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:s . I
^s- -••
THE
MECHANICS' MAGAZINE,
MUSEUM,
AND ' ' . ,
GAZETTE,
JULY 1st — DECEMBER 30th, 1848.
EDITED BY J. C. ROBERTSON.
VOL. XLTX.
X
•' When the victory can leap ^ • '
A hanrett cro««'d 'with triumph, toil Is cTieitp." ^.
fORD. ^ t
■■/
LONDON :
ROBERTSON AND CO..
MECHANICS' MAGAZINE OFFICE, No. 168, FLEET-STREET.
AGENTS: FOR EDINBURGH, J. SUTHERLAND;
GLASGOW, W. R. M'PHUN, AND DAVID ROBERTSON;
DUBLIN, MACHIN AND CO., 8, D'OLIER STREET;
PARIS, A. & W. GALIGNANI, RUE VIVIENNB;
HAMBURGH, W. CAMPBELL.
1848.
/
INDEX
TO THE FORTY-NINTH YOUlMR
Acid, Cimne nd JalUon't potent I AzaUc oumiiciipt, on t cextaln,
ImpTovemente in the maimfluv
tttze of, 43
, oxalic, LunlDf['i patent In-
proTementi in, Alb
— , Solomoni bdA Azula^'i pa-
tent improvements in the manu-
facture of, 547
hy Jamee Cockle, Esq., M.A.,
Bairitter-at-law, 80
Archimedean boiler fteraaoe,
Maudtlaf's patent, 241
Arehltectore, Treatiie on,Leed<'s,
(rcTiew), 568
Arctic ocean, temperature of, 187
, Barnes' patent ImproTemeiet I; Arm strong's patent improvemeots
in distillina, 573 * . . * • '> in water-pressure engines, 501
Adams, Mr. 1. P., pension loftlZ ^ Articles of utility, registered de-
Adeock's patent improYeD«^flt| in. signs for, 22, 46, 71, 04, \\9,
ftimaces and fire-places, «53> " ""' '*' "*" "*" """
Aerating liqnort, Bursill's patent
improvements in, 548
Atrial locomotive, 169, 257
Agricultnnl implements; prixes
and medals awarded at the R4nral
Agricultural SodatT's txhiUtloB
at York, 69
Agriculture, aid rendered by me-
chanics to, 94
Air, compressed, locomotive. Ba-
ron von Rathen's, 6! ; first trial
of; on common r^ads, 165, 186
Alabaster, method of bringing out
sculpture in, 80
Alban's, Dr., improved steam
boiler, 49
, new mode of sheep
washing, 179
Algebra, on the signs used in, 200
, on the principles of , as a
system of general reasoning,
293, 317. 346, 374. 392
Algebraic equations. Notes on the
theory of, by James Coclde, Esq.,
M.A., Barrister- at -Law, 10
Algebraicae, Hora, by James
Cockle, Esq.. M.A., 364, 517,
555
Algebraical and geometrical stu-
dies, 626
Alliott's patent apparatus for re-
gulating the working of steam-
boilers, 337
patent platform weigh-
ing machine, 409
Alloys of ores, new method of
extracting gold from, 489
Althan's, Mr. H., historical notice
of the coming comet, 16
America, carpetmanufacturein, 21
, electric telegraph law-
suit in. 406
American patents, recent, 31, 142,
458, 476
fast printing-press, 193;
of English origin, 237, 271
electro - magnetic
tele-
graph, 340
Andrews, Mr. Thomas ; mode of
electric insulation, 363, 430
Aneroid barometer, 204
Angell. Mr. J,; on the term "infi-
nite," 443
Animil nroducts, Louis's patent
method of preserving, 525
Aqueous solutions, test for organic
matters in, 498
143, 167, 191, 215, tS8, 262, 287,
311, 885, 859, 883, 407, 480j 455,
479, 503, 627, 551, 574, 560, 623,
647
Artificial stone, Orsi's, 308
Arthur's decimal money, weights,
and measures, 85
Arts, decorative, Miss Wallace's,
patent improvements in. 224
Arts and Sciences, Weale's Rudi-
mentary Treatises : Dr.Lardner's
Steam-Engine, TomUnson's Na-
tural Philosophy, Leeds's Archi-
tecture, 566
Ashley, Lord, letter to, on model
lodging-houses for the working-
classes, £4
A tt wood's railway wheels, 476
Augers, Newton's improvements
in, 142
Aurora Borealis of 18 Oct., 4H
Axle-boxes, Normanville's patent
improvements in, 458
, Wrighton and Nor-
manville's, 645
Aytoun, R. Esq. ; plan for the im-
provement ut Dover haibour, 344
Bacon's safety fuze, 31
Baddeley, Mr. W. : Report on the
London Fires for 1847, 101 ;
sanitary reform v. the insanity
of science, 160; Deane, Dray,
and Deane's ces&pool cleanser,
134, 218; Cro&kili's improved
liquid manure cart, 249 ; potato
disease— effects of steam meteor-
ologically contidered, 284 ; appli-
cation of gutta percha to the
insulation of electric wires, 309 ;
Paul's patent excavator and
drain - cutting machine, 323 -,
sanitary measures—trapping and
ventilating sewers, 413, 414;
steam - boiler regulator, 465 ;
Gossage's engine pump, 560;
Tyler's water closet, 609
fiaggs', Mr., lectures on eh ctridty,
84; discoveries in electricity, 129
Baker's safety gun-lock, 466. 515
Baldwin's locomotive steam-en-
gine. 454
Balloon, a governable, 169, 257
Bands, hat, Walker's patent Im-
provements in. 646
Barber, John T., Esq. ; observa-
tions of the aurora boreals of
18 Oct., 414
Barber's patent improvements in
sawing machinery. 570
Barlow and Foster's patent im>
pror ements in electric telegraphs
and apparatus, 497
Barometer, the new French, Ane-
roid, 204
Bars, furnace, Fellows' improve-
ments in, 183
metal, Turton's patent im-
provements in bending, into car-
riage springs, 570
Barsham^s patent improvements
in mats, 570
Barnes' patent improvements in
gas, &c.. 573
B^e's patent improvements in
steam-engines, propelling and
preventing Incrustation, 599
Beauregard's patent steam-engine,
411
Becquerel, M. C. ; coloured photo-
graphic image of the solar
spectrum, 213
Bell, W., Esq., on the motion of
the sea, 155
, Improved diving, 219
Bentham, Brig.-Gen. Sir Samuel;
mode of constructing sea-walls,
83 ; application of water to dif-
ferent kinds of fuel, 140; on the
means of fastening together the
component parts of vessels for
navigation, 150, 171 ; system of
employing buoyant masses for
foundations in deep water, 278;
employment of iron in the con-
struction of ships, 350 ; floating
atf ssoon gate of the great basin
in Portsmouth dockyard, 441 ;
collateral uses to which sea-walls
!may be applied, 461 ; storing
tiniber, 531 ; niachanical prtnci-
Bjes of ba^ijig, rigging, and
' Cbct n fnmcXwg 'saw-mills
•♦ teto En, land, 599 ; mounting
ordnance on the non-recoil prin-
ciple, 634
Binomiil coefficients, on some
properties of, 2 TO
I Bird's patent improvements in
liquid measures, 1 S9
Black's patent improvements in
evaporation, 183
Blackwell's patent improvements
in evaporating furnaces, 121
Blast-furnace Merthyr 'Tydvil,
I remarkable accidi.-nt at, 447, 466
Blasting, galvanic, 415
: Blowing machines, Llo>d'6 patent,
] 265
I Boardman and Wells' improvement
: in clucks and time-pieces, 31
Bodies, falling, on the deviation
I of from the peri>endicular, 13
Boilers, steam, incrustation in, 475;
Seaton's patent iuiprovements
in preventing and removing,
I 549; Beale's patent method of
I preventing, 599
Bdlert, ittan : Dr. Altmn'!, 40 ;
Howes' watcr-gaiiKe, 75; Eatl of
Dnndonald'i patent Improve-
m«nU, 183; Maudilay's patent
Arehhnedean f urn ace, 241 ; Al-
Uotfs patent apparatna for re-
galatiiif the working of, 337 ;
mode of regulating the supply of
water to, S97, 451 ; Yalentlne'a
fanproTementa in, 458; Badde-
ley and Moy's regulators, 465
Booles' theory of the mathematical
basis of logic, 254
Boame*s strictures on the Cornish
steam-engine, 195
Boatigny's discoreries In heat..
411 ?
Bowstring girders, Fox.Hendersgih
and Co.'s, 285
Boxes, Stacker's patent, 474
Boyden'swater wheels, 476 /
Branson's, Dr., mode of electro
painthjg, 41
Breakwaters composed of tertical
floats, by Lient.-Coh Yule,
R.B., 1
, Bruce's pate/it method
of constructing, 97
, should they be sloping
or Tertical r 76, 129, 136, 154,
181, 196, 201, 233, 254. 282, 28G,
328, 342, 368, 399, 426, 445, 469,
515, 537, 559
-, the Plymouth, 342
Bricks, ornamental, Orsi's, 308
Brldgo^ tubular, the InTcntor of,
21
, Remington's, at Shir-
leywieh, 133, 161
, wrought-iron, bowstring
girders for, 285
. Niagara suspen^tlon, 332
.Dredge's foot suspension,
at Shadwell, 356
Brindley's patent improvements
in papier marh6, 573
British Association at Swansea, 186
Brown and Redpath's smiths'
portable forge, 94
Bruce's patent method of con-
structing piers and breakwaters,
97
Budd, Mr. J. P., on the apiilica-
tion of the gases evolTCd from
b!ast furnaces to heating pur-
poses, 2o8
Bullions, Dalton's patent improve-
ments in, 597
Bulwarks, stone, elasticity of,
613
Bnnnett's self acting efDurla-trap,
444
Buoyant masses, Sir Samuel Ben-
tham's system rf employing, for
foundations in deep water, 278
Bursill's patent iraprnvementK in
aerating liquors, 548
Bosh's patent compass, 521
Butterworth, the mathemaUcfan,
biographical particulars of, 297,
377
Cables, chain, Dunn and Elliott's,
machine for testing, 19
Caissoon, floating gate, of thcGrcat
Basin, Portsmouth Dockyard,
411
Cambridge, reforms at, 449. 485
Caoutchouc, Hancock an ; Phillips'
patent improrements in the
manufacture of, 45
, vulcanized, socket
Joints, 617
INDBX.
Capper's, patent method of pre-
paring and' cleaning minerals,
ftc. 596
Cards, show, Stocker's patent, 474
Carpentei^s, Captain, quarter pro-
peller», 222
Carpet^ manufaeture in America,
Carpats, Wood's, patent improve-
m«nts in weaving and printing,
Carriages, railway : Henson's pa-
^tent, 385 ; Normanville's, patent,
.' 453; Harding's, safety addi-
tions, 534; Turton's, patent im-
provements in benaing metal
Slates into springs for, 5/0 ;
fsnsell's, patent, 571
Cart, liquid manure, Croskill's
improved, 249, 307
Cart and Watson's patent im-
provements in the manufacture
of gas, 179
Cash box, railway. Spark's, 81
Caspian, the, steam navigation
on, 118
Cata-dioptric system, for light-
house lights, Mr. Gordon's, 262
Cave's method of preventing
incrustations in steam boilers,
475
Caulking, improvements in, 306
Cements, Orsi's patent improve-
ments in, 308
the new Portland, 325
Cesspool cleanser, Deane, Dray
and Deane's, 184, 185, 248, 307
Chain cables, Dunn and Elliott's,
machine for testing, 19
Chair -pin, railwav, pressing ma-
chine, Harrlson^s, 32
Challenge to the mathematicians
of the 19th century, 639
Chamberlain's patent apparatus
for recording votes at elections,
598
Chanec's patent improvements in
furnaces and manufacture of
glass, 184
Charcoal, Solomons and Azulays'
patent improvements in, 547.
Chesnel, T. G. de, Esq., on the
electric telegraph. 342
Chimneys, sioolcy, Sir H. Hait's,
patent apparatus for preventing,
598
Chrononietric governor, Mr.
Joseph Woods', 1 1 8
Chninomeiers, Restel and Clark's,
patent improvements in, .'>02
Circular sawing, experiment in,
18
Clark, Hyde, Esq., on the diffu-
sion of sound, 218, '2CiS
Clip desk, Wedgewooci's, 405
Clocks and time pieces, Board-
man and Wells's improvements
in, 31
Coal mines. Mr. Gurney's plan for
the ventilation of, fi33
Coaling of ships' bottoms, 214
Cockle James, Esq., M.A., Bar
rister at Law ; theory of al;.'c-
brnicequations, 10, onacertain
Arnbic manuscript, SO; fragment
on loijic, 79 ; Horae Alge-
bj aim?. 304, 517, 555
Coefficients, binuinial, en some
properties of, 270
Cof?ee, Remlngton'.-J improve-
ments in roasting, 31
Coins, how to obtain prints from,
132
III
Coke, catting properties of, 208
Cole's patent high-pressure and
expansion double cylinder beam
engine, 301 ; safety vaire, 529
Combing wool, Sargent's patent
improvements in, 142
Combustion, spontaneous, 21
Comet, the coming, historical no-
tice of, 16
Compass, Bush's patent, 521
Compressed air locomotive. Baron
Von Rathen's, 61 ; first trial of,
on common roads, 165, 186
Concussion shells, 190
Condie's patent steam-hammer,
330
Congeneric surd equations, by
Professor Young, 463
Cooch's patent improvements in
sackholders, 524
Coode's patent system of liquid
manure distribution, 369
Copper, Low's patent improv**^
ment in the manufacture of, 35
Penny's patent improve-
ments in obtaining, frcm ccp
per ores, 549
Cornish steam-engine, and Mr.
Bourne's strictures. 135
Cork-cutting, Travers's improve-
ment in, 142
Corrugated r.iilway wheels, Lath-
rop's patent, 56S. 573
Cottage range, Newark, Nichol-
son's, 73
Cotton yams, Hague and Frith's
patent Improvements in doub-
ling and twisting, 549
Crane and Jullion's patent im-
provements in the manufacture
of acids and salts, 42
Croskill's improved liquid manure
cart, 249, 307
Cube root of a line, how to find by
rule and compasses, 632
Culvers hot air furnace, 477
Cunningham and Carter's patent
railway signal apparatus, 348
Currency, nn expansible, 21
Customs, the, maladministration
of, 258
Cutting properties of coke, 208
Cutler's patent welded lap-iron
tubes, 54
Cylinder casting at the Haigh
foundry, 5S9
Dalston's patent improvements
in fringes, gimps, and bullions,
597
Darlu's patent improvements in
obtaining motive power, 597
Davies. Professor, F.R.S., L. & E.
Geometry of the line and plane,
82, 291, 440. 495, 535
Davies's, Is., patent rotary steam
engine, and steam-tight metallic
packing. 433, 4.51, 4i7, 481, 516
Day's improved wind-guards,
217
Dcane, Dray and Dean's portable
lire engine and water pump, 75,
118; cesspool cleanser, l64, 185,
Decimal money weights and mea-
sures. Arthur's, 3S
Decorative arts. Miss Wallace's
patent improvements In, 224
Desijin^, registered, for articles of
utility, 22, 40, 71, 91, 119. 143,
I(j7, lyl, 21j. 239, 262, 287, 311,
335, 3'.9, 3S2, 407, 430, 455, 479,
503, 527, 561, 574, 5(50, 623, 647
302211
IV
DeBk'Clip, 'Wedgewood% 405
Despatch-box, rallTray, Sparke's,
SI
Diary, the Lady's and Gentleman's,
547
Diffusion of sound, 218, 268, 447
Diffusibility of the electric light,
611
" Dispatch" monster press, 644
Distillation, Maltby and Webb's
patent improvements in, 18
Tottie's, ditto, 182
Diving-bell, improved, 219
Division, synthetic, 111
Dodd's rail-straightening machine,
12
Doubling cotton-yams, &c. .Hague
and Firth's patent improve-
ments in, 549
Douglass', Sir Howard, Protest,
368, 427, 4C9, 515, 537
Douglas's syphons, 476
Dover harbour of refuge, and Six
Samuel Bentham's mode of con-
structing sea walls, 33 ; Mr. Ay-
toun's plan for the improvement
of. 344
Drainage plan for London, 630
Drain-flushing apparatus, Salter's
patent, 505, 540
Drains for laying pipes or tiles,
method of cutting, 276
cutting machine, Paul's
patent, 823
Dredge, Mr., and Weston-super-
mare pier and bridge company,
156
Dredge, W. Esq., C.E. ; seawalls,
should they be sloping or ver-
ticnl f 77, 1D6, 233, 254 ; impro-
ved mode of trussing girdeis,
112: foot suspension bridge,
Shadwell, 356; Mr. Stephen-
son's experiments on the lateral
force of waves, 538; elasticity
of stone bulwarks, 613
Dondonald's, Earl of, patent im-
provements in marine steam
boilers. 183
Dunham's, expansion-Joint for
steam engines, 142
Dunn and Elliott's machine for
testing chain cables, 19
Dynamics, questions in, 213
Earth, investigation of the pres-
sure of, against revetementwalls,
466, 524
Ebullition, remarkable experi-
ment* in, 405
Eccentric roller, Mr. W. B. John-
son's, 35
Eddystone lighthouse, 342, 868
Effluvia, self-acting trap, Bun-
nett's, 444
Egan, J. B., Esq. ; cheap railways
for India, 250
Elasticity of stone bulwarks, 613
Elections, Chamberlain's patent
apparatus for recording votes at,
598
Electrical machines, 69
Electricity.Mr. Bagg's lectures on,
84 ; his discoveries in, U9; firing
shells by, 298
Electricligbt,Sta!te's,382, 522. 546
, diTusibllity of, 611
Electricus, gymnotus, the, 178
Electro-painting, Dr. Branson's
mode of, 41
magnetism, employment cf
as a motive power, I hG
INDEX.
Electro-motive engine, Mr. Era-
ser's, on the supposed principlei
of muscular attraction, 299, .171,
428, 459, 545
Electro - telegraphy ; improved
modes of insulating electric wires
by gutta percha, by J. H. Ham-
merton, Esq., 272, 880; by Fran-
cis \?hishaw, Esq., 309: by A.
Bain, Esq., 309; by Z. U„ 310;
by Mr. Reed, 339 ; by Mr. Tho-
mas Andrews, SOS, 430; by
VolU, 898 ; by M.G.,400 ; Barlow
and Foster, 497 ; improved in-
struments, by J. N. Holmes,
Esq. 330, 342 ; Professor Morse's
claims, 340, 406 ; Hammerton's
testing box for electric telegraph
under-ground tubes, 464
Eromoti's patent improvements in
fuel and furnaces, 622
Engine pump, Gossage's, 560
Enrolment offices, new act for the
reform of, 260
Equations, algebraic, notes on the
theory of, by JamesCockle,M. A.,
Barrister-at-Law, 10
congeneric surd, by
Professor Young, 463
Equipping ships, mechanical
principles of, 582
Evaporating Furnaces,Blackweir8
patent improvements in, 121
— — ^— Bhick's patent Im-
provements In, 183
Excavator, Paul's patent, 323
Expansible, currency, an, 21
Expansion joint for steam engines,
Dunham's, 142
Explosion of a stationanr steam
engine, report of the Franklin
institute on, 470
" Ex-reviewer" at fault, 357
Extinction of fires in railway
trains, 342
Extinguisher, spark, Gibson's,
Fabrics, looped, Mowbray's patent
improvements In, 646
, textile, Robertson's pa-
tent improvements In the ma-
nufacture of, 93
Falling bodies, on the deviation
of, fVom the perpendicular, 13
Farmers' and graziers' portable
mill, Remington and Whitton's,
608.
Fastening together the component
parts of model vessels, by Sir
Samuel Bentham,150, 171
Fellow's improrements in fUmace
bars, 1S.1
File-handle, double, Groves and
Son's, 12
Fire engine, portable. Deane,Dray,
andDeane\ 75.118
proof, Payne's process of ren-
dering wood, 140
at New York, 162
Fires, London, Mr. Baddeley's re-
port on, for 1847, 101
, extinction of, in railway
trains, 842
Firing shells by electricity, 298
Floats, vertical, on breakwaters
composed of, by Lieut. Col.
Yule, R.E., 1
Fluctuating steam engine slider,
Rowan's, 373
Fluids, Humphry's patent im-
provements in apparatus for
raising, exhausting and forcing,
36
Fluids, Uaigh's patent improre-
ments in measuring, 475
Flushing drain apparatus, Salter's
patent, 505, 540
Foot's patent improvements in
making skeins of silk, 597
Forge, smith's portable. Brown
and Redpath's, 94
Form, Idea of, to be attached to
the higher powers of numbers,
200, 244
, relation between number
and, 326
Forster, T. E., Esq., on Mr. Gur-
ney's plan for the ventilation of
coal mines, 638
Forsyth's patent railway wheels,
390
Fox, Henderson and Co's. bow-
string girders, 285
Foundations,SirSamuelBentham'a
system of employing buoyant
masses for. In deep water, 278
Fountain pump, Sbalder**, 559 j
Franklin Instltnte, report of, on
the explosion of a stationary
steam engine. 470
Franklin's discoveries, 406
Frsser, W., Esq., M.R.C.S.E., :
electro-motive engine.construct-
ed on the supposed principles of
muscular action, 299, 871, 428,
459, 545
Fringes, Dalton's patent Improve-
ments in, 597
Fuel, on the application of water
to the different kinds of, 140
, peat, Roger's patent, 572
, Emmott's patent Improve-
ments in, 622
Fur fabrics, Westhead's patent, 598
Furnace bars. Fellow's improve-
ments in, 183
Furnaces; Blackwell's patent im-
provements in, 121 ; Chance's
patent improvements In, 184;
Mandslav's patent Archimedean
boiler, 241; remarkable acci-
dent at Merthyr Tydvil, 447,
466 ; Culver's hot air, 477 ; Ad-
cock's patent, 553; Hunt's pa-
tent, 599 ; Emmott's patent
improvements In, 622
Fuze, Bacon's safety, 31
Galvanic blasting, 415
Galvani's improvements in steam
engines, 142
Gardner's railway wheel, 476
Gas, Watson and Cart's patent
improvements in the manufac-
ture of, 179
, evolved from blast fUtnacet,
on the application of, to heating
purposes, 208
, Solomons and Azulay's pa-
tent Improvements in, 647
, Barnes' patent improvements
in, 573
Gates, sluice, long and short
hinges for, 178
(floating caissoon, of the
Great Basin, Portsmouth Dock-
yard, 441
Gauge, water, Howe's steam boiler,
75
pipe, water, Lapointe's, 330
Geometrical and algebraical stu-
dies, 626
— — proposition and de-
monstration. 137
Geometry of the line and plane.
82,291,440,495,539
Genmuij, recognition of intellec-
tual property in, 429
Giants of other days, 214
Gibson's spark extinguisher, 477
Gimps, Dalton's patent improve-
roents in, 597
Girders, Dreilge's improved mode
oftmsaing, 112
, wrought iron bowstring,
for bridges, 28S
Glass weights, Venetian, 42
, Chance's patent improve-
menu in the manufacture of, 184
, pipes, 450, 546
Glue, marine, 188
Wyn, Mr., on hjrdrauHc pressure
engines, 209
Gold, new method of extracting,
from ailoyt of ores, 489
Gordon's Mr.,' cata-dbptric system
for lighthouse lights, 262
1 (L. D. B.) patent under-
lap Jointed raU, and other im-
provements in railways, 420,
Gosaage's engine pump, 560
Governable balloon, 169, 257
Governor, ehronometric, 118
Grame's improvements in steam
valves, 142.
Gray, W. T., death of, and claims to
the title of " Railway Pioneer,"
404
Green and Newman's patent me-
thod of attaching tyres to rail-
way wheels, 391
Gregory, A., Esq. ; improved safety
valve, 513
Gresbam professorships, 38, 64,
89, 114, 123, 166,190,211
Groat's railway breaks, 476
Groves and Son's double file-
handle, 12
Goards, wind. Day's improved,
217
Gnn, safetv lock, 466
Gorney'a, Mr., plan for the venti-
lation of coal mines, 633
Gutta percha, 21; patents, No.
XXI., Messrs. Thomas Hancock
and Reuben Fhilips', SOth Dec,
1847,45; No. xiii., Mr. Charles
Hancock's. 1 1th May, 1848, 490 ;
manufactures, 209; works, 309;
application of, to the insulation
of electric wires, 272, 309, 3 10,
339, 380, 398, 406. 497
Gymnotua electricus, 178
risgue and Frlth's patent im-
provements in twisting and
doubling cotton yarns, &c., 549
Uaigb's patent improvements in
measuring floids, 475
Hammer, steam, Condic's patent,
330
Hammerton, J. H., Esq., improved
mode of electric insulation, 272,
380
, . J testing-
box, for electric telegraph under-
ground tubes, 464
Hancock and Phillips' patent im-
provements in the treating or
manufBcture of gutta percha, or
any of the varieties of caout-
chouc, 45
'a, Mr. Charlee, patent im-
proved preparations and com-
pounds of gutta percha, 490
Hand printing press, Harrild and
Bon's, 468
Haigh foundry, cylinder casting at,
539
INDEX.
Harbour df Refuge, Dover, and
Sir Samuel Bentham's mode of
constructing sea walls, 33
, Dover, plan
for the improvement of, 344
, for Ireland,
436
Harding's safety addition to rail-
way carriages, 534
Hat-bands, Walker's patent im-
provements in, 646
Harrild and Son's hand printing
press, 468
Harrison's railway chainpfn press-
ing machine, 32
Hartes' patent sowing and ma-
nuring mschlne, 452
Hart's, Sir H., patent apparatus
for preventing smoky chimoeys,
598
Harvey and West's hydraulic valve,
Heat, Boutigny's discoveries in,
411
Heating, application of gases
evolved flrom blast fbrnaces to,
208
Henson's patent railway carriages
and wagons, 385
Hinges, long and short for sluice-
gates, 178
Hodgson's parabolic propeller in
Holland, ISO
Hoe, Messrs. and Co.'s, fast print-
ing press, 193
Holdfast, spring, for window-
sashes, TibbitsS 80
Holmes', N. J., Esq. ; improve-
ments in the electric telegraph,
830, 342
Hookah system of ventilation, 307
Horse Algebraicse, by James
Cockle, Esq., M.A., 364, 517,
555
Houses, model lodging, for the
working-classes; letter to Lord
Ashley on, 54
Howe's steam-boiler water-guage,
75
Hulse and others r. Esdale and
others ; the wood-paving patents,
20
Humphry's patent improvements
in steam-engines, and in appar
ratus for raising, exhausting,
and forcing fluids, 36
Hunt, £., Enq.; aerial locomo-
tive or governable balloon, 169,
257
Hunt's patent improvements in
the manufacture of metals and
salts, 599
patent improvements in
obtaining metals, 646
Hussey's portable meat-screen, 222
Hutchinson, P., Esq. ; description
of a piston-valve by, 493
Hydraulic engine. Walker's patent,
53, 145, 231
valve, Harvey and
West's, 187
pressure engines, 209 ;
Armstrong's patent, 601
Incrustation in steam-boilers. 475;
Scaton's patent improvements
in preventing or removing, 549; ;
Beale's patent method of pre-
venting, 599
India, cheap railways for, 250
India rubber, vulcanized, socket
joints, 617 '
'* Inflnite," the term, 443
V
Insulation (electric), improved
mode of, by application of gutta
percha, 272, 309, SIO, 359, 363,
398, 406, 430, 497
Intellectual property, recognition
of In Germany, 429
Inventions, Letters Patent for—
Supplement to Webster's Law
and Practice of, (review), 333
Iodized papers, preparation of, by
one solution only, 1 34
Iron, steel, and sheet iron, method
of welding, 30
' tubes, welded lap, Cutler's
I patent, 54
, emplo}-ment of, in the con-
struction of ships, 350 "
I Ivory, softening of, 22, 81
James, W., and G. Stephenson,
rival claims of, 401.500
James, Mr. W. J.; practical sugges-
tions subsidiary to a general
survey of the kingdom, 448
Jenning's saccharometer, 258
Jobard, M. ; recognition of intel-
lectual property in Germany,
429
Johnson, Mr. W. B.,; roller
eccentric, 35; patent improve-
ments in locomotive engines,
625
Joint, expansion-valve, for steam-
engines, Dunham's, 142
-— , screw union, for water-pipes,
Rontree and Brown's, 465
Joints, socket, vulcanized India
rubber, 617
Jordan's preparation of iodized
papers by one solution, 134
King, Mr. ; challenge to the mathe-
maticians of the 19th century,
639
Kane's, improvement in railway
wheels, 142
Kelrick, Mr. J., on Mr. Hunt's
governable balloon, 257
Lady's and Gentleman's Diary,
547
Laming's patent improvements in
oxalic acid, 475
Lapointe's water gauge pipe, 320
Lardner, Dr.; Treatise on the
steam engine, (review,) 566
Lathrop's patent corrugated rail-
way wheels, 563, 573
Leather, Zollickofler's improve-
ments In, 454
Leeds's Treatise on Architecture,
(review,) 568
Leibnitz's theorem, 324
Le Verrier and the planet Nep-
tune, 381
Lewis's Improvement in pneuma-
tic springs for railway cars, 31
Light, the electric, 382, 522, 546 ;
diffUsibiUtyor,611
Lighthouse lights, 262
the Eddystonc, 342.
368
Lighting, application of vpirltuous
substances and oils to ; Mr. C.
P. Mansfield's patent improve-
ments, 43
Liquid measures, Bird's patent
improvements in, 159 ; Haigh's
patent, 475
Liquid manure cart, 249, 307
distribution, Coods's
I'Htent system of, 369
Yl
Lloyd's patent blowing mscbines,
265
Lock, safety gun, 466, 515
Locomotion, menattrite, Miller's
patent system of, 599
Locomotive, compressed air, Ba-
icn Von Rathen's, 61; first
trial of, on common roads, 165,
186
8teamengines,M'Co-
nochie and Claude's patent im-
provements, 289, 313; Reming-
ton's patent, 548, 612; W. B.
Johnson's patent improvements,
625
Lodging, (model) houses for the
working classes, letter to Lord
Ashley on, 64
Logic, fragment on, by James
Cockle, Esq., M.A., 79
, Boole's theory of the ma-
thematical basis of, 254
Logical falsehoods, mechanical
truths, 400, 422
London fires, Mr. Baddeley's re-
port on, for 1847, 101
London drainage plan, 639
Looped fabrics, Mowbray's patent
improvements in, 646
Longitude, Report of the Ameri-
can Superintendent of th? Coast
Survey, on the employment of
the electro-magnetic telegraph,
to determine the differences of,
274
Looms, Smith's patent improve-
ments in, 501
Lover, Professor; galvanic blast-
ing. 415
Lowe's patent improvements in the
manufacture of copper, S5
MacgrefTor, J. Esq. ; Captain
Spike's mode of raising sunken
vessels. 17 -, Mr. Bagg's lectures
on electricity, 84
Madigan and Haddan's patent
railway wheels, 391
Magneto plating, 21
Maltby and Webb's patent im-
provements in distiUaiion, 18
Mansell's patent improvements
in railway and common road
vehicles, 571
Mansfield's, Mr. C. P., patent im-
provements in the manufacture
and purification of spirituous
substances and oils, and in the
applicatiuu thereof to lighting,
4J
Manure, liquid cart, Crobkill's
improved, 249, 307
, distribution, Coode's
patent system of, 369
, Richardson's patent
improvements in the manufac-
ture of, 647; Rogers's ditto,
572
Manuring machine, Hartes' pa-
tent. 452
Marine glue, 188
Mathematical periodicals. Contri-
butions to the history of, 5, 203,
303, 367, 437, 523
, recreations simpli-
fied. 462, 495
Materials, on the strength of,
639
Mats, Barsham's patent improve-
ments in, .'i7o
Maudsiay'b patent sclf-aclingtteam
propeller, and Archiiiici'.c.iu fur-
nace boiler, 241
INDEX.
Mathematicians of the 19th cen-
tury, challenge to, 639
M'Conochie and Claude's patent
locomotive engine, 289, 313
M*Cormac. H., Esq., M.D. ; on the
effect of superincumbent pres-
sure, as regards the question
whether »ea walls should be
sloping or vertical, 9 ; fast print-
ing press, 271 ; improvements
in trenails and caulking, 306 ;
hookah system of ventilation,
307 ; harbour of refuge for Ire-
land, 436
Measures, decimal, Arthur's, 35
, liquid, Bird's patent,
159 ; Haigh's patent, 475
Meat screen, Hussey's portable,
222
Mechanical truths, logical false-
hoods, 400, 422
principles of building,
rigging, and equipping ships,
582
Mechanics, aid rendered by, to agri-
culture, 94
, Roberts's new element
in, 18(3, 255
Medals, how to obtain prints fiuro,
132
Menattrite locomotion, Miller's pa-
tent system of, 599
Merthyr T}dvil, remarkable acci-
dent to a blast furnace at, 447,
466
Metallic steam-tight packing, Da-
vies's patent, 433, 451, 457, 4m,
516
Metals, Th!>mas and Delisse's li-
quid for cleansing, 481 ; the spe-
cification, 533
, Capper's patent improve-
ment in the manufacture of,
597 ; Hunt's patent improve-
ments in manufacturing, 599;
Hunt's patent improvements in
obtaining, 646
Metal tubes, Taylor's patent im-
provements in, !i'25
plates, Turton's patent im-
provements in bending into car-
riage springs, 570
Mines, coal, Mr. Guiuey's plan for
the ventilation of, 633
Mill, roller, Stanley's, 601 ; farmers
and graziers' portable. Reming-
ton and Whitton's, 608
Miller's patent system of menat-
trite locomotion, .599
Milne, Mr. 8. B. ; Deane. Dray and
Deane's cesspool cleanser, 185,
307
Milk, Louis's patent method of
solidifying, 525
Minerals, Capper's patent method
of preparing and cleansing, 596
Mining, quicksilver superseded
in, 118
Minus and plus, on the signs of,
417,58% 611
McLardy and Lewis, patent im-
provements in spinning, 475
Model prison at rentouville, sys-
tem of warming and ventilating
adopted nt. 2^, 62
lodging houses for the
working; classes, letter to Lord
Ashley on, 54
Money, decimal, Arthut's, 35
Morse's, Professor, claims to the
electro magnetic telegraph, 340
Morewood, J. J., Esq. ; Great Lon-
don clrainnRe plan, 639
Mosely, Profesaor ; investigation of
the pressure of the earth against
revetement walls, 4G6, 52i
Motive power; employment of
electro-magnetism, 186; Price's
patent improvements in obtaiu-
mg and applying, 500 ; Darlu'a
patent improvements in obtain-
ing, 597
Mowbray's patent improvements
in looped fabiics, 646
Moy, Mr. T. ; mode of regulating
the supply of water to steam-
boilers, 397, 451, 465
M'Sweeny, Dr., on the ventilation
of ships, 606
Murdoch, James, Esq., C.E. ; Ro-
berts's new element in mecha-
nics, 255
Murphy, the mathematician, bio-
graphical notice of, 297, 354
Murray, Professor, on Staite's
electric light, 522
Muscular action; Mr. Eraser's elec-
tro motive engine, constructed
on the supposed principle* of,
299, 371
Naphthn, 406
Nasmyth, Mr. J., on the cutting
properties of coke, 268
National Assembly of France, how
the voting in it is proposed to be
effected, 165
Navigation, steam, on the Caspian,
118
Neptune, the planet, 329, 358,
381
Newark cottage-range, Nichol-
son's, 73
Newton's improvements in au-
gers, 142
Niagara, suspension-bridge, 332
Nicholson's Newark cottage range,
73
Non-recoil principle of mounting
ordnance, 634
Norniunville's patent improve-
ments in the axle boxes of rail-
way carriages, 463, 645
Numbers, the higher powers of,
on the idea of form attached to,
200. 244
Nuii.ber and form, relation be-
tween, 326, 337
Ocean, arctic, temperature of, 187
Qils, Mr. C. P. Mantfidd'b patent
improvements in the manufac-
ture and purification of, 43
Ordnance, on mounting on the
non-rt'coil principle, 634
Ores, alloys of, new method of ex-
tracting gold from, 489
copper. Penny's patent im-
provements in obtaining copper
from, 549
Organic matters in aqueous solu-
tions, test for, 498
Orsi's patent improvements in
artificial stone, cements, orna-
mental tiles, bricks and quarries,
.108
Qj-hurn's steam plough, 498
Oval of live centres, on the con-
struction of, 424
Oxalic acid, I>aming's patent im-
provements in, 475
Oxide of zinc, Rochaz's patent im-
provcmei)t8 in the manufacture
of, 286
P»ckiog, metallic iteani Ugia,
Baries's patent, 433, 451, 457,
481. 516
Painting, electro, Dr. Branson's
mode of, 41
Papier inacb6, Brindley's patent
improvementa, in 5/3
Paratmlic propeller, Hodg»on'«,
in Holland, 130
Parliament; the bouses of, 175
PaAseogers time signal for ^'ail-
way stations, 21
Patent law cases (English) : The
vood paving patents — Hulse
and others r. Esdale and others,
JO; sawing machinery, Crown v.
Smith, 590
Patent Laws — New act for reform
of Petty Bag and enrolment
offices, 260 Supplement to
Webster's Law and Practice of
Letters Patent for Inven-
tions (Review), 333: French,
454
Patents— New English, 22, 46, 70,
94. lis. 142, 166, 191, 215, 238,
263, 287. 311, 335, 359, 383, 407,
431, 455, 479, 503, 526, 550, 574,
6C0, 622, 647
recent American, 31, 142,
453,476
Paul's patent excavator, 823
Pa)'ne'spatent process of rendering
wood fireproof, 140
Peat fuel, Rogers's patent, 572
Penny's patent improvements in
obtaining cupper from copper
ores, 549
Pentonvllle Model Prison, system
of warming and ventilating
adopted at. 25, 62
Periodicals, Mathematical, contri-
butions to tbe history of, 5, 203,
303, 369, 437, 523
Petty Bag Office, new Act for the
reform of, 260
Philosophy, Natural, Tomlinson's
treatise on (review), 567
and poverty, 602
Photographic (coloured) image of
the solar spectrum, 213
Piers and breakwaters, Bruce*^
patent method of constructing,
97
Fipe, water gauge, Lapointe's,
320
Rontree and Brown's
union screw joint for, 465
glass, 450, 546
Piston %'alve, Hutchinson's, 493
Pitter, J. Esq.; mechanical truths,
logical falsehoods, 400
Planet Neptune. 329, 358, 381
Plates, metal, Turton's patent im-
provements in bending into car
riage springs, 570
Platform weighing machine, Al-
llott's patent, 409
Plough, steam, Osborne's, 408
Plus and minus, on the signs of,
417,589,611
Plymouth breakwater, 342
Pneumatic springs for railroad
cars, Levrb's improvement in,
31
Poncclet. Piobcrt, and Morin's re-
ptjft on Lapointe's \Yater gauge
pipe, 320
Poole's patent improvements in
propelling, 547
Population, problem respecting the
law of, 588
INDEX.
Portland cement, tbe new, S25
Portsmouth dockyard, floatlrig
caissoongale in, 441
Potato disease, 284
Power, motive; employment of
electro magnetism as, 186 ;
Price's patent improvements in
obtaining and applying, 500;
Darlu's patent improvements in
obtaining, 547
Preserving animal products,
Louis's patent, 525
Press, another step in the progress
of the, 190
, printing, fast American,
193
of English
origin, 237, 271
hand, Harrild and
Son's, 468
of the •• Times"
and " Dispatch," 644
Pressure of the earth against re-
vctement walls, Investigation of,
466. 524
Price's patent improvements in ob-
taining and applying motive
power, 500
Printing press, fast American, 193
, of English
origin, 237,271
• hand.
Son's, 468
Harrild and
■ of the •! Times"
and " Dispatch," 644
carpets. Wood's patent
improvements in, 550
Prints, how to obtain from seals,
coins, or medals, 132
Prison, model, at Pentonville, sys-
tem of warming and ventilating
adopted at, 25, 62
Prizes and medals awarded for
agricultural implements at the
Royal Agricultural Society's ex-
hibition at York, 69
Professorships, the Gresham, 38,
64, 89, 114, 122, 166, 190, 211
Propeller, Hodgson's, parabolic, in
Holland, 130
quarter. Captain Carpen-
ter's, 222
self-acting stern, Mauds-
lay's patent, 241
Bcale's patent " bird's
wing," 599
Propelling, Selligue's patent im-
provements in, 472
• , Poole's patent im-
provements in, 547
Protest, Sir Howard Douclaa's,
368,427,469,515
Pump, portable, Deane, Dray, and
Deane's,75, 118
, fountain, Shalder's, 559
, engine, Gossage's, 560
Quarries, ornamental, Orsi's patent
improvements in, 308
Quarter propellers, Captain Car-
penter's, 222
Quicksilver superseded in mining,
118
R&dley, Mr. W.. C.E. ( inquiries
m to the remarkable accident at
the blast furnace, Mertbyr Tyd-
vil, 466
Railroad cars, Lewis's improve-
ment in pneumatic springs tor,
31
Rail straightening machine,
Dodd's, 12
, under lap jointed, Gordon's
patent, 420
Railways : passenger time signal,
21 ; chair-pin pressing machine,
Harrison's, 32 ;Sparks'8 dispatch
and cash- box, 81 ; Kane's wheels,
141; Forsyth's patent, 390;
Green and Newman's patent
method of attaching tyres, 391;
Madigan and Haddan's patent,
391 ; Gardner's, 476 : Attwoods,
477; Whitney's, 478, Lathrop's
corrugated wheels, 663—573 ;
cheap, for India, 250 ; extinction
of flres in trains, 342 ; Cunning-
ham and Carter's patent signal
apparatus, 348; carriages and
wagons, Henson's patent, 385 ;
Normanville's patent,453 ; Hard-
ing's; safety additions, .'•34 ; Tur-
ton's patent improvements in
bending metal plates into
springs, 570; Mansell's patent,
5/1 ; rival claims of W. James
and G. Stephenson, 401—500;
" Pioneer," death, and claim#
of Thomas Gray to the title of,
404 ; Gordon's patent improve-
ments in, 420, 474; elements of
rating concisely stated, 438;
Grout's brakes, 476 ; application
of electric light, 523 ; for moun-
tainous districts, 612
Range, cottage, Nicholson's, New-
ark, 73
Rathen's, Baron von, com •
pressed air locomotive, 61; first
trial of on common roads, 165,
186
Rating, railway, elements of con-
cisely stated, 438
Razor blade, Thoinhill's, 180
Recreations, mathematical, sim-
plified, 462. 498
Reform, at Cambridge, 449, 485
nefuge Harbour, Dover, and Sir
Simuel Bentham's mode of con-
structing se.vwalls, 33
, plans for
the improvement of, 344
, for Ireland, 436
Registered designs for articles of
utility, 22, -16, 71, 94, 119, 143,
167, 191,215, 238, 263,287,311,
335, 359, 383, 407. 430, 455, 479,
603. 527, 551, 574, COO, 623,
647
Regulators, steam boiler, Alliott's
patent, 337 ; Baddeley's and
Moy '8,397,451,465
Reid's patent gutta percha electric
insulators, 339
Remmington's, Mr. J. R., patent
improvements in roasting coffee,
31
New bridge for Earl
Talbot, at Shirley wich, 133,
161
and Whitton's far-
mers and graziers' portable mill,
60S
^ Mr. George, patent
improvements in steam engines,
548.612
Revetement walls, pressure of the
earth against, investigation of,
466, 524
VIU
Riclianlson'i patent improTementa
in the manufacture of manurea,
547
Rigging shipi, mechanical prin-
ciples of, 582
Rishton's vinery flrame, 6
Roberta't new element in mecha-
nics, 186. 255
Robertson's patent improvements
in the manufacture of textile
fiibrics, 93
Rochaz's patent Improvements in
the manufacture of oxide of
zinc, 286
Rock, Mr. J.,Jun.; mechanical
truths, logical falsehooda, 422
Rogers'a patent peat lUel and ma-
nure, 572
Roller, eccentric, Mr. W. B. John-
son's, S5
, mm, Stanley's, 601
Rontree and Brown's screw union
Joint for water-pipes, 465
Roose and Haden^s patent im-
provementa in tubing, 622
Rope, wire, enormous, 190
Rowan's fluctuating steam-engine
slider, 373
Royal Society, the, 507; its de-
Iknlters, 602
Russell, Mr. J. Scott ; lecture on
the wave principle in ship-
building, 11 ; progress of '
ship building, 210
Saccharometer, Jennings's, 258
Sackholders, Cooch's patent im-
provements in, 524
Safety gun-lock, 466, 515
— , valve, improved, 513
— , Cole's patent, 529
Salt water and fresh, 215
Baiter's patent water-diatributiag
cart and self-acting drain-flusli- 1
ing apparatus, 505, 540 ,
Balls, Crane and Jullion'a patent
improvementa in the manufac- '
ture of, 42 \
— — , Hunt's patent improvementa
in manufacturing, 599
Sanitary reform v. the inaanity of
science, 160
, measurea, 413, 444,
609
Sankey, W. H. V., Esq., C. E. ;
railwaya for mountainous dia-
tricU, 617
Sargent'a improvementa iu wool-
combing, 142
Sawing, circular, experiment In,
18
— , wood, Barber'a patent im-
provements in, 571
, machinery, CroTrn
v. Smith (patent law case,)
590
, milla. Note on Sir S. Ben
tham'a introduction of into
England, 591
Screen, meat, Hufsey'a portable,
222
Screw, the, 190
, cutting machine, new, 21
, union Joint for water pipes,
Rontree and Brown's, 465
Screws, wood, Wipple's improve-
ments in cutting the threads on,
Sculpture, method of bringing out
in alabaster, SO
tJca, the, motion of, Hi
INDEX.
Sea walls, should they be sloping
or vertical? 76, 129, 136, 154,
181, 196, 201, 233, 254, 282, 286,
328, 342, 368, 399, 426. 445, 469,
515, 537. 559, 586 ; on the eflfecta
of superincumbent pressure, 9 ;
Sir S. Bentham's mode of con-
structing, 33; Mr. Robert Ste-
phenson^s opinion, 137; new
form of constructing, 253; at
Sheemess dockyard, 278 ; collar
tend uses to which they may be
applied, 461 ; Sir Howard Doug-
lasS protest, 368, 427, 469, 515,
537
Beaton's patent improvements in
closing tubes, and in preventing
and removing incrustations in
boUers, 549
Seliigue's patent improvements in
propelling, 472
Sewers, trapping and ventilating
of, 413
Shalder's fountain-pump, 559
Sharp, Mr. W. ; design for a ro-
tary steam-engine, 37; construc-
tion of sea-walls, 129
Shears, prodigious pair of, 190
Sheep-washing, Dr. Alban's new
mode of, 179
Sheemess dockyard, the sea-walls
at. 278
Shells, concussion, 190
, firing by electricity, 298
Ship-buliding, wave principle in,
II
, steam, progress of,
210
— , employment of iron
in, 359
Ships' bottoms, coating of, 214
, mechanical principle of build-
ing, rigging, and equipping, 582
ventilation of, 606
Shirley wich, new bridge at, for
Earl Talbot, by Mr. J. R. Rem-
ington, 133. 16 i
Show-carda, Stocker's patent, 474
Sbuldam's, (Commander. R.N.),
improved diving-bell, 219
Signal, time, public passenger, for
rniiway stations, 21
apparatus,^ railway, Cun-
ningham and Carter's patent,
348
Si.<;ns, plus and minus, 417
Silk, Foot's patent improvements
in making skeins of, 597
Slider, steam-engine, Rowau'a
fluctuating, 373
Sloggett, W. Esq., on deviation of
falling bodies from the perpen-
dicular, 13
Sluice-gates, long hinges for, 178
, self-acting, 86, 237
Smith, T. Esq. C.E. ; on self-acting
sluices, 86, 237 ; on sea-walls,
155, 181, 201, 282, 286. 399; on
th^ construction of the oval of
five ccntrea, 424
Smiths' portable forge. Brown and
Redpath's, 94
Mark, patent improve-
menta in looma, 501
Society, Royal, the, 607; its de-
faulters, 602
Socket-Joints, vulcanised India-
rubber, 612
Solar spectrum, the coloured pho-
tographic image of, 213
Solidifying milk, Louis'a patent
metliod of, 525
Solomons and Axulay's potent im-
provements in the mannfartnie
of gas, tar, charcoal, and aclda.
Solutions, aqueous, test for eiganic
matters in, 498
Sound, diffusion of, 218, 268, 447
Sowing-machines, Hartes* patent.
Spark-extinguisher, GIbion'a, 477
Sparke's railway despatch and
cash-box, 81
Speaking-trumpet, 210
Spectrum, aolar, the coloured pho-
tographic image on the, 213
Spike's, Captain, mode of raising
sunken vessels, 17
Spinning, M'Lardy and Lewfs'a
patent improvements In, 475
Spirituous substances, Mr. C. P.
Mansfleld's patent improve-
ments in the manufhcture and
purification of, 43
Spontaneoua combustion, 21
Spring holdfaat for window saahes,
Tibbet'a, 80
Springs, pneumatic, for railroad
cars, Lewis's improvement in, 31
, Turton's patent improve-
ments in the manu&cture of,570
Stack protector. White's, 272
Suite's electric light, 382, 522, 546,
611
SUnley's roller-mill, 001
Steam-boilers: Dr. Alban's im-
? roved, 49; Howe's water-gauge,
5; Earl of Dundonald^a pa-
tent improvement!!, 183; Al-
liott's patent apparatus for
regulating the working of, 337;
mode of regulating the supply of
water to, 397, 451 ; Valentine's
improvements in, 453; Badde-
ley and Moy's regulators, 465;
incrustations in, 475; Beaton's
patent improvements for pre-
venting and removing incrusta-
tions, 549; Beale's patent me-
thod of preventing incrustations,
599
Steam-engines, Humphry's patent
improvements, 36 ; Sharp's ro-
tary, 37; Bourne's strictures
on the Cornish engine, 135;
Dunham's expansion-Joint for,
142; Galvani's improvementa,
142; M'Conochie and Claude'a
patent locomotive, 289, 313;
Tredgold's Treatise, 333 ; Cole's
patent high-pressure and expan-
sion double cylinder twam, 361,
and patent safety-valve, 529 ;
Rowan fioctnating slider, 373;
Davles's patent rotary, 433, 451,
457, 481, 616; Baldwin's loco-
motive. 454 ; Report of the
Franklin Institute on the ex-
plosion of a stationary en-
gine, 470 ; Remington's patent
improvements, 548, 612; Dr.
Laidner's Treatise on (review),
566 ; Want and Vernum'a patent
oscillating, 577; Beale's patent
rotary, 599; Johnson's patent
locomotive, 625
-, eflfteta of, meteoro-
logically considered, 284
Steam hammer, Condie'a patent,
330
plough, Oaborn's, 498
ship building, progress of,
210
Stesm, tight packing, metallic,
DaTies's patent, 433, 451, 457,
4S1
— ' " Talvea, Grame'i Improve-
ment in, 142
, Stevena'<, 478
, fplston, Hutchin-
aon'a, 496
— , Gregory's, 518
Steam vetsels, speed of, with
- English made engines, 190
" , "Auckland," 451
1 " Scotia," 100
, " Vladimir," 357
Sreel, iron, and sheet Iron, method
of welding, SO
Stephenson, MifGcorge, death of,
190
■, and Mr. William
James, rival claims of, 401, 500
. Mr. Robert, on ver-
tical sra walls. 137
Sterenson's, Mr. T., experiments
on the lateral force of waves,
538
Stern propeller, self-acting, Maads-
lay's patent, 241
Stevens s steam-engine valves, 478
Stocker's patent time teachers,
boxes, and show cards, 474
Stoilhefg, cine works at, 559
Stooe bnlwarks, elasticity of, 612
Storing timber, by Sir S. Bentham,
531
Stiengtli of materials, 639
Studies, geometrical and algebrai-
cal, 628
Sunken vesse1s,Capt. Spike's mode
of raising, 17
Sold equations, congeneric. By
Professor Young, 462
Survey, general of the kingdom,
auggestions subsidiary to, 448
Suspension bridge, Niagara, 332
footbridge, Mr. Dredge's,
S50
Swansea, the British Association
at. 186
Syntbelic division, 111
Syphon, Doaglass', 476
Tar, Solomons and Azulay's patent
improvements in, 547
Taylor's patent improvements in
metal tubes, 525
Telegraph. (See Electro-Tele-
Telakouphanon, or speaking trum-
pet. 210
Telescopes, 621
Temperature of the Arctic ocean,
167
Teat for organic matters in aqueous
solutions, 49S
Textile fabrics, Robertson's patent
improvements in the manufac-
ture of, 93
Thomas and Dellisse's liquid for
cleansing metals, 454; the spe-
cification, 583
Tlunnson, J. J., Jun., Esq., on the
strength of materials, 639
Threads, Whipple's improvements
in cuttings on wood screws, 454
ThomhiU's rasor blade. 180
Ttbbit's spring holdfast for window
sashes, 80
Tiles, omamental,Orsi'8 patent im-
provements in, 308
Timber, Sir Samuel Bentbam, on
the storing of, 531
Time-signal, passengers, for rail-
wny stations, 21
INDEX.
I Time tearhsri, Stocker's patent,
I 474
"Times'" monster press, 644
Tomliuiton's treatise on natural
philosophy (review), 567
Tottie's patent improvements in
distillation, 182
Trap, self-acting effluvia, Bun-
uett's, 441
Trapping aud ventilating of sewers,
413
Travers's patent improvement in
cutting cork, 142
Tredgold. on the steam-engine
(review), 333
Trenails, improvements suggested
in, 306
Trumpet, speaking, 210
Trussing girders, Dredge's im-
proved mode of, 112
Tubes, welded lap iron, Cutler's
patent, 54
, metal, Taylor's patent, 525
■ , Seaton's patent im-
provements in closing, 549
Roose and Haden's
patent improvements in, 612
, glass, 546
Tubular bridges, the inventor of,
21
Turton's patent improvements in
bending metal plates into car-
riage springs, 570
Tyler's water closet, 609
Tyres, Green and Newman's pa-
tent method of attaching, to rail- 1
way wheels, 391
Union screw joint for water pipes, ;
Rontree and Brown's, 465 i
Ure, Dr.; maladministration of
the customs, and Jennings sac-
charometer, 258
Utility, articles of. registered de-
signs for, 22, 46, 71, 94, 119, 143, >
167, 191, 215. 238, 262, 287, 311, ;
335, 359, 3S3, 407, 430, 455, 479,
503,527,551,574,600,623,647 {
Valentine's improvements In steam
boilers, 453
Valves, steam, Grames', 142
, Stevens's, 478 |
•, piston, Hutchin-
son's, 493
-, Gregory's, 513
-, Coles's patent safety,
529
, hydraulic, Harvey and
West's, 187
of Walker's hydraulic en-
gine, 234
Vehicles, railway and common
road, Mansell's patent, 571
Venetian glass weights, 42
Vessels, sunken, CapUin Spike's
mode of raising, 17
, Sir Samuel Bentham
on the means of fastening the
component parts of, together,
150, 171
Ventilating and warming system
adopted at the model prison,
Pentotiville, 25, 62
-, the Hookah system of,
307
'^— , ships, 606
-— , coal mines, Mr. Gur-
ney's plan for, 633
Vinery frame, Rishton's, 8
*' Vladimir" Russian steam fMgate,
357
IX
Vou Rathen's compressed air loco-
motive, 61; fir«t trial of, on
common roads, IG5, 186
Votes, Chamberlain's patent appa-
ratus for recording, at elections,
598
Voting in the National Assembly
in France, how it is proposed to
be managed, 165
Vulcanized India rubber socket
Joints, 617
Wagons, railway, Henson's pa-
tent, 3S5
Walker's patent hydraulic engine,
54, 145, 2S3
patent improvements in
hat-bands, f 46
Wallace'*, Miss, patent improve-
ments in the decorative arts, 224
Wall revetement, pressure of the
earth against, investigation of,
466, 524
, sea, should they be sloping
or vertical? 76. 129, 188. 154,
181, 196, 201, 233, 254. 282, 286,
528, 342, 368, 399, 426. 445, 469,
515, 5.S7, 5i')9, 588 ; on the eliects
of superincumbent pressure, 9 ;
Sir S. Bentham's mode of
constructing, 8:? ; Mr. Robert
Stephenson's opinion, 137; new
form of constructing, 253; at
Shecrness dockyard, 278; Sir
Howard Douglas's Protest, 3uS,
427, 469, 515, 537; collateral
uses to wliich they may be ap-
plied, 461
Want and Vernum's patent oscil-
lating steam engine, 577
Warming and ventilating system
at the model prison, Pentonville,
25,62
Water gauge, steam-boiler, Howe'ij,
75
, on the application of, to dif-
ferent kinds of fuel, 140
, salt and fresh, 215
, gauge pipe, Lepointe's, 320
, mode of regulating the sup-
ply of, to steam boilers, 3U7, 4.') I
pipes, Rontree and Brown's
union screw joint for, 465
wheel. Boy den's, 476
pressure engine, Armstrong's
patent, 501
distributing cart, Salter's pa-
tent, 505
c'oset, Tyler's, 609
Watson and Cart's patent improve-
ments in the manufacture of gas,
179
Wave principle in ship building,
by Mr. Scott Russell, 11
Waves, Mr. Stevenson's experi-
ments on the lateral force of, by
Mr. Dredge, 538, 613
Weale's Rudimentary Treatises on
the arts and sciences ; Dr. Lard-
ner's steam -engine ; Tomlinsou's
Natural Philosophy ; Leeds's
Architecture, 566
Weaving carpets, Wood's patent
improvements in, 550
Webb and Maltby's patent im-
provements in distillation, 18
Webster's " Law and Practice of
Letters Patent for Inventions,"
Supplement to (review) 3'J3j
Weighing machine platform, Al-
liott's patent, 409
Weights, decimal, Arthur's, 35
Vcnct»an j;la»s, 42
Welding iron, steel, and iheet-
iron, SO
Westhead's patent fur fabrics, 598
Westou Supennare Pier Companx
and Mr. Dredge, 561
Wheels , railway ; Kane's im-
provement, 142; Forsyth's pa-
tent, S90 ; Green and Newman's
patentmethod of attaching tyres,
!i9l ; Madigan and Uaddan's pa-
tent, 391; Gardner's, 476; Att-
twood's, 477; Whitney's, 478;
Lathrop's patent corrugated, 563
673
-, water, Boyden's, 476
Whipple 's improvements in cut-
ting the threads on wood screws,
454
Whishaw, Francis, Esq..; manu-
factures of gutta percha, 209;
telakouphanon, or speaking-
tnunper, 210; application of
gutta percha to electric insula- 1
tlon, 309 '
White, J. Esq., C.E. ; experiments ,
in circular sawing, 18 '
, method of I
cutting drains for laying pipes ,
or tiles, 276
stack protector, 272 |
Whitney's railway wheels, 478
INDEX.
