170
Belgian
Belgian
German
German
German
German
German
German
German
German
German
German
German
Belgian
Belgian
Belgian
Belgian
Belgian
Belgian
Belgian
Belgian
Belgian
Belgian
Hackney
Hackney
Hackney
Hackney
Hackney
Hackney
Hackney
Hackney
Hackney
Hackney
Hackney
Hackney
Belgian
French Coach
Shire
French Coach
Belgian
Pachs 2913 (15714)
Alcos 47680 — .
Belgian
Hopkinton
Masonville
Duke 50227 — -
Percheron
Masonville
Dick 50226 —
Percheron
Earlville
Philiste 2781
French Coach
Earlville —
Bistouri 53120
(66400)—
Percheron
Greeley
Sultani 45122
(56900).—
Percheron
874
IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE
DELAWARE COUNTY— CONTINUED
t6
6^
Name
of Owner
Postoffice
Name of Stallion
Breed
933
W. A
. Lang &
Co. .
Greeley
Captain de Luttre 2232
(Vol. 12, p. 286)
Belgian
4345
A. B.
Holbert
Greeley
Jaubert II 3184
Belgian
(Vol. 12, p. 847)
46i9
A. B.
A. JJ.
A. B.
A. B.
Holbert-—
Holbert—-
Holbert
Holbert-—
Greeley
Guerdon 51892 (70004) —
Gabon 51879 (70367)
Galon 51880 (72543)
Gaspard 518S2 (6S802)— -
Percheron
4(>50
Greeley —
Percheron
4t»i
Greeley
Percheron
4&b2
Greeley
Perclieron
4t)53
A. B.
Holbert
Greeley
Guede 51891 (70561)
Percheron
4t)54
A. B.
Holbert
Greeley
Guerrier 51893 (71865)—
Percheron
4655
A. B.
Holbert
Greeley
Gaston 51884 (69282)
Percheron
4650
A. B.
Holbert-—
Greeley
Gil-Bias 51887 (69843)—
Percheron
4tw{i
A. B.
Holbert
Greeley
Gorgias 51890 (70S65)
Percheron
iHoif
A. B.
A. B.
A. B.
A. B.
A. B.
A. B.
Holbert
Holbert-—
Holbert
Holbert—-
Holbert
Holbert
Greeley
Gardien 51S81 (73218)—.
Faubourg 51877 (67736).,
Globeur 51889 (73051)—.
Arthus 51875 (66307)
Engliion 51876 (63643)
Sagittaire 51894 (62210)-,
Percheron
46tK)
Greeley
Percheron
4tk>l
Greeley _ -,
Percheron
4(j<>:i
Greeley
Percheron
4W>3
Greeiey
Percheron
40&4
Greeley I
Percheron
4<jt>5
A. B.
A. B.
Holbert-—
Holbert
Greeley
Geranium 51885 (70045)-.
Gildas 51888 (720O4)
Percheron
46C6
Greeley
Percheron
4508
A. B.
Holbert-—
Greeley
Gazon 51930 (71461)
Percheron
4669
A. B.
Holbert—
Greeley
Frivolite 51939 (73479)-,
Percueron
4670
A. B.
Holbert
Greeley
Risette 51940 (648C0)
Percheron
4671
A. B.
A. B.
Holbert
Holbert-—
Greeley
Ripolin 51938 (68921)—-
Pitray 51937 (66072)
Percheron
4672
Greeley
Percheron
4673
A. B.
Holbert—.
Greeley
Lavarette 51936 (6S670)-.
Percheron
4674
A. B.
A. B.
Holbert—
Holbert—
Greeley
Gerbillon 51932 (69730)-
Gacheur 51928 (71175)
Percheron
4675
Greeley
Percheron
4676
A. B.
Holbert—-
Greeley
Ipeca 51935 (65235)
Percheron
4677
A. B.
Holbert-—
Greeley
Glandon 51931 (70075)—.
Percheron
4679
A. B.
A. B.
Holbert—,
Holbert—
Greeley
Geai 51931 (70075)
Gabalus 51927 (72281)—
Percheron
46<i0
Greeley
Percheron
46S1
A. B.
Holbert—-
Greeley
Gerondif 51933 (71645)—
Percheron
4682
A. B.
Holbert—
Greeley
Galerien 51929 (71329)—
Percheron
4683
A. B.
Holbert—
Greeley
Biniou 51925 (63759)
Percheron
46d5
W. A
. Lang &
Co. .
Greeley
Negre 3420 (Vol. 15)—.
Belgian
4686
W. A
. Lang &
Co.
Greeley
Chambol 3414 (46630)
Belgian
4689
W. A
. Lang &
Co. .
Greeley
Brigand de Piersoulx.,
Belgian
3407 (44554)
4690
W. A
. Lang &
Co. .
W. A
. Lang &
Greeley
Absalon 3406 (Vol. 15)..
Belgian
4691
Co. .
Greeley
Ulysse 3422 (38784)
Belgian
4692
W. A
. Lang &
Co. .
Greeley
Brigand 3409 (42030)
Belgian
4693
W. A
. Lang &
Co. .
Greeley
Fiston de Lillois 3415-
Belgian
(39136)
4694
W. A
. Lang &
Co.
Greeley — -
Beau Sire 3410 (43268)—
Belgian
4695
W. A
. Lang &
Co. .
Greejfey
Fleuron de Lierde
3416 (46122)
Belgian
4396
W. A
. Lang &
Co. .
Greeley
Bengali 3411 (44226)
Belgian
4697
W. A
. Lang &
Co. .
Greeley
Vaingueur de PariCKe—
3424 (41420)
Belgian
4698
W. A
Lang &,
Co.
Greeley
Calais 3413 (44582)
Belgian
4€99
W. A
L. Lang &
Co.
Greeley
Grain d' Or 3417
Belgian
(Vol. 15)
4700
W. A. Lang &
Co.
Greeley
Avenir de Piersoulx.-
3405 (44550)
Belgian
4700
W. A. Lang &
Co.
Greeley
Genet 56877 (72335)
Percheron
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIV
875
DELAWARE COTNTY-COxNTINUED
1 Name
of Owner
Postofflce
4708
W. A
Co. .
W. A
Co. .
W. A
Co. .
W. A
Co. .
W. A
Co. .
W. A
Co. .
W. A
Co. .
L. Lang &
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeiey
G reeley
4704
4706
. Lang &
'.'"Lang" &
4708
. Lang &
4710
4711
4716
. Lang &
. Lang &
. Lang &
4717
W. A
Co. -
W. A
, Lang &
Greeley
4723
. Lang &
Co..
A. B.
A. B.
A. B.
A. B.
A. B.
A. B.
A. B.
A. B.
A. B.
Greeley
Greeiey
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Gi^eerey
Greeley
Greeley
-~ '
4725
4726
4727
4728
4729
4730
4731
4732
4733
Holbert_—
Holbert-...
Holl)ort.—
Holbert—,
Holbert....
Holbert
Holbert.-.-
Holbert.—
Holbert.-.-
4734
A. B.
Holbert— .
Greeley
4735
4736
4737
A. B.
A. B.
A. B.
A. B.
Holbert.-..
Holbert
Holbert..-
Holbert.-.
Greerey
Greeiey
Greeley
Greeley
4738
4739
A. B.
Holbert.--.
Greeley
4740
A. B.
Holbert..-.
Greeley
4741
4742
A. B.
A. B.
Holbert 1 Greeley
Holbert.— j Greeley
::i::i:
4743
A. B.
Holbert ; Greeley
4744
A. B.
Holbert.-. Greeley
4745
A. B.
Holbert Greeley
4746
4747
A. B.
A. B.
Holbert Greeley
Holbert t Greeley
1
4748
A B
Holbert
Greeley
4749
47n0
4751
A. B.
A. B.
A. B.
Holbert...-
Holbert...-
Holbert—
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
------
475S
A. B.
Holbert—
Greeley
4755
A. B.
Holbert..-
Greeiey
i
4313
Prank
Carpenter..
Earlville
47fi6
47*57
4758
4769
4770
4771
4772
4783
4810
A. B.
A. B.
A. B.
A. B.
A. B.
A. B.
A. B.
A. B.
A. B.
Holbert—
Holbert— .
Holbert—
Holbert-...
Holbert
Holbert
Holbert—
Holbert
Holbert.—
Greeley
Greerey
Greeiey
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeiey
Greeley
Name of Stallion
Breed
Mercouer 56881 (66044)..
Gomard 56876 (70537)._.
Polydor 56884 (62558)..-
Gauber 56875 (69738)-..
Gil Bias 56885 (70838).
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Galmard 56878 (69676)— Percheron
Mounton Hoze 3526 i Belgian
(42780)
Laboureur de Ligny.—
3524 (Vol. 15)
Margaux a>37 (463.36) —
Blondin a534 (Vo^. 15)..
Yprois 3539 (4G6W)
Lucas 3530 (l&%2)
Nestor 3.J38 (JC670)
Lion d' Or 3.-)23 (41880)..
Barbu 3509 (466.50)
Bruno 3508 (46d46).
Artos 3506 (46654)
Sultan de Corte
3.531 (Vol. 15)
Martin Fils 3525
(Vol. 1.5)
Cavour 3.512 (46648)
Flatteur 3519 (Vol. 15)..
Pius 3529 (466.52)
Paul de Courtral 3528..
(Vol. 15)
Paul de Moore 3527
(Vol. 15)
Ceasar de Machelen
3513 (46198)
Bourbon 3510 (Vol. 15)—
Tiestu de Waressaix—
3.5.33 rVoI. 1.5)
Sans Peur de Pare
3.5.32 (Vol. 15)
Cantaine du Pare 3514
(Vol. 1.5)
Condor de Nnzereth
3.513 (Vol. 15)
Brussels .3511 (466.58) —
Cesnr d' Eecke 3516
(Vol. 1.5)
Coirnne d' Ans 3517
(41798)
Toliehon 3.521 (4.3830)
Apollon .3.507 (466.56)
Diek de Bodegnee 3518..
(Vol. 15)
Tfe-nro d' Astene 3520..
(Vol. 15)
.Toubert de Cruys
3.522 (Vol. 1.5')
Sir Thomas Llpton
647.'5
Vnnrlnle 40?5 r???!)
SHiiffer i(m r21.56)
Fnens 4925 (.3?1R')
Fnfil.TS 4927 ('3219>
Sebusstern 4929 r2148)..
TTprlirht 4931 r2216)
Visier 4933 r?2-22^
Noisetier 51973 r689.'S)-
Silver Tip 1154 (10530)..
Belgian
Belgian
Belgian
lielglan
r.el-Ian
Bt'lgian
Bel-ian
Bel-ian
Bel-ian
I'.elgian
Belgian
Belgian
B^ltrlnn
B.-lL'lan
BeUMan
Belgian
Belgian
Belgian
Belgian
Belgian
Belgian
Belgian
Belgian
Belgian
Belgian
Belgian
Belgian
Belgian
Belgian
Belgian
Belgian
Shire
German Coach
German Coach
German Coach
German Coach
German Coach
German Coach
German Coach
Percheron
Hackney
876
IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
DELAWARE COUNTY-CONTINUED
go Name of Owner
Postoffice
Name of Stallion
4811
4812
4813
4814
4815
4816
4817;
4818 j
1
4819 i
4824
4905
25n
B. Holbert '
B. Holbert— J
B. Holbert—. I
B. Holbert--
B. Holbert—
B. Holbert—
Holbert--
Holbert—
Holbert--
Holbert—
B. Holbert--
B. Holbert—
B. Holbert--
A. B. Holbert—-
W. A. Lang &
Co.
Peter Schuster et
al
A. B. Holbert- —
Ed. Wm. Cook— .
•Jones & Hoyt
5020
5056
A. B.
W. A.
Co. .
W. A.
Co. -.
W. A.
Co. -.
^y. A.
Co. ..
W. A.
Co. ..
W. A.
Co. _.
W. A.
Co. „
W. A.
Co. -
W. A.
Co. -
W. A.
Co. -
W. A.
Co. .
Holbert.
Lang
"&
5057
Lang
&
5058
Lang
&
5059
Lang
&
5060
Lang
&
5061
5062
5063
5064
Lang-
Lang
Lang-
Lang
&
"&
&
"&
5065
Lang
&
5066
Lang
&
5067
W. A.
Co. -
Lang-
&
5068
W. A.
Co. -
Lang-
&
5070
W. A.
Co. _.
Lang
&
son
W. A.
Co. -
Lang
&
5073
W. A.
Co. ..
Lang
&
5074
W. A.
Co. „
Lang
&
639
.WS9
5192
.5198
5195
Owen S. Diiffv-
.1. D. Moulton-
A. B. Holbert-
A. B. Holbert-
A. B. Holbert-
---
Greeley -..
Greeley _ —
Greefe.v .--
Greeley .—
Greeley .—
Greerey -._
Greeley -—
Greeley .—
Greeley
Gi-eeley —
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Gi-eeley
Greeley
Hopkinton
Greeley
Manchester
Manchester
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Gi'eeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Gi-eeley
Greerey
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley — -
Greeley ___
Masonville
Hopkinton
Greeley - —
Greeley _„
Gi-eetey -„
Fritzalan 1166 (10529) —
An Atheist 1164 (10069)-.
Ryedale Evolution 116.3.
(10406)
Holme Gentleman 1162-.
(10.536)
Downham Dash 1107--_
(10.528)
Dereham Squire 1159
(10172)
Pymoor Star 1157
(10381)
Bbberton Surprise 1155_
(10531)
Admiral of the East--
1153 (10532)
Suffolk Pride 11.55
(9930)
Fisherman 1165 (9-223)-
Grasshopper 1161 (10535)
Adalaide Squire 1160 .-
(9083)
Abbey King 11.52 (10046")
Claize 3.58.58 (.52292)
Baron de Thisnes 1181--
(17890)
Bayard 1188 (10S84)
Porte Drapeau 945
(15818)
Conway Hercule 878
Fernando .5029
Goldzoeker 3741 (46760).
Pourquoi Pas 3746-.
(Vol. 15)
Valseur 3749 (38:322).
Breed
Clarion de Segel 3740--
(Vol. 1.5)
Horseman 3741 (467.58)--
Medard 3745 (Vol. 15)-.
Rol)ert d' Hannonsart-.
3747 (42526)
Gendarme 3742 (46754)-.
Acacia 3739 (40620)
Gayard 59249 (72073)--
Glerin .59239 (70508)
Davier .59238 (67237)
Electeur 59244 (68177)—
Guillemet 53237 (73018)-
Tresorier 59-235 (65148)-
Colbert 59243 (65935)
Oleron .59231 (6.5954)
Barney's Pride 10831_ —
Cromwell 13f>&5
Gentin 3831 (45372)
Coco 3797 (46802)
Brutus de Fize 3791_._
(39738)
Hackney
Hackney
Hackney
Hackney
Hackney
Hackney
Hackney
Hackney
Hackney
Hackney
Hackney
Hackney
Hackney
Hackney
Percheron
Belgian
Hackney
Belgian
Belgian
German Coacli
Belgrau
Belgian
Belgian
Belgian
Belgian
Belgian
Belgian
Belgian
Belgian
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Clydesdale
Clydesdale
Belgian
Belgian
Belgian
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIV
DELAWARE COUNTY-CoNTlNUED
877
5196
5197
5196
5199
5201
5202
5204
Name of Owner
A. B. Holl)eit-
IIoll)ert.
Ilolbcrt.
llolbt'i-t.
A. B. Ilolbort-
5206 A.-
5207 A.'
5208 ' A.
5209 I A.
B. Holbert.
B. Holbert.
Bi Holbert.
B. Holbert.
B. Holbert.
B. Holbert.
B. Holbert.
B. Holbert.
B. Holbert-
saiO A. B. noll)ert.
5211
5224
5229
1116
A. B. Holbert.
A.
W.
Co.
P.
5288 j A.
5289 A.
5290 I A.
5291 I A.
5292 A.
A.
A.
A.
A.
A.
A.
A.
A.
A.
A.
A.
A.
B. Holbert-.-
A. Lang &
5294
5296
5296
5297
5298
5299
530O
5301
5302
5303
5304
5305 I A.
J. McEnamy..
B. Holbert
B. Holbert
B. Holbert....
B. Holbert....
Holbert
Holbert....
Holoert
Holbert
Holbert
Holbert
B. Holbert
B. Holbert
B. Holbert...-
B. Holbert
B. Holbert-..-
B. Holbert...-
B. Holbert.. .
B. Holbert
Postoflaee
Gi-eeley
Greeley
Gi-eeley
Greeley
Gi-eeley
G i-eeley
G iveley
G reeley
G reeiej-
Gi-eeley
Greeley
G reeley
G reeley
Greeley
G reeley
Gi-eeley -..
Greeley
Greeley
Ryan ..
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
G reeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
G reeley
G reeley
G reeley
G reeley
G reeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Greeley
Name of Stallion
Breed
Belgian
Espoir (If Gentinues _.
3799 (Vol. 15)
Erne.st 3708 (Vol. 15)
Conrad 379(> (tCSOO)
Modeste de Seliitonen-
berg 3S07 (Vol. Vy)
Marias de Selioonen
berg 3805 (408:^3)
Cristal 3802 (4078J) JBelglau
Chef 3795 (4678,S) 'liclglan
Canibronne 3791 (42i><>i).. Hclgian
Annibal 3789 (4f;7!X)) I'.clgian
Marquis de Mellory 'Belgiau
3806 (46780) i
Beau Brin 3790 (Vol. ir,) I Belgian
General .380') (4G2;iO) r.clgian
Belgian
Belgian
Belgian
Belgian
Cesar 3792 (4.3720)
Tani»)our de Glilin 3S0S
(Vol. 1.5)
Charniant du .Tinifcinoy
3973 (Vol. !.->)
Liegois de Dhuy 3804..
(Vol. 15)
Prince Albert STS-J
(13932)
Gelukman 3743 (407.V5)..
Favorite 301.51
Retz 52648 (6",07)
Oblat .52463 (G6II.5)
Gad .524.52 (70141)
Cupidon 52450 (66130)....
Eoumeur 524.52 (6OIO8)...
Davier 524.51 (6.7)81)
Galvert .524.54 (?2046)....
Caramas 524.55 (72.560)..
Gaz .524.56 (69926)
Gerondif .524.57 (69S24)..
Glorieux .524.58 (64891)...
Golelet .524.59 (696.39)
Grosjean .52460 (72.500)...
Harpiste .52462 (74852)..
Palo 52464 (6626.5)
Pandore .52465 (67046)
Pilote 52466 (65699)
Pinson 52467 (6.5978)
Belgian
I'.clgian
Belgian
Belgian
Belgian
Belgian
Percberon
Pereneron
Percneroii
Percberon
Percberon
iPercIieron
IPercneron
I Percberon
Percberon
Perclioron
Perclioron
Percberon
Perclieron
Perclieron
Percberon
Perclieron
Perclieron
Percberon
Percneron
DES MOINES COUNTY
165
1
Henry Broder ._. Mediapolis
Major 41821
Percheron
164
Henry Broder .„ Mediapolis
Alger 23040 (42014)
Perolieron
163
Henry Broder ... Mediapolis
Fu.sain 42804 (5S230)
Percheron
82
James D. Smyth.' Burlington
Entertainer 26774
Trotter
1228
James D. Smyth. Burlington
King Entertainer 0706..
Trotter
795
John SutclifiP Sperry
Selim 8970
French Draft
2251
Henry Heibner .. Danville
Hard to Get 1350 (7.356)
Shire
2407
Clyde Featherby.- Yarmouth
Menomineo 85.31 (23494).
Shire
2360
J. H. Thie Middletown
Autumn Haze 21682
Trotter
860
Burlington
Percheron
Horse Co. Burlington
Cheri 9.319
French Draft
»445
E. W. Romiller.-., Danville
Clermont 9997 .
French Draft
3.'>83
J. R. Lanime Middletown
St. Dillion 3&37.5
Trotter
4093
Chas. Nealey Danville
Jumbo 34605
Percheron
4719
J. W. Blythe Burlington
Standpatter 3S718
Trotter
4853
J. W. Blythe ! Burlington
Bedford .5686
Morgan
513.5
Jacob Eversman_.| Burlington
Gold Mine II 18262
French Draft
.5044
C. V. LeBoutillier Sperry
Ernest Sentinel 47029..
Trotter
.5141
Chas. Nealey ' Danville
Grover 4.5447
Percheron
878
IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
DICKINSON COUNTY
5^
Name of Owner
Postofflce
Name of Stallion
Breed
518 ! G. B. Wilson
373 i J. H. Mills- -
355 P. S. Mott
110 G. R. Bryan
181 D. V. Palmer
204 Clark L Nicol
Milford
Lake Park _
Spirit Lake — .
Spirit Lake
Lake Park
Milford
Ludovicus 6412 (8933)..
Ignace 22888 (42345)
Trim 32061
Superior 30321
Red Ensign 18330
Prince of Clayton 4698
King Capoul 38364
Verona Matchless 6483..
lams' Bon Ton 17443....
Talisman 27116 (45621)..
Butor 25152 (44160)
Radis 29506 (48415)
Rainbow (8222)
Adrien 29536 (46939)
King Moak Jr. 42203...
Christopher C. 31413...
Sampson 2228i
Justin 29671
Wrestler .Tr. 29323
Heldridge's Midas 5240^
.Jacques 29716
King Edward 6947
Prince of Richland 1191?
Keota Haute ^840
Silent M. 31415
Black Lad 13512 (48980)
Pontiac 49845
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Trotter
Clydesdale
Trotter
437 a N Wplch
Milford
574
H. H. & B. H.
Overhocker
P. Hagerty
F. N. Reese &
Milford
Shire
406
893
Hagerty
Terril
Percheron
797 D. V. Palmer..!-.
2475 Geo. Heldridge
2473 Geo. Heldridjre..
Lake Park
Milford
Milford
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
2^47 .Tas Chapman
Terril
Percheron
2555 D. V. Palmer
2353 B. F. Miller
2881 Hugh Elliott
4035': D. V. Palmer
3697 D. V. Palmer
Lake Park
Milford
Lake Park
Lake Park
Lake Park
Terril
Trotter
Trotter
Percheron
Percheron
Trotter
1045 D. S. Blakey
2491 H H Overrocker
Spirit Lake
Alilford
Percheron
Shire
4228 C. F. Hanson
4208 Henry C. Floss -
Superior
Terril
Clydesdale
4205 Held ridge Bros. ..
2592 G P Wilson
^Tilford
Atilford
Trotter
French Draft
4?20 .J. W. Marks
Lake Park
Milford
Percheron
3084 Clarke L. NichoL
Gironde 40341
3091 P. T. Burke
Milford
Brown L 34543
Trotter
4080
5907
H. U. Arthur &
Spirit Lake
Terrill
Clovis 27093 (45307)
Roland B. 46617
TCeota Sargent 9415
Silver Moak 407.33
Osceola Pagoda 5992
Vaillant 46675
G. M. Pritchard.-
Milford
1002 i Ernie Thomas
5172 D. S. Blakey
5173 1 G. M. Pritchard—
Spirit Lake
Spirit Lake
Terrill
Trotter
Shire
3895 1 P. S. Mott
1
5241 A. E. Bush
Spirit Lake
Lake Park
Terrill
Heldridge's Conquest...
52410
Bonning 45045
Percheron
Percheron
4277
A. D. Steward..-
Cadix 45405
Percheroji
DUBUQUE COUNTY
952
M. J. Noonan
Bernard —
Croiseur 24675 (45290)..
Percheron
953
M. J. Noonan
Bernard
Martial 42724 (60151).„
Percheron
954
M. J. Noonan
Bernard .-
Briard 10794 (12252)
Percheron
1055
Thos. F. Con-
nolly
Bernard _
Bernard
Midnight 44254
Percheron
1249
Jno. Connolly
Caesar (60096)
Percheron
1344
Connelly & Kel-
lev
Farley
Dyersville
Goldzil 23277
Danton 12i8 (24346)
Trotter
1364
F. P. Kern
Belgian
1453
C. D. Mills
Peosta
Charley M. 17137
Trotter
1465
Jno. Breitbach ._
Peosta
Militor 29986 (4503U\ —
Percheron
1979
The Cascade
Horse Co.
Cascade
Keota Dalrymple 31847.
Percheron
1978
The Cascade
Horse Co
Gn <?cn d e
Jolly 5230
Shire
1977
The Cascade
Horse Co. ..
Cascade
Tarn O'Shanter 8018.-..
Clydesdale
2489
J. J. Hittemiller-
Dyersville
Tom Sherwood 35157—.
Trotter
1914
Richardsville &
Holy Cross
Horse Co.
N. Buena Vista
Sultan Rion 2392
(Vol. 14, p. 483)
Belgian
2617
M. F. Barrett.-.-
Cascade
Keota Miteau 18871
Percheron
2618
M. F. Barrett
Cascade
Archer 41143 (60113)
Percheron
2619
M. F. Barrett
Cascade _
Spender 43919 (59747)
Percheron
2620
M. F. Barrett-—
Cascade — -
Trois-Sous 1444 (25308).
Belgian
2625
Frank Kunkel
Dyersville
Absalom 1551 (21364)
Belgian
2626
Frank Kunkel
Dyersville
Gugus de la Bruyere—
1653 (18990)
Belgian
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIV
DUBUQUE county-Continued
879
Co
5^
Name of Owner
Postoflace
Name of Stallion
Breed
2849
Ira Murphy
Dubuque
Baron Nitron 5202
3211)0
Morgan Trotter
2535
Ben Witter
Spccht's Ferry..
Herisson 46014 (62161)-
Percheron
282;<
Farley Belgian
Horse Co
Farley
Belle Face 1251 (12918).
Belgian
2864
Jacob Foxcn
Dyersville
Labourcur H 12G2 _
Belgian
1886
New Vienna and
Peters burg
Horse Breeders'
(21720)
Association
Dyersville
Gustave 2175 (31418)
Belgian
940
R. J. Kennedy...
Zwingle
Prince 11 (36894)
Belgian
•6iib6
Dyersville Horse
^° —
Dyersville
Courageux 31286
(48933)
Percheron
^•V)?.
James Wilson
Petersburg Horse
Farley
Woodrain 41652
Trotter
4033
Co.
Farley
Brabander 3113 (51958)..
Belgian
4076
Ben Witter
Specht's Ferry..
Glencow 49728 (61610)..
Percheron
3864
Luxem,burg Bel-
gian Horse
Breeders' Ass'n..
Luxemburg
Gusse de Genly 3015
Belgian
3487
Hicliory Valley
(34560)
Horse Co
Dyersville
Eclatant 14800 (6401).—
French Draft
4403
John Brietback, .
Peosta
Banquet 50787 (58755)
Percheron
4705
Tlios. F. Connolly
Bornard
Davoust 5G«74 (6.3839)
Percheron
4931
Bernard Timmon.
Dyersville
Triugueur 10158 (G392)..
French Draft
5316
Dyersville Perche-
ron Horse Co
Dyersville
Picard 41338 (56042)
Percheron
6319
Henry Thul
Graf
Garcon de Bossierre
1341 (25538)
Belgian
5358
J. E. O'Brien
Bramhope Bachelor 9211
Shire
3808
New Vienna & Dy-
ersville Perch.
(20290)
Horse Co.
New Vienna
.Tosias 51504 (66166)
Percheron
BMMETT COUNTY
397
Taylor & Kenline
Bros.
Wallingford
Highland Dandy 22542..
The Parrot 34862
Percheron
297
B. H. Knipe
Armstrong
Trotter
298
B. H. Knipe
Armstrong
Boss 20815
Percheron
862
A. J. White-
Estherville
Paul 248
Oldenburg Coach
1011
Mathews & Dun-
das
Armstrong
Ormeau 22800 (42922)
Percheron
959
Estherville and
Superior Horse
Co
Estherville
Ussy 29561
Percheron
1242
J. D. Weir
Huntington
Gallopore 32604
Percheron
371
Robt. West &
Walter Willett .
Estherville
Cyclone 833
Belgian
863
Robt. & F. L.
West 1 Estherville
Petronius 21143
Percheron
301
Robt. West
Estherville
Pluton II 1209 (21736)..
Belgian
2445
Felix Kriebs
Huntington
Bud 11653
French Draft
2777
G. E. Moore.
Wallingford .
Docile 42010
Percheron
0778
G. E. ]Moore-
Wallingford ....
Armando 46270
Percheron
2779
G. E. Moore
Wallingford — .
Pathologist 42202
Trotter
2780
G. E. Moore.
Wallingford — .
Franklin Audubon 38936
Trotter
8092
G. E. Moore
Wallingford
Howard Yorke 40259
Trotter
4041
G. W. Gideen.—
Emmet Co
Baron de Sartalard...
Belgian
4292
VV. n, McClure .
Dolliver
King 13723
Clydesdale
4444
E. S. Elsworth
Est.
Dolliver .
Golden King 13136
Clvdesdale
48.54
Pat Conlin
Armstrong
Mentor 54555 (58808)..-
Percheron
1421
J. Kinnard
Estherville
Pythian 3G40
French Coach
310
Detlof Reimer
Estherville
Grand Victor 30645
Percheron
4937
Franls Taylor
Wallingford
Porter B. 27755
Percheron
.5076
J. T. Houseman..
Armstrong
Black Warrior 49907
Percheron
1240
Benoni Trimble
Estherville
Plunger 32603
Percheron
5225
Geo. W. Murray.
Estherville
Daruisrnan 5-2736 (65S64)
Percheron
1241
Ben J. Johnson —
Esthe^^•ille
Khedive 11651
French Draft
880 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE
FAYETTE COUNTY
^°' ! Name of Owner
O^ J
PostofBce
Name of Stallion
Breed
295
1
Ashbaugh Bros. .
J. C. Darnell
R. & L. Oldfather
John Peters
Belgian Draft
Horse Co.
G. A. Wescott— _
J. B. & C. W.
Maynard
Randalia
Arlington
Brillando 29729
5
573
1178
Kansas King 13813
Triomphe (59513)
Bon Courage 42879
(57093)
Plein D'Or 949 (16836)__
Red Stripe 39043
Erif 2070 (16702)
Percheron
Percheron
1208
1209
1256
Hawkeye
Arlington
Randalia
West Union —
West Union — -
West Union _--
West Union —
Westgate
Belgian
Trotter
Belgian
Trotter
Trotter
Trotter
1296
1207
1298
G. D. Darnall
G. D. Darnall
G. D. Darnall
G. D. Darnall—-
Allen Doty
J. S. McSweeney_
E. L. Nus
E. L. Nus-
E. L. Nus-
Westgate Horse
Co.
Allerian 21724
American Russell 21723
Goldfire 31395
1299
1410
J. A. B. D. 40744
Baron 521
Trotter
1687
Cliquant 31281 (46680)..
Brown William 45816..
Demblon de Dick
(32920)
Botha de Wyn (332'98)-
Telemaque du Hazoir—
r28a46)
Calvado 42500
Percheron
Percheron
Belgian
Belgian
1703
1708
1709
1981
Arlington
Arlington
Arlington
Westgate
1986
Fred Field
E. L. Nus
Shaffer & Hum-
phrey
F. W. Keil
Henry Reicka
Waucoma Horse
Breeders' Ass"n_
Geo. Connell
J. W. Whitely
Horse Co.
C. R. Ashbaugh
& S. C. Stewart
Gunder Horse Co.
E. T. Foley
E. L. Nus
.1. I. Phillips—.
H. C. Gosse
E. L. Nus
W. E. Howard--
L. V. Humphrey-
E. U. Farr
Belgian Draft
Horse Co.
Oscar Glime
Alpha PercheroB
Horse Co.
Elgin Belgian
Horse Co.
Chas. Gabel
John N. Foreman-
J. I. Phillips
J. I. Phillips
Toomey & Dwyer.
R. W. Schug
R. W. Schug
Barney Schlichte-
G. E. Pratt
Clermont Horse Co
Barney Schlichte—
2029
Arlington
West Union
Oelwein
Big Ben 43401
Percheron
22i5
2342
Vigoureux 27390
(48267)
Cavalier 16207
Percheron
Percheron
203{l
2524
2616
St. Lucas
Waucoma
Favette
Martin d'Enixhe 2298..
(36640)
Ravault 11285 (3477)....
Fanchon 14108 (6279)B.
Leopard of Oakhurst.
8455 (21596)
Avalon 45047
Belgian
French Draft
French Draft
1699
Favette
Shire
3080
Maynard
Elgin
Percheron
Percheron
31 .S7
Vigoureux 27127 (46915).
Leon de Z el lick (29.564).
Quality 15766
3160
3214
West Union
Arlington
Elsin
Belgian
French Draft
3263
Marcus 43052
8460
Oelwein
Geant de Don 2366
(21912)
Woodford 15275
Pedro 49240
Belgian
Percheron
3504
3635
Arlington
Elgin
4007
West Union
Waucoma
Hawkeye
Arlington
West Union
Elgin
Hawkeye
St. Lucas
Elp'in
Voltaire 49243
1400
4075
747
Prince Telectable 11831.
Piston de Felny 2753..
(40020)
Athel 17537
Clydesdale
Belgian
4334
3922
2944
4695
47.58
Matelot 51665 (51468).-..
Sans Pariel 2210 (29606)
Lunesdale Matchless ..
6773 (19803)
Mac Westfall 12812
Polignac 43705
Percheron
Belgian
Shire
Clydesdale
Percheron
4761
El^iu
Menos 4143
French Coach
4841
Wadena
Ristori del' Happe 3421-
(Vol. 15)
King Symbol 49960
Stanlaws 4759
Belgian
.5102
2S21
Hawkeye
Hawkeye
Waucoma
Hawkeye
Clermont
Waucotua
Trotter
Shetland
1707
.5186
William Adelbert 7900-
Alford 9532
Shire
Trotter
5303
3170
Fandango 22186
Fancy Roy 10433
Percheron
Clydesdale
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIV
881
FLOYD COUNTY
t- o
5^
13t
27>
274
2T.i
82G
103!)
1303
1307
130J3
1309
1310
1333
1333
1672
1673
2595
2596
2597
2598
2825
3565 I
2812
4760
5227
5194 I
5392
Name of Owner
G. E. Andree
Honry Moll
Henry Afoll
Henry .^^(.1I
John F.isliop
M a r I) 1 e Rock
Horse Co
Alherr Gates
Frod C. Kruoprer.
Frod C. Kruo^or-
Fred C. Kruefe'er.
Fred C. Krueger.
Fred C. Kniefror.
Carl)einer & liar-
ber
Carbeincr & Bar-
ber
F. H. Lcanian
F. H. Loaiuan
L. M. Smith
L. V. Humphrey-
Fred C. Krueger.
Fred (\ Knieger-
Frcd C. Krnogor.
Fred C. Kruogcr.
Henry ^Inll
Wm. Boyer
C. M. Anderson..
D. W. Nickersou.
H. E. Lewis
C. Jensen
E. E. Sherman
I'oslomco
Charles Citv
Ilockford
Rockford
Kockford
Nora Springs
Name of Stalli
Breed
Marble Rock ..
.^rarble Rock ..
Charles City ..
Charles City ..
Charles City _.
Charles City ..
Charles City _.
Marble Rock
Marble Rock
Rockford
Rockford
Marble Rock _
West Union .
Charles City .
Charles City .
Charles City .
Charles City _
Rockford
Charles City _
Charles City -
Marble Rock.
Nora Springs.
Xora Springs.
Nora Springs.
Rene II 21276 (12468)—.
Aiglon 26585
Sampson ::illi
Molke XV 22:)9
Cleanthe Jr. 28127
Bambinos 25021 (43012)..
Hercnlo 43717 (55020)....
Durbin 32181
New Cnt cm
General Dewey 2017
(33324)
Captain Jr. 1431
lutrepide 645
Gaston Hemel (15918)..
Evade de Pepoiighen.
1887 (28070
Success 44S78
Voltaire 22526
Ferris 25102
Forton de Zuevy
(16362)
Latourna 41879
LaMont 42155
Laveru 42039
Voyageur 41599
Loubet 48225 _.
Jay 41881
Monarch 25128
Marceau 51322
Navasota 13456
Jhelmako 3803 (42032)..-
John A. Donald 11146..
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
German Coacli
Percheron
Percheron
I'ercheron
Percheron
Shire
Belgian
French Coach
French Coacb
Belgian
Belgian
Percheron
Percheron
Trotter
Belgian
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Perclieron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
I'ercheron
French Draft
Belgian
French Draft
FRANKLIN COUNTY
1422
West Side Horse
Co
Sheffield
Murrow Free Lance
7752
Emit Eversole 21620
Elder Pom Pom 6599..
Shire
1170
C. J. Bigg
Sheffield
Trotter
n3S
J. S. Mulkins-.-.
Hampton
Shire
(19587)
707
IT. H. Marble
Hampton
Foudryeur 2202 (267.56)..
Belgian
1610
Henry Pralle
Latimer
Keota Allen 5802
Shire
1611
Fahrmanii Sons
& Paullus
Latimer
Garby 22666 (43490)
Percheron
1637
A. M. Craighton.
Hampton
Sir Wilfred 9538
Clydesdale
17.53
Chas. Harrison,
P. J. Monalian
& A. D. Stilson
Geo. O'TerrilL—
J. D. & P. Es-
Hampton
Sheffield
Barbazo (6010)
French Draft
2520
Victor 43608
Percheron
2521
slinger
Sheffield
Colin 27551 (48.309).
King 22597
Percheron
2577
9605
J P Brown
Hampton
Sheffield
N. Thomas
Montrave Rupert 10551.
Clydesdale
^OO
H. W. Iblings...
Geneva
Consonant (Vol. 7)
German Coacli
?S53
H. R. T'^sslinger..
Chapin
Amboy 14.330
French Draft
1871
A. C. F. Voy
Ackley
Horbling Shamrock
8564 (23929)
Shire
1045
John P. Peters. -
Ackley
Volta .50561 (62453)
Percheron
2010
G. H. Washbnrn.
Hampton
Ben Storing 4841
Mor jra n
3410
N. J. Thomas.-.-
Chapin
French Rival 8948
French Draft
4081
4229
N J Thomas
Chapin
General .50088
Percheron
J. C. Arends
Alexander
Bilbouquet 22688 (42566)
Percheron
4279
47.59
O E Benson
Geneva
Carlos 22615
Percheron
G(^o. Van Every. ..
Oakwood Farm...
Coleman Oak .36789
Trotter
4SS7
Hampton
Statelv Guard 4.3663
Trotter
5181
F. Nancolas
Hampton
Kimberly II 50540
Percheron .
524S
S W Ferris
Hampton
Hampron
Arbo 4.5:303
Percheron
ri;^75
Joe H. Smith
Letton Boy 39398
Trotter
5377
Chas. H. Roe
Hampton
Norvalwood 36144
Trotter
56
IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
FREMONT COUNTY
go Name of Owner
Postoffice
Name of Stallion
Breed
17
18
L. Chambers
Rartlett
Halle 198 _
Oldenburg Coach
Bartlett
Sir Jacques 16018
Belgian
19
Bartlett _
Apollo 3247
Shetland
68
Wm. C. Johnson
Randolph
Bob Chariton 31430
Trotter
69
Wm. C. Johnson.
Randolph
Roscoe II 19422
Percheron
124
S. A. Chambers,
Secv
Anderson
Tullus 214
Oldenburg Coach
154
I. E, BurdTck"&
W. H. Wadell-
Farragut
Balanfal 35379
Percheron
?40
Lee Meek
Riverton
Roosevelt 33172 — -
Percheron
987
Fred H. Martin..
Sidney
Prince 50265
Percheron
1065
Jas. H. Miller —
Farragut
Pacifldue 40395 (48534)._
Percheron
a53
Pleasant Grove
Percheron
TTnr<?p On
Sidney -
Sansonnet 41411 (57672).
Percheron
9nf>4
Percheron Knox
Horse Co -.
Knox
Duguesclin 41422
Percheron
3030
Clover Wave
(57775)
Horse Co.
Hamburg
Lilas 40291 (57378)
Percheron
SMa*)
C. W. Dodd
Randolph _.
King of Iowa 5648
Shire
389?,
Frank Sells
Randolph
Mickey 45595
Percheron
4?»5?
R. E. Waderquist
Randolph
Rejouis 54429 (67282)—
Percheron
21
Gruber Horse Co.
Farragut
Rosevelt 35683
Percheron
74
1381
Geo. Estes
Geo. Dobney
R. E. Wederquist
Cyrano (43606)
Percheron
Tabor
Kiaser 26004
Percheron
4948
Randolph
Munich 3705 (46730)
Belgian
5177
J. 0. Driskell
Randolph
Harold 11795
French Draft
GREENE
COUNTY
564
9
408
Schneider Bros...
W. W. Anderson.!
Ira Batcheller
Albert Head
L. L. Wright &
J. E. Hammar__
E. H. Jackson
Thos. Toyne, Sr_
Wnj. Grivey
Percheron Horse
Co.
C. Picht
C. Picht
Michael Coyne —
Harry W. Cole.—
F. B. Anderson —
G. A. WMggins— -
C. A. Flack
Chas. Holmes
Grand Junction
Horse Co.
D. W. Holmes...
D. R. Rittgers —
Kendrick Perch-
eron Horse Co..
Cornelius Picht _
S. D. Newcomb...
S. D. Newcomb..
Joe Bridgett
Peter Renburg —
Chas. Holmes
1 W. J. Custer
Foster Bruntlett .
L. H. Roberts
Jas. E. Moss
James E. Moss
Harvey Wise
Harvey Wise
Chas. James
: Hatfield & Fleck.
1 J. W. Hillman—
Grand Junction.
Scranton
Paton
Zauoni (25506) — .
LaPerchie 30869 -
Sound Money 7050
Chief Ambassador 37525
Collegian 41317 . —
Belgian
Percheron
Shire
407
1216
Jefferson
Scranton
Jefferson
Trotter
Percheron
1397
1553
Constantino 20381
Wayside Tarbroech —
9838
Breteuil 24815 (44482)—
Marius de Lil 1273
(19784)
Prince 10236
Percheron
Clydesdale
1614
Dana —
Percheron
1633
1626
Jefferson
Churdan
Churdan
Jefferson
Cooper _.
Belgian
French Draft
1625
1698
1374
Gerant 22351 (42893)....
Admiral Sampson 19976.
Nicodemus 21754
Gervais 477.58 (55415)....
King Leopold 862
Electeur 50858 (55883). —
Bambin 21263 (41034)
Bonneval II 32327-
(45505)
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
2326
2478
.Jefferson
Cooper
Percheron
Belgian
2527
2593
2858
Grand Junction.
Rippey -
Grand Junction.
Scranton
Rippey
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Trotter
WXW
Echo's Chief 4590
(13026)
Lambert 44955 (52685)..
Monarch 15404
Shire
3012
3022
Scranton
Churdan
Adaza
Adaza
Jefferson _.
Paton
Rippey
Percheron
French Draft
3023
Bleu 2061 (29320)
Belgian
3024
3218
3251
asoo
Thomas 14103 (6282)B..
Guyanolus 42981
Robespierre 32336
Keota Turo 18230
Domino 12169
French Draft
Trotter
Percheron
Percheron
3336
Jefferson
Scranton
Paton
French Draft
3465
a578
Keota Ralph 27651
Paton Boy 8716
Percheron
Shire
3630
3631
3242
Scranton
Scranton
Paton
Marcus Miller 42031—.
Scranton 42:331
Puckerup Prince Har-
old Jr. 8233
Excelsior 8232 _ _
Trotter
Percheron
Shire
3923
1 Paton .
Shire
4059
4154
8401
1 Jefferson
Jefferson
' Dana
Porthos VI 809.
Monitor 46074
Cardiff 9918
Belgian
Percheron
Clydesdale
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIV
883
GREENE county-Continued
¥
Name of Owner
Postofflce
Name of Stallion
Breed
8322
260
4270
A. S. Burk
C. C. Berclay
E. C. Elmore
D. R, Rittjrers
Cedar Percheron
Norman Horse
Co.
Rippey
Jefferson
Paton
1 Porto de Houtain 1353.
(I8r>i2)
Major n 20872
Belgian
Percheron
Belgian
4373
Rippey
3161 (25J92)
4424
Adaza
Jefferson
Jefferson
Churdan
Churdan
Churdan
(2051'J) ' ,
Perpolian 47071 (C3378).. I'ercheron
Dick 16720 iTrotter
Artaban de Givry 2282.. {Belgian
(Vol. 13) 1
William Taft 55905 Percheron
W. J. Bryan 55990 Percheron
Perfection 46076 Pereheron
Monarcli 5.5fi03 Perei.eron
Senitor 51994 jPereheron
Envoy 28201 Perelieron
Park 9521 French Draft
Romeo 3317 (Vol 16) "-'-:-
2190
2066
4712
1713
4756
R. A. Schnepp
Jacob Thornton—
Chas. LonpT & Son
Chas. Long & Sou
Clipperton Horse
Co.
R. N. Flack
Neild & IMetzfjcr..
James Cairns
W. L. Har1)nui,'h-
Harry E. Colo....
L. L. Wri-ht
W. H. Dunbar-. ._
Hartmnn «fc Son..
4773
4786
1770
3647
5140
Cliurdan
Oraud .nmctlon.
Sfranton
Jefferson
Cooper
5228
5335
46S8
Sf-ranton
Jefferson
Jefferson
Olorieux 58719 (72721).!' 1
Arlington 51083 |
Balzac 3106 (42038) '
Perelioron
['ereiioron
Belgian
GRUNDY COUNTY
1082
141 ?»
1427
2007
2160
2222
2221
2257
2267
2012
2757
2815
2817
2912
322S
3285
3366
3365
3387
3516
2011
4014
40 15
4068
4101
42fi7
4372
449'>
4426
4763
4888
6052
Clay Township
Percheron
Horse Co.
O. D. Hilmer
Miller & Shirk...
Felix-M e 1 r o s e
Horse Co.
P. J. Baasch
M. C. Pattee
Fred J. Frost....
Fred J. Frost
Samuel Deitrick..
John Tiaden
South Felix Horsp
Co.
W. C. Hiatt
Canotier Perch-
eron Horse Co..
T. K. Saul.
A. F. Weiss
Adolph Albert.—
Chas. Stnvelev ..
Frod J. Frost
Smith &, Foaror..
Herman Redenius
Herman Redenius
John TJaden
Helmer DeBerg.
John Tiaden
John Tjadpn
Hollnnd Belgian
Horse Co.
Afplrose & Pelli j
Township Horsej
Co.
John Lister I
T. W. Hnismann '■
Fnror Horse Co.
Franlv Snow ,
P. J. P.nn sch I
.John Lister
Pprcheron Horse
Co.
Helmer De Berg..
Conrad
Reinbeck
Grundy Center.
Conrad
Conrad
Reinbeclc
Grundy Center..
Grundy Center..
Conrad _.
Wellsburg _
Conrad
Conrad
Grundy Center..
Reinbeck _
Reinbeck
Reinbeck
Reinbeck
Grundy Center..
Grundy Center..
Dike
Dike
Wellsburg
Dike
Touraine 40953
Histro F. 35686
Bichon 40190 (51206)
Seduisant 29530 (4.5257)
B. Favori 41310..
Paul 41605
Prince Cameron 10525
All Right 215 ._
Tomtom (6025)
Brilliant S0572 ((47001)..
Durand 41436 (60779)
Negro 46183 (59129)
Canotier 45607 (53890)
MaeGill 8789
Bedford 111
T'ainnueur CVol. 12)...
Kirkland King 12226.
Corbett 20356
Hvnerion 46610 (52087)
Fdler (Vol. 7)
Dauphin 15156 (57653).
Nestor 41123 (61588)...
Tiers 7302
Wellsburg
Wellsburg
Holland
Horace 45261
Anacharsis 3628
Sapeur 4SS68 — .
Conrad
Conrad
Grundy Center..
Grundv Center..
Reinbeck
Conrad j
Conrad i
Reinbeck ,
Dike
Cn «i-Tiiir 51827 (.58109)..
Wilis 51405
SJfflot ^'^'m (65652)
Favors .35701
Ala h omit Geo rare 48185.
B. Conrad 47071
Prince 59017
Gazocrene 55.374 (70361).
Herzuba (Vol. 7)
Percheron
Trotter
Percheron
Percheron
Pereheron
I'ereheron
Clydesdale
niricnburg Coach
French Draft
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Clydesdale
Hackney
Belgian'
Clydesdale
I Percheron
i Perelieron
;ni(ienl)urg Coach
Perelieron
Percheron
East Friedland
I Coach
jPereheron
'French Coach
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Oldennurg
Coach
884
IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
GUTHRIE COUNTY
t6
Name of Owner I Postofflce
1
Name of Stallion
Breed
1091 Hackney Horse Co
1187 J. M. Sheehan....
1203 H. C. Miner
769 Gilman J. Turner
770 Gilman .1 Turner
Panora
Stuart
Couroy 633 (8123)
Araant 24448 (42918)
Blaisdon Luck 5385
(14992)
King Cole 5218
Hackney
PprcliPi'on
Stuart :
Panora . ._ _
Shire
Shire
Panora
Annas 41370 (56958)
Rocher 40091 (46496)....
Brilliant de Hemptinne
(1.5692)
Eastern Topman 6308..
Compagnon 1298
(24830)
Haven's Pride 12534
Diamont ll532 (44766)....
Midday Sun 34655
Teddy R. 0627
Percheron
692 James E. Junk
096 Wichita Belgian
Stuart
Wichita
Percheron
Belgian
572 A. D. Dickey
46 Y a 1 e D r a f t
Jamaica _.
Yale - —
Shire
Belgian
Clydesdale
French Draft
1576 C B. McGinnis _
47 YaleDraft
Horse Co
Yale
48 I C Sheets
Yale
Trotter
109 J. T. Wasson
Trotter
101 ' Jamaica Horse
Co.
1567 J. B. Foltz.
Jamaica
Stuart
Corisier 29485 (45168)-_.-
Adair Medium 31598
Victor Hugo 42978
Lallie 7507
Percheron
Trotter
1598 S. M. Ash
2109 .Tas TT. Pparcp
Bayard
Stuart
Percheron
Shire
2118
2119
J. M. McPherson
& Son
Stuart
Richard Mac 37313
McMahon 22174
J. M. McPherson
& Son
Stuart
2327 H. A. Saemisch...
2612 D. W. Anderson.
.Jamaica
Bagley
Bagley
Casey
Flambart 40741 (58618).-
Dewan 41929
Percheron
Trotter
2613 D. W. Anderson.
Lextus 41930
2668 1 S. J. Kirkpatrick
1 & F. W. Kading
Babillard 12D24
French Draft
88!i» S. B. Keating
and J. S. r^ow
Stuart
(53529) P
Sultan 18400
2844
?893
A. E. Colby
J. B. Foltz
A. G. Sodaberger
.Terry Dewnn
J. F. Maddick....
Guthrie Center..
Stuart -.. -
Casey
Bayard
Panora
Menlo
Bear Grove
Stuart
Menlo
Shadalmont 25535
Tartan 12024
Trotter
Clydesdale
2907
2936
1711
3002
Baron's Hope 12023
(11606)
The Bishop 30328
Massoud 946 (16918)
Jocoon 44954
Clydesdale
Trotter
Belgian
Trotter
3052 Bear Grove
1 Percheron
1 Horse Co.
693 J. F. Armentrout
& P. McDanielS-
3232 Wilson Bros.
Quande Meme 31243
(45888)
Val St. Pair 3181
Iowa Sphinx Jr. 33654..
Pernod 40015 (53570)
Van Toler 36478
Percheron
French Coach
Trotter
3233
3239
Menlo Horse Co...
F. J. Bovd
Leroy Culbertson
G. B. Hughes
J. B, Brown
Pioneer Draft
Horse Co.
Elliott Compton .
Wesley Willey ..
J. S. Low
Menlo
Menlo
Panora
Bagley
Guthrie Center..
Guthrie Center..
Stuart
Monteith
Stuart
Yale
Jamaica
Jamaica
.Jamaica
Jamaica
Stuart
Stuart
Panora
Casey _.
Jamaica
Stuart
Percheron
Trotter
3249
3302
3440
3449
3477
3&48
3896
Black Knight 12663
(13244)
Stuntney Facitus 7937..
(22838)
Finghall 12568 (13245)...
Highland Chieftain ....
11479
Red McKee 42694
Creston Ben 5948
Clydesdale
Shire
Clydesdale
Clydesdale
Trotter
Shire
571
3994
Clayton Miller ..
Wm. Morgan
F. Northwav 20634
Franklin 96.31
Trotter
French Draft
3995
3902
Wm. Morgan
Jacob Haupert _.
A. D. Dickey
Henry Campbell .
John Noland
C. B. McGinnis..
J. F. McNama...
Wm. Morgan
Herrick & McGin
nis
Avenir de Boingt 2754
(40802)
Adour 16517 _
Belgian
French Draft
3901
Gallant 16519
French Draft
4085
4110
4133
4201
4606
4927
Kadour 31222 (45167)....
Black Acme 13019 (12855^
Couquetier 51369 (65098)
King's Pride 909.3
Guerrier 56701 (693S8)--
Brilliant de Ruyen
3376 (33592)
Percheron
Clydesdale
Percheron
Shire
Percheron
Belgian
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIV 885
GUTHRIE county-Continued
5; 2 Name of Owner
Postofflce
Name of Stallion
Breed
3446 Gustavo Eckliardt
•'il76 Simp. ltovn()l<ls..
.".2.3!) i Simp. I{.'.viiol(ls_..
Casoy
Gutiirlc Center.I
Guthrie Center..
Kohan l.>8.")6
Kx-tra 5U23 (68038).
Apollo 200
-- Freufli Draft
— Perclicron
— lOldeulturt: «'<»;icli
HAMILTON COUNTY
I
327 I Geo. n. Daniels..
515 Marion Horse Co.
499 L. C. Rood
115 N a y 1 o r & Mil-
burn
177 E. C. Brewer
E. T. Friedrlch..
S. J. Cottinfrton-.
28 F. C. Ruegnitz...
581 Belgian Horse
Co. of Homer..
Wall Lake Horse
Co.
631
842
2331
2337
2464
F. C. Gearhart...
F. C. Gearhart-.-
.T. C. Cochran
1068 Bendix Olsen ....
1529 .Tohn Elv
1759 Helmick & Son...
Frank Ross _
Swanson & Ro-
dine
Ward Deflfen-
bangh
J. F. & Sam De
France
J. F. & Sam De
France
A. C. Henderson.
2756
100
3097
mss
3189
3644
3690
4014
1666
4198
4417
4490
785
4483
4.543
11
1376
4835
4908
4924
5131
1404
561
53.38
.Tohn T. Oravig.-
G. W. Pearson.
Dennis Murphy .
Dennis Murphy .
Swanson Jk Rodine
E. S. Pringle..
Cottington &
Smith
Stratford Perch
eron Horse Co..
J. C. Arends
Andrew Caruth...
A. B. Staples
.Tohn Ely
.Tohn El.v
Ole E. Peterson..
Halsne & Co
Carl Bentson
Carl Bontson
Peter Hove
F. P. Helmick
Belgian Horse Co.
.Tohn .Tacobson
John .Taeobson
C. .T. DeFranoe..
Webster City ..' Phil Frye 42574.. „
Str.atford ' Renard 27115 (45189).."
^\ebster City .. Sir William R. 0729....
Stratford Sans Gene 400.39 (45012)
Stanhope Milord (21002)
Stratford Merry Morgan .50.32 ."
Stratford , Commodore 7741
Stratford Parson 20r>4 ";
Stratford j Copian (33172) ...
Jewell 1 De.ssinateur 31050
("46073)
Ellsworth
Ellsworth
.Tewell
Stanhope
Webster City .
Webster City .
Blairsburg
Stratford Bijouti 18t3 (26488)
Webster City ..j Fayette Duluth 1519..
Silver Seal 31.379
Distingue 22.349 (42851)..
TCeota Emperor 21670.
Prince 10179
Aurillnc 2^060 (44571)
Carl in 27816 (48.389)
Oscar 26933 (4.5805)
Webster City .. Iving Al 42749 T
Trotter
Percheron
Trotter
Percheron
Belgian
-Morgan
Shire
Shetland
Belgian
Percheron
Trotter
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Belgian
Saddler
Webster City ..
Williams
Randall
Ellswortli ....
Williams
Williams
Stratford
Webster City
Stratford
Stratford
Alexander
Williams
Ellsworth ....
Webster City
Webster Citv
Ellsworth
•Tewell
.Tewell
.Tewell
Stanhope _.
Welister Citv..
Webster City..
.Tewell
•Tewell
Willlnms
Lerian 44072
Mon Caprice 2620.
(25t.34)
Tornilleur 27849 (44008).
Chelsea 419.30
Black Dinmond 24314...
Beatem 40667
Keota Dan 18214
Boule du Chenov
(181.30)
Moulton Columbus
5816 (18226)
Grevy 41272 (.57201)....
Premier 5t070
Mouchon TIT 0»7 (18178)
Orcarlinus .37145
Illinois Lnd 24014
Direction Jr. 47803
Beaumont 40<iio
Diamond Diek 2608... .
Big .Toe .^57T)7
Aimer 4.5748
.\donis 47711
Gorron .57.5J.5 (69.3^6)
Cora d' Op 110.3 (Vol. 9^
Tvpota Emperor 22123..
Prince Clinrming 10801
Xota D. .5039.5 I
Trotter
Belgian
Percheron
Percheron
Perelieron
Percheron
Percheron
Belgian
Shire
Percheron
Percheron
Belgian
Trotter
Percheron
Trotter
PiMX'herou
Ercncli Co;
Percheron
Trotter
Percheron
Pereheron
Belgian
Perr-heron
Clydesdale
Trotter
HANCOCK COUNTY
292 I A. D. Paine
238 I Belgian Horse Co
456
A. Chisek
L. E. Faber
J. N. Sprole
1100 I Britt Belgian
' Horse Co,
641
Ivanawha
Goodell
Garner
Miller
Garner
Britt ..
Amboy 26664
Coran de Taverne.
(18218)
Tvilburn Prince 953
Dick Abbot .5^31
DeNavaro 12819
-' Buffalo (16808)
Percheron
Belgian
Clydesdale
Shire
French Draft
Belgian
886
IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE
HANCOCK COUNTY— Continued
53° Name of Owner
1131
1163
1651
2755
3047
1311
3534
4243
Klemme Horse Co
W. H. Greimann.
Ed Williams
Nelson Peterson..
Twin Lake Horse
Co. .—
Orthel Township
Horse Co.
P. R. Gilligan
Nels Pederson
E. F. Klein
Paul Dorow
D. M. Conlan
Shire Horse Co— .
E. F. Klein
Postofflce
Name of Stallion
Breed
Klemme
Garner
Kanawha
Britt
Goodell
Britt -
Kanawha
Kanawha
Britt
Crystal Lake —
Goodell
Britt
Britt
Styx (24964)
AJax 1061 (21446)
Ganymede 1198
Historian 45173 (59177)
Flup 1789 (21832)
Osprey II 22417
Clampin 22616 (42780).
Prince 42776
Star Abbott 16679
Raven 12634
Victor 15190
Era 868D (20t6S)
Veritable 272S6 (48352).
Belgian
Belgian
Clydesdale
Percheron
Belgian
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Trotter
French Draft
French Draft
Shire
Percheron
HARDIN COUNTY
337
354
667
1121
1145
1428
1454
1455
C. H. Comly
.Tos. Caillard
,T. T. Glenn
W. A. McBride..
R. T. Hamilton.-
Rezin Kennedy...
E. H. LaTeer
E. H. LaTeer
Wheeler & Turner
D. D. Goodenough
Telko & Sietsema
.1. H. Bales
Iowa Falls
Iowa Falls
New Providence
Alden
Wyatt 4739
Paul 280 .. -.
Morgan
Belgian
Marengo 40159
Pluton de Liroux
(23044)
Aloncey 44746 (51661)....
Coxey 247
Alolav 13965 (19095)
Williams's Brilliant —
30176
Rustachio 19803
Percheron
Belgian
Iowa Falls
Iowa Falls
Alden
Alden
Percheron
Oldenburg Coach
Percheron
Percheron
1510
1618
1733
1782
Trotter
Iowa Falls
Acklev
Hartington 4237
Roval S. 9008
Trotter
Clydesdale
Eldora
Percv Woodside 41028..
ATodell 45589
Percheron
2038
2149
2254
2255
XToTO- T>rr>\r5rloTiPP
Percheron
Phritjf- 'Ri<?<50 1 TTnhhnrr?
Keota Lion 7831
Shire
Leo B. Marks
Leo B. Marks
.T, T. Glenn.
D. H. Faris
.T. E. Bailey
.T. T. Glenn
T. T. Glenn
.T. B. Fuller
G. F. Howard".—
E. S. Ellsworth
Estate
E. S. Ellsworth
Estate .—
Eldora
Eldora
Trotter
Goldfinder 9701 20320.—
Stuntnev .Tonb 6617
Hiehland Berdell 43387.
Prince Albert 4725
Anthracite 47226
St. Ives II 8004 (10333)-
To 41854 (63425)-
French Draft
712
26.36
2468
2470
2471
2901
New Providence
New Providence
Iowa Falls
New .Providence
New Providence
Alden
and Percheron
Shire
Percheron
Morgan
Percheron
Shire
Percheron
2994
3017
New Providence
Iowa Falls
Iowa Falls
Alden
Sampson Jr. 42905.
Lee Roy 45216
Percheron
Percheron
3018
Ruvier 45552
ATonron (?5^t96'^
Percheron
3078
Fred Gehrke
O. J. Lacey
W. L. Thornton-
Bales & .Tohnston
Samuel A. Tisher
Anson IMiller
Eclipse Horse Co.
Belgian
3098
3096
New Providence
New Providence
New Providence
Alden
Eldora
Ussy 14858 (592.54)P.—
Ma1or L. 42429
French Draft
Percheron
.3005
3998
Senator A. 42428
Silver 9491 42112
Percheron
French Draft
3367
Willi 4273
and Percheron
German Coach
3362
Acklev
Eclipse 35i80
Pombre 21026
Percheron
3371
Myers Bros
Whitten
Percheron
3372
Myers Bros.
G. G. Pritcbard-
Lewis & Pritchard
G. F. Pemberton
Enoch Warman _.
S. O. Wplch
Robt. Wilkinson.
.T. F. Howard
Seward Bros.
D. H. Faris &
Sons .
Wbitten
Keota Benlamin 44752..
