IUCN Directory of
Afrotropical Protected
Areas
IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources) is a
network of governments, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), scientists and other
conservation experts, joined together to promote the protection and sustainable use of
living resources.
Founded in 1948, IUCN has more than 500 member governments and NGOs in over 100
countries. Its six Commissions consist of more than 3000 experts on threatened species,
protected areas, ecology, environmental planning, environmental policy, law and
administration and environmental education.
IUCN
- monitors the status of ecosystems and species throughout the world;
- plans conservation action, both at the strategic level through the World
Conservation Strategy and the programme level through its programme of
conservation for sustainable development;
- promotes such action by governments, intergovernmental bodies and
nongovernmental organizations; and
- provides assistance and advice necessary for the achievement of such action.
UNEP, the United Nations Environment Programme is a Secretariat within the United
Nations which was established to serve as a focal point for environmental action and
co-ordination within the UN system.
GEMS, the Global Environment Monitoring System, co-odinated by UNEP, is a
collective effort of the world community to acquire through global monitoring, the data
which are needed for rational management of the environment. Monitoring activities fall
into five major programmes: climate related monitoring, long range transport of air
pollutants, health related monitoring, oceans and terrestrial renewable resources.
INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CONSERVATION OF NATURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES
UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME
IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
IUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre
IUCN Commission on National Parks and Protected Areas
Published by IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, U.K. March 1987
A Contribution to GEMS - The Global Environment Monitoring System
Prepared and published by IUCN in collaboration with the United Nations Environment
Programme and with the financial support of the World Wide Fund for Nature and the United
Nations Environment Stamp Conservation Fund.
A contribution to GEMS - the GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT MONITORING SYSTEM.
Copyright: 1987 International Union for Conservation of Nature and
Natural Resources / United Nations Environment Programme
This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or
non-profit purposes, without special permission from the copyright holders provided
acknowledgement of the source is made.
No use of this publication may be made for resale or other commercial purpose, without the
prior written permission of the copyright holders.
Citation: IUCN/UNEP (1987). The IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas.
IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. xix + 1034pp.
ISBN: 2-88032-804-7
Artwork: Tony and Linton Harrison; Barbara Karpowicz
Cover design: James Butler
Printed by: Page Brothers (Norwich) Limited, United Kingdom
Cover photos: Mt Kenya; Acacia tree with termite nest;
Montane forest: N. Mark Collins, IUCN
Victoria Falls: Mark Boulton, ICCE/WWF
Available from: IUCN Publications Services,
219c Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 ODL, UK
or Avenue du Mont-Blanc, CH-1196 Gland, Switzerland
The designations of geographical entities in this book, and the presentation of the material, do
not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the participating
organisations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities,
or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
Foreword
Introduction
Information collection and management
What the data sheets contain
The next steps
Acknowledgements
Political map of the Afrotropical realm
Biogeographical map of the Afrotropical realm
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Central African Republic
Chad
Comoros
Congo
Cote d’Ivoire
Djibouti
Equatorial Guinea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
Madagascar
Malawi
Geographical index
Taxonomic index
CONTENTS
aa
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Reunion
Rwanda
Sao Tome and Principe
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
St Helena
Sudan
Swaziland
Tanzania
Togo
Uganda
Zaire
Zambia
Zimbabwe
1005
1010
385
393
401
427
445
463
475
503
507
515
519
537
563
575
579
791
795
813
821
869
879
909
931
963
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FOREWORD
The World Conservation Strategy defines conservation as "the management of human use of the
biosphere so that it may yield the greatest sustainable benefit to present generations while
maintaining its potential to meet the needs and aspirations of future generations". Conservation
of living resources must therefore have three specific objectives: to maintain essential
ecological processes and life-support systems; to preserve genetic diversity; and to ensure that
utilization of species and ecosystems is sustainable. To achieve these goals large areas of the
land and sea must be managed in such a way that conservation of nature is a key management
and planning issue.
At the World National Parks Congress, held in Bali, Indonesia, 11-22 October 1982, discussion
of future directions in protected area management was wide ranging, and emphasised the
expanding role of conservation land managers in the planning, development and management
of the areas under their control. The recognition of protected area managers as a professional
body of men doing a vital job was seen as being of particular importance.
It is gradually being realised that the world must have protected areas which are designed,
planned, and managed to bring immediate and long-term benefits to people. Parks and
reserves protect the water supply of many towns and agricultural regions and, in many cases,
major industrial regions; they provide important sources of foreign exchange in many third
world countries and a livelihood for many people. They are also vital sources of natural raw
materials such as food and thatching grass and contain "genetic resources’ such as crop
relatives, medicinal plants and natural predators for biological control of pests.
The JUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas contains details of many of the parks,
reserves and other protected areas of the Afrotropical Realm, providing information on the
very significant conservation efforts that are being made in Africa. The Directory is a product
of the Protected Areas Data Unit (part of the IUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre which is
based in the UK) working through IUCN’s Commission on National Parks and Protected Areas.
This book is the second in a series of protected areas directories launched in 1982 with the
publication of the JUCN Directory of Neotropical Protected Areas, and it is expected that
additional directories will be produced at the rate of approximately one per year, with work
currently under way on the Indomalayan region, and shortly to begin on Oceania.
The information presented here is part of a much larger database which covers not only
protected areas, but also plant and animal species of conservation concern, and wildlife trade.
Using this database, the IUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre is able to provide information
in a variety of configurations to members of the conservation and development communities
including national park managers, scientists and planning agencies. By making such
information readily available in a useful form, IUCN will to be able to help ensure that
development decisions will lead to a sustainable improvement in the standard of living of all
people, and that protected areas will make their important contributions to society.
Kenton R. Miller
Director General
International Union for Conservation of
Nature and Natural Resources
-iii-
INTRODUCTION
The rapid changes in economic and social development which have taken place in recent years
have led to a number of new approaches to the protection of our natural environment. Over
much of the world, the urgency to link the protection of natural areas to development through
research, base-line monitoring, environmental assessment, maintenance of biological diversity,
watershed management, environmental education, and the like, has led to a shift in
management of natural areas. National parks are as important as ever, but there are now a
number of additional categories of protected areas which are managed with different objectives
for bringing benefits to society.
With greatly increased responsibilities for helping ensure that social and economic development
meets the real needs of society, protected areas are now beginning to receive greater support
from governments, international development agencies, and local people. No longer just
*playgrounds for the rich’, and protected purely for their big game and aesthetic qualities, more
attention is being paid to the value of conservation areas to other long term needs of mankind.
The JUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas is the second in a series of directories
which aims to document the protected areas of the world. It builds on the foundations of
the United Nations List of National Parks and Equivalent Reserves (first published in 1961 and
up-dated periodically since then) and the World Directory of National Parks and Other
Protected Areas (1975, 1977).
The objectives of this series, and of the database from which it is produced, include:
- continual assessment of what is protected and how;
- promotion of the effective management of protected areas; and
- stimulation of increased interest in protected areas on the part of students, scientists,
researchers, land-use planners, government officials, and the general public.
The Afrotropical Directory was compiled and edited by staff of the Protected Areas Data Unit,
part of the IUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre (CMC). Much of the information used has
been provided by members and consultants of IUCN’s Commission on National Parks and
Protected Areas (CNPPA), and further information has been supplied by many other scientists
and land managers working in Africa. Draft information sheets were presented for many of
the areas at the 22nd Working Session of CNPPA, held in Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe, from
22-27 May 1983. The information was discussed and revised, and additional material solicited
to make coverage as complete as possible. Information which had been collected by Unesco for
it’s Man and the Bisophere programme (Project 8; Biosphere Reserves), and also information
submitted as nomination of sites for inscription under the World Heritage Convention was also
used. Further information was taken from published sources, gleaned from IUCN/WWF files
and collected by Sally Austin in Kenya and Tanzania during early 1984.
A list of all those people significantly involved in development of the information base is given
at the end of the introductory section, however the editors accept responsibility for any errors
of fact or ommission. Also, the information contained in the book for any one country has
been compiled from a number of sources and does not necessarily represent the view of any
one individual. Corrections or additional information would be appreciated and should be
communicated to:
Protected Areas Data Unit
IUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre
219c Huntingdon Road
Cambridge CB3 0DL
United Kingdom
-iv-
INFORMATION COLLECTION AND MANAGEMENT
IUCN’s Commission on National Parks and Protected Areas (CNPPA) has been collecting
information for many years - a practice which has developed with the greater regionalization
of the Commission. By 1981 working sessions in Costa Rica, Scotland, Cameroon and Peru had
all provided detailed information on many sites. Combined with CNPPA ffiles, and
publications such as the 1980 UN List and the World Directory of National Parks and Other
Protected Areas, a good backbone of data already existed, and was continually being added to.
It was the need to analyse and handle this increasing flow of information more efficiently that
prompted CNPPA to initiate the establishment of the Protected Areas Data Unit in that year.
The information base which had been developed was centred around lists of sites and a two
page information sheet for each site provided by principle contacts in each country or region.
Other materials such as management plans, published papers, maps, species lists and brochures,
and details of the conservation and protected area systems within each country had also been
collected. In July 1981, when the unit was established, the Commission had just held a
regional working session in Lima, Peru, where one of the main tasks had been the review of
the information available on protected areas within the region. As a result, information on the
neotropics was perhaps more complete than on any other region, and it was decided that
PADU’s initial emphasis would be to prepare an JUCN Directory of Neotropical Protected
Areas. This was published in October 1982, to coincide with the World National Parks
Congress in Bali.
Meanwhile other regions were not neglected, and much information on sites was amassed from
correspondence, project reports, and published papers. This led to modification of the
information sheets already available, and addition of many new sheets. This work continues.
However, development of information sheets on each of the areas is only one part of the unit’s
work. All of these information sheets are stored as text files on the computer, but as anyone
familiar with computers will appreciate such files cannot be easily used for processing and
extracting data. Summaries of information are therefore coded into data-processing files,
which facilitates the selection, sorting and reproduction of information relevant to a variety of
conservation problems. The 1985 and 1982 United Nations List of National Parks and
Protected Areas are two of the outputs that were prepared by using these data files.
Although created by CNPPA, PADU is now part of the IUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre
(CMC). However, the unit still works very closely with the Commission and at each of the
Commission working sessions the first item on the agenda is the monitoring of protected areas,
where information held by PADU for the region can be reviewed. Working sessions since the
World National parks Congress in Bali, Indonesia, have been convened in Zimbabwe, the Soviet
Union, Spain, India, Western Samoa and Argentina. As it is initially intended to produce
directories covering the three main tropical regions, the Zimbabwe meeting was a particularly
useful step in the development of a directory of protected areas for the Afrotropical Realm.
Work is already well under way on development of directories covering the protected areas of
the Indomalayan region and islands of the Southern Pacific Ocean.
With the improvement of the protected area information base, and development of the data
files, the ability to summarise and analyse data improves. By carefully assessing the coverage
by protected areas of each biogeographical province on land or at sea, PADU is able to help
CNPPA to identify gaps or weaknesses in the world-wide system of reserves. It is thus much
easier to chart the development of new areas year by year, and to focus attention where it is
most required. Recently; PADU and CNPPA have worked together with CNPPA consultants
John and Kathy MacKinnnon to produce a much more detailed analysis of protected areas in
Africa, using much of the information made available to PADU by those listed in the
acknowledgement section below. Their report Review of the Protected Areas System in the
Afrotropical Realm is being published by IUCN simultaneously with this directory, and it is
hoped that these two products will together help provide IUCN with the necessary tools for the
development of a fully integrated conservation plan for Africa.
-V-
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WHAT THE DATA SHEETS CONTAIN
a) INFORMATION ON THE COUNTRY’S PROTECTED AREA SYSTEM
Each country section begins with a map of the country indicating the location of each of the
areas. This is followed by a series of notes under standard headings which aim to provide
background information on the whole system of protected areas within the country.
Country Area The area of the country, or political unit, as given in the Times Atlas of the
World, Sixth Edition (1980).
Population The population of the country or political unit as given in the 1985-1986
Statesman’s Year-Book (122nd edition), unless more recent information is available. The date
of the estimate is given in parentheses, unless a census is involved where this is specifically
mentioned.
Parks and Reserves Legislation Basic details of the legislation dealing with the conservation
units, and with the department or office responsible for running those units. Whenever
possible the numbers of the Jaws or decrees and their dates are given. Information is also given
on how new areas are established and on the definitions given for each category of protected
area.
Parks and Reserves Administration Details of how the above laws are applied, who is
responsible for enforcing them, and how the different categories of protected area are managed.
Address Offices responsible for administration of the protected area system.
Additional Information Background information on nature conservation within the country
where relevant to protected areas issues, including details of major conservation issues, systems
reviews, national conservation strategies, etc. Particular note is also made of general threats
and problems affecting protected areas.
References Key references on the country’s system of protected areas and on nature
conservation in general within the country.
Protected Areas List of the protected areas within the country with their sizes, in the order in
which the individual data sheets will follow. There will not necessarily be a data sheet for
every conservation unit listed. No qualitative judgement goes into the production of this list,
and sites are listed as they are defined within the country. The individual sheets which follow
go into the actual situation in more detail.
b) INFORMATION ON INDIVIDUAL AREAS
Name of the Protected Area The name given by the management authority.
Management Category This is the type of protected area, following the scheme of the IUCN
(1982) paper, "Categories, Objectives, and Criteria for Protected Areas", a revised and edited
version of a paper first produced in 1978. This paper divides the 140 or so names that have
been provided for various sorts of protected area into 10 categories, as follows:
- Category I (Scientific Reserve/Strict Nature Reserve)
These areas possess some outstanding ecosystems, features and/or species of flora and
fauna of national scientific importance or are representative of particular natural areas;
they often contain fragile ecosystems or life forms, areas of important biological or
geological diversity or areas of particular importance to the conservation of genetic
resources. Size is determined by the area required to ensure the integrity of the area to
accomplish the scientific management objective and provide for the protection of the area.
-Vii-
Natural processes are allowed to take place in the absence of any direct human
interference; tourism, recreation, and public access are generally proscribed. Ecological
processes may include natural acts that alter the ecological system or physiographic
features, such as naturally-occurring fires, natural succession, insect or disease outbreaks,
storms, earthquakes and the like, but necessarily exclude man-made disturbances. The
educational function of the site is to serve as resource for studying and obtaining scientific
knowledge.
Use of the reserve should in most cases be controlled by central government. Exceptions
may be made where adequate safeguards and controls for long-term protection are ensured
and where the central government concurs.
- Category II (National Park)
National parks are relatively large areas which contain representative samples of major
natural regions, features or scenery where plant and animal species, geomorphological
sites, and habitats are of special scientific, educational, and recreational interest. They
contain one or several entire ecosystems that are not materially altered by human
exploitation and occupation. The highest competent authority of the country having
jurisdiction over the area has taken steps to prevent or eliminate as soon as_ possible
exploitation or occupation in the area and to enforce effectively the respect of ecological,
geomorphological, or aesthetic features which have led to its establishment.
The resource is managed and developed so as to sustain recreation and education activities
on a controlled basis. The area is managed in a natural or near-natural state. _ Visitors
enter under special conditions for inspirational, educational, cultural, and recreational
purposes; sport hunting is not a compatible use, but culling for management purposes
sometimes is required.
- Category III (Natural Monument/Natural Landmark)
This category normally contains one or more of several specific natural features of
outstanding national significance which, because of uniqueness or rarity, should be
protected. The specific feature to be protected ideally has little or no evidence of man’s
activities. These features are not of the size nor do they contain a diversity of features or
representative ecosystems which would justify their inclusion as a national park. Size is
not a significant factor; the area only needs to be large enough to protect the integrity of
the site.
Although Category III areas may have recreational and touristic value, they should be
managed to remain relatively free of human disturbance. These areas may be owned and
managed by either central or other government agencies or non-profit trusts or
corporations as long as there is assurance that they will be managed to protect their
inherent features for the long term.
- Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve/Wildlife Sanctuary)
A Category IV area is desirable when protection of specific sites or habitats is essential to
the continued well-being of resident or migratory fauna of national or global
significance. Although a variety of areas fall within this category, each would have as its
primary purpose the protection of nature; the production of harvestable, renewable
resources may play a secondary role in the management of a particular area. The size of
the area is dependent upon the habitat requirements of the species to be protected; these
areas could be relatively small, consisting of nesting areas, marshes, or lakes, estuaries,
forest, or grassland habitats, or fish spawning areas, or seagrass feeding beds for marine
mammals.
The area may require habitat manipulation to provide optimum conditions for the species,
vegetative community, or feature according to individual circumstances. For example, a
particular grassland or heath community may be protected and perpetuated through a
limited amount of livestock grazing; a marsh for wintering waterfowl may require
continual removal of excess reeds and supplementary planting of waterfowl food; or a
reserve for an endangered animal may need protection against predators.
-Viii
Limited areas may be developed for public education and appreciation of the work of
wildlife management.
Ownership may be by the central government or, with adequate safeguards and controls,
by lower levels of government, non-profit trusts or corporations or private individuals or
groups.
- Category V (Protected Landscape or Seascape)
The scope of areas that fall within this category is necessarily broad because of the wide
variety of semi-natural and cultural landscapes that occur within various nations. This
may be reflected in two types of areas: those whose landscapes possess special aesthetic
qualities which are a result of the interaction of man and land; and those that are
primarily natural areas managed intensively by man for recreational and tourism uses.
In the former case, these landscapes may demonstrate certain cultural manifestations such
as: customs, beliefs, social organization, or material traits as reflected in land use patterns.
These landscapes are characterized by either aesthetically attractive or unique patterns of
human settlement. Traditional land use practices associated with agriculture, grazing, and
fishing are dominant. The area is large enough to ensure the integrity of the landscape
pattern.
The latter case often includes natural or scenic areas found along coastlines and lake
shores, in hilly or mountainous terrain, or along the shores of rivers, often adjacent to
tourist highways or population centres; many will have the potential to be developed for a
variety of outdoor recreational uses with national significance.
In some cases the area may be privately held and the use of either central or delegated
planning control would be necessary to ensure the perpetuation of both the land use and
life style. Means of government assistance might be required to improve the standard of
living while maintaining the natural quality of the site through appropriate management
practices. In other instances, the areas are established and managed under public
ownership, or a combination of public and private ownership.
- Category VI (Resource Reserve)
Category VI areas will normally comprise an extensive and relatively isolated and
uninhabited area having difficult access, or regions that are lightly populated yet may be
under considerable pressure for colonization and greater utilization. In many cases, there
has been little study or evaluation of these areas, so the consequences of converting these
areas to agriculture, mineral or timber extraction, the construction of roads, or intensive
fishing, dredging or mariculture is unclear. Similarly, use of the resources may not be
appropriate because of the lack of technology, human or financial resource restrictions, or
alternative national priorities. Consequently, natural, social, and economic values are not
sufficiently identified to permit the area to be managed for specific objectives or to
justify its conversion to other uses. On land, restricted access is implied so areas will
normally require control, depending upon the pressures to enter and utilize the area.
Areas may be owned or administered by government or public corporations.
Maintenance of existing conditions to allow for studies on the potential use for the
designated areas is a prerequisite. No exploitation should occur with the exception of use
of resources by indigenous inhabitants; ongoing ecologically sound activities are acceptable.
This category has also been used within the CMC database for those areas which are
protected by legislation, but where, for various reasons, there is no infrastructure and
protection is reportedly inadequate. The area should still be ecologically viable.
- Category VII (Natural Biotic Area/ Anthropological Reserve)
Category VII areas are characterized by natural areas where the influence or technology of
modern man has not significantly interfered with or been absorbed by the traditional ways
of life of the inhabitants. These areas may be remote and isolated and their inaccessibility
may be maintained for a considerable period of time. The societies are of particular
significance to the maintenance of cultural diversity; there is a strong dependence of man
upon the natural environment for food, shelter, and other basic material to sustain life.
-ix-
Extensive cultivation or other major modifications of the vegetation and animal life is not
permitted.
Management is oriented towards the maintenance of habitat for traditional societies so as
to provide for their continuance within their own cultural mores.
- Category VIII (Multiple Use Management Areas/Managed Resource Areas)
A Category VIII area is large, containing considerable territory suitable for production of
wood products, water, pasture, wildlife, marine products and outdoor recreation; parts of
the area may be settled and may have been altered by man. The area may possess
nationally unique or exceptional natural features, or may as a whole represent a feature or
area of international or national significance.
Planning programmes to ensure the area is managed on a sustained yield basis is a
prerequisite. Land ownership is under government control. Through proper zoning,
significant areas can be given specific additional protection. For instance, the
establishment of wilderness-type areas is consistent with the purpose of these areas as
would be establishing nature reserves. Multiple use, in the context of Category VIII, is
considered to be the management of all renewable resources, utilized in some combination
to best meet the needs of the country. The major premise in the management of these
areas is that they will be managed to maintain the overall productivity of the areas and
their resources in perpetuity.
- Category IX (Biosphere Reserves)
One focus of the Unesco Man and the Biosphere Programme, initiated in 1970, is to
conserve representative natural areas throughout the world through the establishment of a
network of biosphere reserves.
Management objectives are: to conserve for present and future use the diversity and
integrity of biotic communities of plants and animals within natural ecosystems, and to
safeguard the genetic diversity of species on which their continuing evolution depends.
Biosphere reserves provide opportunities for ecological research, particularly baseline
studies, both within natural and altered environments. These reserves have particular
value as benchmarks or standards for measurement of long-term changes in the biosphere
as a whole and are consequently important sites for environmental monitoring. They are
also particularly important for study of the relationships between man and nature in
different ecosystems.
Each biosphere reserve is therefore likely to include one or more of the following:
representative examples of natural biomes; areas where research, particularly on ecosystem
function and management, is well developed; examples of harmonious landscapes resulting
from traditional patterns of land use; and examples of modified or degraded ecosystems
capable of being restored to more natural conditions.
A biosphere reserve must have adequate long-term legal protection. Each biosphere
reserve is large enough to be an effective conservation unit, and to accommodate different
uses without conflict. Each reserve must be approved by the Man and the Biosphere
International Co-ordinating Council before it can receive designation as a biosphere
reserve.
- Category X (Natural World Heritage Sites)
The International Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural
Heritage (Unesco, 1972) provides for the designation of areas of "outstanding universal
value" as World Heritage Sites. These exceptional areas must be recommended by the
Signatory nation responsible for the site for declaration by the international World
Heritage Committee. The sites include many previously designated protected areas.
Management objectives of World Heritage Sites are: to protect the natural features for
which the area was considered to be of world heritage quality; to provide information for
world-wide public enlightenment; and to provide for research and environmental
monitoring.
-Xx-
Areas to be considered under the Convention will be restricted to those which are truly of
international significance. Natural sites must represent one or more of the following
criteria:
i) be outstanding examples representing the major stages of the earth’s evolutionary
history;
ii) be outstanding examples representing significant ongoing geological processes,
biological evolution and man’s interaction with his natural environment;
iii) contain unique, rare or superlative natural phenomena, formations or features or
areas of exceptional natural beauty; and
iv) be habitats where populations of rare or endangered species of plants and
animals still survive.
Natural Heritage Sites must also fulfil conditions on the integrity of the site. Management
of these sites stresses the maintenance of the heritage values, ensures the continuation of
legal protection, and promotes the significance of each site to the country, its people and
the world.
All sites have strict legal protection and are owned by government or non-profit
corporation or trust for the long term. While recreation and on-site interpretation will
generally be developed, some sites may be of such significance that public use will either
be strictly controlled or prohibited.
- No Category Assigned
This has been used for those areas which are protected by legislation, but where, for
various reasons, there is no infrastructure and protection is reportedly inadequate, and
where the environment may be irreversibly degraded.
Biogeographical Province The Afrotropical Realm, according to Udvardy (1975) in his paper
A classification of the Biogeographical Provinces of the World (IUCN Occasional Paper No. 18),
covers the whole of Africa south of the Sahara. The realm is further divided into Provinces,
defined by significant differences in flora, fauna, and vegetation structure. These provinces
are assigned geographic, ecological, or historically established names as appropriate; the
provinces are presented on Map 1. Each of the provinces is characterised by one of the world’s
12 Biomes, major regional ecological communities of plants and animals extending over a large
natural area. Based on this system, each of the 29 Afrotropical Provinces is given a
three-number code, with the first number corresponding to the realm, the second to the
province, and the third to the biome; 3.2.1, for example, is Tropical Humid Forest (biome 1) in
the Congo Rainforest Province (province 2) in the Afrotropical Realm (realm 3). This code
allows each protected area to be assigned a biogeographical context, and facilitates comparison
of data on biomes, provinces, and realms.
Legal Protection The degree of legal protection and special protection afforded to certain
elements within the area. To qualify for the Directory a protected area should enjoy statutory
legal protection establishing it as a permanently protected area and providing sufficiently strict
safeguards to achieve the objectives of conservation of natural or of man-made landscapes.
However, some proposed areas have been included due to their immediate need for protection,
as have other important areas not currently receiving adequate protection.
Date Established Date and identification of the establishing decree or legislation, and the dates
and identification of previous legislation relating to the area.
Geographical Location General location within the country, including province, region,
proximity to major towns or landscape features and latitude and longitude.
Altitude Altitudinal range, highest point or mean altitude depending on availability of data
Area The area, expressed in hectares, included within the establishing legislation, plus any
subsequent additions. The minimum surface area for inclusion in the Directory is generally
1,000 hectares (of zones in which protection of nature takes precedence). Exceptions have
been be made for islands, and a few other areas of particular interest.
=xi-
Land Tenure Government, state or province, freehold, private, etc.
Physical Features Topography, geology, soils, hydrology, climate, and other physical features,
particularly as they affect management of the area.
Vegetation Dominant vegetation formations (such as tropical rainforest), and secondary
formations are listed or described, and percentage coverage of each formation is included when
possible. Dominant species are listed, along with any threatened and endemic species or species
of particular economic importance.
Fauna Species of mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish, and invertebrates which are of
particular importance due to their dominance in the ecosystem, rarity, presence of important
populations, etc. Where known, populations of the key species are provided. In each case
species which are included within the CMC database and publications as threatened or of
concern, are marked (E), (R), (V), or (I), depending on whether they are classified as
Endangered, Rare, Vulnerable or "Insufficiently Known", or (T) where the species is known to
be threatened, but where actual classification was still under review when this text was
completed. Species "Out of Danger" and "Of Special Concern" are also included as (O) and (Of
special concern). South African sheets also list "endangered species" which refer to fauna
endangered, vulnerable or rare in South Africa according to the references on the Country
information sheet.
Cultural Heritage Archaeological features, cultural monuments, ethnic groups and _ their
traditions etc. (If this heading is not relevant it is dropped in the interest of saving space.)
Conservation Management Status of implementation of the management plan, or if none exists
proposals for the development of such a plan. Also includes details of major management
activities, such as control burning or culling. Interpretation programmes may also be described.
Zoning The system of zoning, where present, is described, with areas included in each zone.
Disturbances or Deficiencies The major management problems are described, including such
things as poaching, fires, agricultural encroachment, etc.
Visitor Facilities Accommodation, access, interpretation programmes, and average number of
visitors. South African sheets also include the reserve’s potential for number of visitors. (If
this heading is not relevant it is dropped in the interest of saving space.)
Scientific Research Major research which either has been or is being conducted in the area.
Special Scientific Facilities Presence of laboratories, study plots, housing for scientists, etc.
Principal Reference Material Major documents on the area, including the management plan,
scientific monographs, popular books or articles, bibliographies, etc.
Staff The numbers of individuals regularly working in the area, with job classification (e.g.
superintendent, ranger, guard, clerk).
Budget Annual budget, with year, in local currency and in US dollars (for ease of
comparison). Other subventions, as from Unesco or WWF/IUCN, are also mentioned when
relevant.
Figures for staff and budget are often projected only. Staff numbers are often changed in
response to circumstances, and budgets can be cut drastically (with only limited funds for
nature conservation being available in most countries).
Local Park or Reserve Administration The name and address of the local administrative entity
for the area.
Date The date on which the whole sheet was last updated or checked.
a
THE NEXT STEPS
This directory will never be "complete". Many of the sheets contain only sparse data, the
available literature has not been fully screened and integrated, information has seldom been
completely field-checked, and areas administered by provincial or regional governments have
not been included in most cases. Further, much of the data, such as on personnel, budget, and
management problems, is "perishable" and needs regular up-dating. It is also expected that the
protected area networks in the Afrotropical Realm will continue to develop in the coming years.
A procedure has been developed for bringing the Directory up-to-date on a regular basis.
Approximately every three years, CNPPA will hold a meeting somewhere in the Afrotropical
Realm; in advance of the meeting, the existing data sheets held by CMC will be sent to the
principal contacts for each country with a request to ensure that all information is accurate and
up-to-date and to provide additional data on specific areas where such data would be useful
and pertinent (for example, presence of wild species of plants which are related to domestic
plants). Efforts will be made to fill any blanks in the data, integrate new findings from field
projects, and collect information from new areas, ensuring that the second edition of
the Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas will be a major step forward.
In the meantime, staff at the Protected Areas Data Unit will be collecting additional published
information, receiving comments and suggestions on the basis of the information contained in
the directory, and assisting IUCN and CNPPA in using this information to the best advantage
in helping conservation efforts in Africa. Any contribution would be very welcome.
IUCN Commission on National Parks and Protected Areas
World Conservation Centre
Avenue du Mont Blanc
CH-1196 Gland
Switzerland
[Telephone: 022 647181] [Telex: 22618 iucn ch]
Protected Areas Data Unit
IUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre
219c Huntingdon Road
Cambridge CB3 0DL
United Kingdom
[Telephone: 0223 277314] [Telex: 817036 scmu g]
-xiii-
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Many people have contributed to preparation of this book and the staff of Protected Areas
Data Unit would like to express their gratitude to everyone who has taken time to assist with
this task. Particular note should be made of the contribution made by the following
individuals: Francine Adams, Olu Adesola, Andrew Allo, Joao Amaro, Joseph
Andriamampianina, John Ash, Teshome Ashine, Emmanuel Asibey, Victor Balinga, Daboulaye
Ban-Ymary, Ermias Bekele, Richard Bell, Michel Benoit, Markus Borner, Manuel Braga, Eddie
Brewer, André Brosset, John Burlison, John Bushara, H. Chabwela, Anthony Cheke, Robert
Cheke, Graham Child, Lindsay Chong-Seng, Malcolm Coe, Nonie Coultard, David Cumming,
Glyn Davies, Bob Dowsett, Patrick Dugan, André Dupuy, Keith Eltringham, Mary Gartshore,
Simon Goodenough, Tisha Greyling, Alfredo Guillet, Prof. Handlos, Peter Hetz, J. Chris
Hillman, Brian Huntley, Eugene Jubert, T. Kaiza-Boshe, Pantheleon Kasomo, Humphrey Kiwia,
Moses Kumpumala, A.P. Leventis, J. Mike Lock, Walter Lusigi, John and Kathy MacKinnon, Rob
Malpas, Vincent Mama, Mario Marques, Antoine Melagui, Henry Minga, John Miskell, Nicole
Montfort, Amberley Moore, G. Mosha, Hadi Mustafa, Dominique N’Sosso, John Newby, Jean
Ngog-Nje, John Oates, Sheila O'Connor, Oko Rufin Antoine, A. Owadally, Alexander Peal,
Scott Perkin, Fred Pertet, Mark Pidgeon, Herbert Prins, Elizabeth Rodgers, Alan Rodgers, Karen
Ross, Harald Roth, A.R.K. Saba, Jordi Sabater-Pi, Rod Salm, Jeff Sayer, John Scherlis, T.K.G.
Shaba, Curt Sneider, Clive Spinage, Wendy Strahm, Yaya Tamboura, Ian Taylor, Geza Teleki,
Jean-Marc Thiollay, Jim Thorsell, Alan Tye, Bartoleme Vaohita, Jacques Verschuren, Eleanor
Warr, Hilary and Geoff Welch, Jane and Doug Williamson, Roger Wilson, S.M. Yambe and Ty
Young. In many cases these contacts have relied for much of their information on a network of
individuals, too numerous to mention here, working in the field and in national park service
headquarters.
Notwithstanding the significant input to the directory by all those mentioned above, the editors
accept responsibility for any errors of fact or ommission. Also, the information contained in
the book for any one country has been compiled from a number of sources and does not
necessarily represent the view of any one individual.
Gratitude must also be extended to Andrew Austin (Commonwealth Institute of Entomolgy),
Charlie Jarvis (Linnean Society) and the library staff of the British Museum (Natural History),
Royal Geographical Society, and the Herbarium at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, for their
advice and help in tracing references, and for their patience in dealing with queries.
All staff of the Protected Areas Data Unit at IUCN’s Conservation Monitoring Centre both past
and present have been involved in the development of this information, and hence in the
compilation of the directory. The first draft, which was prepared early 1983, was compiled by
Jeremy Harrison. This was subsequently extensively revised and edited by Sally Austin, with
the assistance of Sally Ward, and presented as a draft publication at the 16th General Assembly
of IUCN in Madrid (November 1984). Subsequently parts of the text have been revised by
Heather Macleod, Hilary Tye, Michael Green, Zbig Karpowitcz and Jeremy Harrison. During
this time secretarial assistance has been provided by Clare Billington, Eileen Egginton, Wendy
Garcia and Anthea McKinlay. The final text was prepared by Clare Billington and Jo Taylor,
with the assistance of computer programs developed by Duncan Mackinder.
Information for South Africa was compiled for CMC by Brian Huntley and Tisha Greyling of
CSIR, and provided on computer diskette. Reading of the diskettes, and reformatting of the
information was carried out by Duncan Mackinder and Sue Rallo, with the assistance of Robin
Anderson. The South African material has since been published by CSIR as Report Number
98, Directory of southern African conservation areas (Greyling and Huntley, 1984).
-XvV-
Within the IUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre, coordination of publications is carried out
by Lissie Wright, with the assistance of Barbara Lambert and Jo Taylor. Jeremy Harrison,
Head of the Protected Areas Data Unit, is responsible for the management of the protected
areas information base. Within CNPPA, the overall flow of the data collection programme was
controlled by Kenton Miller and Harold Eidsvik, and administered by Jeff McNeely and Jim
Thorsell. CNPPA’s regional vice-chairman for the Afrotropical Realm is Walter Lusigi.
PHOTO CREDITS
All photographs in the book were provided free of charge, and we would like to extend our
thanks to each of the following: Aldabra Island Foundation (Seychelles), Mark Boulton
(Equatorial Guinea, Swaziland, Uganda and cover), N. Mark Collins (Central African Republic,
and three of the cover photogaphs), S.J.M. Droop (Malawi & Zimbabwe), M. Edmunds
(Ghana), S. Goodenough (St Helena), Keith Harris (Nigeria), F. Langine (Guinea), J. M. Lock
(Benin & Togo), J. Matthews (Sierra Leone), M. Matthews (Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast & Mali),
B. Osborne (Mauritius), J. Parrott (Cameroon), P. Steele (Lesotho & Liberia), WWF (South
Africa), WWF/B. Nievergelt (Ethiopia), WWF/C.A.W. Guggisberg (Angola), WWF/D. Bourn
(Comoros), WWF/D. Williamson (Botswana), WWF/F. Parel (Kenya), WWEF/F. Vollmar
(Burundi, Chad, Congo, Guinea-Bissau & Zaire), WWF/J. Blower (Sudan), WWF/J. Gilliéron
(Niger), WWF/J. Tortignon (Mauritania), WWF/J. Verschuren (Rwanda), WWF/M. Bijleveld
(Gambia), WWF/Mark Boulton (Namibia, Somalia & Zambia), WWF/P. Oberlé (Madagascar),
WWE/W. Dolder (Mozambique & Senegal), G.R. & H.J. Welch (Djibouti), and S. Zalewski
(Gabon). The country-names indicate the beginning of the section for which the photograph is
used as a "front" page. The photographs for Reunion and Tanzania, which were taken by
M.J.E. Coode and S.A. Renvoize respectively, are reproduced with the kind permission
Director, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
-XVi-
!
I
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Sierra Leone
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The Gambia ao Tome & Pringjpe
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POLITICAL MAP OF THE AFROTROPICAL REALM
Biogeogaphical Provinces of the Afrotropical Realm
(After Udvardy, 1975)
Guinean Rain Forest
Congo Rain Forest
Malagasy Rain Forest
West African Woodland/savanna
East African Woodland/savanna
Congo Woodland/savanna
Miombo Woodland/savanna
South African Woodland/savanna
Malagasy Woodland/savanna
10. Malagasy Thorn Forest
1 bs Cape Sclerophyll
Wee Western Sahel
13. Eastern Sahel
14. Somalian
15. Namib
16. Kalahari
17. Karroo
18. Ethiopian Highlands
19. Guinean Highlands
20. Central African Highlands
21. East African Highlands
22 South African Highlands
23. Ascension and St. Helena Islands
24. Comores and Aldabra
25. Mascarene Islands
26. Lake Rudolf
27 Lake Ukerewe (Victoria)
28. Lake Tanganyika
29. Lake Malawi (Nyasa)
WOON AMERY
The Seychelles (apart from Aldabra) are in the Indomalayan realm of
Udvardy (1975), and the Prince Edward Islands in the Antarctic Realm.
-XViii-
BIOGEOGRAPHICAL MAP OF THE AFROTROPICAL REALM
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5
|
ANGOLA
Lk Ileu dos
Passaros, Luanda
Atlantic
Aimalavera @Huambo
Zambia
Namibia
Key
National Parks
Regional Nature Park
Integral Nature Reserve
Integral Reserve
Partial Reserves
BNO
Angola
ANGOLA
Area 1,246,694 sq.km
Population 7,110,000 (1983)
Parks and Reserves Legislation Decree No. 43/77 of 5 May 1977 (revoking Decree No. 40,040
of 20 January 1955) approved the statute of the Ministry of Agriculture and supported creation
of the National Directorate of Nature Conservation (Direcgaéo Nacional da Conservagao da
Natureza). The national legislation provides for five categories of conservation area: National
Park; Strict Nature Reserve; Partial Reserve; Regional Nature Park; and Special Reserve;
although in many cases these do not conform to international standards. Protected areas are
established under individual laws. In 1980 there were 18 forest reserves covering some 18,560
sq.km (which had been established before independence), though it would seem that they have
received little specific attention beyond delimitation.
Parks and Reserves Administration The major functions of the Direcgao Nacional da
Conservacao da Natureza (DNACO) are the training of technical staff, public education (in
urban, rural and reserve areas) and management of the protected areas. When Angola was still
a province of Portugal, administration was the responsibility of the Provincial Department of
Veterinary Services (Technical Division for Fauna Protection).
Address
° Direcgao Nacional da Conservacgao da Natureza, Ministerio da Agricultura, CP 74, Luanda.
Additional Information Prior to independence in 1976, reserves were primarily established in
areas considered to be of little economic value. In 1982 a survey of natural resource protection
was initiated (Horsten, 1982) which determined that there was little or no protection in either
the areas of relict montane forest or the ’Anharas do Alto’ (Huambo and Benguela provinces).
This is still the case. There is also a serious lack of staff, resources, support and the necessary
infrastructure for the existing reserves, let alone the establishment of future areas. The survey
recommends the establishment of a system of protected areas at both the regional and national
level, ideally covering some 10% of Angola’s land area. It also recommends that nature
conservation be considered in land-use planning. In addition, the laws and regulations
governing hunting, protected species and protected areas have been recommended for revision
(Estes, 1982). The probability of implementation of any of these recommendations is difficult
to assess due to the current political difficulties within the country.
References
° Estes, R.D. (1982). The Giant Sable and wildlife conservation in Angola. Report to the
IUCN/SSC Antelope Specialist Group.
° Herrick, A.B., Bastos, A.J., Eisele, F.R., Harrison, S.A., John, H.J. and Wielad (1967). Area
handbook for Angola. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington D.C.
° Horsten, F. (1982). Os Parques Nacionais e os Outres Zonas de Protecgao da Natureza de
Angola. Report (in Portuguese) for the National Department for Nature Conservation,
Ministry of Agriculture. Luanda.
° Huntley, B.J. (1974). Ecosystem Conservation priorities in Angola. Report No. 28, Servicos
de Veterinéria, Luanda.
° Huntley, B.J. and Ellis, S. (1983). Conservation status of terrestrial ecosystems in southern
Africa. Working document prepared by CSIR, Pretoria.
Protected Areas
(hectares)
National Parks
Bikuar 790,000
Iona 1,515,000
Kameia 1,445,000
IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Kangandala 60,000
Kisama 996,000
Mupa 660,000
Subtotal 5,466,000
Integral Nature Reserves
Ilheu dos Passaros 1,700
Integral Reserves
Luando 828,000
Partial Reserves
Bufalo 40,000
Luiana 840,000
Mavinga 595,000
Mocamedes 445,000
Subtotal 1,920,000
Regional Nature Parks
Chimalavera 15,000
BIKUAR NATIONAL PARK
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.08.04 (South African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection No information
Date Established Established as a National Park by Legislative Diploma 3527 of 26 December
1964 (B.O. I Série No. 52). First protected as a hunting reserve (Bikuar) by Government
Decree 2620 of 16 April 1938 (B.O. I Série No. 16) with boundary alteration by Decree 4880 of
6 September 1944 (B.O. I Série No. 35), subsequently given partial reserve status by Legislative
Diploma 2873 of 11 December 1957 (B.O. I Série No. 50). The Boundaries were redefined by
Decree 384 of 13 June 1972 (B.O. I Série 137).
Geographical Location 135km_ east-south-east of Lubango in the province of Huila.
14°55’-15°36’S, 14°14’-15°19°E.
Altitude 1,150 to 1,350m
Area 790,000ha
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features A gently undulating plain drained by the Kunene River and the
intermittent Bikuar River. No lagoons, but extensive *dambos’ are found in the river basins.
The nearest meteorological station is Lubango, where a mean annual temperature of 18.7°C is
recorded. The coldest month is June, averaging 15.6°C and the warmest is September/October,
averaging 20.8°C. The mean annual precipitation of 960mm falls on an average of 101 days.
The mean annual humidity recorded is 50%.
-4-
Angola
Vegetation There is a regular pattern of open grass plains on the seasonally waterlogged
depressions and a variety of savanna, deciduous woodland and high forest at medium altitudes
with Baikiaea, Brachystegia spiciformis, Julbernardia, and Ricinodendron. A few areas
of Baikiaea plurijuga miomba woodland remain.
Fauna Mammals include: cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T), spotted hyena Crocuta crocuta,
African wild dog Lycaon pictus (T), honey badger Mellivora capensis, lion Panthera leo,
leopard P. pardus (T), elephant Loxodonta africana (T), bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus,
kudu T. strepsiceros, reedbuck Redunca arundinum, impala Aepyceros melampus melampus,
common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia, oribi Ourebia ourebi, steenbok Raphicerus campestris,
zebra Equus oburchelli, eland Taurotragus oryx, roan antelope MHippotragus equinus
wildebeest Connochaetes taurinus, warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus, bushpig Potamochoerus
porcus. The presence of buffalo Syncerus caffer caffer and wattled crane Bugeranus
carunculatus (of special concern) is particularly noteworthy.
Zoning No information
Disturbances or Deficiencies | There are few inhabitants in the park. Areas of Baikiaea
plurijuga, which takes several years to regenerate, were logged for the Serpa Pinto railway
several years ago. Damage to tourism infrastructure due to the current political situation has
been reported.
Scientific Research No information
Special Scientific Facilities No information
Principal Reference Material
° Teixeira, J.B. (1968). Parque Nacional do Bicuari. Carte da Vegetacado e Memoria
Descritiva. 1.1.A.A., Nova Lisboa. 29 pp.
° Maps (1:100,000): Nos 338,339,357-9,378-80.
° Maps (1:250,000): SUL O-33 O,P,U,V.
Staff One administrator and 20 rangers
Budget 1981 - 1,500,000KZ
Local Park or Reserve Administration Direccgaéo Nacional da Conservagao da Natureza, CP 74,
Luanda. The park headquarters are being reconstructed in Gando; there are no outposts.
Date May 1982
IONA NATIONAL PARK
Management Category VI (Resource Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.15.07 (Namib)
Legal Protection Due to the current political situation, management and protection of this
area is extremely difficult.
Date Established Established as Porto Alexandre National Park by Legislative Diploma 2873
of 11 December 1957 (B.O. I Série No. 50) and renamed Iona National Park, with boundary
alterations by legislative diploma 3524 of 26 December 1964 (B.O. I Série No. 52). First
a5.
IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
protected as a hunting national park by Government Decree 2421 of 2 October 1937 (B.O. I
Série No. 37). Changed to Mossamedes Hunting Reserve with boundary alterations by Decree
4880 of 6 September 1944 (B.O. I Série No. 35). 9,000ha around the city of Porto Alexandre
were removed by Decree 516 of 17 August 1973 (B.O. I Série No. 193).
Geographical Location On the Angolan coast, 170km south of Mocamedes in Mocamedes
province. Bounded by the Angola-Namibia border, Atlantic Ocean and the Kuroka and
Kunene rivers. 15°44’-17°16’S, 11°44’-13°14’E.
Altitude Sea level to 2,040m
Area 1,515,000ha
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features There is a diverse coastline topography with extensive, pink coloured sand
dunes up to 100m high. There are geologically varied rock formations and rugged mountains
bordering the Kunene River.
Vegetation The vegetation is predominantly sublittoral steppe formation with shrubs and
herbs such as the genera Acacia, Commiphora, Colophospermum, Aristida, Schmidtia and
Setaria. There are sparse patches of steppe formations and littoral steppe with
mainly Aristida, Cissus and Salvadora genera and occasional pockets of Welwitschia (of
which W. bainesii is particularly noteworthy). Sporadic and patchy desert vegetation
with Odyssea and Sporobolus also occurs.
Fauna Mammals include: hunting dog Lycaon pictus (T), spotted hyena Crocuta crocuta,
brown hyena Hyaena brunnea, aardwolf Proteles cristatus, honey badger Mellivora capensis,
lion Panthera leo, leopard P. pardus (T), cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T), elephant Loxodonta
africana (T), black rhinoceros Diceros bicornis (T), eland Taurotragus oryx, kudu Tragelaphus
strepsiceros, black-faced impala Aepyceros melampus petersi (T), klipspringer Oreotragus
oreotragus, steenbok Raphicerus campestris, and Kirk’s dik-dik Madoqua kirki, with
springbok Antidorcas marsupialis, gemsbok Oryx gazella, zebra Equus zebra hartmannae (T),
and £. burchelli being the most common species, although. numbers have declined. Fur
seal Arctocephalus pusillus and manatee Trichechus senegalensis (T) also occur in the area. The
coast is used for nesting by the green turtle Chelonia mydas (E) and loggerhead turtle Caretta
caretta (V). The rivers and estuaries are visited by soft skinned turtle Trionyx triunguis,
though no nesting activities have been recorded.
Zoning Three control zones were planned in 1974.
Disturbances or Deficiencies About 200 herdsmen with unknown number of cows and goats
utilise the park for grazing. Competition between domestic animals and wild species is
heightened by the limited reserves of water. Diamond exploration is carried out, and there is a
police post and pumping station at Foz do Kunene. The current political situation has had
adverse effects on conservation work and tourist potential.
Scientific Research No information
Special Scientific Facilities No information
Principal Reference Material
° Matos, G.C. de (1970). A Vegetacgao do Parque Nacional do Iona. Bol. da Soc. Broteriana
Vol. XLIV (2° Sérue): 245-247.
° Maps (1:100,000): 373,394-396,416-418,419-442,439-44].
° Maps (1:250,000): SUL D-32 7, SUL D-33 S, SUL E-32, F,L and SUL E-33 A,B,G.
Staff None
Angola
Budget No budget allocation in 1981
Local Park or Reserve Administration Direccaéo Nacional da Conservagao da Natureza, CP 74
Luanda. The park headquarters were formerly at Espinheira, but has now been demolished.
There are unoccupied outposts at Iona and Charojamoa.
Date May 1982
KAMEIA NATIONAL PARK
Management Category VI (Resource Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.07.04 (Miombo Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Due to the current political situation, management and protection of this
area is extremely difficult.
Date Established Established as a National Park by Legislative Diploma 2873 of 11 December
1957 (B.O. I Série No. 50). First protected as a hunting reserve by Government Decree 1670 of
6 April 1935 (B.O. I Série No. 14). Confirmed as Reserva da Cameia with boundary changes
by Decree 2620 of 16 April 1938 (B.O. I Série No. 16).
Geographical Location 100km due east of Lwena in the province of Mexico, less than 100km
from the Angola-Zambia border. 11°17’-12°30’S, 20°45’-22°36’E.
Altitude 1,059-1,158m
Area 1,445,000ha
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features Characterised by extensive plains which are periodically flooded. There
are three permanent rivers, the Zambezé, Lwena, and Luangueje, which drain the area and
three lakes, Cauamba, Calundo, and Chaluvanda. The nearest weather station is at Lwena with
a recorded mean annual temperature of 20.6°C. The coldest month is June averaging 17.4°C,
and the warmest is October averaging 22.6°C. A mean annual rainfall of 1,279mm is recorded
for the area, falling over an average of 137 days. The relative humidity is 67%. ;
Vegetation The vegetation is typical of upland grasslands, or ’dambos’, growing on sandstone
with deficient drainage. It mainly comprises a medium-dense grass mat of uniform appearance
and height with considerable variation in floristic composition; principally fine-leaved
perennial bunch grasses and wetter types, such as the abundant Cyperaceae, Xyridaceae, and
flowering herbs. Loudetia simplex is the most characteristic grass and is dominant over
extensive areas. Above ground, vegetation cover is almost complete, but beneath it some
25-30% of the surface may be bare.
Fauna Mammals include: spotted hyena Crocuta crocuta, lion Panthera leo, leopard P. pardus
(T), cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T), hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, roan
antelope Hippotragus equinus, lechwe Kobus leche (T), reedbuck Redunca arundinum,
oribi Ourebia ourebi, sitatunga Tragelaphus spekei, Lichtenstein’s hartebeest Alcelaphus
lichtensteini, and bushpig Potamochoerus porcus, the commonest species being brindled
gnu Connochaetes taurinus. Particularly noteworthy is the presence of topi Damaliscus lunatus
and wattled crane Bugeranus carunculatus (of special concern).
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Zoning No information
Disturbances or Deficiencies Some 5,000 people live within the park principally practising
fishing.
Visitor Facilities No tourist infrastructure at present.
Scientific Research No information
Special Scientific Facilities No information
Principal Reference Material
° Maps (1:100,000): 199,200,220-223,242-246.
° Maps (1:250,000): SUL C-34 U,V,X and SUL D-34 C,D,E.
Staff One administrator and eight rangers
Budget 1981 - 700,000 KZ
Local Park or Reserve Administration Direccaéo Nacional da Conservacao da Natureza, CP 74
Luanda. The park headquarters has been demolished.
Date May 1982
KANGANDALA NATIONAL PARK
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.06.04 (Congo Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection The park was created specifically for the protection of a few herds of giant
sable.
Date Established Established as a National Park by Legislative Diploma 4017 of 25 May 1970
(B.O. 1 Série No. 147). First protected as Reserva Natural Integral da Cangandala by
Legislative Diploma 3374 of 25 May 1963 (B.O. 1 Série No. 21), with boundaries altered 26
December 1964 by Legislative Diploma 3529 (B.O. Série No. 52).
Geographical Location 55km_ east-south-east of Malange in Malange Province.
9°37°-10°02’S, 16°34’-16°52’E.
Altitude 1,040-1,157m
Area 60,000ha (extension proposed to link Kangadala with Luando Nature Reserve (828,00ha)
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The gently sloping hills are separated by lines of drainage with four major
permanent rivers, the Cuque, Cuije, Maubi, and Ombe. There are no lakes or lagoons, but
numerous marshy areas are found in the drainage basins. The nearest meteorological station is
at Nova Gaia, 95km to the east, with a recorded mean annual temperature of 21.3°C. The
coldest month is June, averaging 19.7°C and the warmest is February, averaging 21.9°C. The
mean annual rainfall is 1,229mm, falling on an average of 89 days. The mean annual relative
humidity is 73%.
“Re
Angola
Vegetation The predominant vegetation type is the thin ’miombo’ woodland and savanna on
the middle-upland slopes, characterised by Brachystegia spiciformis, Julbernardia paniculata
and locally abundant B. wangermeeana, and B. boehmii.
Fauna Mammals include: hyena Crocuta crocuta, hunting dog Lycaon pictus (T),
leopard Panthera pardus (T), hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, bushbuck Tragelaphus
scriptus, sitatunga T. spekei, waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus and reedbuck Redunca
arundinum, with blue duiker Cephalophus monticola, common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia, giant
sable antelope Hippotragus niger variani (T), roan antelope H. equinus, warthog Phacochoerus
aethiopicus, and bushpig Potamochoerus porcus among the more common species. The wildlife
density is very low.
Conservation Management Estes (1982) includes recommendation for improved management.
Zoning No information
Disturbances or Deficiencies Some 2,000 people, based in 10 villages along the principal
access road, practise fishing and subsistence agriculture (growing cassava and rice) and graze
goats (the main livestock) close to and within the park. A heavily travelled network of
footpaths dissect the park and there is some poaching. There is slow degradation of
the Brachystegia woodland in some areas. The limits of the park are in urgent need of revision.
Visitor Facilities The access roads are frequently impassable during the rains.
Scientific Research No information
Special Scientific Facilities No information
Principal Reference Material
° Estes, R.D. (1982). The giant sable and wildlife conservation in Angola. Report to the
IUCN/SSC Antelope Specialist Group.
° Maps (1:100,000): Nos. 132 and 151.
° Maps (1:250,000): SUL C-33 K,O.
Staff One administrator and five rangers
Budget 1981 - 1.7 million KZ
Local Park or Reserve Administration Direcgaéo Nacional da Conservagao da Natureza, CP 74
Luanda. The park headquarters are at Kulamagia with an outpost at Maubi.
Date May 1982
KISAMA (QUICAMA) NATIONAL PARK
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.06.04 (Congo Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection No information
Date Established Established as a National Park (Quicgaéma) by Legislative Diploma 2873 of 11
December 1957 (B.O. 1 Série No. 50). First protected as a hunting reserve (Reserva da
Quissama) by Government Decree 2620 of 16 April 1938 (B.O. 1 Série No. 16).
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Geographical Location On the coast in Bengo Province, 45km south of Luanda. The limits of
the park are formed by the Atlantic coastline between Longa and Kwanza rivers, River
Kwanza from its mouth to Muxima, the Longa River from its mouth to Capda, and by the road
joining Muxima and Capolo. 9°09’-10°23’S, 13°09’-14°08’E.
Altitude From sea level to 265m
Area 996,000ha
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The diverse topography comprises extensive flood plains, gently undulating
hills with heavy cotton soils and elevated undulating plateaux with deep red to yellow sands.
Two permanent rivers pass through the park, the Kwanza and Longa. The rivers are long and
meandering with numerous lagoons on the flood plains and they both flood periodically; there
are also several permanent lakes. The 125km of Atlantic shoreline within the park has
extensive high cliffs and isolated sandy beaches. The nearest meteorological station is at
Luanda with recorded mean annual temperature of 24.6°C. The coldest months are July and
August, averaging 20.7°C and the warmest is March, averaging 27.4°C. The annual rainfall of
449mm falls on an average of 54 days per year. A mean annual relative humidity of 80% is
recorded.
Vegetation There are five main vegetation types: dry forest mosaic, predominantly
deciduous, with dry savanna at lower altitudes characterised
by Bombax, Pteleopsis, Pterocarpus, Adansonia and Heteropogon tree _ genera; coastal
mangroves with Rhizophora and Avicennia; steppes in the coastal region with thickets of raphia
palms Raphia sp., baobab Adansonia sp. and Euphorbia woodland and savanna; savanna mosaic
in the sublittoral region with steppes, dry thickets and scattered trees characterised
by Adansonia, Guibourtia, Acacia welwitschii, Dichrostachys, Sterculia,
Combretum, Strychnos and Setaria; and marshy swampland with Cyperus papyrus and some
Typha capensis, and rich grasslands of Echinochloa and Vetiveria species along the floodplain
margins. A species of special importance is Tessmannia sp..
Fauna Mammals include: buffalo Syncerus caffer nanus, roan antelope Hippotragus equinus,
elephant Loxodonta africana (T), eland Taurotragus oryx, and bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus.
Others include: cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T), spotted hyena Crocuta crocuta, hunting
dog Lycaon pictus (T), honey badger Mellivora capensis, lion Panthera leo, leopard P. pardus
(T), hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, reedbuck Redunca arundinum, blue
duiker Cephalophus monticola, common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia, warthog Phacochoerus
aethiopicus, bushpig Potamochoerus porcus, talapoin monkey Miopithecus talapoin (within
mangrove forests), black monkey Cercopithecus mitis, and Bosman’s potto Perodicticus potto.
Fur seal Arctocephalus pusillus and manatee Trichechus senegalensis (T) occur on the coast,
where green turtle Chelonia mydas (E) and loggerhead turtle Caretta caretta (V) also nest. The
rivers and estuaries are visited by soft skinned turtle Trionyx triunguis, although, no nesting
activities have been recorded. Nile crocodile Crocodylus niloticus (V) also occur in the park.
Conservation Management Estes (1982) includes recommendations for improved management.
Zoning No information
Disturbances or Deficiencies Staff numbers, equipment, access, and authority to control
poaching are inadequate, and there is a continuous problem with cultivation, cutting and other
illegal activities. Some 10,000 people live within the park, practising subsistence fishing and
agriculture (principal crops being cotton, oil palm, cassava and maize) and grazing cattle and
goats. This has led to increased competition from the human population and their animals for
water and grassland and degradation of the soils by the processes of itinerant agriculture. The
resultant soil erosion is aggravated by the extensive open trails cut by bulldozers during oil
exploration (one well is in production) and traffic on the major road, which runs north-south
through the park. Only one bank of the Kwanza River is protected within the park,
=10-
Angola
consequently the aquatic and marshland wildlife is subject to heavy hunting pressure; this
applies, in particular, to hippopotamus, manatee, crocodile, and waterfowl populations.
Visitor Facilities A visitor guide service has been established and there are rest camp
facilities available. The park is open from July-December.
Scientific Research No information
Special Scientific Facilities No information
Principal Reference Material
° Estes, R.D. (1982). The giant sable and wildlife conservation in Angola. Report to the
IUCN/SSC Antelope Specialist Group.
° Frade, F. (1956). Reservas Naturais de Angola (Alguns mamiferos da reserva da
Quigama). Anais da Junta Invest. Ultr. Vol XI, Tomo III and Breve noticia a proposita da
Reserva da Quicgama.
Huntley, B.J. (1973). Proposals for the re-definition of the limits of the Parque Nacional da
Quigama Report for Servicio de Veterinaria, Luanda.
Teixeira, J.B. (1967). Parque Nacional du Quigama. Carta da Vegetacdo e Memoria
Descritiva. 1.1.A.A., Nova Lisboa, 14 p.
Maps (1:100,000): 107, 108, 125-127, 144-146.
Maps (1:250,000): SUL C-33 H,I,N,O.
°
Staff One administrator, one warden and eight rangers
Budget 1981 - 4 million KZ
Local Park or Reserve Administration Direccéo Nacional da Conservacéo da Natureza, C.P.
74, Luanda. The park headquarters is at Kaua and there are outposts at Baria do Kwanza,
Cabo Ledo, Chio, and Mumbondo.
Date May 1982
MUPA NATIONAL PARK
Management Category VI (Resource Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.08.04 (South African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Due to the current political situation, management and protection of this
area is extremely difficult.
Date Established Established as a National Park by Diploma 3527 of 26 December 1964 (B.O.
I Série No. 52). First protected as a hunting reserve by Government Decree 2620 of 16 April
1938 (B.O. I Série No. 16) with boundaries changed by Decree 4880 of 6 September 1944 (B.O.
I Série No. 35), subsequently given integral nature reserve status (Mupa ou Girafa) by
Legislative Diploma 2873 of 11 December 1957 (B.O. I Série No. 50).
Geographical Location 80km north of Ondjiva in Kunene Province on the border with Huila
Province. 15°19’-16°35’S, 15°12’-16°00’E.
Altitude 1,130-1,340m
Area 660,000ha
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The relief is gently undulating, cut in places by tributaries of the Kunene
and Kuvelai rivers. Extensive ’dambos’ have formed in the river basins. The nearest
meteorological station is at Ondjiva with a recorded mean annual temperature of 22.8°C. The
coldest month is July, averaging 17°C and the warmest is October, averaging 26°C. The mean
annual rainfall of’ 601mm falls on an average of 57 days per year. The relative humidity is 49%.
Vegetation The principal vegetation types are deciduous woodland and high forest at medium
altitudes, characterised by Baikiaea, Brachystegia spiciformis, Julbernardia and Ricinodendron;
*miombo’ woodland and savanna on middle upland slopes with Brachystegia
spiciformis, B. boehmii, Julbernardia paniculata and abundant Brachystegia sp.; and dry
deciduous forest and mosaic of savanna ’steppe’ with Colophospermum mopane.
Fauna Mammals include: hunting dog Lycaon pictus (T), spotted hyena Crocuta crocuta,
lion Panthera leo, leopard P. pardus (T), honey badger Mellivora capensis, elephant Loxodonta
africana (T), zebra Equus oburchelli, hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius,
bushpig Potamochoerus porcus, eland Taurotragus oryx, roan antelope Hippotragus equinus,
impala Aepyceros melampus, and common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia. WHartebeest Alcelaphus
buselaphus and giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis are worthy of note, though there is now some
doubt as to whether giraffe still occurs in the park. Wattled crane Bugeranus carunculatus (of
special concern) are also present in the area.
Zoning No information
Disturbances or Deficiencies Unknown because of the current political situation
Scientific Research None
Special Scieatific Facilities None in 1981
Principal Reference Material
° Maps (1:100,000): 359, 360, 380, 381, 401, 402, 424
Staff None
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration Direccdo Nacional de Conservagéo da Natureza, CP 74,
Luanda.
Date May 1982
ILHEU DOS PASSAROS INTEGRAL NATURE RESERVE
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.06.04 (Congo Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Tourism is prohibited.
Date Established Established as an integral nature reserve by Provincial Decree 55 of 21
December 1973 (B.O. I Série No. 297).
p=
Angola
Geographical Location An offshore island in Luanda Province, 8km south-west of Luanda.
8°55’-8°56’S, 13°08’-13°08’E.
Altitude Sea level to about 2m
Area 1,700ha
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features An island of mud flats off the coast of Angola, which is _ periodically
flooded. The nearest meteorological station is at Luanda and climatic conditions are similar to
those of Kisama National Park. The recorded mean annual temperature is 24.6°C. The coldest
months are July and August, averaging 20.7°C, and the warmest is March, averaging 27.4°C.
The annual rainfall of 449mm falls on an average of 54 days per year. A mean annual relative
humidity of 80% is recorded.
Vegetation The vegetation is characterised by tree and bush mangroves with Rhizophora
and Avicennia species.
Fauna There are no mammals of importance on the island, but various waterbirds are
common.
Zoning No information
Disturbances or Deficiencies Increasing recreational activities in the Baia do Mussolo
threatens the integrity of the reserve.
Scientific Research No information
Special Scientific Facilities No information
Principal Reference Material
° Maps (1:100,000): No. 89.
° Maps (1:250,000): SUL C-33 B.
Staff None
Budget None in 1981
Local Park or Reserve Administration Direcgaéo Nacional da Conservagao da Natureza, CP 74,
Luanda. There is now no local administrative organisation.
Date May 1983
LUANDO INTEGRAL NATURE RESERVE
Management Category VI (Resource Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.06.04 (Congo Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Tourism is prohibited. Due to the current political situation, management
and protection of this area is extremely difficult.
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Date Established Established as an integral nature reserve (Luando/Palanca Gigante) by
Legislative Diploma 2873 of 11 December 1957 (B.O. I Série No. 50), to preserve the (then)
only known extant herds of giant sable. First protected as a hunting reserve (Palanca
Preta/Luanda) by Government Decree 2620 of 16 April 1938 (B.O. I Série No. 16).
Geographical Location 210km south-east of Malanje between the Kwanza and Luando rivers
in Malange and Bie Provinces. 10°14’-11°56’S, 16°26’-18°14’E.
Altitude 1,040-1,455m
Area 828,000ha
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The reserve encloses the gently undulating land between the two permanent
rivers, the Luando and Kwanza, both of which pass through extensive flood plains. There are
many lagoons in the flood plains of the Luando. The nearest meteorological station is at Nova
Gaja (60km to the north-east) with a recorded mean annual temperature of 21.3°C (coldest
month June 19.7°C and warmest September 22.4°C). Mean annual rainfall of 1,229mm
occurring over 89 days, and relative humidity 73%.
Vegetation The vegetation is predominantly ’miombo’ woodland and savanna on middle
upland slopes characterised by Brachystegia spiciformis var. latifoliata, Julbernardia paniculata
and locally abundant B. wangermeeana or B. boehmii, with occasional patches of dense forests
comprising Marquesia, Berlinia and Daniellia.
Fauna Mammals include: hunting dog Lycaon pictus (T), spotted hyena Crocuta crocuta,
lion Panthera leo, leopard P. pardus (T), cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T),
hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, eland Taurotragus oryx, sitatunga Tragelaphus spekei,
bushbuck 7. scriptus, roan antelope Hippotragus equinus, waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus,
puku K. vardoni, reedbuck Redunca arundinum, common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia,
oribi Ourebia ourebi, buffalo Syncerus caffer, warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus and
bushpig Potamochoerus porcus, with noteworthy numbers of giant sable antelope Hippotragus
niger variani (E), and lechwe Kobus leche (T). Wattled crane Bugeranus carunculatus (of special
concern) is one of the more noteworthy bird species to be found in the reserve.
Population There are some 20,000 inhabitants based in the villages of Quimbango and Gunga
Palanca.
Zoning An area in the northern part of the reserve is classed as a military operations zone.
Disturbances or Deficiencies The 20,000 inhabitants within the reserve practise subsistence
cultivation of cassava, maize and rice, supplemented by fishing and grazing of some 300 cows.
Any further population increase will cause serious problems during the next years. There is
serious disruption in the area due to the current political situation. Some poaching of giant
sable herds continues, but it is less extensive than it was during the 1975/1976 independence
period.
Scientific Research Study of giant sable by Dr R.D. Estes in 1971.
Special Scientific Facilities No information
Principal Reference Material
° Cabral, J.C. (1967). Mamiferos da Reserva do Luando. Bol. Inst. Invest. cient. Ang. 4(2):
33-44.
° DNACO (1981). Documentagd4o sobre a Palanca Preta Gigante. Stencilado. Pp. 184.
° Maps (1:100,000): 150-2,169-71,191-2,213-15.
° Maps (1:250,000): SUL C-33 Q,R,Z and SUL C-34 S.
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Staff Twelve rangers; four at each post (village)
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration Direcgao Nacional do Conservagéo da Natureza, CP 74,
Luanda. The reserve headquarters at Kimbango have been destroyed, but the outposts at
Kunga Palanka and Mulundo still remain.
Date May 1983
BUFALO PARTIAL RESERVE
Management Category VI (Resource Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.08.04 (South African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Due to the current political situation, management and protection of this
area is extremely difficult.
Date Established Established as a partial reserve by Government Decree 325 of 5 April 1974
(B.O. I Série No. 81).
Geographical Location 30km south-east of Benguela in Benguela Province. 12°42’-12°55’S,
13°37’-13°58’E.
Altitude 380-1,210m
Area 40,000ha
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The topography is fairly irregular, characterised by sloping ground
interupted by rocky outcrops. The permanent rivers, Catumbela, Cavaco, Bungue, and Halo
(or Caimbambo), cross the area, but there are no lakes and only a few marshy areas along the
rivers. The nearest meteorological station (60km to the north) has a recorded mean annual
temperature of 23.5°C. The coldest month is July, averaging 19.4°C, and the warmest is
March, averaging 26.8°C. The mean annual rainfall of 305mm falls on an average of 45 days a
year. The average humidity is 77%. The climate is variable, however, and differs
significantly only 80km to the east, where it is cooler and much wetter.
Vegetation The two principal vegetation types are woodland, and savanna with stunted trees,
bushes and high grass, and includes the genera: Colophospermum, Terminalia, Albizia,
Pterocarpus, Combretum, Hyparrhenia and Panicum; and sublittoral steppe formations
predominated by the bush and herb layers, including the genera Acacia, Commiphora,
Colophospermum, Aristida, Schmidtia, and Setaria.
Fauna Buffalo Syncerus caffer caffer is the most abundant and notable mammal in the
reserve. Other mammals include cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T), side-striped jackal Canis
adustus, spotted hyena: Crocuta crocuta, lion Panthera leo, leopard P. pardus (T), hunting
dog Lycaon pictus (T), hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, eland Taurotragus oryx,
bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, kudu T. strepsiceros, roan antelope Hippotragus equinus,
reedbuck Redunca arundinum, common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia, warthog Phacochoerus
aethiopicus, bushpig Potamochoerus porcus,and baboon Papio ursinus.
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Zoning No information
Disturbances or Deficiencies None reported, but the current political situation causes some
disturbance in the area.
Scientific Research No information
Special Scientific Facilities No information
Principal Reference Material None listed
Staff None
Budget None
Local Park or Reserve Administration Direcgao Nacional da Conservagéo da Natureza, CP 74,
Luanda.
Date May 1983
LUIANA PARTIAL RESERVE
Management Category VI (Resource Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.07.04 (Miombo Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Due to the current political situation, management and protection of this
area is extremely difficult.
Date Established Established as a partial reserve by Legislative Diploma 3677 of 17
September 1966 (B.O. I Série No. 38).
Geographical Location 550km south-east of Menongue in Cuando-Cubango Province. In the
south-eastern corner of Angola on the Angola-Zambia-Namibia border. 16°11°-17°53’S,
22°10’-23°26’E.
Altitude 970-1,024m
Area 840,000ha
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features Extensive plains drained by the Kwando and Luiana river systems occupy
the majority of the reserve. There are some small lagoons in the Kwando basin and large
marshy areas occur in both river basins. The nearest meteorological station is 235km to the
north-east, where a mean annual temperature of 20.6°C is recorded. The coldest month is
July, averaging 14.5°C and the warmest is October, averaging 24.2°C. The mean annual
rainfall is 828mm, falling on an average of 42 days. The relative humidity averages 51%.
Vegetation The two principal vegetation types are dry deciduous forest and mosaic of savanna
steppe, with some scattered trees, including Colophospermum mopane, and bushes; and dry
semi-deciduous woodland characterised by Baikiaea plurijuga, Guibourtia coleosperma,
and Ricinodendron rautanenii.
-16-
Angola
Fauna Mammals include: Cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T), spotted hyena Crocuta crocuta,
hunting dog Lycaon pictus (T), honey badger Mellivora capensis, lion Panthera leo,
leopard P. pardus(V), elephant Loxodonta africana (T), black rhinoceros Diceros bicornis (T),
hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, eland Taurotragus oryx, sable antelope Hippotragus
niger niger, waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, puku K. vardoni, reedbuck Redunca arundinum,
topi Damaliscus lunatus, impala Aepyceros melampus melampus, oribi Ourebia ourebi, and
steenbok Raphicerus campestris. Lechwe Kobus leche (T), buffalo Syncerus caffer caf fer,
kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros, sitatunga T. spekei, roan antelope Hippotragus equinus, and
brindled gnu Connochaetes taurinus are the most abundant species. Ostrich Struthio camelus
also occur and wattled crane Bugeranus carunculatus (of special concern) is one of the more
notable bird species known from the reserve.
Zoning No information
Disturbances or Deficiencies None reported
Scientific Research No information
Special Scientific Facilities No information
Principal Reference Material
° Maps (1:100,000): 438,460-2,470-2.
° Maps (1:250,000): SUL E-34 K,L.
Staff None
Budget None
Local Park or Reserve Administration Direcg4o Nacional da Conservagao da Natureza, CP 74,
Luanda. There are no reserve headquarters.
Date May 1982
MAVINGA PARTIAL RESERVE
Management Category VI (Resource Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.07.04 (Miombo Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Due to the current political situation, the management and protection of this
area is extremely difficult.
Date Established Established as a partial reserve by Legislative Diploma 3677 of 17
September 1966 (B.O. I Série No. 38).
Geographical Location On the Kwando River in Kwando Cybango Province, 300km
east-south-east of Merongue. 15°09’-15°57’S, 20°14’-21°30°E.
Altitude 1,052-1,228m
Area 595,000ha
Land Tenure Government
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Physical Features The extensive, gently undulating plains are crossed by the Kwando,
Lombam Cariei, and Cueio rivers, which feed marshlands along their courses. The nearest
meteorological station is 25km to the south-west with a recorded mean annual temperature of
20.6°C. The coldest month is July, averaging 14.5°C and the warmest is October, averaging
24.2°C. The mean annual rainfall of 828mm falls on an average of 92 days per year. The
relative humidity averages 51%.
Vegetation The two principal vegetation types are a mosaic of savanna with herb layer or
bushes predominant and dry woodland of Brachystegia bakerana and Burkea africana, and dry
semi-deciduous woodland characterised by Baikiaea plurijuga, Guibourtia coleosperma,
and Ricinodendron rautanenii.
Fauna Mammals include: cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T), spotted hyena Crocuta crocuta,
hunting dog Lycaon pictus (T), honey badger Mellivora capensis, lion Panthera leo,
leopard P. pardus (T), elephant Loxodonta africana (T), black rhinoceros Diceros bicornis (T),
hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, zebra Equus burchelli, eland Taurotragus oryx, sable
antelope Hippotragus niger niger, waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, puku K. vardoni,
reedbuck Redunca arundinum, topi Damaliscus lunatus, impala Aepyceros melampus melampus,
oribi Ourebia ourebi, and steenbok Raphicerus campestris. Lechwe Kobus leche (1),
buffalo Syncerus caffer caffer, kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros, sitatunga T. spekei, roan
antelope Hippotragus equinus, and wildebeest Connochaetes taurinus are particularily common
species. Wattled crane Bugeranus carunculatus (of special concern)and ostrich Struthio camelus
are among the more notable birds rcorded from the reserve.
Zoning No information
Disturbances or Deficiencies None reported, although the current political situation appears to
cause some disturbance in the area.
Scientific Research No information
Special Scientific Facilities No information
Principal Reference Material
° Maps (1:100,000): 369-371,390-393.
° Maps (1:250,000): SUL D-34 U,V.
Staff None
Budget None
Local Park or Reserve Administration Direccdo Nacional da Conservagao da Natureza, CP 74,
Luanda.
Date May 1982
MOCAMEDES PARTIAL RESERVE
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.15.07 (Namib)
Legal Protection Limited traditional grazing allowed
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Angola
Date Established Established by Legislative Diploma as a partial reserve for a limited period
from 12 June 1957 to 31 December 1959 (B.O. I Série No. 24). Maintained for three additional
years with boundary alterations by Legislative Diploma 3060 of 24 August 1960 (B.O. I Série
No. 34) then for an indefinite period by a resolution of 9 February 1963 (B.O. I Série No. 6).
Some 29,000ha around the city of Mocamedes were annexed from the area by Government
Decree 480 of 28 July 1973 (B.O. I Série No. 177).
Geographical Location On the coast, seven kilometers south-south-east of Mocamedes in
Mocamedes Province. 15°09’-16°16’S, 12°01’-12°44’E.
Altitude Sea level to 750m
Area 445,000ha; a few kilometres north of Iona National Park (1,515,000ha).
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The topography ranges from desert dunes and extensive plains to rugged
mountains and escarpments. There are two intermittent rivers, the Bero and Dos Flamingos,
which cross the area, but otherwise, surface water is scarce. The nearest meteorological station
is at Mocamedes with recorded mean annual temperature of 20.5°C. The coldest month is July,
averaging 16.2°C and the warmest is March, averaging 24.8°C. The mean annual rainfall of
48mm falls on an average of 19 days per year.
Vegetation There are three main vegetation types within the reserve: 1) littoral steppe
inter-mixed with thick forest and savanna and characterised by Chrysobalanus; 2) sublittoral
bush and herb layer steppe, with Acacia, Commiphora, Colophospermum, Aristida, Schmidtia,
and Setaria; and 3) steppe formation and littoral steppe, which is thin and discontinuous and
characterised by the genera Aristida, Cissus, Salvadora and Welwitschia bainesii (the only
species in this family of Gymnosperm).