Wicksteed and Aitkin's report on
the vulcanized India-rubber
socket joints, 617
Wilkinson, Thomas, Esq. ; contri-
butions to the history of mathe-
matical periodicals. 5, 203, 303,
367,437, 523 : synthetic division,
111; geometrical proposition
and demonstration, 137; memoir
of John Butterworth, 377 ; on i
the signs plus and minus, 611 I
Wind-guaids, Day's improved, 217 ,
Window-sashes, Tibbet's spring
holdfasts for, 80
Wire rope, enormous, 190 !
, coating of with gutta percha, ,
272, 309, 310, 339, 380, 398, !
406
Witty, Mr. Richard, death of, '
190 i
Wood paving patents, Hulse and |
others v. Esdale and others, '
patent law case, 20
, Payne's process of rendering I
fire-proof, 140 I
, sawing, Barber's patent for,
571 ;
sawing machinery. Crown v.
Smith, patent law case, 590 ,
Wood's, Mr. Joseph, chronometrlc
governor, 118
Wood's, W., patent imnroTement«
in weaving and printing carpets,
550
Wool-combing, Sargent's improve-
ment in, 142
WooUgar, J. W., Esq., F.R.S.A.;
elements of railway rating con-
cisely stated, 438
Working classes, model lodging-
houses for, letter to Lord Ashley
on, 54
Wrighton's patent axle-box, 645
Yams, cotton, Hague and Frith's
patent improvements in twisting
and doubling, 649
Young, Professor, on some pro-
perties of binomial co-efficients,
270 ; theorem of Leibnitz, 324 ;
congeneric surd equations, 46S ;
problem respecting the law of
population, 588
Yule, Lieut.-Col; R. £., on break-
waters composed of vertical
floats, 1
Zinc, oxide of, Rochaz's patent
improvements in the manufac-
ture of, 286
, Works at Slollberg, 559
ZoUickoffer's improvements in
tauuing leatlicr, 454
ERRATA.
Page 819, col. 1, line 48, for ' is not free, read ' is yet free.'
337, col. 1, line 18, for ' exploded ' read ' explored.'
393, col. 2, line 9, for ' O ' read ' O .'
3
628, col. 2, line 17, for ' That a elear ' read ' That clear.
631, line 21, omit the minus sign before 80m.
631 line 29, in the bracket, for i'
-!»•
ALPHABETICAL LIST OF NEW PATENTS GRANTED FOR
ENGLAND, SCOTLAND, AND IRELAND.
Name.
Abbey j
Adams
Adami
Alliott
Allman
Anderson.. .. -<
Archer
Archer
Armstrong • . • •
Armstrong ....
Assert
Ashby {
Atken
Bacchoffher ....
B»Uey }
Baird
Baker & ano. . i
Bakewall
Balfour
Barber
Barber
Beardmore .. -j
Beattie
Beauregard ....
BeU
Bergne, De ....
Benemer
BetheU
Beniowski
Biddle
Bramwell & ano.
Bright
Brooman
Brown
Browne
Brown
Barleigh
Bam
Barrows & ano j
Subject.
Preser?ing liquids andl
matters in vessels .. . J
Mills
Carriages
Steam boilers
Electric light
Separating the different 1
qualities of yegetables. /
Production of light ....
Dividiog paper
Water dosets
Steam engines
Motive power
Cleaning grain & dress- 1
iog meal J
Steam engines
Communication
Preparing and combing 1
wool, &c J
Communication
Wheels, turn-tables, & 1
axles J
Electro telegraphy
Metal washers & buffers..
Sawing wood
Decorating. ...........
Wall, piers, and break- 1
waters J
Air spring
Generating steam
Aerial machines
Bridges, girders, & beams,
Glass
Preserving substances ...
Printing
Gas burners
Feeding furnaces
Lamps
Hinges
Elastic fabrics
Fire escapes
Manures
Light and heat
Roller-gin
Steam engines, boilers, 1
and flues j
England.
29 July
16 Nov.
28 Sep.
11 Nov.
24 June
2$ Nov.
2 Dec.
2 Dec.
19 Oct.
12 Oct.
4 Nov.
5 Oct.
21 Dec.
2 Dec.
16 Nov.
3 July
6 July
11 July
23 Nov.
12 Oct.
21 Aug.
2'Nov.
23>rov.
2 Nov.
2 Nov.
26 Oct.
11 Nov.
2'Deij.
26 Oct.
Scotland. Ireland
8 Aug.
11 Sept.
30 Oct.
8 May
31 May
16 May
24 May
26 May
29 June
31 July
6 Nov.
8 May
22 April
16 June
6 July
7 Aug.
Page.
142
503
335
503
22
527
574
674
407
383
478
359
622
574
503
46
46
70
426
383
215
455
527
454
454
431
503
574
431
Xll
ALPIIABlil'lCAL LIST OF NEW PATENTS.
Name.
Campbell..
Cartwright
Castelain . .
Chowne ..
Chrees ....
Churcb &ano.
Cluuseen
Clement
Clark
Clark
Clay
Clinton
Coad
Cole
Collins .
Cooch..
Cooper. .
CroU ..
Cuilen . .
Curtain
Dakin
Dalton
Ddvies & ano..
Daviei
Dawson . . . . .
Delarue . . . . <
Deeley
Dench ......
Dickins ....
Dickinson . .
Donisthorpe. .
Drayton ....
Duley
Dunn
Dunn
Dunt
Subject.
Mills
Brace
Soap
Ventilation
Sealiog wax
Card and paper making }
machinery 3
Weaving
Sugar
Gas burners and lamps . .
Boots, shoes, and clogs . .
Rolling metals
Flutes^
Furnaces
Steam engines . .
Compounds for pre
venting injury
health
Sack-holders .. .. ,
Dress fastenings .
Gas
Steering
Carpets
'rV.V
.'rl
Coffee
Fringes
Steam engines
Steam engines
Musical instruments ....
Ornamental surfaces ....
Ovens and furnaces ....
Roofing
Warping and beaming . .
Looms
Roving and spinning. . . .
Silvering glass
Stoves
Ascertaining & indica-l
ting the temperature >
and j.ressurc of fluids J
Wheels
Metals
England.
Eccles & ano.. . . Looms
Emmott Furnaces
Fairbairn .
•■•{
Fontainemoreau,
Fontainemoreau .
Fontainemoreau.
Forsyth Wheels
Ueckling,card{ng,draw- '
ing, roving, ami
spinning ^
Fatty bodies
Tubes and pipes
Hygienic apparatus . . .
Frearson Shaping metals
Galloway & ano.
Gardner
Gill
Gillott & ano...
Gordon
Steam engines
Girders
Manures
Ornamenting . .
Railways
16 Dec.
1 July
28 Dec.
29 Aug.
26 Oct.
2rNov.
26 June
26 Oct.
16 Dec.
16 Dec.
9 Nov.
2 Dec.
10 Aug.
4 Nov.
22 Aug.
18 Nov.
16 Dec.
3 July
2'Dec.
2Nov.
15 Aug.
16 Dec.
26 Aug.
21 Dec.
11 Sept.
2 Dec.
2 Dec.
12 Oct.
15 Dec.
26 oa.
25 Nov.
21 Dec.
21 Sept.
17 Aug.
9 Dec.
I 2S Sept.
Scotland.
8 Sept.
8 May
6 Oct.
25 Oct.
Ireland.
Page.
31 Aug. I
29 June I
.... I
31 Oct. I
10
Aug.
7 Sept.
5 Sept.
28 July
30 Oct.
26 June
l2Mav
15 Nov.
7 June
11 Nov.
622
70
6J7
238
431
526
22
431
622
622
478
574
167
478
215
526
622
46
574
454
191
622
238
622
287
574
574
383
622
431
550
622
311
191
600
335
ALrHABKTICAL LIST OF NRW I'ATIIKTS.
XIU
Name.
Goncher •• .. .
Green & New- 1
Greeostreet .
Grist
Hatley
HiUiday ....
Hancock, Chaa.
Hancock tTbos 1
& ano j
Haodoock ....
Hart i
Harris
Heath
Heaton
Henderson... i
Henley & ano. •<
Henson
Hewitt
Highton St ano.
Hills
Hjorth
Hohn
Hollands & ano.
Howe
Hunt
Snbjeot.
lies
Jscobs • .
Jobson. .
Johnson .
Jukes . . .
Kempton
Keiselmeyer&l
King & ano.
Kinsman . . .
Kirtlej
Knowlys . . .
Knowlys . . .
Lamb & ano.
Lane & ano,
Lathrop
Lee .. ..
Lees....
Lemanande .
LeMolt....
Lealie ,
Thrashing machines
Wheels
England. | Scotland. | Ireland.
. ' 25 Nov.
J ....
4
Hydraulic engines 2 Dec.
Furnaces ..| 29 July
Spinning
Fyroligneons acid
Shaping plastic substances
Gutta percha and caout- \
chonc j'
Propelling
Bricks and moulding 1
machinery J
Type founding
Friction brakes
Locomotive engines ....
Cleansing and polishing \
grain J
Telegraphic communi- 1 i
cations j
Railway carriages
Railways
Electro telegraphy
Salts, gases, or vapours. .
Electro-magnetism ....
Printing
Artificial fuel
Ship-building • • . . .
MetaU
Dress fastenings.
Stamping fabrics .
Stoves
Steam engines . . .
Furnaces
Reflectors and lighting . .
Velvets }
Gas meters
Rotary engines
Railway wheels
Application of atmo- 1
spheric air J
Generating and apply* \
ing heat j
Steam engines
£ngines,boiIers,pumps,
propelling boats, ex-
tinguishing fires, and
brewing ,
Railway wheels
Ornamental designs . . .
Malleable iron
Piling metal letters on
glass, &c •
Electric lighting
Purifying and cooling 1 I
liquids and gases . . . j
11 Dec.
28 Sept.
29 July
12 Oct.
2 Nov.
2 Nov.
14 Aug.
10 Aug.
11 Aig.
19* Oct.
26 Oct.
21 Dec.
4 Sept.
24 June
4 Not.
2 Nov.
28 Deo.
18 Nov.
7 Nov.
2 Nov.
26 July
28 Dec.
11 July
2 Nov.
14 Nov.
10 Oct.
2 May
18 July
12 May
21 Aug.
31 July
7 Sept.
12 May
9 Dec.
29 Nov.
llDec.
8 Aug.
18 July
20 July
21 Sopt.
15 Aug.
14 Nov.
6 Nov.
7 June
18 Aug.
7 Sept.
8 Nov.
6 July
Pagf*.
550
574
119
600
335
119
383
454
454
191
167
191
407
431
622
263
22
478
455
647
64
520
478
454
119
647
70
455
600
550
600
167
94
118
311
I
XIV
ALPHABETICAL LIST OF NEW PATENTS.
Name.
Lister
Llewellen & ano.
Lomax
Longmaid
Lorimier .... 4
LoBh
Low
Low.
MacDoQgall & 1
ano J
MacDongall ...
Mackenzie ....
Mackintosh ....
Madigan
Madigaii & ano.
Major
Marsden
Martin
Massey i
Masters <
Metcalf & ano. .
Metcalf.Thos...
Miller
Mitchelfie ano..
Morse
Mowbray
Napier & ano. -l
Napier
Napier
Nasmy th .....
Newall I
Newson
Newton i
Newton
Newton
Newton <
Newton
Newton
Newton
Nickels
Nicholson
Normanville ...
Palmer
Palmer
Parkes &ano...
Parkes
Pattinson
Pattison
Paul &ano
Subject.
England.
Seotland.
Ireland.
Page.
Wool combing
Cocks or Yalves
Chaff- cutting machines . .
Oxides of iron
Gutta percha and caout- 1
chouc J
Steam engines
Copper
Smelting
Adds
Glue
Jacquard machinery ....
Motive power
Turn-tables
Wheels
Looms
Flax
Flax, tow, &c
Logs and sounding ap- 1
paratuB j
Aerating fluids, filters, 1
bottles, &c J
Spinning
Chairs, sofas, &c
Menattrite locomotion . .
Smelting
Printing surfaces
Looped fabrics
Mariners' compasses & \
barometers j
Metals and alloys
Melting copper
Fireproof constructions. .
Locks, springs, and 1
ships' rigging J
Trusses
Stoves, grates, and fur- 1 {
naces J i
Letter-press printing. . . . {
Casting types i
Application of glass and *> '
glazed surfaces to ar- [ I
chitectural and other ( ,
similar purposes .. . J |
Dressing grain '
Steel
Steam engines I
Gloves I
Compressing machinery. . i
Carriages i
19 Oct.
23 Nov.
29 Nov.
26 Oct.
10 July
4 Sept.
28 Dec.
21 Nov.
5 Aug.
28 June
16 Dec.
6 July
6 Oct.
18 Nov.
8 Aug.
5 Oct.
28 Dec.
27 June
20 July
9 Nov.
4 Sept.
28 Sept.
23 Nov.
6 July
18 July
16 Dec.
7 Aug.
22 Aug.
2 Nov.
23 Dec.
9 Dec.
28 Sept.
Threshing 10 July
Candles .
Metals
Metils
Lead
Printing fabrics .
Drain. cutting. . .
9 Dec.
11 Nov.
22 Aug.
2 Not.
26 Sept.
29 June
18 May
4 May
5 Sept.
si July
14 July
14 Oct.
11 Oct.
27 July [ 28 Oct.
10 July I ....
29 June ' ....
26 July
20 Nov.
10 Oct.
3 May
21 June
26 Sept.
3 May
26 Oct.
407
627
550
431
70
263
647
526
166
22
622
46
359
526
167
359
647
22
118
784
263
335
526
46
94
622
166
215
454
647
600
335
70
600
503
215
454
ALLPHABE1ICAL LIST OF NEW PATENTS.
XV
Name.
I
Subject.
Peiiii
Perlbaeh ...
PMrie
Picdotto . . .
Poola
Poole
Poole
Porritt
Porter
Porter ....
Pratt
Pamell. ...
Remington ,
Ricardo .. ,
Richardson
Riddle....
Roberta ...
RobertaoB.
Robertson .
Robertson
Rock
Rogers....
Roof.
Roas
Rowley ....
Rojoe .. ..
Sager
ScMele
SchuBck
Schwartz ....
Scoffem ....
Shaw
Sievier
Siemans ....
Simpson & ano..
Skertchly.. ..
Smith
Smith
Smith
Sontham ....
Spencer ....
Spilsbury ....
Staite
Steel & ano...
Steinkamp . .
Stenson .....
Sterling ....
Swain
Swiuburn.. ..
England.
^
17 Aug.
8 Aug.
7 Nov.
28 Dec.
2 Dec.
Steam engines 21 Dec.
Uniting metals •
Steam engines
Purifying and decolo-
rizing gums
Casks
Nails
Heels and pipes
Carding
Application of
gated iron to floors
roofs, &c.
Girders ....
Printing ink
Preventing ships froml
being water-logged .. J
Steam engines
Electro telegraphy
Condensation and white l
lead /
Pencils, writing instru- 1
ments, and inkholders j
Time-keepers and tele-
graphic communica
tion
Gas
Casks
Consuming smoke
Iron
Peat
Respirators
Dibbling and propelling..
Buttons
Cleansing and grinding 1
grain J
Transit and generation )
of steam )
Cocks & reducing friction,
Maleable iron
Steam engines
Sugar
Iron
Warping and weaving ...
Steam engine
Steam engines
Bricks and tobacco pipes..
Railway wheels
Coal tar ......
Window blinds & springs,
Mills
Pipes and tubes. .
Paints
Galvanic batteries
Tobacco pipes . .
Sugar
Steam engines & boilers. . !
Iron and metallic com- '
compounds
Kilns .'
Gelatine
21 Sept.
11 July
28 Aug.
15 Sept.
23 Nov.
26 Nov.
21 Aug.
19 Oct.
li'Aug.
30 June
4 Sept.
19 Oct.
16 Dec.
2 Nov.
12 July
6 July
18 July
18 July
12 Oct
18 July
Scotland.
25 Oet.
26 Sept.
18 Aug.
29 July
3 May
30 Aug.
18 July
.. . ^
4Sept.
30 Nov.
....
21 Aug.
....
21 Dec.
....
11 July
....
6 July
29 July
2 Nov.
!!!!•
Ireland.
22 June
26 June
2 Oct.
3 Oct.
3 May
21 June
23 Aug.
si'iuiy
14 Aug.
26 Sept.
27 Sept.
2 Oct.
7 Sept.
16 June
12 June
28 Oct.
11 Oefc.
4 Oct.
Page.
622
191
167
478
647
574
142
94
263
215
623
70
46
142
454
311
70
238
311
526
550
215
407
191
22
263
407
622
455
70
46
94
94
383
94
5 June
XVI
ALPHABETICAL LIST OF NEW PATKNT3.
Name.
Trtit
Tariflf
Taylor
Taylor
Thomas ....
Thorn & ano. .
Thoraton . . . ..
Tibbits
Townsend ....
Travis & ano.
Tnieman . . . .
Turner
Tutton
Varley
Wariasley ... •<
Walker |
Walker ;..
Warren & ano. -j
WatneT & auo. . .
Waud'
W^cbster
Weild
Weldon
Wharton
WUd
Wildsmith ....
Wilkinson
Wilkinson ....
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson & ano..
Winfield & ano. .
Winfield
Wire
Woodcock ....
Wright
Wright I
Wrighton
Subject.
Producing outlines
Turntables
Engraving surfaces. .....
Propelling
Stays; 'boots, and shoes . .
Steam engines, breaks, 1
and signals J
Retarding carriages .....
Motive power
Looped or knitted fabrics,
Packing lard
Artificial teeth and gums.
Girders
Building
England.
Steam engines.
Young
Young Sc ano.
Young ......
Young
Zerman
Preventing explosion in \
steam boilers J
Bands of straps' for hats, 1
&c J
Needles
Bridges, aqueducts and 1
roofing J
Drilling
Spinning
Motive power
Spinning.. ••
Pumps
Vehicles
Rotary steam engines ..
Purification of naphtha
Coke ovens
Vices
Tin drums or rollers . . .
Chisels and gouges ....
Rotary engines
Light, lam^s'and oleic acid
Tubes
Metallic bedsteads, &c.. .
Light ,
Steam engines
Vice boxes
Generation of steam A \
evaporation of fluids. J
Carriages and engines . .
Closing cans or vessels . .
Lead ores
Winding thread, &o
Dying and printing
Ships and vessels
9 Dec.
21 Aug.
2 Dec.
26 July
7 Aug.
2NoV.
Ifioic.
15 Aug.
9 Dec.
14 Aug.
24 June
16 Dec.
15 Aug.
12 Oct.
2 Nov.
4. Sept.
15 Dec.
16 Dec.
21 Dec.
16 Nov.
21 Dec.
29 July
21 Sept.
28 Dec.
14 Sept.
2 Nov.
31 Aug.
12 Oct.
21 Aug.
23 Aug.
2 Dec.
9 Dec.
Scotland, i Ireland.
Page.
23 Aug.
28 Aug.
18 Aug.
29 June
iMay
5 May
2 Aug.
10 May
15 Aug.
22 June
13 Oct.
3 July
10 July
600
215
574
119
166
455
622
191
600
191
22
622
191
383
454
263
622
622
622
503
622
143
311
647
311
454
238
383
215
2.38
574
600
8 Aug. ! ....
MUSEUM, REGISTER, JOURNAL, ANDGAZETTE,
No. 1299.] SATURDAY JULY 1, 1848. [Prica 3rf., Stamped, Ad,
Kditcd by J. C. Robert«on« 166, Fleet-itrcct.
UEUTENANT-COLONBL YULE'S BREAKWATERS OF VERTICAL FLOATS.
FIG. I, .. F»fi.». p,Q^
"^fm* uni*
BBBAXWATKBt OW TB&T1CAL FLOATS.
In prosecution of the mode proposed
in vol. viii. of the " Professional Papers
of the Corps of Royal Engineers," of
resisting the force of waves by means of
vertical floats, each spar having its sepa-
rate anchor, I have taken an early oppor-
tunity, after returning from abroad, to
make some experiments with them.
In Number 1230 of the Mechanics*
Magazine there is a full aocounf of vari-
ous kinds of floating breakwater^ and of
the olgectioDB made to them ; before I
describe how these may be met by the
use of vertical floats, I proceed to give a
concise notice of the steps which led me
to adopt that form.
When in Canada, I had seen booms
made of squared logs, attached end to
end by chains, for the purpose of pre-
venting drifted timber from striking
against the embankments of the Rideau
Canal, and it occurred to me that if spars
were fixed to booms, so as to make a sort
of BotXiDgchevaux-defrisef the force of
waves would be lessened ; but this frame
being very iimited in depths was only
fitted for breaking the surf.
These booms occasionally broke loose,
and to guard against such an accident to
a breakwater of this kind, I thought of
reducing them to short frames ; follow-
ing up uiis idea, I arrived at ihe single
spar.
The next consideration was the me-
thod of anchoring which I intended to
effect by a chain (fig. 3) stretched be-
tween two anchors, and by attaching the
spars to it. The objection to this was
the same as to the above frame, — unwiel-
diness, liability to break loose, and the
■difficulty of repairing^
The obvious transition was then from
the single spar to the single anchor (figs.
1 and 2.)
Referring to former opinions* on
the subject of floating brei^waters gene-
rally, the objections to them are,
1. The expense and difficulties of
complicated frames, and the doubts
which prevail that any artificial floating
structures can produce still water ; the
impossibility of preventing them from
being carried from their moorings ; the
trouble of getting them out of water
when injured, or of replacing them after
being repaired.
* 8m No. 1280 abOTO nentioaed.
BT UlUTBNAXrr-OOLOKXL TULBi A.S.
2. Some are constructed so as to form
a flat raft ; these are of very limited use,
as they could only break the force of the
surf; vessels of considerable draught, or
exposed to the ground-swell, would be
little sheltered by them.
3. Light frames, *' in imiution of
reeds,*' nave been suggested, and in
respect to their lightness, they are a
great improvement, but they are liable
to be broken and to get entangled.
4. There are difficulties in adapting
the above methods to different deptns of
water; and, also
5. To the rise and fall of the tides.
I shall now enumerate the remedies
for these objections, premising that moat
of them were treatea theoretically in the
above-mentioned essay in the " Profes-
sional Papers,** and have recently been
confirmed by actual experiment.
1. The cost of the single spar, 22 feet
long, and 5 ins. diameter at the stem,
with stone anchor containing about two
cubical feet, about 6 lbs. weight of iron
fitments (fies. 5, 6*,) is here about four
shillings, the carriage and launching
about sixpence more ; but these details
of cost depend on local circumstances.
With an anchor of suitable weight,
the vertical float is immoveable in any
weather. The operation of launching is
simple, and there is none of the risk
which accompanies complicated struc«
tures, in effecting the complete renewal
or removal of a breakwater consisting of
them.
2. Spars 24 feet long are sufficient to
reach the whole depth of the largest
waves; they supersede, therefore, the
*' flat raft,** whicn only protects the sur-
face.
3. The vertical floats have all the ad-
vantages of the light frames in imitation
of reeds, without their liability to be
broken and entangled, as the short
chains of three or four links are just
enough to allow their free vibration;
they also give way to boats passing
amidst them.
4. In order to feach below tbe level
agitated by the waves, and to suit the
irregularity of soundings, an iron rod,
weighing about one pound to the foot in
length, is inserted into the spar (fig. 4,)
and the lower end of it is attached by a
short chain to the anchor.
5. With respect to the rise and &I1 of
BRBAKWATSES OV VBRTIOAL FLOATS*
ibe tidesy it is to he observed that on
shores where the depth of water is not
sufBcient to float the spars at ebb tide,
the J will lean over, and m rough weather
have a tendency to wear each other.
To guard against this, I ptopose to
have a series of the spars (fig. 6, a,) so
1>laced as to float nearly vertically in the
owest tides, leaving (say) 5 feet of their
tops above water.
r I c . 3 .
The next series (6) will be placed the
same heisht (5 feet) above a; in like
manner the series c above b, until the
upper series is on a level with high water,
or a little below it.
By this arrangement, each series in
succession will be protected during its
subsidence into the quiescent state, as
well as its rising from it.
The experiment alluded to above, is
now in the course of operation on the
shore of the Forth, at Portobello, about
feur miles to the eastward of Edinburgh.
Upwards of 600 spars have been an-
chored in a group of about 30 yards by
90, with anchor and chain ; their tope
are about 9 feet above ground; they
are from two to four, or nve feet aparL
These spars had been anchored nearly
a month before I had an opportunity of
witnessing their effect in a strong breeze
blowing direct on shore. There was a
considerable swell at the time, and the
tide nearly covered them, when, greatly
to my surprise, I perceived that the wave
seemed to increase in size as it passed
over them. I continued on the look out
to ascertain if it was really the case, and
after a few moments' reflection, I came
to the conclusion that it must be so on
the windward side.
The wave as it advances is suddenly
b2
4 ' BREAKWATERS OF VRRTfCAL FLOATS*
checked in its velocity, and being con- the Mechasiics^ Magazine, a new pro-
fined in space by the spare, it rises in position is introduced in it for obviating
height to obtain room for itself. the objections to framed works for break-
The next coming wave is checked in -' waters ; it is simple, light, and manage-
like manner, and as it overtakes the firet able ; not liable to injury, and it would
wave its velocity will receive an addi- be easily repaired. It is also suited to a
tional cheek, so as to be sooner overtaken variety of depths of water, and to the rise
by the third wave, and so on successively, and fall of the tides — a quality which does
while the whole in their progress will be not appear to have been attempted, or ao
more and more involved in the group of essential as to be considered requisite, in
spare, and finally reduced to quiescence, preceding modes of construction, though
I have uo data yet to enable me to without it all are nearly nugatory,
decide what breadth of the group of It remains to be decided by trial how
spars may be sufficient for the purpose, many lines will be required. From the
I am extending it to 60 rows or yards, nature of this construction, being con-
and double that number may be required ; nected above as well as below, it is pro-
but considering their moderate cost, bable that few lines may be necessarv, ao
there are many occasions, when the ad- that this mode will be efiectual wnere
vantage of still water would be cheaply othere could not be rendered so for want
obtained for the expenditure. of space.
In addition to the ordinary object of Before concluding this paper, it should
breakwatere, this system, on account of its be mentioned, that in addition to the
adaptation to nearly every kind of shore, short spars of 8 feet long above men-
will be available where relief, if not im- tioned, two have been floating for several
mediate, comes too late; for instance, in weeks of the following dimensions : one
the case of a stranded ship. a spar 22 feet long ; tne other a spar of
In the course of two or three days, the same length, but with 18 feet of iron
a ship in this situation might be sur- rod attached to it, as in fig. 4.
rounded by a number of spare, and saved The drag on the anehon of each is
from farther injury. For such an im- calculated thus :
portant object, it would be worth the i^f-
^Tfwniie tn hftve dAnfits of fin&ra nnd nn. '^^^ ■P*'' ^^'^^ ^" ^«" sewoned, weighed SO
expense 10 nave oepois 01 spars ana an- xhe Iroa fitments for the anchor .... 5
chore ready for use at several of the
principal harboure. They may be used ^^ ,.,...., - ^ ..a,^^ ^
S ^i.*^ ^ ^. m ^ tt^ !• I.* The cubical extent of the Spar it about 2 feel,
for the protection of sea-walls or light- the displacement of water by which la . . 124
houses during the time of their construe- — -—
tlon ; if the gwund is rocky, the spars ^/.'SL ?iS??S,.ii. i,.i .i„i. i.^- *'
may be attached at low- water to the cai feet, and weighs about 30o
rock itself. The same mass of water weighs 124
Small harbours for boats engaged in Making the weight of the anchor in water . 176
the herring fishery might be established, Deduct the buoyancy as above 99
and removed every season. In the High- 97
lands, where young fir-trees are plenti- The remainder is the power of resistance of
ful, they might be launched at little more '*'!,""?" '^ '^*i"* **" *' ^^ '*"* ^^'^^
.* ' .1^ » r ii. • a^ * • and vibration of the spar.
than the cost of the iron fitments, via , ^^^ ^^^^ ^^^ ^^.^^ ,, ,„ ,^ ^^^ ^^p^^ .^
at from I«. to 1*. 6a. each, according to water, consists or the spar, weighing as
the siae of the spar. t "^"J" ■ *, '?
The channels of rivere liable to be ob- ISTLuu^engfh^ .' ! ! ! ! ! ' il
structed bv sand or shingle, may be kept
open by this mole, which can be more water displaced nearly i«
easily applied than by driving piles or ,
constructing frames for that purpose. Leaving for buoyancy . . «J
The Shinile which is COnstintly shifted Weight of anchor m water as above . . .JITS^
to and fro on the southern coast of £ng- Deducting? the buoyancy, the remainder Is 107
land, might be confined to fixed poinu. t'}^',',;if<;}?,»Vp """''"'■' ""'•"«"^
It IS probably for the latter purpose that
the vertical floats may b^ found best Since the abovf was written, it has
adapted. been stated to me as an objection to the
Reverting to the paper in No. 1230 of vertical floats, that a strong running tide
MATHEMATICAL PERIODICALS.
will affect their efficiency, by causing
ifaenb to remain in an inclined position :
ihb I do not anticipate in a materiid
degree. The 8par, in the course of its
▼ibratioD, will be struck by the wave
at various angles of inclination, with a
constantly changing and inappreciable
effect.
Sdinbiugh, 10th June, 1848.
MATHXMATICAL PKBIOOICALS.
(Contioocd firom p. 583, vol. xlviii.)
VIII. The Enquirer.
Origm, — This periodical was com-
menced at Boston, in Lincolnshire, in
the beginning of the year 1811, and was
diaeoDtmued with the 11th number, in
Mar, 1613.
EdUoTi. — The first two volumes were
jointly edited by Mr. P. Thompson, of
Boston, and Mr. William Marrat, author
of a *' Treatise on Mechanics," << Mecha-
nical Philosophy," " History of Lincoln-
shire," &c.; the last three numbers
were edited by Mr. Marrat alone.
Con/ejB/tf.— Each number of the work
was divided into two portions. Under the
head of the ** Juvenile Department "
were given prise subjects in the Latin
and French Languages; English Com-
position, and Junior Mathematics;
Translations from the I^tin and French
Languages; English Themes; English
Verse, and Answers to the Junior Ma-
thematical Questions. The Department
for " General Correspondence* 'contained
Essays on English Grammar; Critical
and Grammatical Observations-; Essays
on Antiquities, Topography, Etymology,
Curioeities and Coins ; Account of, and
Extracts from, Bare and Curious Books;
Extracts and Essays on various subjects
in the Arts and Sciences ; Chemical and
Philosophical Essays and Queries ; Use-
ful Becipes in the Arts and Manufac-
tures; Miscellaneous Essays; Poetry,
original and selected; Mathematical
F^rs, original and translated ; Mathe-
matical Questions and Solutions, for
which various prizes were awarded, &c.
Amonff the many interesting and elegant
contributions to this well-sustained and
valuable periodical, may be mentioned a
series of racy articles entitled, '* My
Lumber Boom ;" '* Account of the Books
used in Churches and Monasteries before
the Beformation;" **0n the Art of
RiDging Bella ^" '< Pens^es Detach6ea ;"
" On the Dry Bot:'*— a series of valu-
able papers entitled " A Survey of
the Boman Antiquities in the County
of Lincoln," well worthy of attention,
which were contributed by Mr. P. Moore,
of Bourne, in Lincolnshire, who died
shortly after their publication : ** Imita-
tations of the Poetry of Henry Kirkc
White;'* <*0n the Dissolution of the
Worid ;" << Bibliographical Anecdotes ;"
" Specimens of the Similarity and Con-
nection of Languages ;" ** On the several
sorts of Vicious Argumenta called
Sophisms;" — a series of articles ar«
ranged under the heads of " Gleanings"
and the '* Collector," containing a num-
ber of very curious and interesting parti-
culars connected with old usages and cus-
toms, the origin of common proyerba,
&c. J «* On Gravitotion," by Mr. P.
Thompson; ** On Female Education,"
from the Edinburgh Review; '*0n
Vegetable Instinct and the Sleep and
Sensation of Plants," by Mr. Tapper;
'* Critical Essay on the Prophecies of
Daniel;" *• The Commodities of Arith-
metic," from the " Grounde of Artes,"
by Boberte Becorde ; *' On the Uneven-
ness of the Earth's Surface;" &c. The
poetic department was also well sustained,
and many of the queries are worthy of
attention from their curiositity, useful-
ness, and importance. In the mathema-
tical essays are articles on '* The
Composition of Forces," and ** The
Equations of Motion,'* translated from
Francoeur by Mr. Marrat; " The Pro-
perties of Infinites and Nothing;" ** Ob-
servations on a Curious Mechanical
Problem," by Mr. Marrat ; " Investiga-
tion of Formuls for the Values of ue
Tangent and Cotangent of an Arc,** by
Mr. G. Harvey, Plymouth ; " On the
Properties of the Lever/* by Mr. A.
Hirst, Marsden; '* Geometrical Prob-
lems by the Compasses alone,** from
Macheroni's G^omitrie du Compass
" Essay on Fluents,*' by Mr. G. Harvey,
&c.
Questions. — The total number of ma-
thematical questions proposed and an-
swered in the senior department is 165;
most of those left unanswered on the
discontinuance of the work were solved
in the first number of the Leeds Carre'
spondent. The editor appears to have
exercised good taste in the selection of
his questions and solutions, most of them
being of a very interesting and practical
MATHEMATICAL PERIODICALS.
6
ebanioter :^he application of Algebra,
Diophantine Analysis, Geometry, and
Mechanics, appear to predominate, and
would supply many a ** dainty morsel "
to the "getters up** of a series of exa-
mination papers. The work contains
more of the able and elegant investiga-
tions of Mr. John Ryley, of Leeds, who
wrote under the signature of ** Ry-
lando," than any other work with which
I am acquainted.
CentrUtularM. — The principal contri-
butors were Messrs. Allen, Baines, Brus-
ter, Butter worth. Cook, Dunn, Eyres,
Gawthorp, Harvey, Hine, Hirst, .Tones,
Jobnson, Kay, Maffett, Nesbit, Putsey,
Shaw, Tomlinson, Webster, Whitley,
Winward, &c.
Publication. — It was issued in quar-
terly numbers, whieh were printed for the
editors by Whittingham and Rowland,
Goswell-street, and sold by Scatcherd and
Letterman, Ave Maria Lane, London;
and Thompson and Barnett, Boston.
*•* I cannot dismiss this periodical
without expressing a regret that circum-
stances should have arisen which rendered
its continuance impossible. Mathemati-
cal periodicals at all times appear to have
been unproductive speculations. Fortune
seems to be adverse to their prosperity,
however auspiciously begun, and in this
ease the editors were destined to expe-
rience their full share of what is too often
the lot of those who are anxious to live
and labour for the good of mankind. The
DiarieSf no doubt, would long ago have
ceased to exist, if they had depended
solefy upon their own intrinsic merits
and usefulness for support ; it is perhaps
more than conjectural that the profits
derived from the more vendible Astrolo-
ffieal and Weather predictions of Old
Partridge and Francis Moore serve to
buoy up in some degree the otherwise
dead weight of Diarian speculations.
The Liverpool " Student,** that *• work
of rare merit,** as Professor Davies well
observes, divided a profit of Jive guineas
among its principal contributors, arising
fh>m the sale of the first three numbers ;
the fourth number was a ** dead failure,"
and the work vras discontinued. ''Com-
mercial distress** has often been urged by
the proprietors of such publications, when
every efibrt has failed to prolong their
existence; but, divested of its techni-
cality^ the expression has too frequently
•ignmed ruin to themselves and no sale
for the work. One after another of the
periodicals has passed out of exisfenee,
to be succeeded by others as ephemeral
as themselves. "Leybourn's Repository"
and the '' Gentleman's Mathematical
Companion," would seem to be excep-
tions, since they attained to a eompara^
lively ** patriarchal age,'* but probably
some under-current of self-sacrifice en-
abled these vessels of science to ride so
long in safety. Nor is the lack of sup-
port a thing unknown even in the present
dearth of such publications. Already the
'* Cambridge and Dublin Mathematical
Journal*' has hoisted its signal of dis-
tress, and if such is the condition of a
journal published at <* the first University
in the world,'* who can venture to pre-
dict the long continuance of its worthy
contemporary, the Mathematician, Mr.
Marrat informs me, in one of his ex-
cellent and interesting letters, that thev
printed 750 copies of the "Enquirer," all
of which were sold, except 20 complete
copies, that remained when the work
was ^iven up. ** The publishers and the
printers got all the money as the numbers
were sold, and at the close of the busi-
ness we got a bill for ^130 ! ! ! So we
did all the work, and lost that sum into
the bargain.** Some valuable remarks
on the efforts which have been made by
the " Non- Academics " of this country
for the furtherance of science,. are given
in a late volume of the PhiL Mag., by
"J. J." (your own "Exoniensis," I be-
lieve,) and with what success may be seen
in an excellent letter from Profnsor
Davies; inserted in pp. 428-31, vol.
xlvi. of this Magasine. It is therefore
unnecessary for me to dilate on this sub-
ject, but I must crave your indulgence
while I show, that to Mr. Marrat the
above was only " the beginning of sor-
rows.** In 1810 he published, by sub-
scription, ** An Introduction to the Theory
and Practice of Mechanics*,** — a work
which has been pronounced by one of
the best living authorities, as *< the first
book of its class at that time in England ;"
it was dedicated to Dr. Mutton, and
gained the author much repute. His con-
nexion with several other publications,
and the editorship of the " Enquirer,'*
served to increase his fame, and shortly
after its discontinuance, on the advice of
several influenrial friends, and under the
avowed patronage of Sir Joseph Banks,
he commenced the publication of " TfaQ
MATHSXATICAL PBRIOBICALS.
Hittonr of Llneolnsbire/' a work for
which 1118 pre?iou8 studies had eminently
qnalifled him. '< The patron and the
giol,*' says the authority aoove alluded to,
" have bleen linked together by one who
knew, because he had feli, the effect of
9uch patronctge as the aristocracy and
the squirearchy confer/' and Marrat was
soon to learn by bitter experience that
he formed no exception to the general
rale. He says, *' At the request of se yeral
gentlemen, I began lo publish a History
of Lincolnshire, and in the presence of
my worthy friend Mr. (afterwards Sir
Joiin) Rennie, the celebrated engineer.
Sir Joseph Banks promised me the use
of all his papers. The work was pub-
Bshed in numbers. I carried it on for
about four years before I applied to Sir
Joseph. It was pretty well known that
he had many valuable documents relating
to the history of the county, and I men-
tioned on the wrappers of the numbers
that Sir Joseph Banks had granted me
the nse of all his papers, on which ac-
ooant the work sold extremely well.
When I wrote to him I told him, that,
with bis permission, I would go to Reyes-
ley Abbey, where he resided when in
the country, and take copies of such
papers as would be useful to me, without
taking them from his possession, because
I thought that would prevent any suspi-
cion (for I knew that he sometimes had
strange freaks) that might arise about
my not returning his papers. He an-
swered my letter by saying that he knew
* noihing about me; that I had made an
umdue use of hie name on the wrappers
of the makbere I had published; that he
neuter promised me the use of his papers,
mar should I ever have any of them.
On reading the letter I thought the man
was mad, but what could I do ? In my
own justification, I had a letter from Mr.
Bennie, which stated, that ' Sir Joseph,
with his usual urbanity, had granted
me the use of all his papers,' which I
showed to liord Brownlow and some other
BoUemen and gentlemen who patronised
the work ; but when Sir Joseph had thus
acted, they were of opinion that the work
ooold not be carried on, because his
papers were thought to be extremely
valaable. I therefore gave up the work,
and was nearly ruined.** In a subsequent
letter Mr. Marrat says, '* The reason why
Sir Joseph Banks used me so shamefully,
I am fully persuaded, was, that he had
no pavers, and he was not honest enough
to acknowledge it, seeing it had gone
forth to the world that he had some vain-
able documents concerning the antiquities
of the county. Besides which, he did
not. know that I had friends who would
avenge me of such usage. He was not
aware that Dr. Hutton and Dr. Gregory
were friends of mine, and would take up
cudgels in my favour.'* Little need be
added by way of comment upon the pre-
ceding statement : suffice it to say, that
Mr. Marrat never recovered from the
effects of Sir Joseph Banks's patronage
and urbanity, ana that he still exists in
the most straitened circumstances, a
venerable monument of blighted pro-
spects, in consequence of relying too
much upon the readily promised but
rarely exercised patronage of the great.
Yours, &c.,
ThOS. WUiKINSOH.
Burnley, Lancashiret June 24, 1848.
[We have heard before of the affair
referred to at the close of our corres-
pondent's letter. Of course Mr. Marrat's
own version must be taken as the true
one, so far as he was himself concern-
ed: but we believe that Sir Joseph
Banks did possess some valuable papers
respecting the history of his county;
ana it may be as well to mention
that Sir Edward KnatchbuU, Bart., and
Mr. Dawson Turner, as his executors,
most probably possess them. This may
serve as a hint to any other inquirer into
the history of the county of Lincoln, as
to where materials of value may, in all
probability, be obtained.
As regards the actual reason of Shr
Joseph's conduct towards Mr. Marrat,
we have heard, upon what we deem very
good authority, that it was neither more
nor less than the dedication of his
work on "Mechanics" to Dr. Hutton.
Those of our readers who are familiar
with the history of the Royal Society,
and the ejection of Dr. Hutton from its
secretaryship, will be able to fill up the
picture.
The Royal Society, however, is not a
palatable subject with us ; althoxigh it is
Srobable that we may shortly be in-
uced to take some notice of the present
dissensions by which it is torn almost to
pieces.— £i>. M. M.]
ftlSHTON's IMPROVBD VIMCRY WMLkMt.
[RegUtered under the Act for the Protection of Articles of Utility. Henry Risbton, of Kendal^
plumber, Proprietor.]
Fie. I.
VIC. 3.
(. * 1
{
(
1
1
1
•
.
M
t
U
Urn
y . -. ,„ - ::.:-. .,. ,7-^ =1
f
V. -
1
y- —. 7\
\ < ^
Fig. 1 is a longitudinal^ section of
part of a frame, on this improved plan,
of the full size ; fig. 2 is a plan, or a
smaller scale of one-half of a complete
frame, and fig. 3 is a longitudinal sec-
tion of fig. 2. A A, are the styles and
astragals of the frame ; B B, cross-bars
of thin metal into which the upper ends
of the squares of glass (a) are inserted
and made fast by putty, as shown in fig.
1. Each square of glass is kept at the
bottom, a short distance clear of the bar,
B, which it overhangs, which prevents
the collection of water and discoloured
matter at the lap, and leaves also room
for the expansion of the glass, so as to
exclude all chance of breaking from
frost ; while at the same time ventila-
tion is facilitated, and any square of
elass may be removed without disturbing
tne others. C, is a strip of angle-shaped
metal which carries off the water outside
when it arrives at the bottom.
ON m BVFCCT OF SUPIRXNCUMBKyT PRUSURB AS REGARDS THB QUESTION, WltRTHBR
8RA-WAI.LS SHOULD BE SLOPING OR VERTICAL. BT HUGH M'CORlfAC, BSQ., M.D.
Sir,^Altbough one of the uninitiated,
pennit me to advert to a very important
point in the construction of sea-walls,
which marine engineers, so far as I know,
have hitherto overlooked — namely, su-
permatmbent pressure. This seems to
me one of the first elements to be taken
into account We all know that when
a stone is immersed in water, it loses of
its weight equal to the weight of the mass
of water which it displaces. It is this
circumstance which gives the moving
surge, itself almost of the specific gravity
of onic, the enormous power which it has
over the stone. This, however, may be
counteracted, under whatever exigency,
by adequate superincumbent weight. It
is owing to the latter, that the chalk -
etiffii of Britain have withstood, as they
have done, though of so soft a material,
the assaults of the ocean through so many
thousand Tears. It is owing to this that
we are still enabled to admire and vene-
rate the handiwork of Smeaton, in the
Eddystone, which the sea vainly lashes
with an almost undying surge. This
consideration of superincumbent pres-
sore, at once decides the preference in
favour of perpendicular sea-walls and
breakwaters. If superincumbent pres-
sore had been resorted to, the breakwater
at Plymouth, or that at Cherbourg, would
not have had its summit, though formed
of massive stones, torn away. And if the
harbour of refuge at Dover be formed
on any other principle, it will prove a
source of bitter regret to all concerned,
as well as of heavy expense to the nation,
from the unceasing dilapidations which
must necessarily ensue. Let the sea-
waJi of this and other refuge harbours
be formed of massive stones, properly
baaed and bonded, and built into an up-
right wall, wHk a sufficient amount of
nmerincumbent pressure, and it will last
all the ages of the island itself. But if
constructed otherwise, it will not last at
all; as yon and I shall doubtless live to
see, if they try it. And whv is superin-
cumbent' pressure, it may be asked, so
advantageous ? Why, simnly, because it
imparts that stability to the underlying
masses of stone, which they are liable to
lose; partly owing to their immersion,
and partly owing to the rush of the sea.
A stone often tons surmounts a sea-wall.
It nay be thought sufficient : but a gale
comes ; the stone is immersed, loses of
its weight and stability together; heels
over with the rush of the sea, and is dis-
placed. The one beneath shares the same
fate; and so the structure, albeit mas-
sive, is destroyed. But surmount the
whole with sufficient additional weight :
let the ten ton stone be loaded with a
hundred, or a thousand tons, if necessary,
above the point of immersion ; and all the
power of the elements, if the wall be
only properly bonded, will never affect it.
It is the flying buttress which enables
the cathedral wall to resist the side thrust
of the arch : we must, in the same man-
ner, resort to a flying buttress, but pro-
portionately massive, to resist the thrust
of the sea. I saw very well that this was
what was needed, when there was talk
some time ago about a harbour of refuge
on the Goodwin Sands. I saw that if
they built a proper sea-wall— that is to
say, an upright one — ^resting on Pott's or
Mitchell's piles, whichever was found
most eligible, and raised it high, above
the utmost wash of the sea, with an ade-
quate amount of superincumbent weight,
in the form of what I might call a marine
(flying) buttress, that the storm might
blow and the sea flow, without ever im-
pairing the stability of the structure. It
was clear that the toy which was put up,
or any similar toy, could not possibly
withstand the wear and tear of the sturdy
elements. Living or dead, I hope to have
the satisfaction of knowing that what I
here propose has been done ; and that a
** harbour for all nations*' shall one day
occupy a spot now devoted to desolation
and death.
A correspondent, W., in your able
Journal, May 13,'p. 463, adduces another
point in favour of vertical walls, of very
great, and, taken in connexion with the
consideration of adequate superincum-
bent pressure, of conclusive weight. He
quotes from Professor Airy— "The pecu-
liarity," observes Professor Airy, ** fn the
effects of an upright wall from the bottom
of the sea, is this, that the sea does not
break upon it." No, indeed, it docs not.
I have oDscrved this in the Gobbins, near
Belfast ; at Donaghadee harbour ; at the
Deserta Isles, near Madeira : and it may
be witnessed, I believe, at the cliffs of
Kilkee and of Lake Superior. The pro-
fessor adducer several other instances of
B 3
10
NOTES ON THE THEORY OF ALOBBEAIC EQUATIONS.
this oircamstance, which I do not recollect
faaTing been noticed by any one else. It
u howeyer most important ; and taken in
sonnexion with adequate superincumbent
vreasure, as I have just yentured to state,
oiffhly so.
It is hardly necessary to adduce further
arguments in favour of a position that
ought, when stated, to carry conviction
along with it; nevertheless, when one
Gonsiders the yearly losses which sea-
dykes and esplanades everywhere entail,
it should suggest a suspicion of some
fundamental error in the construction.
Instances of this will be present in the
mind of every one. Our good f ri ends and
neighbours the Dutch lay out vast sums
of money yearly in keeping up their
dykes and holders. Let us suppose they
had been of stone, vertical, and sur-
Biounted above the highest rise of the
water with a massive wall, the sea might
boom and roar for ever, or so long at
Init as the living rock endures, without
•mailing injury ; and consequently, with-
out entailing fresh expense. I am, &c.y
U. M*CoEMAc, M.D.
Beir»8t, June 5.
[We shall give a paper by Mr. Dredge on the
oppQsiU tide in otir next.— Ed. M. M.]
V
WOTKS ON THE THBORT OF ALGEBRAIC
BaUATIOMS. BY JAMES COCKLE, ESQ.,
M.A., BARaiSTBR.AT.LAW.
(Continued Arom rol. zWiii., p. 607.)
Second Series. Note £.
Let F-C^.y. *,.,.)
represent a general function of the n-th
degree and of the quantities between the
brackets which follow it, so that F diflPers
from^ inasmuch as the latter denotes a
homogeneous function. Then the equa-
tbns
P»(*, y, «)-0, and FJ(x, y, O-O,
are two simultaneous and general " ter-
tiary** quadratics which may, by ''sim-
ple " quadratics only, be solved in a
manner which difiPers from the solutions
previously given or alluded to,* is easy
of application, and ckpable of an interest-
ing comparison with Mr. Jerrard's
Method of treating similar questions.
Multiply the last of the given equa-
tions into an undetermined quantity \
and add the product to the first, then we
have
FJ(x, y, z) + XFJ(x, y. r)-0., (23.)
determine X so that 3^ may disappear
• Jf«c*.iC«y., VOL zlTiiL, pp. ed» ^UL) and 6(»,
from (23.), then this equation will take
the form
Bar + P(y,r)«0,..(24.)
where Betfy + dz + tf ;
let B"*0 and eliminate z from (24.), th«a
that equation will take the form
F»(y)=0
an ordinary quadratic from which y majr
be determmed. We may next obtain the
value of » from B"0, and finally that of
X from either of the given tertiary
quadratics or from (24.)
Again, the above tertiary quadratioa
may be solved by the following process,
which somewhat resembles the preceding,
but which entails upon us the solution of
a biquadraticytiji^ which is, consequently,
of interest only so far as it affords an ex-
ample of a general method of proceeding.
Put one of the given equations under
the form
*(ftj; + B)+FJ(y, z)«0,
assume that
J;r+B-0......(25.)
and by means of (25.) eliminate 9 from
each of the given quadratics, we shaU
then have two resulting equations of thft
form
FJ(y,z)-0aadFj(y,2;)-0
whence y and z may be determined, and
a? may be obtained from either of the
given quadratics, or from (25.)
Next let it be required to solve the
system
F«(jr,y,^,p,g)=0-1
FJ(*,y,jr,i»,g) = oi.
F;(*,y,^,F,0-oJ
Omitting for convenience the quantities
between the brackets, form the equations
F« + XF««0... (26.)
F«+X'F*-0...(27.)
and determine X and X' so that a^ may
vanish from (26.) and (27.), then those
equations will take the form
B,* + FJ(y,«,;>,^)-0..(28.)
Bfl* + F,(y,*,p,?)=0..(29.)
where B^ and B, are linear functions of
^, z, /?, and q. By means of the equa-
tions
Bj=0andBa=0..(30.)
let p and q be eliminated from ^28.) and
(29.), then those equations will oeeome
F»(y,z)-OandFJ(y,z)-0,
whence y, and s are known ; and ^ and
q are given by mesiu of the two eqwi«
THE WAVE P1ULNC1F]:.B IK »HIFBU1LDIII<J.
11
titfiia iMiked (3a> ; and finally, ot may
kt deienaiaed from way one of the giYen
^piadratiea.
In entering upon speoalations of this
hind we appear to have arrived at a rich
mhie of discoverj. But here, for the
Bt, I leave them, and hring the
ond Series of these Notes to a con-
eksion. Shonid it he permitted me to
resame the subject-^and I hope shortlv
to have an opportunity of doing so — ^1
shall give a discussion of the various
solutions of the question known as ''Co-
knel Tit OS's Problem/'* But I am
deatrotta of stating here that the solution
•f Fbbiib in its principle involves im-
psrtant ooDsequenees, and that the solu-
lisB of the equations (4.), (5.) and (6.)
<^ p. 512 of the last volume of this work is
a generalisation (or rather an extension
to the general case) of the method which
Fbekd employed in a particular instance.
But neither does Fbend appear to have
been aware of, nor subsequent writers to
have noticed, this generalization. Any
narrowness of view on the part of Fbbnd
will probably be attributed to a confined
sysUm of envisaging a subject rather
t^ to a defect of analytical power, and
pixhaps there are some who will agree
with me in thus thinking that nothing
but such a system, and an imperfect con-
eeption of the true nature of Algebra,
could have rendered (comparatively speak-
ing) nugatory the scientific enthusiasm,
the ardoup, and the disinterested zeal of
SQQh men as Masb&es and him to whom
I have just alluded.
I take this opportunity of mentioning
with respect the name of Mr.LocK.BAnT
in connection with the subject of equa-
tions. I hope on another occasion to call
iltention to some of his investigations.
2, ChuTch-yaid Court, Temple. Jane 24, 184S.
Errata.
Vol. xlviii., p. 606, col. 1, notef, lin« 5 ;
hrfore " form" add general.
■ , p. 606, col. 1, note t, line 6 ;
b^ore «* ="a<W +A.
, p. 606, col. 1, note f, be-
tween lines 6 and 7 insert,
where K^bx + cy + dr + ijp.
■ , p. 607, col. I, note t [Une 4]
eqjuation (/3), transpose x and y.
♦ 8i*e some remarks on this problem at p. 159
•C Prot J. R. Young's Mathematical Dinsertaticns,
OrfMMioa. 184U) *t VP- 272—274 of Prof. T. 8.
mvUtf's Srtlultona to HtiHon's Conrne, (London,
iMtf,) Be. The method of Messrs. Whitley, Settle,
ayi«j, ii Meatio^ in pdneipU with that of
IB4 ayi«:
nrntoh
TBR WAYB PmiNOIFLB IK %BSPBVl\TUXQ,
Mr. Sc(^t Russell gave a lectare at the
Royal Institution oa the 2nd instant, oo the
sew priaciple introduced by him into ship*
building, called the Wave Principle. We
extract the following abstract of it from the
Athenaum : Mr. RosseH's object was— /r«#»
to explain his theory of naval conatruction ;
secondly, to connect with that theory prae*
tical rules for the construction of ships ;
Bnd, JUutlfy, to state the resolU which hare
followed the adoption of the form resulting
from this principle,— by the general adop-^
tion of which the velocity of merchant
steam. thipi have, within twelve or fifteen
years, been raised from an aversge of nine
or ten miles to an already achieved speed of
seventeen or eighteen miles an hour. Tho
theory is derived from the observed proper-
ties of what Bir. Soott Russell has termed
the. solitary wane of translation (or tho
wave of the first order), and those of the gre-
gariovs wave of oscillation (the wave of the
second order). The fir«t-named wave moves
with a velocity which can neither be acce-
lerated nor retarded by the velocity of the
floating body which produces it ; while the
latter does depend on the sf ee<i of the boat
by which it is caused. The solitary wave ia
formed by the bow of a ship when in motion,
and its velocity depends on the curve of the
water-line of the vessel. Mr. Scott RusseU
proceeded to connect with these properties
of the waves he described the following prin-
ciplci of naval architecture : — 1. The prin-
ciple of removing the least quantity of watfr
to the least distance. Assuming that all
horizontal motion through a fluid impli^
the displacement of that fluid, it is obvioufi
that the amount of moving power required
to propel a vessel will vary with the bulk of
water disturbed and the range of lu dis-
turbance. In the ordinary construction, a
great mass of water is set in motion on either
side of the bows of the ship ; but, as Mr.
Scott Rnssfell had proved experimentally in
the wave boats, no more water was disturbed
by them than was occupied by the immerqed
portion of the vessel.— 2. The principle of
adapting the form of the body which is to dis-
turb the water to the natural form of the fluid
which is to be disturbed. Referring to the pro-
perties of the wave of translation, Mr. Scott
RusseU proved that it was impossible to
propel any vessel with a speed greater than
that of the wave of the first order which it
pruduced by its motion ; and that, therefore^
wherever speed was required, the shape of
the vessel mast be modified to accord with
laws of that wave. Thus, the length of fast
ships mast be great (200 feet of keel being
lequisite to insure with least power a spe^
of la miles an hour, 300 feel of keel to a(«
12
BDDDS'S RAir-STRAIOHTENIKO MACHINE.
tain 23 miles, &c.) On the same principle,
boats made on the wave principle^re broad-
est abaft the middle ; the lines of ran are
much finer in the bow than at the stern, the
bow portion of the water* line being con-
cave. — 3. The principle of allowing the re-
placement of water to take place with the
greatest possible velocity. The wave formed
by the after part of a ship is not the wave of
translation, bnt the oscillating wave of the
second order. It arises from a vertical mo-
tion of the water from, below to replace the
hollow left behind the ship as it passes on-
wards. This replacement is most rapid when
the stem portion of the water-line is full.
Mr. Scott Russell mentioned that vessels of
various kinds which had been built on the
principles he described (although the prin-
ciples themselves were not understood by
those who acted on them) had always been
remarkable for speed. The old Thames
wherry, the smugglers' boats, privateers, thel
caique of the Bosphorus, fishing-boats in
the North of Scotland, have been built more
or less on this principle ; and it was remark-
able that whenever the form of any of these
vessels was changed, with a view to improve-
ment, the speed was always diminished. But
'the most important test of the wave princi-
ple of construction is afiforded in the Holy-
head fast boats, — all of which had systema-
tically been constructed, with more or less
accuracy, in conformity with the wave prin-
ciple, and are propelled at the rate of from
17i to 18^ miles an hour; the rapidity
being the greatest in those boats in whose
construction this principle is most accurately
maintained. By the same principle, he felt
satisfied that 23 miles an hour could be pro-
duced ; and he was quite prepared to carry
that speed practically into effect.
OaOVBS AND sons' DOUBLE VILB-HANDLB.
[Regittered under the Act for the Protection of Articles of Utility. Richard Groves and Sons, of
Sheffield, Tool-makers, Proprietors.]
Fig. 1 is a side elevation of this very
useful instrument in its complete state,
and fig. 2 a plan of the same. A is the
file ; BB, the handles ; C, a flat bar or
plate, to which the handles are affixed ;
DD are two screws, which are passed
through holes in the plate, C, into the
file, which is tapped with a correspond-
ing screw during the process of manu-
facture. When the file bos been used
on one side, the screws, DD, may be
taken out, and the handle fixed on the
reverse side ; or the file may be used by
placing a handle on the tang, £, as files
are generally used.
D0DDS*8 RAIL-8TBAIGHTBNIN0 MACHINE.
[Registered under the Act for the Protection of Articles of Utility. Isaac Dodds, of Glasgow,
Civil Engineer, Proprietor.]