Don Alesor 44149
Earl of Alden 43471
Bi'JTTiark de Rochefort
2226 no^m
Tronville 46435 (62y;0).-
TnTTtbo 915^
Percheron
.3474
Alden „. _
Trotter
3475
Alden
Trotter
2062
3660
2572
Iowa Falls
Alden
Union
Belgian
Percheron
French Draft
3746
Iowa Falls
New Providence
New Providence
New Providence
Union
Wilb'nm D. 5465
Morgan
4018
4115
4257
Panillon 42137 (65354)...
Abel 47S41 .„
Highland Valma 41825—
Sultfin 26066
Bnldiller 42616"
Percheron
Percheron
4402
Union Draft
Horse Co.
S. F. Hammer
T. Ed Bailey
Bales & Hammer-
Percheron
4546
New Providence-
Iowa Falls
New Providence.
Percheron
4721
4722
Toseph Huse 5594
Tacoma 42892 —
Morgan
Percheron
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIV
HARDIN county-Continued
887
o'
fe° Name of Owner
Postofflce
Name of Stallion
Breed
•1788) Seward Bros
4787 Seward Bros
4889' W. A. McBrido.-_
3S54 John Gruis
5137 N. Lawton
5371 D. D. Goodouoiiffh
Now Providence
Now Providence
Aldon
Cloves
Alden -._
Iowa Falls
Dude 55627 Percheron
Dandy 55G28 Percheron
Kossuth 15JCK) French Draft
Tiro (Vol. 7) Oldenburg coach
Eddie L. 42403 Trotfer
Eber D. 4G640 iTrotter
HARRISON COUNTY
A. C. Briggs
Missouri Valley
and Beebeetown
Horse Co
533 Missouri Valley
Percheron
Horse Co
534:Beebeetown
Percheron
I Horse Co
105 C. W. Reed
148 Geo. W. Crewd
112
320
291
467
44
722
814
1530
1752
2493
2514
2842
3073
3130
3456
4152
4120
2899
4316
4346
4180
4370
4240
J. T. Smith
W. A. Smith
D. W. Bennett—
Percheron Horse
Co.
J. Knowles
Coach Horse Co.
C. C. Booth
P. C. McNally...
Cardinal Perch
eron Horse Co..
Jas. H. Blacli
wood
P. C. Stire...
V. C. Atwell
F. A. V o r e,
keeper
Persia Percheron
Horse Co. —
Wm. L. Carr..
Pherguson Bros—
S. N. Dale
Pherguson Bros..
C. F. Putman-
E. F. Ogden
F. Hall
Virgin Kinart
R. R. Micljle
W. W. Hollen-
beck
Guyett & Son
Howard N. Brown
Guyett & Son
C. C. Booth
A. C. Briggs-
Missouri Valley-
Missouri Valley-
Missouri Valley-
Missouri Valley-
Woodbine
Woodbine -.
Woodbine _-
Woodbine _.
Woodbine „
Woodbine ..
Logan _
Woodbine ..
Little Sioux
Dunlap
Ben Lawers 1542 (2594).
Violent 2877
Clydesdale
French Coach
Arcachon 25050 (45461)-- Percheron
Oiseau 31312 (48721) Percheron
Mediumwood 11)747 Trotter
Leo (23586) — Belgian
Victor 21809 Percheron
King L. 28814 Trotter
Mont-Joie de liagnies Belgian
(25572) I
Email 31319 (46074) ' Percheron
Paltu 28352 __ Trotter
Varrevilie 3284 French Coach
Row On 33805 Trotter
Glenfinlass 35223 _ - Trotter
Cardinal 24733 (43692) Percheron
Magnolia — .
Dunlap Tronda's Chieftan 10291 Civdesdale
Logan Loxley 40OJ2 Trotter
Little Sioux Instard 20494 Percheron
Dunlap
Persia
Logan
Dunlap
Logan
Dunlap
WoodlDine
Logan
Orson
Missouri Valley.
Kamrar
Logan
Woodbine
Dunlap
Woodbine
Little Sioux
Missouri Valley
Boulanger 24425 (43615)— Percheron
Cadix 2>/32 (43771) Percheron
Scott 7966 Shire
Fortune 41633 — Percheron
West Phallmont 43838- Trotter
Dax 2304 (30738) Belgian
Cartouche 35811 - Percheron
Robert McCaskey 4144G Trotter
Mignon 46158 (59412) Percheron
Fortune Hunter 20394- Percheron
Hardi de Meerbeke Belgian
(Vol. 12, p. 646) I
Champion II 7866 'Shire
Marquis de Altre 2400- Belgian
(37036)
Abricot 20481 Percheron
Corbett 42790 Percheron
Togo 45086 Percheron
Bon Dominant 6594 Shire
(19371)
HENRY COUNTY
873
787
851
955
899
1040
Wm. H. Nugen— '
Wm. H. Nugen-—
O. C. Newbold—
Dunham Wright
& P. J. Hanks.
Ed C. Herron
F. W. Walters—
C. C. Anderson.—
Frank A. Bird
New London
New London
Hillsboro
New London
Mt. Union ..
New London .
Mt. Pleasant
Mt. Pleasant
Edward Bush 35987. Trotter
Quinton Cross 38154 Trotter
Iowa Jim 11903.— Clydesdale
Kalos 14439 — French Draft
Heron de Vryheld 1293. Belgian
(21346) 1
Prince Albert 11577 French Draft
Alexander 7218 Shire
Harm Vandecar 30072... Trotter
IOWA DEPARTiMEXT OF AGRICULTURE
HENRY COLNTY-CONTINUED
go Name of Owner
6^
Postoffice
Name of Stallion
Breed
1081 Maurice Green—
898 C. C. Anderson.-
897 C. C. Anderson-..
896 C. C. Anderson-. -
895 C. C. Anderson—
879 H. H. Hills
1144 H. H. Hills
1143 H. H. Hills
1142 H. H. Hills
900 Swede sburg
Horse Co.
1231 Jacob Beckley —
1232 Jacob Beckley —
1226 -T -T O'T.nnchlin
Wayland _
Mt. Pleasant ...
Mt. Pleasant —
Mt. Pleasant ...
Mt. Pleasant —
Mt. Pleasant ..-
Mt. Pleasant ...
Mt. Pleasant ...
Mt. Pleasant ...
Swedesburg
Hillsboro
Hillsboro
Rome
Hillsboro
Mt. Pleasant ...
Wayland
Wayland
Trenton -
Mt. Pleasant ...
Winfleld
Mt. Pleasant —
Rome
Arcturus 15798
Lord Commodore 8388..
Lord Gentry 8:B89
Lord Claymont 7039
Lord Curzon 7038
Cherreau 42473 (48488)._
Lucky Cross 10861
Fortune Hunter 9202..-
Admiral 33035
Trotter
Shire
Shire
Shire
Shire
Percheron
Trotter
French Draft
Percheron
Bernard 34307 (53267)..-
Wayside Smuggler
11857
Keota King 19437
Trevoux 12547
Percheron
Clydesdale
Percheron
French Draft
1322
1424
Mt. Hamil Horse
Co. -
Damier 27119 (45993)..-
Keota Prince 4935
Percheron
r> TT AffHuhnn
Shire
1525 L. C. Wenger
1526 Wenger Bros
Superb 12507
Fordy Duke 758t
(21432)
Nallv 10010
French Draft
Shire
French Draft
1828 C. M. Clark
]i>«8 Rudolpii & Wal-
ter Lund
2138 Ross S. Wright—
2364 John Schadt
Cecil ian 17533
Trotter
Winifred's Prince 12771
Ambassaduer 43068
Keota Knight 8S03
Lord Roosevelt 8735
.Tohn 150.33
Clydesdale
Percheron
Clydesdale
Shire
2418 C. C. Anderson..
Mt. Pleasant —
Mt. Pleasant ...
Winfield
Winfield
Winfield
Mt. Pleasant ...
Wayland
New London _—
Mt. Pleasant ...
Salem _
2522 Jesse D. Cooper..
2523 Jesse D. Cooper...
1788 Jesse D. Cooper.-
2564 K S IMills
Merriman 5376
Shire
Javelot 23051 (43301)
Hannibal 41728
Gold Eagle 5301
Percheron
Percheron
Shire
258t Wenger Bros
2416 John Shriver
2951 C. C. Anderson...
2979 H E Watts
Cyrano .50487 (4562S)
Creston Archie .3d 6659.
Novice 22614 (43366)
Percheron
Shire
Percheron
3049 Wm. A. Harsh-
barger
3161 W. P. Blackford
3162 Jacob Beckley ...
3234 New London
TTorsp Pn
Mt. Pleasant ...
Hillsboro
Hillsboro
New London ...
New London _—
Hillsboro
Hillsboro
Hillsboro
Hillsboro
Winfield
Mt. Union
Salem
Romeo 45175
Percheron
Stuntney Sanrouge 840-
(9033)
King 15626
Hackney
French Draft
Tyrolien 2460
French Coach
3235
;^4a
New London
Horse Co.
W. A. Tade &
Sons
Pomard 24489 (44564)....
Rotrou 47082 (61541)-._-
Pat Brown 28280
Joe Diamond 43202
Sir Archibald 12952
Ethelbert 12025 (12969)..
Lamy 14853 (53952)
De Vallon 14780
Percheron
3339
3338
3919
3020
4001
4026
H. C. Hampton.-
H. C. Hampton..
0. C. Newborn...
John A. Swan
A. L. Garrels
J. W. Graber
A. L. Garrels
Henry Burky
Everett Beckwith.
Everett Beckwith.
Everett Beckwith-
Ira Redfern
\V. V. Ainsltaugh-
C. M. Clark
Henry E. Watts..
Henry E. Watts..
Bird & Dodd
Roy H. Barton
Geo. C. Wright—
Geo. C. Wright...
E. Tulk
Wm. liitzenberg-.
Joe Metzger
Jacob Becklv
Trotter
Trotter
Clydesdale
Clydesdale
French Draft
French Draft
4069
2955
4427
Mt. Union
Mt. Pleasant ..-
Mt. Pleasant —
Mt. Pleasant —
Mt. Pleasant ...
New London
N'ew London
Mt. Pleasant
SaTem
Sans Tache (11724)
Happy Tom 8012
Ericeirs 14971
Percheron
Shire
French Draft
4428
4429
Kew^ango 15604
Seigneur .51451
French Draft
Percheron
4483
Romu 48007
Percheron
4517
Princetto 36088 ,
Trotter
4.571
Mm
Clark Boreal 449S7
LaGrise 51434
Fureto 51427
Trotter
4610
Salem
Mt. Pleasant..-
Mt. Pleasant- —
Mt. Pleasant
Mt. Pleasant
Mt. PleasauT— .
Mt. Pleasant
Winfield
Hillsboro
Percheron
670
196
4836
1047
.5038
.5104
5239
.5242
Becket May Prince
6857 (17149)
Chartroose 33?21 789.3
Sir Walter Raleigh
47091
Orageux 28110 (44842)..-
Crlp 3;379 (4663 0
Valais 26901 (4.5841)
Marquette 13.537
Garnet's Honor 47493--.
Shire
Percheron &
French Draft
Percheron
Percheron
Belgian
Percheron
French Draft
Trotter
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIV 889
HENRY county-Continued
O'
^° Niuiic of Owner
Postofflce
5213
5279
5345
3501
Jacob Beckly
G. F. Wilineth...
W. N. Watson....
W. N. & J. E.
•* Watson
Hillsboro ...
Saloni
Hillsboro ...
Hillsljoro ...
Name a£ Stallion
Breed
Oen. Dewey 17375
Kach Cha 4t7i>:)
Thomas \V. Lawson..
47850
Imprint Jr. 33546
French Draft
Trotter
Trotter
Trotter
HOWARD COUNTY
S49
138
827
828
997
998
999
1000
1001
1371
1474
1645
53
2252
2258
2259
2976
3013
3065
3509
3581
4256
4.341
2:177
P. J. Gesell
Protivin Porch-
eron Horse Co..
Keune Horse Co..
L. Loomis-
L. Looniis.
Eckstein &
Elma
C. A
C. A.
F. A.
Bro.
F. A.
Bro.
F. A.
Bro.
F. A.
Bro.
F. A.
Bro.
Martin
Maple
gian
Eckstein &
Eckstein &
Eckstein &
Eckstein &
.Tones
Leaf Bel
D r a f :
Horse Co.
Clover Leaf Horse
Co.
P. J. Herold
Albion Horse Co.
T. J. Richards....
J. W. Davis «& I.
Roberts
S. A. Converse
Geo. Moore
Saratoga Horse
Co.
M. E. WeighilL...
F. A. Eckstein....
F. A. Eckstein
M. P. Lvdon
D. S. Miller
Protivin
Crosco .
Chester .
Chester
Chester .
Chester .
Chester .
Chester .
Chester .
Cresco ..
Elma
Cresco
Cresco
Bonair
Lime Spring
Lime Spring
Cresco
Elma -.
Bonton 9037
French Draft
Sanraur 250.31 (136.33)... Percheron
Talmage lOCO Belgian
Wild woods- Ideal 1530-.'B<'Ij,'ian
"'" ' Belgian
Black 2221 (2946J)
Cyclone II 1375..
Macadam Jr. 1841
Ideal Jr 1840
Belgian
Belgian
Belgian
Maxy 1802 (14098) Belgian
Macadam 718 Belgian
Le Meniere (15409) Percheron
Paul Max (27498) Belgian
Cresco
Cresco
Chester
Chester
Cri'spo
Bonair
Epernon 3mG (46591)..
Regale 2082
Bnridan 27105 (48288)..
Barney Amber 10388. .
Nellie's Pride 11807
The Governor 2976
Trompeur .31243 (48579).
Libaros 27.378 (44813)...
The Fox 3170.3
Bonlet do Canon 2524.
Epluche 42067 (60521)
Maf Henry S8 S
I'rince James 8't32
- Porcboroti
- Froncli Coach
. Perelieron
Clydesdale
-Clydesdale
-Clydesdale
- Percheron
. Percheron
Trotter
.! Belgian
.'Percheron
'Clydes.l.-ile
Iciydesilale
HUMBOLDT COUNTY
90
200
1189
1435
1744
2i33
2628
2833
3146
3483
3484
3163
4097
4433
Brown Bros. &\
I Beck
! Harry Brntton '
Rutland Horse Co
, Moen & Anderson!
I Boone Percheron
Horse Co.
Brown Bros. &
Beck
Brown Bros. &
Beck
P. L. DeSmidt...
L. E. Dolder
Renwick Shire
Horse Co.
Byron Brink
A. J. Hayden
F. F. Kellinjr
F. F. Kellin?
Belgian Draft
Horse Co. ;
Brown Bros. &
Beck
C. E. Myers
A. K. Cleveland..
Humboldt
Ottosen ...
Rutland ..
Humboldt
Renwick _
Humboldt
Humboldt
Humboldt
Pioneer _.
Cokeril 1800 (29592)..
Cnptain Hopetown 11442
Pollux II 1.371 (18216)
Guepin 27159 (44716)
Reflescible 41836 (48870).
Major de Corroy 2533...
(24426)
Corail 14831 (62379) P.. .
Romance 26.305
Thomas 34.3n (46441)...
Stuntney Defiance 2853.
Bob Sheldon 38354
LaPerche 45.327 .
Tessino (1.300.3) ..
Renwick ...
Renwick ...
Humboldt .
Humboldt -
Humboldt William 1046
Pioneer Charlemange 1799
(12290)
Huml)oldt Black .Tack II 9.389
Humboldt ' Judge Transit 47746
Humboldt Frank Thornton 45353
Belgian
Clydesdale
Belgian
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
French Draft
Percheron
Percheron
Sliire
Trotter
Perclieron
German Coacli
German Coach
Belgian
Shire
Trotter
Trotter
890
IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
HUMBOLDT COUNTY-CONTINUED
u6
Name of Owner
Postofflce
Name of Stallion
Breed
3798
4W0
A. G. Cooper
Brown Bros. &
Beck
Ottosen
Humboldt
Humboldt
Humboldt
Humboldt
Ottosen
Livermore
Humboldt
Renwick
Bon-Valet ,51497
(59946)
Henri 31232 (46733).
Stuntney Troutbeck 953
(9928)
Richard I 9726 (24564)..
Espagnol 3264 (46590)...
Stuntney Arsaces
(23739)
March Admiral 10393 ..
(26863)
De Land George 9654..
Goliath 3024 (33470)....
Percheron
Percheron
49il
Brown Bros. &
Beck —
Hackney
4942
Brown Bros. &
Beck —
Shire
4943
Brown Bros. &,
Beck -
Belgian
1865
5113
5254
5255
A. C. Cooper-
R. M. Clark
E. C. Fuller
E. A. Loobey
Shire
Shire
Shire
Belgian
IDA COUNTY
95
130
E. F. Peffer
Holstein Horse
Co
Battle Creek ...
Holstein
Arthur
Ida Grove
Ida Grove
Holstein
Holstein
Battle Creek ...
Battle Creek ...
Battle Creek ..-
Arthur
Me Lud Conkling 34924
Vernis 30421 (46609)
Nigrier 44625
Brynes 25936
Creston Prince 35728
10667
Marron De Vissoul 1350
Napoleon II 273
(24818)
Harry 9378
Ibrahine 11520 —
Du Chaillu 11199
Fondant 40141
El Somero 0754
Duke 43554
Cinchona 20391
T. R. K. 11837.
Romeo 23495
Sweet King 40977
Alex of Odebolt 11754..
Danton 1020
Black Prince 4324...
Monaco 14100
Pianiste 44474 (58181). —
Sasie 46060 (51718)
Ringmaster Jr. 8417
Money Maker 7874
Perkins 48314
Olga 22766 (43283)
Golden Era 4601
Buflealo 41563 (63938)
Wenona Swell 22991
CardiflE 53744
Gamway 45286
James 42654 (66947).
Blaisdon Victor 7110....
(29267)
Trotter
Percheron
167
35
45
51
53
23
26
27
83
J. F. Parks
Elmer C. Somers.
J. Y. Crawford.-
John Crawford
John Crawford
Geo. H. Nailer...
V. D. Wolcott...
V. D. Wolcott-.-
Arthur Horse Co.
Elmer C. Somers.
P. McGuire
P. McGuire
P. McGuire
P. McGuire
P. McGuire
Waldo & Ray
Clapsaddle
Ida Grove Horse
Co
Percheron
Trotter
Percheron and
French Draft
Belgian
Belgian
French Draft
French Draft
Trotter
Percheron
1353
1481
1482
Ida Grove
Holstein
Trotter
Percheron
Holstein
Percheron
1483
1484
1485
1727
Holstein
Trotter
Percheron
Trotter
Galva
Clydesdale
928
Ida Grove
Ida Grove
Holstein
Galva
Galva
Belgian
1731
2024
2776
2088
B. M. Hester
H. P. Rice.
Galva Union
Horse Co.
Galva Horse Co..
C. A. Shimerda..
F. 0. Peterson-
Geo. F. Nailor
A. Sykes
August Hunwar-
densen
Baxter Bros
A. B. Bell
J. F. Parks.
Hinds & McCrea—
J. H. Pilcher
Bert E. Buss
Shetland
French Draft
Percheron
Percheron
2338
2583
3370
3674
3739
2969
2.589
4467
Battle Creek
Galva
Battle Creek ....
Ida Grove
Battle Creek
Galva
Ida Grove
Arthur
Shire
Shire
Percheron
Percheron
Morgan
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
3247
Arthur -
Trotter
5029
2776
Ida Grove
Galva
Percheron
Shire
1
IOWA (
::ouNTY
125
Draft Horse Co.
' of Ladora
' Draft Horse Co.
of Ladora
Draft Horse Co.
of Ladora
W. V. Hixson.-..
Chas. Boland ....
Ladora
Robert de Lillo (25508)
Caesar de Wodecg
(29436)
Keota Edward 29654....
Rosemack 10406
Kerzerah 33729
Belgian
128
Ladora
Belgian
127
239
778
Ladora
Marengo
Williamsburg ..
Percheron
Clydesdale
i Percheron
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIV
IOWA county-Continued
891
id
Name of Owner
Postofflce
Name of Stallion
Breed
865
W. V. Hixson-...
Marengo
Palmerston 9728
Clydesdale
864
973
W. V. Hixson....
Henry Wiede-
Marengo
Mac Delightful 2d 11314
Clydesdale
meier
Millersburg
Bon Roister 6065
(17790)
Shire
1028
Miller sburg
Coach Ilorso Co.
W i 1 1 1 a msburg
Millersburg
Eithon 2085
FronpTi Pnor»h
1009
871
Draft Horse Co.
Samuel E. Harper
Williamsburg ..
Victor -
Piston 820 (1.3000)
Soott G a ma loon .'^1202..
Belgian
Trotter
1884
R. M. Wyant....
Millersburg
Jny Field's Ilnstv .3(3018
Trotter
1405
J. F. Talbot
Williamsburg ..
Koota Ranford 2905'?
Percheron
1402
1450
Francis E. Grim.
Jacob E. Cox
North English...
Williamsburg ..
Dewey 5203
Bourn 44470 (55102)
Shire
Percheron
1451
Jacob E. Cox
Wilhamsburg ..
Devinez (57137)
Percheron
1479
1518
John B. Wyant...
W. H. Spratt.-..
Marengo
Paruell
Dandy E. C8t7
Cambushinnie Prince
Trotter
Clydesdale
1519
W. H. Spratt
Parnell
Jr. lOSni
Manor Surprise (16800).
Shfre
1652
J. H. Schrader
Marengo
Gables Shamrock 6959..
Shire
2106
H. F. Lohman
Millersburg
(Vol. 25)
Bayard X 30585 (48326).
Percheron
2509
W. E. Reynolds...
Williamsburg ..
Flashwood 8066
Shire
2601
Koszta Horse Co.
Ladora Draft
Koszta
Tresor (55352)
2204
Horse Co
Ladofa
Caesar de ^lerchtem...
Belgian
2653
Jonas Mantz
Williamsburg _.
2588 (36802)
Darius 44456 (51 2M)-...
Percheron
2654
Jonas Mantz
Williamsburg ..
Rival 26903 (45850)
Percheron
2675
A. J. Clark
W i I I i a msburg
Ladora
Scipion 41554 (63657)....
Percheron
2689
Draft Horse Co-
Williamsburg ..
Bobbv B. 15467...
French Draft
G M Ooheltrpp
Victor
Colonel 0. 13207
Joe Menary 43156.
Baron Clifton 12611
French Draft
Trotter
Clvdesdale
2731
Frank X. Conroy.
W. V. Hixson..-.
Conroy
2787
Marengo
2789
2883
W. V. Hixson.—
J. P. Gunzen-
hauser
Marengo
Glenco 13334
Clydesdale
Williamsburg ..
Paul 19422
Percheron
2882
J. P. Gunzen-
hauser
Williamsburg
.Tulo 2151 (Vol. 12)
Nelson 1785
Belgian
German Coach
2752
B. F. McArtor...
North English...
1169
Roylander Horse
Co.
North English...
Roylander 30605
Printannier 28744 _
Trotter
2998
Ross J. Miller-...
North English...
Percheron
3032
Jonas Mantz
Williamsburg ..
(47059)
Lord William II 5415
Shire
3057
J. D. Thomas.—
North English...
Patwood 34206...
Trotter
3221
A. J. Clark
Ladora _..i
Zoo Zoo B. 363.36
The Exquisite .36730
Trotter
Trotter
3286
J. G. Hanson
Williamsburg ..
3343
W. D. Talbott.-..
Marengo
Keota Hymen .31887
Percheron
3394
E. A. Simmons...
Marengo
Coursier 2662 (1815G)
Belgian
3416
Geo. Bover
Victor
Lendit 25050 (42414)
Prince of Pleasant Hill
23835
Confidence 705
Percheron
Percheron
3427
Ernest Teggartz ..
South Amana ..
3478
Jonas Mantz
Williamsburg ..
Belgian
3520
Geo. Schuetterle.
Marengo
Faucheur 13072
French Draft
3747
Theo. Moyekens,
S. DeRycke and
D. Landuyt
Marengo
Picador 28751 (48312)....
Percheron
1008
T. J. Burns
Morth English...
Baron Blantyre 9343
(10407)
Prince Reliable 8710....
Loosejrate Lord 8529
Clydesdale
39*5
Victor
Clydesdale
Shire
4092
John R. Fitzer
Williamsburg ..
(225.50)
4179
C. W. Voss
Williamsburg ..
Bury Client 8876 (23112)
Shire
4177
J. E. Cox
Williamsburg ..
Brvan II 52236
Percheron
4178
J. E. Cox.
Williamsburg ._■
Williamsburg ...
Rejrulus 4030 ,
Manage 51877 (6.3689)....^
French Coach
4176
J. E. Cox
Percheron
4!M7
Bigler Bros
Victor
Robin Ensign 11939 |
Clydesdale
2788
H. T. Bell
Marengo -
Dale 12333 ..'
Clydesdale
4278
James E. Ander-
son
Victor
Warren Bov 47534
Trotter
86?
T. J. Kilcoin
Victor
Mac Delightful 10759...
Clydesdale
45^
Mapledale Draft
Horse Co.
Williamsburg ..!
Prince Brilliant 11688..
Clydesdale
g92 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
IOWA county-Continued
uO
500:)
bOio
5048
5049
27!X)
5276
5277
52S5
'5072
5275
Name of Owner
PostoflSce
Name of Stallion
Breed
H. T. Bell
Thos. O'Rourke---
J. H. Fancher
F. X. Conroy
F. L. Wilson
AV. V. Hixsou—.
W. V. Hixson
Gust Albert
J. H. Reynolds--.
J. H. Reynolds—.
Robt. N. Edwards
G. F. Propst
Christ Teggartz— .
^Marengo
North English
North p]nglish
Conroy
Marengo
Marengo
Marengo
Ladora
WiliiainsDurg
A'S illiainsi.urg
Williauisiairg
Victor
Williamsburg
Julian 4470O
Bill Orueke 13719....
Parnell 12697
Volition 50181
Brown Ball 40OJ5
Scot Laddie 13.>02
Stalwart 13563
Sefton 12331
Major Crispi .32232...
Remus 52241
Macara 13751
A'oltaire 59242 (68187).
Bolivar 5S547
Percheron
Clydesaaie
Clydesdale
I Trotter
Trotrer
Clydesdale
Clydesdale
Cl.vdesdale
Percneron
Percheron
Clydesdale
Percheron
Percheron
JACKSON COUNTY
375
347
Comte Percheron
Horse Co.
Chris Peterson — .
D. H. Anderson..
D. H. Anderson..
D. H. Anderson..
C. D. Krepps &
D. H. Anderson
Cook & Depue
Miles Belgian
Horse Co
Belgian Horse Co.
Ely & Robinson-
John Orr. Sec'y-
Wm. Dunn
J. C. Dennison...
J. C. Dennison...
Wm. F. Meinke...
J. F. Kunan
J. L. Ripple & W.
W. May berry — .
Roach Bros
J. L. Hoffman
Ed Farley
Jos. Eberle
Sabula Belgian
Horse Co.
Jno. & George
Goepfert
Lamotte & Swin-
gle Horse Co
Jerry Broderson..
Geo. S. Flathers.
Fred Kelsall
Chas. Chapman ..
0. E. Barnes
Preston Perch-
eron Horse Co..
Wm. Gibson
Farmers Horse Co
J. C. Dennison
Weber Bros.
R. J. Crawford...
A. W. Smith
C. L. Keiser
Belgian Up - To-
Date Horse Co..
F. L. Roach
Bellevue
Miles
Comte (46493)
La pin 30198 (46857)
Cyclone 1852
Brilliant III 1347
Vonmore 22417
Woodford Russell 37964
Coco 11360
Blanqui de Mellemont
(29368)
Bornival 1403 (19201)
Monteleone 29178
Romeo 23077
Beaudole III 33407
(47831)
Paralene 35112
Percheron
268
267
266
285
251
Maquoketa
Maquoketa
Maquoketa
Maquoketa
Miles
Belgian
Belgian
Trotter
Trotter
French Draft
250
Miles
Belgian
285
Bellevue
Belgian
Trotter
Percheron
Percheron
6
496
644
Maquoketa
Maquoketa
Bellevue
415
Bellevue
Trotter
414
Bellevue
Patrolist 40307
Ardea 42216
Trotter
786
Maquoketa
Sabula
1092
Sans-Gradin 24731
(44668)
Fenelon 25807
1128
1146
Patalma 37916
Trotter
1339
Lamotte
Bernard (13100)
Belgian
Belgian
Shire
1527
Clarion de Loyers 2174
(25503)
Grove Paragon 2216
(7334)
Coquet de Mellemont..
2345 (Vol. 13)
Sir Bolivar 12535
Miramar 31274 (48168)..
Champagne 27439
(43154)
Dr. Kendall 22713
Bonaparte 19764 (43112).
Delateur 14821 (64090)...
Plantagenet 23200 (44573)
Reuil 22707 (43472)
William Gibson 39323..
Bock 45770 (61500)
Paral 46729
1599
2508
Spragueville
Sabula
2606
Clydesdale
2716
2860
3110
3236
3380
343S
Lamotte
Maquoketa
Maquoketa
Iron Hills
Lamotte
Baldwin
Percheron
Percheron
Trotter
Percheron
French Draft
Percheron
3523
Preston
Percheron
3592
3689
Maquoketa
Miles
Trotter
3876
Trotter
41(K>
Bellevue - .
Sideram 42533 (65319). ...
Charlatan d' Hubuau-
mel 3345 (Vol. 16)
Richdale 17.570 . .
Percheron
4921
.5161
Miles
Maquoketa
Maquoketa
Bellevue
Belgian
Trotter
5234
5347
Chalcon Boy 41847
Bistouri 1401 (21783)....
Caesar 17021
T.-otter
Belgian
French Draft
5100
Preston
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIV 893
JASPER COUNTY
£2 Name of Owner
341
377
476
854
807
1267
1268
1555
905
996
1745
2167
2189
2324
2410
2459
2457
3061
:il79
3203
3204
3222
3376
2854
3535
4031
2458
4095
4094
4113 j
4220
4218
4219
4217
4215
4190
4188;
4298
Postoffice
Name of Stallion
Breed
I James McKenzie._ Baxter
j Newburg Horse
I Imp. Co. ._ Newburg
[ Lavelleur & Zach-
I ary Prairie City
Oscar Wallick ... Monroe .. ""
J. W. Munn Newton ...
Frank Brunor Prairie City
C. S. Mershon... Newton
D. C. OifTonl Est Prairie City"""
D. C. GilTord Est Prairie City ""'
Robert Rousli Monroe
J. P. Taylor Sully
J. P. Taylor Sully
J. J. Wlusler Fairmont
Eldredgre Bros. _. Sully
Chas. Goeke Baxter
M. C. Cramer _.' Monroe
Gibson West Baxter
Gibson West Baxter
A. D. Gipson &!
G. C. Butler Baxter
Lavalleur & Tay-
lor ; Colfax
D. A. Moflfet. [ Prairie City
Livingston Bros.. Monroe
H. W. Kloping. Newton ..'.
Johnson & King-|
don ........ Prairie City ....
Johnson & King-
don ... ... ... Prairie City ....
Johnson & King-
don ....... I Prairie City ....
Louie J. Altemeiri Newton
Margaret Gates .. Newton
J. C. Johnson Im-
ported Horse Co- Lvnnville .
Sugar G rove'
Horse Co I Newton ...
Ira Smith Monroe ....
Baxter & Round
Grove Horse Co. Baxter
W. N. Talbot & ' ""
Sandy McNab 11211.
Avril 3iai8 (46164)..
Aristote 44302 (55655)...
Keota Senator 9614
Prince Lucas 14.{6;{..
Keota-Gallipoli 3:«59 ..
Bala din 2;JI2'J (40958)
I Poinpee 27986 (46835)
' Dardaghan II 13181
Oberlin 19549
Twister 20753
Twis G. B. 39013...
Valeur 768
Regal Marooiii 39287
Garnet Wilkes Jr. 43307
Newton Harold 7649
Arnold M. 15660..
Soducteur 47205
Wilhelm 23008 ...
Clydesdale '
Percheron
Percheron
Clydesdale
Perolioron
Peroheron
Percheron
Perclieron
Frencli Draft
Percheron
Trotter
Trotter
French Coach
Trotter
Trotter
Shire
Trotter
Percheron
Percheron
Lapon 26724 (18351) iPercheron
1 Monarch 13475
I Stanislas 15155 (62729).
I Raymond 41181
Gu tern burg 41765 ...
I (60023)
I King William 12782...
I Motus (56933)
French Draft
I French Draft
Percheron
iPercheron
French Draft
Percheron
Son .
W. N.
Son .
Chester
, Sully
Talbot &'
— Sully ...
Draft
Horse Co. i Newberg
H. G. Bergman.- Newton .
H. G. Bergman.. Newton .
H. G. Bergman.. Newton .
H. G. Bergman.. Newton
H. W. Klopping Newton I
Kellogg Belgian
Horse Co. Kello"-"
Baxter & Mal-
bourne Horse Co
Vern Wheeler
Newton Victor 6921 .
Wenona King 5280
Newton King 40723
Angers 40733 (49304)...
Degourdi 45878 (65197).
Monarch 51801
Victor 47205
Keota Allen 44753.
Gold Dust 12997...
The Boss III 5416
Sioux Valley Chief 36334
Favori 44998 (.57219)
Scott W. 36378
Chicago 46195 (55823)....
Turcos 48449
Baxter .
Newton
4300 I John Laskewitz . Killduff
4299 Vern Wheeler Newton
4318 Oscar Wallick .... Monroe
4323 P. H. Vanderwoolj Newton
4336 I Crawford & Grif-
' fin ] Newton
4337 j Crawford & Grif-|
I fin 1 Newton
4338 Crawford & Grif-
fin Newton
4339 Crawford & Grif-
I fin ' Newton
4341 j Crawford & Grif-
I fin Newton
Shire
Shire
Trotter
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Clydesdale
Shire
Trotter
Percheron
Trotter
Percheron
Percheron
Belgian
Clydesdale
Shire
Percheron
German Conch
Clydesdale
Percheron
Milton de Lessines 3122
(32634)
Caliph (12074)
Brompton Boy 6534
(Vol. 24)
Keota Lambing 44762
Gondler 3897
Orphan Boy 12254
Trepan 32305 (45131)
Congolais 2814 (34314).. Belgian
Neptune 632 (7940) Hackney
Accordeur 417&4 (64706)._! Percheron
Loulaba 50782 (68247) Percheron
Calvados 53737 f68366).. Percheron
894
IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
JASPER COUNTY— CONTINUED
53 o Name of Owner
Postofflce
Name of Stallion
Breed
4342 Crawford & Grif-
fin _ —
4382 C. E. Conley
1396 John Geisler
4873 James Williamson
581 B. H. Annis
55 B. H. Annis
Lurt Bros.
H, G. Bergman.
H. G. Bergman.
Kooistra Bros
Adam Briinner.-
Horace Lavalleui
C. L. Trout
E. F. Besser
A. F. Sandusky-
Newton
Prairie City
Mingo
Baxter
Prairie City
Prairie City
Monroe
Ne^^i;on
Newton
Lynneville _
Prairie City
Colfax
Kellogg
Newton
Kellogg
Citoyon 52748 (69{)77)._,
Allegory 47813
Plough Boy II 5135_-
Lycurgus 12233
Rex 23630
Watchword Junior __
35665
Arbitrator 47769
Forrest Rose 2290
Valseur 48033 (58495)-.
Monarque 27135 (46788)
Rex 1519 (1618)
Robert 2098
Mentor 14805 (61863)—
Rex Yolo 2495- —
Wenona Banker 11.—
5725
Percheron
Thoroughbred
Shire
Clydesdale
Percheron
Trotter
Percheron
Saddle Horse
Percheron
Percheron
German Coach
French Coach
French Draft
Saddle Horse
Shire
JEFFERSON COUNTY
277
278
279
E. E. Myers
E. E. Myers
E. E. Myers
Harlan B. Macy„
Batavia Belgian
Draft Horse Co-
Dr. J. V. Bean—
Dr. J. V. Bean...
Libertyville Horse
Co.
Packwood
Packwood
Packwood
Pleasant Plain..
County Line
Fairfield
Fairfield
Libertyville
Kilted Lad 3d 10353....
Sully's Jim 44488
Reno 12483
Clydesdale
Percheron
French Draft
453
638
742
Alaceo 19831
Percheron
Due II De Montfort
2424 (25232))
Belgian
Trotter
743
837
Sphinxceps 40238
Abner 24261 (44604)
Governor 6199
Junius of Fairfield 38063
Fairfield Short Legs... -
7262
Fairfield Brother BilL.
7832
Fairfield Bumper 8332-
New Cut President 5705
Judge Marshall 25791....
Romeo 35582
Leonard 14677 ..
Laurent 19125
Keota Chilicoot 21662-..
Capricieux 44459 (53278)
Bashneermont 5193
Marquise 13702
Fred Bee 38945
Trotter
Percheron
%1
F. K. Laughlin..
John Larson
John Larson
John Larson
John Larson
Larson Shire
Horse Co.
Daniel G. Dana..
E. P. Taylor
J. Lewis Mc-
Cleary
Shire
966
96S
967
969
971
1003
1220
1239
Fairfield
Fairfield
Fairfield
Fairfield
Fairfield
Fairfield
Fairfield -
Libertyville
Fairfield
Veo
Trotter
Shire
Shire
Shire
Shire
Trotter
Percheron
French Draft
1221
1337
E. P. Taylor
Chas. Stevenson.-
Wm. Case & Co..
J. V. Bean
Sylvester Hadley.
Wm. Carmichael-.
Jas. Carmichael...
J. P. Campbell.—
J. P. Campbell
Alex Hopkirk
J. E. Harris
J. E. Harris
J. E. Harris
John Larson
J. F. Carlson
John Larson
Julius Crile
J. E. Hoffman
C. W. Bonn
C. W. Bonn
C. W. Benn
C. W. Benn
C. W. Benn
C. W. Benn.
Percheron
Percheron
1438
1546
1622
1654
Fairfield
Fairfield
Packwood
Fairfield
Fairfield
Libertyville
Libertyville
Lockridge _
Batavia
Percheron
Morgan
French Draft
Trotter
1658
1691
R. D. Rex 37722
Taupin 9023
Trotter
French Draft
1692
Le Rov 13007
French Draft
1728
1808
Mark Dupont 10771
Ellerslie of Fairfield—
38065
Verjus 13635 (22666P)....
Thumper 15014
French Draft
Trotter
1809
French Draft
1810
Batavia . .
French Draft
1843
1994
2025
2028
2243
2427
2428
2429
Fairfield
Lockridge
Fairfield
Brighton
Abingdon
Packwood
Packwood
Packwood
Packwood
Packwood
Packwood
Fordy Spark 8446
(23320)
Monte Marshall 44104..
Admiral Togo II 8445..
(22990)
Champagne 41562
(52403)
Prince Archer 11397
Packwood Boy 43791
Wm. Packwood 43834..
Dr. Clark 44925
Shire
Trotter
Shire
Percheron
Clydesdale
Trotter
Trotter
Trotter
2430
2431
2432
Romulus 22674 (43371)....
Paul 40400 (45371)
Skirbeck Squire 6830™.
Percheron
Percheron
Shire
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIV
895
JEFFERSON COUNTY-CONTINUED
2504
2505
2506
2507
2602
2603
2665
2666
2691
2723
2997
3009
3010
3076
3139
Name of Owner
Postofflce
Name of Stallion
Breed
E. R. Smith
J. W. Wilson....
J. W. Wilson....
J. W. Wilson....
Jerry Bates
James M. Blake-
ley
James M. Blake-
ley
J. S. Herald
J. S. Horalfl
Hnmphroy Bros...
IMaas(iam«S:
Wheeler
Walton Bros.
W. C. Estes & Coi
Nady Bros
Nady Bros
Blogrh Bros.
Blogh Bros.
D. B. Hedj?e
W. C. Estes & B
A. Heald
Fairfield Parker 237D Trotter
'^'•^irttt^M Sansonnot 12038 (44364).! French
J^i^l't*^' '! Octavian 6337 (18994)... Shire
Fairfield ' J. W. B. 32.'533- Trotter
; I airfield ...Jerry May 41239. Trotter
Draft
Fairfield ! Charles Byron 41480
iTrotter
3138 W. C. Estes
3011 ' A. D. Reed
3226 J. L. McClearv...
3285 Jas. M. Blakeiey
3442 John Graber
3636 E. R. Smith
3749 W. M. Goff
4102 Allen Koons
4103 I Allen Koons
674 I J. H. Copeland..
970 ' Henry Manhardt
1842 I Henry Manhardt.
3611 I J. P. Campbell..
2878 C. D. McPherson
4354 Henry Rupp
4825
4&12
Fairfield
Fairfield
Fairfield _
Pleasant Plain..
Fairfield _.
Pleasant Plain .
Pack wood
Fairfield
Fairfield
Fairfield
Fairfield
Fairfield
435
4877
4884
E. A. Smith
W. M. Gofif..
John F. Stull.-
G. B. Parsons-
John Larson _..
4898 E, A. Smith
5098 Harlan D. Macy.
6110 .Tohn Watson
5120 , J. H. Adkisson..
5282 D. J. Johnston...
5308 J. P. Campbell-.
5341 Willia Reno
5399 Nady Bros.
Pack wood .
Paekwood .
Fairfield ...
Lil)ertvville
Fairfield ...
Loclcridjre ..
Fairfield ...
Batavia
Batavia
Batnvia
Fairfield ...
I'.rierliton __.
Briprliton ...
T.ibertvville
Fairfield ...
Lockridge ..
Lockridge ..
Batavra
Charleston Jr. 22122 Trotter
Latimer 10021 French Draft
Ma tell less 9998 French Draft
Solide 41713 (46710)...... Poreh?ro?
rr . ^ French Draft
Keota Hymen 31887 Perclifron
King of Perche 11 2988.. French Draft
Vulcain 40705 (58882)...., {>or?heron
Py rrhus II 42015 Perclieron
Lafayette 42014 Perclieron
Coquin 14007 (51840)P.. French Draft
Artiste 45792 (04460) Percheron
King 13097 Clydesdale
County Line.
Fairfield
Fairfield
Lockridge
Pleasant Plain..
Glasgow
Batavia
Fairfield
Libertyville
Batavia
Fairfield
Fiston De Libenne 2105
(Vol. 12, p. 434)
Oscanion 1532
Favorite 42011
Dewey 15652 _
McLeod 10790
Paupiet 50860 (62255)
Docile 194J5
Bienvenn 212G5 (43224)..
Forton II 2109 (37406)...
Damocles 42.360 (63821)..
Portland 11001
Merry Tom C248
Favorll 506U (57174)
j Brownie tlie Kid 42129..
I Jumbo 27767
King Tom XIV 9752...
(24349) I
I Prince Holton 11225
! Gallant of Hotfield
9980 (25219)
Keota Sawyer 33440
Gregorian 57SS6 (70312)..
I Stuntnev Charles II..
9748 (23745)
Voltaire 45815 (53899)....
Bub Normandy 18134..
Sampson .50691
Bon Ax 41194
Rex 51158
Cassion .57171 (n697)
Cissel 1493
Pilote .57021 (68325)..
Belgian
Belgian
, Percheron
iFrench Draft
T'lydesdale
Percheron
Percheron
Perclieron
Belgian
Percheron
Clydesdale
Shire
Percheron
Trotter
Percheron
Shire
Clydesdale
Shire
Percheron
Percheron
Shire
Percheron
French Draft .
I Percheron
Trotter
iPercheron
iPercheron
Saddle Horse
iPercheron
JOHNSON COUNTY
505 G. H. Miller
504 G. H. Miller
106 F. J. Cochran
180
312
313
623
1314
.Tno. Kelley
R. E. .Tones
R. E. Jones
W. F. Lutz
Whittington
Ulch
1346 C. E. Colony, Jr
1486 C. S. Lucas
1634 A. E. Barnes
1749 Brennan Bros
1697 John Eden
Iowa City Dewey 26113 (44243) Percheron
Iowa City Westwulf 6827 Shire
Iowa City 1 Del Chim.nrch 34572 Trotter
Oxford Avignon 26078 (t5016)... Percheron
Iowa City Marius Ogn (9678^ Percheron
Iowa City ; Queen's King 2368.5 IPercheron
Lone Tree .^ Conde 11201 16709 French Draft
' (31482) I Percheron
Solon ! Chieftain Harold 5702.. Shire
(17251)
Iowa City .Toker 25007 (41963) . Percheron
Iowa City Larry Ginter 31998 Trotter
Iowa City ' Picador Jr. 11066 French Draft
Solon Canari 1422 (25262) Belgian
Lone Tree i Brutus (243) French Draft
896 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
JOHNSON county-Continued
8^
Name of Owner
Postofflce
Name of Stallion
Breed
1748
Brennan Bros
Solon
All Black 8293 (23886)—
Phenix 19100 _:
Shire
Oxford
?,35« Scott Wilson .""'.
2354 L. P. Kessler
s^*)"! L P Kessler
Iowa City
Iowa City
Iowa City
Iowa City
Oxford
Lightfoot of Fairfield..
36408
Keota Superior 9328
Victor K. 43665
Trotter
Percheron
Percheron
23.56 L. P. Kessler
2707 Lue Rohret
Coledge K. 43666
Nig 33231
Percheron
Percheron
Oxford
Goodenough 34367
Marshall Ney 14270
Trojus Jr. 12654
Chilli 46191 (58076)
Logan 13311 23717
Aegon Proctor 01031
Bayard De Claquebois
944 (13900)
Champoreau 32303
(43538)
John the Fifth 0725_._.
Colonel 50042
2810
1099
2915
783
3100
3108
3107
S113
W. H. Bailey—.
W. H. Bailey
Lutz & Co
W. H. Bailey—.
L. W. Harding-
Martin Beriiey &
Son
Martin Berkey &
Son
Bert Bell
Iowa City
Iowa City
Lone Tree
Iowa City
Solon
Iowa City
Iowa City
Iowa City
North Liberty ..
Iowa City
North Liberty ..
Lone Tree
Lone Tree
North Liberty —
Oxford
Iowa City
Solon
French Draft
French Draft
Percheron
French Draft
Trotter
Belgian
Percheron
3206
R. C. Zeller
Percheron
3122
3207
3479
3480
3564
3fi3f>
The Belgian
Horse Co. of
Iowa City
R. C. Zeller
A. Crawford
A. Crawford
Rhinehart &
Wolfe
Wm. Harney
Henry Morrow —
Geo. E. Hertz
D. J. Berkey &
Son
Bijou De Bassine 1625..
(24882)
Comme Vous 46603
(63533)
Prince Everard 11169....
Baron McMasters 11824
Meunier 12258 (51469).—
Victor 4714
Belgian
Percheron
Clydesdale
Clydesdale
French Draft
3670
Lemont 1805
Saddle Horse
3684
Fairfax Chieftain 1817..
Manea Loyal 6851
f206S6)
Congo II 391
Belgian
Shire
2576
Iowa City
Oxford _
Lone Tree
Swisher
3836
Wm. Harney
John Eden
Frank Navy
Geo. E. Hertz
Floerchinger Bros
J. G. Sterrett
Jas. A. Clarke—.
Wm. Boone
W. F. Murphy—.
A. J. Hauley
Burt Lamphere
Geo. Wagner
Wm. B. Rarick.._
Sam Fountain
John Lutz
German Coach
8956
Comet VII 9588
Shire
1070
Cesar 23182 (45449)
Dandy Boy 15023
Jim S. Patchen 43155..
Camille 1539 (25460)
Dan Hamilton 01061
Boon 15263
Pecos 22S98 .
Percheron
4109
Solon
3476
Oxford
4226
4254
4469
4579
Iowa City
Iowa City
Iowa City
Iowa City
Iowa City
ShueyviTIe
Oxforcr
Belgian
Trotter
French Draft
Trotter
4593
4519
Chief Entertainer 48-22.5
Trotter
3548
.Tovial 260S5 (45742)
Vainqueur 1046 (21590)..
Marshall Pierre 11205..
Eizerte .56695 (66860)
Mignon 15264
Percheron
4911
4968
50?6
Iowa City
Lone Tree
Lone Tree .
Towa City
Iowa City
Iowa City
Iowa City
Iowa City
Lone Tree
Belgian
French Draft
5143
W. H. Bailev
W. H. Bailey—,
W. H. Bailey
Edward Casey
Cyrus Orr
Frencli Draft
5145
5142
Crown of England 9192-
(10332)
Leander 15266
Shire
3134
Teddv 15703
French Draft
5214
Abram 46975
Percheron
5350
E. Edmonds
Autumn Prince 11825_-.
Clydesdale
12
950
990
989
1043
1154
1238
1566
1585
1584
JONES COUNTY
P. H. Conner
Fred Heltz
G. H. Bolilken....
G. H. Bohlken.
P. L. Smith
Geo. B. Colton...
L. H. Chipman..
A. J, Beem
C. A. Schwab
Onslow Shire
Horse Co.
Monticello Al Platoe 38896
Anamosa Pictor Dravmnn 6073...
^fonticello I Prince of Onnlitv lOSiO
Monticello ! Prince Roval 12304
Olin Marcos B. 41312.
Anamosa Brilliant 32842
Anamosa Titus 1317 (2Vm)
Anamosa Cosaque de Tillv
I (Vol. 11, p. 439)
Oxford Junction Romeo 11988
Trotter
>!hire
riydesdfile
Clydesdale
Trotter
Percheron
Belgian
Belgian
French Draft
Wyoming 1 Black Dragon 5583 I Shire
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIV 897
JONES county-Continued
5^
Name of Owner
Postofflce
Name of Stallion
Breed
1784
G. W. Loehr
Anamosa
Dewey 9688
French Draft
1825
G. H. George
Monticello
Marcos Bozzaris 30856.
Trotter
1824
2633
G. II. George....
MoutiL-ellu Perch-
Monticello
Substantial 801)0
Clydesdale
eron Hor.se Co..
Monticello
Escargot 23224 (43J71)-..
Percheron
2554
Geo. Oltiiuuis
Scotch Grove ..
George Junior 40J24
Trotter
2810
S. E. Ireland....
Anamosa
Ogle Swigert 20771
Trotter
2024
Jas. E. Kcgley
Wyoming
Iteveil 2083
French Coach
3298
C. E. Bottom-
stone
Wyoming
Young Roosevelt 11081..
Clydesdale
3?.!)4
B. L. Iloyt
Larkey & Shim-
Scotch Grove _.
Tipster 35574
Trotter
3306
Wyoming
Robert de Glatignes..
20 JO (10310)
Belgian
3305
Larkey & Shlm-
erda
Wyoming
Jupin de Schoonenberg.
2045 (32178)
Belgian
3459
G. H. Bohlkeu...
Monticello
Barney's Best 11300
Clydesdale
3488
Sylvester Miller .
Anamosa
Caesar 40845
Percheron
3524
Geo. Watt
Anamosa
Warrior 11723
Clydesdale
3566
John Tompkins ..
Wyoming
Bonnie Lad 10G77
Clydesdale
3521
Henry Frutchey
& Sons
Martelle
Gold Coin 954
Belgian
3658
Andrew Davidsou-
Monticello
Prince Charley 10780
Clydesdale
3680
U. J. Shanklin...
Anamosa
Molina Pioneer 30013..
Tiotter
3180
E. E. Frosser
Anamosa
Prosit 2568
Belgian
2863
Folkers Brusj
Monticello
Prefet 2745 (30:i20)
Belgian
2684
Samuel Pfeil
Monticello
Royal Jap 11840
Clydesdale
4202
Frank Trasker ...
Wyoming
Bracconier 45237
Percheron
4500
Herbert II Peck
Ana mosa
I'icador 46615
Perc'ieron
4i1?
G. F. Vernon
G. F. Vernon
Olin
Confident III 4002}
Iowa Champion III
1507
Golden McGregor 4742.
4513
Olin
Belgian
Morgan
4555
Harry Maurice
Monticello
4858
E. J. Noble
Monticello
Brown George 1172S
Clydesdale
4857
E. J. Noble
Monticello
Heir Apparent 12407....
Clydesdale
1W1
Wm. J. Corbit
Onslow
Docteur 50520 (64995)
Percheron
4«49
Clarence Monroe.,
Olin
Marky 23032
Percheron
5116
Arthur L. Fair-
banks
Monticello
Empire 54073
Percheron
4422
Geo. Hohib
Wyoming
Reveille 9078
Shire
4468
J. C. Balster
Scotch Grove
Mac Camon 9G08
Clydesdale
5312
Ed. Barber
Wvoming
Europe 15199
Frenc!! Draft
5361
Wm. Sandhouse.,
Monticello
Newton Ensign 6020
Shire
KEOKUK COUNTY
O. O. Phelps &
Geo. Sauer 1
P. R. Feltz
F, R. Feitz.-
Wm. Cox
A. L. McClena-
han
A, L. McClena-
han
A. L. McClena-
han
Chas. Santee
J. C. Ulin
Hedrick Magnus of Montomore. Shire
7657 I
Keota I Limoges 13G61 French Draft
Keota I Wilkie Wilson 35737 iTrotter
Kinross Idleton 2061S Trotter
What Cheer
Keota Chief 5427 Shire
J. C. Ulin
L. G. Garrett
Keswick Draft
Horse Co.
Delta Draft Horse
Co. No. 2
1683 R. H. Schultz....
1729 Cor ban Utterback
1730 Corban Utterback
1772, W. T. Fancher...
1775 Jno. Smith No. 1.'
What Cheer Gables Monarch 6058... Shire
(Vol. 25) I
What Cheer Malaga 27852 (44G86) Percheron
What Cheer Capitain 103 .German Coach
Delta Tirelarigot 13039 I'erclieron and
I (51124) i French Draft
Delta Postilion 13743 (53841).. French Draft
I and Percheron
What Cheer Toreador 1608 Shire
Keswick Barnflelds Lord 6932..
(20226)
Delta Revolver 22648 (43596).
Hedrick Demon III 25795
Sigournev i Black Chief 21483 Percheron
Sigournev ' Sombrun 24283 (43610)... Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Trotter
South English _. Fred E. White 3a3i
Harper Keota Victor 4639 'Shire
67
898
IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
KEOKUK COUNTY— Continued
g2 Name of Owner
Postoffice
Name of Stallion
Breed
ITTR ' Tnrt CTiiifli "Vr. 1
Harper
Bushman II 6596
(Vol. 24)
Canonier 44747 (57041)..
Nobby Allerton 31441...
Lawson 11919
Shire
2108
718
2133
2344
J. F. Priest
A. Hall
Sigourney ._
Keswick
Percheron
Trotter
Reiser Bros.
F. M. Fixmer
& J. H. Mc-
F. M. Fixmer
Dwight Beman
Nabb
Clydesdale
Bellero 44304
Trotter
Harper
Victor of Elm Park
11712
Clifford 14287
Clydesdale
2346
1565
Delta .-
French Draft
2351
J. E. Wolf &
Hedrick
Major Hope 8413
Ali 41511 (60307)
Clydesdale '
2398
R. H. Schultz
R. H. Schultz
A. L. McClena-
Hedrick
Percheron
2399
Hedrick
Piedro 14631 _.
French Draft
2486
What Cheer
Richland
Richland
Thornburg
Sigourney
Delta
Richland
Richland
Keswick
Harper
Falcan 43495
Trotter
2495
2496
2510
2614
2624
M. P. Frazier
M. P. Frazier
J. T. Morton ....
J. A. Legg
Dwight Beman &
J. H. McNabb..
Martin Moland
A. J. Ramsey
Pierce Halferty _.
Victor Vercheval..
Victor VerchevaL.
Victor VerchevaL.
D. G. Clyde
D. G. Clyde
D. G. Clyde
D. G. Clyde
Frank Snakeu-
berg
Danseur 46192 (59117)
Ramoneur 44450 (52112)-_
Sangrador 12373 (51977)^
Tom O'Rourke 13109
Scott 12288
Percheron
Percheron
French Draft
Clydesdale
French Draft
2G46
2647
2448
2742
Keota Mohland 44759_„.
Keota Commodore 7989_
Jupiter 8880
Docteur 3968
Percheron
Clydesdale
French Draft
2744
Mouton IV 1^1 (21722).
Lisieux 13622
Belgian
910
Harper
French Draft
2746
2747
2748
2749
2814
South English ..
South English ..
South English _.
South English ..
Delta
Hurbert 29024 14211
Gabels Startling 7122—.
(Vol. 25)
Keota Cummins 6191-—
Garibaldi 15536 32304-.
(44600)
Pattelin 25444 (4S401)..-
Charley Clifton 36819_._
Rossignol 24273 (44330).
:Vfonet 13701 (42482)P..._
Victor Noir 14506
Dunsby Menestrel 8869.
(22304)
Keota Corette 3103
Bluecoat 9043 (18532)
Aubepin 7019 (8383)
Northern Star II 8584.
(22636)
Keota Major 44758
Prudent 46149 (59079)....
Keota Bostwick 35277—
Alert 15950
French Draft
and Percherou
Shire
Shire
French Draft
and Percheron
Ppi'phprnn
1764
2916
2999
3000
3021
J. F. Barton &
W. W. Wilson-.
W. A. Seaba
Samuel Singleton-
Samuel Singleton.-
Jno. Smith No. 1
Edward Blattner.
W. R. McClune-
J. T. Morton
Singraaster & Sons
Singmaster & Sons
Singmaster & Sons
Singmaster & Sons
Emil Fixmer
S. H. Kirkpatrick
L. G. Garrett
R. n.. Shultz
Dexter Eller
Dexter Eller
Jas. A. Lough-
ridge
What Cheer ....
Sigourney
Richland
Richland
Harper
Trotter
Percheron
French Draft
Percheron
Shire
3103
3167
Sigourney
Keswick
Percheron
Shire
3182
3120
Thornburg
Keota
Percheron
Shire
3422
Keota
Percheron
3423
Keota
Percheron
3617
3626
Keota
Harper
Percheron
French Draft
3467
Kinross
Aleska 9314 (10489)
Esope 51682 (62538)
Van Raalte 9347 (24840).
Degourdi 42328 (67553)—
Littleport Brown
George 9348 (24844)
Gaillard 2763
Montagnard 2762
Be Be Sarreguemine —
1012O
Vulcain d' Essche 2422..
(29602)
Tobo Walnut 45754
Marquis de Bleret 2388
(35988)
Negrillon II 15466
Curet 41193
Clvdesdale
3850
390)
3982
What Cheer ..
Hedrick
Hedrick
Pei-cheron
Shire
3981
Hedrick ..
Shire
400S
Delta
Bel'^ian
4004
Jas. A. Lough-
ridge
Delta .
585
1797
4114
J. A. Legg
Richmond Bros.
Clayton Messenger
A. L. McClanna-
hau
Sigourney _
Sigoiirney
Keswick ..
Clydesdale
Belgian
Trotter
VMr
What Cheer ....
South English _.
Hedrick
Belgian
French Draft
Percheron
2688
2964
Sam Reiser
D. A. Patterson..
Victor VerchevaL.
Thos. Singmaster
Thos Singmaster.
4376
Harper
Keota
Alma Samson 5402
(1618-1)
Procurer 51886 (63131)..
Volontaire 51903 (64107).
Shire
Percheron
Percheron
4377
Keota
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIV 899
KEOKUK county-Continued
u6
5^
Name of Owner
PostoflSce
Name of Stallion
Breed
1417
3575
J. Galbraith
W. D. Emery
J. T. Morton
J. II. McAllister-
A. B. Carlisle....
Al Brollier
F. M. Fixraer
Keswick
Delta
Prince Surprise 11054..
Girton Conqueror 5346..
(10837)
Rabelais 22626 (43J68)-...
Lillie's Prince 1108>
Sans Souci 2>ffl72 (42260).
Accuratus 41983
Charming Prince 12832.
Clydesdale
Shire
Percheron
Clydesdale
Percheron
Trotter
Clydesdale
2345
1167
262
5226
5281
Thornnurff
South English...
Sigourney
Siffourney
Harper
KOSSUTH COUNTY
97
91
660
991
1304
1352
1393
1471
IWt
1548
1726
7102
2181
2213
809
2288
2657
Hinderk Reenken
Tamos Britt
Burt Shire Horse
Co
Ledyard Belgian
Horse Co. ...
E. H. Staley
T. R. Hanifan...
H. P. Rasniussen
Lone Rock Horse
Breeding Ass'n.
C. B. Albright...
H. G. Wright
Swea City Horse
Co.
Belgian Horse
Brooder's Ass'n.
Sam'l Gross &
Sons
Akbar Stallion Co
Leonard M. Hart
Sam'l Gross &
Sons
Sand scale Victor
Horse Co.
E. E. & W. R.
Schweitert
Irvington Horse
Co.
Germanla
Algona -.
Romlo 2-1088 'Percheron
Wenona Tom 22562. Percheron
Burt [ Pride of the West 7285.
Ledyard ._.
Shire
Belgian
Charmeur De Domplre
(20868) I
Burt Hugo Hercules 7477— Shire
Swoa City .i .Tonglour 948 French Coach
Galbraith
- Le Roy 11262 French Draft
Lone Rock -'Orleans (25132) Belgian
Algona _ -I King George 5783^
Algona -iLandsut 1047
Swea City -iNeron 22503 (42858).
Whittemore
Beau-Type 1360 (21624).
Titonka
St. Benedict — .
Sexton
2710
2727
2795
2819
1785
3027
3064
3079
3144
3616
42-^9
\0O5
2661
830
tno
1(72
21 ^?
4714
4778
4773
4785
Sparks Bros.
Whitcomb Ball &
Son
H. A. Paine
Knutson & Nel-
son
L. N. Larson.
Albert Routtor ...
Hobart Horse Co.
Geo. A. Stoke
A. W. Young.-..
George Beard
C. G. Dourte
Titonka
Bancroft
Burt ....
Irvington
Algona ...
Titonka .
Algona --.
Swea City
Algona
Lone Rock
Algona
Shire
French Coach
Percheron
Belgian
German Coach
Usedom 8801
Akbar 22893 (4.3600) iPercheron
Judge Artus 30008 Trotter
King Gerome 25543 IPercheron
Shire
Sandscale Victor 5636.
(17593)
Tom Patch 124.39
.Tamos Pedlev
M. C. ^Tnttorn
P. W. Reece
M. C. ^fattorn....
■Torry Holirons
W. F. Mnttorn
.Tamos Wnllnce
Rake & Hammer..