Fauna Mammals include: hunting dog Lycaon pictus (T), aardwolf Proteles cristatus,
leopard Panthera pardus (T), elephant Loxodonta africana (T), black rhinoceros Diceros
bicornis (T), zebra Equus burchelli, Wartmann’s zebra E. zebra hartmannae (T),
kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros, gemsbok Oryx gazella and klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus,
with springbok Antidorcas marsupialis particularly common. Ostrich Struthio camelus are also
present.
Zoning No information
Disturbances or Deficiencies There is some cattle grazing as part of a transhumance cycle.
Visitor Facilities There is no tourism or tourist infrastructure.
Scientific Research No information
Special Scientific Facilities No information
Principal Reference Material
° Matos, G.C. de and de Sousa, J.N.B. (1970). Reserva Parcial de Mocamedes, Carta da
Vegetacdo e Memoria Descritiva. IIAA, Nova Lisboa. 32 p.
° Maps (1:100,000): 353-354,374-375,395-396.
° Maps (1:250,000): SUL D-33 S & SUL E-33 A.
Staff None
Budget 400,000 KZ
Local Park or Reserve Administration Direccado Nacional da Conservacao da Natureza, CP 74,
Luanda. The reserve headquarters at Pico do Azavedo have been destroyed.
Date May 1982
aif9=
IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
CHIMALAVERA REGIONAL NATURE PARK
Management Category V (Protected Landscape)
Biogeographical Province 3.08.04 (South African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection No information
Date Established Established as a regional nature park by Decree 352 of 15 April 1974 (B.O. I
Série No. 88). First protected as a special reserve by Legislative Diploma 4124 of 5 June 1971
(B.O. I Série No. 132).
Geographical Location 20km south-west of Benguela in Benguela Province, approximately
10km from the coast. 13°05’-13°51’S, 12°45’-12°12’E.
Altitude 50-265m
Area 15,000ha
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The reserve comprises an elevated plain surrounded by rugged mountains
and escarpments. There are no permanent rivers, lagoons or wetlands, but underground water
is brought to the surface by a pumping station. The nearest meteorological station is at Lobiko
(60km to the north-east) with a recorded mean annual temperature of 23.5°C. The coldest
month is July, averaging 19.4°C and the warmest is March, averaging 26.8°C. The mean
annual rainfall of 305mm falls on an average of 45 days per year. The recorded relative
humidity is 77%.
Vegetation The main vegetation type is a sublittoral steppe formation of Acacia mellifera
spp. detinens together with other Acacia species.
Fauna Mammals include savanna monkey Cercopithecus aethiops, side-striped jackal Canis
adustus, zebra Equus burchelli, and springbok Antidorcas marsupialis ( one of the commonest
species in the area).
Zoning No information
Disturbances or Deficiencies None recorded
Visitor Facilities There is no tourism in the park.
Scientific Research No information
Special Scientific Facilities No information
Principal Reference Material
° Maps (1:100,000): 251.
° Maps (1:250,000): SUL D-33 B.
Staff None
Budget 1981 - 600,000KZ
Local Park or Reserve Administration Direccdo Nacional da Conservagao da Natureza, CP 74,
Luanda. The park headquarters at Chimalavera were destroyed.
Date May 1983
296:
BENIN
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BIGHT OF BENIN
Atlantic Ocean
Benin
BENIN
Area 112,622 sq.km
Population 3,830,000 (1984)
Parks and Reserves Legislation Ordinance No. 71-141 of 6 September 1971 contains
regulations on the protection of nature and the control of hunting. It defines a National Park
as an area controlled by the state with limits that cannot be modified except by law. National
Parks are established for the protection, conservation and propagation of natural resources of
scientific and aesthetic value; killing or capture of fauna is only allowed for scientific or
management purposes, and all activities perceived to cause modification are prohibited.
Permits are required for research within national parks, and sport fishing and camping are
allowed only with written authorization. Réserve naturelle intégrale is the term used for areas
of total protection, where outside intervention is only permissible in extreme circumstances.
Réserves totales de faune and réserves partielles de faune are areas where the fauna (or part of
the fauna) is protected, but where human activity may continue. The term zone cynégétique is
used for areas set aside for safari hunting. Activities within these areas are controlled.
Réserve spéciale or sanctuaire designate areas set aside for the protection/conservation of
specific plants, animals or communities. Most legislation relating to nature conservation in
Benin is based on old forestry texts of French West Africa. The forestry administration was
defined by Decree No. 1704 AP of 24 July 1935, which was promulgated in what is now Benin
by Decree No. 1107/EFC of 9 July 1943 which provided for the establishment of Classified
Forests and Faunal Reserves. Most of the remaining areas of forest in Benin are classified in
some way under this act.
Parks and Reserves Administration The Inspectorate of Nature Protection and Hunting
(Inspection de la protection de la nature et de la chasse - IPNC) is one of four inspectorates of
the Department of Water, Forests and Hunting (Direction des eaux, foréts et chasses). The
other three sections are the southern, central and northern Forestry Inspectorates. There have
been proposals made by FAO consultants to establish a new department specifically for
national parks and hunting, and various working documents and management plans have been
drawn up. There are, however, problems in implementing these proposals due to of a lack of
qualified staff.
Address
° Inspection de la protection de la nature et de la chasse, Direction des eaux, foréts, et chasses,
Ministére du développement rural et de l’action cooperative, BP 393, Cotonou.
Additional Information The north of Benin is under-developed in comparison to the rest of
the country, and communications tend to be difficult. This apparently affords some added
protection to wildlife populations. In addition two national parks, three hunting zones and a
number of classified forests have been created in these regions. However, there is considerably
less territory within protected areas in the southern part of the country where the population
density is greater.
For a number of years FAO and UNDP have been assisting the Benin government in
development and management of its protected areas. This has resulted in the development of
management plans for both national parks, and a number of detailed recommendations covering
not only the protected areas but also national conservation policy, tourism and conservation of
sites, hunting (including sport hunting, subsistence hunting and game ranching) etc.
Nevertheless, by the end of 1980 the remaining forest in Benin outside protected areas covered
only 540 sq.km, less than 0.4% of the country. The situation is particularly critical in the south
of the country. The main factors in this deforestation are reported to be shifting agriculture
and fire.
Within national parks, the principle problems are reported to be a lack of surveillance personel
(resulting in increased poaching), uncontrolled brush fires (which are gradually opening up
aga
IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
savanna areas), the presence of cattle during certain seasons, and illicit clearance of natural
vegetation (Okio et al., 1983).
References
FAO (1982). Développement des parcs nationaux. Bénin. Conclusions et récommendations
du projet. FO: DP/BEN/77/011 Rapport terminal. UNDP/FAO, Rome.
IUCN/WWF Project 1695. Benin, Elephant Census.
IUCN/UNEP (1983). La réparition des aires protégées en fonction des besoins de la
conservation des communautés biotiques de l’Afrique Centrale et de l’Ouest. Working
Document. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.
Okio, L, Mana, J.V. and Alassane Zachary (1983). Resumé des Rapports Nationaux, Bénin.
In: Rapport de la Session de formation sur l’'aménagement et la gestion des Réserves de la
Biosphere en Afrique soudano-sahélienne. Comite National du Programme sur l’Homme et la
Biosphére, Mali.
Peters, M. (1978). République Populaire du Bénin. Aménagement de la faune et des parcs
nationaux. Développement du tourisme en relation avec la faune et les parcs nationaux dans
le nord du Bénin. FO: BEN/72/012 Document de travail No. 3. FAO, Rome.
Sayer, J.A., Green, A.A., and Peters, M. (1979). Développement des parcs nationaux.
Bénin. Plan directeur Parc national de la Pendjari. FO: DP/BEN/77/011. Rapport
technique No. 1. UNDP/FAO, Rome.
Sayer, J.A. (1981). Tourism or Conservation in the National Parks of Benin? PARKS 5(4):
13-15.
Szaniawsky, A. (1982). Développement des parcs nationaux. Bénin. Plan directeur Parc
national du W du Niger. FO: DP/BEN/77/011 Rapport technique No. 3. UNDP/FAO,
Rome.
Protected Areas
(hectares)
National Parks
Boucle de la Pendjari 275,500
W du Benin 568,000
Subtotal 843,500
Hunting Zones
Atakora 175,000
Djona 225,000
Pendjari 200,000
Subtotal 600,000
Classified Forests
Agoua
Agrimey 2,800
Atcherigbe 3,150
Bogo
Djigbe 3,150
Gougoun 73,000
Ketou 11,000
Kibibo
Ko
L’Albori Superieur 256,000
La Sota 53,000
Lama 16,250
Mektou
Mont Kouffe 108,000
Ouari Maro 107,600
Oueme 4,300
Oueme Superieur 177,600
Ouenou-Benou
Trois Rivieres 259,500
Subtotal 1,075,350
4
Benin
Biosphere Reserves
Reserva de la biosphere de la Pendjari 880,000
RESERVA DE LA BIOSPHERE DE LA PENDJARI
Management Category II and IX (National Park and Biosphere Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.04.04 (West African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total. Sport fishing is allowed with authorization (though commercial
fishing is prohibited).
Date Established Established as a National Park in 1961 by Decree No. 132/FR/MAC/CF.
First protected as a classified forest and partial faunal reserve (in effect a sport hunting zone)
in 1954 by Decree No. 8839 ST/F and subsequently as a total reserve (classified forest and total
faunal reserve) in 1955 by Decree No 2579. This brought total legal protection to flora and
fauna, and annulled all rights of use and access by the local population. Accepted as a
Biosphere Reserve in 1986.
Geographical Location In Atakora province, north-west Benin, on the international border
with Burkina Faso. Within the loop formed by the River Pendjari, 45km north of Natitingon.
11°N, 1°30°E.
Altitude 150-450m
Area The biosphere reserve covers an area of 880,000ha. 275,500ha if the Parc national de
Boucle de la Pendjari; contiguous to Pendjari (200,000ha) and Atakora (175,000ha) Hunting
Zones, as well as Arly Total Faunai Reserve (76,000ha) in Burkina Faso. There are several
hunting zones to the east. The core are for the Biosphere Reserve is 295,000ha.
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The reserve, which lies within the Volta depression, contains a wide variety
of the habitats typical of the West Africa savanna region. The Pendjari River and _ its
floodplain border the park to the east and north, and the River Yapiti to the west. To the
south, the quartzite cliffs of the Atacora massif are a distinctive feature, though these are not
actually within the park itself. North of these quartzite cliffs, the rock formations are
principally schists and sandstones of the Buem series, which form a band 30km wide running
parallel to the cliffs. In the centre of this band, a series of long, narrow hills run north-east
south-west. Beyond the Buem series to the north, the Voltaien series comprises further
sandstones and schists. Soils are in general ferruginous, and a high proportion are seasonally
waterlogged. Annual rainfall 1,000 falling from May to September. Early in the dry season
daily temperatures range 38°-44°C (10°-16°C at night) with hot dry winds from the
north-east, but by March-April daily temperatures reach 38°-44°C (26°-30°C at night).
Temperatures fall to 19°-31°C during the wet season.
Vegetation The reserve is situated in a zone of interchange between Soudanienne and
Soudano-guinéenne savanna. Twenty-three vegetation types have been described from this
area by Green (1977; 1979), though these can be grouped into six major zones: gallery forest;
riverine forest; the floodplain of the Pendjari, with several savanna and woodland savanna
zones (the distribution of which depend largely on the depth and duration of flooding); the
hills of the Buem series with mainly wooded and shrubby savanna; open forest and wooded
savanna with Anogeissus leiocarpus (mainly on the better drained soils, and (often coincident
with old settlements); and woodland and shrubby savanna of the interior. This last zone covers
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
the major reserve of the park, and is composed of a mosaic of formations resulting from
topographic variations. The shrubby savanna is dominated by Detarium
microcarpum, Combretum spp., Acacia spp. and Crossopteryx febrifuga, while the woodland
savanna (mainly found on the deeper soils) is composed principally of Butyrospermum
paradoxum, Burkea africana, Afzelia africana and Pterocarpus erinaceus.
Fauna Many of the West African savanna species occur in this area, including: lion Panthera
leo, leopard P. pardus (T), wild dog Lycaon pictus (T) (only two pairs have been seen since
1970, prior to 1970 it was fairly common), cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T), elephant Loxodonta
africana (T), hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, roan
antelope Hippotragus equinus, waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, kob kK. kob, Bohar
reedbuck Redunca redunca, western hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus, red-fronted
gazelle Gazella rufifrons, red-flanked duiker Cephalophus rufilatus, common duiker Sylvicapra
grimmia, oribi Ourebia ourebi, buffalo Syncerus caffer, topi Damaliscus lunatus (limited
distribution in West Africa), warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus, Anubis baboon Papio anubis,
vervet monkey Cercopithecus aethiops, and patas monkey Erythrocebus patas. It has been
suggested that giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis, giant eland Taurotragus derbianus and the black
rhino Diceros bicornis (V) (present here at the turn of the century) could be reintroduced to the
park. Some 250 bird species have been recorded from the park, with raptors particularly
diverse comprising 37 out of the 89 known African species. Nile crocodile Crocodylus niloticus
(V) has been reported and C. cataphractus (1) is probably also present. Python sebae and the
monitor Varanus niloticus are recorded. Kinixys belliana, an uncommon tortoise species
inhabits the marshes and water courses. There are a large number of fish species including dog
fish Hydrocynus sp., and captains Lates niloticus, both of commercial value to local fishermen.
Sayer et al. (1979) give a list of species.
Conservation Management A management plan for this area was prepared by FAO consultants
in 1979 (which also included a proposal for extensions to the park).
Zoning The total area of the biosphere reserve is 880,000ha, of which the Pendjari National
park (275,000ha) and its proposed extension (20,000ha) form the central core. A further
388,000ha constitute the game reserve zone where all activities are prohibited except for "game
tourism" (visiting hunters with permit) and scientific research: this zone is made up by the
Atakora Game Reserve and its proposed extension and part of the existing Pendjari Game
Reserve. Another 20,000ha of the Pendjari Game Reserve constitutes the "Controlled Game
Use Zone" used for game ranching and hunting. There is a further 177,000ha of "buffer zone"
where agriculture, stock-raising and fruit gathering are to be allowed on a sustainable basis.
Disturbances or Deficiencies Brushwood fires, lit for hunting purposes over-thousands of
years, or, over the last 30 years, for the purpose of viewing animals, have caused the
appearance of a pyroclimatic savanna, of a pseudonatural appearance. The natural balance is
disturbed by poaching on an indeterminant scale. Occasional chemical pollution of some areas
of water affects the fish in the reserve. A minor area of the reserve (30,000ha) on the western
and southern borders of the Zone Cyregetique de la Pendjari has been cleared for the
development of agriculture and large scale habitation (17 village). Livestock breeding is little
developed in the region, but the encroachment of the desert is forcing the herds of cattle from
Burkina Faso and Benin.
Visitor Facilities There is a small hotel and some 300km of tourist roads. 2,113 visitors were
reported in 1975-1976. Camping is permitted with the permission of the park administration.
Scientific Research A lot of scientific work has been carried out in the park in connection
with the FAO/UNDP project which has resulted in preparation of the management plan. In
particular Green (1977; 1979) reports on the vegetation of the area, and Leovinsohn and Green
(1981) on the mammals.
Special Scientific Facilities No information
-26-
Benin
Principal Reference Material
° Ambreville, (1950). Flore forestigre samdano-gineenne. CTFT Nogent/Marne.
° Bousquet, and Szaniowsky, (1981). Resultats des inventaires aériens dans la region
Pend jari-Mékrou. FAO, Rome.
°* Dorst, and Dandelot. Guide des grands mammiferes d’Afrique. Delachaux et Nieslé,
Neuchatel.
° FAO (1979). Plan directeur par national Pendjari. BEN/77/011, Rome.
° Green, A.A. (1977). The Vegetation of Pendjari National Park, Benin. In: Proceedings of
the Peace Corps Volunteer conference on West African parks and wildlife, Niamey, Niger,
June 20-24, 1977.
° Green, A.A. (1979). La végétation du Parc national de la Pendjari et la région avoisinante.
FO: DP/BEN/77/011 Document de travail No. 8. FAO, Rome.
° Loevinsohn, M.E. and Green, A.A. (1981). Developpement des parcs nationaux. Bénin. Les
mammiféres du Parc national de la Pendjari. FO: DP/BEN/77/011 Rapport technique 2.
UNDP/FAO, Rome.
° Sayer, J.A., Green, A.A. and Peters, M. (1979). Developpement des Parcs Nationaux.
Benin. Plan Directeur Parc National de la Pendjari. FO: DP/BEN/77/011. Rapport
technique 1. UNDP/FAO: Rome.
° Sayer, J.A. (1981). Tourism or Conservation in the National Parks of Benin. Parks 5(4):
13-15.
Staff The park is the largest employer of unskilled workers in the province; the local people
supply some 22,000 man days of labour per year maintaining the roads, etc.
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration Inspection de la protection de la nature et de la chasse,
Natitin Gou.
Date 1981, revised August 1986
PARC NATIONAL DU "W"
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.04.04 (West African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total. Sport fishing is allowed with authorization (though commercial
fishing is prohibited).
Date Established 1954; the area had game reserve status prior to this.
Geographical Location In northern Benin, part of the international park shared with Burkina
Faso and Niger. Centred approximately at 12°20’N, 2°25’E.
Altitude No information
Area 568,000ha; contiguous to W National Park in both Niger (220,000ha) and Burkina Faso
(235,000ha)
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features Extensive savanna plains with scattered lakes, marshlands and rivers make
up much of the area, although the Atacora mountain range (here at its north eastern limit)
257.
IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
crosses the park north-north-east south-south-west. The mountain range is crossed twice by
the River Mékrou, and on both occasions this is marked by impressive waterfalls and rapids.
The range ends in a series of hills running up to the valley of the Niger. To the east of the
Atacora range the Borgou plain (covering about two thirds of the park) forms part of a vast
peneplain of gneiss and granites, decreasing gradually in altitude towards the north-east and
with a number of low hills. To the west of the Atacora range, the Gourma plain also contains
a number of low hills. Soils vary widely with topography and bedrock. The climate in the
region is typically tropical continental, with a cool dry season (October - February) coinciding
with a period of dry winds from the north-east, a hot dry season (February - May) and a rainy
season (May - October).
Vegetation Seven major vegetation formations are found within the park: riverine forest with
species of Cola, Morellia and Syzygium; gallery forest with species of Khaya, Diospyros
and Kigelia; open forest (80% tree cover, with little grass); wooded savanna (35-60% tree
cover); tree savanna (5-35% tree cover, and with a far greater cover of bushes and grass);
shrubby savanna (less than 5% tree cover); and grassland savanna with virtually no trees or
bushes. There are also areas of Butyrospermum paradoxum savanna, an artificial vegetation
type resulting from cultivation of /soberlinia woodland. Twenty vegetation associations are
described in the park management plan.
Fauna The W National Parks in Benin, Niger, and Burkina Faso contain the most important
savanna elephant Loxodonta africana (T) population in West Africa. Many of the mammal
species characteristic to West Africa occur in this area including: lion Panthera leo,
leopard P. pardus (T), cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T), elephant, hippopotamus Hippopotamus
amphibius, bushbuck Tragelaphus_ scriptus, roan antelope Hippotragus equinus,
waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, kob K. kob, Bohar reedbuck Redunca redunca, western
hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus, red-flanked duiker Cephalophus rufilatus, Grimm's
duiker Sylvicapra grimmia, oribi Ourebia ourebi, buffalo Syncerus caffer and possibly
red-fronted gazelle Gazella rufifrons, topi Damaliscus lunatus, warthog Phacochoerus
aethiopicus, Anubis baboon Papio anubis, vervet monkey Cercopithecus aethiops, patas
monkey Erythrocebus patas, Gambian sun squirrel Heliosciurus gambianus, gerbil Tatera kempi,
spiny mouse Acomys cahirinus johannis, crested porcupine Hystrix cristata senegalica,
Gambian epauletted fruit bat Epomophorus gambianus, and Egyptian slit-faced bat Nycteris
thebaica. Giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis, and giant eland Taurotragus derbianus are not
present. 150 species of bird have been identified so far in the Benin section of the park,
though this is unlikely to be the full total. Raptors seem to be _ particularly
abundant. Crocodylus niloticus (V) are found within the park, and otherspecies particulaly
noted are the soft-shelled turtle Trionychidae and the monitor Varanus niloticus.
Conservation Management A management plan for this area was prepared by FAO consultants
in 1982.
Zoning Buffer zones managed for sport hunting surround the park.
Disturbances or Deficiencies There is insufficient protection, and poaching, cattle grazing and
agricultural encroachment are a continuing problem. There is the additional threat from a
planned phosphate extraction programme. Because of the free movement of game between the
three countries, there is a grave need to co-ordinate policy and anti-poaching measures.
Visitor Facilities There is a single 44km long access road to a well-known waterfall and some
simple camp facilities constructed by local people. Otherwise penetration of the park is
difficult as there are few passable roads,
Scientific Research A vegetation survey was begun in 1977 by a US Peace Corps
Environmental Programme. Research has continued as part ofthe development process ofa
park management plan.
Special Scientific Facilities No information
-28-
Benin
Principal Reference Material
° Green, A.A. (1980). Nigerian Field 47(4): 185-193. (Includes species list of rodents and
bats).
° Happold, D.C.D. and Philp, B. (1971). The National Parks of Northern Dahomey. Part
I. Nigerian Field 36: 182-191. (Includes lists of mammals and birds).
° Sayer, J.A. (1981). Tourism or Conservation in the National Parks of Benin. Parks 5(4):
13-15.
° Szaniawsky, A. (1982). Développement des parcs nationaux. Bénin. Plan directeur Parc
national du W du Niger. FO: DP/BEN/77/011 Rapport technique 3. FAO, Rome.
Staff No information
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration Inspection de la protection de la nature et de la chasse,
Natitin Gou.
Date 1981
ZONE DE CHASSE DE L’ATAKORA
Management Category VIII (Multiple Use Management Area)
Biogeographical Province 3.04.04 (West African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Managed for sport hunting as a buffer zone to Pendjari National Park.
Date Established No information
Geographical Location In Atakora province, to the north of the country, close to the
Benin-Burkina Faso border. 11°08N, 1°137E.
Altitude No information
Area 175,000ha; part of the Pendjari National Park (275,500ha), Pendjari Hunting Zone
(200,000ha) and Atakora Hunting Zone complex.
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The region experiences a characteristic humid Soudanian climate with a
cool dry season, a warm dry season, and a rainy season.
Vegetation Typical Soudanian zone savanna with bush and tree savanna, grass
savanna,interspersed with gallery forest and marshlands surrounding pools.
Fauna Mammals include: buffalo Syncerus caffer, elephant Loxodonta africana (VY),
hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, topi Damaliscus lunatus, kob Kobus kob, antelopes and
primates; species characteristic of West African savanna.
Zoning The whole area acts as a buffer zone for the Pendjari National Park.
Disturbances or Deficiencies Poaching and cattle grazing are continuing problems.
Scientific Research No information
-29-
IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Special Scientific Facilities No information
Principal Reference Material None listed
Staff No information
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration Inspection de la protection de la nature et de la chasse,
Natitin Gou.
Date November 1980
ZONE DE CHASSE DU DJONA
Management Category VIII (Multiple Use Management Area)
Biogeographical Province 3.04.04 (West African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Partial
Date Established No information
Geographical Location In Borgou province to the north of the country
Altitude No information
Area 225,000ha
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The region experiences a characteristic humid Soudanian climate with a
cool dry season, a warm dry season, and a rainy season.
Vegetation Typical Soudanian zone savanna with bush and tree savanna, grass
savanna, interspersed with gallery forest and marshlands surrounding pools.
Fauna Mammals include: buffalo Syncerus caffer, elephant Loxodonta africana (V),
hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, topi Damaliscus lunatus, and kob Kobus kob, antelopes
and primates; species characteristic of West African savanna.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies Poaching and cattle grazing are continuing problems.
Scientific Research No information
Special Scientific Facilities No information
Principal Reference Material None listed
Staff No information
Budget No information
-30-
Benin
Local Park or Reserve Administration Inspection de la protection de la nature et de la chasse,
Natitin Gou.
Date November 1980
ZONE DE CHASSE DE LA PENDJARI
Management Category VIII (Multiple Use Management Area)
Biogeographical Province 3.04.04 (West African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Managed for sport hunting as a buffer zone to Pendjari National Park.
Date Established No information
Geographical Location North of Daregs in Atakora province. 11°09’N, 1°24’E.
Altitude No information
Area 200,000ha; part of the Pendjari National Park (275,500ha), Atakora Hunting Zone
(175,000ha), and Pendjari Hunting Zone complex.
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The area comprises sandy savanna plains with scattered pools. The climate
is humid with a cool dry season, a warm dry season, and a rainy season.
Vegetation The vegetation is predominantly Soudanian savanna comprising both wooded and
grass savanna, and interspersed with areas of gallery forest and marshlands.
Fauna Mammals include: buffalo Syncerus caffer, elephant Loxodonta africana (T),
hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, antelopes, primates; species characteristic of West
African savanna.
Zoning The whole area acts as a buffer zone for the Pendjari National Park.
Disturbances or Deficiencies Poaching and cattle grazing are continuing problems.
Scientific Research No information
Special Scientific Facilities No information
Principal Reference Material None listed
Staff No information
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration Inspection de la protection de la nature et de la chasse,
Natitin Gou.
Date 1981
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Key
National Parks
Game Reserves
Forest Reserves
Wildlife Reserve
Proposed Safari Park
Botswana
BOTSWANA
Area 574,978 sq.km
Population 941,027 (1981)
Parks and Reserves Legislation Areas are declared under the Fauna Conservation
Proclamation of 1961 which defines Game Reserves and Sanctuaries, Private Game Reserves,
and Controlled Hunting Areas, and the National Parks Act of 1967 (amended in 1976 and again
in 1979) which covers establishment, control and management of national parks. Definitions in
general follow those found in the international legislation, although FAO (1977) note that
under the Fauna Conservation Proclamation only vertebrate species are mentioned (in practice
protection is provided for the whole ecosystem). Game reserves and sanctuaries are areas
where hunting is forbidden without special permit, though regulations may cover only certain
species, or be more general, depending on the act constituting the area. The definition of a
national park is almost word for word that given in the 1933 London Convention. In each
case, areas are designated by order of the Head of State, confirmed by a resolution of the
legislature. Tribal lands are administered by local authorities and it is not possible to create
national parks in these areas. Other defined categories of protected area include Forest
Reserve, under a 1948 proclamation, and Wildlife Management Areas, under an amendment to
the Fauna Conservation Proclamation. Under Statutory Instrument No. 22 of 1968, 19
Controlled Hunting Areas were declared. The Unified Hunting Regulations (Republic of
Botswana, 1979) give all citizens equal rights to hunt in any of these areas (for which quotas
are set) subject to the other conditions of the Fauna Conservation Act. There is no control
over other activities in these areas. Wildlife Management Areas (WMA) were developed in
response to the need for conservation and the controlled utilization of wildlife outside gazetted
protected areas, combined with the need for buffer zones between parks and reserves and areas
of more intensive land-use. These areas are now officially recognized as a category of
land-use, and are being included in the land zoning programme of the national Tribal Grazing
Land Policy (see Government Paper No. 2 of 1975, and Government Paper No. 1 of 1986).
Wildlife utilization will be the primary land use in WMAs, with other land use only permitted
if it is compatible with it. The establishment of WMAs is proposed in seven of Botswana’s ten
districts, in large areas of marginal and sub-marginal land, forming buffer zones around most
of the existing national parks and game reserves. Two migration corridors have also been
planned and the total area covered by proposed WMAs covers some 20% of Botswana land area
(1982). None, however, have so far been gazetted. The concept of WMAs, already endorsed
by the Government and most district authorities, should enable the Government to plan
comprehensively for wildlife conservation and utilization for the first time and constitutes a
major advance in national policy with regard to wildlife. When the proposed network of
WMaAs is gazetted, a policy for each one will be formulated by the local district authority and
DWNP. Once the policy is determined, detailed management plans will be drafted and
incorporated into the legislation. These plans will implemented jointly by the district
authorities and DWNP. Carter (1983) outlines the regulations governing activities in proposed
WMaAs.
Parks and Reserves Administration The Department of Wildlife and National Parks (DWNP)
is responsible both for the administration of protected areas and for other aspects of wildlife
conservation and utilisation within Botswana. Protected areas are patrolled, and police and
wardens have powers to arrest poachers. The thinly dispersed staff are supplemented by
voluntary *Honoury Game Officers’ with the same powers. The DWNP is also responsible for
issuing hunting licences (for defined areas and with predetermined quotas), trophy dealers’
permits, import, export and re-export permits (CITES) and permits for the capture of live
animals for sale or reintroduction on farms. The education unit within the Department is
responsible for promoting public awareness, interpretation of wildlife legislation, and
information services (through public meetings and school programmes). A Wildlife Training
Centre was established at Maun to train game scouts in conservation and management, and is
associated with the Maun Wildlife Education Park.
235=
IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Address
° Department of Wildlife and National Parks, Ministry of Commerce and Industry, PO Box
131, Gaborone
Additional Information The difficulties facing the Department of Wildlife and National Parks
are similar to those faced by most such departments in Africa, the lack of sufficient
manpower, funds, equipment and infrastructure. The largest problem is poaching, though
attempts are being made to control this by arrest of those found violating regulations, and
through public relations campaigns. The recent drought has also seriously affected one of the
largest populations of wildebeest surviving in Africa, which is now in grave danger of
disappearing through the combined effects of fencing, poaching and drought. At Mopipi, for
example, close to the dried up Lake Xau, some 50,000 wildebeest carcasses were recorded in
December 1983. The grazing situation at the lake may now be irredeemable.
The veterinary fencing was erected to separate wild fauna (particularly antelope) from
livestock to inhibit the transmission of foot and mouth disease. This is blocking migration and
watering routes. Mangubo (1982) suggests that as the disease can now be controlled through
improved vaccination programmes, these fences, erected without an environmental impact
study, should be removed.
Another problem affecting the management of wildlife in Botswana is the lack of available
research results. An aerial survey of Northern Botswana (1984-5) has been funded privately,
and organised by the Kalahari Conservation Society, to enable accurate estimation of the
DWNP’s hunting quotas. Prior to this (1978-9) the Countrywide Animal and Range Assessment
Project collected data from the central, southern and western parts of the country on wildlife
resources, data which was used to plan and zone WMAs. There are also _ several
non-governmental research programmes in Botswana, including fish research in the Okavango
Delta, the Kalahari Ungulate Movement Study and research into tse-tse fly control. Elephant
distributions have been studied in northern Botswana and conservation recommendations made
(Melton, 1985).
The national Tribal Grazing Land Policy mentioned above arose at about the same time as the
concept of WMAs, out of concern for over-grazing and range degradation. The objectives of
the policy are "to make grazing control, better range management and increased productivity
possible ....... (starting) with fencing areas of land over which exclusive rights are recognised.
Therefore, under certain conditions, groups and individuals must be granted exclusive rights to
land" and "to safeguard the interests of those who own only a few cattle or none at all"
(Republic of Botswana, 1975). These objectives have been met through the creation of
commercial, communal and reserved areas.
The Wildlife Conservation Policy (Government Paper No. 1 of 1986) clearly states that
Botswana’s wildlife resource must be seen in terms of its potential contribution to the economic
well-being of the nation, as well as in terms of its heritage and aesthetic value. Therefore,
while importance is still accorded to national parks and reserves, in particular for tourism,
education and protection of significant areas, the policy develops further the idea of wildlife
management areas and the rational use of wildlife.
The Kalahari Conservation Society established in 1982, has an influential committee and a
research sub-committee which comprises highly qualified and experienced environmentalists.
Now, with an office in the capital and a full time Executive Officer, the Kalahari Conservation
Society is making a significant contribution towards resolving the many difficult conservation
issues.
References
° Campbell, A.C. (1973). The national park and reserve system in Botswana. Biological
Conservation 5: 7-14.
° Carter, J.M. (1983). The development of wildlife management areas in Botswana. In: Which
way Botswana’s wildlife. Proceedings of the Symposium of the Kalahari Conservation
Society. April 15-16, 1983.
Bh
Botswana
Department of Wildlife and National Parks (1982). Wildlife management areas: definition,
functions and management. 10 pp. Unpublished.
FAO (1977). Wildlife management and utilisation, Botswana. Project findings and
recommendations. Terminal Report FO: DP/BOT/72/020 FAO, Rome.
Huntley, B.J. and Ellis, S. (1983). Conservation status of terrestrial ecosystems in southern
Africa. Working document prepared by CSIR, Pretoria.
IUCN (1976). Proceedings of a regional meeting on the creation of a coordinated system of
national parks and reserves in Eastern Africa. IUCN Publications New Series,
Supplementary Paper No. 45. IUCN, Morges, Switzerland.
IUCN/WWF Project 1966. Botswana, Translocation of White Rhino.
IUCN/WWF Project 1754. Botswana, Conservation of the Central Kalahari.
Kalahari Conservation Society Newsletter.
Kalahari Conservation Society (1983). Which way Botswana’s wildlife? Proceedings of the
Symposium of the Kalahari Conservation Society. April 15-16, 1983.
Lamprey, H.F. (1975). The Distribution of Protected Areas in Relation to the Needs of
Biotic Community Conservation in Eastern Africa. IUCN Occasional Paper No. 16. IUCN,
Morges, Switzerland.
Mangubo, D.D. (1984). Anti-poaching in Botswana. In: McNeely, J.A. and Miller, K.R.
(Eds) National Parks, Conservation and Development. The Role of Protected Areas in
Sustaining Society. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D.C.
Mantenge, E.T. (1974). The status and progress of the system of national parks and reserves
in Botswana. In: Proceedings of a regional meeting on the creation of a co-ordinated system
of national parks and reserves in eastern Africa. IUCN Publications New Series,
Supplementary Paper No. 45. IUCN, Morges.
Melton, D.A. (1985). The Status of Elephants in Northern
Botswana. Biological Conservation 31: 317-333.
Nehunge, M.L. (1983). The future of parks and reserves. In Which way Botswana's
wildlife? Proceedings of the Symposium of the Kalahari Conservation Society. April 15-16,
1983.
Readers Digest (1983). Game parks and nature reserves of Southern Africa. Cape Town,
South Africa.
Republic of Botswana (1975). National Policy on Tribal Grazing Land.
Richter, W. von (1976). The national parks and game reserve system of Botswana.
Department of Wildlife, National Parks and Tourism and UNDP/FAO: Bot 72/020. Field
document No. 3.
Richter, W. von (1976). Wildlife utilization and integrated land-use in Botswana.
UNDP/FAO: Bot 72/020. Field document No. 4.
Protected Areas
(hectares)
National Parks
Chobe 998,000
Gemsbok 2,480,000
Nxai Pan 259,000
Subtotal 3,737,000
Wildlife Reserves
Gaborone 239
Moremi 180,000
Subtotal 180,239
Game Reserves
Central Kalahari 5,180,000
Khutse 244,000
Mabuasehube 179,200
Makgadikgadi Pan 414,000
Subtotal 6,017,200
ee
IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Parks
Maun Educational 300
Forest Reserves
Chobe 240,000 |
Kasane 120,000
Kazuma 12,800
Maikaelelo 30,000
Sibuyu 101,024
Subtotal 503,824
Proposed areas
Moselesele Safari Park 1,215
CHOBE NATIONAL PARK
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.08.04 (South African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established Established as a National Park in 1968. First protected as a game reserve in
1961.
Geographical Location Northern Botswana on the border with Namibia, Zambia and
Zimbabwe. Access is by tarmac road from Francistown and by dirt road from Maun.
17°15’-18°50’S, 23°00’-25°40°E.
Altitude Up to 900m
Area 998,000ha; reduced from 1,087,800ha (Nchunga,1983). Contiguous to Chobe Forest
Reserve (about 240,000ha) on north-west boundary, Kasane Forest Reserve (about 120,000ha)
on north-east boundary, and: Maikaelelo Forest Reserve (about 30,000ha) on the south-east
boundary.
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features Three major topographic features dominate the park. The Chobe River
comprises a 35km stretch of the park boundary and national border with Namibia, and is
derived from the Linyanti River, which flows eastwards from Angola eventually merging with
the Zambezi. The Nogatosau floodplains consist of a cluster of eight large pans including
Cwikampa, Mandabuza and Maporo and a dam on the Ngwezumba River which is surrounded
by woodland. The fossil lakebed of the sandy Mababe Depression also includes the Savuti
Marsh, a dry treeless grassland during the dry season, but flooded during the rainy season
(October-March), when the Linyanti-Chobe floodwaters overspill the river banks. The ©
maximum temperature in January can reach 45°C.
Vegetation The varied topography supports a range of vegetation types including dry savanna
grassland, Colophospermum mopane woodland and riverine forest.
Fauna The park is renowned for large herds of elephant Loxodonta africana (T),
buffalo Syncerus caffer and zebra Equus burchelli which gather on the plains and near the
pans. Other mammals include: giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis, reintroduced white
=38-
Botswana
rhinoceros Ceratotherium simum (increasing), lion Panthera leo and leopard P. pardus (T),
oribi Ourebia ourebi, roan antelope Hippotragus equinus and tsessebe Damaliscus lunatus on the
plains, sable antelope Hippotragus niger, waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, and puku K. vardoni
near the river. The highest density of animals is reported from the Savuti marshlands. The
diverse avifauna (over 300 species) includes: fish eagle Haliaeetus vocifer, banded harrier
hawk Polyboroides typus, guineafowl (Numidinae), slaty egret Egretta vinaceigula (1), and
carmine bee-eater Merops_ nubicus. The Chobe-Linyanti river system contains
tigerfish Hydrocynus vittatus, barbel Clarias gariepinus, and bream Tilapia ‘sp.. -
Population The park encloses the western Chobe settlements, forming the Kachikao enclave
which has reinforced the division between east and west Chobe. The restriction on cattle
movements has slowed the transition of the enclave from subsistence to cash economy. There
has been a tendency for migration to the more buoyant economy of Kasane in the east.
Zoning No information
Disturbances or Deficiencies Poaching continues to be a problem. Habitat degradation is
occurring along the Chobe River, largely due to local over-abundance of elephant (Melton
1985).
Visitor Facilities An ordinary car can be used in the northern section of the park, but
elsewhere four-wheel drive is essential. The entrance gates are at Kasane, Saunti and Linyanti
and there is an airstrip near the park. Accommodation is available in two permanent camps at
Savuti, two lodges near Kasane and campsites at Serondela and Nogatsan. Savuti Marsh and
Mabebe Depression are closed to visitors during the rainy season from December through
March. A number of tour operators offer tours to various sections of the park. Fishing is
permitted in the Chobe-Linyanti river systems.
Scientific Research Projects include lion research at Savuti and elephant research at Chobe.
Special Scientific Facilities No information
Principal Reference Material
° Melton, D.A. (1985). The Status of Elephants in Northern Botswana. Biolological
Conservation 31: 317-333.
° Nechunga, M.L. (1983). The future of parks and reserves. In: Which way Botswana’s
wildlife? Proceedings of the Symposium of the Kalahari Conservation Society. 15-16 April
1983.
° Readers Digest (1983). Game parks and nature reserves of Southern Africa. Cape Town,
South Africa.
° Sail, A.W. (1981). Educational development in Chobe. Botswana Notes and Records 13:
79-85.
Staff The assistant game warden is based at Kasane
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration Chobe National Park Headquarters, Department of
Wildlife, National Parks and Tourism, PO Box 17, Kasane.
Date April 1985
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
GEMSBOK NATIONAL PARK/MABUASEHUBE GAME RESERVE
Management Category II/I1V (National Park/Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.16.07 (Kalahari)
Legal Protection No information
Date Established Both the National Park and the Game Reserve were established in 1971.
Gemsbok was first established as Gemsbok Game Reserve in 1932. Part of the area was
established as a game reserve by High Commission’s Notice No. 107 of 1940, then declared a
sanctuary under the Fauna Conservation Proclamation of 1961. The area was enlarged in 1971.
Geographical Location In south-east Botswana on the border with South Africa and
Namibia. 24°10°’-25°S, 20°-23°52’E.
Altitude About 1,200m
Area Gemsbok National Park (2,480,000ha); contiguous on the eastern boundary to
Mabuasehube Game Reserve (179,200ha). Separated from Kalahari-Gembsok National Park
(960,000ha) in South Africa by the Nossob River.
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features Gemsbok is mainly desert with some savanna vegetation along the sandy
banks of the Nossob River. Mabuasehube comprises three large pans supporting a good variety
of game. The diurnal temperature range in the desert is extreme, often causing frost at night.
Rainfall is spasmodic and not dependable although dew often occurs in the early morning.
Vegetation The area has some dry savanna and grassland. Interesting plants include the water
storing tsamma melon Citrullus lanatus, Gemsbok cucumber Acanthosicyos naudinianus, and the
drought-resistant stone plant Lithops aucampiae.
Fauna Mammals include large herds of wildebeest Connochaetes taurinus,
hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus, eland Taurotragus oryx, springbok Antidorcas marsupialis
and gemsbok Oryx gazella. These game animals attract large numbers of predators and
scavengers such as lion Panthera leo, leopard P. pardus (T), cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T),
caracal Felis caracal, spotted hyena Crocuta crocuta, brown hyena Hyaena brunnea, wild
dog Lycaon pictus (T), and cape fox Vulpes chama. Over 70 bird species have been recorded,
including ostrich Struthio camelus.
Conservation Management Some administration is carried out by the South African authorities.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies There is some poaching within the reserves.
Visitor Facilities Gemsbok is closed to all visitors, but visitors are allowed into
Mabuasehube. There are no official camps but there is a Game Scouts base.
Scientific Research None
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
° Readers Digest (1983). Game Parks and Nature Reserves of Southern Africa. Cape Town,
South Africa.
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Staff No information
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration Director, Department of Wildlife, National Parks and
Tourism, PO Box 131, Gaborone.
Date April 1985
NXAI PAN NATIONAL PARK
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.08.04 (South African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total. Nxai Pan National Park Regulations (Statutory Instrument No. 128 of
1976)
Date Established 1971
Geographical Location North of Makgadikgadi Pans complex in northern Botswana. Access
is from Francistown via Gweta. Approximately centred at 19°50’S, 24°55’E.
Altitude About 900m
Area 259,000ha; separated from Makgadikgadi Pans Game Reserve (414,000ha) in the north
by the Maun-Francistown road and Kanyu flats.
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The park contains two salt pans, Nxai Pan, which is a fossil lake bed 14km
wide, and the smaller Kgama-kgama Pan, which lies 35km to the north. The rainy season is
from December to March.
Vegetation The vegetation is predominantly woodland savanna. Nxai Pan is covered with
short grass of salt-tolerant species with scattered islands of trees. Herbaceous plants include
the drought-resistant genus Aplosimum.
Fauna There are large herds of giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis. Migratory zebra Equus
burchelli and wildebeest Connochaeles taurinus concentrate at waterfilled depressions in the pan
during the rainy summer months, moving to Boteti River outside the park during the dry
season. Other mammals include: lion Panthera leo, cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T), bat-eared
fox Otocyon megalolis and aardwolf Proteles cristatus. Avifauna include species of vulture,
goshawk Accipiter tachiro and bateleur Terathopius ecaudatus.
Zoning No information
Disturbances or Deficiencies Access for migratory zebra and wildebeest to the Boteti river
may not continue if the Maun-Francistown road is fenced or some cattle ranches erect
fencing.
Visitor Facilities There are two public campsites. The northern site has a borehole.
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Scientific Research None
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
° Readers Digest (1983). Game Parks and Nature Reserves of Southern Africa. Cape Town,
South Africa.
Staff No information
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration Department of Wildlife, National Parks and Tourism,
PO Box 131, Gaborone.
Date April 1985
GABORONE WILDLIFE RESERVE
Management Category V (Protected Landscape)
Biogeographical Province 3.08.04 (South African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total; the land has been transferred to the Department of Wildlife, National
Parks and Tourism by the Ministry of Local Governments and Lands. Local residents still have
rights of free access and the collection of firewood.
Date Established No information
Geographical Location On the Notwane River a few miles north of the capital city Gaborone,
in south-east Botswana close to the international border with Transvaal, Republic of South
Africa. 24°45’S, 25°55’E.
Altitude 970m
Area 239ha
Land Tenure Government. The area was formerly freehold farmland and formed part of the
Gaborone Block. The small area in the south of the reserve, part of the crown reserve, was
taken by the government in 1963, while the major part, included in the Broadhurst ’B’ farm,
was purchased by the government in 1971 to allow the Gaborone township to expand.
Physical Features The reserve lies in the Notwane River valley, enclosing parts of the
floodplain and the plateau to the west. The whole area is underlain by ectinomorphic and
porphyritic Gaborone granites of the Kanye volcanic series. There are several exposures of
these rocks forming kopjes, particularily in the southern part of the reserve. There are
substantial gravel deposits of high quality in the raised western area. A layer of aeolian
Kalahari sand of varying depth covers most of the area. In parts it has been extensively
weathered producing ferruginous tropical soils typical of eastern Botswana. Where the granite
lies close to the surface, the thin soils are intermediate between tropical ferruginous and the
lithosols characteristic of the granite hills south of Gaborone. The soils of the floodplains
regularly become waterlogged following flooding and show hydromorphic tendencies (gleying).
Surface water is available throughout the year, either from the marshy lagoons fed by the
overflow from the sewage works (the Department of Animal Health has certified the water fit
2A
for animal consumption), or from an old stock-watering dam in the Notwane River. There are
no developed groundwater sources in the reserve, but there is a borehole just beyond the
northern boundary. It is also probable that the alluvial sand deposits under the floodplain are
water-bearing. The climate is semi-arid and sub-tropical. The mean annual rainfall of 510mm
falls mainly during the summer months (October to March inclusive) when it averages 30mm
per month, compared with less than 10mm a month for the rest of the year. The mean
maximum and minimum daily temperatures vary from 32°C and 19.5°C between November
and January, to 22°C and 4°C in late June and early July.
Vegetation Six vegetation types have been described (White, 1978). 1) Closed canopy riverine
woodland dominated by Combretum erythrophyllum and Ziziphus mucronata with a shrub layer
of Maytenus senegalensis and Diospyrios lycioides and the predominant grass Panicum
maximum. 2) Kopje woodland dominated by Croton zambesicus interspersed
with Z. mucronata, Boscia albitrunca, B. foetida, Combretum molle, Peltophorum africanum
and Pappea capensis. Shrubs include the predominant Myrsine africana together with Grewia
monticola, G. bicolor and G. flavescens. Grasses include Rhynchelytrum repens, Chrysopogon
montanus, Aristida stipitata, Trichoneura grandiglumis and Pogonarthria squarrosa. 3) Open
floodplain savannah dominated by acacias Acacia karroo, A. giraffae and A. tortilis, with
shrubs such as Grewia flava and Maytenus senegalensis and the dwarf shrub Solanum incanum.
The grass and herb layer is rich in species (though it is poor grazing),
including Carex spp, Eragrostis spp., Asparagus exuvialis, Cymbopogon plurinodis,
Dichanthium papillosum and Chloris virgata. 4) Dense dryland tree savannah predominated by
acacias, such as Acacia fleckii, A. erubescens, A. tortilis and A. karroo, together
with Combretum imberbe, C. molle and C. hereroense. Grewia flava is the most common shrub
with grasses such as Eragrostis rigidior, Panicum maximum, Urochloa trichopus and Digitaria
spp.. The presence of Aristida congesta indicates over-grazing. 5) Marshland vegetation in
areas flooded for most of the year. Typha domingensis and T. latifolia are the dominant species
in this relatively species-poor marsh community. The outflow from the sewage works has
raised the local waterlevel and the marshy areas are expanding into the vlei grassland. 6) The
vlei grassland areas depend on seasonal inundation to prevent other species invading these
fertile areas. It is dominated by Setaria spp., interspersed with patches of Carex
spp., Bothriochloa redicans, and Panicum coloratum.
Fauna Resident mammals include: bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, steenbok Raphiceros
campestris, duiker Cephalophus sp., a few kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros and impala Aepyceros
melampus, aardvark Orycteropus afer, rock dassie Procavia capensis, porcupine Hystrix
africaeaustralis, warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus, and vervet monkey Cercopithecus aethiops.
The area is rich in waterfowl, with several palearctic migrants and breeding populations of
white-backed night heron Gorsachius leuconotus and green heron Butorides striatus. Several
species uncommon in Botswana occur in healthy numbers here, including little
bittern [xobrychus minutus, purple swamphen Porphyrio porphyrio, and long-tailed widow
(sakabula) Euplectes progne. The birds of Gaborone are described in Botswana Notes and
Records, vol. 8 1976. Reptiles include Nile monitor Varanus niloticus, python, puff adder Bitis
arietans, black mamba Dendroaspis polyleptis, Cape cobra, spitting cobra Naja migricollis and,
Egyptian cobra Naja haje.
Conservation Management The main purpose of this reserve is as a tool for the wildlife
education efforts of the Department of Wildlife, National Parks and Tourism, aimed at the
schools and other educational institutions in Gaborone city. It also provides an attractive
recreational area for the city dwellers. A programme of reintroductions has been suggested
(White, 1978) to increase the interest value for visitors. Potential species include waterbuck,
lechwe, wildebeest, zebra, springbok and giraffe; many of these species used to occur in the
area. A perimeter fence has been constructed.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies The arrival of the Batswana tribe in the mid 18th century and
the subsequent arrival of settler farmers reduced the numbers and diversity of game species.
When the government took over the land in the 1960s and 1970s, numbers fell even further
through illegal, but uncontrolled, hunting. The increasing number of cattle grazing in the area
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
has seriously degraded the vegetation from the open savannah grassland formerly present.
There is clear evidence of a decline in veld condition through bush encroachment and the
invasion by species resistant to grazing pressure. Grazing is now prohibited in the reserve and
the whole area is fenced in. Firewood is cut in the reserve and sold in Gaborone; this is a right
of the local residents.
Visitor Facilities The reserve is not yet open to the public, but it is hoped that it can be
opened by mid 1985 and 10,000-15,000 visitors are expected annually.
Scientific Research No information
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
° White, R. (1978). A working plan for the Gaborone Wildlife Reserve for the years
1977/1978 to 1981/1982. Department of Wildlife, National Parks and Tourism.
Staff No information
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration No information
Date April 1985
MOREMI WILDLIFE RESERVE
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.08.04 (South African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established Moremi is the first tribal wildlife conservation area established in
Botswana. It was declared by the Batawana tribe, in 1962 with final gazetting 12 April 1965,
and was enlarged in 1976 with the incorporation of Chief’s Island.
Geographical Location Eastern area of the Okavango Delta in Ngamiland District, north-west
Botswana. Approximately centred 19°30’S, 23°30°E.
Altitude Up to 900m
Area 180,000ha
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The reserve is part of the inland delta of the Okavango River where the
river, which originates in western Angola, reaches the Kalahari desert. The swamp tract
provides virtually the only permanent surface water in Botswana. The substrate (including the
Kunyera fault) is predominantly Karoo sediments of sandstone and shale. The reserve includes
numerous rivers, lagoons (such as the permanent Xaxanaka lagoon on the Muanachira river),
papyrus, reedbeds and islands including the wooded Chief’s Island (100km by 15km), which
constitutes over a third of the reserve area and is flanked by the Boro and Santantadibe rivers.
The input of water is biphasic some from precipitation during the rainy season, but mainly
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from the floodwaters which take five to six months to reach the swamps from southeast
Angola. Flooding, therefore, occurs during mid-winter (the dry season) and rivers, lagoons
and marsh areas dry out between floods. The climate of the area is sub-arid to arid with a
rainy season from November to April, and annual rainfall 200-1,200mm, falling mainly in
January and February.
Vegetation Four main community types are recognised: (1) Riverine and flood plain
vegetation on the alluvial soils. Species include: extensive labyrinthine papyrus Cyperus
papyrus and reedbeds Phragmites spp., floating lily pads such as Nymphaea caerulea, date
palm Phoenix reclinata, and gomoti fig Ficus verruculosa. Floodplain grasslands (Melapo) are
dominated by the sedges Scirpus inclinatus and Fimbristylis complanata, or tall grasses such
as Imperata cylindrica, Setaria sphacelata and Panicum repens. (2) Dense
mopane Colophospermum mopane woodland with Kigelia pinnata, Lonchocarpus capassa,
Combretum imberbe and Acacia nigrescens. (3) Acacia woodland and savanna on the sandy and
alluvial soils of Chief’s Island with Acacia giraffae, sycamore fig Ficus sycomorus and
palm Hyphaene ventricosa surrounding a central area of grassland with Sporobolus spicatus or
couch grass Cynodon dactylon. (4) Terminalia sericea and Combretum mechowianum savanna
woodland and scrub on the Kalahari sands.
Fauna The diverse range of habitats supports a wealth of wildlife. Mammal species include:
baboon Papio ursinus, hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, buffalo Syncerus caffer (over
20,000 recorded in the entire delta), the semi-aquatic red lechwe Kobus leche (the most
numerous large mammal - about 20,000 in the reserve), sitatunga Tragelaphus spekei, greater
kudu 7. strepsiceros, reedbuck Redunca arundinum, steenbok Raphicerus campestris, roan
antelope Hippotragus equinus, impala Aepyceros melampus, topi Damaliscus lunatus,
elephant Loxodonta africana (T), bat-eared fox Otocyon megalotis, lion Panthera leo,
leopard P. pardus (T), cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T), wild dog Lycaon pictus (T) and
spotted-necked otter Lutra maculicollis. The rich avifauna includes slaty egret Egretta
vinaceigula (I), lily-trotter (jacana) Actophilornis africana, wattled crane Bugeranus
carunculatus (of special concern), sacred ibis Threskiornis aethiopicus, squacco heron Ardeola
ralloides, marabou Leptoplilos crumeniferus, yellow-billed stork Mycteria ibis, kingfishers
(Alcedinidae), Pel’s fishing owl Scolopelia peli, barred owl Strix varia, fish eagle Haliaeetus
vocifer, bearded woodpecker Dendropicos namaguus, rollers (Coraciidae), and bee eaters
(Meropidae). There are numerous amphibians and reptiles including the Nile
crocodile Crocodylus niloticus (V), monitor lizards Varanus niloticus and V. exanthematicus
albigularis, and snakes such as boomslang Dispholidus typus, bird snake Thelotornis sp. and
cobra Naja spp.. River fish include tigerfish Hydrocynus vittatus, barbel Clarias gariepinus,
bream Tilapia sp., Serranochromis spp., and Kafue pike Hepsetus sp..
Conservation Management A game fence has been constructed along the southern and eastern
edges of the Okavango Delta to separate game from cattle. No camps or human habitation are
permitted on Chief’s Island. Plans for water extraction schemes are advanced.
Zoning No information
Disturbances or Deficiencies The main threats to wildlife are the programme for eradication
of tsetse fly with Dieldrin and Endosulphan. By 1981 incursion by cattle had caused severe
Overgrazing, trampling and pollution of Lake Ngami. Now a game fence has been built, the
conflict between cattle and game from the latter spreading foot-and-mouth disease has been
prevented (Edmunds 1985). Burning, illegal fishing and increasingly organised and
sophisticated poaching methods are additional threats.
Visitor Facilities There were 2,000 international visitors to the reserve in 1976. There are
several camps in the reserve including Khwai River Lodge, Delta Noga and Tsaro. Organised
tours and photographic safaris are available with boats and light aircraft providing access to the
waterbound delta areas.
Scientific Research Fish ecology and vegetation studies are currently under way. Past studies
include research on the ecology of Chief’s Island and adjacent flood plains; baboon biology;
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work by UNDF/FAO (1976); and buffalo and lechwe research projects by various departments
of wildlife.
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
° Edmunds, T.O. (1985). Delta in the Desert. The Geographical Magazine LVII(6): 324-329.
° Readers Digest, (1983). Game Parks and Nature Reserves of Southern Africa. Cape Town,
South Africa.
° Proceedings of the Symposium on the Okavango Delta and its future utilisation.
August/September 1976. Botswana Notes and Records Special Edition No. 2. (Includes
detailed vegetation and physical description of the delta).
° Robbel, Hans, W.A. and Child, G. (1976). Notes on the ecology of the Moremi Wildlife
Reserve. Department of Wildlife, National Parks and Tourism, Gaberone. 37 pp.
° Smith, J.L.B. (1984). Fish research in the Okavango Delta. Kalahari Conservation Society
Newsletter, No. 4, May 1984, pp 9-10.
° Tinley, K.L. (1966). An ecological reconnaissance of the Moremi Wildlife Reserve. Mimeo.
(Johannesburg) Okavango Wildlife Society.
Staff No information
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration Senior Warden, Department of Wildlife and National
Parks, PO Box 11, Maun.
Date April 1985
CENTRAL KALAHARI (KGALAGADI) GAME RESERVE
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.16.07 (Kalahari)
Legal Protection Total; control of entry is covered in Notice No. 38, 3 May 1963. Traditional
hunting rights are still observed.
Date Established Established in 1975, primarily to protect the resident Basarwa people whose
hunting grounds were threatened by ranchers and sportsmen. The area was originally declared
under the Fauna Conservation Proclamation of 1961.
Geographical Location Kalahari Desert in central Botswana. Vehicle access from Ghanzi to
the west via Dekar or from the east via Orapa. 20°47’-23°20’S, 23°02-25°20°E.
Altitude Approximately 500-1,000m
Area 5,180,000ha; contiguous to Khutse Game Reserve (259,000ha) in the south
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The entire reserve is covered by Kalahari sands varying in depth up to
about 90m and forming a shallow basin tilted to the northeast. The area is dissected by two
fossil river valleys which drain towards the Makgadikgadi Pans. There is no permanent surface
water and pans and depressions in the valleys hold water only during heavy rains. Between the
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Botswana
Okwa River and Deception Valley, the topography is of rolling dunes covered by open
grassland becoming more pronounced and wooded in the east. Mean annual rainfall is
250-400mm, falling mainly from October to March, but it is very spasmodic and
undependable. The diurnal temperature range in the desert is extreme and often causes frost at
night.
Vegetation Dunes are covered with grass and occasional stands of Acacia and patchy Bauhinia
macrantha developing into mopane Colophospermum mopane woodland in the east. North of
Deception Valley is scrub woodland of Terminalia, Acacia, Bauhinia and Grewia species and
occasional Lonchocarpus sp.. Also present are the water storing melons tsamma Citrullus
lanatus, and gemsbok cucumber Acanthosicyos naudinianus.
Fauna Mammals include: large herds of wildebeest Connochaetes gnou (over 200,000),
hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus (maximum 40,000), gemsbok Oryx gazella and
springbok Antidorcas marsupialis. Also giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis, lion Panthera leo,
leopard P. pardus (T), bat-eared fox Otocyon megalotis, wildcat Felis silvestris, wild
dog Lycaon pictus (T), cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T), brown hyena Hyaena brunnea, and cape
fox Vulpes chama.
Population Central Kalahari is the principal hunting area for 2,000-3,000 nomadic people of
the San tribe who are adapted to harsh desert conditions. They obtain water from plants such
as the tsamma melon and gemsbok cucumber and poison for their arrowheads is derived from
the beetle Diamphidium. They hunt for game meat, but also eat roots, insects, frogs, locusts
and termites, particularly when game is scarce.
Conservation Management The Kalahari Conservation Society recommends the urgent
development of a management plan for the reserve in order to prevent its presently accelerating
decline. A consultant is being financed by IUCN in mid-1985 to make a land-use plan for the
reserve, from which it is hoped to upgrade its status in the future. Cooke (1985) recommends
that more emphasis be placed on wildlife as a sustainable resource, but that this will need
funds and staff which Botswana cannot supply at present. A fact finding mission was carried
out in late 1985 which aimed to determine a factual basis for deciding what measures be
introduced to facilitate environmental protection and wildlife conservation, while keeping in
mind the needs and aspirations of the local people. The report of this mission has been
reviewed by the Government. Four of their recommendations were fully accepted, that the
proposed wildlife management areas bordering the area be gazetted as soon as possible, that the
tourism potential of the reserve be developed, that staff and resources by immediately and
substantially increased, and that wildlife policies be speedily implemented to facilitate faster
realisation of the benefits from wildlife. Other recommedations were accepted with
modification, while a further nine recommendations (mainly those dealing with human use of
the reserve) were rejected as “unacceptable, not applicable or inappropriate”.
Zoning No information
Disturbances or Deficiencies There is one permanent settlement surrounding a borehole that
was drilled in 1965. This has lead to a congregation of people in one area, most of whom no
longer lead a traditional way of life. Extensive veterinary fences, erected to prevent the spread
of foot and mouth disease, cut across traditional game (particularly antelope) migration routes
and threaten the survival of ungulate populations. They have almost certainly already caused
drastic reductions of wildebeest (50,000 died in 1983: Williamson and Williamson, 1984) and
zebra. The decline in herd size can also be attributed to the recent severe drought and the
construction of water boreholes, vital to migratory wildlife, which are heavily utilised by the
human and livestock populations in areas outside the reserve. In a recent survey, a virtual
absence of juveniles amongst the wildebeest was encountered. The extensive migratory
movements bring ungulate populations into direct conflict with the livestock industry. At
several places, hartebeest and wildebeest do massive damage to fences and grazing every year.
This damage is causing growing resentment amongst livestock owners. The problem is
exacerbated by heavy cattle export subsidies. Between 1965 and 1985, a number of species
disappeared from the reserve, including zebra, buffalo and spotted hyena. Poaching is a
particular problem, as vehicles and rifles are used, often killing 20-30 springbok at a time.
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Domestic donkeys, goats and horses have also been introduced into the reserve. Mineral
prospecting, and the proposed trans-Kalahari railway also threaten the integrity of the reserve.
Visitor Facilities There are no roads, facilities or water supplies. The few tracks require
four-wheel drive vehicles. Visitors must have permits.
Scientific Research Brown hyenas and lions were studied from 1974 to 1980 (Owens and
Owens, 1984). The Frankfurt Zoological Society, together with WWF/IUCN (Project 1754), are
supporting a project to document the movement patterns of the four most numerous species of
antelope in the Kalahari - the highly nomadic wildebeest and hartebeest, and the more
sedentary gemsbok and springbok, to provide a basis for conservation plans. Three methods
are being used to document the animal movements: repeated aerial surveys of selected areas;
regular ground surveys of particular areas; and radiotelemetry, by attaching radio collars to
individual animals.
Special Scientific Facilities A private camp at Deception Pan has an airstrip, radio, weather
station and drying oven.
Principal Reference Material
° Campbell, A. (1968). Kalahari Reserve. African Wildlife 22(3): 191-198.
° Campbell, A. (1968). Central Kalahari Game Reserve Part Two. African Wildlife 22(4):
321-328.
° Campbell, A. (1978). A comment on Kalahari Wildlife and the Khukue fence. Botswana
Notes and Records 15: 111-118.
° Cooke, H.J. (1985). The Kalahari today: a case of conflict over resource use. Geographical
Journal 151: 75-85.
° IUCN/WWE Project 1754. Botswana, Conservation in the Central Kalahari.
° Owens, M. and Owens, D. (1984). Cry of the Kalahari.
° Readers Digest (1983). Game Parks and Nature Reserves of Southern Africa. Cape Town,
South Africa.
° Silberbauer, G.B. (1981). Hunter and habitat in the Central Kalahari Desert. | Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge.
° Williamson, D. (1984). The Kalahari Ungulate Movement Study. Kalahari Conservation
Society Newsletter, No. 4, May 1984.
° Williamson, D.T. and Williamson, J.E. (1981). An assessment of the impact of fences on
large herbivore biomass in the Kalahari. Botswana notes and records 13: 107-110.
° Williamson, D.T. and Williamson, J.E. (1984). Botswana’s fences and the depletion of
Kalahari Wildlife. Oryx XVIII and PARKS 10(2): 1-7.
Staff No information
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration Senior Warden, Department of Wildlife and National
Parks, PO Box 11, Maun.
Date April 1985
KHUTSE (KHUTSWE) GAME RESERVE
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.16.07 (Kalahari)
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Legal Protection No specific information, but contained in the Khutse Game Reserve
Regulations (Statutory Instrument 127 of 1976)
Date Established Established in 1971, opened to the public in 1972.
Geographical Location South central portion of the Kalahari Desert; about 240km from
Gaberone in central Kweneng District. 23°26’S, 24°20°E.
Altitude Approximately 500-1,000m
Area 244,000ha; contiguous to the Central Kalahari Game Reserve (5,180,000ha) in the north
and controlled hunting areas in the east, south, and west
Land Tenure Bakwena tribal land
Physical Features The reserve is a vast flat undulating plain of sand with 50-60 scattered
mineralised clay pans (the largest are Khutse and Moreswa) and occasional sand-filled valleys
which are the fossil remnants of an ancient drainage system. There is no permanent surface
water in the reserve. Some pans hold water only after heavy rains but others are
semi-permanent, grassed depressions. The soils are phosphate-deficient. The semi-arid
climate has a rainy season from October to March, but rainfall is spasmodic and not
dependable. The diurnal temperature range is extreme, often causing frost at night.
Vegetation Some 96% of the area is dry savanna containing a variety of habitats. There are
grassed pans, dominated by Sporobolus ioclados, Eragrostis devoxii and Panicum coloratum,
which are heavily cropped by wildlife. The pans are surrounded by thick scrub of Acacia
mellifera, A. giraffae and Catophractes alexandri and a mosaic of dry savanna ranging from
grassland to open savanna to scrubland and closed savanna. The variation in vegetation is due
to minor soil differences, droughts, fires and animal use. Major tree species are Lonchocarpus
nelsii, Terminalia sericea, Acacia giraffae and Boscia albitrunca. Major bush species
are Grewia spp., Bauhinia macrantha and Dichrostachys cinerea. Grasses include Stipagrostis
uniplumis, Aristida meridionalis and Schmidtia pappophoroides; duneland areas support shrub
forest of Ochna pulchra, Burkea africana and other savanna species. Also present are the
water-storing tsamma melon Citrullus lanatus, and gemsbok cucumber Acanthosicyos
naudinianus.
Fauna Resident wildlife is sparse but concentrations of animals may occur during migrations.
Mammals include: migrant red hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus, wildebeest Connochaetes
taurinus, resident gemsbok Oryx gazella, springbok Antidorcas marsupialis, kudu Tragelaphus
strepsiceros, steenbok Raphicerus campestris, and common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia.
Predators include: lion Panthera leo, leopard P. pardus (T), cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T),
brown hyena Hyaena brunnea, and wild dog Lycaon pictus (T). Also present are bat-eared
fox Otocyon megalotis, black-backed jackal Canis mesomelas, wildcat Felis silvestris, and
spring hare Pedetes capensis. About 180 bird species have been recorded from the reserve
(Dawson 1975) including 65 common residents such as violet-eared waxbill Granatina
granatina, three-streaked tchagra Tchagra australis, fan-tailed cisticola Cisticola juncidis,
francolins Francolinus spp. and bustards Eupodotis spp.. Twenty uncommon residents include
Cape penduline tit Anthoscopus minutus, spotted eagle owl Bubo africanus, lappet-faced
vulture Torgos tracheliotus and secretary bird Sagittarius serpentarius; and 40 summer migrants
include palaearctic migrant peregrine falcon Falco peregrinus, intra-African migrant
white-bellied stork Ciconia nigra and local migrant ring-necked dove Streptopelia capicola.
Population The population is sparse. Most inhabitants live at subsistence level by hunting
and gathering. Cattle are of great cultural and economic value to the Kgalagad people.
Conservation Management Development of the reserve is minimal. There is a game scout
camp just inside the boundary and only 100km of improved tracks.
Zoning None
FA9=
IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Disturbances or Deficiencies Fragile vegetation is less seriously degraded than other areas of
the Kalahari. Game migration routes have been disrupted through fencing and other human
activities outside the boundaries. There is some hunting near the boundary.
Visitor Facilities The reserve is increasingly important for tourists, being the nearest wildlife
area to the capital city of Gaborone. A campsite and borehole are run by the Department of
National Parks and Wildlife.
Scientific Research None
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
° Dawson, J.L. and Butynski, T.M. (1975). Khutse Game Reserve, Botswana. Preserving the
Kalahari Ecosystem. Biological Conservation 7: 147-153.
° Dawson, J.L. (1975). The birds of Khutse Game Reserve. Botswana Notes and Records 7:
141-150. ’Includes an annotated checklist of recorded birds’.
° Readers Digest (1983). Game Parks and Nature Reserves of Southern Africa. Cape Town,
South Africa.
Staff No information
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration Senior Warden, Department of Wildlife and National
Parks.
Date 1984
MAKGADIKGADI PAN GAME RESERVE
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.08.04 (South African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 1970
Geographical Location North-east Botswana. Access is 30km west of Gweta, 300km from
Francistown on the road to Maun. 20°25’S, 24°55’E.
Altitude Up to 900m
Area 414,000ha. Separated from Nxai Pan National Park (259,000ha) to the north by the
main Maun-Francistown road and Kanyu flats.
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The Ntwetwe and Sowa pans form the Makgadikgadi Salt Pan complex
which are the last remnants of a huge lake, once over 6,000,000ha. The area is bounded on the
south-west by the Boteti River. The pans are only full after heavy rains or exceptional floods
from Angola via the Okavanga/Boteti.
-50-
Botswana
Vegetation Wide grassy plains extend to the north of Ntwetwe Pan with groves of vegetable
ivory palm Hyphaene ventricosa.
Fauna Large aggregations of wildebeest Connochaetes taurinus (about 100,000) and
zebra Equus burchelli migrate independently through the reserve between the Boteti River in
the dry season and grass plains of Nxai Pan in the wet season. Other mammals _ include:
springbok Antidorcas marsupialis, gemsbok Oryx gazella, lion Panthera leo, cheetah Acinonyx
jJubatus (T), and jackal Canis sp.. Large flocks of waterfowl are attracted to the inundated
pans, including flamingo Phoenicopterus sp., eastern white pelican Pelecanus onocrotalus, and
waders. Other birds include: ostrich Struthio camelus, bateleur Terathopius ecaudatus, and the
palm nut vulture Gypohierax angolensis.
Zoning No information
Disturbances or Deficiencies Some poaching
Visitor Facilities There is no organised accommodation, but camping is permitted.
Scientific Research None
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
° Readers Digest (1983). Game Parks and Nature Reserves of Southern Africa. Cape Town,
South Africa.
Staff No information
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration Department of Wildlife, National Parks and Tourism,
PO Box 131, Gaborone.
Date 1984
CHOBE FOREST RESERVE
Management Category VIII (Multiple Use Management Area)
Biogeographical Province 3.08.04 (South African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Exploitation by concessions under terms set by the Ministry of Agriculture.
Date Established Established in 1976 as Tribal Land
Geographical Location On the northern national border with Namibia. Access by road from
Kasane or north from Nata. 18°00’-18°30’S, 24°00’-24°50’E.
Altitude 850-1,000m
Area About 240,000ha; contiguous to Chobe National Park (1,087,800ha)
Land Tenure Government
Sit
IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Physical Features Parts of the area are covered by swampy floodplains along the Linyanti
River and includes islands, reedmarsh, channels and meandering waterways similar to the
Okavango system when exceptional floods on the Kuando river spill water into the Linyanti,
thereby linking the Chobe and Okavango systems.
Vegetation This area is one of the few remaining natural timber forests in Botswana with
Rhodesian teak Baikiaea plurijuga and Mukwa trees. Linyanti seasonal floodplains have
extensive papyrus Cyperus papyrus and reedbeds Phragmites sp. with date palms Phoenix
reclinata on the islands.
Fauna A wide variety of game, both browsers and predators, move between the forest reserve
and the national park. Riverside fauna include: hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, sable
antelope Hippotragus niger, impala Aepyceros melampus, elephant Loxodonta africana (T),
lion Panthera leo, wild dog Lycaon pictus (T) and Nile crocodile Crocodylus niloticus (V).
There are over 300 bird species in the Linyanti area including white pelican Pelecanus
onocrotalus, reed cormorant Haliétor africanus, squacco heron Ardeola ralloides, saddle-billed
stork Ephippiorhynchus senegalensis, fish eagle Haliaeetus vocifer, hooded vulture Necrosyrtes
monachus, African hawk eagle Hieraactus spilogaster, scarlet-chested sunbird Nectarinia
senegalensis, tinkling cisticola Cisticola rufilata, and carmine bee-eater Merops nubicus.
Zoning No information
Disturbances or Deficiencies No information
Visitor Facilities There are no tourist facilities in the reserve. A safari camp is based at
Linyanti near the southern boundary. Camping is only allowed with prior permission.
Scientific Research No information
Special Scientific Facilities No information
Principal Reference Material
° Readers Digest (1983). Game Parks and Nature Reserves of Southern Africa. Cape Town,
South Africa.
Staff Two foresters
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration No information
Date 1984
=50=
BURKINA FASO
-53-
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BURKINA FASO (UPPER VOLTA)
Area 274,200 sq.km
Population 6,700,000 (1983)
Parks and Reserves Legislation Ordinance No. 68-59/PRES/AGRI-EL or 31 December 1968
*sur la conservation de la faune et l’exercice de la chasse’ protects species, sets hunting rules
and designates protected areas, although certain provisions of the law have never been applied.
Ordinance No. 68-50 (1968) ratifies the African Convention for the Conservation of Nature
and Natural Resources, and definitions of protected areas largely follow those given in this
convention. A Total Faunal Reserve (Réserve totale de faune) is an area primarily set-aside
for the conservation and management of the native fauna and its habitat, where hunting,
settlement and other human activities are either prohibited or closely controlled, whereas in a
Partial Faunal Reserve (Réserve partielle de faune) big game hunting is allowed, the area being
administered as an hunting zone. Classified Forests (Foréts classées) have also been set up in
principle so as to afford some protection to fauna, depending on their statute. Legislation is
currently being revised. Fauna conservation areas were first set up in this region in 1926,
when five ’Parcs de refuge’ were established covering some 536,700ha. This included the area
now known as ’W’ National Park. Of the rest, just under half the area is now designated
classified forest, while the rest was declassified.
Parks and Reserves Administration This is the responsibility of the Direction des Parcs
nationaux, Réserves de faune et de chasses, in the Ministére de l’environnement et du
tourisme. Forestry management comes under the Direction de l’aménagement forestier et du
reboisement.
Address
° Direction des parcs nationaux, des réserves de faune et des chasses, Ministére de
l'environnement et du tourisme, BP 7044, Ouagadougou. Direction de l’aménagement
forestier et du reboisement, Ministére de l’environnement et du tourisme, BP 7044,
Ouagadougou.
Additional Information Drought is a recurrent climatic problem and the potential for drought
may well become much greater. In addition the country is not particularly well endowed with
natural resources (Ofori-sarpong, 1983). There is reported to be over-exploitation of the
fauna, with insufficent hunting regulation, and practically no control, as guards lack sufficient
equipment, transport, funds and infrastructure. Yet in order to attain self-sufficiency in
protein there is a need to maintain areas where a base stock is completely protected, and
rationalization of the way wildlife resources are utilized is therefore necessary (IUCN/UNEP,
1983).
In 1980 the Government commissioned a report on the wildlife resources of the rural areas
(FAO, 1983), which makes management proposals for some of the protected areas and wildlife
populations. Spinage and Souleymane (1984) also make a number of recommendations
concerning improvement of the protected area network. These include the redesignation of
both the Arly total faunal reserve and the Deux Baté Forest and national parks (with increases
in size), the establishment of one new national park (Komoé-Léraba), two biosphere reserves,
(Séno-Mango and Mare aux Hippopotames) and two sanctuaries (Béli and Mare d’Oursi). Also,
as a result of the increased exploitation, the Government has developed a series of plans for
assuring a better management of natural resources (Issa, 1983).
References
° Arid Lands Information Centre (1980). Draft environmental Report, Upper Volta. Office
of Arid Lands Studies, University of Arizona.
° Bousquet, B. (1982). Résultes des inventaires aériens de al faune. FO: DP/UPV/78/008
Document de terrain No. 6. FAO, Rome.
Bousquet, B., Charest, A., Gansaoré, G. and Ouédraogo, L. (1982). Résultes des inventaires
-55-
IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
a pied de la faune dans les parcs nationaux. FO: DP/UPV/78/008 Document de terrain No.
5. FAO, Rome.
° FAO (1983). Inventaire des ressources en faune sauvage et étude économique sur son
utilisation en zone rurale. Haute-Volta. Conclusions et recommandations du projet. FO:
DP/UPV/78/008 Rapport terminal. UNDP/FAO, Rome.