Fig. 1 is a front elevation of this ma-
chine, and fig. 2 is an end elevation of
the same. AA is the bed-plate of the
machine; BB are two pillows or sup*
ports, upon which the bar to be straight-
ened is laid. CC is the pillar of the
press, which is cast in one piece with
the bed-plate, A; D, the nut, formed
of the upper part of the pillar. £ is the
screw, and F a stud-piece, which forms
the opposing point of strain to the pil-
lows, BB.
' The bed and pillar of this machine
being of one piece, are consequentljr of
much greater strength than the machmes
of this kind hitherto constructed, which
BZYTATION OF FALUNS BODIES FROU THE PERFEKDTCULAK.
13
f I Off 1^
haye been always made in separate
pieces.
ON TRB DBVf ATION OF FALLING B0DIK8
FKOM THB PBRPKNOICULAR.
Sereral experiments have indicated, that
bodies falling through great heights, do not
drop into the position occupied by a plum-
met suspended at the point from which the
body falls, but somewhat to the south and
east of it The latter deviation is in ac«
eordance with what might be expected as a
result of the earth's rotation on its axis ;
but an explanation of the former did not
^pear so obTious. The inflaence of Dia-
magnetism was, we belieye suspected, and
with a Tiew to determine this, the experi-
ments detailed in a paper by the Secretary,
published in the last Report of the Royal
Cornwall Polytechnic Society, and which
appeared in a late number of this Magazine,
seams to have been instituted. These expe-
riments, on account of the great discre-
pancies among them, cannot be considered
satisfactory as respects the amount of south
deviation; but that such a deviation did
exist in those cases, seems clear. Mr. Rnn-
dell attributes it to the increased time oc-
cupied by a body in foUfaig, occasioned by
the resistance of the air, and in the exam-
ples given, supposes it proportional to the
square of this increase of time. Now this
explanation has ^reference only to the pecu-
liar mode of calculation which he has adopt-
ed, and the omission of an agency which,
though perhaps of little effect in those par-
ticular instances, inust greatly modify gene-
ral views of the subject. Oul* purpose is to
give the method of estimating more accu-
rately the deviation, ezclosive of the ait's
resistance, and afterwards endeavour to point
out the manner in which the air will effect it.
Let PAKD be a great dicle of the earth
(assumed to be a sphere) passing through
the pole P and the point A. ; AB, a perpen-
dicular to the surface at A, and B the point
from which the body falls. Also, let AFHK
be a great circle passing through A, whose
plane is perpendicular to the plane of the
former ; and ALD a parallel of latitude,
also passing through A. At the instant
of the bodies being dropped those circles
ere supposed to become stationary, while
the point A, and perpendicular AB move
with the earth on the parallel of latitude
ALD. If the body were not intercepted
by the earth it wonld describe an ellipse,
of which the centre of the earth would
be either a focus or centre, according as
the space through which it fell was without
or within the surface; its plane likewise
would be the plane of the circle AFHK.
Whence, if BF represent the path of the
body, it will be a portion of an ellipse, and
will meet the earth on the circle AFHK, so
that the point on which it drops must be in
a lower latitude than that from which it fell.
We need not here investigate the process of
finding this latitude, but will simply stats
the result.
Let / represent the latitude of the point
from which the body falls ; L, that of the
point on which it drops ; /, the ratio of the
14
DfiVIATXON OF FALLIMO BODISS FROM TUS FSRPBKDICUI,AR«
forc« of gravitj to the centrifugal force at
tbe eqoator ; «» the space throogh which
the body falU ; a, the ratio of the radius to
the distance from the earth's centre of the
point from which the body falls. Theo,
when 9 is without the surface of the earth,
putting the radiua » r
and when it is within the earth,
sin.
1_ (g'-l)co*»/
By means of these expressions we may
raadtly find the deviation from the true per-
pendlenlar of a body falling from any height
either within or without the surface; for
since sin L can be found, we have, sin
{/- L}-*8in / cos Ir— cos / sin L.
If the earth were at rest, a plumb line
would tend direct to its centre, and thus
indicate the true perpendicular; but the
ee»trifttgaL force arising from ita rotation
must evidently thow the plummet off, and
thus eause a deviation in this likewise. If 9
represent the length of the plumb line, and
D the deviation from the true perpendicular
of the plummet, then, when D is small
9Qmpand with the earth's radius
T\^* «n f .cos /
/-co»2/
To illustrate these formula by an example :
it will be found that in lat. 53'^ nearly
(i. e. the lat. whose sine is ,6) a body drop-
ped (in vacuo) without the earth's surface
through a height of 1254 feet faUs 2087716
foot from the perpendicular, while a plumb
line of the same length deviates 2087340
foet. Hence the body falls ,000376 feet
south of the plumb line. Within the sur-
fcce with a height of 1253 feet, the body
deviates 2087151 feet, while the deviation
of the plumb line is 2087089, which gives
the deflection in this case ,000062 feet, or
9nly ^th of the former. The reason of
this is, that within the earth, the oentririigal
force varies as the foroe of gravity ; whUe
wkheut the surface the former inereaseSf
while the latter rapidly diminishes.
If, instead of an ellipse, we suppose the
path desoribed by the faUing body to be a
portion of a parabola, to which it will in
vsality very nearly approximate, we eau
•asily show the near equality subsisting be-
tween the deflections of that falliag body
•od the plumb line. In this case the velocity
of the body in the direction of a tangent to
tiM oiroleoCUtitiMlt of the point from which
it drops will be uniformly the same as that
of the point ; but when thi deviation is small »
the deflection in the plane of the circle of
latitude varies as the square of the tangent
to it described by the body, <or as the square
of the time of its description, since it in
described uniformly ; and consequently, the
body is virtually under the action of the
centrifugal force uniformly and constantly
acting. Now, let 9 be the space through
which the body falls, and also the length of
the plumb line ; t, the time of falling through
that space ; y, the centrifugal force, and ^,
the space described by a falling body in one
second. Let also d represent the dieviatioii
of the body in the plane of the circle of
latitude, and D the like deflection of the
plummet. Then, by the theorem for nni-
formly-acting forces d^^/gfi; but since t is
the time of falling through 9, fi^ — ; and,
substituting this in the former, we get i^f9*
To find the deflection of the plumb-line,
since forces which are in equilibrium are
proportional to the sides of triangles drawa
in the directions in which they act, we have
1 : / : : * : D. or D=/f. Wherefore D» d,
or the deflection of the plumb-line is equal
to the deflection of the body. This is the
principle employed by Mr. Rundell, in the
paper before referred to, with slight variation,
and, of course, is not strictly accurate, but
suflSciently so for the purpose for which it
is required. WhUe on this part of the snjbfc
ject, we would remark on the formula given
by Professor Cowie, attached to Mr. Run-
dell's paper. From the context, it would
appear that it is intended as an expression
of the southern deflection from the plumb-
line, in terms of the eastern deviation ; buti
in reality, it is the exact symbolical state-
ment of Mr. Rundell 's process for finding
the south deviation from the true perpendi-
cular ; if e be supposed to represent the arc
described by the point from which the body
falls, instead of the eastern deviation. The
note seems to give it this meaning, unless
the terms " eastern deflection from the
plumb-line" and ''eastern deviation" sig-
nify diflerently ; and if this be the case, it
becomes unintelligible. However, that it is
an error so far as respects the original inten-
tion, is clear ; for Mr. Rundell's explanation
and calculation by means of the figures
given, imply the total independence of the
two deviations of each other ; or, in other
words, the eastern deviation is assumed to
be nothing. The result is not sensibly
affected by this ; but there is no advantage
attendant on it, as will be seen by comparing
the following expression, in which the eastern
deflection is involved, with Proiissior Cowis'i.
BBVIATIOK Q¥ VAU.I1M BOD1S3 V&OM THB PERFSNDICULAR.
15
P«tT— bidf tlM time of the earth'a rota-
«k», t the tuM of the body falling, ir»
3-14159, r the earth'e radius, and d the
denatioR (torn, the perpeDdicuIar, then
ii«r sin /coa /
C^^^-'-y)
To calffniate the eastern deflection with per-
faet aeeiuicy woold be Yery laborious i bat
Ibr aauU he^hts, it will be sufficiently near
tba truth to estimate it as equal to the pro- '
dM* of the time of falling by the difference
of the Telocities of the extreme points of the
space &Uea through.
In efamining the effect produced on these
leaolts by taking into account the action of
the air» although we have no data to pro-
eeed with, CTen if the complex nature of its
aetioa did not preclude a very correct va-
hMtion, yet we shall find that they must
beeome greatly changed by it, both in quan-
tiij and UndL The atmosphere reyol?ea
with the earth, and a foreign body, or a
hedy Bol partaking of its rotary motion,
if prcgected into it, must ultimately rotate
UkewiM. But, before acquiring this ulti-
mate reYoWiag motion, its primary motion
cf preieetion will, by friction and resistance,
he gradeally destroyed. It is etident that
the Telocity with which the body will rotate
eunol be the same as that of the air, unless
Ha specifie gravity be the same ; and it will
he leea as the specific gravity and size are
greater. For if a mass of fluid revolve, the
emtrtlegal foroe of any portion must be
equal to the resistance of the next exterior
portion ; and if, instead of this first portion,
1 body of greater weight be substituted while
the Tdedty remains the same, the resistance
ef the external part will be no longer equal
to the centrifugal force, and hence the body
camot revolve with it. But if the velocity
of the body be diminished so that its centri«
fcgal force may be equal to that of an equal
maae of fluid moving with the velocity of
the fluid, it will revolve with it ; and it is
plain that it cannot do so otherwise.
To apply this to our present case, we will
divide the examples into two classes, viz.,
the same body dropped through different
heights, and different bodies through the
M«e height.
Referring to the figure, it is clear, if the
pett ef the body be in vacuo, that if it be
wsiatcd in its tendency towards the earth's
•entre while the projectile force is the same,
it must describe a wider orbit ; and instead
ol taking a course BF, will describe a path
BH, still, however, in the same plane,
Ihas falling in a lower latitude. Now, the
levelvlng air affords such a resistance ; but
the fliat, it oanaea the
body to partake somewhat of its rotation.
Hence, in this case, it will move in a coarse
BM, and will, consequently, fall in a higher
latitude than if acted on by the central
resistance only. But when the original pro-
jectile velocity is diminished by the friction,
&e., to that velocity due to the body revolv-
ing with the air, it will revolve, and the
deviation from the perpendicular must then
have arrived at a maximum, and if measured
by the angle subtended at the earth's centre,
will remain the same through whatever space
it falls after. The eastern deviation will be
affected rather differently ; for as soon as
the projectile Telocity decreases so as to be
equal to that of the point A, it will have
attained its maximum, and then diminish
rapidly ; since, after this, both the central
resistance and the decreasing orbital velocity
tend to reduce it, so that the body, after
falling through a certain height, will not only
lose what it first gained, but also its proper
deviation, that is, the deviatiqn it would
have acquired in vacuo. Any distance
through which it falls after this, must give
a fast-increasing westerly deflection, if a
heavy body fall through but a small height,
it will not be subjected to the full effect of
the air's resistance, on account of an insuf-
ficiency of time ; but if a body of less weight
be used, so that the force of the air may be
more effectiTo, the same action wiU take
place aa Iwfore, though a sbnilarity will npt
be exhibited in the results. Suppose the
body under consideration to be not greatly
different in its specific grarity from air.
The projectile Telocity will eTidently be Tory
soon reduced to the velocity due to its rota-
tion in air; for the force of the air acta
more effectively on it, and the orbital velo-
city has to be diminished less than if it were
a heavy body. A small height will thus
give the maximum deviation from the per-
pendicular ; and hence at a height not greatly
different, this must be less than that of the
plumb-line ; for the deviation of the plomb-
lioe increases as the height, whUe that of the
body, aftbr attaining its msximum, is con-
stant, or at least sensibly so. It must,
consequently, be expected that, with a height
such as a quarter of a mile, or less, a very
light body would exhibit a deflection north
of the plumb-line ; while a consideration of
the eastern deflection will show that we might
not expect this to be Tery different from the
result which would be obtained in Tacuo.
At all events, it cannot diminish so rapidly
as in the case of a heavy body, after obtain-
ing its greatest amount. We are thus ena-
bled to indicate the kind of effects produced
in a series of experimenta with liodies ol
Tariotts weights, sixes, and other qualities
effeetiog Umit resytencea, when dropped
16
TUB COMING COMET. — HISTORICAL NOTICE,
through the same distance. If taken in the
order of their resistances, commencing with
the highest, it wonid probably be found that
several would have the same north deflection,
after which the succeeding ones should de-
crease until those having but small resistance
exhibited south deflection from the plumb-
line, the extreme limit of which must ap-
proximate to that given by Mr. Rundell in
his paper, under the circumstances there
mentioned. The effect on the eastern de-
viation cannot so readily be perceived with-
out a few preliminary experiments. The
variation in this, however, must be much
less than that of the other.
In recapitulating, then, we find that fall-
ing bodies may have either north, south,
east, or west deflection from the plumb-
line ; and that the first two deflections may
be combined with either of the latter two,
and that each may exist separately or not at
all, depending on the circumstances of height
fedlen through, and the weight, size, and
form of the bodies used.
W. Sloogbtt.
Devonport, June 24, 1848.
THB COMING COMET. — HISTORICAL
NOTICBt
g?rom a Lecture upon the Science of Attronomf,
vered by Mr. Henry AUhans, jun., before the
Hackney Literary and Scientific Institution.]
On the 5th day of March, 1556, this
eccentric wanderer was first perceptible in
the sign of Libra. Pursuing its celestial
course with great velocity, it touched the
left wing of the sign Virgo, passed below
the knee of the constellation Bootes, whence
it ascended to the north pole of the ecliptic
(its inclination being 32 degrees 6 minutes)
towards Andromeda, where it lingered, but
receding towards the Northern Fish, it was
there lost. Its perihelion (or nearest point
to the sun) was passed on the 21st day of
April, just two days previous to its final
disappearance. Whilst it remained within
the circle of those tropical stars which never
set, the comet was visible idl night long ;
and throughout its course, the apparent
magnitude of the head was uniformly as
large as Jupiter to the naked eye. Its mo-
tion ran contrariwise to the succession of
the Zodiacal signs, and within the space of
four days, it completed seventy degrees west-
ward, and thirty degrees northward, direct-
ing ito path towards Saturn (then in Aries)
but apparently slackening its speed as it
approached that planet. At first its helio-
centric motion was retrograde — at last
direct. In the intermediate course it was
most swift, despatching fifteen degrees daily.
The nucleus (or body) presented the aspect
of a bright globe of Q^e, equivalent to
a half-moon, but the rays and colours varied
and interchanged like the flickering of a
flame agitated by the wind. The tail was
moderately long and much attenuated ; at
first presenting a martial aspect, but subae-
quently dissolving into a pale and livid com-
plexion : the stream of rays was denser near
the head, and more rarified towards the ex-
tremity of the tul, which at first pointed
eastward, but as the comet mounted to the
north, the train took a southerly direction.
This eccentric member of the solar sys-
tem has been conjectured to be identical
with that mighty comet which startled
Europe in the year 1264, so particularly de-
scribed by Palseologus, Zuinger, Calvlsius,
Matthew Paris, and other chroniclers of the
period. That portentous visitant was first
discernible near the sign Taurus, behind the
planet Venus; and it raged during the
whole summer season, until the 7th day of
October. It was originally observed in the
twilight of the evening, but speedily passing
the sun on the 6th of July, at a rapid rate,
(the place of its perihelion being 21 degrees
of Capricorn,) it re-appeared shortly before
the morning twilight towards the 8th degree
of Cancer, whenee it retrograded very
quickly into Gemini, threading its way be-
tween Canis and Orion, but ultimately
retreating into the latter constellation. Its
movement from east to west was more than
equal to 50 degrees of latitude, and hardly
5 of longitude. The inclination of its para-
bolic orbit to the ecliptic was 36^ degrees ;
and the distance of its perihelion (that of
the earth being 1) was 0*4450. At first it
followed the morning star, but subsequently
preceded that brilliant orb. The train or
tail was very long and broad, resembling a
fan in shape, emerging from the eastern
horizon before the dimmer nucleus, and,
when folly ascended, stretched itself up-
wards, and shooting its rays to the meridian,
the comet occupied in length one-half of
the heavens, presenting a fearful apparition
to the eye of the superstitious spectator.
As it swept along through space, the tail
diminished daily in breadth, but proportion-
ately increased in length and brilliancy.
Contemporary historians relate many terri-
ble calamities as befalling the nations of
Europe during the year 1264 ; among other
strange coincidences, it is related in the
lAM Chronicorttm (printed at Nuremberg,
A.D. 1493,) and confirmed by other writers
in the middle age, that on the occasion of
the first appearance of this biasing star, the
sovereign pontiff, Urban IV., was seized
with an alarming distemper, which confined
his holiness to his apartment daring the
entire period that the comet prevailed ; and
on the very night that the comet disappeared
CAPTAIN spike's METHaD 07 HAlglNO SU19KEK V£6SrELS.
IT
the Pope expired. In 1556, itf appearance
wms accompanied by similar strange snb-
hinarf eTents. The Tictorions emperor,
Charles V., to the amazement of the world,
suddenly resigned the crowns of Germany
and Spain, and betook himself to a monas-
tery, where he shortly died.
It was in a paper read before the Royal
Sodety of London, abont the middle of the
last century (eufe Philoi. TVaiw., vol. xMi.),
that Mr. Dnnthome hasarded the supposi-
tion that these two celestial strangers were
identical — a eonjectnre also coantenanoed
by the eminent French astronomer, M. de
Lalande. This hypothesis has recently found
a sanguine advocate in Mr. J. R. Hind, the
discoTerer of the new aiitroid. Bat its return
during the current year (1 848), although en-
doraed by these high authorities, is yery
problematieal ; for tiie cautious Dr. Halley
has expressly indad^ the comet of 1556
along with fire others concerning whose
elements he was sceptical, as the observa-
tions handed down by Paulus Fabricius and
the older astronomers (which formed the
basis of his computation) were neither made
with good instruments nor mathematical
precision, so that great difficulty was ex-
perienced in harmonizing their conflicting
accounts. Adequate allowance should also
be made for the amount of the disturbing
forces whidi this eccentric traveller may en-
counter through its approximation to other
heavenly bodies in its lengthened journey
through the realms of space. Besides, we
possess exsct details of its path only during
one-fourth of the fifty days it waa last visi-
ble. As for the elements of 1264, founded
upon the Latin manuscript of a Dominican
fiiar preserved in Pembroke-hall, Cam-
bridge, they are open to grave exceptions,
and form but a sandy foundation for the cal-
culating astronomer of the nineteenth cen-
tury.- Is there not also a palpable difference
of several degrees between the elements of
the two ? Considering, therefore, that the
cometary revolutions are subject to extensive
fluctuations, since these frail bodies are so
susceptible of opposite attractions from
powerful ne%hbouring orbs — weighing the
difficulty of proving identity after a lapse
of 292 years— and the laxity of previous
observations ; — above all, reflecting that the
orbita of only three of these singular bodies
are satisfactorily settled, whereas probably
800 appearances are known, and the ele-
ments of neariy 100 recorded; — may we
not reasonably pause, and, with the saga-
cious Halley legitimately doubt, before
yielding assent to a prediction, not wholly
gratuitous, nor placed beyond the range of
possibility, but yet depending too closely on
ooDJectore, though seekiog to ally positive
calculation and observation in its support ?
But, in spite of mathematical discrepancies,
imperfect instruments, and conflicting data,
should the approach of this comet crown
the other wonderful occurrences of this
eventful year, it will afford another astrono-
mical triumph ; as the comet will then have
completed its twentieth revolution round the
sun since the creation of the world.
CAPTAIN spike's MBTBOO OF J&AI8INO
SUNKEN VS88EL8.
Sir,— -I am anxious to make some remarks
upon the subject treated of in your last
number, by your correspondent who signs
himself ''A Landsman." The mode of
raising the vessel by Captain Spike is per-
fectly possible, simply on the supposition
that she had no scupper-holes. In such a
ease, the water outside would not be in free
communication with that within her bul-
warks, and, consequently, the holes alleged
to have been bored would have had the effect
attributed to them. You wiU observe, then,
that I would qualify the statement in your
editorial note, in so far as respects the
assertion that the feat in question could
" never have been accomplished under any
possible state of circumstances."
The question between your correspondent
and his friend is one of fact — " Were there
scuppers or were there not ? " and in default
of positive evidence, I think we shall find
the general appearances to be against the
as8um,ption of " A Landsman."
1st. Very few decked vessels have no
scuppers.
2nd. Especially if deep in the waist.
3rd. The captain leada us to infer that
there were scuppers, else it would have been
unnecessary- to caulk the maln-hatch, or
even to close it. At the same time, it may
be urged that there is no mention of scuppers
at all, as remarked* by your correspondent ;
and that the combinga of the main hatch
were unusudly high for a vessel with great
sheer and scuppers.
And, lastly, had there been scuppers, the
fact of any water running from holes bored
as stated, must have been not real, bat
invented quite gratuitously.
I am, Sir, yours, &c., .
John Macokeoor.
2i, Linooln's-inD-flelds,
June 27, 1848.
[We insert this letter out of respect to
our esteemed correspondent, but eannot say,
that we are at all shaken by it, in our con-
viction of the soundness of the opinion we
have expressed. Scuppers or no scuppers,
there was, at all evenU, a free commu-
nication, thiongh the main-hatchway, be-
18 MA£TBT AND WBBb's PATBNT IMFBOVBMENT& IK DISTILLATXOK.
twem tht water ontiida and inside; and,
we repeat, that at long as that was the case,
there ooeld be but one water-level common
to both.— ETd. M. M.]
CIRCULAR SAWING.
An experiment was, by permission of
the Lords Commissioners of the Admi-
ralty, made at the Saw- mills, Woolwich
Dockyard, on Saturday last, by Mr.
James White, C.E., with the view of
tesdng the efficiency of circular saws in
cutting through the eentre of rough
timber of a diameter nearly equal to that
of the saw itself.
An elm tree — one end of which was of
the full diameter of the saw — was placed
upon one of the circular sawing machines,
having a saw 4 feet diameter, and a
self-feeding motion, in the usual way.
By this motion the tree was brought to-
wards the saw, and passed over it ; and
by a reverse motion, it was run back.
The cot made in the tree, passing
over the saw, was in dead wood all the
way, and fully 20 inches deep. After
^e tree was run back, it was turned
over, and adjusted for a second cut to
line with the firsts and in this position it
was brought forward, as before, and
completely divided in two. ^
The object of this experiment was to
ascertain whether rough timber of a
large size can be cut up in this way, and
the result was quite conclusive in that
respect.
Lord Willoughby de Eresby was pre-
sent, and took much interest in the
•xperiment It is now his lordship's
intention to adopt circular sawing for
cutting up the timber upon his estate,
either in the way described, or by placing
(as suggested by his lordship) one saw
above the other, and dividing the tree at
one cut, to avoid the trouble of turning
tbe tree over.
MALTBT AND WBBb's PATXNT IMPBOVB-
UBNTS IN DISTILLATION.
[Patent dated December 15, 1847. Patentee!,
'William Maltby, of Tredegar-square, and Thomas
Webb, of Mare- street Hackney. Specification en-
loUedJune 15, 1847.]
The improvements described in this spe-
cMoation relate,
Firstly. To the preparation of grain prior
to the employment of it for brewing or
distiUing.
Seeendly. To the additton of tartario or
citrio add to the wort, or other saoohariao
solatioDs.
Thirdly. To the retaining of the prodacts
or gases evolved during the process of fer-
mentation, and causiog them to return into
the solutions, in order to promote the said
process.
Fourthly. To the peculiar oonstmctioa
and arrangement of apparatus, whereby the
distillation is more rapidly and continuously
effected, and the temperature of the alcoho*
lie vapour so regulated, that spirit of almost
any desired strength may he obtained.
When the patentees operate upon bariey,
they submit it to heat until it is deprived of
about 12i per cent, of its weight, taking
cars not to bum the grain ; they then grind
it» add, when cold, 8 per eent. of its original
^weight* of malt, and continue the brewing
process after the usual manner. Next they
mash it in a mash tun for half-an-hour, and
. mix with it 4 lbs. of soda of eommerce die*
solved in water to every one quarter of barley
which has undergone the preceding proceaa,
(should it not have undergone that processt
3ilb8. of soda will be suflScient.) When
the temperature of the wash has sunk to 80**
Fah., yeast is added, to produce fermenta*
tioD, the fermenting back is closed, tho
refrigerator half filled with water, adding
soda thereto, and the fermenting liquor
stirred, by means of an agitator, every Aw9
or six hours, until its specific gravity ia
equal to or less than water. The patenteea
then mix with the wort or solution oateehUf
concentrated sulphuric add, or other add,
in Buffident quantity to neutralise the soda*
The wort, or wash, is now ready for use.
Instead of adding the soda as hticm
stated, a portion of the water in the rsfrigo-
rator may be used, provided that it containa
the requisite quantity of soda.
When sugar is employed for the purpose
of distilling spirit therefrom, a 100 lbs. of
sugar are mixed with 100 gallons of water,
adding 2 per oent. of yeast to cause fermeq«
tation, and then soda, or carbonate of lioso,
and aifterwards catechu, coneentimtcd anl*
phuric add, or acetate of lead, in sufficieak
quantity to neutralize the soda or oarboanto
of lime.
When molssses are employed, the smo
methods as in the preceding ease are adopted
When it is desired to obtain a very fine b«t
peculiar spirit, the patentees add fib. of
tartaric or dtric add (or the parts of thooe
fruits which contain them), to every 1 ewt. of
saccharine matter contained in the solutiottt
and omit the use of soda or carbonate of
lime.
Hie apparatns referred to under the tUrd
head consists of a fermenting back, throngfa
the centre of whidi passes a hoiiiOBtol
BUNH AND ELLIOTT 8 MA.CHINB FOR TISTINO CHAIR CABLES.
19
Mtt fumiflbed oa tlie outride 'with a handle
for communicating motion. On the ihafti
and inaide the fermenting back, are fai-
teoed two fans, so that the one shall be in
the same right line as, and a contiauation of
the other. These fans are divided into cells
by a number of ribs attached to those two
4tf their four surfaces which come in contact
with, and do not recede from, the liquor.
lo or near to the centres of every other one
of these cells, is a hole for the purpose of
aBowiog the pasaage of the carbonic acid
gaa. Commnnication is established between
those cells which have holes and those which
hiTB not by means of channels in the ribs.
Above, and on one side of the fermenting
back, is placed the refrigerator, in which is a
worm or a coil of pipes communicating with
the back. Communication is establifthed be-
tween the refrigerator and the mash tun,
and also between the latter and the ferment-
h^ back.^'
The apparatus for distilling by means of
afeeom or'hot water, consists of the body of
an ordinary still of either wood or metal,
in which are placed shelves one above, and
cquidiatant from each other. Upon the top
iurfsce of each shelf is formed a chan-
nel, open at top, of a convolute form, in
which is placed a worm. The channels and
worms on each shelf communicate one with
the other. The wash which enters the still
at top, ctrcnlatea through the ehannels on
eaeh shelf suecessiyely, and in so doing
comes in contact with the exterior surfaces
of the worm, in which circulates steam (ad-
■utted at the bottom of the still) whereby
It is heated, and the alcoholic vapour dis-
ongagod. In the head of the still is a
worm, through which flows a stream of cold
water, to be regulated at pleasure ; and be-
tween the body and head of the still is a
perforated plate for the purpose of spread-
ing the alcoholic vapour which, passing up-
wards and round about the worm, becomes
by its oontact therewith, cooled. The alco-
holic Taponr then passes into a receiver,
snd aubaequently through other refrigerators
to be pn^perly condensed. - The patentee^
itala, that by these means for regulating the
temperature of the alcoholic vapour, they
U% enabted to obtain spirits of almost any
itQ^red strengdi.
The patentees describe further, an ar-
for ^iplying the used steam and
i wash to the heating of the wash pre-
vious to its entry into the still, and also in
apparatus for straining it in its passaga
thereto.
• Altheiigb neither the object of this amtnge-
meot ef apparatut ner the mode of working It
la 4eterlbed ta the apeeification, it i« preaumed
flMi,t the cartKmie add gaa ia to be eauaed to eacape
(bmugfa the werm into the atmosphere, while any
akobolic vapour which might aocompany the gaa
would become condensed In the worm, and so
letttm Into the baeltin a fluid state.
DUNN ANO KLLIOTT'S MACHINE FOR
TESTING CHAIN CAnLES.
Messrs. Dunn and Elliott, of the Wind-
sor-bridge Iron- works, Manchester, have
lately invented a machine for testing chain
cables, whioh is distinguished by great rim-
plicity in its arrangement, and by whioh
some important objects are more completely
attained than by any previous invention.
The machine has been made tor Measrs.
Hingley and Sons, of the Cradley Chain*
works, Worcestershire, and of Salthonse
Dock, Liverpool. Hitherto those gentle-
men, and other chain-cable manufacturers,
have not possessed on the spot a sufficiently
powerful testing machine ; and if their
cables broke when tested at Liverpool, they
Buffered all the cost of the carriage of tb«
cables thither, and the expense of repair.
This disadvantage is now obviated, and a
perfect test of each chain will be made
where the article is manufactured. Messrs.
Dunn and Elliott's machine was tried at
their works (the Windsor-bridge Iron-works)
previously to its being sent to its destinatioa,
in the j^sence of Mr.. Fothergill, of the
firm or Roberts, Fothe|-gill, and Dobinson ;
Mr. W. Maybum,. of the Ardwick Iron-
works; Mr. Barlow, consulting engineer;
Mr. Booth, manager of Messrs. Whitworth
and Co.'s works ; and other engineers and
machine makers. The opinion of theee
gentlemen was highly favourable to its me-
rits. The machine in question eonsists of a
horizontal iron cylinder, 6 feet long, in which
works a piston. At the end of the cylinder,
and isontinuing in the same right line, is an
iron trough, or pipe, which may be length-
ened or contracted at pleasure. At the end
of this trough are a p^r of iron claws, to
which one end of the chain to be tested is
fhstened ; the other end of the ehain is flu-
tened to the end of the piston-rod, by simi-
lar claws. The chain being thus fixed, is
tested in the following manner :— Water is
forced by a double hydraulic pump into tke
eytinder, between the bottom of the piston
and the water-tight end of the cylinder nest
to the trough, which, of course, forces the
piston to descend the cylinder, stretching
and severely testing the chain, one end of
which is attached to the piston-rod. The
advantage of testing the chain by means of a
hydraulic pump, over any other means of
testing hitherto adopted, is, that a more
gradual and constant increase of pres-
sure is obtained ; and that, on acoeunt of
the slightoat etasticity of water, there fi
20
THE WOOD PAVING PATENTS,
not the severe rebound whicl), on dfcher
arrangements, takes place when a heavy chain
is broken at a very high preuure, and which
ia Bon^etimes attended with aerioua injnry to
the testing machinery, and with dangerous
accidents to the bystanders. The trough
by which the chain is being tested is shut in,
which is a further precaution against acci-
dent. The adaptation of the hydrauUc press
to the purpose in question was not, howoTer,
a novelty. The peculiar advantage of the
new machine is the combination of the
hydraulic press with a simple and effectual
contrivance for accurately registering the
pressure exerted upon the chain, which we
■hall now describe. At the end of the
cylinder, next the trough, and in its upper
surface, is fixed a brass ram, working in a
water-tight stuffing-box, and having its
upper end connected with a scalebeam. The
■calebeam, of course, rests on a support
fixed upon the machine. When, therefore,
the water is forced into the cylinder, the
ram, it is clear, must be driven upwards,
lifting the scalebeam with it ; and, by fixing
different weights upon this, or sliding the
same weight nearer or further from the ful-
crum of the beam, as on a steelyard, the
intensity of the pressure can be accurately
measured. The gradual increase of weight
arising from sliding the weight along the
beam, combined with the gradually increas-
ing pressure from the hydraulic press, gives,
it will be at once seen, a total freedom from
jerking, or from sudden straining in the
testing. In order to get rid of the necessity
of entering into minute calculations, as to
the effect of the weight of the scalebeam, or
the friction of the ram in the stuffing-box,
the scalebeam is lengthened beyond the
pivot, its two limbs beSig made to balance ;
and upon the limb on which the ram does
not act, and upon which the testing weight
or weights are not placed, a small weight
equal to this friction is placed. In the
cable-testing machines to which the hydrau-
Uc pressure has hitherto been applied, the
lever for measuring the pressure has been
annexed to the pnmp ; and consequently one
most important element in the calculation,
the frictbn of the water in the pipe from
the pump to the cylinder, and in the cylin-
der itself, has been totally omitted, or, at all
events, has not been measured with the
slightest approach to accuracy. The weight
of the whole machine, not including the
trough, is about 3 tons, its width about 5
feet; the length, of course, is variable, de-
pending upon the length of the chain which
is being tested. It is capable of testing
with any pressure, from ^ cwt. to 100 tons ;
its cost is only about 200/. The corporation
machine at Uverpool, whose testing power
does not exceed that of Messrs. Dunn and
Elliott's machine, cost 1000/., and is about
six times the weight and three times the
bulk of the machine we have been de-
scribing.
The above machine has been proved at
the Cradley Chain-works. A chain cable,
30 yards long, made from 1^ rounds of the
regular quality of cable fron, by S. Even
and Sons, bore the extraordinary weight of
78 tons, being 28 tons above the regular
proof reqmred at Lloyd's, and stretched
4 feet in length before it could be broken,
the power of the machine literally dragging
the iron asunder.^^trmtii^AMi /ommai.
THB WOOD PATINO FATSNTB.
Court of QueeH*9 BaicA.— June 26, 1848.
(Before Mr. Justice Wigtatman.)
Huhi and Others v. B$daU and 0<A«r«.— This was
an action brought for an inflringement of a patent
for wood pavement, and breach of covenant. It
appeared tbat several patents had been purchased
by the plaintlfis to secure to themselves the right
of using wooden blocks for the purpose of pave-
ment. It f^irther nppeared that in the specification
of one of these (Parkyn's) it was stated that the
fibres of the wood should lie at an angle of from
about 45 10 70 degrees. The defendants had
taken a license from the plaintifb to use Par-
kyn's inventi6n, but they had deviated from it ao
far as to lay the blocks (at Cornhllland Chalk Farm)
at 73 degrees of inclination. The plaintiffs now
claimed at the rate of Gd. per sqnare yard,— 50/. Is.
This demand was resisted, on the ground that
what they had done did not come within the deed
of license, which stated the limits to be between
45 and 70 degrees.
The learned judge said, that as the agreement
was that the wood pavement, for which the de-
fendants were to pay, distinctly stated that the io-
clination of the fibre should range between 45 and
70 degrees, boHi parties were bound by that agree-
ment.
The Jury, therefore, under the direction of
the learned Judge, returned a verdict for the
defendants.
The Jury stated, however, that they conaldered
the principle to be the a
Note,-~Tht patent of Mr. Parkyn formed the
subject of a former Judicial investigation, the
result of which was equally unfayourable for Ita
proprietors.— See report of Parkyn «. Harrison,
keck. Mag., vol. xxxii., p. S53. The Vlee-Chaaeel-
lor in that caae decided againat the patent, because
the words " l^om about 45 to 70 degrees " were not
sufflciedtly definite; while the patent on which the
then defendent relied (that of Count de Lisle) wbs
good, because he bound himself to the precise angle
of 630, 26', 5"'8. A coroespondent (same vol., p.
741.) observed on this that the pracUeal eflbet of
that decision would be to upset both patenta ;
for if the one was Ugallj/ bad for its indeflnlteoesa,
and the other only legally good because It is ao
wonderfully precise, then it must be open to all the
world to use other angles as near to the speeifled
angleiAs might be, as long as they were not identical
with it ; "for angles of fiye degrees on either sUe
of the patented one will make pavements Just aa
good as it will." The view taken by our correspon-
dent Is strikingly confirmed by the result of the
present trial.— £d. M. M.
NOTES AND NOTICES.
21
VOTES AHT) XOTICER.
Magneto-Plating. — In our last number \sc stated
tfaat magneto-plating wai the invention of the *' late
Ut. Woolrich," of Birmingham. We finA that we
were in error in thla respect, and that his son, Mr.
John Stephen Woolrich, was the real inventor and
patentee— 4he same gentleman of whom we spoke
as now carrying on the invention. The late Mr.
Woolrich was prohahly the first person who depo-
sited metals for any practical purpose by means of
the gBlvanic battery ; hut the magneto process was
entirely his son's own invention.
Spanimmeeut Combiution. — The American papers
mention the loss by fire, occasioned by spontaneous
combostion, of the brig Canningt at Port Famine.
She was laden with nitrate of soda. The layers of
bags which contained the soda, on being reached by
the fire, exploded in succession, with reports
Tesembling the discharge of artillery.
New Screw Cutting Machine.^ A plan of cutting
iron screws is stated to have been invented by P. Vf.
Gates, Esq., of Chicago, Illinois, by which the power
of one man will cut per day, 700 half-inch, 500 three-
Sarter inch« -lOO one inch, and 300 one and a half
:h bolts. The advantages claimed for this plan
over the common die, are its despatch in doing
work ; its durability, having cut over 4000 bolts
with one die, without any repairs ; instead of Jam-
miug or driving the thread into shape it cuts it out,
the same as in a lathe, leaving the thread of solid
iron, which cannot be stripped off* as is usual with
those eat by the common die, and it will do the
work by once passing along the bolt, making the
thread perfect. The die, it is said, can be made by
ordinary workmen, with far less expense than the
common die, and when made, is not at all liable
to get ont of repair.
The Inventor of the Tmbvlar Bridges.— A contro-
versy has sprang up as to the respective claims of
Mr. Fairbaim and Mr. Robert Stephenson to the
high bonoor of having first originated the idea of
the tabular bridges. Mr. Bateman has appeared as
the warm partisan of Mr. Fairbaim, and insists
that Mr. Robert Stephenson played only second
fiddle to him. Mr. Stephenson thus vindicates his
own claims in reply :— " My attention having been
drawn to a letter from Mr. Bateman on the subject
of the tabular bridges at Conway and the Menai
Straits, of which the merit is, without scruple, arro-
gated to Mr. Fairbaim, I beg to annex an extract
firom a letter to me from the latter gentleman,
dated the 27th of October, 1846:— 'I am much
obliged by voor letter of yesterday, and especially
that part of it which relates to the original idea of
the bridge. / am sure it was nours in every respect ;
but there is nothing new, or likely to turn out valu-
able, but there immediately start up a hundred
claimaats. We are all subject to this mental en-
croachment; but in your case everything is now
clear. At all events, you may rest assured of my
best eiforts in supporting the claim to which you
are so Justly entitled.' This extract shows suffl-
eiently Mr. Fairbaim's feeling at the time when his
letter was written, which was sabsequent to the
passing of the Act; and I will only add to it, that I
have never attempted in any way to detract from
the merits of anv party connected with the work,
but have always freely acknowledged the valuable
assistance which has been afforded to me during its
Srogress by Mr. Fairbaim, Mr. Hodgkinson, and
It. Clark ; but that Mr. Fairbaim devised, or had
charge of the entire construction, is simply a mis-
statement of lacts. He, in common with the other
two gentlemen namM, aided me by his advice, and
I acted upon it, or otherwise, as 1 thought proper.
The company looked to me as alone responsible ;
and in my discretion every other party who has
been concerned in the progress of these bridges was
ennged.— RoBT. Stephenson."
Pension to Mr. /. P. Adams.'^A pension of £200
per annum has been most deservedly conferred by
Goveraroent on Mr. Adami, the English difcoverer
of the planet Neptune,
GuUa PiTcAtf.— The trade in this article se»m9 to
be advancing in importance every day, and to be
engrossing the attention of the natives of the Indian
Archipelago, to the exclusion of other pursuits.
The quantity imported into Singapore in the first
four months of this year, accor<iing to the ofhclal
reports, was upwards of 700 piculs, equal to 82u
cwts., which is, however, short of the actual supply.
The price had risen from 12 dollars to 20 dollars.
It is said that the American I^ngat Tin Company
have secured the monopoly of the gutta of the
Salangore territory for two yearf>, for the sum of
30,000 dollars.
Public Pastenger Time-Slgnal for Railway Sta-
tions. — A great want has long been felt for some
certain and etfectlve means of informing or warning
the public of the approaching departure of passen-
ger trains. Bells rung within or near the station
cannot ensure this purpose, the sound being easily •
stifled, and apt to bo regarded, besides, as a
nuisance. Clocks are still more useless, as they
are visible only at short distances, even where they
can be placed in conspicuous positions. The re-
Suisite machine, we are happy to say, has now been
evised and brought into huccessful operation. It
consists simply of a lofty pillar, with a moveable
ball, which drops, within a limited space of time,
from the top to the bottom, and, as it descends,
indicates exactly the time which is to elapse before
the train sets on. Being a most conspicuous object,
it is distinguished at a considerable distance by
intending passengers, who are thereby saved all
unnecessary hurry and excitement in making their
way to the station. The North British Company
have erected one of these signals at the Portobello
Station ; and we understand that it has proved a
great comfort and relief to the inhabitants. Every
station of any importance ought to be provided with
a similar apparatus, the cost of which is inslgniti-
cant, considering its real and constant utility, ond
the prevention of annoyance, both to the company's
servants and the public, which it secures. We are
sure that the least of the inventor's objects is the
mere pecuniary profit which may accrue from this
ingenious instrument, and we have therefore the
less hesitation in calling the attention of railway
managers to its undoubted merit and usefulness.-^
Scottish Railway Gazette.
An Brpantible Currency. — One dollar bills of the
New Haven County Bank, U. S., are issued, com-
posed of paper made of India-rubber. This is the
most expansible kind of paper currency known,
and is admirably adapted to such banking institu-
tions as desire to "stretch their credit.**— ^«ericflf»
Paper.
The Carpet Mannfactute in America.— -Th^ most
extensive manufactories in the United States are at
Thompsonvillc; they use 10,000,000 lbs. of wool,
and 10,000 lbs. of flax yarn per annum. They
manufacture three-ply Brussels and, Axminster
carpeting of the richest patterns, the weaving being
mostly done at present on hand lounis, they are,
however, about mtroduciog pOwer looms into this
factory for weaving rugs and Axminster carpets.
The wool for Axminster carpetin;; is first woven in
a web, and afterwards cut in stiips forming what
is called chenniele card ; this is done upon a ma-
chine invented by Messrs. Davidson and Parks, of
Springfield, Vermont, which is the first and only
one of the kind in the United States, and has more
than paid for itself in six months. This machine
has over 200 cutters, or knives, \\hi?h are attached
to a cylincJcr, making some 300 revolutions, and
cutting full two yards of the veb per minute into
strips, which beinR parsed over a grooved cylinder
heated by having hot irons insertt d within it, it is
prepared for weaving. Besiucs the large carpet
establishment, there is in this village a factory 160
by 43 feet on the group, and five stories high, for
the manufacture of knit shirts, drawers, and fancy
ginghams, this establishment h.ns about 30 sets of
wool cards, and 25 or 30 gingham loomf, ^~ScientiJlG
American,
M
ADVSRTI8BMSKT8.
Softening Iwrg.^** Can jron inform me of any me
tnod or softening iyoryr There irai a persoo in
ShelBeld, about twenty years ago, who discoTered
a method of rendering ivory sutBciently soft to
take any impression; but whether be ever pa-
tented It or not, or whether it was ever published,
I eannot tell. He is now dead, and the process
anpears to have died with hhn. It has been
•Uted in the FamUp Herald, * that dilute nitric
aeid has the property of softening ivory;* but I
think this is a mistake. I have tried it in various
ways, but can make nothbg of it If you ootild
put me in the right way, 1 should feel extremely
obliged.— Y. X., Sheftield."— Ivoiy may be w-
tened by any caustic alkali, but not so as to be of
any use afterwards. To soften is. in Itet, to
decompose and destroy it. According to all past
Imowledge and experience, it does not admu of
being either moulded or embossed, like horn aad
tortoise-shell; and we very much doubt, thero-
fore, the correctness of our correspondent's story
about the man in Sheffield and his lost secret.
WSBKLT LIST OF NBW BNOLISH PATBNT8.
Deane Samuel Walker, of London-bridge, mer-
chant, for improvements in the manufacture of
band or straps for hats, caps, shoes, and stocks.
Jane 24 ; six months.
Henry Archer, of Shaftesbury-crescent, Plmllco,
Middlesex, gentleman, for improvements In matches
and in the production of ll^t, and in the apparatus
to be used therewith. June 24; six months.
William Hunt, of Dodderhill, Worcester, chemist,
for improvements in obtaining certain metals ftom
certain compounds containing these metals, and in
obtaining other products by the use of certain
compounds containing metals. June 24 ; six
months.
Richard Clark, of the Strand, Westminster, lamp
manufacturer, for certain improvmnents in gaa-
burners, and in candle-lamps and other lamps.
June 26; six months. «r^
Frederick William Mowbray, of Leicestar, papor
dealer, for improvements In the mannfafture of
looped fabrics. June 27; six months.
John Macintosh, of Glasgow, gentleman, for im-
provements in obtaining motive power. Jiuie 2i;
six months.
Joseph Skercthley, of Anstey, Leicestershire, gen-
tleman, for improvements in bricks and in the
manufacture of tobacco-pipes and other liJu MtlciM.
June SO; sixmoniha.
WBBKLY LIST OF DI8IOK8 FOE A&TIOLSS OF VTILITT RBOI8TBEBD.
Date of No. in
Reglstra- the Ra-
tion, gister.
June 22 1478
2S 1470
» 1480
its 1481
Proprietors' Names. Addresses. Subjects of DetlgDl.
Thomas Lopling Bishop Wearmoutb, Durham.... Mangle.
John Peterson, Cheapside Waist belt.
Woods and Thomas .... Cheapside «... Rotary postage stamp
gum ticket damper.
Frederick Harris Wood -street «...>•« Ticket pin.
aUberttsseuuntiESe
BIECHANZCS' MAGASONE.
On the 1st July, Vol. XLVIH., complete, price, cloth and lettered. 7#.
" The MECHANICS' MAGAZINE has conferred lasting advantages on the Manufactures of the i
ixy.**^R0pariof Select Committee of the House of Commons on the ArU of Design.
MECHANICS' MAGAZINE, PATENT AND DESIGNS REGISTRATION OFFICE, IM, Fleet-ttreet.
To Mathematical Inatmment Makers^ ClockmakerSf Are.
"POR SALE.— A very Superior CLOCK-CUTTING ENGINE. BuiUble for Cutting Turrett Clock- wheels,
•^ with Parallel Motion for Cutter Frame. The Plate is H inches diameter, with 16 numbers divided
on it. It is accurately cut on the outer edge to the number of 400; it is also corrected by a laborious
method, and has a most accurate Tangent-screw, with an apparatus that can be readily set to cut asf
number of teeth below 400. The number on the outer edge of the Plate and Tangent-screw are ssfl-
ciently accurate to diiide Circles, auadrauts, or such instruments.
The above Instrument, in consequence of the owner haviu}; no farther use for it, will be sold a Baiyaln,
and may be seen on application to Mr. James Wood, 101, Mitchell-street.
Glasgow, June 28, 1848.
To engineers and Boiler-Makers.
T\AP. WELDED IRON TUBES, FOR MARINE A?iD LOCOMOTIVE STEAM-BOILERS, Tubes
for Steam, Gp.9. and other purposes:— all sirts of Gas Fittings. The Birmingham Patent Iron
Tube Conopany, 42. (*a nbrid;^e-street, Birmini^dam, and Snitthwicn, Staffordshire, manotaeture Bollen
and Ga« Tubes, under an exclusive License from Mr. Riciiard Prosser, the Patentee.
These Tubes are extensively used In the Boilers of ^farinc and Locomotive Steam Engines in
England and on the Continent;— .ire Stronger, Lighter, Cheaper, and more Durable tban Brass or
Cepper Tubes, and are warranted not to open in the weld.
42, CAMOlllDGE-STRBET, CRESCENT, BIRMINGHAM.
Works— Smeth wick, BtafTordshire.
LONDON WAREHOUSE— Ne. 68, UPPER THAMES-STREET.
ABVSRTMSMSNTfl. 2S
CniTTA PBRCHA COMPAXnrS WORKS«
WHARF ROAD, CITY ROAD,
London, Ut Jpril, 1848.
PpHS OUTTA PERCH A COMPANY have freat pleasure !n stating that the steadOy increasing demand
* for tha Patsht Gvtta Pxbcha Dkitiko Bands justifies the utmost confidence that they are ftiUy
^Tliair doabOl^ and stTength— permanent contractility and uniformity of suhstance— their non-suseep-
tAIUty of Inimj from eontact with Oils, Grease, Acids, Alkalies, or Water— and the facility with which the
•tnfle joint required can be made in Bands of any length— render them supeiior for almost all working
ipm i u oos, and doeidedly economical.
GouiORa, TuBim of all sizes, Bouoxxs, Catbet£K8,Steths8copss, and other Surgical Instruments;
llo«u>nie« roK Picnnut FnAMBs and other decorative purposes; Whips, Thovos; Tsxwxs, Qohr, and
Cftxous Bai.!*, ftc.| in great Taritty.
Pfttent Gutta Percha Shoe Soles.
The applicability of Gntta Percha Soles for Boots and Shoes having been extensively and satisfutorily
tssced, we ean nnhesiutingly recommend the material prepared for this purpose, its meriU having been
aekaowledgod by all who have tried it. Indeed, experience has proved that Gutta Percha Soles wear twice
as long aa leather, with great additional personal comfort; and they remain perfectly impervious to wet
OBtfl quit* worn through.
Boot and Shoe Soles for Sununer "Wear*
TtM flwt of the total imperviousness of these Soles to water, enables the most delicate, by the use of
then, to osd^io the suffering which the proverbial uncertidnty of our climate, zvxw is Sdmhsr, so often
inileta upon the incautious, and this effect may be secxired by a Sole so thin and light, as to afford to the
wearer a degree of ease and comfort hitherto unattainable, in conjunction with security against damp.
Atiketawu Ifoitf, the remarkable non-conducting propertiee of Guita Percha afford a moet tfAtuable pr<y
teeUam fo f4«M who are eubjected to suffering or ineonveuience by walking upon heated pavemenie.
The qoestioD of the durability of Gutta Percha Soles, as compared with Leather, has long since been
deefded in fovour of the former; and no Instance of failure has yet cone to tne kno^r-
ledffe of tli« Compaaar which laaj not be aacrihed to a neslect of their printed
Testimonials relatinp; to Shoe Soles.
" or an the ditooTeries and inventions which have hitherto been brought Into notice for the purpose of
preaerring the feet from damp, nothing Is comparable, either in cheapness or efficiency, to Gutta PeKha.
Gaidenon eepeeially, whose daily occupations occasion them to be much in the open air, and working or
standing on wet ground, will find this pliable and simple substance of infinite value. The natural caution
which one usually feels with respect to new things, especially when they come very highly recommended,
prevented us from listening with much attention to what we regarded as pretended excellencies. We were,
ikowever. Induced to make the trial of a pair of ' Gutta Percha Soles,' and after the experiment of betwixt
two and tliree months of daily wear, we think it right, for the sake of others, to say the Gutta Percha Soles
•re, fbr dryncas and warmness to the feet, incomparable to anything we have ever tried. In point of dura-
bility, it is equal, and, we think, euperior to leather."— Gardenerf* and Farmers' Journal, February 12,
(Copy.) — — Lowndes-street, 12tb November, 1847.
Mt dsak Sra, — I have for some time worn the Gutta Percha Soles, and am very happy to bear testi-
mony to the admirable qualities of this substance for the purpose of Shoo-making, for it Is not only very
durable, but perfectly impervious to wet.
The Gutta Pereka, I find, possesses profvrties which render it invaluable for winter shoes. Jt is, cont-
pared mitk Leather, a slaw conductor of heat ; the effect of this is, that the warmth of the feet is retained,
however cold the surface may be on which the person stands, and that clammy dampness, so objectionable
In the wear of India Rubber shoes, is entirely prevented. On fir^t using Gutta Percha shoes, the wearer
ia forcibly struck with the superior warmth and comfort which is produced by this non-conduotiug property,
and I confidently predict that all those who try Gutta Percha will be steady rustomers.— I am, my dear
flir, very truly yours, JAMES C. CUMMING, M.D.
To C. Haneook, Bsq., the Gotta Peroha Company. •
GxxTX.XMSir, — I have given the Gutta Percha Boot Soles what may be considered a fair trial ; namely,
three months' constant wear on a rough gravelly road, and can bear testimony to its usefulness : vt/A proper
cmre inputting them on, and a little attention afterwards, I am persuaded it will last longer than leather,
and, being impervious to wet, will be found invaluable to persons subject to damp er cold feet. W. DIAR,
Korember 4th, 1847. Principal Officer U. M. Customs, Whitstabie.
{Copy.) Manchester, 1st Karch, 1844.
8ia,— In the month of August last I began to wear a pair of GutlaPercba Boles, put on by my father,
who is a ahoemaker. No. Id, Port-street, and have worn them every day since, being upwards of six
months, and 1 am certain that, if the upper leathers were not worn out, the soles would wear a month
longer. They have out* worn three pairs of heels, which had strong iron nails beat in.— Yours, &c.,
(Signed) ALFRED LAMB,
Porter at Findlater and Mackie's, Exchange Arcade, Manchester.
To Mr. Henry Statham, 11, Corporation- street.
(Copy.) Manchester, 8th March, 1848.
Sia,— It is with pleasure that I bear testimony to the good qualities of Guila Percha Soles. You are
aware that my occupation requires me to be on foot a great deal upon all kinds of roads and in all weathers
and ftinee I l>egan to iftcar Gutta Percha Soles, I have n'^t had to complain of wet oi cold feet : the pnir I
have on now have been in almost daily use for more than lour months, and try fear i& that the upper
leathers will be worn out first. 1 am quite sure that I save trom thirt> to fifty per cent, in the cost of
•hoet, in consequence of my family wearing Gutta Percha Soics, and, so long as 1 can get them, I intend to
woar them in prafereneo to anything ehe 1 have seen.— Yours respoetfuliy, THOMAS WHITEHEAD.
To Mi. Henry Statham, 11, CorporaUoa- street. Oaa Office, Town Hall, King-street.
24
JkOT^RTMBMBNITB.
To Iii^«tttor« Mid Patentees. ,
MESSRS. ROBERTSON & CO.,
PATENT SOLICITORS,
(Of Which am Mr. J.. C. ROBERTSON, the
EniTOR of the Mbchanics* Magazikb from Its
commencement in 1823, is principal parlner,)
utt 0''*^^ procuration of Patents
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CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER.
On Breakwaters Composed of VertlcarPloats.
By Llentenant-Colonel Yule, R.E.— (iwtt
engravittgM) ** 1
Mathematical Periodicals. By Thomas Wil-
kinson, Esq.- (conW»««d) 5
Mr. Marrat and Sir Joseph Banks ^ i»
Description of Rishton's Improved Vinery
'Bnme-^Vfiih engraving*) «...«.... 8
On the Effect of Superincumbent Pressure as
Regards the Question whether Sea Walls
should be Sloping or Vertical. By Hugh
M*Cormac, Esq., M.D 9
Notes on the Theory of Algebraic Equations.
By James Cockle, Esq., M.A., Barrlster-at-
law— (co»««««f) '
The Wave Principle in Shipbuilding.— Lecture
by Mr. Scott RusseU
Description of Messrs. Groves and Son's Double
File-handle— (icKA «»^ffp<n^*) 1*
Description of Dodds's RaU-straightenlng Ma-
chine— (iwM engravings) ..w
On the Deviation of Falling Bodies lh>m the
Perpendicular. By W. Sloggett, Esq
The Coming Comet.— Historical Notice. By
Mr. Henry Althans
Capttfn Spike's Method of Raising Sunken
Vessels. By John Macgregor, Esq....^......
Experiment in Circular Sawing.^ By Jamea
White, Esq., C.E
Maltby and Webb's Patent Improvements in
Distillation
Messrs. Dunn and Elliott's Machine for Test-
ing Chain Cables...
The Wood Paving Patents.— Hulse and Others
V. Esdale and Others 20
Magneto-Plating— Spontaneous Combustion-
New Screw Cutting Machine— The Inventor
of the Tubular Bridges— Pension to Mr. J.
P Adsms— Guttapercha— Public Passenger
Time-signal for Railway Stat Ions— An Exan-
slble Currency- The Carpet Manufacture in
America **
. Softening Ivory *2
Weekly List of New EnglUh Patents 22
Weekly List of New Articles of Utility Regis-
tered - '- **
Advertisements 622
10
11
12
IS
17
19
LONDON: Edited, Printed, and Published, by
Joseph Clintoj» Robertson, of No. 166, Fleet-
street, In the City of London.— Sold by A. and
Yf. Gallgnanl, Rue Vlvlenne, Paris; Machin and
Go. Dublin ; W. C. Campbell and Co., Hamburgh.
MUSEUM, REGISTER, JOURNAL, ANI>GAZETTE.
No. 1300.] SATURDAY JULY 8, 1848. [Price 3d,, Stamped, id.
SdUcd bf J. C. Robtrt<oB. 116, nect-ttr«et.
THE MODEL PRISON SYSTEM OF VENTILATION AND WARMING.
Pig. 5.
VOL. XLIX.
26
WISC&IPTIOK or THE 8T8TBM OF YBNTILATIOK AND WA&lf INO ADOPTBD AT TBS MOOBlf
PRI80K, PKNTONYILLB.
[From Repqrt nf LieutonAnt-Colonel Jebb, R. E., Sorvayor General of Prisoni.]
Ventilation,
'^ Thb TentilatioQ of a cell cannot fail to
have a direct inflaence on the health of a
prisoner, and it is therefore one of the most
important objects connected with the con-
straction of prisons.
The necessity of resorting to an artificial
system for a regalar supply of fresh air at
all times and seasons will be apparent when
it is considered that, in order to prevent
oommnnlcation between prisoners in adjoin-
ing cells, it is necessary that the windows
should be fixtures, and the doors generally
closed.
The main objects to be attained may be
thus stated :
1st. The withdrawal of a stated quantity
of foul air from each cell.
2nd. The supply of an equal quantity of
fresh air into each cell without subjecting
the occupier to the prejudicial effect of a
draught.
3rd. The means of warming the fresh air
when necessary, without injuring its quali-
ties or affecting its hygrometrical condition.
4th. That no additional facilities for the
transmission of sound should be afforded by
the air-channels or flues.
The general disposition of the flues and
apparatus for effecting the several objects
proposed will be best understood by referring
to the accompanying figures.
An appartttos for warming the air, when
required, is generally placed in the centre of
the basement story. This apparatus con-
sists of a case or boiler, to which a propor-
tion of pipes, adapted for the circulation of
hot water, are attached. In connection
with it there is a large flue open to the
external atmosphere.
The fresh air introduced through this
opening, after passing over the surface of
the boiler, turns right and left along a main
flue, CD, which runs horizontally under the
floor of the corridor, and from thence passes
upwards through small flues. A, B, C, pre-
serred in the corridor wall, which terminate
respectiTely in a grating placed close under
the arched ceiling of each cell on the three
stories (see figs. 2, 3, and 5.)