Chas. Brenman..
T. H. Robertson
& Co.
T. H. Robertson
& Co.
T. H. Robertson
& Co. .....
Swea City
Burt
Burt
Swea City
-Mgona
Wesley ...
Ledyard ..
Wesley ...
Burt
Wesley ...
Fenton -_.
Alirona ...
Swea City.
.Teun Brin D'Or 10lt_
(15232)
Sovereign 48039
Clydesdale
Belgian
Percheron
Bancroft
Bancroft
Bancroft
Provost .5323 iShire
Peter the Great 20321.- Percheron
Bambin 18270 jpercheron
Major Woodford 42853. [Trotter
Arabe 17074 (.30208) IPercheron
Manor Society 6826 iShire
(10815) ;
Souanco 21232 Perchoron
St. Lnurent 1037.3 Frencli Draft
Stanislas 22881 (4.3502).. iPercheron
Stuntnov Upstart 17S3.- Shire
n0576) I
King Robert 12247 iClydesdale
Vermouth 2.3056 (4?120).. iPercheron
Koota :\roironu 20?12 .Perchoron
Brock 1037 (Vol. n)....Il'>elQrian
French Draft
Shire
Clydesdale
Percheron
Percheron
General Grnnt 1.3-332
Tustico Af. R315
Sonrchlight 11166
Vigouroux 2«2^3 (43.352).
Picador 27081 (4836.5)....
Major de Marck 3381.,
(46640)
Favorite III 10027
Gautier 51830 (70210).
Belgian
Shire
Percheron
900 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
KOSSUTH county-Continued
8^
Name of Owner
Postofflce
Name of Stallion
Breed
4781
T. H. Robertson
& Co.
Bancroft
Bancroft
Burt
Gramont 51895 (69398)..
Olivier 51834 (^082)
Vie 31915 J
Eveille 56730 (64485)
F. North way 20534
Natal 56733 (68593)
Corneille (2950S)
Percneron
47^
T. H. Robertson
& Co.
Percheron
184
4826
571
4862
388
741
5C01
Ton2
H. F. Larsen
Gross Bros.
W. B. Pratt
Herman Beenken.
Wm. H. Harrison
Hart & Carlson..
A. H. Sparks
Trotter
Burt
Percheron
Trotter
Germania
Al°"ona
Percheron
Belgian
Perfheron
Sexton
Bon Coeur 23073 (43207).
Rivoli II 46681
A lornna
Perclieron
Algonii
Tambour 3596 (46688)....
Veinard srosy (Vol. 15)-.
Percheron
4794 ' Henry Jentz 1
Algona
Belgian
LEE COUNTY
&40
539
C. G. Cline
C G Cline ... .
Fort Madison ..
Fort Madison ..
Mount Hamill ..
Fort Madison ..
West Point
Donnellson
Donnellson
Mount Hamill ._
Mount Hamill ..
Fort Madison ..
Fort Madison ..
Donnellson
LaCrew
LaCrew
LaCrew
Pilmore 35374
Trotter
George Green 3070O
Wilton Prince 17745.—
Gladiator 43541
Trotter
591
448
1540
2193
2180
2347
Sam'l Glendening
W. G. Willard.-.-
J. Klopfenstein...
R. Klinger
R. Klinger
Seth Cook
Percheron
Percheron
P.ellair 31783
Joyeux 25302 (43677). ...
White Stripe 11496
Prospect W. 39138
Sinus 175.50
Dedini 40425 (55357).
Riflard 41025 (54926)
Stuntney Kitchner 6930
Count d'Orf 18403
Percheron
Percheron
French Draft
Trotter
2348
2945
Seth Cook
W. E. Brown &
Son
Trotter
Percheron
2946
W. E. Brown &
Percheron
3309
3586
3587
3588
1445
3698
Theodore Abel
R E Hill
Shire
Trotter
R. E. Hill
R. E. Hill
R. R. Bullard
Billv Dorf 43441
Trotter
Lion 8885
French Draft
Confrere 31108 (45929)—.
Fearless Boy 12198
Brown Wheeler 35519.-
Halpine 4-5348
Percheron
Donnellson
Mount Hamill ..
Clydesdale
1281
4020
4019
4139
5257
527^
,T. M. Newboy
Stephen Holtkamp
Stephen Holtkamp
Isidor Link
J. L. Beggs
G. W. Kennedy.-
Trotter
Percheron
Ovprtmi
Riant 48955 (62672)
Carlo 35002
Percheron
West Point
Montrose
Montrose
Percheron
Wilmor 8716
Royal Nutpicker 45235..
Trotter
Trotter
LINN C
OUNTY
513
543
512
480
544
450
"W. J. Henderson.
S. J. Hagerman
& .T. A. Abbott-
W. J. Henderson.
P. C. Boyd
S. J. Hagerman &
J. A. Abbott-..
R. L. :Minor
C Fi«;her
Central City —
Center Point .-
Central City ..-
Toddville
Center Point
Mahomet King 7272
Keota Standard 27698..
Brown William 5721.-.
(17208)
Pouliard (24476)
Dick Rogers 6398
Edison 5078
Shire
Percheron
Shire
Belgian
Shire
Shire
Central City .—
Cedar Rapids ...
Marion
Sulphume 31605
Trotter
446
430
A. Kinsey
David G. McLen-
nan
Blvthe Ben 6843
Shire
Volontaire 27859 (45210).
Gambetta 22696 (42728)..
Hercules 4166
Percheron
509
Troy ?*I i 1 1 s
Percheron
Horse Co.
.Tno. A. Dunn
1 W. G. Coppock.—
Joe Kvptensky &
.Tno. Kaplan ...
Frank Graver &
J. A. Van Fos-
sen
Percheron
687
Central City
Whittier
Morgan
695
Colonel Russell 6490
Keota-Talbert 33452
Gabels Thumper 5387...
(17357)
St. Blaze 11642
Shire
711
Percheron
840
Lisbon
Shire
830
Frank Graver &
J. A. Van Fos-
Lisbon
Central City ....
French Draff
1134
West Prairie
Percheron
Horse Co
Sofferino 40147 (43776) —
Percheron
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIV 901
LINN county-Continued
t:d
Name of Owner
Postofflce
Name of Stallion
Breed
1167 Dell Andrews
1254 Cedar Rapids
Belgian Horse
1357 G. C.'MTirpbV""
1467 Carl Mooi-o ..
724 niland Horse Co.
1559 H. M. Shanlvlln..
156.'? N. D. Harrolfl...
1686 Bohemian Belgian
Draft Horse Co.
1705 I Wolfe Bros. &
! Gamble
1771 James Tliompson
2083 W. L. DeClow....
2082 W. L. DeClow
2080 W. L. DeClow....
Central City
2079 W.
2078 W.
2077 W.
2076 W.
2075 W.
2074 W.
2073 W.
2072 W.
2071 W.
2070 W.
2069 W.
2067 W.
2065 W.
2064 "W.
2063 W.
2061 W.
2060 W.
2059 W.
2058 W.
2057 W.
2055 i W.
2054 W.
2053 W.
2052 W.
2051 W.
2050 W.
2047 W.
2046 W.
20t3 W,
2041 W.
2040 W.
2039 W.
2151 i W.
2199 E.
L. DeClow.
L. DeClow..
L. DeClow..
L. DeClow..
L. DeClow..
L. DeClow..
L. DeClow..
L. DeClow..
Palo
Wallcer
Central City
Walicer
Wauheek
Cedar Ilaplds .
Cedar Rapids .
Afonnt Vernon.
Bertram
Ced.ir Rapids .
Cedar Rapids .
Cedar Rapids .
Great Scott 10347.
L.
DeClow.
L.
DeClow
L.
DeClow
L.
DeClow....
DeClow
L.
DeClow...-
L.
DeClow.-.-
L.
DeClow
L.
DeClow
L.
DeClow....
L.
DeClow
L.
L.
L.
L.
L.
DeClow
DeClow
DeClow
DeClow
DeClow
L.
L.
L.
L.
DeClow
DeClow..-
DeClow
DeClow...-
L.
L.
L.
L.
DeClow
DoClow
DeClow....
DeClow
DeClow..-.
H
eke
Knicker-
r
Cedar
Cedar
Cedar
Cedar
Cedar
Cedar
Cedar
Cedar
Rapids
Rapids
Rapids
Rapids
Rapids
Rapids
Rapids
Rapids
Cedar Rapids
Cedar Rapids
Cedar Rapids
Cedar Rapids
Cedar Rapids
Cedar
Cedar
Cedar
Cedar
Cedar
Cedar
Cedar
Cedar
Cerjar
Cedar
Cedar
Cedar
Cedar
Cedar
Cedar
Cedar
Cedar
Cedar
Cedar
Cedar
Rapids .
Rapids .
Rapids -
Rapids ..
Rapids ..
Rapids ..
Rapids _.
Rapifls -.
Rapids ..
Rapifls -.
Rapids ..
Rapids ..
Rapids _-
Rapids ..
Rapids ..
Rnpids .-
Rapids ..
Rapids ..
Rapids ..
Rapids _.
Clydesdale
Belgian
I'erclieron
B('l>,'inn
Perclicron
Belgian
Trotter
Belgian
Percheron
Clydesdale
Percheron
Belgian
! Belgian
Pirate II 1272 (20620).
Cupid 1357
Tagus (25304)
Pantin 20907 (46885)..
Unit 2038 (20200)
JacQueminot 40602
Don Carlos (14982)
Elgin 27025
Artemus 859.3
Miral)e:m 410.J7 (57698)
Botha II 22a3
(Vol. 13, p. 327)
Ami de Givry 2281..
(Vol, 13. p. 847)
Caesar de Sagelsem Belgian
2885 (Vol. 13, p. 624) :
Garilialdi 2280 'Belgian
(Vol. 14, p. 317) I
Hercule d'Oost 2287 Belgian
(.37386) I
Minos 2200 .Belgian
(Vol. 13, p. .327)
Beinfait du Kat Beiulau
(Vol. 13. p. .3.10) !
Christophe de .TenefTe.-i Belgian
2293 (Vol. 13, p. 497) i
Conquerant 2292 (37410). Belgian
Gnstave 2291 Belgian
(Vol. 13, p. 762) i
Mirliton 2205 ; Belgian
(Vol. 13, p.
Belgian
Jeannot de Beauvior..
2288 (Vol. 14, p. 420)
Sapeiir 2209 Belgian
(Vol. 14, p. .347) I
Monarqne 2297 (37412)... Belgian
Ardent 2280 ..Belgian
(Vol. 13, p. 431) I
Max de Zonne 2296 | Belgian
(37388) !
Moiiton Du Val 2289 Belgian
(Vol. 13, p. .594)
Tamhour De Hal 2223... Belgian
(24238) [
Pierrot Du Hazior 2225 Belgian
(29304) I
Coquelin 2222 Belgian
(Vol. 12, p. 511) I
Pedro 2224 Belgian
(Vol. 12. p. 687)
Fanchon 41119
Volcan 41711 (61121)
Vanneau 41712 (64117)..
Partont 41432 (601.30)...
Transvaalein 41431
(00718)
Tropique 414.30 (6317S)..
Pomard 41429 (60647).
Robinson 41426 (.58144).
Magnifique 41425 I Percheron
(61952) !
Musele 41437 (6362i) Percheron
Ginglard 41435 (050.3G).. Percheron
Roland 41433 (62010).... Percheron
Ardent 41434 (00651) Percheron
Gouverneur 2227 Percheron
(26046)
Vital 2002 (37156) Belgian
Percheron
Perclieron
Perclieron
Perclieron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
902 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
LINN county-Continued
to
Name of Owner
Postofflce
Name of Stallion
Breed
2201
E. H. Knicker-
bocker
E. H. Knicker-
bocker
Fairfax „
Ecrassant 5i591 (36070)-—
Louis de Terhaegen
2^95 (35496)
Elmer de Lierde 2593-
(Vol. 14, p. 809)
Titus 2600
Belgian
2202
Fairfax
Belgian
Belgian
220a
E. H. Knicker-
bocker
Fairfax _
2205
E. H. Knicker-
bocker
Fairfax
Belgian
Belgian
2208
E. H. Knicker-
bocker
Fairfax
(Vol. 13, p. 511)
Dilon de Silly 2590— -
(Vol. 13, p. 401)
Theo 2601
(Vol. 13, p. 512)
Rrillant de Questenne-
2584 (Vol. 13. p. 609)
Bienvenu de Bougnies-
2317 (Vol. 15)
Clericus 17969
2208
E. H. Knicker-
bocker
Fairfax
2209
E. H. Knicker-
bocker
Fairfax
Belgian
Belgian
Trotter
2607
2678
J. I. Williams-.-
J. F. .Tohnson
Allen Bros.
V. Lacoek
W. L. DeCIow
Tno. W. Altmyer-
Tos. Simanek
W. W. Vaughn...
Lewis Payton
C. L. Tordan
Tno. W. Altmyer.
G. C. Murnhy
W. L. DeCIow
Geo. K. Wenig...
Tohn Fairley
Toe Baker .Tr
T. W. Griffith...-
E. W. Penly
W. A. Hutchinson
E. H. Knicker-
bocker & Son
E. H. Knicker
bocker & Son
E. H. Knicker-
bocker & Son
E. H. Knicker-
bocker &• '=5nn
E. TT. Knicker-
bocker *■ Son
E. H. Knicker-
bocker & Son
E. TT. Knicker-
bocker & Son
E. H. Knicker-
bocker & Son
E. H. Knicker-
bockPr & Son..-.
E. H. Knicker-
bocker & Son
E. H. Knicker-
bocker & ^on -_.
E. H. Knicker-
bocker & Son
B. F. AUnj)
Edwin Fronton - —
Edwin TTeaton -.
\. M. Van Steen-
Troy Mills
Cedar Rapids —
Marion
Springville
Cedar Rapids _.
Central City —
Walker
270«
Alesor 16399
Trotter
ll&i
2785
279 1
W39
Fleury 15809 (32215)
Boron 2631 (32530)
Border Wilkes 29022—.
District 45796 (64193)....
Gendarme 43404
•Japan 29333
Percheron
Belgian
Trotter
29rt1
Marion
Perclieron
2QR1
Walker
Central City .—
Central City _—
Walker
Thoroughbred
3031
3077
Questionneur 2005
Chadwick C. 33?'n8
Red Cloud M. 34335
Echo 41710 (63190)
.Johnny G. 43444
Domino Noir 912 (11254)
Augerau (48843)
Warboys Liberal 3367-.
Arnold Onward 34409-.
Quality 5190
French Coach
Trotter
Trotter
2056
32^3
337'>
Cedar Rapids -
Cedar Rapids —
Marion _ -
Percheron
Trotter
Belgian
34Ti
Fairfax
Percheron
34,'>8
3527
436
Cedar Rapids _.
Wanbeek
Central City —
Fairfax
Hackney
Trotter
Clydesdale
3889
Pollux 3100 (38576)
Colonel de Genly 3080..
(38856)
Pauliac 3099
Belgian
8888
Fairfax
Belgian
3887
Fairfax
Belgian
3896
3885
3884
Fairfax
Fairfax —
Fairfax _— -
Marquis de Lierde 3096
(41946)
Philippe d'Her 3098..-
Baron de Wattines 3078
Vado 3125 (24458)
Belgian
Belgian
Belgian
3883
Fairfax
Belgian
3882
Fairfax
Sous-Off 42391 (6.5566)..-
Franjous 42387 (65106)..
Briscard 42386 (67701).-
Troubadour 42392 (66731)
Ouo Vadis 42390 (65794).
BHon 3140 nS^^S^
Grillon 42396 (67536)
Bidel 42393 (68708)
Maurice 3903 (33694) —
Vrnn^oni de Sinnes
3087 (3047O>
Bakau 3079 (40880)
Souvenir de Mullem—
3102 (25900)
Pomard 1457 (3.5408)—.
Percheron
8881
Fairfax
Percheron
3880
Fairfax
Percheron
3879
Fairfax _ —
Percheron
38r8
30PO
Fnirfax
Srlvia
Percheron
Bflsrian
3<W0
Fairfax
Fairfax
Percheron
Percheron
4009
Fairfax
Belgian
4011
A. M. Van Steen-
berge
Fairfax
Belgian
4012
A. M. Van Steen
Fairfax
Belgian
4013
A. M. Van Steen-
berge
Fairfax
Belgian
1171
C. S. & P. c.
Nichol«?
Walker
Belgian
4162
A. M. Van Steen
berge
Fairfax - —
Belgian
4158
A. M, Va^ Steen-
(Vol. 14, p. 643)
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIV
903
LINN county-Continued
Name of Owner
PostoflSce
415a
4160
4161
4126
4124
4125
4234
4222
3711
4221
4216
423.5
4271
1732
1987
3133
4367
2786
1674
4481
4464
4192
4502
4513
425S
4572
264
656
berge
A. M. Vtin Steen-
berge
A. M. Van Steen-
berge
A. M. Van Steeu
berge
A. M. Van Steen
berge
A. Al. Van Steen
berge
A. M. Van Steen-
berge
Fairfax-
Fairfax
4795
4796
4797
4798
4799
4S0O
4801
4802
4803
4804
4803
4803
4SO7'
4S08
3124
4832
Lewis Heins _..
Harris & Atz._.
D. G. McLennan
A. M. Van Steen
berge
D. G. McLennan
Lewis Heins
P. Newcomb
Geo. M. Plumly..
C. E. Tattle
Fred Leverett
A. M. Van Steen-
berge
J. H. Smith &
Sons
E. H. Kniclier-
bocker
Edwin Bittle _
F. E. Hann
Allen Bros.
Lewis Heins
R. M. Peet
J. A. Hart
S. .J. Hagerman— .
Geo. Alsop
E. H. Knicker
bocker
A. M. Van Steen
berge
A. M. Van Steen
berge
A. M. Van Steen
berge
A. M. Van Steen
berge
A. M. Van Steen
berge
A. M. Van Steen
berge _
A. M. Van Steen-
berge
A. M. Van Steen
berge
A. M. Van Steen-
berge
A. M. Van Stoeu-
berge
A. M. Van Stecn-
berge
A. M. Van Steen-
berge
A. M. Van Stoen-
berge
A. M. Van Steen
berge
Fairfax
Fairfax
Fairfax
Fairfax
Fairfax
Codar Rapids
>farion
^farion
Fairfax
Afarion
Codar Rapids
Cedar Rapids
SpriniTvilli' ...
Cedar Rapids
Lisbon
H. East lack .
J. F. Moore_
Fairfax
Fairfax
Fairfax
Fairfax
Fairfax
Fairfax
Fairfax
Fairfax
Fairrax
Fairfax
Fairfax
Fairfax
Fairfax
Fairfax
Fairfax
Name of Stallion
Breed
Elie 3083 (30116)
Supberbe de la Fon
taine 3101 (Vol. 14, p
411)
Arinac de Lierde 3076
(Vol. 11. p. 809)
Marin SOiM (115S4)...
Milton Solt 3002 (413G2)
Fairfax
Cedar Rapids
Fairfax
Lisbon
Marion
Marion
Cedar Rapids....
Viola
Viola
Center Point
Sylvia
Orange II de Vels 30'J7
c\(»i. 11. p. i;i3)
Louis Bogaerden 3091..
(.•WD2)
Happy Jack 5180 Shetland Pony
CalwLdl 42267 I'lVotter
Brave Tout 28.W I Belgian
(Vol. 15, p. 380)
Belgian
Belgian
Belgian
Belgian
Belgian
Dragunde Solre 3081..
(40170)
Admiral 51753
Brilliant IV 19648
Aegon Boy 47674
Hercules 32S43
Irgos 20033
George Arthur 15704..
Leon de Zellick 3090.
(41664)
Eclaieur 15312
Negus 30580 (45360)...
Maple Lee 53963
Ora Pensas 47960
Will Todd 47?JS
Perfection 41231
Success 20317
Perfection II 46971....
Keota Redland 35262..
Kermet 35393
Billey Dugan 41251
Espoir de Ghorain 3.580.
(15C90)
Brutus V. 3576 (Vol. 15)
Jaco 3583 (Vol. 15).
Lisbon
Troy Mills.
Belgian
Percheron
Percheron
Trotter
Percheron
Percheron
French Draft
Belgian
Belgian
Pprcheron
Percheron
Trotter
Trotter
Percheron
Perclieron
Percheron
Percheron
Trotter
Percheron
Belgian
Belgian
Belgian
Belgian
Belgian
Belgian
Belgian
Botha de Lierde 3575..
(Vol. 15)
Jean de Boussart .35SL.
(Vol. 15)
Mathieu de Louzelles..
3.585 (Vol. 15)
Dragon de Terhaegen..
3.578 (Vol. 15) !
Garibaldi 3.5S1 (Vol. 13) Belgian
Cadet de Lauzellas Belgian
3577 (40372) j
Aguila 3574 (.•S738) Belgian
Muret 3586 (13170). Belgian
Espoir de Herinnes 3579 Belgian
(Vol. 1.3) I
Pepin de Thor 3583 Belgian
(4273^) I
Ilercnle de Renaix 3.582 Belgian
(126S1) I
Trottoir 47068 (64018) Percheron
Aramis de Glabais 1017 Belgian
(18220) I
904
IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
LINN COUNTY— Continued
i6
«2
Name of Owner
Postofflce
Name of Stallion
Breed
4963
J. D. & T. L.
Wolfe
Mt. Vernon
Fairfax
Fairfax
Fairrax
Ivanhoe 432^8
Percneron
4970
A. M. Van Steen-
berge
Empire 3756 (Vol. 15)..
Cyrille 3755 (i0494)
Cesar de Stabroocli
37.5± (46390)
Robert de Goyck 3763..
(Vol. 15;
Fil d' Or 3757 (45502).—
Honneur 3750 (42120)...-
Neptune 3716 (39144)....
Hercule d' Audenaeken
3759 (47716)
Prosper 3762 (4501S). —
Marcel de Goyck 3760..
(Vol. 15)
Star Denmark (Falk's)
2905
Ramiur 22,300 (41S03)-.-
Graud Duke 34174
Satyr 41462
Belgian
4971
A. M. Van Steen-
Belgian
4972
A. M. Van Steen-
berge
A. M. Van Steen
ber&e
Belgian
4973
Fairfax
Belgian
4974
A. M. Van Steen-
berge
A. M. Van Steen-
Fairrax
Belgian
49T5
Belgian
4976
A. M. Van Steen-
berge
Fairfax
Belgian
4977
A. M. Van Steen-
berge
Fairrax
Belgian
4978
A. M. Van Steen-
ber°'e
Fairfax -
Belgian
4979
A. M. Van Steen-
Fairfax
Belgian
596
Mrs. Margaret C.
Cedar Rapids
Wallier
Saddle Horse
A. D. Washburn..
Michael McGrath.
S. G. Shatter
Farmers' Belgian
Horse Co
Ira 13 . Ondler
Allen Bros.
E, J. Brown
N. H. Stockey-...
Percheron
5159
Percheron
818
4S09
Center Point
Marlon
Trotter
Major de Questenne
3587 (45402)
Volage 48578 (55179).-..
The Baritone 37601
Jasper E. 35910
Belgian
777
Percheron
5314
Marion
Trotter
6333
5862
Center Point
Palo
Trotter
Gamaleon 52451 (70346)—
Percheron
LOUISA COUNTY
13
216
1217
524
S. C. Foster
Johnston Bros —
Johnston Bros
David Sheriden—
W. W. Wagner...
D. H. Westbrook
W. J. Henderson.
C. V. Le Boutil-
lier
Columbus Junct-
Columbus Junct-
Columbus Junct-
Oakville
Dick Crockett 29751
Chiloe 40831 (51387)
Ribi 40857 (53279)
Jongleur 24497 (44219)...
Bataclan 21264 (43368)...
Fly Ou 2S469 —
Trotter
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
455
Letts -
Percheron
733
794
978
Trotter
Morning Sun
Morning Sun
Morning Sun
Wapello _ -
Conway Confidence 11..
1230
E. R. J. 27241
Brilliant IV. 1598
Elder Champion II 6595
Keota Enoch 12369
Bambin 16588 (34654)...-
Sir Lionel 10080 (10647)-
Lord Aesop 4305S
Honni 24549 (44679)
Young Allerio 41025....
Ratanhia 7992 (3S139)-.
Keota Illuminator 31889
Coco 45491 (52:333)
Silver Tom 28876
Dori de Leez 2177
r31158)
Nectar 47088 (58404).—
Earl L. 44479
Belgian
Trotter
979
1025
J. T. Carithers...
Wapello Horse Co
Columbus City
Horse Co.
Nicholas Stamm..
L. F. McColm.-..
W. W. Wagner-.
Chas. Estle
D. E. Barrick
W. W. Wagner—
J, G. Stafford
J. G. Stafford &
Frank Okell ....
Herman Vollmer.
Jno. W. Jarvis-..
Concord Horse Co
T. W. Hendrick-
son & Griffith
Divis
Belgian
Shire
1026
1107
Columbus Junct-
Letts
French Draft
Percheron
1195
Letts
Clydesdale
Letts
Trotter
1796
1791
1984
Letts
Morning Sun ...
Letts
Percheron
Trotter
Percheron
2184
2185
2349
2394
3528
2110
Morning Sun ...
Morning Sun _..
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Morning Sun ...
Columbus Junct-
Columbus Junct-
Letts
Belgian
Percheron
Trotter
3589
Nicholas Stamm .
Plumet 48451
Percheron
Onlrvillp
Erma 48027
Percheron
3751 W. J. Henderson-
Morning Sun ...
Deeping Buscot 9200—
(24795)
Shire
u o
5^
3752
1329
4142
4266
4a32
4484
4531
5107
5108
5109
5168
5263
5264
6265
5269
5356
5370
5393
5413
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIV 905
LOUISA county-Continued
Name of Owner
Postofflce
Name of Stallion
Breed
W. J. Henderson- Morning Sun
Lyman Ogier
Chester Prindle.-.
J. G. Stafford. ._.
James II. Letts...
lien rick son «S
Davis
M. P. McKoewn..
C. E. Latta
C. E. Latta
C. E. Latta
C. E. Latta
Metz;?or P.ros. ...
T. G. Stafford
J. G. StrifCord
Frank Okoll
Tas. H. Letts
S. C. Foster
D. H. Westbrook
Trites & Spitz
nogle
C. E. Latta
Martin de Connin !^129.. lUd-ian
(:n3l6)
Morning Sun ... Sehastopol r>0220 (')8286) Porflieron
Oakville Stiek 52479 (66004) IN'rcheron
.Afoniing Sun ... Iloinor 47703 IN>rcIieron
Letts I Atora 32016 Trotter
Columbus Junct.
Letts
ColumT)us .Tunet.
r'(ilniiil)us .Tuuft.
' roluinl)us Junct,
CoIninTius Junot.
I WyniMn
-Morning Sun
Morning Sun
Morning Sun
Letts
Columbus Junct-
Letts
j Intrepid 830.
I Suggers Coeur de Lion
I 0110 (21882)
; Cap Slieaf II 43:^J5
Germain r).l]:,.>
Oongon ISS62
Prilliant 5.'>424
I Diavolo 29132 (45249)
j Coco 52333
i Brillinnt 47709
Ian 52328
Closier 53354 (67994)
Dick Crockett Jr
50104
Comet 48256
Oakville
Columbus Junct-
Annenu d' Or 36H)-
(40030)
Rismark 46830
French Conch
Belgian
Perclieron
Perclieron
Percneron
Pe re heron
Perclieron
Perclieron
Perc»,eron
Perclieron
Percneron
Trotter
Perclieron
Belgian
Percheron
LUCAS COUNTY
227
G. W. Dillman...
332
E. F. Brown.—
81
E. F. Brown
80
B. F. Brown—.
600
James Brown
599
Chas. R. Kirk.—
597
Chas. R. Kirk....
732
Kinmonth Bros..
734
W. H. Plouse-
holder
886
David Q. Storie...
885
David Q. Storie..
1101
n. D. Vawter
1387
Daniel T. Ticc—
1388
Daniel T. Tice...
1429
W. W. Clore
1430
W. W. Clore
887
David Q. Storie...
1740
TV. E. Johnson. -
1742
N. :m. Pierce
1743
N. M. Pierce
2160
Chas. R. Kirk-._.
2159
Chas. R. Kirk....
2157
Chas. R. Kirk
2156
Chas. R. Kirk...-
2178
E. F. Brown
2177
E. F. Brown
2176
E. F. Brown
2175
E. F. Brown.
2174
E. F. Brown
2173
E. F. Brown
•2273
I. G. Chapman.—
■2274
I. G. Chapman...
335
J. S. Batten
•23.50
Greenville Horse
Co.
2363
J. F. Spiker.
2609
H. :M. Spiker
2700
H. M. Spiker
2803
J. F. Spiker
2851
C. E. Foster
2986
R. T. Huston
?9,S7
R. T. Huston
3066
J. E. Ross & J.
Derby __.
Russell .
Russell .
Russell .
Chariton
Chariton
Chariton
Russell .
Chariton
Chariton
Chariton
Chariton
Russell .
Russell .
Lucns ...
Lucns ...
rhnriton
Russell .
Russell .
Pussell _
Chariton
Chariton
Chnriton
Ghariton
Russell _
Russell .
Russell -
Russell
Russell
Russell
Derby .
Derby .
Russell
Rosco 9705
Block Foxv 4636
Onus Black Hawk 5001.
Tlorgan King 4817
Pipelet 27113 (13904)....
Nisus 31715 (45921).
Hargrave Tom 7597
Stuntney Napoleon 8367
(22826)
TV filter Dewey 31721
Norwil .Tr. .3f!0t3...
Snm Swift 26575
-Attractive Lad 10611
Tanner 11453
Bertrnnd 40116
Conwny Bnnker 6150
Tom Seevers 42154
Snunemin 23473
Colin 28(33 (4SI16)
Admirnl 406^7
Cormenon 16399 (21126)..
Pivoli 41420 (62516)
Hugo 41410 (602m
Vernov 11413 (61891)
Cnstin 41116 (57619)
Onus Foxv 5009
Stnr Foxy 5163
Blnck Hawk Eclipse...
5000
Foxv Eclipse 5011 ..
Tonv Foxv 5013
Blnck Diamond 5162
Prince Gnllnnt 6121
Hyperion 1579S
Creston Saul 6231
French Draft
Morgan
Morgan
Tlorgan
Percheron
Percheron
iShlre
Shire
I Trotter
I Trotter
iTrotter
; Clydesdale
I French Draft
Percheron
Shire
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Perclieron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Morgan
Morgan
Morgan
Morgan
Morgan
Morgan
Clydesdale
Percheron
Shire
Russell Opera teur 24^156 (44537).! Percheron
Chariton James 11600 jFrench Draft
Belinda Red Rambler 42526 Trotter
Belinda Les Authleux 10683 ;French Draft
Chnriton Refucre 5602 i^lydesdale
Chariton ! Cherif 8711 (14626) | Percheron
Russell -i Agressive 0872 iTrotter
Russell Stuntney Salathiel 6741:Shire
I (Vol. 24) I
906 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
LUCAS COUNTY— CONTINUED
ft 5 Name of Owner
Postofflce
Name of Stallion
Breed
W. Kent -
829fl
R. 0. Miller
88fll
Wm. Blngaman —
3450
D. Q. Storie
3449
D. Q. Storie
3447
Daniel T. R. Tice
aw
A. J. Noble
3»ft8
Chas. R. Kirk— .
3969
Chas. R. Kirk— .
3970
Chas. R. Kirk— -
3971
Chas. R. Kirk—.
3972
Chas. R. Kirk— -
3973
Chas. R. Kirk— -
3974
Chas. R. Kirk— -
3975
Chas. R. Kirk— -
3976
Chas. R. Kirk— -
3977
Chas. R. Kirk— -
3978
Chas. R. Kirk— -
fiSR
C. N. & D. 0.
Hawkins —
4105
R. O. Miller & L.
Puderbaneh
4106
R. O. Miller & L.
Pnrlerbaugh
4244
Harmony Horse
Co
3848
B. F. Brown
Lucas
Lucas
Belinda ..
Chariton
Chariton
Russell -
Chariton
Chariton
Chariton
Chariton
Chariton
Chariton
Chariton
Chariton
Chariton
Chariton
Chariton
Chariton
Chariton
Lacona _
Lacona .
Chariton
Derby .—
4624
4626
4G27
4628
4fi29
4631
4632
4633
4634
4<n5
4737
4638
46W
4640
4641
4642
46 i3
4644
4645
46t6
4647
464S
450
47P1
4789
4703
?272
Af^^
16««>
1740
51 3<*
•W15
5311
5363
Chas. R. Kirk— .
Chas. R. Kirk— .
Chas.
Chas.
Chas.
Chas.
Chas.
Chas.
Chas.
Chas.
Chas.
Chas.
Chas.
Chns.
Chns.
Chas.
Chas.
Chas.
Chns.
Chns.
r'has.
Chas.
P. M
W. A
Kirk..
Kirk-
Kirk-
Kirk-
Kirk-
Kirk-
Kirk-
Kirk-
Kirk —
Kirk
Kirk— I
R. Kirk—
R. K'>k —
R. Kirk —
K'rk —
Kirk—
Ki>k —
Ki-rk —
Kirk—
9lnni-f
Hnlton
W. A. TTiitnn-.- —
■NT. M. Piorce
F/vans B''ns.
V], Ti. "Wh'tpside--
TTrn. TTrrrinsr
K'nrnonth & .Taf*k-
lev
Tohnson TTfvrsp Co
V]. F. Prnwn
Bert F. Pr-tornian
Frank 'Youtspy Sz
F?OT|
Fmnk
man
Frank
man
L. Trout
L. Trout
Cliariton
Chariton
Chariton
Chariton
Chariton
Chariton
Charrron
Charrron
Chariton
Chariton
Chariton
Chariton
Chariton
Chariton
ChnrTron
Chariton
Cliariton
Chariton
Chariton
CharTton
Charrron
Chnriton
Chariton
Tjiicas
T.nons
T?nR«?plT _
"Hprbv _.
Charlton
Derby ..
■RnSQPll _
■Pnpc-oll _
■n^rhv
Phnr'trin
Chariton
Chariton
Derby _.
Don-Pedro 41038
Afont 47722
Falls 31750 (45845)
The Lord Mayor 2172-.
C8H7)
Dnke of Lanark 9195.-
(107^2)
Tnmbo 1=^806
Victor 41275
To^o VTT n2S^ f2'802) —
Larie<5 Marmion 9287
(2'S'^'^>
Bntnill^ur 42285 (62^57).
Roau Po'l 42204 0^^1449).
Rtonrneau t2287 (67264).
Ventose 42og^, (n'^S'^S)— .
Aicrrin 4220^1 (64638)
Blaireau 42200 (59417)—.
Vpntriloque 42283
(58S28)
Ciboulot 2288 (66571)—
Don Ouichotte 2291
(58088)
General Grant 47478—
12319
Kimberley 13176
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Shire
Clydesdale
Percheron
Percheron
Shire
Shire
Storm King 49331.
Toaro 43n2
Percheron
I Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
i Percheron
'Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron and
French Draft
Clydesdale
Percheron
Soham Prince 9300
(23714)
Crackerlack 9?93 (25834)
Plavf air's Pride 9891—
(24522)
Mohesran 42733 (67658)-.
Lilas'' 42732 (67751^
Stalica 42738 (65087) —
Laerte 42731 (68302^
Bosphore 42718 (R31S=?)„.
Pan-Pan 42735 (5W=;8^—
Cherbourg 42720 (6->022).
Grenadin 4272R (72i.5i>-
Germinaut 42727 (72332)^
Grillon 42725 (7230()
Gannat 42726 (71673) —
Pnton 42737 (63830)
Pa^ottiu 42736 (67^10)-
E'-lusier 42723 (63034).-
Flporant 42722 (^3554)
Floi i2721 (6.n786^
Voulcain 42717 (62-63>-.
Grumeau ^2730 (70900)-.
Ovama 42737 (66726>
Bon -Vent 42710 (60110)-.
MaVir 28t41 (iP877)
GrMlon -Tr. 40451
Gold ATiUP 51005
Oaudipr 518-''0 (72008>.-.
Chprrv's Prince 10453—.
Don 45212
Geant Jr. 25431
Colin 281.33 (48416)
Hnc-holin 52243 (7.3528)-
Fdward Ji^'>5
General Fremont 10677-
Rocket 17552
Derby
Black Prince 15363
Daniel 3825 (4682»).
Robert 3837 (46822).
Percheron
Shire
Shire
Shire u
Percheron
Percneron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Pprclieron
Ppi-cheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percneron
Percneron
Percneron
Percheron
Percneron
Percheron
Percheron
Percneron
Percneron
Percneron
Percheron
Percneron
Pei'cheron
Clyrlpsdale
Percheron
Percneron
Percheron
Pprclieron
Shetland Pony
French Draft
French Draft
French Draft
Belgian
Belgian
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIV SO?
LYON COUNTY
Name of Owner
Postofflce
Name of Stallion
Breed
73
39
403
2334
2400
2ia'?
2492
29:^1
3072
3000
3110
3169
3170
3S20
4438 I
4497 '.
4596
4926
5115
5231
52S2
5233
5383
5384
James Kemplay..
John Morijran
Christopher Her-
bert
Ha r ten h off, Wen-
zel & Zornin^T--
H. J. & Harm
Moestor
Willie Peters
G. S. Tolilinan...
Christopher Her-
bert
Fred Essiiinn
Henry Nolte &
Sons
Henry >foen
Louie Getting
O. J. Feay
CJeo. Rosonherj?-.-
M. D. Shntt
M. D. Shntt
Henry Kroeger.—
H. T. Gulk
G. W. Patterson
& Frank Roth-
TV. H. Lucas
James Myrrs .— 1.
Kruse & Keull
Christopher Her-
bert
H. G. McMillan..
H. G. McMillan-
H. G. McMillan
John Leonard...
John Leonard.—
Rock Rapids
Rock Rapids
Rock Rapids
Lester
Chambrey 233%
Verndale 35982 .
Bramble 10721
Nelson 40040 .
Ellsworth, MinnI Lustre 45030 .-.
George ! Cliraatos (63102)
Doon ! Colonel 41530 .-
Rock Rapids •
Ellsworth, Minn I
Ellsworth, Minn
Inwood I
Little Rock 1
Larch wood
Ellsworth. Minn
Rock Rapids
Rock Rapids
Alvord .-
Invincible 15391 .
Black Rock 44679.
Larchwood
George
Rock Rapids—.
Rock Rapids —
Little Rock
Rock Rapids
Rock Rapids
Rock Rapi'ls
Rock Rapids
Rock Rapius
Rock Rapids
King 26302
Adalgo 2-)21 (374 >n
Marabout 4^1828 (58t.31).
Matchless 1722»
Armand 2»419 (4278'))..
Marshall 33;}89 __
Dave 47306
Sans Soucl 13699
(5)180) P
Volger 50140 (52596)
Orso 44076
M. & L. 47924
Chancellor 29731 ...
Crispin 3377 (37806).
Romulus .581.57 .—
Charlemagne 4556
Agricola .51280 ...
Quality 52296
Norman .5953')
JLantor d'Xm
Percheron
Trotter
French Draft
Percheron
Percheron
German Coach
Percheron
Iprench Draft
I Percheron
I Percheron
Belgian
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
French Draft
Percheron
Percheron
Trotter
Percheron
Belgian
Percheron
Percheron
Percnr ron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
MADISON COUNTY
170
102
224
225
300
553
463
72
609
596
595
410
422
765
772
1124
1593
A. D. Guy
Jno. Riser & Sons
Smith Bros.
W.
MitchelL-
Jackson Town-
ship Horse Co._
W. A. Forbes
Earlhara Hackney
Horse Co.
St. Charles Perch-
eron Horse Co..
.Tos. Russell
Peru French
Coach Horse Co
Van Meter Horse
Co.
W. S. Hildebrand
The Ored Perch
eron Horse Co..
Loren Dunbar ...
C. M. Haxton...
Schouboe Bros. .
St. Charles &
Wick Shire
Horse Co. ...
Thomas Kirkland
Macksburg Draft
Horse Co.
Geo. Z. Smith.-.
W. D. Bradshaw
Winterset I Gov. Cummins 13037... French Draft
Earlham Brilliant De Neusvilles Belgian
911 (1.3918)
Earlham Va-De-Bon-Coeur 12312 French Draft
(5191) i
Winterset Alexander the Great— Percheron
23294 ;
Winterset Royal Lad 7749 Shire
Winterset Benefactor F. 7847 Shire
Earlham
Brunei 626 Hackney
St. Charles Taupin 23142 (44779) Percheron
Winterset Thumper XXII 6369 Shire
Peru
Universe 2857 -French Coach
Winterset i Patissier 27.392 (45693).. Percheron
Winterset | Creston Boy 6914... jShire
Winterset Phoebus 31106 (45092)... Percheron
Earlliam Revnard 19903 Percheron
Earlham Onv-West 32697 Percheron
Earlham Numa 3037 (2014) German Coacn
St. Charles Warmington B r a v e Shire
Prince 698.7 (19220) !
Macksburg Sporting Boy 41163 .;Trotter
:\racksburg Cadix 27450 (48503) ^Percheron
Macksburg I Rampton Baron 7586.— iShire
i (21781)
Truro ..- ' Meti 33976 (53392) Percheron
908 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
MADISON county-Continued
p
Name of Owner
Postoffice
Name of Stallion
Breed
9900
Ord Percheron
I
i
Horse Co.
Winterset
Grisou 41221 (58517)
Percheron
2894
J. D. Ross & J.
M. Young
Winterset
Perry Mac 28266
Trotter
?«0!i
Deer Creek Horse
1
Co. East Peru ]
Prince Napoleon 50985..
Percheron
1725
C. O. Clements..-' Earlham
Fanfaron 27393
Percheron
3208 Madison County-
Horse Co.
Winterset
Sansonnet 45764 _._
(54418)
Percheron
R209
C. P. Abbott
Macksburg
Tommy Dunton 45213—
Trotter
3341
Union Township
Horse Co. Winterset '
Vibrant 40108 (47485)....'
Percheron
3593 i Loren Dunbar Earlham 1
Vidoc 45543 __
Percheron
3594 Loren Dunbar Earlham
Rocher 47770 (55307).—
Percheron
3595 1 Loren Dunbar
Earlham 1
Black Diamond 45544...
Turc 44093 . —
Black Morgan Prince..
5058
McKinley 14679
Percheron
Percheron
4057
T. J. Hudson
Winterset
Jforgan
4371
J. H. Shultz- Winterset
French Draft
4407
F. W. Workey... Winterset
Wood 47851
Trotter
4487
F. M. McDanieL- Winterset '
Red Woodford 37660....
Trotter
4488 F. M. McDanieL- Winterset 1
Colonel P. 12307
Trotter
4559 Bennett Bros. Earlliam
4560 Bennett Bros. i Earlham 1
Banker Joe 9769
Shire
Powerful 51698 ;
Percheron
4754 Orville Griswold -
Macksburg
Toga de Desseneer iBelgian
3374 (44732) i
4865
T. E. Hustion
St. Charles
All Right 52091 '
Percheron
4866
T, E. Hustion
St. Charles
Pride of Iowa 52094
Percheron
4867
T. E. Hustion__.-
St. Charies
Goodenough 52093
Percheron
4,^8
T. E. Hustion
St. Charles
Joseph 52090 _
Percheron
4872
Hudson & Wilkin-
son
Winterset
Earlham
Highland Star Eagle-
3477
Houzard du Fosteau
30S8 (29026)
Saddle Horse
4010
John Riser & Sons
Belgian
5123
Bennett Bros.
Earlham
Glendaire 52230 (69382)..
Percneron
5249
W. S. Eppard
W. S. Eppard
W. S. Eppard....
Earlham
Horace Vincent 249
Lord Roberts II 6403.—
Brown Royal 5351
French Coach
5250
Earlham ^
Shire
5251
Earlham
Shire
5252
W. S. Eppard
W S. Ennnvd
Earlham
Royal Tom 8937... .-
Royal Chief 8936
Dasso 17824
Shire
5253
Earlham
Shire
5258 ; Orr & Grout Bros.
Winterset
French Draft
5310 ! H. M. Ford
Winterset
Doak 15320
French Draft
5368 M. A. Gresham-.
Winterset
Prince Albert II 17109..
French Draft
MAHASKA COUNTY
379
R. E. Porter
New Sharon
Sharon King 37310
Trotter
471
C. G. Tice
Taintor
Robert Cecil 9997
Clydesdale
498
Jno, W. Irwin
New Sharon
High Points 22292..
Trotter
460
W. A. Sexsmlth
& ,T. M. Drennon
New Sharon
Ravaillac 27S09 (47054)..
Percheron
716
J. R. Moore
Barnes City
Transvalien (21634)
Belgian
461
New Sharon
Shire & Hack-
ney Horse Co
New Sharon
Childwall Chorister 7550
Shire
462
New S h a r 0 p
Shire & Kack-
(20348)
ney Horse Co
New Sharon
Heacham Hereward 693
Hackney
^9M
A. L. Fox
New Sharon
:\Iajor Lacy 28768
Percheron
1328
B. E. Dalbey
i I. M. Reed
Barnes
Isard 498
Jno. Addison 10642
French Coach
1360
Rose Hill
French Draft
1361
1 I. M. Reed
Rose Hill
Bedworth Boy 36968
Trotter
136?
J. N. Moore-
! Rose Hill
Perplese (54811)
Percheron
1363
1502
Thos. Seevers
J. H. Barnes
' 0<3Trnlnn<5i
Senator 33365
Percheron
Oskaloosa
Blackstone II 14551
French Draft
1542
L. Van Buskirk— .
Fremont
Aurungzebe 13069
French Draft
1569
.T. H. Barnes
Oskaloosa
Bland 45148
Percheron
1571
J. H, Barnes
Oskaloosa
Lord Thomas 12784
French Draft
1681
Michael Denney
Rose Hill
Torcy 15152
PerchtM on
1704
.1. C. Jarard
A. S. Jarard
Taintor
Hobson 8S94
Robbie Burns 11317
Clydesdnle
1710
New Sharon
Clydesdale
1153
Maleby & Walden
Rose Hill
Sharon's Wonder 8673..
, Clydesdale
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIV
909
MAHASKA county-Continued
t:©-
Name of Owner
Postoflace
Name of Stallion
Breed
1760
1804
1803
2010
2011
2012
2014
2015
2016
2017
2019
2020
2022
2023
2113
2114
2215
2315
^77
2603
2642
2643
2644
26 15
2759
2760
3015
3099
3127
3150
R. H. & J. H.
Barnes
R. Rodman
R. Rodman
R. n. & J. H.
Barnes
R. H. & J. H.
Barnes
J. II. Barnes
J. n. Barnes
J. II. Barnes
J. II. Barnes.
J. II. Barnes.
J. II. Barnes.
J. II. Barnes
Arie Kool _.
Arie Kool
Steele & Bru
baker
Steele & BrU'
baker
M. 11. Davidson..
Alex Sonlts
R. W. Hoit
J. F. Sheloy
J. C. Redman
J. C. Redman
.7. C. Redman
J. C. Redman
n. W. Lnndt
H. W. Lnndt
Heisel & IJurrier.
Star Horse Co
Reed & Moore
J. I. Molyneaux-.
Olivet — .
Oskaloosa
Oskaloosa
Oskaloosa
Oskaloosa
Oskaloosa
Oskaloosa
Oskaloosa
Oskaloosa
Oskaloosa
I Oskaloosa
Oskaloosa
Leigliton .
Leigliton .
Cedar
3132
3344
3486
3555
J. C. Redman
Heisel & Barrier.
Heisel & Burrier.
Jay Roof
C. W. Fellers.—
1335 Jesse Ross
3987 J. B. Hull-..
3988 J. E. Hull
3989 J. E. Hull
3990 J. E. Hull.
3991 J. E. Hull-
4231 A. L. Rice-
2875
4477
4478
3377
4558
4584
4585
4586
4764
4765
20O9
4928
4753
1237
5122
6157
51.58
5183
5334
C. Ver Ploeg
J. B. Hull
J. E. Hull
J. E. Hull
M. L. Phillips....
Henry Sytsma
R. H. McWilliams-
T. J. Vander Beek
Benj. Warbleton.-
P. Jackson & Sons
H. W. Jones
R. W. Hoit
M. L. Phillips....
R. K. Davis
R. K. Davis
Fred Willlanjs
Fred Williams
Chas. Bass
Joe R. Moore
5367 E. J. Heisel Fremont ...
5015 John Monlneyx..- Fremont ...
Cedar
Oskaloosa ..
Barnes City
Beacon
New Sliaron
Lcigliton -..
Leigiiton _ —
Leighton ...
Leighton ...
Taintor
Taint or
Fremont
Fremont
Rose Hill ...
Barnes City
Leighton
Fremont
Fremont
Cedar ..
Fremont
Fremont
Taintor .
Taintor .
Taintor .
Taintor .
Taintor .
Oskaloos:
Oskaloosa ..
Taintor
Taintor
Taintor
New Sharon.
Oskaloosa .-
Oskaloosa ..
Oskaloosa ..
Taintor
Peoria __ .^—
Rose Hill-.-
Beacon
New Sharon.
Oskaloosa ..
Oskaloosa ..
Barnes City.
Barnes City.
Rose Hill..-.
Barnes City.
Bon Joan 1UG7
Triboullet 10?57 (30543).
Remus ll46ii
French Draft
Perclieron
French Draft
Black Beauty 15185 French Draft
Buster 15183 'French Draft
Blackstone 15148 French Draft
Admiral iu'j55 Perclieron
Triljoullel 16057 Perclieron
Coco 46561 Perclieron
Bo.sler 46556 Percheron
Parfait 46.560 Perclieron
Lacy 46563 Perclieron
Ferndale 11685 Clydesdale
Taupier 43730 (6iui9)-... Percheron
Sauveur 27825 (48282)
Vasistas 44472 (5jiuJ)
Captain Reaper 4JiiJ
Barville 111 'Jii26 (i^ojj;
Powerful 47596
Keota Cheri 188J1
Robert 41358
Sherlock 4213J
Diplomat 15313
Paul 15311
Cheri 11 10138
Vesuve 10J31 (934)N..
Billington 8183 (2u2-lj;...
Richland 47441
Medine 40182 (60405)
Black brooke Verona ..
8606 (20259)
Joe 15700
Remus 11466
Rescue 7516
Bedford 11827
Fremont Favorite 4)31.
Montevillers 11 9503
King Lofty 45988
Lofty 23904
Pike Timber Chief
11664 (2813)
Kilted Lad IV 12551....
Great Scott 145
Gaston d' Hoze 166J
(27794)
Shade Baron 40648
Master Perch 4600J
Black Chief 131.50
Scott W. Jr. 45377
Joe Blackburn liois
Pompe 15169
Gilbert 1.5470 ..,
Brilliant 54635
Royal Prince IX 9378..
(23s90)
Robert Bell 13723
D'Orsay 15181
Astrakan 48946 (&32J5)-
Rubin 3530 (Vol. X\').-
September 11613
Wilkeslander I'JTSl
Artist Montrose Squir-
rel 2037
Rule 6978 (Vol. 17)
Ruraulus 51527
Knottingly Marquis
10375 (24363)
Mahaska Joe 1S367
Givet 56776 (71963)
Percheron
I'ercheron
Trotter
I'ercheron
I'ercheron
I'ercheron
I'ercheron
I'erclieroa
I'-rench Draft
l<^ronch Draft
l-'rench Draft
b'rench Draft
Shire
I'ercheron
I'ercheron
Shire
t^rench Draft
French Draft
shire
French Draft
I'ercheron
French Draft
I'ercheron
I'ercheron
Clydesdale
Clydesdale
Suffolk
Belgian
Trotter
Percheron
Clydesdale
Trotter
Clydesdale
French Draft
French Draft
Percheron
.Shire
Clydesdale
French Draft
I'ercheron
Belgian
Clydesdale
Trotter
Saddle Horse
Shetland Pony
Percheron
Shire
i^rench Draft
Percheron
^10
IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUilE
MARION COUNTY
6^
Name of Owner
Postoffice
Name of Stallion
Breed
602
F. M. Ridgeway—
F. M. Ridgeway-
L. Maasdam &
Son
W. W. Rankin_._.
John H. Cowman
Pella Horse Co...
Walter Whitlatch.
Lee Wilson
Henry Bickford...
Henry Bickford...
Jolaannes Stravers
Van Derwaal &
Van Zante
Swan
Emerald 12135
fiOl
Swan ._
Pride 14422
FrPTifli T~>rflft
727
Pella
Nova 49735
Trotter
740
7M
Knoxville
Percy
Legal Tender 6322
Santiago 13030
Shire
F"rPTiph Dm ft
473
Pella
Aride 25056 (45i34)
Bootle Champion 3963..
(10991)
Black Sam 40O65
Stuntney Lubin 6731
Rex of La Moille 32067.
Chariot (55213)
819
821
909
908
1015
Columbia
Columbia
Columbia
Columbia
Pella
Shire
Percheron
Shire
Percheron
Percheron
1354
Pella
Jules 1354
Belgian
Shire
1237
Marysville Horse
Co. .
Knoxville
Columbia
Knoxville
Knoxville
Knoxville
Pella
Columbia
Knoxville
Knoxville
Pella
Knoxville
Knoxville
Harvey
Knoxville
Knoxville
Pleasantville ....
Knoxville
Percy
Lord Fordy 6909
(Vol. 24)
Admiral B. 22850
Baron De Jay 41467
Emmet H. 31170
Dieppe 15067
1586
1807
1834
L. V. Colwell
J. B. Elliott
Setli Way
Percheron
Trotter
2021
W. M. Black
W. H. Maasdam.
Hartley & Wilson
H. H. Conrey
C. L. Hardman...
P. Jackson &. Sons
Harvey James
D. C. Belknap
Bellamy & Hanna
J. M. Maddy
Lewis Dunham ..
Isaac Hodgson „
Wm. Visser
Mike Slykhuis,
Jno. DeBok and
Matthew Karl ..
Wm. J. Way
Levi W. Caulkins
Bussey Horse Co-
J. D. Cunning-
ham
J. D. Cunning-
ham
French Draft
1655
Expert 5SS3
Trotter
2211
2581
2876
866
Lamy 46057 (.56473)
Bristol Lange 1441
(25360)
Roitlet 25037 (44653)
Rose Lad 11316
Percheron
Belgian
Percheron
Clydesdale
3019
3058
820
3126
3159
3201
3213
Rampart 6775 (19963)....
Charles Walton 44918—
Fred Willes 38017
Stuntney Fearnaught...
5347
Keota Warsaw 20893—
Vigoureaux (55019)
Man-Well 33885
Shire
Trotter
Trotter
Shire
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
3223
Scarcliffe Powerful
(19110)
Keota Seductor 18325—.
Treko G. 45269
Shire
3338
Dallas
Percheron
3304
Bussey
Trotter
3332
Bussey
Armand 25587 (42962).—
Kentucky Jay 38687
Directum Boy 31294
Paragon 24940 _
George B. 45537
Percheron
3360
3359
Knoxville
Knoxville
Attica
Trotter
Trotter
3849
Neifert & Gillion
A. K. Hart
C. R. & J. A.
Hughes __.
R. Core
Percheron
3319
Pleasantville ..-
Ppvfhprfin
3426
Billy Rex 45388
Trotter
3451
Pleasantville ._.
Pleasantville ...
Penrose 8803
Vermast 10866
Clydesdale
3506
Osa Butcher
John W. Bruere..
C. F. Blackman..
J. Van Niewen-,
heinzen & Co
D, D. Marsh
D. C. Belknap
DeGeus Bros
Hanna & Bellamy
C. L. Hardman..
T. D. Tice
T. D. Tice
Lee Wilson
Hartley & Wilson
L. M. Hardin.-..
L. M. Hardin....
Jacob Van der Pol
Hanna & Bellamy
J. E. Vernloee...
3543
Sir Consul 9661.
3550
3667
Knoxville -
Pella
Biceps 9923 (13577)
Corbett 6493
Percheron
Shire
3S47
3850
Pleasantville .-
Knoxville
Pella
Knoxville
Knoxville
Pella
Montmirail 28442 (45040)
Parapet 15872
Percheron
Trotter
Percheron
Trotter
Shire
Trotter
2289
4074
4150
4146
Keota Jabez 44756...
Willie Riley 38311
Bon Carlsbad 5417
(17184)
Iowa Pride 01015.
Reciprocity 10266
Gold Magnet 44050
Pavilion de Noirhat
3041 (Vol. 14, p. 377)
Agenda 10850 (44896)
Finch's Buster Brown.
8429
Luxemburg 51213 (62264)
Erskine Warrior 10610—
Searchlight II 6396
(19115)
4145
Pella
4129
4128
4233
4232
4191
4283
15»7
Columbia
Columbia
Pleasantville _—
Pleasantville ..-
Pella
Knoxville
Pella
Trotter
Belgian
French Draft
Shire
Percheron
Clydesdale
Shire
._ .
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIV
MARION county-Continued
911
u o
Name of Owner
Postoffice
4592
46ai
473
48iO
2411
4899
5079
5083
2214
5182
1522
5317
F. N. D:inl»('nsi)oo
Scott Smith
John DcHok
A. W. llagens &
Son
Mike Slykliouso...
G. A. Tomi.h-loii
Hann:i & P.cll.iinv
M. C. Bolhuny...,
A. B. Van Nin
wegen
C. L. Hardman...
D. Araasdara
M. KaldonborpT
M. II. Spikcr
W. W. Rankin.-..
Mills & Brooks....
F. M. Ridffeway.-
Naiue of Stallion
Breed
T'Moxville --
Traoy
IN'rcy
Pclla
Ploasantville
-Monroe
irarvoy
Knoxville ...
Pella
Knoxville ._
PeMa
Pella
Columbia _„
Knoxville _.
Knoxville _.
Swan
Manallerton 48191.
Bob O Boy 6JS3..-
Dewoy 9G34
Trotter
Shetland Pony
French Draft
Macon 57W0 (68590) Percheron
Black Ben 41724 Porcheron
Matchfield Jr. 12634.... Clydesdale
Star Light 8-122 (Vol. 10) Shetland Pony
B. Success 4398S I'ercheron
Theodore Roosevelt
15930
Rove De Or De Wana-
gem 2723 (20490).
Francosur 48)11 (62869)..
Earl of Lonsdale 12782.
Lucky Lad of Town's
End 8!K (0320) Hackney
Baron 20221 (iimr,) Pcrflu-ron
Cyclone 15G55 (21031) j Percheron
French Draft
Helgian
Percheron
Clydesdale
- Paris 17r22 'French Draft
MARSHALL COUNTY
870
^2
867
360
101
183
490
752
751
856
1270
1351
1506
1.507
1508
1536
1512
1814
1818
8638
2639
2670
?745
2049 .
I
2768
2818 I
2913
3230 j
3231 [
2553
F. C. Knight
Edw. Blackburn..
J. S. Paul
Wra. Schultz
Edw. Blackburn..
C. A. Rolston....
Jno. Brown
Henry Hilleman,
Sr.
W. E. Elliott
LeGrand Perch-
eron Horse Co..
W. B. Elliott.--
Wm. Paul
Wm. Paul
Louis Eckhardt ..
C. W. Bergman..
Chas. Greatreaks-
J. A. Ward
.1. A. Ward
T. A. Ward
B. F. & C. A.
Robinson
.T. W. Crammer..
D. C. Bligh
.Tacob Wnltemeyer
Bear Grove Draft
Horse Co.
W. A. Taggart.-
H. L. Hartwig...
Dannen Bros.
C. B. Dannen &
Sons
B. L. Pvle.-._-'.„
E. G. Miller
Henry D. Neidert
Sherman Wolf-
gong
Sherman Wolf-
gong
Sherman Wolf-
gong
3243 E. E. Carver
S441 D. S. Forrey
3185 .Toe Bunn
3507 Grant Kuhns
8577 i Melbourne Perch-
eron Horse Co—
Laurel .' Brooklyn 6487
Laurel ' Major B. 11141
Laurel .| Sans-Peur .34016 (51102)
Laurel : McHanna 54531
Lfiurel Prince Henry 10000
Liscomb .Tupiter 30500 (46n2)
Marshallown ... Major Marion 9584
State Center Newton Duke 7014 .
Clemons Red Gregory 41805
Le Grand Petnis 27054 (43878)
Marshalltown „. Wavne Bov 30242
Laurel j Wesley V.' 13510
Laurel 1 Keota Romer 19485.
State Center
Laurel
Marshalltown
Gilinan
Gilman
Gilmau
Marshalltown
Liscomb
Laurel
Marshalltown
State Center .
State Center _
State Center .
Marshalltown
Meli)ourne ...
Marshalltown
Melbourne ...
State Center .
Laubet 10680
Keota Lord 7583
.Tohn Adrain 0611
Glenwood Dewey 3429.
Mac Claskie Jr. '9470...
Tunis 11095
Tunot 35620 (5.31.32).
Sebastinn 257 (4)...
Water Bov 34784...
Forban 813 (9770)...
Marshalltown
Marshalltown
Marshalltown
Marshnlltown
Marshnlltown
St. Anthony .
Laurel
Rhodes
Cavaignac 27832 (41517).
Lipton 0265
Wenona Forester 4765..
Blockey Prince 19668...
Ernest 41428 (64067)....
Duchesne 25440 r42847).
RifFain 251 }0 (4.T>41)...
Rob Edwards 12394...
Monenillard 41232 .
(5.3040)
Brulot 41233 (52580).
.Toubert de Silly 2627.
(21052)
Prince Arnneta 43474.
Fay K. 47551
Loubert 32075
Manly 43098
Shire
^Clydesdale
Percheron
Trotter
Clydesdale
Percheron
[Clydesdale
I
Shire
Trotter
Percheron
Trotter
Freneh Draft
Percheron
French Draft
Sliire
Trotter
Shetland Pony
Clydesdale
French Draft
Percheron
Belgian
Trotter
Belgian
Percheron
Clydesdale
Shire
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Trotter
Percheron
Percheron
Belgian
Trotter
Percheron
Percheron
Trotter
Searabe 28455 (46896) 'Percheron
912
IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
MARSHALL COUNTY-CONTINUED
5;^ Name of Owner
Postoffice
Name of Stallion
Breed
3688 j E. W. Mabn
4364 Fred S. Neier
1503 C. W. Preston
^73 W. C. Garten
i404 Walter E. Snelling
5406 ' Edna W. Bennett-
State Center
Haverhill
Laurel
Albion
Clemons
Marshalltown
T. J. Girton 32093 [Trotter
Debonair 42528 Percberon
Barbot 24427 (4379S) Percberon
Beau Cbeval 15S1C French Draft
Erin McGregor 40075 I Trotter
Granite Grattan 45335.. Trotter
MILLS COUNTY
542
176
Phillip Hambsch..