° Issa, C. (1983). Resumé des rapports nationaux, Burkina Faso. In: Rapport de la Session de
formation sur l’aménagement et la gestion des Réserves de la Biosphére en Afrique
soudano-sahélienne. Comite National du Programme sur l’Homme et la Biosphére, Mali.
° TUCN/UNEP (1983). La réparition des aires protégées en fonction des besoins de la
conservation des communautés biotiques de l’Afrique Centrale et de l’Ouest. Working
Document. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.
° Lutts, R. (1975). The Present situation of Reserves, Protected Areas, and Administrative
Workings in Upper Volta. Report to IUCN.
° Ofori-Sarpong, E. (1983). The drought of 1970-77 in Upper Volta. Singapore Journal of
Tropical Geography 4(1): 53-61.
° Spinage, C.A. and Souleymane, T. (1984). Resumé des aires de faune protégées et
propositions. FO: DP/UPV/82/008 Document de travail 3. FAO, Rome.
Protected Areas
(hectares)
National Parks
Po 155,500
W du Burkina Faso 235,000
Subtotal 390,500
Total Faunal Reserves
Arly 76,000
Bontioli 12,700
Madjoari 17,000
Singou 192,800
Subtotal 298,500
Partial Faunal Reserves
Arly 130,000
Bontioli 24,500
Kourtiagou 51,000
Nabere 36,500
Pama 223,500
Sahel 1,600,000
Subtotal 2,065,500
Classified Forests
Deux Bales 56,000
Dida
Diefoula
Koflande
PARC NATIONAL DE PO
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.04.04 (West African Woodland/savanna)
-56-
Burkina Faso
Legal Protection Ordinance No. 77/041 of 11 November 1977 regulates the issue of permits
and licences and taxation related to the exploitation of fauna.
Date Established First partially protected as a forest reserve in 1936, but increased in size in
1953 and a further area classified in 1954. Declared a ’parc national’ in 1967, but not officially
decreed until 2 September 1976 under Ordinance No. 70/020.
Geographical Location Situated in the central part of the country in Ougadougou Province.
The south-eastern boundary extends to within 24km of the border with Ghana and the
north-west boundary passes some 70km to the the south of Ougadougou. The Volta Rouge
River passes from north-west to south-east through the centre of the park. 11°10’-11°50’N,
0°50’-1°50’°W.
Altitude 200-400m
Area 155,500ha, although Spinage and Souleymane (1984) suggest a redefinition to 149,400ha
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The flood plains of alluvial clays or alluvial sands and muds which extend
along both banks of the Volta Rouge River are the dominant feature of the park. During the
dry season the river is reduced to isolated waterholes. Where the land rises to 240m in the
south-east and 300m in the north-west the relatively flat terrain is interrupted by a number of
small marshes derived from tributaries of the Volta Rouge. In general, the area is low-lying,
apart for a few peaks of granite and laterite rising to 400m. The geology is predominantly
Precambrian granite with a little schist and quartzite towards the south-east, overlain with clay
soils on top of a clay alluvium layer, raw mineral and ferruginous tropical soils or a cover of
washed out sandy material. The climate is generally dry and warm with a short rainy season
from June to September. The annual precipitation, which varies considerably, has a mean of
950mm. Average temperatures range from 20°C to 35°C.
Vegetation Wooded savanna predominates, comprising: Combretum lamprocarpum, Piliostigma
thonningii, P. reticulatum, Butyrospermum paradoxum, Terminalia avicennioides, T. laxiflora,
Detarium microcarpum, Anogeissus leiocarpus, Combretum binderanum and Crossopteryx
febrifuga, with Mitragyna inermis restricted gallery forests on the banks of the
river. Jsoberlinia doka and baobab Adansonia digitata are also present. The herb layer is
dominated by grasses, such as Andropogon ascinodis, A. gayanus, Hyparrhenia glabriuscula,
H. involucrata, H. rufa, H. smithiana, H. subplumosa, Cymbopogon giganteus, Ctenium newtonii,
Schoenefeldia gracilis, Brachiaria jubata, Aristida kerstingii, Loudetia togoensis, Chrysochloa
hindsii, Sporobolus festivus, S. pyramidalis, and Oryza longistaminata.
Fauna Mammals include lion Panthera leo, elephant Loxodonta africana (T), buffalo Syncerus
caffer, waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, Bohor reedbuck Redunca redunca, roan Hippotragus
equinus, hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus, common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia, red-flanked
duiker Cephalophus rufilatus, oribi Ourebia ourebi, bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus,
warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus, baboon Papio anubis, vervet monkey Cercopithecus aethiops,
and patas Erythrocebus patas. There are doubts as to whether all these species still occur in the
park.
Conservation Management A management plan for the park was prepared in 1976 by an FAO
consultant. As part of IUCN/WWF Project 1913 the park staff were supplied with a vehicle
and six motorcycles to help combat poaching, as well as the prevention of unauthorized grazing
and wood-cutting. The improved patrols have also enabled staff to locate illegal settlements
and move them to alternative grazing areas. Control barriers have been erected on the main
roads which cross or border on the park. Public awareness visits have been made to nearby
villages to inform the people about the park, check on known hunters and investigate the
destination of game products. Some of the new park recruits are being trained at the
francophone College of African Wildlife Management at Garoua in Cameroon.
Zoning The park is surrounded by a zone in which hunting is permitted.
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Disturbances or Deficiencies All the permanent ponds are utilised continuously by local
fishermen, thereby restricting wildlife access to water. Poaching is the severest threat,
especially to elephants, large ungulates and cat species, which are killed to supply urban
markets. It has been partly checked in the eastern part of the park since the introduction of
vehicles and regular patrols, but much of the park is still subject to incursions, both by
traditional users of its products as well as visitors from the towns and cities. At present, there
are three operational guardposts, but seven more need to be equipped to provide full
protection. Other threats include cattle grazing and woodcutting by local people (especially
during the dry season), land-clearance for agriculture and the commercial collection of
firewood.
Scientific Research A study of the area has been carried out by a Peace Corps biologist.
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
° Bousquet, B. (1982). Résultes des inventaires aériens de la faune. Document de terrain No.
6. FO: DP/UPV/78/008, FAO, Rome.
° Bousquet, B., Charest, A., Gansaoré, G. and Ouédraogo, L. (1982). Résultes des inventaires
a pied de la faune dans les parcs nationaux. Document de terrain No. 5, FO:
DP/UPV/78/008, FAO, Rome.
° Christenson, B. (1976). Tree utilisation by the African elephant in P6 National Park,
Burkina Faso. 15 pp mimeo.
° DeGreling, C. (1978). Plan d’aménagement du Parc National de Pé. Rapport technique 2,
FO: DP/UPV/72/029, FAO, Rome.
° Heisterberg, J.F. (1977). Flora and fauna of Po National Park, Upper Volta, West Africa.
Non published thesis from the Department of Science of the University of Purdue.
° IUCN/WWF Project 1913. Upper Volta (Burkina Faso), conservation of P6 National Park.
° Lutts, R. (1975). The present situation of reserves, protected areas, and administrative
workings in Upper Volta (Burkina Faso). Report to IUCN.
° Sawadogo, P.K. (1981). Les espéces de la faune sauvage disparues et en vote de disparition
dans le Parc National de P6 et les environs immédiats. Mém. de fin d’Etudes, Inst. Sup.
Polytechnique, Université de Ouagadougou. Pp 68 mimeo.
° Spinage, C.A. and Souleymane, T. (1984). Resumé des aires de faune protégées et
propositions. FO: DP/UPV/82/008 Document de travail 3. FAO, Rome.
Staff In response to the considerable requirements of the various forestry activities, annual
recruitment of staff is being increased to 40. This compares with only 10 in 1979 and 20 in
1982. Some of the new recruits will have been trained at the College of African Wildlife
Management at Garoua in Cameroon.
Budget Salaries
Local Park or Reserve Administration Directeur des parcs nationaux
Date 1984
PARC NATIONAL DE "W"
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.04.04 (West African Woodland/savanna)
-58-
Burkina Faso
Legal Protection Ordinance No.77/041 of 11 November 1977 regulates the issue of permits
and licences and taxation related to the exploitation of fauna.
Date Established Declared a ’parc national’ in 1937, but not decreed until a Decree dated 4
August 1954. The area had been classified as a réserve totale de faune a year earlier by Arrété
No. 2606/SE/F (14 April 1953). First established as a ’parc de réfuge’ in 1926, and named the
Pare des cercles de Say et de Fada.
Geographical Location In the sub-préfecture of Diapago (Fada n’Gourma Province) in the
extreme eastern corner of the country on the international borders with Benin and Niger.
12°00’N, 2°00°E.
Altitude 230-373m
Area 235,000ha; part of the international W park complex shared with Benin (568,000ha) and
Niger (220,000ha). Also contiguous to Kourtiagou Partial Faunal Reserve (51,000ha). The area
of this park is often quoted in error as being larger, as the definition given in the 1953
legislation includes a piece of territory actually in Niger (Spinage and Souleymane, 1984).
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The park comprises a peneplain in the upper Niger basin. It includes a
stretch of the Mékrou River, which forms the international border with Benin. The river
passes through a steep-sided, north-south orientated gorge with several areas of accelerated
erosion. An interesting natural feature at the southern end of the gorge is the unusual rock
formation of the Koudou Falls. The Atakora mountain range, which reaches an altitude of
344m, defines the southern limit of the park. The area has a varied geology, comprising Lower
and Pre-Cambrian sandstone, quartzite, schists, and granites. The poorly developed soils
overlay gravelly materials. There are also areas of tropical ferruginous, mineral to pseudo-gley
hydromorphic soils and raw minerals.
Vegetation Open Soudanian savanna predominates in the north of the park, while Soudanian
wooded savanna has developed in the south, characterised by Balanites aegyptiaca, Vitellaria
paradoxa, Parkia biglobosa, Entada africana, Burkea africana, Terminalia avicennioides,
Pterocarpus erinaceus, Detarium microcarpum, Piliostigma reticulatum, Sterculia tomentosa,
Sclerocarya birrea, Afzelia africana, Maytenus senegalensis, Combretum spp., Acacia spp. The
shrub-layer is characterised by Anogeissus leiocarpus, Daniellia oliveri, Khaya senegalensis,
and Cassia sieberana. Gallery forest occurs along the rivers, comprising a thin cover of Ficus
and other species, with a herb layer dominated by Schoenefeldia gracilis, Loudetia simplex,
L. togoensis, and Hyparrhenia hirta.
Fauna Mammals include: lion Panthera leo, leopard P. pardus (T), cheetah Acinonyx jubatus
(T) (unconfirmed), elephant Loxodonta africana (T), buffalo Syncerus caffer, waterbuck Kobus
ellipsiprymnus, kob K. kob, Bohor reedbuck Redunca redunca, roan Hippotragus equinus,
hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus, bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, topi Damaliscus lunatus,
common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia, red-flanked duiker Cephalophus rufilatus,
warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus and olive baboon Papio anubis. Hippopotamus Hippopotamus
amphibius, crocodile Crocodylus sp., and tortoise in well-watered areas.
Conservation Management There are three surveillance posts, at La Tapoa, Kabougou and
Kondio
Zoning No information
Disturbances or Deficiencies Poaching and illicit removal of timber are continuing problems.
The vegetation is degraded throughout the park.
Visitor Facilities The area is fairly inaccesible, and there is a no adequate accommodation.
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Scientific Research FAO consultants carried out an aerial survey of the larger mammals in
1981.
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
° Bousquet, B. (1982). Résultes des inventaires 4 pied de la faune dans les parcs nationaux.
Document de terrain No. 5 FO: UPV/78/008, FAO, Rome.
° Bousquet, B. and Szaniawski, A. (1981). Résultats des inventaires aériens des grands
mammiféres dans la région "“Pendjari-Mékrou". Document de terrain No. 4. FO:
DP/UPV/78/008 and DP/BEN/77/011, FAO, Ouagadougou.
° Spinage, C.A. and Souleymane, T. (1984). Resumé des aires de faune protégées et
propositions. FO: DP/UPV/82/008 Document de travail 3. FAO, Rome.
° Urvoy, Y. (1929). Le Mékrou et le Double V. Bull. Com. Afrique Frangaise. Fév: 135-140.
Staff Five forestry agents and three trackers
Budget Salaries
Local Park or Reserve Administration Direction des parcs nationaux
Date 1984
RESERVE TOTALE ET RESERVE PARTIELLE DE FAUNE DE L’ARLY
Management Category Partial 1V (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.04.04 (West African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Partial
Date Established ’Réserve totale de faune de l’Arly’ was established on 13 December 1954 by
Arréte No. 8885. This area has been referred to as parc national de l’Arly since 1978 but it has
no legal basis. The proposal to upgrade the area to national park status has yet to be
implemented. The ’resérve partielle de faune’ was established at the same time as the total
faunal reserve, with the same legislation.
Geographical Location The reserve is situated to the east of Pama in Fada n’Gourma
Province, in the south-east of the country on the international border with Benin. 11°30’N,
1eSOrE*
Altitude Average 300m
Area’ Total faunal reserve 76,000ha; partial faunal reserve 130,000ha; Contiguous to Singou
Total Faunal Reserve, 192,800ha
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The area is a flat lowland bordered on the south-east by the Pendjari
River. Some permanent ponds persist during the dry season. The mean annual rainfall is
1000mm, falling mainly during the rainy season from early May through to late September.
The mean annual temperature is 28°C.
~60-
Burkina Faso
Vegetation Undifferentiated Soudanian woodland predominates. Extensive gallery forest
occurs in the northern parts and along the Pendjari River.
Fauna Mammals include: leopard Panthera pardus (T), lion P. leo, side-striped jackal Canis
adustus, cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T), elephant Loxodonta africana (T),
hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, buffalo Syncerus caffer, waterbuck Kobus
ellipsiprymnus, western kob K. kob, bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, oribi Ourebia ourebi,
hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus major, common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia, topi Damaliscus
lunatus, roan antelope Hippotragus equinus, warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus, patas
monkey Erythrocebus patas, vervet monkey Cercopithecus aethiops, and olive baboon Papio
anubis.
Zoning The reserve is divided into a total faunal reserve, where human settlement and
interference are prohibited and a partial faunal reserve, administered as a hunting reserve.
Disturbances or Deficiencies Poaching, fishing and illicit removal of timber are the principal
problems facing reserve staff.
Visitor Facilities A modern and attractive hotel was built in 1975 and some 3,000 to 4,000
tourists visited the area that year.
Scientific Research Study by Peace Corps biologist and mammal counts by FAO consultants
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
* Bousquet, B. and Szaniawski, A. (1981). Résults des inventaires aériens des grand
mammiféres dans la région Pendjari-Mékrou. Document de terrain No. 4, FO:
DP/UPV/77/011. FAO, Rome.
* Bousquet, B., Charest, A., Gansaoré, G. and Ouédraogo, L. (1982). Résultats des inventaires
a pied de la faune dans les parcs nationaux. Document de terrain No. 5 , FO: DP/UPV/7
8/008, FAO: Rome.
° DeGreling, C. (1978). Un schéma directeur d’aménagement pour le Parc National d’Arli.
Rapport technique 1, FO: DP/UPV/72/029. FAO, Rome.
° Green, A.A. (1979). Density estimate of the larger mammals of Arli National Park, Upper
Volta (Burkina Faso). Mammalia. 43: 71-84.
* Green, A.A. (1979). La végétation du Parc National de la Pendjari et des régions
avoisinantes. Document de travail No. 8, BEN/77/011, PNUD: FAO.
° Green, A.A. and Sayer, J.A. (1979). The birds of Pendjari and Arli National Parks (Benin
and Upper Volta). Malimbus |: 14-28.
* Green, A.A. (1977). Estimate of Large Mammals of Arly National Park, Upper Volta
(Burkina Faso). In: Proceedings of the Peace Corps volunteer conference on West African
parks and wildlife, Niamey, Niger, June 20-24, 1977.
* Spinage, C.A. and Souleymane, T. (1984). Resumé des aires de faune protégées et
propositions. FO: DP/UPV/82/008 Document de travail 3. FAO, Rome.
Staff One ’chef de poste’, three forestry agents and two trackers
Budget Salaries
Local Park or Reserve Administration Direction des parcs nationaux
Date 1984
-61-
IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
RESERVE TOTALE ET RESERVE PARTIELLE DE FAUNE DE BONTIOLI
Management Category Partial IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.04.04 (West African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Complete protection in the total Faunal Reserve, but only partial in the
remainder.
Date Established 1957 under Arréte No. 3417/SE/F.
Geographical Location Gaoua Province in south-west Burkina Faso; approximately 10°40’N,
3°00’W
Altitude Approximately 100-500m
Area Total faunal reserve 12,700ha and partial faunal reserve 24,500ha
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features No information
Vegetation Wooded savanna predominates, characterised by /soberlinia.
Fauna Wildlife numbers have declined dramatically, with only very low numbers of
kob Kobus kob, roan Hippotragus equinus, and warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus.
Elephant Loxodonta africana (T) pass through the reserves on their seasonal passage.
Zoning The reserve is divided into a total faunal reserve, where human settlement and
interference are prohibited and partial faunal reserve, administered as a hunting reserve.
Disturbances or Deficiencies Poaching, cattle grazing and illicit timber extraction continue to
degrade the area; local wildlife has virtually been exterminated.
Scientific Research None
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material None listed
Staff No information
Budget None
Local Park or Reserve Administration Controlled by the provincial administration.
Date 1984
RESERVE TOTALE DE FAUNE DE SINGOU
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.04.04 (West African Woodland/savanna)
262.
Burkina Faso
Legal Protection Complete
Date Established 5 August 1955, under Arréte No.6089/SE/F
Geographical Location South of the town of Fada n’Gourma in Fada n’Gourma Province,
eastern Burkina Faso; approximately 11°55’N, 1°00’E
Altitude Approximately 100-500m
Area 192,800ha; contiguous to ’réserves totale et partielle de faune de l’Arly’ (206,000ha)
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The area is predominantly dry with a few scattered areas of marshland.
Vegetation Fairly dense Soudanian wooded savanna predominates, characterised by the fire
tolerant Hyparrhenia sp.. This savannah is generally drier than that found further south.
Fauna The mammal fauna resembles that found in the Arly reserves, including: lion Panthera
leo, leopard P. pardus (T), elephant Loxodonta africana, (T) buffalo Syncerus caf fer,
kob Kobus kob, hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus, various antelope and several species of
primate.
Zoning No information
Disturbances or Deficiencies Illegal settlement, grazing and heavy poaching are continuing
problems.
Scientific Research None
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
* Arid Lands Information Centre (1980). Draft environmental report on Upper Volta. Office
of Arid Lands Studies, University of Arizona.
Staff One ’chef de poste’ and two forestry agents
Budget None
Local Park or Reserve Administration Administered from Pama
Date 1984
RESERVE PARTIELLE DE FAUNE DE KOURTIAGOU
Management Category No category assigned
Biogeographical Province 3.04.04 (West African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Partial; hunting is permitted
Date Established 1957
=63-
IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Geographical Location Fada n’Gourma Province in eastern Burkina Faso; approximately
11°40’N, 1°40°E
Altitude Approximately 100-500m
Area 51,000ha; contiguous to W National Park complex shared between Burkina Faso
(235,000ha), Benin (568,000ha) and Niger (220,000ha)
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features No information
Vegetation Wooded savanna
Fauna Mammals include spotted hyena Crocula crocuta, caracal Felis caracal, kob Kobus kob,
Bohor reedbuck Redunca redunca, oribi Ourebia ourebi, and bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus.
Zoning No information
Disturbances or Deficiencies Poaching, grazing and illicit timber extraction are continuing
problems.
Scientific Research None
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material None listed
Staff Controlled by Konolio (’W’ Park) with two forestry agents and a tracker
Budget Salaries
Local Park or Reserve Administration Direction des parcs nationaux.
Date 1984
RESERVE PARTIELLE DE FAUNE DU NABERE
Management Category No category assigned
Biogeographical Province 3.04.04 (West African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Hunting is permitted
Date Established 9 November 1957 by Arrété No. 3550/SE/F
Geographical Location In the sub-préfecture of Diébougou; approximately 11°00’N, 3°45’W
Altitude Approximately 200-500m
Area 36,500ha
Land Tenure No information
-64-
Burkina Faso
Physical Features No information
Vegetation Soudanian wooded savanna
Fauna Apparently very little large wildlife remains.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies Heavy poaching
Scientific Research None
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material None listed
Staff No information
Budget None
Local Park or Reserve Administration Controlled by the provincial administration.
Date 1984
RESERVE PARTIELLE DE FAUNE DE PAMA
Management Category No category assigned
Biogeographical Province 3.04.04 (West African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Partial. The law is unclear; half of the area seems to have been de-gazetted
or never classified. ’Réserve partielle de faune de Pama’ is believed to be within this area, but
information is misleading. This area was established on 13 April 1970 by Decree No. 70/175.
Date Established 1955
Geographical Location Fada n’Gourma Province in eastern Burkina Faso; approximately
11°30°N, 0°45°E
Altitude Approximately 100-300m
Area 223,500ha, possibly including Madjoari Total Faunal Reserve (17,000ha). Contiguous to
Singou Total Faunal Reserve (192,800ha) and Arly Faunal Reserve (206,000ha)
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The area comprises a flat plain with seasonal rivers.
Vegetation Wooded savanna predominates.
Fauna Mammals include: lion Panthera leo, leopard P. pardus (T) (rarely seen), olive
baboon, Papio anubis, hares, and genets.
Zoning No information
=65=
IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Disturbances or Deficiencies Poaching and illicit timber extraction are continuing problems.
Scientific Research None
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material None listed
Staff One ’chef de poste’ and two forestry agents
Budget Salaries only
Local Park or Reserve Administration Direction des parcs nationaux
Date 1984
RESERVE PARTIELLE DE FAUNE DU SAHEL
Management Category No category assigned
Biogeographical Province 3.12.07 (Western Sahel)
Legal Protection Partial; there are hunting restrictions
Date Established 9 December 1970 by Decree No. 70-302/PRES/AGRI-EL/F
Geographical Location In the sub-préfecture of Dori; approximately 14°30’N, 1°00’W
Altitude Approximately 200-500m
Area 1,600,000ha
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The reserve lies in a sandy zone, with both ancient and more recent dunes
in the northern part.
Vegetation Sahelien bushland
Fauna This includes: gazelle Gazella sp., ostrich Struthio camelus (uncommon), hares,
francolin Francolinus sp., and guineafowl.
Zoning No information
Disturbances or Deficiencies There is some poaching. The whole reserve is overgrazed and
there is much tree destruction by lopping.
Scientific Research ORSTOM (Organisation Recherche Scientifique et Technique Outre Mer)
have carried out research in the area, but are now being replaced by CVRST (Centre Voltaique
de Recherche Scientifique et Technique).
Special Scientific Facilities _ORSTOM have a research centre in the area, now being taken
over by CVRST.
-66-
Burkina Faso
Principal Reference Material None listed
Staff No information
Budget None
Local Park or Reserve Administration Controlled by provincial administration
Date 1984
LES FORETS CLASSEES DES DEUX BALES
Management Category No category assigned
Biogeographical Province 3.04.04 (West African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection None
Date Established First established in 1937 as the foréts classées des Deux Balés (61,000ha). In
1967, the area was given National Park status and referred to as ’parc national des Deux Balés’,
but there is no law establishing it as a national patk. Proposal to establish national park
legislation in 1984.
Geographical Location Central western section of the country, in Black Volta Province just
west of the Black Volta River. 11°30’-11°50’N, 2°11’-3°10’W.
Altitude 235-310m
Area Approximately 56,000ha (although sometimes quoted as 115,000ha).
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features An undulating granitic plain, broken up in places by rock outcrops and
lateritic plateaux.
Vegetation The vegetation comprises Sudano-Zambezian savanna with a carpet of grasses,
and trees such as Anogeissus leiocarpus, Isoberlinia doka and Terminalia laxiflora. There is
gallery forest on the riverbanks.
Fauna Mammals include: hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, buffalo Syncerus caf fer,
elephant Loxodonta africana (T), crocodile Crocodylus sp. and antelopes, although the diversity
of fauna has been reported as being reduced.
Zoning No information
Disturbances or Deficiencies Poaching occurs and in 1968 there was a considerable reduction
of large mammal populations by the ’Service de l’Elevage’.
Scientific Research Study by Peace Corps biologist
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
° Bousquet, B. (1982) Résultats des inventaires aériens de la faune. Document de terrain No.
a 6iE
IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
6, FO: DP/UPV/78/008, FAO, Rome.
° QOuédraogo, K.L. (1982) Influence de la population environnante sur le Parc National des
Deux-Balés, République de Haute-Volta. Rapport de Stage, Ecole de Faune, Garoua. 29 pp
mimeo.
° Sihvonen, J.P. (1974). Inventaire de la faune du Parc National des Deux-Balés, Haute-Volta,
et recommendations pour son aménagement. Unpublished report, 39 pp.
° Sihvonen, J.P. (1978). Le troisieéme inventaire de la forét classée des Deux-Balés. Annexe 3
dans Un Schéma Directeur d’aménagement pour le Parc National d’Arli. Rapport technique
1, FO: DP/UPV/72/029, FAO, Rome.
° Spinage, C.A. and Souleymane, T. (1984). Resumé des aires de faune protégées et
propositions. FO: DP/UPV/82/008 Document de travail 3. FAO, Rome.
Staff One ’chef de poste’, seven forestry agents
Budget Salaries only
Local Park or Reserve Administration Direction des Parcs Nationaux
Date 1984
-68-
a
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~
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~
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° 1
Key
{Ml National Parks
fH} Managed Nature Reserves
EJ Natural Forest Reserves
> National Monuments
All proposed
Burundi
BURUNDI
Area 27,731 sq.km (of which 2,000 sq.km forms part of Lake Tanganyika)
Population 4,920,000 (1983)
Parks and Reserves Legislation Establishment of national parks and nature reserves is covered
in Decree Law No. 1/6 of 3 March 1980. However, the final legal status of the two national
parks, two nature reserves, three forest reserves and two national monuments is still being
determined and these areas are here considered as proposed.
Parks and Reserves Administration The National Institute for Nature Conservation
(L’Institute national pour la conservation de la nature - INCN) was created by Decree No.
100/47 of 3 March 1980 and is directly attached to the Presidency. A programme of action
including plans for surveillance of sites and management of natural resources, and an
administrative chart, was drawn up for the INCN in 1980, though by 1982 there were only two
staff within this organisation.
Address
° Institute national pour la conservation de la nature, Présidence de la République, BP 938,
Bujumbura.
° Département des eaux et foréts, Ministére de l’agriculture et de l’élevage, BP 631,
Bujumbura.
Additional Information INCN recognizes the greatest problems impeding an effective parks
system to be settlements within the protected areas, compounded by a lack of expertise and
finance. Burundi is one of the most densely populated countries in Africa, with over 300
people/sq.km in some areas, and consequently it is difficult to eliminate the cultivation,
grazing, fishing and logging which is currently occuring in all the proposed protected areas.
The government is trying to encourage people to move by offering them alternative areas to
settle. Of particular concern to INCN is Ruvubu National Park where 3,000 families need to
be resettled; an extremely costly exercise (Zimmerman, 1982; Kabayanda, in _ litt.).
Approaching the problem from a different angle, the director of INCN initiated the National
Committee on the Relative Problems of the Environment in 1982 to try and make the general
population aware of environmental degradation. Several international experts have worked in
Burundi during the last 12 years, which has led to the development of various proposals for
nature conservation (IUCN/UNEP, 1983). Some of these suggestions appear to have been
followed up in spite of immense difficulties (Zimmerman, 1982).
References
° Bider, J.R. (1974). Rapport au gouvernement du Burundi sur la conservation et la gestion de
la faune et de la flore au Burundi. FAO, Rome.
° Institut National pour la Conservation de la Nature (1986). Etude des Parcs Nationaux de la
Ruvubu et de la Kibira. INCN, Republique du Burundi.
° IUCN/UNEP (1983). La réparition des aires protégées en fonction des besoins de la
conservation des communautés biotiques de |’Afrique Centrale et de l’Ouest. Working
Document. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.
° Kabayanda, A. (undated). La conservation de la nature au Burundi. Mimeo Report, IUCN.
° Kabayanda, A. (undated). L’Institute national pour la conservation de la nature (I.N.C.N.)
"le passé, le présent, l'avenir". République du Burundi Institut national pour la conservation
de la nature, Bujumbura.
°* Mcdonald, G.C. et al. (1969). Area Handbook for Burundi. US Government Printing
Office. Washington D.C.
° Verschuren, J. (1976). Conservation da la nature et parcs nationaux au Burundi. Rapport de
mission de Jacques Verschuren, 25 juin au 26 aodt 1976. Institute Royal des Sciences
Naturelles de Belgique, Bruxelles.
* Verschuren, J. (1977). Burundi and wildlife: Problems of an overcrowded country. Oryx
14(3): 237-240.
Ete
IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Protected Areas
(hectares)
Proposed areas
Kibira National Park 37,870
Ruvubu National Park 43,630
Lake Rwihinda Managed Nature Reserve 425
Rusizi Managed Nature Reserve 5,235
Bururi Natural Forest Reserve 1,500
Kigwena Natural Forest Reserve 360
Rumonge Natural Forest Reserve 400
Karera Falls Natural Monument 15
Nyakazu Natural Monument 20
RUVUBU NATIONAL PARK
Management Category Proposed
Biogeographical Province 3.05.04 (East Africa Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Partial
Date Established Decree Law No. 1/6 of 3 March 1980 facilitates the establishment of
national parks and nature reserves. However, the final legal status of this area is still to be
determined.
Geographical Location In the provinces of Gitega, Muyinga, Ruyigi. The international
border with Tanzania defines the north-east boundary, while the south-west boundary lies
about 20km to the north of Gitega. Approximately 2°40’-3°20’S, 30°05’-30°40’E.
Altitude Approximately 1,000-1,500m
Area 43,630ha
Land Tenure No information
Physical Features The Ruvubu River valley drains a large part of the country. It is 125km
long and 3-5km wide and comprises a series of meanders flanked by meadows and riverine
forest.
Vegetation The park lies at the northern range limit for Zambesian Brachystegia vegetation.
Other formations include savanna/woodland of Acacia seyal, Combretum, Terminalia and
riverine forest of Cyperus papyrus and Phoenix reclinata.
Fauna Mammal species include lion Panthera leo, hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius,
buffalo Syncerus caffer, bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, sitatunga T. spekei, waterbuck Kobus
ellipsiprymnus, impala Aepyceros melampus, roan antelope Hippotragus equinus, and
warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus. Large numbers of waterbirds are reported including, white
pelican Pelecanus onocrotalus and yellow-billed stork Mycteria ibis.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies The establishment of the park is dependendent upon
translocation of 3,000 families. Resource degradation within the valley is considerable.
Traditional hunting is prevalent, but has little serious impact.
a7.
Sc
Burundi
ientific Research Brief surveys have been undertaken in the area.
Special Scientific Facilities No information
Pr
incipal Reference Material
UNEP/IUCN. (1983). Le Répartition des aires protégées en fonction des besoins de la
conservation des communautés biotiques de l’Afrique Centrale et de l’Ouest. IUCN, Gland,
Switzerland.
Verschuren, J. (1976). Conservation da la nature et parcs nationaux au Burundi. Rapport de
Mission de Jacques Verschuren, 25 juin au 26 aodt 1976. Institute Royal des Sciences
Naturelles de Belgique, Bruxelles.
Verschuren, J. (1977). Burundi and wildlife: Problems of an overcrowded country. Oryx
14(3): 237-240.
Staff No information
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration L’'Institute national pour la conservation de la nature,
B.P. 2757, Bujumbura.
273%
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: ; \ ‘a
i —-
“AA bd Ps geiyan os woq leagiven siwiitent’ 1 aoiterbeiaimba =
Manageines( Category Fraposed ‘ \ 0 anes
Bhagecgtapbicat Previace 3.05.04 (Baw Africa Woodland/savanpay
= ‘ * 7
legal Prplidtlos | Partial : Mr:
: ~ pe fe
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enrlonad purke and Witure rqverved. However, me — legné ove vr
dcigr mined “} =
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ith Tatizanle defines thy sapebmenst: Gadedary, while ihe
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4
Aldiends “Avpeoxienatety yao ae Posten.
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rake $i 4 SS comprigns B Suz ies oof ne a tr fee
Vegetales Tas alk tee cae gains range iam ‘Ley Besnvestin i
Other fieqatoes Inshyds tavdang/vondinnd of deatia bepel? Com
eras forest of Cypate pap 4, sad Photnix, eeclinant, Sah ris yr
/ pines a ee
hans vivecceg crac cue low’ Pasthere ‘too, Rigpopotamas
velfids Sywxrie cag fee: yas aga te setiatus, weer Te 4p
Ciptiprenn:, Sel aie ; pes hoon
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: e Pei. ee tho rs rk fs ies,
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CAMEROON
-75-
Key
M National Parks os |
Faunal Reserves :
B3 Forest and Faunal Reserve \
E=] Game Reserves {Mozogo- \
1 Gokoro Kalfou
* Biosphere Reserves 7 ad Xo
} f------
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:
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i 4 ;
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7
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f Kin! ie 4 SA_pPangar- gh
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?
t African Rep.
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\
\
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t
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Gulf of Hee id
Guinea .Lobe
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Guinea
0 100 200Km
Cameroon
CAMEROON
Area 465,054 sq.km
Population 9,060,000 (1983)
Parks and Reserves Legislation Law No. 81-13 of 27 November 1981 (updating Ordinance
73/18 of 22 May 1973) provides for the classification of state forests into ten categories,
national parks, nature reserves, sanctuaries, fauna reserves, production forests, protection
forests, recreation forests, reafforestation areas, zoological/botanic gardens, and state game
ranches.
National park regulations are set out in Decree 78/076 of 11 March 1978 and the protection of
the parks is ensured under Law 78/23 of 29 December 1978. Also relevant are Decree 79/369
of 12 September 1979 (relating to application of the regulations), Arrété 217/CAB/RR of 7
October 1978 and Arrété 2653 of October 1979 (which regulates visitor access). Decree No.
83-170 of 12 April 1983 describes the criteria for the management of a national park, also
providing for the creation of buffer zones around the parks and the fully protected nature
reserves. National Parks are defined as areas placed under the control of the State, the
boundaries of which cannot be modified without the authorisation of the General Delegation of
Tourism. They are designated for the propagation, protection, conservation and management
of wildlife, or for other scientific or aesthetic values. Faunal reserves are areas intended to
provide absolute protection to flora and fauna, with access closely controlled. Certain activities
other than hunting and fishing can be authorised by the appropriate ministry, however. Law
81/13 of 27 November 1981 and Decree 82/216 of 12 June 1982 set out the responsibility of
the General Delegation of Tourism (Délégation Générale du Tourisme) who (under the 12 June
Decree) took over responsibility for wildlife management from the Ministry of Agriculture.
Previously only national parks had come under the control of the Délégation. There are more
than a dozen forest reserves of over 5,000ha (three are over 100,000ha). In all there are some
98 forest reserves, though many of these are quite seriously threatened. Decree No. 83-169 of
12 April 1983 describes the procedure for the classification of forests, and exploitation of their
resources.
Parks and Reserves Administration The Department of Wildlife and National Parks within the
General Delegation of Tourism, is responsible for running the national parks and coordinating
the various conservation activities. The work of this department is divided between the
Wildlife and National Parks Service responsible for research and development of wildlife
conservation and formulation and implementation of conservation policy; and the Game Service
responsible for game policy, control of hunting and supervision of protected areas. Regulations
in the national parks are fairly strict: hunting is strictly prohibited and visitors, who are not
allowed to travel within the park without a guide, must be out of the park by sunset.
Disturbance of the natural resources of the park is only allowed for management or scientific
Teasons (with the correct authorisations). The Ministry of Agriculture administers the forestry
Teserves and hunting zones which come under their Deparment of Water and Forests (Direction
des eaux et foréts). Park wardens are usually recruited from the School for the Training of
Wildlife Specialists at Garoua. More senior staff are further educated at the Department of
Forestry in the Agricultural College at Yaoundé.
Address
®* Direction de la faune et des parcs nationaux, Délégation général du tourisme, Yaoundé.
* Direction de foréts, Ministére de l’agriculture, BP 194, Yaoundé.
* Ecole de Formation de Spécialistes de faune, BP 271, Garoua.
Additional Information The six national parks were primarily set up to attract tourists, as big
game is easily viewed within the reduced cover of the Sudanian savanna and woodland
vegetation types, and around the limited watering points. FAO and UNDP have, for a number
of years, been assisting in the management planning of three of these parks, Waza, Kalamaloué
and Bénoué. The wetter and more heavily forested areas have tended in the past to be less well
778
IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
protected (Gartlan and Agland, 1980). Cameroon is receiving support from various groups
(including IUCN and WWF) for the conservation and development of national parks in the
lowland rainforest.
In western Cameroon there is more montane forest than in other West African countries with a
chain of mountains of mainly volcanic origin, which includes the still active Mount Cameroun.
The montane forest and grassland above it has been isolated from similar areas for a long time
and contains many endemic species and subspecies of plant and animal, many of which are
threatened. In 1983/84 an ICBP expedition, in conjunction with the Cameroon Government,
surveyed the montane areas to make recommendations for their conservation, none being
protected except by forest reserve status. The Bamenda Highlands were found to be
particularly degraded, and one of the survey’s recommendations is that a protected area should
be set up on Mount Oku, north of Bamenda.
Local farming methods are traditionally based on shifting cultivation and are eroding forested
wildlife habitats and also reportedly facilitating illegal trapping and hunting. Poaching by
non-locals is also reported to be a considerable problem.
The association of the Friends of Nature (Amis de la Nature) Clubs of Cameroon, initiated in
1973, is chiefly concerned with schools to train a new generation of people sensitive to
environmental problems. Visits to national parks are organised for club members, and clubs
have undertaken investigations into the causes of bush fires, particularly the practice of
burning off vegetation for agriculture, to encourage new grass growth or to hunt game. _—‘ This
was followed by a campaign amongst villagers, with films and slides to explain the ill-effects
of bush fires on soil, fauna and flora, while making it clear that some grass burning techniques
can contribute to improving pasturage. The club also launched an appeal to save Waza National
Park, threatened by lack of water following construction of the Maga barrage. The
Government has since taken steps to provide the park with water by digging ponds.
The wildlife training college at Garoua (Ecole de Formation de Spécialistes de Faune), was
created in 1969 with international aid. The main objective of the college is the training of
those involved in protected area management. Students at the college come from most
francophone African countries. Despite the college’s achievements to date there are a number
of difficulties which must yet be overcome, these include development both of staff and
infrastructure, as well as a continuing problem of getting the diploma recognised.
References
° Allo, A. and Ngog Nije, J. (1984). School for the training of wildlife specialists at Garoua,
Cameroon. In: Proceedings of the 22nd Working Session of the Commission on National
Parks and Protected Areas, Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe, 22-27 May 1983. YUCN, Gland. Pp
42-46.
° Arid Lands Information Centre (1980). Draft environmental Report, Cameroon Office of
Arid Lands Studies, University of Arizona.
Délégation Générale du Tourisme (1980). Les Parcs nationaux et réserves analogues du
Cameroun. 7 pp.
° Délégation Générale du Tourisme (1981). Les Parcs nationaux et réserves analogues du
Cameroun. In: Conserving Africa’s Natural Heritage, (UCN, Gland. Pp 73-79.
° FAO (1977). Assistance aux parcs natfonaux de la zone de savane du Cameroon.
Conclusions et recommandations du projet. FO: DP/CMR/72/025 Rapport terminal.
UNDP/FAO, Rome.
° Gartlan, J.S. and Agland, P.C. (1980). A Proposal for a Program of Rainforest Conservation
and National Park Development in Cameroon, West-Central Africa. Report presented to the
Gulf Oil Corporation and Société Nationale Elf Aquitaine.
° Hesse, J. (1984). Rapport Preparatoire a l’Etude Comparative des Politiques de Conservation
de la Nature et de leurs Implications Economiques dans des pays anglophones d’Afrique de
lest (Kenya, Tanzanie) et des pays francophones d’Afrique de l’Ouest (Cameroun, Senegal).
Secretariat d’état a l’environnment et 4 la qualité de la vie. Federation des parcs naturels de
France.
79s
° ° ° °
Cameroon
IUCN/UNEP (1983). La réparition des aires protégées en fonction des besoins de la
conservation des communautés biotiques de l’Afrique Centrale et de l’Ouest. Working
Document. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.
IUCN/WWF Project 1089. Cameroon, Tropical Rainforest Reserves.
IUCN/WWF Project 1613. Primate Action Fund.
IUCN/WWFE Project 1920. Cameroon, Wildlife Education Programme.
IUCN/WWF Project 3206. Cameroon, Elaboration of a system and training facilities, and
setting up of protected areas.
Stuart, S.N. (1984). ICBP Cameroon Montane Forest Survey. Malimbus 6: 5-7.
Stuart, S.N. (Ed.) (1986). Conservation of Cameroon montane forests. Cambridge:
International Council for Bird Preservation.
Tsague, L. (1986). Contribution a L’etude des parcs nationaux et réserves analogues du
Cameroun. Dissertation, Département de biologie et physiologie végétales, University of
Yaoundé, Cameroun.
Protected Areas
(hectares)
National Parks
Benoue 180,000
Bouba Ndjidah 220,000
Faro 330,000
Kalamaloue 4,500
Mozogo-Gokoro 1,400
Waza 170,000
Subtotal 905,900
Forest and Faunal Reserves
Dja 500,000
Faunal Reserves
Bafia 42,000
Douala-Edea Forestiere 160,000
Kalfou 4,000
Lake Ossa 4,000
Lobeke Lake 43,000
Subtotal 253,000
Game Reserves
Campo 330,000
Kimbi River 5,625
Korup 83,675
Mbi Crater 370
Pangar-Djerem 480,000
Subtotal 899,670
Biosphere Reserves
Parc national de la Benoue 180,000
Parc national de Waza 170,000
Reserve forestiere et de faune du Dja 500,000
Subtotal 850,000
Proposed areas
Mbam et Djerem National Park 421,000
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
PARC NATIONAL DE LA BENOUE
Management Category II and IX (National Park and Biosphere Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.04.04 (West African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total. Strict protection, though fishing is allowed on payment of a licence.
No camping is allowed, and vehicles are not permitted to leave the roads.
Date Established 5 November 1968 by Law No. 120/SEDR as a National Park. Originally
established as a faunal reserve on 18 November 1932. Approved as a Biosphere Reserve in
1981.
Geographical Location North Cameroon. Adjoining the Bénoué River and bordered on the
west by the national highway between Ngaoundéré and Garoua, 175km south of Garoua,
150km north of Ngaoundéré. 7°55’-8°55’N, 13°34’-14°0O1’E.
Altitude On average 300m, with mountain blocks reaching 800-1,100m
Area 180,000ha, surrounded by controlled hunting zones.
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features On the Bénoué plain, at the foot of the Adomaoua plateau, though with a
very rugged relief culminating in Mount Garoua (1,100m). The Bénoué river drains almost the
entire park. After descending from the Adomaoua plateau the river winds its way northward
through granitic bedrock for most of its length within the park, and then into an alluvial plain
as it leaves the park after its confluence with the Laindelasl River. The north-west corner of
the park is drained by the Sala River. Three-quarters of the park is underlain by a late
pre-Cambrian base complex. Gneissose rock covers much of the area, but with grey and red
Cretaceous sandstones in the north-west section. There are intrusions of porphyritic granite in
the north-central section, and basalt in the south. The soils are generally described as
"ferruginous tropical". The climate is Sudanian, with a dry season from November to March
with very low relative humidity and no precipitation. July through to September
thunderstorms are very common, accompanied by heavy rain. Mean annual rainfall is around
800mm-1200mm and the mean annual temperature 24°C. December is coldest, with mean
monthly minimum of 13°C and maximum of 32°C. April, just before the rains, is hottest with
mean monthly minimum of 23°C and maximum of 36°C.
Vegetation There are three main vegetation types: 1) Woody vegetation with closed canopy in
areas with rocky soils; relatively dense basal cover and sparse underbrush with Jsoberlinia doka
predominating. 2) More open vegetation on less rocky soil, dense basal growth and moderate
underbrush with the dominant tree being Burkea africana. 3) Light forest of
mainly Anogeissus leiocarpus on sandy soils with relatively sparse basal cover and underbrush.
Two other types are also recognised, Terminalia macroptera vegetation, usually on heavy soils,
and Jsoberlinia dalzjellii woodland vegetation. In fact most of the park is heavily wooded, and
the predominant tree species are Jsoberlina spp., Burkia africana, Afzelia africana, Terminalia
spp., Anageissus leiocarpus and Borassus aethipum (an introduced palm). Other species
recorded in the park include: Butyrospermum parkii (the oily seeds of which are pressed to
yield shea butter), Daniellia oliveri, Monotes spp., Uapaca detarium, Vitex doniana, Lophira
lanceolata, Combretum spp., Khaya senegalensis, Detarium microcarpum, Parkia biglobosa,
Boswellia spp., Prosopis africana, Sterculia setigera, Cassia sieberana, Kigelia africana,
and Ziziphus spp.. Baobab Adansonia digitata and kapok Ceiba pentandra trees characterize
sites of past human habitation.
Fauna’ The park contains most wild life associated with a sudano-guinean vegetation type.
Mammals include elephant Loxodonta africana (T), lion Panthera leo, a few leopard P. pardus
(T), probably caracal Felis caracal, hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, black
rhinoceros Diceros bicornis (T) (population of 15-20 in 1980), buffalo Syncerus caffer,
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Cameroon
hyaena Crocuta crocuta (fairly rare in the park), warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus,
hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus, oribi Ourebia ourebi, bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, giant
eland Taurotragus derbianus (T), red-flanked duiker Cephalophus_ rufilatus, common
duiker Sylvicapra grimmia, roan antelope Hippotragus equinus, bohor reedbuck Redunca
redunca, kob Kobus kob, waterbuck K. ellipsiprymnus and various monkey species such as olive
baboon Papio anubis, black and white colobus Colobus guereza, patas monkey Erythrocebus
patas, and Tantalus monkey Cercopithecus aethiops. There is a rich avifauna. The Nile
crocodile Crocodylus niloticus (V) is also present, as is the Nile monitor Varanus niloticus and
the pythons Python sebae and P. regius.
Conservation Management One of the principal objectives of the area is its development for
game viewing. There is a management plan which controls budget expenditure. Activities of
the local population living near the boundaries are controlled. Ecological studies were
undertaken in the park by UNDP/FAO with the aims of analysing wildlife conditions in the
park (with special emphasis on buffalo), assessing the effects of fire on Afyclia africana,
assessing road development within the park (in relation to both game viewing and their value as
fire breaks), and to prepare a vegetation map and study fire policy within the park. Various
developments and recommendations were discussed by FAO/UNDP relating to park extension,
communications, tourist facilities, staffing, poaching and fire, and it was recommended that
long-term, continuous research on the natural resources of the park was particularly important
for future management (Stark and Wit, 1977). Public education films have been shown in the
park by the wildlife club of Cameroon as part of IUCN/WWF Project 1317.
Zoning None. The park is surrounded by a hunting zone with five camps.
Disturbances or Deficiencies Poaching and bushfires are a major threat. The local population
also collect firewood, and there is some cultivation. Fire appears to have cuased a reduction
in Afzelia trees within the park.
Visitor Facilities Access to the park is relatively easy. Within the park there were in 1977
some 235km of graded roads, and this is likely to have increased since then. There are tourist
lodges, and camps in the hunting zones surrounding the park.
Scientific Research Studies by the Wildlife College at Garoua include a survey of the effects
of burning, dry season mammal censusing, analysis of animal use of three vegetation types, and
a bird species list. Species lists were also drawn up by UNDP/FAO, and are given in Stark and
Wit (1975). Ecological research on various topics was also carried out under this project.
Special Scientific Facilities There are no special facilities.
Principal Reference Material
°* IUCN/WWFE Project 1317. Cameroon, Wildlife Clubs.
° Stark, M. and Wit, P. (1975). Assistance aux parcs nationaux de la zone de savane du
Cameroun. Ecological studies in Bénoué National Park. FO: CMR/72/025 Working
Document No. 5. FAO, Rome.
° Wetzel, D.J. (1980). Final report on activities of US Peace Corps Volunteers in Bénoué
National Park, Cameroon (1977-1980).
Staff One warden, four rangers, and eight guards
Budget National
Local Park or Reserve Administration Department of Wildlife and National Parks, General
Delegation of Tourism. Secretariat Permanent, Comité National de l’7Homme et de la
Biosphére, BP 4742, Yaoundé.
Date 1983
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
PARC NATIONAL DE BOUBA NDJIDA
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.04.04 (West African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 5 December 1968 as a national park. Established as a forest and faunal
reserve by Law No. 270 of 29 July 1947 and officially created by Law No. 26 of 12 February
1949.
Geographical Location North Cameroon on the border with Chad, 8°20’-9°00’N,
14°24’-14°55°E.
Altitude Average 350m, with peaks up to 900m
Area 220,000ha; contiguous to a 212,600ha hunting zone (open season December to June).
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The park comprises a large rugged peneplain with several isolated rocky
outcrops (some fairly mountainous) of granites and gneisses. Numerous watercourses cross the
park. The dry season is from November to May and mean annual rainfall is 1,200mm. The
mean annual temperature is 26°C. December is coolest, with mean monthly minimum of 14°C
and maximum of 33°C. April, just before the rains, is hottest with mean monthly minimum of
23°C and maximum of 37°C.
Vegetation Savanna woodland occurs over most of the park containing four main vegetation
types: (1) Closed canopy with Jsoberlinia doka predominant. (2) Fringing forest
with Anogeissus leiocarpus predominant. (3) Terminalia laxiflora wooded savanna with grass
cover of Andropogoneae. (4) Mixed Anogeissus leiocarpus-Monotes kerstingii woodland.
Important species include Acacia sieberana, Boswellia sp., Sclerocarya birrea, Prosopis africana,
Borassus flabellifer (a palaeotropical species with a wide range of uses), Butyrospermum parkii
(the oily seeds of which are used for making shea butter), Burkea africana, Khaya senegalensis,
Ziziphus sp., Celtis integrifolia, Mitragyna inermis, and Pericopsis laxiflora.
Fauna The mammal fauna is similar to ’parc national de Waza’ but with a lower density. The
park was established to protect the black rhinoceros Diceros bicornis (T), giant
eland Taurotragus derbianus and the primate population including baboon Papio anubis, patas
monkey Erythrocebus patas, green monkey Cercopithecus aethiops and black-and-white
colobus Colobus polykomos. Other mammals include elephant Loxodonta africana (T),
cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T), lion Panthera leo, hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius,
buffalo Syncerus caffer, kob Kobus kob, defassa waterbuck K. ellipsiprymnus, giraffe Giraffa
camelopardalis, common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia, red-flanked duiker Cephalophus
rufilatus, bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus, topi Damaliscus
lunatus and oribi Ourebia ourebi.
Conservation Management Villages in the park were relocated between 1950 and 1970.
Zoning There is a buffer zone where agricultural and pastoral activities are controlled.
Disturbances or Deficiencies There is poaching, particularly from neighbouring Chad.
Visitor Facilities There were about 500 visitors in 1980. There is an airstrip and a tourist
centre with a 28 bed hotel and restaurant in the centre of the park.
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Cameroon
Scientific Research There have been studies by the Wildlife College at Garoua on plant and
animal populations. Research was supported by FAO/UNDP and German Aid but is now
maintained by central government funds.
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
° Bosch, M.L. (1976). Enquete écologique du parc national de Bouba Ndijida.
° Depierre, O. and Ole, Z. (1976). Parcs nationaux et réserves de faune du Cameroun. Bois et
foréts des tropiques 170: 3-20.
° Van Lavieren, L.P. and Esser, J.D. (1980). Number, distribution and habitat preference of
large mammals in Bouba Ndjida National Park, Cameroon. Afr. J. Ecology 18(2-3): 141-153.
° Van Lavierien, L.P. and Bosch, M.L. (n.d.). Evaluation des densitiés de grands mammiféres
dans le parc national de Bouba-Ndjida.
Staff One warden and 12 rangers
Budget National. 1980: CF 2,000,000 for personnel and CF 7,000,000 for management costs.
Local Park or Reserve Administration Department of Wildlife and National Parks, General
Delegation of Tourism.
Date 1983
PARC NATIONAL DE FARO
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.19.12 (Guinean Highlands)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 1980 as a National Park. Established as a forest reserve by Law No. 25 of
13 February 1947 and as a faunal reserve by Law No. 270 of 29 June 1947.
Geographical Location North Cameroon. 7°50’-8°30’N, 12°10’-13°08’E.
Altitude 627-905m
Area 330,000ha
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The park comprises a plateau with mountainous massifs. The climate is
typical of the Sudanian zone, with a dry season from November to May. Mean annual rainfall
is 1,200mm and mean annual temperature 26°C. December is coolest, with mean monthly
minimum of 15°C and maximum of 34°C. April, just before the rains, is hottest with mean
monthly minimum of 24°C and maximum of 37°C.
Vegetation Sudanian savanna and woodland predominates, with species including /soberlinia,
Burkea, Combretum, Ficus, Anogeissus, Leiocarpus, and Cassia.
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Fauna The fauna is varied and plentiful with 33 recorded mammal species including:
cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T), hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, rhinoceros Diceros
bicornis (T), buffalo Syncerus caffer, defassa waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, kob Kobus kob,
giant eland Taurotragus derbianus, roan antelope Hippotragus equinus, topi Damaliscus lunatus,
giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis, elephant Loxodonta africana (T), and warthog Phacochoerus
aethiopicus. There is a rich and varied avifauna, and numerous fish species.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies Poaching and bushfires
Scientific Research A fish and mammal survey has been carried out by the ’Ecole Supérieure
Agronomique du Cameroun’.
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
° Depierre, D. and Ole, Z. (1976). Parcs nationaux et réserves de faune du Cameroun. Bois
et Foréts des Tropiques 170: 3-20. Délégation Générale au Tourisme, Yaoundé.
Staff One conservator, seven guards, and five rangers
Budget National
Local Park or Reserve Administration Department for Wildlife and National Parks, General
Delegation of Tourism.
Date 1983
PARC NATIONAL DE KALAMALOUE
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.04.04 (West African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 4 February 1972 as a National Park by Law No. 82. Originally established
as a forest and fauna reserve on 8 November 1947 by Law No. 467. According to Vanpraet
(1976) Kalamaloué was established as a National Park in 1968 at the same time as Waza,
Bénoué and Bouba n’Djiddah.
Geographical Location 450km from Garoua, 12km west of Kousseri on the main road
between Maltam and Kousseri, 70km from Lake Chad in the extreme north of Cameroon. The
park is on the border with Chad, and only 17km from the Nigerian border. 12°05’-12°12’N,
14°49’-14°57°E.
Altitude 293m to the south, but lower on the flood plains.
Area 4,500ha (Approximately 14km long, but only 2.5km wide)
Land Tenure Government
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Cameroon
Physical Features The north edge of the park on the Chari floodplain has waterholes even in
dry years. The region has a steppe climate, with a dry season from October to May. Mean
annual rainfall is 600mm with a and mean annual temperature 28°C. December is coolest, with
mean monthly minimum of 14°C and maximum of 33°C. April, just before the rains, is
hottest with mean monthly temperature of 23°C and maximum of 41°C.
Vegetation South of the road, flat areas of open Balanites aegyptiaca savanna predominate,
with minimum ground cover during the dry season, often with a green muddy swamp during
the rainy season. In places stunted open vegetation give way to belts of taller woodland
of Acacia sieberana, Balanites aegyptiaca and Tamarindus indica
with Ziziphus spp., Piliostigma reticulatum, Ficus spp., and Capparis sepiaria. On the wetter
soils are areas of Acacia seyal, usually associated with Echinochloa colona, and Acacia nilotica,
usually associated with Mitragyra inermis (particulary on the edges of ponds). North of the
road the degree of inundation is such higher and formations with Mitragyna inermis are much
more frequent. Patches of Combretaceae savanna with Anogeissus leiocarpus, Sclerocarya
birrea, Terminalia avicennioides, Combretum glutinosum and Pilostigma reticulata are found
both north and south of the road. The ground is bare in the dry season but if heavy rain falls
in August, the woodland floor is covered with lily ponds, grasses and herbs. Some
watercourses at the southeastern end of the park are lined with Morelia senegalensis.
Fauna Densities of a number of species, particularly of mammal, are relatively high as a
result of the water situation in the park. Mammals include: vervet monkey Cercopithecus
aethiops, patas monkey Erythrocebus patas, elephant Loxodonta africana (T) (though the park
includes only a part of their range), hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius (again individuals
not always remaining within the park), warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus, waterbuck Kobus
ellipsiprymnus, kob Kobus kob, bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus (high densities), topi Damaliscus
lunatus, reedbuck Redunca redunca, common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia, mongoose Mungos
mungo, ground squirrel Xerus erythropus, genet Genetta genetta, wild cat Felis silvestris,
spotted hyena Crocuta crocuta, and sand fox Vulpes pallida. There is a rich birdlife including:
guinea fowl Numida meleagris, long-tailed glossy starling Lamprotornis caudatus, fish
eagle Haliaeetus vocifer, crowned crane Balearica pavonina, marabou stork Leptoptilos
crumeniferus, saddle-billed stork Ephippiorhynchus senegalensis, Abyssinian roller Coracias
abyssinica, red-throated bee-eater Merops bulocki, and carmine bee-eater M. nubicus. Nile
crocodile Crocodilus niloticus (V) are reported, but as with hippopotamus individuals often
move out of the park to make use of other parts of the Chari.
Conservation Management Fortunately there are plans to deviate the road to the south of the
park.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies The park is small and the surrounding area is heavily grazed by
domestic stock. The main problems are poaching, periodic invasion by elephants from outside
the park (which highly modify the habitat), and road deaths of animals on the international
road that crosses the park.
Visitor Facilities Facilities are a tourist camp in the centre of the park and a network of
tracks. Park rangers act as guides. It is accessible from January to July. Roads are blocked
when the Chari River floods during the wet season. The tourist potential is increased by
proximity to an international airport at Ndjamena, and it seems likely that this area will
increase in value as a tourist attraction.
Scientific Research There have been studies by the Wildlife College at Garoua and research
sponsored by FAO/UNDP, under the project mentioned above.
Special Scientific Facilities None
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Principal Reference Material
° Kavanagh, M. (1978). National Park in the Sahel. Oryx XIV(3): 241-244.
° Vanpraet, C.L. (1976). Assistance aux parcs nationaux de la zone de savane du Cameroun.
L’écologie et l’aménagement du Parc national de Kalamaloué. CMR/72/025 Document de
travail No. 4. FAO, Rome.
Staff One conservator, five rangers and 11 guards
Budget National
Local Park or Reserve Administration Department of Wildlife and National Parks, General
Delegation of Tourism.
Date 1983
PARC NATIONAL DE MOZORO-GOKORO
Management Category I (Strict Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.4.4 (West African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total. Tourism is prohibited and only scientific visits allowed. The area has
been protected from fire for 30 years.
Date Established 5 December 1968 as a National Park by Law No. 120. Established as a
forest and faunal reserve on 12 June 1932 by Law No. 165.
Geographical Location 25km from Mokolo in North Cameroon. 10°45’-11°00°N,
13°38’-13°54’E.
Altitude 440m average
Area 1,400ha
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The park comprises a shallow basin between the Mandara mountains and
the massifs of Mora. Soils are a sandy-clay resulting from breakdown of the bedrock and
alluvial deposits. The region has a mountain-steppe climate type. The dry season is from
October to May and the mean annual rainfall about 900mm. Mean annual temperature is 27°C.
December is coolest, with mean monthly minimum of 17°C and maximum of 31°C. April, just
before the rains, is hottest, with mean monthly minimum of 20°C and maximum of 37°C.
Vegetation Much of the area is covered with dry forest resulting from protection of the area
from bushfire. The woodland savanna is dominated by Acacia albida, with Acacia senegal,
and Acacia nilotica. Other species include: Balanites aegyptiaca, Ziziphus, Crateva adansonii,
Celtis integrifolia, Khaya senegalensis and Ficus spp..
Fauna Recorded fauna include vervet monkey Cercopithecus aethiops, patas
monkey Erythrocebus patas, baboon Papio sp., warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus, Buffon’s
kob Kobus kob, and python Python sebae.
Zoning None
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Cameroon
Disturbances or Deficiencies Bushfire would change the habitat and wood cutting for
domestic use is a threat.
Scientific Research A survey on the effects of fire on the vegetation has been carried out.
Special Scientific Facilities Accommodation is available in Mokolo for scientists working in
the park.
Principal Reference Material None listed
Staff Two forest guards
Budget National
Local Park or Reserve Administration Department of Wildlife and National Parks, General
Delegation of Tourism.
Date 1983
PARC NATIONAL DE WAZA
Management Category II and IX (National Park and Biosphere Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.04.04 (West African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 5 December 1968 as Parc national de Waza by Arréte No. 120. Established
24 March 1934 (Arréte No. 71) as a hunting reserve with the name of Zina-Waza. Enlarged
from 155,000ha to 165,000ha by Arréte No. 264 of 9 September 1935, and then raised to the
level of forest and faunal reserve by Arréte No. 297 of 30 July 1938. Approved as a biosphere
reserve in May 1979.
Geographical Location Near Lake Chad (Ndjamena) in the Department of Logone and Chari,
Northern Province. 90km south of Kousseri. 11°00’-11°30’N, 14°30’-14°75’E.
Altitude Average 300-320m, rising to 500m
Area 170,000ha
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The park lies in the Chad depression in an area of low relief with no
permanent rivers. Part of the area was once covered by Lake Chad. Sand dunes in the west
indicate that this area was once desert. The rocky outcrops around Waza village rise to over
500m and are probably fairly important, having effects on soil formation and temperature
buffering in particular. Soils are mainly ferruginous tropical with various catenas,
hydromorphic soils and vertisols. The dry season is from October to May. Rainfall is
irregular, with an annual mean of 700mm. Mean annual temperature is 28°C. December is
coolest, with mean monthly minimum of 16°C and maximum of 33°C. April, just before the
rains, has a mean monthly minimum of 21°C and maximum of 41°C.
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Vegetation There are five main vegetation types: (1) Open combretaceous shrub savanna
with Sclerocarya birrea tree savanna, Combretum and Terminalia shrubs and stands of
palm Hyphaene thebaica. The soil is sandy, with a sparse ground cover, burnt annually to
prevent late accidental fires which are difficult to control. (2) Anogeissus leiocarpus woodland
on sandy soil with absence of young trees due to annual fires. (3) Lannea humilis open grass
savanna with short annual grasses, sparse trees and stands of Mitragyna inermis forming small
islands around temporary waterholes. The soil is compact clay, which is very saline due to
high evaporation. (4) Acacia seyal tree savanna on black clay soils which are saturated with
water in the rainy season. Perennial grasses are absent. This vegetation type is slowly
spreading as the area gradually dries out. (5) Yaéré floodplains with perennial grasses such
as Vetiveria nigritana, Oryza barthii, Echinochloa pyramidalis and E. stagnina and some
herbaceous legumes including Sesbania pachycarpa. Trees are absent and fires common. The
floodplains are vital to the carrying capacity of the Waza region as the perennial grasses last
long into the dry season.
Fauna’ The fauna is rich and varied with large numbers of giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis
(increasing with the spread of Acacia woodland), elephant Loxodonta africana (T),
aardvark Orycteropus afer, warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus, hyena Hyaena_ hyaena,
lion Panthera leo, red-fronted gazelle Gazella rufifrons, waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus,
kob K. kob, topi Damaliscus lunatus, roan antelope Hippotragus equinus, some impala Aepyceros
melampus (once common at Waza), vervet monkey Cercopithecus aethiops, patas
monkey Erythrocebus patas, and olive baboon Papio anubis. Leopard Panthera pardus (T) and
cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T) are present but their current status is uncertain. Towards the end
of the dry season, many animals move onto the Chari (Yaéré) plains. There is a diverse
avifauna including ostrich Struthio camelus, ground hornbill Bucorvus abyssinicus,
bateleur Terathopius ecaudatus, white-faced tree duck Dendrocygna arborea, Abyssinian
roller Coracias abyssinica, standard-winged nightjar Macrodipteryx longipennis and guinea
fowl Numida meleagris.
Conservation Management’ There is currently reported to be no management plan, though
FAO/UNDP carried out a lot of work in Waza in the mid-1970s under a project to assist the
Cameroon government in management and development of the parks of the savanna zone. This
work is drawn by Vanpraet (1977) who makes a wide variety of comments and
recommendations on park development and management. Control of poaching, bushfires and
tree cutting is carried out by park wardens. Public education films have been shown in the
park by Wildlife Clubs of Cameroon as part of IUCN/WWF Project 1317.
Zoning Two main zones can be visited from November to May according to the flood season
and animal migrations.
Disturbances or Deficiencies Water continues to be one of the most serious problems for
Waza. Since the drought of 1972/1973, when some 2,500 Buffon kob and eight giraffe died,
rainfall has been low. Also the periodic inundation of the yaéré has been prevented by
construction of the Maga Dam 25km south of the park (which blocks the Tsanaga, Guirleo and
Logone Rivers) and by the digging of irrigation dykes along the Logone River. This
effectively reduces the carrying capacity of the park as a whole, despite the provision and
maintenance of waterholes. Poaching is reported to be extensive due mainly to the proximity
of relatively unguarded borders with Nigeria and Chad. Regeneration of Sclerocarya
vegetation in the scrub savannah area is poor due to burning and damage by elephants.
Elephants also destroy some tree savannah. Some important dry season watering places and
grazing lands are outside the park boundary and controlled by pastoral tribes. There are some
villages in the park.
Visitor Facilities Visitor facilities are good. There is a hotel on the park boundary and park
wardens accompany tourists in the park. There is no access on foot.
Scientific Research Work by the Wildlife College at Garoua is supported by FAO/UNDP and
the African Wildlife Foundation. Research has included ecological studies, population counts
of several animal species and studies on elephant migration in the park. The park serves as a
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reference area for the MAB Cameroon Project on the integrated management of North
Cameroon.
Special Scientific Facilities Wildlife College at Garoua (about 350km away).
Erineipal Reference Material
° Biosphere Reserve nomination submitted to Unesco.
° Esser, J.D. and Van Lavierez, L.P. (1978). Recensement aérien des populations des grands
ongulés et d’autruches du parc national de Waza.
° IUCN/WWFE Project 1317. Wildlife Clubs.
° IUCN/WWFE Project 1613. Primate Action Fund.
° Leblay, J.R. (1976). Assistance aux parcs nationaux de la zone de savane du Cameroun.
Amélioration et mise en profil des pistes dans le Parc national de Waza. FO:
SF/CMR/72/025 Document de Terrain No. 5. FAO, Rome.
° Ngog Nije, J. (1981). L’ecologie de la girafe au parc national de Waza. Ph.D. thesis. Paris.
° Ngog Nie, J. (1983). Structure et dynamique de la population de girafes au parc national de
Waza. La Terre et la Vie 3.
° Van Lavieren, L.P. (1977). Rapport sur le dénombrement aérien des grands mammiféres du
Parc National de Waza. Ecole de Faune de Garoua.
° Vanpraet, C.L. (1977). Assistance aux parcs nationaux de la zone de savane du Cameroun.
L’écologie et l’aménagement du Parc national de Waza. FO: DP/CMR/72/025, Rapport
technique 1. FAO, Rome.
° Vanpraet, C.L. (1976). Assistance aux parcs nationaux de la zone de savane du Cameroun.
Changements écologiques dans le bassin du Logone et quelques conséquences sur l’écosystéme
du Parc national de Waza. FO: DSF/CMR/72/025 Document de travail 2. FAO, Rome.
° Wit, P. (1975). Assistance aux parcs nationaux de la zone de savane du Cameroun.
Preliminary notes on the vegetation of Waza National Park with map. FO: SF/CMR/72/005
Project Working Document No. 1. FAO, Rome.
° Wit, P. Some notes on the Vegetation of Waza National Park, Cameroon. Ecole pour la
formation des specialistes de la fauna, Garoua 4 pp. (Based on a FAO study 1974/1975).
Staff 25 guard staff
Budget National
Local Park or Reserve Administration Department of Wildlife and National Parks, General
Delegation of Tourism. Secretariat Permanent, Comité National de l’Homme et de la
Biosphére, BP 4742, Yaoundé.
Date 1983
RESERVE FORESTIERE ET DE FAUNE DU DJA
Management Category I anc. IX (Strict Nature Reserve and Biosphere Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.02.01 (Congo Rain Forest)
Legal Protection Protected as a Game Reserve by Law No. 319 of 26 June 1950, and under
the National Forestry Act Ordinance No. 73/18 of 22 May 1973. Agriculture and hunting are
prohibited.
Date Established 1950, as a forest and faunal reserve. Originally protected in 1932.
Accepted as a Biosphere Reserve in October 1981. Proposed as a National Park.
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Geographical Location On the Dja River in the South-central and East Provinces of
Cameroon. 243km south-east of Yaoundé; 5km from Lomie. 2°49’-3°23’N, 12°25’-13°35’E.
Altitude 400-800m
Area 500,000ha
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The reserve lies to the north of the Dja River, which becomes a tributary
of the Congo. The relief is fairly flat, except in the south-east where tributaries of the Dja cut
deep valleys. The Dja river on the southern boundary follows a major fault line. The soil is
red clay, with crystalline rocks of Precambrian origin, composed of chlorite schist and
micaschist. The mean annual temperature is 23°C and the mean annual rainfall is 1610mm.
The Equatorial type climate has two rainfall peaks, in May and September. Temperatures are
similar all year. August is coolest with mean monthly minimum of 18°C and maximum of
27°C. April is hottest with mean minimum temperature of 19°C and maximum of 30°C.
Vegetation The vegetation comprises dense evergreen Congo rainforest of great height
dominated by Sapotaceae with a main canopy of at least 43 tree species, predominantly legumes
including Afrostyrax lepidophyllus, Anopyxis klaineana and Anthonotha. The shrub layer
contains over 53 species including Diospyros spp. and Drypetes spp.. The grass layer is
composed of Marantaceae and Mapania spp.. Other vegetation includes swamp vegetation, old
secondary forest around the villages which were abandoned in 1946, recently abandoned cocoa
and coffee plantations, and areas of Gilbertiodendron dewevrei forest.
Fauna’ The area has a wide range of primate species including lowland gorilla Gorilla gorilla
gorilla (T), greater white-nosed guenon Cercopithecus nictitans, moustached
guenon Cercopithecus cephus, crowned guenon Cercopithecus pogonias, talapoin Miopithecus
talapoin, white-collared mangabey Cercocebus torquatus, white-cheeked mangabey Cercocebus
albigena, agile mangabey Cercocebus galeritus, mandrill Mandrillus sphinx, Angolan black and
white colobus monkey Colobus angolensis and chimpanzee Pan troglodytes (T). Other
mammals include: elephant Loxodonta africana (T), bongo Tragelaphus euryceros,
sitatunga 7. spekei, buffalo Syncerus caffer, leopard Panthera pardus (T),
warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus and pangolin Manis sp.. Bates’s weaver Ploceus batesi (R),
endemic to southern Cameroon, and grey-necked picathartes Picathartes oreas (R) probably
occur in this reserve. The type locality of the Dja River warbler Bradypterus grandis (K) is
near the reserve and there are few other records of this kind. Reptiles include python, lizard
and crocodile.
Population There are some villages and a population of pygmies in the reserve.
Conservation Management’ There is no management plan. No commercial logging has taken
place in the reserve. Traditional hunting rights are allowed but the use of non-traditional
hunting methods needs to be controlled. Dja is the focus for IUCN/WWF Project 1613, whose
ojectives are to conserve and develop three national parks in the forest zone (Dja,
Pangar-Djerem and Korup) and to establish a programme of conservation education in the
forest zone.
Zoning No information
Disturbances or Deficiencies Cocoa, coffee and subsistence plots encroach onto the reserve.
Poaching is a problem.
Scientific Research Phytogeographic studies (Letouley, 1968) and a research report on fauna
(Rowell, 1975) have been carried out. The area could serve as a reference zone for studies on
tropical rainforest and is easily accessible by road (four-wheel drive) in the dry season.
Special Scientific Facilities No information
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Principal Reference Material
Gartlan, J.S. and Agland, P.C. (1980). A Proposal for a Program of Rainforest Conservation
and National Park Development in Cameroon, West Central Africa. Report presented to the
Gulf Oil Corporation and Société Naitonale Elf Aquitaine.
° IUCN/WWE Project 1613. Primate Action Fund.
° Letouzey, R. (1968). Etudes phytogeographiques au Cameroun. Editions Paul Lechevalier,
Paris.
° Rowell, T.E. (1975). Report on the Reserve du Faune du Dja. University of California,
Berkeley. Department of Zoology.
Staff One conservator, one game guard, and eight rangers
Budget National
Local Park or Reserve Administration Department of Water and Forests, Ministry of
Agriculture, Yaoundé.
Date 1983
RESERVE DE FAUNE DE DOUALA-EDEA
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.02.01 (Congo Rain Forest)
Legal Protection Total, as a ’forét domaniale’
Date Established 1932
Geographical Location In the south of the Littoral Province between the Sanaga and Nyong
Rivers. 3°14’-3°50’N, 9°34’-10°50°E.
Altitude Sea level to 15m
Area 160,000ha; includes Edea-Marienberg Forest Reserve
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The reserve is a natural ecological unit boundered on three sides by rivers
or the ocean, and on the fourth by a geological boundary, the Precambrian scarp of the
interior. Several black-water rivers drain the area including the Nyong, Sanaga and Dibombé.
Lake Tissongo (rainy season lake) drains into the Sanaga River, 40km downstream of Edea.
The reserve lies on ancient beaches laid down in a process that began in the Cretaceous era and
is still continuing. Soils are predominantly acidic, low-nutrient, white and sandy. The soil
structure has affinities with the podsolic soils of northern latitudes. There is a humid
equatorial climate with no distinct dry season and two rainfall peaks, in May and September.
Annual rainfall is about 4,000mm. Temperatures are similar all year, with a mean monthly
Minimum of 22°C. Mean monthly maximum temperatures are between 27°C in August and
31°C in April.
Vegetation The vegetation is similiar to neighbouring Equatorial Guinea. The main
vegetation type is coastal forest with 43 families of trees including Euphorbiaceae (23.6%),
Caesalpiniaceae (13.4%) (such as Cynometra hankei, Berlinia sp. and Macrolobium spp.), and
Olacaceae (12%). Other trees include Lophira alata, Sacoglottis gabonensis and Cola edulis.
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Deciduous trees are sparse. Areas of mangrove occur along the coast and in the coastal
lagoons. The vegetation seems generally to have high levels of defensive chemicals such as
tannins, alkaloids, saponins, terpenoids and cardiac glycosides, which may be important for
future research.
Fauna’ There are a large number of primates in the forests including black colobus Colobus
satanas (T), Preuss’ red colobus C. badius preussi, de Brazza’s monkey Cercopithecus neglectus
and greater white-nosed monkey C. nictitans, white-collared mangaby Cercocebus torquatus,
grey-cheeked mangabey C. albigena, mandrill Mandrillus sphinx, and chimpanzee Pan
troglodytes (T). Other mammal species include: African civet Civettictis civetta,
sitatunga Tragelaphus spekei, blue duiker Cephalophus monticola, elephant Loxodonta africana
(T), hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, giant pangolin Manis gigantea, tree
pangolin M. tricuspis and, in the coastal lagoons, West African manatee Trichechus senegalensis
(T). There is a rich and abundant avifauna.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies The combination of sandy soil, nutrients in the surface layers
and heavy rainfall make the area particularly vulnerable if extensive deforestation occurs.
Immediate threats include poaching and the population explosion in Malimba and Bokoko.
Few tree species are of commercial interest and only Lophira alata is a major trade species
though its occurence rate at 1% is too low to be significant. Growth rate of trees in the area
seems to be slow and there is a low regeneration rate after clearing.
Scientific Research Research includes detailed ecological studies of the area including
phenolic content of vegetation (Gartlan, 1978; McKey et al., 1978), and studies since 1974 by
the Wisconsin Regional Primates Research Centre and the University of Michigan on primates.
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
Gartlan, J.S. (1978). The Douala-Edea Reserve.
° Gartlan, J.S. and Agland, P.C. (1980). A Proposal for a Program of Rainforest Conservation
and National Park Development in Cameroon. Report presented to the Gulf Oil Corporation
and Société Nationale Elf Aquitaine.