A current of air may thus be introduced
from the exterior into each cell ; and it is
obvious that it may be warmed or left at its
natural temperature, as circumstances re-
quire.
This channel for the introduction of fresh
air would, however, be of little avail in fur-
nishing the supply required, unless corre-
spondiag arrangements were made forextract*
ing the foul air from the cells, which, under
ordinary circumstances, is the first move-
ment that will take place. The disposition
of the flues and shaft for this purpose will
be noticed in the figures.
A grating is placed close to the floor of
each cell, on the side next the outer wall,
and diagonally opposite to the point where
the firesh air is introduced (see D, E, figs. 1*
and 4.) This grating covers a flue in the
outer wall, opening at its upper extremity
into a horizontal foul- air flue in the roof,
which communicates with a vertical shaft
raised 20 or 25 feet above the ridge.
It will thus be seen that a communicatioii
is established first from the outer air through
the warming apparatus to the top of each ^
cell, and thence from the floor of each cell
upwards through the extracting flues and
ventilating shaft into the outer air again.
By this arrangement the total lengths of
each pair of flues respectively made use of
for extracting foul air from the cells, and
introducing fresh air into them, are rendered
nearly equal on all the stories— thus pro-
moting uniformity of action.
Objections may be urged against the prin-
ciple of making the point of entry of the
fresh air at the top of the cells, and extract- >
ing the foul air from the lower level, and, as
an abstract matter of science, it msy possibly
be a question whether this order should not
have been reversed.
Dr. Reid's opinion on the subject is thus
stated in a letter to Viscount Dnncannon,
with reference to the arrangements for ven-
tilating the House of Commons.
" Tlie air may be made to descend from
the ceiling, and be removed by the floor. ^
I know no method that combines eo many
and 90 numeroui advantoffea as this. Ex-
perience has assured me that there is no
method at all comparable to the deeeending
atmoephere for the ^ouse of Commons.
Even the suspicion of dust would not then
annoy the members. The air can be ad-
mitted at any temperature, its first impulse
being eqftened by the air on which it/alU,"
When, however, it is considered that the
cells contain 800 cubic feet of space, and are
occupied by only one individual; that a
ventilation of from 30 to 40 cubic feet per
minute has been secured, at a cost daring
the winter months of less than a farthing .
per cell, and during the summer at half that ;
eipense ; and that a perfect diffusion of air
takes place within the cell ; it will be appm-
• Fig. I wUl be given with the continuatioQ in
our next.
THK MO]>BL PRT80K SYSTEM OF TlNTtLATlOK AND WARICIVO.
27
Tnt ^ait there ii no object in laerificing
other important and practical considerations
to aof refined reasoning on that point.
It will be seen, also, that the cucendinff
principle of yentilation of the entire sys-
tem is preserfed, and that the extraction of
fonl air from the cells is partly to be re-
ferred to the superior altitude of the eztracU
ing flues and shaft, which are in and above
the roof. If the foul air were required to
pass downwards, below the floor of the
cells, into flues situated in the basement, a
power must be maintained in constant opera-
tion to ofercome the tendency of air at a
higher temperature to remain at a higher
leyel. The ventilation in such a ease would
Fig. 2.
^ «atirelj/orce<f ; whereas, by the arrange-
ments which have been described, it only
requires to be ctagUted. From the diffusion
which takes place, the difference of tem-
perature at the oeiUng or floor of a cell can
icarcely be detected, and will seldom ex-
ceed one degree; and it may be mferred
that the difference of power required for
extracting the air at one or other of those
levels would be inappreciable. But even if
it led to an increased expense in the con-
sumption of fuel, it would be an object to
check the rising of dust, and to secure the
advantage of introducing the air at a point
o2
28
TUB M0D1EL PRISON SYSTEM OF VENTILATION AND WARMING
not etsily accessible to the prisoner, and
from which he would not be likely to ex-
perience any inconvenience. Fig* 4.
Among other reasons, it may be stated
that the effect of introducing the air at a
low level would be, that when tkt fires were
not lighted, the prisoner would be sensible
of the draught of cold air, and would de-
vise some means of stopping up the grating ;
and daring the cold weather when the air
would be warmed, he would probably sit or
lie down close to it, and be enervated by its
effecu.
Having thus given a brief and familiar
explanation of the principle applied, and the
disposition of the flues for ventilation, the
application of the motive power, by which
the regular abstraction of the foul air from
THE MODEL PRISON 6YSTKM OF VENTILATION AND WARMING.
29
the oeUf, and a snpply of fresh air in iU
place, ia insuredy will be easily understood.
Fig. 6\
Tbe main floea in the roof intended for
the eztnction of foni air from the cells, are
connected with the vertical shaft which ap-
pears in the section, fig. 1. During the
somnier aaonths a small fire is maintained
at the bottom of this shaft, which raises the
temperature of the colnmn of air within it
aboTe that of the external atmosphere, or
the general temperature of the cells, and
therd>j caoses it to be spedilcally lighter.
Kg. 7.
In this state it naftnraUy rises, and the
partial raennm tiins formed is filled firom
the a4Jofaiing fonl-air fines. These main
fioes deriTe their supply directly from the
eells» and the cells reoeiye through the
proper channels a corresponding supply of
fresli air to replace the foul air which has
boon abi^acted by the Terticai shaft
The quantity of foul air withdrawn from
the oeDs will mainly depend upon the pro- .
portionate temperature maintained in the
ventilating shaft. Under ordinary circum-
ttanees, if an average difference of from 5°
to KP above the external temperature be
maintained, it will be found suffioient to pro-
duce the desired effect. The consumption
of fori for this purpose at Pentonville pri-
lon has been about one hundred wdght per
diem for one wing, containing 130 cells, it
having been the practice to light the fire, of
which there is. one on each side of the cor-
ridor, on alternate days. The cost of effect-
ing the summer ventilation of one wing, at
the present price of fuel, has been about
fifteen pence per diem, or about one-eighth
of a penny for each cell.
During the winter months, when the fires
are lighted in the apparatus below, the
smoke and disposable heat being thrown
into the ventilating shaft above Uie upper
cells, will generally be found sufficient to
secure an effective ventilation, and no fur-
ther trouble or expense is necessary.
The principle on which the ventihition is
effected is similar to that in operation in
mines, the ventilating chimney being sub-
stituted for the upcast shaft. There are,
however, greater fseilities for maintaining a
current of air through any given channels
above ground, Ihan can possibly exist in the
extended and complicated galleries of a coal
field, situated many hundred feet below the
surface.
In the foregoing explanation it has been
assumed that the atmosphere, both within
and without the prison, is stagnant, and no
allowance has been made for the advantage
derived from the pressure of the air at &
point where it enten the ^uea, wliieh, even
in a moderate breeze, has a very favourable
influence in producing a more active ehren-
lation. These combing causes, though they
cannot, of course, always be depended on
for producing ventilation, will greatly assist
it, and the action of a very moderate fire
will, under any circumstances, ensure it.
DeMcripHcn of the Figures.
Figs. 2, 3, 4, and 5 show the sys-
tem of ventilating and warminff now
actually in operation at the Model Prison,
and which baa been sneoeasfallv adopted
in all the principal prisons lately erected
under the authority of the Secretary of
State.
Fig. 2 18 a plan of the basement; fig. 3,
a grand plan ; fig. 4, a plan of the roof;
and fig. 5, a longitudinal section of part
of the corridor.
P is the apparatus room.
A, fresher flues, open to the external
atmosphere.
G D, fresh-air flues.
A\ B, C, small fresh-air- flues.
C» C», cells.
F F, foul-air flues.
M F, main foul- air flues.
S S, smoke flues.
F S, foul-air shaft.
R, corridor.
LL, places for coal.
T (6g. 3) trap.
90
ON A CERTAIN ARABIC MANUSCRIPT.
Fig. 6 repreBCDts the details of a regu-
lator, as fixed at Pentonville, by which a
prisoner is enabled to admit warm air
from the main flues, or cool air from the
.5orridor. C* is the corridor; C, the
cell.
Fig. 6' is an elevation of the regula-
tor, as seen in the corridor.
Fig. 7 represents a contrivance for the
same purpose, which has been adopted
at Kirkdale ; I P is the indez*plate. Fig.
7* is an elevation of this regulator, as
seen in the corridor.
Fig. 8 shows the means by which cold
air may be admitted into a cell from the
exterior, and also a plan for increasing
the ventilation of a cell during summer.
F is the floor ; C, the corridor ; C L, cell ;
A, fresh or warm-air flue ; H, arch ; I,
foul- air flue ; B, external air-brick; G, air
grating, with wood slide for summer use :
&, a second grating for same purpose.
(7b ^ continued in our nwt.)
KBTHOD OF WILDIKO IRON, STKU., AND
BHnT laoN.
In an earthen vessel melt borax, and add
to it one-tenth of sal-ammoniac. When
thfese ingredients are properly fused and
mixed, pour them ont upon an iron plate,
and let them cool. There is thus obtained
a glassy matter, to which is to be added an
equal quantity of quick lime.
The iron and steel which are to be sol*
dered, are first heated to redness, then this
compound, first reduced to powder, is laid
upon them i the eomposition melts and runs
like sealing-wax; the pieces are then re-
placed in the fire, taking oire to heat them
at a temperature far below that usually em-
ployed in welding ; they are then withdrawn
and hammered, and the surfaces will be
found to be thus perfectly united. The
author asserts that this process, which may
be applied to welding sheet-iron tubes, never
fails.
METHOD or BRINOINO OUT BCULPTURK
UPON ALABASTER.
This process is founded upon the pro-
perty which alabaster or sulphate of Hme
has, of being slowly eaten out by cold water,
so that its polish is destroyed.
In the first place the sculptures in relief,
and all the parts intended to be preserved,
are covered with a varnish insoluble in water,
composed of wax dissolved in oil of turpen-
tine mixed with white lead, or rather with a
turpentine varnish, to which white lead and
a little animal oil has been added to prevent
the varnish from hardening and adhering
too strongly to the alabaster. This is ap-
plied with a soft paint brush moistened with
oil of turpentine, into which it must be
dipped every time that varnish is taken.
The reserved parts being thus covered, suffer
the vessel or ornament to dry for some
hours, and then place it In a vessel filled
with cold water, and leave it there for forty-
eight hours, or longer if it is thought neces-
sary. The varnish is then removed with a
fine sponge dipped in oil of turpentine, and
the vessel dried with a soft and very dry
rag. When the vessel is thus cleared of its
varnish and dried, pass over it a new soft
brush, first dipped in finely powdered plas-
ter. This powder fills the pores of the
plaster whidi has been attacked by ttm
water, and renders it mat ; which brings out
the transparent parts of the alabaster In
relief.
To clean ornaments and aeu^turei t»
alabaster. — Wash out any grease spoto with
oil of turpentine; then put the piece in
water, and suffer it to remain until it Is
freed from its impurities. When yon take
it out, rub it with a very dry paint brush ;
let it dry, and pass over it powdered plaster.
In this way the piece will be perfectly
washed, and will look as though it had just
come from the hand of the carver.
ON A CERTAIN ARABIC MANUSCRIPT. BT
JAMBS COCKLE, ESO., M.A., BARBISTRR-
AT-LAW.
. Sir, — In Hutton's Philosophical and
Mathematical Dictionary'* allusion is
made to " an Arabic manuscript, said to
be on cubic equations, deposited in the
library of the University of Leyden by
the celebrated Warner, bearing a thte
which in Latin signifies Omar Sin
Ibrahim aV Ghajamal Algebra cubicarum
aquationum, sive de prohiematumsolido^
rum resolutione.** The importance of
ascertaining the nature of the manu-
script alluded to is great and obviout.
It would probably clear up some doubt-
ful points in the history of algebra. I
address this note to you in the hope of
being the means of inducing some com-
petent Arabic scholar to examine the
supposed manuscript with the attention
which it appears to deserve.
I am, Sir, yours, &c. Jamb* Coorlb.
Northampton. June 90, I84S.
• See vol. 1., p. 74, kU •* Algebra.*
31
KBCBNT AMSRICAU PATENTS.
[Selected from the
Improtsmbnt in Clocks and Timb-
PISCB6. C^uneey Boardnum and Joseph
A. Well9.
The iiiTention consUtt in placing the
driTing spring upon the same shaft with the
fosee, eoanectmg the shaft of the combined
liuee sod spring to the frame of the dock
noTeaoents, and attaching one end of this
spring to the frame of the clock movements.
Impsovxubnt in Toasting Cofpbe,
CALLBB " SbLP - TOA8TINO AbOMA - CON-
9BXSINO Apparatus/' Jo/m R, Rem"
The patentee says, '' The nature of mj
invention consists of a metallic wheel of
backets, somewhat similar to an overshot
wBter-wbeel, bnt of small diameter, the
buckets of which receive the grains of coffee
that drop one by one from a hopper above,
and which by their weight, turn the wheel
that carries the grain slowly through a dr-
enlar trough bdow, that extends around
shont one-third of the circomference of the
wbed, and which u suffidently heated by a
saall furnace to toast the coffee daring the
tine that it is carried from one end to the
other, when it is discharged by means of an
inclined spout into a vessel below, where
the aroma is condensed by cold water in a
pan above; the buckets of the wheel ^eing
BO formed as to contain the requisite quan-
tity of coffee, to insure the turning of the
whed by the wdght thereof, and so curved
near the periphery as to drsg the grains
through the trough and up to the spout,
and the hopper being provided with a hinged
ahnte, the inclination of which can be in-
creased or decreased to regulate the delivery
of the grains of coffee into the wheel,
whereby the motion of the wheel is gauged
to the temperature of the furnace."
Fob an Impboybmbnt in thb Safbty
FusR Foa Blasting Rocks, &c. Richard
B§eem.
The patentee says, — " My improvement
consists in providing for communicating the
Are vrith more certainty to the charge, to
eliiBOt which I insert lengthwise through the
ftue, and as near the centre of the powder
or other combustible matter as msy be, a
thread saturated with a solution of nitre,
sulphur, or any other combustible material
or substance. To the shove is the cldm
Bmited."
Impbotbmbnt in Pnbumatic Springs
ya» Railroad Cars, &c« John Lewii.
We make the following extrsot from the
spaeifioation :
" The nature of my invention consists in
sq^plyiBg the dastidty of atmospheric dr,
Framklim Joumai.']
or any permanently elastic gas, by means of
an expanding and contracting chamber, or
chambers, made in one, two, or more parts,
and connected together by means of two or
more belts of India-rubber doth, or other
flexible or impermeable materid, with alco-
hol or other liquid interposed, the more
effectudly to prevent the escape of the air
or gas contained in the apparatus, and to dd
in rdieving the flexible connection, and
preventing its rupture by the action of the
weight or force on the spring. This mode
of connecting two vessels being applicable,
without the dr, to other purposes, such as
hydraulic presses, &c., by forcing water into
or between the two vessels. And my im-
provement also consists in providing this
apparatus with one or viore of what I de-
nominate a retpiraiory ehambert or cham-
bers, attached to one or both ends of the
apparatus, and separated from the main
chamber of the apparatus by a diaphragm,
or diaphragms, perforated with holes, which
will check the passsge of the air, and thus
relieve the apparatus from the injurious
effects of sudden shocks."
Claim.—" What I cldm as my invention
is, first, the method of connecting the two
vessels, composing the pneumatic spring,
bumper, rest, &c., by means of two or more
belts, with dcohol or other liquid interposed,
substantially as described, to be used for the
purposes sbove set forth.
" Second. I cldm so arranging the two
vessels, and the connecting belt or bdts,
substantially as described, that the bdt or
belu shdl, at dl times, be sustained by
either one or both of the vessels, to prevent
them from being ruptured by the pressure
of the contained fluid, as described.
'* Third. I claim dividing the spsce be-
tween two discs into one or more spaces by
means of a perforated diaphragm, or dia-
phragms, to form what I denominate a respi-
ratory chamber, or chambers, substantidly
as described, and for the purposes explamed
above.
" Fourth. I dso cldm making the inner
periphery of the outer vessel, or the outer
periphery of the inner vessd, or both, be-
veled or conicd, so that the space between
the two, in which the flexure of the connecting
belt or belts takes place, shdl be dimioished
as the pressure increases, as described, for
the purpose of ensbling the flexible connec-
tion the better to resist the increased pres-
sure, as described ; and this I cldm, wheth«
used with or without the other improve-
mento."
32
HAKRISOM'B railway CHAIE-PTN PRKS8INO MACHINB.
[lUgiitend nnder the Act for the Protection of Articles of Utility. John Harriion, of Lamb Mill,
Co»wling, Skipton, Proprietor.]
F I c. :ir
FIG. 2 .
^s^^^i^i.
"^
m
H
©
D
Figure 1 is a front elevation, and fig. 2
a aide elevation of this machine. A^ A'
are a pair of grooved rollers, which are
mounted in suitable bearings in the
frame, BB, with the surface of the one
rdUer in contact with the surface of the
other roller. The grooves, a a a, are
of a semicircular shape, so that they
form, by their junction, a series of cir-
cular openings, through which the pins,
after having been previously prepared, are
passed. In the partial preparation given
T^B bOTBR HAHBOUR OF RBVUOE.
33
to the pins before having being passed
tfaroQffh between the rollersi &ej are
left a little larger than the largest of the
openings, a a a, so that, after having been
sneeessiyelj passed through, from the
largest to the smallest, the^r are fit for
nse. The snrfaees of the three grooves,
aaa^ are plain, and produce plain pins,
while the surfaces of the fourth pair of
grooveiy h, are reeded, and produce a
leeded pin.
Motion is given to the rollers by a
Heam engine, or other power, through
the intervention of the driving pulley, C ;
tlie endless screw, D ; aud the wheel, E,
into which the endless screw gears.
F F are a pair of pinions upon the
ends of the roller spinales, to insure the
taming of both rollers together.
♦
niB DOTBB HARBOUR OF RBrVGV — SIR
8AXUBL BBKTHAH'S MODB OF CON*
STRVCTINO 8BA WALLS.
The Dover Harbour Commissioners,
though not giving an unqualified ap-
proval to any one of the plans submitted
to them, give the preference to that of
Mr. Rendel, who, as to materials and
mode of construction, recommends the
use of masses of hard brick laid in
eement.
It does not appear by what means
these masses are intended to be depo-
sited in their desired places, and to be
connected together so as to form the up-
Mht wall which Mr. Rendel proposes.
ne depth under water in which the wall
is proposed to be constructed being 42
feet, were Uie work to be executed under
cover of a dam of the ordinary kind the
expense would be enormous.
The least costly mode, it is believed,
that has hitherto been devised for con-
stmcting sea walls in deep water, was
that invented by Brigadier- General Sir
Samnel Bentham ; and in which manner
about 200 feet running of sea wall was
executed at Sheemess, some of it at the
depth of 27 feet below low-water spring
tides, whereby, compared with the ordi-
nary mode, a saving of from 50/. to 100/.
per foot running was made, as the depths
under low water varied from 12 to 27
feet. This mode was by means of hollow
buoyant masses, constructed on shore of
briclu set in Roman cement, to a height
of a few feet above water at low water ;
then floated to their places, sunk, pressed
into the ground, then filled in with con-
crete composed of the cheapest materials,
as chalk, shingle, &e., grouted together
with a calcareous cement. The face of
the wall to seaward was, above low water,
of granite.
This mode of structure might probably
be found applicable for the intended sea
wall at Dover. It would possess all the
advantages of the wooden caissons pro-
posed by Mr. Walker, saving the ex*
pense of this costly material, which, be-
sides first cost, from its perishable nature,
and the depredations of the sea-worm,
could not be considered as forming part
of the permanent wall.
As to materials. Sir Samuel's investi-
fitions had produced conviction that
entish ragstone was, when of a good
variety, particularly durable; and he
ascertained that it could be furnished of
the best quality at a much lower price
per foot cube delivered at Sheemess,
than an equal bulk of brick. Had the
works there been continued according to
his proposals, that stone would have been
generally employed instead of brick.
The additional cost of freight to Dover,
might render it there more costly than
brick.
The cement used for the masses at
Sheemess, proved, when set, harder than
die bricks themselves — the Utter always
giving wav on trial rather than the ce-
ment ; ana this whether the experiments
were made by pressure or by percussion.
The cement was burnt on the spot,
and used fresh ; but unusual precaution
was taken in the choice uf the cement
stone. There having been at that time
no chemist in the naval department. Sir
Samuel obtained for his assistant the
** Mechanist," a small chemical appara-
tus with the necessary tests, who on ex-
perimenting on diflerent cement stones,
ascertained that the difference in quality
of the cement produced from them de-
pended on the different chemicalproper-
ties of the stones themselves. This cir-
cumstance seems to merit more attention
than is usually given to it in the manu-
facture of Roman cement.
The mode which Sir Samuel devised for
ascertaining the nature of the soil and
substrata under water at Sheemess, is ap-
plicable to a great variety of works, and
perhaps might be employed with advan-
tage at Dover; for althongh by the
diving-bell, boring, &c., in the usual
way, much useful information may be
obtained, yet a more perfect knowledge
of the substrata, and of their power of
o3
34
SIR SAMUEL BSNTHAM's MODB OP CONtTRUCTIKO SEA WALLS.
hearingr gT«t weights, would be afforded
by examination of them in the dry, as if
under cover of a dam.
Ue devised an iron cylinder of suffi-
cient diameter to admit a man, and to
allow him to work within it ; this cylinder
entering the ground below water, and
extending upwards to above high water.
It had a valve inside* so that, when
closed, water might on occasion be let
into the upper part of the cylinder with-
out entering the lower part of it The
following letter from Mr. Kingston,
master millwright in Sir Samuel's manu-
facturing establishments in Portsmouth
Dockyard, will afford a description of
the use made of that cylinder :
"Portsmouth Yard,
"July 10, 1812.
"Honourable Sir,— I received a letter
from Mr. Goodrich this morning, in which
be informed me that you wished me to send
an account of the trial of the ground at
Sheerness by means of the iron cylinder ;
therefore, honourable Sir, I here give you
as correct an account as I possibly can, viz. :
-~Forty-two feet in length of iron cylinder,
weight about seven tons, was placed in a
line with the front of the present new wharf.
The ground (within the cylinder) for several
days after the cylinder was placed, was not
water-tight ; but as soon as the water was
admitted upon the valve which was in the
inside of the cylinder, — which valve was
placed at a distance of eighteen feet from
the bottom, for the purpose of pressing the
cylinder into the ground, by admitting a >
column of water upon the said valve equal to
three tons and a half,-— the ground then was
completely water-tight, and the distance the
eylinder w^s in the ground was about two
feet eight inches. The cylinder remained
in that state until such time as you came to
Sbeemess, when you ordered me to get some
assistance, and bore into the ground in the
inside of the cylinder ; and in boring about
eight feet down, the ground appeared to
consist of chalk, sand, and clay united toge-
ther, and in boring to this depth, no water
came into the cylinder ; but in boring a few
inches further, the auger went instantly
down about ten feet i the water then came
into the cylinder, and soon was at the same
height in the inside of the cylinder as it was
on the outside. The auger was left in the
ground that night, and in the morning the
ground had so completely filed the auger,
that I was obliged to take off twelve feet of
the cylinder, and get a launch and make fast
to the auger at low water, for the purpose
of drawing the auger.
" The height of the water on the outside
of the cylinder was foKy-two fast' at Ugh«
water.
" I remain, honourable Sir,
" Your most obedient humble servant,
"Wm. Kingston.
" Sh, Samuel Bentham,
" Navy Otiice, London."
The iron cylinder, although composed
of several separate rings capable of being
connected water-tight together, one
above the other, having of course beea
weighty and cumbersome to remove, led
Sir Samuel to the invention of a wooden
one, shod with iron, which he caused to
be employed in Portsmouth Harbour.
In a letter from Mr. Kingston^ dated
Portsmouth Dockyard, 2dth July, 1812,
he says, respecting the wooden one,
** The ground on which the cylinder was
first placed is water-tight, and I can
transport the cylinder with great ease to
any part of the harbour you may think
proper to point out, as the cylinder will,
without any assistance, float in 12 feet
water."
It was by making himself perfectly
acquainted with the nature of the ground
on which his great works at Portsmouth
were to be erected, that structures there,
according to his designs, were invariably
exempt from failure, though all of them
had been pronounced to be *' hazardous,
dangerous, and unsafe.'* 1 1 was the know-
ledge which he obtained by means of the
cylinders, of the water - tiffht crust at
Sheerness, and of the weights it would
bear at different parts without danger of
penetrating to the running sand and
water underneath it, that gave him confi-
dence in the mode of construction he
determined on ; and there exists un-
doubted evidence of the stability of his
masses, though they were no longer em-
ployed after the abolition of his office.
The success of the wooden cylinder
led Sir Samuel to the invention of mov-
able wooden dams, as described in his
patent of March 5, 1812, and which
should dams be found necessary at
Dover, might, if adopted, be a means of
saving much expense. He had intended
employing them in the construction of a
mastery at Portsmouth. After the abo-
lition of his office, he furnished the Navy
Board with short notes respecting various
matters that had been referred to him ; '
in relation to that mastery, after other
observations, he added the following ex-
tract of a minute to that Board :
** I have also to observe that the ezperi-
Arthur's decimal monbt, wsiaHTS, and iirasures.
35
tacnti mhdt with the cylinder, for the mak-
ing of which I obtained the Board's autho-
ri^ of 4th Feb., 1812, seems sofficient to
ihow that a new mode of excluding water
by moveable dams, inyented by me, particu-
laxly with a view to this and other works
for the port of Portsmouth, is well suited
for carrying on works under the circum*
itancet of the soil of this spot, so that the
nn<fer-?rater works proposed, might be eze-
cnted at a for less expense than nnder coyer
of an ordinary dam.
" Samubl Bbntbau."
"Peb.4, 1815."
mu w. B. Johnson's rollbb bccsntric
lUPROrBMSMT 81700B8TED.
Sir, — ^In yonr number for April 22, a
Mr. Johnson is stated to have taken out a
jMLtent for some improvements in the steam
engine, among which is an eccentric, to
work with rollers in the band. Some time
back, I altered a dressing machine, and nsed
an eccentric instead of the usual crank.
My improvements, I thought, were calcu-
lated to render it easier to work ; but I did
not find it so far answer my expectations.
A Mend suggested that this arose from there
being so madi more friction on an eccentric
than on a crank ; and so I set to work to
fedufse it. The result was, the placing of
three rollers in the centre^ instead of in the
band, which, I think, is preferable, as they
are more out of the way, and can be larger.
I made the models for casting, but cannot
atkf i£ the plan will answer, as I have not
tried it in work. Should it be of any use to
Mr. Johnson, or any other person , I shall
be happy to show it to them.
I am. Sir, yours, Sec,
W. J. JOTNBB.
Aveley, near Romford,
Jme 2», IS48. ^
low's PATBNT IMPROVBMBNTS 11^ THE
MANUFACTURE OF COPPBR.
{Patent dated November 4, 1847; Disclaimer (of
thewoTdt " ainc, tin, and other metals") enrolled
Maj 8, IMS. Specification enroUed May 4, 1848.]
Tako 42 parts of the black oxide of man-
ganese, 8 parts of plumbago, 2 parts of
Itttrate of potash (or nitrate of soda or lime,)
foad 14 parts of anthracite coal, or wood
thareoal; mix these together, and add to
the copper ore when melted 25 lbs. of the
mixture for erery ton of ore. Then with-
draw the slag resulting from this first ope-
ration, and introduce another 25Jbs. of the
mixture. Skim off the slag once more, and
throw in a further quantity of the mix-
ture ; in short, treat the melted ore in this
way until the metal appears to be " in a
Sufficiently forward state" to be run off.
t^aim. — ^To the combined use of manga-
nese, pinmbago, nitrate of potash, soda, or
lime, and oarboB in the manufacture of
copper.
Arthur's dbcimal monby, wbiohts,
and measurrs.
[From a small Pamphlet, entitled, " Proposed New
Patent Decimal Coins, Weights, and Measures,"
by " Arihai;" printed at Swansea.]
It would be a great advantage to all
kingdoms — it would be a great advantage to
travellers — it would greatly facilitate and in-
crease commerce, if there were the same
money-coins, weights, and measures, in all
the principal countries in Europe and Ame-
rica.
The English statute, 5 Geo. IV., re-
moved a great many of the imperfections
from the English weights and measures, but
as there are still latent imperfections in
them, it is neither advisable nor desirable
that they should be adopted by foreign
nations.
The following tables of money, weights,
and measures will be found, on rigid exami-
nation, more convenient and perfect than
any extant in any part of the world. The
names of them are also more simple and
easy to learn than any others.
MONEY.
100 Mites or Centimes make 1 Florin.
10 Florins 1 Pound sterling.
LONG MBA8URB.
10 Metres or Mites make I Link or Span.
10 Links 1 He. I
10 lies 1 Xile (pron. Zile,) X
10 Xlles 1 Centile. C
10 Centiles, or 1000 lies 1 Mile, (Railroad.) M
SQUARE MEASURB.
100 Square Metres make 1 Square Link
100 Square Links 1 Square He.
100 Square lies I Square Xlle.
10 Square Xiles 1 Acre.
1000 Square Acres 1 Square Mile.
CUBIC MEASURE.
1000 Cubic Metres make 1 Cubic Link.
1000 Cubic Links 1 Cubid He.
AVOIRDUPOIS WBIOHT.
1 Mites make 1 Dixwelght.
10 Dixweights 1 Tb., 1 lb., or Imperial Pound.
10 lbs ^.... I Xib.
10 Xibs 1 Centib.
10 Centibs 1 Mib or Milb.
LIQUID MBASURB.
10 Mites make 1 Verre or Glass.
10 Verres 1 Kan.
10 Kans 1 Ig or New Imperial Oallon.
10 Igs I Xig, (pronounced Zig.)
lOXigs ICentig.
These coins, weights, and measures, are
not only simple and convenient, but they
are based on such sound and scientific prin-
ciples, that I am confident they will deserve,
and I trust will obtain, the approbation of
all scientific persons and the Governments
of all countries.
36
M, HVMPRRT'b IMPR0VKMBNT8 IK STIAM SVOIKIfl, AND IN SNGINK8 OR
APPARATUS POR RAISING, EXHAUSTING, AND PORCINO PLUID8.
[Patent dated January 4, 1848. Specification enrolled July 4, 1848.]
The sort of steam engine to which Mr.
Humphry's improvements have more
particular relation, is that now usually
employed in screw propelling, which is
of the class called direct- acting, but
works, at the same time, through the
medium of multiplying wheels; and
though these improvements consist but
of matters of arrangement, they will be
found of very great value and importance.
By a better disposition of the ordinary
parts of the engine, he is enabled to dis-
pense entirely with one prominent mem-
ber (the crank,) and to bring the whole
within a much smaller compass than has
ever before been done. A pair of engines
on this plan have been already fitted to
the Government screw steamer Reynard,
with which some most successful trials
were made down the river last week;
and there seems little doubt of the same
plan being henceforth generally adopted.
The prefixed figure represents a top
plan of a pair of screw-propelling engines
on this plan. A is the screw- shaft ; B B,
pinions attached to the screw-shaft ; C C,
driving-wheels, which gear into the pi-
nions, B B ; D D, the cylinders, the pis-
tons of which are connected by rods,
E £, to pins, F F, on the ouUide of the
driving-wheels ; and GG, (he air-pumps,
which are worked by cranks or eccentrics
on the shaft, I. In this improved arrange-
ment, the driving-wheels occupy the
positions usually assigned to the engine-
cranks ; that is to say, each wheel revoWes
in a space between a straight line drawn
through the centre of the piston-rod of
the adjoining cylinder and a parallel line
drawn through the adjoining bearing of
the main shaft; and the so placing of
the driving-wheels enables the pistons to
be connected directly to them, instead of
through the intervention of cranks, as
usual.
Mr. Humphry's patent includes also
an improved description of valve for
engines and apparatus used in raising,
exhausting, and forcing fluids, such aa
steam engine air-pumps, atmospheric
railway pumps, &c. A metal plate (of a
square, or any other suitable form) har
DSBiaN FOR A ROTART STEAM SNOINE.
S7
apertures made in it for the inflow or
ontlet of the fluid. Each aperture is
covered by a piece of steel, or other like
flexible metal, of about a sixteenth of an
inch in thickness, which is made fast at
one end bj screws, while the other end
is left free, so that while it yields with
the preatest readiness to the pressure of
the flnid, it closes instantly again on the
cessation of the pressure, without noise
or any liability to derangement.
]»«SfQN FOR A ROTART BTKAM BNGTNIC.
Sir, — > If y€# consider the above
sketch of aroury steam engine, with ex-
flanation, worthy of the space occupied,
shall feel obliged by their insertion in
your Journal. I have endeavoured to
show that the engine there exhibited
will not oonsnme more steam than a
vibrating engine of the same propor«
if I am wrong in my calculations.
I shall be happy to be put right by any
of your readers who may be inclined to
take the trouble.
I calculate the consumption of steam
in comparison with a viorating engine
in the following manner: — Supposing
the diameter of the rotary engine to be
1 foot 6 inches, the circumference of the
outer circle described by the pistons 4
feet 6 inches, the area of the cylinder
being 4^ inches, the circumference of the
inner circle will be 2 feet 3. inches ; and,
consequently, the intermediate, or real
length of the cvlinder will be 3 feet
4i inches, from wdich deduct 6} inch, or
one*sixth the space occupied by the pis-
tons, it leaves 2 feet 9f inches, the ac-
tual length of the cylinder occupied by
steam. The arm being equal to 64 inches,
would require a cylinder in a vibrating
engine of 15i inches, independent of the
space occupied by the piston, which being
twice filled for one revolution would be
2 feet 7 inches of steam consumed ; the
area of the cylinder in each engine being
the same, consequently, in the rotary
engine 33f inches of steam is consumed
in one revolution, and in one revolution
of the vibrating engine 31 inches, being
a difierence of -^^th greater consumption
bv the rotary engine ; but as during i^th
of the revolution of Uie rotarj engine
two pistons are in full force, I imagine
the difierence would be small, and what
there was in favour of the rotary engine,
taking into account the increase of power
from the operation of two pistons during
iVth of the revolution, and the ad-
vantage to be obtained by a direct rotary
motion.
I am, Sir, yours, &c.
Stbpbrk Sharp.
8, Mount-row, I^ew Kent-road.
Description of the prefixed figure.
a, Of a, three pistons or arms revolving
in a circular box or cylinder, B^, B^,
B3, B4; c, c, c, c, two valves moving on
a centre with the action of the pistons
and the steam admitted at the back of
them by the feeding-pipes D D, the
exhaustion pipes being at £ £ ; the two
cells, Bi B9, are at present occupied by
steam, which exhaustion is effected in
ceils Ba, B4, F F are feeding pipes in
the reversed action.
M
THB ORESHAM PROFI880A8HIPS.
It is possible that a few of our readers
are aware that some **out-of-the- world"
place, bearing the name of Gresham
College, once existed ; and, from the
name of Sir Thomas Gresham being so
intimately connected with the history of
the Royal Exchange, they might be led
to suppose that the *' merchant prince'*
was somehow or other associated with
the history of that extinct and almost
forgotten college. They would conjec-
ture rightly ; but it is only in an ency-
clopedia, or a history of the Royal Ex-
change, or in the " Life of Gresham,"
that the great majority of our readers
will learn whether it exists in Oxford,
Cambridge, London, or Timbuctoo.
Sir Thomas Gresham did found a col-
lege in London ; endowed it with seven
professorships of the 'Miberal sciences '*
(as they were then called ;) and ^ave the
professors apartments for collegiate pur-
poses in the Royal Exchange, with fifty
Iiounds per annum for each of them^a
arge sum in the days of Elizabeth. It
was. Indeed, in this very college, that
the Royal Society had its London origin ;
and in this very college the builder of
St. Paul's was once the professor of geo-
metry P Where is it now ! Where has
it been since the time when the Royal
Society transferred itself as an inde-
pendent body to Crane-court? Who
are its professors ? Where do they lec-
ture f What public benefit results from
this endowment, to the •* liberal sciences **
of our own day ? We roust go further
than books will tell us to answer these
questions.
The fact is. that the college has ceased
to exist, in nfore than a city- name, for a
century and a half. For a considerable
time no lectures were given, and even
whilst they were given, it was **in a
room over the Royal Exchange," as the
traditionary stories of the encyclopcBdias
tell us, which was never intended to be
discovered, through the tortuous wind-
ings that led to it, by any mortal, either
eitisen or scholar. Professors, indeed,
were appointed, anH their salaries were
regularly paid ; but it yet is to be learnt
that one single professor of that college
has made the most trivial addition to the
science upon which he was paid for lec-
turing, either by his personal discoveries
or the diffusion of learning, for more
than a century. The college and its
funds have been, in plain truth, subjects
of as completely corrupt abuse as any
one amongst the whole range of city
trusts; and in sayin? so much, we do
not anticipate the slightest attempt at
the temerity of contradiction. Who, in-
deed, are the professors, and what is the
qualification for their appointments P We
may see, indeed, now and then an adver-
tisement in the Timen, giving their
names, the subjects on which they will
lecture, and the days on which the
successive acts of the dull farce *' will
come off.*' But what cultivator of the
** liberal sciences " knows any one of
them, even by name, as possessing a
common- place reputation for an ordinary
amount of information about his particu-
lar subject — to say nothing of zeal and
ability for its extension P To use the
language of the time (and of the Times^
too, when -it suits that remarkable
paper to speak out) these professorships
nave been, from the beginning of the
last century, a series of jobs, as
gross as any upon record. They are
given without the least reference to merit
or qualification, merely because some
influential member of the Gresham Trust
wishes to make a little addition to the
income of his physician, his parish curate,
of some family connection of his own, or
the proiegi of some personal friend. The
testator's inierUions are set aside to serve
class interests and selfish relationship.
The aristocratic jobbing with public ap-
pointments has at length received some
share of public attention and condemna-
tion: it is time that the city- jobber,
whether as an individual member of
society, or as the trustee of a public
benefaction, should be subject to the like
scrutiny and the like disgrace:
The Corporation and the Mercers'
Company have (since the exertions of a
worthy and independent citizen have
compelled them to do awnething) built a
new house in Gresham- street (vulgo^
Coleman -street,) and tftey have the lec-
tures delivered in duplicate, both as to
language and as to time. They have
compensated their lecturers for their
trouble by also doubling the nominal
salary devised by the founder. These
** wise men of Gotham" measure science
by quantity only : whether its quality be
good, or even genuine, concerns Msm
not. Ignorant of science as the poor
THB eHBIHAIC FR5FESS0RSHIP8.
avage is ol the precious stones, a co-
loaml bead of commoD glass pleases
them juet as well as the diamond of the
Avtocrat or the Great Mogul. It does
not even concern one in a hundred of
them ; for science is not their toy, nor
Greafaam science even the toy of their
wives and daughters. If their ladies
should, in the course of their fashionable
vagaries, think a taste for learning would
lo& gracefully upon their sweet faces,
tfaev will not go so near the vulgar shop
in the eity as to seek it at the Gresham,
but will *' patronise " the Royal Institu-
tion or the Polytechnic,' where science will,
at leaaty have the merit of being fashion-
able.
The Gresham professors are appointed
fir iifef whibt their emolument in no
degree depends upon the efficiency with
which they perform their duties. It is
always an appendage^ the duties of which
are to be shuffled over with the least
possible trouble; and is never looked
npon as an appointment calculated to do
hoooor to the man, or demanding even
the show of a reputable attempt to exe*
CQte its duties honourably or usefully.
As the Charterhouse was once used by
those who held the power of nomina-
tion lo its benefits, as a convenient mode
of pensioning off their butlers and foot-
men—so the Gresham professorships are
made available for answering the claims
which needy or greedy relatives may
otherwise make on the purse of the
wealthy citisen.
Ought these things to be ? Are the
intentions of Sir Thomas Gresham to
be set aside, and the funds which he de-
vised to be perverted from the spirit of
the donor; the trustees simply taking
care to keep to the windward side of the
mere letter of the founder's will — and
not always even that ? This must cease.
Ify indeed, the trustees be not absolutely
besotted with their hereditary indulgence
IB this kind of riot, they will themselves
adopt a different course as each pro-
fessorship becomes vacant. We have,
however, but little hope; for there is
no ayatem so pertinaciously adhered
fo by corporate bodies, as the char-
tered practice of corruptly exercising
their patronage. If, however, they will
not remove the <' unclean thing " from
amongst themselves, the sanatory com-
missioners under the bill for intellectual
health will do it for them-^nd that with
a romgh hand.
The geometry-professor's name ap«
peared in the newspaper obituaries a few
days ago. The Rev. Dr. Birch was of a
city and corporation family, as we under*
stand. He took his degree in 1802, at
Cambridge ; was of St. John's College,
and came out on the Tripos ordy tenth
eeniar-optime^ even at that dat; was
appointed Gresham professor in 1808,
and has therefore held that office for
forty years, besides considerable church
preferment, amongst which was a pre«
bendal stall in St. Paul's. For his so-
called lectures on geometry alone he re-
ceived no less a sum than^^r thoMand
pounds !
We have no inclination to detract from
the personal worth of the deceased pro-
fessor; for besides having no grounds
by which to judge of him under this
aspect, it would under any circumstanoes
be altogether irrelevant. He was, we
doubt not, as active a clergyman as many
of his brethren ; and quite as active, as a
soporific audience is calculated to render,
either a lecturer in the pulpit or a pro-
fessor in his '* chair." Under the latter
aspect we here alone view him, and
only seek to understand his character as
the illustradon of the system of ap-
pointing men to trusts, for which neither
their actual information nor their intel-
lectual constitution, adequately prepare
them. Dr. Birch, as it appears to us,
possessed no one qualification, beyond
that of interest to get the appointment,
for the office which he held so long, and
for *' performing the duties" of which
(as it is facetiously called,) he received
so large a sum of money. We will
willingly retract what we say, if any five
persons will come forward and pledge
their honour, that the ledlures of Dr.
Birch have either created in them a suffi-
cient love for geometry to induce their
own effective cultivation of it; or that
they have gained from those forty years'
lectures any single idea which was not
as common as flints in a chalk-bed!
Nay, we will reduce the five witnesses
to a single one — only subject to this con-
dition, that be has given public evidence
of his knowledge of the difference be-
tween Taylor's theorem and Christie'a
theorem.
But what are the published evidences
of the acquaintance of Dr. Birch, or any
one of his patronised colleagues, that
they even understand, to a moderately
fair degree, the several ** liberal sal-
4Q
THE GRESHA1I PSOflgSSOlt SHIPS.
ences" upon which, term after term,
they repeat their insignificant lectures ?
As to discoveries in those sciences — tell
us where to look for them. Echo an-
swers, " Where ?" but all the world is
dumb.
Who is the next to act this farce, and
receive the pay ? No doubt he is cut and
dried — ^ready to enter on his duties in such
fuhion as he may be able, and to draw
upon the Gresham exchequer his pay as
regularly as the << public creditor" his
diyidends at the Banlc. We do not read
the signs of the times aright, if he be not
the last of his race. This will not--can-
not — ^must not — ^go on. Public trusts
must revert to their intended uses.
Had the whole of the appointments,
referred to forty years back, and had
men, either qualified by their acquire-
ments, or honoured for their pro-
fessional energy and scientific disco-
yeries, been subsequently chosen, then,
indeed, our condemnation of the system
would haye been gladly exchanged for
the open-hearted approbation which such
a choice would deserve. Appointments,
however, have since been made — and
made on the old principle of ** providing
for friends and aependents,**— the exer-
cise of undisguised corporation influence.
Even were it otherwise, the opinion en-
tertained by scientific men as to the
mode of appointment is so generally in
accordance with what we have stated,
that no one who has attained to the
slightest station in his profession, would
think for a moment of ofi^ering him-
self. It is, indeed, just possible that
some chivalrous spirit, ardent to render
such a ^st a post of real usefulness,
might risk an application; but we all
know that where the form of an elec-
tion may be imposed upon the pub-
lic, it is nothing more than a blind to
persuade the lieges that all is conducted
fairly. No matter for the trouble and
anxiety created for the candidates who
are predestined to be set aside, in ac-
quinng testimonials, and producing
proofs of their competency ! This is
such an every-day aflTair even in the
management of *' getting up" a commer-
cial joint-stock company, that no one is
surprised at the result. See even,' too,
the conduct of the new Oxfbrd Board of
Trustees of the Taylor Institute, where
the same outrage has been perpetrated ;
where men eminently qualified for
the Philological chair have been set
aside, in favour of a man who has not
the most ordinary qualifications for its
duties — simply because that man is the
fallen minister of a fallen dynasty ! Such
trifling with the scientific public as that
of the Gresham Committee, and with
the literary, as that of the Taylor Board,
deserves, and will receive, the indignant
denunciation of every man of high and
honourable feeling.
If the present Trustees of the Gresham
do not wish to be held up to perpetual
disgrace for abuse of their trust, let them
at once change the old venal system of
appointment, into one which is both in
accordance with the spirit of the times —
with the ordinary principles of Christian
honesty — and with the unmistakable in-
tentions of the founder himself. Let
them consider themselves as trustees for
the public, not their office as a fief of
their own, to be exercised according to
their own interests, and the interests of
family and party. Let them rest assured,
at any rate, that if the purposes of Sir
Thomas Gresham be thus perverted,
they will pay the penalty of public
odium. Whatever of proved abuse shall
occur in these days, will go down to pos-
terity with its author's name attached ;
and we do not think the Trustees have
such an extraordinary fund of character,
as to be well able to afford the loss of so
much of that commodity as this vrill
entail.
We had intended to point out the
principles upon which such an election
should be conducted as well as the
changes which would secure the fulfil-
ment of the founder's intentions. We
can, however, only indicate them briefly
this week : but we shall probably return
to the subject in our next Number.*
1. Instead of a life appointment to
the professorship let it be limited to
three, or at most to five years : the same
person not occupying the chair during
two consecutive periods. This would
prevent the lecturers sinking down into
the contemptible routine of repetition to
which they have now sunk.
2. Let the appointment be considered
honorary rather than one of mere emolu-
ment. The stipend is too contemptible
to attract the attention of able men, on
the ground of pecuniary reward: but
were the appointment exercised as a
reward and recognition of eminent ser-
vices in the cause of sciences and lite-
rature, the leading intellect of the eoan-
ELECTRO PAINTING,
41
try would be ready to accept it, despite
Its limited reward in money. Whether
the Gresham Trustees understaDd it or
not, there are higher prizes in the esti-
mation of the intellectual classes than
Gresham gold. Developed intellect is
not a ''money-grub."
8. Let no man be chosen who has not
rendered valuable services to science or
to seientific education ; and who is not,
moreoTer, earnestly devoted to sucb
labours as will effectually carry out the
fundamental objects of Sir Thomas
Gresham. Hundreds such exist in this
eomtry, so that there is a wide range of
choioe. We make no objection to a
Cambridge man in reference to the Chair
now vacant : but, on the contrary, should
be glad to see anyone of many whom we
eotud name so appointed. Of non-
seademie men, too, we could specify se-
veral eminently fitted for the office : but
to eomply with the cenend predilection
in favour of Cambridge mathematicians,
we would at once concede the claims
of all others : only subject to this
proviM; that the Cambri<ige geometer
sbonld be eenerally admitted to stand at
the head of his class, whether as respects
acquirements, earnestness, capacity for
teachingy w successful labours in dif-
fmng knowledge and creating an interest
in it. To such men, for instance, as
Mr. Potts, we should cordially award
such an honour.** There can, at least,
be no questioning the powers of a man
whose name is before the world.
4. Let it be incumbent on each pro-
fessor to publish at the expiration of his
term of office, the lectures which he has
given— or at least such parts of them as
may be conducive to the extension of
education, to clearing up difficulties in
the science upon which he lectured, and
to the actual extension of the science it-
aelf. The value of this method is evinced
by the effect of publishing the Bampton
Lectures, the Harveian and Hunterian
OratioiiSy and some others that may be
qooted. We would gladly see the
Gresham Lectures in the same category.
* Mr. Potf s Endid haa been more than once
refeired to in oor Magazine, although we know
Mthfaif of him personally. We have mentioned
hhn now Incidentally aa the prindpal Cambridge
geometer (in strtetnets of meaning) that occars to
oor thoo^ta. Dor readers will see our own esti-
mate of bfo woiks at vol. zUt. p. 137, vol. xlvi.
p. 1«, aod vol. xlviL p. MS.
KLKCTBO PAIKTIMO.
(From the Athenamm.)
I beg to submit to year notice a new me-
thod of engraving, which I trust will prove
a desirable addition to the styles at present
in use. It is unnecessary to trouble you
with a detail of the steps which led me to
adopt this process, — the object of which is
to engrave in copper the very touches of an
artist's brush, so as to produce a fae'Hmile
of the drawing. The process is extramely
simple, the cost of the materials trifling, and
the only skill required is that necessary for
painting in oil or water colour. The artist
has the power of making alterations in his
design if necessary ; the finest touches may
be given, the finest lines can be executed,
and any depth of tint produced; and the
drawing has the great advantage of not being
reversed in the print.
The principle of this process consists in
the production of an electrotype copper cast
of the drawing itself. The drawing Is to be
made on a perfectly smooth, unhamished
metal plate, the size of the drawing :— Ger-
man silver is well adapted to the purpose.
This plate is not injured by the process, and
can be used repeatedly. The pigment em-
ployed Is thus formed. Two parts of tallow
and one of wax are to be well mixed toge-
ther in a melted state, and blackened with
the finest lamp-black: a small portion of
this mass must then be rubbed down with
turpentine, by the aid of a palette-knife, to
the consistency of oil-paint. With this
punt, a drawing is to be made with an ordi-
nary paint brush on the German silver plate.
The paint flows readily firom the brush, and
forms raised touches on the smooth plate ;
the touches intended to print the darkest
being raised the highest. Various methods
of working will suggest themselves to artists.
A leather pad is very useful for produdng
broad flat tints ; and good effects may also
be obtained by using a leather shimp. Even
the palette-knife may occasionally lend its
aid. The artist can judge of the effect of
the print from the colour of the drawing ;
the tints of the one corresponding very closdy
with the tints of the other. The highest
lights are obtained dther by leaving the
German diver plate bare, or by wiping out
portions of the paint. When the drawing is
finished, the finest French bronze powder
(the same as that used for printing gold
letters, must be freely dusted over its surface
with a large and soft camel's hair brush,
care being afterwards taken to brush away
all the bronze which docs not adhero to the
drawing. A drawing with a metallic surface
is thus obtained; on which an electrotype
copper plate, a perfect cast of the original
drawing, and of sufficient thickness to bear .
4S
THE VEKETIAK GLASS WEIGHTS.
the pressure of printing, may be readily de-
posited.
I propose the term "Electro Painting"
as appropriate to this style of engraving.
The electrotype plate when taken off the
drawing must be carefully washed with tur-
pentine, to remoTe any bronze or paint
which may adhere to it, the edges mast be
cut square, and the back of the plate filed
smooth ; and it is then ready for the printer.
The prints thns produced have all the rich-
ness and depth of etching, and at the same
time show distinctly the touch of the artist's
brash. The specimens I send for your in-
spection must be regarded as the work of a
mere amateur ; but I trast yon will iind in
them sufficient CTidence of a power which in
more skilful hands is capable of producing
Taluable results.
I am, Sir, yours, &c.,
Fkrouson Branson,
M.D., Cantab.
8b«ffle14.
THI VBNBTIAN GLASS WEIGHTS.
An exceedingly beautiful description
of weights for Horary tables, to which
the above name has been given, has
recently made its appearance in the fancy
stationary shops. The weight — which is
of various forms, circalar, oval, square,
&o.— consists of a mass of clear, white
crystal, inside of which, and embodied
in it, there are representations, in co-
loured glass, of coral, flowers, and other
objects, formed by laying together the
fibres of glass of various colour8,80 assorted
that a section across the fibres exhibits
the objects intended to be represented.
The thing, however, is not altogether
new, as will be seen from the following
description of two specimens, given
by Winkelmann, in his *' Annotations
on the History of the Arts among the
Ancients : '*
** Each of them is not quite one Inch
long and one third of an inch broad. One
plate eihibits, on a dark ground of varie-
gated eolours, a bird, representing a duck
of various very lively colours, more suitable
to the Chinese arbitrary taste^ than adapted
to show the trae tints of nature. The out-
lines are well decided and sharp: the colours
beautifal and pure, and have a very striking
and brillant effect, because the artist, ac-
cording to the nature of the parts, has in
some employed an opaque, and in others a
transparent gUss. The most delicate pencil
of the minature painter could not have
traced more accurately and distinctly either
the drde of the pnpil of the eye, or the
apparently scaly feathers on the breast an
wings, behind the beginning of which this
piece had been broken. But the admiration
of the beholder is at the highest pitch when,
by turning the glass, he sees the same bird on
the reverse, without perceiving any diffrrenott
in the smaller points ; whence we could not
but conclude that thia picture ia continued
throngh the whole thickness of the speci-
men, and that if the glass were cut trans-
versely, the same picture of the duck would
be found repeated in the several slabs ; a
conclusion which was still further confirmed
by the transparent places of some beautiful
colours upon the eye and breast that were
observed. The painting has on both sides
a granular appearance, and seems to have
been formed in the manner of mosaic works,
of single pieces, but so accurately united,
that a powerful magnifying glass was onabia
to discover any j unctures. This circnmstanoe
and the continuation of the picture through-
out the whole substance, renders it extremelj
difficult to form any direct notion of tha
process or manner of forming such a work ;
and the conception of it might have long
continued enigmatical, were it not that, ia
the section of the fracture mentioned, lines
are observable, of the same colours which
appear on the upper surface, that pervade
the whole mass from one side to the other ;
whence it became a rational conclusion, that
this kind of painting must have been ae-
cuted by joining variously coloured filaments
of glass, and subsequently fusing them into
one coherent body. The other specimen is
of almost the same sise, and made in the
same manner. It exhibits ornamental draw*
ing of white, green, and yellow colours^
which are traced on a blue ground, and re-
present volutes, beads, and flowers, retting
on pyramidally converging linea. All these
are are very distinct and separate, but so
extremely small, that even a keen eye finds
it difficult /o perceive the subtle endings ;
those, in particular, in which the volutes
terminate ; notwithstanding which, these
ornaments pass unintenruptedly throngh the
whole thickness of the piece."
CRANK AND JTULLIONS' PATKNT IMFROVB-
MKNTS IN THR If AN17FACTURR OF '* CRB-
TAIN ACinS AND SALTS."
[Patent dated January 18, 184S. Spedficadoa
enroUed May 18, 1848.]
The " certain acids " referred to ia the
title of the patent are the nitric and oxalie
adds, and the improvements in their manu-
facture may be described generally as con-
sisting in a mode of adding the matcriale
to be decomposed by degrees, as required,
to the mother liquor, which enables the
KAXSVIKIS't HSW BURXtlMI OIM, I.AHPS, BVKKBES, KTC.
49
<^ermtor to employ the fiqnon or materialff
tt a high temperature ; also in coBTerting
the oxides of nitrogen into nitric acid by the
deeompontion of water by meane of chlo-
rine.
The improTements in the manufacture of
ttlts eOBiists in oiidizing metallic snbttances
md mannfaftoring nitrates at the same time,
by bringing oxides of nitrogen and oxy-
gen gas, or atmospheric air, into contact
aith a metal or metallic oxide, or any alkidi
or alkaline earth; also in obtsiniog tar-
trates of the alkaline earths, by decompos-
ing the tartrates of potash by means of the
SD^^bsrets of the metallic base of those
earths ; and likewise in passing any of the
oxygen compounds of nitrogen, together
vfth any compound of hydrogen and carbon,
or any mixture of hydrogen with a com-
pound of carbon, or eren free hydrogen,
through a tube containing any catalytic or
eotttact anbstanee, such as platinum or
MJU C. r. If ANSrilLD'S PATENT IMPnOVB-
IfXJVTS IK TBB IfANUFACTURB AND
PUaiFl CATION OP SPIRITUOUS SUBSTAN-
CBS AND OILS APPLICABLB TO TBB PUR-
P08BS OF ARTIFICIAL LIGHT AND VA-
miOUS USBFUL ARTS, AND IN THB
APPLICATION THBRBOF TO SUCH PUR-
POSBS, AND IN THB CONSTRUCTION OF
. LAMPS AND BURNBRa APPLICABLB TO
TBB COMBUSTION OF SUCH SUBSTANCB8.
(Patent dated November U, 1847. Specification
oironed May 11, 1848.]
The specification of this patent is of ex-
traordinary length ; if given at length, it
would fill a couple of our numbers, at least.
For the following abstract of its multifarious
contents, we are indebted to the learned
patentee himself:
The iuTention is divided into fife parts,
wUch are, respectiTely —
1st. An improTement in the manufacture
of spirituous substances and oils.
2Bd. An improvement in the purification
of spirituous substances and oils.
3rd. An improvement in the application
of spirituous substances and oils to
the purposes of artificial light.
4th. An improvement in the construction
of lamps.
5th. An improvement in the construction
of burners.
TkM Fini Pari
1m a method of separating from tars, bitumi-
nous matters, and empyreomatie oils by dis-
tillation, hydrocarbona or spirituous sub-
staaees so volatile that they will yield suffid-
eot TBpovr to a current of noii-lwniiiiforoai
gas or common air passed through them, to
enable such gas or air to bum with a lumi-
noua flame ; and further, an applioatioii to
coal-tar, or to the substances distilled from
coal-tar, of a knowledge of the different vo-
latility of certain substances not hitherto
separated from each other, which exist in
the tar, so as to obtain certain distinct pro-
ducts ; and in the further manufacture from
certain of these products of a fragrant oil or
oils.
The products thus manufactured are sit ;
and for distinction are thus nsmed — allioli,
benzole, ioluole, eamphole^ mortuole, and
niirO'benzole.
AlHole is an extremely volatile fluid hy-
drocarbon, which is manufactured from cosl-
tar, or coal-naphtha, by rectifying them in
an apparatus similar to those used for the
rectification of alcoholic spirits. It is appli-
cable to all the purposes for which bensolo
may be used, but is more volatile.
Benzole is a hydrocarbon which boils at
176° Feb., being of the same volatility as
spirit of wine. It is manufactured in the
same manner as the alliole, by distilling a
little further. For many purposes it is use-
ful to receive these two fluids together. They
are both excellent solvents of gutta percha.
of India-rubber, of wax, of grease and oils of
all sorts, of mastic and many other resins, of
copal and Anim^, by exposing them to th^
vapour of the fluids, so that it shall condenser
upon the gums; of shell lac, by mixture
with alcoholic or pyroxyHc spirits ; of cam-
phor, sulphur, phosphorus, and many other
substances. Ihe solutions of gutta percha
or caoutchouc, or these mixed, when spread
on a smooth surface, leaves on drying, which
it does rapidly, a varnish, which may be
peeled off in the form of a thin membrane ;
or, spread on the skin, forms an excellent
plaster. They may be used as substitutes
for ether in various pharmaceutical pro-
cesses, and for many of the purposes to
which alcohol Is applied. Benzole, if in-
haled, acts in the same way as chloroform,
and either in procuring insensibility to pain.