C. H. Peer
C. H. Peer
W. E. Wicker
sham
INfalvern
Straban
Arrondi 26131 (44741)....
Lord Gregory 42903
Harry Mount 7024
Barthelmy 1156 (21580)..
A 1 pa go (1368)
Percberon
Trotter
174
647
Strahan
Glenwood
Glenwood
Glenwood
Glenwood
Glenwood
Malvern
Malvern
Emerson
Glenwood
Emerson
Henderson
Henderson
Hastings
Henderson
Henderson
Trotter
Belgian
Oldenburg Coach
Trotter
Shire
Percberon
Shire
Percberon
616
W. E. Wicker-
sham
419
703
708
758
822
A. S. Edwards....
A. M. Miller
C. L. Miller
Geo. A. Coiner
C. T. Boles
Wales Shire
Horse Co.
Percberon Horse
Co.
King Mills 35959
Hinxton Jumbo 6391
(10688)
Belkader (22968)
Insurgent 7728
.Jessie 2.3830
1130
1196
Harshfield Warrior 70ir
Luther 29507 (47005)
.lean Bart 12732
Shire
Percberon
Percberon
1370
C. E. Ballain
J. L. Douglas
T. L. Douglas
D. M. Culver
W. J. Roberts
J. R. Maynes
S. S. & R. B.
Summers __
Geo. Schurr
Geo. Schurr
C. M. Follett
L. C. Stevenson
& W. H. Sal-
1463
1464
Keota Spv 18228
Dalzel 25631
Percberon
Percberon
1668
1150
Sophocles (7479) 5995
Driftway 31612 .. ...
Percberon
Trotter
1823
2284
Nailstone Sidar 7987
(22612)
Robert Burns 5632
Monone 41547 (62758)
Flag of Truce 8823
(22.364)
Nailstone Luke 8826....
(24783)
Coco 44305 (.58097)
Top Sawyer 3d 7.506....
Coureur 41816 (64733)...
Nailstone Baskerville..
9176 (24469)
H. D. 40324
Shire
^m
Strahan
F'l rchprnn
2996
R033
Strahan
Malvern
SMrci '■
Shire
3034
Malvern
1266
4210
4211
319
Hans Neilsen
J. R. Maynes
J. R, Maynes
Geo. Lloyd _
Hans Nielsen
Chas. T. Boles.—
Glenwood Horse
Co.
Emerson
Henderson
Henderson
Glenwood
Emerson
Shire
Percberon
Shire
Trotter
4542
Stuntney Ruby 97.51....
(23760)
Gambler 42724 (72044)....
Lister 42739 (63985)
Bradgate Harold 98i)-?..
(24990)
Brown Eagle 32794
Shire
1636
4630
Glenwood
Glenwood
Glenwood
4625
Glenwood Horse
Co.
Shire
175
Geo Estes
Trotter
MITCHELL COUNTY
400
1.37
136
1.52
145
230
559
558
560
W. D. Runge
S. T. Dovle
S. T. Doyle
Stacyville Perch
ernn Horse Co..
C. B. Jacobs
H. W. Clay
A. I. Stncv
E. J. Howe
Richard .Jordan...
Richard .Jordan..
Richard Jordan..
Osage
Riceville .
T.'iceville .
Stacyville
Osage —
Osage
Stacyville
Osage ...
^IcJntire
Mclntire
Mclntire
Emoi 27436 (435501
Valliant 41035 (.58028)...
Estevan 40355 (51744)...
Selim 24740 (43671)
Charming Tarbreoch..
8951
Bayard de Tooz (29730)
Star 29780
Stuntnev Barak 6730.—
Gilbert 3.3622
Woodbury Herod 45S4-
Bill Morrison 19327....
Percberon
Percberon
Percberon
Percberon
Clydesdale
Belgian
Percberon
Shire
Percberon
Morgan
Percberon
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIV
MITCHELL COUNTY-CONTINUED
913
u 6
5^
Name of Owner
Postofflce
Name of Stallion
Breed
645
Mitchell Belgian
Horse Ass'n
Riceville Frencli
Draft Horse Co
J. C. Kathan &
Son
.7. C. Aslimore...
Fred Stark
0. V. Perry
C. H. Diienow
G. W. Shelharacr
W. D. McCabe
Fred Worple
Ricliard .Tordan _.
Frank Krulish ...
C. R. Wilkos
Lingot (18150)
Tigre 11275
Ned K. 4.398.3
Belgian
French Draft
Trotter
Shire
Perclieron
Clydesdale
Shire
Pereheron
Mortran and
Trotter
666
665
Riceville
0sa"'e
789
883
Osage
Riceville
Klceville
St. Ansgar
Riceville
Natehy Tom 3500 (10036)
I'.ataille (19:)51)
1174
1398
1657
Heir of Fame 10639
(11G07)
Stuntney Dante 7059....
Olney 20998
17
Osage
Pilot Panic 4831 37792..
Vermouth 16021
Mack 47151
Magnus Boy 12515
Lofty 22202
1.145
2466
2536
2813
Alta Vista
Mclntire
St. Ansgar
Riceville
Pereheron
Pereheron
Clydesdale
Pereheron
Pereheron
Pereheron
2863 St. Ansgar Horse
Co.
2889 Richard Jordan...
2888 H. A. Skinner.—
St. Ansgar
Mclntire
Riceville
Versailles 25196 (45415).
Governor Roosevelt _.
23185
Dancing Master a3319..
Canaillard 21514
Kentola 41288
2940 J. H. Penny
2957 J. C. Kathan „
Stacyville
Osa"'e
Trotter
Trotter
2956 .7. C. Ivathnn
Norvaillis 443107
Vercingetorix 3292
Kimberley 27316 (46790).
Casta let 47641
Trotter
30G8
3062
3582
Riceville French
Coach Horse Co
Wert Roe _.
Riceville
Riceville
French Coach
Pereheron
C TT T~»iinTir>«-
St. Ansgar
Osage
Pereheron
French Draft
3585 Richard Dorsey _
Ridgley 10182
Vermont 21408 (2568)....
Stewart Manor 45755
Germinal 43745. (56292)..
Emmermann (6701)
Glen B 4013r
Mercure (630)
3700 ' Richard Dorsey ..
4025 G. IT. .Tndd
Qc5{|<T(i _,
Pereheron
Riceville
Trotter
4153
4156
4173
0. H. Thorson
0. II. Thorson
A. Bridges
St. Ansgar
St. Ansgar
Riceville
Pereheron
East Friedland
Coach
Trotter
3290
Earl Penrose
Clinton Carrison..
T. J. Madison
A. C. Kelly
A. Bridges
French Draft
4554
Osage
Prince Charlie 18877....
Nateljy Tom 3509
(10036)
Rex 47989
Clvdesdale
780
Shire
5174
Otranto
Pereheron
5116
Riceville
Earl Colbert 36852
Trotter
MONONA
COUNTY
890
Moorhead Im-
ported Pereh-
eron Co.
E. E. Richards..
C. L. Watkins
Anton Hanson
M. B. Hildreth...
A. L. Erskine- —
.7. Gries
H. Koth
.7. A. Sarff
W. W. Griffith.-
G. C. Harrison...
G. C. Harrison.—
S. D. .lewell
A. V. Van Dorn..
Onawa & Blencoe
Horse Co.
Henry Hall
Mapleton Pereh-
eron Horse Co..
.7ames Hall
W. W. Griffith..
Ole K. Lee
W. W. Griffith—
A. V. Van Dorn...
Moorhead
Moorhead
Wiiiting - ..
Beqnin (43629)
Pereheron
889
883
Schlev 30716
Billy Bartlett 35827
Courcival 27412 (45661)..
Ethan Allen 30974
Black Beantv II 33375..
Bayard 27400 (48374)
Major Glencoe 9173
Vinarold .38107
Pereheron
Trotter
1493
Soldier
Pereheron
1494
1780
2195
Soldier
Castana
IJte
Pereheron
Pereheron
Pereheron
2437
2485
Monona
Whiting
Onawa
Blencoe
Blencoe
Whiting
Clydesdale
Trotter
2658
2762
2763
3071
3151
3197
3679
Prince Soliman 43.382
Amour 26914 (4.5827)....
:^farquette 40952
Mat Kane 31575
Bruno .33739 (46059)
Raisonnable 24711
(4.5404)
Bay Duke 9370
Sarthois 43100 (60900)...
Leslie 46SS2
Pompon 25739 (48499)....
Bouncer 48058
Periot 23474
Monarque de Wacken..
3157 (38102)
Pereheron
Pereheron
Pereheron
Trotter
Rodney
Pereheron
Pereheron
Whiting
French Draft
3687
3999
:\rapleton
Whiting
Pereheron
Pereheron
4112
Onawa
Pereheron
3455
4.508
4499
^fapleton
Onawa
Pereheron
Pereheron
Rodney .-
Belgian
58
914
IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
MONONA county-Continued
Name of Owner
Postoffiee
Name of Stallion
Breed
4864
Martin Brettin —
Kohnekamp &
Witte
Soldier
Bonaparte d' Hor 3246.
(41890)
Autrichien 16414 (59818).
Black Night 49226
Belgian
5021
Ute
French Draft
5030
Hughes & Skid-
Whiting
Percheron
5140
G. C. Harrison
Onawa
Togo 42312 —.Percheron
MONROE COUNTY
171
1.50
107
88
87
205
207
206
299
551
1303
1382
1564
1693
1694
2152
2172
2217
1277
2.3^4
2629
2567
J. F, Fitzpat-
riek
J. A. Smith
T. B. McDonald-
L. A. McCreery—
Ira Noble
Ira Noble
W. B. Griffin—.
W. B. Griffin....
W. B. Griffin
Farmers' Mutual
Horse Co.
A. Scieszinski _.
.L R. Love
J. S. Quinn
Lovilia Shire
Horse Co.
J. F. Roney
J. F. Roney
Avery Horse Co.-
J. R. Harker
J. F, Coleman..
Ira Robinson
J. J. Mullin
Averv Horse Co..
.7. R. Love
J. R. Love
J. R. Love
Georgetown
Albia
Lovilia
Albia
Albia
Albia
Albia
Albia
Albia
Albia
Melrose
Albia
Melrose —
Lovilia
Melrose
Melrose —
Avery
Ute
Melrose
Albia
Melrose
Avery
Albia
Albia
Albia
Alfred 297 (9)
Keota Mesmerist 24848.
Wick Spencer 12511
Castleman 16072
Roma 19920
Red Maple 33985
Ernest Wilton 26829....
Paulus 17248
Belding 27923
The Saint (20971)
Putnam 8755
Gideon D. 7647
Michel (29753)
Wenlock Thumper 6325
(20153)
Brutus 5224
Newaygo 9192
Cha-cal 41415 (.58077)-.-
Corsair 40934
Osceola Banker 8S30-_-
Loulon 28367 (48118)
Fleurus 14851 (58414)P_
Dunois 284.39 (45239)_..
Bluff Creek Tom 8185-
Dick RConroe 8186
Black Peter 8723
German Coach
Percheron
Trotter
Trotter
Percheron
Trotter
Trotter
Percheron
Trotter
Shire
Clvdesdale
Shire
Percheron
Shire
Shire
Trotter
Percheron
Percheron
Shire
Percheron
French Draft
Percheron
Shire
Shire
Shire
MONTGOMERY COUNTY
535
F. L, Steninger..
P. L. Steninger-.
J. D. Gourley
T. J. Reznor
J. H. Thompson.
J. H. Thompson-
A. C. Weidman...
Elliott Draft
Horse Co.
C. E. Thompson.-
.T. E. Farmer
M. M. Smith
Henry Ebert
F. E. Shires
C. P. Van Valken-
burg
Red Oak
Cherbourg 24274 (44003)
The Rogue 5413
Villisca General 5210—
Fruitier 40415 (485.30)..-
McKinley III 7047
Creston Archie 3408
Raynal 25163 (44651) —
Girton Rogue 5348
Creston Boy 7968
Albert Margrava 42964-
Tribsign 45044
Francois II 40111
Pierre 10912 (a425)
St. Hilaire 42229 (48656)
Cafe 48317 (55411)
Gamaleon 7825
Black Dewey 15768
Plnm Right 4945 37341-
Valdvne 42490
Delta .32379 (46136)
Red Toler 11226
Major F. 8887
Turbulent 29982 (48658)
Bury Banker 6688 (17829)
Road Bird Jr. 39973.—
Dan Walton 45076
Percheron
536
Red Oak
Shire
210
Villisca
Shire
514
Stennett -
Percheron
1223
Elliott
Shire
1222
1253
1312
2S94
Elliott
Red Oak
Stennett
Elliott
Shire
Percheron
Shire
Shire
2709
Villisca
Trotter
2713
Villisf'a
Trotter
2729
246
Red Oak
Elliott
Percheron
French Draft
3036
Villisca
Percheron
3070
C. P. Van Valken-
burg
Villisca
Percheron
3102
3211
D. B. Gnnn
.Tno. P. Warne—
D. B. Gunn
R. S. Light
D. B. Gunn
R. S. Light
Wra. Arnold
Tmrie Bros.
, Eliott Draft
Horse Co.
Keeper, C. L.
' Williams
T. L. Quinn
Red Oak
Villisca
Trotter
French Draft
3101
Red Oak
Morgan Trotter
3281
Villisca
Percheron
3466
3529
Red Oak
Villisoa
Percheron
Trotter
3765
4016
4070
Red Oak
Red Oak
Stennett
Shire
Percheron
Shire
4117
4172
Red Oak
Elliott
Trotter
Trotter
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIV
^15
MONTGOMERY COUNTY-CONTlNUED
to
Name of Owner
Postoffice
Name of Stallion
• Breed
4357 Thos. Hornby ..
Elliott
Gemot 291 (120.5)
Wentworth Hero 9196..
(^797)
Rival 432.56
German Coach
Shire
4358
Grant Draft
Horse Co.
Pilot Grove Horse
Co.
Grant
358
Red Oak
Elliott
Percheron
French Draft
French Draft
Perche'-on
Perclu'roii
Percheron
Perclieron
Trotter
Shire
Shire
German Coach
359
French Draft
Horse Co.
C. P. Van Valken-
burg
Dreyfus 9365
■m
Villisca .. .
Fred 11735 50725
4578
485.5
2831
Sampson Bros. _._
Henry liruce
E. I). Wilson
J. Vj. FaniKM-
W. S. Ilully
W. S. Hully
W. S. Hully
Stanton
Hed Oak
lOlliott
Bal.saire 52988
Ijq Bon .520S3
Togo 460^}3 -
52GG
5310
Villisca
Elliott
Hal Field 01113
Woodman Goretteld 92.55
(24S32)
Gillibrand Hero 9438...
(24847)
Elkan 4.529
5319
Elliott
5339
Elliott -
MUSCATIN
E COUNTY
653
G. A. Milnes
, Wilton Horse
Breeders' Ass'n.
W. A. Heck
P. N. Gibson-...
P. N. Gibson-..
M. P. McKeown..
E. .T. Brown & R.
T. Shannon
E. J. Brown & R.
T. Shannon
E. A. Poole
Chas. H. Stone..
E. F. Richman—
E. F. Richman...
M. B. Walters.-..
F. W. Dickey
E. F. Richman...
Union Stock Co-
Fred Waters
Boyd Bros
F. A. Pike
Will Maxwell ....
Harry Hartley ..
F. W. Dickey
G. A. WarQeld..
W. H. Liebbrand
W. H. Leibbrand
D. Connell
P. N. Gibson—-
P. N. Gibson-...
Iowa Township
Draft Horse Co.
Chet Phillips ..-
H. J. & B. W.
West Liberty ...
Wilton
Volunteer 22.521 __
Perchprnn
1102
Gaillard 287.37 (44740)....
The Sheriff 38114...
Boissy 251.51 (45438)
Cherbourg 2078
Keota Brevet 21660
Porto 1.5&4 (20878)
Bon Micephorus 6063...
(17189)
Russell Edsal 34782
Mammon 2020
Percheron
Trotter
Percheron
French Coach
Percheron
Belgian
Shire
Trotter
Shetland Pony
Trotter
Trotter
Percheron
Trotter
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Shire
Shire
1104
110(3
1105
1114
1132
West Liberty — .
West Liberty ...
West Liberty ...
Cranston
Nichols
1133
1125
1211
Nichols
West Liberty __.
Muscatine
Muscatine
Muscatine
West Liberty
West Liberty ...
Muscatine _.
Conesville
West Liberty ...
Conesville
Nichols
1321
1325
1348
1367
1411
1178
346
1769
3112
Pancantara 39080
Red Knight 13880
Tam-Tam 14239 (19079)-.
Lindsay Dale 40391
Lindas Duke 26.377
Riverain 25596 (45452)--
Canotier 84445 (44604)--
Jupiter of Worsley 5373
(16202)
Saxon Jet 8867 (21843)..
L'Ami 21190
3248
Conesville
West Liberty -.
West Liberty -.
Muscatine
Muscatine
Muscatine
Muscatine
West Liberty ...
West Liberty _..
West Liberty —
West Liberty _._
Nichols
Muscatine
West Libcrty..-
West Liberty-
West Liberty...
West Liberty.. -
West Liberty-.
Montpelier
Muscatine
Ardon
Percheron
3155
3572
3063
Jules 22C75 (43574)
Sanlerton 43874 ._.
Colosse 25258
Percheron
Trotter
Percheron
4088
4083
4108
4175
Major Gamaleon 47638..
Al Rene W. 4.5540
Guy Sulten 26645.
Reseda 2074 . .
Trotter
Trotter
Trotter
French Draft
4174
4289
4335
1817
Forban 1.5657 (22813)....
Lezard .51120 (56722)
Concours 52440 (64754)...
Jerry 41599
Counsel Attor 41013
Black Squirrel 44520
Croghan 28436
Melbourne Audubon ...
47099
Red Gamaleon 280O1
Quentin 15177
Fleau 50798 (63148)
Lotor 8198
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
4443
4534
4535
4.536
4.567
4566
4591
Joe Nyenhuis
W. A. Heck
W. A. Heck
W. A. Heck
L. A. Downs .
Harry P. Hartley
Montpelier Horse
Co.
Trotter
Trotter
Trotter
Trotter
Trotter
French Draft
4601
Chas. H. Stone-...
AndrcAv Healy
Pingrey & Wat-
kins ,
Shetland Pony
4874
Mouton de Marche 6694
(34078)
Gernardin 58552 (73036)..
Bonneval 32337 (45494)...
Teddy R. 44560
Belgian
Percheron
5112
West Liberty-.
Atalissa
65i
.T. Van Horn
John Webster ....
5306
West Liberty-.
Trotter
916
IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
O'BRIEN COUNTY
8^
Name of Owner
Postofflce
Name of Stallion
Breed
43lSchneider&
Saupe
168 j Big Four Belgian
Breeding Ass'n..
189 C. W. S. Gilson
Algerien 12260 (52673).—
Mon Desir 1694 (23708)..
Gilford Bevans 42796
Nailstone Don 5731
(16845)
Pride of Iowa 10954
Maskomita 24661 (43287)
Berton 32949
Prince Paullina 30670—
Chansler 35747
Pindore 42227 (47470).
Condon 21519
Prince Bless 5178
Seductuer 40077
Sheldon
Rpiwian
Sanborn
Trotter
70
42
A. 0. Crooks
Alex Scott
Primghar
Paullina
Shire
Clydesdale
433
Schneider&
Saupe
George G. Kel-
lum
Sheldon _
662
Paullina
Paullina
Paullina __
Paullina
Primghar
Hartley
'Parphprnn
661
George C. Kel-
705
706
10i8
1137
W. A. Smith
W. A. Smith
H. C. Thayer
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
1517 David S. Taylor
Sheldon
Percheron
1549 R. C. Jordan
Sutherland
Hartley —
J. D. M. 0166
Rodney Rex 43475
Altro 35068
Trotter
Trotter
Trotter
1624 R. P. Powers
Hartley
1641 G. W. Sherwood-
1642 G W. Sherwood
Sheldon
Sheldon
:\Iajor Bell 32605
Clarke 41101
Trotter
Trotter
1643 G. W. Sherwood-
Sheldon
Sheldon
Sheldon
Lockheart 6834
Trotter
1644 G. W. Sherwood-
22.'^>2 P J Weir
Woodford Wilkes 2538-
Corbit 32946
Thorney Royal 8631
(19182)
Mel i to 23.352
Trotter
2233 P. J. Weir—
2235 ' B F. Shirk
Sheldon
Sutherland
Sheldon
Shire
Percheron
2247 W C. Kimmell
Hector 31032
2490 W. J. Ullman
2605 Mr,hlo AT^nnnnlrl
Paullina
Allegro 200-16
Gay Montrose 9886
(9916)
Bartle 14509
Kisposcki 50535 (.52254)-
Chambouder 45400
Percheron
Cyldesdale
French Draft
Percheron
Gaza
2687
Thos. Prender-
gast
Wm. Kluender &
Co. — -
2545
Paullina
Primghar
Primghar
Sutherland
Primghar ■.
Sutherland
Paullina
Sanborn _ _
2586
2587
H. E. Brown
H. E. Brown
Percheron
2730
Richardson &
Gulp
Coronet 46272
Percheron
3181
"Wilson Bros.
A. C. Bailey
McCracken & Har-
Tom Mack 14945
Trotter
3289
3325
Mazzeppa 48319
Percheron
Oldenberg Coach
Trotter
3045
Thos. W. Farns-
worth
Man'^o 34577
S431
Wm. F. Schilds—
Paullina
Martin III 48090..-
W. L. Reager
G. Wesslink
David Johnson ..
T. E. Mann
M. S. Draper
I. E. Emery
John Keene
Dan Soehren
Chas. Burns
Edo Peters
Fred Gehrke
Max J. Drefke
Hartley Jim 45686
Student (Vol. 7)
Marquis du Val 2969
Turbulent 43774 (46897)-
Moncrieffe Matchless —
410 (5327)
Wj'omie 29674
Trotter
Oldenberg Coach
Belgian
Percheron
Hackney
Trotter
3673
Sheldon
3924
3967
3983
773
Sutherland
Sutherland
Sutherland _.—
Sutherland
Sutherland
Moneta
4038
4077
4153
Green Mountain Jr. _.
5512
Bonjour 2300 (34656)
Lerov 50221
Morgan
Belgian
4301
4331
Hartley
Hartley
Pauliis 22645 (43133)..-.
Julian 1186
Gilbert 1094 .
Percheron
Cleveland Bay
2414
Paullina
Cleveland Bay
4600
4901
Raymond Powell—
.John S. Keene.—.
A. Pingel
Powell & Flinders
A. 0. Crooks
Herman Bonath „
Edo Peters
Sutherland
Sutherland
Sutherland
Paullina
Primghar
Primghar
Hartley _ . _
Yellow Kid 4S576
Quiem 2O0S
Percheron
French Coach
3252
4983
4985
5016
5077
Temeraire 4.5837 (62265).
Pindarre 51883 (60404)_._
Serven's Agricola 8907..
Solimon Junior 54167—
Gratteur 42748 (71058)..
Stuntney Golden King.
\ 5744
S. S. W. 32.396. __
Maxon G. 42893
! Graisseur 52233 (70400)-
Percheron
Percheron
Shire
Percheron
2442
J. D. Kloppen-
Hartley _.
Hartley
Hartley
Primghar
Shire
5087
5088
5124
Burns Bros.
Burns Bros.
T. T. Idse
Trotter
Trotter
Percheron
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIV
917
O'BRIEN county-Continued
So'
52
Name of Owner
Postofflce Name of Stallion
Breed
5083
Hamilton & Gruv-
er
Paullina
Hartley
Cato Sells 44727
Captain George 9085
Trotter
4333
Henry & Theodore
Popp
Shire
OSCEOLA COUNTY
60
1202
1349
1350
1336
614
2335
2336
2681
2682
2793
28=)!)
2935
3184
3288
3364
3053
4295
4890
4260
4992
W. S. Foley
Jno. N. Jackley.-
Ashton Horse Co.
L. Pommer & H.
H. Wubbena —
H. E. Dean
J. & N. Frese...
G. E. Macivinson.
G. E. Mackinsou-
G. E. Maekinson_
G. E. Mackinson.
Sibley Belgian
Horse Co.
R. Klatt
Geo. Hamilton &
Son
G. W. Snyder
Toe Cload
G. W. Patterson -
G. W. Patterson.
John S. D. Pell-
A. V. Everett
O. A. Campbell.. -
Geo. A. Romey.—
Fred A. Bremer..
Melvin ' Prudent 26738 (48349)...' Porcheron
Asliton Kirsch II im37 Perclieron
Ashton Bayard Berni 1845 Belgian
(2;«88) Perclieron
Ashton Fayot 524'i3 12928 French Draft
Oclioyedan , Durl>on 40011 'Trotter
Sibloy [ Gabcls Victor 7124_ Shire
Sibley ' Arvola 3307 _._ German Coach
Si»)ley Fusain 28201 (45804) Pt'rcheron
Sibley Coluinl)ns 8279 Shire
Sibley Matteval 44814 (54795) 'Percheron
Sibley
Sibley
Ochevedan
Sibley ..-
Ocheyedan
Osceola Co.
Osceola Co.
xMlendorf _
Ocheyedan
Harris
Melvin
Oche.vedan
Edgard 2622 (17838)...
Knightly King 15997.
Hero Hobson 31544
Louis de Fallais 1244..
(14690) I
Fnlgurant 26704 (45618).
Alban 46137 (64433)
Rataplan 30390 (45002)..
Keota Mounton 11872..
.Monitour 22387 (26074)..
Sheridan 20319
Black .Toe 20S38
Aiglon 50410 I
iBelgian
I Trotter
JTrotter
Belgian
Percheron
Percheron
Pcrohcron
Perclieron
Perclieron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
PAGE COUNTY
62.5
624
791
853
103^1
1016
992
1019
1193
1194
1285
1285;
1619
1702
1735
1736
1737
1799
1811
2104
2105
2136
2141
ZliO
2122
W. L. Lundy
F. P. Barr
F. P. Barr
W. H. Button
Edward Davison..
Jno. Nothwehr __.
A. A. Brush
East River Perch-
eron Horse Co..
Wm. Hiser
Wall Street
Horse Co _
Wall Street
Horse Co
J. M. Bryson
J. A. Latimer
Thos. Wiggins —
Jno. Rurode
G. G. Fleener
G. G. Fleener
G. G. Fleener
Wm. F. Schenck-
College Springs
Horse Co
R. A, Duncan
R. A. Duncan
F. P. Barr
W. F. Hopker
W. F. Hopker
A. G. Harris
Clarinda ...
Clarinda ._.
Clarinda ...
Coin
Clarinda .—
Yorktov/n ..
Shenandoah
Clarinda
Essex -.
B. F. Allender...
2791 W. T. Goodman.
C. M. Co wen i
J. F, Chase....
2134 F. P. Barr
Axlon 40254 iTrotter
Alaxandre 13083 French Draft
Napoleon 13030 Frcncli Draft
Champion 566 (2856) P.flirian
Nathanson 5073 Thoroughbred
Caporal 32662 (45508) Perclieron
Luculus (48711) Percheron
Capitane 32125 (47591)... Percheron
Vernot (57364) 45572 Percheron
I
Danube 5703 (44226) Percheron
Tricotteur 26073 (44684). Percheron
Prince Oneer 35763 Trotter
Dewev 27475 Percheron
, Merfield Rival (7787)-_. Shire
Coin .1 Roublard 14082 (22897).. Percheron
Clarinda I Darius 8833 French Draft
Clarinda Black Hawk 14734 French Draft
Clarinda Mintaka 9')76 French Draft
Clarinda Creston King 6026 Shire
I I
College Springs.
Shambaugh
Shambaugh
Clarinda
Hepburn ...
Hepburn ...
Clarinda _..
Shenandoah
Coin
Northboro
Northboro
Northboro
Essex
Coin ..
Brilliant III 10086 iFrench Draft
Roy 39451 [Trotter
Brooklvn 11101 ..IFrench Draft
Duke of Wellington ..French Draft
1308t !
Beranger 35566 (48918).. I Percheron
Francfs 41697 'Percheron
Hempfield Sampson Jr.! Shire
8774
Charmant 47514 (56243)— Percheron
Gilbert 14034 French Draft
Shenandoah Drift Allerton 36428 Trotter
Clarinda ; Pourquoi Pad III 6a58.. French Draft
' (20122)
m
IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURi^
PAGE COUNTY— Continued
t, 6
6^
Name of Owner
Postoffice
Name of Stallion
Breed
3153
3253
3259
3277
8428
J. B. Lawson
Lewis Annam
H. W. Runyon_—
John H. KendalL
K. G. Herren
h^ T TT'nrvona
Nonant III 6790 (14568).
French Draft
Clarinda
Coin
Banker 4829
Shire
Clarinda
Clarinda
Clarinda
Braddyville
Braddyville
Biaddyville
Essex
Gazon 25912 (45)79)
Axett 43532
Kimball 18235
Percheron
Trotter
Trottor
3491 Wolfe & McFarrin
3492 : O. V. Hurdle
3490 ; Farmers Horse Co
3552 B H McClintock
Keota Lord 20671
Ourosemedium 3G162 ...
Palatin 26723 (24376) —
Greenlauder 3552
Colonel Greenlauder -.
45597
Consul .Junior 282
Percheron Boy 26762.-.
Keota 16222 -
Percheron
Trotter
Percheron
Trotter
3557 W R ArpClintock
Trotter
3666
3903
3930
1191
3766
Wm. Hoppock
W. E. McKee
M. W. Slaight—
Wm. Hizer
•nr TT! ArnTv'oo
Shenandoah
Braddyville
Clarinda
Essex
Oldenburg Coach
i'tveln-'rou
Gaulois 13559 _
French Draft
Braddyville
Coin
Hero III 8349
Shire
4324 '< TTIlmpr AT Gil^snn
Longworth 45593
Madere 29270 (48.310)
Ed Little 11486
Stuntney Cricket 9749..
(23749)
Major McKinley 410i7--
G W. S. 28589 -.
Percheron
4St9
4350
4361
4348
4380
4597
J. A. DeCamp
J. A. DeCamp
Pitman Bros.
J, A. DeCamp
N. J. Thomas
W. H. Dutton
Oscar Hask
Frank P. Barr
W. L. Richards—
A. G. Thurman—
G. C. Webster
B. F. Allender—
W. E. McKee
W. E. McKee
Davit Cutter
John Manifold _—
M c F a r 1 a n d &
Shenandoah
Shenandoah
Clarinda
Shenandoah
Clarinda
Coin
Percheron
French Draft
Shire
Percheron
Trotter
Carlo 2S79 (41892)
Stuntney Rooineck 885!.
(22334)
Romulus 18274
White Nemesis 34581—
Nuneham Harold 9602—
(23.559)
Counsellor 48999
Ananas 52423 (67592)
Belgian
2367
4S51
2144
4900
4281
4933
Northboro
Clarinda
Northboro
Blanchard
Blanchard
Essex
Shire
Percheron
Trotter
Shire
Morgan
Percheron
4934
4762
5013
Braddyville
Braddyville
Coin -- --
Dick Rogers '50283
Humbert 34718
Percheron
Percheron
5184
5320
Shenandoah
Clarinda
Braddyville
Giroux 4280.3 (6950O)
Clarion 54789 (59116)—
Ourose Junior .50177
Percheron
Percheron
5373
Harry W. Tinnell
Trotter
PALO ALTO COUNTY
418
1103
43
1631
2897
2502
2631
3120
3185
3241
3417
385
3183
141
4276
4405
4406
J. J. Steil
H. A. Thomas
Melvin Fisk
Osgood Percheron
Horse Co.
H. A. Mason
Jonas Mantz
M. F. Coonan
J. B. .Jackson
J. J. Steil
E. D. Spencer
J. J. Steil
W. H. Dempsey..
Hardi Horse Co..
C. P. McKowen.-
J. H. Nolan
Claer, Debolt &
Co.
Clarence Maxwell
A. E. Harrison &
Co. -
B. F. Stanton....
Jos. F. Nolan
Fred Johnson
Stanton & Lee
Claer, Debolt &
Co.
Thos. Claer
Thos, Claer
Emmetsburg
West Bend .
Curlew
Osgood
Ruthven
West Bend
Emmetsburg
Osgood
Emmetsburg
Emmetsburg
Emmetsburg
Curlew
Graettinger
Rodman
Ruthven ...
Ayrshire —
West Bend-
Ayrshire ...
Ruthven __.
Ruthven ...
Ruthven ...
Ruthven —
Ayrshire ...
Ruthven
Ruthven
Ben Otto 23370
Moliere Jr. 25762
Ellerslie Fisk 32546
Maupas 40460 (51903)
Duke 22798
Carpare 2237 (25122)...-
.Toe Weitzel 21.522
Lors Rene Jr. 43857
Ergo A. 40349
Bardon Blaze 6450
(15973)
Aid Dunton 4.5059
Kilsley Bonny Tom 5291
(17426)
Hardi 28370 (48420)
Indoc 524
Archer Boy 11941
Lord Minto 43403
Cyclone 7230
Waterloo 13491
Wilkie Simmons 230.57..
The Serpent 34861
Sidi (4621.5)
Figaro 31385
Marquis 51326
St. Pierre .58O0;6
King Midas 50651.
Percheron
Percheron
Trotter
Percheron
Percheron
Belgian
Trotter
Trotter
Trotter
Shire
Trotter
Shire
Percheron
French Draft
Clydesdale
Percheron
Shire
French Draft
Trotter
Trotter
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIV
PALO ALTO county-Continued
919
t. 6
Name of Owner
Postofflce
Name of Stallion
Breed
1872
4480
C. J. Brown
D. D. Johnson &
Sons
West Bend
Curlew
Noble Prince II (22629)
Draughtsman III 9207..
Caccno IIO'JS
Joe 41()11
Shire
Shire
4541
4;>4J
A. E. Harrison--
A. E. Harrison &
Co. -
Ayrshire
Ayrshire
Cylinder
West Bend. '
West Bend ;
Emmetsi)urg _-.
Erametsburg --. '
Percheron
l(il6
Julius Suudermoy-
Matchless Junior 55>5-.
Governor 32489 -
Shire
5018
N. Holsey
5019
5101
2575
N. Holsey
A. W. Wagner- —
A. W. Wagner—.
Slrf.iig Boy 49;r75
.Mack S. 9280
Tranquille 41936 (61035).
Percheron
Shire
Percheron
plyxMOuth county
1589
Martin McNam-
Remsen -
(21194)
Bramble 20811
Percheron
1714
Nick Thill
T. J. Wilson
Hold Bros.
Held Bros.
D. M. Baker &
Co.
Theodore 140 .
Suffolk
1703
1983
1882
Kingsley
Hinton
Hinton
Merrill
Remsen
Akron
OndaNva (Vol. 6. p. 589)
Jonathan 2 (1302)
Enzain 3107
Tiioroiiphbred
Oldenburg Coach
German Coach
2123
King Rayon 25624-
Sosthene 33964 (.53249)....
Voln bills 3405
2282
2630
Remsen Perch-
eron Horse Co-.
A. R. Whitney-..
John Luken
Ireton & Struble
Percheron
Horse Co.
J. W. Patterson--
Martin McNamara
E. P. Harris
Neptune Horse Co
West Branch
Percheron
Horse Co.
Wm. Borinsky —
W. H. Morse
Held Bros.. P.
Schneider & A.
Heltn
Percheron
French Coach
2701
2922
3104
1.V>0
Le Mars
Struble
Akron
Remsen _
Le Mars
Kingsley
Merrill
Akron -
Akron
Hinton
Railleur 1196 (Vol. 9)..
Premier 40170 (51434)...
Premier Prince 9189
Perclie IT 40S2O
Belgian
Percheron
Clydesdale
3406
3681
Parker Hitt 40743
Selim 24111
Trotter
Percheron
3984
.ToquPS 40949
Pprpliprnn
4181
4290
4312
Mabille 23069 (44574)—.
Gallopore 16944
Cnrabin 52^^15 (65717^
Columbus 35619 (18766)-
Fnrcour do Bousdal 3249
(4263S)
Bataclan 3243 (139.50) — .
Jean d' Her 3247 (39742)
Gilbert 5018-'
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Belgian
Belgian
Belgian
Percheron
4315
Mai & Ludwig
Johnson Twp. Stal-
lion Ass'n
Wm. Barinsky --
Harry Antrim et
al.
4S36
Merrill —
4919
5006
Akron
Kingsley
Harris
Harris
Kingsley
5075
Lalan Bros.
Lalan Bros.
Wm. Franzen
4369
5151
Biscalon 2^07 (4.3007)—
Marquis d' Oignies
(Vol. X)
Percheron
Belgian
POCAHONT
AS COUNTY
453
454
357
372
Alex Barber
A. D. Cleal
L. N. Ellis- -
H. F. Toben
J. W. Brock
J. W. Brock
.Jacob Winegarden
W. Cr. Runyan.-
W. E. Campbell-
W. A. Kyle
Wm. Steen
Jas. Frakjar
Jas. Fraklar
E. M. Kellogg
, 0. F. Edwards—
Rolfe
Rolfe -
Laurens .—
Eckhart 30745
1 Saturne 25704 (44161)—
Sim Sim aW3
Brilliant de Liefte 28810
1 Lavance 32949-..
Audubon Boy 12842
rvfartin IV 41S4S
Rob Roy 9142
Oliver 34870
Financier II 1440 (2.5362)
Martin V. 13123—
Prince Ponk 11889
Prince Lynedoch 9088.-
Kruger 324.52
Ralph 1629 -
Trotter
Percheron
Trotter
Belgian
104
103
304
203
321
684
72R
877
Plover
i Plover —
Pocahontas
1 Havelock
: Oilmore City —
Laurens
Havelock —
Rolfe
Trotter
French Draft
Percheron
French Draft
■ Percheron
Belgian
French Draft
Clydesdale
876
Rolfe _
Clydesdale
1200
1629
Oilmore City —
1 Havelock
Trotter
Percheron
920
IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
POCAHONTAS COUNTY— CONTINUED
8^
Name of Owner
Postofflce
Name of Stallion
Breed
781:
Lind & Charlton..
M. D. Wolcott—
W. A. Galbraith-
Lyman Bros.
M. L. Miller
M. L. Miller
Alex Parker
W. G. Runyan—
Wilder Small
L. A. Dumond
B. F. Barber
Olson Bros.
B. F. Barber &
L. A. Dumond—
H. D. Brinkman..
W. A. Elliott—.
Frank Short
Harvey Eaton
W. P. Hopkins...
W. P. Hopkins...
G. C. Grove
T. E. Meredith..
A. D. Ryon
Clark Perry
Cal Saylor
Ferguson & Miller
Thos. & Chas.
Eberle
Will E. Campbell
R. J. Sanders
.J. A. Hansen
W. G. Runyon
Small & Day
T. J. Byrne
Small & Day
John McCormick _
.John Dovle
RoKe -.
ilartin 17067 (35482)
Vulcain 42906
2270
Gilmore
Fonda .
Gilmore
Pocahon
Pocahon
Rolfe
City ...
Percheron
2340
Fontanelle 26783.
Percheron
2434
City
tas
tas
Dictator 10759
French Draft
2435
2436
2439
Keota Thrive 2485
Cook 25138
Orville 29276
Univers 47773 (59594)....
Leward 35763
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
2441
2271
Havelock
Gilmore
Fonda _
Fonda .
Palmer
Fonda .
Rolfe --
Pocahon
Rolfe —
C'ity""
Percheron
Percheron
2573
Black Diamond 42748
La Porte Bov 28849
De Foe 15528
Percheron
2574
Trotter
2761
French Draft
1263
Borolvptol 32229
Martin VII 13125
Prince Thayer 44061....
Capitaine 41449 (64119)..
Mere Harold 5639 (162.51)
Haiti 34283 (51666)
Neptune-Pacha 585
(4212)
Trotter
2885
2895
2930
tas"II"-
French Draft
Trotter
Percheron
2950
8040
Fonda .
Laurens
Laurens
Rolfe
Shire
Percheron
3041
Belgian
2269
1613
Plover _
Laurens
Fonda .
Palmer
Palmer
Laurens
Gilmore
Fonda _
Rolfe
Milord de Reille 979—.
(13990)
\lfo 42768
Belgian
3634
"I-
Trotter
3821
2610
1115
Montagnard 2743 (33476)
:\Iaroc 41881 (63223)
Kruger 29902 (48266)
Raithbv Tommy 6853.—
(19043)
Bailly 26932 (45965)
Victor II 14440
Indian 4553
Upwood Combination..
9240 (23823)
King Unique 43164
Mark 5695
Nailstone Swell II 25137
(10022)
Iowa Lad 35885
Belgian
215
Shire
132-
4.510
City ...
Percheron
French Draft
4520
Thoroughbred
Shire
4375
Laurens
Gilmore
Fonda _
Gilmore
Gilmore
Pomeroy
3145
59
City....
Percheron
Shire
5025
5132
City-..
Ctty..-
Shire
Thoroughbred
Percheron
1461
Pnulin 23>75
POLK COUNTY
402
Campbell Belgian
Horse Co.
Campbell
Faro de Raille (16838)-.
Belgian
86
Chas. Irvine
Ankeny
Gabriel 1286 (25336)
Belgian
161
A. K. Good
Ankenv
Grenat 41001 (64205)
Percheron
162
A. K. Good
Ankeny
Nailstone Teddy 7980..
(22^159)
Shire
270
T. J. Shaw
Mitchellville ....
:\Iajor Consul 40342
Trotter
58
E. .1. Bovnton
Des Moines
Macklin 15881
Trotter :
14
Lester Clark
Valley .Tunction.
High Tide 26760
Percheron
15
Dewey 21748
Percheron
447
CommeggsA:
Stoll
G. W. Smith
Bondurant
Altoona
Voltaire 10482
French Draft
541
Creston .Terome 5978 ...
Shire
502
Jas. A. Sage
Ankeny
Stuntney King Cole III
3-376 (10538)
Shire
.501
.Tas. A. Sage .
Ankenv
Newton Corsair 5557
Shire
495
Cresap Bros.
.Tas. A. Sage
.Tas. Watt
Altoona
Stanlf^v 40944
Percheron
503
Ankenv
Oku 7981 (22654)
Shire
.594
Des Moines
Hail Cloud 23606
Trotter
517
Saylor Horse Co.
Ankeny _ _
Du<^ d' Aumale 22667
Percheron
(43506)
570
J. W. Dav
Des Moines
Miley Boy 34333.
Trotter
633
J. N. McClellan-
j>es Moines
Vinicus 3.3800
Trotter
639
R. T. Mally
Berwick
Sumner G. 32362
Trotter
675
Farmers' Belgian
Horse Co.
Mitchellville — .
San Souci de Bett
Belgian
676
Beaver Valley
(29460)
Horse Co.
Grimes
Fourire 34325 (46288)...
Percheron
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIV
POLK county-Continued
921
Postofflce
632
606
465
763
798
1119
1173
1227
1317
1321
1521
Name of Stallion
L- J. Ringgen-
berger
C. L. Weisner-
N, Ware
Walter Ferguson..
Tom James ..
W. J. Crawford..
N. J. Otto
N. W. Murrow...
Biff Four Dorse
Co.
Poweshiek Perch-
eron Horse Co..
J. W. Anderson
& Son
Gust Alf and
Otto Engstrom..
1660 1 W. W. Garner _.
1663 W. W. Garner....
Sheldnlil ...
Griiat'.s
RuniU'Us ...
Runiu'lls ...
Des ."Nfoinos
Des Moines
Des Moines
MitclioUville
Grimes
Breed
1664
1665
1667
1723
1765 j
1168
729 1
2145
2403 '
2487 j
2456
3374
W. W. Garner....
W. W. Garner....
W. W. Garner....
Willard Ferguson
A. J. Good
G. W. Smith
W. W, Garner....
Ivy Horse Co
W. C. St. Clair...
Hunter, Hall &
Bachman
C. W. Schaeffer..
A. K. Good
Farrar
Des Moines
Sheldahl ...
Des Moines
Des Moines
Des Aloines
Des Moines
Des Moines
Des Moines
Ankeny
Altoona
Des Moines
Altoona
Des Moines
Don A. Hail 43J33 Trotter
Fritz 157)8 (24014) iPercheron
Iowa 1172 1 French Draft
Keota Still 10190 French Draft
Baron.lalo 20l8t Trotter
Gold Miner 30J11 Trotter
Naimko 275;i0 (41298).... Percheron
King Milord 33762 Percheron
Tampon 26702 (45561)....' Percheron
Carvalho (45130). jpercheron
Birdeer 3710? 'Trotter
N. Bartholomew..
C. I. Stanton
F. M. Winfrey
G. W. Grigsby...
3398 F. C. Bellairs....
3400 W. W. Garner..
3398 W. W. Garner..
3410 S. O. Longnecker
3567 W. W. Garner....
H. P. Wilkinson
Bros.
3604
3650
3682
3329
4116
4196
4259
4171
4320
4344
4343
4396
4401
4485
4514
5010
5082
5022
5129
5147
5164
5165
W. W. Preston.
W. W. Garner-... I
Chas. Irvine ,
Wyoming Cattlel
Co.
Lester Clark ..
Ashworth Bros
F. Berky
S. C. Morton-
John E. Brown &
Son
Chas. Irvine
Chas. Irvine
J. F. Randolph.-
D. Weeks
W. W. Garner...
T. J. Shaw
F. Berkey
T. J, Shaw
T. J. Shaw.
Chas. Irvine
S. C. Morton
Union Wrecking
Co.
Union Wrecking
Co.
Ankeny
Mitchellville __
Ankeny
Des Moines
Valley .Tunction.
Runnells ...
Sheldahl '"
Valley Junction
Des Moines
Des Moines
Elkhart 'I
Des Moines
Mitchellville
Avon ,
Des Moines
Ankeny _
Des Moines
Valley Junction.
Valley Junction.
Ankeny
Avon
Mitchellville ...
Ankeny
.Ankouy _
Ankeny
Des Moines
Des Moines
:vritchellville ...
Ankenv
Mitohellville ...
Mitchellville ...
Ankeny
RofrifTorant 35218 .
(525U1)
Signor 2259 (31806)
Caesar de Heusden 225C
(29494)
Dewey 21241
Daniel 41273 (57922)
Xogontais 41272 (52852)..
Conro 25761
Britisli Ensign ill 7979
(221 GO)
^Nfidniglit 31057
Merry Legs SDOO
Montmirail 31784 (44301)
Taupin 42873 (53115)
Udell 32621
Baptiste (10552)
Black Lad II 8681
(23932)
Galileo Rex 12347
lason U. 0917 j
Silver Duke 15774 I
Martin de Hazior 244.5-.;
(31862)
Meadowthorpe 37055 ...I
Viraoutiers 41763 (600.33)!
Tambour de Genly 2^m
Mendota Cliampion 0051
Dandola 31267 (48378).
Norman Emperor 8543. Shire
(23544)
Consul the Second 1315 German Coach
Louis d'Acesse 2567 I Belgian
Abraham 13303 French Draft
Percheron
Belgian
Belgian
Percheron
Perclieron
Perclieron
Percheron
Shire
Percheron
Shire
Percheron
Percheron
Trotter
Bflgian
Shire
Trotter
Trotter
French Draft
Belgian
Trotter
Percheron
Belgian
Sliire
Percheron
Charming Lad 11297
Alcindor 51440 (56649)...
Ellerslie Rex 47n7
Androiuede 5^17 (06441)
Clydesdale
Percheron
Trotter
Percheron
Des Moines-
Des Moinos-
Des Moines.
Talma 51441 (60729) IPercheron
Favor 15835
Creon .51804
Coquet 2766 (41852)
Ubert 50255
Star Ru<;sell 1902
The Hero 51679
Axindale 44449
Monarcli Shire 9514
Amber Kincr 499?^
Winsome Albert ^295
Robert II de Rum .3995
(466S6)
Gogeard 52231 (70783)
French Draft
'Percl)eron
'Belgian
i Percheron
! Saddle Horse
Percheron
Trotter
Shire
Trotter
Shire
Belgian
iPercheron
Dourdan 15234 (lOll).... French Draft
Merchant's Prince 16124lFrench Draft
922 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
POLK COUNTY— Continued
^3° Name of Owner
Postoflace
Name of Stallion
Breed
5166
5167
5190
731
5167
5330
5331
5360
5148
Union Wrecking
Co. .
Union
Co. .
Wrecking
.] Des Moines.
Des Moines.
^. Sage
F. Peitzman-
Ankeny
Grimes
N. Bartholomew-. Des Moines.
L. T. Waters Des Moines.
L. T. Waters Des Moines-
George Kopf Farrar
J. H. Woods i Elkhart ....
Merchant's King 16128..
Bramhope Fawcett 7901
(229950)
Ankeny Banker 8772
Fred Hudson 5031 (4541)
Albingen 39753
Baron Pride 54719
Pearl Pride 55398
Plunger 52097
Philotus 32270
French Draft
Shire
Shire
Ti otter & Mor-
gan
Trotter
Percheron
Percheron
Pei'cheron
Trotter
POTTAWATTAMIE COUNTY
149
M. C. Robinson —
Chas. Kingman...
Wm. Casson
Underwood Bel-
gian Horse Co.. .
Albert Peterson __
Macedonia Perch-
eron Horse Co..
C. S. Price
Ben Gress
T. S. Jolliff
T. S. Jolliff.
Jos. Jungferman..
L, Sheets
H. E. Patterson..
H. E. Patterson.-
Edward Falk
E. Morrison
L. Kastner, Jr...
Burke Bros.
Wm. Converse ...
Leonard Everett..
Harrison Smith...
Stageman Bros. —
S. P. White
Wm. Shaw
C. P. Wasser &
G. B. McClellan
E. T. Waterman-
Treynor Imp.
Percheron
Horse Co.
Prairie Rose Horse
Co.
Avoca
De Wet 34618
Trotter
449
Reno 11014
Major II 22922.
Perfait de Hantes 1405
(20334)
Arton 32308 (44548)
Raspail 33970 (48599)....
Beacon 22448
Bonny Tom II 6828....
(18544)
Red Chaser 36708
Tryner 2777S -
Nailstone Rare Lad
6317
Nimble 8536
French Draft
258
Neola -
Percheron
242
588
627
714
7T1
819
Underwood
Belgian
Percheron
Macedonia
^Macedonia
Walnut
Percheron
Percheron
Shire
Avoca - .
Trotter
850
Avoca ,
Trotter
841
Shire
833
1094
Trotter
Titan 2457
Fil-der-fer 25308 (44716).
Pride of Oakland 0713..
Villars 28079 (4883)
Brockway 11314
Rock Rover 1604
General Grant 4202
Banker 11384
French Coach
1093
1148
Avoca
Oakland
Percheron
Trotter
1243
Neola
Percheron
1365
1604
1738
1975
2280
2328
2365
2500
269
2452
2534
2750
Council Bluffs _.
Walnut
Hancock
Council Bluffs _.
Avoca
French Draft
Shire
Clydesdale
French Draft
Teddy M. 38001
Trotter
Council Bluffs -
Nero 34885
Samson 7967
«;hire
Council Bluffs ..
Avoca
Council Bluffs ..
Silver City
Walnut
Lieutenant 30582 (45345)
Lord Linton 12690
Caffrey 2d 5288
Percheron
French Draft
Morgan
Percheron
Percheron
Romeo (48568)
Chen i mean 31446 (48510)
Ring Rathbun 35429..-.
Asman 1977 (1095)
Coeur de Lion 26708
(46414)
Perfait De Hautes 1405
(20334)
Royal Defender 9692
Dawson 2TO37
2775
Lew Brown
Prairie Rose Horse
Co. - --
Trotter
2751
Walnut
German Coach
2935
2929
744
Botna Valley
Horse Co.
Underwood B e 1 -
gian Horse Co--
Rassmussen &
Carson
Underwood
Walnut
Macedonia
Council Bluffs ..
Council Bluffs „
Oakland
Oakland
Macedonia
Council Bluffs —
Dumfries
Oakland _ —
Percheron
Belgian
Clydesdale
3067
3245
3351
3383
3384
3600
3678
3055
8918
Henry Parker
W. A. Lewis
Leonard Everett -
Jos. A. Johnson.-
Frank Collard
C. A. Ronk
Ira Nixon
Geo. Foster
1 B. P. White
Percheron
Rendlesham Politician
(3159)
Papillon 32836 (48304)..
Barbancon 924 (13438)..
Wrangel 105 (556)
Driftmont 43336
Stuntney Brake 20064..
Martin 3362
Black Harold 9055
Suffolk
Percheron
Belgian
German Coach
Trotter
Shire
Percheron
Shire
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIV
POTTAWATTAMIE COUNTY-CONTINUED
92J
tio'
Name of Owner
Postofflce
Name of Stallion
Breed
834 W. W. Ronk
835 J. A. Bur{,'in
Macedonia
Walnut
Morgan Whip 4300
Jack E. 42l!)l
Lacliour 35512 (48174)_-
Chanipionat 34512
(18081)
Due de Bragance 15656
(30632)
Walton 11903
Tlie Starter 41871..
Tourine 51195
Nez 2592
Abricot 42363 (63279)....
J. W. G. 0553
Morgan
Trotter
2717 j HtM-man IIocppiuT
1007 Henry J. Stubr..
Avoca
^£inden _
Percheron
Percheron
4(M6 j E. Morrison
4072 ' Honn Rros.
Neola -
Trovnor
Percheron
F"rpnf1i FJrfiff
4275
4296
4297
W. E. Campbell
Sankey & Neilson
Sankey & Neilson
Avoca
Wiilnut
Walnut
Trotter
Percheron
Pronph Cnfifh
4411
4479
H. D. Anderson.
J. H. McKowen.
Brouj,'bton & Stu-
art
Macedonia
Honey Creek ___
Walnut
Percheron
Trotter
1147
I'rince of Beiges 181S..
Lee-Dallas 50238
Nutbon 15736
Helmuth 1299
Iowa 1404 (25326)
Lord Byron 30976
Cabreur 3619 (Vol. XV)
Search Light 7857
Conway Brilliant 904...
Ventriloque 3103 (46253)
Delagrand 40739
Baron Allerton 31811-__.
Crescent
Belgian
Pproliornn
1487
Louis Wilding
Wm. Blust
L. R. Ellswortlu-
Ehlers & Koch.-
E. T. Waterman-
Wm. Christo
Alex L. Stuart
John Burgin, Jr..
E. Morrison
Adam Haun
Fred Pofifenbarger
3651
2724
259
McClelland
Minden
r; or man Coach
liol'^ian
4910
4984
3904
Council Bluffs--
Oakland
Walnut
Perclieron
Bf'lirian
Shire
78
Walnut
Belgian
286.5
Neola _-
5357
5409
Loveland
Council Bluffs...
Percheron
Trotter
POWESHIEK COUNTY
393
Montezuma Horse
Co.
Montezuma
Paulus 22673 (43.3*1)
Percheron
351
Jos, C. Johnston.
Deep River
Caesar 27547 (47055)
Perolieron
186
Dr. A. E. Anger.
Brooklyn _
Doc Allerton 42167
Trotter
340
P. F. Smith
Montezuma
Montezuma Chief .35503.
Trotter
338
P. F. Smith
Montezuma
Morgan Panic 5003
Aforgan
314
Thompson Miller.
Montezuma
Flamhoau (26400)
Belgian
311
J. B. Gorsuch
Montezuma
Bristolin (25356)
Belgian
470
C. M. Adams
Grinnell ._..
Thiers 27070 (45769)
Poi-cheron
466
C. M. Adams
Grinnell
Charmant 25211 (42404).
Percheron
425
A. C. Thompson
& Son
Grinnell
Chinois 30036
Belgian
577
Miles & Evans
Grinnell
Henry Ward Beecher..
Shetland Pony
590
A. Braraer _.
Guernsey _.
3036
Creston Victor 5759....
Shire
634
Barnes City
Hor^e Co.
Afonfezuma
Regional 26083 (45302)...
Percheron
685
W. M. Murphy.-
Hnrfwick
Vindex 4671
Morgan
622
M. Winf'hPll
ATnlcom _
Emilien 12016 (1.3396)....
Percheron
40 1
E. J. Hadlev
Grinnell
Ellerslie Russell .38817..
Trotter
855
H. J. Schmidt...
Grinnell
.Tamin 1060 (120l«)
Rolirian
913
>r. A. Lnthara..-
Searsboro
Keota Boatman 5805
Shire
1036
E. J. Korns
Hartwick
Princewick 2d 12139
Clydesdale
1037
E. J. Korns
Hartwick
Handsome Prince II—
9186
Favor 20633
Clydesdale
1205
W. F. Blni'n
Montezuma
Percheron
1280
Ewnrt Belgian
Horse Co.
J. W. .Tohnsnn
Ewart
Carol (29756)
Belgian
1473
Deep River
Stunfney Beckett
Shire
2244
Sugar Creeek
Percheron
(23740)
Horse Co.
^pnrshoro
Bazard 27082 (45284)
Percheron
438
Frank Schnltz
TTfirtTvick
Pompon IT 16290
Belgian
2238
J. L. AfpTlrnith-.
Hartwick
.Taponias 27985 (46830)..
Percheron
1501
M. L. Latham &:
Sons
S. G. Tngraham..
Sparsboro
Afontezuma
Blockv 14550
French Draft
2732
Rpndlp«hara Cromwell.
Suffolk
252 (.^33)
2857
Fred Rpfd
Zack Hull
"RrooVlvn
Brnoklvn
^fn toilless .5478
Shire
305.'^
Dnrby .33941
Percheron
510
A. HalstPnd
Orinnell
Lord Roberts 70.37
Shire
103t
J. L. :McTlrnith..
HnrtTvick
Princewir-k 12138
Clvdesdale
3200
L. E. Ant>ionv..
Afnloom _
Prince Consort 8455
Clydesdale
.3390
L. E. Anthonv .
Mnlr'om
Dnn Olinp 45306
Trotter
3741
Wilkes Horse Co.'
Grinnell ,.
Wilton Wilson 44875....
Trotter
924
IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
POWESHIEK COUNTY— Continued
u6
5^
Name of Owner
Postofflce
Name of Stallion
Breed
3837
4029
4091
4141
3284
4285
4305
4308
Miles & Evans-—
J. L. Mcllraith-
John Gabriel
H. J. Fick
Miles & Evans—.
Wm. Hagenlock .-
G. E. Tinker
Wm. Hagenlock „
AfiloQ Xr FIvnns
Grinnell
Hartwick
Deep River
Hartley
Brilliant .Toe 50395
Buffalo de Wyt 2948—
Faro d' Iseghem 2950—
(41896)
Grandini 23068 (44572)-
Melrose W. 42541
Polo 3837 (30398)
Bon Astur 8793 (21169)
Crofton Sirus 9305.
(22228)
Moteur 50745 (49911)
Senator W. 33^5
Silver Prince 12265
Pella Pride 12255
Olympia 54521 (533S4) —
Keswil 48130
Percheron
Belgian
Belgian
Percheron
Grinnell
Trotter
Grinnell -
Belgian
Brooklyn
Grinnell
Shire
Shire
Grinnell
Percheron
4359 W. 0. Woods
438S R. B. Cranston-
Trotter
Deep River
Grinnell
Clydesdale
Clydesdale
4526 .1. F. Lineweaver.
Brooklyn
Montezuma
Brooklyn
Montezuma
Percheron
Trotter
382
S. C. Warnick &
Co
Malvern Glory 5405
(16799)
Felix 12021 (12576)
Heldridge's Medhurst..
52il4
Pilate 34.50 (Vol. XV)-
King Harold 2d 66S5—
Voltaire d' Esemael
3349 (Vol. XVI)
Bon Russell 47004
Duke XVI 10308 (24198).
Poweshiek Chief 35156..
Iowa Boy 10533
Shire
1573
3894
4969
263
5086
5134
5146
315
5220
H. P. Johnson
Foster & Bailej^-
Wm. Hagenlock —
H. A. .Johnson—
F. W. Silvers
Schmidt & Meyer_
J. F. Axtell
McCalla & Binegar
A. E. Anger
Clydesdale
Percheron
Grinnell
Belgian
Guernsey
Montezuma
Grinnell
Tilton
Searsboro
Brooklyn
Shire
Belgian
Shire
Trotter
Clydesdale
Trotter
RINGGOLD COUNTY
280
W. F. Blackman.
Delphos
Poppennheim 3315
German Coach
281
W. F. BlRCkman.
Delphos
Ad Leitem 35931
Trotter
?8?
W. F. Blackman.
Delphos
Fais (23048)
Belgian
R4
E, S. Botleman-
Diagonal
Creston Boy 33733
Trotter
643
J. A. Bliss
Diagonal
D. J. Count 6969
Shire
801
803
M. Mariner
J. I. Morrison &
Tingley
Victor Morgan 4854..__
Morgan
Co
Tingley
Mount Ayr
Capitola 29721
Percheron
340
J. P'. Drake
Essort (47601) 45473
Percheron
802
800
AT Alnrinpr
Tingley
Agate 26434
Percheron
Tingley Shire
Horse Co.
Tingley
Toft Right Stamp 5704.
Shire
1183
Claude Bowen
Mount Ayr
Lender 35373
Percheron
1184
Claude Bowen
Mount Ayr
Unnle .John 16266
Trotter
1330
H. I. Brent
Diagonal
Fred 30652
Percheron
1319
C. E. Bliss
Diagonal
Mocking Dare 36111
Trotter
1320
C. E. Bliss
Diagonal
Captain Dewey L. 30607
Trotter
1418
1419
M. C. Parr
M. C. Parr
Biron 24813 (44622)
Golden Prince 9806
Percheron
Maloy
Clydesdale
1516
L. D. Norry
Redding
.Tulliard 27525
Percheron
1545
Kellerton Horse
Co.
Kellerton
Black Duke 27988
Percheron
1588
Ellston Draft
Ellston
Papillon 27483 (48264)...