° IUCN/WWF Project 1089. Cameroon, Establishment of Two Tropical Rainforest Reserves.
° McKay et al. (1978). Phenolic content of vegetation in two African rainforests: ecological
implications. Science 202: 61-64.
Staff One warden and five rangers
Budget National. 1974/1975 - CFA 2,000,000 allocated to the Reserve Conservator for initial
surveys.
Local Park or Reserve Administration Department of Wildlife and National Parks, General
Delegation of Tourism.
Date 1983
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Cameroon
RESERVE DE GIBIER DE CAMPO
Management Category VIII (Multiple Use Management Area)
Biogeographical Province 3.02.01 (Congo Rain forest)
Legal Protection Partial
Date Established 19 November 1932
Geographical Location In the Centre-south Province on the border with Gabon.
2°08’-2°52’N, 9°56’-10°12’E.
Altitude Up to 900m
Area 330,000ha
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The reserve is on the coastal plain and includes some low hills. It has a
humid Equatorial climate, with a mean annual temperature of 26°C and a mean annual rainfall
of 2,000mm which has two peaks, in May and October. Temperatures are similar all year, with
a mean monthly minimum of 22°C. Mean monthly maximum temperatures vary between 27°C
in August and 30°C in April.
Vegetation Thick tropical forest occurs at sea level with legumes predominating at higher
altitudes. There are a wide variety of species including Lophira alata, Afzelia, Khaya ivorensis,
Pterocarpus and Aframomum, and several of medicinal importance.
Fauna Mammals include: elephant Loxodonta africana (T), buffalo Syncerus caffer,
bongo Tragelaphus euryceros, sitatunga T. spekei, bush pig Potamochoerus porcus, tree
hyrax Dendrohyrax dorsalis, African civet Civettictis civetta, five species of
duiker Cephalophus spp., common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia and inany primates, including
gorilla Gorilla gorilla (T). There is a rich and varied avifauna including grey-necked
picathartes Picathartes oreas (R), and numerous fish.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies Logging is permitted and a 25-year logging concession (1968 to
1993) has been granted, resulting in considerable degradation. There is heavy poaching of
large and small mammals for ivory and meat. There is an increasing human population in the
reserve.
Scientific Research None
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
° Depierre, D. and Ole, Z. (1976). Parcs nationaux et réserves de faune du Cameroun. Bois et
Foréts des Tropiques 170: 3-20.
° Gartlan, J.S. (1974). Campo Reserve and Dipikar Island. Rapport sur l’étude de création
d’un sanctuaire de gorille 4 Campo. January 1979.
° Webb, J. C. (unknown date). Reports on the mammals, birds and primates.
Staff Four guards
Budget 1980 - National budget of CFA 800,000 for personnel and CFA 200,000 for
management.
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Local Park or Reserve Administration Department of Wildlife and National Parks, General
Delegation of Tourism.
Date 1983
RESERVE DE GIBIER DE RIVIERE DU KIMBI
Management Category IV (Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.19.12 (Guinean Highlands)
Legal Protection Partial: game protected
Date Established 1964
Geographical Location Near the border with Nigeria in western Cameroon. On the ring road
in Menchum Division between Wum and Nkambe. 6°30’N, 10°30°E.
Altitude 800-1,000m
Area 5,625ha
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The underlying rocks are basement complex rocks with numerous rocky
outcrops. Small streams and springs flow throughout the year. The boundaries are defined by
the Tongo and Kimbi Rivers and Dumbo Cattle Ranch. High rainfall.
Vegetation The area is in the transition zone between rain forest and woodland and has a high
component of gallery forest. Vegetation includes grassland with forest outliers, montane
grassland and savanna with Pennisetum purpureum, Imperata cylindrica, Bridelia ferruginea
and Annona senegalensis.
Fauna Mammals include: buffalo Syncerus caffer, red river hog Potamochoerus porcus,
warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus, otter, kob Kobus kob, waterbuck K. ellipsiprymnus,
bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia, baboon Papio anubis,
chimpanzee Pan troglodytes (T), vervet monkey Cercopithecus aethiops, Mona
monkey C. campbelli lowei, spot-nosed monkey C. petaurista petaurista, porcupine,
pangolin Manis sp., rock hyrax Procavia capensis, African civet Civettictis civetta, and cane
rat Thryonomys gregorianus.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies Serious problems are: disturbance due to the small size and
attenuated shape of the reserve; poaching; and shortage of staff.
Scientific Research None
Special Scientific Facilities None
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Cameroon
Principal Reference Material
° Depierre, D. and Ole, Z. (1976). Parcs nationaux et reserves de faune du Cameroun. Bois et
foréts des tropiques 170: 3-20.
° Hechtel, J. (1976). Status of wildlife conservation and game reserves, North-west Province,
Cameroon.
Staff One warden, five rangers, two game guards, one caretaker for the government
rest-house and one permanent labourer.
Budget National
Local Park or Reserve Administration Department of Wildlife and National Parks, General
Delegation of Tourism.
Date 1983
RESERVE DE GIBIER DE KORUP
Management Category IV (Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.02.01 (Congo Rain Forest)
Legal Protection No information
Date Established 1961 by regional legislation. Size has since been reduced. Proposed as
National Park in 1981.
Geographical Location In South-West Province on the border with Nigeria. 4°54’-5°25’N,
8°42’-9°54’E.
Altitude Up to 1,079m (Yuhan)
Area 83,675ha
Land Tenure Government (previously Kumba Municipality)
Physical Features It is situated on an inland part of on a large plateau in the coastal zone.
The park is crossed by the N’dian, Cross and Akpa Korup Rivers. The Akpa Korup forms the
western boundary and the international border with Nigeria. The topography is low and flat in
the south with more inselbergs and ancient volcanic intrusions in the centre and north. The
sandy soils are derived from quartz and granite bedrock with most of the nutrients in the
surface layers. The humid equatorial climate has a mean annual rainfall of 6,000mm-8,000mm
and a mean annual temperature of about 22°C. Temperatures are similar all year round.
Vegetation The medium altitude evergreen forest of the Biafran type is one of the most
florally diverse in Africa with 52 recorded families of tree and liana including Scytopetalaceae
(12%), Euphorbiaceae (11.7%), Caesalpiniaceae (9.6%), Olacaceae (6.7%) and Sterculiaceae
(6.4%) with Oubanguia alata particularly common. Many of the plants are found to contain
high levels of defensive chemicals, thought to be associated with poor soils.
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Fauna There are 40 recorded mammal species including 14 primates. Mammals include:
drill Papio leucophaeus (T), Preuss’ red colobus monkey Colobus badius preussi (T), black
colobus C. satanas (T), grey-cheeked mangabey Cercocebus aalbigena, sooty
mangabey C. torquatus, Preuss’ monkey Cercopithecus preussi, elephant Loxodonta africana
(T), Lord Derby’s flying squirrel Anomalurus derbianus, Ogilby’s duiker Cephalophus ogilbyi,
bush pig Potamochoerus porcus, tree squirrels Funisciurus spp., bushbaby Galago spp.,
potto Perodicticus potto, sitatunga Tragelaphus spekei, African civet Civettictis civetta, and
leopard Panthera pardus (T). The 240 recorded bird species include: grey-necked
picathartes Picathartes oreas (R), black-headed bee-eater Merops brewert, red-tailed
greenbul Criniger calurus, white-tailed ant-thrush Neocossyphus poensis, blue-billed
malimbe Malimbus nitens, and crested malimbe M. racheliae.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies Poaching of large animals occurs from neighbouring Nigeria.
The area has never been commercially logged though some ebony Diospyros crassiflora has
been extracted.
Scientific Research Vegetation studies since 1974 have been made by the Wisconsin Regional
Primate Research Centre and a two year ecological study by IUCN/WWF.
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
Gartlan, J.S. and Agland, P.C. (1980). A Proposal for a Program of Rainforest Conservation
and National Park Development in Cameroon, West-Central Africa. Report presented to the
Gulf Oil Corporation and Société Nationale Elf Aquitaine. Lists flora by family, mammal
and bird species.
° TUCN/WWF Project 1089. Cameroon. Tropical Rainforest Reserves.
Staff One conservator (warden)
Budget National. 1981 - WWF provided US$30,000 towards the cost of essential equipment.
Local Park or Reserve Administration Department of Wildlife and National Parks, General
Delegation of Tourism.
Date 1983
RESERVE DE GIBIER DU CRATERE DE MBI
Management Category IV (Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.19.12 (Guinean Highlands)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 1964
Geographical Location North-West Province 35km north of Bamenda. 6°10°N, 10°00°E.
Altitude About 1800m
Area 370ha
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Cameroon
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The extinct volcanic crater has very steep slopes and is breached but
contains a crater lake.
Vegetation There are three vegetation types: grassy crater rim; fringing Guineo-Congolian
lowland rainforest; and marshy crater plain including Piptandeniastrum, Schefflera, Ficus and
crotons.
Fauna Mammals include: bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, Maxwell’s duiker Cephalophus
maxwelli, common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia, rock hyrax Procavia capensis, cane
rat Thryonomys gregorianus, porcupine (Hystricidae), patas Erythrocebus patas, spot-nosed
monkey Cercopithecus petaurista petaurista, vervet monkeys C. aethiops, potto Perodicticus
potto, and olive baboon Papio anubis.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies Problems include: the small size of the reserve; high entrance fee
for visitors; and threat of poaching and cattle grazing.
Scientific Research None
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
° Hechtel, J. (1976). Status of wildlife conservation and game reserves in North-West
Province, United Republic of Cameroon.
Staff One conservator, two game guards and one caretaker
Budget National
Local Park or Reserve Administration Department of Wildlife and National Parks, General
Delegation of Tourism.
Date 1983
RESERVE DE CHASSE DE PANGAR-DJEREM
Management Category No category assigned
Biogeographical Province 3.04.04 (West African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection No current information
Date Established 1968. Proposed as a National Park in 1981, but this proposal has now been
*moved’. It is not clear whether this area still exists as such.
Geographical Location Bounded in the east by the Pangar River and Yaounde-Ngoundere
railway, south by the Com River and west by the Djerem River (all tributaries of the Sanaga).
5°20’-6°07’N, 12°51’-13°37’E.
Altitude 600-900m (average altitude 850m)
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Area 480,000ha
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The bedrock is mainly syntectonic granites and lower Precambrian
magmatites and gneisses. The area is drained by watercourses running into the Pangar, Com
and Djerem Rivers. Annual rainfall is about 1500mm with two peaks in May and September.
Mean annual temperature is 23°C.
Vegetation This is one of only a few reserves in Africa situated in the zone of transition
between forest and savanna. There are four main vegetation types: evergreen gallery forest;
semi-deciduous forest dominated by Sterculiaceae and Ulmaceae; Acacia savanna; and
broad-leaf savanna.
Fauna The fauna of the area is one of the richest in Cameroon including:
vervet Cercopithecus aethiops, olive baboon Papio anubis, patas Erythrocebus patas, magistrate
colobus Colobus sp., chimpanzee Pan troglodytes (T), Senegal galago Galago senegalensis,
hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, buffalo Syncerus caffer, waterbuck Kobus
ellipsiprymnus, Buffon’s kob K. kob, common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia, yellow-backed
duiker Cephalophus_ sylvicultor, bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, bongo T. euryceros,
sitatunga JT. spekei, hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus, elephant Loxodonta africana (T),
pangolin Manis sp., and possibly gorilla Gorilla gorilla (T). Crocodile Crocodylus sp. are
present.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies Intensive poaching apparently on a professional basis. The
National Park proposal made for this area has now been ’moved’ to the west of the Pangar
River. The area would appear to be similar, though it has less forest - a result of human
activity.
Scientific Research None
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
° Gartlan, J.S. and Agland, P.C. (1980). A Proposal for a Program of Rainforest Conservation
and National Park Development in Cameroon, West-Central Africa. Report presented to the
Gulf Oil Corporation and Société Nationale Elf Aquitaine.
Staff Two wardens and two gamekeepers
Budget National
Local Park or Reserve Administration Department of Wildlife and National Parks, General
Delegation of Tourism.
Date 1983
-98-
CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC
-99-
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Area 622,996 sq.km
Population 2,520,000 (1983)
Parks and Reserves Legislation The first two ’réserves de chasse’, both located in the east of
the country, were gazetted for a period of 30 years in 1925. The creation of national parks and
reserves was provided for by a Decree passed in 1929, but this stipulated that the establishment
of such areas should not affect the economic life of the surrounding regions, and possibly
confused terminology by defining national parks as ’integral nature reserves’. A partial reserve
category ’réserves de chasse’ was introduced in 1935. Hunting was allowed in these reserves
until 1939 when it was completely forbidden, subsequently these reserves were renamed
*réserves de faune’. In 1940 national parks were also redefined. A new law redefined all the
categories of protected area in 1944 and in 1954 another decree brought these definitions more
fully into line with the London Convention. On 3 November 1956 Law No. 56-1106 was
passed covering the protection of natural monuments and sites and monuments of historic,
scientific, or aesthetic value. In 1960, all the laws in force, except 56-1106, were reconstituted
under Law 60-104, which covered zones of hunting interest (Zone d’interét cynégétique),
national parks and reserves, and Law 60-140 which dealt with nature protection. Detailed
proposals for modification of this legislation were developed by FAO in 1977 and then
prepared by the government for transmission to the Council of Ministers for approval.
Ordonnance No. 84-045 of 27 July 1984 concerning protection of wildlife and regulation of
hunting provides for the protection and rational exploitation of the fauna and its natural
environment. This includes control of the national parks and reserves. The Forest Code passed
in 1961 (Law No. 61-273) allows for the classification of Foréts domaniales where exploitation
may be more carefully controlled.
Parks and Reserves Administration The authority responsible for protected areas management
is the Centre National pour la protection et l’aménagement de la faune (CNPAF) within the
Department of Wildlife and National Parks, in turn within the General Directorate of Water
and Forests. Day-to-day management and protection of each area is the responsibility of the
local government concerned. Implementation of the Forest Code is the responsibility of the
Office national des foréts, within the same directorate.
Address
° Direction générale des eaux, foréts, chasses et péches, Ministere des eaux, des foréts, de la
chasse, des péches et du tourisme, BP 830, Bangui.
Additional Information Within CAR, wildlife represents first and foremost a source of food,
but as such the fauna is both unevenly distributed and under-managed. In addition little
benefit is realised from tourism associated with protected areas, which are under pressure from
grazing, hunting, etc. Realising these problems the government has looked for assistance from
FAO and UNDP in improving the situation. This resulted in work under two projects,
CAF/72/010 ’Etudes préliminaires pour l’aménagement de la faune en zone nord’ and
FO: DP/CAF/78/006 ’Aménagement de la faune République Centrafricaine’. The principal
aims of the latter, more recent, project are to assist with training of personnel involved in
fauna management, elaboration of a rational programme of exploitation of the wildlife
resource, and development of tourism associated with wildlife. In both projects particular
attention has been paid to Bamingui-Bangoran, and to a lesser extent Manovo-Gounda-St
Floris. IUCN/WWF have also been involved in assistance to Manovo-Gounda-St Floris
national park.
As in many countries, poaching, particularly for ivory but also in other species, has been a
particular problem. In 1982/3 several laws were enacted, including the introduction of a ban
on elephant hunting (and incidentally a moratorium on the movement of ivory in certain parts
of the country). Poaching is still severe, however, and CAR is looking for International
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
assistance in dealing with this problem, as well as with the potentially more serious problem of
desertification.
References
° Corfiels, T.F. and Hamilton, P.H. (1972). The conservation and management of the fauna of
Central Africa. Report to Cambridge University, Central Africa Project. 1969-70.
° FAO (undated). Plan quinquennal secteur chasses et faune 1986-1990. Prepared by project
CAF/78/006 UNDP/FAO.
° FAO (1982). Aménagement de la faune République Centrafricaine.
Rapport intérimaire. FAO, Rome.
° IUCN/WWEF Project 3019. Central African Republic, Management and Protection of
Elephants. (Followed by two further projects, 3636 and 3687, assisting anti-poaching
operations.)
° TUCN/UNEP (1983).
conservation des communautés biotiques de l’Afrique Centrale et de l’Ouest.
Document. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.
° Saussay, M. du (1978). Aménagement de la faune en zone nord. Empire Centrafricain. Le
droit de la protection de la faune en Empire Centrafricain. FO: CAF/72/010 Document de
travail No. 12. FAO, Rome.
° Spinage, C.A. (1981). Résumé des aires de faune protégées et proposées pour étre protégées.
Projet FAO/CAF/78/006. FAO, Rome.
FO: DP/CAF/78/006
La réparition des aires protégées en fonction des besoins de la
Working
Protected Areas
(hectares)
National Parks
Andre Felix 170,000
Bamingui-Bangoran 1,070,000
Manovo-Gounda-Saint Floris 1,740,000
Subtotal 2,980,000
Strict Nature Reserves
Vassako-Bolo 86,000
Faunal Reserves
Aouk-Aoukale 330,000
Gribingui-Bamingui 438,000
Koukourou-Bamingui 110,000
Nana-Barya 230,000
Ouandjia- Vakaga 130,000
Yata-Ngaya 420,000
Zemongo 1,010,000
Subtotal 2,668,000
Private Reserves
Avakaba Presidential Park 175,000
Biosphere Reserves
Bamingui-Bangoran Conservation Area 1,622,000
Basse-Lobaye Forest 18,200
Subtotal 1,640,200
Proposed areas
Bahr Oulou Faunal Reserve 320,000
Bongos Sanctuary 265,000
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Central African Republic
PARC NATIONAL ANDRE FELIX
Management Category VI (Resource Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.05.04 (East African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection About 77,200ha of the park is leased to a private society, but a condition of
the lease was that this area must still be managed in accordance with the park establishment
order.
Date Established 10 November 1960, by Arrété No. 1893/60.
Geographical Location In the north-east of the country on the international border with
Sudan. 9°00’-9°42’N, 23°10’-23°24’E.
Altitude Up to 900m
Area 170,000ha. The area is surrounded by the Yata-Ngaya Faunal Reserve (420,000ha).
Land Tenure Government, of which some 77,200ha is leased to a private society.
Physical Features The extensive plains, with their characteristic lateritic soils, are bordered to
the west by the Yata River, and by the Ngaya (Boulou) River in the extreme east.
Vegetation Wooded savanna with /soberlinia spp..
Fauna The fauna is less rich than that of the ’parc national Manova-Gounda-St Floris’.
Mammals include lion Panthera leo, leopard P. pardus.(T), elephant Loxodonta africana (T),
rhinoceros Diceros bicornis (T), giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis, various species of antelope,
and hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius. Ostrich Struthio camelus, and crocodile are also
present.
Zoning The park is completely surrounded by the Yata-Ngaya Faunal Reserve, which is the
designated buffer zone.
Disturbances or Deficiencies There are no surveillance patrols and cattle grazing and intensive
poaching continue unchecked. The buffalo population was decimated by a bovine disease in
the 1960s.
Scientific Research An air count of the larger mammals on the northern plains has been
carried out by FAO consultants.
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material None listed
Staff None
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration Birao Inspectorate of Forestry
Date 1984
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
BAMINGUI-BANGORAN CONSERVATION AREA
Management Category A complex of areas comprising a strict Nature Reserve (I), a National
Park (II), and two Faunal Reserves (IV). The whole area forms a Biosphere Reserve (IX).
Biogeographical Province 3.04.04 (West African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection All areas were redefined in 1940 to comply with the London Convention on
the Protection of African Wildlife, 1933.
Date Established Established as Oubangui-Chari National Park (2,660,000ha) in 1933. Later
in the same year 630,000ha were declassified, part of which now forms the
Koukourou-Bamingui Faunal Reserve (110,000ha). A further 530,000ha were declassified in
1934, part of which now forms the Gribingui-Bamingui Faunal Reserve. Both faunal reserves
were designated in 1940. The strict nature reserve was also established by reclassification of
part of the park (the area was then defined as 150,000ha). A further area was added to the
north of the park in 1980 and then revised the same year to form the Avakaba Presidential
Park (established in 1980 by Ordinance No.80/055). The current conservation area was
accepted as Bamingui-Bangoran Conservation Area (Biosphere Reserve) on 23 July 1979, but
this has never been promulgated in national law.
Geographical Location Situated in the north of the country on the international border with
Chad. 7°06’-8°04’N, 18°56’-20°21’E.
Altitude 350-450m
Area Vassoko-Bolo Strict Nature Reserve (86,000ha), Bamingui-Bangoran National Park
(1,070,000ha), Koukourou-Bamingui Faunal Reserve (110,000ha), Gribingui-Bamingui Faunal
Reserve (438,000ha) and Bamingui-Bangoran Conservation Area (Biosphere Reserve)
1,622,000ha.
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The reserves lie in an area of low relief, mainly of Precambrian basement
complex which dips below the Quaternary alluvia of the Chad basin in the north and
north-west. There are three principal rivers, the Bolo (seasonal), Vassako and Vou (seasonal),
which define the boundaries of the strict nature reserve. Several parts of the area are
seasonally flooded. The mean annual rainfall is 1300mm, falling mainly between December
and February. The mean annual temperature is 26.6°C.
Vegetation Sudano-Guinean vegetation predominates, with dry forests, wooded savannas,
edpahic savannas, and gallery forests. The wooded savanna comprises Terminalia
(34%), Anogeissus (8%), Isoberlinia doka (38%), and grassland (13%).
Fauna’ The fauna is also typically Sudano-Guinean and has been very rich in the past. The
area is sufficiently large to include a large range of migratory mammals. Mammals include:
leopard Panthera pardus (T), hunting dog Lycaon pictus (T), spotted hyena Crocuta crocuta,
elephant Loxodonta africana (T), hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, _ black
rhinoceros Diceros bicornis (T), buffalo Syncerus caffer, giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis,
bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, giant eland Taurotragus derbianus, roan antelope Hippotragus
equinus, waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, kob K. kob, reedbuck Redunca_ redunca,
hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus, topi Damaliscus lunatus, yellow-backed duiker Cephalophus
sylvicultor, red-flanked duiker C. wrufilatus, blue duiker C. monticola, common
duiker Sylvicapra grimmia, oribi Ourebia ourebi, warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus, olive
baboon Papio anubis, patas monkey Erythrocebus patas, vervet monkey Cercopithecus aethiops,
eastern black-and-white colobus Colobus guereza, giant ground pangolin Manis gigantea,
central African hare Poelagus marjorita, white-tailed mongoose Ichneumia albicauda, banded
-104-
mongoose Mungos mungo, serval Felis serval, African civet Civettictis civetta, genet Genetta sp.,
aardvarkOrycteropus afer, porcupine Hystrix cristata, cane rat Thryonomys sp., savanna
gerbil Tatera valida, multimammate rat Praomys natalensis fumatus, striped grass
rat Lemniscomys striatus, and Geoffroy’s ground squirrel Xerus erythropus. The bird fauna is
described in Green (1983 and 1984).
Conservation Management No information
Zoning The four areas in the complex are defined differently in law. Together they comprise
a central (or core) area, buffer zone, manipulative zone, and zone of traditional cultivation. No
substantial new changes will be permitted in the cultivated zone. The strict nature reserve is
entirely enclosed by the national park.
Disturbances or Deficiencies Because of persistent application of insecticide against cotton
pests, the Bamingui River and tributaries are rapidly being poisoned and are becoming sterile.
Poaching continues to be a major problem, particularly in the faunal reserves, where there is
insufficient access for proper control and wildlife numbers have been seriously depleted.
There are some areas of traditional and cotton cultivation.
Visitor Facilities The potential for tourism is limited, with visibility reduced by vegetation,
and relatively few animals to observe. The Bangoran River is considered of most interest.
Scientific Research Preliminary studies, including an air-count of the larger mammals, have
been carried out in the area by UNDP/FAO consultants.
Special Scientific Facilities There are no special facilities.
Principal Reference Material
° Boulvert, Y. (1970). Essai de catalogue de la flore de Centrafrique. ORSTOM, Bangui.
° Douglas-Hamilton, I., Froment, J.M., and Doungoubé, G. (1985). Aerial census of wildlife
in the North of the Central African Republic. Report to CNPAF, WWF, IUCN, UNDP and
FAO.
° Green, A.A. (1982). Aménagement de la faune, République Centrafricaine. Le Centre de
formation des gardes-chasse de Bamingui. FO: DP/CAF/78/006, Rapport technique 1.
FAO, Rome.
° Green, A.R. (1983). The birds of Bamingui-Bangoran National Park. Malimbus 5: 17-30.
° Green, A.R. (1984). Additional birds from Bamingui-Bangoran National Park Malimbus 6:
70-72.
° Sillans, R. (1958). Les savanes de l'Afrique Centrale. Paris.
° Spinage, C.A. (1976). Etude preliminaire du Parc national du Bamingui-Bangoran. Projet
CAF/72/010. FAO, Rome.
° Spinage, C.A. (1977). Etudes additionelles de Parc national du Bamingui-Bangoran. Projet
CAF/72/010. FAO, Rome.
° Spinage, C.A., Loevinsohn, M.E. and Ndouté, J. (1977). Etudes Additionelles du Parc
National Bamingui-Bangoran. CAF/72/010. FAO, Rome.
Staff Three proposed
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration CNPAF, Ministére de l’Agriculture, Direction
Générale des Eaux et Foréts, BP 830, Bangui. The national park comes under the Ndélé
Forestry Inspectorate.
Date 1984
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
PARC NATIONAL MANOVO-GOUNDA-ST FLORIS
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.04.04 (West African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection The park was given total protection under Government ownership, but there
is no information regarding protection since the area became a private concession in 1984.
Date Established Incorporated into Oubangui-Chari National Park on 10 December 1933.
The name of the area was changed in 1935 to Matoumara National Park, and again on 27 July
1940 to St Floris National Park (and redefined with an area of 40,000ha). The area was
enlarged to 100,700ha in 1960 by Law 60-104; again in 1974 to cover 277,600ha; and, finally,
in 1979 to cover 1,740,000ha.
Geographical Location § In the north of the country, on the international border with Chad.
8°00’-9°50’N, 20°30°-22°20°E.
Altitude 400-800m
Area 1,740,000ha; contiguous to the ‘réserve de faune de l’Aouk-Aoukalé’ (330,000ha),
*réserve de faune de l’Ouandjia- Vakaga’ (130,000ha), and the proposed ’réserve de faune du
Bahr Oulow’ (although there are now doubts that this area will ever be established).
Land Tenure Private (since 1984; previously Government owned)
Physical Features The area comprises a flat plain with coarse, generally ferruginous and
well-drained soils. The land rises to 800m in the south-east. Some areas, particularly the
depressions, have developed a lateritic or ironstone shield, on which woody vegetation is
noticeably sparse or absent. The lowland areas (30% of the park) are seasonally flooded and
have fine, deep alluvial soils. Drainage in these areas may be quite poor. The major rivers are
Bahr Kameur, Ovandjia, Wakaga and Gounda. The climate is tropical, semi-humid
Sudano-Guinean, with a mean annual rainfall of between 950 and 1700mm, mainly falling
between June and November. There is only one rainy season, alternating with a hot dry season.
Vegetation The predominant vegetation type is wooded savanna (70%) and in the main bulk
of the park this can be divided into five different types: 1) Terminalia laxiflora wooded
savanna (39.3%) with Crossoptervx febrifuga and Butyrospermum parkii; 2) Isoberlinia doka
and Monotes kerstingii woodland in the upland areas; 3) Pseudocedrela kotschyi and Terminalia
macroptera woodland (15%); 4) mixed lowland woodland or wooded savanna; and 5) Anogeissus
leiocarpus and Khaya senegalensis. Small patches of fringe forest occur in the lowland areas,
particularly along the Gounda and Koumbala rivers. The Terminalia savanna is used
extensively by wildlife during the dry season. The lowland areas are subject to both flooding
and fire, and this is reflected to some extent in the vegetation (although Anogeissus leiocarpus
is not fire resistant, which may, together with low rainfall, be contributing to its decline).
Other less common vegetation types include gallery forest, bamboo open savanna, the
woodlands associated with the hilly areas of the river sources, open Erythrophleum-Isoberlinia
woodland and plains dominated by perennial grasses such as Vossia cuspidata, Echinochloa
stagnina, Jardinea congoensis, Setaria anceps, Hyparrhenia rufa, and Eragrostis sp., with
relative distributions depending on duration and depth of seasonal flooding.
Fauna’ Black rhinoceros Diceros bicornis (T)(30 individuals), elephant Loxodonta africana
(T)(2,000-3,000), leopard Panthera pardus (T), and crocodile are all found within the park, but
in considerably reduced numbers. Other mammals include lion Panthera leo, wildcat Felis
silvestris, giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis, buffalo Syncerus caffer, bushbuck Tragelaphus
scriptus, giant eland Taurotragus derbianus, common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia,
waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, kob Kobus kob, roan antelope Hippotragus equinus,
hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus oribi Ourebia ourebi, warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus,
baboon Papio anubis, vervet monkey Cercopithecus aethiops, and lesser galago
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Central African Republic
(bushbaby) Galago senegalensis. Animals which occur in the area but which are rather less
common include cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T), golden cat Felis aurata,
hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, reedbuck Redunca redunca, topi Damaliscus lunatus,
red-fronted gazelle Gazella rufifrons, de Brazza’s monkey Cercopithecus neglectus, and
yellow-backed duiker Cephalophus sylvicultor. Two species not sighted in the area until
1982/83 are bush pig Poltamochoerus porcus and greater white-nosed monkey Cercopithecus
nictitans. The avifauna includes large seasonal populations of pelican Pelecanus sp. (in the
Gata-Vakaga area), shoebill Balaeniceps rex (of special concern), and marabou
stork Leptoptilos crumeniferus. The black-headed bee-eater Merops breweri was observed
frequently during 1982/83 along the Koumbala forest; it was previously considered to be very
uncommon in the park.
Zoning No information
Disturbances or Deficiencies Poaching (poachers have recently begun to use automatic
weapons), cattle grazing and fishing are the main problems. Numbers of black rhinoceros,
leopard, elephant, giraffe, and crocodile have been reduced in the area due to poaching
pressure, and the situation is deteriorating; an estimated 300-500 elephants were killed in
1982/83. Nomads from Chad and the Sudan invade the park during the dry season.
Scientific Research A four year study was begun in 1981 to study the ecology of the elephant
in the park with special reference to diet, distribution and the impact of poaching. This
project (WWF/IUCN Project 3019) was carried out by Peace Corps biologists. Other activities
carried out by the research team included observations on poaching and other illegal activities
in the park; a botanical survey; notation of species considered rare or previously unidentified
in the park, and monitoring rhinoceros activity. An air count of larger mammals in the St
Floris sector was carried out by FAO consultants. A vegetation study of the area was carried
out by I.E.M.V.T., CEDEX, France. There is a proposal to survey the dense forests for
gorillas and determine their general distribution patterns (Carroll, 1984).
Special Scientific Facilities None
Paincipal Reference Material
Barber, K.B., Buchanan, S.A. and Galbreath, P.F. (1980). An ecological survey of the St
Floris National Park, Central African Republic, IPAD, US National Parks Service,
Washington D.C. (first submitted 1979).
Buchanan, S.A. and Schacht, W.H. (1979). Ecological investigations in the
Manovo-Gounda-St Floris National Park, Ministre des Eaux, Forets, Chasses, et Péches,
Bangui, C.A.R.
° Carroll, R. (1984). Jn litt.
° Douglas-Hamilton, I., Froment, J.M., and Doungoubé, G. (1985). Aerial census of wildlife
in the North of the Central African Republic. Report to CNPAF, WWF, IUCN, UNDP and
FAO.
° IUCN/WWF Project 3019. Elephant research and management, Central African Republic.
° Spinage, C. (1979). Etudes preliminaires du parc national de Saint-Floris. 1976.
CAF/72/010.
Staff No information
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration No information
Date 1984
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
RESERVE DE FAUNE DE L’AOUK-AOUKALE
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.04.04 (West African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 1939, as a hunting reserve (the ’Circonscription de la Salamat’) containing
the ’parc national du Goz-Sassoulko’, which was created provisionally in 1935. In 1940, the
limits were redefined, and the area specified as 1,500,000ha. In 1960 this was reduced to
319,000ha, but further changes have since slightly increased the area.
Geographical Location In the north of the country, on the border with Chad, and to the
north of the ’parc national Manovo-Gounda-St. Floris’. The boundary of the reserve runs
along the Chad border for over 175km. 9°20’-10°01°N, 20°50°-21°54’E.
Altitude No information
Area 330,000ha. The reserve is contiguous to the ’parc national Manovo-Gounda-St Floris
(1,740,000ha), and will have part of its border common with the proposed ’réserve de faune du
Bahr Oulow’ (although there are now doubts that this area will ever be established).
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The reserve lies between the Aoukale and Bahr Oulou/Bahr Kameur rivers,
and is mainly composed of their flood plains, with clay soils.
Vegetation Wooded savanna
Fauna’ The fauna is representative of the Sudanese type with elephant Loxodonta africana
(T), lion Panthera leo, giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis and buffalo Syncerus caffer, with some
Sahelian species such as striped hyena Hyaena hyaena, and red-fronted gazelle Gazella
rufifrons. Ostrich Struthio camelus are also present.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies There is poaching, and grazing of the reserve by livestock of
nomadic groups.
Scientific Research There has been an air count of large mammals by FAO consultants.
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material None listed
Staff No information
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration Forestry inspectorate at Birao
Date 1984
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Central African Republic
RESERVE DE FAUNE DE LA NANA-BARYA
Management Category VI (Resource Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.04.04 (West African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection No information
Date Established 10 December 1960, by Regulation 1897/60.
Geographical Location In the north-west of the country, on the border with Chad.
7°19’-8°00’N, 17°10°-17°50’E.
Altitude No information
Area 230,000ha
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features Flat plain
Vegetation Jsoberlinia wooded savanna
Fauna The reserve is almost empty of large wildlife. Originally there was a rich
Sudano-Guinean fauna with elephant Loxodonta africana (T), buffalo Syncerus caf fer,
giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis, hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus, eland Taurotragus oryx,
lion Panthera leo, rhinoceros Diceros bicornis (T), and waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies There is heavy poaching, with no surveillance or protection.
Scientific Research None
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material None listed
Staff None
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration Inspectorate of forestry at Markounda
Date 1984
RESERVE DE FAUNE DE L’OUANDJIA-VAKAGA
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.04.04 (West African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Hunting is allowed within nearly 500,000ha of the reserve.
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Date Established 29 June 1925 as a hunting reserve. Hunting was forbidden in 1939, but in
1972 nearly 500,000ha were being used for hunting. The reserve was not named until 1940, at
which time its area was given as 950,000ha (though the actual area was nearer 615,000ha).
Geographical Location In the north-east of the country, to the north of the ’parc national
Manovo-Gounda-St Floris’. 8°35’-9°30’N, 21°55’-22°35’E.
Altitude No information
Area 130,000ha; contiguous to ’parc national Manovo-Gounda-St Floris’ (1,740,000ha), and
the proposed ’réserve de faune du Bahr Oulou’ (although there are now doubts that this area
will ever be established).
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features Plateau with sandy soils
Vegetation Jsoberlinia wooded savanna
Fauna Wildlife is sparse but similar to that in the ’parc national Manovo-Gounda-St Floris’
with buffalo Syncerus caffer, elephant Loxodonta africana (T), giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis,
rhinoceros Diceros bicornis (T), antelope species, such as giant eland Taurotragus derbianus and
hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus, warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus, cheetah Acinonyx jubatus
(T), shoebill Balaeniceps rex (of special concern) and crocodile.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies There are fishing villages and other developments along the
river within the park. Shepherds and hunters, particularly from Chad and Sudan, also use the
area, and poaching is a problem.
Scientific Research None
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material None listed
Staff No information
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration Inspectorate of forestry at Birao
Date 1984
RESERVE DE FAUNE DE LA YATA-NGAYA
Management Category VI (Resource Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.05.04 (East African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection About 203,000ha in the centre of the reserve is leased to a private hunting
society, but this area remains bound by the rules and regulations in force for the rest of the
reserve.
-110-
Central African Republic
Date Established 1960. An area in the north west was declassified in 1967. The southern
half was part of a hunting reserve created in 1925. Hunting was completely forbidden there by
1939. In 1940, the southern area became part of the new ’réserve de faune de la Haute Kotto’,
but this reserve was declassified in 1960, when the ’reserve de faune de la Yata-Ngaya’ was
established (with 509,500ha).
Geographical Location In the north-east of the country, partly on the border with the Sudan.
8°32’-9°52’N, 23°05’-23°24’E.
Altitude Up to 900m
Area 420,000ha; surrounds the ’parc national André Félix’ (170,000ha)
Land Tenure Government; about 203,000ha is leased to a private hunting society until 1992.
Physical Features A sandy plain, with hills in the central part
Vegetation J/soberlinia wooded savanna
Fauna The fauna is little known though rhinoceros Diceros bicornis (T) possibly occurs, and
perhaps white rhinoceros Ceratotherium simum, but this is doubtful. There are giant
eland Taurotragus derbianus (T).
Zoning The reserve acts as a buffer zone for the ‘parc national André Félix’.
Disturbances or Deficiencies No control infrastructure has yet been set up within the area,
and there is both nomadism and poaching.
Scientific Research None
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material None listed
Staff No information
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration Birao Inspectorate of Forestry
Date 1984
RESERVE DE FAUNE DE ZEMONGO
Management Category VI (Resource Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.05.04 (East African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Hunting is allowed within about 60,000ha of the reserve (the area most
recently gazetted).
Date Established 9 June 1925, as a hunting reserve. Protected against hunting in 1939. The
area was not named until 1940, at which time its area was given as 950,000ha. This was
extended to its present size in 1975, with the inclusion of further hunting sectors to the
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
south-west. Despite this fact, these southern sectors were still open to hunting during the
1981-1982 season (Arrété No. 397 of 28 August 1981).
Geographical Location In the far east of the country, on the border with the Sudan.
6°10’-7°28’N, 24°40’-26°00’E.
Altitude No information
Area 1,010,000ha
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The reserve comprises a flat plain, which is mainly without water in the
dry season although it lies between the Vovodo and Goangoa rivers, and is crossed by the River
Bita. The soils are lateritic sands.
Vegetation Dense /soberlinia wooded savanna
Fauna The status of the elephant Loxodonta africana (T) is uncertain in this area. Giant
eland Taurotragus derbianus (T) and possibly black rhinoceros Diceros bicornis (T) are present.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies There is poaching. No control of the interior is possible because
of inaccessibility.
Scientific Research None
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material None listed
Staff No information
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration Inspectorate of forestry at Rafai
Date 1984
BASSE-LOBAYE FOREST
Management Category IX (Biosphere Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.02.01 (Congo Rain Forest)
Legal Protection No restriction on human activities
Date Established Accepted as a Biosphere Reserve in October 1977 by Unesco. No decree
under national law, but known as a schedueled forest.
Geographical Location In the south-west of the country on the border with
Congo-Brazzaville. 3°40’N, 17°50°E.
-112-
Central African Republic
Altitude Less than 500m
Area 18,200ha
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The climate of the region is hot and wet with little annual variation. Mean
annual temperature is 24.5°C and the relative humidity is 93% at six in the morning and 78% at
noon. There is a short dry season in January and a rainy season from March to December with
high rainfall in August, September, and October (230mm/month). Mean annual rainfall is
1761mm.
Vegetation The vegetation comprises dense, humid, semi-deciduous forest of Ulmaceae,
Sterculiaceae, Meliaceae, and Sapotaceae which has not been exploited for at least the last 40 to
50 years. The canopy at about 40m is discontinuous, the intermediate storeys well developed,
and the undergrowth thin. In the northern area, there is secondary growth on fallow
cultivation, with more open canopy, less variation of intermediate storeys and a dense, shrubby
undergrowth characterized by creepers.
Fauna Common mammals include various species of duiker Cephalophus and
monkeys Cercopithecus, Colobus, and Cercocebus. Chimpanzee Pan troglodytes (T) and forest
elephant Loxodonta africana cyclotis (T) are rare. Carnivores include leopard Panthera pardus
(T), African civet Civettictis civetta, potto Perodicticus potto, and genet Genetta spp.. Snakes
include puff adder Bitis arietans, mamba, spitting cobra Naja nigricollis and python. The
relatively few bird species include: hornbill, grey parrot Psittacus erithacus, giant
kingfisher Ceryle maxima, and Hartlaub’s goose Pteronetta hartlaubii.
Conservation Management There is no management plan
Zoning No information
Disturbances or Deficiencies The area is inhabited by the Aka pygmies who live by hunting
and gathering. The reserve also includes the zone on the fringe of the forest which contains
several local villages. Disturbance is serious in the northern part near villages but there is none
in the area of the pygmies.
Visitor Facilities No information
Scientific Research A study of man in the tropical rainforest ecosystem was started by the
"Centre Eurafricain de Biologies Humaines’ among the Aka pygmy communities in 1974.
Specialists from CEABH, CNTS, ORSTOM, the Pasteur Institute, the ‘Centre d’Hémitypologie’
of CNRS and Paris universities have taken part in this study which has become a MAB project.
Special Scientific Facilities A laboratory has been established at the research centre at Bokaka.
Principal Reference Material Publications on region and population have been produced by
the Pasteur Institute, the ‘Centre Eurafricain de Biologie Humaine’ and ORSTOM.
Staff Three permanent employees
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration Ministére des Eaux et Foréts, BP 830, Bangui.
Date 1984
-113-
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Syotinuticyhfevtbanke ssimayq slA ad? yd beridedat eb asw oT <3
migaos doldw temo? oi to sgnis? adx no anos od? asbuloal ole
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refais(ration Jospectorate of forest ry at Re
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Sociowy HAM 2 snroced ced doidw bute eid? of nq parr oved &
ietok ya was dovssest oily tw berzlidsiea aoa sad onnodal a
GASSE- DAVE PORES ‘
40 Baoubew ased seed. noi isalliqon bas aoigat ab rnoitslidet ;
MOT2RO bao ‘snismuvl sigaivid ob aiden rons om
= giin oH 4 “~te ge) rx | Bc pine Reacve ve
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Vieguegrepbice| Prev me tec (Casey wn Vorest}
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-115-
Key
Ml National Parks
E2] Faunal Reserves
@ Faya-Largeau
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CHAD
Area 1,270,994 sq.km
Population 5,120,000 (1984)
Parks and Reserves Legislation Ordinance 14/63 of 28 March 1963 regulates hunting and the
protection of nature. Areas established prior to 1963 were set up under Decree No. 47-2254
(18 November 1947) regulating hunting in the French Overseas Territories, as modified for
French Equatorial Africa by Decree No. 52-182 of 18 February 1952. Decree No.
02/PR/EEPC/PNR relates to the organisation and responsibilities of the Directorate of
National Parks and Faunal Reserves. Réserves naturelles intégrales are areas where all forms of
usage are prohibited. National Parks appear to differ only in that they are open to visitor
access. Réserves spéciales are areas where regulations can be made on a total or partial basis
either permanently or temporarily, for conservation purposes. Résources totales de faune are
areas where only hunting is prohibited and other usage continues. Zones d’intérét cynégétique
are areas where the fauna is of particular scientific or economic potential, the aim being to
maintain this potential. Two types of classified forest are distinguished, Classified Forest,
where exploitation is controlled on a concession basis, and Protected Forests (which still remain
open for use by the local population).
Parks and Reserves Administration The authority responsible for conservation policy, and
exploitation and protection of natural resources is the Ministry of Tourism, Water and Forests
(previously the Ministry of Tourism, Arts, and Natural Resources). This ministry is also
specifically responsible for both national parks and faunal reserves. Day to day administration
of protected areas is the responsibility of the Division of Management and Conservation of the
Fauna (Service de l’aménagement et conservation de la faune), a central office of the
Directorate of Tourism, National Parks and Faunal Reserves. At the regional level there are
six ’secteurs des parcs nationaux et réserves de faune’, each of which is divided into 12
surveillance blocks. The Directorate of Forests, Hunting and Antipoaching is responsible both
for control of hunting outside protected areas, and for protection and management of forests.
Address
° Service de l’aménagement et conservation de la faune, Direction du tourism, des parcs
nationaux et réserves de faune, Ministére du tourisme, des eaux et foréts, BP 447, Ndjamena.
° Direction des foréts, chasse, et de la lutte contre la desertification, Ministére du tourisme,
des eaux et foréts, BP 447, Ndjamena.
Additional Information The current security problems within Chad, and the general problems
of desertification, seem likely to be having serious consequences for the wildlife. Nevertheless,
there appears to be a firm commitment to nature conservation at all levels, with renewed
management effort within some protected areas, and an increase in anti-poaching activity. As
in many developing countries, however, there is an unfortunate shortage of both equipment
and personnel.
References
° Cabot, J. and Bouquet, C. (1972). Practical atlas of Chad. National Institute of Social
Sciences. 79 pp.
° d@Elzius, C. and Gillet, H. (1964). Rapports au gouvernement du Tchad sur la faune et sa
conservation. FAO, Rome.
° Gillet, H. and d’Elzius, C. (1964). Preliminary report for the Chad Government on fauna
and its conservation. FAO, Rome.
* IUCN/UNEP (1983). La réparition des aires protégées en fonction des besoins de la
conservation des communautés biotiques de l’Afrique Centrale et de 1l’Ouest. Working
Document. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.
° Stanguennec, B. (1975). Parcs nationaux et réserves de faune du Tchad.
-117-
IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Protected Areas
(hectares)
National Parks
Manda 114,000
Zakouma 300,000
Subtotal 414,000
Faunal Reserves
Aboutelfan 110,000
Bahr Salamat 2,060,000
Binder Lere 135,000
Fada Archei 211,000
Mandelia 138,000
Ouadi Rime-Ouadi Achim 8,000,000
Siniaka-Minia 426,000
Subtotal 11,080,000
PARC NATIONAL DE MANDA
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.04.04 (West African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 19 March 1965 under Decree No. 56/EFPC; modified by Decree No.
243/PR/EFPC/PNR. Initially protected in 1953 as a réserve de faune.
Geographical Location In the préfecture of Moyen-Chari (sub-préfecture Rurale Sarh).
Delimited on the east by the Chari River and on the west by a road. 9°12’-9°35’N,
17°45’-18°12’E.
Altitude No information
Area 114,000ha
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The park is situated in a densely wooded plain with a substrate of
sedimentary and red ferrous soils. The Chari River bed provides an excellent refuge for
animals, as well as natural watering holes. In the eastern part there are numerous marshy areas
formed round stagnant pools. The climate is tropical with a mean annual rainfall of between
950-1100mm in the north and more than 1100mm in the south.
Vegetation Sudanese bush with savanna woodland predominates, comprising trees of the
families Leguminosae and Combretaceae, grading into patchy stands of dense forest. The
marshy pools are surrounded by typical water course fringing vegetation dominated by
Sudanese-Guinean species of /soberlinia and Monotes.
Fauna The Park was originally established for the protection of the giant eland Taurotragus
derbianus (T), which may still be common here. Other mammals include leopard Panthera
pardus (T), lion Panthera leo, spotted hyaena Crocuta crocuta, African civet Civettictis civetta,
genet Genetta sp., elephant Loxodonta africana (T), hippotamus Hippopotamus amphibius,
-118-
Chad
buffalo Syncerus caffer, kongoni Alcelaphus buselaphus, roan antelope Hippotragus equinus,
topi Damaliscus lunatus, waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, kob Kobus kob, oribi Ourebia ourebi,
red-fronted gazelle Gazella rufifrons, common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia, and
warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus. The marshes and river courses are rich in birdlife.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies Poaching is a continuing problem and there is a lack of
equipment to ensure adequate surveillance. There is also overgrazing by stock of seasonal
nomads and some permanent settlements have been established over the last few years. -
Scientific Research Gillet and D’Elzius (1964) prepared a preliminary report on the park’s
fauna and conservation for the Chad Government. A study of the avifauna was carried out in
1972.
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
Cabot, J. and Bouquet, C. (1972). Practical Atlas of Chad. National Institute of Social
Sciences. 79 pp.
° Gillet, H. and d’Elzius, C. (1964). Preliminary Report for the Chad Government on Fauna
and its Conservation. FAO, Rome.
° Stanguennec, B. (1975). Parcs nationaux et réserves de faune du Tchad.
Staff One engineer of forestry work, one technical assistant of water and forests and 40
guards from the National Parks and Fauna Reserves Department.
Budget Salaries are assured by the government. Some 28,000,000 FCFA was granted by the
government to the Department of National Parks and Faunal Reserves in 1983 to cover
operational costs.
Local Park or Reserve Administration Southern sector, Division of Management and
Conservation of National Parks and Faunal Reserves.
Date April 1985
PARC NATIONAL DE ZAKOUMA
Management Category VI (Resource Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.12.07 (Western Sahel)
Legal Protection Total, but, due to the political situation, no management has been possible
for a number of years. The situation seems to be improving, however.
Date Established | Upgraded to National Park status 7 May 1963 by Decree No 86/TEF.
Previously protected since 1958 as a réserve de faune.
Geographical Location Located within the adjacent préfectures of Salamet (Am-Timan and
Aboudeia sub-préfectures) and Guéra (Melfi sub-prefecture). 10°60’-11°00’N, 19°20°-20°00°E.
Altitude 250-500m
Area 300,000ha. Forms the core zone of the 2,600,000ha Bahr Salamat Faunal Reserve.
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The park lies in a vast plain, flanked by the Bone and d’Ibir rock outcrops
(300-500m) in the west, and drained from north to south by the Bahr Salamat and its numerous
tributaries. The watercourses are meandering and in the dry season, when the water level falls,
only isolated waterholes are left as the source of water for wildlife. The soils of the plain are
halomorphic, hydromorphic and vertisols. The climate is tropical, with a mean annual rainfall
between 800 and 950mm.
Vegetation Characterised by a high diversity of plant species encompassing the principal
Sudanese savanna associations. The open wooded savanna is dominated by the Leguminosae
and Combretaceae (Combretum, Anogeissus, Leiocarpus, and Terminalia species). The small
islands isolated by the meandering water courses are heavily wooded by Mimosacea, such
as Acacia seyal, and Caesalpinaceae. There are also scattered grassy depressions known as ’les
bérébérés’.
Fauna The park is notable for the population of several hundred elephant Loxodonta africana
(T). Other mammals include lion Panthera leo, leopard P. pardus (T), serval Felis serval,
spotted hyena Crocuta crocuta, buffalo Syncerus caffer, giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis,
topi Damaliscus lunatus, waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, oribi Ourebia ourebi, gazelles Gazella
spp., duikers Cephalophus spp. and warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus. The rich avifauna
includes guineafowl (Numididae), bustard (Otididae), ducks and geese (Anatidae),
pelican Pelecanus sp., egrets Egretta spp., crowned crane Balearica pavonina, and marabou
stork Leptoptilos crumeniferus. Apparently animal populations remain good despite the events
of the past 10 years and their effect on the Chad fauna as a whole.
Conservation Management There has been no active management within the park for several
years due to military action within the country. However, further staff have now been
assigned, and further equipment provided.
Zoning None within the park although the park itself constitutes the core zone of a faunal
reserve.
Disturbances or Deficiencies Poaching within the park is an increasing threat aggravated by
the rapid increase in weapons available since the start of the fighting in Chad, combined with
the inadequacy of staffing and equipment to combat them. Desertification is also a problem,
and has resulted in invasion of the park by pastoralists, and even by villagers in search of water.
Visitor Facilities There was a hotel nearby within the park, but this has been destroyed.
Scientific Research There has apparently been no further detailed scientific work done in the
park since Gillet and d’Elzius (1964) prepared a preliminary report on the reserve’s fauna and
nature conservation for the Chad Government in 1963.
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
Bernard, S. (1975). Parcs nationaux et réserves de faune.
° Dugabet, R. (1984). Report on Zakouma. Parc national Zakouma Safaris Vision Brochure
(reprint).
° Gillet, H. and d’Elzius, C. (1964). Preliminary report for the Chad Government on Fauna
and its Conservation. FAO, Rome.
° Rombon, O. (1981). Faune tchadienne et la guerre civile.
° Stanguennec, B. (1975). Parcs nationaux et réserves de faune du Tchad.
Staff Two foresters in charge of some 20 guards, though 60 new guards are now being posted
to the area. Some staff are shared with the Bahr Salamat Reserve.
Budget Salaries are assured by the government. Some 28,000,000 FCFA was granted by the
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Chad
government to the Department of National Parks and Faunal Reserves in 1983 for operational
costs.
Local Park or Reserve Administration East Sector, Division of Management and Conservation
of National Parks and Faunal Reserves.
Date April 1985
RESERVE DE FAUNE DE L’ABOUTELFAN
Management Category No category assigned
Biogeographical Province 3.12.07 (Western Sahel)
Legal Protection Partial
Date Established 20 May 1955 by Federal law No. 1683/CH
Geographical Location In sub-préfecture Mongo of préfecture Guéra. 11°35’-12°18’N,
18°35’-19°07°E.
Altitude 500-1,508m (Mount Guédi)
Area 110,000ha
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The reserve is dominated by the mountainous massifs in the eastern section
of Mongo; the Kadam Massif lies just outside the reserve to the south-east. The highest peak
of the Aboutelfan and Guéra massifs is Mt Guédi at 1,508m. The climate is tropical with a
mean annual rainfall of between 800 and 950mm.
Vegetation The open savanna woodland is dominated by species of Anogeissus and Boschia
and is interspersed with scattered stands of Capparidaceae. Thorny Sahelian species occur at
low density on the dry plains. There is little vegetation on the rocky massifs themselves.
Fauna’ The reserve was established to protect the greater kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros (T).
Most other mammal species are characteristic of the Chad fauna, with the exception of several
savanna species such as buffalo Syncerus caffer, hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, and
certain antelope species. In general, wildlife density is low.
Zoning Mount Guédi is strictly protected.
Disturbances or Deficiencies The area is densely populated. The greater kudu is protected by
the inaccessibility of its habitat in the rocky area, but numbers of other mammals have
declined dramatically due to poaching pressure. There has apparently been inadequate
surveillance and equipment since 1965.
Visitor Facilities There are organised hunting safaris.
Scientific Research There has reportedly been no further scientific work done in the park
since Gillet and d’Elzius (1964) prepared a preliminary report on the reserve’s fauna and
conservation for the Chad Government in 1963.
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
° Cabot, J. and Bouquet, C. (1972). Practical Atlas of Chad. National Institute of Social
Sciences. 79 pp.
° Gillet, H. and d’Elzius, C. (1964). Preliminary Report for the Chad Government on Fauna
and its Conservation. FAO, Rome.
Staff No information
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration Shared with Siniaka-Minia Faunal Reserve in the
Eastern Sector, Division of Management and Conservation of National Parks and Faunal
Reserves.
Date April 1985
RESERVE DE FAUNE DU BAHR SALAMAT
Management Category VI (Resource Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.12.07/3.04.04 (Western Sahel/West African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Partial
Date Established 29 February 1964 by Decree No. 49/EFC. Lac Iro Controlled Hunting Area
was incorporated on 8 November 1967 by Decree No. 262/PR/EF/PNR.
Geographical Location The reserve spans the préfectures of Salamat, Guéra and
Moyen-Chari. 9°35’-11°31’N, 18°31’-20°20°E.
Altitude 250-500m
Area 2,060,000ha, including Lac Iro Controlled Hunting Area (1,000,000ha); surrounds
Zakouma National Park (300,000ha).
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The reserve comprises the immense plain, which is drained from north to
south by the Bahr Salamat River and its tributaries. The meandering rivers only flow during
the rainy season when Lake Iro becomes inundated. Lake Iro, which is situated in the south of
the area, is characterized by numerous depressions with hydromorphic and halomorphic soils,
hard-pan tropical ferrous soils and, in places, deep tropical ferrous soils. During the dry
season some isolated waterholes persist round the lake margin. The climate is tropical with a
mean annual rainfall of between 800-950mm in the northern parts and between 950-1100mm
in the south.
Vegetation Characterised by a high species diversity, and includes all the major Sudanese
savanna associations, from Mimosaceae savanna to Caesalpiniaceae savanna. The predominant
wooded savanna is characterised by Combretaceae (Terminalia, Anogeissus, and Combretum
species) and leguminous savanna species, interspersed with dense forest patches. There are also
numerous marshes along the water courses.
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Chad
Fauna The mammal fauna resembles that found in Zakouma National Park with additional
populations of giant eland Taurotragus derbianus (T), and hippopotamus Hippopotamus
amphibius. The resident large mammal fauna is representative of the Sahelian and Sudanese
savanna and includes lion Panthera leo, leopard P. pardus (T), species of hyena, serval Felis
serval, African civet Civettictis civetta, genet Genetta sp., elephant Loxodonta africana (T),
buffalo Syncerus caffer, waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, kob K. kob, giraffe Giraffa
camelopardalis, roan antelope Hippotragus equinus, kongoni Alcelaphus buselaphus,
topi Damaliscus lunatus, bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, greater kudu T. strepsiceros,
ouribi Ourebia ourebi, common duiker, Sylvicapra grimmia, warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus,
vervet monkey Cercopithecus aethiops, and patas monkey Erythrocebus patas. Nile
crocodile Cracodylus niloticus (V) inhabit the rivers. The diverse avifauna includes
ostrich Struthio camelus.
Zoning Lac Iro Controlled Hunting Reserve occupies the southern part of the reserve. The
whole area is a buffer zone to Zakouma National Park, located in the north.
Disturbances or Deficiencies The greatest threat is from well armed poachers (both local
people and nomads passing through the area. The problem is aggravated by the lack of
sufficient personnel and equipment, especially when faced with guns acquired from military
sources. Some encroaching cultivation and grazing continue within the park boundaries.
Scientific Research Gillett and d’Elzius (1964) produced a preliminary report on the reserve’s
fauna and its conservation for the Government of Chad.
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
° Cabot, J. and Bouquet, C. (1972). Practical Atlas of Chad. National Institute of Social
Sciences. 79 pp.
° Gillet, H. and d’Elzius, C. (1964). Preliminary Report for the Chad Government on Fauna
and its Conservation. FAO, Rome.
° Stanguennec, B. (1975). Parcs nationaux et réserves de faune du Tchad.
Staff One forest warden and 48 parks guards (shared with Zakouma National Park).
Budget The State provides staff salaries. The running costs of 28,000,000 FCFA was granted
by the Government to the Department of National Parks and Nature Reserve for operational
costs in 1983.
Local Park or Reserve Administration The main reserve is administered with Zakouma by the
East Sector, while the southern part, along with Manda National Park, is administered by the
South Sector of the Division of Management and Conservation of National Parks and Faunal
Reserves.
Date April 1985
RESERVE DE FAUNE BINDER-LERE
Management Category VI (Resource Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.04.04 (West African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Partial; traditional use is allowed
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Date Established 24 May 1974 by Decree No. 169/PR/EFPC/PNR
Geographical Location In sub-préfecture Léré, Mayo-Kebbi préfecture. 9°30’-9°50’N,
14°10°-14°45°E.
Altitude 280-500m
Area 135,000ha
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The area is essentially rocky with eroded soils and a granite substrate
centred round the Gauthiot Falls on the Mayo-Kebbi River, which flows from east to west
across the reserve. There are also two lakes, Léré and Trene. The climate is tropical with a
mean annual rainfall of between 800 and 950mm.
Vegetation The reserve lies in the transition zone between the open forest and savanna
woodland dominated by Leguminosae to the south, and the Combretum woodland to the north.
The savanna is very characteristic of this region, with Anogeissus and Boswellia the dominant
genera.
Fauna’ The reserve was established to protect the hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius
population of the lakes. Other mammals include, lion Panthera leo, leopard P. pardus (T),
African civet Civettictis civetta and genet Genetta sp., greater kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros,
topi Damaliscus lunatus, bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, baboon Papio sp., _ patas
monkey Erythrocebus patas, and vervet monkey Cercopithecus aethiops. The avifauna includes
ostrich Struthio camelus, guinea-fowl, and francolins, with numerous other species favouring
the lake area.
Conservation Management’ The local inhabitants celebrate a week-long festival (the ’féte of
the guinea-fowl’), usually during May when the hunting of wildfowl and rodents is permitted.
Zoning No information
Disturbances or Deficiencies There have been reports of damage by elephants to plantations
in the surrounding area, however, there were no traces of elephant where the reserve was
surveyed and the local inhabitants have not seen them for 50 years. There are many villages,
industries and much cultivation (of millet, peanuts, cotton etc) surrounding the reserve.
Poaching is severe both by raiders from Cameroon as well as military personnel. The reserve
has not been developed in any way since it was established, although surveillance is carried out.
Visitor Facilities No information
Scientific Research Some pediological and topographical research has been carried out, as
well as various ecological and geographical studies by Thal (1973).
Special Scientific Facilities Meteorological stations at Pala, south of the reserve, and Léré and
Mombaroua within the reserve.
Principal Reference Material
° Cabot, J and Bouquet, C. (1972). Practical atlas of Chad. National Institute of Social
Sciences. 79 pp.
° Stanguennec, B. (1975). Parcs nationaux et réserves de faune du Tchad.
° Thal, J.A. (1973). Réserve de faune Binder-Léré. Institute of Animal Husbandry and
Veterinary Medicine for Tropical Countries, N’Djamena.
Staff One technical assistant from the water and forests department, 20 national park guards
and three permanent workers
Budget No information
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Chad
Local Park or Reserve Administration South-west sector, Division of Management and
Conservation of National Parks and Faunal Reserves.
Date April 1985
RESERVE DE FAUNE DE FADA ARCHEI
Management Category No category assigned
Biogeographical Province 3.12.07 (Western Sahel)
Legal Protection Partial
Date Established 7 October 1967 by Decree No. 232/PR/EFPC/PNR
Geographical Location In sub-préfecture Fada of préfecture Borkou-Ennedi-Ti.
16°35’-17°15°N, 21°10°-21°32’E.
Altitude 500-1,000m
Area 211,000ha
Land Tenure National
Physical Features The reserve comprises a rocky area with an eroded substrate interspersed
with wadis and barren sand dunes in the south-west. It is within the tropical desert zone and is
characterised by ’gueltas’, small permanent ponds with rocky bottoms. The mean annual
precipitation is less than 50mm.
Vegetation The area is notably barren with a depauperate flora. There are some Acacia spp.
scattered throughout and Balanites spp. near the wadis.
Fauna The reserve was primarily established to protect the barbary sheep Ammotragus lervia,
but there are also small groups of addax Addax nasomaculatus (V), oryx Oryx sp., dorcas
gazelle Gazella dorcas, addra gazelle G. dama, leopard Panthera pardus (V), caracal Felis
caracal, aardvark Orycteropus afer, cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (V), and desert rodents.
Ostrich Struthio camelus are found in reasonable numbers. There are also some relic crocodiles
in the guelta of Archei.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies There has been a lack of personnel within the park since 1972 as
a result of political instability in the region, and insufficient equipment since establishment.
Poaching has become more elaborate with the introduction of modern weaponry to the civilians
by the military stationed at Fada.
Scientific Research There has apparently been no further scientific work done in the park
since Gillet and d’Elzius prepared a preliminary report on the reserve’s fauna and conservation
for the Chad Government in 1963.
Special Scientific Facilities None
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Principal Reference Material
° Cabot, J. and Bouquet, C. (1972). Practical Atlas of Chad. National Institute of Social
Sciences. 79 pp.
° Gillet, H. and d’Elzius, C. (1964). Preliminary Report for the Chad Government on Fauna
and its Conservation. FAO, Rome.
Staff None in 1983
Budget None in 1983
Local Park or Reserve Administration This area was administered by the Northern sector
station which was in Ouadi Rime-Ouadi Achim Reserve, Division of Management and
Conservation of National Parks and Faunal Reserves.
Date April 1985
RESERVE DE FAUNE DE MANDELIA
Management Category No category assigned
Biogeographical Province 3.04.04 (West African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Partial
Date Established 7 October 1967 by Decree No. 231/PR/EFC/PNR, modified by Decree No.
199/PR/EFPC/PNR of 24 June 1969.
Geographical Location In the sub-préfecture of N’Djamena, Chari-Baguirmi préfecture. The
Chari and Logone rivers demarcate the eastern and western boundaries respectively.
11°15’-11°50’N, 15°00’-15°15’E.
Altitude 250-500m
Area 138,000ha
Land Tenure National
Physical Features Although the reserve is situated in the sahelian climatic zone, it is
inundated during the wet season by the floodwaters of the Chari River in the east and of the
Logone River in the west. The soils are predominately sedimentary. The annual rainfall varies
between 500 and 800mm.
Vegetation Fairly dense savanna woodland predominates, characterised by species
of Terminalia, Anogeissus, and Combretum. The Sudano-Guinean species of Jsoberlinia
and Monotes dominate the strips of vegetation along the watercourses.
Fauna Mammals include elephant Loxodonta africana (T), (some 660 individuals when the
reserve was established), kob Kobus kob, bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, red-fronted
gazelle Gazella rufifrons, warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus, and aardvark Orycteropus afer.
Large numbers of birds gather around the waterholes and the two rivers.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies The principal problems are insufficient staff and equipment to
combat the illegal grazing, cultivation, and hunting, both by local people as well as intruders
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Chad
from Cameroon. Large numbers of animals have migrated to Cameroon to escape hunting
pressure, although there are reports of elephant and kob returning to Chad. There are several
villages within the reserve. Also, several military bridges have been erected over the rivers at
strategic points. It has been reported that this protected area may be degazetted.
Scientific Research The only scientific studies were carried out by FAO in 1964.
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
° Cabot, J. and Bouquet, C. (1972). Practical Atlas of Chad. National Institute of Social
Sciences. 79 pp. ;
° Gillet, H. and d’Elzius, C. (1964). Preliminary Report for the Chad Government on Fauna
and its Conservation. FAO, Rome.
° Stanguennec, B. (1975). Parcs nalionaux et réserves de faune du Tchad.
Staff One forester and 22 wardens
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration South-west Sector, Division of Management and
Conservation of National Parks and Faunal Reserves.
Date April 1985
RESERVE DE FAUNE DE OUADI RIME-OUADI ACHIM
Management Category No category assigned
Biogeographical Province 3.12.07 (Western Sahel)
Legal Protection Partial
Date Established 10 May 1969 by Decree No. 135/PR/EFPC/PNR. Decree No.
150/PR/EFPC/PNR of 27 May 1969 designated the northern half of the reserve as a controlled
hunting area.
Geographical Location In the préfectures of Biltine, Batha, Kanem, Borkou-Ennedi and
Tibesti. 13°48’-17°35’N, 17°35°-21°45°E.
Altitude 0-250m in the west, 250-500m in the east
Area 8,000,000ha (currently the third largest designated protected area in the world).
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The reserve lies in a shallow east-west depression which is part of the
massive Chad basin. It is basically featureless, consisting of a system of low, fixed sand dunes
of quaternary origin located to the north of the 16th parallel. However, there are some areas
with typical desert landscapes of shifting sands and groups of crescent-shaped barkhans in the
north, and outcrops of granitiferous bedrock in the regions of Ganatir and Oum Chewouba. At
Eléla, extensive volcanic deposits can be seen. The Goz Kerky contrasts with the rest of the
featureless region; it is a long, fairly continuous north to south running dune cordon that marks
the 332 metre strandline of the second expansion of the Palaeo-Chad Sea. Wadis, or temporary
£9092
IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
water courses, are the most prominent feature of the reserve. There are two climatic zones
within the reserve, desert and semi-desert. The rainy season generally lasts from June to
October, although rainfall is unpredictable and sporadic and Newby (1978) divided the year
into five periods. The mean daily temperature ranges from above 40°C in April, down to only
5°C in January.
Vegetation Three vegetation types have been described: 1) Wooded steppe in the south where
the fixed dunes, separated by wadis and depressions, occur. Annual grasses are found on the
dunes interspersed with trees such as Acacia senegal, Balanites aegyptiaca, Combretum
glutinosum, and Boscia senegalensis. Species confined to wetter areas include the perennial
grasses Cymbopogon schoenanthus and Anthephora nigritana, as well as annuals Sporobolus
helvolus and Corchorus olitorius, and the trees Acacia mellifera, Dalbergia melanoxylon,
and Cordia sinensis. 2) Sub-desert and steppe, which covers some two-thirds of the reserve. It
is characterised by grasses such as Aristida mutabilis, Chloris prieurii and Cenchrus biflorus,
and herbs such as Limeum viscosum, Indigofera hochstetteri, and Blepharis linariifolia. Trees
are concentrated in dune depressions with Acacia tortilis the most adaptable. An abundant
species of interest is the wild melon Citrullus colocynthis, which provides much of the water
for vertebrate species. Around the wadis, grasses are profuse and species such as Panicum
laetum and Eragrostis sp. can be harvested in some years. 3) Desert in the northern section of
the reserve where there is very little permanent vegetation. An extremely hardy desert plant
is Cornulaca monacantha and manages to grow in clumps on open sandy soil.
Fauna’ The reserve was set up to protect ostrich Struthio camelus, cheetah Acinonyx jubatus
(T), addax Addax nasomaculatus (T), and scimitar-horned oryx Oryx dammah (T) and the
reserve holds one of the last viable, wild breeding populations of the oryx. Three gazelles,
dama Gazella dama, dorcas G. dorcas, and red-fronted G. rufifrons also occur here.
Thousands of Palaearctic migrant waterfowl visit the wadis during the short rainy season.
Newby (1978) describes 34 mammalian species (excluding rodents and bats) and 259 bird
species, with 102 species resident, 59 species seasonal visitors and 98 species Palaearctic
migrants.
Zoning There were two administrative sections and a northern controlled hunting area known
as ‘Ouadi Haouach’, but this was effectively abolished with the ban on firearms in 1976, and
addition of oryx and addax to the totally protected list in 1972-1973.
Disturbances or Deficiencies The most serious problems are poaching by nomads (with horses,
dogs and nets), motorised hunters, military personnel, and grazing, the latter resulting in the
exclusion of wild grazers from the best pastures. The opening of new deep wells near the
wintering quarters of the addax and oryx has increased poaching pressure, as it improves
accessibility, as well as increasing the number of domestic animals. Prior to 1979, there was
inadequate equipment for surveillance and guard stations sited on the edge of the reserve, but
since 1979, because of the security problems which have totally disrupted this region, all
personnel have left the area and all equipment has disappeared.
Scientific Research There have been several studies dating from 1962 (Gillet and d’Elzius,
1964; Newby, 1978). The area has potential both for ornithological studies, particularly of the
migratory birds and research into commercial utilisation of the oryx.
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
Bassett, T.H. (1975). Oryx and addax in Chad. Oryx XIII(1): 50-51.
° Cabot, J. and Bouquet, C. (1972). Practical Atlas of Chad. National Institute of Social
Sciences. 79 pp.
° Gillet, H. and d’Elzius, C. (1964). Preliminary report for the Chad Government on Fauna
and its Conservation. FAO, Rome.
Newby, J.E. (1978). Scimitar-horned Oryx the End of the Line? Oryx XIV(3): 219-221.
Newby, J.E. (1978). The ecological resources of the Ouadi Rimé - Ouadi Achim Faunal
Reserve. Report for WWF/IUCN Project 1327.
-128-
Chad
° Stewart, C.W.R. (1975). A vegetational survey of the Ouadi Rimé-Ouadi Achim Faunal
Reserve. WWF/IUCN Project 1327.
Staff Up to 1978 there were two ’chefs de secteurs’ (of whom one was a Frenchman), an
IUCN/WWF expert, and 50 guards. All staff have now left.
Budget Prior to 1978, salaries were paid by the government. WWF funded much of the
development costs.
Local Park or Reserve Administration Before the recent problems, the reserve was
administered from the Northern Sector Headquarters, Division of Management and
Conservation of National Parks and Faunal Reserves (Biltine Préfecture).
Date April 1985
RESERVE DE FAUNE DE SINIAKA-MINIA
Management Category No category assigned
Biogeographical Province 3.04.04 (West Africa Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Partial. The reserve is considered a national controlled hunting area with
hunting allowed, except of rhinoceros and greater kudu.
Date Established 17 May 1961 by Decree No. 97/PG/EF, and modified 4 April 1965 by Law
No. 964/PR/T.
Geographical Location In the sub-préfectures of Melfi and Bousso, in Guéra and
Chari-Bagurmi prefectures respectively. 10°8’-10°45’N, 17°45’-18°20°E.
Altitude 500-1,613m
Area 426,000ha
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The reserve lies in an immense plain, broken only by some rocky massifs in
the east which form the western boundary. They lie along a north-east axis and the highest
peak rises to 1,613m. The reserve is based on the hydrological system of the Siniaka and
Dorioum rivers, which drain from north to south, finally joining the Minia River which, in
turn, flows west in the southern section of the reserve. These meandering rivers flow during
the wet season and form waterholes in the dry season. The reserve lies in a transition zone
between the Guéra mountains to the north and the floodplain of Chari to the south. The soils
are extremely eroded and are principally hydromorphic, halomorphic and ferrous in nature.
The climate is tropical with a mean annual rainfall of between 800-950mm in the north, and
950-1100mm in the south.
Vegetation To the north, the flora comprises a number of thorny species which grades slowly
into Sudanese savanna, dominated firstly by Combretum spp., then by Daniellia spp. and Khaya
spp., or dense clusters of Anogeissus spp..
Fauna The reserve is important for its populations of black rhinoceros Diceros bicornis (T)(six
individuals were recorded in 1974 by aerial survey), greater kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros, and
giant eland Taurotragus derbianus (T). The mammal fauna is representative of African savanna
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
with leopard Panthera pardus (T), lion P. leo, spotted hyena Crocuta crocuta,
elephant Loxodonta africana (T), hippotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, buffalo Syncerus
caffer, kongoni Alcelaphus buselaphus, roan Hippotragus equinus, topi Damaliscus lunatus,
waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, kob K. kob, ouribi Ourebia ourebi, giraffe Giraffa
camelopardalis, red-fronted gazelle Gazella rufifrons, common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia,
warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus, African civet Civettictis civetta, genet Genetta sp., and
aardvark Orycteropus afer. Birds are abundant around the marshes and along the River Minia.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies Lack of staff and equipment is the principal deficiency,
especially when the poaching problem is exacerbated by the availability of military arms and
vehicles to the hunters. Camping grounds are in need of maintenance.
Scientific Research This reserve apparently has potential for botanical studies. There has
been no further scientific work done in the park since Gillet and d’Elzius prepared a
preliminary report on the reserve’s fauna and conservation for the Chad Government in 1963.
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
° Cabot, J. and Bouquet, C. (1972). Practical Atlas of Chad. National Institute of Social
Sciences. 79 pp.
° Gillet, H. and d’Elzius, C. (1964). Preliminary Report for the Chad Government on Fauna
and its Conservation. FAO, Rome.
Stanguennec, B. (1975). Parcs nationaux et réserves de faune du Tchad.
Staff Two parks department staff
Budget Salaries of two staff members are assured by the government.
Local Park or Reserve Administration Eastern Sector, Division of Management and
Conservation of National Parks and Faunal Reserves.
Date April 1985
-130-
COMOROS
-131-
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Area 2,274 sq.km
Population 385,000 (1983)
Parks and Reserves Legislation There is no legislation with respect to most reserves, however,
for economic reasons, the Government intends to declare certain sites as protected areas.
Mayotte is still administered by France and comes under French legislation: Law 60.708 of 22
July 1960, which applies to the establishment of National Parks, and the law of July 1976 (Loi
sur la protection de la nature) which applies to all aspects of conservation, including reserves.
The Mayotte lagoon is already protected to some extent as fishing is only allowed with
government authorisation. Within the Comoros there is a law protecting coral and sand, but
this is not enforced and both are used to produce lime and cement to build houses. National
monuments are recognised and although there is no legislation for these sites they are respected
by the people of Comoros.
Parks and Reserves Administration Environmental problems are dealt with by the Ministry of
Equipment, Environment and Urbanisation, and the Ministry of Production, Industry and Art.
Agriculture, forestry, fisheries, fauna and flora are managed under this latter Ministry by a
Central Federal Directorate for Rural Development (CEFADER). The Forestry Department
concentrates on the problem of revegetation to try and control erosion. Exotic species of plant
are used due to their rapid growth when compared to native species. The Fisheries Department
is managed in conjunction with the Society for Development of Fishing in Comoros
(SODEPEC).
Address
° Direction général de l’Environment de l|’Urbanisme et de I’Habitat, BP 12, Moroni.