It is applloable to the manufacture of per-
ftime, as described under " nitro-benxole.'^
Benzole and alliole form the part of coal-
tar, which ia separated troth It by treating
in the manner proposed for bituminous mat-
ters in general; and, equally with such
spirituous substances prepared from thestf
other tars is applicable to the production of
vapourized air, in the manner described in
the third part of the invention. It is also
particularly applicable to the manufacture of
fhel for vapour lamps, as described also in
the third part.
Thluole h less volatile than benzole, and
has nearly til the same properties as oosunon
44
Mansfield's new burmiho oil8» laupsi bu&hkrs, etc.
rectified coel-naphtba ; it consists ofeo much
of the light coal-naptha as remains after the
separation of the benzole by rectifioatioii»
and of the camphole, as described next. It
is less ToUtile than benzole, and more yoUl-
tile than oil of tarpentine ; and is applicable
to all the purposes of the best coal-naphtha,
when purified, as described in the second part
of the invention.
Camphole is obtained by distilling off the
toluole from the naphtha, and then rectify-
ing the residue. The time when the recdver
it to be changed is known by applying a
lighted match to the surface of samples taken
from the still- worm ; when such samples no
longer take fire on the surfisce, the camphole
is collected, till tiie temperature in the retort
has risen so high that solder melts on it, or
till oil heavier than water distils over. This,
when rectified, forms a substitute for cam-
phine, and is useful as a solvent, when a
very volatile fluid is not required. It is of
nearly the same qualities as oil of turpen-
tine.
MortwU is prepared by rectifying the
heavy or '< dead oil" of tar, reserving what
comes over between the temperatures about
330"" Fah. and 500'' Fah. When purified
according to the method of part second, it
forms a substitute for fixed oils in many
purposes to which they are applied ; and, by
mixture with spirit, as described in part
three, forms an exodlent lamp oiL It is alao
useful in makbg Tarnishes.
NitrO'bemxole is a fragrant heavy oil,
made by dinolving the light oils of ooal-tar,
for which rectified benzole is preferred, in
strong nitric add, and then diluting the add
with water, which separates the oil formed
by the process. This oil is useful as a sub-
stitute for oil of bitter almonds in perfuming
soap, or in flavouring confBctionary, and has
no poisonous properties.
7%i Second Part
Is a method of purifying and deodorizing
bituminous and empyreumatic oils, which is
partly applicable to sudi substances in gene-
ral, and psrtiy to some of the special sub-
stances manufactured according to the first
part of the invention.
The agents used In deodorizing the em-
pyreumatic oUs are nitric and nitro-hydro-
^oric adds, or their salts, mixed witii oU
of vitriol, and alkaline leys, the oils bdng
shaken with the adds and allowed to stand
in vessels containing them, and then dis-
tilled. The purification of the oils with
alkalies, which is particularly applicable to
the less volatile fluids in coal-tar, partiea-
larly to that which is called *' mortnole " in
the qMdfication, is conducted by digesting
the oUs with the alkaline solutions for a long
time at the bdling temperature of the eola-
tions, in an apparatua connstiog of a boiler
or digester, surmounted by a head or eon-
denser, in which all the vapours are Uqnifiad
again and retured into the digester.
The fluid called benzole is purified in
different methods according to the purpOM
for which it is required. If required for
the purpose of illumination, it is pniiiled
by nmply washing it with adds moeh di-
luted; if required for refined nses, it la
purified by treatment with ooneentratad
adds, as described for empyreasnatic oils in
general ; and is then further treated by re-
frigeration, by which it is solidified; it is
then, while solid, submitted to pressure at a
low temperature, by which means it is ob-
tained quite pure, and is now called " abao-
Inte benzole."
The T%ird Part
Conoemsthe application of volatile hydro-
earbons, and other spirituous subsCanoea
oontaining mudi carbon, to the purposea of
artificial ^ght, by mixing their vapour with
such gases or vapours as contain little car-
bon, so as to produoe a white light vritbout
smoke. This is accomplished in two me-
thods. The first is that of passbg a ear-
rent of atmospheric air, or of hydrogen,
carbonic oxide, or other non-luminiferoos
gases, through reservoirs to which hydro-
carbons or spirituous substances are siqp-
plied, whjdi contain so much carbon and
are so Tolatile as to give off to the camnt
of air so modi vapour that the air shall be
BoMed to bum with a white flame, at a
burner at a distance from the reeervoir. The
hydyro-carbonous fluid preferred for this
purpose is crude benzole, prepared froni
cod naphtha. The current of air, if atmo-
spheric dr be used, is obtained by any
known method of produdng a oontbiuona
flow of air through pipes, sudi as by bel-
lows or pumps, working mto ** gasonMters ;"
and the system ia applicable on a large scalOf
suited dther to the lighting of booses or
towns, or on a small scale, in whiofa the
whole appantus may be comprised in a table-
lamp. A table-lamp is also constructed, la
which the flame is made to supply itself, by
means of its own dnnght, with the vapor-
ized air wliich is burned.
The other method, in which the redoctloa
of carbon is effected, is by mixing the vola-
tile hydrocarbons with spirits containing leea
carbon, such aa alcohol, or pyroxylie apirit,
acetone, Aec. Of tliese spirits, pyrozyUc
spirit is preferred on aeoount of its eheiop-
nem ; and different hydroearbona are need
according to the sort of lamp-fad required.
For vapour lampe or portable gas lamps,
•ochas are already In am on the Ceotineot
OttTA PERCIIA PATBNTB.— NO. XII.
45
ht Miztsrat of dchol and of oil of tnrpen-
Unet bensole ii preferred on acoonnt of its
volatUHy. For eamphine lampi or commoa
Aigasd lamp* the ** camphole'' made from
eaal*tar la prefened. For ooarier lamps,
the •* ■Mrtaole"or rectified dead oil is used
k tkft Miztwe. All that is neoessary is to
obtain pyrozylic spirit soifideiitly fireo from
vaftsr to enable it to dissolve the oils, and
fbat to mix them in the required proper-*
tfona, and to keep the miztore so that the
sfkH shall not eraporate. The proportions
bsiB isr vspoor lamps are, two parts hj
BMSsme of pyrasylie spirit to one part of
ooal-naphliha or bensole.
2%e Fnurik Pari
Rsiitai to tfie mannhctnre of lamps for
the oonanutiott of the mixture of TolatUo
hydroearboos and spirits deseribed in the
niid Fstt. Tlio improTement consists of
Ibnning a bnmer whioh is either supplied
by a viek which fits it, or by a small quan-
ttty ef fluid kept at a eonstant levd in the
bvisr by pressure, so that the burner shall
piessnt a line stit-oriiloe or jet for the escape
of die YBponr or gas, at which jet the Ta-
ponr is to be ignited. These burners con-
att of two parts, a fixed wick-holder and a
BMneabla cap, by the adjustment of which
the sfam of the jet-slit is regulated. Hie'
bnraen are of various forms, and admit of
vaitooa me^fications ; the principle, which
la exhibited in the drawings attached to the
apec W ea t i o B, forming the subject of the
dafan. This part of the invention com.
prfaea alao the adaptation to the wick-holder
•f a eone within the reservoir, so as to
oowr chat part of the wick which is above
the fluid and below the wick-holder, and
thna to prevent evaporation from the surflice
•f tfaewidr.
Tk€ Fifth Pari
Gensiste of an improvement in the oonstruc-
tMtt of gas-burners, specially suited to the
esabosfion of gaa.or air charged with the
vsfKNir of volatUe hydrocarbons, according
totka mode described in the Third Part, and
alao to the combustion of ordinary illumina-
tingeoalgo. The burners are such that the
ssost perfect oombustion and whiteness of the
flanse may be insured by the adjustment of a
moveable part or parts of the burner. They
adasit of a variety of forms and construo-
tlons» and may be made as Argand burners
or aa single jets, drawings of several of which
are attadied to the specification. Tlie prin«
dple in all is the same. One or more parts
of the burner, which are caps made in the
form of cones and cylinders, are made to be
moveable by the hand on a fixed part, so as
to regulate with great nicety the sixe of the
orifice from which the gas eifiapes, by this
means altering the luminosity of the flame,
which is more or less luminous according
to the rapidity with which the vapourised
air or gas is brought into contact with the
snrroimding air.
OUTTA PBRCHA PATBNT8. — NO. XII.
[Patent dated December 30, 1847, for " Improve-
mentfl in the Treating or Manufkcture of Gutta
Pexcha, or anj of the varletiea of Caoutcbouc."* Pa-
tentees, Thomas Hancock, of Stoke Newington,
and Reuben Phillips, of Islington, Chemist. Spo-
eiflcation enrolled June SO, 1847.]
The patentees state that their improve-
ments consist in the dissolving of gutta per*
cfaa, or of any of the varieties of caoutchouc,
or of redndng any of them to a soft, pulpy,
and gelatinous state after they have under-
gone the process of " vulcanization or con-
version;" also in preparing or treating
unvulcanized or unconverted solutions of
any of these substances, so as to bring them
into a vulcanized or converted state ; and,
lastly, in the moulds employed in the mano-
focture of articles therefrom. The terms
''vulcanized," or ** converted," are used
to designate certain processes by which
these substances are rendered less liable
to be injuriously affected by exposure
to comparatively high temperatores, and
which were described, the first in the speci-
fication of a patent granted to Mr. Thomas
Hancoek,t Nov. 21, 1843, and the second
in that of a patent granted to Mr. Alex*
Parkes, August, 25, 18464
The patentees desire to be understood,
that when employing the term gutta perchs,
or any of the varieties of caoutchouc, as re-
ferring to all those substances known to the
Indians or natives of the country where they
are produced under the names of saikwah,
gutta tuban, gutta percha, jintawan, doUah,
&c., and in this country of bottle, root, sheet,
scrap, India* rubber, &c. In operating upon
any of these materials, which have previously
undergone the vulcanizing or converting
process, it is* preferred to use the cut-
tings or waste of them, as being an eco-
nomical application of what would otherwise
be uselesft. These cuttings, or waste, are
first submitted to the action of rollers or
other suitable machinery for reducing them
to shreds and then boiled in oil of turpen-
tine until reduced to the requisite consis-
tency. Other solvents may be employed,
* In a former patent of Mr. T. Hancock's (see
ante toI. xlviil., p. 452) the phraseology used was,
"gutta percha, and any of the oihsr varieties of
caoutchouc." We objected to this as conveying
something contrary to fact, and are now glad to see
that the mystiacation is not persisted in.— Ed.
M.M.
t See J/«cA. Mag., vol. xUi., pp. IIS and 150.
X See Mrck, Mog., vol. xlv.. p. 400.
46
WBVKLr LI0T8 OV NBW BNO^IflH PATBNT8 AND DBStONS.
•veh M cod naphtha, &o., but in that oaaa,
in order that the lolf enta may attain to a
degree of temperatnre tufficiently high to
diasoWe the material, cloae veaaela muat be
employed, for which reason oil of torpen-
tine is preferred.
No fixed mle, it is stated, can be given for
the gnidanoe of the workman to enable him
to determine the relative proportion of the
material to the solvent, the time for con-
ducting the operation, or the degree ot
temperatnre, on account of the varieties of
the material and the degree of vaicaniaatioa
or conversion to which it has been subjected ;
for these and other details he must rely upon
his own intelligence, and the result of actual
experience.
The rule which the patentees, however,
state that they have found to be the best,
nnder ordinary circumstances, is to just
eover the material, when prepared and placed
m the veasel, with the solvent, and then to
add about one-third more, and maintain the
mixture at the boiling point of oil of tur-
pentine for about from 15 to 30 minntea«
The consistency of the mixture may sub-
sequently be increased or ^miniabad bf
evaporating or by the addition of oil of
turpentine, coal-naphtha, or other solvent.
When the material haa been rendered hard
or homy by vulcanisation ,or oonversiota,
the time necessary to dissolve it orrednceit
to a soft pulpy state would be so long ••
to render the preoediog process worthleaa.
The mode of operating under the aeoond
head consists in mixing from eight to twelve
parts of sulphur with every 100 parte of
the solid material in aolution, and then anb-
jectiag the mixture to the neoessary d^p'ee
of heat to produce the vulcanised or ooa-
verted state.
The patentee mentiona numerooa appli-
oations of these solutions, among wUch
may be cited waterproofing, and the empiof •
ment of them as a mecUom for oolours Ia
painting and in printing calico, &c.
The improvement in moulds oonsista in
making them of a material eaaily aolnble at
low temperatures, such aa D'Aroet's mttal,
ace., so that they may be broken up and
easily removed from the moulded artioU
without injury to then^.
W»KLT LIST or NKW UTOUaH FATBHTf.
BUaabeth Daldn, of No. 1» 8L Paul's Chorch-
fMtd, LoDdou, widow, for improvemonU in
•leaning and roasting coffee, in the apparatus and
machinenr to be used ttierein, and also in the ap-
paratus for making Infusions and decoctions of
coffee. July 3 : six months.
Nathaniel Beardmore, of 13, Great College-
street, Westminster, for certain improvements in
founding and constructing walls, piers, and break-
waters, parts of which improvements are applicable
to other structures. July 8; six months.
John Martin, of Killylesgh Mills, Down, Ireland,
manufacturer, for improvements in preparing aud
dressing flax, tow, and other fibrous substances ;
•Ad doubling, drawing, twitting, flax, tow, and other
fibrous substanoes ; and In the maehinery to be
used for such purposes. Julytf; six months.
Joseph Clinton RoberUon, of 166, f leat-etieet,
London, civil engineer, for Improvements In the
manufacture of gas. (Being a communieatioa )
July 6; six months.
George Beattie, of £dinhuq(h, builder, for en
improved air -spring and atmospheric resisting
power. July ; six months.
William Edward Newton, of Chanoery-laoe,
Middlesex, for improvements In theconatnicdoB of
stoves, grates, furnaces, or flrcplsces, lor various
useful purposes. July 6; six months.
Knock Steel and WUllam Britten, of Jjunbetli,
Surrey, manufacturers, for improvements in 4ie
manufacture of tobacco-pipes. July 6 ; six months.
WnKLT LIST OV DB8IGN8 FOE AnnOLBS OV UTILITT RBOTSraRBD.
Date of No. In *
|Ugtstra-the Re-
tion. gister. Proprietors' Names. Addresses. Sul^ectsof DetiffBt.
Henry Donington Nottlnghaa ••#«...«•..*. Hat-baod.
Francis WlUetts Bas-
sano Birmingham Roof-lamp.
Robert and Francis
Grassby Marton, HuU .«....«... Thnshing-maeUae. ^
Davidson and Arm-
strong Manchester Spindle-valve for pumps.
Arthur Hill Holme Liverpool Improved snfety-valye box Ibr
steam boilers.
WUllam Hill Greenwich .^ Flue boUer.
Henry John Fry and
Wm. Downs Phlpps Sloane-street, Chelsea Klaatic spring boot.
Charles Marben ^ Warren-street, Fltzroy-square... Saddle.
Woods and Thomas Cheapslde .„„ ^ Secure hook and flexible ditii
fastener.
Charles Greenway Park-street, Qrosvenor-square... Stock.
June 29
SO
1482
1483
Julyl
1464
»»
1486
„
1486
4
1487
1488
•»
1489
1490
1491
At>VfiliT»BMBNT8. 47
GUTTA PBRCHA COMPANirB WORKS*
WHARF ROAD, CITY ROAD,
London, Ut April, 1848.
rpQE OUTTA PERCH A COMPANY have great pleasure in stating that the iteadilyinereaaing demaud
' tor the Patsmt Gvtxa PsacHA Dritiko Bauds Justifica the utmost confldenoe that they are Ailly
apOTOTed.
Their durabilitr and strength— permanent contractility and anifamity of evbstaoce^their oon-suscep-
tihility of injury horn contact with Oils, Grease, Acids. Alkalies, or Water— and the facility with which the
single joint required can he made in Bands uf any length— render them supeiior lor almost all working
parpoees, and decidedly economical.
Goxrfwaas, Tvaiwoofallsiaes, Bouoiss, Cathstxks,Ststhsscopxs, and other Surgical Instruments;
llouu>ivo8 fOA PicTUAS FaAXBS Slid Other decorative purposes; Wbips, Txokos; TaKMXS, Qohw, and
CucKKX Balls, &c, in great variety.
Patent Gutta Percha Shoe Soles.
The applicability of Gutta Percha Soles for Bo<3ls and Shoes having been extensively and satisfactorily
tested, we can unhesitatingly reeoromend the material prepared lor this parpose, Its merits having been
aekaowledged by all who have tried it. Indeed, experience has proved that Gutta Percha Soles wear twice
as long aa laathei't with great additional personal comfort; and they remain petfeotiy imptnrietw to wet
lotil Quite worn throu^.
Boot and Shoe Soles for Svininer Wear.
The ihet of the total imperviousness of these Soles to water, enables the most delicate, by the use of
them, to e»eape ihe suffering which the proverbial uncertainty of our climate, xvkv in SoMii xa, so often
inAicta upon the incautious, and thii etkct may be secured by a Sole so thin and light, aa to afford to the
wearer a degree of ease and comfort hitherto unattainable, in conjunction with security against damp.
Ai Ikd *amt itwte, ike remarkabU non-conducting propertiM of Gutl* Percka afford a tnosi taiuabte pro-
teeUom to fAsM wko are tubjeeted-io guffertng or ineonvenienee kg walking npon keated pavement*.
The question of the durability of Gutta Percha Soles, as compared with Leather, has long since been
decided In favour of the Former; and no instance of fsdlnre has yet come to Uie know-
ledge of tbe Company widch may not be aaeribed to a ne^l^ct of their printed
IMrections.
TestimoiiiaLi relating to Shoe Solea.
*' Of all the discoveries and inventions which have hitherto been brought into notice for (he purpose of
piesenring the feet from damp, nothing l» comparable, either in cheapness or effioieocy, to Gutta Percha.
Gaedenera especially, whMe daily occupations bccasion them to be much in the open air, and working or
standLoig on wet ground, will find this pliable and simple substance of infinite value. The natural caution
which one usually feels with respect to new things, especially when they come verg Mgkly recommended,
presented us from listening with much attention to what we regarded as pretended excellencies. llV'e w«re,
nowever, Induced to make the trial of a pair of ' Gutta Percha Soles,' and after the experiment of betwixt
two and three months of daily wear, we think it right, for the sake of others, to say the Gutta Percha Soles
are, for dryness and warmness to the feet, incomparable to anything we have ever tried. In point of dura-
bility, It is equal, and, we think, superior to leather."— 6arif«nef«' and Farmer^ Journal, February 12,
1MB.
{Copg.) Lowndes-street, I2th November, 1847.
Mt obae Sir, — I have for some time worn the Quita Pereha Solee, and am very happy to bear testi-
mony to the admirable qualities of this substance for the purpose of Shoe-making, for it is not only very
dufable, but perfectly impervious to wet.
The Gutta Percka, 1 find, poi>setscs properties which render it invaluable for winter shoes, li is, com-
martd wilk Leatker, a tlow conductor oj heat ; the efiiect of this is, that the warmth of the feet is retained,
nowever cold the surface may bo on which the person stands, and that clammy dampness, so objectionable
in the wear of India Rubber shoes, is entirely prevented. On flr»t using Gutta Percha shoes, the wearer
b forcibly struck with the superior warmth and comfort which is produced by this non-conducting property,
and I confidently predict that all those who try Gutta Percha will be steady customers.— 1 am, my dear
8tr, yttj truly yours, . JAMES C. GUMMING, M.D.
To C. Hancock, Esq., the Gutta Percha Company.
QxKTLXMxv,— I have given the GuUa Percha Boot Solee what may be considered a fair trial ; namely,
three months' constant wear on a rough gravelly road, and can bear testimony to Its usefulness : wiik proper
core in putting them on, and a little attention afterwards, I am persuaded it will last longer than leather,
and, being impervious to vet, will be found invaluable to persons subject to damp or cold feet. W. DIAR,
November 4th, 1847. Principal Officer U. M. Customs, WhitsUble.
(Copy.) Mancheater, 1st March, 1848.
Bib,— In the month of August last I began to wear a pair of Qntta Percha Soles, put on by my ikther,
who la a shoemaker, No. IS, Port-street, and have worn them every day since, being upwards of six
months, and 1 am certain that, if the upper leathers were not worn out, the soles would wear a month
longer. They have out-worn three pairs of heels, which had strong iron nails beat in.— Yours, &c.,
(Signed) ALFRJilD LAMB,
Porter at Findlater aud Mackie's, Exchange Arcade, Manchester.
To Mr. Henry Statham, 11, Corpotation- street.
{Copg.) Manchester, 8th March, 1848.
8ia,'It Is with pleasure that I bear testimony to the good qunlitles of Gutta Pf rcha Soles. You are
aware that my occupation requires me to be on foot a great deal upon all kinob of roads and In all weathers
and »ince I began to iKcar Gutta Percha Soles, I have nut had to complain of wet oi cold feet: the pair I
have on now have been in almost daily use for more than lour months, and ry fear is that the 'upper
leathers will be worn out first. 1 am quite sure that I save irom thirty to fifty per cent. In the cost of
shoes, in consequence of my family wearing Gutta Percha Soies, and, so long as I can get them, I intend to
wear them In preference to anything eUe 1 have seen.— Yours respectfully, THOMAS WHITEHEAD,
To Mr. Henry Statham, 11, Corporation- street. Gas Ofllce, Town Hall, King- street.
48
ADVERTISEMENTS.
To Inventors and Patentees.
MESSRS. ROBERTSON 8c CO.,
PATSHT SOLICITOKB,
(Of wUch firm Mr. J. C. ROBERTSON, the
EoxTOJt of the MscH AVICI' Maoaxxmx from Its
commencement In 1638» it principal partner,)
undertake
The procnratlon of Patents
For England, Scotland, Ireland, and all Foreign
Countrlef , and the transaction generally of all busi-
noM relating to Patzmts.
Speelfleatlons Drawn or Rerised.
DU0LATMBR8, AND MBMOaANDUMS OF
ALTBBATION PRBPAKBD AND BNEOLLBD.
Caveats Entered and Oppositions
Oondncted.
CONFIRMATIONS AND PROLONGATIONS
OF PATENTS SOLICITED.
Searehee made for Patenti, and Copies or
Abstracts Supplied.
Advice on Oases submitted^ dte. die.
MBBtas. ROBERTSON & CO.
POSSESS THE ONLY COMPLETE REGISTRY
OF PATENTS EXTANT,
Commencing a.d. 1617(15 James I.) and regularly
continued down to the present tinnr-
The Railway Record^
(EDITED BY JOHN ROBERTSON, M.A.,)
IS published early CTerr Saturday Morning, and
contains full and exclusive Reports of all Rail-
wnr Meetings, with the Official Documents in fUll ;
Rallwsy Law Cases, Railway Share Lists, and
Traffic Returns, and all matters affecting Railway
Proprietors. It is considerably larger than any
other Railway Paper, and is exclusively devoted to
this branch of enterprise.
The Bailwaif Record will be found a peculiarly
eligible medium for Advertisers of all articles con«
nected with Rallwav Companies, and all matters,
whether of use or luxury, which it is sought to
bring under the notice of Capitalists.
Price 6d.sUmped; Office, 15S, Fleet-street,
London.
TO ARCtflTECTsT BUILDERsT&cT
Coppei^wire Cord*
RS. NEWALL & Co.'s PATENT IMPROVED
• COPPER-WIRE CORD for WINDOW SASH
LINES, Hot-houses, Lightning Conductors, Hang-
ing pictures. Clock-cord, and various other purposes
for which hempen rope has hitherto been used. This
new and valuable Patent is ftst superseding the use
of the hempen cord, and is strongly recommended
to all Builders and other parties coonected with
the above. The Wire-cord may be had wholesale,
and specimens seen at the Office of the Patentees,
No. 16S, Fenchurch-street, W. T. ALLEN, Agent,
or retail of G. and J. DEANE. 46, King William-
street, and E. PARKS, 140, Fleet street; also of
all respectable Ironmongers.
Now ready, price 2s.,
A Glossary of Minlnc; adn
Smelting Terms,
Used in EnglUh and Foreign Mining Districts.
PUBLISHED at the Office of the Mining Jbut^
naif 26, Fleet-street, London ; and may be had
of John Weale, 59, High Holborn; and through aU
booksellers in town and country.
To Engineers and Boiler-
Makers*
LAP- WELDED IRON TUBES, FOR MARINK
AND LOCOMOTIVE STEAM-BOILERS,
Tubes for Steam, Gas, and other purposes;— all
sorts of Oas Fittings. The Birmingham Patent Iron
Tube Company, 42, Cambridge-street, BirminghanB,
and Smethwick, StaifordshiriB, mannlacture Boiler*
and Gas Tubes, under an ezdnsive License tnm
Mr. Richard Prosser, the Patentee.
These Tubes are extensively used in the Boilers
of Marine and Locomotive Steam Engines In
England and on the Continent;— «re Stronger,
Lighter, Cheaper, and more Durable than Bcaaa or
Copper Tubes, and are warranted not to open In
the weld.
42, CAMBRIDGE-STREET, CRESCENT,
BIRMINGHAM.
Works— Smethwick, Staffordshire.
LONDON WAREHOUSE— No. 68,' UPPBR
THAMES-STREET.
NOTICES TO CORBBSPONDEHTS.
A corretpondeni would be obliged to " Forreeter "
to favour kim {through our medium) with hie ad*
drete.
Mr. Dredg^e paper on the Sea Wall queetion U
witheld at hierequeet, for the purpose of making e ^
addUione to iL
CONTENTS OP THIS NUMBER.
Description of the System of Ventilating adopt-
ed at the Model Prison, Peotonville— <»«*
engrovingt) .•...•••••.•..•••••>«. .•m«.m...*......».m« 25
Method of Welding Iron, Steel, and Sheet Iron M
Method of bringing out Sculpture upon Ala-
baster 80
On a certain Arabic Manuscript. By James
Cockle. Esq., M.A SO
Recent Amencan Patents SI
Description of Harrison's Railway Cbidr-pln
Pressing Machiue--(tpi<A engravinqe) > 81
The Dover Harbour of ReAige.— Sir Samuel
Bentham's Mode of Constructing Sea Walls 88
Mr. W. B. Johnson's Roller Eccentric— Im-
provement Buggested ............^ 85
Low's Patent Improvements in the Manufac-
ture of Copper ...M Z$
Arthur's Decimal Money, Weights, and Mea-
sures 35
Description of Mr. E. Humphry's Patent Im*
provements in Steam Enfflnes, and in En-
gines or Apparatus for Raising, Exhausting,
and Forcing Fluids— (wiM engraioing) ^ 86
Design for a Roury Steam Engine. By Mr.
Stephen Sharp ^ 87
The Gresham I^ofessoTBhips «m. 88
Dr. Branson's Mode of Electro- Pain ting 41
The Venetian Glass Weights 48
Mr. C. P. Mansfield's Patent Improvements In
the Manufacture and Purification of Spiritu-
ous Subttances snd Oils, and in the Applica-
tion thereof to Lighting, &c.— Abstract Speci-
fleation 48
The GutU Percha Patents.— No. XII. 45
Weekly List of New English Patents 46
Weekly List of New Articles of Utility Regis-
tered ._.. 46
Advextisements ^ m. ...... 47
LONDON: Edited, Printed, and Published, by
Joseph Clinton Robertson, of No. 166, Fleet-
street, in the City o.f London.— Sold by A. and
W. Galignani, Rue Vivienne, Paris; Machin and
Co. Dublin ; W. C. Campbell and Co., Hamburgh.
MUSEUM, REGISTER, JOURNAL, AND GAZETTE.
No. 1301.]
SATURDAY JULY 15, 1848. [Price 3<f., Stamped, id.
Kdittd hj J. C. RobOTttoB, IM, Fleet-itrect.
DR. ALBAN'8 IMPROVED STEAM BOILER.
Kg. I.
TOL. XLIX.
50
DR. AtBAN'S lUPEOVBO 8TBAM B0ILBK>
Thb boiler is divided into three principal
parts, Tiz :
SA.) The generating or boiling tubes.
B.) The vessels which serve to lead the
steam away from the tabes, and to supply
them with water : these vessels I denomi-
nate heart 9 {Herzen),.
(c.) The separators and receivers.
In order to facilitate the explanation I
will first give a general description, and will
subsequently explain the oonatmotion of
the several parts in detail.
Ca.) The 'generating tubee are formed
of sheet copper, one line in thickness, and
joined with hard solder {Schlageloth). They
have 4 inches external diameter, and may
be from 4 feet 3 inches to 6 feet 3 inches in
length, as more or less heating surface is
required. They have at the back end an
opening for cleansing them, closed by a screw
cover. Their front ends are screwed upon
the back plate of the heart, in such a way
as to be easily removable in case of neces-
sity ; as I for example when a tube is worn
out and has to be replaced by a new one.
The interior space of the tube communi-
cates with that of the heart by two oval
openings bored through the back plate of the
latter, one above the other. The upper one
serves to carry away the steam from the
tube to the heart ; the lower one, to intro-
duce the feed water in a contrary direction.
In order to give the vapour a tendency to
stream towards its exit openings, the tubes
are laid a litde on the incline, the back end
being, in a length of 4 feet, about half or
three-quarters of an inch lower than the
front end.
Figure 1 is a longitudinal section of a
boiler and furnace on this principle, the
dimensions being given for a boiler of 10
horse -power, a a, are the generating
tubes; aa, their back or lower ends, shut by
the screw covers ; at &d they are connected
to the back plate of the heart, b ; c and d
are the oval openings between the hearts
and the tubes. The inclined position of the
tubes is seen in this figure.
I lay the tubes in eight rows or tiers, one
over another, and in such wise that the tubes
of each row stand over the interstices be-
tween those of the row immediately below.
Four alternate rows consist of one tube
less than the other four, this inequality
• From Parts III. and VI. of Dr. Alban's work
on " The High Pressure Steam Engine," just pub-
lished by Mr. Weale. We reviewed Parts I. and
II. at the time of their appearance —see vol. xlvi.,
p. 569 — and shall tfike an early opportunity of be-
stowing our critical attention on these concluding
parts.
being a consequence of the position; I
arrange them in such a manner that the
lowest row has the greater number. The
space between the tubes I have made about
\\ inch (a). Between the outside tubes of
the widest rows, and the vertical walls of
the furnace, I allow three-quarters of an
inch space. The manner in which th^ fire
current plays among the tubes is easily seen
in the figure. «
The hmrtSy as I term them (6), aie flat
chambers, from 6 to 8 inches deep. Their
height in the clear should in all cases readi
40 or 42 inches ; their width depends on the
number of tubes in the several rows; the
rule obtains that they should be from 8 to
12 inches wider, in the dear, than the out-
side width of one of the widest rows. The
object of this will appear presently. Hie
hearts are constructed of iron ; their sides I
make usually of cast iron, of such strength
as to remove all danger; wrought iron, how-
ever, may be used. The front and back
plates are of very strong wrought iron plate*
the former \ inch, the latter | inch thick.
They are so tied together by several rows of
strong iron bolts, that no bending or bulging
out is possible (c.) They are also screwed
to the side plates with a proportionate num-
ber of bolts, equally strong. The joint ia
made for the back plate with the ordinary
iron cement, and for the front plate with
lead, as the latter has to be opened for
deaning.
The hearts have the form of a rectangular
parallelogram, with the angles of the interior
a little rounded. In most cases their height
is greater than their width, inasmuch as a
greater number than six tubes in one row is
not to be recommended.
The generating tubes fit into an annular
groove sunk in the back plate of the heart.
The oval openings which form the commu-
nication between the heart and the tubes,
must come as close as possible to the upper
and lower surfaces of the interior of the
(a) I have more lately found that this distance
may be Increased with advantage, to facilitate in
a greater measure the cleaning of the spaces be-
tween the tubes. I purpose to increase it to 2, or
even 2^ inches, and to provide openings in the side
wall of the furnace, through which proper instru-
ments may be introduced for the purpose of clean-
ing. They must, of course, be tightly closed when
the furnace is in action.
(6) This term appeared to me suitable, because
these parts are the means of producing a proper
circulation of the water through the tubes and other
parts of the boiler, in the same manner as the heart
Is of the blood in the human organism.
(e) I have never found the least bulging of these
plates, even with a pressure of 150 lbs. to the square
inch.
t>B. ALB AN S IMPROVED ITEAM BOILER.
51
tobe : this it particularly necessary with the
upper openings, in order that the steam may
pass Jreely away. The size of these open-
ings is H inch in the longer and 1 inch in
the shorter diameter. The manner in which
the tubes are secured to the heart is ex-
plained further on.
Fig.
The internal construction of the heart is
peculiar, and of much importance. It is
shown in fig. 2 in longitudinal section, look-
ing towards the back plate and the tubes^
the latter being represented by dotted lines t
a a and bb are the upper and lower oval
openings leading from the heart to the tiibai«
2. '
A ^j-iiii, yUtx\ui (Mi^/i, ■ ,^ruf "rfi <U<t<U*iiUi*«^M^ A \j \
r'-^o
\ Vj g / ^-^y '^-ft-'
Kcmo^'
o
O'.
K>'
vp^e^
—> — ^/ ''
The upper one, which may be called the
tteam opening, is to allow the steam to pass
from the tabes to the heart ; the lower one,
or feed opening, is to introduce the feed
water in the opposite direction, ccc are
cflfision plates, of strong wrought iron, fas-
tened steam-tight to the back plate by small
ears and screws, and projecting so as to
fom also a joint as nearly tight as possi-
ble with the front plate (d) when this is
screwed on : these plates are curved in the
form shown in the figure, dividing the heart
into several channels, e e. The use of these
divisions is to guide the steam issuing out
(d) If this Joint should not be perfectly tight, it
is of no serious consequence, as experience has
shown.
52
DR. ALBAN's improved STEAlf BOILBie.
I
i
of the steam openings, a a, into the vertical
channel, /, and to keep it out of the way of
the feed openings, b 6, that the proper
water supply may not be interfered with.
The width of this channel, /, depends npon
the number of tubes in the rows. I allow
for every tube in one of the wides( rows, one
inch width of channel. The steam passes,
carrying usually some water with it, from
the channel, /, up the pipe, df into the
separators.
It remains to show how the circulation is
completed: t is a pipe (which, when the
sides of the heart are of cast iron, may be
cast with them) passing vertically down the
side opposite the pipe, d, and opening about
3 inches from the bottom of the vessel;
through this a stream of water constantly
descends from the receivers above, turning
up the channel, h, and gradually supplying
the place of that carried away in mixture
with the steam, as well as introducing itself
through the feed openings, 66, ^inco the
tubes, to supply the evaporation. The
arrows in the figure will clearly explain how
the circulation proceeds, and it will easily
be understood how the steam, collecting
by its own levity in the upper part of the
chambers, e e, is guided away by the pecu-
liar form of the division plates, without
interfering with the water in the lower part
of the chambers, or impeding the flow of the
supply to the tubes. The steam, as may
easily be imagined, carries upwards water
mechanically mixed with it, and this is sup-
plied by a gradual reflux, partly from the
space, ff, and partly from the chambers, e e.
The depth of the heart from the front to
the back plate should be such that the steam
may not form too deep a sheet at the upper
part of the chambers, eeil allow for every
tube in one of the widest rows li inch
'U^jitU of the heart. Some space should be
Icit at the top and bottom of the vessel, the
iotniGT sfarring for steam and the latter for
water room. ^
e is i\ !)top-cock for emptying the boiler :
f h a smaller one, situated 1 inch above
thp level of the uppermost row of tubes ; it
serves as a gauge-cock in case of the usual
tf [Iter flange in the receiver standing very
Xo-Wf nnd when doubt is entertained (before
firi^ ii ]nit under the boiler) whether any of
tha tubes nre dry. If water flows from this
^ocb, Ihv vessel may be heated, especially
a« the lovtjl rises when the water begins to
boiJ.
i'lotn th!J upper part of the heart rise
twn ptfirsr of wluch incidental mention has
nlr«<ni1y be«a made. One of these serves to
r^nrrf Jtwuy the steam from the heart into the
it^itimli}Ti ; and its cross section, an oblong
j-ecUuglc, must have its dimensions propor*
tionate to the steam-generating snrfiscd Of
the tubes ; namely, for every 10 square feet
of surface, the pipe should have about I
square inch area in the clear. This pipe
has a curved flanoh by which it is fastened
with screw-bolts to the separator, and the
joint made tight with iron cement. If the
sides of the heart are of cast iron, this pipe,
as well as the following one may be cast
upon them.
The other pipe is of smaller area, viz. 1
square inch to every 25 square feet of heat-
ing surface. In every other respect it re-
sembles the former one. Its use has been
already explained, namely, to lead back the
water into the heart. When the sides are of
wrought iron, this tube must be a separate
wrought iron one inserted into the heart, and
reaching nearly to the bottom.(«)
The separators and receivere are always
of wrought iron, formed of plates one-fourth'
to three-eighths of an inch thick, well rivet-
ed together, and provided with strong cast
iron end covers, similar to those in my
first-described boiler. The diameter of these
vessels must never exceed 18 inches, thit
si^e being sufficient for the largest boiler.
If only one heart is used, one separator
and one receiver of small diameter are sof-
ficieot ; but when much power is wanted, it
is better to make use of more hearts than to
increase the number of tubes beyond six in
each row ; two of these with tubes 6 fbet 3
inches long, and six in number in the
lowest row, furnish steam enough for an
engine of GO-horse power.
The separators and receivers are both of
equal dimensions, and are placed horizon-
tally, as shown in the figures. The pipe
which conveys the steam from the heart
enters at the front end of the separator, c,
while the steam and the water are carried
from the back end into the receiver d ;— the
former by the pipe m connecting the upper
part, or steam space, of the two vessels
together ; the latter by the tube n, forming
a communication between their lower or
water spaces. Both those connecting tubes
are of equal area, namely, 1 square inch to
25 square feet of heating surface of the
tubes. The steam is carried to the engine
from the Aront end of the receiver, while
the water descends, also from that end, by
the pipe h into the heart, to supply the place
of that evaporated and carrieid up in me-
chanical mixture with the stream. The re-
ceiver is also provided with a safety-valve
or valves, and an index float, all similar to
those formerly described. These as well as
(e) These two pipes mifrht, to keep up the ana-
lo^y, be called an artery aiid a vein respectively. -
Tr.
WALKBfiS PATENT HYDRAULIC ENGIKE.
5a
tlie Bteam-pipe ihonld be as near the front
end as possible, where the water is most at
rasL
Tlie dimensions and proportions of the
separators and receivers depend on the cubic
content of the hearts. I have adopted very
simple mles on this point, and hare found
tbeni to answer all my expectations and re-
quirements, although this boiler is yet com-
pantiTely in its infancy. As far as my ex-
perience has at present gone, I recommend
that the cubic content of the separators and
reeehere combined, should be equal to the
sum of that of the hearts and generating
tubes. Hie length should exceed that of the
boikir-tiibea by one-half, and when much
room is required, the number should be in-
creased, rather than tliat they should ex-
ceed 18 inches in diameter.
A large boiler of this description,
whicii I have already constructed for an en-
gine of 30-horse power, has two hearts,
each with twenty-eight tubes, lying in eight
rows, one above another ; and I have used
two separators, with a single receiver be-
tween them, and connected with the hearts.
Hus boiler has not only fulfilled, but far
exceeded my eiqpectations ; the heat is so
perfectly ^plied, the steam production so
regular, the water level so quiet, and the
whole so safe, trustworthy, and convenient,
that its advantages in tiiese respects can
sddom be equalled in the most perfect
boflers of the ordinary construction.
Ihe action of this boiler has already in a
great measure been explained. The tubes
abstract tiie heat from the fire current passing
among them, and impart it to the water
within. The steam collects in the upper
party and passes through the upper oval
openings into the heart ; an operation facili-
tated by the inclined position of the tubes.
The steam having reached the interior of
the heart, follows the direction given it by
the division plates, flowing upwards and
sideways in the canal, /^ and thence by the
pipe, d, into the separator. When the dimen-
sions are suitably proportioned, this goes on
without much disturbing the water in the
lower part of the channels, e e, which con-
stantly covers the lower ovfd opening, allow-
ing the water at all times to flow into the
tabes to supply the evaporation. This
water, may, however, gently follow in some
measure the direction of the current of
the steam, being supplied constantly afresh
firom the canal, h, and pipe, t. The steam,
when it reaches the pipe,/, rises unhindered
throu|^ that and the pipe, dt into the sepa-
rator, and in so doing carries water along
with it, causing a strong ebullition in the
fore end of the separator. Since, however,
the water surface in this vessel is of con-
sldenble extent, the steam, passing towards
the hinder part of the vessel, finds room to
develope itself, separating continually more
and more from the water, and at the back
end this separation becomes complete. The
steam and water then pass quietly through
their respective pipes, m and n, into the
receiver, in which a perfectly quiet water
level is maintained, both fluids moving gra-
dually towards the fore end, where the
steam is carried off to the engine, and the
water is returned to the heart, to pursue its
labyrinth-like way as before. The water
thus follows a constant circulation, from the
h^art into the separator, from this into the
receiver, and back into the heart again.
I have found this arrangement perfectly
satisfactory, not only in preventing water
being carried with the' steam to the engine,
but also in retaining a perfectly quiet water
level in the receiver, even when the water
surface bore but a very small proportion to
the evaporation. How seldom oitlinary tu-
bular boilers fulfil these conditions is well
known.
walkbr's patent btDbaulic enginb.
We had the pleasure of inspecting this
week a hydraulic steam engine of a new con-
struction, lately patented by Mr. John
Walker, already so well and favourably
known to the public for his water elevator
and other clever hydraulic contrivances (see
vol. xli. 373—390, vol. xUii. 430.) With-
in one framework, covering a space of no
more than 4 feet square, there is included
not only the hydraulic engine itself, but a
steam engine for working it. There are two
steam-cylinders, each 11 inches in diameter,
and immediately beneath them are two water-
cylinders, each 24 inches hi diameter. From
the cross-heads above the steam-cylinders,
and attached to thb steam-pistons, connect-
ing-rods pass down, and are bolted to plat-
forms which carry the water-pistons. The
water-cylinders are open at the bottom, and
are immersed in a cast-iron well, fitted with
sluices, to admit water applicable for dram-
ing. The water-cylinders terminate at the
upper part in a capacious valve-box, com-
municating with the delivery-main, which ib
also furnished with sluice-doors for dis-
charging the water inland or outwards. The
valves in the water-cylinders and pistons are
of a novel and excellent construction ; con-
sisting of a large number of rolled iron
tubes, which lie in circular seatings across
the piston, rising and falling in guides which
limit their motion. By this arrangement a
very free passage is aflForded to the water,
and the valve acts without the slightest
shock, even when the engine is working at a
high velocity. The steam-cylinders are sin-
gle acting, steam being admitted alternately
54
THV MODEL I0D0IN6 HOUSES FOB THE WOEKINO CLASSES.
between them, by a sUde-Tahre worked by an
eccentric on tbe crank-shaft, which connects
the two steam-pistons, and carries a fiy*
wheel to regulate the action of the engine.
With the steam at a pressure of 35 lbs.
per inch, an engine of this sort is stated to
be capable of raising no less than 6,000
gallons of water 8 feet high per minute ;
and Mr. Walker is in the habit of contract-
ing with his customers that such shall be the
duty performed.
The great power of this engine, combined
with the; simplicity of its action and small
liability to derangement, recommend it as
peculiarly suitable for dndnage and irri^-
tion ; operations which are commonly most
required where expert hands are scarce. A
common farming labourer may be made a
perfect master of such an engine as this in a
week's time.
CVTLS&'S PATENT LAP WBLDED lEOIT
TUBES.
[Patentee, Job Cutler, of Birmingham, C. E.
Patent dated January 15, 1848, for certain Improve-
ments in Welded Iron Pipes or Tubes to be Used as
the Fines of Steam Boilers. Specification enrolled
July IS, 1848.]
The patentee states that the object of hia
iuTention Is to produce lap-welded iron
tnbet or pipes, so formed as to give increased
straigth to those parts which are exposed
to wear, without additional weight to the
entire length of the tube, and thereby to
obriate the evila to which boiler tubes are at
present exposed. He proposes to effect this
by making the internal diameter of the tube
greater at one end than at the other, instead
of its being the Same or uniform throughout,
as has hitherto been the case; the txtemal
diameter remaining, howcTer, the same, and
uniform throughout the entire length of the
tube. The tube will, of course, be cylindri*
cal upon the exterior, and conical upon the
interior surfMe. The increased thickness of
metal at the one end is to be drawn firomthe
remaining portion of the entire length of the
tnbe. And further, the operation is effected
at one heat, so that the ductility of the iron
of wliich the tubes are composed shall re-
main unimpaired.
The modm optrtmdi is as fbllows : — ^The
patentee employs a series of grooTcd rolls,
moved by suitable toothed wheels and a
mandril, with a conical bulb or head, the
stem of which is of increasing diameter to-
wards the opposite end. I^e skelp, after
being properly prepared , as is usual in the ma-
nufacture of lap-welded iron tubes, is heated
and passed between the first of the series of
rolls. It is then welded over the conical
bulb and forced, at the same time, over the
stem of the mandril. The mandril is held
by a grip, attached by a hinge thereto in a
stop, so as to allow of its being lowered and
passed, after the conical bulb has been re-
moYed, between the second series of rolls ;
the diameter of the groove of which is
smaller than that of the first series. The
tube, with the mandril still inside, is then
passed through the third series of rolls ; the
groove of which is smaller than that of the
second series. The object of these succes-
sive rollings, after the skelp has been welded
on the mandril, is to remove any irregu-
larities upon either of the surfaces, and to
make the edges of the tube perfectly smootk
and uniform. The tube is then taken to the
drawing bench, in front of which is .a stop»
and against which the pipe rests. Tlie stop
is furnished with a hole to allow of tlfe
passage of the grip of the mandril, which is
held tight by a pair of pliers, and, the bench ,
being made to move while the pipe remains
stationary, the mandril is withdrawn.
When it happens that the mandril adheres
too lightly to the tube, it is proposed to heat
it in a muffle or furnace, then to cool the end
which rests against the stop, and repeat the
above operation, or to roll it cold between
three rollers, as is usually done in straighten-
ing shafting.
— ♦ —
TBE MODEL LODGING HOUSES POK THB
WORKING CLASSES.
To the Lord AtMey.
My Lord,-*Report speaks of yon as a
'' proud, good, honourable man." Yott
have found fame throughout the land— fame
for benevolence ; but that is a very cheap
virtue — scarcely a rirtue at all* it is so mvdbi
of a pleaaure. He must be a horrible
tigrine beast who feels, pleasure in malevo-
lence, to say nothing of the trouble it most
give ; but benevolence is really so easy, so
pleasant an after-dmner, wine and walniita
accompaniment, Such an ornament of th^
tea-table, that I cannot conceive a geatle-
man willing to exist without it. T6 pat a
chubby ploughboy on the head, or rituperste
" Moses " in behalf of distressed semp-
stresses, is positively amiable, and at the
same time pleasant exercise. There can be
no doubt about the benevolence.
Beneficence^ my Lord, is a virtue of ui-
other character, of much sterner stnff— itis
the difference between willingi or rather
wishing and doing, and not merely doing,
but doing effectively. When the warmth of
your temperament prompted you to embark
in the needlework line for the purpbse of
shaming Moses by your higher wages, yon
gave much gladness to those you employed,
for the time you employed them, and to the
numerous class of benevolent people Hr
and near, who found in your deeds subject
for much pleasant conversation. But it did
not last, it could not last, for it was based
on a fallacy; your doing ynM not effiwtiTey
THE MODEL LODGING HOl^^ES FOR THE WORKIKG CLASSES.
55
your money was wasted, and your intended
beneficence proved to be only a beneYolence,
raising false hopes which were doomed to
nHimate disappointment. Beneficence is
not diUUanie work, whatever benevolence
may be, saying nothing of ostentation.
A gentleman named Brooke, under the
impulse of benevolence, embarked his pri-
vate fortune in a ship and crew, and, un-
aided and unsanctioned, save by his own
great heart, determined to rescue a race of
savages from the thraldom of ignorance and
vice, and found a new empire. With cou-
rse undaunted, intellect unclouded, skill
naing with the emergency, he was success-
fal in his enterprise, and became an eastern
ptinoe by the voluntary election of the
people. He was a truly beneficent man.
Btitain hath no worthier son than he —
though many bishops.
Creditable is it to you, my Lord, that
after your failure in the needle line, you did
not turn away in disgust from the work of
doing good. You had taken pains to ascer-
tain that the condition of the working
daaaes was not favourable to the develop-
ment of the domestic virtues, and you were
determined to do what in you lay to improve
tiieir condition. It is not expected Uiat a
nobleman should know much, about how the
constructors of his house and furniture
may live ; but you, my Lord, waived that
^ privilege of your rank, and not taking the
word of the physidan, examined for yourself.
Ton were convinced, and determined to join
others in an act of true beneficence — ^helping
the poor to help themselves, in order to cease
to be poor. You resolved to build a pattern
lodging house. The resolve has been carried
into execution, as I find by the papers, and
if in criticising it I happen to err, the fault
mnst rest wi£ the reporter, as I am not at
present enabled to examine Uie building.
Your site is chosen on unmitigated Lon-
don clay, about 300 feet above the water
%>rings. It is near old S^ Pancras burying
^ound, not a favourable locality for health,
if the funerals are continued now as for-
merly ; but the site is cheap, and perhaps
your influence will get the nuisance of the
burial ground abated. It is not a good
neighbourhood. True it is, that the poor
cannot expect to oe located in Hyde Park
Gardens, but there is land enough in the
vidiuty of London of a healthy character,
and far cheaper than that you have chosen,
were due advantage taken of modem ap-
pliances, in the shape of railways, to get
access to it.
Tour plan, my Lord, is by no means new.
Twenty years ago it was proposed in the
MeehamcM* Magazine^ on a larger and more
oomprehenaive scale, under the title of
" Better Housing the Working Classes."*
But it is not to be expected that your Lord-
l^p should have read the MechamcM* Maga-
zine in those days. The first person who
practically put such a plan in operation was,
I believe, Mr. MacGregor Laird, at Birken-
head. The houses there are not quite earthly
paradises more than those of your Lord-
ship, but, compared with the dwellings of
the working dasaes in Liverpool, samples of
the ** wisdom of our ancestors," they are
practical paradises. Times have not been
fa^urable since their 'erection, but they are
thoroughly appreciated. The present writer
remembers a case of a labouring man who
lived in a festering den called a cottage.
The agent came to demand rent : " Rent 1"
exclaimed the man, ** you ought to pay me
for trying to dry the place. Why I grow
mouldy as I lie in bed." The Birkei^ead
dwellings are thoroughly dry', but occasion-
ally the anti-rent principle of Ireland ob-
taina there. Irish lodgers get in possession,
are more comfortable than ever in their lives
before — pay no rent — take the full benefit
of the English law that '* every man's house
is his casUe" — ^and smile contemptuously at
any agent seeking to dislodge them. ** The
world is not their friend," and th^it is the
first " world's law" they ever found benefit
firom. I trust you will not be disheartened^
my Lord, should you occasionally meet with
lodgers of this description. As we sow so
must we reap, and the dog that has been
often beaten wUl occasionally snap at the hand
that merely seeks to caress him. You are
on the right track now, away from the fidse
lights of the* Needles, though still several
points out of your true course, which lee-
way you will have to fetch up.
The impetuosity of compassion has pre-
vented you from ascertaining the best mode
of accomplishing your object, as the cha-
ritable lady, when in a hurry, gave a
cheesecake to a starving chimney-sweep, in-
stead of its value in bread. Shall we begin
at the beginning, and endeavour to ascertain
what are the requisites for '* better housing
the working classes," or rather the bett
kind of dwellings for the working classes—
a piece of knowledge which, if it can be
attained, may be of very great service also
to the non- working classes who may wish to
attain the maximum of personal comfort,
with the minimum of labour to the working
portion of the community. Of course, we
do not include that portion of non- workers
who experience a morbid delight in catching
a white man, and coloring hb externals in
the worst possible taste, his lowest extremi-
ties black, an adjacent portion white, break-
* Mtck. Mag., vol. zvL,p. 165.
56
THE MODEL LODGING HOUSES FOR THE WORKING CLASSES.
ing away in the mid-districts into rermilion,
fading above into yellow, and the whole snr-
monnted with sky blue. It is certainly no^
good taste to conyert a man to a bad likV
ness of a parrot ; but as it must be evident
that such persons are desirous only to
attract attention by externals ; of coarse the
greater number of persons they can employ
uselessly, the better will their object be
attained. With them your Lordship can
have nothing in common. '* My gracious \"
said an urchin of New York on bdbolding an
English carriage with three footmen in livery,
"well if it doesn't take three Britishers
to make a nigger I"
A human dwelling requires the external
walls to be of considerable thickness in a
climate like that of England, to exclude
cold in winter and heat in summer ; and if
the walls can be made hollow, with air
enclosed in the spaces, this object wiU be
• best attained. Here, however, the wisdom
of our ancestors interferes — the venerable
brick duties prescribing, Mede and Per-
sian fashion, that the sites shall be no
other than 9 ins. x 4^ ins. x 2^ ins. No-
thing larger shall be made, say our brick
Solons ; and thus, as was the case with glass,
improvement is arrested on the threshold.
That legislator who shall abolish this mon-
strous folly, will be looked up to ever after,
and regarded by the productive classes as a
veritable « brick "—the brick of bricks—
the brick without end — as the vernacular
has it. The good that will result firom such
an achievement will entitle any legislator of
moderate capacity to repose on his laurels
for the remainder of his life, and have a
column of imperishable brick erected to him
after his death ; for such will bricks be, when
skill and industry are freed from their
shackles. Your endeavours are arrested in
limine^ my Lord, and you must lay dose
siege to this evil ere you can bring house-
building to perfection. About it, then ! —
gather all the brick-makers and brick-users
around you, and cram the *' House" with the
mass of complaints with which they will
furnish you to serve as a groundwork for a
sweeping brick act. Stick to the bricks,
and confine yourself to simple abolition of
all and everything relating to them. Resolve
them into the condition of brick-earth, to be
dealt with by brick -makers.
I did not reflect how far my path would
lead when I began to address you, but being
now too far advanced to retreat, I must go
on. The best and most durable bricks that
are made, are the '* Staffordshire blue
bricks." They are half metallic, half vi-
treous, and consequently they are non-
absorbimt. Tliey are as durable as glass ;
bat the mode of using them is not analogous
to their texture ; they are put together in
walls with common mortar, and there is no
bond, as when bricks and mortar are alike
porous. The mortar merely serves as a
kind of plaster cast to them : as a sound
material, nothing can be better.
There is a certain thickness of material be-
yond which fire cannot penetrate without great
cost. The ordinary brick in use has attained
this limit. But if the bricks were made in
the form of a box, with one aide open — ^say
two feet long, one foot wide, and one foot
deep, the thickness of the material being
two inches, these large bricks could be
fired as easily as the small ones. Bricks
thus made could be formed so as to groove
or tongue one into the other ; and with a
little arrangement of shapes for angles and
openings, hollow walls could be built of
greater strength than solid ones, perfectly
impervious to water, and requiring very little
cement to make them air-tight; and such
cement, besides being waterproof, should be
of a slightly elastic material, as asphalte, or
a similar substance, in order to prevent
cracking. The sides of these bricks should
be roughened for the plaster, and some
should be formed" with projecting string
courses whereon to lay the floors.
At present it is a practice to place a layer
of asphalte beneath the foundation of the
walls, to prevent moisture from rising.
This on account of the porous nature of the
bricks. But the bricks are equally exposed
above the foundation to the moisture of the
earth and to the rain above the earth.
Bricks made of non-porous materials are
free from this objection.
In order to have health in a house it is
necessary that it should be warm and dry.
These two conditions are precisely those
essential to combustion. It is well known
that of late years many public and other
buildings have been bumMl down more fre-
quently than formerly. The cause of ^lis
is, that houses and public buildings were
formerly constructed with little regard to
comfort, and, he]i% damp and cold, did not
readily catch fire. This is mostly the case
with the dwellings of the poor. Since then
they have been artificially warmed in various
modes— by stoves, hot air, steam, and water
pipes — and being warm and dry, are, like
tinder, ready to catch. The only remedy
for this is, to make them fire- proof, t. e., to
construct of metal, stone, brick, tile, or
slate those parts which are usually made of
wood. To build a new house of combustible
materials now, and afterwards to insure it,
is an absurdity that can only arise from the
circumstance, that houses are mostiy made to
sell by speculating builders, and not as
investments.
There are two kinds of fire-proof build-
THE MODEL LODGING HOUSfiS tOE ilHB WORKING CLASSES.
f>7
ingBy one kind in which there is no oombni-
tible material whatever, the other, in which
ererj apartment containing combustible ma«
teriab is separated from every other apart-
ment by non-combastible materials.
Beyond dryness and warmth there is an-
other essential consideration — Tentilation.
Moist exhalations are continually proceeding
from human bodies as well as breathed air,
and without perfect ventilation these cannot
be got rid of.
hk warming there are two considerations.
Hie air for tiie lungs requires to be warm
and pure ; but the air which is pleasant to
the lnngs» will not suffice to warm the exte-
rior of the body and keep up the circulation
hi sedentary people. For this purpose, the
ndiant beat of an open fire is essential.
The warm air should be a genial atmo-
sphere pervading the whole building — ^the
open fires confined to particular localities.
The next consideration is light. This
can only be well attained by making the
width of the street at least twice the height
of the buildings. The artificial light should
be gas.
nie next consideration is water, both hot
and cold. Tbis should be carried to the
leiy top of the building by machine force,
and allowed to descend by its own gravity,
distributing it as required.
VoT the purpose of moving foel, food, and
other wdghtSv there should be machine lifts
from the bottom to the top of the building,
and %ht iron rails inserted in the floors of
the pasnges to run the baskets or boxes on.
Easy stairs should be provided for ascent
to the upper stories ; but, inasmuch as the
higher stories are the most healthy, and the
more stories the less proportion of roof, it
is desirable to have many stories, as m Paris
or Edinburgh ; and to obviate the only ob-
jection to this, machine lifts should be pro-
vided, constantly ascending and descending
at a slow rate. Londoners will have an idea
of ttJs from the plan of the Colosseum.
To buUd on the small scale is hr less
eeonomie than on the large, as it would
limit the advantages. For example, a steam
engine is essential to the estabUshment for
many purposes of labour-saving. As you,
my £ordy and your coUeagues, are powerful
enough, of course you will be willing enough
to set the best example. I will proceed on
the lafiger scale with a builduig for the
worldng dssses in a manufacturing district,
whether of food, clothing, or other articles.