Percheron
1583
Washington Twp.
Horse Co
Diagonal
Revpur (46169)
Percheron
1701
2229
J. D. Blauer
D. H. Pike
Tinglev
Imperial Duke 11925
Becca 47442 (46911)
French Draft
Diagonal
Percheron
2279
The Kellerton
Horse Co.
Kellerton
MacQueen's Model 10603
Clydesdale
2318
Tingley
Clydesdale
2361
J. & A. W.
Michael
Benton
Jlontague 30682
Percheron
2R15
J. H. & C. M.
Redding
Mack 14465
French Draft
2-669
Tingley Perch-
eron Horse Co..
Ellston
Lutin 24452 (44678)
Percheron
2467
D. M. Lane
Diagonal
Morning Star 11925
Percheron
2469
L. A. Duff
Diagonal
Rendelsham Colonial...
261 (3174)
Suffolk
2548
Wm. Reasoner —
Beaconsfield
Cinturier 31110 (47.506)..
Percheron
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIV
RINGGOLD COUNTY— Continued
925
u,6
Name of Owner
Postofflce
Name of Stallion
Breed
2562
269G
2797
Letts Creek
Per c heron
Horse Co
L. D. Norris.
W. F. Stetzler—
Kellerton Shire
Horse Co
W. F. Blackman-
W. F. Blackman.-
C. F. Miller
Bliss Bros
Wm. Tapp
Belgian Horse Co-
Ellston Standard
Bred Trotting
Horse Co.
A. B. Clewol
Mount Ayr
Redding
Kellorton
Kellerton
Delphos __
Delpho.s
Freluquet 32129 (48745)-
Grueze 4.5864
Nutseal 38820 -
Percheron
I'ercheron
Trotter
2951
1974
3085
Moors Commander 6758
(18220)
Daniel Boone 10606
Alto 28227
Shire
French Draft
Percheron
1615
3187
Diagonal
Diagonal
Stuntney Jonadab 6739.
(Vol. 20
Countncss Right Stamp
9044
St. Claire 43148
Shire
Shire
3240
Tinglev
Percheron
3386
3107
3699
Ellston
Ellston — -
Mount Ayr
Tingley
Tingloy — -
Tingley
Bijou de Marchove 1606
(25416)
Floodwood 39673 --
(\apulet 16207
Belgian
Trotter
French Draft
3764 E. F. Lainbert-
3763 E. F. Freeman
3762 ■ E. F. Freeman
Lambert .50^)03
Sheridan 41G93
Potomac 41689
Percheron
Porr-heron
Perclieron
3761 E. F. Freeman—.
Tingley
Merimac 41691
Carnot 41852 -
Hob son 10346
Perclieron
3760 E. F. Freeman-..-
Tinglev
Percheron
1601 John Lahs
Delphos
Diagonal
Diagonal
French Draft
4189 E. S. Botleman...
4532 Diagonal Horse Co
Doc Quinn 44252 —
Citoven (.33174)
Trotter
Belgian
4883 i Willis Snarlvs .—
Teddv 48746
Perclieron
4936
2362
5111
4833
5213
4997
3535
Thorp & Robinson
Perkins & Swart-
wood
Beaconsfield
Knowlton
Diagonal
Diagonal
Boaconsficld
Diagonal _—
Mt. Ayr
Ganglion 42764 (699.33)—
Dewev 10345
Percheron
French Draft
D. Haviland
Robt. Berg
Tom Robinson
A. A. Hunter
Mac demons &
Son
Trotteur 3?661 (45500) —
Black Douglas 10896
BellPtt 173.56 (6.3850)
Idallen Star 53461
Iowa King 8677
Percheron
Clydesdale
Frencli Draft
Percheron
Trotter
166 i Neal Hoskins -.
775 C. Christiansen
781
1373
1513
1514
1523
1524
1582
1600
1671
1715
1747
1746
Wall Lake Horse
Co.
825 B. F. M. Rose
820 W. C. Abney
874 H. H. Mead
1066 Odebolt Horse Co
1152 .Toel Johnson
1180 O. A. C. Horse Co
Sac City Taupin 31611 (48997).
Early Bolie 8313
Wall Lake
Auburn .-
Auburn ...
Early
Odebolt -.
Wall Lake
Odebolt ...
W. C. Abney
.Terry Boll
W. A. Holsell
W. T. Scott
W. T. Scott
N. A. Hanken
W^m. Schade
A. P. Jacobsen.-
J. P. Goreham-.-
B o y e r Valley
Horse Co.
Early Shire
Horse Co.
2100 Nemaha Horse Co
2117 Ben Mc:Martin —
2187 J. P. Wollesen.-
2188 J. P. Wollesen—
Auburn
Early ,
Odebolt I
Earlv
Early
Sac City
Odebolt I
Lake View u
Odebolt
Early
.Toubert De Vynckt 2165
(.•«306)
Couquct V. 11073 (14183)
Brilliant II 1.373.
McBurney 23098
Hector 2005 (30020)
Brilliant 2.3G77
Colonso de Jandre 1467
(25376)
Chitorney 34369 „.
Frasier 10812
Observation 38514
Cornopic 1144 (17878)
Rosier 1.3673 (53863)
Rosa's Prince 11082
Prince 2a342
Warbler .3026 (10716)
King of Plainfield 9655
(44547)
Beaumont 31355 (48667)-
Percheron
Shire
Belgian
Percheron
Belgian
Trotter
Belgian
Perclieron
Belgian
Trotter
Clydesdale
Trotter
Belgian
Percheron
French Draft
Clydesdale
Percheron
Shire
Percheron
Early Stenigot Cracksmann.— Shire
5871 (18376)
Nohama Moliere 24460 (43666)... 'Percheron
Odebolt Mol)yrne 0761 'Trotter
Lake View Cristal II 2408 .Belgian
I (Vol. 13, p. 932)
Lake View ' Ralph II 8776 'Shire
1,26
IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
SAC COUNTY— Continued
53° Name of Owner
Postoflice
Name of Stallion
Breed
2317
Herman Dreessen
& Henry Wol-
lenberg
2408
Wm. Hlnde
2677
J. J. Toop-^
2846
Donald McCork-
indale
2948
Henry Bowman _.!
2986
L, H. Davenport.
2992
Jos. Mattes i
3026
Corsant Bros.
3038
T. G. Keir.
3075
T. W. Down
3081
L. C. Pilloud
3177
T. G. Keir
3351
J. J. Toop- —
3346
John Currie _
3443
Joe Henaman
3639
J. Kessler
3702
Murphy & Oldnet-
tle
3961
L. L. Goreham „
396?.
Odebolt Percheron
Horse Co
a992
W. H. Pettis & S.;
L. Hawley
4040
G. W. Little !
4309
C. J. Hinkley i
4330
Donald McCorkin-i
dale !
4399
W. C. Abney. '
4434
Chas. Anderson —
4471
Joshua J. Spicer.-
4983
Hugh H. Mead.—
3111
D. Tread way
5035
Nuehring Bros. _.
Wall Lake .
Early
Auburn
Odebolt -—
Coon Rapids
Odebolt
Odebolt — .
Sac City
Sac City _..
Odebolt
Sac City
Sac City ...
Auburn
Odebolt
Schaller
Auburn
Wall Lake .
Odebolt
Odebolt ....
Sac City ...
Early _
Odebolt
Odebolt
Auburn
Sac City —
Sac City ...
Early
Wall Lake-
Lytton
Gilbert 20416 _
Clipser 9097
Jumbo 42656
Baron of Odebolt 12400
Brisse 6877 (2057)..
Keota Cyrus 19470
Lofty of Odebolt 10438.
Salesbury Conqueror...
5384 (17590)
Agartam 31233
Colonel D. 11764
Robroy K. 44916
Prince Jr. 34959
Fruen 44907
Roosevelt 6319
Le Due 31434 (45370)
Captain Trotter 44577..
Beauceron 51233 (62454).
Chillingham 45944
Reveur 47065 (63816)
Baron La Follette 42565
Regolia 15405
Voltigeur 40999 (56177)..
Prince of Balloch Roy
13028
Togo 49822
The Illustrator 31800
Bristol II 802
Gray Light 14863
Morgan Star 32926
Rommeo 25025 (43448)..-
15925
Percheron
Clydesdale
Percheron
Clydesdale
French Draft
Percheron
Clydesdale
Shire
Percheron
Clydesdale
Percheron
Trotter
Percheron
Shire
Percheron
Trotter
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Trotter
French Draft
Percheron
Clydesdale
Percheron
Trotter
Belgian Draft
Trotter
Trotter
Percheron and
French Draft
SCOTT COUNTY
."W?
Adolph Muhs
Davenport
Pantheon 25169 (44645).
Percheron
.516
W. A. Barr
Davenport
Claudius 212
Oldenburg Coach
875
1R23
Henry Schlotfeldt
Kirk Bros.
Trotter
Davenport
Midnight A. 33409
Trotter
1392
E. T. Smith
Davenport
Baron Patchen 2S900
Trotter
1434
The Princeton
Percheron
Horse Co.
LeClaire
Veilleur 28192 (46864)....
Percheron
1496
August Richter ..
Davenport
Patchen Seal 37941.
Trotter
1409
G. A. Smith
Big Rock
Extrador III 6958
(11224)
Percheron
21(17
F. Raasch
McCausland
Black Prince 14149
French Draft
944
Princeton Horse
Co.
Bruno (33781)
Belgian
2239
McC a u s 1 a n d
Percheron
Draft Horse Co
McCausland
Picador 41521 (56945)....
Percheron
2256
A. F. Oldenburg-
Davenport
Lebel 41.517 (61571)
Percheron
2701
E T Smith
Davenport
The Lad 44769
Trotter
3280
McC a u s 1 a n d
French Coach
Horse Co.
McCausland
Telegramme 2400
French Coach
418?
C. F. Henderson..
Moscow _.
Colonel 20S16
Percheron
1963
Chas. J. Dahm
Albert Tullis
Dixon
Eclat .S.Wl (63212)
Doctor Sheldon 42782
PercTuTon
5412
Davenport
Trotter
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIV
SHELBY COUNTY
927
u 6
6^
Name of Owner
Postofflce
Name of Stallion
Breed
737
W. H. Meyer
Pleasant Twp.
Horse Co.
Geo. McCaraly ..
T. J. Wyland.--.
T. J. Wyland....
Indian V^alley
Horse Co
L. C. Donahue
R. C. Rasmussen.
C. W. Best
Shelby Draft
Horse Co.
Harlan Percheron
Horse Co. -
J. R. Debord
W. T. Plummer.
Tennant Horse Co
E. F. Morris
Cass Carter
Jno. Klinkefus — .
Frank Faltenson-
J. A. Kastner
C. W. Best
L. H. Pickard.—
J. M. Mayer
Aaron E. Potter.-
Cans Kenkle
T. J. & H. 0.
Wyland
W. D. Schlensig—
N. P. Booth -
Mat Friend
Klinlcpfiis Brns.
Corley
W. .T. Bryan 2389
Eporon at511 (46452)—.
Daw E. 32886
French Coach
195
Shelby
Percheron
307
Harlan
Harlan -- .
Trotter
80S
Bol)' 29180
Normandy 16673
Orj,'aniste D Sartalard.
1757 (21424)
Dewev 9732 .-.
Dandy 11151 (22565)
Moutonnet 7475
Guignol 26112 (46826)...
Logeur 40140 (46372)....
Morgan Wilkes 4G72....
Tremolo .Junior 16590...
Rangeur 31')01 (47518)...
Byrondale 42296
Stuntney Menander 7928
(22824)
Santa Anne 30971
Emile 376 (23.38)
Perclieron
309
482
57
1061
1204
Harlan
Elkhorn
Corley
Harlan
Shelby
Percheron
Belgian
French Draft
French Draft
Percheron
1248
Shelby
Percheron
816
Harlan
Percheron
1988
Harlan
^f organ
13G8
1 4:«
Harlan
Percheron
^f^SS
Percheron
?991
Harlan
Shire
736
Irwin - . -- -
Percheron
?993
Irwin
Belgian
3044
Lee Onward 30166
Raglan II 8549 (21778)..
Capo 31066
Rosier 261+1 (40778)
Stand Back 3047 (8306)..
Happy Boy 50842.
Gringalet 50724 (68210)..
Bucephalus 49611
Mazzola 41298
Trotter
3051
Shelby
Shire
3083
Harlan
Trotter
3238
3991
Defiance
Irwin
Percheron
Shire
??50
Percheron
4034
4?,'^8
Kirkman
Defiance
Percheron
Percheron
3676
Harlan —
Enrling
Irwin
Trotter
4568
Spring Up 51728
I'cTClioron
77
Aconit 1211 (18410)
Courtois 41518 (61881)....
Belgian
52S3 ' Peter Rasmussen..
Shelby
Percheron
SIOUX COUNTY
10
H. B. Smith
Ireton
Bob Lockheart 36369....
Trotter
1347
Traverse Parker .
Ireton —
Charnyctzki 23028
Percheron
1428
W. H. Irwin
Ireton
Gros-Loup 10258 (13641).
Percheron
1472
Henry Kokenge.. .
Alton
Strathilson 9427
Clydesdale
Vol. XIV
1620
Gradus Kower ...
Alton
Rudolph 41321
Percheron
1633
Gerrit Klock —
Sioux Center .. .
Involvo Jr. 21642
Percheron
1650
Henry Grotenhuis
Hosper
De Ranger 32670
Trotter
2.312
Jacob Minton
Rock Valley ....
Don Arno 25564
Trotter
233
T. C. Parker
Ireton
Prince Robert 2d 11837.
Clydesdale
2440
Peter Hansen
Alton
Babolin 14860 (58372)P..
French Draft
2968
P. W. Moir
Orange City
Merveileux 48136 (59205).
Percheron
2970
P. W. Moir
Orange City
Toreador 46269 -
Percheron
2971
P. W. Moir __
Orange City ....
Sandow 2971
Percheron
2<m
P. W. Moir
Orange City
Julien 28951
Percheron
2973
P. W. Moir
Orange City
Gascoigne 29734
Percheron
2<>74
P. W. Moir.
Orange City
Colonel Dickey 38955....
Trotter
3.330
John Fanning
Maurice
McMahon 2m9
Percheron
33,85
Sheridan Belgian
Horse Co.
Boyden
Vengeur II 1458 (25418).
Belgian
3511
B. Van der Berg..
Sioux Center ...
Bernice 25462 (43578)....
Percheron
3519
Thos. Chew
Hawarden
Bollon 23386 (43267)
Percheron
2170
Nick Hulst
Alton
Celestin 28189 (43772)
Percheron
4008
K. H. DeJong
Orange City
Knockdhu 9716 (107'.X)).-
Clydesdale
4100
John Fanning ...
Maurice
Allards Calypso 45723..
Percheron
4249
ri. F. Kluender-.
Granville
Lambert 51873 (60121)..
Percheron
4389 E. B. KoDPert
Chatsworth
Enorve 16426 (64937)..-
Percheron
4476
.Toe Verdorne Jr..
Rock Valley —
Victor 33301 .-
Percheron
45(J1
P. B. Vosburg
Granville -
Sinu-co 51891 (62797)
Percheron
4832
Wolf Bros.
Alton
Volney 16345 (66069)
French Draft
3250 Herman Heeren..,
Ireton
Morrell 40932
Percheron
3292 J. H. Kreykes
Hospers
Saxon Billy 9026 (20S82).
Shire
5408 Peter Hennink _..
Rock Valley
Quimper 36S84 Trotter
928
IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE
STORY COUNTY
^° Name of Owner
Postofflce
Name of Stallion
Breed
64 Thos. Swalwell — ! Collins .
113 H, C. Denniston. Collins .
192 Geo. Connolly Nevada .
194 Geo. Connolly ...i Nevada .
76 Kelley Horse Co.. Kelley ..
79 Maxwell Horse
Breeders' Ass'n..] Maxwell
530 T. O. Savim Roland .
King of the West 10156
Keota Flanders 33432—
Loiivraln 2337
lams' Plimnger 9967
2^70
Apres 25057 (44752)
725
780
779
861
J. W. Ogle-
C. W. Scott
C. W. Scott
Howard T o w n-
sliip Horse Co—
Zearing Percheron
Horse Co.
A. Van Stenberg
1377 Oliver Cole
1408 , S. B. Frey-
1407 S. B. Frey.
1406 S. B. Frey
1420 Story Percheron
I Horse Co.
1446 ! La Fayette Perch-
i eron Horse Co--
1688 ! M. J. Nelson
Ames
Cole .
Cole .
Roland
Zearing _„
Story City
Roland
Ames —
Buffalo 23223 (43555)—
Laspaille 28392 (45687).
Clydesdale
Percheron
French Coach
French Draft
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Ames
Ames
1805 H. C. Davis.
2120 ! J. H. Boyd-
2186
2142
2207
2640
2641
S. J. B. Johnson.
Zearing Belgian
Horse Co.
N. A.
C. A.
Iowa
lege
Iowa
lege
H. C.
Stimson
Jerdeman.-
State Col-
State Col
Roland
Gilbert Station.
Cambridge
Ames
Ames
Ames
Zearing .—
Zearing ___
Story City
Ames
2693 j H. C. Davis
2694 i H. C. Davis
2537
3152
1432
2048
3613
3693
3695
1741
4022
4073
4130
4212
4213
4214
4314
4504
4528
4529
4530
4540
H. C.
F. C.
H. C.
M. L.
Chas.
Fred
Robt.
Shaw
Lowrey
Gearhart—
Davis
Nutty
H. Sawtell-
Holtby &
Grant Bates
Geo. W. Bull
Smalley & Nicks..
Amos Hanson
L. Neese...
Bros.
M. J. Nelson
S. B. Frey
F. A. Smith
Samuel Etnier ._.
Arthur Etnier
Arthur Etnier
John W. Bloom-
field
D. A. Cannon
Iowa Agricultural
College
Iowa Agricultural
College
Iowa Agricultural
College
Iowa Agricultural
College
Ames _
Ames _
Ames _
Nevada
Ames _
Ames -
Nevada
Colo —
Collins
Zearing
Gilbert Station.
Collins
Collins
Maxwell
Cambridge
Ames
Nevada
Colo
Collins
Collins
Maxwell
Colo — .
Ames
Ames
Ames
Ames
Deacon 45311 Percheron
Trlboulet 816 iBelgian
Hobson 41723 Belgian
Seduisant 28161 (45033)„ Percheron
■Monopole 13364 French Draft
Castor D' Hulste Belgian
(Vol. XII, p. 831)
Keota Bostedo 20i>43 Percheron
Milford 10500 (25224) Percheron and
French Draft
Montelle 25323 9270 French Draft
I and Percheron
Jean L 13370 French Draft
Vainqueur 30443 (46S77).
Percheron
Percheron
Cacatoes 31128 (45723).
Blaisdon Brilliant 7906— Shire
(21147) I
Soliman 21281 (43227) Percheron
Delamere B. P. G510 Shire
(18371)
Kazek 39781 Trotter
Demblon 1152 (13394) Belgian
Alexander 41415 ] Percheron
Mastodonte 2597 iBelgian
(Vol. 13, p. 292)
Etradegant 40553 (55321) Percheron
Refiner 12115 Clydesdale
Babe 15358 French Draft
Jolif 46154 (G0214) Percheron
Mazeppa 41840 Percheron
Royal 5354 Morgan
Nero 47448 — Percheron
Condor 44607 Percheron
Aimable 41427 (64642) Percheron
Stow Regent 8866 (21915)
Moulton VI 41981
Paulin II (15960)
Monarch 16210
Marquis 41512 (64037)--
Spartan's Hero 8-128
Roval Victor 42182
Moneill 45590
Maraicher 51875 (65504).
Black Hawk 41953
Acorn 42405 _
Jermiah 44899
Shire
Percheron
Belgian
French Draft
Percheron
Shire
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Clemont 47173 Percheron
Black Star 42431 Percheron
Dappled Tom 9137.
(24807)
Kuroki 13214
Don Edwood 27131
Chambord 42104 (61803).
Shire
Clydesdale
Trotter
Percheron
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIV
929
STORY county-Continued
t, 6
Name of Owner
Postofflce
Name of Stallion
Breed
4565
4775
1185
Bishop & Finkbau!
Harley Barues
Cogshall & Daw-
sou -
Gilbert Station..
Ames
Cambridge
Ames
Nevada
Ames
Story City
Story City
Ames
Fifer 54673
Ormont 30875
Comet 096
(irecourt 42819 (70610). ...
(Jarant 12820 (70110)
Itossignol Jr. 1937
(;ali>pin 42:«8 (65122)....
Hercules 27268
Dr. Strawn 5553
Will.rino Boy 37459
Acgon G99t
I'rinco Allorton 295 J6...
BoI)l)ie Wilkes 4310
Percberon
Trotter
French Draft
I'ercberon
I'erclicron
Belgiaji
I'erclieron
Percberon
Morgan
Trotter
Trotter
Trotter
Trotter
49i-2
4961
496G
3877
3164
5189
J. A. Taylor.
John Moran
L. J. Baird
C. A. Jerdeiiinii---
R. Bondo
S. B. Mills
E. J. Bronhard--.
T. J. Pollock
T. J. Pollock
T. J. Pollock _ _
3001
5388
53S9
5390
Colo
Zearing
Zearing
Zearing
TAMA COUNTY
147
Geo. Niemand
Jos. E. Axon
W. A. Spoer
Jas. Morgan
Jas. Morgan
Z. T. Afoorc
Geo. Walz
Toledo Draft
Horse Co.
I. D. Magowan—
I. 0. Magowan _.
Toledo Draft
Horse Co,
Jno. M. Bicket.—
H. W. Rueppel.—
Chas. Vanbel
Traer Percberon
Horse Co.
Jno. Tledje
G. J. Monroe
Jacob Ulstad
A. R. Wilson.
T. A. Green
J. W. Sackett
J. W. Sackett
Peter Grenewalt..
Peter Grenewalt..
Clntier Horse Co-
Frank Landt
W. H. Sprole
Joe Krezek
.Jacob Ulstad
G. W. Mowers...
Hildebrand Bros.
Henry Voege
Montour Perch
eron Horse Co-
H. L. M. & N.
C. Brnner
Dysart Horse Co
Percberon Horse
Co
Traer
Teddy R. 23923
Roan Charlie 11440
Timonnier 30106 (52771).
Ailsa's Pride 1144.3
Prince Archer 11458
Dewey Day 31091
Cataline 40918
Percberon
Clydesdale
Percberon
Clydesdale
Clydesdale
Trotter
133
116
232
231
302
49
Traer
Buckingham
Traer
Traer
Traer
Tama _
Toledo
Tama
Tama
30
566
567
Philibert 40102 (51574)...
Lewis Templeman
32809
Cedric 7185
Percberon
Trotter
Shire
Trotter
■^bire
French Draft
Clydesdale
Percberon
Percberon
Trotter
Trotter
Trotter
Trotter
Perclieron
Frencli Draft
Perclieron
Percberon
Percberon
Clydesdale
Percberon
Perclieron
Trotter
Trotter
Belgian
Shire
Percberon
Percberon
Percberon
SI
546
698
619
728
Toledo
Traer
Dysart
Dysart
Traer _
T. H. M. 38'591
Newton Quality 6919....
Rantanglar 6005
Otter Bank 12310
Introuvable 24765
(46658)
Rosenu 24547 (44.327)
Brown Trippe 336G9
Contest Dny 43340
Tudire Tjocklipnrt iMTG
1018
891
873
Gladbrook
Dysart ....
Dvsart
872
Traer
1126
1294
1295
Toledo
Clntier
Clntier
Trappy A. G. 43523
Blfick Kinir 20947
Gilbert 12454
Printemps 34022 (51524).
Riverside 25580
Colin 26156
Charming Gift 10070...
(llOOf))
Deacon 45065
Bavnrd 20135
Vyznntnni 37703
Henrv G. M. 37552
Manor Luy 2310 (20320)..
Bury Valiant 8370
(21107)
Kabyle 21761 (44167)
Frodoard 47115 (61993)..
Iphis 20017
1594
Elberon
1595
Klberon
1763
Clntier
1812
2325
Gladbrook
Traer
2357
Clntier
2405
Dvsart
2406
2450
2898
2941
8069
Dysart
Gladbrook
Berlin
Montour
Toledo
3168
Dysart ..
3193
Dvsart
Crux 20266 (45146)
Forfait's Best Son
2a338
Richard 23343
Percberon
Percberon
Percberon
3198
E. F. Brennen
E. F. Brennen
J. G. Posba.lsky
& E. J. Stay-
3199
Dysart
3237
Toledo
Raven Nation 12655
Nicollet 17074 .
French Draft
Trotter
3315
Oris Pryne
Belgian Horse Co.
Wm. F. Nntion...
Nettie Goodwin ..
J. D. Filloon
Elberon
Dysart
Buckingham
Tama
2081
3540
3227
Boulevard 2281 (33706)..
Timonnier Jr. 15321....
Sam T. 41407
Severn Melton 8931
(23693)
Belgian
French Draft
Trotter
Shire
3934
Toledo
930 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE
TAMA county-Continued
5^
Name of Owner
Postoffice
Name of Stallion
Breed
3964 , Wm. Struve
4140 Otto Kleppein
4123 James Morgan _—
Elberon
Clutier
Fidol Chief 30331
Javelot 51432 (58875)
Prophet 13167
Trotter
Pproliprnn
Traer _._
Clydesdale
Clydesdale
Clydesdale
Shire
4122 James Morgan
Traer __ _.
Tama Jim 12225
Prince Henry 10645
The Baron VII (23930)-
Alvechurch Heirloom __
9618 (23950)
Congo (21578) _
Raven 53033
4121 James Morgan
Traer
1867 Chas. Luthje
Garwin
4238 J. C. Bradley
Garwin
Shire
721 O. H. Morford
Chelsea
Belgian
4420
4421
4430
A. R. Fox — -
Percheron
A. R. Fox —
J. W. Manatt
Chelsea —
Porthos X 861
Belgian
4431 J. W. Manatt
Prince 1025
Belgian
4507
Prudliomme Horse
Co.
Buckingham
Tama
Prudhomme 48661 (63701)
Bruce 42193
4576
Schroeder &
Schmidt Bros
Geo. Harrinsrton .
Percheron
4577
Burt 49707
655 Chas. Applegate--
Toledo -
Ailsa Again 10374
Coad 41029
Clydesdale
Percheron
1120 H. H. Hild
Traer
4981 Bruner & Bruner.
Toledo
240:> Frank Lant
Garwin
Patrique 40790
Percheron
383 O. H. Morford
Chelsea
Wentz 31735
Trotter
1717 Frank Lant
Allendale 2S588
Percheron
5097 1 J. D. Fillon
Toledo
Grillant 57549 (72648)-...
Prince Doyden 17808
Courageux 54552 (60314).
Invador 41729
Percheron
5114 1 J. H. Stoddard—
Tama
French Draft
5175 Dysart Horse &
Jaok Co.
Percheron
Trotter
3550
1520
T. G. & W. A.
Chelsea
O TT ArnrfnrrI
Chelsea
Silver King 592S1
Colored Gentleman 23944
Percheron
5383 F. T.. AndlPv
TAYLOR COUNTY
365
364
845
813
47
1762
349
345
344
305
325
306
356
464
519
33
20
492
491
586
584
427
683
613
745
750
Frank Stanley
W. H. Pfander
E. T. Philpott-—
E. T. Philpott
E. T. Philpott.—
E. T. Philpott
E. T. Philpott—.
E. T. Philpott....
J. S. Hanshaw
G. W. Page
G. W. Page
E. W. Harden-
brook
J. S. Stimson
Jno. Curphey
W, H. Payton
Thos. McClintock-
Grove T o w n-
ship Horse Co..
Newton Rhoades.
Warren O'Dell
Dr. Wm. Read-
head
Dr. Wm. Read
head
J. J. Knox
G. D. Hazen..'_
Charles Bean
J. M. Long.
G. D. Bix
State Road Horse
Co.
Clark Armstrong-
Gravity
Sharpsburg
Sharpsburg
Sharpsburg
Sharpsburg
Sharpsburg
Sharpsburg
Sharpsburg
Bedford _ _.
Lenox
Lenox
Bedford
Gravity
Lenox .
Bedford
Lenox —
Lenox
Lenox
Gravity
Lenox
Lenox
Clearfield
Bedford
New Market
Lenox
Bedford
Bedford
Leno^ ., ,.,
Compeer 9649 Clydesdale
Lucky Lad 40471 ._! Percheron
Bedford 25620 Percheron
(19170) i
Blucher 35377 Percheron
Alfonso 40770 Percheron
Stanley 27743 jPercheron
Milo 40771 Percheron
Hiawatha 41275 Percheron
Brilliant 28679 Percheron
Chasseur 32831 (46217).. Percheron
Mingo Chief 0566 Trotter
Herschel Rysdyke Trotter
31325 i
Nuxwood 38735 Trotter
Iroquois 34600 Percheron
Soudeur 28688 (25700) Percheron
Sultan 33195 __. Percheron
Lime Kiln Tom 7^95.
(21599)
Ernst 41867 (57131)...
Ottoman Chief Jr...
34343
Ax Do well 40369
Shire
Percheron
Trotter
Trotter
Exblrd 39999 Trotter
General Scott 30497 jPercheron
King of All 30169 Percheron
Denain 32428 (47543) Percheron
Antrione 43073 JTrotter
Gabels Black Prince Shire
5751
Langton Napoleon 5749. Shire
(18140)
King Purquois 45053 Percheron
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIV
TAYLOR county-Continued
931
So
5z
Name of Owner
Postofflce
Name of Stallion
Breed
749
Clark Armstrong.
VV. W. Kirby.-..
The Morning Star
Percheron
Horse Co
Wise, Ray. Mil-
ler Horse Co
-Tnlin ('nri»liov
Lenox
Bob Orr 25424
Major Genese 1250
(18802)
Rudolph 17323
Trotter
760
Gravity
Belgian
808
Bedford
Percberon
852
850
New Market ....
Lenox
Picador 27854 (46930)....
Sir Clinton 45309
Comet II 40520
Percheron
Percheron
844 E. T. I'bilpott— -
8IG E. T. Philpott.—
848 E. T. Pliilpott-.-
108<3 Pierce Wheeler
Sbarpsburg
Siiarpsi)urg
Shnri)shurg
Gravity .-
Perclieron
Lamont 40')07
Pcrfiicron
Laureat 32G70 (46178)
Keota Captor 21661
Lord Bancroft 7010
Kid McCloy 9228
Lafleur De Wortghem.
(33202)
Bonneval 25437 (45105)..
Samory 20551 (43742)
Baron Lockhart 9699...
(10685)
Chestnut Sprague 35360
Sir Hugo 6378 (20028)....
Humbert de Pomm 2052
(23192)
Gold-Dust 50237
Girton Tom 6390
Earl of Dunbar 10631..
Fanfulla 2238 (32791)....
Fauntleroy 41237
Teddy 15097
Pcrclioron
Percberon
10'J7 J. A. Hamilton...
1006 Phil Slattorv
Bedford
Shire
Clydesdale
9J)3 S A Dowell
Conway
Belgian
1192 j Gravity Draft
1 Horse Co.
1247 Clearfield Horse
Improvement Co
1273 J. T. Dunlap
1356 ' E. M. Patton.
1338 1 A n Rnhpv
Gravity
Clearfield
Lenox
Percheron
Percheron
Clydesdale
Clearfield
Conway
Trotter
Shire
1375
C. H. Chamber-
lain _.
Bedford
Belgian
1431
1534
1669
1719
J. A. Hamilton...
W. P. Oliver
Harry Allen
Bedford
Lenox
Hopkins, Mo. ..
Percheron
Shire
Clydesdale
Belgian
1761
1839
1838
E. T. Philpott &
Co.
Sharpsburg
Percheron
H. N. Rav
H N Rav
French Draft
Ladoga
Blain 15098
.Toubert 25816
French Draft
2130
Blockton Perch-
eron Horse Co..
Blockton Horse
Co.
Blockton
Blockton
Bedford
Percheron
2150
Jupiter 10S48 (921)
De Leon 42043
French Draft
2285
S. & W. W.
Hartzler
Percheron
2299
Hf n T Wool-
Conwav
Clearfield
Lenox
Bedford
Conway .„
Homere 42597 .. .
Trotter
2499 J. D. Barrans
2472 Herbert Peak ....
2726 M. M. Spurgeon..
9779 T "PI AnrJprijnn
Stuntney Expectant ...
5374
Norvent Boy a)707
Accorte 14851 (59933)P.
Hercule II 920
Shire
Trotter
French Draft
Belgian
•Toseph 42238
Percheron
2774 T Tf. AnrloT-con
Conwav
Conway Sully 42240
Prime Minister 5166
Maxime 50658 (59912)....
Captain .links 11103
Perfection 44731
Pink Paragon 43929....
Jupiter Jr. 15031
P.nnker 50290
Major 6577
Victor 44734
Favorite Herscbel 4S441
Botha de Leoten
(15.3020)
Black Boulder 50252....
Laurent 33171
Banker 51538
Royal Boy 51055
Leduc 23313
Castellan 40144 (52911)..
MacCloy Jr. 9218
Geron 2846 (41868)
Bara 2S43 (418-36)
Colonel McDowell 44533
William McKinley ....
30215
Lieutenant 25544
Mokrani 20835
.James 51101 (67494)....
Lucky Strike 50240
Percheron
2843
2308
2939
3124
3125
2131
1385
3403
3461
3482
3633
3849
3861
3860
3859
1680
m
3933
4055
4223
4197
4170
4294
Fine Bros.
E. E. Leigbton...
J. N. Nichols
W. H. Payton
W. H. Payton..-.
W. H. Price
W. H. Robinson..
H. Davidson
S. N. Bristown....
H. M. Long
.1. E. Barkburst..
E. E. Leigbton
E. T. Philpott-...
E. T. Pliilpott-..
E. T. Philpott
E. T. Philpott-..
Clarke Grace
C. B. Atkin.
W. H. Robinson..
J. A. Hamilton
Wm. Redhead ...
Elmer Crum
T T Af£>r<^oi«
New Market
New Market
Clearfield
Bedford
Bedford
Gravity
Bedford
New Market
Bedford
Bedford
Clearfield
New Market ....
Sharpsburg
Sbarpsburg
Sbarpsburg
Sharps1)urg
Bedford
Lenox
Bedford
Bedford
Lenox
Blockton
Lenox
Shire
Percberon
French Draft
Percberon
Percberon
French Draft
Percberon
Shire
Percheron
Trotter
Belgian
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Clvdesdale
Beltrian
Belgian
Trotter
Percberon
Percheron
4293 J J J^Iercer _ -
Percheron
4S2> H Af LonsT
Bedford
Percberon
4327 E. E. Leigbton....
New Market ....
Percheron
932
IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
TAYLOR county-Continued
u 6
6^
Name of Owner
Postoffice
4363
J. P. Lininger
Churchill &
Lenox
3,50
Dougherty
J. M. Long
E. T. Philpott—
Bedford _
4445
Sharpsburg
444fi
E. T. Philpott
Sharpsburg
4447
E. T. Philpott
Sharpsburg
4448
E. T. Philpott—-
Sharpsburg
444f)
E. T. Philpott—-
Sharpsburg
4450
E. T. Philpott—-
Sharpsburg
4451
E. T. Philpott-—
Sharpsburg
4452
E. T. Philpott—
Sharpsburg
4458
E. T. Philpott-—
Sharpsburg
44W
E. T. Philpott—-
Sharpsburg
4455
E. T. Philpott—-
Sharpsburg
4456
E. T. Philpott—-
Sharpsburg
4457
E. T. Philpott—.
Sharpsburg
4458 i E. T. Philpott— -
Sharpsburg
4459 E, T. Philpott
Sharpsburg
4460 E. T. Philpott—-
Sharpsburg
4461 E. T. Philpott- —
Sharpsburg
4462 E. T. Philpott—-
Sharpsburg
4463
E. T. Philpott-—
Sharpsburg
4517
E. M. Patton
Clearfield
4548
2880
E. M, Patton
Margason & Cun-
Clearfield
34''1
G D Bix
Rpflforrr
4362
.Tnmp«5 TTavPS
Lenox
4907
0. E. Spencer
W. H. Pfander— -
Bedford
4785
Sharpsburg
5017
Meredith & Son
2862
Grant Twp. Horse
Co.
Clearfield
Blockton
5133
Terrill & Mosier_.
5152
H. M. Long
H. M. Long
Fred Miller
Bedford
5153
Bedford
5323
New Market
5372
Gordon & Richard
Lenox
5417
Cnrrlfin Xr Tliphnrfl
Lenox
5391
J. T. Dunlap
Breed
Dexter 16622 French Draft
Tatton Navigator 6990. ! Shire
(19170) I
Garnetwood 47852 I Trotter
Blande II 41661 Percheron
French Monarch 16980— French Draft
Success 41708 Percheron
Gay Lad 41663 Percheron
Orphan Boy 42849 1 Percheron
Theodore 42490 Percheron
Sargent 35369 Percheron
Coco 51614 Percheron
Black Percheron 51201- Percheron
Sargeant 50690 Percheron
Success 50705 1 Percheron
Bedford 42319
Black Joe 50691
Jean Le Blanc 41708..
Teddie Boy 51579 — .
Blande II 51613
Brilliant 42538
Stuntney Prince 9690..
Sharpsburg Warrior
9077
Nicholas 45051
Pourquoi Jr. 45354 —
Comedien 50855 (61758)-
Rampton Criterion 8582-
(23922)
Hugh Bennett 50269
Bosket 48857
Bergerat 12375 (51725) —
Coco 3263 (46578)
Bravo 13679 (G0443) P.-
Black Brilliant 40389-—
Seigmund 5027
Baron de Reves 3772 —
(43656)
Blobula 52291 (71045)
Mouton de Waterloo
3844 (Vol. 15)
Radius 52053 (65323)
Waldersley Commodore
9624 (25738)
Percheron
Percheron
Perchei'on
Percheron
Perchei'on
Percheron
Shire
Shire
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Shire
Percheron
Percheron
French Draft
Belgian
French Draft
Percheron
German Coach
Belgian
Percheron
Belgian
Percheron
Shire
UNION COUNTY
762
799
856
805
806
1053
1044
1140
1139
1260
1340
1341
R. C. Holland
Taylor Kilgore ..
R. J. Ross
A. Latimer Wil
F. L. Streams
C. N. Paulson
C. N. Paulson.
C. G. Webb
Sadler & Brown
Bros,
W. R. Hendersou-
T. A. Stevenson--
G. B. Reetz
D. J. Gibbons
D. J. Gibbons—
W. J. Stalcup— .
G, W. Stream
S. J. Bayles
S. J. Bayles
B. E. Carter
E. Fugier
B. Fugier
Afton
Cromwell
Cromwell
Creston —
Creston —
Lorimor
Lorimor
Afton -
Creston -
Afton
Shannon City __
Cromwell
Cromwell
Cromwell
Lorimor __
Spaulding
Cromwell
Cromwell —
Creston
Creston
Creston
Judge Towner 19419 Trotter
Mongol 42230 (52132) Percheron
Creston Royal 4942 Shire
Villebon 10529 (14171) Percheron
Plainview Dignity II— Shire
6389
Coco 22406 Percheron
Gentleman Joe 6181 Shire
Lethbridge 7713 Shire
Souverain 41195 (52467)— I Percheron
Moscow 25509 (42605) Percheron
Iowa Champion 7286
Redea 4557 —
Ravenwood 8339
Gibbons Charger 6968—
Romulus 44892
Prince of Wales 6725—
Slasher 40401
Banker II 7635
Gravson 19436
Senator 41137
Shire
Morgan
Shire
Shire
Percheron
Shire
Percheron
Shire
Trotter
Percheron
-Percheron Chief 41106— ! Percheron
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIV
UNION county-Continued
933
1342 E. Fiigier
1313 10. Fu-ier
804 M. Inms Sc Co.„
1605 C. L. Waltz
1621 G. L. Rood
1635 C. I). Ki-srs
1703 II. Y. Liii)licr- —
1766 G. W. Stieaiu...
1798 Grant nubble ..
2027 F. L. Stream
2320 W. II. Wilson....
185G H. H. Jeter
2484 G. W. Bilbo
2655 M. E. Tlioinpson
2671 A. T. Worsley A
Sons
2473 J. n. Garrels
2570 Shannon C i t y
! P ere heron
I Horse Co.
2754 A. L. Wilson
1052 L. Tv, Stoncr I
555 David Miller
2861 J. J. Thonipson.-
2911 J. n. Garrels
2909 Ed Hupp
2928 E. F. & F. L.
j Sullivan
2953 G. W. Bilbo
2952 G. W. Bilbo
2900 L. M. Cherring-I
ton I
2080 F. L. Stmim '
3128 Gale McCall ;
3157 1 G. S. Rootz ^
3333 A. Latimer Wil-i
son :
!
3348 I Stream & Wilson. j
3411 Frank A. Ido
3412 Frank A. Ide
3il3 Frank A. Ide
3414 S. H. Wriglit ,
I I
3497 ! Geo. W. Bilbo.—
3J98 Geo. W. Bilbo '
3500 Geo. W. Bilbo.....
3599 D. J. Gibbons..-.
3628 Geo. W. Bilbo.... i
3620 C. G. Wel)b ;
368-0 B. Whitworth ...|
376S Frank L. Stream.'
38;)0 John Kil-nro i
3931 : Geo. W. IMbo !
3932 Geo. W. Bni)0
a033 Goo. W. Biibo....
3957 Frank A. Ide
3903 n. C. Srhroder...
4023 G. W. Stream
386 J. P. Croinwoll...
4048 Geo. W. Bilbo
40t9 Geo. W. IMbo
4051 Geo. W. r.illio
4052 Geo. W. Billio....
4144 G. W. Wpllincr
4204 Loubet Horse Co.
4195 , H. P. Bic:?
4184 ' G. W. Welling...
Postofflce
Name of Stallion
Breed
Creston
Creston
Chestnut Baron 8108.
Hakes' Prince 5854
(lh778)
Medley Rex 37700
Stuutney Airlie 8022
(22'J05>
Sultan 45435 (48.324)
Iowa Prince 48 Jl
Prince Albert 11 13tf!Jl...
-Modock 41236
Lofty Yet 0945
Shire
Shire
Trotter
Shire
Percheron
Morgan
French Draft
Percheron
riydt'sdale
Shire
Lorlmor
Spaulding
Kent
Spaulding
Lorimor _
Spaulding
Kent
Creston _
Lucky Lad 8182
Duke of Marlborough..
1J540
Boilcau 50J22 (60014)
Colonel Beaumont 7U98.
Custerwood 43145
Valerian 47985 (58032;._.-
Lemaire 8G0
Otta 40387
Edward Vll (jj\il
(Vol. 25)
Maroc 14130
Bon Ami 4G30
Greenwood 28150
Preval 14185 _
Calvin 11535
(20017)
Trumans Surprise 7342.
Keck 6575
Crown Prince 8000
Prime 2415 (3C859)
Sport 13731 _
Major D' Ob 2531
(Vol. 8. p. 480)
Sostene 50865 (G2597)._-.
Bedwell Marquis 8326..
(22101)
Frimas 50957 (61646)—.
.Monteith 31604
Arispe
Thayer
Creston __
Belgian
Shire
Afton
Trotter
Kent
Thaver
French Coach
Shannon City ...
Creston
Percheron
Shire
Afton
Spaulding ..._..
Afton ..„..
French Draft
Shire
Thayer
Percheron
Afton
Afton
Percheron
Shire
Creston
Shire
Shire
Creston
Belgian
French Draft
Belgian
Percheron
Shire
Percheron
Creston _ .
Lorimor
Cromwell
Creston
Creston
Creston —
Creston
Boulder 46527
Major 46526
Linton Executor 56S4_.
(17449)
Roy Hazelton 9061
Banker Boy 9066
Jiex Beaumont 9063
Irvington 8857
Hugli Roderic 49519
Coal Brilliant 49520-...
Brilliant's Model 22404.
Piiiipant 51370 ('•;6729)..
Diav.do 51372 (6S407)...
Vallor 50281
Creston
F*prch*'r<»ri
Afton
Shire
Creston
Creston
Shire
Shire
Creston
Shire
Cromwell
Creston
Afton
Afton
Siiire
Percheron
Perclieron
Creston
Perrlieron
Cromwell
Perclieron
Creston
Dick Ryan 50236
Conquor 50270
Tlieodore 49709
Black Diamond 48519...
Butor 42S13 (62531)
J. W. 11125
Prosper 48070
Logan 50280
Perclieron
Creston
Perclieron
Creston
Creston
Perclieron
Percheron
Shannon City ..
French Draft
Monarch 50278
Pagoda 50276
Carnegie 32G83 ._
Loubet 28140 (J5383)
Greenwood, Jr. 43439..
Bicot 54380 (66825)
Percheron
Afton
Thaver
Percheron
Percheron
Afton -.
L'rottor
Afton — 1
Percheron
934
IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
UNION county-Continued
5;° Name of Owner
PostoflSce
Breed
4183
4250
A. Latimer Wil-
son - -
Creston
Inval 2847 (41890)
Mayeur 2849 (37210)
Aiglon 2841 (41858)
Doctor Lad 26340
Bamboo's Wonder 9719.
Tions Bon 2474
Bouncer 9561
Royal Paxton 9743
(25592)
LaRose 54387 (67502)
Creston Blair 9762
Rex Brilliant 9760
MarQiiis 52.511
Belgian
Belgian
L. M. Cherrinffton
Creston
Belgian
1005 ' Geo. W. Bilbo
Creston _
Percheron
430i D. J. Gibbons
4ay4 C-- W. Harkness.
Cromwell
Shire
French Coach
4397
A. Latimer Wil-
Shire
4398
A. Latimer Wil-
son - -
Creston
Shire
4473
i493
August Reetz
Geo. W. Bilbo-—
D. J. Gibbons
Geo. W. Bilbo
M. liams & Co__,
Ruckman Bros
Gus A. S\vanson_.
H. H. Jeter
W. E. Harpin
J. J. Thompson &
Son
Cromwell -
Cre'^ton
Percheron
Shire
4494
4562
Cromwell
Creston
Lorimor
Shire
Percheron
4598
Frank Rex 47280
Prosper 17303
Trotter
4757
Afton
French Draft
4834
Creston
Richelieu 17103
French Draft
4847
Thayer
Osceola Hope 10201
Lime Light 44106
Bijou 10839 - -
Shire
4111
Trotter
568
4fton
French Draft
2183
J. H. Garrels
Shannon City Bel-
gian Horse Co.. .
G. S. Shannon
TT!fI BppbPT
Thaver
Teddy R. 448.56
0»phelin 3244 (38144)—
Plain View Dignity
5550
Bluffer 29717
Percheron
4844
2712
32Q
Shannon City—
Spaulding
Lorimor
Belgian
Shire
Percheron
169 Geo W Bilbo
Creston
Sampson 7S53
Shire
4993 Frank A. Ide
762 C. G. Webb
5054 A. Latimer Wilson
505.5 A. Latimer Wilson
5093 Geo. W. Bilbo
5150 Geo W Bilbo
Creston
Afton
Creston
Creston
Creston
Creston
King Imanuel 53462
Moseou 25599 (4.3693).—
Tenor 52250 (61.552)
Placier 52249 (63.512)
Banker Boy 52500
Dick Banker 18221.
King 13414
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
French Draft
3894 Geo W. Bilbo
Creston
Creston
Creston
Creston
Creston
Freuch Draft
5179 G. W. Dobbs
5217 Geo. W. Bilbo.—
5218 Geo. W. Bilbo
5'37 Bilbo & Eer^'ers
Nebo 18282
Prince Rupert 59798
Roy Banker 17S50
Shamrock 59746
French Draft
Percheron
French Draft
Percheron
5286 Geo. W B'lbo
Jarvis 10339
Shire
52S7 Gpo. "W. Bilbn
Dick Vin.-ont 10340
Glonglou 43141 (69862).-
Corbet 32278
Shire
5336
5378
W. R. Wilson__-
Geo. W. Bilbo—
Arispe
Creston
Percheron
Percheron
VAN BUREN COUNTY
457
J. V. Clark
Birmingham
Blyth Farmers Lad
5.389 (16003)
Shire
4'>R
J. V. Clark
Birmingham
Rudolf 70 (1246) _ _
Oldenburg Coach
114
T, L. Simmons &
Son
Bonaparte
Esnault 34769
Percheron
155
A. A. Bonner
Keosauqua
.La ma is 25583 (43815)
Percheron
197
E. E. Keck
Stockport
Roseau 25586 (44296)
12994
French Draft
and Percheron
256
Jas. W. Rhynas—
Stockport
Pepin 35100 (52938)
Percheron
479
Wm. Bishop
Milton -
Marquis III 33769. -
Percheron
792
J. W. Warner--..
Bentonsport
Mud Creek Bill 10274—.
Clydesdale
813
J. V. Clark
Birmingham
Masher 8390
Shire
823
S. B. & L. C.
Carroll
Keota-Blaurock 24823—
Chequest Hero 442-56
Percheron
824
J. H. Zeitler.
Douds-Leando —
Percheron
1161
L. S. Pickett
Cantril
Cherbourg 25581 (44507).-
Percheron
1160
L. S. Pickett
W. D. Thomas
Cantril _„
Yolcan 642 (4052)
Chanteur 1918 (32820)—.
Belgian
1468
Douds-Leando .
Belgian
1469
W. t). Thomas...-
Douds-Leando _.
Radis (48708)
Percheron
154
R. C. Harris
Stockport
Plato 44975
Percheron
171^^
F. U. Smith
Stockport
Champ 11570
Clydesdale
17J3
F. M. Smith
Stockport
Stockport Dewey 23673.
Percheron
1790
T. R. Robertson.
Farmington
Chopin 44113 (57667)
Percheron
1210
.1. E. McKeehan.-
Farmington
Chief Coburn 6982
Shire
2111
L. K. Doud
Douds-Leando —
Panama 4161S
Percheron
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIV 935
VAN BUREN COUNTY-CoNTlNUED
Name of Owuor
Postofflce
Name of Stalliou
Breed
2395
^53
2529
2530
2531
2835
2836
2852
2959
29.58
3328
3379
1108
3438
3537
3546
3560
3574
3C09
3610
3607
3742
39S4
4066
40G7
4262
4515
4843
5119
5313
5381
P. D. Hollo^vay..
A. J. LelTlcr
R. E. Mcok
E. D. Prunty
E. D. Prunty
State Line Coach
Horse Co.
V. F. Newell
V. F. Newell
B i r ra i n gr h a ni
Draft Horse Co
A. F. Hanev.--
A. F. Haney...
M. S. Bonar...
^forris, Newman
& Morris
Morris, Newman
& Morris
A. M. Brady
S. F. Henry
E. C. Holland.
W. H. Craven &
W. H. Atkins...
Harrisbnrg Perch-
eron Horse Co..
John W. Warner.
S. C. Kerr
S. C. Kerr
Fisher & Guy
Donald & Ed-
wards - -_.
B. M. Boyer
W. C. Strait
W. C. Strait
T. L. Simmons.—
G. K. Derby
Amasa Roberts --
B. M. Boyer
H. C. Weller
.T. H. Keck I
Milton
Stockport ._
Bonaparte _
Farniini,'ton
Farniinfjton
Farinington
Ririnini,'ham
Binninffham
Mirmingham
Milton
Milton
Milton
Stockport
Stockport
Milton ....
Bonaparte
Milton
Stockport
Bentonsport _.
Keosauqua
Keosauqua
Cantrll
Omar C. 421R8.. 'Trotter
Master Fearless 9481... Clvdesdale
Mellier 9993 French Draft
Kale 8591 Clydesdale
Queuny 24816 (44496) Percheron
Tallien 24S0 French Coach
Brilliant 15192 French Draft
Triton 15195 French Draft
Favor! II 4^571 Percheron
I'ornaux H878 "French Draft
Ike Sciulrrel 1S3.S Saddle Horsf»
Wayside Chief 85*3 'Clydesdale
King Dover 48391. 'Percheron
CoUard 35001 •:.. Percheron
Nectaur 4.-)57G (GJ2I8).... Percheron
Victor 7448 Shire
Onatas 13267 French Draft
Citoyen 40277 (15D28) ' Percheron
Pat Crown 43203 Trotter
Benson Prince 15435 French Draft
Triton 15429 French Draft
Picador 44121 (60211) I»orcheron
Stockport Prince Goodwin 8931 Clydesdale
Keosauqua
Keosauqua
Bonaparte „
Stockport
Bentonsport
Farming-ton
Farmington
Stockport
Lochinvar 45346 Perciieron
Brilliantine 44255 Percheron
Co Co 50603... 'Percheron
Brilliant 13412 French Draft
Damon 4:>789 i Percheron
Lake City Boy 10314.... Icivdesdale
Saisset 14889 ! French Draft
Pat Compy 48727 .. iTrotter
WAPELLO COUNTY
239
288
8(
604
603
796
976
1271
1822
2260
1722
1574
2947
3123
3382
3470
3493
5494
3495
3496
Jay Bros.
Jay Bros.
O. S. Miller
P. E. Leinhauser
P. E, Leinhauser
.Tas. A. Miller
L. C. Hendershot
J. H. Kepler
W. S. Maurice
T. F. & W. C.
Gonterman
W. S. Maurice
Village Creek
Horse Co.
C. E. Moore
E. M. Holmes
H. Woods
A. J. Black
Blair and .Tackson
A. D. & Carl F.
Krueger .—
A. D. & Carl F.
Krueger
A. D. & Carl F.
Krueger
A. D. & Carl F.
Krueger
Blakesburg
Blakesburg
Blakesburg —
Ottumwa
Ottutiiwa
Agency
Ottumwa
Kirkville
Ottumwa
I'^ldon ...
Ottumwa
Ottumwa ...
Eddyville ..
Eddyville ..
Eldon
Blakesburg .
Ottumwa -—
Ottumwa
Ottumwa
Ottumwa
Ottumwa
Roy Gosney \ Ottumwa ...
A. D. & Carl F.|
Krueger Ottumwa Xevier 29650 Trotter
Facteur 27139 (46785)... 'Percheron
Belleau 21553 (43513). _. Percheron
^Aahlo 901 Belgian
Senator Ballingall 31895 Trotter
Ouse Wonder 7944 Shire
Asseurus 128G0 French Draft
Red Allerio 45423 Trotter
Transvaal 23190 (44612).. Percheron
Cyprien 2S73G (48448) Percheron
Uruguay (48765) 48009... Percheron
.John 32039 IPercheron
Captor 12027 (12073) Clydesdale
Keota Standard 27608.. Percheron
Brilliant 50218 (59668).. Percheron
Onslow 41073 Trotter
Black Chief 41955 Percheron
Mac Lilly 9071. iClydesdale
King of Perche 34712 Percheron
Pellico 21237 jPercheron
Shadeland Athelete ...ITrotter
29695 i
Anchor Lockheart 33162 Trotter
Wapello Chief 13113 Clydesdale
936 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
WAPELLO COUiNTY-CONTlxNUED
5jO Name of Owner
Postofflce
Name of Stallion
Breed
4255
4263 1
4264
4C03
4165
271
4917
4161
5031
5100
5155
A. D. & Carl F. j
Krueger
Clias. Peterson,
F. A. Gustafson
& W. L. Johnsoii-
P. E. Leinliauscr-
Geo. Lentner
Geo. Lentner
Frank Houk
W. F. Hay wood-
Harry J. Rigg-—
Farson Horse Co.
H. C. Sedore
Jesse Ross
E. N. Hemingway
P. E. Leinliauser
521 P. E. Leinhauser
1414 P. E. Leinhauser
John Horen
3.532 J. L. Speer
5274 W. P. Morgan
5313 J. P. Hawthorne-.
.5314 J. P. Hawthorne-
.5352 Lewis Ruffing
Ottumwa Judge Crismau 331G1- — jTrottor
Dudley ..
Oitumwa
Ottumwa
Ottumwa
Ottumwa
Eldou
Ottumwa
Farson __
Ottumwa
Kirkville
Eldon
OttumAvri
Ottumwa
Ottumwa
Ottumwa
Ottumwa
Blakesburj
Farson ___
Farson - —
Ottumwa
Duke of Scotland 12031
Bon Lusty UOUO (17375)
Keota James !)5lt
Keota Calls 447iJ2
Mason 16162
Coco 16S45
Teddy Lockheart 35772-
Slflebock 56782 (32783)-
Miguon 14.393
Gigofin 58777 (71012)
Nugget Jr. 57722
Moulton Darnley 1QD12.
(254.50)
Marengo 41408
Cyprien 28435 (1843S)
Marx 21919
Captain K. 42412
Odice 37845
Togo 44694
Angiro 40178
Defender's Best 11646-.
Clydesdale
Khire
S 111 re
['en-heron
French Draft
French Draft
Trotter
Percheron
French Draft
Percheron
Percheron
Shire
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Trotter
Trotter
Percheron
Percheron
Clydesdale
WARREN
COUNTY
245
W. 0. Romine &
W. J. Shigley—
New Virginia —
Beaumont Standard -..
6080 (11758)
Shire
in
Oscar Hunt
Carlisle — -
Le Blanco TT 12431
French Draft
99
.T. A. Mason
F. W. Smith
Gnrlisle
Winterset
Blue Rex 39783
Trotter
8
Aeritonian 32505
Trotter
,552
E. F. Keeney
Carlisle
Fuschia 25181 (43795)—
Perclieron
475
J. H. Simmerman
Tudianola -.
Carlisle
Arthur 10059 ..
Fi-ench Draft
704
Romeo 29519 (44983)
Percheron
421
Alexander &
W^hpeler
Prole
Penn^loz 54538
Percheron
975
St. :\rarv's Perch-
eron Hovsp Co--
St. Mnrys
Ecclier .3.3959 (487.53)
Percheron
1077
Taggart Sc Son New Vircrinia .-
Taggart & Son { New Vireinia _.
Tllinois TT 55.36
Shire
1076
TCeota-Carnot 1469
French Coach
1075
Taggart & Son New Virginia _-
Waterloo 50212
T^ercheron
Chris. Schuldt -
J. H. Barnett &
Port Drapeau 1033
(21590)
1259
Son -
Tndianola
Teddy 34678
Percheron
1258
J. H. Barnett &
Son -.- —
'''Tidinnoln
Wh.nt You Like 29161.
"•ereheron
1291
H. B. Flesher—
Liberty Center..
Brilliant 10289 6427
"ercheron
■French Draft
1290
H. B. Flesher—.
Tyi'bertv renter..
Solide 21454 (43345)
f^ercheron
1989
H. B. Flesher—
H. B. Flesher
Tj'bpTtv Center..
Liberty Center..
T/ennin 3933
^hire
128S
Snmpson 34732
Percheron
1.300
P. D. Mason
Warren County
Lacona ...
Tin ulcer 6782
>hire
1801
Horse Co.
Tndianola
Avalanch 10023
French Draft
1302
Warren County
Horse Co.
TTid'nnnIa
Admiral 24504 (44658'»— .
Percheron
1459
H. E. Hopper—
Tndianola
Africander (Vol. 23). _.
^hire
1440
F. 0. Nutting &
Son
Tndianola
Rex 41887
1441
F. 0. Nutting &
Son
Tndianola
Gladitor's Pride 4.3873..
Percheron
1442
F. O. Nutting &
Son
Tndianola
Black Dandy 40772
Percheron
1444
F. 0. Nutting &
Son
Tndianola
Dewey's Image 43150...
Percheron
1652
J. H. Barnett &
Son
Tndianola
Simpson Boy 34081
Perclieron
1653
J. H. Barnett &
Son ..
Perclieron
Percheron
1443
T. W. Thomas
T. G. ^\cr.oy
Norwalk
Coco 35856
2091
Tndianola
Tvenwood Chief 34680—
Perclieron
2147
H. E. Hopper
Tndianola
Better Yet 439D5
Trotter
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIV
937
WARREN county-Continued
^o Name of Owner
Postofflce
Name of Stallion
Breed
2148'
2501
2611
2532
2583
2563
1662
179-t]
2832!
2834
3172
3173
3174
3175
3279
H. E. Hopper
W. T. Sinnard...
E. T. Keoney
Taf?{,':irt & Son....
Tag^Mi-t & Son-....
P. n. Hester
Churchville Horse
Co.
Gumming Horse
Co
Social Plains
Horse Co.
W. I. Slietterly-
L. C.
Co.
L. C.
Co.
L. C
Co.
L. C
Co.
Read
Barnett &
"Barnett"&
"Barnett &
"BarneFt' &
Bros.
Inrlianola
Carlisle
Carlisle
New Virginia
New Virginia
Indianola
Churchville
Cumming • .
Indianola .
St. Charles
3313 .T. P. Wilson
3315 A. E. Vansyoc— .
3103 .1. A. Mason
3471 A. DeMoss
Indianola
Indianola
Indianola
Indianola
New Virginia
Indianola _
Alilo
Carlisle
Spring Hill
Perfectum 44113
Keota-Bnrnett 33461 ...
Blacli Joe 353)1
.loe Bailey II 83U3
Kruger 2G314
Robert Terton 37182
Trotter
Pereheron
Perelieron
Shire
Pereheron
Trotter
3610 James ^lulviliilL- Cnmminj
3620 James MulvihilL- Cnmminj
3627 J. F, ^Yright Milo
2502 Elmer Keeney Lacona
699 ; W. J. Wilson.
3641
E. D. Spencer...
3669 Marshall & Han-
3260 S. "W. Weeks
3750 Don L. Berry
3900 H. B. Flesher
3966 Adam Stamra
3295 F. L. Kessler
4098 W. J. Wilson
Lacona
Milo
Summerset
Indianola
Indianola
Liberty Center.
Carlisle
Lacona
Liberty Center.
Mirliton 2258 (Vol. 12). Belgian
Audrocles 41274 (59473).! Pereheron
Crinclieur 317 10 Pereheron
Napoleon 15505 French Draft
General 43077 Pereheron
Admiral Jr. 48129 Pereheron
Lad 48130 Pereheron
French Lad 15717 .| French Draft
Stnntney Benedict 8893., Shire
(23741) 1
Caesar 4'530 'Pereheron
Bulger 100.')3 French Draft
Duroc Rex 45351 Trotter
Romeo de Bernisscm... Belgian
2053 (27218)
Vaneau 31135 (IGG53) Pereheron
Malicieux 30502 (18759).. Perelieron
Diamond Dick 35J8
Barondon Blaze 6450.