Additional Information Demands for use of natural resources are rapidly expanding and
although the areas to be protected have been identified, the government lacks the finance and
technical expertise to establish these sites or ascertain priorities.
SODEPEC intends to create marine parks: at Mohéli on the islands of Nisoumachona (5ha) (a
strict nature reserve with fishing prohibited and only opened to scientists, surrounded by a
buffer zone where artisanal fishing is permitted); marine areas between Bangoi Kouni and
Ivoini, and Chindini and Malé (in the north and south of Grand Comore respectively); and
Chirononi on Anjouan. The volcano of Karthala on Grand Comore (5,000ha), has also been
suggested for protection by the government.
References
°* Noman, A.A.B. (1983). Rapport national pour les Comores. Unpublished IUCN report,
UNEP Regional Seas Programme.
-133-
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Area 342,000 sq.km
Population 1,740,000 (1984)
Parks and Reserves Legislation Law 7/62 of 20 January 1961 controls the exploitation and
protection of fauna and gives authority to the Hunting and Wildlife Protection Service (Service
des chasses et de la protection de la faune) to protect natural sites and create reserves. In order
to maintain sufficient density of game animals throughout the country, the regions and rural
communes are required to maintain as ’game reserves’ at least one fifth of their area. Protected
areas are of four kinds: Domaines de chasse - areas where hunting is allowed only with a big
game hunting permit which limits the number of animals that can be taken; Réserves de chasse
- domaines de chasse that have been closed to hunting for limited periods; Réserves de faune -
where hunting is totally prohibited but other traditional rights of usage are allowed (other
names such as ’réserve totale de la faune’ and ’réserve partielle de la faune’ appear to be loose
connotations of the same term); parcs nationaus - areas where all human exploitative activities
are excluded. It would appear that the designation of areas as domaines de chasses, réserves de
chasse and réserves de faune does not necessarily preclude forest exploitation. Classified
Forests and Protected Forests can be set up under the Forest Code (Law No. 4 of 4 January
1974), though both are open to controlled exploitation.
Parks and Reserves Administration All problems relating to wildlife and conservation are the
responsiblity of the Department of Water and Forestry (Départément des eaux et foréts), and
the administrative framework had been the same for many years. Recently this Department
has been reestablished as a Ministry. Protection of reserves is the responsibility of the Hunting
and Wildlife Protection Service (Service des chasses et de la protection de la faune) in the
regions or districts in which the areas are located. This Service is under the direct control of
the Division of Hunting, Fishing and Pisciculture (Direction de chasses, péche et pisciculture)
who also control the Service de la péche. The Division in Brazzaville is the conceptual’ side of
the operation while the regional offices are the ’executors’ (but still generally in a bureaucratic
rather than a field sense because of the general lack of field personnel).
Address
° Service de la chasse et de la conservation de la nature, Direction de chasses, péches et
pisciculture, Ministére des eaux et foréts BP 2153, Brazzaville.
° Direction des eaux et foréts, Ministére des eaux et foréts, BP 98, Brazzaville.
Additional Information The legislation regulating hunting and nature conservation is both
complete and very complex, but it is not fully implemented and is in need of revision (having
been set up before 1970 and in some cases before 1940). In 1982 there were only nine guards
working in the field to cover the entire protected area system, and severe shortages of
equipment were reported (Verschuren, 1982). There is still a large area of forest in Congo,
covering about 60% of the country (Verschuren, 1984), some is much disturbed, but the
northern block is one of the least disturbed in Africa. In contrast, the savanna parts of the
country are very disturbed and little of the original fauna remains. As a result of a survey in
1981, Verschuren recognised the forest as a resource of importance second only to the country’s
oil reserves, and suggested that a ministry especially for water and forests be set up (which has
since occured).
References
° Spinage, C.A. (1980). Parks and Reserves in Congo Brazzaville. Oryx XV(3): 292-295.
° Verschuren, J. (1982). Relance de la Conservation de la Nature. Report for the Ministry of
Water and Forests, Brazzaville, Congo. Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelle de Belgique.
° Verschuren, J. (1984). En pays plein d’avenir pour la faune forestiére d’Afrique: la
République du Congo. Extract from Chasse et Nature June 1984.
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Protected Areas
(hectares)
National Parks
Odzala 126,600
Faunal Reserves
Conkouati 300,000
Lefini 650,000
Lekoli-Pandaka 68,200
Mont Fouari 15,600
Nyanga North 7,700
Tsoulou (Km 77) 30,000
Subtotal 1,071,500
Reserves
Loudima 6,000
M’boko 90,000
Subtotal 96,000
Hunting Reserves
Mount Mavoumbou 42,000
Nyanga South 23,000
Subtotal 65,000
Biosphere Reserves
Parc national d’Odzala 110,000
PARC NATIONAL D’ODZALA
Management Category II and IX (National Park and Biosphere Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.02.01 (Congo Rain Forest)
Legal Protection Total (strict reserve)
Date Established First established in 1935 as a strict nature reserve. Gazetted in 1940 as a
National Park of 110,000ha by Arrété No. 2243 of 27 July. This law provided for a more
precise definition of the boundaries to be established, but this has never been done. Accepted
in January 1977 as a Biosphere Reserve.
Geographical Location Cuvette Region, M’Bomo District, north-west Congo. 30km east of
the Gabon border and 120km south-west of Ouésso on the Cameroon border. 0°35’-1°05’N,
14°40’-15°05’E.
Altitude 400-600m
Area National park 126,000ha; biosphere reserve 110,000ha. Odzala is part of a continuous
284,800ha conservation area with Lekoli-Pandaka (68,200ha) and M’boko (90,000ha) reserves.
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The area comprises an undulating plateau in the south, flattening out to the
north. The park contains the blue water Lake Moba and many natural saltpans. Boundaries
are defined by the Mambili River from the Odzala-Liouesso trail to the former Zalangoi post,
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the Zalangoi-Odzala trail, and the trail from Odzala to Liouesso to the Mambili. Mean annual
rainfall is 1595mm falling all year round. Monthly rainfall varies between 30mm (July) and
210mm (October), the driest months are January and June to August.
Vegetation About 90% of the park comprises dense evergreen forest of partly secondary
origin with dense underbrush of Marantaceae species. Vegetation varies with relief and denser
forest occurs in the south where the relief is greatest. Savanna occurs on the hilltops.
Fauna Typical forest fauna includes leopard Panthera pardus (T), lion P. leo, spotted
hyena Crocuta crocuta, elephant Loxodonta africana (T), dwarf buffalo Syncerus caffer nanus,
great forest hog Hylochoerus meinertzhageni, bushpig Potamochoerus porcus,
hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, gorilla Gorilla gorilla (T), chimpanzee Pan troglodytes
(T), bongo Tragelaphus euryceros, sitatunga T. spekei, duiker species including yellow-backed
duiker Cephalophus sylvicultor, and several monkey species. The rare giant African
swallowtail Papilio antimachus (R) has been recorded in this area.
Population Pygmies occupy certain areas of the park
Conservation Management No information
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies Poaching has been reported especially of elephant, gorilla and
chimpanzee for meat and trophies. Staff are few and stationed outside the park. The park has
never been developed and there is no tourism.
Visitor Facilities No information
Scientific Research No research has yet been carried out but scientific study should be made
of the ecosystems. Access is possible by the Mambili River in the north and east and by track
from Mbandza to Sembé in the west.
Special Scientific Facilities There are no scientific facilities.
Principal Reference Material
° No information
Staff One keeper (graduate of the wildlife school at Garoua in Cameroon) and four labourers
stationed outside the park in the administrative centre of Mbomo. The labourers are used only
to maintain the Mbomo-Camp Caravati track.
Budget Presumably covered by the central budget for parks and reserves.
Local Park or Reserve Administration Direction Régional des Eaux et Foréts for
Cuvette-Owando.
Date 1983
RESERVE DE FAUNE DE CONKOUATI
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.02.01 (Congo Rain Forest)
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Legal Protection Partial, but there is no means of execution. The fauna of the region is
supposed to be protected for a period of five years by order 4432/MEF/DEFRN/BC-17-01 of
20 May 1980 but application of this order depends on adequate management.
Date Established May 1980
Geographical Location Near the Gabon border, Kouilou Region, 150km from Pointe-Noire
on the Atlantic coast. 4°00’S, 11°20’W.
Altitude Near sea level
Area 300,000ha
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The reserve comprises a low-lying area with several lagoons (including
Lagune de Conkouati, Lac Kiroka, Lac Tchibenda and Lac Tchimba) connecting with the
Atlantic Ocean. There are fine beaches along the coast and mountainous areas inland.
Vegetation The main vegetation types include dense humid forest, stunted scrub, and areas of
mangrove.
Fauna Mammals include: buffalo Syncerus caffer, bush pig Potamochoerus porcus,
chimpanzee Pan troglodytes (T), mandrill Mandrillus sphinx (T), waterbuck Kobus
ellipsiprymnus, forest duikers Cephalophus spp., sitatunga Tragelaphus spekei, brush-tailed
porcupine Atherurus africanus, and manatee Trichechus senegalensis (T) in Lake Tchibenda.
Gorilla Gorilla gorilla (T) have been recorded in the area.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies Lack of finance and staff to control poaching has resulted in a
noticable decline in animal numbers. It is hoped that a marine section will be added to the
reserve, but due to a shortage of funding, no study has yet been made. There is still a sizeable
human population in the reserve and timber felling is gradually reducing the forest islands. Oil
exploration is being carried out.
Visitor Facilities There is potential, especially for sport fishing.
Scientific Research No information
Special Scientific Facilities No information
Principal Reference Material None listed
Staff None
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration Direction Régional des Eaux et Foréts, Point Noire.
Date 1983
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RESERVE DE FAUNE LEFINI
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.02.01 (Congo Rain Forest)
Legal Protection Partial
Date Established 26 November 1951. The reserve was established as a hunting reserve, but is
now termed a faunal reserve and was originally set up for a period of 30 years, but there is no
information on current status.
Geographical Location 125km north of Brazzaville between Bateke Plateau and Pool Regions.
The reserve stretches east to the Congo River which forms the border with Zaire.
2°30’-3°30’S, 15°05’-16°00°E.
Altitude 600-800m
Area 650,000ha
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The reserve is situated on the vast Bateke sandstone plateau dissected by
the Léfini and Nambouli rivers and their tributaries which have cut the plateau to depths of
200-300m, forming some spectacular canyons. The plateau is mainly composed of Kalahari
sands with generally black soils except for some sandy areas. The southern part is broken, hilly
country. There is a heavy rainfall of 1800-2500mm during a nine month wet season.
Temperatures range from 22°C to 30°C.
Vegetation The reserve is situated in an area of dense, dry forest, but comprises mainly open,
fire-induced Trachypogon and Hyparrhenia grassland savanna with islands of forest. The
savanna grassland ranges from short to medium height and from open treeless savanna to
well-wooded savanna with species including Hymenocardia and Nauclea. Most of the rivers
are bordered by gallery forest which is relatively luxuriant and in places impenetrable.
Fauna’ The fauna of the plateau is very reduced but species in the gallery forests include
elephant Loxodonta africana (T), buffalo Syncerus caffer, warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus
(the most common larger mammal in Congo), sitatunga Tragelaphus spekei, yellow-backed
duiker Cephalophus sylvicultor and common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia.
Hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius are present along the Louna and Lesio rivers. The
area has a rich diversity of waterfowl. Other birds include francolins Francolinus spp.,
bustards Eupodotis spp., guinea-fowl, turtledoves, and quail (all protected). The black-chinned
weaver Ploceus nigrimentum (K) may be protected by this reserve. The only record of it from
Congo is from nearby Djambala and there are only a few other records, all from Angola.
Zoning The Blue Lake of Mah area constitutes a buffer zone.
Disturbances or Deficiencies There are plans to dam part of the Léfini River at Imboulou
which could flood large areas of the reserve. Poaching of elephant and lion in particular has
caused the disappearance of these species from the banks of the Nambouti and Ngawonba
rivers. The guard posts at Mbé and Mboka-Lefiri are too far apart and the number of guards
too few to control poaching. Game was reported to be hunted out in 1980. Bushfires are
common. There are five villages in the reserve, but there is no information on their impact.
Visitor Facilities The planned development of tourism in the Nambouli sector has been halted
due to a shortage of guards, and the closure of the airstrip at Mpoh and tracks from Mpoh and
Ibou. Lodges at these sites have also been abandoned. The reserve is however, easily
accessible from Brazzaville. Facilities at Mah (159km from Brazzaville) could be upgraded to
provide visitor accommodation. The Blue Lake of Mah is considered a prime attraction.
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Scientific Research None
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material None listed
Staff One control station with four temporary guards
Budget Presumably covered by the central budget for parks and reserves.
Local Park or Reserve Administration No information
Date 1983
RESERVE DE FAUNE DE LEKOLI-PANDAKA
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.02.01 (Congo Rain Forest)
Legal Protection Partial
Date Established 3 December 1955, by decree
Geographical Location North-west Congo about 150km south-west of Ouesso on _ the
Cameroon border. Bordered by the Lekoli River in the north, the Mbomo-Mbandza road in
the west and the Etoumbi-Mbomo road in the south-west. 0°30’-0°46’N, 14°30°-15°14’E.
(The coordinates apply to the combined area with M’boko Reserve).
Altitude 200-300m
Area 68,200ha. The reserve is part of a continuous 284,200ha conservation area with M’boko
Reserve (90,000ha) and Odzala National Park (126,600).
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The Lekoli River is very deep in places, but has some saltpans which are
important in attracting fauna to the area. The soils are subject to landslides and washaways
when saturated during the long rainy season when up to 60% of the reserve is flooded. Storms
are fairly common in the short, dry season from June to August/September. Annual rainfall
ranges from 2500mm to 3800mm and mean monthly temperature from 23°C to 28°C.
Vegetation The reserve is located in the transition zone of two major vegetation types,
equatorial rainforest and scattered tree grassland savanna dominated by Andropogon (about one
third of the reserve).
Fauna Forest fauna include: gorilla Gorilla gorilla (T), bongo Tragelaphus euryceros,
sitatunga T. spekei, giant forest hog Hylochoerus meinertzhageni, forest elephant Loxodonta
africana cyclotis (T), and dwarf buffalo Syncerus caffer nanus. Savanna fauna include
lion Panthera leo and various antelope.
Zoning None
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Congo
Disturbances or Deficiencies There is poaching of game and fish, and, in particular, of
elephant and buffalo which are poisoned and shot at the saltpans. Access is difficult but is
mainly by the Lekoli River.
Scientific Research None
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material None listed
Staff Two staff who are also responsible for Odzala National Park. There are no control
stations.
Budget Presumably covered by the central budget for parks and reserves.
Local Park or Reserve Administration Direction Régional des Eaux et Foréts for
Cuvette-Owando.
Date 1983
RESERVE DE FAUNE DU MONT FOUARI
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.02.01 (Congo Rain Forest)
Legal Protection Partial
Date Established 8 February 1956 by Decree No. 535/CH
Geographical Location On the Gabon border in south-west Congo, 200km from Loubomo
(formerly Dolisie) on the main road to Libreville. 2°35’-3°00’S, 11°00’-11°40°E.
Altitude 100-400m
Area 15,600ha. The reserve is part of a continuous 98,600ha conservation area with Mount
Mavoumbou Hunting Reserve (42,000ha) and Nyanga North (7,700ha) and South (23,000ha)
reserves.
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features Much of the reserve comprises a plain (sometimes flooded) with numerous
marshy areas including Lac Bleu which is supplied from underground water. Mount Fouari is
an outstanding feature composed partly of calcareous rocks and is the source of a small river,
which sometimes dries up in the dry season. The south-west boundary is formed by the
Ngonge River which in places forms the border with Gabon. Red lateritic soils are
widespread, but there are areas of black cotton soil on the plains. Hot, humid equatorial
climate with a dry season from June to mid October and rainy season from October to May is
broken by a short, dry season in January/March. The rainfall averages 1200mm and it is one
of the driest parts of the country. Mean temperature range is 23°C-28°C.
Vegetation Ninety percent of the reserve comprises tall and short grassland savanna,
moderately well wooded. The tall grass Trachypogon savanna is burnt annually. Other
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fire-resistant species include Cymbopogon giganteus, Hyparrhenia spp., and Eragrostis
superba. Common tree species are Hymenocardia assida and Hannonia with many species of
Cyperaceae typical of the margins of marshy areas and banks of watercourses. The remaining
area comprises fairly dense limba Terminalia superba forest on Mount Fouari (made more
impenetrable by liberal growth of lianes), and gallery forest.
Fauna Mammals include: forest buffalo Syncerus caffer, bushpig Potamochoerus porcus,
waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, reedbuck Redunca arundinum, common duiker Sylvicapra
grimmia, and various monkeys. Forest elephant Loxodonta africana cyclotis (T) are nomadic
in this region and occasionally occur in the reserve. The avifauna includes pelican Pelecanus
sp..
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies There is poaching. A large number of buffalo were destroyed in
1970 and since then the area has largely been neglected.
Visitor Facilities Large animals are more numerous here than in other Congo reserves and the
reserve is one of the few areas with motorable tracks and where sightings can be guaranteed.
Facilities include a 50km tour, an airstrip (opened in 1966) and a visitor camp near the river
(though this is reported to be in poor condition).
Scientific Research None
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material None listed
Staff One conservator and six rangers
Budget Covered by a central budget for parks and reserves.
Local Park or Reserve Administration Direction Régional des Eaux et Foréts, Fouari, BP 2
Loubomo.
Date 1983
RESERVE DE FAUNE DE LA NYANGA NORD
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.02.01 (Congo Rain Forest)
Legal Protection Partial
Date Established 8 February 1956 by Decree No. 535/CH
Geographical Location Divenie District in south-west Congo, on the border with Gabon.
2°20°-3°10°S, 11°30’-12°00°E.
Altitude 150-300m
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Congo
Area 7,700ha. The reserve is part of a continuous 88,300ha conservation area with Mount
Mavoumbou Hunting Reserve (42,000ha), Mount Fouari Faunal Reserve (15,600ha), and
Nyanga South Hunting Reserve( 23,000ha).
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The area is separated from Nyanga South Reserve by the Nyanga River.
Lac Tsoubou (resembling Lac Bleu in Mount Fouari Reserve) is a prime feature. It is very
deep in one area with blue waters that are in constant circulation. Access to the shore is
difficult due to jagged limestone rocks dissected by erosion. The reserve also contains the
narrow Mitsoubou Gorge consisting of many natural rock formations. Soils are lateritic. The
humid equatorial climate has a main dry season from June to September and long rainy season
from October to May with a short break in February/March. Annual rainfall is 2500-3000mm
and mean temperature range 22°C-28°C.
Vegetation About 70% of the area comprises tall grass savanna in low-lying areas and short
grass savanna on_ slopes. The remaining area is gallery forest. Tree species
include Hymenocardia assida and Hannonia in the savanna areas and limba Terminalia superba
in the forested areas, but most of the species have yet to be identified.
Fauna Mammals include: waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, Bohar reedbuck Redunca redunca,
elephant Loxodonta africana (T), forest buffalo Syncerus caffer, hippopotamus Hippopotamus
amphibius, and various antelopes.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies Poaching
Scientific Research None
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material None listed
Staff No information
Budget Covered by the central budget for parks and reserves.
Local Park or Reserve Administration Direction Régional des Eaux et Foréts, Fouari, BP 2
Loubomo.
Date 1983
RESERVE DE FAUNE DE LA TSOULOU (KM77)
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.02.01 (Congo Rain Forest)
Legal Protection Partial
Date Established 7 January 1963, by decree
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Geographical Location South-west Congo on the south bank of the Niari River, which forms
the northern boundary. East of the road from Loubomo (formerly Dolisie) to Gabon and north
of the road to Makabana. 3°15’-3°55’S, 12°15’-12°45°E.
Altitude 50-100m
Area 30,000ha
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The reserve comprises a series of calcareous hills forming a hummocky
group over a 3km area. The major watercourses in the area are the Niari River and _ its
tributary the Tsoulou (Blue) River. Soils are mainly lateritic. The humid equatorial climate is
characterised by a dry season from June to September and a long rainy season from October to
May broken by a short, dry period from January to March. Mean annual rainfall is
2,500-3,000mm and mean temperature range 22°C-28°C.
Vegetation Most of the reserve lies within the woodland savanna zone with species
including Hymenocardia assida, Hannonia and Nauclea. Secondary forest occurs along the
Niari and Tsoulou Rivers with stands of Pandanus around the sluggish pools near the source of
the Tsoulou.
Fauna Mammals include: waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, giant forest hog Hylochoerus
meinertzhageni, bushpig Potamochoerus porcus, hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius,
buffalo Syncerus caffer nanus, forest elephant Loxodonta africana cyclotis (T), and
gorilla Gorilla gorilla (T).
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies Surveillance in the area has been reported as very poor and
poaching is common. The reserve is threatened by pressure from the surrounding population.
There is uncontrolled sport fishing.
Visitor Facilities Tracks to the Tsoulou River have been opened and a lodge constructed on
the bank. However, two camps with cooking facilities have been abandoned due to lack of
personnel.
Scientific Research None
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material None listed
Staff One game guard. One control station is now abandoned.
Budget Presumably covered by the central budget for parks and reserves.
Local Park or Reserve Administration Direction Régional des Eaux et Foréts.
Date 1983
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Congo
RESERVE DE LOUDIMA
Management Category VI (Resource Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.02.01 (Congo Rain Forest)
Legal Protection None
Date Established 1979
Geographical Location The reserve is near a crossroads between Mossendjo, Sibiti, Nkayi and
Loubomo.
Altitude No information
Area 6,000ha
Land Tenure No information
Physical Features No information
Vegetation Savanna
Fauna Mammals include buffalo Syncerus caffer, bushpig Potamochoerus porcus, and various
monkeys.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies Planted eucalypts and pine are harvested. The pine provide
shelter for the fauna of the savanna and should be protected.
Scientific Research No information
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material None listed
Staff One guard to control hunting in the area, but no control post
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration None
Date 1983
RESERVE DE GIBIER M’BOKO (AT M’BOMO)
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.02.01 (Congo Rain Forest)
Legal Protection Partial, with some controlled hunting allowed
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Date Established 3 December 1955 by Decree No. 4220
Geographical Location The north-west area of la Cuvette, west of the confluence of the
Oubangui and Zaire rivers. 0°30’-0°46’N, 14°30’-15°14’E. (The coordinates apply to the
combined area of M’boko and Lekoli-Pandaka Reserves).
Altitude 50-100m
Area 90,000ha. The reserve is part of a continuous 284,400ha conservation area with
Lekoli-Pandaka Faunal Reserve (68,200ha) and Odzala National Park (126,600ha).
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The reserve comprises the upper floodplain of rivers draining into the
Congo/Zaire near Mossaka. Soils are black and usually saturated. The climate is seasonal, with
a long, rainy season from September to May and a short, dry season from June to August,
often broken by scattered thunderstorms. Annual rainfall is 2500-3800mm and mean
temperature range 23°C-28°C.
Vegetation The vegetation comprises forest and scattered tree savanna. The forest is
characteristic of dense humid equatorial rainforest, but where valuable timber has been
extracted there are areas of relatively poor secondary forest.
Fauna Mammals include: elephant Loxodonta africana (T), buffalo Syncerus caf fer,
lion Panthera leo, bongo Tragelaphus euryceros, situtunga Tragelaphus spekei, waterbuck Kobus
ellipsiprymnus, and yellow-backed duiker Cephalophus sylvicultor.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies There is poaching. Access is difficult but there isa 32km track
in the reserve.
Visitor Facilities One lodge in good condition
Scientific Research None
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material None listed
Staff Control station and one conservator
Budget The salary of the conservator is presumably covered by the central budget for parks
and reserves.
Local Park or Reserve Administration Direction Régional des Eaux et Foréts for
Cuvette-Owando.
Date 1983
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Congo
LE DOMAINE DE CHASSE DU MONT MAVOUMBOU
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.02.01 (Congo Rain Forest)
Legal Protection Partial, with some controlled hunting
Date Established 8 February 1956 by Decree No. 535/CH
Geographical Location In Niari Region in the extreme west, north of the point where the
main road to Libreville runs along the border with Gabon. 2°40’-3°10°S, 11°40°-11°12°E.
Altitude 200-400m
Area 42,000ha. The reserve is part of a continuous 98,600ha conservation area with the
Nyanga North (7,700ha) and South (23,000ha) reserves and Mont Fouari Faunal Reserve
(15,600ha).
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The most outstanding feature is Mont Mavoumbou, which forms the south
boundary along the Gabon border. Some small watercourses flow down from the mountain
across the reserve. Soils are generally lateritic and red. The humid equatorial climate is
characterised by a dry season from June to September/mid October, and rainy season from
October to May. Annual rainfall is 2,500-3,000mm and mean temperature range 22°C-28°C.
Vegetation Most of the area comprises tall and medium grass savanna but there are some
isolated forest patches. The savanna is more or less wooded and is broadly similar to that of
Mont Fouari Reserve.
Fauna Mammals are similar to those in Mont Fouari Reserve and include: elephant Loxodonta
africana (T), buffalo Syncerus caffer, sitatunga Tragelaphus spekei, waterbuck Kobus
ellipsiprymnus, reedbuck Redunca arundinum, and yellow-backed duiker Cephalophus
sylvicultor.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies Poaching
Scientific Research None
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material None listed
Staff Two game guards. Two control stations are now abandoned.
Budget Presumably from the central budget for parks and reserves
Local Park or Reserve Administration Direction Régional des Eaux et Foréts for Niari, BP 2,
Loubomo.
Date 1983
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LE DOMAINE DE CHASSE DE LA NYANGA-SUD
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.02.01 (Congo Rain Forest)
Legal Protection Partial, with some controlled hunting
Date Established 8 February 1956 by Decree No. 535/CH
Geographical Location South of the Nyanga River near the point where it crosses the Gabon
border. Nyari Region of south-west Congo. 2°40’-3°10°S, 11°30’-11°12°E.
Altitude 200-400m
Area 23,000ha. The reserve is part of a continuous 98,600ha conservation area with Nyanga
North (7,700ha), Mont Mavoumbou (42,000ha) and Mont Fouari (15,600ha) reserves.
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features. The reserve is separated from Nyanga North Reserve by the Nyanga
River. Red lateritic soils occur throughout. The humid equatorial climate is characterised by a
dry season from June to September and a long, rainy season from October to May broken by a
short dry season in February/March. Annual rainfall is 2,500-3,000mm and mean temperature
range 22°C-28°C.
Vegetation About 85% of the reserve comprises fairly well wooded savanna. The remaining
area is secondary forest noted for stands of limba Terminalia superba.
Fauna Mammals include bongo Tragelaphus euryceros, situtunga Tregelaphus spekei,
bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, buffalo Syncerus caffer
nanus, lion Panthera leo, and forest elephant Loxodonta africana (T).
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies There is poaching and unauthorised timber felling, particularly
of limba.
Scientific Research Some animal surveys
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material None listed
Staff No information
Budget Covered by central budget for parks and reserves
Local Park or Reserve Administration Direction Régional des Eaux et Foréts for Niari, BP 2,
Loubomo.
Date 1983
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Cote d Ivoire
COTE D'IVOIRE
Area 322,462 sq.km
Population 8,500,000 (1984); nearly 14% in or near Abidjan
Parks and Reserves Legislation The procedure for declaring areas as national parks or other
reserves was fixed by Decree 66-433 of 15 September 1966. Under this Decree, the National
Parks Department (Direction des parcs nationaux) of the Ministry of Water and Forests
(Ministére des eaux et foréts) presents a study document containing a detailed description of
the proposal to the Secretary of State for National Parks. If approved in principle, it is
referred to the heads of the prefecture and sub-prefectures concerned for discussion and
agreement on the eventual legislative measures required. When agreement has been reached,
the area is declared a ’parc national’ or ’réserve’ by Presidential Decree. Classified Forests,
where forest exploitation may continue but where agricultural clearance is prohibited, are set
up under the Forest Code of 20 December 1965.
Parks and Reserves Administration Administration of protected areas is the responsibility of
the National Parks Department (Direction des parcs nationaux), within the Ministry of Water
and Forests (Ministére des eaux et foréts).
Address
° Direction des parcs nationaux, Ministére des eaux et foréts, BP V 178, Abidjan.
Additional Information Although hunting was banned in 1973, poaching is now one of the
principal threats to parks. Lack of trained and properly equipped staff exacerbates this
problem. The other major threat is encroachment from competing land uses; the natural
communities in most of the country have been severely affected by timber extraction, forest
clearance, uncontrolled fire and agricultural settlement. 90% of the classified forests (forét
classée) have disappeared, and if clearance continues at the present rate of approximately
500,000ha/year there will be no forests left by 1991. A programme of intense reafforestation
has therefore been recommended.
Development of the south-western region of the Ivory Coast within the past 15 years has been
one of the fastest in West Africa (Morris, 1979; IUCN/UNEP, 1983). The Ivory Coast invited
a WWF/IUCN delegation in June 1983 to discuss the preparation of a National Conservation
Strategy for the country. Following the visit, the delegation presented a report to the Ivory
Coast authorities, setting out the nature of a national conservation strategy and how it should
be prepared, summing up the present situation in the Ivory Coast and recommending measures
to follow to prepare the strategy. The report recommends that a pilot demonstration project be
carried out at the same time as the national strategy is being prepared. Two examples were put
forward as suitable for pilot projects, one focusing on the protection of Tai National Park and
the other on the Soubré Dam.
References
° Hadley, M. and Lanly, J.P. (1983). Ecosystémes des foréts tropicales, différences et
similitudes. Nature et Ressources 19(1): 2-19.
° Morris, D. (1979). Report on a Visit to Ivory Coast, West Africa. Internal Report. Nature
Conservancy Council, UK.
° IUCN/WWF Project 3207. Ivory Coast, Development Plan for Tai National Park.
° IUCN/UNEP (1983). La réparition des aires protégées en fonction des besoins de la
conservation des communautés biotiques de l’Afrique Centrale et de 1’Ouest. Working
Document. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.
° Thiollay, J.M. (1985). The Birds of the Ivory Coast: Status and Distribution. Malimbus 7: 59.
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Protected Areas
National Parks
Azagny
Banco
Comoe
Marahoue
Mont Peko
Mont Sangbe
Tai
Strict Nature Reserves
Mont Nimba
Botanical Reserves
Divo
Reserves
Haut Bandama
Partial Faunal Reserves
N’Zo
Biosphere Reserves
Parc national de la Comoe
Parc national de Tai
World Heritage Sites
Parc national de la Comoe
Reserve naturelle integrale de Mont Nimba
Tai National Park
PARC NATIONAL D’AZAGNY
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.01.01 (Guinean Rain Forest)
Legal Protection Total
(hectares)
17,000
30,000
1,150,000
101,000
34,000
95,000
330,000
Subtotal 1,757,000
5,000
123,000
73,000
1,150,000
330,000
Subtotal 1,480,000
1,150,000
5,000
330,000
Subtotal 1,488,000
Date Established 26 July 1926 under Order No. 1.027 as a strict nature reserve.
National Park by the President in 1981.
Geographical Location An area between the Bandama River (near the mouth) on the west and
the Ebrie Lagoon on the east, 75 km west of Abidjan. 5°09’-5°16’N, 4°48’-4°58’W.
Altitude Approximately at sea level
Area 17,000ha; contiguous to Azagny ’zone de protection’ (2,500ha) on the north and
north-east boundaries.
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Céte d'Ivoire
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The park contains the Bandama River, Ebrié Lagoon and the Asagny
Canal, which links them. Essentially, it is a waterlogged basin bounded by slightly higher land
to the north and west. The area has an artificially maintained water system as well as naturally
fluctuating water levels. It lies within the sub-equatorial climatic regime with very high
rainfall and no marked dry season. Mean annual rainfall is estimated to be 2,300mm.
Vegetation The park includes a small area of mangroves mainly Rhizophora racemosa
and Avicennia nitida, various kinds of swamp formations (occupying about two-thirds of the
park area), groundwater forest, and coastal savanna. There are many palms including the wild
date Phoenix reclinata, borassus Borassus aethiopum, and Raphia. The savannas are dominated
by lalang grass Imperata cylindrica.
Fauna The area contains many species of monkey including chimpanzee Pan troglodytes (T).
Other larger mammals include: West African manatee Trichechus senegalensis (T) (only in the
lagoon on the boundary), elephant Loxodonta africana (T) (especially characteristic of the
park), bushpig Potamochoerus porcus, and dwarf forest buffalo Syncerus caffer nanus
(abundant). All three species of crocodile, Crocodylus niloticus (V), Crocodylus palustris (V)
and Crocodylus cataphractus (I), are present but in very low numbers. The area has a large
avifauna and is possibly of international significance for many migratory species.
Conservation Management A management plan has been prepared. Resettlement of N’Gban
people has been carried out. Recommendations have been made to increase the visibility and
number of animal populations by increasing protection, ameliorating nutritional conditions,
re-introducing species such as chimpanzee, pygmy hippopotamus and antelope, and restocking
the presently low populations of crocodile.
Zoning There is a buffer zone on the north and north-east boundaries in which human
habitation is prohibited and no new cultivation is allowed. Maintenance of existing plantations
of coffee, cocoa, coconut palms and hevea is permitted.
Disturbances or Deficiencies Problems include poaching, forest exploitation and agricultural
encroachment. Due to past hunting pressure, animal species are extremely shy and the lack of
sightings could discourage tourism. Some populations are at very low numbers. The park is
isolated in the middle of developed land and the fauna is cut off from the surrounding dry
land when the park area is flooded. There is oil exploration with explosives.
Visitor Facilities The World Bank are providing funding for the development of the area for
tourism, which includes the establishment of signs, tracks and camps. The area has been
reopened to tourists who can fly over to view elephant and buffalo.
Scientific Research Between 1976 and 1978, a monitoring study of mammal species was
carried out by MATA, using indicitive studies only, such as dung and tracks. There are also
studies by the ’Centre Néelandais d’Adiopoudoumé’ to ascertain the best modifications of old
plantations and pastures to ameliorate conditions for fauna and forest regeneration.
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
° Bouichou, A. (1978). Etude géographique de la réserve d’Azagny et de son environment
anthropique. Masters thesis, Paris University VIII 79 pp plus annexes.
Roth, H.H. (1983). Programme d’Aménagement et de Reconstitution de la Faune Sauvage du
Parc national d’Azagny. Report for Directions des Parcs et Réserves.
Zirimba, S., (undated). Etude du projet d’aménagement de la réserve d’Azagny.
Staff No information
Budget None
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Local Park or Reserve Administration Cantonnement de Grand Lahou
Date 1983
PARC NATIONAL DU BANCO
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.01.01 (Guinean Rain Forest)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 1953
Geographical Location North bank of the Ebrié lagoon around the mouth of the small Banco
River. About 10km west of Abidjan in southern Céte d’Ivoire. Approximately 5°19’N, 4°02’W.
Altitude Sea level to 110m
Area 30,000ha
Land Tenure Classified forest reserve under national ownership.
Physical Features An area of dense rainforest traversed by the River Banco.
Vegetation A remnant of tropical rainforest. Trees include: mahogany Khaya spp.,
avodiré Turraeanthus africanus, niangon Heritiera utilis (or Tarrietia), and azobé (or African
oak) Lophira alata. An arboretum and a few plantations, especially of teak, have been
established in cleared areas.
Fauna Fauna not abundant but recorded species include white-nosed monkey Cercopithecus
nictitans, black and white colobus Colobus polykomos, African civet Civettictis civetta,
genet Genetta genetta, bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, and Maxwell’s duiker Cephalophus
maxwelli. Chimpanzee Pan troglodytes (V) were found in this area, but are now reported to be
absent.
Zoning There is a small zone developed for recreational activities with seats, shelters and an
arboretum.
Disturbances or Deficiencies Poaching, and extension of the Abidjan road system. There are
plans to use the area for breeding forestry animals.
Visitor Facilities There are a number of bitumen tracks within the park. It isa popular area
for people from Abidjan.
Scientific Research No information
Special Scientific Facilities The Cdte d’Ivoire forest school is located in the park with an
arboretum and experimental centre of silviculture.
Principal Reference Material None listed
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Céte d'Ivoire
Staff Insufficient
Budget None
Local Park or Reserve Administration Chef d’Inspection, Abidjan.
Date 1983
PARC NATIONAL DE LA COMOE
Management Category II and IX (National Park and Biosphere Reserve)
World Heritage Site (Criteria: ii)
Biogeographical Province 3.04.04 (West African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 8 February 1968 by Decree No. 68-81. Originally protected as the ’réserve
de faune de Bouna-Komoé’ by Decree 1605 of 4 March 1953 though rudimentary protection
existed since 1926. Accepted as a Biosphere Reserve and a World Heritage Site in 1983.
Geographical Location Extending from 35km south-west of Bouna, in the north-east
préfectures of Bouna and Ferkessedougou, westwards across the Comoé River to the vicinity of
Kong. 600km from Abidjan. 8°05’-9°06’N, 3°01°-4°04’W.
Altitude 119-658m (Mont Yévelé)
Area 1,150,000ha
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The park comprises an interfluvial peneplain of schist and granite between
the Comoé and Volta rivers, with mean altitude of 250 to 300m and a series of ridges and
granite inselbergs rising to 600m. The River Comoé and its tributaries form the principal
drainage and the Comoé runs through the park for 230km. Watercourses also drain to the Volta
in the east. Permanent and semi-permanent water occurs in many places. The soils are
infertile and unsuitable for cultivation. There is a Sudan-type humid tropical transitional
climate with mean annual rainfall of 1200mm and a single dry season of six months in the
south and eight months in the north. Mean annual temperature is 26°C.
Vegetation The park contains a remarkable variey of habitats and plant associations found,
more often, further south, including savanna, forests and riparian grasslands. It provides an
outstanding example of an area of transitional habitat from forest to savanna. Open forest and
savanna woodland characteristic of the Sudano-Guinean zone, occupies about 90% of the area,
and gallery forest and dense dry forest, about 10%. All types of savanna occur. The forest is
composed of many leguminous trees including Burkea africana, Detarium micranthum, Afzelia
africana, Daniellia oliveri, and Isoberlinia doka. The savanna grasslands consist mainly
of Panicum, Ctenium, Andropogon, Elionurus and Cymbopogon species varied by some Bauhinia
spp., Combretum spp. and Gardenia spp. thicket. The gallery forests are dominated
by Cynometra vogelii; the patches of dense dry forest by Jsoberlinia doka, Anogeissus
leiocarpus, Cola cordifolia, Antiaris africana, Chlorophora excelsa, and the edible
*akee’ Blighia unijugata; and the flood plains by Hyparrhenia rufa. Other forest species
recorded include: Parkia biglobosa, Pterocarpus erinaceus, Combretum, Terminalia,
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
including 7. avicennioides, shea nut Butyrospermum parkii and Uapaca somon, Lophira
lanceolata, Protea elliotii, Burkea africana, Borassus aethiopum, Mitragyna inermis and Entada
abyssinica, a grassy ground cover of Andropogon spp.. Areas of specialised vegetation occur on
the rocky inselbergs and in aquatic habitats. A species list for the park can be found with the
biosphere reserve nomination form submitted to Unesco.
Fauna Comoé forms the northerly limit for some species including yellow-backed
duiker Cephalophus sylvicultor and bongo Tragelaphus euryceros. There are a large number of
mammal species with 11 species of monkey including: anubis baboon Papio anubis, green
monkey Cercopithecus aethiops, diana monkey Cercopithecus diana, mona monkey C. mona,
lesser white-nosed monkey C. petaurista, white collared mangabey Cercocebus torquatus
lunulatus, black and white colobus Colobus polykomos and chimpanzee Pan troglodytes (T); 17
species of carnivore including lion Panthera leo and leopard Panthera pardus (T); giant
pangolin Manis gigantea, aardvark Orycteropus afer, and rock hyrax Procavia capensis; and 21
species of artiodactyl including bushpig Potamochoerus porcus, warthog Phacochoerus
aethiopicus, hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, elephant Loxodonta africana (T),
bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, sitatunga Tragelaphus spekei, buffalo Syncerus caffer
aequinoctialis, red-flanked duiker Cephalophus rufilatus, waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus,
kob Kobus kob, roan antelope Hippotragus equinus and oribi Ourebia ourebi. Birds include 10
species of herons such as grey heron Ardea cinerea, goliath heron Ardea goliath, yellow-billed
egret Egretta intermedia, ducks (Anatidae), raptors (Accipitridae), plovers and francolins
(Phasianidae), hammerkop Scopus umbretta, black winged stilt Himantopus himantopus, four of
the six West African stork species, and five of the six West African vulture species. Reptiles
include all three species of African crocodile, slender-snouted Crocodylus cataphractus (1)
(9%), Nile C. niloticus (V) (90%), and dwarf Osteolaemus tetraspis (I) (1%). A species list for
the park can be found with the biosphere reserve nomination submitted to Unesco.
Conservation Management A management plan has been produced. 17 patrol posts at
20-30km intervals are planned around the park boundary.
Zoning There is a strict reserve zone where tourism is prohibited. The development of a
buffer zone encompassing a contiguous game reserve is currently being studied. There are two
tourist zones within the park for short and long-term visits.
Disturbances or Deficiencies Problems include poaching particularly of elephant, roan and
waterbuck, though the threat is less serious since implementation of a vigorous anti-poaching
campaign in 1974. There is some agriculture, but the area has been little modified, mainly due
to the presence of the black fly Simulium sp., which causes river blindness in man, and which
has discouraged agricultural encroachments or settlements. Uncontrolled burning and grazing
of cattle from the south still occurs.
Visitor Facilities The park is only open during the dry season (November to April) when the
500km of tracks are accessible. There are hotels at Kak pin, Ganse and Kafola (safari lodge),
which are popular but expensive. Peak periods for visitors from the Cote d'Ivoire are
Christmas and Easter.
Scientific Research Research under the MAB programme including work on ungulates was
planned to start in 1983. A complete inventory of the natural resources of the park was
undertaken in 1974 with further studies financed by bilateral aid in 1977 and 1980. Work on
climate, vegetation, soils, hydrology, plant and animal populations and pollution has been
completed.
Special Scientific Facilities A scientific research station is due to be built in 1985. Limited
accommodation is available for scientists.
Principal Reference Material
° Feiler. (1981). Memoire, University of Wurzburg 1981: Etudes sur les modifications
saisonnieres des preferences d’habitat et des structures sociales del’Antiope Cobe dans le parc
de la Comoé.
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Cote d’Ivoire
° FGU-Kronberg (1979). Etat actuel des parcs nationaux de la Comoé et de Tai ainsi que de
la réserve d’Azagny et propositions visant a leur conservation et 4 leur développment aux
fins de promotion du tourisme. Tome 2: Parc National de la Comoé, Parties 1 et 2,
Abidjan, GTZ.
° Geerling, C. and Bokdam, J. (1973). Fauna of Comoé National Park, Ivory Coast. Biological
Conservation 5(4): 251-257.
° Lauginie, F. (1975). Composantes du milieu naturel et environnement socio-economique du
Parc National de la Comoé, Propositions de schema d’aménagement. Bureau pour le
Développement de la Production Agricole, Abidjan. 97 pp.
° Lauginie F. and Sournia, G. (1977). Essai de zoogéographie d’un milieu naturel protégé, le
parc national de la Comoé. Ann. Univ. Abidjan serie G. (Geographie) T 7: 146-188.
° Roth, H.H. et al. (1979). Etat actuel des parcs nationaux de la Comoé et de Tai ainsi que la
réserve d’Azagny et propositions visant a leur conservation. FGU-KRONBERG GMBH,
Vol. 4, Abidjan.
Staff | Eighty-two employees including fulltime staff of one park warden, seven assistant
wardens, 26 guards and 34 watchmen.
Budget No recent information but known to be insufficient.
Local Park or Reserve Administration Chef d’Inspection, Conservateur du Parc National de la
Comoé, Bouna.
Date 1982
PARC NATIONAL DE LA MARAHOUE
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.04.04 (West African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 9 February 1968 by Decree No. 68-80. Also a ’forét classé’.
Geographical Location West-central Céte d’Ivoire, north of the Bouaflé-Daloa road, along the
Bandama Rouge (Marahoué River). 7°17’-7°54’N, 5°46’-6°11°W.
Altitude 90-320m
Area 101,000ha
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The park comprises a relatively undulating area drained southwards by the
Bandama Rouge (Marahoué River) and tributaries. It is separated from the great lake formed
by the Bandama Blanc barrage by high ground. There are a number of dome-like hills
including Mont Sininglégo and Gobazta. The climate is typical Sudano-Guinean with a mean
annual rainfall of 1,100mm.
Vegetation In the east and north-east, Guinean savanna woodland occurs with Combretum,
Terminalia, and Isoberlinia species and Burkea africana, Daniellia oliveri, Pterocarpus
erinaceus, and Uapaca somon predominating (occupying about one-third of the park area). In
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
the south and south-west, there is dense deciduous forest and some gallery forest including
many good timber trees such as mahogany Khaya grandifolia, tali or ordeal tree Erythrophleum
ivorense, iroko Chlorophora excelsa, samba Triplochiton scleroxylon, aiele Canarium
schweinfurthii, kapok Ceiba pentandra, Mansonia altissima, Pycnanthus kombo, Terminalia
superba, Antiaris welwitschii, Antiaris africana, mulberry Morus mesozygia and Celtis zenkeri.
Fauna Both savanna and forest species are represented. Mammals include: olive baboon Papio
anubis, white-collared mangabey Cercocebus torquatus, mona monkey Cercopithecus mona, red
colobus Colobus badius, chimpanzee Pan troglodytes (T), African linsang Poiana richardsoni,
elephant Loxodonta africana (T)(about 50), hippo Hippopotamus amphibius,
bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, bongo Tragelaphus euryceros, buffalo Syncerus caffer,
red-flanked duiker Cephalophus rufilatus, bay duiker Cephalophus dorsalis, black
duiker Cephalophus niger, kob Kobus kob, waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, reedbuck Redunca
arundinum, and bubal hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus.
Conservation Management The savanna is burnt each year, mainly by poachers.
Zoning No information
Disturbances or Deficiencies There is illegal forest exploitation, plantations and heavy
poaching. Pesticide pollution (used to poison fish) has wiped out the aquatic life in "Marigot
des Elephants’ (Elephants Marsh). The density of game is low, although herds of buffalo are
easily seen, as poachers kill mainly antelopes.
Visitor Facilities There has been development of road facilities for visitors and park staff.
The town of Yamoussaukros (80km) is being extensively modernised and major tourism
facilities have been developed. Officially the park is open all year but the most favourable
period is from January to April (dry season).
Scientific Research Workers from Wageningen University are monitoring the side-effects of
insecticide spraying against tsetse flies (1983), which is being carried out by the World Health
Organisation.
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
Alexandre, D.Y. (1980). La régime des éléphants du centre de la Céte d’Ivoire. La Terre et
la Vie 34(4): 655-657.
° Sutterfield, T. (1979). Etude sur les éléphants du parc national de la Marahoué. Miéinistére
des Eaux et Foréts. Service d’Aménagement de Bonaflé.
°. (Mammal species for the park are listed in a pamphlet produced by the National Parks
Service.)
Staff Insufficient (Three listed in 1977)
Budget Insufficient
Local Park or Reserve Administration No information
Date 1983
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Céte d’Ivoire
PARC NATIONAL DU MONT PEKO
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.01.01 (Guinean Rain Forest)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 9 February 1968 under Decree No. 68-79. Also a ’forét classé’.
Geographical Location West-central region, about 120km south-east of Man and west of the
Sassandra river. In the sub-préfectures of Duékoué and Bangolo. 6°53’-7°08’N, 7°11’-21’W.
Altitude 400-1,002m
Area 34,000ha. The ’réserve de faune du N’Zo’ (73,000ha) and ’parc national de Tai’
(330,000ha) are about 60km south of the park.
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The region is mountainous, with many summits at or exceeding 1,000m. It
is drained by tributaries of the Sassandra River. It has a characteristically Guinean type
climate with mean annual rainfall of 1,700mm falling almost entirely between May and October.
Vegetation About 80% of the park is covered by dense deciduous forest of species such as
white mahogany Khaya anthotheca and _ ilarge-leaved mahogany K._ grandifolia,
Entandrophragma sp., Triplochiton scleroxylon, Terminalia superba, iroko Chlorophora excelsa,
wild cacao Heritiera utilis and wild rubber Funtumia sp., African oak Lophira lanceolata, and
the monotypic Piptadeniastrum africanum. The remaining 20% is savanna woodland of a
Guinean type or resulting from degradation of the forest with species such as Terminalia
spp., Combretum spp., Pterocarpus erinaceus, Isoberlinia spp., Afzelia africana, Burkea
africana, Daniellia oliveri, and Uapaca togoensis.
Fauna Mammals include: anubis baboon Papio anubis, chimpanzee Pan troglodytes (T),
long-tailed tree pangolin Manis tetradactyla, leopard Panthera pardus (T), elephant Loxodonta
africana (T), tree hyrax Dendrohyrax arboreus, warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus,
hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, buffalo Syncerus caffer, Maxwell’s
duiker Cephalophus maxwelli, and red-flanked duiker C. rufilatus, all relatively abundant.
Present, but uncommon, are water chevrotain Hyemoschus aquaticus and giant pangolin Manis
gigantea.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies There is agriculture, considerable poaching and possibly some
threat from mining.
Scientific Research None
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material None listed
Staff Insufficient (total of 21 reported in 1977).
Budget None
Local Park or Reserve Administration Chef d’Inspection, Mont Peko National Park, Duékoué.
Date 1980
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PARC NATIONAL DU MONT SANGBE
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.04.04 (West African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 1975. Also a ’foret classé’.
Geographical Location West-central Céte d’Ivoire, on the western bank of the Sassandra
River in the departments of Biankouma and Toura. Approximately 8°15’N, 7°20°W.
Altitude No information
Area 95,000ha
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The park is situated in the Toura Mountains, with 14 peaks over 1,000m.
Vegetation Guinean savanna woodland predominates, with a number of endemic species.
Fauna The fauna is abundant and varied. Mammals include elephant Loxodonta africana (T),
warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus, kob Kobus kob, buffalo Syncerus caffer, baboon Papio sp.,
and patas monkey Erythrocebus patas. Birds include guineafowl, hornbill and eagle.
Zoning No information
Disturbances or Deficiencies Problems include forest exploitation and poaching.
Scientific Research None
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material None listed
Staff No information
Budget None
Local Park or Reserve Administration No information
Date 1980
PARC NATIONAL DE TAI
Management Category II and IX (National Park and Biosphere Reserve)
World Heritage Site (Criteria: ii, iv)
Biogeographical Province 3.01.01 (Guinean Rain Forest)
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Céte d’Ivoire
Legal Protection Total. The buffer zone has the legal status of a managed fauna reserve. Tai
Forest itself is under the responsibility of the Minister of Forests.
Date Established Declared as a ’Forest and Wildlife Refuge’ in 1926 by the French
administration. National park status on 28 August 1972 by Presidential Decree 75-545.
Reduced by 20,000ha (‘réserve de faune du N’Zo’) on 21 March 1973 by Decree 73-132.
Redefined by Special Decree 77-348 of 3 June 1977, which added a 20,000ha buffer zone
around the park. The area was part of a ’foret classé’ under a decree of 16 April 1926, then
part of a 425,000ha ’réserve de faune’ under a decree of 7 August 1956. Accepted in April
1978 as a biosphere reserve and in 1982 as a world heritage site, in November 1984 it was
included in the IUCN list of eleven most threatened areas.
Geographical Location In south-west Cote d’Ivoire about 200km south of Man and 100km
from the coast, in the districts of Guiglo and Sassandra. Between the Cavally River (which
marks the western border with Liberia) and the Sassandra River on the east. 5°15’-6°07’°N,
7°25°-7°54°W.
Altitude 80-623m (Mount Nienokoue)
Area 330,000ha plus 20,000ha buffer zone; contiguous to the ’réserve de faune du N’Zo’
(73,000ha)
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The park comprises an ancient sloping granitic peneplain. This is broken
by several inselbergs formed from volcanic intrusions, including the Niénkoué Hills in the
south. A large zone of schists runs south-west to north-east across the park, dissected in places
by tributaries of the watercourses which run parallel to it. The soils are ferralitic of generally
low fertility but there are more fertile gleysoils in the-south. There are two distinct climatic
zones of an equatorial transitional type. Annual rainfall ranges from a mean of 1700mm in the
north to 2200mm in the south, reaching a peak in June with a shorter wet season in September,
followed by a marked dry season from December to February. There is only a small
temperature range of 24°C-27°C due to oceanic influence and the presence of forests. The
relative humidity is high (85-90%).
Vegetation The park is one of the last remaining portion of the vast primary forest that once
stretched across present-day Ghana, Céte d’Ivoire, Liberia and Sierra Leone. There is a
gradation from north to south, with the southern third of the park being the moistest and
richest area, especially of leguminous trees. This humid tropical forest has a high level of
endemism with over 150 species (16%) identified as endemic to the Tai region. The park
contains some 1,300 species of higher plants of which 54% occur only in the Guinea zone.
Vegetation is predominantly dense evergreen ombrophilous forest of a Guinean type
characterised by tall trees (40-60m) with massive trunks and sometimes large buttresses or stilt
roots. Large numbers of epiphytes and lianes form an important element in the lower horizons
including Platycerium spp., Nephrolepis biserrata, Drymaria sp. and Asplenium africanum.
Two types of forest can be recognized: the poorer soils of the north and south-east support
species such as the palm Eremospatha africana, ebony Diospyros mannii, Parinari chrysophylla,
Chrysophyllum perpulchrum and Chidlowia sanguinea; and the ’Sassandrian’ forest in the
south-west, dominated by water-demanding species such as ebony Diospyros spp. and Mapania
spp. with numerous endemic species, especially in the lower Cavally Valley and the Meno and
Hana depressions near Mont Niénokoué. Gilbertiodendron spendium occurs in the swamp
forest. Plants which were thought to be extinct such as Amorphophallus staudtii have been
discovered in the area. Since commercial timber exploitation ceased in 1972, the forest has
recovered well.
Fauna The fauna is fairly typical of West African forests and the park contains 47 of the 54
species of large mammal known to occur in Guinean rain forest including 5 threatened species.
Mammals include: mona monkey Cercopithecus mona, white-nosed monkey C. nictitans and
diana monkey C. diana, black and white colobus Colobus polykomos, red colobus C. badius and
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
green colobus C. verus (T), sooty mangabey Cercocebus torquatus, chimpanzee Pan troglodytes
(T) of which there are 2,000-2,800 in Tai, giant pangolin Manis gigantea, tree
pangolin M. tricuspis and long-tailed pangolin M. tetradactyla, golden cat Felis aurata,
leopard Panthera pardus (T), elephant Loxodonta africana (T), bushpig Potamochoerus porcus,
giant forest hog Hylochoerus meinertzhageni, pygmy hippopotamus Choeropsis liberiensis (T)
(the only viable population remaining in the Céte d’Ivoire), water chevrotain Hyemoschus
aquaticus, bongo Tragelaphus euryceros, buffalo Syncerus caffer and an exceptional variety of
forest duikers including Jentink’s duiker Cephalophus jentinki (T), banded duiker or zebra
antelope C. zebra, Ogilby’s duiker C. ogilbyi, black duiker C. niger, bay duiker C. dorsalis,
yellow-backed duiker C. sy/vicultor and the royal antelope Neotragus pygmaeus. Forest rodents
include Lophuromys sikapusi, Malacomys edwardsi and Graphiurus murinus. Also recorded in
the park is Stochomys defua, which is characteristic of secondary forest. Over 230 bird species
have been recorded, 143 typical of primary ffrest, including white-breasted
guineafowl Agelastes meleagrides (E), Nimba flycatcher Melaenornis annamarulae (I), western
wattled cuckoo-shrike Campephaga lobata (V), and yellow-throated olive greenbul Criniger
olivaceus (V). More details about birds are given in Thiollay (1985). Almost 1,000 species of
vertebrate have been identified.
Population There are two main groups of inhabitants in the area, the rural Bakoué and
Kroumen on the forest edge with only marginal impact on the forest and the Baoule who are
responsible for most of the forest destruction.
Conservation Management There is a management plan for the area. Timber concessions
have been withdrawn from the large companies. The park was put forward as an example for
a pilot project to demonstrate the national conservation strategy being prepared under
IUCN/WWF Project 3207. In the light of a major ministerial reorganization in late 1983 and
the abandonment of the proposed Soubré dam scheme, further work on this project has been
delayed. Tai is also the focus for IUCN/WWF Project 3052, which will provide support
towards implementation of the management plan and purchase of a four-wheel drive vehicle,
five motorbikes, a motorboat, radio telephones, and other essential equipment.
Zoning The park is almost completely surrounded by a buffer zone, the "Tai Zone de
Protection’, of about 5km width. Here, agriculture is allowed, but new plantations or any
settlement are theoretically prohibited. To the north, the ’réserve de faune du N’Zo’ acts as a
buffer.
Disturbances or Deficiencies In the northern part, 70,000ha are temporarily ceded for
exploitation. There are some cultivation plots in the buffer zone. Timber exploitation remains
a potential threat both in the buffer zone and in the park, particularly in the north and along
the road bordering the southern boundary where extensive felling is taking place.
Theoretically, this is a ’féret classé’, but vast blocks are being clear-felled with an enormous
waste of timber. Crops such as cocoa, coffee, maize, coco yam, sweet potato and okra are then
planted, with cash crops taking up more and more land. Since independence, this region has
become the principal producer of rough timber. A perimeter road designed to define the
boundaries and make protection more effective has had the reverse effect, opening up
significant portions of the park to timber contractors, shifting cultivators and poachers. In
1977, there were said to be many elephants, conspicuous even in the buffer zone. Now only a
few remain, probably due to a combination of disturbance and poaching. There is insufficient
staff to deal with the extensive poaching that takes place. The park has also been severely
affected by gold panning activities in the central region. The Soubré dam scheme has now
been abandoned. This would not only have affected people who would have been uprooted but
would also have affected the local economy and the environment, and Tai would have suffered
by the displacement and influx of people to which it would give rise. There is a lack of means
to carry out effective management, and research has been more theoretical than
management-orientated.
Visitor Facilities Visitor facilities are proposed in only one zone near Djiroutou which
comprises mainly secondary forest resulting from previous forestry and agricultural activities.
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Céte d’Ivoire
Scientific Research The park is the site of a MAB project on the effects of human
interference within the natural forest ecosystem. This is a vast research project carried out
under the auspices of the University Institute for Tropical Ecology, and there is great
international scientific cooperation as exemplified by the Cdéte d’Ivoire, French, Italian,
German and Swiss teams presently working together on various research programmes. The site
and research project have great potential for training and scientific study. ORSTOM has
worked here for a number of years. There is some Ivorian research into forest termites. It is
included as a project under IUCN/WWF Plants Campaign 1984-1985. In 1984 there was a
Dutch team surveying the area, using an ultra-light aircraft to photograph low altitude in order
to identify dying trees for use as timber. From 1979 to 1985, Swiss researchers were studying
chimpanzees.
Special Scientific Facilities There is an ecological station in Andrenisrou basin in the core
zone and the Federal German team base at Fedfo camp in the buffer zone. There is also a
MAB station 18km south-east of Tai village, which consists of several prefabricated houses, a
communal kitchen, two well-equipped laboratories, and an electric generator. It is controlled
and financed nationally and managed by two-three Ivorian personnel.
Euncipal Reference Material
Ake Assi, L. and Pfeffer, P. (1975). Inventaire Flore et Faune du Parc National de Tai
Abidjan, BDPA/SEPN.
° Dosso, M., Guillaumet, J.L. and Hadley, M. (1981). Tai Project: Land Use Problems in a
Tropical Rain Forest. Ambio 10(2-3): 120-125.
° FGU-Kronberg, (1979). Etat actual des Parcs Nationaux de la Comoé et de Tai. Tome 3.
Parc National de Tai, Abidjan, GTZ.
° Guillaumet, J.L., Couturier, G. and Dosso, H. (1984). Recherche et aménagement en milieu
forestier tropical humide: Le Projet Tai de Céte-d’Ivoire. Unesco, Paris.
° IUCN (1982). Rapport de Mission UICN/WWF/PARCS CANADA - Céte d’Ivoire (Parc
National de Tai). IUCN, Gland.
IUCN (1985). Threatened Natural Area, Plants and Animals of the World. Parks 10: 15-17.
IUCN/WWF Project 3052. Ivory Coast, Tropical Rainforest Campaign.
IUCN/WWE Project 3207. Development Plan for Tai National Park.
Lauginie, F. (1975). Etude de milieu naturel et de l'environnement socio-economique du
Parc National de Tai, Abidjan, BDPA/SEPN.
° Rahm, U. (1973). Propositions pour la création du parc national ivoirien de Tai. Morges,
Switzerland: IUCN Occ. Paper No. 3.
° Roth, H.H. (1982). We all want trees: Resource Conflict in the Tai National Park Ivory
Coast. Proceedings of the World National Parks Congress held in Bali, Indonesia. 11-22
October 1982.
° Thiollay, J.M. (1985). The Birds of the Ivory Coast: Status and Distribution. Malimbus 7:
1-59.
World Heritage Nomination submitted to Unesco.
Staff About 100 staff from the Ministry of Water and Forest Resources plus members of the
University Institute of Tropical Ecology.
Budget 1981-1985 - 100 million francs CFA. 1982 WWF Tropical Forest Campaign funding -
US$127,350. WWF Funding 1982/1983 (Project 3207) - US$5,098.
Local Park or Reserve Administration Ministére des Eaux et Foréts, Direction des Parcs
Nationaux et Réserves Analogues, BP V 178, Abidjan.
Date 1982
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
RESERVE NATURELLE INTEGRALE DE MONT NIMBA (COTE D’IVOIRE)
RESERVE NATURELLE INTEGRALE DE MONTS NIMBA (GUINEA)
Management Category I and IX (Strict Nature Reserve and Biosphere Reserve)
World Heritage Site (Criteria: ii, iv)
Biogeographical Province 3.01.01 (Guinean Rain Forest) 3.04.04 (West African woodland
savanna)
Legal Protection Legally protected in Guinea as réserve naturelle intégrale Monts Nimba by
decree. Prospecting for minerals is allowed and permits can be acquired for sport-hunting in
parts of the reserve. Céte d’Ivoire has continued protection through the State Forestry Service.
Date Established Strict nature reserve established by Order No.4190, 1943, in Céte d’Ivorie
and by decree in 1944 in Guinea. Cote d’Ivoire nature reserve is a féret classé’ under national
ownership. Contiguous nature reserve proposed in Liberian section. Guinean sector accepted
as a biosphere reserve in 1980. Both reserves form a world heritage site, gazetted in 1981
(Guinea) and 1982 (Cote d’Ivoire).
Geographical Location The massif of Nimba is situated on the border between Guinea, Céte
d’Ivoire, and Liberia. Some 20km from the town of Lola and 62km from N’Zérékoré. 7°18’N,
10°35°W.
Altitude 450-1,752m (Mont Richard Molard)
Area ~ Nature reserve (Guinea) 13,000ha; nature reserve (Cote d’Ivoire) 5,000ha; biosphere
reserve (Guinea) 17,130ha. Contiguous to a proposed nature reserve in Liberia.
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features Mount Nimba is part of the "Guinean Backbone’, rising 1,000m above the
even, almost flat, surrounding glacis. It forms an immense barrier, cutting across the country
from the south-west to the north-east. This area is unequalled as an illustration of the theory
of erosion levels. The sharp relief and striking topography of the mountains, with their
grass-covered summits and precipitous slopes, is due to a bar of ore-containing quartzites.
Since the end of the Primary Era, erosion through weathering has caused a gigantic sheet of
this quartzite to jut out of the softer schists and granitogneiss, which form the piedmont. The
softer rocks have been gradually weathered and removed. These hard iron-quartzite crusts
cover the vast sub-horizontal glacis of the eastern and northern parts of the piedmont and
create very poor soils, which are usually skeletal or non-existent. The soil conditions explain
the belt of savanna vegetation at 500-550m around the mountains. The Nimba Mountains
contain the sources of the rivers Cavally and Ya (which forms the Mami River of Liberia) and
are cut up by deep, richly forested valleys. There is great topographical diversity with valleys,
plateaux, rounded hilltops, rocky peaks, abrupt cliffs and bare granitic blocks, and the whole
area constitutes a vast water catchment. It is also of archaeological interest. Hewn stone tools
and chippings have been discovered in a rock shelter at Blandé at the northern end of the
mountain. Mean annual temperature minimum: 15.8°C, maximum: 29.7°C, and mean annual
rainfall 2,849mm, occuring over 178.8 days, recorded at 543m.
Vegetation There are three major vegetation types: 1) High altitude grassland with Loudetia
kagerensis near the summit and endemics including Blaeria nimbana and Dolichos nimbaensis
and woody plants such as Protea angolensis on the slopes, which are absent from the ridges.
Remnants of forest at high altitudes are likely to be dominated by Mytaceae species and the
ravines by the tree fern Cyathula cylindrica var. mannii. 2) Plains savanna varying according
to the hardness of the soil and supporting numerous herbaceous plant communities. The
savanna is broken by gallery forests which grow between 1000m-1,600m. Parinari excelsa is
dominant above 1,000m, and there are abundant epiphytes. 3) Predominantly primary forest,
located mainly on the foothills and in the valleys with dominant species including Triplochiton
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Cote d’Ivoire
scleroxylon, Chlorophora regia, Morus mesozygia, Terminalia ivorensis, Lophira procera,
Tarrietia utilis, and Mapania spp.. Drier, mid-altitude forests with trees such as Triplochiton
scleroxylon, Piptadeniastrum africanum, and Parkia bicolor are found at the northern end of
the Mount Nimba chain. Dry forests are rarer than the rainforests because of agricultural
pressures, and some of the dry forest species have disappeared from many areas. There are
very few endemic plant species at Mount Nimba, probably because altitude is not sufficient for
new tree species to have evolved. Montane endemics include a pteridophyte, Asplenium
schnelli, two phanerogams, Osbeckia portersi, and Blaeria nimbana.
Fauna More than 500 new species of fauna have been discovered in the Mount Nimba
Reserve. Species diversity is exceptionally rich because of the variety of ecotones created by
the presence of grasslands laced with forest. Mammals include: bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus,
Maxwell’s duiker Cephalophus maxwelli and particularly black duiker Cephalophus niger, bay
duiker C. dorsalis and forest buffalo Syncerus caffer nanus, bush pig Potamochoerus porcus,
warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus, scaly anteaters such as the white-bellied pangolin Manis
tricuspis, pygmy hippopotamus Choeropsis liberiensis (T), leopard Panthera pardus (T),
lion Panthera leo, golden cat Felis aurata, two-spotted palm civet Nandinia binotata, African
civet Civettictis civetta, forest genet Genetta maculata, servaline genet Genetta servalina,
Johnston’s genet Genetta johnstoni, cane rat Thryonomys swinderianus, African clawless
otter Aonyx capensis, lesser otter shrew Micropotamogale lamottei (a new genus discovered on
Mount Nimba), potto Perodicticus potto, western black and white colobus Colobus polykomos,
red colobus Colobus badius, diana monkey Cercopithecus diana, chimpanzee Pan troglodytes
(T), and lesser bushbaby Galago senegalensis. One of the most noteworthy species is the
viviparous toad Nectophrynoides occidentalis (V), which occurs in montane grasslands at
1,200-1,600m and is the only tail-less amphibian in the world that is totally viviparous. There
are a number of rare and endemic bird species. Upland invertebrate species include gastropod
molluscs and various types of insects belonging to the Carabidae, Gryllidae, Acrididae and the
Forciculidae (beetles, grasshopper, crickets and earwigs) families, of which more than 20 are
endemic to Mount Nimba. The forests contain numerous reptile and amphibian species
including West African toad Bufo superciliaris and frog Cassina lamottei.
Population There has probably never been any village on the actual mountains, but there are
ten villages in the immediate vicinity of Nimba with several thousand inhabitants, mainly
growing crops.
Conservation Management The reserve does not have a management plan. Awareness of the
value of the area and a better degree of protection seems possible following designation of the
reserve as a world heritage site.
Zoning The biosphere reserve in Guinea contains a core zone of 10,000ha.
Disturbances or Deficiencies The area has similar problems to Tai National Park (Cote
d'Ivoire). There is poaching and some cultivation. The main threat is from the massive
iron-ore mining activities in the southern part of the chain in Liberia. About 6,000ha are in
danger. Roads, wells, and mineshafts have been built and workshops and townships established
in what has been a strict nature reserve since 1944. Hundreds of square metres of soil have
been removed over large areas and, as a result, many streams for miles around are fouled with
heavy metal run-off, particularly ferruginous rock debris. The areas designated as a world
heritage sites exclude both the Liberian sector, already badly degraded by mining and intensive
poaching, and the northern Guinean part, already disturbed by mining activities and threatened
by more. But these two areas could serve as a buffer zone for the world heritage site if
hunting were strictly controlled. It is proposed to study the best way of rehabilitating this zone
as an artificial park after the exploitation. There is a lack of resources and management.
Visitor Facilities Tourism is prohibited within the strict nature reserves.
Scientific Research Botanical, zoological, and geological inventories have been completed.
More than 500 new species have been described or reported, including several mammals (a new
genus of otter shrew), more than 10 amphibians and reptiles, several fish and arthropods
(notably centipedes and harvestmen), and molluscs. Research includes phytosociological studies
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
of high altitude grasslands, primate studies, and the collection of meteorological data. Several
international research workers in the fields of biology, ecology, geography, primatology, and
meteorology are interested in this area and with appropriate facilities, scientific research in
Nimba could form the basis of a tropical ecology station of international importance.
Special Scientific Facilities _ There are six patrol stations in the reserve which are used to
monitor various environmental parameters. The IFAN (French Institute for Black Africa)
research station is at the northern tip of the mountain chain. The LAMCOOmining company
set up a small research station in the Liberian area (outside the reserve) in 1964.
Principal Reference Material
° Adam, J.G. (1971). Flore descriptive des Monts Nimba (Céte d’Ivoire, Guinée, Libéria).
Mémoires du Museum d’Histoire Naturelle (Paris) Serie B Vols. 20, 21, 24, 25.
° Adam J.G. (1981). Flore descriptive des Monts Nimba (Cote d’Ivoire, Guinée, Libéria).
Editions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris.
° Anon. (1952). La réserve naturelle intégrale du Mont Nimba. Mémoires de_ l'Institut
Francais d’Afrique Noire 19.
° Anon. (1958). La réserve naturelle intégrale du Mont Nimba. Mémoires de _ I'Institut
Francais d’Afrique Noire 53.
° Anon. (1963). La réserve naturelle intégrale du Mont Nimba. Mémoires de _ I’Institut
Francaise d’Afrique Noire 66.
° Biosphere Reserve Nomination submitted to Unesco.
° Mascarenhas, A. (1983). Ngorongoro: A challenge to conservation and development. Ambio
XII(3-4): 146-152.
° Schnell, R. (1952). Vegétation et flore de la région montagneuse du Nimba. Mémoires de
l'Institut Francais d’Afrique Noire 22.
° World Heritage Nomination submitted to Unesco.
Staff Total of 17, with two researchers
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration In Guinea, Station Biologique des Monts Nimba, S/C
INRDG, BP 561, Conakry.
Date 1986
RESERVE DU HAUT BANDAMA
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.04.04 (West African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total except for mining exploration
Date Established 21 March 1973 under Decree No. 73-133 (123,000ha).
Geographical Location In north-central Céte d’Ivoire on the Bandama Blanc and Bou Rivers.
Northwest of Katiola and extending to the sub-prefectures of Dikodougou. 8°13’-8°40’N,
5°17°-5°42’W.
Altitude Estimated at 250-500m
Area 123,000ha
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Céte d'Ivoire
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The area is generally flat, with very little change in elevation. The climate
is typical of the Sudano-Guinean zone with very marked dry season from November to April
and mean annual rainfall of about 1100mm.
Vegetation The vegetation comprises very open savanna woodland with some gallery forest.
Trees are similar to those of the ’parc national de Comoé’ and include many Leguminosae.
Fauna The fauna is similar to the ’parc national de Comoé’. The area is considered especially
important for elephant Loxodonta africana (T)(savanna form) and hippopotamus Hippopotamus
amphibius. It is the only refuge for hippos when they leave the lake to the south to graze.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies The area was reduced for agro-industrial developments in 1977.
There is no management or delimitation of boundaries and paoching is a problem. The
Bandama River was dammed in 1974.
Scientific Research A survey of elephant status was carried out in 1978.
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material None listed
Staff No information
Budget None
Local Park or Reserve Administration Chef d’Inspection des Parcs Nationaux, Bouaké.
Date 1984
RESERVE DE FAUNE DU N’ZO
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.1.1 (Guinean Rain Forest)
Legal Protection All hunting, pursuit and disturbance of game and clearing and burning of
scrub after agricultural cropping is prohibited. Forest exploitation is permitted (Articles 1 and
2 of the Decree).
Date Established 28 August 1972 under Decree No. 72-546; 20,000ha was added from the
*parc national de Tai’ by Decree 73-132 of 21 March 1973.
Geographical Location About 150km south of Man, adjoining the ’parc national de Tai’ on
the north. the N’Zo river being a tributary of the Sassandra. Approximately centred 6°08’N,
T15°W.
Altitude 100-250m
Area 73,000ha; contiguous to ’parc national de Tai’ (330,000ha).
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The reserve is similar to the ’parc national de Tai’, being generally flat
except for a few isolated hills resulting from greenstone intrusions. It has an equatorial climate
with two rainy seasons, a longer one at its peak in June, a shorter one in September; the
marked dry season lasts from December to February. The mean annual rainfall is 1,700mm.
Vegetation The vegetation comprises dense ombrophilous evergreen forest of Guinean type
similar to the Tai Forest. Trees, with buttresses and stilt roots, reach 40-60m in height and are
rich in epiphytes and lianes. Dominant species are ebony Diospyros mannii and Eremospatha
macrocarpa palms, and Parinari chrysophylla. Chrysophyllum perpulchrum and_ the
monotypic Chidlowia sanguinea are also common.
Fauna Again similar to that of the Tai Forest, the fauna includes the pygmy
hippopotamus Choeropsis liberiensis (T) and Jentink’s duiker Cephalophus jentinki (T). Other
uncommon forest duikers which are found include Ogilby’s duiker C. ogilbyi and the banded
duiker or zebra antelope C. zebra.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies Forest exploitation which is permitted within the reserve, makes
it very difficult to control other disturbing activities, especially poaching.
Scientific Research None
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material None listed
Staff The staff of the ’parc national de Tai’ is also responsible for the care of this reserve.
Budget Covered by that of the ’parc national de Tai’.
Local Park or Reserve Administration Chef de I’Inspection des Parcs Nationaux, Soubré.
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DJIBOUTI
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Djibouti
DJIBOUTI
Area 21,699 sq.km
Population 340,000 (1983); about 39% Afars and 49% Isaas
Parks and Reserves Legislation Current relevant legislation includes the Délibération No.
262/7 of 12 May 1972 relating to the protection of natural wealth (richesses naturelles) and
prehistoric remains (gisements préhistoriques), Arrété No. 72-1363 of 20 September 1972 fixing
measures for the protection of marine fauna and habitats, and Decret No. 80-062/PR/MCTT
of 25 May 1980 on the protection of marine fauna and habitats. The Forét du Day and
Maskali-Muscha National Parks were apparently classified as such before 1939, and two other
areas, Grand et Petit Baras (sandflats) Reserve and the Skoutir and Kourtimale Reserve were at
one time proclaimed (IUCN, 1971).
Parks and Reserves Administration The Ministry of Agriculture is in general responsible for
conservation action within the country. The Ministry of Commerce, Transport and Tourism
(Ministére du commerce, des transports et du tourisme) is the main administrative body
concerning application of the decree protecting marine areas.
Address
° Service de l’agriculture, de l’élevage, des eaux et des foréts, Ministére de l’agriculture et du
développement rural, BP 224, Djibouti.
Additional Information Threats to natural attributes of the country such as Lake Abbe,
Ardoukuoba volcano, and Lake Assal were considered by Hancock (1981) to be minimal with
no major development schemes planned for them. However, the Day National Park, containing
one of the only two relict forested areas of the country, is disappearing at an alarming rate,
apparently due to a combination of man-induced degradation and climatic conditions (Welch
and Welch, 1984). The Foret is now further threatened by the planned construction of 30
second homes in one of the less-disturbed parts.