In the mean time, you will remember, not
the " first mover," but the first fixture—the
bricks ! I>o by them what Sir Robert Peel
has done by the glass. And will you excuse
my suggesting to yon that the best mode of
ascertaining what are tiie needs of those
who are their own servants and helpers, i«,
to make the trial in person ? Surrounded
by servants to forestell every wish, appli-
ances of every kind to administer to the most
refined luxury, it is not possible to carry in
the imagination all the innumerable details
which are essential to make up that luxury.
Were you to put yourself for a week into
the position of the Douglass moss troopers^
when
" He that had a Iwnny boy
Sent out hit hone to grass,
And he that had nae bonny boy
His ain servant he was ;"
»at the end of the time yon would doubtless
know the wants of a groom. Try the lodg-
ings for a week, my Lord. No help but
your own handis and head, upon your
honour.
I think you will agree with me that in cer-
tain things the handworkers of the community
are entitled to have an equal share with the
head-workers or leisure classes, precisely as
the officers of a ship are entitled to no bet-
ter rations in the common stock than the
crew of that ship. What the officers have
in addition is a question of luxury, but the
commoners ought to be provided with food
and warmth to enable them to maintain
good bodily health, a larger allowMice being
given when under hard work.
So hi our proposed building, which is for
numbers and not for ships' crews, the ar-
rangements must be fevourable to a good
development of health both in the adult and
those new-bom and growing up. The phy-
sieal acquirements are good air, dry air,warm
air; good water, hot and cold in abund-
ance ; spaoe for exerdie in bad weather ;
convenience for privacy or society at will ;
arrangements for stowage of provisions, and
also for cooking them with the minimum of
labour; artificial light.
The mental arrangements are, a library
and reading room, a school-room, an infant
school. A lecture room also.
Without these latter arrangements, peace
win not exist. " Idleness is the root of all
evil." Misdiief is a word used to signify
unoccupied energy ; and the active human
mind, when not occupied in acquiring or
prodndngt takes to thievhig or destroying.
Unoccupied village boys rob orchards and
hunt cats and other animals. Bespectable
ladies rob shops, being acquisitive like msg-
pies. Gentlemen hunt foxes, shoot par-
tridges, "punch heads," wrench off knock-
ers and bell-handles, and pull down direc-
tion-posts and sign-boards. They are all
badly educated and prefer doing mischief
to doing nothing. ** Idleness is the root of
all evil." But it is not sufficient to set this
for a schoolboy's copy, unless we provide
D 3
58
THE MODEL LODGING HOUSES FOR THE WORKING CLASSES.
alto for the ezerciso of pleasurable indni'-
try.
We will suppose a piece of land secured
on the borders of the South Western Rail-
way — gravel soil for the workers for onee,
my lord— till Edwin Chadwick, studies a
little better how to mansEe the clay— say
in the neighbourhood of &ttersea, Wands-
worth, or Wimbledon ; and that Mr. Cliap.
lin has bound down the Railway and its
heirs for ever, not to raise the fares on the
working man, who will be willing to pay a
fair price for the accommodation alTorded,
and trust that the Company will go as low
as they can in consideration of the numbers.
On this land we will lay out a building
in the form of a hollow square containing
a courtyard measuring 400 feet on each side
externally, and 300 feet on each side inter-
nally, the buildings being 50 feet in width
firom front to back. The buildings to be
eight stories in height, including the ground
floor— the average height of the floors eight
feet, some more, some less. Dry cellars to
be constructed beneath them for the deposit
of provisions, such as grain, potatoes, and
other Tegetables. In the centre a tall chim-
ney shaft to be erected, capable of carrying
off the smoke of all the boiler fires in the
establishment. Around this shaft to be
erected a building of ]25 feet square— a
ground floor only lighted by skylights — and
with cellars beneath for coals. This build-
ing to be divided into compartments, con-
taining a boiler-house with boilers of pro-
per capacity to furnish steam for an engine
of sufficient power to pump up water from
a well to supply the whole establishment at
the height of the upper story. The boilers
also to supply hot water, and steam pipes
OTor all the building in proper positions,
and also the wash-houses and baths, which
will be in the same building as the boilers.
The space around the courtyard between the
centre and external buildings will be about
85 feet wide, laid out with grass plots and
flowers. If the space in the central build-
ing be not sufficient for all the baths, a por-
tion of the cellars may be applied, properly
fitted up. If the water be hard, anrange-
nents can be made to preserve the roof
water in under-ground tanks.
The floors to be formed of wrought-iron
girders, with a broad lip below and aboYe.
The centres of the girders to be supported
on iron columns having a space of 10 feet
between them. The ceilings to be formed
of slabs of sawn slate in 6 feet lengths,
stretching from one girder to the other.
The floors to be of similar slabs of thicker
substance having a hollow space equal to
the depth of the girder between them. In
theae hollow spaces the stone pipes may be
placed, and the whole floors may be
voirs of warmth beneath the feet, and to
which the warmth may be admitted or
excluded at pleasure, beneath each apart-
ment. To these stone pipes steam ti^
should be attached in each apartment, aif-
fording the means of warming liquids at
pleasure, making tea or coffee, boiling milk,
stewing fish, fledi, fowl, or vegetable, pre-
paring a foot bath or living water at any
hour of the day or night. Each apartment
to be divided by slate partitions, but the
doors to be of wood, and to have a floor .
area about 16 feet x 20, subdivided into a
sitting room, 10 feet x 20 feet,— a bedroom
6 feet X 12 feet, — and a closet with sink, &c.,
and cold-water tap with a gas light. The
gas and water pipes to be laid in the hol-
low of the floor, the slating being csqpable
of removal at any time to get access to tb«
pipes. The windows hung upon a horizon-
tal swivel, the upper part towards the ceil-
ing running inwards, the lower part out-
wards. No opening to be provided in these
apartments, as the warmth and chimnej
ventilation will be sufficient for persona not
of sedentary habits, and the convenience of
the steam and gas vdll be sufficient.
It will be obvious, that a building so con-
structed cannot be burned down, and will
be thoroughly dry and warm ; so there will
be no insurance to pay. It will be obvioasy -
also, that no vermin can exist therein, and
that the greatest possible facility of cleans-
ing exists. The hot steam and water lor-
nishes instantaneous means of cleansing th«
floor or walls at any time, and at the same
time of drying them.
Six stories would be appropriated to those
apartments. The buildings being 50 feet
wide, there would be a central passage 10
feet wide between the rows of columna, and
the apartments would front each way. There
would be about 160 apartments on each
floor, making, with the six floors, accom-
modation for 960 ; or taking a portion of
the lower floors, say 1,000 families, averag-
ing four persons each, say 4,000 men,
women and children. That, my Lord, would
be a number well worth your attention. If
the purpose be good, the good would be in
large amount. The cellars below should be
fitted up for provisions* in the following
mode :— Cast-iron tanks, similar to gas
tanks, covered in at top, all but a man hole*
fitted with an air-tight cover, or air-tight
brick or stone tanks of a similar kind, being
provided of fitting size, green vegetables,
fish or flesh being put into them, and the
cover fitted and luted with gutta percha,
or similar material, an air-pump is to be
applied connected with the steam engine,
and the air exhausted. Neither decompo-
THE MODEL LODGING HOUftE$ FOE THE WORKING CLASSES.
59
litioii, nor rennin, nor thieves oan affect
proYisioiit thnt stored, and the only care
required would be to try. the air-pumps oe-
casioaall J to make sure against leakage.
A certain portion o£ the lover story on each
■de the main gates would be appropriated
to the officers of the establishment. Aiiother
portiaa would be a dining-room, a coffee-
room, a library, a lecture-room, and a read-
ia|-room — perhaps a music-room also ;
1,600 feet X 50 would afford ample space.
All these rooms would be furnished with
fire-places as well as warm air, and the flues
would be let into the main chimney shaft.
The kitchens would be on the upper
story. The whole north side 400 ft. x 30 ft
would be applied to this purpose, and small
steam-engines supplied by the pipes from
below would perform all the drudgery, and
deaasing of plates and utensils, chopping
wood, &c. Open fires, steam-boilers, gas-me-
ters, would do all that was requisite. Hoist-
ing and lowering tackle worked by the steam
ttgines, would supply the kitchen with un-
cooked articles, ami transport them cooked
to tiieir destination. Air-tight receptacles
worked by the same engines might also be
plaeed in the kitchen. In this mode the
building would be free from all unpleasant
•eents. A portion of the space next the
kitchen m%ht be used for an upstairs dining-
room for women and children.
The southern side of this upper story
would be a ichool-room. The western side
an in&Dt school-room, and a portion of it
might be a greenhouse with skylights. The
eastern side might be applied to bed-rooms
or other purposes. Of course all debris
and useless water would be carried down
proper shoots.
13ie staircases would be of slate, fire-
proof like the rest of the building, and easily
cleansed. There would also be four engine
Bfta, one at each angle constantly raising
sod lowering.
It would be desirable to furnish the
Mlding with every thing requisite in the
shape of bedsteads, tables, chairs, &c., so as
to pcerent all transport of lumber in and out.
Attached to the engine house there might
be some horizontal sluifts provided with cir-
cular brushes, to do aU the shoe-cleaning of
fbe establishment.
The gas woi|ld be manufactured on the
establishment, and the coke would serve to
fsed the engine and other fires. The time
will come when the nuisance of gas work
chimneys will be abolished in cities by the
gas being made in the coal pits beneath the
earth, and conveyed in pipes along the rail-
wm.
With regard to the smoke from coal, tiiat
viU contanoe tiU some shrewd manufiwtwer
gets the proper chemical analysis of cannel
or other coal that burns with perfect com-
bustion, and, mixing the varieties of other
coal artificially, produces the same result*
To use crude coal for our fires is as ignorant
as it would be to use crude potatoes for our
stomachs.
And. now, my Lord, with regard to figures
—to the question "Will it pay?" For
unless it will pay, it will be of no possible
use. It can prove nothing practical of a
new kind, because every single proposition
herein htm been in actual praotioe in other
forms, thdugh as yet uncombined to produce
this result. Will it pay, my Lord .>* I think
it will. Twenty horse engine power and all.
Take the apartments all round at 150/
each, say 1000 In number, that will be
150,000/.
Interest, at 7i per cent, per
annum 11,250/.
These apartments, with fur-
niture, fire, warm air,
gas, water, &c., would
be cheap at 7s. per
week, or 18/. per an-
num. Annual revenue 18,000/.
Expenses and profit 6,750/.
Nothing taken for use of baths.
If you work not for profit, but for invest-
ment, then the profit will pay Mr. Chaplfai's
constituents for the use of their railway.
Now, my Lord, will you go mto the cal-
culation in cross exambiation, or procure
Mr. Chadwick to do it, giving him as a
consideration a earU bhnekB as to the drains
of tiie establishment and the disposal of the
debris ?
That done, my Lord, will yon go into the
calculation of the physical and mental
results to the indwellers ? I must dwell a
short time longer on them. Meanwhile,
will yon hint to Lord John Russell to forego
the window-tax in sneh buildings as these ?
It is very important that this question should
be carefully examined ; for the working peo-
ple, thoroughly alive to the evils of tiieir
^yiaring reut-charges, are in complete igno-
nudce as how best to remedy, them. Tliere
never was any more mischievous ftdlscy for
their interest than the Building Societies, as
appUed to workmen indiscriminately. By
dint of weekly payments a man beeomes in
time the owner of a costly, badly constructed
house— costly as compared with its value ;
and he is compelled to reside in one spot,
whether his work may happen to be near or
distant, and he is altogether precluded frt>m
removing to any other locality, unlev he
can sell or kt his house» which would oom«*
60
YHE urOBKL LODOINO H0USS8 FOR THE WORKING CLASSES.
monly be at: a disatWanta^. There can be
no surer method of making working men
dependent than by making themselves the
owners of small fixed properties, whether in
a house or a patch of land. Thus they pre-
clude themselres from taking advantage of
favourable changes in new localities. Of
course, particular workmen, identified with
particular establithments, are less subject t3
these considerations. They can calculate
chances equally with their employers.
The advantages that would accrue to a
body of workpeople, Uviog in such a domi-
cile as I have described, can scarcely be over-
rated. Supposing them well-paid workmen
with abundant means for decent clothing
and healthy food, after paying their rent,
they would really be better off than many of
those that are called the middle classes.
It is difficult to define what is meant by
middle class, unless we include all those who
work with their heads and not with their
hands, and the upper class as those who do
no work at all. Many of these middle
classes live in miserable houses, badly
warmed, drained, lighted, and ventilated,
and work hard themselves at domestic econo-
mising, or keep a " Marchioness" as a kind
of white slave. But in our proposed dwell-
ing a nobleman might live on an emergency
without having his tastes offended, and cer-
tainly with more comfort than in many of
our officers' barracks. There would be
privacy or society at pleasure, as they might
be solitarily or gregariously disposed. There
would be warmth, and every means of ob-
taining well-cooked food. Baths at pleasure,
warm or cold. A coffee-room with news-
papers ; a library with books ; covered
galleries to walk in in bad weather, and
access at all hours by day or night There
would be absolutely no drudgery whatever
for the women, no wet clothes to be drying
at their husband's return, no water to carry
up stairs, and no quarrelling at a common
pump to obtain it, no descent with ashes or
slops, no anxiety about their children when
going out. If it be objected that quarrels
would ensue by means of the large number
of lodgers, the answer is simple. Consider
the galleries as streets. Let any one imagine
the ease of mind it must be to a father and
mother to have an infant-school and chil-
dren's school under the same roof, and at
an expense almost nominal, and a library of
books for their growing-up boys and girls,
together with the influence of general good
habits all around them.
Beyond this, so huge a body would have
it in their power to command the services of
the most efficient lecturers in every branch
of art or science they might choose. Teachers
for the schools, cooks for the kitchen, en-
gineers for the water, baths, gas, warming,
Sec, and gardeners for the greenhouse,
washerwomen, librarians, writers — ^and all
would probably be found amongst the in-
mates, each one finding out his or her
several aptitudes. Concerts would infal-
libly spring up, and dances follow. There
seems no reason why religious teachers also
should not attend.
There is another point of essential im-
portance also. The establishment could
maintain its own physician. The importance ^
of this can scarcely be overrated. The whole
time of a skilful man could be given to a
body of people whose constitutions he would
study as a gardener does his plants, and to
whom he conld continually suggest improve-
ments in habits and customs. A far better
salary could be paid to a man of high at-
tainments by a regular body than is paid by
those who get up lectures on speculation.
They would probably be best paid on the
sound principle developed by the Tartar
dynasty of China, payment lessening as dis-
ease increases. And such an arrangement
would in other ways be economic to the
public. Hospitals and asylums would be
less in demand in proportion as such estab-
lishments, increased. In case of illness in
individuals, abundant nursing help would be
found without expense, in distress.llt Is
the existing inefficiency of the present mode
of housing that imperatively demands hospi-
tals, and asylums, and lying-in establiBh-
ments.
If the economical advantages be such at
are pointed out, and it will be difficult to
show any fallacy, the probability is that such
buildings would increase. The middle classes
would certainly unitate them, and so would
many of the upper classes, who in their
clubs show rather what they desire than
what they attain. With such modes of
living, universal education would come
about almost naturally, and with little need
of government exertion.
To this mode of living the middle classes
will be forced by a change now gradually
taking place in the circumstances of society.
I allude to domestic service. Every one
exclaims " how bad the servants are becom-
ing I" This is not the fact. The servants,
as human b^gs, are really rising in the
scale of creation, and find drudgery irksome,
having an instinctive perception that drud-
gery is not really essential. Domestic ser-
vice is irksome even with kind employers.
Grown people do not like to have to ask
leave to go out, having hired out their
whole time, night and day. They also have
their desire for domestic and family conver-
sation, and by our present arrangements tbii
cannot be managed. A famUy does not
BARON VON RATHEn's COMPRESSED-AIR LOCOMOTIVE,
61
employ another ^hole family. But were
many familiea conjoined under one roof, they
might employ other families. Domestic
senrants will grow less and less disposed to
enter the house of the stranger, and abandon
brother and siaterhood, as time runs on, and
the abode of the workman becomes the home
of comfort ; and this will nniversally nrge on
medianical and chemical improvement in
every branch of domestie life, so that it will
only be eawntia] to have a servant for two
or three boors per day, instead of being
utterly dependent on you. Already they
begin to insist on ''sky-blue coats and
scarlet breeches being considered in their
wagea.'' The philosophy of the matter is,
that an human beings have their tendencies
and aptitudes to serve one another in difier-
eat modea, but the service can only be
eheerfnlly performed when it is not mixed
up with a quantity of distasteful drudgery.
Who aludl try first this great experiment,
my Lord ? Shall it be yourself, a heredi-
tavy ariatocrat, or an iron king of Wales,
where alate and iron exist together? or a
cotton lord of Manchester ? or some separate
cBgardiy of the Great Railway Confedera-
tioo ? or than it be some squatting Jonathan
fmnt the *' far west,'* taking note of the
" lahonr privileges ** of Ireland on his jour-
ney firam Galway to Dublin, now the new
*' highway to America," and thinking how
itwffl do to bring his own cotton to his own
mill on the sotxrces of the Shannon, and
there work it up by the '* Almighty splen-
did fingers of that crowdy raising of Celtic
girla?'' Rouse yourself, my Lord. Do
not rnflfer that ambitious *' model republic "
to «> ahead In everythhig. Keep your pride
of pkaoe. Lord Teignmouth teaches in the
Ragged Schools. Set yon up your school
amid the well*clad working classes— to be
better housed and taught by the result of
your skill and enezgy.
I am, my Lord,
With much inclination to respect you,
CodMOfl.
BARON VON RATHBN's C0MPBBS8BD-AUI
LOCOMOTIYB.
Sir, — ^Toa were, some time since, good
enough to admit some observations of
mine on compressed-air locomotion, and
in particular upon Baron von Rathen's
system, of which you made some further
mention in your Number for June 12,
1847. It may, therefore, interest your
readters to know that the experimental
eorapressed - air earriage for common
roads there referred to b now completed,
and iHtuit many of the points upon which
I ventured to form an opinion have been
determined by experiment. The reser-
voir of this, carriage has a capacity of
75 cubic feet, and I have seen it charged
with air of 50 and 60 atmospheric pres-
sures by a six- horse power engine with-
out any straining or manifestation of
heat, and it has remained charged up to
25 or 30 atmospheres for two or three
days without any perceptible leakage.
I have seen the air thus compressed to
30 and 40 atmospheres admitted by
means of the moderator at a constant
pressure into the cylinders, and there
worked expansively. When used at two
atmospheres, i. «., with an effeciive force
of 15lbs. on the square inch, it caused
the wheels (the carriage being propped
up) to make 60 revolutions in a minute ;
when used at three atmospheres the
wheels made 120 revolutions. The re-
frigeration of the air when expanding
from the reservoir into the moderator
was also materially lessened by the means
before mentioned, although the carriage
was stationary.
Indeed, these facts may now be con-
sidered as proved, viz. : That air may be
compressed to almost any extent, without
deleterious heating or straining of ma-
chinery. That it may be retained in such
a state of compression without danger
from rupture or leakage for a consider-
able time, and that it may then be used
at a consUnt pressure (which may be
varied at will) without,loss from refrige-
ration.
Other problems necessary to be re-
solved, and the details of experiments,
eannot, of course, be entered upon until
the carriage has made some successful
attempts at self-motion,, which it is ex-
pectea to do very shortly. I shall then,
perhaps, with your permission, trouble
you with some further remarks. The
§ resent carriage is not, I believe, consi-
ered by any means a specimen of a
common-road locomotive, but merely as
practically illustrative of the feasibility
of compressed-air locomotion. I am
told, indeed, that it is not the Baron von
Rathen*s intention ultimately to drive, by
reciprocating cylinder engines at aU, but
by a rotary engine of his own invention j
which I find is also, as well as the car-
riage at present being constructed at the
College for Civil Engineers, Putney.
I am, Sir, yours, &c.,
ar.
62
DESCRIPTION OF THE STSTBlf OF VENTILATION AND WARMING ADOPTED AT THE MODEL
PRISON, PENTONVILLE.
(Concladed ttom p. SO.)
WamUf^,
The system of warming adopted at Pen-
tonyille is that of the circulation of water
in iron pipes, with which the pnbUc are
already ftuniliar. In a former Report the
Sorveyor-General explained the details of a
Kg.
regalator so contriTed as to allow a prisoner
to admit warm air from the main, flue or
cold air from die corridor, and recommended
its general adoption in all new prisons.
" By maintaining a degree of heat in th«
main flues, calculated to produce the maxi«>-
8.
U-
tV{ i
CI
CI
i^
mum effect required, a prisoner would then
have the power of keeping his cell at any
temperature between that limit and the tem-
perature of the corridor, which can be so
regulated as to produce a minimum effect.
About 5^ or 6o will be found a sufficient
m
range to embrace all the special cases which
have been referred to ; and it is only in such
cases that any alteration in the original ad-
justment will be found necessary, during
the day." On this subject the present Report
contains the following additional remarks :
THE MODEL PRISON SYSTEM OF VENTILATION AND WARMING.
63
There appears reason to doubt whether an
eqnallj high temperature during the night
is either essential or advantageous. This,
howerer, is purely a medical question ; but
Fig.
there is no difficulty in providing the means
of lowering the temperature generally, and
in a Tery short space of time, should it be
considered conduciye to health.
S^..
One mode of effecting it would be by
freely introducing cold fresh air into the
corridors, and ** shutting off** the warm air
from thti mdn floes by the regulator, which
should be in such case fixed by the officers
at locking-up time, so as not to be at the
control of a prisoner.
The same object might be effected by
C4
THE GREfHAM PROFESSORSHIPS.
admitting cold fresh air in several places into
the main flues, at the same time drawing off
the hot water from the pipes, and filling
them with cold water.
The former plan would be the most eco-
nomical in fuel, as the heat would accumu-
kte during the night in the main flues, ready
to be applied in the morning. The only
inconrenienoe would be, that the officers on
duty might feel it cold.
If the temperature be lowered by the
second plan of admitting fresh air into the
main flues, any loss of heat during the night
would require to be made up by an increased
quantity of fuel in the mommg.
On these grounds, and also that the former
plan would act more immediately and more
certainly, I am disposed to recommend that
regulators be brought into general use.
Openings into the main flues will still,
however, be of advantage in lessening the
friction, and thus increasing the facility of
ventilating during the summer,
I explained in my former Report that, as a
means of admitting air into a cell directly
from the exterior, a square of the window
might be glazed, so as to leave an opening
without affording facilities for communication,
between adjoining cells. For prisons already
built this will be a convenient method ; but
in new prisons it would be preferable to
construct a small flue in the external wall,*
as shown in fig. 8. (see ante, p. 62.)
Additional means for ventilating a cell
during the summer months may be obtained
by fixing a second grating in the Ibnl-air
flue near to the ceilfaig. A wooden frame
and slide should be fix^ over this grating,
so that it may be used or not, according to
circumstances. (See fig. 8.)
Fig. 1 (omitted in our last) is a sectional
elevation of the building. A is the chamber
for the warming apparatus; A', cold-air
flue ; B, the corridor; CS the cells; F F,
foul-air flues ; M F, main foul-air flue ; S,
smoke flue ; F S, foul-air shaft ; T F, shows
where to the left hand is placed a fire-place
for summer ventilation.
TBB ORXSHAM PR0FI880R8HXP8.
Second Notice.
Amongst the endowments for the pur-
poses of education, how very few can
be quoted where the original intentions
of the founder have not been perverted!
It would, however, be difllcult to find a
parallel to Greabam College.
Sir Thomas Gresham had received a
Uberal education. Unlike the great
mass of our modem " merchants, be
had gone through the curriculum of the
University of Cambridge. This, too,
was in an age when young men repaired
to the University witii a desire to learn,
instead of (as is too often the case now)
to " while away" in frivolity and dissi-
pation, the years of life for which, ac-
cording to modern usage, no employment
can be found. He had acquired a real
knowledge of the learning of his time ;
and feeling the impNortance of that learn-
ing, he with princely magnificence
made provision for its coming within
the reach of the London dtiien. Men
highly distinguished in literature and
science were amongst its earlier profes-
sors ; and the college became, in fact, the
great focus of all metropolitan learning.
Subsequently, however, to the close
of the sixteenth century, it has for all
scientific and literarv purposes vanished
from the face of the earth I Were
another Ward to write a History of the
College and the Lives of its Professors,
how many pages could be added to that
which the first Ward wrote more than
a century ago? He may, indeed, by
consulting l£e dusty archives of the
Mercers' C!ompany he able possibly to fill
half a page or so with entries respecting
appointments to the several Professor-
ships-; and probably too, he might be
able to find some autograph signatures
of those fortunate personages, on the
receipt of their salaries. But how many,
on the other hand, could we find in that
list, whose names are inscribed on Eng-
land's roll of learned men? View^,
therefore^ even as a sinecure appendage
to the income of the laborious man of
intellect, this trust has been grossly
abused; but. how much more abused in
its havinfi" been left unproductive of the
exalting lieneflts which its founder in-
tended to confer on his fellow citizens 1
The attempt to complv lUerally with
the instructions contained m the founder's
will was probably one of the causes of
the decline of this College. Our Uni-
versities, though slow enough to be
moved by the influence of circumstances,
have been compeUed so fax to forego the
literal adherence to the mere terms of
their charters, as the increasing intelli-
gence and increasing requirements of the
country rendered necessary. The Gre-
sham alone has stood still— or rather, has
* Flaet of thit deeeripUon have been made in the
military prisons bnOt within the last Urw jwn.
THE aRBSHAM PR07ESS0B8HIPS.
65
retrograded : for whilst it has adopted
none of the improvements which have
lesnlted from subsequent experience in
tuition, it does not even fulfil to the let-
ter the prescribed rules laid down for
its government. If, therefore, its trus-
tees fidl back upon the literal construc-
tion of the will, let them be judged even
bj that, and they will be found wanting.
^eir authoritj, therefore, lapses to the
Crown which gave the charter; and it
letts with the Crown to modify it so as to
bee<mie consonant to the wants of the
times. They cannot escape from this
dilemma : but, except it were taken up
by the Government itself, it would in-
volve a chancery suit, which, might, end
m the absorption of the entire property
by the lawyers. This, however, would
be cutdng off Gresham's head to cure
Gresham's head-ache.
A parliamentary commission, or a
loyil commission, or any system of in-
J[uiry into the management of this Col-
ege is impossible, whilst the Premier
represents the Corporation of London
in the House of Commons. If even
the Sanatary Commission cannot pene-
trate within the city boundaries, when
the health of our Great Babylon is
at stake, it would be preposterous to
hope that so unimportant a thing as a
Knowledge Commission should dare to
invade that sacred territory. Were any
nnlocky Commissioners so rash, they
would (in a metaphorical sense at least,)
be captured by the Lord Mayor's officers,
put into the pillory and pelted by the
" London Prentices," ana finally depo-
sited in the strong-house in St. George's
l^lds, which stands as the modernised
representative of the antique Bedlam.
We speak of the present: but '*the
flood days are coming." Corporate in-
fluence will not prevail even to save the
dty of London from a searching inves-
tigation into the dispensation of iu trusts,
and a sweeping reform of its thousand
aboaes. Nor is the time so remote as
thecitv-conservatives may imagine, even
thdngh the meanest devices in which the
most doubtful traders are such adepts,
ahoald be (as we fear they will be) adopt-
ed for the defence of their time- dis-
honoured system. Whatever may be
the opinion of the citizen, it is the opi- '
nion of the honest EngHshman, that,
a irusi is not a mere perquisite. If,
however, the Gresham trustees are not
so intoxicated with their *' perquisites,''
as to fondly imagine them perpetual, we
trust they' will make some attempt to
ward off public denunciation by reforms
emanating from amongst themselves.
Where would our two ancient Univer-
sities have been now, had their "caputs"
indulged in the same fancied immunity
from public opinion ? We anticipate the
answer. " That the Universities and tlie
Gresham Trustees have alike consulted
their interests in the different steps they
have taken : it being the interest of the
Universities to get as many men as pos-
sible on the > boards,' since education
is the trade of those places; and it
being the interest of the Gresham Trus-
tees to keep possession of the funds of
the endowment in aid of that great prin-
ciple of London corporation, conviviality,
and influence.'*
Whatever truth there may be in the
former part of this opinion, the latter
part is certainly an error. It is an opinion
founded on very short-sighted policy,
even viewed as interested policy; but
merchants are more conversant with the
values of stocks and mercantile wares,
than they are with wtan as a social and
intellectual creature. Had anv one
of Gresham's trustees been gifted with
Gresham's prescience, he would have
foreseen the infinite advantage of keeping
up and extending the influence and use-
fulness of this College, even as regards
its pecuniary results. This College
might have been the focus, the great
leading exemplar of a London University
— far more efficient than the '< concern *
which now bears that name, can ever by
any possibility become.
But its chance is not even yet wholly
past. It may regain the position it has
well-nigh thrown away ; and may, with
prudence and foresight, still take the
metropolitan position that would have
delighted the merchant prince, and have
secured the approbation of even his jea-
lous queen. The Gresham College may
yet, if its trustees only exercise the nru-
dence in their official positions wnich
they do in their own counting houses,
become the powerful leader of metropo-
litan intellect and learning, and in an
eminent degree the representative of Eng-
land in all that relates to the development
of science and literature. It majr become
the real nucleus of English mind — the
kernel of English knowledge.
66
"But Aoirf " exclaims the corpora-
tionist, as he reads our pages over his
choice glass of wine after his six o'clock
dinner. Well, read on, and you shall
know, good conservative friend I
The recent efforts to establish colleges
in London have arisen from a strong
feeling of their necessity ; and they have
arisen amongst men, too, of your own
class, who happened to be a few degrees
farther on the road towards enlighten-
ment than yourselves. They knew thai
it was useless in the first place to seek
your CO' operation ; they knew also that
it was useless to plead with your and
their own class, if pecuniary advantages
were left out of the question ; and they
knew, slill further, that without the aid
of some talkative members of Parliament
who could be identified with their move-
ments, it would be impossible for th^ir
colleges to gain any standing in public
estimation. They took their measures
accordingly, like shrewd men of the
world — organized a body, put a heap of
hewn stone in Gower-street, and called
it the "London University." Still rou
nu)ved not, beyond putting together a
corresponding heap of stones m Cole-
man -street, after the destruction of
your Royal Exchange. The Clmrch, how-
ever, took the alarm ; and she built up
another heap (not of stones, but of bricks
with stone faces) as an eastern buttress
to Somerset House, and called the thing
" King's College, London."
This did not~--does not alarm you.
Nevertheless, you might even now reform
your abuses, and by a proper employ-
ment of your powers and your funds,
render Gresham College more dignified
and more useful, too, than either of these
new colleges, combined with all the joint-
stock schools which are connected with
them under the name of London Univer-
sity. You have antiquity, pristi^e^ and
ample funds in your favour ; all of which
are essential elements in an Englishman's
notions of social and corporate greatness.
If you could only bring yourselves to act
in a large and liberal spirit, all the others
would be glad to shelter themselves under
your wing, and Gresham College would
again become what Gresham College has
been — the centre of the intellect of the
metropolis. It will, soon, however, be
too late to regain your position; and
then, only think how the reforming
spirit of the age may deal with your
" precious perquisites ] "
THE GRBSHAM PBOFESSORSHIPS.
But science and literature you consider
to be "no business of yours ; " whilst we
consider that the custody of the College
renders it your business both in law and
in honour. If science be not your busi-
ness, why do you accept its trust and
appropriate its funds ? We admit that
you know little of its value, except in
connection with the money you divert,
from its cultivation and diflPusion ; but if
learning be really only useless trifling In
your honest belief, why do you not legal*
ize your system of spoliation by an act
of Parliament to protect you? Let the
Corporation of London (if it dares to
avow its principle of action) at onpe pro*
claim, by an application to Parliament
through its representative- premier, that
money left for tne cultivation of letters is
more patriotically expended when sp^nt
upon ripe venison and green turtle. The
affirmative of the question would, no
doubt, obtain a greater number .of suf-
frages in the House than Mr. Hume's
proposition for electoral reform was so
fortunate as to obtain ! Do not, at any
rate, hold up your toy-building in Gres-
ham-street, and its " wall-lectures," as a
fulfilment of your trust; for you only
add insult to insincerity, in pretending to
think the public can feel otnerwise than
disgusted with such an argument.
But we must proceed to consider tbe
particulars involved in a reform of the
management of Gresham College.
The manner of teaching by lecture
was the universal practice, as regarded
everything beyond mere rudimental
learning, during the middle ages, and
down to a much later period than that of
Sir Thomas Gresham. The professorial
system haa, however, been so greatly
modified in our own universities and
public institutions, that it can hardly be
said now to form any marked feature
in our educational system. In earlier
times none attended a imiversity who did
not go there to study — to learn — and to
learn in the best way they could. Books
were scarce and costly in Gresham's
time ; and few even of those were writ-
ten by men who were fully roasters of
their respective subjects. No means
then existed but oral preelections for the
• general communication of knowledge;
and to eflTect this was the business and
the duty of the professor. As good
books on the several sciences (esnecially
their elements) began to appear, tne pro-
fessional system began to decline : for
THE GRESHAH PROFESSORSHIPS.
young men found it was easier to gain
their knowledge from their books deli*
berately, than to trust to their aeizmg
the reasonings of the professor in all their
force. Hence the professor was obliged
to sink himself partly into the tutor.
In both our aniyersities, too, the main
business of the college tutor is to stand
M locv parentis to the under-graduate —
to expound in a general and sketchy way
the subjects which it is requisite for his
pupils to read—and to examine them at
staled times (onoe a term) as to the pro-
ficiency they naye made. He gives, how-
ever no explanation of the difficulties
which the student may encounter ; but
merely tells htm what books to read,
and leares him to comprehend them as
he can. Left thus to himself, the under-
graduate has been compelled to seek as-
sistance from others piore advanced than
himself in understanding his books ; and
this has given rise to a large and most
useful body of men resident in both uni-
versities, tmown by the name of private
tutors. , It is by txiem in reality that the
educational business of the universities
u carried on ; and without their aid, the
numbers on the boards would be annually
decimated, till at last the college halls
would form is desolate an exhibition as
the Gresbam lecture-room. The e»-
dotped professorships^ however, are still
kept UD in both universities, although
with wnat of public benefit no one has
ever been able to tell us. Attendance
oo them is not compulsory ; except, in^
deed, that the bishops have now adopted
as a <« compulsory '* rule the production
of a certincate nrom the Professors of
Divinity in both, that the candidate for
holy orders has attended his lectures
during one term "voluntarily." [Clothing
18 to be gained by attending them ; and
hence generally they are unattended.
Occasionally, indeed, when the chairs
are filled by able men (which is not
always the case, even )n the universities)
nep whose educational course is finished,
smd who have taken tdeir degrees, may
be found to attend the jprofessorial lec-
tures. This, we conceive, constitutes
ihelr great recommendation ; as it afibrds
to the professor a most important oppor-
tunity fbr generalising and systematising
the crude mass of knowledge which the
under-graduate had heaped together in
order to take his B.A. degree — for ** a
cmde mass '' must the knowledge of
erery maD, reading his subject for tho
67
first time, always be. The professor who
makes it his business to methodize these
masses into consistent forms — to point
out the relations and bearings of the
different parts of this mass — ^to dwell
upon the history of discoveries in the
science, especially pointing out what yet
remains to be done in it— to explain the
subtle philosophy which runs through and
cements together all its parts — to show
the applications that have been made of
science to the comfort and happiness of
civilised man, viewed both mentally and
materially: — such a professor would be
the benefactor of his age ; for this is the
class of instruction at once the most diffi-
cult and the most rare, though unhappily
it appears to be in our day the least
valued class of all.
It is upon this ground, tl^en, that we
would earnestly implore the Gresbam
College to take its stand. No other in-
stitution in London has the means to do
so, but the Gresbam ; and the trustees
consenting to make this cosmopolitan
use of their powers, they would perform
a part so graceful and so patriotic as to
earn for themselves the gratitude of the
literary and scientific world. How many
hundreds of young professional men
tl^ere are in the metropolis at the present
moment, who would hail with delight such
an appropriation of the Gresbam funds 1
Our view thep is, that the Gresbam
lectures should be professorial lectures
still — not tutorial lectures. So far, then,
we advocate nothing beyond a selection
of proper men, who would rather look to
the public benefits they could render and
to the reputation attached to their office,
than to the mere emoluments that might
accrue from their appointments.
The time, too, of delivering these
lectures is so absurdly chosen in relation
to our social habits, as to render them
utterly useless to almost every man who
is likely to be interested in them. On
the first institution of the college, the
Latid lectures were delivered at nine and
two, and the English at ten and three ;
but now the tnoming lectures are three
hours later, and the evening five: the
very hours whet), as regards the morn-
ing, in our days, the merchant roust be
upon 'change, and the professional man
in his duties, and the most advanced
student in. his sahool ; and just having
dinner in the evening. All society-
meetings are held in the evening in our
time ; as that is, generally speaking, the
68
THE 6RESHAM PB^FESSORSHTPS.
onlj time that an Englishman, and a
Londoner especially, can fairly have at
his disposal. Those society-meetings,
too, are well attended by those who take in-
terest in them, in all cases where the pro-
ceedings have not sunk (as in some of the
older routine-ones) into a mere formaliljr,
like the Gresbam lectures. Abolish,
then, the morning lecture, and give in-
creased encouragement to the evening one.
The custom of delivering the lecture
first in Latin, and immediately after in
English, will surely be admitted by the
trustees themselves to be a piece of gra-
tuitous absurdity, and calculated only to
throw an air of ridicule oyer the stately
process. If, in accordance with the
terms of the founder's bequest, the lec-
ture must be read in Latin, it must be
remembered that Latin was in his time
the universal language of the learned
world ; and this having almost as univer-
sally ceased to be the case, it would be
perfectly consonant with the intentions
of the founder, if the mere title of the
lecture were given in Latin.
It is the common understanding in all
the societies (the Royal, for instance,
which is so nearly akin to the Gresham
in its original, and in some important
parts of their subsequent histories) to call
a paper ** read'* when its title has been
read to the meeting. The public would
not complain of the change ; and were
some captious objections even made to it,
could not her Majesty in Council so far
modify the charier of the college as
to legalise the change ? Possibly,
however, some of the sapient trustees*
* In order that the qiembers of the Gresham
Committee might not plead ignorance of our atric-
turas, -we applied to the Mercera' Company for a
list, in order to send them copies, bui U was rtfuud.
We have, nevertheleas, procured one, which 'we
belieTe to be correct, and hare given their respective
trades, Ace, as they have chosen to designate them-
selves in the "Directory." A walk past their
reaidencei will show with what propriety (accord-
ing to its Engliih tettM, at least) the term '< mer-
chant" is in some cases applied:
Rt. Hon. the Lord Mayor (Alderman Hooper.)
Sir Peter Lanrie, Knt., Parlc-square, Regent's-
park.
Sir Qeoi:ge Carroll, Knt., 34, Cavendish-square.
COMHOKaRB.
Iff. J. T. Morris, 188, Aldersgate-stieet, Stationer
and Printer.
Mr. James Lake, S3, Aldgate, Woollen Draper.
Mr. William Lister, 78, Basinghall-street, Factor.
Mr. B. Bower, 106, Lower Thames-street, Orange
Merchant
Mr. W. A. Peacock, 161. BUhopsgate-street With-
out* Bakar.
Mr. W. Stephens, 78, Blahopsgate-stieet Within,
Brandy Merchant.
may have . heretofore imagined that
imperfect information delivered in bar-
bareus Latin, 'Ms more learned" than
sounder information delivered in our
own vernacular tongue. It would be bat
in keeping with what they think now,
when they wonder over a common-place
fragment of some Roman author, which
is now and then slipped into a leader in
the Times, to give a zest to the imagi-
nation of the un-latinized reader, or to
complete with the first words that present
theinselves to the writer's mind, a phrase
that he had not time " to round cm into
good English.*' Let, however, thb ab-
surdity hd eliminated from the Gresham
lectures.
We have already said that we would
have these lectures supplementary to
every university, hospital or college
course of academic and professional
studies. This would interfere with the
objects and interests of no other insti-
.tution: but it would be useful to the
members, the professors, lecturers, and
teachers in all of them. An improved
and consistent mode of general scientific
teaching might be educed from the pro-
fessors of the Gresham ; and we are
convinced, as we said last week, that this
College would " gain an English, and
ultimately a European, reputation,** if
only it were managed in conformity with
the '< living spirit" rather than the ''dead
letter'* of the Founder's bequest. Will no
motive other than gold, and what gold can
purchase, inspire the enthusiasm of the
masses of "London clay*' that regulate
the city destinies f We hope that they
are capable of a higher and purer ambi-
tion than the world gives them credit
for : and we would at least hope — we
would eladly say, could we do so, believe
— ^that having an opportunity so favour-
able for refuting popular opinion, they
will give an unquestionable proof that
they possess higher qualities than those
of the miser and the swine !
We shall continue to watch the pro-
gress of this '* election ;** and we beliere
that we possess the means of watching it
efiectually. We shall be most glad if we
Mr. T. Dakin, 78, King William-street, City, Che-
mist and Druggist.
Mr. James Hoppe, 5, Bennett's Hill (boainess not
given.)
Mr. R. L. Jones, 40, Little Moorflelds (boslneea
not giren.)
These are the men who are privileged to deeide -
upon the JUneu cf a Prof$$nr of Qeowtetrp in
Greiham College ! Is any comment neceiaaxy f
THE YORK EXHIBITION Ot AORtCOtTURAL 1MPLEMEMT8.
69
em report fitvonrably of the exercise of
the "elective franchise;*' and shall
gladly withdraw oar censures for the
pttt, if the trustees only show some sense
of deeeney in their choice of the new
professor. We care not who he is, so
that he be the best man that can be
jbund to come forward — a man in whom
the scientific world can place implicit
eoniideooe ; and, at the same time, a
maa who will pledge himself to carry
ont in their true spirit the noble designs
of the merchant prince of England.
Such m man may shame his colleagues
into a sense of their duties, or teach them
the grand virtue of resiqnatiok. Let
all the professors hb made to feel them-
lelTes as before Iks worlds and they will
either do tneir d^tir and sain honours
for themselves, or tney will give way to
others more ardent, more learned, and
more high-minded than themselves.
Above all things, let perpetuity, and
its consequent negligence of duty, be
stopped at onod and for ever in respect
of thne appointments. Let each Gresham
professorship be looked to as a golden
opportunity which occurs but once in a
life, for the most gifted of men to leave a
permanent mark of his existence and of
nis power of influencing for good, the
onward course of the intellecttud human
race 1 Let him be taught to concentrate
his whole force upon a high and ho-
nourable effi>rt for Immortal honour from
his species ; and that such an opportunity
if ooee thrown away, can never come tp
him again I Then, and only then, will
the Gresham become worthy of Gresham
and of London I
give him any information on the subject he
may require. Yours respectfully, J. B.
ManchMteTi July 5, 1848.
BLBOTEICAL irACHINBS.
Sir,— In answer to an iaqairy in jour
lisC M.g««iiii> of " M. G. W. Laarence,"
concer n ing the best method of making the
cushions for the new plate electrical ma-
chine of my invention, mentioned in yonr
last vol., p. 515 ; I beg to lay, the materials I
Qied were these : I procured some good horse
hair and had it well dried, I then enclosed it
n a easing of silk similar in shape to those
used in other plate machines. This I de-
ddedly prefer to dried flannel, as suggested
by Mr. ** L." Both methods I have tried,
and the former I must say is far superior to
the latter.
If it is the intention of Mr. '* L." to
construct an electrical machine on my prin-
ciple, I shall be very happy at any time to
AOniCULTU&AL IMPLBlfBNTS. — KOTAL
AG&ICULTT7RAL SOCIBTt's XXHIBITIOK
AT TOBK.
We extract from the T^met the following
account of the prises and medals awarded
for agrieultaral implements at this week's
York Meeting of the Royal Agricultural
Society. The great number of portable
steam-engines brought forward is remark-
able ; and is no doubt to be accounted for
by the near vicinage of the great manufac-
turing towns of I^ds, Sheffield, Birming-
ham, &c. At the Newcastle Exhibition
there were only three exhibited ; at the
Northampton but one. On the present oc-
casion the number exhibited was no less
than seventeen. The prize for the best, it
will be seen, was awarded to Mr. Homsby,
of Lincohi.
For tlie best plough for heavy land, 10^, the Ist
of 83— Mr. BuBby. \
For the be«t plough for light land, 10/., and 2d of
30 — Mesirs. Howard and Son.
For the beet drill for general purposet, 15/., the
1st of 17— Mr. Homsby.
For the best turnip-drill on the flat. 10/., the 6th
of 37— Mr. Garrett.
For the best turnip-drill on the ridge, 10/., the 4th
of 1 7 — Mr. HomsbT.
For the best scarifier or grubber, 10/., the 1st o(
18 — Messrs. Sharman and Co.
For the best machine for making draining tiles
or pipes, 20/., the 1st of 5— Mr. Whitehead.
For the best harrow, 5/., the 16th of 30->Messrs.
Howard and Son.
For the best steaming apparatus, 10/., the 1 6th
of 18— Messrs. Sharman and Co.
For the best sUm or paring plough, 5/., the 6th
of 6— Mr. Kilby.
For the best horse seed-dibbler, 10/., the Ist of 4
— Mr. Newberry.
For the best one-horse cart, 5/., the Ist of 4—
Mr. Eaton.
For the best waggon, 10/., the 35th of 71— Mr.
Stratton.
For the best thrashing machine, 20/.
For the best steam-engine, 50/., the 7th of 17 —
Mr. Homsby.
For the best com-dressing machine — 10/.
For the best gorsebruiscr, 5/., the 13tb of 38—
Messrs. Barrett, Exall, and Co.
For the best implement for difttributing pulverised
manure, 10/., the 6th of 17— Mr. Homsby.
For the best grate or »tove for cottages, 5/., the
2lBt of 32— Mr. W. N. Nicliolson.
MBDALS.
Norwegian harrow, the 82nd of 91— Mr. CroskilL
Hay-making machine, the 1st of 18— Mr. Smith,
of Stamford.
Horse-rakc, the Htli of 14— Mr. Ilensman.
Horse-hoe on the flat, thi) 11th of 37— Mr. Gar-
rett.
Horse-hoo on the ridje, the 7th of 33— Mr,
Busby.
Grass-land cultivator, the 21st of 33 — Mr. Busby.
Linseed and corn-crusher, the 15th of 18 — Messrs.
Sharman and Co.
Liquid manure drill, the 2nd of 2— Mr. T. Chand-
ler.
70
WXBKIT LIST OV KEW SK(}II8& PATBHTft.
Chaff-entter, the 5th of 10— Mr. Conies.
Cake-breaker, the 4th of 32—Mr. W. N. Nichol-
son.
Root-washer, the 61st of 01— Mr. CroskilL
Cesspool and tank-cleanser, the 4th of 12— Means.
Dean, Dray, and Co.
Cheese-press, the 8th of 11— Mr. Bnickshaw.
Shock remorer, the 2nd of 6— Mr. Summers.
Level— Mr. Blundell.
For improvements in the transparent water gauge,
as attached to the steam engine — Mr. Hope.
Steaming apparatus, 6th of 10— Mr. R. Robinson,
Belfast.
The 12 sheds of the implement yard are
diyided into 158 stands, each exhibitor
having one for himself, and having his
instmrnents numbered and ticketed therdn.
Some of the stands have only one article
exhibited in each, while others have as many
as from 30 to 90. There are 16 machinists
who have each contributed from 30 to 90
articles, but of that number only seven have
been successful enough to obtain prises, so
that from this fact the inferenee may be
fairly drawn that the judges have paid more
attention to the quality than to the quantity
of implements exhibited. Of the 21 prises
and 17 medals awarded, 4 have been given
to Mr. Homsby, 3 to *Mr. Busby, 2 to
Messrs. Howard and Son, 2 to Mr. Cross-
kell, 2 to Mr. Garrett, and 2 to Messrs.
Sharman and Co. Mr. Homsby, who ex-
hibited only 17 articles, must be considered
the most successful competitor of the show.
The prizes won by him are all large ones,
being awarded for important Implements.
The steam-engine to which a 50/. prize was
given is thus described in the catalogue :
" A six-horse power portable steam-engine ; in-
vented, improved, and manufactured by the exhi-
bitor. It 18 simple in its conBtruction, fitted with
governors, and easy to manage, with tubular boiler,
flre-box, and smoke-box complete."
Mr. Busby's plough for heavy land " is
capable of working 12 inches deep when re-
quired, and with a lighter mould-board will
not be found too heavy to be used as a two-
horse plough.'' Its price is 5/., and it has
now the recommendation of being a second
time successful, having won a similar prize
at Northampton. Messrs. Howard's plough
for light land is an improvement on their
patent iron plough with two wheels, which
has been successful at all the meetings of the
society. The alteration introduced is a new
method of fixing the wheels, by which the
width of furrow may be altered more readily
than upon the old plan ; it is also superior
for deep ploughing, and upon dirty land,
where the soil accumulates on the old slid-
ing axle.
Mr. Garrett's " furnip drill on the flat "
is also an established favourite with the
society, having won its prizes at Cambridge
and Northampton ; it is called
" A four-row lever drill, for the purpose of de-
positing turnips or mangel wurzel seeds with arti-
ficial or well-rotted fium-yaid manure, for eiihef
flat or ridge-ploQghed lands. It is made with im-
proved levers and coulters, whereby the manure
may be deeply buried in the land below the seed,
and any quantity of soil placed between them. The
seed coulters may be adjusted to drill the seeds
either deeper or fleeter, as circumstances may re-
quire. This drill is also adapted Ibr dxilltag beans,
peas, and carrots, with manure^ at any intervals
apart."
The steaming apparatus of Messrs. Shar-
man and Co., the catalogue says —
" Is adapted for quickly generating steam to be
applied to the purposes of cooking Hnseed, chaff,
potatoes, and otoer food for eattle. It is made of
copper and galvanized iron, and oaa be used with-
out the aid of brickwork. A Jet of steam is so in-
troduced into the compound tub as to keep the food
in agitation, and obviate the naceaeity of stininff it
up in the ordinary way."
The machine for making tUhng, draiaf,
and pipes to which the prize was awarded is
a new hivention of Mr. John Whitehead, of
Preston, Lancashire. It is very strong, and
the box will contain 8,744 cubic indues of
day. It is thus described : —
'* It may be easily turned the whole day by one
man, who also may fill the box, while a boy euta
the tiles off and carries them away. The firont of
the box Is large enough to receive a die-plate, with
seven U-inch or five 2-iDfih tiles in width, and If
? laced one upon anothei, twelve l^-inch or nine
•inch tiles. Any description of tiles may be made
by this machine. A vrrought iron screen plate may
be attached when tiles are not being made, for the
f uzpose of extraoting stones from the day.**
WKSKLT LIST OF NEW XNGLISH PATElfT«.
Walter Orsell Palmer, of Southacre, near Swaff-
ham, Norfolk, farmer, for improvements in machi-
nery for threshing and dressing eom. July 10; six
mouths.
Anthony Lorimler, of Beirs-buildlngs, Saliabury-
square, City, bookbinder, for improvements in com-
bining gutta percha and caoutchouc with other
materials. July 10; six months.
Richard Roberts, of the Globe Works, Manches-
ter, engineer, lor certain improvements in and
applicable to clocks and other tbne-keepers, in
machinery or apparatus for winding clocks and
hoisting weights, and for effecting telegraphic com-
munications between distant clocks and placea
otherwise than by electro-magnetism. July 11 *, six
months.
Leon Castelain, of Poulton-square, Middlesex,
chemist, for improvements in the manufacture of
soap. July 11; six months.
Felix Alexander Fessad de Beauregard, of Paris^
engineer, for improvements in generating steam,
and in the means of obtaining power from steam
engines. July 1 1 ; six months.
Matthew Kirtley, of Derby, engineer, for iok-
provements in the manufacture of railway wheels.
July 11 ; six months.
Jesse Ross, of Leicester, agent, for improvements
in apparatus for dibbling and other agrioultural
purposes ; part of which improvements are applica-
ble to propelling vessels. July II ; six months.
William Edwards Staite, of Lombard-stieei, City,
gentleman, for improvements in the construction
of galvanic batteries, in the formation of magnets,
and in the application of electricity and magnetism
for the purpose of lighting and signalizing, as also
a mode or modes of employing the said galvanic
batteries, or some of them, for the piupose of ob-
taining chemical producU; parts of which improve-
ments are a communication. July 12 ; six months.
n
trBBKI.T LIST OF DK8ION8 FOE ARTICLKS OF UTILITY EBOTSTBRBD.
0<t«of Ncln
telctn-theBe-
noB. gister. Proprietors* Namet. Addretges. Subjects of Designs.
July 5 1491 Charles Gneimay Park-street, Grosrenor-aqaare... Stock.
7 149S Biehard Restall Croydon Cylindrical brooch protector.
10 1493 George Frederick Mor-
rell Fleet-street Flower and plant label.
11 1494 John Sparks King-street, Tower Hill Railway dispatch and cash
box.
11 1495 William N. Nicholson ... Newark-on-Trent Newark cottage range.
,. 1496 Wniiam Bullock Tib-
bits M Branston Spring holdftit for window
sashes.
„ 1497 William Rawlings Sobey Exeter Spring lock for a brooch.
„ 1498 Oilbert Dickinson New Bond-street Artists' Tadc mecum.
GUTTA PERCHA COMPANY'S WORKS«
WHARF ROAD, CITY ROAD,
London, Ut April, 1848.
THB GUTTA PEBCHA COMPANY have great pleasnie in stating that the steadily increasing demand
ibr the Patbkt Gunx Fxhcha Drxviko Bansb justiflea the utmost confidence that they are ftiUy
arovoved.
Tbebr dnTabUity and strength— permanent contractility and uniformity of substance— their non-suioep-
tIMlity of injury from contact with Oils, Grease, Acids, Alkalies, or Water— and the facility with whlcU the
single joint required can be made in Bands of any length— render them superior for almost all working
purposes, and decidedly economical.
OoLosHJM, TvBiKO of all sizes, Bouoibs, Cathsteks, Stethkscopxs, and other Surgical Instruments;
Movu>i]rot#0K PicTunx Feakss and other decorative purposes; Whips, Thomos; Txmnis, Golf, and
Ckxckxt Balls, &g., in great variety.
Patent Ontta Perclia Shoe Soles.
The applicability of Qutta Percha Soles for Boots and Shoes having been extensively and satisikctorily
tested, we can unhesitatingly recommend the material prepared for this purpose, its merits having been
acknowledged by all who have tried it. Indeed, experience has proved that Gntta Perclia Soles wear twice
aa loog as leather, with great additional personal comfort; and they remain perfectly impervious to wet
ontit quite worn through.
Boot and Shoe Soles for Summer Wear.
The £sct of the total impervlousness of these Soles to water, enables the most delicate, by the use of
them, to escape the suffering which the prov^bial uncertainty of our climate, xven xk Summsb, so often
inilicts upon the incautious, and this efiect may be secured by a Sole so thin and light, as to afford to the
wearer a degree of ease and comfort hitherto unattainable, in conjunction with security against damp.
At lie mme iinu, iht rtmarkobU non-conducting propertiet of Crutta Percha afford a most vaiuablt pro-
Uetion to tko$e who are tubjected to tuffering or inconvenience by walking upon heated pavemenii.
The question of the durability of Gutta Percha Soles, aa compared with Leather, has long since been
decided in fhvour of the former; and no Instance of failure has yet come to tiie knonr-
ledse of tbe Company which may not be ascribed to a neglect of their printed
TO ARCHITECTS, BUILDERS, &c.
Copper-1/Vlre Cord.
p 8. NEW ALL & Co.'s PATENT IMPROVED COPPER-WIRE CORD for WINDOW SASH LINES,
Hot-houses, Lightning Conductors, Hanging Pictures, Clock Cord, and Tarious other purposes for
vhleh hempen rope has hitherto been used. This now and valuable Patent is fast superseding the use
•f the hempen cord, and is strongly recommended to all Builders and other parties connected with the
above. The Wire Cord may be had wholesale, and specimens seen at the Office of the Patentees, No. I6S,
ftachnxch-ttreet, W. T. ALLEN, Agent; or retail of G. and J. DEANE, 46, King William-street, and
C PARKS, 140, Fiaet-street ; also of all respectable Ironmongers.
The Meteorological Society of London.
/OBJECTS : to spread a hnowledge of Meteorology and to obtain information as to the Causes which
operate in producing Changes and Modifications in the condition of the Atmosphere. Persons wishing
to become Members of this Society, or to further its objects by Donations, may apply for copies of the
Enles, &c., to Mr. Louis Casella, Treasurer, pro. tem.t 23, Hatton Garden, London; or to Lieut. Morrison,
R.N., II, Acre-hine, Brixtoo; P. L. Simmonds, Esq., 6, Barge-yard, City; or W. H. White, Esq., 33,
Albany-road, CamberweU, Secretary, pro, tern.
72
ADYERTISEMBMTS.
The Railway Record,
(EDITED BY JOHN ROBERTSON, M.A.,)
IS published early every Saturday Morning, and
contains full and exclusive Reports of all Rail-
way Meetings, wltlx the Official Documents in full ;
Railway Law Cases, Railway Share Lista, and
Traffic Returns, and all matters affecting Railway
Proprietors. It is considerably larger than any
other Railway Paper, and is exclusively devoted to
this branch of enterprise.
Tk* Railwaf Record will be found a peculiarly
eligible medium for Advertisers of all articles con-
nected with Railwav Companies, and all matteis,
whether of use or luxury, which it is sought to
bring under the notice of Oapitaliats.
Price 6d.sumped; Office, 158, Fleet^street,
London.
To XSngiiieers and Bollei^
Makers.
LAP- WELDED IRON TUBES, FOR MARINE
AND LOCOMOXITB SJEAM - BOILERS,
Tubes for Steam, Gas, and other purposes ; — all
sorU of Gas Fittings. The Binningnam Patent Iron
Tube Company, 42) Oambrldgo-atreet, Birmingham,
and Smethvrick, Staffordshire, manoiacture Boile^a
and Gas Tubes, under an exclusive License f^om
Mr. Richard Prosser, the Patentee.
These Tubes are extensively used in the Boilers
of Marine and Locomotive Steam Engines in
England and on the Continent; — are Stronger,
Lighter, Cheaper, and more Durable than Brass or
Copper Tubes, and are warranted not to open in
the weld.
42, CAMBRIDOEpSTREET, CRESCENT,
BIRMINGHAM.
Works-r-Smethwick, Staffoiddilra.
LONDON WAREHOUSE^ No. 68, UPPER
THAMES-STREET.