(15:J73)
Questeur 10149
Milo Boy 45155
Shetland Pony
Shire
French Draft
Trotter
4104 L. L. Harvey Lacona
4147 J. F. Gil>hs. - Lacona
4135 W. J. Wil.-on Liberty Center.
3696 S. W. Wrecks Indianola
4321 Ora Conrad
4326 F. H. Slack
3656 Ned E. Spurgeon
4148
2985
44DS
4.)3J
4556
4590
4505
4594
47S9
5078
4870
1685
4881
4892
4893
48)4
480.5
4897
5078
1190
New Virginia
Hartford
Ackworth
.T. E. Riggs
S. W. Weeks- —
Taggart & Sou....
E. L. Flesher
W. W. Barger
L. C. Noe
U. I. Sinnard
W. T. & U. I.
Sinnard
n. B. Flesher
F. O. Nutting &
Son
Geo. A. Metz
Aza Hntt
Aza Hntt
Harry E. Hopper
Harry E. Ilopp.'r
Harry E. Hopper
Harry E. Hopper
John L. Powers..
F. C. Nutting &
Son
A. C. Smith
Lacona
Indianola
New Virginia-. -
Liberty Ceuter.
Lacona
Hartford
Carlisle
Carlisle
Liberty Center.
Indianola
Lacona
New Virginia.
New Virginia.
Indianohi
Indianola
Indianola
Indianola
Indianola
Indianola
Carlisle _.
Agendeol 16101 French Draft
Damocles 28136 (44960).. Pereheron
.Tosef 46890 Pereheron
Cedar Clav 45134 Pereheron
Bonpavs 50800 (64190).. Pereheron
Otto 46093 : Pereheron
Waxham Lad 7150. iShire
iV.)2-Z7) I
Norwood Echo 49329— percheron
.Toe 49.333 - Percheron
Igniter 5191 Shetland Pony
The Arch Duke 2569 Shire
(8396) i
Chief 13617 French Draft
Dexter 15650 'French Draft
Groom 7342-11931 (22315). pereheron and
French Draft
Proud Brilliant 49334... porcheron
Brisefer 28132 (45131) Percheron
Hempfield Hope II 877.') shire
Gene Riley 47-573 iTrotter
Black Joe 52212 1 Pereheron
Rex D. 36129 -iTrotter
Prince Igo 51021 'Percheron
Sir Phill 45371 Percheron
Hempfield Sampson Jr. Shire
10133 j
Gladiator II 32148 'Percheron
Orel) 10013 (2.5846) Shire
Duke 5002 Shire
I'onpi 19040 French Dr.-^ft
Mlerton 5128 Trotter
Ex!)edition 14900 Trotter
Wl'ola 48767 Trotter
Ex.iller 47113 , Trotter
Seal Brown 43993 .Trotter
Demon II 15110 j French Draft
.Joe Doe 7790 I Clydesdale
938
IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
WASHINGTON COUNTY
55 o Name of Owner
Postofflce
Name of Stallion
Breed
198 M. M. Kempf—
222 W. R. Bonham.
1051 J. E. Elgar
1058 J. E. Elgar
nil W. C. White—.
1113 W. C. Wlaite— .
1159 ; Chapel Bros.
1158 Chapel Bros.
1157 Chapel Bros.
1327 A. P. Hayes
1495 ! C. C. Erude
1806 I The Egypt Horse
I Co.
1993 I B. J. Shetler
2006 C. E. Hershber-
ger
2035 Leichty & Conrad
2036 Leichty & Conrad
2092 R. H. Leeper-
2093 1 R. H. Leeper
2094 R. H. Leeper
2210 J. B. Spencer—
2417 C. J. Winter
2512 T. E. .Tohnson—
2525 B. J. Oyer
2632 D. Rittenhouse &
; Son
2656 E. E. Norman
2590 E. E. Embe &
Chas. Gabriel _.
2591 E. E. Embe &
Chas. Gabriel __
2728 C. J. Winter
2737 .7. C. Swift
2874 V. F. Schnoeb
elen
2917 Wentworth & Mc
Clelland
1918 Wentworth & Mc
Clelland _
2919 Wentworth & Mc
i Clelland
2920 I Wentworth & Mc
Clelland
E. D. Herchber
ger
D. J. & D. M
Palmer -._
D. Rittenhouse _-
Kalona
Kalona
Noble
Noble
Ainsworth .
Ainsworth .
Ainsworth .
Ainsworth .
Ainsworth .
Washington
Wellman _-
Washington
Kalona
Wellman
Noble —
Noble -—
Noble
Noble
Noble
Ainsworth .
Washington
Washington
Noble
Washington
Wellman .-
Wellman
3119
3418
Wellman _-
Washington
Washington
Riverside .—
Brighton _-
Brighton _-
Brighton -..
3745
1112
1110
4030
4151
4391
4392
838
2584
4913
5099
C. S. Fletcher
Henry Lofler
W. C. White
J. W. Glancy
Turbott & Morri
son
Turbott & Morri
son
J. A. Marshall—.
.7. A. Marshall—.
Ben J. Shelter—.
Jos. B. Hochstet
ler
G. W. Parker—.
Brighton
Kalona _
Washington
Washington
Crawfordsville
Ainsworth
Ainsworth
Crawfordsville
Ainsworth
Ainsworth
Xoble
Noble
Ivalona —
.3580 C. C. Dawson.
4776 Leeper Bros
Ivalona
Washington
Washington
Noble
Norm 13155
Why Not II 7186 (21027)
Little Plumb 40097
Big Cinnamon 39090
Mithridate 20535 (35918)-
Albert Sidney Johnston
42345
Kadour 24767 (46672) —
Frenchman 499
General Washington __
1475
Ganzoo 17645
Keota Arthur 5796
Parfait 40031 (42295)
Kalona Boy 38259
Young Rapin 14543
Guerrero 46188 (60811).
Prince John II 6137-
(19032)
Eugene 41.56'v
Strubbv Fear None...
7573 (20935)
Congolias 1921 (29634).
Satisfait 46048 (63380).
Ardent 46151 (58821)..
Lavron 28t65
Prince Monarch 40629.
Marcellus 46075
Roy N. 43477..
Keota-Jacob 7789 .
Keota-Sargent 8270
Lake Lancer 8785—
(20322)
Dandy Dan 21508..
Keota-Pansey 4972
All Here 9248
Waldo 13323
Gabels' Champion 6132..
(18028)
Rodomont 22624 (34006)..
King 14456
French Draft
Shire
Trotter
Trotter
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
French Draft
Saddle Horse
Trotter
Shire
Percheron
Trotter
French Draft
Percheron
Shire
Percheron
Shire
Belgian
Percheron
Percheron
Trotter
Percheron
Percheron
Trotter
Shire
Shire
Shire
Trotter
Shire
French Draft
French Draft
Shire
Percheron
French Draft
Truant's Premier 21530. Percheron
Prince of Lakewood... Percheron
21528
Black Prince 4207 Shire
Conrad 33890 Trotter
Hercules 15972 French Draft
Glaneur 22711 (43051)....
Ainsworth Lad 47898 ..
Keota Albert 49054. —
Manliness 25546
Wenona Marmion 4768..
Cyrano 50487 (45628)....
Keota Picador 19481
Roval Lincoln III 9^257..
(24831)
Ed Aegon 45139
Wayland Colonel 9457..
Percheron
Trotter
Percheron
Percheron
Shire
Percheron
Percheron
Shire
Trotter
Shire
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIV 939
WAYNE COUNTY
p
Name of Owner j Postoffice
Name of Stallion
Breed
441 A. F. Place.
Humeston
Mambrino Kirk wood ..
30703
Trotter
500 1 T. A. Toliver
Clio
Ralph 6323
Shire
442 A. F. Place
Humeston
Columbus 11090
French Draft
443 A. F. Place—
Humeston
Spark IV 7147 (19138). _.
Shire
444 A. F. Place
Humeston
Romulus 8851
French Draft
507 Clay Richman
Horse Co
Humeston
Rosier 28350 (48816)
Percheron
506 Clay - Richman
Horse Co
Humeston
Markpaton Primate 6774 Shire
1
(19825)
689 1 D. L. McMurray-
Corydon
Rismark 10374
French Draft
423 A. H. Palmer
Humeston
Captain Pat 40815
Trotter
753 0. O. Littoll
Corvdon
rjpntlpninn .Tnp TT niVl
Shire
755 ! 0. O. Littell &
Co
Corydon
Judge Halsey 33038.
Trotter
754
0. 0. Littell &
Co.
Trotter
Percheron
748 ' J. F. Hickman....
Humeston
Metropolitan 317.53
(47585)
788 T. A. C. Miller...
Seymour
Harlequin 24591
Percheron
903 Clio Shire Horse
Co.
Clio
Manea George 6888
Shire
961
Walnut Township
Horse Co.
Seymour
Dunios 34507 (IS527)
Percheron
1123
C. H. Trembly.--
Lineville
Kingsland Victor 7773..
(20615)
Carroll 19192
Shire
1141
Thos. Allison
C. R. Noble & L.
Sewal
Percheron
1230
W. Donald
Promise City ..
Donzelo 500
Belgian
1607
C. M. Fordyce
Powersville, Mo.
Creston Jerry I00:r7
French Draft
1716
Couchman & Mc-
Nee
1813
Confidence Shire
(Vol. 24)
Horse Co.
Promise City ...
Sentinel TI 0883 (17'^12)-
Shire
22!»'i
Thos. Donald
Corvdon
King of Perchie 18793...
Percheron
22!)6
W. D. Wilev
Lineville
Lad 8364
Shire
22i>7
W. D. Wiley
Lineville
Roxey 8365
Shire
2412
W. D. Wiley
Lineville
Regular 7716 .
Sliire
2637
A. H. Palmer
Humeston
Labourer de Horrues..
Mclgian
2'>38
Genoa Draft
2530 (3 1726)
2735
Horse Co.
W. P. & T. H.
Seymour
Barbancon 2992t (48667).
Percheron
Brown
Shire
2736
W. P. & T. H.
(Vol. 25)
Promise City _..
Corydon
Tona 1470 (25.3SO)
AVnltPr 46030 (53154)
Belgian
Percheron
2769 Tom Donald
1234 Otto Thomas
Seymour
Acadia 20265
Pprclieron
2891 C. T. Harper
Creston Tom 4449..
Shire
2914 T. H. & W. P.
1 Brown
Prnmiao Oitv
Rpnzo ^'Vol 21')
Hackney
621 ' R. E. Richie & J.
i C. Snoflgrrass .. .
Allerton
Gambetta 40142 (52972)..
Lightman .31.396
Percheron
3514 t O. O. Littell
Corydon
Corvdon
Trotter
3515 O. O. Littell
La Mark 11061
French Draft
4090 C. L. IMurrow
Promise City ...
.John the Bnptist 5161„
Morgan
4360 W. H. Thomas
Sp wa 1
RobustP 5i5TO (63610^-...
Colonel Colbprt .3^077
Bristol 5-?007 (67268)
Percheron
4393 R. W. Richie
Allerton
Trotter
4412 C. E. Pettit
Sovmour
Percheron
4440
Henry B. Scholty
Allerton _..
Xnvior 14561
French Draft
4.i05
A. F. Place
Humosron
Prinpp Albert 5t069
Percheron
3841
A. F. Place--.-
Humeston
Carnot do Vlad 2:K)3...
("41916)
Belgian
4913
M. D. Kelso
W. H. Thomas...
Sewal -.
Fauvoau 145^2
Gorico 56783 (72250)
French Draft
4918
Spwal
Percheron
49??
O. O. Little
Corydon
Almeron D. 48921
Trotter
4923
O. O. Little
Corydon
Alliemo 48922
Trotter
940
IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
WEBSTER COUNTY
U O
8^
Name of Owner
Postoffice
Name of Stallion
Breed
1578
1188
1457
1531
1751
2703
2834
3025
322
3313
3401
917
S39D
3659
3898
3925
3926
3728
4082
2268
4134
2339
1236
4827
4828
4829
1067
1109
3347
1503
5262
1 Callender Horse
Improving' Co. —
Frank Schill
Knnt Trondsen...
Roelvn Horse Co-
P. H. Halligan—
P. R. Peterson
Rieliard Cooper _.
West Ft. Dodge
Horse Co.
Elkhorn Horse
Co.
Jno. McMohn &
T. M. Butler
Clias. Anderson _.
Otlio Horse Co
W. L. Ainswortli-
Knut Thorndson .
.T. I. Riitledsre
.Jolin McMahon _.
^t. H. Andrews.—
Wm. Haurahan _.
.T. C, Savasre
.John J. Tierney—
Clare Belgian
Draft Horse Co.
.Tobn Crowley
H. F. Hoyer & A.
W. Hasselbring-
John Greall
C. O. Humbert
L. Ridgeway
Tames F, Brady..
Tames F. Brady..
Tames F. Brady..
.Tohn • F. Cava-
naugli
C. L. Waldron
T. M. Ulrich
Duncombe Horse
Co.
Lincoln Kilgore...
M. J. Riel
Callender
Harcourt
Callender
Mooreland __.
Mooreland
Fort Dodge _.
Lehigh
Attila 26034 (46766) Percheron
Bijou de Lant (24954).. Belgian
Ismael Du Fosteau 1188 Belgian
Page 40380 (54733) __
Newton Major 5559
Dreadnaught 8394 .
Du ran tin 22699 (42408)—
Black Dan 43111.
Fort Dodge
Kalo Taupin 40711 (56545).
Barnura
Fort Dodge
Fort Dodge
Fort Dodge
Callender ...
Fort Dodge
Clare
Dayton
Duncombe _.
Fort Dodge
Fort Dodge
Clare
Vincent _.
Barnura
Duncombe
Fort Dodge
Dayton
Fort Dodge.
Fort Dodge-
Fort Dodge-
Clare — .
Callender
Clare
Duncombe
Cowrie —
Barnum _.
Porcheron
Shire
Shire
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
i^'reueh Draft
Belgian
Belgian
Clydesdale
Trotter
Percheron
Shire
Clydesdale
Belgian
Belgian
French Draft
Black Monarch 42219 _. Percheron
Gueridon 54384 (67632).. Percheron
Coco de Falaon 1552 (Belgian
Monaboul Brownell 'Trotter
3530S j
Doc 16655 French Draft
Duke 17483 French Draft
King 174S6 French Draft
Indianola Lad
Genera! Macee 22.379
Keiser 15888
Tarouche de Melin 2650.
(33')50)
TM de Ter 2569
Duke 11928
Straight Wood Jr
35334
Printemps 24262 (43992).
Kongo King 9018
Edenson 11931
Arcole 2851 (41884)
Monarque de Taviers..
2399 (29770)
Perfection 16554
General Sherman 27897..
Colonel 14222
Keota Champion 20226__
Aiglon 12944 (6105)-..
Fred Douglas 17468-
Chairman II 10335.—
(24129)
Percheron
French Draft
Percheron
French Draft
French Draft
Shire
WINNEBAGO COUNTY
123
•Tno. Batchelor ...
Thompson
Nieoderae 31288 (46297)..
Percheron
139
•Johnston Bros. _.
Tohnston Bros.
Toice Horse Co
Sorn Olsen & Moe
Buffalo Center-.
Buffalo Center..
Lake Mills
Forfait ITT 26479
Percheron
140
Red Pavnp 37595
Trotter ^
3:^
Bardon 46504
Percheron
472
Bros.
Stacyville
Buffalo Center..
Starr Brilliant 22480—
AVlo 31524 ("47571)
Percheron
Ppi'cheron
1251
C. E. Holcorab
1250
C. E. Holcomb.-
C. E. Holpomb-...
C. E. Holcomb-...
R. B. Young
Buffalo Center..
Buffalo Center..
Buffalo Center..
Buffalo Center-
Brilliant 27213
Perclieron
2115
Victor 46037 —
Percheron
2116
ViJTO 46936
I'ercheron
2513
Superbe 42820 (6n76?>
Percheron
8215
Skiles Core
Forest Citv
^Tajor Bernard 18561
Perclieron
.3216
Core Bros.
Forest Citv
Bernard IT 42096.. ...
Percheron
.Johnston Bros
Buffnlo Center..
Eglnutier 41fi60 (48876)-.
Percheron
3196
.Johnston Bros
Buffalo Center-
Arch i due 2522
Belgian
3608
3622
W. E. Butcher....
O. A. Olson
P. H. Harrington
B. L. Kerbv..
Lake Mills Perch-
Forest Citv ...
(Vol. 13, p. 543)
W. E. Butcher 11114
Trotter
Fovr.<^t Citv
Zeno 35185
Per(^heron
4167
4166
Buffalo renter
Pool Tim 46473
Trotter
Lake Mills
Test B. 38909
Trotter
eron Hor'^e Co...
T-akP Mills
Annibal (624)
French Draft
4163
Johnston Bros...
P. H. Harrington
T. B. Keeler
Buffalo renter
Philfeon 21274 (43155).-
Percheron
Buffalo Center..
Cartouche 42317
Percheron
Lake Mills
Peru 2785
French Coach
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIV
WINNESHIEK COUNTY
941
^o Name of Owner
Postofflee
Name of Stallion
Breed
172
117
HI
144
255
229
334
41
71
75
481
612
759
2212
231 R
2949
S219
3400
SOS
701
8917
4063
43fi8
3851
1989
4929
1437
3662
3357
I. N. Reed
Bloomfield Belgian
Draft Horse Co-
M. E. Marsh
Percheron Horse
Co.
Franklin Draft
Horse Co.
Jacob Headington
B. O. Babken
Belgian Draft
Horse Co.
E. J. Curtin &
G. F. Baker
Ossian Percheron
Horse Co.
Ed Lynnes _ -
Washington Prai-
rie Breeders'
Ass'n
Decorah Coach
Horse Co,
H e s p e r Draft
Horse Co
Adolpb Running..
Alex Slieggrud
Henry Steffes
Bnrr Onk Belgian
Draft Horse Co
Tbos. Floody —
Thos Floody
L. T. Anderson...
E. J. Curtin
W. B. Sphar
Bluffton Horse Co
W. H. Bachelder.
Anderson Bros,
(keepers)
August Lansing...
G. C. Huber &
Frank Ludwig--
Highlandville Per-
cheron Horse Co
Brandt Bros
August Lansing...
Thos. Floody
Burr Oak
Castalia _ —
Burr Oak .
Locust
DecPrab
Decorali
Decorah
Decorah ..
Decorah _.
Ossian .
Decorah
Decorah
Decorah
Hesper, Minn
Decorah
Decorah
Fort Atkinson ..
Burr Oak
Alger 35213 (52492) Percheron
Noe (25532)
Mark Hanua 1070.
Belgian
Belgian
Frondeur 29891 (4G118).. Percheron
Maretiaux 1380 (25292).. Belgian
Major Pilot 7171— Shire
Galopin (51336) Percheron
Maurisse (25500) Belgian
Claude Melnotto 33982..., Trotter
Galant 2f776 (43050) Percheron
Jaquot (509 16) Percheron
Ossian
Ossian
Decorah
Athos 14347
Pirat 2599 .
Baladin 42024 (54127).
Henri 30170
The roiipon 35174
British Flag II 4350.
Camin De Ligne 2375.
(39356)
Paros 1518t (27271)....
Allcolyte 45452
Prince Henry 6728
Decornb _ Superior 2G192
Castalia Fickle Prince 11689
Ridgeway Pompon 40058 (12735)..
Castalia Chester 9191 (10526)....
Decorah { Sturmidor 29696 ..
Ossian ! Prince 11083
Ft. Atkinson—. Kleber 29581 (44593)
Locust .■ Marengo 12316 (519)
Ossian - , Englisch 45324 (44673)..
Ossian I Trojan 49W4
Ossian I Royal King 9770 (10276).
French Draft
German Coach
Percheron
I'erclieron
Trotter
Shire
Belgian
Percheron
Trotter
Shire
Perelieron
riydesdale
Perclieron
Clydesdale
Percheron
Clydesdale
Percheron
French Draft
Percheron
Percheron
Clydesdale
WOODBURY COUNTY
257
550
723
957
1118
1244
1255
1027
1383
1403
1500
1535
2276
2281
2455
2711
D. M. Hamilton..
.T. A. Clark..
.T. .7. Bucban.
The L a AV t o n-
Bronson Perch-
eron Horse Co..
A. B. Robinson...
.Tas, Crabb
J. Onstot & J.
Marquart
L u m Hollow
Horse Co.
Fred Dyson 1
W. C, Coon
Joseph Bernard.—
G. E. Loring
August Peterson..
J. E. Putnam
Moville Perch-
eron Horse Co—
TT. W. Gorebara..
Danbury Horse
Co
Moville — .
Hornick
Pierson
Bronson _
Sloan -
Bronson .
Lawton ..
Echo Chief 2d 5209 Sliire
Lord King 24529 Percheron
Sultan 10323 - French Draft
Vandeix 31437 (46494).— Porcberon
Guv Caton 20.113 Ir^'t^^^^ ,
Bruce MacGregor 8553.. Clydesdale
Gazon 42873 (59782) Percheron
Smitbland Bavard .31302 (46064) Percheron
Slonn -'King 12208 P'^"^ 1 RrnlJ
Anthon .— Snmpson 0687 — French Draft
Anthon - March 12187 — J^'-^'V^''
Sioux City — Woodfern 3.3140 ^'■^^^^^„
Danbury Cacolet 46152 (55517) Percheron
Smitbland Domero 33430 Trotter
Moville — Dominnnt (46091) iS^''^?f^^°
Moville King II 44627 1 Percheron
Danbury Pollux de Caviers. ^Selgian
' (30032)
942
IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
WOODBURY county-Continued
8^
Name of Owner
Postoffice
2845
2870
28^)2
Adam Trieber
R. M. Foster
J. F, Brooks
A. A. Sadler
0. S. Pixler &
G. W. Whitmer-
Ira Kelsey
S. L. Spencer
Rudolph Utesch ..
F. C. Woodford...
Hanse Peterson.—
J. A. Reed
A. B. Robinson..,
Fritz Florke
George Pierce
John Wink
A. A. Sadler
F. R. Whvte
Danbury
Correctionville ..
Pierson
2967
2083
Correctionville —
Pierson
30W
3151
Sloan
4206
4415
251
4549
4718
Correctionville ..
Glenellen
Danbury
Sioux City
Sloan .-
129
Pierson
2224
48.V>
Sioux City
Moville .
1596
4991
Correctionville ..
Cushing
5346 Ben Peterson
5398 John T. Pope
Danbury
Sloan
Name of Stallion
Breed
Odebolt Choice 11758.
Wildair 23037...
Oreste 21778 (43514)
Bumper 45224
Financier 6135
Rodrigo 40916
Our Baron 33108
Leger (16648)
Lockly 451.53
Carlos (47475)
Beaumont 47637
Sheriff Strain 40702.
Andree 1159
Mystico 14^53
Carlos de Bertin 3229
(38112)
Mark Hanna 12189 ..
Jupiter 51453 (58231)_..
Grotin 51593 (70991)___
Bold Corbett 6847
Clydesdale
Percheron
Percheron
Percheron
Shire
Percheron
Trotter
Belgian
Trotter
Percheron
Percheron
Trotter
German Coach
French Draft
Belgian
French Draft
Percheron
Percheron
Shire
WORTH
COUNTY
248
Ramsey & King-
land
Joice
Trader 18996
Percheron
420
9808
J. I. Hove
Ben Moore
M. J. Tracy
Danville Perch-
eron Horse Co..
Hartland Silver
Lake Horse Co..
H. Larson .__
Fertile Horse Co-
Jorgen J. Brasdal
Anton Nelson
D. A. Mitchell....
Ole G. Mellem
C. H. Dancliff
J. A. & A. M.
Hanson
Northwood
Manly
Prince 31725
Valient 30183
Dewey 23968
Percheron
Percheron
2875
Manlv
Percheron
2897
Kensett
Chaumont (52914)
Reliance 31085
Percheron
3321
Northwood
Hanlontown
Fertile
3503
Culture 12778
3624
Belnie Royal Harold..
6781 (18512)
Black Duke 32045
Rambler 21004
Shire
3625
Joice
Percheron
Percheron
Clydesdale
Percheron
4021
Meltonville
Manly
Northwood
Manly
3959
4081
Gladstone 12220
Boneville 49511
4209
Rex Wallace 50520
Joker 3121 C-51901)
Selim 326<>9
3838
Northwood
Meltonville
Northwooa
Northwooa
Northwood
Northwood
Belgian
Percheron
Percheron
Belgian
^lorgan
471
G. A. Hill
2253
4724
5312
H. E. Wiley
H. E. Wiley
T. W..Youmans.-
Ardent 27452 (14168)
Jupiter de Door 3585
(Vol. 15)
Chief 4719
5380' G. N. Haugen..-
Isaac 43025
Percheron
WRIGHT
COUNTY
815
902
Henry Mauss
Oliver Fryslie
G. W. Finn
G. H. Jameson.-.
G. H. Jameson...
W. H. Mantle....
E. G. Gould
Polhemus Bros. ..
F. Luick & Son-.
F. Luick & Son..
Dows Shire Horse
Co
Belmond
Dows
Corbon 34819
Orient 27808 (47028)
Volunteer Clippings ...
41142
De Arve 40182
Percheron
1292
Dows
Trotter
1391
Dows
1395
Dows
Kruger De Corthys 2228
(24678)
Keota Decide 20211
Eden G. 42250
1500
1755
Goldfleld
Engle Grove
Belmond
Percheron
Trotter
2528
Bonhomme 14113 (174)B
Virly 13530 (43182) P....
42334
DuPiton 17063 (33658). _.
Exton Vulcan 6997
(Vol. 25)
Obstine 50544 (62536)....
Keota Garfield 4970
Maraudeur 44468
(55601)
Riflard 28393 (47064)....
Frpnph Tariff
2519
2550
Belmond
Percheron
2705
Dows
Eaele Grove
Goldfield
Goldfield
Goldfleld
Shire
Percheron
Shire
Percheron
Percheron
1926
2818
285«
J. C. Gingerich...
J. H. Callahan....
E. Vest ....
5521
D. D. Wood
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XIV
WRIGHT county-Continued
943
t-> o
Name of Owner
Postoffice
Name of Stallion
Breed
8652
Eagle Grove
3738
4028
3378
3265
3254
Percheron
Horse Co.
Hickory Grove
Horse Co
German Horse Co
W. A. Evans
E. Lulck
Cornelia Horse Co
P. H. Brooks
A. J. Lamm
Wm. Gallagher &
A. J. Finn.
C. L. Webb &
Pink Trees
B. M. Holverson..
Howard Anderson
J. W. Lindsay....
Eagle Grove
Belmond _ _.
Belmond
Eagle Grove
Belmond
Clarion
Castellane 14662 (45082).
28151
Lambin 51211 (60152)....
Gold Lad (Vol. 21).—
Ward 5819 (18431)
Boulon HSr,2 (62679)
Pascal (2-)l!»8)
Marabout 10011 (3382)..-
Donald 4<;«02
Mark Time (234S7)
Pantin 32315 (;a307).
Warrulton 13107
Celum 54.')73...
Laselle 53057 „
Percheron &
French Draft
Percheron
Clydesdale
Sliire
French Draft
Bf'lpian
4395
4582
Belmond
Clarion
French Draft
Percheron
1870
5096
3615
Belmond
Belmond
Shire
Percheron
Frenrh Draft
4860
Clarion
I'ercheron
5337
Clarion
Percheron
HORSES OWNED OUTSIDE OF STATE NEAR STATE LINE
4203
Emmons Draft
Horse Co.
Emmons, Minn.
Kruger 35231 (53175)
I'ercheron
3623
J. V. Gillard
Glenville, Minn-
Togo 42.585 „
Percheron
4366
E. S. Tead & Sons
Canton, Minn...
Prince Favorite 40164..
Percheron
3517
Sam Domrud
Canton, Minn...
Gables Pride 7125.
(21150)
Anodin 35213 (53366)....
Shire
4441
.Tohn Michel
Harmony, Minn
Percheron
4470
A. G. Anderson-
Worthington,
Minn.
Phoenix 45531
Percheron
4096
Andrew G. Ander-
Worthington,
gon
Minn
Quentin 44080
Major II 9080
Percheron
1792
.1. L. Thomson
Guilford, Mo. —
Shire
5178
E m in o n s New
Percheron Draft
ij-. . ■»« -. .
Horse Co
Emmons, Minn-
Espoir 42751 (63711)
Percheron
5219
M. G. Safely
Hopkins, Mo
Elixie Bogaerden 2153..
(30816)
Belgian
5270
J. H. Duxbury &
Pro -
Preston. Minn-
Hills, Minn
Star 12276
Sebastion II 4707
Clydesdale
4,599
A. S. Cleveland...
German Coach
PART XV
LAWS
Relating to the duties of the department of Agricuhure; law
defining what shall constitute a lawful fence; law requir-
ing state enrollment of stallions kept for public
service; law giving owner or keeper
of a stallion a lien upon his
get for service fee,
and weed law
Section 1657-a. Repeal. That section sixteen hundred and fifty-three
(1653), sixteen hundred and fifty-four (1654), sixteen hundred and fifty-
five (1655), sixteen hundred and fifty-six (1656), sixteen hundred and
fifty-seven (1657), sixteen hundred and seventy-four (1674), sixteen hun-
dred and eighty-two (1682) and sixteen .hundred and eighty-three (1683)
of the code, and chapter forty-two (42) of the acts of the Twenty-seventh
General Assembly, be and the same are hereby repealed. [2 8 G. A.,
ch. 58, § 18.]
Sec. 1657-b. Department of agriculture. For the promotion of agri-
culture, horticulture, forestry, animal industry, manufactures, and the
domestic arts, there is hereby established a department to be known as
the "department of agriculture," which shall embrace the district and
county agricultural societies organized or to be organized under existing
statutes and entitled to receive aid from the state, the state weather and
crop service, and the offices of the dairy commissioners and state veteri-
narian. [2 8 G. A., ch. 58, § 1.]
Sec. 1657-c. State board of agriculture. The department shall be
managed by a board, to be styled "the state board of agriculture," of
which the governor of the state, the president of the state college of agri-
culture and mechanic arts, the state dairy commissioner, and the state
veterinarian shall be members ex officio. The other members of the board
shall consist of a president, vice-president, secretary, treasurer and one
director from each congressional district, to be chosen as hereinafter pro-
vided. [28 G. A., ch. 58, § 2.]
Sec. 1657-d. Agricultural convention. There shall be held at the
capitol on the second Wednesday of December, 1900, and annually there-
after, a state agricultural convention, composed of the state board of agri-
culture, together with the president or secretary of each county or district
(944)
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XV 945
society entitled to receive aid from the state, or a regularly elected dele-
gate therefrom accredited in writing, who shall be a resident of the
county; and in counties where there are no agricultural societies the board
of supervisors may appoint a delegate who shall be a resident of the
county. The president or an accredited representative of the followin-
named associations shall be entitled to membership in the said conven-
tion, to-wit: the state horticultural society, the state dairy association the
improved stock breeders' association, the swine breeders' association ' and
each farmers' institute organized under the provisions of section sixteen
hundred and seventy-five (167G) of the code. Provided, said farmers' in-
stitute has been organized at least one (1) year, and has reported to the
state secretary of agriculture, not later than November 1st through its
president and secretary or executive committee, that an institute was held
according to law, the date thereof, the names and postofhce address of
Its officers. They shall also furnish the state secretary of agriculture
with a copy of program of each institute hereafter held and one or more
papers read before such institute, if papers are read. On all questions
arising for determination by the convention including the election of
members of the board, each member present shall be entitled to but one
vote, and no proxies shall be recognized by the convention. [28 G A
ch. 58, § 3.] [29 G. A., ch. 165, § 1.] [31 G. A., ch. 66.]
Sec. 1637-e. Officers — directors — vacancies. At the convention held
on the second Wednesday in December, 1900, there shall be elected a presi-
dent and vice-president for the term of one year; also one director of the
board of agriculture from each congressional district; those from even-
numbered districts to serve two years and those from odd-numbered dis-
tricts one year. At subsequent annual conventions, vacancies in the list
of district directors shall be filled for two years. But vacancies occurring
from death or other causes, shall be filled for the unexpired term; and
the board may fill any vacancy in office until the next annual convention
[28 G. A., ch. 58, § 4.]
Sec. 1657-f. State farmers' institute. In connection with the annual
convention, either preceding or following the day on which the officers
are elected, the board may hold a state farmers' institute, for the dis-
cussion of practical and scientific topics relating to the various branches
of agriculture, the substance of which shall be published in the annual
report of the board. [28 G. A., ch. 58, § 5.]
Sec. 657-g.. Duties of board. The board shall have general super-
vision of the several branches, bureaus and offices embraced in the depart-
ment of agriculture; and it shall be the duty of the board to look after
and promote the interests of agriculture, of agricultural education and
animal and other industries throughout the state; to investigate all sub-
jects relating to the improvement of methods, appliances and machinery,
and the diversification of crops and products; also to investigate reports
of the prevalence of contagious diseases among domestic animals, or
destructive insects and fungus diseases in grains, and grasses, and other
plants, the adulteration of foods, seeds and other products, and to report
the result of investigation, together with recommendations of remedial
60
946 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
measures for prevention of damage resulting therefrom. It shall be the
duty of the Iowa agricultural experiment station to co-operate with the
department of agriculture in carrying on these investigations. [28
G. A., eh. 58, § 6.]
Sec. 1657-h. Executive commitee. The president, vice-president, and
secretary shall constitute an executive committee, which shall transact
such business as may be delegated to it by the board of agriculture. The
president may call meetings of the board when the interests of the depart-
ment require it. [28 G. A., ch. 58, § 7.]
Sec. 1657-i. State fair. The board shall have full control of the state
fair grounds and improvements thereon belonging to the state, with
requisite powers to hold annual fairs and exhibits of the productive re-
sources and industries of the state. They may prescribe all necessary
rules and regulations thereon. The board may delegate the management
of the state fair to the executive committee and tw^o or more additional
members of the board; and for special work pertaining to the fair they
may employ an assistant secretary and such clerical assistance as may
be deemed necessary. All expenditures connected with the fair including
the per diem and expenses of the manager thereof, shall be recorded
separately and paid from the state fair receipts. The said board of
agriculture shall have the power to authorize or forbid the construc-
tion of street railways within the state fair grounds and may define the
motive power by which the cars thereon shall be propelled and to author-
ize or forbid the location and laying down of tracks for street railways in
said grounds. [28 G. A., ch. 58, § 8.] [29 G. A., ch. 166, § 1.]
Sec. 1657- j. Duties of officers as to bequests. The department of agri-
culture is hereby authorized to take and hold property, real and personal,
derived by gifts and bequests, and the president, secretary and treasurer
shall have charge and control of the same, subject to the action of the
board, and shall give bonds as required in case of executors, to be ap-
proved by the board of agriculture and filed with the secretary of state.
[28 G. A., ch. 58, § 9.]
Sec. 1657-k. Secretary — duties — Iowa Year Book of Agricultuie. The
board shall elect a secretary for a term of one year, w^hose duties shall
be such as usually pertain to the office of a secretary, under the direction
of the board. He shall keep a complete record of the proceedings of the
annual state agricultural convention and all meetings of the board; he
shall draw all warrants on the treasurer and keep a correct account
thereof; he shall compile and superintend the printing of the annual
report of the state department of agriculture, which shall be entitled
"The Iowa Year Book of Agriculture," and shall include the annual report
of the dairy commissioner, the state dairy association, and the Iowa
agricultural experiment station, the annual report of the state veterina-
rian, the Iowa weather and crop service, the Iowa improved stock breeders'
association, or such part thereof as the executive committee may ap-
prove, and such other reports and statistics as the board may direct,
which shall be published by the state; he shall perform such other duties
as the board may direct. [29 G. A., ch. 58, § 10.]
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XV 947
Sec. 1657-1. Distribution of Year Hook— competitive bids. The Iowa
Year Book of Agriculture shall be printed and bound in cloth and
such number as the executive council shall direct, to be distributed as
follows: One copy to each state officer and member of the general as-
sembly; ten copies to the state library and ten copies to the libraries of
the state univei-sity and the state college of agriculture and mechanic
arts; one copy to each library in the state open to the general public; one
copy to the president and secretary of each county and district agricul-
tural society, and one copy to the board of supervisors of each county in
which there is no such agricultural society, and the balance as may be
directed by the board of agriculture. The executive council shall receive
competitive bids for the printing and binding of the year book and let the
contract to the lowest responsible bidder. Such bidding, however, shall
be confined to concerns in Iowa and to persons or corporations paying
the union scale of wages. [28 G. A., ch. 5 8, § 11.].
Sec. lG57-m. Present ortieers and directors. The present officers and
directors of the state agricultural society, upon taking effect of this act,
shall be, and they are hereby made and constituted officers and directors
of the department of agriculture, who, with the ex officio members named
in section two (2) hereof, shall have full control and management of the
department of agriculture until the members of the state board of agri-
culture are elected as provided in section three (3) of this act. [28
G. A., ch. 58, § 12.]
Sec. 1657-n. Office — supplies — salary of secretary and assistant.
The office of the department of agriculture shall be in rooms numbers
eleven (11) and twelve (12), in the capitol building; the said office
shall be entitled to such supplies, sationery, postage and express as
may be required, which shall be furnished by the excutive council in
the same manner as other officers are supplied. The salary of the
secretary shall not exceed eighteen hundred dollars ($1,500) per an-
num; and when the board deem it necessary it may employ an assis-
tant at an expense of not more than seventy-five dollars ($75) per
month. [28 G. A., ch. 58, § 13] [31 G. A., ch. 67.]
[The amendment by the 31 G. A., was by striking out the word "fif-
teen" in line 6 and inserting in lieu thereof the word "eighteen," but the
figures "($1,500)" were unchanged.]
Sec. 1657-0. Treasurer — duties — bond — compensation. The board shall
elect a treasurer for a term of one year, whose duties shall be to keeji
a correct account of the receipts and disbursements of all moneys belong-
ing to the department of agriculture, and shall make payments only on
warrants signed by the president and secretary thereof, except in payment
of premiums. He shall execute a bond for the faithful performance of
his duty, to be approved by the board and filed with the secretary, and
shall receive such compensation for his services as shall be fixed by the
board, not exceeding one hundred dollars per annum. [28 G. A., ch.
58, § 14.]
Sec. 1657-p. Compensation of elective members. The elective mem-
bers of the state board of agriculture, for attending the meetings of the
board, and for the special work pertaining to the holding of the state
948 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
fair shall be allowed four dollars ($4) per day and five cents per mile
in going and returning from the place where the business is transacted,
the claim for which shall in all cases be verified and paid as provided
in section eight (8). [28 G. A., ch. 58, § 15.]
Sec. 1657-q. Prior to the annual convention of the department of
agriculture, the state accountant, provided for in section one hundred
sixty-one-a (161-a) of the supplement to the code, 1907, shall examine
and report upon all financial business of the department of agri-
culture, said report to be made to the executive council and be pub-
lished in accordance with the provisions of section one hundred
sixty-three (163) of the code, and acts amendatory thereof. [28 G.
A., ch. 58, § 16] [33 G. A.].
Approved February 23, A. D., 1909.
Sec. 1657-r. Premium list and rules. The premium list and rules
of exhibition shall be determined and published by the board prior to
the first day of April in each year. [28 G. A., ch. 58, § 17.]
Sec. 1657-s. Corrective. That where the words "board of directors
of the state agricultural society" occur in the code or the acts amenda-
tory thereto, the same shall be construed to mean and to refer to the
state board of agriculture; and the words "state society" and "state
agricultural society" shall be construed to mean and refer to the
department of agriculture. [28 G. A., ch. 58, § 20.]
Sec. 1657-t. Amounts appropriated. There is hereby appropriated
annually from and after the first day of January nineteen hundred and
one (1901) for the support of the office of the department of agricul-
ture, twenty-four hundred dollars ($2,400) and for insurance and im-
provements of buildings on the state fair grounds the sum of one thou-
sand dollars ($1,000) or so much thereof as shall be necessary, and the
auditor of state shall draw a warrant therefor upon the order of the
department of agriculture signed by the president and secretary thereof,
in such sums and at such times as the board shall deem necessary.
The state shall not be liable for the payment of any premiums offered
by the state board of agriculture, nor for any expenses or liabilities
incurred by said board, except, as expressly provided for in this act.
[28 G. A., ch. 58, § 21.]
Sec. 1658. County societies — premiums. County and district agri-
cultural societies may annually offer and award premiums for the
improvement of stock, tillage, crops, implements, mechanical fabrics,
articles of domestic industry, and such other articles and improvements
as they may think proper, and so regulate the amount thereof and the
different grades as to induce general competition. [C, '7 3, § 1109; R.,
§ 1697.]. [28 G. A., ch. 59, § 2.]
Under the statutory provision authorizing agricultural societies to
award premiums, etc., such society has pov/er to authorize trials of
speed on its grounds and such lawful games or amusements as its
officers and directors may in their discretion see fit to arrange for in
furnishing amusem^ent and entertainment as well as instruction to those
attending. Therefore the directors of such society are not liable in
their individual capacity for neglect to provide protection to spectators
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XV 949
against dangers incident to the playing of such games as are author-
ized. Williams v. Dean, 111 N. W. 931.
Sec. 1659. List of awards. Each county and district society shall
annually publish a list of the awards, and an abstract of the treasurer's
account, in one or more newspapers of the county, with a report of its
proceedings during the year, and a synopsis of the awards. It shall
also make a report of the condition of agriculture in the county to the
board of directors of the state agricultural society, which shall be
forwarded on or before the first day of November in each year to the
secretary of said society. The auditor of state, before issuing a war-
rant in favor of such societies for any amount, shall demand the certifi-
cate of the secretary of the state society that such report has been
made. Any society failing to report on or before the first day of
November shall not receive state aid for that year. [C, '73, § 1110; R.,
§ 1698.] [28 G. A., ch. 59, § 2.]
Sec. 1660. Appropriation from county — question submitted — notice
— title in county — control. When a county agri(ultural society shall
havo produced in fee simple, free from incumbrance, land for fair
grounds, not less than ten acres in extent, or hold and occupy such
amount of land by virtue of a lease, and ov/n and have thereon build-
ings and improvements worth at least two thousand dollars, the board
of supervisors of the county may appropriate and pay to it a sum not
exceeding one hundred dollars for every thousand inhabitants in the
county, to be expended by it in fitting up or purchasing such fair
grounds, but for no .other purpose; but the agregate amount so -appro-
priated shall not exceed one thousand dollars to any one society. The
board of supervisors are further authorized to purchase real estate
for county fair purposes, in sums not exceeding one thousand dollars
($1,000.00), providing however, that the board of supervisors shall
first have submitted to the legal voters of the county a proposition
therefor, and voted for by a majority of all persons voting for and
against such proposition at a general or special election; notice to be
given as provided in section four hundred twenty-three (423) of the
supplement to the code. And the board of supervisors shall not exceed
in the purchase of such real estate, the amount so voted for. The title
of such real estate when purchased to be taken in the name of the
county, and the board of supervisors shall place such real estate under
the control and management of an incorporated county fair society,
as long as an annual county fair is maintained by such corporation on
said real estate. And said corporation is authorized to erect and main-
tain buildings and make such other improvements on said real estate as
is necessary, but the county shall not be liable for such improvements,
or the expenditures therefor. The right of such county fair society
to the control and management of said real estate may be terminated
by the board of supervisors whenever well conducted agricultural fairs
are not annually held thereon. [C, '73, § 111.] [32 G. A., ch. 17,
§ 2.]
Sec. 1661-a. Repeal — state aid to district or county society — failure
to report. That section sixteen hundred sixty-one (1661) of the code
be and is hereby repealed and the following enacted in lieu thereof:
950 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Any county or district agricultural society, upon filing with the
auditor of state affidavits of its president, secretary, and treasurer
showing what sum has actually been paid out during the current year
for premiums, not including races, or money paid out to secure games
or other amusements, and that no gambling devices or other violations
of law were permitted, together with a certificate from the secretary of
the state society showing that it has reported according to law, shall
be entitled to receive from the state treasury a sum equal to forty
per cent, of the amount so paid in premiums up to five hundred dol-
lars, and ten per cent, additional of the amount paid in premiums over
five hundred dollars; but in no case shall the amount paid to any
society exceed the sum of three hundred dollars. When any society
fails to report, according to law, on or before the first day of Novem-
ber, that society shall not receive a warrant from the state auditor for
that year, but the secretary of the state board of agriculture shall
notify the county auditor of the county in which the society is located
of such failure, and the board of supervisors may appoint a delegate
to the annual meeting or state agriculture [agricultural] convention,
said delegate to be a resident of said county. Whenever one hundred
(100) citizens of any county in the State that does not have a county
or district fair, receiving the state aid as above provided, or that in
any year may not hold a county fair, shall organize what is known
as a "short course" with a president, secretary, treasurer and execu-
tive committee of not less than five members (5) and shall hold a
session, of four (4) or more days at some place within the county and
give a program, designed to promote the science* of agriculture and
cDmestic science, said "short course" organization upon filing with the
auditor of state by its president, secretary and treasurer a statement
showing what sums it has actually paid out in value for premiums dur-
ing the period of the short course of that year, together with the certifi-
cate of the secretary of the state board of agriculture showing that it
has reported according to law as provided in cases of county and district
agricultural societies, shall be entitled to receive from the state treas-
urer a sum equal to forty per cent of the amount paid in premiums,
but in no case shall the amount so received in any county exceed two
hundred dollars ($200.00). The payment from the state treasury
herein provided for shall be made by warrant of the state auditor as
soon as due proof is made to him of the holding of said "short course"
as herein provided; and there is hereby appropriated out of any money
in the state treasury not otherwise appropriated, the sum necessary
to pay the amount contemplated in this section. [27 G. A., ch. 43,
§ 1.] [28 G. A., ch. 59, § 1.] [33 G. A.]
Sec. 1672. Printing and clistribution. There shall be printed four
thousand copies of the report, which shall be bound in muslin covers,
uniform in style with the reports heretofore made, which shall be dis-
tributed by the secretary of state, as follows: Six copies each to the
governor, lieutenant-governor, secretary of state, auditor, treasurer,
attorney-general, judges of the supreme court, and each member of the
general assembly; one hundred to the agricultural college, five copies
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XV 951
to the university, two to each incorporated college in the state, one
to each auditor, and clerk of the district court, to be kept in his office,
and one to each newspaper published in the state; the remainder to
be distributed by direction of the society. [18 G. A., ch. 6; C, '73, §
§ 1121.] [29 G. A., ch. 68, § 2.]
Sec. 1673. Appropriation for. The sum of four thousand dollars is
hereby appropriated annually for the use and benefit of said society,
which shall be paid upon the warrant of the auditor of state, upon the
order of the president of said society, in such suras and at such times
as may be for the interests of said society. [20 G. A., ch. 128; C, '73,
§ 1121.] [29 G. A., ch. 68, § 2.]
Sec. 1675. Farmers' institutes — state aid — appropriation. When
forty or more farmers of a county organize a farmers' institute, with a
president, secretary, treasurer, and an executive committee of not less
than three outside of such officers and hold an institute, remaining in
session not less than two days in each year, which institute may be
adjourned from time to time and from place to place in said county, the
secretary of the state board of agriculture, upon the filing with him a
report of such institute and an itemized statement under oath show-
ing that the same has been organized and held and for what purpose
the money expended has been used, shall certify the same to the auditor
of state, which state auditor shall remit to the county treasurer of
each county his warrant for the amount so expended not to exceed sev-
enty-five dollars and there is hereby appropriated out of the moneys
in the state treasury not otherwise appropriated, a sum not to exceed
seventy-five dollars annually for such institute work in each county.
No officer of any such farmers' institute shall receive directly or in-
directly any compensation from said fund for said services as such
officer. The report provided for in this section shall be filed with the
secretary of the state board of agriculture on or before the first day
of June of each year. When any institute fails to report on or before
the first day of June that institute shall not receive state and for that
year.
All counties not holding a regular farmers' institute and where a
short course, is held, the money appropriated for such farmers' insti-
tute as provided in section 1675 of the supplement to the Code, 1907,
shall apply and be payable to said "short course" upon proof of such
organization and such "short course" having been held, being filed with
the state board of agriculture by the officers of said short course.
[24 G. A., ch. 58, § 1.] [29 G. A., ch. 69, § 1.] [33 G. -A.]
Sec. 1679. Stations — bulletins. The director shall co-operate with
the board of directors of the state agricultural society to establish vol-
unteer stations at one or more places in each county in the state, and
in appointing observers thereat; to supervise such stations, receive re-
ports of meteorological events and crop conditions therefrom, and tabu-
late the same for permanent record; to issue weekly weather and crop
bulletins during the season from April first to October first, and to edit
and cause to be published at the office of the state printer a monthly
weather and crop review, containing meteorological and agricultural
952 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGPICULTURE
matter of public interest and educational value. The state printer
shall print three thousand copies thereof, which shall be distributed
from the office of the department of agriculture. The directors may
require a larger issue for such subscribers as will pay the expense
thereof. The director shall have advisory power to co-operate with
the farmers' institute organizations of the several counties of the state,
for the purpose of arranging dates and providing speakers or lecturers,
with a view to economy of time and travel in attending institutes;
such institutes to be held as nearly as practicable in circuits,, and
at such dates as will ena.ble the speakers to attend two or more such
institutes each week. [24 G. A., ch. 63, § 2; 23 G. A., ch. 29, § 4.]
[28 G. A., ch. 58, § 19.]
Sec. 1681. Appropriaticn. There is hereby appropriated, out of any
money in the state treasury not otherwise appropriated, the sum of
two thousand seven hundred dollars annually, to be drawn and ex-
pended upon the order of the president and secretary of the depart-
ment of agriculture, for such service, including the salary of the di-
rector, which shall not exceed fifteen hundred dollars per annum. [24
G. A., ch. 63, § 1.] [28 G. A., ch. 58, § 19.]
CROP STATISTICS.
AN ACT to repeal section thirteen hundred and sixty-three (1363) of
the code, relating to statistics, and enacting a substitute therefor.
Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of loiva:
Sec. 1363. Crop statistics. Each year the county auditor shall
deliver to each assessor the necessary blanks for recording, as to each
person whose property is listed, statistics of the previous year as to
the number of acres, average and total yield of corn, oats, wheat, and
such other crops and information as may be in their possession which
may be called for relative to agriculture, agricultural production,
agricultural labor, live stock, poultry and egg production, for publica-
tion in the Iowa Year Book of Agriculture. The assessor shall require
each person whose property is listed to make answers to such inquiries
as may be necessary to enable him to return the foregoing statistics;
and said blanks with such entries shall be returned to the county
auditor on or before the fifteenth day of April, who shall tabulate the
same by townships, and forward the returns thereof to the secretary
of the state board of agriculture not later than the tenth day of May.
The secretary of the state board of agriculture shall provide and cause
to be delivered to the county auditor before the first week in January
the blanks to be used by the assessors and county auditor for the
proper return of the information required in this section. [33 G. A.]
Approved March 25, A. D. 1909.
STATE ENROLLMENT OF STALLIONS.
Section 2341. Repeal. That chapter ninety-eight (98), of the acts
of the Thirty-first General Assembly be, and the same is hereby re-
pealed, and the following enacted in lieu thereof:
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XV 953
Sec. 2341 -a. Registration of pedigi-ee — fee. Any owner or keeper
of any stallion, kept for public service, or any owner or keeper of any
stallion kept for sale, exchange or transfer, who represents such animal
to be pure bred, shall cause the same to be registered in some stud
book recognized by the Department of Agriculture at Washington, D. C,
for the registration of pedigrees, and obtain a certificate of registration
of such animal. He shall then forward the same to the secretary of
the state board of agriculture of the State of Iowa, whose duty it shall
be to examine and pass upon the correctness or genuineness of such
certificate filed for enrollment. In making such examination, said
secretary shall use as his standard the stud books recognized by the
Department of Agriculture at Washington, D. C, and shall accept as
pure bred any animal registered in any such stud books. And if such
registration is found to be correct and genuine, he shall issue a certifi-
cate under the seal of the department of agriculture, which certificate
shall set forth the name, sex, age and color of the animal, also the
volume and page of the stud book in which said animal is registered.
For each enrollment and certificate he shall receive the sum of one
dollar, which shall accompany the certificate of registration when for-
warded for enrollment.
Sec. 2.341-b. Posting certificate of registration. Any owner or
keeper of a stallion for public service, who represents or holds such
animal as pure bred, shall place a copy of the certificate of the state
board of a,griculture on the door or stall of the stable where such
animal is usually kept.
Sec. 2341-c. Grade stallion. Any owner or keeper of a stallion
kept for public service, for which a state certificate has not been
issued, must advertise said horse or horses by ha.ving printed hand
bills, or posters, not less than five by seven inches in size, and said
bills or posters must have printed thereon immediately preceding or
above the name of the stallion, the words "grade stallion," in type
not smaller than one inch in height, said bills or posters to be posted
in a conspicuous manner at all places where the stallion or stallions
are kept for public service.
*Sec. 234 1-d. Transfer of certificate — fee. When the owner of any
registered stallion sha.ll sell, exchange or transfer same, he shall file
said certificate, accompanying the same with a fee of fifty cents, with
the secretary of the state board of agriculture, who shall upon receipt
of the state certificate properly tra.nsferred and upon payment of the
required fee, issue a new certificate to the then owner of the animal.
All fees provided by this act shall go into the treasury of the depart-
ment of agriculture.*
Sec. 234 1-e. Publishing false pedigrees — penalty. Any person who
shall fra.udulently represent any animal, horse, cattle, sheep or swine,
to be pure bred, or any person who shall post or publish, or cause to
be posted or published, any false pedigree or certificate, or shall use
any stallion for public service, or sell, exchange or transfer any stal-
lion, representing such animal to be pure bred, without first having
*As re-enacted by the Thirty-third General Assembly.
954 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
such animal registered, and obtaining the certificate of the state hoard
of agriculture as hereinbefore provided, or who shall violate any of
the provisions of this act, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and be
punished by a fine of not more than one hundred dollars, or imprisoned
in the county jail not exceeding thirty days, or by both such fine and
imprisonment.
LIEN LAW FOR SERVICE FEE.
AN ACT providing that owners or keepers of stallions shall have a lien
upon the progeny of any such animal for the service fee thereof.
Be it enacted by the General Assemhly of the State of Iowa:
Section 1. The owner or keeper of a stallion kept for public services
who has complied with sections twenty-three hundred and forty-one-a
(2341-a), twenty-three hundred and forty-one-b (2341-b), twenty-
three hundred and forty-one-c (2 341-c) and twenty-three hundred and
forty-one-d (2341-d) of the Supplement to the Code, 1907, shall have
a prior lien upon the progeny of such stallion to secure the amount due
such owner or keeper for the service of such stallion, resulting in
said progeny, provided, that where such owner or keeper misrepresents
such stallion by false pedigree no lien shall be obtained.
Sec. 2, The lien herein provided for shall remain in force for a
period of six months from the birth of said progeny and shall not be
enforced thereafter.
Sec. 3. The owner or keeper of such stallion may enforce the lien
herein provided by placing in the hands of any constable an affidavit
containing a. description of the stallion and a description of the dam
and the time and terms of service, and said constable shall thereupon
take possession of said progeny and sell the same for non-payment of
the service fee by giving the owner of said progeny ten (10) days
written notice, which notice sha.ll contain a copy of the affidavit and a
full description of the progeny to be sold, the time and hour when, and
the place at which the sale will take place, and posting for the same
length of time in three public places in the township of such owner's
residence a copy of such notice. If payment of the service fees and
costs are not made before the date thus fixed, the constable may sell
at public auction to the highest bidder such progeny and the owner or
keeper of the stallion may be a bidder at such sale. The constable
shall apply the proceeds, first, in the payment of the costs, second, in
the payment of the service fee. Any surplus arising from sale shall
be returned to the owner of the progeny.
Sec. 4. The right of the owner or keeper to foreclose, as well as
the amount claimed to be due, may be contested by anyone interested
in so doing, and the proceedings may be transferred to the district
court, for which purpose an injunction may issue, if necessary.
Approved April 8, A. D. 1909.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XV 955
LAWFUL FENCE.
AN ACT to repeal section twenty-three hundred and sixty-seven (2367)
of the Code defiining a lawful fence and to enact a substitute
therefor.
Sec. 2367. Lawful feme dcliiied. A lawful fence shall consist of
three rails of good substantial material, or three boards not less than
six (6) inches wide and three-quarters (3) of an inch thick, such rails
or boards to be fastened in or to good substantial posts, not more than
ten (10) feet a.part where rails are used, and not more than eight (8)
feet apart where boards are used, or wire either wholly or in part,
substantially built and kept in good repair; or any other kind of
fence, which, in the opinion of the fence viewers, shall be equivalent
thereto, the lowest bottom rail, wire or board not more than twenty
(20) nor less than sixteen (16) inches from the ground, the top rail,
wire or board, to be between forty-eight (48) and fifty-four (54) inches
in height, and the center rail, wire or board not less than twelve (12)
nor more than eighteen (18) inches above the bottom rail, wire or
board; or it shall consist of three (3) wires, barbed with not less than
thirty-six (36) iron barbs or two (2) points each, or twenty-six (26)
iron barbs of four (4) points each, on each rod of wire, or of four (4)
wires, two (2) thus barbed and two (2) smooth, the wires to be firmly
fastened to posts not more than two (2) rods apart, with not less than
two (2) stays between posts, or with posts not more than one (1) rod
apart, without such stays, the top wire to be not more than fifty-four
(54) nor less than forty-eight (48) inches in height. Provided, how-
ever, that all partition fences may be made tight by the party desiring
it, and, when his portion is so completed, and securely fastened to
good substantial posts, set firmly in the ground, not more than twenty
(20) feet apart, the adjoining property owner shall construct his por-
tion of the adjoining fence, in a like tight manner, same to be securely
fastened to good substantial posts, set firmly in the ground not more
than twenty (20) feet apart. All tight partition fences shall consist
of not less than twenty-four (24) inches of substantial woven wire
on the bottom, w^ith three (3) strands of barb wire with not less than
thirty-six (36) barbs of two points to the rod on top, the top wire to
be not less than forty-eight (48) inches, nor more than fifty-four (54)
inches high, or not less than eighteen (18) inch substantial woven wire
on the bottom with four (4) strands of barb wire of not less than
thirty-six (36) barbs of two points to the rod, the top wire to be not
less than forty-eight (48) inches nor more than fifty-four (54) inches
high, or good substantial woven wire not less than forty-eight (48)
inches nor more than fifty-four (54) inches high. In case adjoining
owners or occupants of land shall use the same for pasturing sheep or
swine, each shall keep his share of the partition fence in such condi-
tion as shall restrain such sheep or swine. Upon the application of
either owner, after notice given as prescribed in this chapter, the
fence viewers shall determine all controversies arising under this
section, including the partition fences made sheep and swine tight.
[33 G. A.]
956 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
DESTRUCTION OF WEEDS.
AN ACT providing for the destruction of weeds a.nd noxious weeds on
the public highways and lands adjacent thereto; and the destruction
of noxious weeds on railway right-of-ways and grounds and making
it the duty of the township trustees and county supervisors to en-
force the provisions of this a,ct; amending the law as it appears in
sections one thousand five hundred and twenty-eight (1528), of the
Supplement to the Code, 19 07, and repealing the law as it appears
in sections one thousand five hundred and sixty-two (1562) and one
thousand five hundred and sixtj^-two-a (1582-a) of the Supplement
to the Code, 1907, and sections one thousand five hundred and sixty-
four (1564), one thousand five hundred and sixty-five (1565) and
five thousand and twentj'-fcur (5024) of the code.
Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Iowa:
Section 1. It shall be the duty of every person, firm or corporation
owning, occupying or controlling lands, town and city lots, land used
as right of way, depot grounds or for other purposes to cut burn or
otherwise entirely destroy all weeds of the kinds mentioned in section
two (2) hereof at such times in each year and in such manner as shall
prevent the said weeds from blooming or coming to maturity.
Sec. 2. The following weeds are hereby declared to be noxious
weeds, namely, quack grass (agropyron repens), Canada thistle (cir-
sium arvense), cocklebur (xanthium canadense), wild mustard (bras-
sica arvensis), sour or curled dock (Rumex crispus), smooth dock
(rumex altissimus), buckhorn or ribbed plantain (plantago lanceo-
lata,), and wild parsnip (pastinaca sativa), horse nettle (solanum
carolinense) and velvet weed or button weed (abutilon theophrasti)
and burdock (arctium lappa).
Sec. 3. It shall be the duty of the township trustees or other officers
responsible for the care of public highways in each township or county
in this state to destroy or cause to be destroyed all noxious weeds men-
tioned in section two (2) hereof or unnecessary brush on the highways
in such manner as to effectually prevent the production of their seeds
or their propagation in any other manner, to warn out labor or to
employ labor for this purpose in the same manner as for repairs to the
highways, and for neglect or failure to perform this v/ork they shall
be subjected to the penalties in this act. If any occupant of lands
adjacent to the public highways neglect or refuse to destroy the noxious
weeds upon his land, or shall fail to prevent the said noxious weeds
from blooming or coming to maturity, when such wee3s are likely to
be the means of infesting the public highway, or upon complaint of
any land owner to the township trustees that his lan-Js have been
or are likely to be infested by weeds from the lands of another includ-
ing railway right of way, the trustees shall make investigation of such
condition or complaint and if the same appears to be well founded
they shall make an order fixing the time within which the weeds shall
be prevented from maturing seed, and an order that within one year
such noxious weeds shall be permanently destroyed, and prescribing
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XV 95t
the manner of their destruction and shall forthwith give notice to the
occupant of the lands where the noxious weeds exist, and if he shall
neglect to obey such order within the time so ordered the trustees
may cause such noxious weeds to be prevented from maturing seeds
or may cause such noxious weeds to be permanently destroyed and the
cost of the work shall be recovered from the owner by a special tax
to be certified by the township clerk in the same manner as other roa.d
tax not paid.
Sec. 4. The destruction of noxious weeds in the public highway
and other public places is hereby made a part of the road work of
the township trustees and the county supervisors and they shall have
authority to expend road funds for the destructtion of weeds.