A pilot project for the development of natural resources and combating desertification in the
coastal plain, near the town of Djibouti, was established mid 1984.
Musha (Mouscha) Islands Marine National Park protects an area of coral reef extending from
the lighthouse at Musha to the Ile du Large (except the Banc Dankali). The South Maskali
Islands Integral Reserve is part of this marine National Park and extends from the Musha
lighthouse to a large coastal sandbank. Over-collection of shells has been a problem, but all
aquatic and subaquatic activities are now forbidden.
References
° Chedeville, E. (1972). La végétation du T.F.A.I. Webbia 26: 243-266.
° Hancock, G. (1981). Djibouti is one of a kind. Africana 8(3): 30-32.
° IUCN (1971). United Nations List of National Parks and Equivalent Protected Areas 2nd
Edition. Hayez, Brussels. f
° Tholmier, R. (1981). Djibouti: Pawn of the Horn of Africa. Stanford University Press,
Stanford.
° Welch, G.R. and Welch, H.J. (1984). Djibouti Expedition - March 1984. A preliminary
survey of Francolinus ochropectus and the birdlife of the country. Privately published. 60
pp.
Protected Areas
(hectares)
National Parks
Foret du Day
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Marine National Parks
Musha (Mouscha) Islands
Integral Reserves
South Maskali Islands (within Musha)
PARC NATIONAL DU DAY
Management Category No category assigned
Biogeographical Province 3.14.07 (Somalian)
Legal Protection No information
Date Established Declared in the 1950s
Geographical Location Southern section of the Goda massif, 25km west of Tadjoura;
approximately 11°50’N, 42°30°E.
Altitude Approximately 500m
Area Less than 3,000ha - originally 10,000ha declared as National Park
Land Tenure Commissaire of Tadjoura Sect (local government official)
Physical Features The park includes the two small plateaux of Garrab and Adonta on the east
face of the Goda Mountains. The mountain slopes are precipitous, weathered into terraces, and
are formed of loose grey shaly rock, which supports little vegetation. There are several wadis
the principle being Goh. Most contain running water throughout the year and occur in deep
ravines. Rainfall is low, between 100 and 200mm per year falling mainly from December to
February and from June to September, and temperatures are high.
Vegetation The Forét du Day and Malba (very degraded) are the only forested areas in the
country. ’Féret du Day’ is a relic of the Goda Mountain forest (approximately 42,000ha). _ It
comprises primary forest of about 1,400ha in area, and is of a fairly open character. Juniper
forest grows on the plateaux. The dominant tree species is Juniperus procera (growing to a
height of 5-8m) with Buxus hildebrandtii and Clutia abyssinica being the main understorey
species. Acacia etbaica occurs in more open areas and there is the widespread parasitic Ficus
vasta, which is an important food supply for many animal species. The mountain slopes
support little vegetation, except on the terraces where grasses grow, with some young junipers
occuring in inaccesible areas with relic populations of Olea africana and Sideroxylon
buxifolium. There are also areas of secondary forest, where all these tree species are replaced
by Acacia seyal and the understorey is more dense. Other tree species, occuring on both the
plateaux and the mountain slopes, include Tarchonanthus camphoratus, Acacia etbaica, Teclea
nobilis and Pittosporum viridiflorum var. Kruegeria. The shrub layer is dominated by Euryops
arabicus, Psiadia arabica, Solanum incanum, Jasminum floribundum, Clematis hirsuta, Clutia
abyssinica, and Trema orientalis. The herb layer, which carpets the floor of the forest in
March and April after the winter condensation, contains many species, notably Compositae,
which are generally rare elsewhere in the country. The wadis comprise a lusher, denser
vegetation compared to the juniper forest, with many palms and ferns not seen elsewhere. The
wadi at Bankoualé holds a significant proportion of the world’s population of the Bankoualé
palm Wissmannia carinensis (V), with occasional trees scattered throughout the secondary
forest. It was formerly recorded from seven localities in the Goda Mountains, but now exists
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Djibouti
in very low numbers - there were only 97 trees with no regeneration at the main locality in
1971. There are only about 500 specimens of this species in the world.
Fauna The Djibouti francolin Francolinus ochropectus (E) is present in good numbers
(1,000-5,000) in the primary forest. Its main requirements are areas of dense cover for
roosting and breeding and graminaceous plants for food. Sixty-six other bird species were
recorded in this area during a one month survey (Welch and Welch, 1984). Species include rare
migrants such as long-legged buzzard Buteo rufinus and imperial eagle Aquila heliaca, as well
as many small Palaearctic passerines; scarce residents such as Hemprich’s hornbill Tockus
hemprichii, tropical boubou Laniarius aethiopicus, and common residents such as brown
woodland warbler Phylloscopus umbrovirens, Bruce’s green pigeon Treron waalia, paradise
flycatcher Terpsiphone viridis and white-breasted white-eye Zosterops abyssinica. Species of
secondary forest include grey-headed puff back flycatcher Batis orientalis, yellow-rumped
seed-eater Serinus artrogularis, grey-backed cameroptera Camaroptera brevicaudata and
yellow-billed hornbill Tockus flavirostris. Mammals include: vervet monkey Cercopithecus
aethiops, hamadryas baboon Papio hamadryas, warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus, honey
badger Mellivora capensis, klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus, leopard Panthera pardus (T),
white-tailed mongoose /chneumia albicauda, and genet Genetta tigrina. The Forét du Day
provides three main habitats - primary forest, secondary forest, and wadis - all are important
sites for breeding, feeding and roosting by a wide range of species. However, much of the
fauna is unstudied. The steep wadi sides provide nesting sites for the African hawk
eagle Hieraaetus spilogaster, Verreaux’s eagle Aquila verreauxti, kestrel Falco tinnunculus, and
African rock martin Ptyonoprogne fuligula.
Conservation Management Blot (1983) has produced a draft management plan for the area,
which is already partly implemented. Proposals for protection of this site are now being
developed by the International Council for Bird Preservation (ICPB).
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies The forest is disappearing rapidly (Welch and Welch, 1984) and
needs action to ensure its continued existence. If it disappears, 40% of Djibouti’s floral genetic
potential will be lost. The Djibouti authorities report that degradation of the forest is caused
by climatic change and is irreversible. Five years ago, it was twice its current size. Now there
are many dead junipers, little in the way of understorey vegetation and virtually no juniper
regeneration. Other reasons for the disappearance of the forest are: overgrazing and trampling
by stock (this is now the principal problem, cows being the major culprits); cutting trees for
firewood; fires (no longer a major problem, but occur now and then on a small scale);
destruction of trees for honey; and army occupation during summer. There are potential
threats from uncontrolled tourism, water extraction from major wadis, and development of the
remaining forested area (e.g. there is a plan for housing construction which appears to be going
ahead in 1985). Man-induced influences appear to be exacerbating the drying effect of the
climate, which leads to desertification. About 2,000 people depend on this area for their
livelihood.
Scientific Research Jacques Blot, a french ecology graduate, is studying desertification of the
park for the Djibouti Government (Blot, 1983).
Special Scientific Facilities There is a well-equipped laboratory at Colonie in the Forét du
Day.
Principal Reference Material
° Blot, J. (1983). Etude et Restauration de la Forest du Day. Compte-Rendu d’Activities.
Unpublished Typescript.
° ICBP Field Missions report.
° Welch, G.R. and Welch, H. (1984). Djibouti Expedition-March 1984. A preliminary survey
of Francolinus ochropectus and the birdlife of the country. Privately published. 80 pp.
Staff None
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration No information
Date April 1985
-176-
EQUATORIAL GUINEA
2177=
ASZT UY UAIBOFAY OS
Budget No
EQUATORIAL GUINEA
Area 28,051 sq.km, including 2,034 sq.km of Bioko Island (Fernando Poo)
Population 398,000 (1984), including 62,000 on Bioko Island (Fernando Poo)
Parks and Reserves Legislation No current information. Reserves created prior to
independence would appear to have been established by Ministerial Decree.
Parks and Reserves Administration No current information
Address Direccion Tecnica Forestal, Bata.
Additional Information There is apparently no protection of the areas established as national
parks and reserves prior to 1970. The natural parks of Spanish Guinea were once reported to
be very good, especially the Rio Ekuku Game Reserve (7,500ha) protecting sitatunga and the
Mont Raices Park (26,000ha) which had chimpanzee, gorilla and buffalo. There were also
gorilla in Mont Alen Partial Reserve (95,000ha) (Guggisberg, 1970). A status survey of
primates is being carried out, with support from IUCN/WWF, and various surveys are being
carried out on Bioko Island (Fernando Poo).
Castroviejo et al. (1986) made a number of recommendations concerning the establishment of a
network of protected natural areas for cultural, scientific, educational and aesthetic reasons,
although they clearly indicated that these would be conservation areas rather than strictly
protected areas, without total eradication of human activity but with an emphasis on research
and rational use of the resources. Two of these proposed sites are on the island of Bioko, five
in mainland Equatorial Guinea, with one further site the Isla de Annobon. In total, if these
sites were to be established they would cover more than 10% of the country.
References
° Castroviejo Bolivar, J., Juste Balleste, J. and Castelo Alvarez, R. (1986). Proyecto
investigacion y conservacion de la naturaleza en Guinea Ecuatorial. Secretaria de Estado
para la Cooperacion Internacional y para Iberoamerica, Secretaria General Tecnica, Madrid.
° Guggisberg, C.A.W. (1970). Man and Wildlife. Evans Brothers Ltd. London.
°* IUCN/UNEP (1983). La réparition des aires protégées en fonction des besoins de la
conservation des communautés biotiques de l’Afrique Centrale et de 1I’Ouest. Working
Document. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.
° IUCN/WWF Project 1613. Primate Action Fund.
-179-
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Key
National Parks
Wildlife Reserves
Wildlife Sanctuaries
Marine National Park (proposed)
Wild Ass Reserve
Conservation Area
World Heritage Site
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Ethiopia
ETHIOPIA
Area 1,184,000 sq.km
Population 40,000,000 (1984)
Parks and Reserves Legislation The major legislation is Order No. 54 of 1969 (gazetting
Awash National Park); Order No. 59 of 1969 (gazetting Simen Mountain National Park); Legal
Notice No. 416 of 1972 (Wildlife Conservation Regulations); and Legal Notice No. 445 of 1974
(Amendment Wildlife Conservation Regulations). The Wildlife Conservation Regulations,
which were issued pursuant-to the Game Proclamation of 1944 and the Wildlife Conservation
Order of 1970, include a chapter on National Parks, game reserves, Sanctuaries and Controlled
Hunting Areas. All exploitation of natural resources within National Parks is forbidden, unless
such activities are used for the development and management of the park. Within Game
Reserves, people may be authorised to live and cultivate land and graze domestic animals,
though hunting is only permitted under special permit. Hunting is also strictly controlled
within game sanctuaries and controlled hunting areas. Several areas are proposed as wildlife
reserves, three as a wildlife sanctuaries and eight as national parks. Many of these areas
already receive some degree of protection. Proclamation No. 192 of 5 September 1980 "to
provide for the conservation and development of forest and wildlife resources" established the
Forest and Wildlife Conservation and Development Authority and empowered it to declare,
demarcate and legally establish national parks and protected areas. This role has now been
taken over by the Natural Resources Conservation and Development Main Department,
Ministry of Agriculture. The proclamation also equiped the Authority with powers to seize
vehicles, animals, arms or equipment used for any activities contravening the existing wildlife
conservation regulations.
Parks and Reserves Administration This is the responsibility of the Wildlife Conservation
Organization, Natural Resources Conservation and Development Main Department, Ministry of
Agriculture. This organization was originally established in 1968 but has been strengthened by
proclamations of 1970, 1972 and 1974. The major target of the organization is for ten national
parks, 11 wildlife reserves, three sanctuaries and 17 controlled hunting areas to be brought
under direct control. Most national parks already have a warden in charge and support staff of
wildlife guards, drivers and mechanics, as well as administrative staff.
Address
° Wildlife Conservation Organization, PO Box 386, Addis Ababa. Natural Resources
Conservation and Development Main Department, PO Box 1034, Addis Ababa.
Additional Information The scope of the Department’s activities is limited by availability of
land, complexity of land tenure, political unrest, finance to develop wildlife areas, and lack of
trained personnel to implement park developments. A serious bottleneck identified by Ashine
(1981) was the general lack of awareness by Ethiopians of the value of conservation areas. The
Ten Year Development Plan proposed by the Ethiopian Government provides a framework for
future conservation development and includes plans for future research, fund-raising, a review
of existing legislation, staff/general public training programmes, and the promulgation of
national policies and their incorporation of international conventions and policies. One of the
most pressing needs is to prepare viable management plans for all the protected areas. Two
have so far been prepared, for the Simen and Bale Mountains National Parks.
An additional responsibility of the Department is public education, and to increase the role of
people in "development, protection, rational utilisation and management of the forest and
wildlife". A mobile education unit was provided with assistance from IUCN/WWF in January
1984 and has been taken over by the Conservation Education Division of the Wildlife
Conservation Organization. There are problems with the vehicle, however, as it is not possible
to use it off the road. A rural conservation education scheme was scheduled for 1984.
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
References
°
Ashine, T. (1981). National Parks and Protected areas of Ethiopia. In: Conserving Africa’s
Natural Heritage. Proceedings of the 17th Meeting of IUCN’s Commission on National
Parks and Protected Areas, Garoua, Cameroon, 17-23 November, 1980. IUCN, Gland,
Switzerland.
Ashine, T. (1982). What the World Heritage Convention has Meant to Ethiopia. In:
McNeely, J.A. and Miller, K.R. (Eds) National Parks, Conservation and Development. The
Role of Protected Areas in Sustaining Society. Proceedings of the World Congress on
National Parks, Bali, Indonesia, 11-22 October 1982. Smithsonian Institution Press,
Washington, D.C.
Bekele, E. (1981). A description of the conservation status and future outlooks of Ethiopia’s
Simien mountains, Bale mountains and Abijatta-shalla Lakes National Parks. | Unesco’s
World Heritage Mission to Ethiopia, Addis Ababa.
IUCN (1976). Proceedings of a regional meeting on the creation of a coordinated system of
national parks and reserves in Eastern Africa. IUCN Publications New Series,
Supplementary Paper No. 45. IUCN, Morges, Switzerland.
IUCN/WWF Project 3082. Ethiopia, Mobile Unit for Conservation Education.
Lamprey, H.F. (1975). The Distribution of Protected Areas in Relation to the Needs of
Biotic Community Conservation in Eastern Africa. IUCN Occasional Paper No. 16. IUCN,
Morges, Switzerland.
Moore, G. (1982). Assistance to Forestry Research, Phase II. Ethiopia. Forestry, Wildlife
and National Parks Legislation in Ethiopia. FO: DP/ETH/78/012 Field Document. FAO,
Rome.
Wildlife Conservation Organization (1985). Wildlife Conservation in Ethiopia and
Development Priorities. Wildlife Conservation Organization, Addis Ababa.
WWF Project 3705. Ethiopia, Conservation Advisor.
Protected Areas
(hectares)
National Parks
Abijatta-Shalla Lakes 88,000
Awash 72,000
Bale Mountain 220,000
Mago 150,000
Nechisar 70,000
Omo 345,000
Simen Mountain 22,500
Yangudi Rassa 200,000
Subtotal 1,167,500
Wildlife Reserves
Alledeghi
Awash West
Bale
Chew Bahar
Chire
Gash Setit
Gewane
Mille Sardo Wild Ass
Nakfa
Tama
Yob
Wildlife Sanctuaries
Harrar 600,000
Senkelle
Yavello
-184-
Ethiopia
World Heritage Sites
Aksum
Fasil Ghebbi, Gondar region
Lower Valley of the Awash
Lower Valley of the Omo
Rock-hewn churches of Lazibella
Simien National Park 16,500
Tiya
Proposed areas
Gambella National Park 200,000
Dahlak Marine National Park
ABIJATTA-SHALLA LAKES NATIONAL PARK
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.18.12 (Ethiopian Highlands)
Legal Protection Total protection de facto
Date Established Under development since July 1971, but not yet gazetted
Geographical Location In the Rift Valley towards the northern end of the lakes, 200km south
of Addis Ababa in the Shoa region. 7°33’N, 38°31’E. :
Altitude 1,500-4,000m
Area 88,000ha with over 50% comprising lake surfaces
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features Between Lake Abijatta (19,600ha) and Lake Shalla (43,200ha) are plains
with 2 hills, and 6 rivers flowing into the lakes. Lake Abijatta is shallow and saline with no
outlet. Lake Shalla is deep and alkaline with steep shelving banks and is an important wetland
site. There are hot springs along the lakeshore. The depression containing the lakes complex
was a single large lake 10,000 years ago.
Vegetation The vegetation surrounding the lakes comprises mainly Acacia and Ficus savanna,
with small areas of riverine forest and open scrub on the rocky slopes. Lakeside pastures
comprise short grass. Lake Abijatta is almost bare-banked, but some lakes have a nearly
continuous bank of Phragmites around their edges with large patches of Typha and Cyperus
papyrus. Senkelle Sanctuary is mainly open grassland with some Acacia stands.
Fauna Some 300 bird species including: eastern white pelican Pelecanus onocrotalus, of which
there is a breeding colony on an island in Lake Shalla, Egyptian goose Alopochen aegyptiacus,
storks (Ciconiidae), including breeding colonies of Abdim’s storks Ciconia abdimii, eagles
(Accipitridae), flamingoes (Phoenicopteridae), egrets and herons (Ardeidae), sacred
ibis Threskiornis aethiopicus, breeding colonies of white-necked cormorant Phalacrocorax
lucidus, sand grouse Pterocles sp., plovers (Charadriidae), and ducks (Anatidae). The area is
important for migrant birds, particularly northern hemisphere ducks and waders in
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
December-January. Mammals include: klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus, Grant's
gazelle Gazella granti, oribi Ourebia ourebi, greater kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros, mountain
reedbuck Redunca fulvorufula and eastern black-and-white colobus Colobus guereza, but only
baboon, jackal Canis sp. and hyena occur in significant numbers. A population of the endemic
Swayne’s hartebeest A/celaphus buselaphus swaynei (T) is maintained in Senkelle Sanctuary.
Zoning Senkelle Sanctuary is under park jurisdiction.
Disturbances or Deficiencies There is tree cutting, grazing, charcoal burning, and fishing by
the local population. There has been commercial lake fishing, but this is no longer occuring.
Visitor Facilities | Hotel facilities at Lake Langano adjoining the park along the eastern
boundary and at Neghelie and Shashemane.
Scientific Research An ecological survey of the park and adjoining Zwai and Langano Lakes
has been completed. The lake avifauna has been studied, photographed and listed fairly
extensively. Oxford University expeditions studied the lake invertebrate fauna in 1972/1973.
Special Scientific Facilities A biology laboratory is proposed
Principal Reference Material
Bekele, E. (1981). A description of the conservation status and future outlooks of Ethiopia’s
Semien mountains, Bale mountains and Abijatta-shalla Lakes National Parks. | Unesco’s
World Heritage Mission to Ethiopia, Addis Ababa.
° Bolton, M. (1970). Rift Valley Lakes Ecological Surveys, Report 1 Northern Lakes, Wildlife
Conservation Development Department, Addis Ababa.
° Urban, E. and Brown, L.H. (1971). A checklist of the birds of Ethiopia. Hailie Selassie I
Univeristy Press, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 143 pp.
Staff One warden, 30 game guards, and three support staff
Budget US$6,000
Local Park or Reserve Administration Warden, Abijatta-Shalla Lakes National Park, c/o
Wildlife Conservation Organization, PO Box 386, Addis Ababa.
Date April 1985
AWASH NATIONAL PARK
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.18.12 (Ethiopian Highlands)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 6 January 1969 by Order No. 54 in the Negarit Gazeta
Geographical Location Near the eastern margin of the Rift Valley overlooking the Danakil
(Alledeghi) plains, 225km east of Addis Ababa in Shoa Province. 8°55’N, 40°04’E.
Altitude 850m at hotsprings to 2,005 (Mount Fantalle)
Area 72,000ha
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Ethiopia
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The park is located at the foot of the Shoa escarpment on the eastern edge
of the Rift Valley where the valley opens out to form the Danakil plains. The plains are flat to
undulating and are crossed by the Awash River, which forms part of the southern boundary.
Below Awash Falls, the river flows through an impressive gorge. In the south-west are the
volcanic cone and crater of the semi-dormant Mount Fantalle and relatively recent lava flows.
There are hot springs and pools near the northern boundary. The climate is hot and dry with
low rainfall.
Vegetation This varies from open, semi-arid savanna with occasional Acacia tortilis,
A. nilotica and Balanites aegypliaca, to thornbush dominated by A. senegal, A. nubica,
and Grewia spp.. Riverine forest savanna occurs along the course of the Awash and palm
forest around the hot springs.
Fauna’ There are large herds of Beisa oryx Oryx gazella, Soemmerring’s gazelle Gazella
soemmerringi, and Defassa waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus. Other mammals include: Grevy’s
zebra Equus grevyi (T), warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus, hamadryas baboon Papio hamadryas,
anubis baboon P. anubis (and hybrids), Swayne’s hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus swaynei
(T)(first re-established into this area in 1974), greater kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros, lesser
Kudu 7. imberbis, leopard Panthera pardus (T), lion Panthera leo, cheetah Acinonyx jubatus
(T), bat-eared fox Otocyon megalotis, aardwolf Proteles cristatus, spotted-necked otter Lutra
maculicollis, and four species of mongoose (Viverridae). 450 bird species have been recorded,
including ostrich Struthio camelus.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies There is seasonal cattle grazing. The main Addis Ababa-Dire
Dawa road and the railway to Djibouti pass through the park. The recent drought has
aggravated conflicts between wildlife and cattle as the park is predominantly a grazing area for
nomads and negotiations are going on to provide grazing elsewhere.
Visitor Facilities These include a campsite near park headquarters at Awash Falls, the
Kereyou trailer lodge overlooking the gorge, good road access, and an airstrip.
Scientific Research This includes a vegetational study, avifaunal survey, primate study
(especially the social organization of hamadryas baboons), and preparation of a management
plan.
Special Scientific Facilities A biological laboratory is proposed as a part of the development
plan. There is a museum at park headquarters.
Principal Reference Material
° Robertson, I.J.M. (1970). Awash National Park Working Plan 1970-1975.
° Hay, P. Checklist of the Birds of Awash National Park.
Staff One warden, 41 game guards, and | support staff
Budget US$84,000
Local Park or Reserve Administration Warden, Awash National Park, Wildlife Conservation
Organization, Box 386, Addis Ababa.
Date April 1985
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
BALE MOUNTAINS NATIONAL PARK
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.18.12 (Ethiopian Highlands)
Legal Protection Total protection
Date Established Under development since 1970, but not yet
Geographical Location Located in the Bale Region, south of the Webe Shebele River, 400km
south-east of Addis Ababa. 6°29’N, 39°43’E.
Altitude 1,500-4,317m
Area 220,000ha
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The park contains one of the best preserved high altitude plateau systems
in Ethiopia and comprises the tableland surrounding Mount Batu (4,307m) and Tulluy Deemtu
(4,377) with several valleys and alpine lakes. The major rivers are the Web and Danka. The
spectacular Sof Omar Caves are adjacent to the park. The park can be divided into three
subsections on the basis of land forms and altitude. The northern Gaysay area is composed of
broad valleys and ridges. The central peaks and Sanetti plateau area comprise the mountainous
section of the park, all above the treeline elevation of 3,400m. Portions of this area are heavily
dissected with broken rocky areas and relatively recent lava flows. South of the mountains lies
the Harenna area where elevation drops abruptly from the harenna escarpment and then more
gradually to the park boundary at 1,500m. The Bale Mountains were formed from lava
outpourings in the Miocene and Oligocene periods. The rock is mainly trachyte that contains
some rhyolites, basalts, agglomorates and tuffs. Local glaciation occurred some 2,000 years
ago. Rainfall in the park is characterised by an eight-month rainy season followed by a
four-month dry season (November-February). Lower altitudes receive 600-1000mm annually
and the higher altitudes 1000-1400mm. Temperatures range from -15°C to 26°C (February).
The Bale Mountains are an important water catchment area containing the headwaters of four
major rivers.
Vegetation Hillman (1985) has classified five vegetation zones with 16 sub-divisions. The
zones are delineated by altitude and the sub-divisions by soil type, drainage, slope and aspect.
The Northern Grasslands of the Gaysay area lie on flat land with poor drainage. Many places
are therefore dominated by swamp grasses and sedges, especially of the Cyperus and Scirpus
genera. Relatively higher parts are covered in low bush vegetation, dominated by Artemesia
afra and Helichrysum splendidum has been almost totally eradicated outside the Park
boundaries by domestic sheep and goats. Protection by fences has allowed it to regrow in the
park to a point where it appears to be taking over from the Artemesia. Both species are
important food plants for Mountain Nyala and provide shelter for several species. Above the
valley bottoms (3,000m) and the treeline at 3,400m are found the Northern Woodlands. The
species that dominate here are Juniperus procera and Hagenia abyssinica. Most Junipers are
relatively small (15-20m tall), since the area is the upper limit to the species growth, and few
are found near the upper treeline. Regeneration by Juniperus is good, but by Hagenia is poor.
The reason for this is possibly that the leaves of Hagenia are much eaten by Mountain Nyala,
and in the Gaysay/Adelay area the density of Mountain Nyala is preventing any
regeneration. Hypericum revolutum, produces a dense bush growth at the lower edge of the
woodlands, while at the upper treeline the species grows as a tall, slender tree to at least 5m.
Extensive grass areas occur within the woodlands, especially on the steepest slopes. These
contain similar species, to the flat areas below, with the exception of the sedges. Above
3,400m to about 3,800m are found the Heather Moorlands with Erica and Phillipia the
dominant genera. Afroalpine Moorlands are found at the high altitude regions. Steep rocky
slopes and cliffs support very little vegetation growth. Flat swampy areas are dominated by the
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Ethiopia
sedge Carex monostachya. A distinctive feature of the vegetation in this zone is the giant
plant Lobelia rynchopetalum which reaches a height of 6m when flowering. The Harenna
Forest zone comprises almost half of the park area and contains moist forest of which little is
known. Dense stands of mountain bamboo Arundinaria alpina cover large areas. Podocarpus
gracilior and Coffea arabica are found at the lower elevations.
Fauna 46 mammal species have been recorded including at least 1150 endemic mountain
nyala Tragelaphus buxtoni, at least 700 endemic Simen fox Canis simensis (T), and the endemic
giant molerat Tachyoryctes macrocephalus, Menelik’s bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus meneliki,
klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus, olive baboon Papio anubis, warthog Phacochoerus
aethiopicus, leopard Panthera pardus (T), serval Felis serval, duiker Sylvicapra grimmia, golden
jackal Canis aureus, Abyssinian hare Lepus capensis and rock hyrax Procavia capensis
capillosu. The rich birdlife (160 species) includes 14 of Ethiopia’s 23 endemics, and four pairs
of the wattled crane Grus carunculatus. The rivers have been stocked with rainbow
trout Salmo trutta (now breeding freely), and brown trout Salmo gairdneri.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies Some 2500 people currently live in the park along with 10,500
livestock. Plans are being implemented to remove the majority of these. High altitude mineral
water sources are used by cattle and heather moorlands are burned in dry years to improve
grazing. Poaching is almost non-existant but Simen fox are often struck by vehicles on the
Sanetti Plateau road. Two communication towers and a transmission line have been constructed
in the park.
Visitor Facilities A large modern hotel is situated in Goba, close to the park and camping is
permitted. A new road has been constructed from Goba over the Sanetti Plateau to Mena in
the south.
Scientific Research Surveys and studies of the mountain nyala and Simen fox have been
carried out. A detailed inventory of park resources has been completed by Hillman (1985) and
a management plan has been prepared.
Special Scientific Facilities A research building at Park Headquarters has been provided by
the New York Zoological Society.
Principal Reference Material
° Bekele, E. (1981). A description of the conservation status and future outlooks of Ethiopia’s
Semien mountains, Bale mountains and Abijatta-shalla Lakes National Parks. Unesco’s
World Heritage Mission to Ethiopia, Addis Ababa.
° Brown, L.H. (1966). A report on the National Geographic Society/WWF Expedition, to
study the Mountain Nyala Tragelaphus buxtoni. Nairobi. 118 pp.
° Steel, D.T. and Trapper, R.C. (1972). Oxford University Expedition to the Bale Mountains.
Report in Bulletin of Oxford University Exploration Club, No. 1: 1-4, Includes preliminary
plant species lists.
°* Hillman, J.C. (1985). Bale Mountains National Park Management Plan, Wildlife
Conservation Organization, Addis Ababa. 246 p.
Staff One warden, 14 game guards and three support staff
Budget US$80,000
Local Park or Reserve Administration Warden, Bale Mountain National Park, Dinsho, Bale.
Date April 1985
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MAGO NATIONAL PARK
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.14.07 (Somalian)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established Under development since July 1978, but not yet gazetted
Geographical Location East of Maji township, Gamo Goffa Region. 5°40’N, 36°20°E.
Altitude 500-1,000m
Area 150,000ha; contiguous to Tama Wildlife Reserve in the Omo-Tama-Mago complex
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The Mago River flows southwards into the Omo River, which enters Lake
Turkana at its northern end. The Mago valley floor (at about 600m) is very flat with mainly
sandy soil and the western wall is formed by the Ngalebong Hills (which seem to constitute a
horstblock). The eastern wall of the rift rises steeply to the Baco Highlands. At the southern
end of the Ngalebong Hills (known as the Galleb Hills by local people) the land is very
dissected with steep eroded slopes. The Plain of Death between the Ngalebong Hills and the
Omo River is generally flat.
Vegetation The hills forming the eastern wall of the Mago valley have open broadleaf
savanna of Combretum and Terminalia species with thickets along the gulleys. Other
conspicuous savanna trees are Piliostigma thonningii, Stereospermum kunthianum (when in
flower) and Gardenia lutea. Grasses are generally tall with Hyparrhenia sp., H. dissoluta,
Themeda triandra, and Setaria triniveria predominating. On the drier valley floor, the
broadleaf savanna is replaced by thornbush with scattered tall Acacia tortilis trees. There is a
conspicuous density mosaic, probably determined mainly by the drainage pattern.
Predominating bush species include Acacia mellifera, Salvadora persica, Grewia villosa,
G. tenax, Cadaba farinosa, Maerua oblongifolia, Euphorbia grandicornis and E. scoparia.
Sansevieria is abundant and Adenium obesum (the desert rose) is frequent in more open areas.
The Hyparrhenia grass of the hills is replaced with shorter perennials such as Chloris
myriostachya, Sporobolus sp., and Ischaemum brachatherum. This fairly open association gives
way to a belt of dense closed thicket several kilometres wide in the region of the Mago River.
The outer zone of the thicket contains most of the above species, with bushes of Acalypha sp.
particularly abundant. The bushes are frequently hung and interlaced with scandent species
such as Cissus quadrangularis and C. rotundifolia. At the south end of the Mago valley, the
thicket merges imperceptibly with the riverine forest along the Omo.
Fauna _ The area is particularly important for buffalo Syncerus caffer and oryx Oryx gazella
beisa. Other mammals include: zebra Equus burchelli, waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, greater
kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros, lesser kudu Tragelaphus imberbis, topi Damaliscus lunatus,
Grant’s gazelle Gazella granti, Lelwel hartebeest Alcelaphus obuselaphus lelwel,
elephant Loxodonta africana (T), giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis, duiker Sylvicapra grimmia,
lion Panthera leo, leopard Panthera pardus (T), and hunting dog Lycaon pictus (T). Bird
species include ostrich Siruthio camelus. Crocodiles Crocodylus sp. are present.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies There is no recent information, but information from Bolton
(1971) is as follows. Established settlements at the south end of the Omo River bank belong to
the Karo tribe, who are cultivating the seasonally flooded terraces and clearing riverine forest.
There are settlements on the hills of the east wall and Murse villages with cattle and goats
along the western foothills of the Ngalebong Hills (known as the Murse Hills by the local
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people). Murse cattle graze on the Plain of Death, but there are no dwellings there. Poachers
operate throughout the Mago valley coming mainly from the hills to the east.
Visitor Facilities Access to the park is difficult, even by Ethiopian standards. It is not open
to the public, although there have been proposals for further development.
Scientific Research Some surveys have been completed.
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
° Ash, J.S. (1976). Birds at Omo National Park, August 1976.
° Bolton, M. (1971). Mago Valley Ecological Survey.
° Stephenson, J. and Mizuno, A. (1978). Recommendations on the conservation of wildlife in
the Omo-Tama-Mago Rift Valley of Ethiopia. Report for Provisional Military Government
of Socialist Ethiopia. Wildlife Conservation Department, Addis Ababa. (Lists flora and
fauna and describes proposed boundary for Omo/Mago).
Staff One warden, six game guards and one driver
Budget Approximately US$95,000
Local Park or Reserve Administration Warden, Mago National Park, Wildlife Conservation
Organization, Box 386, Addis Ababa.
Date April 1985
NECHISAR NATIONAL PARK
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.14.07 (Somalian)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established Under development since July 1972, but yet to be gazetted, Arba Minch
Forest Reserve added in 1983.
Geographical Location Situated between Abbaya Lake and Chamo Lake on the border
between Gemu-Gofa and Sidamo provinces, north of Gidole township. 6°00’N, 37°45’E.
Altitude 1,500-2,000m
Area 70,000ha
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The park contains the ’white grass plains’, Lake Haro Robi, rocky ridges,
and the Kulfo, Sermale, and Mio Rivers.
Vegetation This is mainly open grassland plain with savanna woodland. Riverine forest
occurs along the lakeshores, with highland forest in the east.
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Fauna Some 38 mammal species have been recorded including large herds of Burchell’s
zebra Equus burchelli and Grant's gazelle Gazella granti. Other mammals include: Swayne’s
hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus swaynei (T), buffalo Syncerus caffer, greater
kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros, mountain reedbuck Redunca fulvorufula,
klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus, Defassa waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, olive
baboon Papio anubis, black and white colobus monkey Colobus guereza, crested
porcupine MHystrix cristata, white-tailed mongoose Jchneumia albicauda, and
warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus. Main predators are leopard Panthera pardus (T),
lion Panthera leo, black-backed jackal Canis mesomelas, bat-eared fox Otocyon megalotis,
African wild cat Felis silvestris, serval Felis serval, and caracal Felis caracal.
Hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius and crocodile Crocodylus sp. occur in the rivers. Some
190 bird species have been identified. Nile perch is common in the lakes.
Zoning Planned
Disturbances or Deficiencies Cultivation, nomadic grazing, removal of firewood and illegal
fishing are prevalent in some parts of the park. But about 90% of the total area had been freed
from human occupation in 1983.
Visitor Facilities One tourist hotel in Arbaminch town, an entrance gate, 150 km of track
(dry weather road), two ferry docks on the Abaya and Chamo Lakes and motor boats.
Scientific Research — There is one biologist for the park starting from 1984 and extensive
studies are underway.
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
° Ashine, T. (1983). National Parks and Protected Areas of Ethiopia. Proceedings of the 22nd
Working Session of IUCN’s Commission on National Parks and Protected Areas, Zimbabwe,
22-27 May 1983.
° Bolton, M. Wildlife Survey reports, 1969, 1970.
Staff Warden (one); game guards (13); support staff (a biologist, a chashier, storeman, a
driver)
Budget Recurrent budget varies from US$40,000-$65,000/year
Local Park or Reserve Administration Warden, Nechisar National Park, Arba Minch, Gamo
Gofa.
Date April 1985
OMO NATIONAL PARK
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.14.07 (Somalian)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established Developed since 1969, but not yet gazetted.
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Geographical Location In Kaffa Province in the south-west corner of Ethiopia, near the
borders with Sudan and Kenya. 5°30’-6°40’N, 35°20’-36°00’E.
Altitude 500-2,000m
Area 345,000ha; contiguous to Tama Wildlife Reserve (east) and Omo West Controlled
Hunting Area (west and south), which are contiguous to Mago National Park (220,000ha) and
Chew Bahar- Yavello-Borana Reserves
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features There are three open grassy plains, the Sai, Illilbai and Aeiel, with
scattered rocky ridges, on the west bank of the Omo River. The park is surrounded by hills
and drained by tributaries of the Omo, which forms the eastern boundary. The climate is hot
with the main rainy season from April to July.
Vegetation This is generally savanna bushland but includes several vegetation types: riverine
forest of Ficus sycomorus and Tamarindus indica along the major watercourses; bush
dominated by Acacia mellifera with A. elatior ssp. turkanae, Combretum greenwayi
and Hibiscus lunariifolius; scrubland with Dobera glabra and Acalypha fruticosa; and grassland
plains dominated by Pennisetum mezianum, Setaria incrassata, Chrysopogon plumulosus,
Sorghum brevicarinatum, Sporobolus fimbriatus and Andropogon sp. with scattered thickets
of Terminalia spinosa, Boscia angustifolia, Combretum spp. and Grewia spp., and
grasses Eragrostis superba, Heteropogon contortus, and Sehima nervosa.
Fauna Some 29 wildlife species have been recorded. There are large herds of
buffalo Syncerus caffer and eland Taurotragus oryx, elephant Loxodonta africana (T),
giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis, lion Panthera leo, leopard Panthera pardus (T), greater
kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros and lesser kudu Tragelaphus imberbis, oryx Oryx gazella,
topi Damaliscus lunatus, warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus, hyrax (Procaviidae), Lelwel
hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus lelwel, hunting dog Lycaon pictus (T), white-tailed
mongoose /chneumia albicauda, large spotted genet Genetta tigrina, and African civet Viverra
civetta civetta. The 306 bird species include: ostrich Struthio camelus, fish eagle Haliaeetus
vocifer, harrier hawk Polyboroides typus, pied kingfisher Ceryle rudis, malachite
kingfisher Alcedo cristata, sacred ibis Threskiornis aethiopicus, hadada ibis Hagedashia
hagedash, carmine bee-eater Merops nubicus, little egret Egretta garzetta, darter Anhinga rufa,
goliath heron Ardea goliath, and Namaqua dove Oena capensis. Crocodile Crocodylus sp. are
present.
Cultural Heritage An important archaeological find in the area was the discovery of a 2.5
million year old Australopithecus jaw bone.
Population The Hamer, Geleb, Bume, Caro, Mursi, and Surma nomadic tribes live in the area.
Conservation Management Administrative headquarters are in the centre of the park on the
Mui River with a wireless link to the Wildlife Conservation Organisation in Addis Ababa.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies No information
Scientific Research An air survey in 1978 to determine the density of wildlife by
vegetational-types and behavioural studies have been carried out.
Special Scientific Facilities A biological laboratory is proposed
Principal Reference Material
° Ash, J.S. (1976). Birds at Omo National Park, August 1976.
° Ikeda, H. et al. (1982). Ranging and Activity patterns of three nocturnal viverrids in Omo
National Park. African Journal of Ecol. 20(3).
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° Kyushu University Scientific Team. Preliminary report of the ecological study on several
species of ungulates and carnivores in Omo National Park.
Stephenson, J. and Mizuno, A. (1978). Recommendations on the conservation of wildlife in
the Omo-Tama-Mago Rift Valley of Ethiopia. Report for Provisional Military Government
of Socialist Ethiopia. Wildlife Conservation Department, Addis Ababa. (Lists flora and
fauna and describes proposed boundary for Omo/Mago).
° Urban, E.K. and Brown, L.H. (1968). Wildlife in an Ethiopian valley. Oryx 1: 342-353.
Staff One warden, 30 game guards and four support staff
Budget 1979/1980 - approximately US$8,000
Local Park or Reserve Administration Warden, Omo National Park, Wildlife Conservation
Organization, Box 386, Addis Ababa.
Date April 1985
SIMEN MOUNTAIN NATIONAL PARK
Management Category II (National Park)
World Heritage Site (Criteria: iii, iv)
Biogeographical Province 3.18.12 (Ethiopian Highlands)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 31 October 1969 by Order No. 59 in the Negarit Gazeta. Accepted as a
World Heritage Site in 1978. Boundary changes were proposed in 1983 to exclude some
cultivated land in Wazla Valley and to include Bwahit Mountain summit.
Geographical Location In the western Simen Mountains, 120km north-east of Gondar in
Begemder Province. 13°11’N, 38°04’E.
Altitude 3,500-4,624m
Area 22,500ha
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The park occupies a broad undulating plateau of vast grassy plains
bordering the northern edge of the Ethiopian Amhara plateau. The area is part of the Simen
Massif which includes the highest peak in Ethiopia, Ras Dashan. The massif was formed some
25 million years ago and the igneous basalts have since been eroded to form precipitous cliffs
and deep gorges. Some cliffs reach 1,500m in height and extend for long distances (the north
scarp extends 35km). The plateau is bounded on the south and north-east by the deep valleys
of the Tacazze River and its tributaries. It is bisected from north to south by the Mayshasha
River, for which it is the principal catchment area. There are two wet seasons, from February
to March, and July to September; the mean annual rainfall is 1,400mm. There are often drying
winds during the day; frosts may occur at night, and snow sometimes settles on the summit of
Ras Dashan.
Vegetation This is a mixture of Afro-Alpine woods, heath forest and montane moorland with
tree heath Erica arborea, giant lobelia Lobelia rhynchopetalum, Solanum sp., Rosa abyssinica,
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yellow primrose Primula verticillata, everlastings Helichrysum spp., lady’s mantle Alchemilla,
Thymus, Urtica, and mosses (Grimmiaceae). Lichen Usnea spp. drapes the high altitude forest
trees. The alpine moss originated in the Pleistocene epoch. Ridge tops and gorge sides support
coarse grassland with the herbs Thymus spp., Trifolium spp., Geranium arabicum, thickets
of Rumex nervosus, scattered Otostegia minucii, and creepers Clematis simensis and Galium
spurium. Forests of St. John’s wort Hypericum spp. once flourished at 3,000-3,800m, but few
still remain. There are high, but unquantified, levels of endemism.
Fauna The Walia ibex Capra ibex walie (T) on the north scarp of the massif, is endemic to
Simen Mountain, with most of the population occurring in the park, and the Simen fox Canis
simensis (T), is endemic to Ethiopia. Other mammals include: gelada baboon Theropithecus
gelada, hamadryas baboon Papio hamadryas, colobus monkey Colobus sp., serval Felis serval,
leopard Panthera pardus (T), caracal Felis caracal, wild cat F. silvestris, spotted hyena Crocuta
crocuta, jackal Canis aureus, and several large herbivores including bushbuck Tragelaphus
scriptus, common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia, and klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus. The 400
bird species include lammergeier Gypactus barbatus, Verreaux’s eagle Aquila verreauxii,
kestrel Falco tinnunculus, lanner falcon F. biarmicus, and augur buzzard Buteo rufofuscus.
Conservation Management The management plan proposed at the Unesco/World Heritage
Workshop 1983 comprises: 1) resource management 2) population relocation 3) tourism,
improved access, and expansion of facilities 4) conservation education 5) research and
monitoring, and 6) administration and maintenance, including staff training. A farming
community of 1,500 farmers previously living in the park has now been relocated. Rangers
protect Walia ibex from poaching. IUCN/WWF Project 1241 aims at establishing a qualified
warden to assure proper management and survival of the Walia ibex and other rare species.
Zoning Four zones have been defined, but not yet implemented: Prime Protection Zone
(6,500ha) to include the least disturbed woodland habitat of the Walia ibex with only
non-destructive and administrative use permitted; Extensive Use Zone (6,000ha) with grazing
prohibited, but some tourist access, recreation, and environmental education; Recovery Zone
(9,500ha) from which inhabitants will be relocated and where selective reafforestation will be
implemented; and Development Zone (500ha) for the main tourist, education, and
administrative facilities.
Disturbances or Deficiencies About 80% of human interference has been eliminated since
March 1980. The main problems were grazing, agriculture, burning, hunting, and collection of
firewood. These resulted in serious gulley erosion and destruction of the Walia ibex’s habitat
(mainly the ’giant heath’). However, there is insignificant documentation on actual impacts.
Little is known of the status of the Walia ibex population or the maintenance of the park
management infrastructure. Recently, there has been a report of a take-over by the Tigray
People’s Liberation Front (TPLF).
Visitor Facilities There are 100-200 international visitors annually and three simple camps,
but access routes are reported to be poor.
Scientific Research Studies have been made of Walia ibex, habitat conservation, and the
ecology of Gelada baboon.
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
° Ashine, T. (1984). What the World Heritage Convention has meant to Ethiopia. In:
McNeely, J.A. and Miller, K.R. (1984)(Eds) National Parks, Conservation, and Development.
The Role of Protected Areas in Sustaining Society. Smithsonian Institution Press,
Washington, D.C.
° Bekele, E. (1981). A description of the conservation status and future outlooks of Ethiopia’s
Semien mountains, Bale mountains and Abijatta-shalla Lakes National Parks. Unesco’s
World Heritage Mission to Ethiopia, Addis Ababa.
°* CNPPA Summary Status Report (1984). Threatened Protected Areas of the World (draft).
Hurni, H. (1976). Bodenerosion in Simien, Athiopien. Geographica Helvetica No.4.
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IUCN/WWE Project 1241. Ethiopia, Simien Mountains National Park.
Klotzli, F. Ecological survey on habitat conservation.
Masao Kwai (Ed.) Ecological and sociological studies of Gelada baboon.
Nievergelt, B. (1981). Ibexes in an African Environment (Simien Mountains). Ecological
Studies 40.
° Schaerer, O. (1979). A bibliography on Nature and Man of the Simien Mountains
(Ethiopia). Compiled on behalf of the Pro-Simien Foundation and WWF, University of
Zurich, Switzerland.
° Wildlife Conservation Organisation (1983). Management Planning Considerations for Simien
Mountain National Park. Unesco/World Heritage Workshop, Ethiopia.
o © © ©
Staff One warden, 30 game guards and seven support staff
Budget 1979/1980 - aproximately US$15,000
Local Park or Reserve Administration | Warden, Simen Mountains National Park, Debark,
Gondar.
Date April 1985
YANGUDI RASSA NATIONAL PARK
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.18.12 (Ethiopian Highlands)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established The area was declared in July 1978 and has been under development since
1976, but has yet to be gazetted.
Geographical Location Harrarghe and Wollo Regions, 350km north-east of Addis Ababa.
8°03’N, 34°00’E.
Altitude 500-600m
Area 200,000ha. Bordered by Gewane and Mille Sardo Wildlife Reserves and Afdem-Gewane
Controlled Hunting Area.
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The park area is mainly plains, but also contains Mount Galato Daba,
Mount Yangudi and the Awash River on the western boundary.
Vegetation Open grassland, riverine forests and savanna
Fauna Mammals include: Somali wild ass Equus asinus somalicus (T), oryx Oryx gazella,
Soemmerring’s gazelle Gazella soemmerringi, warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus,
gerenuk Litocranius walleri, Grevy’s zebra Equus grevyi (T), greater kudu Tragelaphus
strepsiceros and lesser kudu 7. imberbis, serval Felis serval, cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T),
leopard Panthera pardus (T), and golden jackal Canis aureus. Very few bird species.
Ostrich Struthio camelus.
Zoning None
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Disturbances or Deficiencies Poaching
Scientific Research Some surveys have been completed.
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
° Ashine, T. (1983). National Parks and Protected Areas of Ethiopia. Proceedings of the 22nd
Working Session of IUCN’s Commission on National Parks and Protected Areas, Zimbabwe,
22-27 May 1983.
° Klingel, Hans (1970). The Somali Wild Ass in Ethiopia - Status Survey.
Staff One warden, 12 game guards, and two support staff
Budget 1979/1980 - approximately US$140,000
Local Park or Reserve Administration Warden, Yangudi Rassa National Park Gewane.
Date April 1985
GAMBELLA NATIONAL PARK
Management Category V (Protected Landscape)
Biogeographical Province 3.13.07 (Eastern Sahel)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established It was established as a wildlife reserve and not gazetted, but has been under
legal protection and development since 1973. Now under development as a national park.
Geographical Location _Illubor Province in the extreme west of Ethiopia. Approximately
8°00’N, 34°00’E.
Altitude Up to 515m
Area 200,000ha. Bordered to the north by the controlled hunting areas of Jikao and Tedo.
Land Tenure Central Government
Physical Features The lowland plains flanking the Gilo and Itang Rivers constitute the
eastern extreme of the Upper Nile marshlands of neighbouring Sudan.
Vegetation Decidious woodland predominates with some areas of dense forest. The remaining
areas are Open savanna grassland and marshes.
Fauna The park is of particular importance for the migration of large herds of white-eared
kob Kobus kob leucotis. Other mammals include: a remnant elephant Loxodonta africana (T)
population, buffalo Syncerus caffer, Nile lechwe Kobus leche (T), rhinoceros Diceros bicornis
(T), oryx Oryx gazella, Burchell’s zebra Equus burchelli, topi Damaliscus lunatus, hyrax
(Procaviidae), waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus,
klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus, bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, roan antelope Hippotragus
equinus, oribi Ourebia ourebi, bush pig Potamochoerus porcus, giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis,
lion Panthera leo, leopard Panthera pardus (T), cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T), spotted
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hyena Crocuta crocuta, genet Genetta sp., serval Felis serval, and mongoose (Viverridae). Over
150 recorded bird species have been recorded. Crocodile Crocodylus sp. are present.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies No information
Scientific Research No information
Special Scientific Facilities No information
Principal Reference Material
° Ashine, T. (1983). National Parks and Protected Areas of Ethiopia. Proceedings of the 22nd
Working Session of IUCN’s Commission on National Parks and Protected Areas, Zimbabwe,
22-27 May 1983.
° Duckworth, F. (1973). The wildlife situation in the Gambella Awraja, south-west Ethiopia.
IEG Wildlife Conservation Organization.
Staff No information
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration No information
Date April 1985
DAHLAK ISLANDS MARINE NATIONAL PARK
Management Category Proposed National Park
Biogeographical Province 3.14.07 (Somalian)
Legal Protection None
Date Established The area has been proposed and is under development, but has yet to be
gazetted.
Geographical Location Part of the Dahlak Archipelago, at the southern end of the Red Sea,
off the north-east coast of Ethiopia. 15°40’N, 40°10°E.
Altitude 0-15m
Area The archipelago covers an area of about 300,000ha, but only part of this is proposed as a
national park.
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The Dahlak Islands form a large archipelago of some 130-360 islands. The
larger islands are made of limestones, deposited during the Upper Pleistocene, then faulted to
produce the present pattern of islands and troughs. These islands are interspersed with
coralline islands and patch reefs, and sandy stretches composed of marine sediments. Tidal
ranges of 50-120cm have been recorded. The climate is mainly arid, and there is little
freshwater input.
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Vegetation The islands have arid vegetation of scattered Acacia trees, Euphorbia, palms, thorn
bush and scrub, and open grassland. Mangroves are found on several islands, with Avicennia
marina the most common species, Ceriops and Rhizophora. Sargassum tops a number of
isolated rocks, and Sargassum flats surround some of the islands, while on low saline sandy
stretches outside the mangrove zones, zones of Suaeda and Statice are found, with Atriplex
and Zygophyllum further down the beach.
Fauna Mammals which have been seen in the area include the threatened dugong Dugong
dugon (T). Some of the islands support camels Camelussp. and Soemmerring’s gazelle Gazella
soemmerringi. Both the green turtle Chelonia mydas (E) and hawksbill turtle Eretmochelys
imbricata (E) have also been recorded, the former breeding. Birdlife on the islands is diverse
with 56 recorded species, including osprey Pandion haliaetus, pink backed pelican Pelecanus
rufescens and white pelican P. roseus, brown booby Sula leucogaster, red-tailed tropic
bird Phaethon rubricauda, crab plover Dromas ardeola, sooty falcon Falco concolor, Arabian
bustard Choriotis arabs, flamingoes (Phoenicopteridae), herons and egrets (Ardeidae), as well as
many waders (Charadriiformes), terns and gulls (Laridae). A variety of corals occur including
small delicate branching corals, lace coral (Stylasteridae), and mushroom coral (Fungiidae).
Small stagshorn coral Acropora sp. is typical of some of the patch reefs in shallow water. There
are also coral heads with Porites (interspersed with Sargassum). Corals increase with depth and
a high diversity of species is attained. The reefs support a rich fish fauna: Caranax,
milkfish Chanos, Dascyllus (Pomacentridae), barracuda (Sphyraenidae), black bass Micropterus
salmoides, pipefish (Syngnathidae), moray eels (Muraenidae), snappers and bream (Sparidae),
tuna and mackerel (Scombridae), butterflyfish (Chaetodontidae), parrotfish (Scaridae),
scorpionfish (Scorpaenidae), triggerfish (Balistidae), boxfish (Ostraciontidae), and pufferfish
(Tetraodontidae) have all been recorded.
Conservation Management The large area of mangrove swamps is critical for the productivity
of the region. Commercial fishing occurs on a small scale, and this could be boosted by
development of the park, as this should ensure protection of fish breeding grounds.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies The coral reefs and tropical fish stocks are exploited for
commercial trade. Overgrazing and subsequent erosion is occuring on some of the inner
islands, but most of the islands are uninhabited.
Visitor Facilities It is proposed to develop the area as a tourist park, and the potential is quite
high. Development is currently at Mits’iwa, the nearest coastal town.
Scientific Research No information
Special Scientific Facilities No information
Principal Reference Material
African Wildlife Leadership Foundation (1972). Red Sea and Island Resources of Ethiopia.
Typescript report. 24 p.
° Berhanu, A. (1973). A report on Dahlac Islands Marine Park. Wildlife Conservation
Organisation. 8 p.
° Berhanu, A. (1976). Ethiopia: A Report on the Dahlac Islands Marine Park. In: Promotion
of the Establishment of Marine Parks and Reserves in the Northern Indian Ocean including
the Red Sea and Persian Gulf. Papers and Proceedings of the Regional Meeting held at
Tehran, Iran, 6-10 March 1975. IUCN Publications New Series No. 35: 45-49.
° Blower, J.H. (1970). Report on a visit to the Dahlak Islands: 18-25 March 1969 plus
Appendix I to Annex E of Dahlak Quest Expedition Report December 1969 - January 1970.
(Wildlife Conservation Report 63 p.)
Staff No information
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Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration No information
Date April 1985
-200-
Cameroon
Equatorial Guinea
——_ ew ew eee ow =
*
e)
5 ae Ipassa-Makokou
Libreville
Atlantic Ocean
Key
FE) Protected Areas
* Biosphere Reserve
Gabon
GABON
Area 267,667 sq.km
Population 1,370,000 (1984)
Parks and Reserves Legislation Parks and reserves are declared by the President of the
Republic, after a proposal has been made by the Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Forestry
and Rural Development (Ministére de l’agriculture, de l’élevage et du développement rural).
The principal terms used are ’réserve de chasse’, "domaine de chasse’, ’réserves intégrale’ and
*parc national’, though according to Alain (1976) these terms are not well defined in the
existing legislation. One of the main acts is the decree fixing the forestry regime, and its
modifying acts (notably the Deliberation 33 of 16 October 1957).
Parks and Reserves Administration This is now primarily the responsibility of the
Department of Hunting and Fauna (Départment de chasse et de la faune) within the Ministry
of Agriculture, Water and Forestry and Rural Development (Ministére de l’agriculture, de
l’élevage et du développement rural). Previously faunal reserves, hunting reserves and integral
reserves were controlled by this department, while national parks come under the Ministry of
Tourism. Forestry is the responsibility of the Départment des eaux et foréts.
Address
° Départment de chasse et de faune, Ministére de l’agriculture, de l’élevage et du
développement rural, Direction des chasses et faune, BP 1128, Libreville.
° Départment des eaux et foréts, Ministére l’agriculture de l’élevage et du développement
rural, BP 2275, Libreville.
Additional Information Several of the reserves have yet to be implemented. Additional areas
in need of protection include primary forest north and south of Ogooué and a region of
savanna woodland near Franceville where the last lions in the country are to be found. Gabon
is considered to have adequate resources to manage its natural environment; however, sufficient
commitment to this task has reportedly been lacking in the past (IUCN/UNEP, 1983).
In the mid-1970s an FAO/UNDP project was caried out in Gabon with the broad aim of
improving the management of wildlife resources within the country. The principal objectives
were evaluation of the information available on natural resources; study of the relevant
legislation and administrations; and study and evaluation of the existing system of protected
areas, with the aim of improving management, administration and legislation. The report by
Alain (1976) makes a number of recommendations and proposes a plan of action.
In 1986 IUCN and WWF provided consults to Gabon to conduct a review of the system of
protected areas. The long-term objectives of this project are the promotion of protected area
establishment within the country, and promotion of efficient conservation management of these
areas. In addition to reviewing the areas currently protected, the report also outlines a
management plan for the Lopé reserve (Nicoll and Langrand, 1986).
References
° Alain, G. (1976). Conservation de la faune et aménagement des parcs nationaux. Gabon.
Rapport de mission. FO: GAB/74/012. FAO, Rome.
° Brédo, H.L. and de Vos, A. (1969). Rapport au Governement du Gabon sur la faune et le
tourism. FO: SF/GAB/1. FAO, Rome.
° TUCN/UNEP (1983). La réparition des aires protégées en fonction des besoins de la
conservation des communautés biotiques de l’Afrique Centrale et de 1l’Ouest. Working
Document. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.
° IUCN/WWF Project 1613. Primate Action Fund.
° Nicoll, M. and Langrand, O. (1986). The conservation of forest ecosystems in Gabon.
Report prepared for IUCN/WWF Project 3247. IUCN, Gland.
° WWF Project 3247. Gabon, Review of System of Protected Areas.
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Protected Areas
(hectares)
National Parks
Wonga-Wongue 358,000
Strict Nature Reserves
Ipassa- Makokou 15,000
Other Reserves
Lope 500,000
Moukalaba-Dougoula 100,000
Sétté-Cama 700,000
Subtotal 12,000,000
Other reserves and hunting reserves are included within those sites listed above. These
included Iguela Petit Louango, Ounga, Iguela and Ngoué-Ndogo.
Biosphere Reserves
Reserve naturelle integrale d’Ipassa- Makokou 15,000
PARC NATIONAL DE WONGA-WONGUE
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.02.01 (Congo Rain Forest)
Legal Protection The flora and fauna are totally protected, and cultivation prohibited. Access
within the reserve is strictly limited to those invited by the president.
Date Established The area was designated a National Park 30 March 1967 by Order No.
362/MEF/DEF/CHPP (confirmed by Decree No. 172/PR/MEF title 1, article 5 of 13 April
1971). Earlier, Order No. 1488/SF-5225 of 17 November 1962 set up the Domaines de chasse
of Wonga-Wongué (25,000ha), Grand Bam-Bam (20,000ha) and Petit Bam-Bam (35,000ha), and
Decree No. 7329 of July 1966, and a provisional order of 30 November 1966 also dealt with
protection of the area.
Geographical Location In the coastal region of Gabon, between Libreville and Port Gentil,
99km south of the equator. 0°30’-1°00’S, 9°10-9°40°E.
Altitude From sea level to around 260m
Area 380,000ha (the originally designated area only amounted to 80,000ha).
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features Much of the area is flat, comprising parts of the plains, gently rolling hills
and plateaux of the coastal plain. Soils are principally pramitic and ferralitic. With the
Atlantic coast to the west, the park is bounded by the Aouagne and Pambo-Nyango rivers to
the north, by Lake Azingo to the south-east, and by the Gongoué, Oranga, Wanga, Bembelié
and Mpogoué rivers, and the Inyongo and Nguélié lakes to the south. A number of small
coastal rivers cross the park, some giving rise to erosion features such as the amphitheatre of
the Cirque du Grand Bam-Bam. The coastline is flat and straight. Average temperature is
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Gabon
26°C, and annual rainfall varies between 2000mm and 2200mm, with two dry seasons each
year. During the longer dry season (June - September) there is almost continuous cloud cover.
Vegetation The vegetation varies from humid tropical forest to stunted woodland savanna,
covered in grass species during the rains, with thickets of stunted Aucoumea klaineana and
other ligneous species. The rainforest includes ebony Diospyros spp. and other hardwoods such
as the purpleheart Copaifera mopane, interspersed with climbing palm Calamus and rubber
vine Landolphia. Other species of interest in the area include: Gabon mahogany Aucoumea
klaineana (a resin yielding species), limba Terminalia superba, ilomba Pycnanthus angolensis,
iroko Chlorophora excelsa, and acajou mahoganies Khaya spp.
Fauna The two most notable mammal species in the park are the chimpanzee Pan troglodytes
(T), and the western race of the gorilla Gorilla gorilla gorilla (T). Also found in the area are
elephant Loxodonta africana (T), buffalo Syncerus caffer (some 30,000 individuals),
warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus, sitatunga Tragelaphus spekei, bongo Tragelaphus euryceros,
yellow-backed duiker Cephalophus sylvicultor, blue duiker Cephalophus monticola,
aardvark Orycteropus afer, giant pangolin Manis gigantea, and monkeys of the
genus Cercopithecus. Birds include white pelican Pelecanus onocrotalus, bustards (Otididae),
and parrots (Psittacidae), and amongst the reptiles are python Python sp. and the Gabon
viper Bitis gabonica. The area is also noted for its species of Lepidoptera.
Conservation Management The area is essentially managed as a Presidential reserve, where
hunting parties are organized for guests of the president. Access is therefore strictly limited
(and only really possible by light aircraft from outside the area). Anti-poaching activity is
undertaken.
Zoning There were three basic sections within the area now covered by the parc national, but
there is now no zoning.
Disturbances or Deficiencies Intensive poaching has been reported in the past, though
poaching control instigated by the present Guide de chasse is apparently very effective.
Forestry exploitation has occured within the reserve. There have been a number of
introductions of exotic species to the area, including Burchell’s zebra Equus burchelli,
black-tailed gnu Connochaetus taurinus, peccary Tayassu sp., wild boar Sus scrofa, and
pony Eguus caballus. All but the zebra have established themselves within the park.
Scientific Research None
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
° Nicoll, M and Langrand, O. (1986). The Conservation of Forest Ecosystems in Gabon.
IUCN/WWFE Project 3247, Systems review of protected areas in Gabon.
° Tutin, C. and Fernandez, M. (1983). Recensement des Gorilles et des Chimpanzés du
Gabon. CIRMF, Gabon.
Staff No information, but likely to be relatively large.
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration Direction de la faune et de chasse, Ministére des eaux
et forets, BP 1128, Libreville
Date June 1986
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RESERVE NATURELLE INTEGRALE D’IPASSA-MAKOKOU
Management Category IV and IX (Managed Nature Reserve and Biosphere Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.02.01 (Congo Rain Forest)
Legal Protection Hunting, fishing and cultivation is forbidden in the reserve, and nothing
may be killed or collected except for scientific research. Surrounding lands are unprotected.
Date Established 2 October 1970 by decree. Approved as a Biosphere Reserve in 1983.
Geographical Location On the northern bank of the Ivindo River in north-east Gabon,
600km from the sea and 10km southwest of Makokou in the province of Ogooue-Ivindo.
0°31’N, 12°48’E.
Altitude 450-550m, averaging 500m
Area 15,000ha, with a core area of 10,000ha
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The reserve lies on the Precambrian Peneplaine de V’Ivindo, and the base
rocks of the region are mostly Precambrian crystalline formations of leptinite, basic lava,
granites and gneisses, with sedimentary formations composed of muds, conglomerates and
clays. A succession of clay alluvia lines the forested valley floors. The River Ivindo forms the
southern limit of the reserve, and several river islands fall within the reserve boundaries. A
number of small streams drain into the Ivindo, and small areas of hydromorphic soils that are
seasonally flooded are scattered throughout the reserve. Mean annual temperature is 23.9°C,
with mean monthly temperatures ranging between 21°C and 24°C. Relative humidity is about
80%. Mean annual rainfall is 1755mm with two wet seasons, but during the long dry season
(June - September) there is almost continuous cloud cover.
Vegetation The vegetation comprises humid dense evergreen lowland forest of the
Congo-Guinean phytogeographic region, though there are local differences resulting from
proximity to the river, and strong winds cause more frequent treefall than in forest further
from the river. On the hydromorphic soils, the forests are seasonally flooded. Some 1,200
plant species have been recorded, though it is estimated that there may be some 4,000 in total.
Diversity of trees and lianes is approximately 200 species per hectare. There are several rare or
endemic species found within the reserve, including Ardisia belingaensis and Rhaptopetalum
belingensis.
Fauna The vertebrate fauna is relatively rich, with 130 mammals recorded, 401 birds (with
356 recorded within an area of 200ha), 65 reptiles and 47 amphibians. Particularly worthy of
mention are the mandrill Papio sphinx (T), bushpig Potamochoerus porcus, and water
chevrotain Hyemoschus aquaticus, although this latter species is now reported to be locally
extinct. Also present are blue duiker Cephalophus monticola, white-bellied duiker Cephalophus
leucogaster, black-fronted duiker Cephalophus nigrifrons, Peter’s duiker Cephalophus
callipygus, bay duiker Cephalophus_ dorsalis, sitatunga Tragelaphus spekei,
bongo Tragelaphus euryceros, and buffalo Syncerus caf fer.
Conservation Management This reserve is reported to be the only protected area in Gabon
where forest exploitation does not occur, and in the past the area has been largely undisturbed
except by traditional subsistence hunting. There are also two contiguous blocks of largely
undisturbed forest.
Zoning There is a core zone of 10,000ha with a fixed quadrat site (of 200ha), and a
surrounding buffer zone (which still contains some plantations). Only research is allowed
within the core zone.
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Gabon
Disturbances or Deficiencies There are a number of neighbouring villages along the southern
bank of the River Ivindo, and it has been reported that poaching within the reserve is on the
increase. Apart from the natural boundary along the Ivindo, the only marked section of the
boundary is a 2km track cut on the eastern edge, and there is some encroachment. There are
no buffer zones outside the reserve. It has recently been reported that there are no effective
management plans, and that active management and law enforcement are currently inadequate.
Visitor Facilities School parties have visited the research station.
Scientific Research The reserve and surrounding forests are the best studied areas in Gabon,
with the core area being particularly well studied. Most research takes place within a 200ha
zone near the research station. Research has concentrated on the relationship between forest
dynamics and diversity, plant-animal interactions, animal ecology and behaviour, liane ecology,
and agroforestry. More specifically, animal research has been concentrated on primates, small
ungulates, pangolins, rodents, fish and insects. There are continuous monitoring programmes,
and a comprehensive species list has been compiled. Much of the research has been carried out
by foreign institutes.
Special Scientific Facilities A research station, the Laboratoire de Primatologie et d’Ecologie
Equatoriale, was built in the reserve in 1968 by the Centre National de Recherche Scientifique
Tropicale in France (CENAREST). It was nationalised in the late 1970s by the Gabonese
Government to become the Institut de Recherche en Ecologie Tropicale (IRET) but is still part
of CENAREST. Research facilities include a 100m grid of paths within the 200ha research
zone. There is accommodation for 12 scientists, a library, laboratory facilities, herbarium (with
specimens of all identified plant species), canteen and water tower.
Principal Reference Material
° Anon. (1980). Catalogue des phanerogames et des pteridophytes du Nord-est du
Gabon. Adansonia 20(2): 235-253.
° Dubost, G. (1978). Un apergu sur l’écologie du chevrotain africain Hyemoschus acquaticus
Ogilby, Artiodactyle, Tragulidae. Mammalia 42: 1-62.
° Dubost, G. (1984). Comparison of the diets of frugivorous forest ruminants of
Gabon. Journal of Mammalogy 65: 298-316.
° Emmons, L.H. (1980). Ecology and resource partitioning among nine species of African rain
forest squirrels. Ecological Monographs 50: 31-54.
°* Emmons, L.H., Gautier-Hion, A. and Dubost, G. (1983). Community structure of the
frugivorous-folivorous forest mammals of Gabon. Journal of Zoology, London 199: 209-222.
° Feer, F. (1979). Observations écologiques sur le Néotrague de Bates (Neotragus batesi De
Winton, 1903, Artiodactyle, Ruminant, Bovidé) du nord-est du Gabon. Terre et Vie 33:
159-239.
°* Gautier-Hion, A., Duplantier, J-M., Emmons, L., Feer, F., Heckestweiler, A., Moungazi,
A., Quris, R. and Sourd, C. (1985). Coadaptation entre rythmes de fructification et
frugivorie en forét tropicale humide du Gabon: mythe ou réalité. Terre et Vie 40: 405-434.
° Nicoll, M and Langrand, O. (1986). The Conservation of Forest Ecosystems in Gabon.
IUCN/WWF Project 3247, Systems review of protected areas in Gabon.
Staff There is a director based in Libreville, and a permanent local staff of twenty who
maintain buildings, access paths and vehicles. The director is only able to visit the reserve for
a few weeks each year. A botanical technician, and two scientists are also resident within the
reserve.
Budget The maintenance of the reserve is paid by the Ministére de l’Enseignment Superieur,
while funding for research comes from MAB sources and amounts to some US$20,000 to
US$30,000 per year.
Local Park or Reserve Administration Centre National de Recherche Scientifique Tropicale,
BP 180, Makokou.
Date June 1986
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RESERVE DE FAUNE DE MOUKALABA-DOUGOULA
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.02.01 (Congo Rain Forest)
Legal Protection Hunting and cultivation is illegal, but although total protection is intended,
some forestry permits still apply and the remaining undisturbed forest will be logged by 1988.
Date Established 17 November 1962, by Decree No. 1484
Geographical Location In the Moukalaba river valley of southern Gabon, lying between the
Duogoua and Moukalaba Rivers in the east, and the peaks of the hills to their west.
Approximately centred 2°10’S, 10°20°E.
Altitude 120-250m
Area 100,000ha
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features Mainly comprises the eastern slopes of the hills behind the coastal plains,
with streams draining to the Dougoua and Moukalaba Rivers which form the eastern borders of
the reserve. Hot, humid equatorial climate, with two dry seasons, though the long dry season
(June - September) is almost continuously cloudy.
Vegetation The reserve contains a mosaic of secondary grassland, gallery forest, and rain
forest (both undisturbed and selectively logged). The grasslands, which are burned each year
during the long dry season, are dominated by Pobeguinea species that grow to about 2m tall.
Wooded formations occur on the better drained soils.
Fauna Mammals include: buffalo Syncerus caffer, elephant Loxodonta africana (T), water
chevrotain Hyemoschus aquaticus, waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, as well as gorilla Gorilla
gorilla and other primate species. The avifauna is rich with many strictly grassland species
such as the uncommon Merops bullockoides, as well as forest species such as Bombylonax
breweri.
Conservation Management There is currently no management plan, and activities have
recently been directed towards building facilities for management/ protection staff, and
anti-poaching activities have yet to begin. The presence of representatives of the Ministére des
eaux et forets in the area has reduced poaching to some extent, however. There is an urgent
need to begin anti-poaching activity, and to mark boundaries.
Zoning The area was previously divided into a 80,000ha réserve de faune and 20,000ha
domaine de chasse, with clearly differing management objectives. There is currently no zoning.
Disturbances or Deficiencies The area has been heavily hunted in the past, and is still under
pressure from poaching. The western boundary is unclear, and there are insufficient signs
delimiting reserve boundaries. Perhaps more seriously, some forestry permits still apply and it
is likely that no undisturbed forest will remain after 1988. Forestry activities have changed the
structure of the rain forest, and on some steep slopes have caused severe local damage. There
are currently no qualified reserve personnel, though this will change when the facilities are
completed.
Visitor Facilities None
Scientific Research A permanent one hectare plot has been established in rain forest to
examine forest dynamics and diversity, otherwise there is no research within this area.
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Gabon
Special Scientific Facilities None, although accomodation and use of a vehicle will be
available later.
Principal Reference Material
° Fontes, J. (1978). Les formations herbeuses du Gabon. Ann. Univ. Nat. Gabon 2: 127-153.
° Nicoll, M and Langrand, O. (1986). The Conservation of Forest Ecosystems in Gabon.
IUCN/WWF Project 3247, Systems review of protected areas in Gabon.
Staff There are two agents forestiéres, and seven locally employed workers involved in
construction. Staff will be increased when facilities are completed.
Budget So far funds have been primarily directed to building.
Local Park or Reserve Administration Direction de la faune et de chasse, Ministére des eaux
et forets, BP 1128, Libreville
Date June 1986
RESERVE DE FAUNE ET DOMAINES DE CHASSE DE SETTE CAMA
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.02.01 (Congo Rain Forest)
Legal Protection Depending on location
Date Established Decree No. 1571 of 29 December 1966 includes the domaine de chasse de
Iguéla, the réserve de faune du Petit-Louango, the domaine de chasse de Nbove-Ndogo, and
the domaine de chasse de Sétté-Cama. Protection of the whole ’Aire d’exploitation rationelle
de faune de Sétté-Cama’ dates from Arréte 1487/SF-5225 of 17 November 1962.
Geographical Location Coastal zone of south-west Gabon to the north and south of the
lagoon behind Sétté Cama and Gamba. 2°15’S, 9°56’E.
Altitude From sea level to 100m
Area 700,000ha. (Réserve de faune d’Iguela Petit Louango 80,000ha; réserve de faune de la
plaine d’Ouanga 20,000ha; domaine de chasse d’Iguela 150,000ha; domaine de _ chasse
Ngoué-Ndogo 250,000ha; domaine de chasse de Sétté-Cama 200,000ha)
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The reserve is a weakly undulating, sandy plain, penetrated by an extensive
lagoon and several lakes. The small rivers that cross the area mainly spring from the low
Mayombe hills to the east of the reserve. The soils are largely a mosaic of hydromorphic
clay-sand and sand-clay mixtures. Average temperature is 26°C, and rainfall varies between
2200mm and 2400mm. There are two dry seasons, though during the long dry season (July -
September) there is persistent cloud cover.
Vegetation Open savanna with thickets along the littoral zone, but with rain forest with
Okoume covering the majority of the reserve. Most of the forest was exploited some 20 years
ago. Several of the forest areas are subject to regular flooding.
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Fauna There are large populations of elephant Loxodonta africana (T) and buffalo Syncerus
caffer, but the reserve is particularly important for the African manatee Trichechus
senegalensis, Bate’s dwarf antelope Neotragus batesi, and the leatherback turtle Dermochelys
coriacea (V). Other species include: blue duiker Cephalophus monticola, chimpanzee Pan
troglodytes (T), gorilla Gorilla gorilla gorilla (T), leopard Panthera pardus (T),
aardvark Orycteropus afer, and monkeys Cercopithecus spp..
Conservation Management There is a permanent presence in both the Sétté-Cama and Iguela
areas, but otherwise management and protection would appear to be minimal. Several
recommendations on management are made by Nicoll and Langrand (1986).
Zoning Divided into two réserves de faune and three domaines de chasse, with different
management objectives.
Disturbances or Deficiencies There is oil exploration in the region, despite the fact that this is
illegal, and this is causing a number of problems. There are Guides de chasse in both the
Iguela and Sétté-Cama areas, but otherwise there is no organized protection. There are no
representatives of the Ministére des eaux et férets at Gamba, the only town within the reserve.
Visitor Facilities Although the area is remote, several safaris are organized each year for
foreign non-resident clients.
Scientific Research None
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
° Nicoll, M and Langrand, O. (1986). The Conservation of Forest Ecosystems in Gabon.
IUCN/WWF Project 3247, Systems review of protected areas in Gabon.
Staff There is a guide de chasse with two assistants in the domaine de chasse de Sétté-Cama,
and one guide de chasse in the domaine de chasse d’Iguela. However these staff are appointed
by the Ministére du tourisme, and although their activities are supported by the Ministére des
eaux et forets there is no representative of the latter within the reserve.
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration Direction de la faune et de chasse, Ministére des eaux
et forets, BP 1128, Libreville.
Date June 1986
RESERVE DE FAUNE DE LA LOPE
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.02.01 (Congo Rain Forest)
Legal Protection Hunting, fishing and cultivation is forbidden, and the flora is completely
protected.
Date Established 17 November 1962, by Decree No. 1486. The area has had previous
designations as Lopé-Okanda (1949), *parc national de l’Okanda/réserve intégrale de l’Ofoué’
(Arrété 2668, 27 September 1946) and ’réserve de chasse de Lopé-Okanda’ (Arrété 2604, 26
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September 1946). The most recent designation is as a ’réserve intégrale’ in 1982, but this is
equvalent to the Reserve de faune status. There is an intention to declare the area a national
park, and to link it to a domaine de chasse on the north bank of the Ogooué.