Publiihed Every Saturday f price Sixpetue,
THE
MINING JOURNAIs,
RAILWAY AND COMMERCIAL GAZETTE;
A WBBKLY NBW8PAPBK ; VORMING A
Complete History of the Commercial and Scientific
Progress of
MINES AND RAILWAYS,
And a carefully- collated Synopsis, wfth numerous
Illustrations of all
NEW INVENTIONS AND IMPROVEMENTS
XM
MECHANICS AND CIVIL ENGINEERING:
Prices of Stocks, Ores, Metals, and Materials;
ReporU of the Proceedings of Public Companies ;
the Transactions of Sdentillc Bodies ; Official and
Exclusive Information from Mining Districts,
abroad and at home, &c., &c. ■
Office : 2G, Fleet-street, London.
Now ready, price 2s.,
A Glossary- of MBnint; and
Smelting Terms,
Used in English and Foreign Mining Districts.
T>UBLISHED at the Office of the Mining Jonr-
•*■ nat, 26, Fleet-street, London ; and may be had
of John Wcale, 59, High Holborn; and through all
bookiellers in town and country.
The People's Journal and
Hqwitt's Journal Combined!
Now Publishing, in Weekly Numbers, Price Thiee>
halfpence, and Monthly Parts,
THE PEOPLFS JOURNAL, with which is In-
corporated HOWITT'S JOURNAL: an Illua-
trated Periodical for all classes.
The Proprietors of the PEOPLE'S JOURNAL
beg to inform the Subscribers to these popular
works, and the Public, that having purchased the
copyright of HOWITT'S JOURNAL, they have
determined upon uniting the two, in order thereby
more eflectually to carry out the views and princi-
ples of the former proprietors ; and while they con-
sistently inculcate truth, morality, and good taste.
exclude fhnn their columns all that may offisud
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periodicals to advance, and which must ultimately
tend to secure to every man a full and perfect en->
Joyment of bodily health, naental vigour, and that
better than all earthly gifts— a well*ordeied and
comfortable home.
With a desire to promote these ol^ects, they have,
with the commencement of the present volume,
permanently enlaced the Journal;' thus giving
Sixteen fUir pages of Literature, chiefly original,
with two pages of Advertisements and a Beautiftal
Illustration, the full size of the letter-preu. The
engraving is printed on superior paper, and so
arranged that it may be detached, and bound In ita
proper place at the completion of the volume.
London: Published by WILLOUG^BY and Co.,
at the
"PEOPLE'S JOURNAL" OFFICE,
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NOTICES TO COHRESPONDSNTS.
Our " Buddtrtjleld*' eorretpondent Aaa been iat-
ptmd upon ; the halfjfearly Supplement, with Table
Index, 4«., wu published grmlU,
Mr. Dredge* e paper on the Sea Wall QiMftfen it
unapoidably postponed till next Ufeek.
Mr. Halles' Orrery Globe.— il pair of gUbee am
this plan mag now be seen at the Polgteeknie IntU"
tution; theu are verg beauHfullg made, and explain
Mr. HaiM peculiar aetronomieal oiewe, better tkam
angthing which he hoe get printed on the eub^t.
CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER.
Description of Dr. Alban's Improved Steam
Boiler— (vi(A engravinge)^ 49
Walker's Patent Hydraulic Engine SS
Cutler's Patent Welded Lap Iron Tubes ...... ... 54
The Model Lodging Houses for the Working
Classes— Letter to Lord Ashley 54
Improvements In Construction, and
Auxiliary Legislative Measures Sug-
gested—Repeal of the Brick Duty and
Window Tax, &c.
. Baron von Rathen's Compressed-Air Loco-
motive „ tl
Description of the System of Ventilation and
Warming idopted at the Model Prison, Pen-
tonviile— <ma engravingey-iconeluded) 6S
The Gresham Professorships -Second Notice... C4
Electrical Machines ^ 69
Agricultural Implements— Prises and Med&Is
Awarded at the Royal Agricultural Society'a
Exhibition at York „ ..^ 69
Weekly List of New English Patents 70
Weekly List of New Articles of UtUity Rois-
tered ^..,«....... n
Advertisementi ......^ ,...;........ 71
iniecftanic0 iBafia^ttu,
MUSEUM, REGISTER, JOURNAL, ANJ> GAZETTE.
No. 1302.] SATURDAY JULY 22, 1848. [Price 3if., Stamped, 4 J.
Rdlted by J. C. Robertson. IM, Fleet-«trMt.
THE NEWARK COTTAGE RANGE.
Fig. 1.
TOL. XLIX.
M
THB NSWARK COTTAQB BAKOB.
ClUfiatewd under the Act for the ProtecUon of Arttctei of Utility. Mr. VT, Vf Klchotoon,
Newark-on-Trent, Agricultural Implement Maker, InTentorO
The «« Newark Cottege Range," repre-
sented in the accompanying engravinge.
obtained the prize at tne York Agricultural
Meeting last week, as the best of thirty-
two articles of this description then ex-
hibited, and will be found on examina-
tion fully to justify the preference given
to it.
Fig. 1 18 a front tIcw of it in perspec-
tive; and fig. 2 a croas-seotion of it
throujgh the centre of the fire place.
A is the fire range, which consists sim-
ply of a frontage of Yertical bars, con-
tained in a frame which slides up and
down in grooTes. The two sides of the
interior of the fire-place are composed
of cheeks of fire-clay, and the back, G,
of a slab of the same material, which is of
the peculiar angular form shown in fig.
2, and so inclined towards the bottom bar
of the range as to render any bottom
grate unnecessarT. B is a fall bar which
is swivelled so that it can either be let
down over the fire-place or over tiie
hearth, according to the degree of heat
desired to be imparted to the pot» kettle,
or other article placed upon it. A side-
view of this bar and the parts connected
with it is given in Fig. 3. C ia the
oven, the door of which forma a conve-
nient hot shelf when turned down ; D
is the boiler; and F the boiler Hd, which
fits into a sunk joint so as to come per-
fectly flush with the rest of the top of
the boiler.
The smaUness of the fire space in this
apparatus, and the narrowing of it in the
line of least utility, namely ^om back
to front, are circumstances highly favour^
able to economy of combustion ; while
the fire-cUy sidoi and bock most effectu-
ally protect the ac^acent oven and boiler
from the direct action of the fire, and
render them consequently much more
durable than usual.
To free the fire-place from ashes, all
that is necessary to be done, ia to raise
the front range a little, when the cinders
will fall out by their own weight from
ofi^ the inclined back, G i no raking what-
ever required. The flues also may be
cleared through the doors, EE, without
disturbing the fire.
The cost of this very simple and most
efficient apparatus, is not much greater
Fig. 3.
'o'
S
(£
A
If^
than that of the worst and commonest
article of the grate and stove class. One
with oven and boiler complete costs from
35s. to 408. ; with oven only and Bhxm
side, it may be had for 258.
iMAf. DlAKSy DEAT, AKB DSANB's PORTAJSLB FIRS-SNOIKK AKH WATIRINO PUMP.
[Regiitered under the Act for tlie Protection of Artidei of Utilily.]
We here present our readers with an-
odier of the articles which had the good
fortune to be honoured with a prize at
the late York Agricultural Meeting. It
was one of twelve machines exhibited,
hanag for their common object the com-
bination in one framework, and on one
set of wheels, of an irrigating engine
and a fire engine. The pump is of the
same class as that described in a former
number of this Magaaine (vol. xltiH. p.
150,) hayine an air-vessel surrounding
the barrel of the pump. By the exertion
of a little force, two men are able to
send a stream of water on to the top of
a building of considerable heiffht; and
for watering purposes a single hand can
command a circle of aboutSO ft. diameter.
8TKAjy[ BOILER WATER OAUGB.
C&egiftered under the Act for the Protection of Articles of UtQity. George H9re> ti 199^ Qxetk
GuUdford-street, Southwark, Engineer, Pn^iietor.]
This is another very useful
very usetul mven-
tion, which obtained an honorary me-
dal at the late York Agricultural Meet-
ing.* Fig. 1 is a sectional elevation of
so much of this gauge as is necessary to
show the peculiarity in its construction.
A is one of the sockets into which one
end of the glass tube, B, is fixed. C is
tfaoe aperture of communication with the
* In our last week's list, the name of the inven-
tor wat erroneovaly gtren as HopCf Instead of
JETowf.
boiler, and D a nut for closing up the
opening through which the tube is slipped
into its place. E is a ring, of vulcanized
caoutchouc, which is first passed over the
end of the glass tube, after which the
glass tube, with the ring upon it, is put
through the socket, A, and drawn up
until the ring rests against the shoulder,
a a, of the socket. By this arrangement
any leakage is entbrelv prevented, while,
at the same time, it admits of Ae expan-
B 2
76
SEA WALLS SHOULD THEY BE SLOPING OR VERTICAL !
Fiff. I.
sion and contraction of the parts without
eidanfering the glass.
A pTan of the glass tube, B, and vul-
canised ring, £ (before being put into
the socket) is given in fig. 2.
SXA-WALLS — SHOULD THBT BB SLOPING
OR YBRTICAL?
Sir, — The form of sea walls is a sub-
iect of considerable importance, particu*
larlj at this moment, when a large
amount of public money is about to be ex-
pended in works of this description, in the
construction of harbours of refuge. Now
that the subject is broached in the pages
of the Meckanics* MagoMine, the anta-
gonistic opinions which exist are likely
to give rise to a great deal of discussion.
As I have only superficially glanced
through the Report of the Dover Har-
bour Commissioners, I cannot with confi-
dence refer to any of the evidence. My
remarks will therefore be applied only to
those papers that have lately appeared in
your Journal. ,
There are two poinU to which we must
particularly pay attention in considering
the construction of sea walls :
First, The nature and the direction of
the force of the waves acting against the
wall; and
Secondly, The most effective form of
the wall in resisting this force, which
depends in a measure upon the nature of
the material of which the wall is com-
posed.
First, then, the agiution of the sea is
caused by the horisontal force of the
wind. The tempest in passing over the
surface of the water at first produces a
ripple — ^which increases until the waves
rise to the height we daily witness.
The wind acting in a horizontal direc-
tion produces (so to speak) a mechanical
effect, which must be absorbed in urging
the water in the direction in whicn it
acts, and by the friction between the par-
ticles of water in the rise and depression
of the waves. That the waves of the
sea move in the direction of the wind is
evident from the effect produced by it on
the ebb and flow of the tide.
That the force of a wave arises from
something more than its mere altitude is
plain from the registrations of Mr. Ste-
phenson's Marine Dynamometer, (see
ante vol. xlviii., p. 436,) and from the fact
of the great height to which spray is occa-
sionally projected. I have seen the sprsiy
in the Bristol Channel thrown fifty feet
above high water level.
The object of a sea wall in the con-
struction of a harbour of refuge is to
break the force of the waves; on one
side of the wall the sea is raging with ail
the violence of a tempest, on the other
side it is comparatively tranquil; the
force of the waves is destroyed by the in-
terposition of the wall; which. must re-
ceive it. But is a vertical face best
adapted for this purpose ? Is it pro-
bable that this form has the power of
suddenly checking the force of the
waves and drawing a distinct line between
the raging sea and a complete calm,
without receiving any shock? And if
the wall does receive a shock, is not the
vertical form essentially weak to resist
it P Of course, the arguments in favour
of a vertical wall are founded upon the
supposition of the action of the waves
being only in a vertical direction; but
what grounds arc there for this opinion ?
All the arguments in support of it appear
8BA WALL8-raH0mi> THEY BE SLOPING OR VERTICAL ?
77
to me extremely weak and hypothetical.
Of what use would a floating breakwater
be if the action of the waves were only
▼erdcal?
In my judgment Professor Airey at-
taches too much importance, to the bare
fiust of his rising and falling on the sur-
face of the wayes, in an open boat within
a few yards of the Swansea-pier, without
striking against it. A wall built across a
river would effectually stop Uie running
of the stream ; so also a vertical wall in
the sea, as long as it stood, would check
any current at right angles to its faces ;
the boat containing Professor Airey stood
no chance of stming against. the pier
unless the water could flow freely through
it (which was impossible.) If there
were any current within a few yards of
the wall it must have been parallel to,
and not at right angles with its faces. A
similar efiect may be witnessed if the
pier of a bridge m a. running stream be
made flat to the stream, as represented in
the following diagram. A cork at a
would float in its position without being
in any danger of striking against the
masonry B, the water here being sta-
tionary. But who can say that the pres-
sure of the stream on the bridge is less
on that account P Indeed it appears to
me that there is a perfect analogy be-
tween the piers of a bridse and a sea
wall, and that if we admit the arguments
in fayour of a vertical wall we should be
justified in adopting the flat-sided pier,
instead of the pointed cutwater univer-
sally used.
Secondly, A vertical wall to resist an
impelling force is much weaker than one
with a sloping face, both because it
stands upon a kss base and depends upon
the bonding of the stones for its security,
whilst the wall having an exterior slope
presents a larger base to resist die force
of the waves, and the ^tones being in
the natural position, are not so liable to
be disturbed.
On the whole, the question appears
to come to this : Is it wiser to resist the
violence of the waves by breaking them
and receiving the force in detail up an
inclined plane — or to resist it unbroken
by a perpendicular face? The first
would undoubtedly be more liable to
injury in places, for single stones or even
yards may be shifted, but sudb damage
might be easily repaired; while a vertical
wall, if once penetrated WQuld be de-
stroyed inevitably.
I cannot think therefore that it is pru-
dent to abandon a principle, which ex-
perience has provea to be efficient in
practice, for one which, to say the most
of it, is altogether theoretical.
I remain, Sir, yours obediently,
M,
LondoDj Bfay 18» 1848. ,
SXA-WALLS — SHOULD THXY BE 8L0PIM0
OR VBRTICAI. ?
Sir, — Your review of "the Account
of the Pljrmouth Breakwater, by Sir
John Rennie," and the subsequent pub-
lication of an Abstract of the Report of
the Dover Harbour Commissioners, to-
gether with the Protest of Sir Howard
I)ouglas, seem to have attracted the
attention of many of your readers to this
most important subject.
Local circumstances always inflaenee
the design in every class of engineering
work; therefore, with regard to the
general plan proposed, I have nothing to
say, but shall confine Itny remarks en-
tirely to the consideration of the form of
wall proposed, and particularly at present
to the inclination proper to be given to
the sea face.
All the arguments that have been
urged in support of the theory of vertical
wdls, are founded on the supposition
that die motion of the sea during a tem-
pest is wholly vertical— that the waves
would oscillate without breaking upon
the perpendicular face of the wail, and
merely cause a varying pressure against
it. I have carefully perused the Report
of the Commissioners, and cannot see
sufficient to justify such a conclusion.
is
8XA WAttS — SBOVLD THBY BX StOPIKO OR VXRTICAL?
Initaneefl are addneedwbere the gradual
slope has Med ; but, generally speaking,
the injury was of a partial kind, and
either done during the progress of the
work or before the mass became suffi-
ciently consolidated; and in every in-
stance the iinury has demonstrated the
Value of the slope by decreasing its angle
of eleration. Many engineers of emi-
nence, and Bcientille men of high reputa-
tion, are in fiivonr of yertical walls. But,
on the other hand, there are also many
engineers who oppose the doctrine, whilst
the past experience qf Smeaton and
Rennie can well afford to be placed in
Jilxta-position with the theory of Profes-
sor Airy (I speak with eveiy respect
towards the Astronomer Royal;.
Daily experience shows us that the
wind, which is the cause of motion in
the sea, moves in a horisontal direction,
and urges paper, leaves, dust, and other*
light particles of matter in the direction
in which it blows. Does it not appear
reasonable, therefore, that the sea, upon
the waters of which the wind has iSuch
almost unlimited power, should be simi-
larly influenced ?
It Has been urged that a vertical wave
falling upon the sea slope of a break-
water, would break by the force aoou-
raulated in its descent, and that the
water thereof would be urged with f reat
violence up the Inolined plane. Now,
so f«r is this tnjm being the case, that it
is jQst the reverse of what actually oe-
edfs. Wot (he slope, instead of facili-
tathig the flow of water np it, tends to
throw it back asain towards the sea, fts
may be easily demonstrated by reference
to the tbUowing diagram, in whioh
a b repfeeents the sea-ilope, and e d the
vertical direetlon of a wave. Draw a
perpendienlar line, c d, from a b, at the
point d, at whieh the wave would strike.
It If a #tll*kiMMni j»ioperty in physics.
that the angle of percussion is ecjoal to
the angle of recoil: consequently, eJcr^
cdfy and df would be the direction hi
which a vertical wave would recoil from
the inclined plane, a 6, which, being
acted upon by gravity, is still farther
deflected to the line, dg. Thus, then,
if the water of the sea during a eale had
only a vertical motion, it should, when
breaking on the slope, be urged in the
direction d a towards the foot, instead of
in the direction de, towards the summit
of the slope. And the stones whieh,
during the gales which damaged the Ply-
mouth Bretucwater, were flung landwara,
would hare been found at the fbot of the
incline.
Mr. Thomas Stevenson's excellent ex-
periments show, beyond question, that
there is a very great horizontal pres-
sure in the motion of the sea. His ma-
rine dynanometer redstered nearly three
tons per square foot during a gale off the
Skerry vore Rock. This could not possibly
be the result of. vertical osoillation only;
for the statical pressure of the highest
wave would not amount to one half of it
Neither could it have been the result of
impact from the effect of a vertieal wave ;
for during the transmission of the force
of a wave from a vertical to a horisontal
line, a sufiicient interval of time would
elapse to prevent thb. Spray hi often
thrown 100 feet above the crest of the
highest wave. If the cause of this were
investigated, it would not be found to
proceed from the rising and falling of
the wave; for it is impossible that the
vertical oscillation of a wave 80 feet high
can dash spray to the height of 120 feet.
The stability of a wall, by which I
mean its resistance en moase to an over-
throwing force, is compounded of its
weight and breadth. It is evident that
a wall with a sea slope possessed these
qualities in the highest degree.
A wall with a vertical face mast be
composed of hswn stone, and dependiB
for its strength upon the bond : if, there-
fore, the stone eomposing - the wall be
once shaken in its bed, nothing can
restore the stability of the mass.
On the other hand, when the break-
water is composed of rough blooks whioh
are suffered to And their natural inolina*
tion, the damage arising from storms is
entirely superficial; for though a few
hundred tons of stone may be heaved
from theUr ph»e by the tioleode of the
I
A FRAOMBNT ON LOGIC.
79
gBl^ Uiisy 80 hr from producing my
leriouB injury, has quite a contrary effect,
by tending materially to consolidate the
I will take an early opportunity of re-
turning to this moat interesting subject.
I am, Sir, yours, &e.,
William Dkbdob.
10, Koriblk-street, Str&nd, Jane 18, 1846.
F&A6MKNT ON LOOIC. BT JAMB8 COOI^LB,
saa., M.A., BARRI8TB&.AT-LAW*
Fully sensible of the ralue of the re-
cently published researches of Mn Boole
on die Setence of Logic, I feel it right
to point out what I deem a misconcep-
tion on the part of that learned writer.
Mr. Boole has observed, that
** Those relations which lo|ieiatis daatg*
oats by the terms oonditioiuly di^junetiye,
Ice., are referred by Kant to distinct ceti-
ditkms of thought. But it is a very re-
SHurkable ftiet, that the expressions of such
relations can be dedaced the one from the
ether by mere analytical process."*
' It ia true that Kant has (Loaie;^ p.
151) stated that categorical, hypothetical,
ind disjunctive judgments "depend upon
MBeQtii41y distinct logical functions rf the
mnderstanding" .... But % think that
tiie following quotations and remarks
frill m^e it clear that the NftwroN of
IIetaphtsiob was quite awa^e of the
connection between diqunoti? e and other
judgments.
In the note at p. 113 of bi^ ProUgo-
AisB-fCll. .. (I.), and that— If A is B, A is note... (2.)
combining (1) and (2) we infbr that A is either B or C — a disjunctive judgment. And
this disjunctive ju(^^ment mAy also be arrived at by combining the tvoo categorioal
judgments
A Is B4>C • . < (1.) and, tiiat which is B is not C . . . (2.),
fod this last mode of derivation would be equally in conformity with KANt'e
view of the disjunctive judgment.f
t, dmiitli-iFard Court, Ttmple, Jana 7, 1M7.
menal Kant, speaking of the table of
the Categories, pays ** that the third** of
each class respectively, "arises from the
first and the second conjoined in one con-
ception...". Again, in his Critick of
Pure Reason,^ he observes " that the
third Categorv always arises from the
combination of the second with the first
of its class.'' And he illustrates this by
saying, that " fFholeneee (Totality) is
nothing else but plurality considered as
unity; Limitation^ nothing else but re-
alitj combined with negation ; Community
is cetuecdity of a substance in determina-
tion reciprocallv with others; lastly.
Necessity is nothing else but the exist-
ence which is given through possibility
itself ..." [He then goes on to state that
since this combination is effected by a
particular actus of the understanding,
the third Categories are primitive and
not merely deduced conceptions of the
pure understanding. This last state-
ment explains the extract, which I have
above given, from hik LogicJ] Now—
The Categories have each as a basis a
5 articular form of Judgment. Hiese
udgments correspond In their proper-
tied with the respective Categories wnich
are founded on th6m. Hence the diS"
junctive judgment Which corresponds to
the Category of OommuDity arises from
the combinaftn of It categorical and a
hypothetical judgment. Kant has not,
that I am aware of^ explicitly shown
this, though he has implicitly afiirmed it,
as I have just pointed ant. It may how-
ever be proved as follatrs : Suppose that
• OamMiM and Dubtin MaihemaUeal Journai,
ToL ill., p. 197.
t TranilAted by JoIid Rlchaidson. London, 1819.
i Same translator and date a« the Logic,
f P. 84 of the Translation, pabHshed by Pickering.
ndM, 18M. Eead the whole of the Stmmd Ob-
itrvaiion. pp. 84—85.
I By B-f C is meant the whole class formed by
the Junction of class B and class C, and conse-
VvntlyC^jaMena that A is contained somewhere
fttlw dSM fbzmed by the jonietioa of B and C, not
that A is 6oM B and C. The following inustratlon
will perhaps be considered as not improper. Let
B and C be conceived as equal semicircleB on op-
posite sides of the same diameter, th^n B+C de-
notes the whole circle. Let A represent another
space then by "A is B+C" U U Intended to be
Alleged that A is within the circle, but nothing is
Intended to be asserted respecting its position with
refisrence to the semicircles B and C.
% Critick of Pure Mtasgu, (Txmnslation) p. 75.
80
TIBBIT'S spring holdfast for window 8ASHK8.
[RegUterod under the Act for the Protection of Articles of UtiUty. William Bullock Tibbitf, of
Braunston, in the County of Northampton, Oentleman, Proprietor.]
Fig. 1. Fig. 2. Fig. 3.
Fig. 1 is an elevation, fig. 2 a section,
and fig. 3 a plan of this holdfast. To
every sash there may be two such hold-
fitf ts, one on each side ; or, in some cases,
one only may sufSce. Each hold&st
consists of the several parts marked A,
B, C, D, £, F, and G. A is a rack, which
is affixed to one side of the sash ; B, is
a plate of metal, which is let into the
grooved recess in which the sash runs,
on the side of that recess opposite to the
rack ; C, is a roller, which is mounted in
the plate, B, the ends of its axis resting
in slots cut in the cheeks, D D, which
are either either cast in one piece with,
or otherwise affixed to the plate, B. £
is a bow -spring, which is attached at the
middle to the back of the saddle-piece, F,
and has its two end bearings in the pro-
jecting pieces, G G. The sides of the
saddle-piece rest on the axle of the roller,
C, so that as the spring attached to this
saddle-piece has, in its normal^ state, a
constant pressure outwards, it keeps
while in that state the roller constantly
projected a little way beyond the face of
the plate, B, and interlocked between
two of the teeth of the rack, A, as shown
in fig. 1.
When the sash is raised or lowered
81
sparxb's railway dibpatch akd cash-box.
and returns as instantaneously to its ori-
ginal holdfast position oi '
that horisontal pressure.
the roller yields instanUneously to the
horisontal pressure resulting from the
Tcrdcal moTement of the sash, and con-
sequent action of the rack-teeth upon it,
SPABKs'a AAILWAT DISPATCH AND GASH-BOX.
[Registered under the Act for the Protection of Articles of Utility. John Sparks, of 12, King-«treet,
Tower-hill, Builder, Proprietor.]
Fig. 1 of the above engraving is a
ftoQt elevation of this box, and fig. 2 a
aeetional elevation on the line a 6 of fig. 1.
A A, is the external shell of the box
vrhieh is divided longitudinally into two
eompartments by the partition, BB ; the
lower compartment is for the reception
of the articles to be conveyed, which are
removed therefrom, at their destination,
through the locked door, C. The upper
eompwtment contains a cylinder, D,
which is open on one side from c to </,
and is suspended on* central pivots, c c,
which have their bearings in tne ends of
the box, so that the cyunder is free to
turn upon them. £ is one of a pair of
connecting bars (there being one to each
end of the cylinder) which at the upper
end 18 joined to the fly-lid, F, of the box,
and at the lower end to the cylinder, so
that when the fly-lid is lifted up, the open
side of the cylinder is uppermost, and
ready for the reception of the articles to
be transferred to the box. When the
lid is let down upon the box the cylinder
is turned round, and the goods fall into
the lower compartment, from which thev
can only be taken through the door, C.
G is one of a pair of sliding bolts which
admit of the cylinder turning round only
at such time as the box is standing in an
upright position, and by coming against
the projecting pins, //, render it imnos-
sible to take anything from the box
through the cylinder by taming it into
any other position.
ne think this apparatus meets more
completely all the desiderata of the case
than any other which has yet come under
our notice.
SOiriNIMG IVOKT.
Sir,— In your Number for July 1, yoa state
ha reply to " Y. X.'s" inquiry respecting the
treatment of ivory, that " to soften is, in
fast, to decompose and destroy it," and
*' according to all past knowled^ and ex-
perience, It does not admit of behig either
s3
82
OEOMETRT OF THE LINE A^TD PLANE.
moulded or emboB«ed»" &c. Permit me,
through the medium of your valuable Jour-
nal, to inform your correspoudent that about
two years ago, a person named Maison, re-
siding in Paris, invented a process of soft-
ening ivory so as to render it capable of
receiving any required impreuionr and of
beiDg manufactured into articles of utility
and ornament, such aa chairs, cablneta,
baskets, vases, &c. I must acknowledge
that objects manufactured by this process
do not present so elegit an appearance as
those made of carved ivory ( but M. Maison's
inventioii offers this advfiitage; that itm
cheapness would admit of the mora geaaral
employment of ivory, the use of wliich sab-
stance is now greatly restricted owing to the
trouble and expense of carving.
I believe that Maison was desirous of
introdaoiiig his inTsntion into England, but
that the price he asked for the secret was
much too high to tempt a purchaser.
I have the honour to be,
Sir, yours very respectfUly,
Ebub.
London, July 5, 1848. .
OBOMBTBT OF THB LINB AND PLAXB. — ^BT T. S. DAYIBSy F.B.8.y L. AND E., F.B.A.,
ROTAL ICZLITABT ACADBMT, WOOLWZOB.
(Continued from page 465. )
Prop. XLI.
If thm anff point Unet b0 drawm, one perpmidkmlar to a pUau^ and the other
perpendicular to a Une in thai plane: then the pime through the Unet §o drawn
will be perpendteular to the Une in the plane.
From the poiot A let a perpendicular
AB be drawn to the plane MN, and A£
perpendicuhir to a line CD in the plane
MN; then if the plane PQ be drawn
through AB, AE, it will be perpendicular
to the line CD.
For, in the plane PQ draw EF per-
pendicular to BQ. Then, since the
plane PQ is drawn through AB, and
AB is perpendioular to MN, the plane
PQ is perpendicular to MN. (f>ro«. 31.) :
and since EF is drawn in the plane PQ
nerpendicular to BQ, the intersectioo of
MN, PQ, and PQ is itself perpendicular
to MN, the line EP is perpendicular to
the plane MN. (prop. 32.) Whence
* afar to ED. (
EF is perpendiouli
(prop. 24.)
Also, AE IS perpendicular to £P by hypothesis ; »nd benee the lines A£, EF in
the plane PQ are both perpendicular to the line CD, and the plane PQ» thertfore,
itself perpendicular to CD. (jfnrop, 24.)
COBOLLARIBS.
This proposition admits of many modifications in the form of ha enaoeiation, soma
of which are better adapted to particular purposes than others. Two of these, ••
well as two simple deductions from the proposition, are annexed.
1. If AB be perpendicular to the plane MN, and CD be a line in the plane MN,
and if BE be drawn perpendicular to CD, then all linei drawn f^om £ to the per-
pendioular AB will be perpendicular to CD.
2. If AB, CD, MN, and BE be drawn as just described, and perpendiealaffs to
CD be drawn from points in AB, they will all meet CD in the same point S.
8. Under tl\f same hypothesis, any line EA' drawn to meet AB will be perpen-
dicular to CD.
4. Of the lines drawn from E to AB, the line EB In the plane MN is the least :
and that (KA'in the figure) drawn to the point of AB nearer to B is less than the
more remote.
GEOMETRY OF THE LINE AND PLANE.
Faop. XLII.
83
IftL Kne be mdmed to a plane, andUnei be drawn 4a Ike plane from ike point where
the ineHned line meete it, thi angUe formed by the inclined Hne with the Un$t
I will be eubfeei to the following relatione :
The aente profile angle ie the least qf till.
The obtuse profile angle is the greatest.
The angle formed with the Hne Uast inclined to the aeuie prqflH
trace is less than that farmed with the more remote one; and
(4.) On^ two ef these angles can be equal, one lying m me sUtB tf th*
profile plane, and the other on the other,
(ft.) One UnCf and only onCf can be drawn in the pkme perptniittikar
to the inclined Une,
(1, 2.) Let AB be a line inclined to
the plane MN, and let lines 'AC, AD,
AS, AP, AG, be drawn in the plane
BIN; aad let BAG be the acute profile
angle, and BAG tiiie obtnse one : then
BAG is the least, and BAG the greatest
of an the angles which can be so formed.
(1.) For let BAE be any other angle;
about A in the plane MN describe
die dide GGB; and from C in the
profile plane draw CB perpendicular to
Tb^^BC is perpendicular to the plane MN (prop, 32) ; and^heiioe Bfi is matsv
' '- ' ' to ttie two
than BC (prop, 28.) Consequently since the two sides AB, AC are equal
AB, A£/but the base BE greater than the base BG, the angle BAE ia greater thaa
BAG. The acute profile angle BAG> therefore tiie least angle.
(2.) Again, since GG is the diameter of the circle GEG, it Is greater diaa fSaUb
line £G ia the circle (Euc. tit. 15) : wherefore the line BQ is greater duui B9
(frap. 28.) Whence, BA, A£ are equal to B A, AG, but the faass BG greater thali
the base BE ; and the angle BAG is hence greater than BAE. The obuise profile
angle BAG is therefore the greatest angle.
(3.) Let AE be nearer than AP to the acute profile trace; then the ^ngle BAE
will be less than BAF.
For, Join BF. Then since the angle CAF ia greater than GAB, the subtending
ehord FG is greater than FE ; or F is more remote from the perpendicular tha»
E is. Whence BF is greater than BK Gonseqnently B A, A£ are equal to BA«
AF, but the base BE leas than the base BF ; and hence the angle BAB ia leaa
than BAF.
f 4.) There can be drawn one, and ofily one, line in the plane MN, which shall
BNkko an angle equal to BAE.
For, make the aogle CAD equal to CAE, and join BD.
Then, since the angle GAD is equal to CAE, tne chord CD is equal to 0£ ; aid
hen^e the line BD to BF (prop, 28.) WfaerefiDre (Ac. L 8) the angle BAD tf
equal to BAE. There can, hence, be one angle equal to any aeleeted a*gle BAE.
tliere can be only one: for all the others on the side GEG of the plane QG ana
either greater or less than BAB, as has been proved ; and it follows in the same waj^
that all those on the other side of QC are eidier greater or leas than BAD» and
hence than BAE.
(5.) Draw HAK perpendicular to GC in the pUme MN. Then, GG is the telw
secuon of two planes MN, PQ, and H£ is drawn in one of the planes MN perpen-*
dicular totjrG, it is perpendicular to the plane PQ; and hence to the Hne AB in
that pUne» Whence one line can be drawn in Ae pUne MN perpendicular to AB.
Thero can be but one: for then it would also be perpendicuhtf to PQ9 which ii
impOHible (j^. 26*)^ To ba ccniumad.)
84
MR. BAOOB'b LKCTUaXB ON KLBCTAICZTY.
Sir, — The tbundentorm which visited
HI last night afforded an excellent oppor-
tunity to those who delight in observing
natttnd phenomena, and in admiring the
miljestjr which pervades the works of the
Creator.
Since the Polytechnic Institation has
been re-opened, some interesting lectures
have been delivered there on the subject
of thunderstorms, and I have no doubt
that such of your electrical readers as
are resident in London have already be-
come acquainted with the novel effects
which Mr. Baggs presents to his audience.
But to your numerous country readers,
who are dependent on secondary evi-
dence, I think a short account of these
valuable additions to science will be ac-
ceptable, and it may excite a desire in all
to push onwards in that hitherto unex-
plored region which is now opened to
our researches.
The leading improvement which marks
Mr. Baggs's mode of discharging Leyden
phials when arranged in a battery, is one
which I beUeve has been suggested long
ago, but has certainly never l^en carried
out in practice on such a scale as we
may now witness in the lecture-room of
thePolvtechnic. Electrical batteries are
generally so constructed as to have all
Uie interior coatinn of the jars connected
to one end, and all the exterior coatings
to the other end of the circuit
Mr, Baffgs insulates each jar com-
pletely, anof at the instant of discharge
brings the interior of one jar to bear
upon the exterior of the next, and so on
in succession throughout the series.
By this modification, the new battery
is made analogous in its operation to the
galvanic battery ; and the difference be-
tween the ordinary Leyden batteries and
those of Mr. Baggs is exactly that which
would be observed between a galvanic
trough where all the positive and all the
negative plates are respectively united,
and another on the customary cellular or
repetition plan.
n e have thus a new feature introduced
into our manipulation of Franklin elec-
trieity^the simultaneous change in posi-
tion of each jar of the battery; and
whilstitB first resulu enable theelectrician
to exhibit a disruptive spark of great
power, we can set no limitations to the
exnectations we may indulge in from its
tan development.
The battery emploved by Mr. "^es^
consists of ten or twelve large jars, eacr.
of which is supported horizontally on an
insulating pedestal, which is capable of
rotary motion about its vertical axis.
These jars are arranged in a circle,
and are charged separately by the steam
electric-machine. The amount of elec-
tricity imparted to each jar is regulated
by an ingeniously contrived electrometer
which answers the purpose of a safety-
valve.
I subjoin a description of this self-
acting regulator, although I believe that
it is not altogether new either in prin-
ciple or construction.
Fig. 1 represents a ground plan of a
battery of this new form, the five jars of
which are supposed to be separately
charged.
By means of a simple motion given to
a system of rods connecting the pedestals
of all the jars, the battery is brought
into the position indicated in fig. 2 ; the
rotation of each having been m the di-
rection of the arrow. It will be observed
that the inner surface knob of each jar
is now within "striking'' distance of
the outer surface of the next succeeding,
and by this means the accumulated force
of the whole battery discharges all the
lars at once, and the spark restoring equi-
librium passes through the space A B,
which in Mr. Baggs's battery is extended
to about three feet ! •
Fig. 8 represents the electrodynamic
regulator referred to above.
A and B are two stationary metallic
balls, the former of which is connected
with the earth, the latter with the jar
about to be charged.
The ball C is borne at the end of a
metal balance-rod R, moving verticallT
about the fulcrum P, and is weighted at W
according to the intended maximum in-
tensity of the charge. The electricity
is transmitted from the machine by Uie
wu-e P, along the rod, and through the
bails C and B to the jar.
The balls C and B being affected with
electricity of the same sign, will repel
each other, and when the repulsive force
becomes strong enouffh to separate them,
the rod will assume the position indicated
by the dotted lines, uutil the ball C coming
within "striking" distance of A, the sur*
plus electricity will pass off to the earth.
MR. BAOOB^S LitCTURES ON ELECTRICITY.
85
At the risk of ilndnly protractiog this
eommiuiication I shall add a few of Mr.
BaggB*s observations on thunder and light-
Ding.
The prolonged roar of a thunder peal,
so unlike the snarp report of an ordinary
electric discharge, is generally attributed
to the reverberation of the first sound by
surrounding objects ; but thunder heard
at sea or on a level plain, cannot owe its
duration to such succession of echoes.
Mr. Bagffs explains this difficulty, as
vrell as the devious aigsag course of light-
ning, by the following Uieory :
The clouds consist of strata or aggre-
gations of vapour, and each mass includes
a number or small particles of vapour.
Let fig. 4 represent a number of these
masses and small particles. Then any
one particle, A for instance, will be simi-
larly charged throughout, but the ex-
teriors of all will by induction be charged
dissimilarly. The spark will pass be-
tween two bodies similarly charged by
the common tangent, and between two
dissimilarly charged along the common
nonnal.
Hence there will be a succession of
cumulative discharges, forming a flash,
whenever the masses of charged vapour
are brought into such a position as to
ooDsist of groups arranged as are the jars
in ^, 2.
Some of your readers mav have
noticed as I have done that the ngure of
a fiash of lightning does not always ap-
pear to be product on the retina of the
eye with all its parts apparent simulta-
neously. Often it seems to resemble a
swift meteor, and one extremity of the
light disappears whilst the other is pro-
jected farther. This is intelligible
enough if we consider each flash to con-
sist of innumerable small discharges
between contiguous masses. The direc-
tion of its course will then be influenced
by the relative positions and electrical
aflfections of the various masses of vapour,
and the duration will depend on the rapid
aeeumulationin each mass, of an amount
of electricity which finally (but often not
nntil after an appreciable time) exceeds
what can be sustained by the particle or
mass under the circumstances. This
distinction between one spark and a flash
of continttotts discharges is exceedingly
important. It was beautifully illustrated
by Faraday in one of his late lectures,
wliere the electric current was so retarded
Fig. 1.
Fig. 2.
86
SBIV-ACTING SLUJCBSi
and wire-drawn by comoelUng it to tra-
verse an imperfect conaucting medium,
as to produce effects, such as firing gun-
powder, necessarily requiring an appre-
ciable duration of the heating power
generated by its passage.
In conclusion, I would beg leave to
propose flat cells as a convenient form for
the jars of the new battery. They should
be broad enough to admit the hand for
coating with tinfoil, and large enough to
render the separate charging of them not
too troublesome.
Yours, &c.,
John MAcGaiooR.
24, Idoooln'l-Illli Fielda, July 15, 1848.
SSLV-AOmfO SLUICES.
Sir, — On examining the embankments
which have been constructed throughout
the united kingdom for the reclamation
of slob lands from the tidal waters of
the sea, two descriptions of self-acting
sluices, at least, may be observed differ-
ing in no other particular but in the
length of the arms by whioh they hang
suspended from the axle.
Fig. 1.
Fig. 1 of the accompanying sketches
shows one of these sluices whose line of
suspension is immediately above the
top of the sluice ; and fig. 2, one which
hangs by long rigid arms from a line at
least 10 feet above the top of the sluice.
You are aware that the use of these
sluices is to exclude the sea water at
high tide ; and at a particular state of the
ebo, the pressure of the fresh waters
within the embankment opens the sluices,
and thus the fiood waters of the country
escape through the tunnels from the re-
claimed lands to the sea.
To ensure the most effective system of
drainage from more rich low lands, which
otherwise would become saturated and
materially damaged, the efficiency of dis-
^-m
Pig. 2.
:8^
charge through the sluices, which caa
act but a limited time during each tide,
is of the utmost importance ; and as
each of the sluice forms above referred
to has been adopted in important situa-
tions by engineers of unquestionable ex-
perience and ability, the following in-
vestigation of the mechanical laws whidi
govern their action, showing theefllciency
of discharge in each case, may not 1)0
altogether without interest to some of
your readers.
Let P C (fig. 3) be any position of the
lone armed sluice, making with the ver-
tical B C the angle B C P- 9. The
point P is held in equilibrium by three
lorces; viz., the force of the water acting
in the direction Q P, the weight of the
sluice and arms acting in Pfi, and the
tension of the rigid body reacted at the
point C.
Eesolving the forrce, PR, into the two
equivalents, QP, RQ, respectively per-
pendicular and parallel to PC, the latter
is destroyed by the re- action at C, ana
the remaining e(^uivalent, QR, being the
tangential force, is the only one opposed
to me direct action of the fluid.
Take F, the centre of pressure of the
fluid, and G the centre of gratity of th^
SILF^ACTIFO fLUICSB.
Kg. 3.
87
mass of the sluice and arms together ;
put PF-Z, PG-Z' and PC=a. Then
FC« (a - z) and GC =- (a - z) : also put
PR» W->the whole weight of the mass*
Now the angle PRQ is obvioushr equal
to PCB«e, and /. W. sin. e=PQ*-Un-
gential force ; and if P represent the
force of the water upon the sluiee, we
have
P.(a- 2) =W. 810.6(0-20
an expression for the conditions of eaui-
librium, supposing the system placea in
air.
Suppose the whole now immersed in
water, as the sluices must be ; the force
of buoyancy upon the material would at
once destroy the equilibrium exhibited
above, and therefore this force must
occupy a place in the equation. Putting
M <= the mass of the sluice immersed,
^«the distance of its centre of gravity
from the centre of motion C, and n—
the specific weight of water. Then}
P.(« -a)-ii». n. tf. sin. a=W. sin. B (fl-«9»
so t!hat the conditions pf e^uilibiium m
^" r- ^^^\4=^.i^Z^^^-^^^
water between the resultant of the
weight of the sluice and that of the
water, are generally,
W,(fl-20 +«.«.<'
Bv an exactly similar process we should
find for the sluice with the short arms
(6-^)
in which w\ b, «*, cf, and eT, represent in
this case quantities respectively similar
to those represented by w^ a, s^, d, and
e in the first case. Equating therefore
these two values of P, we bave
Bin. e' W. (o-g^)-fm.».d (b-z)
rinTe ■w.'(6-4r') + m.n.d'* («-2)'
which gives the ratio of the angular
openings of the sluices due to a given
pressure, P, and therefore a direct com-
parison of the efficiency of discharge in
each case.
From the last equation it is manifest
that as the total weight of the short
88 8BL7-ACTINO SLUICES.
anned sluice most \>e less than that widi reader and ordinary aritfamedoian. The
the long arms, the ratio of , application, therefore, of the results ahoye
sin. obtained to a pardcular case, in which I
j^ ' have accurately ascertained die nnmbera
must be always greater than the angular ^ ^' ,,»,,, ,w
opening of the long one, die pressure , In the case to which I allude W-506
being die same in each case. lbs-» C« --^ ) = ^^ inches, m. n. «266 Iba.,
The preceding investigation is abun- rf-120 inches, and (ft-^)-50 inches,
dantlysimple and easy of comprehension; Also, W'-393lb8. (i-«')-36 mches,
but algebraic formute, however simple ^''-^l inches, and (a-z)-128 inches,
in their nature, are too often viewed in Subsdtudng these values in the eqna-
an unfavourable light by the general don, we have
sin g^ _ 506x96x50«f(266xl20) _| 3^^^
sin 393 X 36 X 128-1- (266 x 41) * '
the rado of the angular openings in dus pardcular case.
Now, assuming certain angular openings for the short-armed sluice, let us see
what would be the openings due to the long sluice for the same pressure.
G'^5'' log. dn. »8.940296
1.3506 log.-0.130507
8.809789 0.3'' 42^
0'-15*»- 9.412996
1.3506 0.130507
9.282489 »ir 3'
«r=.30° 9.698970
1.3506 0.130507
9^568463=21° 44'
9^-45 9.849485
1.3506 0.130507
9.718978 -3r 35'
«'-60 9.937531
1.3506 0.130507
9.807024-39'' 63'
0^-90 (horizontal) 10.000000
1.3506 0.130507
9.869493-47'' 46'
Here, then, are the practical deductions from the preceding investigation. — ^The
force capable of opening the long-armed sluice,
3*" 42' - will open the ihort Bloioe 5<>.
11° 3' - 15°.
21° 14'— 30°.
31° 35' - 45°.
39° 53 - 60°.
47° 46 - 90° (horizontal.)
There are other disadvantages besides it apparent that such a construction
those above exhibited— the inevitable shoula never have been adopted,
resdt of the long arms; but what has T. Smith,
been shown is perhaps enough to make Bridf^town, Wexlbzd,/ttnt is.ms.
89
TBB G&MRAM PROnnOMBIPS.
Third Notio*.
We have been induced to look a little.
more closely Into the history of the
Gresham College (instead of trusting to
ovr] memory of former readings upon a
aubjeet which, at that time, only in-
terested us from its gross maWersation)
dnce the present yacancy in the geo-
meCry-professoFship has come to our
kntywledge. Of course, we first refer*
red to old Ward, who, in his *' Lives
of the Professors of Gresham College,*'
bas giyen the principal documents res-
pecting its early history. We haye,
therefore, selected all thos^ parts of Sir
Thomas Gresham's will which relate to
his college, and extracts from a descrip-
tion of the fundamental constitution of
it, as detailed in the tripartite deed be-
tween the Corporation, the Mercers'
Company, and the Gresham professors
In 1597. We haye not room this week
to discuss this singular document, or
compare it with the will : still less can
we recount the subsequent scandalous
peryersions of this trust, effected by the
act of Fisrltament in 1768 (8 Geo, iii. cap,
23,) by which the college has been vir-
tnally annihilated. It is to be lamented that
this college did not come under the scru-
tiny of £ord Brougham's Committee, in
1817-18. The glaring enormity of its
misappropriation would haye stood out
in bold relief even against the infamous
case of " Spittle and mere,^' — one of the
w<»st cases that has ever found its way into
the public records I We shall return to the
subject, and sift it to the yery bottom.
Sir Thomas Gresham, as we haye
said, was educated at Cambridge, under
Dr. Cains, himself the co-founder with
Dr. Gonyille, of the college which bears
their joint names. There was hence the
idea of a foundation presented to his
mind in early life ; and there was preva-
lent in Cambridge a belief that he in-
tended to add another college to that
nniyersity. Indeed, there was addressed
to him, by the public orator of that day,
a fulsome letter, by order of the caput,
to remind him of his " promise." What
answer was given is, however, not known ;
but it is clear that the merchant-Maece-
nas had long, ere that period, made up
his mind. He had built for himself a
" BfansloD House" between Bishopsgate-
street and his Royal Exchange, fvhich
was quite as remarkable for its extent as
for its magnificence ; the plan of which
was that of a collegiate building, adapted
to form "lodgings** for the professors,
lecture-rooms, laboratories, and a noble
gallery fitted for use on all public occa-
sions. This was begun about 1560
even during the life of his only son,
which shows how fully he had de-
termined upon the foundation of his>
college. In 1575 he made his will —
(written entirely with his own hand) —
in which he endowed this college with
ample funds, chargeable upon certain of
his estates, amongst them the Royal
Exchange ; and left the Corporation of
London and the Mercers' Company joint
trustees. There were first appointed in
one part of the will the four professor-
ships, viz., of "divinitye, astronomy,
musicke, and geometry," with "salla-
ries andstipendes" each "of fifty pound
of lawfull money of England yerely."
In a later part he adds the three profes-
sors of **lawe, phissicke, and rhetoricke,"
to each of whom he allots the same
•* stipende." Further on still, we find it
ordained that the said trustees "shall
permitte said seaven persons, by them
from tyme to tyme to be elected and
appointed in manner and forme aforesaid,
meete and sufficiently learned to reade
die said seaven lectures, to have the
occupation of all my said mansion house,
gardeins, and of all other the appurte-
naunces, for them and every of them
there to inhabite, study, and Aaylie to
read the said several lectures. And my
will is, that none shall be chossen to
retide any of the said lectures so long as
he shall be married, nor be sufiered to
reade any of the said lectures after he
shall be married, neither shall receive
any fee or stipend appointed for readinge
the said lectures.'^ This is all that
occurs in the will relating to the endow-
ment of, and conditions attached to, the
Gresham professorships.
The statute of mortmain rendered it
necessary that license should be obtained
for the appropriation of his estates to
this purpose within a certain period.
He therefore adds, " that I doe require
and charge the said corporations and
governors thereof, with circumspect dili-
gence and without longe delay, to procure
90
THE GRB8HA1C PROFESSORSHIPS.
and see to be done and obteyned, ss they
will answer for the same before AU
mighty e God. For if they, or any of
them, should neglecte the obteyning of
8uch lyssaunce or warrante, which I trust
cannot be difficult (nor so chargable,
but that the overplus of my rentes and
proffittes of the premisses herein before
to them disposed will soon recompence
the same,) because to so good purpose in
the common wealth no prince nor coun-
cil in any age will deny or defeate the
same (and if conveniently by my will or
other conveyance I mignt assure it, I
would not leave it to be done after my
death) ; then shall the same revert to my
right heires ; whereas I do mesne the
same for the common weale. And then
the defaulte thereof shall be to the re-
proach and condempnation of the said
corporation afore God.'*
The entire will In ^detail is given by
Ward in his **Livesof the Professors
of Gresham College," (fol. 1740), but
as the book is large and not very com-
mon, we have thought it advisable to ex-
tract all that relates in the most remote
degree to the college, in order that our
readers may see Sir Thomas Gresham 'a
earnestness in the cause of learning, and
the only restrictions which he made.
Some opposition to the will was made
by Lady Gresham, but the trustees ob-
tained an Act of Parliament which set
the matter at rest, and they came into
possession in 1596; and in 1614, a
patent from the Crown was obtained ** to
hold them for ever upon the terms ex-
presse<yn the will of the donor,". (Ward,
p. 32,) m conformity with the will of
the founder.
An agreement tripartite between the
Corporation, the Mercers' Company,
and the professors, bearing date January
16, 1597, prescribes the objects of the
college and the manner of lecturing.
This very curious document is printed
at length by Ward in his preface ; but
it would be too long for extract into
our pages. We can only give ^ few
passages which more immediately bear
upon our present object
The first paragraph recites the *' chief
care" of the trustees, " that the last will
and testament of the said Sir Thomas
Gresham touching his said mansion house,
and the lectures there to be read, should
be in aQ things truly performed accord-
ing to the intent thereof* ; and then
proceeds to put ''the seven persons
already elected and appointed, &c., being
meet and sufficiently learned to read the
seven lectures," into possession of "all
the said mansion house, gardens, and of
all the other appurtenances, for them,
and every of them, there to inhabit,
study , and daily read the said several
lectures mentioned in the said will and
testament of the said Sir Thos. Gressham,
according to the true intent thereof ^
The second paragraph prescribes that
[besides the ordinary daily lectures?
This is not very clear from the docu-
ment] there shall Be ** certain several
solemn lectures, with great care and dili-
gence to be performed, by every of the
said lecturers in their several arts aod
sciences, at the several set days and
times ;" and the periods are fixed in tbe
third and future paragraphs, 'the reasons
for this are recited to be, "the credit qf
the place, the more increase of learning^
and the greater honour of the founder **
The fourth paragraph fixes the college-
year at four terms, nearly corresponding
with the common law terms; and the
fifth we give entire :
" And forasmuch as the publick read-
ing of the said lectures Is to be per-
formed in that manner, as may most
tend to the glory of God, and tne com^
tnon benefit qf the people of this city,
WHICH WS DOUBT NOT TO BE THE PBIN-
CIPAL ENDS OF THB SAID FOUKDEB IN
ORDAINING THE SAID LECTDBES ; and
for that the greatest part of the inhabi-
tants within the city understand not the
Latin tongue, whereby the said lectures
may become solitary in a short time if they
be delivered in the Latin tongue only;
and yet withal it is very likely that divers
strangers of foreign countries, who re-
sort thither, and understand not the
English tongue, will ereatly desire to
hear the reading of the said lectures,
whereby the memory of the said founder
in the erecting of the said college for the
increase of learninff may be divulged,
to the good ensample of foreign nations,
and the honour and credit of this hon-
ourable city : it is thought meet, that the
said solemn lectures be applied to the best
benefit and contentation of the auditors
of both sorts."
It is little likely that " divers strangers
of foreign countries " would be resident
in London at that time, except for com-
mercial or semi-diplomatic purposes*
THfi fiKEMkH PtOlP«M6ft8filPB.
SI
The latter ekaa iben held a very amM-
gtioos poeition (see ** Dee, John," Peniiy
Cye.lopedta,) which it would not hate
been pditieal wisdom on the part of 'the
citiiens of London to harbour, succour,
or encourage ; " and the mere courtiers
did not form a class likely to be interested
hi any collegiate learning. The " divers
strangers" who came to England in
eonfonnity with ** the wont of the wan-
dering pilgrims of learning*' of preced-
ing times to travel everywhere^ would go
to Oxfbrd generally (as the then most
eelehrated English nnf versity,) and occa-
sionally to Cambridge, and not trouble
tbemaelTea with a new college without
European fkme, and only, indeed, Jost
eommeneing its existence. There are
hence only two ways left us of looking at
the ordination of this paragraph.
The first is, — that the trustees reallv
intended to make the college of sued
efSciency, learning, and reputation, that
it should attract learned foreigners to
its foeturea and exerotses— ;/&r ihe »ake
of $tH€fy, and the acquisition of know-
Udge wkidi eould be nowhere else oh-
tained. If, however, this had been the
ease, how are we to account for the spe-
cial character, and the attempt at render-
ing iSbit lectures adapted to the capacitv
of the London oitisens of that day, which
nms throagh the prescriptions for the
law, physic, and dignity lectures ? This
hypMDtheaii must, therefore, be abau-
doned.
The second is,— that the trustees con-
ildered the <* Latin tongue" to be the
vemacalar language of the merchants of
IBbaropel Beyond <*the service of the
maaa," it was as little known to the
merchants of Holland, and Germany,
and Italy, as it was to the English mer-
ehant and London dtiaen. The assump-
tion waa a dmple absurdity--as much so
tlien aa It is now.
We oan otily look tipon this euphuism
(to ttse a term of that neriod,) and, in-
deed, many o^ the regulations contained
te the entire document, as the result of
a total miaoonception of^ the magnificent
vlewt of Sir Thomas Gresham, and as
an attempt to give " a learned air" to
the vulgar and common -place system of
lecture which the trustees had, in their
" practical wisdom,'' been pleased to or-
dun Instead. Gao anything, for instance,
be aoQceived so absurd as the prescrip-
liona for the leeturea on astronomy and
^ometry, which are given a little fur-
ther on r Yet even these, paltry as they
are in reference to the science of this
day, and not very exalted even in 1597,
have not been adhered to either in their
letter or their spirit. Even on the very
foundation, the will and testament of the
founder were perverted from the " true
intent thereof.^* We cannot, then, much
wonder at subsequent perversions, when
we look at the status and wisdom of the
trustees who have represented the City
and the Mercers' Company through the
several ages that have intervened.
The remaining paragraphs prescribe
the davs and hours of each week of each
term tne lectures shall be read, and lay
down somewhat stringent regulations as
to the manner of treating some of them.
The general rule for time m the Latin lec-
ture was from eight to nine, and the Eng-
lish f^om two to three ; except the mus^,
which is to be wholly in English (a dis-
pensation to Dr. John Bull, who was
" recommended by the Queen's moat
Excellent Majesty, ne being not able to
speak Latin, ) between tne hours of
three and four on Thursdays and Satur-
days. We take them in the order of the
" agreement tripartite."
1. The Solemn Divinity Lectures
(Wednesday) were to be wholly contro-
versial, not '' mingled with exhortations,
being improper for a public lecture."
This rule was made by tne bishops ; and
It closes, ** provided always, that he [the
lecturer] shall not impugn any doctrine,
order, rite> or ceremonv, received and
allowed in the Church of England.^
2. The Solemn Law Lectures (Tues-
day) are a little varied from the general
scheme, inasmuch as they are to be
read "for three quarters of an hour
in the Latin tongue, and for the other
quarter in the English tongue, which
shall be a brief collection or recapitula-
tion of that which was read in the Latin
of the said lecture.*' This appears to be
designed as a series of popular lectures
for mercantile men ; and seventy -sia
different heads, upon which the lecturer
is expected to afibrd information, are
actually laid downl The "university
manner" of reading this lecture is for-
mally set aside : which (on the law-
principle that "the exception proves the
rules") seems to Imply that the other
lectures were designed to be read "after
the manner of the university."
92
THE ORB8HAV PB0FESSOBSHIP8.
3. The Solemn Physic Lectures (Mon-
day) are prescribed somewhat oddly :
" and forasmuch as the greatest part of
the auditory is like to be of such citf-
zens and others, as Iiave small knowledge
or none at all in the Latin iongue, and
for that every man for his wealth's sake
will desire to have some knowledge in
the art of physick ; it is thought good
that the first lecture be read in the Latin
and the second in the English tongue."
Most people would have thought the very
reason offered by the Trustees a valid
one for rendering the lecture entirely in
English ! The course briefly prescribed
was however a good and suitable one for
the times and the purpose. We give the
next entire.
4. ** The Solemn Lectures ofAsiro^
nomy and Geometry are to be made in
like manner, viz., either of the said lec«
tares twice every week, on Friday Astro-
nomy, on Thursday Geometry, between
the hours of eight and nine in the fore-
noon, and two and three in the afternoon ;
whereof the lectures in the forenoon to be
in Latin, and the lectures in the aflernoon
to be in English. Touching the matter
of the said solemn lectures, the Geome-
trician is to be read as folio weth, viz.,
every Trinity term arithmetique^ in
Michaelmas and Hilary terms theoretical
geometry, in Easter term practical geo-
metry. The Astronomy reader is to read
in his solemn lectures, first, the princi-
ples of the sphere^ and the theorigues
of the planets, and the use of the astro-
labe and stofy and other common instru-
ments for the capacity of mariners ;
which being read and opened, he shall
apply them to use, by reaoing geography
and the art of navigation, in some one
term of every year."
5. The Solemn Rhetoric Lecture
(Saturday) b merely prescribed as to
time and language.
6. The Solemn Musick Lecture is to
be delivered, " the theorique part for half
an hour or thereabout, and the practique
by concent [concert ? J of voice or of in-
struments for the rest of the hour;
whereof the first lecture to be in the
Latin tongue, and the second in the
English tongue." The dispensation be-
fore alluded to as granted to Dr. John
Bull, appears to have become perpetual ;
and, indeed, though a music lecture in
<' that soft bastard Latin,'* (as Byron calls
the Italian) might be very agreeable, it
certainly would sound somewhat odd in
the barbarous and bald old Latin of the
schools, and not less so in the still more
barbarous Latin of modem times. A
musician's Latin would be a curiosity in
its way.