Section 5. The law as it appears in section fifteen hundred and
twenty-eight (152 8) of the supplement to the Code, 1907, is hereby
amended as follows, namely:
By inserting after the comma in the eighth line thereof the following
words: "And for the destruction of noxious weeds in public highways
and other public pla.ces," and by striking out the word "Four" in the
tenth line of said section and inserting the word "six" in lieu thereof.
Section now reads as follows:
Sec. 1528. Powers and duties of trustees. The township trustees
of each township shall meet on the first Monday in April, or as soon
thereafter as the assessment book is received by the township clerk,
a,nd on the first Monday in November, in each year. At the April
meeting, said trustees shall determine:
1. The rate of property tax to be levied for the succeeding year for
roads, bridges, guideboards, plows, scrapers, tools, and machinery
adapted to the construction and repair of roads, and for the destruction
of noxious weeds in public highways and other public places, and for
the payment of any indebtendess previously incurred for road purposes,
and levy the same, which shall not be less than one or more than six
mills on the dollar on the amount of the township assessment for that
year, which when collected, shall be expended under the direction and
order of the township trustees;
2. The amount that will be allowed for a day's labor done by a
man, and by a man and team, on the road. To certify to the board
of supervisors the desire for an additional road tax, of not to exceed
one mill, to be levied in whole or in part by the board of supervisors
as hereinafter provided. At the November meeting, they shall settle
with the township clerk and supervisors of roads.
Sec. 6. Between November and the succeeding April of each year
the county supervisors shall ca.ll a meeting of the township trustees
and the road supervisors of the county to consider the best methods of
road work and weed destruction, and in the public interest may secure
the services of experts to give instruction in road building and weed
destruction. For such attendance the same compensation shall be
allowed to the trustees and road supervisors and the county supervisors
as is allowed by law for other services, to be paid as other expenses.
The expenses of experts herein provided for may be paid from the
county road fund.
958 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Sec. 7. It shall be the duty of township trustees and other officers
directly responsible for the care of public highways to cause to be cut
near the surface all weeds on the public highways in their respective
districts at such times and in such manner a,s to prevent seeds from
maturing.
Sec. 8. Any person, firm or corporation violating any of the provi-
sions of this act, or any township trustees, inspector or other officer
who neglects or fails to perform the duties incumbent on him under
the provisions of this act, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and shall
be punished by a fine not exceeding one hundred dollars ($100.00).
Sec. 9. The law as it appears in sections fifteen hundred and sixty-
two (1562), fifteen hundred sixty-two-a (1562-a) and fifteen hundred
sixty-three (1563) of the Supplement to the Code, 19 07, and sections
fifteen hundred and sixty-four (1564) and fifteen hundred and sixty-five
(1565) and section five thousand and twenty-four (50 24) of the Code
are hereby repealed.
Approved April 21, A. D. 1909.
PART XVI
Directory of Associations and Organizations Repre^
senting Agricultural Interests in Iowa
and Other States.
loioa Department of Agriculture— President, C. E. Cameron, Alta; Vice-
President, W. C. Brown, Clarion; Secretary, J. C. Simpson, Des Moines;
Treasurer, G. S. Gilbertson, Des Moines.
loica State Horticultural Society— President, W. M. Bomberger, Harlan;
Vice-President, William Langham, Cedar Rapids; Secretary, Wesley Greene,
Davenport; Treasurer, Elmer :M. Reeves, Waverly.
loica Park and Forestry Associatioii— President, Bohumel Shimek, Iowa
City; Vice-President. J. S. Ruby, Marshalltown; Secretary, Wesley Greene,
Davenport; Treasurer, A. T. Erwin, Ames.
Society of Iowa Florists— President, Chas. X. Page, Des Moines; Vice-
President, J. S. Wilson, Des Moines; Secretary, Wesley Greene, Davenport:
Treasurer, Peter Lambert, Des ^loines.
Western Grain Dealers' Association— President, .T. A. Tiedeman, Sioux
City; Vice-President, I. E. Jackson, Cedar Rapids; Secretary, Geo. A.
Wells, Des Moines; Treasurer, Geo. A. Wells, Des Moines.
loica Corn Growers' Association— President, John Sundberg, Whiting;
Vice-President, J. W. Coverdale, Elwood; Secretary, B. W. Crossley, Ames;
Treasurer, Fred McCulloch, Hartwick.
Corn Belt Meat Producers' Assorm^/o?2— President. A. Sykes, Des
Moines; Vice-President. C. W. Maher, Fort Dodge; Secretary. H. C. Wal-
lace, Des .Moines; Treasurer. Chas. Goodenow, Wall Lake.
loica State IligJncay Commission— Directors, A. Marston and C. F.
Curtiss, Ames; Highway Engineer, T. H. MacDonald, Ames; Engineer of
Road Machinery, J. B. Davidson, Ames; Consulting Bridge Engineer, J. E.
Kirkham, Ames; Secretary, C. S. Nichols, Ames.
The Farmers' Grain Dealers' Association — President. J. H. Brown. Rock-
well; Vice-President, B. Hathaway, Kingsley; Secretary, C. A. Messerole,
Gowrie; Treasurer, D. D. Payne, Eagle Grove.
loiva Sicine Breeders' Association — President. L. H. Roberts, Paton;
Vice-President, H. F. Hoffman, Washta; Secretary. C. C. Carlin, Des
Aioines; Treasurer, C. C. Carlin, Des ^loines.
loiva State Dairy Association — President, W. B. Barney. Hampton: Vice-
President, L. S. Edwards, Parkersburg; Secretary, W. B. Johnson, Des
Moines; Treasurer, F. L. Odell, Des Moines.
(y59)
960 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
COUNTY AND DISTRICT AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES AND FAIR
ASSOCIATIONS IN IOWA.
Adair — Adair County Agricultural Society, Greenfield; President, M. S.
Mitchell, Greenfield; Secretary, Fred D. Martin, Greenfield.
Adair — Adair District Fair Association, Adair; President, W. C. Marsh,
Adair; Secretary, A. C. Savage, Adair.
Adams — Adams County Agricultural Society, Corning; President, S. M,
Richey, Corning; Secretary, Geo. E. Bliss, Corning.
Allamakee — Allamakee County Agricultural Society, Waukon; Presi-
dent, S. H. Opfer, Waukon; Secretary, A. C. Larson, Waukon.
Appanoose — Appanoose County Agricultural Society, Centerville; Presi-
dent, J. A. Bradley, Centerville; Secretary, H. A. Russell, Centerville.
Audu'bon — Audubon County Agricultural Society, Audubon; President,
Geo. W. Hoover, Audubon; Secretary, S. C. Curtis, Audubon.
Benton — Benton County Agricultural Society, Vinton; President, Wm.
H. Hanna, Vinton; Secretary, Arad Thompson, Vinton.
Black Haivk — LaPorte City District Fair Association, LaPorte City;
President, Jas. Husman, LaPorte City; Secretary, F. E. Hoyt, LaPorte
City.
Bremer — Bremer County Fair Association, Waverly; President, E. C.
Bennett, Waverly; Secretary, L. C. Oberdorf, Waverly.
Boone — Boone County Agricultural Society, Ogden; President, C. H.
Williams, Ogden; Secretary, W. C. Treloar, Ogden.
Boone — Boone Driving Park and Fair Association, Boone; President, J.
S. Crooks, Boone; Secretary, S. M. Burnside, Boone.
Buchanan — Buchanan County Agricultural Society, Independence;
President, Wm. Woodward, Independence; Secretary, P. G. Freeman, In-
dependence.
Buena Vista — Buena Vista County Agricultural Society, Alta; Presi-
dent, M. Adams, Alta; Secretary, C. H. Weger^lev, Alta.
Butler — Butler County Agricultural Society, Allison; President, John
Coster, Shell Rock; Secretary, W. C. Shepard, Allison.
Calhoun — Calhoun County Fair Association, Manson; President, Thos.
Griffin, Manson: Secretary, C. J. Kaskey, Manson.
Calhoun — Rockwell City Fair Association, Rockwell City; President,
Andrew Stewart, Rockwell City; Secretary, W. Q. Stewart, Rockwell City.
(7ass— Cass County Agricultural Society, Atlantic; President, O. W.
Peterson, Atlantic; Secretary, W. J. Pellett, Atlantic.
Cass — Massena District Fair Association, Massena; President, S. D.
Wyckoff, Massena; Secretary, D. P. Hogan, Massena.
CetZar— Tipton Fair Association, Tipton; President, P. W. Moffit. Tip-
ton; Secretary, C. F. Simmermaker, Tipton.
Cerro Gordo — Northern Iowa Agricultural Society, Mason City; Presi-
dent, Geo. H. Purdy, Mason City; Secretary, C. H. Barber, Mason City.
Chickasaw — Big Four Fair Association, Nashua: President, W. P. Ray-
mond, Nashua; Secretary, C. L. Putney, Nashua.
Clayton — Clayton County Agricultural Society, National; President,
Jos. Matt, St. Olaf; Secretary, Henry Luehsen, Garnavillo,
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XVI 961
Clayton-StYa.whervy Point District Agricultural Society, Strawberry
Point; President, Parke Taylor, Strawberry Point; Secretary. F. J. Gress-
ler, Strawberry Point.
Clayton— Elkader Fair and Track Association, Elkader; President,
Henry Koehn, Elkader; Secretary, W. W. Davidson, Elkader.
Clinton— Clinton County Agricultural Society, De Witt; President, D.
Armentrout, De Witt; Secretary, E. J. Quigley, De Witt.
Clinton— CUnton District Agricultural, Fine Stock and Fair Association,
Clinton; President, Jobn L. Wilson, Almont; Secretary, John B. Alirensi
Lyons.
Craivford—Cva.\\fovd County Fair Association, Arion; President, Thos.
Rea, Arion; Secretary, A. A. Conrad, Arion.
Z>ams— Davis County Agricultural Society, Bloomfield; President, W.
P. Huffman, Bloomfield; Secretary, H. C. Leach, Bloomfield.
Delaware— Delaware County Agricultural Society, iManchester; Presi-
dent, L. Sly, Manchester; Secretary, T. Wilson, Manchester.
Des Moi7ies—'Des Moines County Fair Association, Burlington; Presi-
dent, Jno. B. Hunt, Burlington; Secretary, C. C. Fowler, Burlington.
Eminet—EstherxiUe Agricultural Society, Estherville; President, W. A.
Beymer, Estherville; Secretary, A. J. Rhodes, Estherville.
Fayette— F3.yette County Agricultural Society, West Union; President,
J. S. Smith, West Union; Secretary, E. A. McUree, West Union.
Fayette— Oelwein District Fair Association, Oelwein; President, Don
Ross, Oelwein; Secretary, W. J. Brennan, Oelwein.
Floyd— Floyd County Agricultural Society, Charles City; President, W.
D. Lindaman, Charles City; Secretary W. B. Johnson, Charles City.
Frajiklin — Franklin County Agricultural Society, Hampton; President,
D. B. Henderson, Hampton; Secretary, Sherwood Clock, Hampton.
Grundy— Gi-nndy County Agricultural Society, Grundy Center; Presi-
dent, H. N. Dilly, Grundy Center; Secretary, L. M. Hawn, Grundy Center.
Guthrie — Guthrie Center Agricultural Society, Guthrie Center; Presi-
dent, S. J. Reed, Guthrie Center; Secretary, T. E. Grisell, Guthrie Center.
if amiZion— Hamilton County Fair Association, Webster City; President,
T. A. P. Tatham, Webster City; Secretary, Fred Hahne, Webster City.
ifawcoc A;— Hancock County Agricultural Society, Britt; President, Dr.
A. J. Cole, Britt; Secretary, J. L. Manuel, Britt.
Hardin — Hardin County Agricultural Society, Eldora; President, A.
S. Howell, Eldora; Secretary, Harry S. Martin, Eldora.
iyarmo7i— Harrison County Agricultural Society, Missouri Valley;
President, Frank Zahner, Modale; Secretary, W. H. Witherow, Missouri
Valley.
Henry— YiQnry County Agricultural Society, ]\It. Pleasant; President,
T. F. Campbell, Mt. Pleasant; Secretary, O. N. Night, Mt. Pleasant.
Henry — Winfield Fair Association, Winfield; President, W. D. Garmoe,
Winfield; Secretary, A. L. Bergsten, Winfield.
Humloldt — Humboldt County Fair Association, Humboldt; President,
S. H. Grove, Gilmore City; Secretary, John Cunningham, Humboldt.
Iowa— Iowa. County Agricultural Society, Marengo; President, F. S.
Wilson, Marengo; Secretary, Alex McLennan, Marengo.
61
962 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
jowa — Victor District Agricultural Society, Victor; President, Chas.
Raffinsperger, Victor; Secretary, J. P. Bowling, Victor.
Xoioa — Williamsburg Pavilion and Fair Association, Williamsburg;
President, M. Harrington, Williamsburg; Secretary, Chas. Fletcher, Wil-
liamsburg.
Jackson — Jackson County Agricultural Society, Maquoketa; President,
Jos. Dostal, Maquoketa; Secretary, B. D. Ely, Maquoketa.
/asije;-— Jasper County Agricultural Society, Newton; President, C. F.
Sauerman, Newton; Secretary, J. H. Gribben, Newton.
Jefferson — Jefferson County Agricultural Society, Fairfield; President,
J. P. Manatrey, Fairfield; Secretary, Chas. H. Gage, Fairfield.
Johnson — Johnson County Agricultural Society, Iowa City; President,
Bruce Moore, Iowa City; Secretary, George Hitchcock, Iowa City.
Jones — Jones County Agricultural Society, Monticello; President, O. H.
Soetje, Monticello; Secretary, Fred W. Koop, Monticello.
Jones — Anamosa Fair Association, Anamosa; President, Frank John-
son, Anamosa; Secretary, L. W. Russell, Anamosa.
iTeofcwfc— What Cheer District Agricultural ^Society, What Cheer;
President, Jas. Stephenson, What Cheer; Secretary, Geo. A. Poff, What
Cheer.
Kossuth — Kossuth County Agricultural Society, Algona; President, J.
M. Farley, Whittemore; Secretary, W. E. McDonald, Algona.
Lee — Lee County Agricultural Society, Donnellson; President, T. H.
Donnell, Donnellson; Secretary, Chris Haffner, Donnellson.
Lee — West Point District Agricultural Society, West Point; President,
E. L. Trevitt, West Point; Secretary, John Walljasper, Ft. Madison.
Linn — Wapsie Valley Fair Association, Central City; President, E. M.
Lanning, Alburnett; Secretary, E. E. Henderson, Central City.
Li7in — Prairie Valley Fair Association, Fairfax; President, H. W.
Shank, Fairfax; Secretary, C. J. Knickerbocker, Fairfax.
Linn — Marion Inter-State Fair Association, Marion; President, C. A.
Patten, Marion; Secretary, J. B. Travis, Marion.
Louisa — Louisa County Agricultural Society, Wapello; President, S. F.
Small, Wapello; Secretary, J. D. Delhi, Wapello.
Louisa — Columbus Junction District Fair Association, Columbus Junc-
tion; President, T. J. Klotz, Columbus Junction; Secretary, N. T. Hendrix,
Columbus Junction.
Lyon — Lyon County Fair and Agricultural Association, Rock Rapids;
President, A. S. Wold, Rock Rapids; Secretary, Geo. H. Watson, Rock
Rapids.
Madison — Madison County Agricultural Society, Winterset; President.
Elmer Orris, Winterset; Secretary, W, E. Grismer, Winterset.
Mahaska — New Sharon District Agricultural Society, New Sharon:
President, C. G. Tice, Taintor; Secretary, C. F. Momyer, New Sharon.
Marion — Lake Prairie District Agricultural Society Pella; President.
T. D. Tice, Pella; Secretary, J. P. Klein, Pella.
Marshall — Eden District Agricultural Society, Rhodes; President. A.
F. Pike, Rhodes; Secretary, H. M. Weeks, Rhodes.
Marshall — Marshall County Fair Association, Marshalltown; President,
J. B. Classen, Green Mountatin; Secretary, W. M. Clark, Marshalltown.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XVI 963
Mills — Mills County Agricultural Society, Malvern; President, Sherman
Jones, Malvern; Secretary, I. J. Swain, Malvern.
Mitchell — Mitchell County Agricultural Society, Osage; President,
Richard Dorsoy, Osage; Secretary, W. H. Gable, Osage.
Monona — Monona County Fair Association, Onawa; President, G. 0.
Holbrook, Onawa; Secretary, A. W. Burgess, Onawa.
Montgomery — Montgomery County Fair Associauon, Red Oak; Presi-
dent, Henry Ebert, Red Oak; Secretary, W. S. Ellis, Red Oak.
Museatine — Union District Agricultural Society, West Liberty; Presi-
dent, J. L. Peters, West Liberty; Secretary, W. H. Shipman, West Liberty.
Muscatine — Wilton Fair Association, Wilton Junction; President, L.
N. Ayres, Wilton Junction; Secretary, H, Wildasin, Wilton Junction.
O'Brien — O'Brien County Agricultural Society, Sutherland ; President,
Otto Peters, Sutherland; Secretary, J. B. Murphy, Sutherland.
O'Brien — Sheldon District Fair Association, Sheldon; President, C. H.
Runger, Sheldon; Secretary, John Maus, Sheldon.
Page — Clarinda Fair Association, Clarinda; President, C. E. McDowell,
Clarinda; Secretary, J. C. Beckner, Clarinda.
Page — Shenandoah Fair Association; President, Chas. Aldrich, Shen-
andoah; Secretary, A. W. Goldberg, Shenandoah.
Palo Alto — Palo Alto Fair and Racing Association, Emmetsburg; Presi-
dent, W. S. Parnham, Emmetsburg.; Secretary, F. H. Wells, Emmetsburg.
Pocahontas — Big Four District Fair Association, Fonda; President, R.
F. Beswick, Fonda; Secretary, John P. Mullen, Fonda.
Pottaivattamie — Pottawattamie County Fair Association, Avoca; Presi-
dent, D. Gross, Avoca; Secretary, C. H. Read, Avoca.
Poiacshiek — Poweshiek County Central Agricultural Society, Malcom;
President, Wm. McCIure, Malcom; Secretary, James Nowak, Malcom.
Poweshiek — Poweshiek County Central Agricultural Society, Grinnell;
President, Samuel Jacobs, Jacobs; Secretary, I. S. Bailey, Jr., Grinnell.
Ringgold— Tm^\eY Fair Association, Tingloy; President, C. "S\. Richard-
son, Tingley; Secretary, L. F. Hall, Tingley.
/S?ac— Sac County Agricultural Society, Sac- City: President, W. L.
Stum, Sac City; Secretary, S. L. Watt, Sac City.
SheWy—^heVoY County Agricultural Society, Harlan; President, W. L.
Baughn, Harlan;' Secretary, Fred Frazier, Harlan.
/Sfiowx— Sioux County Agricultural Society. Orange City; President, A.
Van der Meide, Orange City; Secretary, H. Slikkerveer, Orange City.
Sioux— RoQ\i Valley District Fair Association, Rock Valley; President,
James Walpole, Rock Valley; Secretary, D. J. Scanlon, Rock Valley.
/Sf or?/— Story County Agricultural Society, Nevada; President, P. Su-
gart, Nevada; Secretary, Winfield S. Smith, Nevada.
Tama — Tama County Fair Association. Toledo; President, Isaac
Voorhes, Tama; Secretary. A. G. Smith, Toledo.
Taylor — Taylor County Agricultural Society, Bedford; President, G.
Hook, Bedford; Secretary, F. N. Lewis, Bedford.
Z772/or2— Creston District Fair Association. Creston: President, N. D.
Merrill, Creston; Secretary, J. INI. IMcCornack, Creston.
Yan Buren—nWion District Agricultural Society, Milton; President,
E. F. Bell, Milton; Secretary, D. A. Miller, Milton.
964 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Wapello— Bldon Big Pour Fair Association, Eldon; President, D. A.
Jay, Eldon; Secretary, H. R. Baker, Eldon.
Wan-eii — Warren County Fair Association, Indianola; President, Lee
Talbott, Indianola; Secretary, Joe McCoy, Indianola.
Winnehago — Forest City Park and Fair Association, Forest City;
President, John Wheeler, Forest City; Secretary, C. K. Nelson, Forest
City.
WinneMgo — Buffalo Center District Fair and Driving Association,
Buffalo Center; President, F. T. Sparks, Buffalo Center; Secretary, P.
Boye, Buffalo Center.
Winneshiek — Winneshiek County Agricultural Society, Decorah; Presi-
dent, G. F. Baker, Decorah; Secretary, L. L. Cadwell, Decorah.
Worth— Worth County Agricultural Society, Northwood; President, Nels
Thorson, Northwood; Secretary, E. E. Miller, Northwood.
Wright — Wright County Agricultural Society, Clarion; President, Frank
Wilson, Clarion; Secretary, Chas. Rotzler, Clarion.
FARMERS' COUNTY INSTITUTES IN IOWA.
Arfflir— President, A. C. Savage, Adair; Secretary, D. J. Cowden, Adair.
Adaws— President, C. T. 0'Ke5% Prescott; Secretary, T. E. Stanley,
Prescott.
Ap29a7ioose— President, H. H. Phillips, Centerville; Secretary, Jas. A.
Price, Udell.
Bewion— President, M. S. Tracy, Belle Plaine; Secretary, W. A. Mont-
gomery, Belle Plaine.
Blaclc Hatvk — President, E. M. Lichty, Waterloo; Secretary, Ernest E.
Sage, Waterloo.
Brevier — President, L. W. Stanger, Tripoli; Secretary, E. M. Reeves,
Waverly.
Buchanan — President, O. K. Crew, Independence; Secretary, John Orr,
Independence.
Buena Yista — President, C. F. Kinnie, Storm Lake; Secretary, S. R.
Haines, Storm Lake.
Butler— Fresident, Geo. Adair, Shell Rock; Secretary, E. E. Wilcox,
Shell Rock.
CaZ/iown— President, Henry Parson, Rockwell City; Secretary, D. E.
Harding, Rockwell City.
Cedar— President, H. P. Hartley, West Liberty; Secretary, W. A.
Hirst, West Branch.
Cerro Gordo — President, D. M. McArthur, Mason City; Secretary, J.
H. Carr, Swaledale.
C7iero Tcee— President, E. F. Ritz, Washta; Secretary, A. T. Zimmerman,
Washta.
Chickasaw — President, J. M. Heald, Nashua; Secretary, E. E. Tracy,
Nashua.
CZa?/— President, C. M. Kilpatrick, Spencer; Secretary, Wm. F. Torbert,
Spencer.
OZai/^on— President, Wm. Baldridge, Strawberry Point; Secretary, O.
K. Whittock, Edgewood.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XVI 965
Clinton — President, D. L. Pascal, De Witt; Secretary, F. E. Russell,
Follets.
Crawford — President, Edward Hess, Charter Oak; Secretary, R. H.
Swat, Charter Oak.
Dallas — President, Edward Veal, Adel; Secretary, Geo. T. White, Dallas
Center.
Decatur — President, L. D. Garber, Leon; Secretary, J. W. Long, Leon.
Delatvare — President, L. J. Gates, Manchester; Secretary, J. Higman,
Manchester.
Des ilfoiwes— President, Willis S. Mathews, Danville; Secretary, S. H.
Sater, Danville.
Dickinson — President, Fred La Due, Spirit Lake; Secretary, Ike
Mitchell, Spirit Lake.
Dubuqtie — President, W. A. Fairburn, Cascade; Secretary, Fred Kurt,
Cascade.
Emmet — President, E. C. Bryant, Estherville; Secretary, I. J. Robinson,
Estherville.
Fayette — President, E. H. Appleman, Clermont; Secretary, G. W. Van
Atten, West Union.
Floyd — President, D. B. Swortwood, Nora Springs; Secretary, Frank
Trigg, Rockford.
Franklin — President, Oliver Yelland, Sheffield; Secretary, A. C. Wolf,
Hampton.
Fremont — President, T. E. James, Sidney; Secretary, Chas. L. Frazier,
Sidney.
Greene— President, D. Wessling, Grand Junction; Secretary, L. Coch-
ran, Scranton.
Grundy — President, Geo. L. Frost, Grundy Center; Secretary, Arthur
Merritt, Grundy Center.
Guthrie — President, U. G. Chapman, Bagley; Secretary, Wm. Edwards,
Guthrie Center.
Hamilton — President, E. C. Maylor, Stratford; Secretary, 0. L. Swedhud,
Stratford.
Hancock — President, Andrew Anderson, Goodel; Secretary, Will Quehl,
Britt.
Hardin — President, J. B. Parmalee, Iowa Falls; Secretary, W. E. Car-
penter, Iowa Falls.
Harrison — President, Wilson Doty, Missouri Valley; Secretary, Mrs.
H. L. Jones, Missouri Valley.
Hoioard — President, C. C. Brown, Cresco; Secretary, IMyron Converse.
Cresco.
fl'w???&oZ(Z?— President, C. W. Adams, Humboldt; Secretary, John Cun-
ningham, Humboldt.
7(?a— President, A. C. Garner, Ida Grove; Secretary, L. C. Jordan, Ida
Grove.
Jotoa- President, Edward Poland, Williamsburg: Secretary, Robt. H.
Edwards, Williamsburg.
JacTcson— President, Geo. W. Blake, Maquoketa; Secretary, L. L. Lit-
tlefield, LaMotte.
966 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Jasper — President, T. J. Rating, Newton; Secretary, John A. Hawn,
Newton,
Jefferson — President, J. P. Manatrey, Fairfield; Secretary, Av/. A. Hook,
Packwood.
Johnson — President, J. S. Ulch, Solon; Secretary, Frank Andrews,
Morse.
Keokuk — President, W. S. Chacy, Nugent; Secretary, Andrew Strohman,
Sigourney.
Kossuth — President, M. DeL Parsons, Irvington; Secretary, I. W.
Hutchins, Algona.
Lee — President, Joe Fry, Weaver; Secretary, E. C. Lynn, Donnellson.
Linn — President, E. W. Penley, Central City; Secretary, F. B. Pier-
point, Central City.
Louisa — President, J. B. Laso, Oakville; Secretary, Jas. Duncan, Oak-
ville.
Lucas — President, H. C. Dillman, Oakley; Secretary, J. C. Williamson,
Chariton.
Lyon — President, T. E. Moen, In wood; Secretary, L. M. Foote, Inw^ood.
Madison — President, Stephen A. Hays, Winterset; Secretary, W. I. Ray-
mond, Winterset.
Mahaska — President, Thos. Soseman, Oskaloosa; Secretary, F. F.
Everett, Lacey.
Marion — President, D. W. Ward, Knoxville; Secretary, J. D. Schlotter-
bach, Knoxville.
Marshall — President, E. M. Wentworth, State Center; Secretary, Merrit
Green, Jr., Marshalltown.
Mills — President, J. M. Anthony, Glenwood; Secretary, D. L. Heins-
heimer, Glenwood.
ilfi^cTieH— President, J. S. Cutler, Orchard; Secretary, D. F. Sheehan,
Osage.
Monona — President, V/. S. Whiting, Whiting; Secretary, W. C. Buskirk,
Ute.
Monroe — President, W. S. Graham, Albia; Secretary, Loren Perrin,
Albia.
Muscatine — President, Thomas Boot, Wilton Junction; Secretary, A.
Rexroth, Moscow.
O'Brien — President, Frank Martin, Gaza; Secretary, Alvin Patten,
Paullina.
Osceola — President, C. Schriever, Allendorf; Secretary, F. S. Redmond,
Sibley.
Page — President, Lenus Hagglund, Essex; Secretary, Walter Klepinger,
Essex.
Palo Alto — President, Charles J. Duhigg, Emmetsburg; Secretary, Geo.
Smitn, Emmetsburg.
PocaTionfas— President, F. K. Hawley, Laurens; Secretary, D. K. Folk,
Pocahontas.
PoZ/c— President, C. O. Garrett, Altoona; Secretary, A. D. Miller, Mitch-
ellville.
Poi(;es7iie7c— President, J. J. Axtell, Deep River; Secretary, F. B.
Malcolm, Deep River."
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XVI 967
Ringgold — President, E. E. :Morris, Diagonal; Secretary, Grant Stahn,
Diagonal.
Sac — President, A. L. Mason, Early; Secretary, C. D. Bogue, Early.
Scott — President, James R. Thompson, Long Grove; Secretary, R.
McRohlfs, Davenport, R. F. D. No. 4.
Shelby — President, H. B. Kers, Harlan; Secretary, Wm. Bomberger,
Harlan.
Sioux — President, J. C. Emery, Orange City; Secretary, Geo. A. Sheldon,
Hull.
Story — President, W. P. George, Ames; Secretary, J. M. Chrisman, Ne-
vada.
Tama — President (north), ]\Irs. F. Wood, Traer; Secretary, W. J. A.
Irving, Traer. President (south), G. W. Carpenter, Tama; Secretary, W.
H. Malin, Tama.
Taylor — President, Alex John, Bedford; Secretary, F. E. Wakeman,
Bedford.
TJnion — President, L. E. Garland, Afton; Secretary, L. J. Day, Afton.
Yan Bwren— President, G. V. Leffler, Stockport; Secretary, F. E. Hol-
land, Milton.
Wapello — President, Frank Gephard, Ottumwa; Secretary, Madison
Warder, Agency.
Warren — President, H. J. Switzer, Indianola; Secretary, W. C. Hastie,
Carlisle.
Washingion — President, David McLaughlin, Washington; Secretary,
John S. Wilson, Washington.
Wayne — President, F. H. Duncan, Allerton; Secretary, O. B. Cobb, Aller-
ton.
We&sfcr— President, I. B. Parks, Industry; Secretary, J. F. Monk, Ft.
Dodge.
Winnebago— Fresidet, Henry Thompson, Lake Mills; Secretary, L. C.
Brown, Lake Mills.
Winneshiek— Fresident, J. H. McMillan, Mable, Minn.; Secretary W.
Albert Van Vleit, Prosper, Minn.
WoofZ&wri/— President, H. E. Brown, Salix; Secretary, F. C. Colby, Sar-
gent Bluffs.
Wo/tTi— President, T. L. Bolton, Northwood; Secretary, E. J. McQuat-
ters, Northwood.
WnflrM— President, F. A. Thayer, Dows, R. F. D.; Secretary, Geo. Se- .
vick, Dows.
SHORT COURSES CONDUCTED BY AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION
DEPARTMENT DURING SEASON OF 1908-09.
Black Hawk— Waterloo Short Course, Waterloo; President, R. M. Gunn;
Secretary, Chas. Elliott.
Boone — Boone Short Course, Boone; Secretary, Lucy McPherson.
Buena Vista— Storm Lake Short Course, Storm Lake; President, Wm.
Huxtable; Secretary, S. R. Haines.
Cerro Gordo— Uason City Short Course, Mason City; President, Dan
McArthur; Secretary, C. H. Barber.
968 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE
Cherokee — Cherokee Short Course, Cherokee; Secretary, Kate R. Logan.
Clay — Spencer Short Course, Spencer; President, F. M. Black; Secre-
tary, C. E. Wells.
Crawford — Denison Short Course, Deniscn; Secretary, Grace E. Meyer,
Dallas — Dallas Center Short Course, Dallas Center; Secretary, Mrs.
Clyde Brenton.
Decatur — Leon Short Course, Leon; Secretary, Mrs. J. W. Rowell.
Delaware — Manchester Short Course, Manchester; President, Henry
Brayton; Secretary, F. D. Joseph.
Hardin — New Providence Short Course, New Providence; President,
Prof. A. F. Styles; Secretary, A. F. Styles.
Henry — Mt. Pleasant Short Course, Mt. Pleasant; President, Jas. T.
Gillis; Secretary, E. W. Martin.
Jasper — Newton Short Course, Newton; President, Geo. Simpson; Sec-
retary, Ernest L. Early.
Jefferson — Fairfield Short Course, Fairfield; President, Wm. Louden;
becretary, Chas. H. Gage.
Linn — Cedar Rapids Short Course, Cedar Rapids; President, Fred Mc-
Culloch; Secretary, W. E. Holmes.
Marion — Pella Short Course, Pella; President, Prof. Jay D. Lapham;
Secretary, Jay H. Lapham.
Marshall — Marshalltown Short Course, Marshalltown; President, C. E.
Arney; Secretary, Merrit Green, Jr.
O'Brien, — Sheldon Short Course, Sheldon; Secretary, W. P. Briggs.
Osceola— Sihley Short Course, Sibley; Secretary, Mrs. T. S. Redmond.
Page — Clarinda Short Course, Clarinda; Secretary, Jessie Field.
Pottawattamie — Avoca Short Course, Avoca; President, Wm. Thies;
Secretary, Caleb Smith.
SheWy — Elkhorn Short Course, Elkhorn; President, M. C. Peterson;
Secretary, M. C. Peterson.
Union — Creston Short Course, Creston; Secretary, Carry B. Williams.
Woodhury — Correctionville Short Course, Correctionville; President,
A. W. Hatfield; Secretary, Fred W. Colvin.
POULTRY ASSOCIATIONS IN IOWA.
Ames Poultry Association — Ames; J. Burt, Secretary.
Anamosa Poultry Association — Anamosa; C. W. Metcalf, Secretary.
Boyer Valley Poultry Association — Dunlap; E. R. Caldwell, Secretary.
Carrol County Poultry Association— Msmmng; W. B. Parrott, Secretary.
Cedar County Poultry Association — Tipton; R. M. Gregg, Secretary.
Central Iowa Poultry Association — Monroe; John Q. Vandermast, Sec-
retary.
Cory don Poultry Association— Covy&ow, A. T. Galloghor, Secretary.
Esiherville Poultry Association— Estherville; W. W. Walker, Secretary.
loiva State Poultry Association — Des Moines; Geo. S. Phillips, Secre-
tary.
Lamoni Poultry Association — Lamoni; W. H. Blair, Secretary.
Lee County Poultry and Pet Stock Association — Wes Point; Albert M.
King, Secretary.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XVI 969
LeGrand Poultry Association — LeGrand; L. C. Knudson, Secretary.
Maquoketa Poultry Fanciers' Association — Maquoketa; N. J. Rankin,
Secretary.
Milton Poultry Association — Milton; F. M. Robinson, Secretary.
Montezuma Poultry Association— Montezumai; Joseph Morris, Secretary.
New Hampton Poultry Association — New Hampton; J. C. Mueller, Sec-
retary.
Neio London Poultry Association — New London; G. R. Hill, Secretary.
Northern Iowa Fanciers' Association — Spencer; Geo. O. Round, Sec-
retary.
Northwestern Poultry Fanciers' Association — Iowa Falls; H. S. Dixon,
Secretary.
Northern Iowa Pouury Association — Fort Dodge; Mrs. Jas. Martinek,
Secretary.
Randall and Story City Poultry Association — (Location not decided;)
G. H. Amlund, Secretary.
Southwestern Poultry and Pet Stock Association — Donnellson; Edw.
Miller, Secretary.
Tri-Siates Poultry Association — Keokuk; Chas. C. Lawson, Secretary.
The Appanoose K^ounty Poultry Association — Centerville; Lloyd B.
Mishler, Secretary.
Taylor County Poultry Association — Bedford; J. W. Hopson, Secretary.
Van Buren County Poultry Association — (Location not decided;) Ed.
Smith, Secretary.
Wehster City Poultry Association — Webster City; H. E. Ross, Secretary.
West Liberty Poultry Breeders' Association— West Liberty; W. H. Ship-
man, Secretary.
Westei'n Poultry Fanciers' Association — Cedar Rapids; S. M. "Wiley,
Secretary.
Winfield Poultry and Corn Association — Winfield; Russell Canby, Sec-
retary.
970
IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
AGRICULTURAL COLLEGES AND OTHER INSTITUTIONS IN THE
UNITED STATES HAVING COURSES IN AGRICULTURE.*
College instruction in agriculture is given in the colleges and universi-
ties receiving the benefits of the acts of Congress of July 2, 1862, and
August 30, 1890, which are now in operation in all the states and terri-
tories, except Alaska, Hawaii, and Porto Rico. The total number of
these institutions is 65, of which 63 maintain courses of instruction in
agriculture. In 21 states the agricultural colleges are departments of
the state universities. In 15 states and territories separate institutions
having courses in agriculture are maintatined for the colored race. All
of the agricultural colleges for white persons and several of those for
negroes offer four-year courses in agriculture and its related sciences
leading to bachelors' degrees, and many provide for graduate study. About
59 of these institutions also provide special, short, and correspondence
courses .in the different branches of agriculture, including agronomy,
horticulture, animal husbandry, poultry raising, cheese making, dairying,
sugar making, rural engineering, farm mechanics, and other technical
subjects. The officers of the agricultural colleges engage quite largely
in conducting farmers' institutes and various other forms of college ex-
tension. The agricultural experiment stations with very few exceptions
are departments of the agricultural colleges. The total number of persons
engaged in the work of education and research in the land-grant colleges
and the experiment stations in 1907 was 6,243; the number of students
in these colleges, 66,193; the number of students (white) in the four-year
college courses in agriculture, 3,738; in short and special courses, 5,334.
There were also 1,659 students in agriculture m the separate institutions
for negroes. With a few exceptions, each of these colleges offers free
tuition to residents of the state in which it is located. In the excepted
cases scholarships are open to promising and energetic students; and,
in all, opportunities are found for some to earn part of their expenses
by their own labor. The expenses are from $125 to $300 for the school
year.
state or
Territory
Name of Institution
Location
President
Alabama _
Alabama Polytechnic Institute
Agricultural School of the
Tuskegee Normal and Indus
trial Institute
Auburn
Tuskegee Insti.-
Normal .
C. C. Thach
B. T. Washington
Agricultural and Mechanical
College for Negroes
W. H. Councill
Arizona _
TTTiivpr<?itv nf Ari^nm
Tucson
K. C. Babcock
Arkansas —
California _.
Colorado _..
University of Arkansas
fBraneh Normal College
University of California
The State Agricultural College
of Colorado
Fayetteville
Pine Bluff
Berkeley
Fort Collins
Storrs
J. N. Tillman
Isaac Fisher
B. I. Wheeler
B. 0. Aylesworth
Connecticut
Connecticut Agricultural Col-
lege -
R. W. Stimson
Delaware
Delaware College
State College for Colored Stu-
dents
G. A. Harter
W. C. Jason
Florida
University of the State of
Florida
Gainesville
Tallahassee
Andrew Sledd
Florida State Normal and In-
dustrial School — _
N. B. Young
* Including only institutions established under the land grant act of July 2,
1862.
tPoes not maintain courses in agriculture.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XVI
AGRICULTURAL COLLEGES AND OTHER INSTITUTIONS-CONTINUED
971
State or
Territory
Name of Institution
Location
President
Georgia
Idaho -.
Illinois
ludiana
Iowa _-.
Kansas ..
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota .
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire-
New Jersey-
New Mexico—
New York
North Carolina-
North Dakota-
Ohio
Oklahoma
Georgia State College of Agri
culture and Mechanic Arts-.
Georgia State Industrial Col
i^fa'^ -
. unerbiiy oi luiiuo
^ui»«.isity ui. iiiiuois
- UiUue oujveraiiy
x>j>\a touiie College ui. ^ign
euiLUic- una .uctuauic ^iits--
.^auaus Stale ^igiicullural
»wOllege
-•laie ouiveiSity
i ue ivcuiucK^ isoLiuuL aukA
xudUaLiiul iiisliiuLe iur L-ui
ul'cu I'ei'aoUS
.juuisiuua toiate ouiversilj
una ^igiieuuural auu ^ue
cxiuuical Culloge _ -
-vOULueru uuiveisiiy uuu Agii-
cuiiural aua Jleciiauical Col-
lege
^ue University ol Maine
i.arylaud Agricultural Col
lege
iiiicess Anne Acaaemy, iJust
ern lirancn ot tue .uarylanu
Agricultural College
-.iassacuusetts Agricultural
College -
-Uassaciiusetts Institute oi
leenuology _ -._
..iiehigan i>tate Agricultural
College
ihe university ol; Minnesota.
-.iississippi Agricultural anu
Mecnauical College
-ilcorn Agricultural and Me-
cliauical College --
Jollege of Agricultural anu
Mechanic Arts of the Uni-
versity of Missouri
School of Mines and Metal-
lurgy of the University oi
Missouri -
Lincoln Institute _
-Montana Agi-icultural College
Industrial College of the Uni-
versity of Nebraska -
dniversitj' of Nevada
\ew Hampshire College ol
Agriculture and the Mechan-
ic Arts - -
iiutgers Scientific School (The
New Jersey State College for
the Benefit of Agriculture
and the Mechanic Arts)
New Mexico College of Agri-
culture and Mechanic Arts—
■Jornell University
L'he North Carolina College of
Agriculture and Mechanic
Arts -
The Agricultural and Mechni-
cal College for the Colored
Race
Xorth Dakota Agricultural
College -
Ohio State University
Oklahoma Agricultural and
Mechanical College
Vgricultural and Normal Uni-
versity
Athens A. M. Soule
Savanah .
Moscow ..
Urbana ..
LafiTjette
Ames
Manhattan
Lexington
'R. R. Wright
-.'J. A. MacLean
10. J. James
;\V. E. Stone
A. B. Storms
. E. R. Nichols
J. K. Patterson
Frankfort
Baton R.;ut
New Orleans.
Orone
College
'ark..
Princess Anne.
Amherst
Boston
Durham
New Brunswick
Acrrl. College
Ithaca -—
West Raleigh.
Greensboro -.
Agri . College-
Columbus
Stillwater
Langston
T. II. Jackson
East Lansing..
Minneapolis -.
Agri. College..
.Vlcorn
Columbia
Rolla — .
lefferson
Bozeman
Lin';oln -
Reno
r. D. Boyd
ri. A. Hill
G. E. l'\-llow8
R. W. Silvester
F. Trigg
K. L. Butterfield
Henry S. Pritchett
J. L. Snyder
C. Northrop
J. C. Hardy
L. J. Rowan
R. H. Jesse
G. E. Lndd
B. F. Allen
fas. M. Hamilton
R. B. Andrews
r. E. Stubbs
\V. D. Gibbs
W. H. S. Demarest
Luther Foster
T. G. Schurman
G. T. Winston
J. B. Dudley
H. Worst
W. O. Thompson
J. H. Connell
I. E. Page
♦Does not maintain courses in agriculture.
tActing' president.
972 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
AGRICULTURAL COLLEGES AND OTHER INSTITUTIONS-CONTINUED
State or
Territory
Name of Institution
Location
President
Oregon
Oregon State Agricultural
College
Corvallis
W. J. Kerr
Pennsylvania —
i'ae i-ennsylvania State Col-
lege
State College.-..
Jas. A. Beavert
iliiode Island College of Agri-
culture and Mechanic Arts—
Kingston
Howard Edwards
South Carolina .
I'ne Clemson Agricultural Col-
lege of South Carolina
The Colored Normal, Indus-
trial, Agricultural and Me-
cnanical College of South
Clemson College.
P. H. Mell
Carolina ___
Orangeburg
T. E. Miller
Soutli Dakota-
South Dakota State College of
Agriculture and Mechanic
Arts
Brookings
Robert L. Slagle
Tennessee
University of Tennessee ^Knoxville
Brown Ayres
Texas
Agricultural and Mechanical'
College of Texas College Station..
H. H. Harrington
Prauie View State Normal
and Industrial College
Prairie View
E. L. Blackshear
Utah
The Agricultural College oi
Utah _
J A Widtsoe
University of Vermont and
State Agricultural College—
Burlington
M. H. Buckham
Virginia
The Virginia Agricultural and
Mechanical College and Poly-
technic Institute
Blacksburg
P. B. Barringer
The Hampton Normal and
Agricultural Institute
Hampton
H. B. Frissell
Washington
State College of Washington..
Pullm.in
E. A. Bryan
West Virginia-
West v'irginia University
The West Virginia Colored
Morgantown _._
D. B. Purinton
Institute
Institute _._
J. McH. Jones
Wisconsin
University of Wisconsin
Madison
Chas. R. Van Hise
Wyoming
University of Wyoming
Laramie
J. D. To wart
NATIONAL BEE KEEPERS' ASSOCIATION.
President, Geo. Hilton, Fremont, Mich.; Secretary, W. Z. Hutchinson,
Flint, Mich.; General Manager and Treasurer, N. E. France, Platteville,
Wis.
NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS.
President, S. A. Forbes, Urbana, 111.; Secretary, A. F. Burgess, Bureau
of Entomology, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.
ASSOCIATION OF OFFICIAL AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTS.
President, Harry Snyder, St. Anthony Park, Minn.; Secretary, H. W.
Wiley, Chemist, Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XVI
973
HORTICULTURAL AND KINDRED SOCIETIES.
Name of Organization
Secretary
Post-offlce
American Apple Growers' Congress
American Association of Nurserymen
American Carnation Society
American Cranberry Growers' Association
American Federation of Horticultural So-
cieties -
American Institute, Horticultural Section
American Nurserymen's Protective Asso-
ciation __-
American Pomological Society
American Retail Nurserymen's Protective
Association
American Itose Society
Crysanthemum Society of America.—
Cider and Cider Vinegar Makers' Associa-
tion of tlie Northwest
Eastern Nurserymen's Association
International Apple Shippers' Association
Mississippi Valley Apple Growers' Asso-
ciation
Missouri Valley Horticultural Society
National Association of Retail Nursery-
men
National Council of Horticulture
Mer
T. C. Wilson...
Geo. C. S^'ager.
Ubort M. llerr.
i. J. Rider
National League of Commission
chants of the United States
National Nut Growers' Association
Northwestern Fruit Growers' Association
Nurserymen's Mutual Protective Associa
tion
Pacific Coast Association of Nurserymen.
Peninsula Horticutlural Society
Society for Horticultural Science
Society of American Florists and Orna
mental Horticulturists
Southern Nurserymen's Association
Southwestern Nurserymen's Association..
"Western Association of Nurserymen
Western Fruit Jobbers' Association
Chas. E Basset t-
Leonard Barron .
Thos. B. Mceban..
John Craig
Guy A. Bryant
Benjamin Ilaiumond
David Eraser
George Miltcnbergcr
Wm. Pitkin
A. Warren Patcii
James Handly
A. V. Wilson..
F. E. G rover.
H. C. Irish...
A. Warren Patch.
J. F. Wilson
C. D. Huffman...
Geo. C. Seagcr..
C. A. Tonneson.
Wesley Webb
C. P. Close
P. J. Hauswirth-
A. I. Smith
J. A. Taylor.
E. J. Holinan
E. B. Branch
Hannibal, Mo.
Rochester, N. Y.
Lancaster, Pa.
Ilaiumonton. N. J.
Fennvilli'. .Mich.
ID W. JItli St., N.'W
York. N. Y.
Dreshertown, Pa.
Ithaca, N. Y.
Princeton, 111.
Fishkill on Hudson,
N. Y.
Pittsburg, I*a.
St. Louis, .Mo.
Rofhester. N. Y.
Boston. .Mass.
Quincy, 111.
Muncie. Kans.
Rochester, N. Y.
.Missouri Botanical
Garden, St. Louis,
Mo.
Boston, Mass.
Poulan. Ga.
La Grande. Ore.
Rochester, N. Y.
Tacoma, Wash.
Dover, Del.
College Park, Md.
Cliicago, 111.
Knoxville, Tenn.
Wynnewood. Okla.
Leavenworth. Kans,
Omaha, Neb.
974
IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
STATE HIGHWAY OFFICIALS.
State
Name and Title
Postoffice
California
Connecticut
Colorado
Delaware
District of Columbia
Idaho
[llinqis
Towa
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michij?an
Minnesota
Missouri
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New York
North Carolina
Ohio
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
N. Ellery, State engineer, department of
engineering
James H. MacDonald, commissioner,
State highway department
T. W. Jaycox, State engineer
Francis A. Price, State highway Commis-
sioner, Newcastle county
C. B. Hunt, engineer of highways
James Stephenson, Jr., State engineer
Dr. E. J. James, chairman. State high-
way commission
A. N. Johnson, highway engineer. State
highway commission _ __
Prof. A. Marston, dean, division of engi-
neering
r. H. McDonald, assistant in charge pub-
lic roads. State College
Paul D. Sargent, commissioner of high-
ways
\Vm. Bullock Clai'k, State geologist
Waiter AV. Crosby, chief engineer, high-
way division, geological survey
William E. McClintock, chairman. State
highway commission
A. B. Fletcher, secretary. State highway
commission _
Horatio S. Earle, commissioner. State
highwaj' department
Frank F. Rodgers, highway engineer
Gustav Scholle, president. State highway
commission
George W. Cooley, engineer. State high-
way commission
Curtis Hill, State highway engineer
Arthur W. Dean, State engineer, high-
way department
Frederick Gilkyson, commissioner of pub-
lic roads
R. A. Meeker, supervisor, State commis-
sion of public roads
Frederick Skene, State engineer and sur-
veyor
Samuel L. Patterson, chairman. State
highway commission
Sam Huston, commissioner. State high-
way department
Joseph W. Hunter, State highway com-
missioner _„
R. D. Beman, assistant commissioner
John H. Edwards, chairman. State board
of public roads
Charles AV. Gates, State highway com-
missioner
P. St. Julien Wilson, State highway com-
missioner ^
Joseph M. Snow, highway commissioner—
H. E. Williams, State highway inspector
W. O. Hotchkiss, chief highway division.
State geological survey
Sacramento
Hartford
Denver
Dover
Washington,
Boise
Springfield
Springfield
Ames
Ames
Augusta
Baltimore
Baltimore
Boston
Boston
Lansing
Lansing
Minneapolis
Minneapolis
Columbia
Concord
Trenton
Trenton
Albany
Raleigh
Columbus
Harrisburg
Harrisburg
Providence
Montpelier
Richmond
Olympia
Charleston
Madison
D. C.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XVI
975
STATE OFFICIALS IN CHARGE OF PROTECTION OF GAME.
State
Name and Title
Postofflce
Alabama
Arizona
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas --
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts _.-
Michigan
Minnesota
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
New Hampshire--
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York .—
North Carolina. -
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina...
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming ■
John H. Wallace, Jr., State game and
fish commissioiior
\V. L. I'inney, secretary, Jlsli and game
commission
Chas. A. Vogelsang, c-Iiief deputy, board
of fish commissioners
David E. Farr, State game and nsh com-
missioner
E. Hart Gee, soerctary, commission of
fisheries and gainc
A. D. Poole, pr<'si(l('nt, Delaware fJame
Protective Association
MaJ. Kiohard Sylvester, superintendent
metropolitan police
Wm. N. Stephens, fisli and game warden
Dr. John A. Wheeler, State game com-
missioner
Z. T. Sweeney, commissioner of flslieries
and game
G. A. Lincoln, State fish and game war-
den
D. W. Travis, State fish and game warden
L. T. Carleton, chairman, commission of
inland fisheries and game
R^orace F. TTarmonson, State game warden
Dr. George W. Field, cliairman, commis-
sion of fisheries and game
Charles S. Pierce, game and fish warden. .
Carlos Avery, executive agent, board of
game and fish commisioners
Tames C. Bassford, game and fish warden
William F. Scott, State game and fish
warden
George L. Carter, chief deputy, game and
fish commission
Nathaniel Wentworth, chairman, board of
fish and game commissioners
Benedict C. Kuser, president, board of
fish and game commissioners
W. E. Griffin, game and fish warden
Tames S. Whipple, forest, fish and game
commissioner
T. Gilbert Pearson, secretary Audubon
Society
W. N. Smith, game warden district Xo. l
Olaf B.iorke. game warden district No. 2
Gen. .Tohn C. Speaks, chief warden
Eugene Watrous, State game and fish
warden
T. W. Baker, game and forestry warden..
Dr. Joseph Knlbfus. secretary, board of
game commissioners
Tohn H. Flanagan, chairman, commis-
sion of birds
B. F. Tavlor. president, Audubon Society.
Toseph IT. Acklen, State warden of game.j
fish and forestry
R. W. Lorance. chief deputy game, fish
and ovster commissioner
H. B. Cromar, State fish and game com-
missioner - -
Henry G. Thomas, fisli and game com-
missioner -. -
R. C. Bebee, chief deputy State game
warden _ - — -
F. H. Merrick, chief deputy game and
fish warden
J .W. Stone, State warden
D. C. Nowlin, State game warden
•Montgomery
Phoenix
San Francisco
Denver
Iladlyme
Wilmington
Washington
Rex burg
Springfield
Columbus
Cedar Rapids
Pratt
.\ugusta
Berlin
Boston
Lansing
St. Paul
-Mexico
Helena
Lincoln
Hudson
Trenton
Santa Fe
Albany
Greensboro
Grafton
.\bercrombic
Columbus
Enid
Cottage Grove
Harrisburg
Providence
Columbia
Nashville
Austin
Salt Lake City
Stowe
Bellingham
Huntington
Madison
Lander
976
IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
ORGANIZATIONS FOR PROTECTION OF BIRDS AND GAME.
Name of Organization
Secretary
Postoffice
American Ornitliologist's Union,
Committee on Protection of North
American Birds
Bird Protective Society of America
Boone and Crockett Club
Forest, Fish and Game Society of
America
League of American Sportsmen.
Lewis and Clark Club
National Association of Game and
Fish Wardens
National Association of Audubon
Societies
New York Zoological Society
North American Fish and Game
Protective Association
A. K. Fisher, Chairm'n
Edward C. Pease
Madison Grant
Wm. F. Kimber-
Arthur F. Rice—
J. Bissell Speer--
Chas. A. Vogelsang- —
Wm. Butcher, Pres...
Madison Grant
E. T. D. Chambers-
Department of Agricul-
ture, Washington, D,
D.
28 Stafford Bldg., Buf-
falo, N. Y.
11 Wall St., New York,
N. Y.
509 5th Ave., New York
City, N. Y.
949 Broadway, New
York, N. Y.
345 4th Ave., Pittsburg,
Pa.
Merchants' Exchange
Bldg., San Francisco,
Cal.
141 Broadway, New
York, N. Y.
11 Wall St., New York,
N. Y.
Quebec, Canada.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XVI
977
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES
THEIR LOCATIONS, DIRECTORS, AND PRINCIPAL
LINES OF WORK.
Station, location and director
Principal lines of work.
Alabama (College), Auburn:
J. F. Duggar
Alnbauia (Cauebralie), Uni
town:
F. D. Stevens*
Alabama (Tuskegee), Tuslic^
Institute:
G. W, Carver
Alaska, Sitka (Coppm- Center.
Rampart, Keuai, Kadiuk, niul
Fairbanks):
C. C. Georgesont
Arizona, Tucson:
R. H. Forbes.
Arkansas, Fayetteville:
W. G. Vincenbellor.
California, Berkeley:
E. J. Wickson
Colorado, Fort Collins:
L. G. Carpenter
Connecticut (State), New Haven
E. H. Jenkins
Connecticut (Storrs), Storrs:
L. A. Clinton
Delaware, Newark:
Harry Hayward
Florida, Gainesville:
P. H. Rolfs
I'leld oxpenmcnts; plant breeding; soil Improve-
nient; feeding experiments; entomology; diseases
of plants and animals; analysis of fertilizers.
Georgia, Experiment:
M. V. Calvin
Hawaii, Honolulu:
J. G. Smitht-
Agronomy; hotrieulture; fl<jri<.iiltiire; plant breed-
ing; diseases of plants.
Agronomy; horticulture; diseases of plants; ani-
mal industry; poultry investigation; dairying.
Agronomy; plant introduction; plant »)reeding;
horticulture; animal husljandry; dairying; met-
eorology.
Chemistry; botany; agronomy; liorticulture; im-
provement of ranges; animal husbandry; plant
diseases; irrigation.
Chemisti-y; soil physics; agronomy; Iiorticulturo;
plant breeding; diseases of plants and animals;
animal liusbandry; dairying; entomology; poul-
try experiments; nursery inspection.
Chemistry; soils; bacteriology; fertilizer control;
agronomy; horticulture; including viticulture
and zymology; l)Otany; meteorology; entomol-
ogy; animal husbandry; dairying; poultry ex-
periments; irrigation and drainage; silviculture;
reclamation of alkali lands; animal and plant
pathology; nutrition investigations.
Chemistry; meteorology; agronomy; horticulture:
forestry; plant breeding; diseases of plants;
animal husbandry; veterinary investigations:
entomology; irrigation.
Chemistry; inspection of fertilizers, foods, feed-
ing stuffs, Babcock test apparatus and nurseries;
diseases of plants; plant breeding; forestry;
agronomy; entomology; investigation of vege-
table proteids.
Dairy bacteriology; agronomy; horticulture; plant
breeding; poultry culture; dairying.
Chemistry; mycology; agronomy; horticulture:
plant breeding; diseases of plants and animals;
animal husbandry; entomologj'.
Chemistry; agronomy; horticulture; diseases of
plants; feeding experiments; veterinary science;
entomology.
Chemistry; agronomy; bacteriology: horticulture:
plant breeding; plant diseases; entomology; ani-
mal husbandry; dairying.
Chemistry; analysis of soil and feeding stuffs:
agronomy: horticulture; packing and sliipping
of tropical fruits: plant breeding; entomology:
apiculture: sericulture; rubber investigations;
rice investigations.
♦Assistant director.
t Special agent in charge.
62
978 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES— CONTINUED
Station , location and director
Principal lines of work
Idaho, Moscow:
H. T. French.
Illinois, Ua-baua:
E. Davenport
Indiana, Lafayette:
Arthur Goss _—
Iowa, Ames:
C. F. Curtiss.
Kansas, Manhattan:
C. W. Burkett—
Kentucky, Lexington:
M. A. Scovell
Louisiana (Sugar), New Or
leans:
W. R. Dodson
Louisiana (State), Baton Rouge:
W. R. Dodson
Louisiana (North), Calhoun:
W. R. Dodson
Maine, Orono:
C. D. Woods
Maryland, College Park:
H. J. Patterson
Massachusetts, Amherst:
W. P. Brooks
Michigan, East Lansing:
R. S. Shaw
Chemistry; physics; botany; agronomy; horticul-
ture; plant breeding; diseases of plants: ento-
mology; animal husbandry; irrigation; dairying;
dry farming; wheat investigations; fruit by-
products.
Chemistry; soil physics; bacteriologj" agronomy;
horticulture; forestry; plant breeding; diseases
of plants and animals; animal husbandry; dairy-
ing.
Chemistry; soils; agronomy; horticulture; plant
breeding; feeding stuff and fertilizer control;
animal husbandry; dairying; diseases of plants
and animals; entomology; agriculture extension
work.
Chemistry; botany; agronomy; horticulture: plant
breeding; forestry; diseases of plants; animal
husbandry; poultry investigations; dairying;
entomology; rural engineering; good roads in-
vestigations.
Chemistry; soils; inspection of feeding stuffs and
fertilizers; horticulture; plant breeding; agro-
nomy; animal husbandry; poultry experiments;
diseases of animals; dairying; entomology; ex-
termination of prairie dogs and gophers; irri-
gation.
Chemistry; soils; inspection of fertilizers, foods,
feeding stuffs, orchards, and nurseries; agro-
nomy; horticulture; plant breeding; animal hus-
bandry; dairying; diseases of plants; entomol-
ogy; apiculture.
Chemistry; bacteriology; soils; agronomy; horti-
culture; sugar making; drainage; irrigation.
Geology; botany; bacteriology; soils; inspection
of fertilizers, feeding stuffs, and Paris green;
agronomy; horticulture; animal husbandry; di-
seases of animals, entomology.
Chemistry: soils; fertilizers; agronomy; horticul-
ture; animal husbandry; stock raising; poultry
experiments; dairying.
Chemistry; botany; inspection of foods, ferti-
lizers, commercial feeding stuffs, seeds, and
creamery glassware; mycology; pathology; nutri-
tion of man and animals; poultry raising; plant
breeding; entomology.
Chemistry; fertilizers; agronomy; horticulture;
plant breeding: diseases of plants and animals;
breeding of plants; animal husbandry; poultry
experiments; dairying; entomology.
Chemistry: meteorology; inspection of fertilizers,
commercial feeding stuffs, creamery glassware,
and nurseries; agronomy; horticulture; plant
breeding; diseases of plants and animals; animal
husbandry; dairying; entomology; effect of elec-
tricity on plant growth.
Chemistry; analysis and control of fertilizers:
bacteriology: agronomy: horticulture; plant
breeding; diseases of plants and animals; ani-
mal husbandry; stable hygiene; entomology.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XVI
979
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES-CONTINUED
Station, location and director
Principal lines of work
Minnesota, St. Anthony Park,
St. Paul:
E. W. Randall
Mississippi, Agricultural C(
lege:
W. Li. Hutchinson
Missouri (College), Coluinhla:
H. J. Waters
Missouri (Fruit), Mountain
Grove:
Paul Evans
Montana, Bozeman:
F. B. Linfield
Nebraska, Lincoln:
B. A. Burnett
Nevada, Reno:
J. B. Stubbs
New Hampshire, Durham:
W. D. Gibbs
New Jersey (State), New Bruns
wick:
B. B. Voorhees
New Jersey (College), New-
brunswick:
E. B. Voorhees.
New Mexico, Agricultural Col
lege:
Luther Foster
New York (State), Geneva:
W. H. Jordan
New York (Cornell), Ithaca:
L. H. Bailey
North Carolina, West Raleigh:
C. B. Williams
Chemistry; soils; fertilizers; agrouoiuy; horticul-
ture; forestry; diseases of plants and animals;
loud and nutrition investigation; plant l>reediug;
animal husbandry; dairying; eulouiology; farm
management; farm statistics.
Fertilizers; agronomy; horticulture; biology; plant
breeding; animal husbandry; diseases of ani-
mals; poultry culture; dairying; entomology;
agricultural engineering.
Cliemistry; soil survey; botany; agronomy; horti-
culture; diseases of plants and animals; auinial
husbandry; plant breeding; dairying; entomol-
ogy.
Horticulture; vegetable pathology; eutomobjgy;
inspection of orchards and nurseries.
Chemistry; meteorology; botany; agronomy; dry
farming; horticulture; animal husbandry; poul-
try experiments; dairying; entomology; irriga-
tion and drainage.
Chemistry; botany; meteorology; soils; agronomy;
horticulture; plant breeding; diseases of plants
and animals; forestry; animal husbandry; dairy-
ing, entomology; irrigation.
Chemistry; botany; soils; meterology; agronomy;
horticulture; forestry; plant breeding; animal
diseases; animal husbandry; veterinary science
and bacteriology; zoology; entomology; irriga-
tion.