Geographical Location Central Gabon, bounded to the east by the Offoué River, to the north
by the Ogooué River, and to the north-west by the Mingoué River. Approximately centred at
0°30’S, 11°40°E.
Altitude 200-550, with an average of 250m
Area 500,000ha
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The reserve includes both mountainous areas (including Mount>
the Lopé-Okanda plain. Base rocks are part of the Francevillian peneplaine, and soils are
generally argillaceous, shallow and stony, though there are small pockets of seaonally flooded
hydromorphous soils. Major rivers bound the reserve to the east, north and northwest. The
Lope-Okanda plain is one of the driest areas in Gabon, with mean monthly temperatures of
25.7°C, and annual rainfall of 1598mm (both measured at nearby Booué). There are two dry
seasons, and during the longer dry season (June - September) skys are usually overcast.
Vegetation Around 80% of the reserve is Congo rain forest (more than half of which is
undisturbed), with small pockets of swamp forest. Secondary grassland/forest is the
predominant vegetation type in the north, while there are small areas of grassland or fern
throughout the centre and south of the reserve which may be natural. Grassland formations
have been described by Descoings (1978) and Fontes (1978).
Fauna Forty-seven mammal species are found within the reserve, and 150 birds, though both
figures are likely to be underestimates. The area is a stronghold of forest buffalo Syncerus
caffer and elephant Loxodonta africana (T), and a range of carnivores including the golden
cat Profelis auratus. At least 12 primate species are also present, including an estimated 900
gorilla Gorilla gorilla gorilla (T) and 1750 chimpanzee Pan troglodytes troglodytes (T)(Tutin
and Fernandez, 1983), and the drill Mandrillus sphinx (T)(only recently confirmed in Gabon).
Reptiles include at least two crocodile species (both of which are threatened in Africa), the
monitor Varanus niloticus, and the forest tortoise Kinixys erosus.
Conservation Management The surrounding forest extends for hundreds of kilometres south
of the reserve, and is largely undisturbed. The same is true of much of the reserve itself. The
presence of protection staff at Lopé village has reduced poaching in this area, and large
mammals are gradually recovering from periods of heavy hunting both in this region and
around the Trans-Gabon railway. Nicoll and Langrand (1986) make a number of proposals for
improved management of the area.
Zoning Although the area has been split into various types of conservation unit at one time, it
is currently unzoned.
Disturbances or Deficiencies Although strictly illegal, forestry is reported to be a major
industry in the north of the reserve where high densities of Okoumé occur. There is a small
amount of traditional fishing and agriculture, but much more serious is the effect of hunting in
certain areas.
Visitor Facilities There are no official facilities yet, though the area is visited by tourists.
Scientific Research Census of gorilla and chimpanzee (Tutin and Fernandez, 1983), and
research on these species and on black colobus is ongoing. All vertebrate species are recorded,
and the relative abundance of some monitored. New studies are under-way on grassland
management and buffalos, and a permanent study plot is being set up to study diversity in
undisturbed forest.
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Special Scientific Facilities | There are facilities for research at the Station d’Etudes des
Gorilles et Chimpanzés (SEGC), which was established in the reserve in 1983. The centre is
run under the auspices of the Centre Internationale de Recherche Médicale de Franceville, and
includes laboratory/office and accomodation facilities.
Principal Reference Material
° Descoings, B. (1974). Les savanes du Moyen-Ogooué, region du Booué (Gabon).
CNRS/Centre d’Etudes Phytosociologiques et Ecologiques Document 69. 76 p.
° Fontes, J. (1978). Les formations herbeuses du Gabon. Ann. Univ. Nat. Gabon 2: 127-153.
° Nicoll, M and Langrand, O. (1986). The Conservation of Forest Ecosystems in Gabon.
IUCN/WWE Project 3247, Systems review of protected areas in Gabon.
° Tutin, C. and Fernandez, M. (1983). Recensement des Gorilles et des Chimpanzés du
Gabon. CIRMF, Gabon.
Staff There are several ’agents forestiéres’, ’gardes-chasses’ and other workers.
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration Direction de la faune et de chasse, Ministére des eaux
et forets, BP 1128, Libreville
Date June 1986
-212-
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Area 10,368 sq.km
Population 695,886 (1983)
Parks and Reserves Legislation The Wildlife Conservation Act was passed by Parliament on 3
February 1977, and repealed the preceeding conservation act, the Wild Animals (Birds and
Fish) Preservation Act of 1916, though not the regulations applying that act, some of which
continue to be in force. The 1977 act provides for the conservation and rational management
of wildlife in the Gambia, for establishment of National Parks and Reserves and Local
Sanctuaries, and for a Department of Wildlife Conservation. It also includes the outlawing of
hunting, and a ban on the trading and export of animal products. National Parks are defined
as areas set aside for the progapagation, protection, conservation and management of vegetation
and wild animals, as well as for geological formations of scientific or aesthetic value.
Activities disruptive to wildlife are prohibited or strictly controlled. National reserves are
areas also set aside for propagation, protection, conservation and management of vegetation or
wild animals, where hunting and certain other human activities are prohibited. Local
sanctuaries may also be set up to protect particular plants, animals or communities. While
national parks are declared (or declassified) by the Minister after approval of Parliament,
national reserves or local sanctuaries can be established directly by the Minister. The Director
of the Wildlife Conservation Department also has the power to control hunting in areas
adjacent to national parks and reserves. The Wildlife Conservation Regulation, 1978, outlines
regulations and rules applicable to all national parks and reserves, and conditions attached to
the issue of hunting licences. There are a number of Forest Parks, covering in total about 5%
of the land area. These reserves have a productive function, and some are forest plantations
with exotics, some, however, are protected from human interference. The Banjul Declaration
by His Excellency Sir Dawda Jawara, launched 18 February 1977, declared the Government’s
commitment to conservation of fauna and flora.
Parks and Reserves Administration The Department of Wildlife Conservation operates under
the aegis of the President’s office and in particular is the responsibility of the Deputy
Secretary-General. The Department of Forests within the Ministry of Water Resources and
Environment is responsible for forestry administration.
Address
° Forestry Department, Ministry of Water Resources and Environment, 5 Marina Parade,
Banjul.
° Wildlife Conservation Department, c/o President’s Office, Abuko Nature Reserve, Abuko.
Additional Information Because of the geographical position of the country, it is considered
essential that the Gambia co-ordinates its policy on nature conservation with Senegal,
particularly with regard to migratory animals. Establishment of the Gambia Saloum National
Park as an extention of Senegal’s Saloum National Park is a high priority to this end
(IUCN/UNEP, 1983). This area is a major spawning ground for many fish caught off the
Gambia and Senegal coasts, and the park would also protect breeding sites of the manatee, four
species of turtle and thousands of waterbirds.
The Abuko Nature Reserve is Gambia’s first and so far only nature reserve open to the general
public. A large number of ’Forest Parks’ cover about five per cent of the total land area, some
are forest plantations with foreign tree species, while others are forest reserves intended for
protection against human interference. As is to be expected in a small country with such a
relatively high population density, a big effort is put into making the general public aware of
the importance of nature conservation. As a part of this effort, photographs, films, and
various publications are used, as well as organised visits to the Abuko Nature Reserve.
The whole of the Gambia River Basin was surveyed in 1983/84 to provide baseline data for a
projected construction of a barrage across the river, 160km upstream.
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
References
° Diom, M. (1981). Parcs nationaux et aires protégées du Sénégal, de la Gambie et de la
Guinée-Bissau. In: Conserving Africa’s Natural Heritage, UCN, Gland. Pp 80-86.
Edberg, E. (1982). A naturalist’s guide to The Gambia. J.G. Sanders.
IUCN/WWF Project 1078. Gambia, Conservation Education. (Continued by project 3675.)
IUCN/WWF Project 3113. Proposed Senegambian Saloum National Park.
IUCN/UNEP (1983). La réparition des aires protégées en fonction des besoins de la
conservation des communautés biotiques de l’Afrique Centrale et de 1l’Ouest. Working
Document. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.
° Wildlife Conservation Department (1985). The Gambia. Abuko Nature Reserve. Wildlife
Conservation Department, Banjul.
o 0 0 0
Protected Areas
(hectares)
National Parks
Gambia River (Baboon Island) 627
Nature Reserves
Abuko 113
Proposed areas
Gambia Saloum National Park 2,000
Kiangs West National Park 10,000
GAMBIA RIVER (BABOON ISLAND) NATIONAL PARK
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.04.04 (West African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 24 October 1978 by legal Notice 33. (The Wildlife Conservation (River
Gambia National Park) Order).
Geographical Location A group of islands in a loop of the River Gambia, 240km east of
Banjul, 5km south of Kuntaur. Approximately 13°30’N, 15°00’W.
Altitude Near sea level
Area 627ha
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The park comprises a group of five islands within the River Gambia, with
Baboon as the largest. There are red lateritic cliffs on the south bank of the river, which
enhance the aesthetic quality of the area.
Vegetation Islands comprise high riverine forest with areas of Dracaena, particularly around
the small southern coast island.
Fauna The most numerous large animals are warthogs Phacochoerus aethiopicus, and savanna
baboon Papio papio, however two other primate species have been observed: vervet
monkey Cercopithecus aethiops, and red colobus Colobus badius. Unconfirmed reports suggest
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Gambia
that antelope species are well represented - there have been sightings of waterbuck Kobus
ellipsiprymnus, western sitatunga Tragelaphus spekei gratus, solitary roan antelope Hippotragus
equinus and bushbuck T. scriptus. Of particular interest is the presence of
aardvark Orycteropus afer. Reliable sightings have been made of manatee Trichechus
senegalensis (T), clawless otter Aonyx capensis, and hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius
(threatened in Gambia) in the river close to Baboon Island. There are many species of bird
including large flocks of waders during the European winter months and resident pink-backed
pelican Pelecanus rufescens, spur-wing goose Plectropterus gambensis, knob-billed
goose Sarkidiornis melanotos, white-faced tree duck Dendrocygna viduata,
garganey Anas querquedula, fishing owl Scotopelia peli, crowned crane Balearica pavonina, and
fish eagle Haliaeetus vocifer. Both sacred ibis Threskiornis aethiopica and the hadada
ibis Bostrychia hagedash are resident and regularly seen. The day-time bat Lavia frons is also
a feature of the river bank. At least one species of crocodile, Crocodylus niloticus (V), has
been observed in the area, as well as river turtles.
Conservation Management Boat landing facilities have been improved by the Royal Engineer
volunteers of the British Army.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies Occasional intrusion by local fishermen, though this is not a
serious problem.
Visitor Facilities The park is not open to the general public.
Scientific Research A chimpanzee rehabilitation project was initiated on the second largest
island in 1978-1980, and is still in operation (Brewer, 1985). These animals are either
confiscated or donated specimens.
Special Scientific Facilities | A small base-camp for research workers was established on
Baboon Island, and another small building on the second largest island. Only observation cages
now remain on the islands, while the base camp has been relocated onto the south bank of the
river facing the second island.
Principal Reference Material
° Brewer, F.E. (1985). The Gambia Abuko Nature Reserve. Wildlife Conservation Department,
Banjul, Gambia.
° Gore, M.E.J. (1981). Birds of the Gambia B.O.U. Checklist No. 3. B.O.U. London.
Staff Two national park guards and five research staff
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration Wildlife Conservation Department
Date May 1985
ABUKO NATURE RESERVE
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.04.04 (West African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Date Established 1968, as a nature reserve of 78ha. Extention of 35ha in 1978. First
established as Abuko Water Catchment Area in 1916.
Geographical Location Near the village of Lamin, on the Brikama road, about 20km from
Banjul. Approximately 13°15’N, 16°40’W.
Altitude Near sea level
Area 113ha
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The reserve is transected by the Lamin Stream, which usually flows
eastward and has been dammed to form a series of small pools at the lower end of the reserve,
the largest of which is known as Bamboo Pool. However, because of the prevailing drought,
and the exacerbating effect of vegetation removal around the park, this stream has not flowed
for the past few years. The reserve is still used as a water catchment area; ground water is
pumped up at a water works by the main road.
Vegetation The most interesting part of the reserve is a narrow strip of dense evergreen
riverine forest bordering the Lamin Stream. Forest is now very uncommon in the Gambia.
The forest gives way to open Guinean savanna some 50-100m from the water course.
Fauna The value of the forest at Abuko is evident from, among other things, the records of
species whose main distribution is in the rainforest zone further south. Examples are emerald
snake Gastropyxis smaragdina, two spotted palm civet Nandinia binotata and _ green
turaco Tauraco persa. Other mammal species include bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus,
sitatunga 7. spekei (introduced, about five individuals), duiker, porcupine, civet Viverra
civetta, mongoose Mungos gambianus, genet Genetta sp., serval Felis serval, lesser
bushbaby Galago senegalensis, cane rat Thryonomys swinderianus, Gambian sun
squirrel Heliosciurus gambianus, striped ground squirrel Xerus erythropus, western red colobus
monkey Colobus badius, vervet monkey Cercopithecus aethiops, patas monkey Erythrocebus
patas. Some 203 species of bird have been recorded (see Jensen and Kirkeby, 1980). Black
crake Porzana flavirostra, lily trotter Actophilornis africana, palm-nut vulture Gypohierax
angolensis, squacco heron Ardeola ralloides, pied kingfisher Ceryle rudis, giant
kingfisher C. maxima, and hammerkop Scopus umbretta can be seen along the stream. Reptiles
include the Nile crocodile Crocodylus niloticus (V), West African crocodile Osteolaemus
tetrapsis (I), rock python Python sebae, green mamba Dendroaspis viridis, black cobra Naja
melanoleuca, African beauty snake Psammophis sibilans, and Nile monitor. Butterflies are well
represented.
Conservation Management Abuko Conservation Education Centre (sponsored by WWF/IUCN
Project 1078) was completed and inaugurated by the President following launching of the
Banjul Declaration in 1977. A 2.5m high double chain-linked fence encloses the reserve to
protect it from bush fires, hunters and domestic animals. Water is piped to the north-eastern
section.
Zoning Visitor facilities are concentrated in the animal orphanage area. The 1978 extension
is separated from the older reserve by a fence.
Disturbances or Deficiencies Some of the 1978 extension was used for agriculture in the past,
but this area is now enclosed by a chain-linked fence and there is no further agricultural
disturbance.
Visitor Facilities _ No vehicles are permitted. This park is one of the main attractions of
Gambia. There is a rest house at Bamboo Pool with an education centre, exhibition and a film
room. By the other two pools there are observation hides. The ’Animal Orphanage’ contains
cages with chimpanzees, spotted hyenas, lion etc.. There is also a guide book and nature trail,
with labelled trees and shrubs. Refreshments are available. A bus service from Banjul stops
nearby on the main road and most hotels organise trips to Abuko.
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Gambia
Scientific Research A botanical survey was carried out in 1975. There is some work on
chimpanzee rehabilitation. Red colobus have been studied.
Special Scientific Facilities Visiting scientists can arrange to utilise access roads to the
orphanage and the extension.
Principal Reference Material
Brewer, F.E. (1985). The Gambia Abuko Nature Reserve. Wildlife Conservation Department,
Banjul, Gambia.
° Edberg, E. (1984). A Naturalist’s Guide to The Gambia. J.G. Sanders.
° IUCN/WWF Project 1078. Gambia, Conservation Education.
° Jensen, J.V. and Kirkeby, J. (1980). The Birds of the Gambia. An annotated checklist and
guide to localities. Hostrup Film-Grafik, Arhus, Denmark. 284 pp.
Staff Fourteen staff (including Watchmen) and eight daily employed personnel.
Budget There is no separate budget for the reserve.
Local Park or Reserve Administration Wildlife Conservation Department, Lamin.
Date May 1985
KIANGS WEST NATIONAL PARK
Management Category Proposed
Biogeographical Province 3.04.04 (West African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection No information
Date Established Proposed in 1977
Geographical Location Bordered to the north by the River Gambia. Approximately 13°15’N,
15°55°W.
Altitude Near sea level
Area 10,000ha; includes Faba Forest Park
Land Tenure No information
Physical Features The Ngakingkoi Bolon, tributary to the River Gambia, flows through this
area.
Vegetation Major vegetation types in the southern part are dry deciduous woodland and
Guinean savanna with species such as: Pterocarpus erinaceus, Parkia biglobosa, Terminalia
macroptera, Prosopis africana, Ficus spp., Adansonia digitata, Acacia seyal, Cassia sieberana,
Crossopteryx febrifuga, and Piliostigma thonningii. There is also a patchy zone of Acacia tree
savanna between the two former types, mangrove swamps and lagoons.
Fauna Hyena Crocuta crocuta, warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus, red _ river
hog Potamochoerus porcus, Grimm’s duiker Sylvicapra grimmia, bushbuck Tragelaphus
scriptus, West African manatee Trichechus senegalensis (T), red colobus monkey Colobus
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
badius, and crocodile Crocodylus niloticus (V) were recorded from the area in 1975, while roan
antelope Hippotragus equinus had been seen prior to 1973.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies There is deforestation, agriculture and poaching, although
manatee, are now too rare to be regularly hunted. Warthog are hunted by farmers, although
this is illegal, as they damage crops.
Visitor Facilities The reserve has good potential for tourism. A road has been constructed to
the area and there are good possibilities for access by boat.
Scientific Research No information
Special Scientific Facilities No information
Principal Reference Material
° Bijleveld, M. (1975). Report on conservation mission to the Gambia. WWF/IUCN Project
1078.
Staff One ranger resident in the area
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration Wildlife Conservation Department
Date May 1985
-220-
GHANA
-221-
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Ghana
GHANA
Area 238,538 sq.km
Population 12,210,000 (1984)
Parks and Reserves Legislation Under the Wild Animals Preservation Act No. 43 of 1961, the
President is empowered (section 11) to establish reserves within which it is unlawful to hunt,
capture, destroy or collect any wild animals except those exempted. Legislative Instrument 710
of 20 September 1971 sets out the Wildlife Reserves Regulations stating that the consent of the
Chief Game and Wildlife Officer is necessary for entry into those areas and that conditions for
such entry may be determined by him. Any exemption given for capturing, killing or
collecting plants or animals is only made for conservation or management purposes. The Chief
Game and Wildlife Officer may seize and confiscate equipment which in his view can be used
to kill or capture animals, and only with his consent may any cultivation or clearing be carried
out in a reserve. Regulations also control lighting of fires, water pollution and litter. This
legislative instrument also sets up the first reserves, Mole, Digya, Bui, Shai Hills, Kogyae and
Owabi. No separate definition is given for each of the terms (National Park, Game Production
Reserve, Strict Nature Reserve and Wildlife Sanctuary) in either the 1961 Act or the
regulations. Other relevant laws are the Legislative Instruments 1022 of 1975, 1085 of 1976,
1105 of 1977 and 1283 of 1983, PNDC Law 42 and Act 405, the Ghana Forestry Commission
Act, 1980. In practise both categories of reserve, Strict Nature Reserve and Wildlife Sanctuary,
are protected in the same way as national parks. Game Production Areas differ from these
areas in that compatible forms of land use such as logging may be permitted, and hunting may
also be allowed (though entry into these areas without a permit is still punishable). To establish
a conservation area, the land must be compulsorily acquired by the Government with
compensation paid to the owner. Regulations within Forest Reserves are contained in the
Forest Protection Decree of 1974; traditional hunting rights, access and collection of minor
forest products are allowed.
Parks and Reserves Administration This is the responsibility of the Department of Game and
Wildlife, which is a part of the Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources. Forest reserves come
under the jurisdiction of the Forestry Department. There are plans to reorganise offices
dealing with wildlife and forestry, and to integrate four previously separate departments, Game
and Wildlife, Forestry Products Research Institute, Timber Marketing Board and the Forestry
Department.
Address
° Chief Game and Wildlife Officer, Department of Game and Wildlife, PO Box M.239, Accra.
° Forestry Department, Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources, PO Box 527, Accra.
Additional Information The Government of Ghana has a specific conservation plan, the aim
of which is to protect representative samples of the flora and fauna within the country. The
impetus behind conservation has not been based on tourism but rather on a desire to protect
the country’s heritage. There is, however, a shortage of trained wildlife personnel and field
equipment, and vehicles are also in short supply. The communication problem is aggravated by
the lack of a serviceable radio system within the Department of Game and Wildlife.
Conservation education has been severely handicapped by a lack of facilities and trained staff
(Gartlan, 1982), though in some areas this will be improved by recent initiatives between the
International Council for Bird Preservation, Royal Society for the Protection of Birds and the
Ghana Government. Projects to supply protein have been initiated whereby the general public
can appreciate the benefits of conservation, though these efforts are hampered by personnel
and equipment shortages.
A particular problem affecting the conservation of Ghana’s native habitats is the increasing
demand for fuel. The destruction of vegetation for conversion to charcoal is most serious
within the transitional zone between forest and savanna. Prospects for conservation of flora
and fauna within the forest reserves are not good at present, even though some of these protect
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
important water catchment areas. Apparently there is little control over what species are felled
and on the size classes of trees taken.
The recent drought has increased fire hazards in most conservation areas, including part of
some high forest, where primates were serious victims. Animal numbers are generally very
low. Human conflicts, mainly with elephants, have been intensified by drought. There is an
identified need to develop water points in all wildlife conservation areas and to continue
efforts to improve habitat management.
References
°
°
Arid Lands Information Centre (1980). Draft Environmental Profile for Ghana. Office of
Arid Lands Studies, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona. 172 pp.
Asibey, E.O0.A. (1978). Primate conservation in Ghana. In: Chivers D.J. and Lane-Petter,
W. (Eds) Recent Advances'in Primatology Vol 2 Conservation. Pp 55-74. Academic Press,
London.
Cansdale, G.S. (1964). Report to Government of Ghana on establishment of zoological
gardens and wildlife conservation. FAO/EPTA No. 1800.
Curry-Lindahl, K. (1969). Report to the Government of Ghana on conservation,
management and utilization of Ghana’s wildlife resources. IUCN Publications New Series,
Supplementary Paper No 18, Morges, Switzerland.
Gartlan, J.S. (1982). The Forest Primates of Ghana. Report for International Primatological
Society.
IUCN/UNEP (1983). La réparition des aires protégées en fonction des besoins de la
conservation des communautés biotiques de l’Afrique Centrale et de l’Ouest. Working
Document. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.
Jackson, P. (1984). Wildife and the Great African Drought. JUCN Bulletin 15(7-9): 73-74.
Kaplan, I., et al. (1971). Area Handbook for Ghana. US Government Printing Office,
Washington D.C. 447 pp.
Wildlife Conservation Policy of the Republic Approved by Executive Council, 1974. Ghana
Publishing Coorporation, Accra-Tema. 7 pp.
Protected Areas
(hectares)
National Parks
Bia 7,776
Bui 307,360
Digya 312,595
Mole 492,100
Nini-Suhien 10,427
Subtotal 1,130,258
Strict Nature Reserves
Kogyae 32,375
Wildlife Sanctuaries
Bomfobiri 7,258
Owabi 5,184
Subtotal 12,442
Forest Reserves
Krokosua
Game Production Areas
Ankasa 20,736
Bia 22,810
Gbele 32,400
Kalakpa (Kolor) 32,400
Shai Hills 5,443
Subtotal 113,789
“3942
Ghana
Biosphere Reserves
Bia National Park 7,770
Proposed areas
Sukusuku Forest Reserve
BIA NATIONAL PARK
Management Category II and 1X (National Park and Biosphere Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.01.01 (Guinean Rain Forest)
Legal Protection Total within the national park (only tourism and ecological research
permitted). Controlled exploitation of flora and fauna is allowed in the game production area
to the south, but fauna is strictly protected at present. The park is protected under Act 43,
Wild Animals Preservation Act of 1961, and Legislative Instrument 1105, 1977.
Date Established 1974 as a national park of 30,600ha (Legislative Instrument 881); modified
1976 (Legislative Instrument 1084); reduced to 23,000ha in 1979 and further reduced to the
present size of 7,770ha in 1980. The 22,800ha excised from the park has been established as a
’Game Production Area’. Approved as a Biosphere Reserve in 1983. First establiished as Bia
Tributaries South Forest Reserve in 1935, demarcated between 1937 and 1939, and legally
constituted a forest reserve in 1940.
Geographical Location In the western region, near the Ghana-Ivory Coast border, in the
south-west corner of the Southern Ashanti Uplands. Approximately 240km north-west of
Sekondi-Takoradi and 120km west of Kumasi. 6°32’-6°37’N, 3°02’-3°08’W.
Altitude 145-230m
Area 7,770ha (nation! park and Biosphere Reserve); contiguous to the Bia Game Production
Area (22,810ha) and the proposed Bia Tawya Forest Reserve to the south and the proposed
Sukusuku Forest Reserve to the west.
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features Bia lies in the south-west corner of the Southern Ashanti Uplands.
Topography is undulating, and the geology mixed, with Lower Birrimian (middle
Pre-Cambrian) to the east, granites to the west, and Upper Birrimian forming a north-south
strip through the middle. The soils derived from the mixture are acrisols, locally classified as
forest ochrosols. The park protects the headwaters of the Panabo and Sukusuku rivers which
flow into the Ivory Coast, and the Tawya which is a tributary of the Bia. The climate is humid
tropical, with a distinct dry season from December to March. Temperatures are estimated to
vary from a maximum of 29-34°C (July/August) to a minimum of 20-22°C
(February/March). Rainfall peaks are in June and October and the mean annual total is
between 1500-1700mm. At 250m, means of 25°C and 1600mm are recorded.
Vegetation In general the vegetation of the park is relatively untouched, this, together with
Nini-Suhien, being perhaps the only areas in Ghana where virgin rain forest (0.6% of Ghana’s
original high forest) still exists. The park straddles moist evergreen and moist semi-deciduous
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
tropical forest. The area was originally described as belonging to the CeltisTriplochiton
association of humid semi-deciduous forest, but later found to be a separate unit, dominated
by species in families other than the Ulmaceae and Sterculiaceae, such as Tieghemella heckelii,
Entandrophragma angolense, Strombosia glaucocense and the two palms Raphia vinifera
and R. gigantea. There is a high density of valuable timber species and 627 vascular plants
have been recorded, of which 169 are trees reaching heights of more than 8m in the centre of
the park. Tallest emergents reach heights of about 70m. Climbers, epiphytic orchids, mosses
and liverworts abound. A list of species recorded in the park was produced for the Biosphere
Reserve nomination form sent to Unesco.
Fauna’ All the mammalian species typical of unencroached Guinean high forest zone are
found in the Bia area, including red colobus Colobus badius, western black-and-white
colobus C. polykomos and olive colobus Procolobus verus (T)), diana monkey Cercopithecus
diana, lesser white-nosed monkey Cercopithecus petaurista, Campbell’s monkey Cercopithecus
campbelli, mangabey Cercocebus torquatus, and chimpanzee Pan troglodytes (T). Other species
include leopard Panthera pardus (T), golden cat Felis aurata, elephant Loxodonta africana
cyclotis (T), giant forest hog Hylochoerus meinertzhageni, bush pig Potamochoerus porcus,
bongo Tragelaphus euryceros, bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, forest buffalo Syncerus caffer
nanus, yellow-backed duiker Cephalophus sylvicultor, Maxwell’s duiker Cephalophus maxwelli,
bay duiker Cephalophus dorsalis, royal antelope Neotragus pygmaeus, African giant
squirrel Protoxerus stangeri, Beecroft’s flying squirrel Anomalurus beecrofti, long-footed
rat Malacomys longipes, giant pangolin Manis gigantea (very rare in the park) and honey
badger Mellivora capensis. Dry season concentrations of animals which have been observed in
the centre of the area are unusual and give the reserve an added importance. The forest
elephant population is one of the few viable groups existing in the eastern part of the
Guineo-Congolian Forest Region. There is a diverse avifauna, including white-breasted
guineafowl (E) Agelastes meleagrides as well as some forms which may be rare or of limited
range, such as the Ghanaian form of the black-collared lovebird Agapornis swinderniana,
Chapin’s spine-tailed swift Telacanthura melanopygia and Sharpe’s apalis Apalis sharpii. Bia is
also the only known natural site for the newly described lizard Agama sylvanus. A list of
species found in the park was sent to Unesco with the Biosphere Reserve nomination.
Conservation Management The Ministry of Agriculture Forestry Division produced a working
plan for Bia Group Forest Reserve in 1970. The fauna of the park is protected by rangers and
technical staff carry out census work on a regular basis.
Zoning The areas removed from the park now constitute the Bia Game Production Area,
which acts as a buffer zone to the park to the south. The core zone of the biosphere reserve
occupies 300ha.
Disturbances or Deficiencies Selective logging takes place in the game production area. It has
been demonstrated that many of the economically valuable trees are important food species for
forest primates. There are unconfirmed reports that large areas of the game production area
have been felled. If these reports are true, they are serious as the south of the park is
apparently very important for dry season water supplies to elephants. Although exploitation of
fauna is allowed, it is strictly controlled at present. Many hunting licenses have now been
issued and the police have tightened their control on firearms licences. However, poaching and
illegal hunting within the park still continues and has considerably reduced the fauna.
Evidence from reconnaissance surveys indicates that in the recent past (most probably between
1940 and 1961) there were timber exploitations in the area. Other indicators of past human
disturbances are the plantations of Mitragyna stipulosa, M. ciliata, Entandrophragma
angolense, Tectona grandis, Terminalia ivorensis, T. superba and Cedrela odorata found in
various parts of the park. The only settlements in the park are the research centre units.
Tourism and recreation has also had some impact on the park.
Visitor Facilities No information
Scientific Research This reserve is one of the best studied forest areas in Ghana. Research
includes work on the status and rehabilitation of chimpanzee and there is currently a survey of
other primates within the park (IUCN/WWF Project 1613). Inventories of species have been
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Ghana
produced. Research is proposed in a number of fields, including assessment of changes in the
structure and composition of the flora and fauna and the effects of human impact on natural
ecosystems.
Special Scientific Facilities There are two field research stations, one in the park and one in
the game production area, the latter to be developed into a field centre. Only foot trails
penetrate the park area with the exception of permanent transect lines for faunal surveys. Sites
are ready for park headquarters (including a school for primary education and a clinic) and
additional scout camps. The authorities of Ghana propose the establishment of a Bia Ecological
Research and Education Centre for which international assistance is needed. A building does
already exist, with 40 single rooms for junior staff and two bungalows for senior staff. There
is a climatic station, at which rainfall only is currently recorded. It is to be upgraded to a full
meteorological station for recording most climatic variables.
Principal Reference Material
° Ahn, P.M. (1958). Regrowth and swamp vegetation in the western forest areas of
Ghana. Journal of West African Science Association 4(2): 163-73.
° Ahn, P.M. (1959). The principal areas of remaining original forest in western Ghana and
their potential value for agricultural purposes. Journal of West African Science Association
5(2): 91-100.
° Asibey, E.O.A. and Owusu, J.G.K. (1982). Environmental Conservation 9(4): 293-304.
° Hall, J.B. and Swaine, M.D. (1981). Geobotany 1. The distribution and ecology of vascular
plants in a tropical rainforest. Forest Vegetation in Ghana. Dr. W. Junk Publishers, The
Hague.
° IUCN/WWF Project 1613.
° Jamieson, R. (1971). Survey of the wildlife resource in the Bia river area.
° Jeffrey, S.M. (1974). Antelopes, duikers and hogs of the Dry Forest of Ghana. Nigerian
Field 39(1): 27-33.
° Jeffrey, S.M. (1974). Ghana’s new forest national park. Oryx 13: 34-36.
° Jeffrey, S.M. (1975). Notes on Mammals from the high forest of Western Ghana. Bulletin
de l'Institut Fondamental d’Afrique Noire 37(4): 950-973 Sewfwi District, Ghana.
Department of Game and Wildlife, Accra (Mimeo).
° Rucks, M.G. (1973). Faunal dispersion in the proposed Krokosua Hill National and
proposed Bia Tawya Production Area. Dept. of Game and Wildlife, Accra. (Mimeo).
° Taylor, I. and Macdonald, M. (1978). Birds of Bia National Park, Ghana. Bull. Nigerian
Orn. Soc. 14(45): 36-41.
Staff Seventy-seven personnel (two university trained)
Budget Provided by the Ghana Government. Additional funds have been provided on two
occasions from IUCN/WWFE in support of specific projects.
Local Park or Reserve Administration The Senior Game Warden, Bia National Park, PO Box
171, Sef wi-Wiawso.
Date 1983
BUI NATIONAL PARK
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.04.04 (West African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total, but not yet fully implemented
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Date Established 1971, by Legislative Instrument 710
Geographical Location 400km inland, on the Ghana-Ivory Coast border. 8°00’-8°25’N,
2°15’-2°30'W.
Altitude 122-244m
Area 307,360ha
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The park comprises the undulating catchment of small tributaries of the
Black Volta River, which roughly bisects the park. Soils are mainly lateritic. There is a long
dry season from October to July and a rather shorter wet season from June to September.
Temperature ranges from 10-40°C.
Vegetation Guinea savanna woodland with gallery forest along rivers
Fauna Mammals include olive baboon Papio anubis, patas monkey Erythrocebus patas, vervet
monkey Cercopithecus aethiops,western black-and-white colobus Colobus polykomos,
hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, buffalo Syncerus
caffer, red-flanked duiker Cephalophus rufilatus, grey duiker Sylvicapra grimmia,
waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, Buffon’s kob Kobus kob, roan antelope Hippotragus equinus
and hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus. There is a rich and varied birdlife.
Zoning Not yet applied
Disturbances or Deficiencies Human settlements have still to be moved outside the park
boundaries.
Scientific Research None
Special Scientific Facilities No information
Principal Reference Material None listed
Staff An assistant game warden, two game rangers, a clerical officer, five senior game
assistants, four senior game scouts, 20 game assistants, 20 game scouts, ancillary staff and
labour force were reported in 1977.
Budget No recent information
Local Park or Reserve Administration No information
Date 1983
DIGYA NATIONAL PARK
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.04.04 (West African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total, but not fully implemented
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Ghana
Date Established 1971, by Legislative Instrument 710
Geographical Location Situated on a peninsula of the west central shore of Lake Volta.
7°05’-7°45’N, 0°10°E-0°45°W.
Altitude 91-812m
Area 312,595ha
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The park is bounded to the north and south by two tributaries of the Volta,
the Sene and Obosum rivers, whose lower sections are flooded by arms of Lake Volta, which
borders the east of the park. It comprises a fairly level section of the Voltaian (Palaeozoic)
system, with a few hills and rocky outcrops. The climate is in the transition area between the
single rainy season of the savanna and two wet seasons of the forest zone. The hottest months
are between February and April (15-40°C) and and the coolest month is August (mean of
25°C), although colder minima (around 9°C) occur during December-January.
Vegetation Guinea savanna woodland predominates with transitional high and gallery forest
occuring along major drainage lines. Dominant species of the savanna are Anogeissus
leiocarpus, Ceiba and Albizia spp., Ricinodendron heudelotii, Antiaris africana, Sterculia spp.,
and Triplochiton scleroxylon.
Fauna Primates include olive baboon Papio anubis, vervet monkey Cercopithecus aethiops,
mona monkey Cercopithecus mona, spot-nosed monkey Cecopithedus nictitans, the short-haired
race of the black-and-white colobus Colobus polykomos abyssinicus and _ patas
monkey Erythrocebus patas. Also found are elephant Loxodonta africana (T), bush
pig Potamochoerus porcus, warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus, hippopotamus Hippopotamus
amphibius, bushbuck Tragelaphus_ scriptus, buffalo Syncerus caffer, red-flanked
duiker Cephalophus rufilatus, grey duiker Sylvicapra grimmia, waterbuck Kobus
ellipsiprymnus, Buffon’s kob Kobus kob, roan antelope Hippotragus equinus,
hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus and oribi Ourebia ourebi. Crocodiles have been reported from
the area.
Zoning None yet applied
Disturbances or Deficiencies There are some human settlements (about 1,000 people) which
have still to be moved outside the park boundaries.
Scientific Research None
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
° Asibey, E.O.A. (unknown date). Vale wildlife in the Volta Basin man-made lakes. In
Obeng, L.E. (Ed.). Proceedings of the Accra Symposium. Ghana University Press, Accra.
° Cansdale, G.S. (1964). The Volta Dam may help wildlife in Ghana. Oryx 7(4): 168-171.
° Child, G.S. and Manu, C.K. (1970). Survey of the proposed Volta Game Reserve. Dept. of
Game and Wildlife, Accra (mimeo).
° Jamieson, R. (1972). Survey of selected sections of the Digya National Park. Dept. of Game
and Wildlife, Accra (mimeo).
Smith, G.K. (1962). Report on soil and agricultural survey of the Sene-Obosum river basins,
east Brong Ahafo and Ashanti regions, Ghana. US State Dept. AID, Washington DC. 168 p.
Staff An assistant game warden, two game rangers, a clerical officer, five senior game
assistants, four senior game scouts, 20 game scouts, 20 game assistants, ancillary staff and
labour force were reported in 1977.
Budget No recent information
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Local Park or Reserve Administration No information
Date 1983
MOLE NATIONAL PARK
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.04.04 (West African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 1971 as a national park by Legislative Instrument 710. First established in
1961 as a game reserve.
Geographical Location Northern Region, west of the White Volta. 9°00’-10°13’N,
1°22’-2°20’°W.
Altitude 180-360m
Area 492,100ha
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features Geologically, the area is part of the Voltaian system (Palaeozoic). A
north-south ridge runs along the eastern side of the park, cut near its southern end by the Mole
River. Plateaux and steep scarps give way to the lower Birrimanian system in the central area,
and in the west to pre-Cambrian granites in undulating country with gentle slopes. Streams
below the eastern scarp show reversed drainage, although in the dry season these and all other
water courses cease to flow. Soils are mainly savanna ochrosols, groundwater laterites and
lithosols. Average annual rainfall is 1,000mm, with March and April (before the rains) the
hottest months (about 30°C); lowest temperatures (about 25°C) occur towards the end of the
rains in August.
Vegetation Guinean woodland savanna predominates with gallery forest along rivers. Much
of the park is of the ‘orchard bush’ type savanna in which the following communities may be
recognized: middle slope Burkea africana-Hyparrhenia spp., upper slope Detarium
microcarpum-Loudetia simplex, top slope Jsoberlinia doka-Loudetiopsis scaettae, and
scarp Strychnos spinosa-Ischaemum hirsutum. The scarps also support a denser woodland
community of Diospyros mespiliformis-Monodora tenuifolia. There are significant areas of
‘iron-pan’ grass-savanna Terminalia macroptera-Loudetiopsis thoroldii. Daniellia
oliveri-Andropogon tectorum woodland and Berlinia grandiflora-Cola laurifolia forest are the
chief riparian communites, the latter constituting gallery forest in which Borassus palms and
*sausage trees’ Kigelia aethiopum are noticeable.
Fauna Mammals include the Guinea baboon Papio papio, olive baboon Papio anubis, vervet
monkey Cercopithecus aethiops, patas monkey Erythrocebus patas, western black-and-white
colobus Colobus polykomos, side-striped jackal Canis adustus, wild dog Lycaon pictus (T),
spotted hyena Crocuta crocuta, lion Panthera leo, leopard Panthera pardus (T),
elephant Loxodonta africana (T), and a variety of ungulates such as bushbuck Tragelaphus
scriptus, buffalo Syncerus caffer, waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, Buffon’s kob Kobus kob,
reedbuck Redunca arundinum, roan antelope Hippotragus equinus and oribi Ourebia ourebi.
Reptiles include the Nile crocodile Crocodylus niloticus (V), slender-snouted
crocodile Crocodylus cataphractus (1), Nile monitor Varanus_ niloticus, Bosc’s
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Ghana
monitor V. exanthematicus, and several terrapins and river turtles. Birdlife is plentiful. The
termite Duplidentitermes furcatidens was discovered in the area in 1983.
Zoning Not yet applied
Disturbances or Deficiencies None reported
Scientific Research Studies of animal populations, habitats and ornithology are being
undertaken.
Special Scientific Facilities There is a field laboratory at Samoli.
Principal Reference Material
° Asibey, E.0.A. (1969). The Mole Game Reserve of Ghana. Department of Game and
Wildlife, Accra (Mimeo).
° Hancock, N.J. (1978). Oxford Expedition to Ghana 1968. Bull. Oxf. Univ. Explor. Club 17:
117-137.
° Jamieson, R. (1972). Faunal surveys in Mole National Park, 1970-71. Dept. of Game and
Wildlife, Accra (Mimeo).
° Lawson, G.W., Jenik, J. and Armstrong-Mensah, K.O. (1968). A study of the vegetation
catena in Guinea savanna at Mole Game Reserve (Ghana). Journal of Ecology 56: 505-522.
Pegg, P.J. (1969). Wildlife Management in the Mole Game Reserve. FAO, Rome.
University of Aberdeen (1974). Expeditions to Mole National Park, Ghana.
°
°
Staff A game warden, three senior assistant wardens, four assistant wardens, two senior game
protection officers, two game protection officers, two senior rangers, 15 rangers, five senior
game scouts, 65 game scouts, 55 game assistants and 15 guards, making a total of 169, plus
labour force of 300 were reported in 1977.
Budget No recent information
Local Park or Reserve Administration No information
Date 1983
KROKOSUA FOREST RESERVE
Management Category No information
Biogeographical Province 3.01.01 (Guinean Rain Forest)
Legal Protection No logging, hunting or timber extraction allowed.
Date Established No information
Geographical Location On the east bank of the River Bia, bisected by the road from Sefwi
Wiawso west to the Ivory Coast border.
Altitude Up to 549m
Area No information
Land Tenure No information
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Physical Features Steep sided hills. Underlain by rocks of the Birrimian series, classified as
phyllites, schists, tuffs and greywackes. Soils include heavily weathered gravelly latosols.
There are two peak rainfall periods; May-June and September-October with mean annual
rainfall of over 1450mm. Temperatures and relative humidity remain uniformly high
throughout the year, with increased diurnal fluctuations on cleared land.
Vegetation The reserve is in the CeltisTriplochiton zone (Taylor, 1960) of moist
semi-deciduous tropical forest. Commercial timber species include Triplochiton scleroxylon,
Entandophragma utile and E. cylindrium with the climbing palms Ancistrophyllum
secundiflorum and Calamus deerratus being characteristic of swampy areas.
Fauna Mammals recorded include, hammerheaded fruit bat Hypsignathus monstrosus,
Veldkamp’s bat Nanonycteris veldkampi, tree pangolin Manis tricuspis, spot-nosed
monkey Cercopithecus petaurista, mona monkey Cercopithecus campbelli, black-and-white
colobus Colobus polykomos, red colobus Colobus badius, chimpanzee Pan troglodytes (T),
civet Civettictis civetta, forest genet Genetta genettoides, Maxwell’s duiker Cephalophus
maxwelli and royal antelope Neotragus pygmaeus.
Conservation Management No information
Zoning No information
Disturbances or Deficiencies The area west of the reserve has been logged since the road was
constructed in 1963. Much primary high forest outside the reserve has been cleared and
pressure on the reserve is increasing. Human influence is confined to timber extraction,
hunting, trapping and snail collection.
Visitor Facilities No information
Scientific Research Mammal survey
Special Scientific Facilities No information
Principal Reference Material
° Jeffrey, S.M. (1975). Notes on mammals from the high forest of western Ghana. Bulletin de
l'Institut fondamental d’Afrique Noire. 37(4): 950-973.
* Taylor, C.J. (1960). Synecology and Silviculture in Ghana. London.
Staff No information
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration No information
Date 1975
SUKUSUKU FOREST RESERVE
Management Category Proposed
Biogeographical Province 3.01.01 (Guinean Rain Forest)
Legal Protection Hunting allowed
-232-
Ghana
Date Established Proposed
Geographical Location The reserve is between Bia National Park on the eastern boundary and
the Ghana-Ivory Coast border on the west.
Altitude 152-183m
Area No information
Land Tenure Contiguous with Bia National Park (formerly Bia Tributaries South Forest
Reserve) and Bia Tawya Forest Reserve (Proposed)
Physical Features Gently undulating country dissected by several tributaries of the Panabo
and Sukusuku rivers which drain westward into the Ivory Coast. Area is underlain by rocks of
the Birrimian Series, which are classified as phyllites, schists, tuffs and greywackes. Mean
annual precipitation of about 1450mm falling mainly during the two peak rainfall periods;
May-June and September-October.
Vegetation The reserve is classified as lying in the Celtis-Triplochiton zone of the moist
semi-deciduous tropical forest (Taylor, 1960). Commercial timber species include Triplochiton
scleroxylon, Entandophragma utile and E. cylindrium. In swampy areas the upper canopy is
very open with a dense, impenetrable undergrowth characterised by the climbing
palms Ancistrophyllum secundiflorum and Calamus deerratus.
Fauna Mammals recorded include African giant squirrel Protoxerus stangeri, Derby’s flying
squirrel Anomalurus derbianus, brush-tailed porcupine Atherurus africanus, giant ground
pangolin Manis gigantea, tree pangolin Manis tricuspis, long-tailed pangolin Manis
tetradactyla, white-collared mangabey Cercocebus torquatus, spot-nosed monkey Cercopithecus
petaurista, mona monkey Cercopithecus campbelli, black-and-white colobus Colobus
polykomos, olive colobus Procolobus verus, chimpanzee Pan troglodytes (T), honey
badger Mellivora capensis, forest genet Genetta genetta, golden cat Felis aurata,
elephant Loxodonta africana (T), forst hog Hylochoerus meinertzhageni, yellow-backed
duiker Cephalophus silvicultor, black duiker Cephalophus niger, Maxwell’s
duiker Cephalophus maxwelli and royal antelope Neotragus pygmaeus.
Conservation Management No information
Zoning No information
Disturbances or Deficiencies The reserve contains new and established villages and farming is
spreading rapidly since the area was opened up to settlements by the road from Sefwi Wiawso
in 1963.
Visitor Facilities No information
Scientific Research Mammal survey
Special Scientific Facilities No information
Principal Reference Material
° Jeffrey, S.M. (1975). Notes on Mammals from the high forest of western Ghana. Bulletin de
V’Institut Fondamental d’Afrique Noire. 37(4): 950-973
° Taylor, C.J. (1960). Synecology and silviculture in Ghana. London.
Staff No information
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration No information
Date 1975
-233-
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AL.aniea) bes a snaelliy ¥ bedeildares bas won aniztnoe gvroeet eT
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GUINEA
-235-
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GUINEA
Area 245,855 sq.km
Population 5,410,000 (1983)
Parks and Reserves Legislation There are classified forests covering some 4-5% of the
country, though their current status is unclear. These areas are, in principal, protected from
certain activities such as clearance for agricultural purposes. Other reserves would presumably
be protected by separate decrees. A new national park called Badiar has recently been gazetted.
Parks and Reserves Administration This is the responsibility of the Department of Water,
Forests and Rural Management in collaboration with the National Institute for Research and
Documentation (Institut national de recherches et de la Documentation de Guinea, INRDG).
Address
° Direction général aux eaux et foréts et a l’aménagement rural, PO Box 624, Conakry.
Additional Information According to IUCN/UNEP (1983), the proceedings of a meeting
which actually took place in 1980, nature conservation was afforded very low priority in
Guinea and there appeared to be little effective protection afforded to any area. However,
Kaba and Diallo (1983) report that the protection and rational management of natural resources
is now a cornerstone of development policy within the country. Several of the administrative
agencies dealing with resource use have been grouped in a new structure to implement this
policy and a coordinated education programme has been set up. Measures for improving
protection and management of natural resources include reorganisation of agriculture and
pasturage (with the aim of reducing land clearance, controlling soil erosion and managing water
resources) and further development of forest management activities including forest protection,
reafforestation, and development of an inventory of forest resources.
References
°* IUCN/UNEP (1983). La réparition des aires protégées en fonction des besoins de la
conservation des communautés biotiques de 1l’Afrique Centrale et de 1’Ouest. Working
Document. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.
° Kaba, S. and Diallo, M. (1983). Resumé des rapports nationaux, Guinee. In: Rapport de la
Session de formation sur l’aménagement et la gestion des Réserves de la Biosphere en Afrique
soudano-sahélienne. Comite National du Programme sur l’Homme et la Biosphére, Mali.
Protected Areas
(hectares)
National Parks
Badiar
Strict Nature Reserves
Mount Nimba 13,000
Biosphere Reserves
Reserve de la biosphere des Monts Nimba 17,130
Reserve de la biosphere du Massif du Ziama 116,170
Subtotal 133,300
29372
IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
RESERVE NATURELLE INTEGRALE DE MONT NIMBA (COTE D’IVOIRE)
RESERVE NATURELLE INTEGRALE DE MONTS NIMBA (GUINEA)
Management Category I and IX (Strict Nature Reserve and Biosphere Reserve)
World Heritage Site (Criteria: ii, iv)
Biogeographical Province 3.01.01 (Guinean Rain Forest) 3.04.04 (West African woodland
savanna)
Legal Protection Legally protected in Guinea as réserve naturelle intégrale Monts Nimba by
decree. Prospecting for minerals is allowed and permits can be acquired for sport-hunting in
parts of the reserve. C6te d’Ivoire has continued protection through the State Forestry Service.
Date Established Strict nature reserve established by Order No.4190, 1943, in Céte d’Ivorie
and by decree in 1944 in Guinea. Cdéte d’Ivoire nature reserve is a féret classé’ under national
ownership. Contiguous nature reserve proposed in Liberian section. Guinean sector accepted
as a biosphere reserve in 1980. Both reserves form a world heritage site, gazetted in 1981
(Guinea) and 1982 (Céte d’Ivoire).
Geographical Location The massif of Nimba is situated on the border between Guinea, Cote
d’Ivoire, and Liberia. Some 20km from the town of Lola and 62km from N’Zérékoré. 7°18°N,
10°35’W.
Altitude 450-1,752m (Mont Richard Molard)
Area Nature reserve (Guinea) 13,000ha; nature reserve (Céte d’Ivoire) 5,000ha; biosphere
reserve (Guinea) 17,130ha. Contiguous to a proposed nature reserve in Liberia.
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features Mount Nimba is part of the "Guinean Backbone’, rising 1,000m above the
even, almost flat, surrounding glacis. It forms an immense barrier, cutting across the country
from the south-west to the north-east. This area is unequalled as an illustration of the theory
of erosion levels. The sharp relief and striking topography of the mountains, with their
grass-covered summits and precipitous slopes, is due to a bar of ore-containing quartzites.
Since the end of the Primary Era, erosion through weathering has caused a gigantic sheet of
this quartzite to jut out of the softer schists and granitogneiss, which form the piedmont. The
softer rocks have been gradually weathered and removed. These hard iron-quartzite crusts
cover the vast sub-horizontal glacis of the eastern and northern parts of the piedmont and
create very poor soils, which are usually skeletal or non-existent. The soil conditions explain
the belt of savanna vegetation at 500-550m around the mountains. The Nimba Mountains
contain the sources of the rivers Cavally and Ya (which forms the Mami River of Liberia) and
are cut up by deep, richly forested valleys. There is great topographical diversity with valleys,
plateaux, rounded hilltops, rocky peaks, abrupt cliffs and bare granitic blocks, and the whole
area constitutes a vast water catchment. It is also of archaeological interest. Hewn stone tools
and chippings have been discovered in a rock shelter at Blandé at the northern end of the
mountain. Mean annual temperature minimum: 15.8°C, maximum: 29.7°C, and mean annual
rainfall 2,849mm, occuring over 178.8 days, recorded at 543m.
Vegetation There are three major vegetation types: 1) High altitude grassland with Loudetia
kagerensis near the summit and endemics including Blaeria nimbana and Dolichos nimbaensis
and woody plants such as Protea angolensis on the slopes, which are absent from the ridges.
Remnants of forest at high altitudes are likely to be dominated by Mytaceae species and the
ravines by the tree fern Cyathula cylindrica var. mannii. 2) Plains savanna varying according
to the hardness of the soil and supporting numerous herbaceous plant communities. The
savanna is broken by gallery forests which grow between 1000m-1,600m. Parinari excelsa is
dominant above 1,000m, and there are abundant epiphytes. 3) Predominantly primary forest,
-238-
Guinea
located mainly on the foothills and in the valleys with dominant species including Triplochiton
scleroxylon, Chlorophora regia, Morus mesozygia, Terminalia ivorensis, Lophira procera,
Tarrietia utilis, and Mapania spp.. Drier, mid-altitude forests with trees such as Triplochiton
scleroxylon, Piptadeniastrum africanum, and Parkia bicolor are found at the northern end of
the Mount Nimba chain. Dry forests are rarer than the rainforests because of agricultural
pressures, and some of the dry forest species have disappeared from many areas. There are
very few endemic plant species at Mount Nimba, probably because altitude is not sufficient for
new tree species to have evolved. Montane endemics include a pteridophyte, Asplenium
schnelli, two phanerogams, Osbeckia portersi, and Blaeria nimbana.
Fauna More than 500 new species of fauna have been discovered in the Mount Nimba
Reserve. Species diversity is exceptionally rich because of the variety of ecotones created by
the presence of grasslands laced with forest. Mammals include: bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus,
Maxwell’s duiker Cephalophus maxwelli and particularly black duiker Cephalophus niger, bay
duiker Cephalophus dorsalis and forest buffalo Syncerus caffer nanus, bush pig Potamochoerus
porcus, warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus, scaly anteaters such as the white-bellied
pangolin Manis tricuspis, pygmy hippopotamus Choeropsis liberiensis (T), leopard Panthera
pardus (T), lion Panthera leo, golden cat Felis aurata, two-spotted palm civet Nandinia
binotata, African civet Civettictis civetta, forest genet Genetta maculata, servaline genet Genetta
servalina, Johnston’s genet Genetta johnstoni, cane rat Thryonomys swinderianus, African
clawless otter Aonyx capensis, lesser otter shrew Micropotamogale lamottei (a new genus
discovered on Mount Nimba), potto Perodicticus potto, western black and _ white
colobus Colobus polykomos, red colobus Colobus badius, diana monkey Cercopithecus diana,
chimpanzee Pan troglodytes (T), and lesser bushbaby Galago senegalensis. One of the most
noteworthy species is the viviparous toad Nectophrynoides occidentalis (V), which occurs in
montane grasslands at 1,200-1,600m and is the only tail-less amphibian in the world that is
totally viviparous. There are a number of rare and endemic bird species. Upland invertebrate
species include gastropod molluscs and various types of insects belonging to the Carabidae,
Gryllidae, Acrididae and the Forciculidae (beetles, grasshopper, crickets and earwigs) families,
of which more than 20 are endemic to Mount Nimba. The forests contain numerous reptile
and amphibian species including West African toad Bufo superciliaris and frog Cassina lamottei.
Population There has probably never been any village on the actual mountains, but there are
ten villages in the immediate vicinity of Nimba with several thousand inhabitants, mainly
growing crops.
Conservation Management The reserve does not have a management plan. Awareness of the
value of the area and a better degree of protection seems possible following designation of the
reserve as a world heritage site.
Zoning The biosphere reserve in Guinea contains a core zone of 10,000ha.
Disturbances or Deficiencies The area has similar problems to Tai National Park (Céte
d'Ivoire). There is poaching and some cultivation. The main threat is from the massive
iron-ore mining activities in the southern part of the chain in Liberia. About 6,000ha are in
danger. Roads, wells, and mineshafts have been built and workshops and townships established
in what has been a strict nature reserve since 1944. Hundreds of square metres of soil have
been removed over large areas and, as a result, many streams for miles around are fouled with
heavy metal run-off, particularly ferruginous rock debris. The areas designated as a world
heritage sites exclude both the Liberian sector, already badly degraded by mining and intensive
poaching, and the northern Guinean part, already disturbed by mining activities and threatened
by more. But these two areas could serve as a buffer zone for the world heritage site if
hunting were strictly controlled. It is proposed to study the best way of rehabilitating this zone
as an artificial park after the exploitation. There is a lack of resources and management.
Visitor Facilities Tourism is prohibited within the strict nature reserves.
Scientific Research Botanical, zoological, and geological inventories have been completed.
More than 500 new species have been described or reported, including several mammals (a new
genus of otter shrew), more than 10 amphibians and reptiles, several fish and arthropods
(notably centipedes and harvestmen), and molluscs. Research includes phytosociological studies
-239-
IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
of high altitude grasslands, primate studies, and the collection of meteorological data. Several
international research workers in the fields of biology, ecology, geography, primatology, and
meteorology are interested in this area and with appropriate facilities, scientific research in
Nimba could form the basis of a tropical ecology station of international importance.
Special Scientific Facilities _ There are six patrol stations in the reserve which are used to
monitor various environmental parameters. The IFAN (French Institute for Black Africa)
research station is at the northern tip of the mountain chain. The LAMCO mining company
set up a small research station in the Liberian area (outside the reserve) in 1964.
Principal Reference Material
° Adam, J.G. (1971). Flore descriptive des Monts Nimba (Céte d’Ivoire, Guinée,
Libéria). Mémoires du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle (Paris) Serie B Vols. 20, 21, 24, 25.
° Adam J.G. (1981). Flore descriptive des Monts Nimba (Céte d’Ivoire, Guinée, Libéria).
Editions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris.
°* Anon. (1952). La réserve naturelle intégrale du Mont Nimba. Mémoires de l'Institut
Frangais d’Afrique Noire 19.
Anon. (1958). La réserve naturelle intégrale du Mont Nimba. Mémoires de _ I’Institut
Frangais d’Afrique Noire 53.
Anon. (1963). La réserve naturelle intégrale du Mont Nimba. Mémoires de_ I’Institut
Frangaise d’Afrique Noire 66.
Biosphere Reserve Nomination submitted to Unesco.
Mascarenhas, A. (1983). Ngorongoro: A challenge to conservation and development. Ambio
XII(3-4): 146-152.
° Schnell, R. (1952). Vegétation et flore de la région montagneuse du Nimba. Mémoires de
l'Institut Frangais d’Afrique Noire 22.
* World Heritage Nomination submitted to Unesco.
Staff Total of 17, with two researchers
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration In Guinea, Station Biologique des Monts Nimba, S/C
INRDG, BP 561, Conakry.
Date 1983
RESERVE DE LA BIOSPHERE DU MASSIF DU ZIAMA
Management Category IX (Biosphere Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.01.01 (Guinean Rain Forest)
Legal Protection Protected under decree No. 1168/AE of 25 June 1932, No. 3272/SE/F of 12
September 1943, and No. 1215/SE/F of 20 April 1945 (extending the protected area). Core
area is strictly protected and hunting is prohibited in the surrounding buffer zone.
Date Established Accepted as a Biosphere Reserve in November 1980.
Geographical Location In the Sérédou Arrondissement, Macenta Administrative Region,
40km from the town of Macenta and 100km from N’Zérékoré. The western boundary is
formed by the Liberian frontier, and eastern boundary by the Macenta-N’Zérékoré road.
Approximately centred 8°20’N, 9°20’W.
Altitude 500-1,387m
-240-
Guinea
Area 116,170ha
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The reserve lies in an area of mountainous landscape characterised by
rugged relief with notable features including the mountain passes of Zombromai and Voroa
and a magnificent uninterrupted view from Sérédou of valleys, plateaux, rounded ridges, rocky
peaks, sheer cliffs, and bare granite outcrops. Mean annual temperature is 23°C and mean
annual rainfall 2,849mm.
Vegetation The four principal vegetation types are: primary mountain forest; secondary
mountain forest; secondary forest in the valleys, plains and swamps; and savanna on lateritic
outcrops of the elephant grass-covered plateaux. Principal species are azobé Lophira procera,
fraké Terminalia altissima, framiré Terminalia ivorensis, samba Triplochiton scleroxylon,
iroko Chlorophora excelsa, raphia Raphia, rattan palm, and umbrella tree.
Fauna Fauna are reported to include elephant Loxodonta africana (T), various species of
antelope and monkey, fish Silurus spp., and a rich insect fauna.
Population The reserve has a population of 29,000 living in 23 villages and the town of
Sérédou.
Conservation Management No information
Zoning Core zone 60,000ha and buffer zone
Disturbances or Deficiencies Timber extraction is permitted in the buffer zone with a
forestry concession of 30,000ha containing a forestry station and chipboard factory. There is
also a quinine plantation, processing station and an 8ha palm grove.
Scientific Research There is monitoring of climate, vegetation, soils, and hydrology. Some
experimental plots exist. Further research could be carried out on botany, tree associations,
and wood-working technology. The Faculty of Sylviculture has a department within the
reserve with a 3-year undergraduate course.
Special Scientific Facilities _ There is also an Agronomical Research Laboratory concerned
with medicinal plants and the forest station concerned with timber extraction and carpentry
activities.
Principal Reference Material Various reports, studies and general information on file at the
Direction Générale des Eaux et Férets (Conakry), and various reports and technical studies at
the Quinine Research Centre.
Staff Total of 129, mainly engaged in administration and control
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration Centre Forestier de Sérédou, S/C INRDG, BP 561,
Conakry.
Date 1983
-241-
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GUINEA-BISSAU
-243-
2278 - AAMBIO
/
GUINEA-BISSAU
Area 36,125 sq.km
Population 844,000 (1984)
Parks and Reserves Legislation Guinea-Bissau achieved independance from Portugal in 1973,
but has not, as yet, developed her own protected area legislation. However, under the hunting
regulations (Decree No. 21 of 1980) there are six areas established as hunting reserves where all
hunting is "permanently" prohibited. In 1981, it was reported that five people within the
Government were trying to establish a national parks programme, however there are as yet no
protected areas other than these hunting reserves, and no classified forests.
Parks and Reserves Administration Hunting reserves are delimited and controlled by the
Directorate of the Service of Forestry and Hunting, within the Ministry of Rural Development
and Fisheries.
Address
° Diregcao das Florastas e Caga, Ministerio do Desenvolvimento Rural CP 179, Bissau.
Additional Information According to Diom (1981), the flora and fauna of Guinea-Bissau still
appears to be virtually undisturbed, especially in the south, with the Bijagos Archipelago being
of particular interest. There are many wetland areas, and the coastal areas (and islands) are
particularly important for migrant birds, and in particular wintering shorebirds. During the
winter of 1982/3 many of the areas were surveyed. Results indicated that there were over one
million shorebirds using the coastal zone, making it one of the most important wintering areas
in Africa for Palaearctic shorebirds. More recently a study of the current uses of mangroves
has been initiated, with the aim of preparing proposals for the development of multiple-use
protected mangrove reserves.
As a result of the general economic situation in the country (Guinea-Bissau is recognised as
being amongst the least developed countries) there is an urgent need to develop agriculture,
forestry and fisheries. In addition natural resources are threatened by brush-fire, clearance,
inappropriate agricultural practice, overgrazing, forest exploitation, and hunting. The situation
is potentially fairly serious, and this has led IUCN (Portas and Oliveira Costa, 1985) to stress
the importance of developing a more rigorous approach to reconciling conservation with
development within the country. This report also indicates the importance of establishing
protected areas, and makes particular mention of the Bijagos Archipelago.
References
° Diom, M. (1981). Parcs nationaux et aires protégées du Sénégal, de la Gambie et de la
Guinée-Bissau. In: Conserving Africa’s Natural Heritage, \UCN, Gland. Pp 80-86.
* IUCN/UNEP (1983). La réparition des aires protégées en fonction des besoins de la
conservation des communautés biotiques de l’Afrique Centrale et de l’Ouest. Working
Document. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.
* IUCN/WWF Project 3096. Conservation of Wetlands.
° Portas, P. and de Oliveira Costa, J.P. (1985). Vers l’élaboration d’une Stratégie nationale de
conservation des ressources naturelles.d Rapport de mission 25 mars-2 avril 1985, UICN,
Gland.
° WWF Project 3697. Guinea-Bissau, Mangroves, Environmentally Sound Development.
Protected Areas
Hunting Reserves
Arquipelago dos Bijagos
Ilha de Cofra
-245-
IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Lagoa de Cufada
Mata de Cantanhez
Rio Geba/Rio Mansoa
Sector Administrativa de Boe
-246-
KENYA
fb472
Ethiopia
arsabit
FAN arsabit
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Samburu «Shaba
Buffalo Springs
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Helf's Gate
S.Turkana
12
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/
! Saiwa Swamp
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Kerid Valle —$
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/ Forest
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Nairobi Of Doinyo
Naor Sabuk
Tanzania
Key
National Parks
National Reserves
National Marine Parks
National Marine Reserve
National Marine Reserve
incl.N.M.Park
Primate Reserve
Game Sanctuary
Forest Reserve
incl.Nature Reserves
Biosphere Reserves
Proposed
Nature Park
O0e* BAH OBAEE
Shimba
Hills
N
aN
Kenya
Somali Rep.
|
|
|
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|
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Indian Ocean
\PPoviani®
OKisite-Mpunguti
9 100 200km
KENYA
Area 582,600 sq.km (including 13,530 sq.km of water)
Population 19,500,000 (1985)
Parks and Reserves Legislation The former National Parks administration set up by
Ordinance 9 of 1945 (the Royal National Parks of Kenya Ordinance) was combined with the
former Game Department under the Wildlife (Conservation and Management) Act 1976
(contained in Kenya Gazette Supplement 8 (Act 1) of 13 February 1976) and Legal Notice 219
(in Kenya Gazette Supplement 57 Legislative Supplement 43 of 22 October 1976). National
Parks and National Reserves may be established under the Act on any type of land, and are
declared by the Minister for Tourism and Wildlife with the consent of the appropriate
authority; or without consent of the authority but through approval by the National Assembly
with aquisition of private land or separation of trust land. Within National Reserves, land uses
other than nature conservation may be specifically allowed; the conditions controlling such uses
are included in regulations agreed to by the authority at the time of gazettement. County
Council Game Reserves have the same status as National Reserves except that the County
Council (or other local government body) constitutes the competent authority. Such reserves
are declared by the Ministry with consent of the appropriate authority. Marine National Parks
and Reserves are also legislated under the Wildlife (Conservation and Management Act) 1976.
Passage and anchorage of boats is permitted but a free permit must be obtained for the period
required. Certain other activities such as swimming, water skiing and sailing are allowed. All
fishing in the parks and reserves is illegal although traditional methods have been allowed to
continue in the reserves. Government Forest Policy is defined in Sessional Paper 1 (1968)
which provides guidelines for the development, management, utilisation and regulation of
forest resources. Forest Reserves and Nature Reserves are declared under the Forest Act for
the protection of forest, coastal and watershed resources. Nature reserves are separately
gazetted. Establishment of Forest Reserves can be initiated at any level from local through the
County Council to the Minister in charge of forests.
Parks and Reserves Administration National Parks, National Reserves and all other wildlife
areas are the responsibility of the Director of the Wildlife Conservation and Management
Department (WCMD) of the Ministry of Tourism and Wildlife. National reserves are actually
administered by the District Council, with the exception of the Shimba Hills which is managed
directly by WCMD. The Wildlife Panning Unit was created in 1979 to develop management
plans for the parks and reserves. County Council reserves are administered by a representative
of the Director of WMCD assisted by a management committee appointed by the County
Council concerned. Nature reserves and forest reserves are managed by forestry staff of the
Forest Department within the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources. There are four
levels of administration, National Headquarters, Provincial Forest Office, District Forest Office
and individual Forest Station.
Address
® Wildlife Conservation and Management Department, Ministry of Tourism and Wildlife,
Langata Road, PO Box 40241, Nairobi.
° Marine National Parks, PO Box 109, Malindi.
° Forest Department, Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources, PO Box 30513, Nairobi.
Additional Information The main identified function of national parks in Kenya is to
conserve, as far as possible, a representative sample of fauna and flora for educational purposes
(particularly through the Wildlife Clubs of Kenya), and for aesthetic and recreational
enjoyment by Kenyans and overseas visitors. National parks form the mainstay of tourism
economy (Rogalsky, 1981).
One of the major constraints on management of existing protected areas in Kenya and other
countries of East Africa, is the lack of planning documents (Thorsell, 1983). Deficiencies in
-249-
IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
man-power, scientific information and finances are major difficulties in developing adequate
plans and managing new and established areas. However, some management plans have been
and are being prepared in Kenya and a preliminary system-planning project has been
undertaken by the Wildlife Planning Unit, with additional areas proposed for protection or
increased status (Pertet, 1984).
As in most parts of Africa, poaching is a considerable problem facing protected areas
managers. In 1977 a Kenyan Rhino Action Group (KRAG) was set up (with support from
IUCN/WWF Project 1724) to formulate conservation policies and raise funds. The Government
established anti-poaching units in 1978 particularly in an attempt to save the black rhinoceros
from extinction in Kenya. However, despite success of these units in some areas in reducing
poaching of many species, serious concern is still expressed by several conservation groups
about adequate protection of rhinoceros. IUCN/WWF Project 3022 was set up in 1982 to
protect 60-70 black rhinoceros on a private ranch on the eastern edge of the rift valley. So far
this has been successful.
A first attempt has been made to use remote sensing techniques to rapidly assess actual forest
cover in Kenya, so as to provide an accurate inventory of unconverted forest, to establish a
baseline for monitoring, and to provide information for land use managers. The results of this
survey are published by the Kenya Range Ecological Monitoring Unit (Doute, Ochanda and
Epp, 1981).
There are reports of heavy encroachment and over-exploitation of many forest areas and other
biotic communities of Kenya. To try and save the natural resources a workshop on ’Plant
Communities in Kenya’, was organised by national and international agencies during 1984 to
assess the best means of halting the current degradation of plant communities and of
co-ordinating dissemination and storage of information on biotic resources. The proceedings
of this meeting were published in 1984 under the title Endangered Resources for Development.
The recent drought has affected several of the parks and reserves, and in particular Meru,
Samburu, Mt Kenya, Sibiloi, Amboseli and Tsavo. However, wildlife has survived well
compared with earlier droughts although the mortality of young has been higher, especially of
wildebeest, buffalo, kongoni and elephant.
References
° Anon. (1984). Endangered Resources for Development. Proceedings of a workshop on the
status and options for management of plant communities in Kenya March 6-8, 1984, Nairobi.
Cunningham van Someren, G.R. (1982). Review of habitat status of some important biotic
communities in Kenya. Report for WMCD and National Museums of Kenya.
Doute, R., Ochanda, N. and Epp, H. (1981). Forest cover Mapping in Kenya using Remote
Sensing Techniques. KREMU Technical Report series No. 30, Ministry of Environment and
Natural Resources.
Hesse, J. (1984). Rapport Preparatoire a l’Etude Comparative des Politiques de Conservation
de la Nature et de leurs Implications Economiques dans des pays anglophones d’Afrique de
lest (Kenya, Tanazanie) et des pays francophones d’Afrique de !’Ouest (Cameroun,
Sénégal). Secretariat d’état a l’environment et 4 la qualité de la vie. Federation des parcs
naturels de France.
IUCN/WWF Project 1262. Kenya, Hell’s Gate National Park.
IUCN/WWF Project 1613. Primate Action Fund.
IUCN/WWF Project 1724. Kenya, Rhino Action Group.
IUCN/WWF Project 1955. Kenya, Training of Wildlife rangers.
IUCN/WWF Project 3022. Kenya, Anti-poaching Unit, Laikipia Ranch.
Pertet, F. (1984). Kenya’s experience in established coastal and marine protected areas. In:
McNeely, J.A. and Miller, K.R. (Eds) National Parks, Conservation and Development.
Smithsonian Institution Press. Washington D.C.
° Pertet, F. (1984). Endangered and Critical Habitat Areas in Kenya. In: Endangered
Resources for Development. Proceedings of a workshop on the status and options for
management of plant communities in Kenya. National Museums, Nairobi.
° Rogalsky, G.R. (July 1981). Cost benefits of tourism. Africana 8(2): 16-19.
oo 0 © 8 ©
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° Thorsell, J. (1984).
Eastern Africa.
National Parks and Protected Areas, Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe, 1983.
° Williams, J.G. (1981). A field guide to the National Parks of East Africa. Collins, London.
(Includes animal species lists for many of the reserves.)
Protected Areas
National Parks
Aberdare
Amboseli
Central Island
Hell’s Gate
Kakamega Forest
Lake Nakuru
Lambwe Valley (Ruma)
Meru
Mount Elgon
Mount Kenya
Nairobi
Ol Doinyo Sabuk
Saiwa Swamp
Sibiloi
South Island
Tsavo
National Marine Parks
Kisite/Mpunguti
Malindi/Watamu
Nature Reserves
Arabuko Sokoke Nature Reserves
Cheptugen-Kapchemutwa
Kaimosi Forest
Kaptagat Forest
Karura
Katimok Kabarnet
Langata
Mau South West
Mbololo
Nandi North
Uaso Narok
National Marine Reserves
Kiunga
Malindi/Watamu
National Reserves
Arawale
Bisanadi
Boni
Buffalo Springs
Dodori
Kerio Valley
Kora
Lake Bogoria
(hectares)
76,619
39,206
500
6,800
9,698
20,000
12,000
87,044
16,923
58,800
11,721
1,842
192
157,085
3,880
2,082,114
Subtotal 2,584,424
3,900
1,600
Subtotal 5,500
4,332
31
43,032
3,434
1,575
Subtotal 52,679
60,000
21,309
Subtotal 81,309
53,324
60,600
133,900
33,915
87,739
178,780
10,705
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Some observations on management planning for protected areas in
In: Proceedings of the Twenty-second Working Session Commission of
IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Losai 180,680
Maasai Mara 151,000
Marsabit 208,842
Mwea 6,803
Nasolot 92,500
Ngai Ndethya 21,209
North Kitui 74,500
Rahole 127,000
Samburu 16,500
Shaba 23,910
Shimba Hills 19,251
South Kitui 183,300
South Turkana 109,100
Game Sanctuaries
Maralai
Subtotal 1,773,558
Taita Hills 11,340
Subtotal 11,340
Reserves
Tana River Primate 16,807
Sanctuaries
Lewa Downs Rhinoceros 2,023
Nature Parks
Marsabit
Biosphere Reserves
Kiunga Marine National Reserve 60,000
Malindi-Watamu Biosphere Reserve 19,600
Mount Kenya Biosphere Reserve 71,759
Mount Kulal Biosphere Reserve 700,000
Proposed areas
Ras Tenewi Coastal Zone National Park
Diani Marine National Park Complex
ABERDARE NATIONAL PARK
Management Category II (National Park)
Subtotal 851,359
35,000
250
Biogeographical Province 3.21.12 (East African Highlands)
Legal Protection Total. Areas at lower altitudes including the so-called ’Treetops Salient’ are
closed except to licensed safari companies
Date Established 1950
Geographical Location Central highlands, west of Mount Kenya. A corridor of highly
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disturbed montane forest (19km by 3-1lkm) connects the main forest area to the salient.
0°08’-0°42’S, 36°32’-36°55’E.
Altitude 1,829-3,994m
Area 76,619ha; surrounded by Forest Reserve (26,480ha)
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features This isolated range of volcanic mountains forms part of the eastern wall of
the Rift Valley. The two main peaks Oldonyo Lesatima (3,994m) and Kinangop (3,906m) are
separated by alpine moorland at over 3,000m. Deep ravines cut through the forested eastern
and western flanks and there are many clear streams and waterfalls. Heavy rainfall occurs
through most of the year. Soils are red and of volcanic origin, but rich in organic matter.
Vegetation This varies with altitude, a rich alpine and sub-alpine flora giving way at lower
altitudes to bamboo forests and then montane rainforest. The lower montane forests
(1,829-2,590m) are dominated by Podocarpus, Olea and cedar Juniperus procera, succeeded at
higher altitudes (2,600-3,000m) by Podocarpus and bamboo Arundinaria alpina, and
bamboo Hagenia abyssinica, and Erica arborea, Festuca pilgeri and Carex moorland. Other
characteristic plants of higher altitude subalpine/alpine floras include tree senecios, giant
lobelias such as Lobelia telekii, and L. deckenii, St Johns wort Hypericum, and
tussock-grass Eleusine. At lower altitudes in the forest species include cape
chestnuts Calodendrum capense, camphor Ocotea usambarensis, tree fern Cyathea deckeni,
elder Sambucus adnata, and wild banana Ensete ventricosa.