The " Ordinances and afirreemeots
tripartite " close with the following bit
of antique dandyism :
** Further, for more order and com-
liness sake, it is thought meet, that the
said lecturers shall read their lectures IH
THEIR HoonSt according to their degrees
in the universities^ in such sort as they
should there read the same lectures.*'
None, therefore, by this decree, but
members of the universities are eligible
to these appointments. There were sa-
pient and prescient legislators in those
times ; though, in many respects, there
are traits of wisdom in this document
that transcend even the conception of
our modern city legislators. Still, it
never entered into the imaginations of
even the better race of city men,tbatany
science could be cultivated effectively
beyond the walls of a college and the
ma^ic circle of a university. Least of
all did they dream that, within two cen*
turies, the whole weight of the geome-
trical reputation of England should fall
upon the shoulders of men who had not
only never seen a university, but who
were almost unknown, and where known,
despised by the members of both univer-
sities. The last quarter of a century
(and especially the last few years) have
somewhat modified this relation ; but
yet, after mature deliberation (though
we hazarded the remark a fortnight ago
upon the impressions that had been made
upon us by the mere recollections that
occurred at the moment,) we are bold to
say, that to the present hour, Mr. Potts
is the only man %n either university who
is NOV/ fairly before the world with any
legitimate claims to be considered as the
JSnglish representative of the geometry
school of the universities. Let the
Gresham Committee (and especially the
great corrector of non-corporate abuses^
Sir Peter Laurie) look to it. He is am-
bitious of a name in civic and public
history : he has now a chance — ^whether
he promote the views of the only qna-
lifled university candidate that offers,
or seek still further than university
production, is a matter of small impor-
tance. Let him only do his duty, end
THt OR^SHAlf PROFBl^SOR^filiE»S«
93:
render these offices somediiiig different
from the eioeeures they have been, and
he will eara and obtain the gratitude of
poBterity. We will reckon on bim, and
may aucceaa attend his efforts to cleanse
his own eivic Augean stable !
What are the present and the late
LcNrd Mayors about P Are tbey, too,
who should ffuide the ''herd" whose
names we save last week, so little alive
to the social state of the human mind in
England, as to still take these abuses as
a matter of course ? Are they, too, so
Wxad as to not perceive that the days of
patronage and perversion are gone by ?
We pray them to defer this election,
rather than elect an unfit man to carry
oat the real designs of the founder.
Let them remember that, by " Geo-
metry," Sir Thomas ChesTuim meant
Geombtbt; and that neither acade-
mic naoBEES nor citt iNFLUENCRt^tM
the trustees imply what Sir Thomas
Gresham meant bv that word. Let
tiiem also look at his emphatic objur-
gation, and pause, ere they also commit
themselves to public obloquy. If they
be not satisfied with the best can-
didate that offers himself (though there
is no real reason why they should not
be) let them look still further. With
the general impression respecting city
and corporate influence (and especially
with the restrictions quoted which ex-
cludes non-academic men) the Gresham
Committee cannot command the highest
possible talent and fitness in any depart-
ment — except by mere accident. We only
intreat the Gresham Committee, if they
wUl not take the university candidate,
by far the most fitted for the office, to
panse ere they decide — to learn what
geometry reallv is — to ascertain, as well
as they can, who really are the eminent
geometers of England — to select the
highest — and offer him the appointment.
No one of the many whom we could
name, who are not of the university,
will, we have the fullest assurance, offer
themselves for that appointment. We
have, however, no wish to disturb the
regulation implied in the closing para-
graph quoted above of the '* tripartite *'
agreement. We suppose, however, that
whatever difficulties else may stand in
the way of non-academic men, the mat-
ter of the **hood" would form an insu-
perable barrier to their selection by the
aristocratic Gresham Trustees. How-
ever, only let justice be done to ability,
and justice to the public, and mos t
of all justice to the will and intentions of
Sir Thomas Gresham :— and then we
shall be satisfied.
KOBBaTSON's PATaNT IMPaOVaMBNTS IK
THB MAKT7FA0TURB OP TBXTILB FA-
BBics, STOrrs, and tissubs, and or
CBBTAIN NBW PB0DUCT9 OBTAIN BD BT
THB AID OF SUCH IMPBOVBMBNTS. COM-
MUNICATBD FaOM ABBOAD. «
[Patent dated January 19, 1848. SpeciflcatioD
enroUed July 19, 1848.]
Specifieatum,
Whereas brocaded stnffii, in which the
figures or desi^s are introduced in the
process of weaving, possess an acknowledged
aaperiority over scuface-printed goods, lopk
much better, and bring a higher price! but
they are open to this objection, that thcr
mode in which they are manufactured ad-
mits but of little variety in the figures, and
is a great obstacle to freedom of design r
besides being exceedingly complicated and
difficult. The Jacquard loom, in which
such stuffs are woven, requires as many dis-
tinct wefts as there are colours in the design ;
an immense number also of cards ; and most
elaborate ingenuity in the mounting. The
more complex the design, the more skilful
must be the workman ; and be the workman
ever so skilful, he can at best become the
master of but a small number of patterns.
Now, the nature or object of the said inven-
tion consists in giving to the patterns or
designs of surface- printed goods the same
clearness and distinctness, and the same
high finish which have been hitherto peculiar
to brocades ; and in combining at the same
time with this successful imitation of bro-
cade work, that economy of production, and
that power of varying the designs at pleasure
which belongs to surface-printing alone.
And the manner in which the said object is
effected is as follows :
Firsts The colours used in this improved
mode of surface-printuHg are prepared in a
different way from what is usual. In general,
they are not ground sufficiently fine, the con-
sequence of which is, that they neither flow
freely and equally, nor penetrate the fibres of
the goods thoroughly ; on some parts they
make but a faint impression, while on others
they rest in spotty superficial masses ; and
hence a prevailing want not only of clearness
and continuity in the lines of the figures, but
of fixity in large portions of the colours. To
remedy these evils, the author of the present
invention grinds the metallic oxides, the lacs,
and other materials from which the colours
are derived, to as impalpable a state as is
practicable by the grinding-mill in ordinary
use ; employing no new machinery for the
purpose, but applying the old more perse*
M
WBSK&T USX OV KBW 9K0USH MTBNT8.
▼eringly and more carefnlly Uian heretofore.
The colouring materielB are then mixed with
any of the thick fatty oils, in the proportion
of abont one-third part of the oil to two-
third parts of the colonring material ; and
great care also is taken to make tibis mixtare
as intimate and complete as may be. The
colours so prepared are applied to the en-
graTcd surfaces by rollers, in the nsual way.
Second. Tp obtain plates which will yield
impressions of the required Tivadty^ the
following method is adopted :-r-A Tei7 thin
plate of copper (de deux h troU millimetre*
d*epait$ew*) is well cleaned and polished, and
the designer draws his pattern upon it The
pattern is then re-drawn {dkuiquf) ; that is
to say, the plate is cut through and through
in those parts oovered by the lines oC the
designer. And this done, the plate is at-
tached, by soldering or riveting, to a foun-
dation-block, in order that it may be printed
from. In this way, an engrared or printing
surface (in intaglio) is obtained, in which
all the lines are not only much deeper than
usual, but all perfectly perpendicular and
square— that is to say, all at right angles
with the surface, and as deep as they are
broad ; and obtained, too, at an expense
much leas than such work would cost if per-
formed by any other known means.
Goods printed from such plates, and with
colours carefully prepared in the way before
described, are difficult to distinguish from
the best brocades. The colours penetrate
the fibres so completely, and the figures aro
so distinct and clear, that then is no neces-
sity, as usual, for subjecting them either to
steaming or to mordants, or to river washing,
in order to fix and bring out the colours.
iistaaa. bbown and &sdpath's poeta-
BLB smiths' rOROB.
Experiments were parried on in the black-
smiths* shop, at the Factory, Woolwich
Dockyard, on Saturday and Monday last,
before Mr. Lang, master shipwright, and
Mr. Atherton, chief* engineer, to test two
portable smiths' forges, or heating appara-
tus, submitted by Messrs. Brown and Red-
patit. They aro both on the same principle,
only one is worked by hand, and the other
by the foot, to allow the workman to use
both hands in turning the iron in the fire,
and are intended as substitutes for the cum-
brous and ineffieieDt forges at present used
by the engineers, smiths, and armourers in
the Royal Navy. The leather and wood of
the common bellows being so liable to injury
from insects and other causes in tropical
cliosatesj the forges made by Brown and
Redpath are wholly of iron, and so com-
pact that when folded vip for stowing away,
* From No. 14 to 20 Biimiogham Bhe«t metal
gaufo.
they do not ooeapj a sptoe of tlnwe isat rix
inches by two Ibet six inehesy and eiglit
inches thick. Hie blast is prodnoed by an
eccentric fan, thirteen inches hi diamefcert
with three blades, which revolves with great
rapidity by means of an endless gnt-baad
and crank-handle, making upwards of 2,000
revolutions per minute, and producing *>
more powerful blast than can be obtained by
the common forges. The experiments were
conducted by Mr. Chaplin, engineer to the
firm, under whose superintendence the ma«
chines were oonstructed. He faitroduoed
pieoes of iron li Inches in diaonler into tbe
fires produoed by the forges, and in torn
minutes the iron was brought to a good
welding heat in the small one, and in S^
minutes in one rather larger» set in motion
by the foot. A piece of iron joi the ssnaa
dimensions was put into one of the fires pro-
duced by the engine-blast in the blacksmitha'
shop, and it required 3i minutes to bring it
to a welding heat — exactly the same time
as that required by the portable forge, show-
ing a power of producing sufficient heat to
enable engineers in charge of engines at sea
to cast or repair many parts of the works
which, without such aid, would require the
return of the vessel to port to have them
effeeted.^JI/onitii^ Chronicle,
Tks did rtnder9d bg Meehania to AgHeMUmn,-^
At the first Exhibition of the Royal Asricultuxml
Society In 1839, which took place at Oxfbid, thei«
were but S3 implements exhlblt«d. The number
increased rapidly every year, till in 1644 it reached
948. During the two following years there was a
falling off in the number of exhibitors -, bat since
then there has been "feuch a rerival of the spirit oC
mechauical competition that the number of artidea
exhibited in 1847 at Northampton was 1,321, and
this year, at York, no less than 1.508. In thaM
numbers, however, there are inoluded maa7 old aa
well as new machines.
WKBKLT LIST OF NEW BNOLI8H PATENTS.
William Swain, of Pembridge, Hereford, Brick-
maker, for certain improvements in kflns for
burning bricks, tiles, and other eartham subataneea.
July 18; six months.
Jean Louis Lemanaude, of SO, Passage Jonffiroy,
Paris, Jeweller, for a new process of applying or
fixing letters of metal upon glaas, marble, wood,
and other substances. July 18; two months.
Charles Purnell, of Liverpool, clockmaker, for
certain improved apparatus to be applied to timber-
loaded and other vessels laden with materials, the
specific gravity of which la lighter than wat«r,
preventing the necessity of abandoning them at
sea, by ridding them of the superincumbent water,
and enabling them thereby to cariy saiL July IS;
six months.
William Edward Newton, of Chancery-Une, Mid-
dlesex, for certain improvements in machinery foe
letter-press printing. July 18; six months.
Joseph Stonson, of Northampton, engineer, for
improvements in steam engines and boilers; parta
of which improvements are also applicable to other
motive machinery. July 18; six months.
Joham Arnold Stefokamp, of Laieeater-atreet,
Leicester-square, Middlesex, gentiemas, for im-
provements in the manufkctoie of sugar ftom the
can*. July 18; slzmontba.
VBBXLT LIST Ot BMiaNS VOE' AKTICLS4 OV UTILITY RBOTSTBMP*
! IMmot No. in
I EefUtra-theRe-
I ttoQ. gUt«r. Proprietors' Names. Addreiaes. Subjects of Designs,
I Jal7 U 1409 John Edmond Smith ft
Co ^.^.^^.^,^^» LAwrAice-lane, London... ....^^ Shirt collar.
Charles Warren Birmingham...... Fastener for brooch.
Richard Clark andl West Strand, and YorMar-\ Press and onllondci for vege-
Thomas Restell .../ race, CambeiweU ....^....^/ tables.
Fountain John Hartley, Pump-row, Old-street-road ...... Fasteuer fox umbrellas and
parasols.
Footer, Porter, ft Co...... Wood-street, Cheapside Yictorine.
Thomas Homing w. ...... Maidstone ...., Shooting -coat and vaistcoat
combined.
Bamett Meyers Crutched Friars Mitred handle fbr walking-
stlclLs, umbrell«Sf eaoea, fto« -
George Josiah Mack-
dean .M «.•••..«.• M^Lechlade *..... Thrashing machine.
White and Wells „ Nottingham Undershirt.
Thomas Edwards Blrmiogham».»....».........«....... Solkl leather eigaz case.
George Unite. ,......• Birmingham... .« Slide bolt to secure the pins of
brooches.
1519 Wetss and Son ^ Strand Forceps and scissors' Jdnt.
14
1509
1501
r»
1508
tt
15
IMS
1594
„
1505
17
1506
19
]5or
1508
1509
GUTTA PERCHA COMPANY'S WORKS,
WHARF ROAD, CITY ROAD.
Limdon, Ui AfHi, 1848.
mHS OUTTA PERCHA COMPANY have great pleasure in stating th4t the steadily increasing demand
-■- foe tho PATBm GimA PancHA Dnivivo BAxns Justifies the utmost confidence that they are fiilly
apnroved.
Their durability and strength— permanent contractility and uniformity of substance — their non-suscep-
tibiUty of injxiry from contact with Oils, Grease, Acids, Alkalies, or Water— and the facility with which the
ftngle joint re^ulTod can be made in Bands of any length— render them supeiier for almost all working
pvposes, and decidedly economical.
GoLosHxs, TuBixo of all sizes, Dovoiss, CATHXTBnSySTXTHsscoFXS, and other Surgical Instruments}
Moulhiboc #ob PicrtTBB Fbames and other decorative purposes; Whips, Thobos; Tbbbis, Gohw, and
Caicju* Baxu» fto., in great Tariety.
Patent Ghitta Perdia Shoe Soles.
The sppHcabOity of Ontta Percha Soles for Boots and Shoes having been extensively and satis&ctorily
lestedt we can unhesitatingly recommend the material prepared for this purpose, its merits having been
acknowledged by idl who have tried it. Indeed, experience has proved that Gutta Percha Soles wear twice
as long as leather, with great additional personal comfort; and they renuun perfectly impervious to wet
until quite worn through.
Boot and Shoe Solea for Sumner Wear.
I The fact of the total iroperviousness of these Soles to water, enables the most delicate, by the us« of
them, to eacapo the suffering which the proverbial uncertainty of our climate, xvbb id Suumxr, so often
iniieta upon the incautious, and this eflbct may be secured by a Sole so thin and light, as to afford to the
I wearer a degree of ease and comfort hitherto unattainable, in conjunction with security against damp.
At the iome time, the remarktthle non-conducting propertiu of Ovtta Ptreha afford a mott valuable pro-
teetion to those who are subjected to suffering or ineonvenienee by walking upon heated pavements.
The question of the durability of Gutta Pereha Soles, as compared with Leather, has long since been
decided in fisvour of the former; mnd no Instance of failure baa yet come to the know-
lo««e of the Oompanj wbich may not be ascribed to a negrlect of tbelr printed
TO ARCHITECTS, BUILDERS, &c.
Copper^Wire Cord.
T> 8. NEWALL&Co.'s PATENT IMPROVED COPPER-WIRECORDfor WINDOW SASH LINES,
* Hot-houses, Lightning Conductors, Hanging Pictures, Clock Cord, and various other purposes for
which hempen rope has hitherto been used. This new and valuable Patent is f^st superceding the use
of the hempen cord, and is strongly recommended to all Builders and other parties connected with tho
above. The Wire Cord may be had wholesale, and specimens seen at the Office of the Patentees, No. 163,
FeBchmeh-stieet, W. T. ALLEN, Agent; or retaU of G. and J. DEANE, 46, King William-street, and
B. PARKS, 140, Fleet-Street ; also of all respectable Ironmongers.
96
ADYlBBTiSBMBNTS..
To Inventors and Patonteos.
MESSRS. ROBERTSON ft CO.,
FATKKZ lOLIGITOM,
(Of which firm Mr. J. C. ROBERTSON, the
Editok of the Mbchamxcb' Maoaxxks from iU
commencement In 1828, is princip&l partner,)
undertake
The proenratlon of Patents
For England, Scotland, Ireland, and all Foreign
Countries, and the transaction generally of all busi-
ness relating to Patxmts.
Speelflcatlona Drawn or Rerieed.
DISCLAIMBRb/aND MSMOaANDUMS OF
ALTSEATION PRBPARBD AND BNaOLLBD.
OaTO^ts Entered and Oppoaitlone
Conducted.
CONFIRMATIONS AND PROLONGATIONS
OF PATENTS SOLICITED.
Searches made for Patents, and Copies or
Abstracts Supplied.
Adviee on Cases snbmittedj Ste. 4kc.
MB88RS. ROBERTSON & CO.
POSSESS THE ONLY COMPLETE REGISTRY
OF PATENTS EXTANT,
Commencing a.d. 1617(15 James I.) and regularly
continued down to the present time.
INTENDING PATENTEES supplied gratis with
Printed Instructions, on Application, either per-
sonally or by letter.
The Railway Record,
(EDITED BY JOHN ROBERTSON, M.A.,)
IS published early every Saturday Morning, and
contains ftiU and exclusive Reports of all Rail-
way Meetings, with the Official Documents in full ;
Railway Law Cases, Railway Share Lists, and
Traffic Returns, and all matters afiecting Railway
Proprietors. It is condderably large^ than any
other Railway Paper, and is exclusively devoted to
this branch or' euterpiise.
The Railway Record will be found a peculiarly
eligible medium for Advertisers of all articles con-
nected with Railway Companies, aud all matters,
whether of use or luxury, which it is sought to
bring under the notice of Capitalists.
Price Gd. stamped ; Office, 15S, Fleet-street,
London.
To Bngineers and Boiler-
Makers.
LAP- WELDED IRON TUBES, FOR MARINE
AND LOCOMO'ilVE STEAM - BOILERS,
Tubes (or Steam, Gas, and other purposes ; — all
sorts of Gas Fittings. The Birmingham Patent Iron
Tube Company, 42, Cambridge-street, Birmingham,
and Smethwick. Slaifordshlre, manuiacture Bollurs
and Gas Tubes, under an exclusive License (tom
Mr. Richard Prosser, the Faieutee.
These Tubes are extensively used in the Boilers
of Marine and Locomotive Steam Engiues in
England and on the Continent;— are btronger,
Lighter, Cheaper, and more Durable than Brass or
Copper Tubes, and are warranted not to open in
the weld.
42, CAMBRIDGE-STREET, CRESCENT.
BIRMINGHAM.
Works— Smethwick, Staffordshire,
LONDON WAREHOUSE— No. 68, UPPER
THAMES-STBEET.
Automaton Calcvlatom.
MR. WERTHEIMBER'S Patented AUTOMA-
TON CALCULATING MACHINES, perform.
Ing both Addition and Subtraction, from onefiuthinff
up to a million of pounds, (price. 4/. 4«.), adopted .
by 4ier Majesty, by the Board of Trade, and sereral
other Government Offices; and the REGISTER-
ING MACHINES, whioh indicate the number of.
Strokes performed by a Steam engine (price S/. 5s.),
adopted by the Admiralty and the most celebrated
engineers of England, are now on sale at Mesan.
Watkins and Hill's, Mathematical Instrument
Makers to her Mftjesty, 5, Charing-cross.
Lately published. Third Edition, Price 7s. Gd.,
Microscopic Illiuitratioiiay
TTiriTH descriptions of the New Microscopes, and
TV ample Instructions for Use. By Akdkbw
Pritchabo, M.R.I.
Alao, by the same, Price 12s.,
A HISTORY OF INFUSORIA, Living and
Fossil, with Descriptions of all the known spedea
of Animalcules, and upwards of 500 Engraved
Figures.
NoTB.— Part I. of the above work, entitled ** A
GENERAL HISTORY OF ANIMALCULES,"
vrith the Engravings, may be had separately.
Price 5s.
London : Whittaker and Co., Ave Maria-laoc.
CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER.
Description of Nicholson's Newark Cottage
Range— (ipt<A engravings) 73
Description of Messrs. Deane, Dray, and
Deane's Portable Fire-engine and Watering
"Pianp—iwiik engraving) m... 75
Description of Hope's Steam Boiler Water
Gau^e— (wiM engravli^ft) „ 75
Sea Walls— Should they be Sloping or Vertical ?
By M...,. , 76
On the same. By William Dredge, Esq., C.E. 77
Fragment on Logic. By James Cockle, Esq.,
M.A., Barrl»ter-at-law ^ 79
Description of Tibbit's Spring Holdfast for
Window SAnhm— {with engravings) 80
Description of Spark's Railway Dispatch and
CAAh'box—iwith engravings) », 81
Softening Ivory 81
Geometry of the Line aud Plane. By T. S.
Davies. F.R.S., L. & E., Sic-^coniinued) ... 82
Mr. Baggs*s Lectures on Electricity. By John
MacGregor, Esq.— (wi/A engravings)..., „.^„, 84
On Self-acting Sluices. By T. Smith, Esq.,
C.'E.'-iwiih engravings) «...,„ 86
The Gresham Professorships— Third Notice ... 69
Brown and Redpaths' Portable Smiths' Forge.. 94
The Aid rendered by Mechanics to Agriculture 94
Weekly List of New English Patents .^ 94
Weekly List of New Articles of Utility Regis-
tered ^ 94
Advertisements ^, 95
LONDON: Edited, Printed, and Pablished, by
Joseph Clinton Robertson, of No. 166, Fleet-
street, in the City of London.— Sold by A. and
W. Galignani, Rue Vivienne, Paris; Machin and
Co. Dublin ; W. C. Campbell and Co., Hambaivti.
MUSEUM, REGISTER, JOURNAL, AND GAZETTE.
No. 1303.] SATURDAY JULY 29, 1848. [Price Zd., Stamped, Ad.
Kdhcd by '• C* Viohnuou, 196, ne«t-itre«C'
BRUCE'S PATENT METHOD OF CONSTRUCTING PIERS AND
BREAKWATERS.
Kg. 1.
TOL. YLIX.
98
BftUCC^S PATHNT IfBTHOD OP CONSTRUCTINO PIVRB AND BBSAKWATUlfl.
Ix Mafch, 1847, a patent was granted
to Wm. Brnce^ Esq., of the Temple,
Barrister-at-law, and of FliinstooeyPem-'
brokeshire, for "certain improvements ia
constructing piers, breakwaters, and other
submarine works of stone." As no ac-
count of these improvements has yet
been published, and the subject of sub-
marine architecture is now occupying a
good deal of attention, ii^ connection with
Vie construction of Harbours of Refuge,
perhaps the following outline of Mr.
Bruce's plans may not be unacceptable
to the nuinet'ouB engineering readers of
the Afeckames' Magaasint.
Mr. Bruce had two objects in view ;
first, building under water by means of
machinery ; and, second, the application
to such Btructures of the principle of
columnar Bubsidence, so as to snpersede
the necessity tor a solid foundation*
The first of the^te objects he proposes
to attain by a framework of guiding-rods,
forty (or more) in number, dropped
perpendicularly into the waHet, »nd de*
pendent from a framework or tia ? Lller
(somediing t^sembling the Jenny and
traveller in ordinary use^) which is to
travel on a timber framework or staging
on each side of the mole, of the same
description as that used in building the
palaces at Westminster, PimHco, and
other stone -built edifices. The mote,
consequently, is to be built endways by
lowering the blocks of «tone ; the struc-
ture commencing ftrom a given pier-head
of bell -work masonry, or woooen piles,
and being finished to the top before the
following series of Mocks are lowered
down. The stones, deeply grooved,
slide down petpendicularty between the
finished wail behind and the sort of
pendent pridiron m fVont. The weight
of the iron work keeps the peirpendteuiar
face of the wall in its place, while on
every two bars a screw-jack travels up
and down, turned by a rod, the head
of which is above water, and worked by
the workmen from above^ so that 20
men, working 20 screw-jacks, screw
into their proper places five blocks of
grooved stones, to stand in layers upon
one another, like the basaltic rocks of
the Giant's Causeway, at from 17 or
18 feet below low-water-mark up to
the surface, in rows of five stones,
but actually representing 14 hexagonal
columnar shafts, the axes whereof are
cut by the same plane, standing toge-
ther in four tnple hexagonal colum-
nar shafts and on^ double hexagonal
columnar shaft. The result is, that a
continuous dovetail, from front to rear,
of stones cut with mathematical nicety
in hexagonal figures, is produced ; and
when attained, the second object contem-
plated by the patentee, namely, the con-
structing of a mole, or submarine struc-
ture of stone, without having recourse
to a solid foundation, is also realized,
becanse, as the dovetail is complete from
front to rear, these triple columns cannot
fall cither backwards or forwards. And
as the wall must ultimately be ended bv
pier-heads right and left, and the wall
Itself is screwed sideways by powerful
machinery while building, and the stones
are cut of a geometrical figure, which
precludes the possibility of any vacancies
or particular interstices, these triple hex-
agonal columns can only be moved up-
wards to the zenith, or downwards into
the sand; and, however soft the sand
(imless an actual shaking bog, on which
not even a rock itself would find a bed,)
the columnar hexagonal shafts will find
a bottom to subside upon ; and any occa-
sional extra subsidence can be supplied
by an additional layer of stones placed on
the top, to the extent of the subsidence.
The accompanying sketehes will serve
to illustrate the mode of construction
which has been just described. Fi^. 1
and 2 are two dififerent perspective views
of a pier in the course of construction,
and of the machinery employed ; and fig.
S is a plan of a portion of the work,
showing its columnar and Giant-cauaeway
character.
The practical utility of such a patent
as we have been describing can hardly
be expected to be tested by a private in-
dividual, or even a company. It is for
the Government engineers or contrac-
tors to consider it in an economical point
of view, and for the scientific inquirer to
investigate its applicability. In the latter
point of view it solves the difficulty expe-
rienced by architects engaged upon struc-
tures under water, of building on sand
banks, and converting such roadsteads as
Yarmouth Roads, Bridlington Bay, Holli-
wellBay, &c., into smooth- water harbours
of refuge at the time of high water. With
respect to the expense, that must be alto-
gether dependent on local circumstances.
BBUCB's PAtENT M&THOD Of OOKfttRUCTINO PIB&8 AND BREA&WATBRS. 9>
Fig. 2.
100
THE *' SCOTIA*' STEAM-VESSEL.
and the supply of stone ; for instance,
where, as at Holyhead, the rocks can be
blasted and carried by trams at once to the
spot of deposition, there the pierre per^
due submarine embankment can be de-
posited at one penny and a decimal per
cubic foot, according to Mr. Bendel's esti-
mate. In that case, the expense of deeply
grooved or indented ashlar blocks would
exceed the expense, taking into calculation
the cubic contents and price of the mere
rough deposited embankment of pierre
Rg.3.
'^rdue blocks; but where the same
given quantity in cubic contents, would
require to be sea-borne, as in the con-
strucdon of the Dover harbour of refuge,
the freight, shipping, and pitchmg over-
board form the principal items in the
cost. If, therefore, Mr. Bruce can con-
struct a pier wall in eight &thoms of
water, the cubic contents whereof shall
be to the cubic contents of a sloping
&ced embankment, as 1 is to 7, and the
cost of his pier of grooved stone shall
be lid. to 12d. per cubic foot, while the
cost of the other b l^d. plus the freight
and shipping (8s. per ton) or 4d. per
cubic foot, the comparison will stand as
follows : —
a8lxl2d.»12d.Uto
7 X l|d. X 4d=35d., or a saving of 200
per cent.
The cubic contents of two piers con-
structed on these opposite principles
may be thus contrasted. One would
be represented bv a cross-section of a
tumulus 30 feet high, whereon stands a
wall 48 feet high, and 23 feet, 4 inches,
in thickness ; and the other bv the section
of a tumulus, which is the frustum of a
cone, the top whereof is 70 feet at the
least — the angles 40 degrees each at the
base — and the elevation 78 feet.
"We do not pretend, however, to strict
accuracy, as these calculations were
formed upon the irregular slope of the
sea- face of the eastern pier of Kings-
town Breakwater.
THB '* SCOTIA " STVAM-VKSSBL.
On Wednesday this splendid vessel made
an experimental trip from Blackwali round
the Mouse Light and back, prior to her leav-
ing the Thames for the Holyhead and Dablin
station. It is intended that she shall leave
Holyhead on the arrival of the day express
train from London, by which means passen-
gers may travel from one city to the other
in a day. The sea passage will then not
exceed four hours' duration.
On this occasion, a large party of persons
of distinction and scientific gentlemen were
on board, who were unanimous in the con-
clusion that Messrs. Wigram, the builders
of the vessel, and Messrs. Maudslay, Sons,
and Field, the engineers, had been com-
pletely successful in producing a steam-
vessel, combining at once extraordinary speed
with great beauty, steadiness, and conve-
nience.
101
IiONllOtl V1US8 IN 1847. — BT Mft. W. BADDELKT, CE., INTBNTOR OF THB FABMBR's
FIRB-BMOllTB, POBTABLB CANTAB CT9TBBNS, IMPBOVBD H08B-BBBL, BNQINE LAMP8|
•PmBABBBSy BTC., BTC*
" ilnother year, with mercies itrown,
With joyg and grieb, has swiftly flown,
And we are still in life's rude tide;
Father, be Thou our constant Guide !
'* The statistics of London fires are by no means devoid of interest, and the time may come when they
wQl form an index to the social adTancement of the people ; for in proportion as houses are buiit more and
more Hie-prooC and habits of carefulness become more and more diffosed, the number of destructive fires
trill assuredly lessen."— JTnt^i^j London,
The yev 1847 was marked by a dimi-
natioQ not only in the number, but also
in the extent of fires, in the Metropolis.
For although a few of these accidents
were of a most destructiye character, by
tar the greater number yielded to the
prompt application of remedial measures.
Two hundred and forty-nine were ex-
Anguished by the inmates : three hun-
dred and twenty- one by casual assatanta;
while the extinction of two hundred and
sixty-six deyoWed upon ihe firemen.
Subjoined is a tabular view of the
periods of their occurrence.
MOMTRS*
Number of
• Rrei.
Number of
Fatal Fires.
Number of
liTesLott
Alarms from
Chimneys
on Fire.
False
Alarms.
January
February
March
April
May
81
60
58
72
72
64
82
68
70
64
67
78
2
3
3
2
1
1
3
1
1
2
3
3
2
9
10
4
13
1
2
3
3
3
7
4
7
8
4
4
2
4
4
15
11
11
13
6
6
June .••••••■•
j«l»
August
September....
October
Nofember.....
December
Total
836
17
18
66
88
Of theacy there were consumed ^ 27
Seriously damaged • • 273
. Slightly damaged 536
836
Chimneys on fire «..••••.•.••..
Filsealarms ,
. Making the total number of cidls .
66
88
990
Hie number of instances in which insurances were known to have been
effected upon the building and contents, was 263
On the building only • 125
Ontheeontentsonly.... • ..•• 157
Uninjured ^91
836
From these returns, it will be seen
liow large a number of persons neglect
to avail themselves of the benefits of
insurance, and even of those who are
" • ICr. Badddey begs to apologize to the Editor and
to lai» readers for the late period of the year to vhich
hJs Jlre r§port has been delaTcd. Severe domestic
taNaTementot loUowtd by illness and groat mental
prostration, have piavented the completioD of the
jMoMsaiy analysis tlQ the pcasent ttane.
** Notwithstanding the diiBculties he has to con-
tend irith in procuring particulars, tbe writer
trusts that if spared tiU 1849, his Report will be
forthooming at the usual period.
*< 29, Alfred-street, Islington,
June, ao, IISS."
102 LONDON FIRK8 IN 1847.
insured, the greater majority are only aUe adminiitrator of the prop&tkf i
parHalUfW}. A reeent writer very justlj to his eara. Hm * imiiirafad i
obsenres on this bead-— credit and estimatian ; he ia naiwaawMy Aa-
tnuted, and deaerredl J to— for he is awilfol
"We had thought that, aa insaranoe provokerof misfortane; amanwfaoaemeuia
against fire was now ranked amongst the so- ©^ ^'inf • be they good or indifferent, depend
cial duties, that few would be found who hesU ^o"" continuance upon chance. To-day he
tated or neglected to avaU themselves of its »«y ^o' '^^ iwncie^ security, and before
advantages. But these returns undeceive tbe dawn of another day be a bf^gajr.
ua, and forcibly riiow how easy it ia to give Experience fnUy damon straiea tot nmk
the public undeserved credit for prudence ™«^ *»•» '^'^ *^ exoeplioiqa, aktiasa
and economy. If the retama be any ante- *o their own foUy ; for slthoach fcha 4aii-
rion l^ which to judge of the insurance stote «««r tbey court and tempt tp do fts wgift
oC property, there must be fully one-third «Pon them, may not be the actual cansf
of the dwellings of the metropolis and their o^ ^beir downfall, yet siich gross indfserv^
contents unprotected by the readiest, most **on engenders other pernicious habits, imd
secure, and most economical means that «ooner or later, the retribution comef , aaf
have yet, or ever will be, devised for obtain- generally with terrible force. Wie vulgtr
ing security from loss bv fire. Severs! ""^ *be stupid, oUsa saeli anA^rtoMtai
atatisticians have estimated the amount of among the • unhieky,' but we have yet to
uninsured property in the metropoHs at a learn that an improvident, reckless, and
higher rate than one-third ; but, taking that ^^^1 na*^ can jusUy lay all Ma distress at
as a correct proportion, what an astounding the door of fortune. The fickle dame, an.
risk is run by the owners of such dwellinga doubtedly, plays a great part in the drama
and chattds ; a risk, too. perfectly gratui- of Ufe. but there are occasions and opporta-
tous— for the expense of insuring is a mere »»ties when she may be disarmed of her
trifle, and, we feel convinced, is not the dreaded power, and be a thing of tha l|»agl-
dcterring cause. It is rather a culpable nation, before industry, economy, and saga-
carelessness, which shuts its eyes to the ^ty."
possiblUty of loss, and relies for security on The loss of life which, althougb gveatly
the chapter of accidents. And a pretty diminished, still appears to be large, ia
chapter it appears when attentively read. resolvable into the following cl|^fica«
The fire returns for London are a good tion:
commentary upon the text it furnishes ; for Personal accidents, fh»m falls* Ac •• ^. 4
those returns show that the majority of fires . f^^o, igintkm af ap-
in dwelling-houses are caused by the simplest ^nA on tha penon 4
of agencies. Every year we record a num^ , ^om iateaiealioB.. . 2
her of these casualties originated by a spark . «., from ignitloa of b^d-
firom a candle, a spark from the fire, an ^o* 2
escape of gas, fod flues, and sundry other ^ f^^ riding hi'bad 1
trivial, but everyday occurring and pro- ^ f ^ni ezidoeioB of
perty.jeopardizing accidents. We might flreworlu 3
adduce many appsrently slight causes of Prom inability to etcape from'bimmi
fire, but the wiser course would appear to buildings 7 2
be, for everybody to treat even the most '* .^
trivial agent in producing that calamity aa 19
^'^hyl^i'l^^T'J^ ^^^ A«» »t»tement it will be evidetat
and ^ergency of the kind. The u^<^ **' a wonderful apd gratifvin jf ilftproTC-
individual preeaution has been, over and F*"** has been effect mthe Metropohs,
over again, found to be utterly ioeffeetoal as ^7 the Royal Society for the iVoleetioa
apreventive of fire; and if we k>ok at the ^^ Life fromFire, both aa r^gafda the
number and variety of the causes, the oppo- number of lives saved solely hy their
site result would appear almost an impossi- servants, and also by the confidence thej
bllity. Therefore, it is a duty incumbent have established in Uie public mind lead-
on every possessor of property that he safely ing indireetly to the very beat reauUs.
aad regnlariy keep hiaiself insured from loss The following fires are deserving af
by fire. Self-respect and consideration for special notice *
others sssist in improving the obligation. wedoe-day. February 17. 10} ,.k. a t«h«^keout
every idea 01 moral and social duty adds to on th« prtmisc* of Mr. W. Grover, boot and shoe
its strength, and the man who fails in his maker, Hlgh-itreet, Brentford, which, but fi»r tlU
unnttea oy bis miprovidance to be an equit- a most lamentable loss of life, On^tist r
LONDON FIRES IK 1847.
109
Hfltti «bo resided next door, attempted to arouae
Che iamatea by Tioleally knocking at the street
door, but failing to do so, he returned to the back
of the buOdlng, and after climbing the wall, luc-
peeded* with the aid of a poleaxe in breaking open
the back door, when he ascended the staircace and
made for Mr. Grover's bedroom; the smoke and
^aiks were at the same time rushing upwards
wTOi the greatest velocity; after cunsiderable
trouble be entered the bedchamber, but the smoke
lad bbtafned such power over the Inmates that
they w«re perfsctly unconscious of what was going
ea. Bast having violently shaken Mr. Grover,
look two of hie children in his arms and brought
fbem down stairs, where he passed them througli
tbe ^Bdow to the police, who placed them in
cafety; ha again aaeeaded, and with Taylor's as-
■tetsMe, saved Mr. Orover and his wffe and a third
child in a similar manner. Not feeling then satls-
ied that an were saved, Best returned Into the
taraiBg premiseB a third time, aad inspected every
loom not on fire, and being convinced that all thfe
kiBataa were got out, he was about to run down
the stairs to escape kimself, when a large sheet of
flauM oiveTlook hsm on the stalroase and oompletety
knocked him down; but having recovered himself,
W opened ona of the back windows and leaped into
uieyard ; when picked up he was quite insensible,
and the Mood isaaing (h>m his nose and mouth, so
powerful and suffocating an eflfect had the smoke
upoa hkn, and it was some time before he could be
The ^ompt arrival of the neighbouring parish
•BgioMy aided by those of the Brigade, Coun^, and
Wait or Bogland firom town, prevented the fire
axMiding beyond Mr. Orovef** premises.
At the AmntH Meeting of the jBoy«/
jflbm^ />r tike Protection of lAfi from
fk% the Society's ailver medal and a so-
^ere%B were pmented to George Beat, and
t%e SodfBty^fl silver medal to Henry Taylor.
^ .. March 1, 8| p.m. A ilra broke oat
ti fhe nnlirthe Vever Hospital at Battle Bridge,
omtag to a dalwt la the flue. The police appn-
heasiva ef personal danger to the inmates, went to
the residence of Conduelor JfiU and requested hts
attendaaea with ^e Royal Society's Fire-escape.
HIU inuoedJately arose ftom hia bed and proceeded
with hia naehloe to the scene of danger. In de-
ecsoBdlng ftom the top of the building, Hill either
ffcasped the slack rope, or the rope was Jerked out
of tie lumda of some person below, aad Hill Ml
haavlly to the gtound, breaking his knee cap : he
WB8 removed to 8t. Bartholomew's Hospital, from
whence he waa ejected before cured, and as it af-
tsrvacda proved, while labouring under a rapture
ef tlte diaphiagm, of which he soon after died.
Tuasday, March 0, 6} ».]«. A fire broke out in
the hoaso of Mr. LaveU, No. S6, Brownlow> street,
Drory-lane. The progress of the flames was so
npidM ^oiQpletely to cut oiC th^ escape of a female
VMn. Warrea) lodging In the third floor, yrho, after
ea laei^tual attem^ to eecape by the stairs, re-
t«eat«d t9 the window to save heiaetf from suiiboi-
tioa; it was then only that her daogei was known,
fhr so sudden had been ibe fire as to take every
ona toy sorpiise, that had it not been for the fore-
sight and pceieQce of mind of Mr. Hemming, a
{dumber and glaaier, living opposite, no means
would hfve been at hand to rescue her. Mr. Hem-
ming, upon ihe first alarm of Are, obtained the
Mal^anca of one or two persons to get ftom his
nremisea a second-floor ladder, thinking it would
be useful, and by the time it was broagnt into ihe
street the poor woman was actually hanging by her
liaDda ftom tbe window-sill at a height of nearly
iO tpeti the la^er was then quickly raised, and
before it could 1)e fixed against the house, John
1>aly, a man in the service of liff essra. Combe and
Co., nished up} finding the ladder soou feet too
short, he stood on the highest rail he could, and
catching hold of the poor woman, slipped her down
his arm and brought her to the ground in safety,
amidst the cheers of the bystanders. Great strength
appears to have been used by Daly, and consider-
able risk Incurred ftom the ladder being too short
The Royal Society's silver medal was pre-
sented to Daly, and a testimonial on Tejlam
to Mr. Hemming.
Sunday, March 14, } a.m. A most terrific con-
flagration broke out in the extensive tar-works and
saw-miUa of Mr. fiethell, in Battersear fields. The
works occupied a large area of ground, covered
with plies of the most inflammable materials. The
awfal appearance of the fire soon drew a strong
attendance of firemen and engines to the spot; but
they were powerless for want of water. Mr. Haar
derson (the district foreman) had commenced form-
ing a chain of engines from the reservoirs of the
Soutbwark Water Company ; but met with a dttch
midway, ftom whence he commenced working. Ia
the meantime, a sufficient number of hands being
oollected, they began to clear away the piles of
timber on the adjoining premises, so as to make
a roadway to the waterside, under the active super-
intendence of Mr. Robins (formerly of the Norwich
Union.) This being done, an inclined plane was
formed (torn the top of the jetty on to the beach,
when the Brigade engine ftom Farringdon-streat,
the County, and the West of England were skilfully
lowered, and in full operation m a few minutes {
apd, by their united power, the progress which the
flames were rapidly making in an easterly direo-
tion, was iaappily arrested. But for this admirable
movement, the destruction of several barges and
steamboats lying aground was Inevitable, as waa
also the timber-yards, whiting manufactories, &c.,
in close proximity. The large quantity of unex-
tinguishable inflammable matter upon which the
flames were preying, caused the heavens to be illu-
mined tUl daylight, and the flre oontinued to buta
Ibi hours afterwards. Every possible exertion was
made by all present, and the conduct of the firemea
was beyond all praise.
A grQSfly-perrerted statement of facts
connected wiw this fire appeared in the
Time9f endently proceeding from some one
Imbued with hostile feelings towards the
firemei^f and entirely ignorant of the diffi-
calties thej had to contend with upon this
occasion.
Tbe property destroyed consisted of the
engine-nonse, reptifying-bouse, saw-mills,
and abont 14,000 railway sleepers. The
stiU.hoQsa was also seriously damaged; one
barge was entirely destroyed, and two wece
serioujBly damaged, as were also some of the
aiyoinkig properties.
Wednesday, March SI. 6| p.m. A fire broke OHt
at No. 2, Little Denmark-street, St. QUn's* origi-
nating in a feul flue. The Crown-street Brigade
engines were promptly on the spot, and Ben^amltn
Cummingy fireman No. SO, having ascended the
roof, the ladder on which he was standing gave
way, and he was precipitated into the street, feeeiv-
ing such severe injuries that he expired ahortly
after.
Monday, April 5, 8^ a.m. A policeman on Xion-
don Bridge perceived smokerising, which he traced
to come from the Kent and Essex Wharf, Montague
Close, Soulhwark. An alarm was immediately
given, and numerous engines from the Brigade,
HiTest of England, and County stations reached the
spot before the fire manifested itself, immense
volumes of smoke arose ftom the waiehouae, aad
at length the flames burst forfltfromeveiy opening.
l04
LONDON FiaVS IN 1847.
Th« nipply of water wai tcanty, that of hands itlll
more ao, and the fiie laged for some time with a
ftiiy that teemed to defy opposition. In a short
time, however, it began to yield to the powerfU
efforts that were making for its suppression, and
was ultimately extinguished without spreading be-
yond the building in which it commenced; this
building and its contents were, however, nearly
ond the building in which it commenced; this
luOding ai " ■
destroyed.
A ooQit of inquiry as to the origin of this
fire was held by Mr. W. Payne, the City
Conmer, when the following vesdict was
returned :—*' That there is not sufficient
evidence to enable the jury to decide how
the fire originated ; but, in their opinion,
there is erery probability that it arose firom
the spontaneous combustion of some bales
of waste or shoddy."
Thursday, April 29, 8^ p.x. A'flre broke out in
the shop of Mr. Raphael Merits, dealer in em-
broidery and Berlin wool, ISO, New Bond-street.
Mr. Staples (distrlet foreman) with the Brigade
•ngine, firom King-street, was on the spot in a few
minutes, broke open the door, and extinguished the
Are.
Mr. Moritz was insured in the Defender
office for 800/., and he claimed 680/. for the
property destroyed at the above fire, which
took place in a shop 15 feet long by 9 feet
wide, and did not burn a quarter of an hour.
Mr. Merits (who is a Prussian Jew) brought
an action against the office, which was tried
at Hertford, July 10, 1847. Before hearing
any evidence for the drfenee, the jury inter-
fered and said, " They were not satisfied
that the fire was not wuful} and with regard
to the amount of the claims, they did not
believe that any such amount of property
was in the shop at the time of the fire.'*
Evidence for the defendants (who pleaded
tiiat the fire had been wilfully occasioned,
and that the defendant's claim was fradu-
lent) was however gone into, when the case
became so bad that Serjeant Shee (for the
plaintiff) said, ** That, rather than a verdict
for the defendant should be returned, he
would withdraw from the case." The plain-
tiff' was accordingly nonetUtetL
Saturday, June 5, 1 a.m. A most alarming fire burst
forth tnm. one of the workshops of Messrs.Maudslay,
Sons, and Field, Westminster-road. The flames
need in anew building at the end of an ex-
tensive range of workshops, composed for the most
part of timber, and the names spread with such
rapidity, that In a few minutes several parts of the
premises were in flames. The West of England
engtaie being rvn into the premises, was set to work
from the mains belonging to the ftetory. The
Brigade and County engines arrived from the vari-
ous stations, and placed themselves in the best
positions from whence water could be obtained;
unfortunately, however, the supply of this element
was wholly inadequate to the emergency, and the
scanty supply that was obtained was at a consider-
able distance from the fire. For some time the
ellbrts of the firemen were of little avail ; and from
the caipenters' shops the fire extended to the boiler-
makers, and from thence to the pattern lofts and
spadons foondry. At two o^clock the metropo-
lis was teUUaatly illuminated by the flames for
cff»ts ^
Biilaa round. The most heroic
tj the flxemoD, under Mr. Bialdwood, bj those of
the West of England, under Mr. Connerton, and
the County, under Mr. Garwood, with the beat
results, and by six o'clock all danger of frirther eX'
tension was at an end. The pattern makers', boiler
mskers', carpenters' shops, about half the pattern
loft, and foundry were destroyed. One vice and
and finishing shop, the smiths' shop, and the new
buildings were severely damaged.
The origin of the fire remains unknown.
Wednesday, June 7, S a.m. During a vio-
lent thunder storm, the electric fluid struck the
house of Mr. Wiseman, Brewer's-laae, Greenwidi,
the roof of which was instantly in flames; the
neighbourhood was speedily roused, and a scene of
great conAision ensued as the flre flew from houae
to house with great rapidity. The buildings were
very old, and mostly eompoaed of timber. The
S^ea fimn Greenwich Blospital, one of the Brf-
le from town, as well as the County and West of
gland, were in attendance as promptly as possi-
ble. The floating engine, from Deptford dookyaxd,
was also brought to the spot, and every effort was
made to arrest the progress of the flames; bat
before this could be eflbcted, nine houses bad been
entirely destroyed, and several otheis more or leas
injured.
The electric fluid also at the same time flred the
house of Mr. Wlchelow, Paulin-street, Bermond-
sey, and the flames were not extinguished until
they had done considerable iujury.
Saturday, July 81 , 1 a.m. A fire broke out in the
shop of Mr. Wise, saddler and harneaa maker, Ko.
2, west Smithfield. at which time Mr. Wise and l&is
son were sleeping in a room behind the shop. In
the first-floor back room slept Mr. Mead, hia wift,
and two children, three older childrai sleeping in
the room over them. A German, named Myrck,
also slept on that fioor, while another German,
named Casler, slept in a middle room on the third
story, and he was the first discoverer of the fire ;
finding his room fall of smoke, he ran down stairs,
and alarmed Mr. Myrck, who descended to the first
floor, and roused Mr. Mead. The latter ran up
stairs to his children, but they had locked them-
selves in, and mislaid the key; eventually, how-
ever, they opened the door, and were taken by their
father into the flrst-floorfrontroomJQStas tiiellamso
ascended the staircase. Mr. Mead and the whole
of his family (seven persons) escaped safely from
the window, being received in a Jumping-sheet
from the police sUtion adjoining. Mr. Wise and
his son escaped at the back of the premises into au
adjoining house, while the two Germans got on to
the roof, where they preferred to remain until the
flre was extinguished. The iire commenced in a
comer on the left-hand side of the shop, flroiii
whence it extended through the partition to tiie
staircase, the draught of which caused it to bum
most fiercely. The prompt arrival of the engines
from the Farringdon-street and other stationa, with
a good supply of water most skilAiUy applied, hap-
pily soon arrested the progress of the flames.
Hie origin of this fire appearing^ to be
inexplicable, Mr. Payne, the City Conner*
held a eourt of inqui^into the cause on the
following Monday, when the preceding fiM!ts
were given in evidence, as also that Mr.
Wise reached home about 11 o'clock on the
Saturday night previous to the fire, and,
lighting a candle, passed tiirough the shop
to his sleeping apartment with Us son, when
all appeared safe. At the conclusion of the
evidence, Mr. Payne observed* " That there
was not the slightest reason to suppose that
the fire had been wiUhlly kindled— pladof,
as it did, the lives of all the inhabitants in
luch imminent peril— but, that than wis no
lONBOll Fnt«9 IN 1847.
105
potSAn eryeooe to ihow how the fire oti-
giaatfld;" and the jwj returned a Terdlct
to that effect. It waa generally Bnpposed,
however* that Mr. Wlae'a unextinguished
match had fallen upon some soft combustible,
which mouldered on till 1 o'clock, when it
burst into a flame, and the work of destruc*
tion commenced.
Batuidar. Aognst H, 11| f.v. A fire broke oat
•I Na S, Gzeat Badow-itreet, Maiylebone. When
flnt diaooTered, the fin wm nglng on the firsts
floor, ftom whence the flamea extended to the
stidxcMe, cutting off the communication. The
■cc ond floor was occupied byMn. Compton and
ftor daoKhten (one paralytic) who, on the alarm
being given, piesented themselTM at the window,
ImploTing help. No meant of rescue appearing to
be at hand, the crowd called to the mother to throw
bciaelf and children out of the window; happily,
bowsrer, she had too little nerve, or too much good
•cnae^ to embrace so hastily this rash expedient;
and. in a rexj few minutes. Conductor Sutckingt,
with the Boyal 8ociety'sflre-escape,from the King-
street station, arrived on the spot, and placing his
eacape against the burning building, brought the
wliole iaittily down in safety, amid the plaudits of
tbe gratlfled spectators. Ae fire was promptly
extingolshed by the parish and Brigade engmes,
the first and second floor being burned out, and the
ataizcase sedously damaged.
The Royal Sodety presented Hutchinga
witft their ailTer medal for his prompt at.
tandanoe and meritorious exertions: they
also gave tiie sum of IL, and a certificate on
Tellam, to Mary Cromer, a domestic ser-
vant, who rushed into the burning room at
the same fire, and rescued a little child at
the risk of her life, her 9wn night dress and
hair beii^ Raited in the set.
Tbnrsdnr, Anguit M, H a^k* A fire broke out
flt No. 36, Beech-street, Barbican, in the portion of
the ahop occupied by a Mr. Leopold Hail. The firo
spread rapidly into the part occupied by Mr. Jones,
an Mdng-hoose keeper, and also to Mr. Ingram's
timbef-jwd; and, notwithstanding the prompt
attendance of a strong body of firemen and engfaies,
waa extinguished with considerable difficulty.
In oonsequence of many suspicious cir-
eumstanoea attending the outbreak of this
fire, Mr. Payne held a court of inquiry, in
the course of whieh the wilftil orlgfai of the
fire was so apparent, and the claim made
npOQ the Sun Fire Office so manifestly frau-
ddent, that the jury returned a Terdlct —
^That the lioose was wilfully set on fire by
the tenant, Leopold Hail ;'' and the coroner
made out a warrant for his committal to
Newgate ; but he subsequently got liberated
on baQ, when, in addition, he gaye '*leg
hail,'' and so escaped the consequences of
his diabolical crime.
Sundi^, September 26, 2} a.x . A flie broke out
at No. 17, Lower Seymour-street, FortmanHMiuare,
in the sleeping room of Mrs. Anna Jane Pochin
(aged 63) who had long been in the constant habit
of reading in bed. Her maid being roused by the
zinging of her bell, hastened to answer it, when she
finrnd Mrs. Pochin's room on fire, but was unable
to enter, the door being bolted inside. An alarm of
flro waa giren, and Coudmetar Brown, with the
Royal fioosCy't flz^eacape, was in immediate at-
tendance. Having forced an entrance to the room,
he courageously dashed through the flames, and
brought out Mrs. Pochin, who was promply attended
by a nelffhbouring surgeon, but unfortunately she
had received such severe injuries, that she expired
in 32 hours after the accident. The fire was extin-
guished before it sproad beyond the room in which
it so unfortunately commenced.
At the inquest, Mr. Wakley, the coroner,
commented on the danger of reading in bed,
particularly on the part of aged and feeble
persons, and said, "the practice was in*
Ysriably attended, sooner or later, by fetal
consequences." The jury returned a Ter-
dlct of "accidental death," accompanied
by an encomium on the gillant conduct of
fire-escape conductor Brown, to whom the
Boyal Society presented their edlTer medal
for his praiseworthy exertions.
Mondav, Oct. 11, 7 p.m. A fire attended with
loss of liie occurred on the premises of Mr. Whita-
ker, ftirniture dealer, No. ,28, Water-lane, Black-
firiars. The fiames were first seen burning in Mr.
Whitaker's shop (which was closed) by a police-
constable, who immediately alarmed the occupants
of the upper part of the house, which consisted of
Mrs. Hamilton and family, and a maiden lady
named Purday, aged 60. On the alarm of firo
being given, Mrs. Hamilton escaped down stairs
with her ehildron; on the stairease she saw Miss
Purday, and told her " to go down, as the house was
on fire," and supposed she did so. Mrs. Hamilton
went up stairs again to rosoue some papers and
returned in safety. The flro raged foriously, until
the prompt attendance of the firemen with a plen-
tiful supply of water arrested its progress. After
the firo was extinguished, the firemen wero sur-
prised at finding the dead body of Miss Purday on
the third fioor, about four feet from the window.
As no person knew that any one remained in the
premises, no effort was made to rescue the de-
The police were in attendance with theur
jumping- sheet, but as that does not afford
the means of ascending, no search could be
made, and the fire happened an hour before
the Royal Society's escapes are on duty.
Tbeir conductors woariably ageend and
iearch the premiset to guard against such
calamities as the present. An inquest was
held before Mr. Payne, when the jury re-
turned a Terdict, *' that the deceased was
burned to death in a fire which occurred in
the premises of Mr. Whitaker ; but how
the fire took plaoe there was not sufficient
eridence to pro?e." The foreman tendered
the thanks of the jury "to the whole of the
firemen and police for their extraordinary
exertions on the night in question." It
subsequently appeared that Mr. Whitaker
quitted his shop a few minutes befi>re seven,
taming down tht gu-bumers very low ; it
would seem that ia shutting the door he blew
out the light in the shop, and the gas escaped
until a luge quantity became collected and
ignited at the other burner, when the work
of destruction went on.
Thursday, Oct. 28, 2| a.m. A fire was dlsooTered
in the house, No. 9, Drummond<street, Euston-
auaro, which proved fiital to one of the inmates,
le flro began in the shop of Mr. Lawson, stationer,
t3
106
LONDOK FtRfeB iK 1847.
and on being roused the Inmates ran down stairs
!Mto the street, with the excejitfrtn of a Mrs.
IfiRckie, who, apparently paralysed by fear, fell
down on the landing, and before her distressing
situation was known, was enveloped by the ascend-
ing flames and burned to death. The parish engine,
and one f^om the adjoining railway statinn, were
brought out, but for want of some ^rson skilled
in their use, were of little avail. The Bri-
gade engines and firemen soon reached the spoti
and by their exertions extinguished the fire. The
•hop, first and iecond floor, were burned out, and
the roof destroved, and two adjoining premises
slightly damaged.
Monday, November 29, 4} f. v. A most destmd-
ttve confla^atlon broke out in the worlcabopK*
of MeMra. Lawrence and Soni, carpenters and
builders, Pitfield-street, Hoxton. From the inflam-
mable contents of the premises, the flames spread
rapidly, and soon ignited several hoasea in Queen-
•treet, three of which were completely destroyed
and several others seriously damaged before nay
force of engines or water could be brought to bear
upon them. At the same time the iire spread frona
bne stack of timber to another, until the whole was
one burning mass, throwing out a glowing heat
which defied approach, and the light of which Dla-
mlnated the metropolis for hours, and caused the
greatest consternation to prevail in this densely
crowded nei{;hbourhood. By eleven o'Hock aU
danger of further extension was at an end, and
the firemen by great exertion preserved the dwell-
ing house unscathed.
Monday, December 6, 9f a. m. A fire took place
In the shop of Mr. Bowry, oil and colourman, 64,
Petter-lane, owing to a leak in the turpentine cis-
tern, the vapour of which ignited on the approach
of the shopman with a lighted candle. A cry of
••fire" was instantry raised, and Mr. Bowry, who
was in one of the upper rooms, finding the smoke
coming tjp stairs, opened his bed- room window and
jumjwd into the street, by which his thigh was
broken and he was otherwise so much injured that
he expired four days afterwards in St. Bartholo-
mew*8 Hospital. By the prompt attendance of the
firemen, the fire was speedily extinguished with
but slight damage to the ahop and its dangerous
oontoits.
The following list shows the occupancy
of the premises, with reference to that
portion of 'them in which the fire origi-
nated, thereby illustrating the compa-
rative liability to accident by fire of
various trades and manufactures, as com-
pared With private dwellings.
Anchor smith 1
Bakers 25
^rges 2
Basket maker » # ]
Beer shops 6
Bleacher, wiUow 1
Boat builders 2
Bonnet-shape makers 1
booksellers, binders and stationers . . 14
Boot and shoe makers 6
Box makers, fancy 1
Brewer 1
Brokers, furniture 6
Brush makers 2
* The fire commenced in a portion of the work-
shops which had only just been reinstated after
being destroyed by fire on the 18th of October
preceding.
Cabinet ttiakers and dphdlAerek . . . . ;
Carpenters and builders.. . •
Cart : wi...
Chair makers
Chapels and Churches ^ . . .
Cliarcoal tiaakers i
Cheesemongers :...'••••
Chemist ....•;.....
Chemical iaboratorite ;.;
Coach makers : . . . ;
poals, dealers in
Coffee shops and eating houses •
Confectioners .: . ;...;...: •: . .
Coopers
Cutlers '<.
College .;•.•;..£•
Distlflfers •
Dwellings, private
Dyers ^..% ..;.••
{Engineer 