Chemistry; botany; agronomy; horticulture; plant
breeding; animal husbandry; dairying; entomol-
ogy.
Chemistry; oyster culture; botany; analysis of
fertilizers, foods, and commercial feeding stuffs;
agronomy; horticultuie; plant breeding; diseases
of plants and naimals; dairy husbandry; ento-
mology; soil chemistry and bacteriology; irriga-
tion.
Chemistry; botany; soils; agronomy; dry farming;
horticulture; cactus and guayule plant investi-
gations, animal husbandry; dairying; entomol-
ogy; irrigation.
Chemistry; bacteriology; meteorology; fertilizers;
inspection of creamery glassware, feeding stuffs,
fertilizers, and Paris green: agronomy; horti-
culture; plant breeding; diseases of plants; ani-
mal husbandry; poultry experiments; dairying;
entomology; irrigation.
Chemistry; agronomy; horticulture; plant breed-
ing; diseases of plants; animal husbandry; poul-
try experiments; dairying; entomology.
Chemistrv; soils; agronomy; horticulture; animal
husbandry; diseases of animals and plants;
poultry experiments; dairying; tests of farm
machinery.
980 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES-CONTINUED
Station, location and director
Principal lines of work
North Dakota, Agricultural Col-
lege:
J. H. Worst
Ohio, Wooster:
C. E. Thorne
Oklahoma, Stillwater
W. L. English—.
Oregon, Corvallis:
J. Withycombe _
Pennsylvania, State College:
T. F. Hunt
Porto Rico, Mayaguez:
D. W. May*
Rhode Island, Kingston:
H. J. Wheeler
South Carolina, Clemson Col
lege:
J. N. Harper -
South Dakota, Brookings:
J. W. Wilson
Tennessee, Knoxville:
H. A. Morgan
Texas, College Station
H. H. Harrington.
Utah, Logan:
E. D. Ball
Vermont, Burlington:
J. D. Hills
Chemistry; soils; botany; agronomy; plant breed-
ing; horticulture; forestry; diseases of plants
and animals; animal husbandry; poultry experi-
ments; drainage; milling and chemical tests of
wheat; inspection and analysis of foods, spray-
ing materials; paints; proprietary products, and
feeding stuff s.
Chemistry; soils; agronomy; botany; horticul-
ture; plant breeding; forestry; diseases of
plants; animal husbandry; entomology.
Chemistry; agronomy; horticulture; plant breed-
ing; forestry; botany; bacteriology; diseases of
plants and animals; animal husbandry; entomol-
ogy.
Chemistry; bacteriology; soils; fertilizers; agro-
nomy; horticulture; plant breeding and selec-
tion; diseases of plants; animal husbandry;
poultry experiments; dairying; entomology; ir-
rigation.
Chemistry; meteorology; fertilizers; horticulture;
plant diseases; agronomy; animal husbandry;
dairying.
Agronomy; plant introductions; plant breeding;
horticulture; fruit handling and shipment; chem-
istry; entomology; plant diseases; animal hus-
bandry; coffee investigations.
Chemistry; meteorology; soils; inspection of fer-
tilizers and feeding stuffs; agronomy; horticul-
ture; plant breeding; poultry experiments.
Chemistry; inspection of fertilizers; soils; botany;
agronomy; horticulture; plant breeding; diseases
of plants; animal husbandry; dairying, veteri-
nary science; entomology.
Chemistry; botany; agronomy; horticulture; plant
breeding; diseases of plants and .animals; ani-
mal husbandry; entomology; dairying.
Chemistry; soil investigations; inspection of fer-
tilizers; agronomy; horticulture; plant breed-
ing; seeds; weeds; diseases of plants and ani-
mals; animal husbandry; poultry investigations;
apiculture; dairying; entomology.
Chemistry; botany and mycology; soils; agron-
omy; horticulture; animal husbandry; diseases
of animals; entomology; irrigation; seed testing;
feed inspection.
Chemistry; agronomy; horticulture; diseases of
plants and animals; animal husbandry; dairy-
ing; poultry experiments; entomology; irriga-
tion; arid farming.
Chemistry; botany; bacteriology; inspection of
fertilizers, feeding stuffs, and creamery glass-
ware; agronomy; horticulture; state nursery for
forest-tree seedlings; diseases of plants; animal
husbandry; dairying.
■Special agent in charge.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XVI 981
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES-CONTINUED
Stations, location and director
Virginia, Blaclvsburgr:
S. W. Flotcber
Washington, Pullman:
11. W. Tliatclier__.
West Virginia, Morgantown:
J. H. Stewart
Wisconsin, Madison:
H. L. Russell
Wyoming, Laramie:
J. B. Towar
Principal lines of work
Clonistij. geology; biology; agronomy; horti-
culture, plant breeding; bacteriology; mycology;
analysis of foods and soils; inspection of or-
cbards; animal husbandry; veterinary science;
daii-iing; entomology; ei<ler and vinegar mak-
ing; ferments.
Chemistry; botany: bar-teriology; soils; agronomy;
horticulture; plant breeding; diseases of plants;
ijuimal husbandry; v<-terinary science; dairying;
entomology; irrigation; dry farming.
Cliemistry; elTect of pressure in the preservation
of fruits, vegetables, and milk; artificial fixa-
tion of atmospheric nitrogen; inspection of fer-
tilizers, orcliards, and nurseries: soils; agron-
omy; horticulture: diseases of plants and ani-
mals; animal husbandry; poultry experiments;
entomology.
Chemistry; bacteriology; soils; agronomv; tobaceo
and cranberry culture; horticulture; plant breed-
ing; animal husbandry; dairying; irrigation
drainage, and agricultural engineering.
Chemistry; mycology; botanv; meteorology-
range improvement; fertilizers; agronomy;
selection; food analysis; animal husbandry
investigations; irrigation.
soils;
plant
wool
ASSOCIATION OP AMERICAN AGRICULTURAL COLLEGES AND
EXPERIMENT STATIONS.
President, J. L. Snyder, President of Michigan State Agricultural Col-
lege, East Lansing, Mich.; Secretary-Treasurer, J. L. Hills, director of
Vermont Experiment Station, Burlington, Vt.
982
IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
OFFICIALS IN CHARGE OF FARMERS' INSTITUTES.
Farmers' Institute Specialist, Departments of Agriculture.
JOHN HAMILTON, WASHINGTON, DISTEICT OF COLUMBIA.
STATE SUPERINTENDENTS.
State or Territory
Name of Official
Postoffice
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut _.
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas _._:...
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi ...
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
C. A. Gary, Alabama Polytechnic Insti-
tute
G. W. Carver, Director Agricultural Ex-
periment Station
C. C. Georgeson, Agricultural Experiment
Station
R. W. Clothier, Superintendent of Farm-
ers' Institutes
W. G. Vincenheller, Director Agricultural
Experiment Station
W. T. Clarke, Superintendent of Farmers'
Institutes
J. B. Neff, Conductor of Farmers' Insti-
tute in Southern California
H. M. Cottrell, Director Farmers' Insti-
tutes
James F. Brown, Secretary State Board
of Agriculture
J. G. Schwink, Jr., Secretary Connecticut
Dairymen's Association
H. C. C. Miles, Secretary Connecticut
Pomological Society ■
Wesley Webb, Secretary Board of Agri-
culture -
P. H. Rolfe, Director Agricultural Experi-
ment Station
A. M. Soule. President State College of
Agricultural
T. G. Smith, Agricultural Experiment Sta-
tion
H. T. French, Director Agricultural Ex-
periment Station
Frank H. Hall, Superintendent Illinois
Farmers' Institutes
W. C. Latta, Professor of Agriculture,
Purdue University
J. C. Simpson, Secretary State Board of
Agriculture
J. H. Miller, Superintendent Farmers'
Institutes
M. C. Rankin, Commissioner of Agricul-
ture
Charles Schuler, Commissioner of Agri-
culture
A. W. Gilman, Commissioner of Agricul-
ture
W. L. Amoss, Director of Farmers' In-
stitutes
J. L. Ellsworth, Secretary State Board of
Agriculture
L. R. Taft, Superintendent of Farmers'
Institutes
A. D. Wilson, Director Farmers' Insti-
tutes
E. R. Lloyd, Director of Farmers' Insti-
tutes
Geo. B. Ellis, Secretary State Board of
Agriculture
F. B. Linfield, Director Agricultural Ex
periment Station
F. S. Cooley, Deputy Supt. of Farmers
Institutes
E. A. Burnett, Director Agricultural Ex
periment Station
Val. Keyser, Asst. Supt. Farmers' In
stitutes
Auburn.
Tuskegee Institute
Sitka
Tucson
Fayetteville
Berkeley
Anaheim
Fort Collins
N. Stonington
Meriden
Milford
Dover
Gainesville
Athens
Honolulu
Moscow
Aurora
Lafayette
Des Moines
Manhattan
Frankfort
Baton Rouge .
Augusta
Benson
Boston
Agricultural. College
St. Anthony Park
Agricultural College
Columbia
Bozeman
Bozeman
Lincoln
Lincoln
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XVI 983
STATE superintendents-Continued
state or Territory
Name of official
Post-office
Nevada - — |J. E. Stubbs, President Nevada State
I University
New Hampshire IN. J. Bacliekler, Secretary State Board
I of Afjricnlture
New Jersey Franlilin Dye, Secretary State Board of
Agriculture
New Mexico.. J. D. Tinsley, Superintendent Fanners'
Institutes
New York F. E. Dawley, Director Fanners' Insti-
tutes
North Carolina Tait Butler, State Veterinarian
North Dakota l\ A. Ilovorstad, Superintendent of Farm-
ers' Institutes
Ohio T. L. Calvert, Secretary State Board of
Agriculture
Oklahoma B. J. Waugh, Secretary State Board of
Agriculture .-
Oregon T. Withyconibe, Director Agricultural Ex-
j periment Station
Pennsylvania A. L. Martin, Deputy Secretary of Agri-
culture
Potro Rico D. W. May, Agricultural Experiment Sta-
tion
Rhode Island John J. Dunn, Secretary State Board of
Agriculture -
South Carolina J. N. Harper, Director Agricultural Ex-
periment Station
South Dakota A. E. Chamberlain, Superintendent of
; Farmers' Institutes
Tennessee iJohn Thompson, Commissioner of Agri-
Texas
I culture
.Ij.
AV, Carson, Director Farmers' Insti-
tutes
Utah [Lewis A. Merrill, Superintendent of
! Farmers' Institutes
George Aitken, Serectary State Board of
Agriculture -
, Director of Institutes --
Vermont
Virginia -
Washington E. E. Elliott, Washington Agricultural
j College
West Virginia 'j. B. Garvin, Secretary State Board of
I Agriculture
Wisconsin G. G. McKerrow, Director Farmers' Insti-
tutes
J. D. Towar, Director Agricultural Ex-
periment Station __ ..^^_-
Wyominj
Reno
Concord
Trenton
Agricultural College
Fayettevillo
Raleigh
Fargo
Columbus
Guthrie
Corvallls
Harrlsburg
Mayaguez
Providence
Clemson College
Brookings
Nashville
College Station
501 Security & Trust
Bldg., Salt Lake
City
Woodstock
Blacksburg
Pullman
Charleston
Madison
Laramie
AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF FARMERS' INSTITUTE WORKERS.
President, Tait Butler, State Veterinarian, Raleigh, N. C; Secretary-
Treasurer, John Hamilton, Farmers' Institute Specialist, U. S. Depart-
ment of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.
984
IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
FARMERS' INSTITUTES.
Farmers' institutes were held during the year ended June 30, 1907, in
ai. of the states and territories excepting Alaska, Nevada, Porto Rico, ana
Texas. The following table gives a summary of the work for the year:
STATISTICS OF FARMERS' INSTITUTES FOR SEASON ENDED JUNE 30, 1907.
Meetings
-3 m
02
Funds appropri-
ated for institutes
Report of
proc' dings
State or Ter-
ritory
To-
tal
One
day
Two
days
or
more
Ses-
sions
Total
attend-
ance
Year
ended
June 30,
1907
Year
ended
June 30,
1908
Ah"
1
ft
0
0
Alabama
^^
40
84
62
38
12
1
24
20
40
33
44
37
5
1
""""51
18
1
7
33
20
41
296
171
74
51
1
2,857
1,000
3,000
20,470
16,960
9,-522
9,210
30
t '
12 s 600.00 ."S 600.00
No—
Arizona
3
6
31
22
36
9
20
12
5
12
107
35
14
28
22
21
27
8
66
48
12
19
26
21
33
14
11
61
26
8
41
7
14
'56
5
17
It
9
16
19
11
14
31
23
10
300.00
"' 6^000.00
5,003.19
2,435.-57
700.00
7.00
2,50D.OO
62.05
142.08
28 978 96
No .
Arkan.sas
■ 1,500.00
6,000.00
5,030.00
403.00
600.00
5,000.00
No
California
Colorado
Yes-
No
12,500
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
Yes-
No
5,000
Georgia
Yes.
Yes-
No
3,000
1,000
Hawaii
3
1
111
281
85
135
123
10
33
23
126
329
1.39
148
212
70
136
15
44
24
211
124
25
299
40
•58
394
1
138
"""85
""""io
33
6
126
262
138
146
178
65
50
14
36
24
80
124
5
"""'is
51
48
2
1
103
143
85
50
123
""""17
""'67
1
34
5
86
1
8
"""iii
""26
299
22
7
346
6
14
589
996
340
358
335
10
65
121
155
965
282
296
372
78
442
34
132
29
834
246
99
1,495
99
148
981
500
550
333,3.50
177,441
51,000
20,200
26,836
Idaho .,
1,000.00
18 R^ m
Illinois
Yes-
Yes-
No
20,000
1,000
Indiana
Iowa
12,700.00| 10,000.00
7,425.00j 7,425.00
4,064.00 6,300.00
13,000.00 13,000.00
2,000.00 2,000.00
5 000 00 5 nort r>A
Kansas
No
Kentucky
Louisiana
Yes.
25,000
Maine
4,771
9,833
19,692
115,136
67,063
17,945
46,.511
7,. 541
65,419
3,500
10,399
970
105,196
31,980
9,709
92,308
6,715
22,200
147,895
Yes-
No-
No
6,000
Maryland
Massachusetts _
6,000.00
2,750.00
15,500.00
20,665.00
3,000.00
5,000.00
5,000.00
8,684.04
1,000.00
3,060.93
1,900.00
20,000.00
6,-500.00
6,000.00
22,000.00
550.00
3,000.00
20,500.00
6,000.00
4,000.00
"is^ooo'oo
3,000.00
5,000.00
7,500.00
10,000-00
2,030.00
2,-500.00
800.00
25,000.00
3,750.00
6,000.00
22,000.00
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Yes-
Yes-
Yes-
Yes.
Yes-
No-.
10,0.00
35,000
10,000
10,000
5,000
New Hampshire
New .Tersev
Yes-
No
2,000
New Mexico
No-
New York
North Carolina-
North Dakota-
Ohio
Yes-
Yes-
Yes.
Yes-
No
15,000
30,000
10,000
15,000
Oklahoma
Oregon ...
2,-500.00
23,000.00
No
Pennsylvania ._
Porto Rico*
Yes-
10,000
Rhode sland _.
7
73
71
48
7
73
18
45
""•53
3
9
93
280
51
600
13,219
26,000
10,400
75.00
3,000.00
5.000.00
5,030.00
No
South Carolina.
3,000.00
7,000.00
5,000.00
No-
South Dakota..
No
Tennessee
Utah*
Yes-
3,000
Vermont
Virginia
34
7
24
110
61
12
34
6
20
4
6
.
4
106
61
6
68
16
70
373
311
35
7,298
310
5,250
24.825
49,989
1,292
5,000.00
2,500.00
5,000.00
5,000.00
5,000.00
12,-500.00
20,000.0.0
1,051.89
Yes-
2,000
Washington
No
West Virginia-
7,476.71
12,771.09
1,000.00
No
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Yes-
No-
60,000
Total
3,927
2,063
1,864]
LI, 514
1,. 596,877
1,084
^84,450.57
^285,076. SO
290,500
*No report received.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK-PART XVI
STATE OFFICIALS IN CHARGE OF AGRICULTURE.
COMMISSIONERS OF AGRICULTURE.
985
State or Territory
Name of oiricial
Postoffice
Alabama
Arkansas
Florida
Georgia
Idaho
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Montana .__
New Mexico ...
New York
Nortli Carolina-
Nortli Dakota..
Pennsylvania _.
Philippine Islands.
Porto Rico
South Carolina.
Tennessee
Texas
J. A. Wilkinson..
Guy li. Tucker.... '
H. E. McLin '.""'~.
T. G. Hudson ' '
Allen Miller Coni'r of fmniigration,"e'tc.";
M. L. Rankin...
Charles Schuler
A. W. (Jilnian "'.'.'.'.... '
.]. A. Ferguson __
Nathan Jaffa, Secretary of State
Lhas. A. Wieting
S. L. Patterson
w. c. Giii.reath-...::::::::::::::
N. B. Critchlield, Secretary of Agri'cu'l-
G. E. Neson, Director of Agriculture""
/k,^""t"A^.1^' Crahanie, Commissioner of
Montgomery
Little Rock
Tallahassee
Atlanta
lUoise
Frankfort
Raton Rouge
Augusta
Helena
Santa Fe
Ali)any
Ral.-igh
Bismarck
Harrisburg
Manila
tlie Interior
E. J. Watson '.""".
John Tiiompson "' '
,,. . . |R. T. Milner '. ""'
Virginia Geo. W. Koiner I."""'
Washington |Sam H. Nichols , Secreta r VoTstatt''
San Juan
Columbia
Nashville
Austin
Richmond
Olympia
SECRETARIES OF STATE BOARDS OF AGRICULTURE.
State or Territory
Name of official
Postoffice
California _
Colorado ...
Connecticut
Delaware ...
Hawaii ic
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Missouri
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire.
\- ii Richer ....'sacraraento
we^ie/^\?S-::::::::::::::--- ---\^^ ^^oum^tou
Holloway 1 Honolulu
■/m,oc' |<'<^^'i:«on Springlleld
Chas. Downing " "idianapolis
J C Simpson U.,^^ Moines
F. D. Coburn '_
Topeka
ines
Perry M. Shy...::::::::::":::::"" """iFraukfort
? "r- ^.\,y- "I'ui'P'n, Supt. of Immigration Centerville
' L. Ellsworth.
Boston
Agrifulttiral Collt-ge
St. Paul
Columbia
Lincoln
Carson City
Concord
Trenton
I Raleigh
,,, T-, T, X Columbus
V>''f- f.; P=J"-ett 'Guthrie
^r •, ^v^^T^'^^ [Salem
rohn J.^Dunn. 1 Providence
"" iHuron
North Pomfret
Charleston
Addison M. Brown
C. N. Cosgrove, Sec. State Ag'l SocTeVy::
George B. Ellis „
w. R. Meiior :::::::::::"
Louis Bevier _
. N. J. Bachelder "'
New Jersey jFranklin Dye
North Carolina Elias Carr, Acting Secretary
Ohio T. L. Calvert
Oklahoma
Oregon
Rhode Island...
South Dakota ... ..
Vermont !f. L. Davis.
West Virginia I J. B. Garvin
Wisconsin .John M. True I Madison
Wyoming |C. T. .Johnston. State Engineer.. 'cheyenne
N. Mcllvaine...
*Officials of Territories and island dependencies are included. So far as
learned, Arizona, Mississippi and Utah have no State official charged with a-^ri-
cultural interests, but letters addressed to the Secretary of State would probablv
receive attention. pi-juduiy
986
IOWA depart:\iext of agriculture
NATIONAL DAIRY ASSOCIATIONS.
Name of organization
Secretary
Post-office
International Federation of
Dairying
International Association of
Milk Dealers
Association of State and Na-
tional Food and Dairy De-
partments
Association of Inspectors and
instructors of the National
and State Dairy and Food
Departments
National Association of Dairy
Instructors and Investigators
National Dairy Union
National Dairy Show Associa-
tion
National Ceramery Buttermak-
er's Association
L. Gedoelst 31 rue Jordan, Brussels, Bel-
, gium
Ed. H. Webster,
chairman Ameri-
can committee U. S. Department of Agricul-
ture, Washington, D. C.
B. D. White U. S. Department of Agricul-
ture, Washington, D. C.
R.-M. Allen Lexington, Ky.
B. D. White U. S. Department of Agricul-
ture, Washington, D. C.
C. B. Lane U. S. Department of Agricul-
ture, Washington, D. C.
Chas. Y. Knight— l>i Lake St., Chicago, 111.
E. Sudendorf 154 Washington St., Chicago,
111.
S. B. Shilling ISi Lake St., Chicago, 111.
AMERICAN NATIONAL LIVE STOCK ASSOCIATION.
President, H. A. Jastro. Bakersfield, Cal.; Secretary, W. M. Tomlinson,
Denver, Colo.
AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF LIVE STOCK HERD BOOK
SECRETARIES.
President, C. R. Thomas, Kansas City, Mo.; Secretary, Charles F.
Mills, Springfield, 111.
NATIONAL WOOL GROWERS" ASSOCIATION.
President, F. R. Gooding, Boise. Idaho; Secretary, George S. Walker,
Cheyenne, Wyo.
THE CORN BELT MEAT PRODUCERS' ASSOCIATION.
President, A. L. Ames, Buckingham, Iowa; Secretary, H. C. Wallace,
Des ]\Ioines, Iowa.
PROTECTION AGAINST CONTAGION FROM FOREIGN CATTLE.
An act of Congress of August 2S, 1S94, prohibits the importation of
cattle and cattle hides, but by the act of March 2, 1S95, making appropria-
tions for the Department of Agriculture, it is provided that the prohibition
may be suspended by the President whenever the Secretary of Agriculture
shall certify to the President what countries or parts of countries are
free from contagious or infectious diseases of domestic animals. The
President, by proclamation of November S, 1S95, lifted the embargo with
reference to Norway, Sweden, Holland, Great Britain, Ireland, the Channel
Islands, and the countries of North, Central, and South America, so as to
admit cattle under sanitary regulations prescribed by the Secretary of
Agriculture; also from all countries so as to admit hides under regula-
tions prescribed by the Secretary of the Treasury.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XVI
STOCK BREEDERS' ASSOCIATIONS.*
987
NAMES AND ADDRESSES OF STOCK BREEDERS* ASSOCIATION SECRE-
TARIES, WITH BREEDS AND NUMBERS OF REGISTERED
LIVE STOCK IN UNITED STATES, JUNE, 30, 1907.
CATTLE.
Breed
Secretary
Post-offlce
Number
registered
Males L^a?;^
Number
living
Males males
Aberdeen Angiis.
Ayshire
Devon
Dutch Belted-
Galloway
Guernsey
Hereford
Holstein Friesian.
Jersey
F. L. Houerhton..
J. J. Hemingway
Polled Durham... J. H. Martz
Red Polled. H. A. Martin-
Shorthorn John W. Groves.
Chas. Gray
C. M. Winslow.-
L. P. Sisson....
n. P. Richards-
R. W. Brown
Wm. H. Caldwell.
C. R. Thomas
Sussex Overton Lea.
Swiss, Brown C. D. Nixon.
Union Stock Yards,
Cliicayo, 111 ' 36,
Brandon, Vt 10,
N'cwarlv, Ohio 8,
Enston, Pa I
Union Stock Yards,!
Chicago, 111 17
Pcterboro, N. 11...' 12
225 W. 12th St., I
Kansas City, Mo. 133
Brattleboro, Vt 50
3 W. 17th St., New
York City i 76
Greenville, Ohio.— I 6
Gotham, Wis. ' 16
Union Stock Yards'
Chicago, 111 282
Nashville, Tenn i
Owego, N. Y I 2
372 59,020
310 22.095
3811 14,094
649| 1,385
,918 12,754
,174 22,678
I
,021 135.862
,871 104,846
I
,817 207,453
,615 7,957
,366, 27,148
I I
,000 432,908;
85 183
,424 8,572!
31,757
1,286
40,419
7,020
4,000: 10,000
175 500
7,000 10,100
8,000 14,000
I
1115,000
«) I (t)
C) C)
4.505 5,631
6,500 13,500
I
93,000 186,000
68; 108
(t) I (J)
HORSES.
Cleveland Bay
R. P. Stericker...
80 Chestnut Ave.,
West Orange, N.J
1,282
520
1.200
450
Clydesdale .-
R. B. Ogilvie
Union Stock Yards,
Chicago, 111
tl3,236
0)
(t)
Coach, French
Chas. C. Glenn-
Columbus, Ohio— .
276
6
268
6
Coach, French
Duncan E. Willet
.Maple Ave. and
Harrison St., Oak
Park, 111. _—
1,500
600
Coach, German...
J. Crouch
Lafayette, Ind
2,149
290
1,900
250
Coach, German
(Oldenburg)
C. E. Stubbs
Fairfield, Iowa
irrs
23
240
25
Draft, Belgian
J. D. Connor, Jr.
Wal)ash, Ind
2,740
395
2.800
425
Draft, French
C. E. Stubbs
Fairfield, Iowa
10. om
6,942
6,000
5,500
Hackney
Gurney C. Gue
Tichenor Grand
Bldg., 61st St., &
Broadway, New
York City
622
1,176
T. E. Boyce
G. W. Stubblefield
Middlebury, Vt
Union Stock Yards,
Chicago, 111
5,022
4,614
2,000
21,. TOO
2.000
14,000
Percheron -
Chas. C. Glenn
Columbus, Ohio
1,7S7
413
1.762
393
.Tohn A. Forney—
I. B. Nnll
Plninfield, Ohio
21,000
2,166
13,000
Saddle Horse
Louisville, Ky
2,890
4,126
3,098
Shetland Pony
Mortimer Levering
Lafayette, Ind
2,500
3.800
3.000
8,500
Shire
Chas. Burgess
Alex. Gnlbraith...
W. H. Rowe
Wonona. HI
Tanosville, Wis
571 5th Ave., New
York City
6,652
IW
t49,706
2,482
128
2,375
120
(t)
625
Suffolk
100
Thoroughbred
(t)
Trotter, American
W. H. Knight....
35.) Dearborn St.,
Chicago, 111
46,170
159,845
25,000
50,000
Jacks and Jennets
J. W. Jones
Columbia. Tenn
1,436
900
(t)
(t)
•Under he provisions of paragraph 473 of the act of .Tuly 24, 1897, amended
March 3, 1903, anv animal imported specially for breeding purposes shall be
admitted free provided that no such animal shall be admitted free unless pure
bred, of a recognized breed, and duly registered in the book of record established
for that breed. The Secretarv of the Treasury, upon the advice of the Secretary
of Agriculture, issued. .Tuly 11, 1906, regulations for the importation of animals
under this law, and designated the recognized breeds and the books of record
established for these breeds.
988
IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
NAME AND ADDRESS OF STOCK BREEDERS-CONTINUED
SHEEP
Number
Number
registered
living
Breed
Secretary
Post-office
Fe-
Fe-
Males males
Males
Males
Cheviot — - — F. E. Dawley
Fayetteville, N. Y.
*11,410
625 3,150
Cotswold F. W. Harding-
Waukesha, Wis. —
*43,790
*16,000
Dorset Horn J. E. Wing
Mechanicsburg, 0_-
1,815 4,711 1,200 3,000
Hampshire Down. Comfort A. Tyler_
Xottawa, Mich
6,540 14,694 2,500 8,000
A. J. Temple
Bert Smith
Cameron, 111
Charlotte, Mich
4,068 6,344 3,417
5,328
Lincoln
Merino (Delaine)..
6.660 9,550
4,800
6,800
Beulah M. Mc-
Dowell
Canton, Ohio
*10,494
•8,000
Merino (Delaine). .
J. B. Johnson
248 W. Pike St.,
Cannonsburg, Pa.
6,973 11,893
500 2,000
Merino (French).. iDwight Lincoln.-
Milford Center, Ohio
*4i,gr5'
15,000 25,000
Merino (German).
Merino (Spanish).
E. N. Ball
Ann Arbor, Mich..
197; 2.56 158 194
E. N. Ball
Ann Arbor, Mich..
12,575 37,775 1,000 5,000
Merino (Spanish).
J. H. Earll
Skaneateles, N. Y.
7,960 11,957, 90, 630
Merino (Spanish).
Wesley Bishop
R. F. D. No. 1, Del-
aware, Ohio
17,496
34,715
3,200
7,986
Merino (Spanish).
J. P. Ray.
R.F.D.No. 3, East
Bloomfleld, N. Y.
1,275
1,500
60
240
Merino (Spanish).
C. A. Chapman...
Middlebury, Vt....
*218 ,265
(t)
(t)
Oxford Down.
W. A. Shafor
Hamilton, Ohio
*38,353l
(t)
(t)
Shropshire
Mortimer Levering
Lafayette, Ind
112, OOa 1.54,000 50,000 90,000
Southdown
Frank S. Springer
Springfield, 111
*21,742 *10,000
Suffolk
Geo. W. Franklin
Des Moines, Iowa.
* 1,143 300 330
HOGS.
Berkshire
Frank S. Springer
Springfield, 111
*102
,040
*50,000
Cheshire
Ed. S. Hill
Freeville, N. Y..__
1,291
2,728
300
1,000
Chester (Ohio Im-
proved)
J. C. Hiles
Cleveland, Ohio....
»18,203
7,500
22,500
Duroc Jersey
T. B. Pearson
Thorntown, Ind
10,183
23,530
9,000
18,430
Duroc Jersey
H. C. Sheldon
Peoria, 111
32,010
77,500
25,000
75,000
Bampshire (Thin
Rind)
E. C. Stone
W. M. McFadden-
Armstrong, 111
Union Stock Yards,
645
1,783
440
1,690
Poland China
Chicago, 111
63,269
156,955
40,000
16,000
Poland China
A. M. Brown
Drawer 16, Win-
chester, Ind
35,000
78,000
35,000
65,000
Poland China
G. F. Woodworth
Maryville, M__o
45,675
110,060
3,000
12,000
Poland China
H. P. Wilson
Gadsden, Tenn
897
1,316
400
700
Tamworth
E. N. Ball
Ann Arbor, Mich..
* 3,150
500
2,500
Yorkshire
Harry G. Krum..
White Bear Lake,
INIinn
* 6,500 ' 1.200' .<?.000
tTotal of males and females.
JNo data.
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XVI 989
SANITARY OFFICERS IN CHARGE OF LIVE STOCK INTERESTS.
State or Territory
Alabama
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware -
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho -
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa -.
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massacliusetts
Micliigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri .
Montana .
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire-
New Jersey
New Mexico
Name and postoffice
Official position
C. A. Gary, Auburn 'State veterinarian
J. D. Carter, Prescott Secretary live-stock sanitary
I commission
J. C. Norton, Phoenix. Veterinarian
U. R. Dinwiddle, Fayettevllle.. State veterinarian
Charles Koane, Sacramento State veterinarian
L. B. Sylvester, Denver : President State board of stock
Inspection commissioners
Charles G. Lamb, Denver State veterinary surgeon
Herman O. Averhill, Hartford— Commissioner for domestic ani-
mals
Alex. Lowber, Wilmington Secretary State board of health
H. P, Eves, Newark --iln.struftor in veterinary science,
Delaware College
Thos. J. Mahaffy, Jacksonville J Veterinarian State board of
health
Thos. Ct. Hudson, Atlanta. Commissioner of agriculture
V. A. Norgaard, Honolulu Territorial veterinarian
Geo. B. Noble, Boise {State veterinarian
H. E. Wadsworth, Springfield.. Secretary board of livestock
commissioners
T. M. Wright, 1827 Wabash Ave.
Chicago
A. W. Bitting, Lafayette
Paul O. Koto, Des Moines
F. S. Schoenleber, Manhattan..
Tohn D. Baker, Peabody
F. T. Eisenman, Louisville
W. H. Dalrymple, Baton Rouge
F. O. Beal, Bangor
T. M. Deering, Saco
F. S. Adams, Bowdoinham
G. Allen Jarman, Chestertown..
Wade H. D. Warfield, Balti-
more
Austin Peters, State House,
Boston
W. M. Morris, Cass City.
II. 11. Hinds, Stanton
Comfort A. Tyler, Nottawa.
M. H. Whitcombe, S. Paul..
State veterinarian
State veterinarian
State veterinary surgeon
Veterinarian, experiment sta-
tion
Live stock sanitary commis-
sioner
State veterinarian
Veterinarian, State experiment
station
r- Board of cattle commissioners
J
Chief veterinary Inspector
Secretary live-stock sanitary
board
.Chief of cattle bureau. State
l)oard of agriculture
State veterinarian
President State live-stock sani-
tary commission
Secretary State live-stock sani-
tary commission
Secretary State live-stock sani-
tary board
C. E. Cotton, Minneapolis Veterinarian live-stock sanitary
board
H. M. Bracken, St. Paul Secretary State board of health
J. C. Robert, Agricultural Col-'
lege (Professor of veterinary science
D. F. Luckey, Columbia [State veterinarian
Geo. B. Ellis, Columbia Secretary State board of agri-
culture
M. E. Knowles, Helena State veterinarian
W, G. Preuitt, Helena Secretary live-stock commission
Chas. A. McKimm, Lincoln State veterinarian
I. W. O'Rourke, Reno .State veterinarian
N. J. Bachelder, Concord. ..Secretary board of cattle com-
I missioners
E. B. Voorhees, New Bruns-,
wick President State board of agri-
culture
Franklin Dye, Trenton... Secretary commission on tuber-
culosis in animals
W. C. Barnes, Las Vegas Secretary cattle sanitary board
Harry F. Lee, Albuquerque Secretary sheep sanitary board
990 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE
SANITARY OFFICERS IN CHARGE OF LIVE STOCK INTERESTS-CONTINUED
State or Territory Name and post-offlce
Official position
New York.
North Carolina-
North Dakota-
Oiiio — --
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Porto Rico
Rhode Island--
South Carolina-
South Dakota-
Tennessee
Utah
Texas
Vermont
Virginia
Washington _-.
West Virginia.
Wisconsin
Harry D. Gill, 154 East 57th St.
New York City
C. A. Wieting, CobleskilL
W. H. Kelly, Albany
Tait Butler, Raleigh
S. L. Patterson, Raleigh...
W. F. Crewe, Devils Lake.
Paul Fischer, Columbus
T. L. Calvert, Columbus...
Wyoming
C. J. Davis, Guthrie
Thomas Morris, Guthrie.
C. J. Korinek, Salem
W. H. Lj'tle, Pendleton
Leonard Pearson, Logan Hall,
University of Pennsylvania,
Philadelphia .
Thos. A. Allen, San Juan
John S. Pollard, Providence-
John J. Dunn, Providence
M. Ray Powers, Clemson Col
lege
Thos. H. Hicks, Milbank
W. H. Dunn, Gallatin
John Thompson, Nashville
T. B. Beatty, Salt Lake City..
John Austin, Heber City
J. H. Wilson, Quanah.
St.
W. G. Langley, 231 Main
Dallas
H. S. Wilson, Arlington
J. G. Ferneyhough, Blacksburg
S. B. Nelson, Pullman
J. B. Garvin, Charleston
.Tohn M. True, Madison
H. D. Russell, College of Agri
culture, Madison ^
Wm. F. Pflaeging, Cheyenne.
Geo. S. Walker, Cheyenne
State veterinarian for eastern
district of New York
Commissioner department of
agriculture
Chief veterinarian
State veterinarian
Commissioner of agriculture
State veterinarian
State veterinaran
Secretary State live-stock com-
mission
State veterinarian
Secretary live-stock sanitary
commission
State veterinarian
Sheep inspector
State veterinarian
Veterinary inspector, health
office
Veterinarian State board of
agriculture
Secretary State board of agri-
culture
State veterinarian
State veterinarian
State livestock commissioner...
Commissioner of agriculture
Secretary State board of health
President State board of sheep
commissioners
Secretary livestock sanitary
commission
State veterinarian
Cattle commissioner
State veterinarian
State veterinarian
Secretary board of agriculture
Secretary State sanitary board
Director State Experiment Sta-
tion
State veterinarian
Secretary State board sheep
commisisoners
NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART XVI
991
FORESTRY ASSOCIATIONS.
American Forestry Associafion— President, Hon. James Wilson, Secre-
tary of Agriculture; Secretary, Thomas E. Will, Washington, D. C; Treas-
urer, Otto Luebkert, Washington, D. C.
International Society of Ar^oricwUwrc— President, Gen. William J. Pal-
mer, Colorado Springs, Colo., Vice-President, Henry John Ehves, F. R, S.
Colesborne, Cheltenham, England; Secretary, J. P. Brown, Connersville,
Ind.
Society of American Foresters— President, Gifford Pinchot, Washington,
D. C; Secretary, W. F. Sherfesee, Washington, D. C.
STATE ORGANIZATIONS.
Name of organization
Secretary
Address
Appalachian Mountain Club R. B. Lawrence. - Treniont Bldfc'
ton
Arizona Salt River Vallej' Water Users'
Association . C. A. Van der Veer.. I'hoenlx, Ariz
California:
Water and Forest Association.
Bos-
T. C. Friedlander.—
E. C. Damon
William E. Colby.—
J5 Mills Bldt'., Sun
Francisco
San Diofe'o
San Francisco
Forestry Educational Association..
Sierra Club
Forest and Water Society of South
ern California 'Wni
Pacific Coast Forest, Fish and
Game Association
Cincinnati Forest and Improvement
Association
Colorado Forestry Association
Connecticut Foresty Association
Georgia Forestry Association
Iowa Park and Forestry Association..
Maine Forestry Association
Massachusetts Forestry Association...
Michigan Forestry Association
Minnesota State Forest Association
Nebraslia Parlj and Forestry Associa-
tion __
New England Forest, Fish and Game
Association
New Hampshire Society for the Pro-
tection of New Hampshire Forests..
New York: I
State Fish, Game and Forest i
League .John
Forestry, Water Storage and Man-
ufacturing Association of the
State of New York...
Association for the Protection of , ., .,, , ,.,.,
the Adirondacks E. H. Hall Tribune Bldg., Ne\%
I lork
H. Kniglit I Los Angeles
Wm. Greer Harrison j San Francisco
Adolph Leue 'l27 W. Twelfth St.
W. G. M. Stone, pros Denver
Miss Marv Winslow. Weatogue
Alfred Akerraan Athen.i
Wesley Greene jDcs Moines
E. E. Ring— Augusta
Edwin A. Start |* Joy St., Boston
.1. Fred Baker East Lansing
E. G. Cheyney St. Anthony Park
L. B. Craig lYork
Walter L. Hill rieiec Bldg., Boston
Allen Hollis Concord
■ i
D. Whish Capitol. Albany
John C. Durgiu 1 Broadway, N. York
Northern New York Forestry As-
sociation
American Forest Preservation So-
ciety
North Dakota State Sylvaton Society-
Ohio State Forestry Society
Oregon Forestry Association
Pennsvlvania Forestry Association
Pennsylvania Franklin Forestry So-
Vermont Forestry Association
Washington Forestry Association
West Virginia Forestry Association
O. B. Tappan, direc-
tor Potsdam
George Milroy Bailey Corfu, N.
Miss Ella J. Mitchell Penn, N.
C. W. Waid Woostcr
Dak.
D. Monteith.
L. Bitler.—
W. G. Bowers
Ernest Hitchkock..
Edmund S. Meany.
Portland
1012 W.ilnut St.
I adelphia, Pa.
Chambersburg.
Pittsford,
Seattle.
Phil-
A. W. Nolan Morgantown
992 IOWA DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE
SCHOOLS OF FORESTRY.
POST-GRADUATE SCHOOLS.
Yale TJniversity, Forest School, New Haven, Conn. — A two years' post-
graduate course, leading to the degree of Master of Forestry. Under the
direction of the officers of the Yale Forest School, a two months' summer
course, July and August, is conducted at Milford, Pike County, Pa. Prof.
Henry S. Graves, Director.
University of Michigan, Forest School (part of the general Department
of Literature, Science, and the Arts), Ann Arhor, Mich. — A two years'
post graduate course, leading to the degree of Master of Science in For-
estry. A six weeks' summer course, in July and August, is conducted on
the state reserve at Roscommon. Prof. Filibert Roth, Professor of Forestry.
Harvard TJniversity, Forest School, Camhridge, Mass. — A two years'
graduate course, in connection with the Graduate School of Applied
Science. Prof. R. T. Fisher, in charge of curriculum.
AMERICAN BREEDERS' ASSOCIATION.
President, James Wilson, Washington, D. C; Vice-President, Chas. W.
Ward, Queens, N. Y.; Secretary, W. M. Hays, Washington, D. C; Treas-
urer, N. H. Gentry, Sedalia, Mo.; Chairman, animal section, A. P. Grout,
Winchester, 111.; Secretary, animal section, C. B. Davenport, Cold Spring
Harbor, N. Y.; Chairman, plant section, H. J. Webber, Ithaca, N. Y.; Sec-
retary, plant section, N. E. Hansen, Brookings, S. Dak.
FARMERS' NATIONAL CONGRESS.
President, B. Cameron, Stagville, N. C; First Vice-President, Joshua
Strange Marion, Ind.; Second Vice-President, L. B. Strayer, Rock Island,
111.; Treasurer, W. L. Ames, Oregon, Wis.; Secretary, George M. Whitaker,
Washington, D. C; First Assistant Secretary, John H. Kimble, Port De-
posit, Md.; Second Assistant Secretary, Ralph M, Searles, Edgar, Nebr.;
Third Assistant Secretary, O. D. Hill, Kendalia, W. Va.; Executive Com-
mittee, President, Secretary, and Treasurer, E. W. Wickey, East Chicago,
Ind.; Levi Morrison, Greenville, Pa.; A. C. Fuller, Dows, Iowa.
PATRONS OF HUSBANDRY.
OFFICERS OF NATIONAL GRANGE.
Master, N. J. Bachelder, Concord, N. H.; Overseer, T. C. Atkeson, Mor-
gan town, W. Va.; Lecturer, G. W. F. Gaunt, Mullica Hill, N. J.; Treasurer,
Mrs. E. S. McDowell, Rome, N. Y.; Secretary, C. M. Freeman, Tippecanoe
City, Ohio; Executive Committee, F. N. Godfrey, Clean, N. Y.; C. J. Bell,
East Hardwick, Vt.; F. A. Derthick, Mantua, Ohio; N. J. Bachelder, ex
officio, Concord, N. H.
INDEX
FOREPART.
IOWA'S SOURCE OF WEALTH.
Number and value of live stock ^'""^^
Number, average size and value of farms 2
Rural population
Statistical table of farm products 1
Value of farm machinery and buildings 2
PART I.
REPORT OF WEATHER AND CROP SERVICE FOR 1908.
Annual precipitation chart ^g
±>arley crop ^^
Climate and crop review oT
Climatology of the year 1908 4
Comparative data for the state ' " , 04
Condensed summary of temperature and precipitation for' 1908. '. 30
Corn crop by counties ^ g
Crop report, June 1 . . . 34
Crop report, July 1 • • • • • ^^
Crop report, July 25 . . . 37
Dates of killing frosts .*".!' '\s
Final crop report by counties 4q
Final crop report, December 1 37
Flax seed ^ .
Monthly summaries c
Oats crop ^q
Potato crop g-
Rye crop 5,
Spring wheat crop 5q
Tabulated crop summary 09
Tame hay gg
Wild hay ^^
Winter wheat crop 5 2
63 (993)
994 INDEX
PART II.
STATISTICAL TABLES OF PRINCIPAL FARM CROPS.
Page
Acreage, production and value of principal farm crops in the
United States in 1908 64
Number and value of farm animals in the United States on Jan.
1, 1909 80
Statistics of the principal farm crops of the world 71
Tables of Iowa's crops for various years 58
PART III.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE JOINT SESSION OF THE ANNUAL STATE
FARMERS' INSTITUTE AND CORN BELT MEAT
PRODUCERS' ASSOCIATION.
Boughman, D. E., "Hog cholera and the serum treatment" 101
Bovine tuberculosis, M. P. Ravenel 106
Cattle feeding, W. A. Cochel 124
Cochel, W. A., "Cattle feeding" 124
Country life vs. city life, H. E. Deemer Ill
Curtiss, C. F., "Government horse breeding; the American car-
riage horse" ' 9 4
Deemer, H. E., "Country life vs. city life" Ill
Government horse breeding; the American carriage horse, C. F.
Curtiss 9 4
Hog cholera and the serum treatment, D. E. Boughman 101
Jones, Humphrey, "Silos and ensilage for beef cattle" 118
Public school agriculture, A. V. Storm 84
Ravenel, M. P., "Bovine tuberculosis" • 106
Silos and ensilage for beef cattle, Humphrey Jones 118
Storm, A. V., "Public school agriculture" 84
The farmer in the legislature, Geo. C. White 91
White, Geo. C, "The farmer in the legislature". . .' 91
PART IV.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE STATE AGRICULTURAL CONVENTION.
Auditing committee, report 145
Brown, W. C, elected vice-president 160
Cameron, C. E., President's address 129
Cameron, C. E., elected president 160
Committee on credentials 129
Committee on resolutions 129
Credentials committee, report 156
•€urtin, E. J., elected member of Board of Agriculture 160
Delegates to agricultural convention 157
Election of officers 160
J'inancial statement for various years 146
INDEX
995
Gilbertson, G. S., treasurer's report 144
Ledgerwood, John, elected member of Board of Agriculture 161
Legoe, T. C, elected member of Board of Agriculture 160
Olson, O. A., elected member of Board of Agriculture 161
Phillips, C. W., elected member of Board of Agriculture 160
President's address, C. E. Cameron 129
Receipts and disbursements for year 190 8 141
Report of auditing committee I45
Report of committee on credentials 156
Report of committee on resolutions 159
Resolutions committee, report I59
Sandles, A. P., "The purpose and field of state fairs and exposi-
tions" 14g
Secretary's report, J. C. Simpson 131
Simpson, J. C, Secretary's report l.-jl
Statement of expense and premium warrants issued in 1908 142
The purpose and field of state fairs and expositions, A. P. Sandles. 148
Treasurer's report, G. S. Gilbertson 14 4
PART V.
SYNOPSIS OF PROCEEDINGS OF STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE
AND COMMITTEE MEETINGS.
Appropriation for agricultural exhibit 191
Appropriation for college exhibit 191
Appropriation for school exhibit 191
Assignment of standing committees 211
Assignment of superintendents 191
Auditing committee meeting 170
Auditing committee meeting 183
Bids on contract for Administration Building 164
Committee on resolutions, report 190
Contract awarded for Administration Building 168
Deemer, J. H,, elected superintendent of grounds 183
Election of marshals for state fair 192
Election of secretary 183
Election of superintendent of grounds 183
Election of treasurer 183
Executive committee meetings 162
Executive committee meetings 171
Executive committee meetings 182
Gilbertson, G. S., elected treasurer 183
Meeting of State Board of Agriculture, February 163
Meeting of State Board of Agriculture, August 179
Meeting of State Board of Agriculture, December 183
Report of committee on adulteration of foods, etc 192
Report of committee on per diem and mileage, February meeting. 169
Report of committee on per diem and mileage, August meeting. . 181
996 INDEX
Page
Report of committee on per diem and mileage, December meeting 210
Report of committee on resolutions 190
Report of committee on secretary's report 190
Report of investigation of weeds, etc 194
Report of secretary, J. C. Simpson 184
Schedule of pay adopted for employes at state fair 192
Secretary's report, J. C. Simpson 184
Simpson, J. C, elected secretary 183
Standing committees for 1909 211
PART VI.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE ANNUAL MEETING OF THE SWINE
BREEDERS' ASSOCIATION.
Agar, W. C, "What the packer wants" 22 8
Ashby, J. B., "Scientific swine feeding" 217
Cholera investigations and tuberculosis, Dr. J. H. McNeill 236
Curtiss, C. F., "Iowa's swine exhibit at the International" 214
Economical feeding for pork, W. J. Hartung 220
Hartung, W. J., "lEconomical feeding for pork" 220
Iowa's swine exhibit at the International, C. F. Curtiss 214
Legalizing woven wire fence, P. B. Whittington 247
McNeill, Dr. J. H., "Cholera investigations and tuberculosis". . . . 236
Officers of Expert Swine Judges' Association 249
Ofiicers of Iowa Swine Breeders' Association 212
Paul, L. H., "Silage in swine rations" 231
President's address, L. H. Roberts 213
Proceedings of Expert Swine Judges' Association 249
Scientific swine feeding, J. B. Ashby 217
Silage in swine rations, L. H. Paul 231
What the packer wants, W. C. Agar 228
Whittington, P. B., "Legalizing woven wire fence" 247
PART VII
PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRTY-FIRST ANNUAL CONVENTION OF
THE IOWA STATE DAIRY ASSOCIATION.
Address of welcome, R. R. Doty 251
Address, G. L. McKay 299
Address, F. L. Odell 267
Address, S. B. Shilling 310
Address, H. R. Wright .' 262
Appointment of committees 258
Articles of incorporation of the Iowa State Dairy Association 331
Barney, W. B., President's address 258
Better milk and cream, F. A. Leighton 287
Breeds and breeding of dairy cattle, and why it pays, T. J. Julian. 277
INDEX 997
Page
Bower, John, "The buttermaker in his relation to creamery man-
agement" ' 318
Brown, F. M., Treasurer's report 255
By-Laws of the Iowa State Dairy Association 332
Do the dairymen need a protective association, J. G, More 322
Doty, R. R., Address of welcome 251
Eckles, C. H., "The selection of the dairy sire" 281
Election of officers 265
Iowa needs an advertising man, E. B. Shoemaker 305
Johnson, W. B., Secretary's report 254
Julian, T. J., "Breeds and breeding of dairy cattle, and why it
pays" 277
Leighton, F. A., "Better milk and cream" 287
McKay, G. L., Address 299
More, J. G., "Do the dairymen need a protective association". . . . 322
Odell, F. L., Address 267
Officers of the Iowa State Dairy Association 251
Paul, L. H., "The silo" 312
President's address, W. B. Barney 258
Report of committee on resolutions 309
Report of secretary, W. B. Johnson 254
Report of treasurer, F, M. Brown 255
Response to address of welcome, F. W. Stephenson 253
Revision of by-laws 316
Scores on butter 273
Scott, Thos. W., "Tuberculosis" 292
Secretary's report, W, B. Johnson 2 54
Shilling, S. B., Address 310
Shoemaker, E. B., "Iowa needs an advertising man" 305
Stephenson, F, W., Response to address of welcome 253
The buttermaker in his relation to creamery management, John
Bower 318
The selection of the dairy sire, C. H. Eckles 281
The silo, L. H. Paul 312
Tuberculosis, Thos. W. Scott 292
Wright, H. R. Address 262
PART VIII.
EXTRACTS FROM STATE DAIRY COMMISSIONER'S REPORT.
Assistant dairy commissioners 337
Average monthly price of butter in Xew York market 353
City milk inspection 349
Oleomargarine ^"^^
Prices paid for butterfat 343
Quality of Iowa butter 339
Table showing butter shipments for years 1890-1908 359
Table showing net number of pounds of butterfat shipped out of
state ^^
or^l
998 INDEX
Page
Table showing number of pounds of milk, etc., received, and num-
ber of pounds of butter made and sold as reported by cream-
eries 353
Table showing number of hand separators, number of patrons
and number of cows 355
PART IX.
EXTRACTS FROM STATE VETERINARY SURGEON'S REPORT.
Federal meat inspection 389
Glanders 3 81
Hog cholera 384
Introductory 360
Maladie-du-coit 385
Our relation to kindred departments of other states 387
Reports from packing houses 3 87
Suggested ordinances 394
The bureau of animal industry 388
Tuberculosis 362
PART X.
COMMON DISEASES AMONG DOMESTIC ANIMALS.
Diseases of cattle 453
Diseases of horses 396
Diseases of young calves 486
PART XI.
.PRESS REPORTS OF THE IOWA STATE FAIR AND EXPOSITION,
AWARDS AND EXHIBITORS IN LIVE STOCK DEPART-
MENTS, SCORING IN SCHOLARSHIP CONTESTS,
AND AWARDS AT THE 19 08 MA-
TURE CORN SHOW.
PRESS REPORTS.
Breeder's Gazette 520
Farmers' Tribune 544
Iowa State Register and Farmer 572
The Homestead 553
Twentieth Century Farmer 549
Wallaces' Farmer 502
AWARDS AND EXHIBITORS IN LIVE STOCK DEPARTMENTS.
Cattle department 601
Horse department , 5 85
Poultry department 644
Sheep department 635
Swine department 624
IINDEX 999
SCHOLARSHIP JUDGING CONTESTS.
Page
Scoring of contestants in boys' judging contest 658
Scoring of contestants in girls' cooking contest 658
MATURE CORN SHOW.
Awards in mature corn show, December, 1908 655
PART XII.
PAPERS ON LIVE STOCK, AGRICULTURAL AND M ISCI'^LLANEOUS
TOPICS.
REGARDING LIVE STOCK.
Chandler, Howard A., "The farm and the flock" 690
Chandler, Howard A., "What the Shropshire sheep has done for
the American farmer" 6S7
Dairying on the farm, W. B. Goodrich 695
Goodrich, W. B., "Dairying on the farm" 695
The farm and the flock, Howard A. Chandler 690
The Percheron and others 691
What the Shropshire sheep has done for the American farmer,
Howard A. Chandler 6S7
REGARDING POULTRY.
Poultry on the farm for profit, W. L. Wink 709
Wink, W L., "Poultry on the farm for profit" 709
REGARDING FARM CROPS.
Alfalfa, James Brockway 707
Brockway, James, "Alfalfa" 707
Burgy, J. H., "How to grow oats" 681
Clover as a means of maintaining soil fertility, J. J. Gaston 711
Gaston, J. J., "Clover as a means of maintaining soil fertility". . 711
Goulding, W. B., "Maintaining the physical condition of the soil". 714
How to grow oats, J. H. Burgy 681
How to grow oats, Fred McCulloch 686
How to grow oats, B. T. Seaman 684
How to grow oats, F. D. Steen 682
Maintaining the physical condition of the soil, W. B. Goulding. . 714
McCulloch, Fred, "How to grow oats" 686
Seaman, B. T., "How to grow oats" ....'. 684
Steen, F. D., "How to grow oats" 682
MISCELLANEOUS.
Adams, C. W., "Silos and silage" 702
Address, W^m. Sulzer "40
Agriculture in rural schools, Mrs. Max Dean 727
Bachelder, N. J., "The demand of the farmer for national aid for
highway improvement" 744
Beck, Fannie E., "How I would run a farm if I were a man". ... 721
1000 INDEX
Page
Bliss, G. R., "Forestry for the farm" 717
Burnet, M. C, "The catalpa from a seed to a fence post" 719
Dean, Mrs. Max, "Agriculture in rural schools" 727
Drainage, Frank Forbes 729
Dye, C. C, "Good country roads" 735
Financial statement of county farmers' Institutes 748
Forbes, Frank, "Drainage" 729
Forestry for the farm, G. R. Bliss 717
Good country roads, C. C. Dye 735
Have the principles of agriculture a legitimate place in our public
schools, A. P. Hughes 723
How I would run a farm if I were a man, Fannie E. Beck 721
Hughes, A. P., "Have the principles of agriculture a legitimate
place in our public schools" 72 3
Is it advisable to consolidate the rural schools, Mrs. James Mateer 69 7
Lister, Geo. S., "The silo" 701
Mateer, Mrs. James, "Is it advisable to consolidate the rural
schools 697
Myers, F. J., "Silos and silage" 704
Record of the Fred McCulloch farm 660
Silos and silage, C. W. Adams 702
Silos and silage, F. J. Myers 704
Sulzer, Wm., Address 740
The catalpa from a seed to a fence post, M. C. Burnet 719
The demand of the farmers for national aid for highway improve-
ments, N. J. Bachelder 744
The silo, Geo. S. Lister 701
PART XIII.
FINANCIAL STATEMENT AND REPORT OF AGRICULTURAL CON-
DITIONS BY COUNTY AND DISTRICT AGRICULTURAL
SOCIETIES IN IOWA FOR 1908.
Adair, W. W. West 751
Adair, A. C. Savage 752
Adams, Geo. E. Bliss 753
Allamakee, A. L. Larson 754
Audubon, S. C. Curtis 755
Benton, Arad Thompson 755
Black Hawk, F. E. Hoyt 756
Boone, W. C. Treloar 757
Boone, A. M. Burnside 75 8
Buchanan, Charles L. King 759
Buena Vista, Wm. Zeilman 760
Butler, N. W. Scovel 761
Calhoun, H. A. Arnold 761
Calhoun 762
Cass, E. E. Marquis 763
INDEX 1001
Cass, J. J. Hogan ^^g^|
Cedar, F. H. Connor 764
Cerro Gordo, Geo. H. Purdy '....."....'.' 765
Chickasaw, C. L. Putney . ! . ! 766
Clayton, Henry Luehsen 766
Clayton, I. P. Howard 767
Clayton, W. W. Davidson 768
Clinton, E. J. Quigley 769
Clinton, J. B. Ahrens 769
Crawford, A. A. Conrad 770
Davis, H. C. Leach 771
Delaware, J. J. Pentony 772
Fayette, E. A. Mcllree 772
Fayette, W. J. Brennan 775
Financial statement of county and district fairs in Iowa roreiving
state aid 834
Floyd, W. B. Johnson 775
Grundy, C. E. Thomas 776
Guthrie, Thomas E. Grissell 777
Hamilton, F. A. P. Tatham 77 8
Hancock, Jas, L. Manuel 779
Hardin, H. S. Martin 779
Harrison, W. H. Withrow 780
Henry, O. N. Knight 781
Henry, O. E. Wilson 783
Humboldt, John Cunningham 784
Iowa, Alex McLennan 785
Iowa, J. P. Bowling 786
Iowa, Chas. Fletcher 787
Jackson, B. D. Ely 788
Jefferson, D. R. Beatty 789
Johnson, George A. Hitchcock 789
Jones, J. J. Locher 790
Jones, L. W. Russell 791
Keokuk, Geo. A. Poff 7 91
Kossuth, W. E. McDonald 792
Lee, Chris Haffner 793
Lee, John Walljasper 794
Linn, Thomas DeLaney 795
Linn, E. E. Henderson 796
Louisa, J. R. Smith 797
Lyon, J. H. Harrison 798
Mahaska, C. F. Momyer 799
Marion, Charles Porter 799
Marshall, H. M. Weeks 800
Marshall, W. M. Clark 802
Mills, G. W. Williams 803
Mitchell, W. H. Gable 803
Monona, A. W. Burgess 804
1002 INDEX
Page
Muscatine, W. H. Shipman 805
Muscatine, H. Wildasin 806
O'Brien, J. B. Murphy 806
O'Brien, Joe Morton 807
Page, J. C. Beckner ' 808
Page, A. W. Goldberg 809
Pocahontas 810
Pottawattamie, Caleb Smith 811
Poweshiek, Jas. Nowak 812
Poweshiek, I S. Bailey 813
Ringgold, A. E. Lane 813
Sac, S. L. Watt 814
Scott, Miles Collins 815
Shelby, Fred Frazier 816
Sioux, H. Slikkerveer 817
Story, J. R. Larson 818
Tama, A. G. Smith 819
Taylor, F. N. Lewis 821
Union, J. M. McCornack 821
Van Buren, D, A. Miller 822
Warren, Joe McCoy ', 823
Winnebago, J. A. Peters 824
Winnebago, J. P. Boyd 82 5
Winneshiek, L. L. Cadwell 826
Woodbury, John R. Shaffer 827
Worth, E. H. Miller 832
Wright, Chas, Rotzler 833
PART XIV.
HORSE BREEDING INDUSTRY IN IOWA, WITH LIST OF STATE
CERTIFICATES ISSUED TO MAY 1, 1909.
Directory of owners of pure bred stallions, by counties 845
Number and character of state certificates issued to May 1, 1909. 843
Regulations for certification of breeders' associations and books
of record of pedigrees 839
Stud books recognized by the U S. Department of Agriculture. . . 842
PART XV.
LAWS.
Crop statistics 952
Destruction of weeds 956
Lawful fence 953
Lien for stallion service fee 954
Organization and duties of department of agriculture 944
State enrollment of stallions 952
INDEX 1003
PART XVI.
DIRECTORY OF ASSOCIATIONS AND ORGANIZATIONS REPRE-
SENTING AGRICULTURAL INTERESTS IN IOWA AND
OTHER STATES.
Agricultural colleges and other institutions in the United States ^*^^
having courses in agriculture 9 70
Agricultural experiment stations of the United States 977
American Association of Farmers* Institute Workers 983
American Association of Live Stock Herd Book Secretaries 9 86
American Breeders' Association 993
American National Live Stock Association 9 86
Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Sta-
tions 9gl
Association of Official Agricultural Chemists 972
Corn Belt Meat Producers' Association 959
County and district agricultural societies and fair associations in
Iowa 9C0
Farmers' county institutes in Iowa 960
Farmers' National Congress 992
Forestry Associations 991
Horticultural and kindred societies 973
Iowa Corn Growers' Association 959
Iowa Department of Agriculture 959
Iowa Park and Forestry Association 959
Iowa State Dairy Association 959
Iowa State Highway Commission 95 8
Iowa State Horticultural Society 959
Iowa Swine Breeders' Association 959
National Association of Economic Entomologists 972
National Bee Keepers' Association 972
National Dairy Association 986
National Wool Growers' Association 9 86
Officials in charge of farmers' institutes 982
Organizations for the protection of birds and game 976
Patrons of Husbandry 992
Poultry associations in Iowa 968
Protection against contagion from foreign cattle 9 86
Sanitary officers in charge of live stock interests 989
Schools of forestry 992
Secretaries of state boards of agriculture 9 85
Short courses conducted by Agricultural Extension Department. . 967
Society of Iowa Florists 959
State highway officials 974
State officials in charge of agriculture 985
State officials in charge of protection of game 975
Statistics of farmers' institutes 984
Stock Breeders' Association 987
The Farmers' Grain Dealers' Association 959
Western Grain Dealers' Association 959
I!
I M
uO.
:60
if
f
i
1
n
t' 1
nil
if!'
...
i;^ ilip L
^HiM^ii;:!; I|i III!!
irMSMiisr!'
Live Music Archive
Librivox Free Audio
Metropolitan Museum
Cleveland Museum of Art
Internet Arcade
Console Living Room
Books to Borrow
Open Library
TV News
Understanding 9/11