Fauna Mammals of the forest zone include: blue monkey Cercopithecus mitis, Angolan
black-and-white colobus Colobus angolensis abyssinicus, leopard Panthera pardus (T),
elephant Loxodonta africana (T), warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus, black rhino Diceros
bicornis (T), giant forest hog Hylochoerus meinertzhageni, bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus,
buffalo Syncerus caffer, red duiker Cephalophus natalensis harveyi and suni Neotragus
moschatus. The open moorlands have serval Felis serval, eland Taurotragus oryx, bush and
black-fronted duikers Sylvicapra grimmia, black-fronted duiker Cephalophus nigrifrons and
bongo Tragelaphus euryceros (a species with restricted distribution, and there are reports of a
decrease in the number of sightings in the area). Bird life is abundant and varied, with over
200 recorded species including green ibis Mesembrinibis cayennensis, cuckoo falcon Aviceda
cuculoides, mountain buzzard Buteo oreophilus, scaly francolin Francolinus squamatus,
Hartlaub’s turaco Tauraco hartlaubi, silvery-cheeked hornbill Bycanistes brevis, and
Mackinder’s eagle owl Bubo capensis in the forest areas. Jackson’s francolin Francolinus
jacksoni, white-starred bush robin Pogonocichla stellata, and yellow crowned canary Serinus
canicollis occur mainly in the bamboo forest. Montane francolin Francolinus psilolaemus,
Montagus harrier Circus pygargus, great snipe Gallinago media, cape grass owl Tyto capensis
and tinkling cisticola Cisticola rufilata occur in the moorlands. Mountain chat Cercomela
sordida and wing-snapping cisticola Cisticola ayresii occur in the alpine zone. Birds around
the waterhole at Treetops include numerous warblers (Sylvinae), shrikes (Lanidae), sunbirds
(Nectarinidae) and waterfowl such as little grebe Tachybaptus ruficollis, black-headed
heron Ardea melanocephala, and ducks Anas spp.
Conservation Management A network of tracks has been developed in the forest zone in the
eastern sector of the park to assist fire and poaching control. A light aircraft is used for park
management. The subalpine/alpine zones are under a policy of minimum management. There
is a trench and fence separating the park from areas of cultivation.
Zoning The National Park acts as a core zone surrounded by a Forest Reserve of 26,480ha.
Disturbances or Deficiencies The park is bisected by a major road, and exploration of the
high moorland on foot and trout-fishing are permitted. There is increasing pressure from
surrounding farmland expansion and uncontrolled tree felling. Accidental forest fires may
pose a potential threat if not controlled.
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Visitor Facilities | Tourism is encouraged in all areas with facilities including access roads
(unmetalled), two fully catering night-time wildlife viewing lodges , the Treetops Lodge and
the Ark, two banda type lodges for fishermen, 11 public campsites (closed in 1984 due to
lions), and five special campsites in the salient. There were 44,500 visitors in 1979.
Scientific Research Studies of the alpine flora, and research on bongos. The Ark and
Treetops keep a record of the animals visiting the lodge areas each night.
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material None listed
Staff No information
Budget Capital expenditure 1975/1976: Ksh. 43,500 (US$95,700); recurrent expenditure
1975/1976: Ksh. 60,934 (US$134,000).
Local Park or Reserve Administration Warden, Aberdare National Park, PO Box 22, Nyeri.
Date 1984
AMBOSELI NATIONAL PARK
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.14.07 (Somalian)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established The park is a remnant of the Southern Game Reserve (27,700,000ha)
established in 1906. 326,000ha were established as a National Reserve in 1948 and as a County
Council Game Reserve in 1961, administered by the Kajiado County Council. National Park
status was given on 1 November 1974 to a 39,206ha area.
Geographical Location On the border with Tanzania, north-west of Kilimanjaro.
2°33°-2°45’S, 37°06’-37°24’E.
Altitude Up to 1,155m
Area 39,206ha
Land Tenure Government. Previously administered by Kajiado County Council, which owns
the Ol Tukai area.
Physical Features Amboseli comes from the Masai word meaning ’salty dust’; it is a dry lake
basin of 60,000ha occupied in the Pleistocene by a saline lake. The area is now usually dry
with shallow seasonal flooding. Three large swamps in the south-east, Enkongo Narok, Ol
Tukai Orok, and Longinye are fed by underground springs from Mount Kilimanjaro. They are
the only source of permanent water in the region and constitute major watering points for
animals. Most of the Lake Amboseli basin is very flat with alkaline soils but a few prominent
hills of volcanic origin rise about 100m above the surrounding area near the southern border,
and a noticeable fault line forms the north-east shoreline of the seasonal lake. The climate is
generally hot and dry with only 305mm rainfall annually.
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Vegetation There are four types of semi-arid vegetation: 1) Commiphora/ Acacia bushland
(10%); 2) saline/alkaline plains (50%) with Suaeda monoica and Salvadora persica, 3) Acacia
woodland with yellow-barked acacia A. xanthophloea and A. tortilis; 4) and the remaining 10%
swampland, which supports sedges Cyperus spp., including Cyperus papyrus. Grasses include
needlegrass Aristida, fingergrass Digitaria, the salt-loving dropseed Sporobolus sp. and
stargrass Cynodon dactylon.
Fauna The park contains 56 species of mammal including: baboon Papio cynocephalus, vervet
monkey Cercopithecus aethiops, lion Panthera lec, cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T),
leopard Panthera pardus (T), elephant Loxodonta africana (T), zebra Equus burchelli (several
negative’ examples have been observed), hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, black
rhinoceros Diceros bicornis (T), Maasai giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis tippelskirchi,
buffalo Syncerus caffer, fringe-eared oryx Oryx gazella callotis, wildebeest Connochaetes
taurinus, gerenuk Litocranius walleri, impala Aepyceros melampus, Grant’s gazelle Gazella
granti, spotted hyena Crocuta crocuta, and bat-eared fox Otocyon megalotis. Over 425
recorded bird species include southern banded snake eagle Circaetus fasciolatus and Taveta
golden weaver Ploceus castaneiceps with three species of sandgrouse visiting the permanent
waters in the dry season. These waters also support waterfowl such as the migrant squacco
heron Ardeola idae from Madagascar, which is infrequently seen in Kenya. Taita falcon Falco
fasciinucha is widespread but locally scarce and lammergeier Gypaetus barbatus has also been
seen.
Population Amboseli has a large pastoral Maasai population and the original reserve
acknowledged the status quo between wildlife and pastoralists but the economy of the Maasai
in this area has undergone some change.
Conservation Management An official plan was approved for implementation in 1981.
Recommendations include management zones; no expansion of tourist accommodation;
introduction of an education/interpretation programme; a new camp ground outside the park;
control of off-road driving, stock encroachment and poaching; reconstruction and closure of
roads; and training programmes. The pastoralist Maasai group ranch landowners agreed in
1977 to vacate the park area in return for guaranteed water supples outside the park and
compensation payments for wildlife grazing on their lands.
Zoning The management describes three zones: intensive use, extensive use, and low use.
Disturbances or Deficiencies From the 1960s, tourism thrived and harassment of some species
such as cheetah occurred. Other species, including vervet monkey, baboon, elephant, and a
variety of birds, had access to artificial food from tourist lodges, vehicles and garbage dumps
within and around the park. The local Maasai, whose cattle were excluded from a 8,000ha
wildlife viewing area, received no compensation or financial benefits from park entrance fees.
In protest, they killed rhinoceroses and elephants with spears and were largely responsible for
reducing the former population from 120 animals to about eight. In 1977, a new agreement
was made (see above). However, compensation has not been paid since 1981, and some
livestock grazing has been resumed in the park. Since 1983/84, when the rhinoceros population
reportedly numbered 14, three rhinoceroses and over 20 elephants have been killed. Many
habitats have changed over the past 25 years, swamp areas have expanded and shifted and
many acacia Acacia xanthophloea trees have been replaced by salt-tolerant shrubs, as rising
groundwater levels having been responsible for the increasing salinity of the soil, The creation
of the park may have altered the balance maintained by pastoralism over thousands of years.
Reduction of grazing competition between livestock and wildlife was marked by increases in
numbers of zebra, wildebeest and elephant. The population dynamics of predators and other
large herbivores may show complex responses to these changes in the large mammal and plant
communities. In 1983, a large area of irrigated agricultural land was developed on Maasai
group ranches immediately adjacent to the park’s eastern boundary. This has increased the
conflict between local people and wildlife and so fencing (expensive to build and maintain) or
culling of problem animals will be necessary. Park policies must be integrated with Maasai
land use practices, as much of the wildlife uses Maasai grazing areas and depends on local
goodwill.
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Visitor Facilities Some 79,607 visitors in 1979. Substantial increase in tourism. There is a
well developed network of tracks and game viewing areas. Accommodation based in lodges
and one campsite. Amboseli is one of the three areas funded by the IBRD Wildlife and
Tourism project. The overall objective of WTP is ’to provide support to the government when
implementing policies for wildlife-based tourism’ (Development Plan p. 396).
Scientific Research Past studies include: ecology of the Amboseli basin by D. Western and
tourist use patterns by W. Henry. Current studies include: a monitoring programme by Western
of the New York Zoological Society and long-term baboon, vervet and elephant studies by the
Altmanns (since 1971), Seyforth and Cheney (since 1976), and Moss (since 1972) respectively.
Special Scientific Facilities _ Accommodation for visiting scientists may be arranged at the
tourist cottages or campsite.
Principal Reference Material
° Lindsay, W.K. (in press). Integrating parks and pastoralists: some lessons from Amboseli. In:
Anderson, D. and Grove, R. (Eds) Conservation in Africa: Policies and Practice. Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge.
Thorsell, J.W., Dean, P.B., Kamau, C. and Oguya, B. (1981). Amboseli National Park
Management Plan.
Western, D. (1982). Amboseli. Swara 5(4): 8-14.
Western, D. (1984). Amboseli National Park. Human values and the Conservation of the
Savanna Ecosystem. In: McNeely, J.A. and Miller, K.R. (Eds) National Parks, Conservation
and Development. Smithsonian Institution Press. Washington D.C.
* Western, D. and Thresher, P. (1973). Development plans for Amboseli. Report to the
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. 99 pp.
° WPU Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources.
Staff Warden, three assistant wardens, accountant, 22 rangers, 13 ranger/guides, and 57
labourers.
Budget 1975/1976 - recurrent expenditure Ksh.822,440 (US$90,500), capital expenditure
Ksh.750,000 (US$82,500).
Local Park or Reserve Administration The Warden, Amboseli National Park, PO Box 18,
Namanga.
Date 1984
HELL’S GATE NATIONAL PARK
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.21.12 (East African Highlands)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 1984
Geographical Location Hell’s Gate or Njorowa Gorge is situated south of Lake Naivasha in
the Rift Valley. 36°05’E, 1°25’S
Altitude 2,777m
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Kenya
Area 6,800ha
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features Njorowa Gorge or Hell’s Gate is the ancient outlet of Lake Naivasha and
there are many stream jets in the lower portion. The park includes Longonot crater near the
eastern boundary.
Vegetation There is a wide variety of succulents in the area.
Fauna The gorge area is particularly notable for birds of prey and swifts and it is possible to
observe 25-30 raptor species in one day, including several uncommon large eagles. Species
breeding in the cliffs of the gorge are Ruppell’s griffon Gyps rieppellii (seriously reduced
since 1950 by indiscriminate killing and poisoning), Verreaux’s eagle Aquila verreauxii, augur
buzzard Buteo rufofuscus, and Egyptian vulture Necrosyrtes monachus. Other species present
include peregrine falcon Falco peregrinus, lanner F. biarmicus, and an easily observed pair of
lammergeier Gypaetus barbatus. During the rains there is a spectacular concentration of swifts
breeding in the cliffs mainly Nyanza Apus niansae, mottled A. aequatorialis,
white-rumped A. caffer, little A. affinis, and Horus A. horus. Despite constant poaching there
is a fair amount of plains game in the gorge area including eland Taurotragus oryx,
giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis, zebra Equus burchelli, Thompson’s gazelle Gazella thomsoni,
Grant’s gazelle G. granti, and impala Aepyceros melampus. The steep hilly country contains
numerous klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus, mountain reedbuck Redunca redunca, and
hyrax Procavia capensis. Steinbok Raphiceros campestris is common in surrounding areas.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies Poaching occurs and there may be encroachment due to
thermo-hydro-electric development. The migration route of mammals is influenced by the
condition of the waterholes, and is interrupted by fences.
Scientific Research No information
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
* Cunningham, G.R., van Someren (1984). Endangered Mountain Islands. In: Endangered
Resources for Development. Proceedings of a workshop on the status and options for
management of plant communities in Kenya. Natoinal Museums of Kenya.
° WWE/IUCN Project 1262. Hells Gate National Park.
Staff No information
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration Wildlife Conservation and Management Department.
Date 1984
KAKAMEGA FOREST NATIONAL PARK
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.05.04 (East African Woodland/savanna)
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Legal Protection Total; all clear felling activity prohibited
Date Established Forest Reserve established in 1933 (23,000ha). Nature Reserve (1,163ha)
and Forest Station established in 1967 under Legal Notice No. 22. Reported to have been
gazetted as a National Park in 1983, but it would appear that gazettement has yet to be
completed. Kakamega National Reserve Order was published in the Kenya Gazette
Supplement of 31 May 1985 as Legal Notice 95.
Geographical Location Nandi District in western Kenya, directly north of Kisumu. 0°47°N,
34°45°E.
Altitude 1,520-1,680m
Area 9,698ha; closely associated geographically and biologically with: South Nandi Forest
Reserve 19,502ha (south-east, contiguous), Kisere Forest Reserve (600ha, 6km north), Malaba
Forest Reserve (800ha, 12km north), and Bunyala Forest Reserve (1,000ha, 14km north-west).
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The country is hilly, with scattered seasonal swamps. There are two major
rivers, the Isiukhu in the north and the Yala in the south. Each of them has several tributaries
particularly in the eastern blocks of the forest. Annual rainfall is 1,600mm. Average
temperatures remain similar between 24°C and 28°C.
Vegetation This is the easternmost area of the Congo-West African equatorial rainforest. The
fairly dense rainforest is interspersed with grassy glades, where the soil is too shallow to
support forest trees. There are few endemics, but many species found nowhere else in Kenya
including 13 out of a total of 62 recorded species of Pteridophyte. Genera include Renealmia,
Pisonia, Pollia, and Voacanga. At least 125 species of tree have been identified with species
such as the major (giant) forest trees Aningueria altissima, Cordia millenii, Entandrophragma
angolense, and Maesopsis eminii, with an average height of 30-40m and a maximum of 70m.
Other central-west African forest trees and shrubs only recorded from this reserve in Kenya
are: Bequaertiodendron oblanceolatum, Cassipourea ruwenzoriensis, Chrysophyllum albidum,
Leea guineense, Monodora myristica, Uncaria africana, Uvariopsis congensis, Zanthoxylum
leprieurii, and Z. mildbraedii. To the east, north, west and south-west is wet Combretum
woodland, a secondary succession following the clearing of rainforest.
Fauna Some 10-20% of the amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals found here occur
nowhere else in Kenya. The reserve supports a large and varied primate population which
includes Angolan black and white colobus Colobus angolensis and blue monkey Cercopithecus
mitis. This is the only known locality in Kenya for brush-tailed porcupine Atherurus
africanus, giant water shrew Potamogale velox and hammer-headed fruit bat Hypsignathus
monstrosus. The avifauna is unique in Kenya with locally threatened birds including: chestnut
wattle-eye Platysteira castanea, red-cheeked wattle-eye P. blissetti and yellow-bellied
wattleye P. concreta, Chapin’s flycatcher Muscicapa lendu (R), red-tailed grey parrot Psittacus
erithacus, blue-headed bee-eater Merops muelleri, chestnut-breasted negro finch Nigrita
bicolor, white-breasted negro finch N. fusconata, Sabine’s spinetail Chaetura sabini, Turner’s
eremomela Eremomela turneri (R), and red-chested owlet Glaucidium tephronotum. Kokwaro
(1984) lists the unique bird species in this area. The rich Lepidopteran population
includes Cymothoe herminia johnstoni, C. sangaris hobarti, swallowtails Papilio spp.,
and Charaxes spp..
Conservation Management A general purpose working plan was implemented in 1982, which
included provisions for strictly monitored selective logging. No exotic species are planted in
the forest. A report on the status and values of Kakamega is being prepared by the Botany
Department of Nairobi University at the request of the Wildlife Fund Trustees. It will contain
recommendations to the government concerning conservation of the forest.
Zoning The area contains Yala Nature Reserve 469ha, Kisere Nature Reserve 484ha and
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Kenya
Kakamega Forest Station 210ha (containing a small nature reserve). These Nature Reserves
were core zones with exploitation prohibited.
Disturbances or Deficiencies Problems include pressure by the local rural community for
more agricultural land, firewood collection, illegal extraction of trees for charcoal production,
and bark-stripping of particular species including Maytenus buchananii, Olea
welwitschii, Warburgia salutaris, and Voacanga sp. for traditional medicines. About half of the
reserve area has been cleared. The Forest Department has been under pressure to replace
indigenous species with more commercial exotics. Saplings have been over-exploited. There is
also illegal cattle-grazing and poaching of game. At the present rate of deforestation the forest
will be entirely eliminated by the turn of the century.
Scientific Research There has not yet been full botanic exploration of the Forest; there was a
sampling survey carried out by the Forest Department in 1966.
Special Scientific Facilities The Forest Department resthouse at the administrative centre is
available for visiting scientists.
Principal Reference Material
Anguin, D. (March/April 1980). Natural history notes from Kakamega forest. East African
Natural History Society Bulletin. (Includes extensive species lists for mammals, birds and
Lepodoptera).
° Cunningham van Someren, G.R. (1978). Komba Term II 41.
° Cunningham van Someren, G.R. (1982). Review of Habitat Status of some Important Biotic
Communities in Kenya. Division of Natural Sciences, National Museums, Kenya. March
1982. Unpublished.
° Diamond, T. (1979). Kakamega. Siara 2(1): 25.
° Gillett, J.B. (1978). Komba Term II: 43.
° Kokwaro, J. (1984). The Kakamega Forest of Kenya: the Easternmost relic of the
Equatorial Rainforests of Africa. In: Endangered Resources for Development. Proceedings
of a workshop on the status and options for management of plant communities in Kenya.
National Museums of Kenya.
Staff No information
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration Chief Forester, Kakamega Forest Station, PO
Kakamega.
Date 1984
LAKE NAKURU NATIONAL PARK
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.05.04 (East African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total. The lake was recently included in the protected area.
Date Established Established in 1960 as a Bird Sanctuary. National Park status in 1967.
Expanded in 1974. Proposal by WMCD in 1983 to include Lake Elementaita.
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Geographical Location Central Kenya, 140km north-west of Nairobi. 0°18’-0°24’S,
36°03’-36°08’E.
Altitude 1,753-2,073m
Area 20,000ha (including lake 7,100ha)
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features Lake Nakuru is a shallow alkaline soda lake in the Central Rift Valley
bordered to the west by one wall of the Rift Valley and to the east by a salt-dome hill. There
is a crater in the north beyond Nakuru Town. To the south is an open plain, which is the bed
of a former that lake once joined Lake Nakuru and Lake Elementaita to form a single lake.
The rift wall is rugged, with volcanic cliffs rising in steps to 2,743m. Soils are volcanic in
origin interspersed with alkaloid deposits. The lake has no outlet and is very alkaline with a
pH of 10.5. It supports only limited species of algae and zooplankton, but these are present in
great abundance. Annual rainfall is 965mm.
Vegetation The normally water-covered surface of the lake occupies about a third of the park
and derives its colour from the blue-green algae Sporulina platensis, the major food source of
the flamingo. The lake is fringed by swamps and the surrounding areas support a dry
transitional savanna with lake margin grasslands of Sporobolus spicatus salt grass and
sedge Cyperus laevigatus moving into grasslands of Hyparrhenia hirta and rhodes grass Chloris
gayana in the lower areas. More elevated areas have dry forest with Acacia xanthophloea,
olive Olea hochstetteri and Croton dichogamus; Euphorbia candelabrum forest; and bushland
dominated by the composites, mulelechwa Tarchonanthus camphoratus and Psiadia arabica.
Fauna Mammals include: the threatened long-eared leaf-nosed bat Hipposideros megalotis,
Angolan black and white colobus Colobus angolensis, spring hare Pedetes capensis, clawless
otter Aonyx capensis, rock hyrax Heterohyrax brucei, hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius,
rhinoceros Diceros bicornis (T), leopard Panthera pardus (T), waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus,
Bohar and mountain reedbucks Redunca redunca and R. fulvorufula, impala Aepyceros
melampus, Thomson’s gazelle Gazella thomsoni, striped hyena Hyaena hyaena, hunting
dog Lycaon pictus (T), bat-eared fox Otocyon megalotis, wild cat Felis silvestris, and golden
cat Felis aurata.
A group of Rothschild’s giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis rothschildi were successfully
introduced in 1977. The park contains over 450 recorded bird species and is one of the few
national parks established specifically for the protection of birds, in particular the vast flocks
of over 1.5 million greater flamingo Phoenicopterus ruber and lesser flamingo Phoeniconaias
minor: hence its name ’the lake of a million flamingoes’. Waterbirds include eastern white
pelican Pelecanus onocrotalus, common cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo and_ reed
cormorant P. africanus, night heron Nycticorax nycticorax, African spoonbill Platalea alba, 30
species of Charadriidae and Scolopacidae, Cape wigeon Anas capensis, and Maccoa
duck Oxyura maccoa. Resident avifauna are augmented in spring by passage migrants from
Europe. Birds of prey include secretary bird Sagittarius serpentarius and Verreaux’s
eagle Aguila verreauxii hunting over the western scarp. The introduced alkali-tolerant
fish Tilapia grahami (from Lake Magadi in 1960) is now abundant at high water level.
Zoning 5,700ha lake zone and 14,300ha buffer zone
Disturbances or Deficiencies The area is extremely vulnerable to pollution due to the closed
nature of the lake basin. A lake quality monitoring programme will warn of danger, but there
is no preventative system. The park is bordered on the north by Nakuru township and
surrounded by farmlands. Fires, started outside the park, are a problem. In 1984 SWARA
provided funds for 30km of firebreaks to be cleared.
Visitor Facilities The park is an important recreation area for Nakuru, Kenya’s third largest
town. Three public campsites are available and a lodge is planned. Hotel accommodation and
other facilities are available in Nakuru. There were 72,399 visitors in 1979. Wildlife clubs of
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Kenya have established a youth hostel with 40 beds (Nakuru Hostel), which was used by 1,800
groups in 1982.
Scientific Research There has been a limnological study, a lake monitoring programme
planned, biochemical analysis of the lake and studies of flamingoes and pelicans. A
programme of conservation education has been set up by the Wildlife Club of Kenya.
IUCN/WWF Project 1985 was set up in 1982 to rebuild the hostel and improve facilities.
Special Scientific Facilities There is a research laboratory for limnological and biochemical
analyses, a workshop, inflatable boat, housing, and, central sampling platform. An
environmental Education Centre (Nakuru Hostel) has been established in the park with
dormitory, lecture room, office, and display area to be used by school groups for practical field
studies. IUCN/WWF Project 1985 was set up in 1982 to rebuild the hostel and improve
facilities.
Principal Reference Material
° Brown, L. (1959). The mystery of the flamingoes. Country Life, London.
° Chumo, N.A. (1983). 1982 Annual Report: WCK Lake Nakuru Hostel. IUCN/WWF Project
No. 1985.
° Curry-Lindahl, K. (1971). A short-term ecological survey of Lake Nakuru and the
surrounding area. Unesco/African Field Science Office, Nairobi.
IUCN/WWF Project 1985. Wildlife Clubs, Lake Nakuru Hostel.
° Kenya National Parks (1973). Guide to Lake Nakuru National Park.
° Koeman, J.H. (1972). A preliminary survey of the possible contamination of Lake Nakuru
in Kenya with some metals and chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides. Journal of Applied
Ecology 9(2): 411-416.
Vareschi, Ekkehard (1978). The ecology of Lake Nakuru (Kenya). Oecologia 32: 11-35.
Wirtz, P. (May 1979). Checklist of the larger mammals of Lake Nakuru N.P. East African
Natural History Society Bulletin.
°
°
Staff No information
Budget 1975/1976: recurrent expenditure Ksh.32,915 (US$72,400), capital expenditure
Ksh.32,400 (US$70,300). US$7,426 since 1982 for IUCN/WWF Project 1985.
Local Park or Reserve Administration | Warden, Lake Nakuru National Park, PO Box 539,
Nakuru, Kenya.
Date 1984
LAMBWE VALLEY (RUMA) NATIONAL PARK
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.05.04 (East African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established Established as a National Reserve in 1966. Upgraded to National Park in
1983.
Geographical Location 10 km east of Lake Victoria in west Kenya. 0°35’-0°44’S,
34°12’-34°22’E.
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Altitude 1,200-1,600m
Area 12,000ha
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The flat valley floor is bounded on its south-eastern side by the Kanyamua
escarpment. It has black cotton soils. Mean annual rainfall is 1200-1600mm.
Vegetation There is a mixture of tall grassland and woodland with extensive thicket
vegetation dominated by Acacia spp..
Fauna Roan antelope Hippotragus equinus, leopard Panthera pardus (T), buffalo Syncerus
caffer, and topi Damaliscus lunatus. There are many woodland bird species. Giraffe Giraffa
camelopardalis, zebra Equus burchelli, and ostrich Struthio camelus, have been introduced.
Conservation Management To reduce grass and shrub cover, three species: Rothschilds
giraffe, common zebra, and ostrich were introduced from the Samburu district. A vegetation
inventory is to be drawn up to facilitate visitor interpretation services.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies The area is surrounded by high density human settlement,
however, people avoid the area because of tsetse fly infestation and uranium deposits. (There
have been reports of past inhabitants becoming sterile.)
Visitor Facilities None; however,there are bandas in the area.
Scientific Research None
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material None
Staff Three wardens, 19 ranger, five support staff, three casuals (1980)
Budget 1979-1980: KSh.124,802 (US$16,640).
Local Park or Reserve Administration Warden, WCMD, Box 420, Homa Bay.
Date 1984
MERU NATIONAL PARK
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.14.07 (Somalian)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established National Park status in 1966
Geographical Location East-north-east of Mount Kenya. 0°18’N-0°11’S, 38°02’-38°25’E.
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Altitude 366-914m
Area 87,044ha; contiguous to Kora Nature Reserve (178,780ha), Rahole Nature Reserve
(127,000ha), North Kitui Nature Reserve (74,500ha), and Bisanadi Nature Reserve (60,000ha)
Land Tenure Government expropriated, under Trusteeship.
Physical Features The western area is a hilly upland of volcanic rocks drained by 15
permanent streams with rich black volcanic soil. The east is an open plain with red lateritic
soil drained by three rivers with considerable sections drying out seasonally. The Tana river
forming the southern boundary, features Adamson’s Falls, where the river passes over
basement rocks. The Ura River forms the western boundary, and Bisinadi River the eastern.
Several prominent hills of Precambrian rock tower above the surrounding plains. Rainfall is
635-762mm in the west and 305-356mm in the east.
Vegetation There is mainly thorn bushland and thicket with Combretum prevailing in the
north and Commiphora in the south. To the west the Combretum merges into Terminalia
wooded grasslands. The red-flowered parasitic Loranthus grows on the branches of Acacia
reficiens trees along the rivers. Dense riverine forests of doum and raffia palms Hyphaene
and Raphia spp. grow along the watercourses. There are some riverine swamps with
sedges Cyperus sp. and grasses Echinochloa haplacelada and Pennisetum mezianum. On the
plains Sehima nervosa, Chloris roxburghiana, and other species of Pennisetum are the dominant
grasses. In the north, a small outlier of rain forest, the Ngaia forest, still exists.
Fauna Larger mammals include: lion Panthera leo, leopard Panthera pardus (T),
cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T), elephant Loxodonta africana (T), zebra Equus burchelli, Grevy’s
zebra E. grevyi (T), black rhino Diceros bicornis (T), some introduced white rhinoceros of the
southern race Ceratotherium simum, reticulated giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis reticulata,
hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, lesser kudu Tragelaphus imberbis, oryx Oryx gazella
beisa, gerenuk Litocranius walleri, hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus, and Grant's
gazelle Gazella granti. The Somali race of ostrich Struthio camelus molybdophanes is among
the 277 recorded bird species, but many other birds of restricted range are to be found
including small brown-backed woodpecker Picoides obsoletus and numerous golden-breasted
Starling Cosmopsarus regius. Red-necked falcon Falco chicquera and three species of courser
including Heuglin’s courser Rhinoptilus cinctus occur in the doum palms. African
finfoot Podica senegalensis, Pel’s fishing owl Scotopelia peli, sacred ibis Threskiornis
aethiopicus, brown-hooded kingfisher Halcyon albiventris, violet woodhoopoe Phoeniculus
damarensis, and scaly babbler Turdoides squamulatus are found along the rivers. Black-bellied
sunbird Nectarinia congensis, shrikes (Lanidae), starlings (Sturnidae), and weavers (Ploceidae)
inhabit the open scrub woodland.
Conservation Management An electrified fence has been erected on the western boundary.
Zoning The managed National Park has one section designated as a wilderness area with no
developed access roads.
Disturbances or Deficiencies Deforestation, although mainly outside the Park, may cause
erosion and adversely affect water supply and storage capacity within the Park. There are
reports of encroachment of pastoralists with cattle, sheep, goats, and some camels.
Visitor Facilities Tourism is encouraged in all areas with a well planned network of roads for
game viewing. Accommodation includes a 140-bed lodge with full catering, a 40-bed *banda’
lodge with partial catering, one public, and some private camp grounds. There are good wet
and dry access roads and also airstrips.
Scientific Research Studies of vegetation have been made by the East African Wildlife
Society and there is currently a study of small mammals.
Special Scientific Facilities None
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Principal Reference Material
° Ament, J. (1972). Assignment Meru. Africana 4(12).
° Ament, J.G. (1975). The vascular plants of Meru National Park, Kenya. Journal of the East
Africa Natural History Society and National Museum 154.
° Kenya National Parks (1975). Meru: A Guide to Meru National Park.
° Wateridge, L.E.D. (1960). Meru District Game Reserve. Journal of the Kenya Wildlife
Society, June-Sept.
Staff No information
Budget Capital expenditure 1975/1976 Ksh.60,200 (US$132,400); recurrent expenditure
1975/1976: Ksh.47,525 (US$104,500).
Local Park or Reserve Administration Warden, Meru National Park, PO Box 162, Nanyuki.
Date 1984
MOUNT ELGON NATIONAL PARK
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.05.04 (East African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 1968
Geographical Location On the western border with Uganda. 01°02’-10°10°N, 34°35’-34°48’E.
Altitude 2,336-4,321m
Area 16,923ha
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The park is shaped like a figure of eight on the east flank of a massive
volcanic cone which rises to 4,627m, overlooking a huge caldera which, together with half the
mountain, lies in Uganda. Features include a flat-topped basalt column known as Koitobos
(Table Rock) at the summit near the edge of the caldera, the ’lava-tube’ caves, some over 60m
in diameter, which are visited by elephants in search of salt, and the high basalt cliffs of
Endebus Bluffs near the western boundary. Soils are red and lateritic. Annual rainfall is over
1,270mm.
Vegetation This has altitudinal zones, changing with increasing altitude from olive Olea
hochstetteri and Aningueria adolfi-friedericii wet montane forest, through olive
and Podocarpus gracilior forest, a Podocarpus and bamboo Arundinaria alpina zone, and
a Hagenia abyssinica zone to moorland with heaths Erica arborea and Philippia trimera, tussock
grasses such as Agrostis gracilifolia and Festuca pilgeri, herbs such as Alchemilla, Helichrysum,
Lobelia, and the giant groundsels Senecio barbatipes and S. elgonensis. Other tree species
include cedar Juniperus procera, pillarwood Cassipourea malosana, elder Sambucus adnata, and
pure stands of Podocarpus gracilior. Of the 400 species recorded for the area the following are
of particular note as they only occur in high altitude broad-leaf montane forest: Ardisiandra
wettsteinii, Carduus afromontanus, Echinops hoehnelii, Ranunculus keniensis, (previously
thought endemic to Mount Kenya), and Romulea keniensis.
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Fauna Mammals include: Angolan black-and-white colobus Colobus angolensis,
leopard Panthera pardus (T), elephant Loxodonta africana (T), giant forest hog Hylochoerus
meinertzhageni, bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, eland Taurotragus oryx, buffalo Syncerus
caffer, duiker Cephalophus spp. (black-fronted C. nigrifrons being the least common), and the
threatened golden cat Felis aurata. Birds of the forest zone include the crested guinea
fowl Guttera edouardi sethsmithi, great blue turaco Corythaeola cristata, and
black-and-white-casqued hornbill Bycanistes subcylindricus. The moorland supports most of
the species characteristic of such altitudes in eastern Africa and includes the endemic
subspecies of chat Cercomela sordida rudolfi and Hunter’s cisticola Cisticola hunteri masaba.
Raptors include crowned eagle Stephanoaetus coronatus, African hobby Falco cuvierii,
mountain buzzard Buteo oreophilus, and lanner falcon Falco biarmicus.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies There is severe encroachment into the western section of the
reserve as well as into the forests and moorlands surrounding the Park which act as a buffer for
the maintenance of these habitats within the reserve.
Visitor Facilities Facilities include several all-weather roads, three public camp sites, and a
small hotel on the park boundary. There were 3,342 visitors in 1979.
Scientific Research An extensive vegetation survey was undertaken in 1976.
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
° Dale, I. (1940). The Forest Types of Mount Elgon. Journal of the East African Natural
History Society.
° Hamilton and Perrot, (1981). A Study of altitudinal zonation in montane forest of Mt
Elgon. Vegetatio 45: 107-125.
Staff No information
Budget 1975/1976: recurrent expenditure Ksh.28,005 (US$61,600), capital expenditure
Ksh.37,600 (US$82,700).
Local Park or Reserve Administration The Warden, Mount Elgon National Park, PO Box 753,
Kitale.
Date 1984
MOUNT KENYA BIOSPHERE RESERVE
Management Category II and IX (National Park and Biosphere Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.21.12 (East African Highlands)
Legal Protection The area above 3,100m has been declared a National Park and the area
between 1,600 and 3,100m constitutes Mount Kenya Forest Reserve (142,071ha).
Date Established The National Park was established in 1949 and accepted as-a Biosphere
Reserve in April 1978.
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Geographical Location Mount Kenya straddles the equator about 193km north-east of
Nairobi and about 480km from the Kenya coast. The Park boundary is defined by the 3,100m
contour line with two salients, Naro Moru and the Sirimon down to approximately 2,600m and
centred at 0°10’S, 37°20°E.
Altitude 1,600-5,199m
Area Biosphere Reserve 71,759ha. National Park 58,800ha. Contiguous to Mount Kenya
Forest Reserve (142,07 1ha).
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features Several mountain peaks with isolated glaciers. The entire mountain is
deeply dissected by valleys radiating from the peaks, which are largely attributed to glacial
erosion. The base of the mountain is approximately 96km wide. There are about 20 glacial
tarns (small lakes) of varying sizes and numerous glacial moraine features between 3,950m and
4,800m. The highest peaks are Batian 5,199m and Nelion 5,188m. The salients, comprise
3-5km wide ridges.
Vegetation This varies with altitude and rainfall, and there is a rich alpine and sub-alpine
flora. Juniperus procera and Podocarpus spp. are predominant in the drier parts of the lower
zone (below 2,500m), with rainfall between 875 and 1400mm (Naro Moru and Sirimon tracks
on the western slopes). In wetter areas (over 2200mm/year) in the south-west and
north-east, Cassipourea malosana predominates. However, most of this lower altitude zone is
not within the reserve and is now used for growing wheat. Higher altitudes (2,500-3,000m
with rainfall over 2000mm/year) are dominated by a bamboo Arundinaria alpina on
south-eastern slopes, and a mosaic of bamboo and Podocarpus milanjianus with bamboo at
intermediate elevations (2,600-2,800m), and Podocarpus at higher and lower elevations
(2,800-3,000m) and (2,500-2,600m). Towards the west and north of the mountain, bamboo
becomes progressively smaller and less dominant. There are also areas in zones of maximum
rainfall 2,000-3,500m with up to 2,400mm/year, where Hagenia abyssinica with H. revolutum
predominate. Above 3,000m, cold (low temperatures) become a more important factor, tree
stature declines, and Podocarpus is replaced by Hypericum spp.. A more open canopy here
results in a more developed understorey. Grassy glades are common especially on ridges. The
lower alpine or moorland zone (3,400-3,800m) is characterized by high rainfall, a thick humus
layer, low topographic diversity, and low species richness. Tussock grasses Festuca pilgeri, and
sedges Carex spp. predominate. Between the tussocks there are Alchemilla cyclophylla,
A. johnstonii, and Geranium vagans. The upper alpine zone (3,800-4,500m) is more
topographically diverse, and contains a more varied flora. Many of the species here are
bizarre, especially the giant rosette plants Lobelia telekii and L. keniensis, Senecio keniodendron
and Carduus spp.. Senecio brassica is found in both the lower and upper alpine zone. There
are a variety of grasses on well-drained ground and along the streams and river banks such as
megaphytic Senecio battescombei and Helichrysum kilimanjari. Continuous vegetation stops at
about 4,500m although isolated vascular plants have been found at over 5,000m. There are 13
species endemic to Mount Kenya listed in Hedberg,(1951).
Fauna _ In the lower forest and bamboo zone mammals include giant forest hog Hylochoerus
meinertzhageni, tree hyrax Dendrohyrax arboreus, white-tailed mongoose Ichneumia albicauda,
elephant Loxodonta africana (T), black rhinoceros Diceros bicornis (T)(seldom seen),
suni Neotragus moschatus, black-fronted duiker Cephalophus nigrifrons and leopard Panthera
pardus (T)(which has also been seen in the alpine zone). Forest birds include green
ibis Mesembrinibis cayennensis (local Mount Kenya race), Ayre’s hawk eagle Hieraaetus dubius,
threatened Abyssinian long-eared owl Asio abyssinicus, scaly francolin Francolinus squamatus,
Ruppell’s robin-chat Cossypha semirufa, and numerous sunbirds (Nectariniidae). Moorland
mammals include: localised Mount Kenya mouse shrew Myosorex polulus, hyrax Procavia
johnstoni mackinderi, and common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia altivallis. Birds include:
scarlet-tufted malachite sunbird Nectarinia johnstoni, montane francolin Francolinus
psilolaemus, Mackinder’s eagle owl Bubo capensis mackinderi, and the locally threatened scarce
swift Schoutedenapus myioptilus. The endemic mole-rat Tachyoryctes splendens is common
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Kenya
throughout the northern slopes and the Hinde Valley at elevations up to 4,000m. There have
also been reported sightings of the golden cat Felis aurata.
Population No information
Conservation Management Continued protection is vital for Mount Kenya as it is a significant
water catchment area. Initial attempts have been made to redesign the trail system, but with
limited success. There are several draft management plans at various stages of implementation.
Zoning The central National Park is surrounded by a buffer forest reserve.
Disturbances or Deficiencies Human interference is low and mainly confined to the gazetted
forest area at lower altitudes. Fire is a threat from humans and lightning is a threat in the dry,
lower forest but recovery takes place through natural recolonization. Trail proliferation along
the Naro Moru Track has resulted in muddy swathes up to 100m wide in the lower alpine zone,
and the destruction of an estimated 10% of the entire valley-bottom habitat in the upper 3km
of the Teleki Valley. There is concern that current construction of a high altitude road across
the eastern slopes will cause large-scale degradation.
Visitor Facilities Mountain safaris are organized by the Naro Moru Lodge and a private safari
company, and locally by the Mountain Club of Kenya. The Mountain Lodge is within the
Forest. Access to the park is possible by the Sirimon track, the Naro Moru track (officially)
and the Chogoria track, which has a control gate. There were 10,637 visitors in 1979.
Scientific Research The Mount Kenya ecosystem is an excellent area for studying tropical
alpine ecology. Studies of meteorology and palynology have been undertaken, but no rainfall
data is available. Most work has been done above 3,800m and more comparative work is
needed.
Special Scientific Facilities | An environmental monitoring station is to be established on
Mount Kenya by UNEP and the Government of Kenya. There is one building with basic
facilities, which was originally designated as a research facility.
Principal Reference Material
° Biosphere Reserve nomination submitted to Unesco.
° Coe, M. (1967). The Ecology of the Alpine Zone of Mount Kenya. W. Junk, The Hague.
° Hedberg, O. (1951). Vegetation belts of East African mountains. Svensk Bot. Tidskr 45:
140-202.
° Moreau, R. (1944). Mt. Kenya: A Contribution to the Biology and Bibliography. J. East
Afr. Nat. Hist. Soc. 18(1 and 2): 61-92.
Olindo, P.M. (1965-1966). Kenya National Parks Annual Reports.
White, F. (1950). The forests of Mt Kenya. J. Oxf. Univ. For. Soc. (series 3) No. 5: 32-38.
Williams, J.G. (1981). A field guide to the National Parks of East Africa. Collins.
Woodley, B. (1959-1975). Quarterly Reports of Mount Kenya National Park. Unpublished.
Young, T. (1984). Status and Potential of Kenya’s High Mountain Ecosystems.
In: Endangered Resources for Development. Proceedings of a workshop on the status and
options for management of plant communities in Kenya. National Museums of Kenya.
Young, T. (in prep). Notes on the Alpine Vertebrates of Mount Kenya.
Staff Three wardens and approximately 100 others (1984)
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration Warden, PO Box 69, Naro Moru.
Date 1984
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NAIROBI NATIONAL PARK
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.14.07 (Somalian)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 1946
Geographical Location About 8km south of Nairobi. 1°21’S, 36°47’-36°55°E.
Altitude 1,533-1,760m
Area 11,72lha
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The park includes a sloping plain crossed by several deep river valleys.
The western portion towards Ngong is dominated by an upland formed by an old lava flow.
The Athi river and tributaries flowing south-eastwards through the Park form part of the
southern boundary. Soils are mainly black loamy clay known as ’black cotton’. Rainfall varies
from 889mm in the upland area to 635mm on the plains.
Vegetation Dry transitional savanna. The upland areas are forested with stands of Olea
africana and Croton dichogamus/Brachylaena hutchinsii accounting for about 20% of the park,
and Croton/Psiadia arabica bushland for a further 15%. The lower slopes making up the
remaining 65% are a grassland composed of such species as: Themeda, Cyperus, Digitaria,
and Cynodon with scattered yellow-barked acacia Acacia xanthophloea. There is gallery forest
in the valleys, predominantly Acacia spp., and Euphorbia candelabrum. Other tree species
include Apodytes dimidiata, Canthium schimperanum, Elaeodendron buchananii, Newtonia
sp., Ficus eriocarpa, Aspilia mossambicensis, and Rhus natalensis.
Fauna The close proximity of forest cover, pasture and permanent water makes the park the
centre of an animal migration area, particularly in drought years, which extends 160km beyond
the park boundary to include the Athi Kapiti Plains in the south. The park is noted for
concentrations of larger mammals with over 80 recorded species including leopard Panthera
pardus (T), cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T), black rhinoceros Diceros bicornis (T)(approximately
30 individuals), baboon Papio anubis, lion Panthera leo (the prides being accustomed to
vehicles form a particular tourist attraction), zebra Equus burchelli, Masai giraffe Giraffa
camelopardalis teppelskirchi, eland Taurotragus oryx, bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, Coke’s
hartebeest (kongoni) Alcelaphus buselaphus, wildebeest Connochaetes taurinus, dikdik Madoqua
kirki and gazelles Gazella thomsoni and G. granti. This well-studied Park has some 500 bird
species ranging from the Masai ostrich Struthio camelus massaicus to the tiny ’kapok bird’ or
penduline tit Remiz caroli with its close-woven felt-like nest. The various ponds, small dams
and the Athi river attract many waterbirds with the river providing one of the best chances in
Kenya of seeing finfoot Podica senegalensis, African darter Anhinga rufa, bitterns Ixobrychus
minutus and Botaurus stellaris and sanderling Calidris alba. Hippopotamus Hippopotamus
amphibius and crocodiles Crocodylus sp. are also present.
Conservation Management Excessive tourist roads have recently been reduced in number.
Parts of a management plan written by W. Lusigi (Unesco) have been implemented although
the plan itself has not been officially approved.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies The major threat to the park is the encroachment of settlement
on the southern border; all other sides are fenced. Consequent interruption of the migration
patterns of the mammals of the area could have a detrimental effect on the populations
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Kenya
involved, interfering with recruitment and emigration, and the reserve could become a
free-range zoo with a decrease in diversity of mammal, and perhaps other, species. There are
plans to dam the Mbagathi River at Hippo Pools to provide water for an industrial project at
Athi River. This could result in thousands of hectares of the park being flooded. Traces of
former encampments of pastoralists and army personnel can still be seen. The buffalo Syncerus
caffer has been introduced, although some may also wander in from the Ngong hills. Fire is a
problem particularly on the perimeter.
Visitor Facilities Tourism is very evident and may present a major management problem if it
continues to increase, despite the fact that it is confined entirely to day visitors from Nairobi,
some only visiting the small zoo or orphanage’ near the main gate, which has visitor facilities.
There is an extensive network of sign-posted tracks and game viewing points. There were
106,910 visitors in 1979.
Scientific Research Has been the site for many ecological MSc projects from Nairobi
University.
Special Scientific Facilities Research in the area includes studies of grassland ecology, tourist
impact, and of various species including Coke’s hartebeest, ostrich, and Grant’s gazelle.
Principal Reference Material
° Rudnai, J. (1974). The pattern of lion predation in Nairobi Park. E. Afr. Wildlife J. 12:
213-225. (Includes detailed vegetation description.)
Staff No information
Budget 1975/1976 recurrent expenditure Ksh.83,016 (US$183,000), capital expenditure
Ksh.62,903 (US$138,400).
Local Park or Reserve Administration Warden, Nairobi National Park, PO Box 42076, Nairobi.
Date 1984
OL DOINYO SABUK NATIONAL PARK
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.21.12 (East African Highlands)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 22 December 1967
Geographical Location East-south-east of Thika, 50km north-east of Nairobi. 1°07’-1°10'S,
37°13’-37°17°E.
Altitude 1,524-2,146m
Area 1,842ha
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The park’s main feature is the inselberg rising from the surrounding
plains. It is a remnant of a former range and composed of Precambrian granitic rock, which
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has been much eroded. The mountain is almost entirely forested, except for a small bare area
around the summit. The local Swahili name Kilima Mbogo means Buffalo Mountain.
Vegetation The forest is a remnant of a once-common montane forest type dominated
by Olea, Podocarpus and Croton.
Fauna This includes: Angolan black-and-white colobus Colobus angolensis, Syke’s
monkey Cercopithecus mitis, green monkey Cercopithecus aethiops, leopard Panthera pardus
(T), black rhino Diceros bicornis (T), bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, buffalo Syncerus caf fer,
duikers Cephalophus
spp., and impala Aepyceros melampus. Bird species include: great blue turaco Corythaeola
cristata, forest species such as Ayre’s hawk-eagle Hieraaetus dubius, African goshawk Accipiter
tachiro, Verreaux’s eagle Aquila verreauxii, lemon dove Aplopelia larvata, Hartlaub’s
turaco Tauraco hartlaubi, Narina’s trogon Apaloderma narina, grey cuckoo-shrike Coracina
caesia, Abyssinian crimsonwing Cryptospiza salvadorii and several sunbirds Nectarinia spp..
After the start of the seasonal rains, Lepidoptera are noticably abundant including species
of Charaxes, Nymphalidae, and swallowtails (Papilionidae). The threatened Charaxes nandina
occurs in the Park.
Conservation Management There have been plans to redirect tourists from Nairobi National
Park to this area.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies None reported
Visitor Facilities There are no hotels or camp grounds, but in two areas camping is permitted.
Scientific Research None at present
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material None listed
Staff No information
Budget 1975/1976: recurrent expenditure Ksh.11,819 (US$26,000), capital expenditure
Ksh.23,000 (US$50,6000)
Local Park or Reserve Administration The Warden, Ol Doinyo Sabuk, c/o Nairobi National
Park, PO Box 42076, Nairobi.
Date 1984
SAIWA SWAMP NATIONAL PARK
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.05.04 (East African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total
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Date Established 1974. There is a proposal to extend the park and land has already been
acquired by the government.
Geographical Location Situated below the Cherangani Hills, 20km north-east of Kitale in
west Kenya. 1°04’-1°07’N, 35°06’-35°07°E.
Altitude 1,860-1,880m
Area 192ha
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The swamp lies in a narrow basin of the meandering channel of the Saiwa
River and is 6km long and 90-360m wide. Saiwa is a permanent, flowing river.
Vegetation Swamp vegetation of tall bullrushes and sedges. The swamp is bordered by a
mixture of grassland, riverine forests and Acacia.
Fauna Primarily established for the protection of 80-100 sitatunga Tragelaphus spekei. Other
mammals include: de Brazza’s monkey Cercopithecus neglectus of which 28 of the 100-200
Kenyan population live in the park, the nocturnal potto Perodicticus potto, spotted-necked
otter Lutra maculicollis, giant forest squirrel Protoxerus stangeri, and leopard Panthera pardus
(T) have been reported, but are probably spasmodic visitors. Diverse avifauna including
eastern grey plantain-eater Crinifer zonurus, great blue turaco Corythaeola cristata, bare-faced
go-away bird Corythaixoides personata, double-toothed barbet Lybius bidentatus and
black-billed barbet L. guifsobalito, Ovampo sparrow-hawk Accipiter ovampensis, fish
eagle Haliaeetus vocifer, African marsh owl Asio capensis, giant kingfisher Ceryle maxima,
malachite kingfisher Alcedo cristata, striped kingfisher Halcyon chelicuti, sunbirds
(Nectarinidae), and weavers.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies None reported
Visitor Facilities Open for day visitors
Scientific Research None
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material None listed
Staff Warden, one assistant Warden, five rangers, eight support staff and six casual workers
(projected only).
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration Warden, WCMD, PO Kisauna, via Kitale.
Date 1984
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SIBILOI NATIONAL PARK
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.14.07 (Somalian)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 1972 gazetted as a National Park; there has been a proposal by WMCD to
extend this area to include Illeret, the area north of the Ethiopian border.
Geographical Location Situated on the eastern shores of Lake Turkana (formerly Lake
Rudolf), 720km from Nairobi
Altitude No information
Area 157,085ha
Land Tenure No information
Physical Features This is the most remote of Kenya’s national parks, and has been preserved
as a wilderness in its natural state. The open plains, interspersed with luggas, are flanked by
volcanic formations including Mount Sibiloi, the site of the remains of a petrified forest
possibly 7 million years old. The park includes a volcanic island, Central Island, in the middle
of Lake Turkana. The lake shore is mostly rocky or sandy, with little aaquatic vegetation. The
climate is hot and windy with fierce gales.
Vegetation Grassy plains with yellow spear grass and doum palms predominate. Scrubby
salvadora bush is found on Central Island.
Fauna Mammals include: Burchell’s and Grevy’s zebras Equus burchelli and Equus grevyi (T),
Grant’s gazelle Gazella granti, Beisa oryx Oryx gazella beisa, harteebest Alcelaphus buselaphus,
topi Damaliscus lunatus, lion Panthera leo, and cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T). There is a
crocodile population of about 12,000 (the world’s largest colony) breeding on Central Island.
Lake Turkana is an important flyway for north-bound migrants. Central Island has a breeding
population of African skimmer Rhyncops flavirostris which nests in banks. It is also an
important staging post for migrating birds including warblers, wagtails and little stints Calidris
minuta (Cunningham Van-Someren, 1981). Lake Turkana has over 350 recorded species of
aquatic and terrestrial birds including: Egyptian geese Alopochen aegyptiacus, Lichtenstein’s
sandgrouse Pterocles lichtensteinii, chestnut-bellied sandgrouse P. exustus, chestnut-headed
finch-lark Eremopterix signata, Heuglin’s bustard Neotis heuglinii, glossy ibis Plegadis
falcinellus, sacred ibis Threskiornis aethiopicus, cormorants (Phalacrocoracidae), pelicans
(Pelecanidae), yellow-billed stork Mycteria ibis, and black-winged stilt Himantopus himantopus.
Cultural Heritage At Koobi Fora to the north of Alia Bay, extensive palaeontological finds
have been made, including the evidence of the existence of a relatively intelligent hominid two
million years ago (reflecting the change in climate from that supporting lush forest to present
day desert).
Conservation Management Local people are allowed to use the area during drought.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies The salvadora bush on Central Island has been cut by wandering
fishermen for firewood. Efforts to make the island a sanctuary have been unsuccessful.
Debris has been allowed to collect at Rocodoni camp site.
Visitor Facilities There is no petrol obtainable beyond Nyahururu, so visitors have to bring
their own. For visitors to Koobi Fora there are self-help bandas at the Koobi Fora camp or
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next to the museum, and it is possible to hire a landrover and guide through the National
Museum in Nairobi. There are camping facilities elsewhere in the Park including Rocodoni
campsite facing Mount Sibilot, but visitors must bring their own supplies.
Scientific Research Extensive archaeological work was carried out by Richard Leakey at
Koobi Fora.
Special Scientific Facilities Palaeontological museum at Koobi Fora
Principal Reference Material
* Cunningham Van-Someren, C.R. (1981). Lake Turkana Biological Survey: Birds. Report to
the National Museum of Kenya, Nariobi.
° Fitzgerald, M.A. (1981). Sibiloi: The Remotest Park in Kenya. Africana 8(4): 22.
Staff One warden, 28 rangers, and 20 additional staff
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration Warden, Park Headquarters, Alia Bay, Sibiloi National
Park.
Date 1984
TSAVO NATIONAL PARK
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.14.07 (Somalian)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 1948. The portion of the Park north of the main Nairobi-Mombasa road is
designated Tsavo Park East and that to the south and west Tsavo Park West. Tsavo West was
extended on the northwestern boundary by 4,700ha in 1983, to include the Chyulu Hills.
Geographical Location Southeast Kenya, inland from Mombasa; 02°00’-04°08’S,
38°08’-39°15°E
Altitude 229-2,438m
Area 2,082,114ha; contiguous to Ngai Ndethya National Reserve (21,209ha)
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The topography is varied. In the north of Tsavo East part of the 300m
high Yatta plateau, a peneplain capped by protective lava, extends into the park. The
south-eastern end of the Chyulu hills comprising recent volcanics rising to over 2,438m
obtrudes into Tsavo West. Other older volcanic hills exposed by erosion include Ngulia,
Ithumba, Murka and the noted vantage point, Mudanda Rock. The Athi river from the
northwest and the Tsavo from the west join to form the Galana River which flows through the
centre of the park, and the extreme north of the park is drained by the Tiva river into the
Tana. Much of the water of the Tsavo river is derived from the Mzima Springs on the western
boundary, although part of the flow is carried by pipeline to Mombasa. Springs emerge where
the impervious base rock underlying the sponge-like basalt surface rock is exposed at the edge
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of the lava flow. The Voi River to the south is not permanent. Soils are generally red and
lateritic with patches of black cotton and recent volcanic types.
Vegetation The park contains a diversity of habitats: bush grassland is dominated
by Chrysopogon, Chloris and Eragrostis species with bushes of Cordia sinensis, Premna resinosa
and Carphalea glaucesens and occasional Euphorbia robecchii; riversides and Mzima Springs
have saltbush Suaeda monoica, Acacia elatior, A. xanthophloea, doum palm Hyphaene coriacea,
tamarinds and figs; and there is a mixture of Acacia and Commiphora woodland and bush.
Over-browsing has resulted in large areas being dominated by grasses such as Cenchrus ciliaris
and Chloris roxburghiana. Tree species include baobab Adansonia digitata, Lannea
stuhlmannii, vegetable ivory palm Hyphaene crinita and the climbing Cissus quadrangularis.
Fauna Larger mammals include lion Panthera leo, leopard Panthera pardus (T),
cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T), elephant Loxodonta africana (T), black rhino Diceros bicornis
(T), hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis, lesser
kudu Tragelaphus imberbis, eland Taurotragus oryx, Cape buffalo Syncerus caffer, zebra Equus
burchelli, yellow baboon Papio cynocephalus, waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, gemsbok Oryx
gazella beisa, Coke’s hartebeest (kongoni) Alcelaphus buselaphus, Thomson’s and Grant’s
gazelles Gazella thomsoni and Gazella granti and gerenuk Litocranius walleri. The bird life is
varied, including fish eagle Haliaeetus vocifer, Heuglin’s bustard Neotis heuglinii, Scops
owl Otus scops and osprey Pandion haliaetus, sacred ibis Threskiornis aethiopicus, glossy
ibis Plegadis falcinellus, white-faced tree duck Dendrocygna viduata, skimmer Rhynchops
flavirostris, open-bill stork Anastomus lamelligerus, black heron Egretta ardesiaca,
grey-headed kingfisher Halcyon leucocephala, African pygmy kingfisher Jspidina picta,
beautiful sunbird Nectarinia pulchella, d’Arnauds barbet Trachyphonus darnaudii, eight species
of hornbill including trumpeter hornbill Bycanistes bucinator, six species of nightjar and 12
species of starling including Fischer’s starling Spreo fischeri which has a farily restricted
distribution. The area also a variety of the avifauna of the arid zone of northeastern Africa
and is an important staging post for migrant palaearctic birds. Crocodile Crocodylus niloticus
(V) live in the pools. Fish in the Mzima Springs include Tilapia spilurus, Labeo gregori,
gobies, and catfish Clarias sp. and Clarotes sp.
Conservation Management A management plan is being prepared for the area by the Wildlife
Planning Unit.
Zoning About two-fifths of the park north of the Galana river is a completely protected zone
with no development.
Disturbances or Deficiencies The Nairobi-Mombasa highway and railway bisect the park.
Problems include continuing poaching despite protection measures. Recurrent drought and
increasing incidence of fires have resulted in large scale vegetation changes in several areas of
the park. The Chyulu Hills, a major water catchment area for the Mzima Springs, is suffering
encroachment.
Visitor Facilities | Tourism is encouraged except in the totally protected area. Facilities
include three fully catering lodges, three partially serviced lodges, several campgrounds and
four additional fully catering lodges near the Park boundaries. The waterless area north of
Galana River has not yet been developed for visitors. There were 154,546 visitors in 1979.
Scientific Research Research includes studies of elephant, birds of prey, vegetation and the
effects of human pressure. Studies assisted by outside organizations concern termites, dung
beetles, animal distribution and ethology.
Special Scientific Facilities The Research Centre has a laboratory, library, offices,
workrooms, storage, and housing for six scientists.
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Principal Reference Material
° Glover, P.E. (1970). The Tsavo and the elephants. Unpublished: National Parks Library.
° Greenway, P.J. (1969). Checklist of plants of Tsavo East. Journal of the East African Nat.
Hist. Soc.
° Kewuko-Lee, H. (1974). Study on human pressures on Kenya’s National Parks. Report for
Kenya National Parks.
° Leuthold, W. (1974). Observations on home range and social organization of Lesser Kudu.
In: Giest, V. and Walther, F. (Eds) The behaviour of ungulates and its relation to
management. IUCN New Series No. 24.
° Leuthold, W. and Leuthold, B.M. (1975). Temporal patterns of reproduction in ungulates at
Tsavo East National Park, Kenya. E. Afr. Wildl. J. 13: 159-169.
° Leuthold, W. and Leuthold, B.M. (1976). Density and biomass of ungulates in Tsavo East
National Park, Kenya. E. Afr. Wildl. J. 14: 49-58.
° Myers, N. (1973). Tsavo and its elephants, an appraisal. Biol. Conservation, 5(2).
° Powiss, G. (1982). Tsavo East National Park. East African Natural History Society Bulletin.
(Includes a bird species checklist.)
Staff 17 wardens (various grades), 2 scientists, 11 general administration, 170 rangers and 310
labourers (projected only)
Budget 1975-76: recurrent expenditure: Ksh.247,513 (US$545,000), capital expenditure:
Ksh.85,000 (US$187,000)
Local Park or Reserve Administration Tsavo East: Warden, Tsavo East National Park, PO Box
14, Voi. Tsavo West: Warden, Tsavo West National Park, Private Bag, Mtito Andae.
Date 1984
KISITE/MPUNGUTI MARINE NATIONAL PARK (SHIMONI)
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.14.07 (Somalian)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established Kisite Marine National Park was established 10 May 1978 under Legal
Notice 92, while Mpunguti Marine National Reserve was established 10 May 1978 by Legal
Notice 91, both published in the Kenya Gazette 9 June 1978.
Geographical Location South of Wasini Island off Shimoni, on the south coast near the
Tanzanian border. 4°40’-4°44’S, 39°21°-39°26°E
Altitude Sea level to about 5m
_ Area 3,900ha (island area approximately 18ha)
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features A trapezoid section of the Indian Ocean encompasses four small waterless
coral islands, Kisite, Mpunguti ya juu, Mpunguti ya chini, and Jiwe la Jahazi, with a
considerable area of the fringing reefs and surrounding sand.
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Vegetation Sea grasses Cymodocea serrulata and Syringodium isoetifolium cover a large area
of the sub-littoral zone of the reef. Marine algae include Padina commersonii, Dictyota
bartayresiana, Bostrychia binderi, Ulva lactuca, Dictyosphaora sp., Udotea indica, and Halimeda
opuntia.
Fauna Includes common species such as the corals Balaxea sp. and Porites sp., money
cowrie Cypraea moneta, starfish Protoreaster lincki, sea urchin Echinometra mathaei, ghost
crabs Ocypode kuhlii, rock crabs Grapsis maculatus, sergeant-major fish Abudefduf saxatilis,
butterfly fish Chaetodon lunula, and parrot fish Callyodon guttatus. The off-shore islands
support an assemblage of pelagic feeding birds including breeding colonies of roseate
terns Sterna dougallii and sooty terns S. fuscata.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies Damage to the area by past blasting has caused concern, but
present protection has permitted regeneration of coral reefs. Island bird colonies were
frequently raided before the area was protected, but the colonies are slowly recovering. There
is a fishing village in the park and some illegal fishing.
Visitor Facilities Tourist accommodation and boats for hire are available in Shimoni. Cottage
hotels have also been established and there are tourist facilities in the fishing village. There
were 3,899 visitors in 1980.
Scientific Research None at present
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
° Ray, C. (1969). Marine Parks and Inshore Conservation in Kenya. African Wildlife
Leadership Foundation, Nairobi.
° Saw, P. (1974). Sea Sanctuary. Africana 5(5).
Staff No information
Budget 1975/1976: recurrent expenditure Ksh.20,573 (US$45,300), capital expenditure
Ksh.17,500 (US$38,500)
Local Park or Reserve Administration Warden, Kisite/Mpunguti Marine National Park, PO
Box 55, Ukunda.
Date 1984
MALINDI-WATAMU BIOSPHERE RESERVE
Management Category II, VI and IX (National Park, Resource Reserve and Biosphere
Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.14.07 (Somalian)
Legal Protection Two Marine National Reserves and two Marine National Parks gazetted
under the Wildlife Conservation and Management Act 1976. Protected under Legal Notices 98
and 99.
Date Established 1968; accepted as a Biosphere Reserve in May 1979.
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Geographical Location A strip of coast and sea 30km long and 5km broad and including
Mida Creek; south of Malindi and 88km north of Mombasa. 3°14’-3°25’S, 39°57’-40°11°E.
Altitude Sea level
Area Marine national reserves 21,309ha and marine national parks 1,600ha; Biosphere
Reserve 19,600ha
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features Three major habitats can be identified: intertidal rock; intertidal sand and
mud; and the sublittoral area. Notable features include ’rock platforms’ and cliffs. In the
Watamu area there are caves and coral reefs inhabited by fish. There is no continental shelf
and the coastline is bordered by fringing reefs on the seaward side with water depth dropping
sharply within short distances. Between the limestone cliffs are stretches of beautiful sandy
beach. Mida Creek contains tidal mudflats with fringing mangrove swamp. Whale Island is
located at the creek entrance. The southern monsoons between April and October create a
current up to 4 knots with northern monsoons between November and March. Temperature
variation of 34°C maximum and minimum 2°C with mean annual temperature of 26°C.
Monthly rainfall varies between 2mm and 390mm.
Vegetation The varied marine flora includes algae Padina commersonii, Dictyota
bartayresiana and Udotea indica, Microscopic marine plants occur throughout the sublittoral
zone but only occasionally on mobile sand or actively growing coral. They are absent from the
upper part of the intertidal zone (except the brown alga Bostrychia binderi) and in the
extensive mangrove areas of Mida Creek in Watamu. In the intertidal sand and mud the finer
sediments below water, which are subject to less wave action, have become fixed by growth of
marine angiosperms including Cymodocea rotundata, C. ciliata, Halodule wrightii, Thalassia
hemprichii and Syringodium spp.. The mangroves Rhizophora mucronata, Bruguiera
gymnorrhiza, and Ceriops spp. merge with terrestrial vegetation. Considerable quantities of
drifted plant debris, mainly dead leaves shed by C. ciliata, accumulate on the sloping sandy
beaches. Palms and casuarina trees indicate the high water mark.
Fauna Whale Island is a nesting ground for roseate tern Sterna dougallii and _ bridled
tern Sterna anaethetus between June and October. Shore birds include: sanderling Calidris
alba, curlew sandpiper Calidris ferruginea, whimbrel Numenius phaeopus, grey plover Pluvialis
Squatarola, greater sand plover Charadrius leschenaultii, and Mongolian plover C. mongolus.
Non-breeding visitors include: lesser crested tern Thalasseus bengalensis, Saunder’s little
tern Sterna saundersii and sooty gull Larus hemprichii. The intertidal rocks are inhabited by
rock crabs Grapsis maculatus and Geograpsis lividus, small rock gobies, anemones, a few
Holothuria, and the large flat six-plated barnacle. There are numerous small caves with
dripping water which support a dense population of the ghost crab Ocypode kuhlii. Near the
foot of the cliffs a red and white xanthid crab is common, and below this the porcelain
crab Petrolisthes predominates. Sandy beaches are characterized by talitrid amphipods (four
species including Ocypode ceratopthalma), an ippid crab, gastropod molluscs, and some
polychaetes and also the hermit crab Coenobita rugosus and occasional Ocypode kuhlii occur.
Species comprising the heads of the coral gardens are primarily Porites supplemented by the
branching Acropora, ocillopora, colonies of Cyphastrea, Galaxea, brain corals and Millepora.
Other species include Ophicoma crinaceus in coral cracks, Echinometra mathaei and Diadema
on the surface and Diadema, Echinothrix and the large blue fish Linkia laevigata beneath
overhangs. Molluscs include Tridacna squamosa attached to the coral, Barbatia spp. inside the
coral, Lithophaga spp. which burrows extensively through it, tiger cowrie Cypraea tigris, large
oyster Pinctada margaritifera (1) and numerous species of nudibranchs. Marine worms
(Polychaeta) include the sabellid fan worm and serpulids, which are common in the coral.
Population No information
Conservation Management A management plan for the whole area was prepared by the
Wildlife Conservation and Management Department in 1982, but the plan has not been
officially accepted. It has been suggested that the adjacent section of Arabuko Sokoke Forest,
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which contains two nature reserves, should be included in reserve.
Zoning The Biosphere Reserve comprises the Malindi-Watamu Marine National Parks and
Malindi-Watamu Marine National Reserves. The national parks constitute the core areas, and
the national reserves form the buffer zone. The management plan identifies three zones: park
service zone (land), recreation zone (concentration of water-based recreation) and natural
environment zone (coral reef in Malindi Marine National Park and the area of mangrove
community of Watamu Marine National Reserve).
Disturbances or Deficiencies The most significant human effect on the area at present is the
silting of the Sabaki River which carries a heavy load of silt during rainy seasons as a result of
uncontrolled cultivation in the Ukambani hills. Corals and shells have been exploited heavily
by visitors and local tradesmen for souvenirs. This was prohibited by the gazettment of the
protected areas and there has been considerable recovery, but some poaching persists. There is
apparent tourist pressure during the peak tourist season. The effects on the ecosystem of
permitted activities such as swimming, sailing and snorkelling have not yet been investigated,
but there are possible disturbances due to trampling and boat anchorage. Some fishing occured
prior to the establishment of the reserve, but this is now prohibited apart from some traditional
fishing. It has been noted that the fish populations are smaller in the reserves where fishing is
still allowed and when proper monitoring has been carried out it may be necessary to introduce
quota fishing systems and controls on fishing methods used. There is no pollution from the
city of Malindi as the sewage system is closed but there have been oil spills from tankers in the
deep seas. The extent of oil pollution has not yet been investigated.
Visitor Facilities There are 50,000 visitors annually, of which half are Kenyans. The major
attractions are boat trips, water sports, and coral viewing. Access is mainly through private
land belonging to hotels therefore, visitor control and revenue collection is difficult.
Scientific Research Some research has been carried out on corals, turtles, ecological zonation
and siltation effects on reef ecology. High potential for research.
Special Scientific Facilities A government-appointed officer is investigating the possibility of
establishing a marine research station. The Marine Park Education Centre was opened in 1968.
Principal Reference Material
° Anon. (1982). Malindi/Watamu Marine National Parks and Reserves Management Plan.
Wildlife Conservation and Management Department.
° Fraser, J. (1974). Marine Turtle Study.
° Hamilton, H. (1973). Taxonomy and distribution of corals of the East African coast. M.Sc.
Thesis, University of Dar-es-Salaam.
° Jachowsky, R.L. (1975). Structure and ecology of coral reefs in Malindi Marine National
Park, Kenya. Mimeo report to Kenya National Parks.
° Keech, R., Moore, J., Stafford-Smith, M. and Green, F. (1979). Leopard Reef Expedition
Report. (Includes comprehensive coral species list.)
° Pertet, F. (1984). Kenya’s experience in establishing coastal marine protected areas. In:
McNeely, J.A. and Miller, K.R. (Eds) National Parks, Conservation and Development.
Smithsonian Institution, Washington D.C.
° Stevenson, S. (1971). A study of the distribution of members of the family Cypracidae on
Intertidal Reefs of the Kenya Coast. University of Wales, Bangor.
° University of Newcastle upon Tyne Exploration Society, (1972). Some aspects of ecology of
the Malindi-Watamu.
° University of Wales. Bango-Watamu Expedition. (1969).
Staff Two wardens, 26 rangers and 17 support staff (1980)
Budget 1979-1980: Ksh.301,715 (US$40,200)
Local Park or Reserve Administration Warden, Marine National Parks, PO Box 109, Malindi.
Date 1984
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ARABUKO SOKOKE FOREST RESERVE AND NATURE RESERVES
Management Category IV and VIII (Managed Nature Reserve and Multiple Use Management
Area)
Biogeographical Province 3.14.07 (Somalian)
Legal Protection Exploitation is prohibited in the two Nature Reserves. There is a quota
system for timber extraction in the forest reserves whereby any person or organization engaged
in logging must be licensed. All licences are granted from Forestry Headquarters in Nairobi.
Date Established Established as a Forest Reserve (41,764ha) in 1943. Within the Forest
Reserve are two nature reserves, one of 2,697ha, established under Legal Notice No. 100 in
1977, and the other of 1,635ha, established under Legal Notice No. 180 in 1979.
Geographical Location Kilifi district. 3°30°S, 39°30’E.
Altitude No information
Area 36,000ha;);332ha are Nature Reserves
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features Soils comprise dark red infertile magarini sand-soil which meets a variety
of loose and compact sands and coral rag off the coastal belt. Margarini sand-soilka to the
west lie above the 60m contour line and slope steeply at the eastern edge slopes onto the
grey-buff sands. This boundary is characterised not only by sharply demarcated vegetation
change but by standing water in the form of drainage pools which can be over 2ha in surface
area. Rainfall varies with vegetation community and ranges from 600-900mm/per year.
Vegetation This area is considered to be one of the most important sites for nature
conservation in East Africa. The Arabuko Sokoke Forest is of vital importance as East Africa’s
only surviving area of lowland coastal forest of any appreciable size. It is now confined within
the boundary of the forest reserve with the exception of a few remnant stands of modified
forest in the west and north-west. Brachystegia woodland and lowland rainforest Afzelia
forest, are the most common communities. Other associations
include Cynometra-Manilkara-Brachylaena forest, in the south-west and north-east with
mature trees approaching 15m height and a dense understorey; Cynometra thicket, in the
north-west with vegetation mainly comprising a thick shrub and sapling tangle from 3m to 6m
tall with emergent trees (10m) of Brachylaena hutchinsii (threatened in Kenya); and white
soil Cynometra-Afzelia forest, which borders the Cynometra thicket. Important plants
include Phyllanthus kirkianus, P. stolzianus, Nectaropetalum kaessneri, Strychnos_ mitis,
Memecylon melindensis and M. verruculosum, Eugenia sp. nov., Angylocalyx braunii, Pavetta
uniflora, and Nesogordonia parviflora. Threatened (in Kenya) plant species
include: Phyllanthus stolzianus, Nectaropetalum kaessneri, Strychnos mitis, Memecylon
melindensis, _Memecylon verruculosum, Angylocalyx braunii, Pavetta uniflora,
and Nesogordonia parviflora.
Fauna Mammals include: Ader’s duiker Cephalophus adersi (R), blue duiker C. monticola,
golden-rumped elephant shrew Rhynchocyon cirnei chrysopygus, bristle-tailed elephant
shrew Petrodromus tetradactylus sultan, and coastal races of bushbaby Galago crassicaudatus,
and Galago senegalensis zanzibaracus. Threatened birds include Sokoke scops owl Otus ireneae
(E), and Clarke’s weaver Ploceus golandi (E) (both endemic to this forest), east coast
akalat Sheppardia gunningi (R), Amani sunbird Anthreptes pallidigaster (R), and Sokoke
pipit Anthus sokokensis (V). Migratory visitors include pitta Pitta angolensis, and spotted
ground thrush Turdus fischeri (R) (breeding ground of this species is unknown). A _ bird
species list is included in Kelsey and Langton (1984). The frog Leptopelis flavomaculatus is
only known from this forest and Shimba Hills.
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Conservation Management Regular patrols by forestry personnel are carried out around the
area immediately surrounding the Mida-Gede forest station. Private contracted workers from
the area carry out almost all of the timber extraction under forestry licence and remove dead
timber from the forest reserve as a source of firewood, mainly from the north-east of the
forest (north of Arabuko). Due to its international conservation value, it has been
recommended by Kelsey and Langton (1984), that the management policy for the Arabuko
Sokoke forest be widened to encompass conservation objectives.
Zoning The two nature reserves within the forest reserve are effective as core zones.
Disturbances or Deficiencies Forest clearance outside the boundary is a threat as the Forest
Reserve is probably of insufficient size to support viable breeding populations of many
threatened birds. Tree removal has been reported (Brachystegia spiciformis and Brachylaena
hutchinsii, in particular) within the strictly protected nature reserves. Cycads are also being
removed. Enforcement of forestry regulations has been limited because of the restricted
resources available to the stations at Gedi and Jilore. Access is possible without official
monitoring. The reserve is surrounded by settlement. Fire is of concern particularly after the
dry season.
Scientific Research A University of East Anglia/International Council for Bird Preservation
team carried out a study of the area in 1983. Other bird studies have been undertaken.
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
* Britton, P.L. and Zimmermanb, D.A., (1979). The Avifauna of Sokoke Forest,
Kenya. Journal of E. Afr. Nat. Hist. Soc. & Nat. Museum 169: 1-15.
Cunningham van Someren, G.R. (1978). Komba Term II: 41 (Wildlife Club, Kenya).
Cunningham van Someren, G.R. (1982). Review of Habitat Status of some Important Biotic
Communities in Kenya. Division of Natural Sciences, National Museums, Kenya.
Unpublished.
° Kelsey, G.M. and Langton, T.E.S. (1984). The Conservation of the Arabuko-Sokoke Forest,
Kenya. ICBP/University of East Anglia, Cambridge, England.
Staff Forest Officers
Budget Lack of adequate funds
Local Park or Reserve Administration Forest Stations at Gedi and Jilore
Date 1984
KIUNGA MARINE NATIONAL RESERVE
Management Category VI and IX (Resource Reserve and Biosphere Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.14.07 (Somalian)
Legal Protection Partial, under the Wildlife Conservation and Management Act 1976. The
boundaries are delineated on Boundary Plan No. 216/39, which is deposited in the Survey
Records Office, Nairobi.
Date Established 1979 by Legal Notice No. 291 in the official Kenya Gazette. Accepted as a
Biosphere Reserve in 1980.
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Geographical Location North-eastern coastal border of mainland Kenya and the Pate Islands,
Indian Ocean. 1°75’-2°00°S, 41°20°-41°2S°E.
Altitude 0-30m
Area 25,000ha; Biosphere Reserve 60,000ha including the marine area contiguous to Dodori
National Reserve (87,739ha), which is itself almost contiguous to Boni National Reserve
(124,000ha)
Land Tenure The offshore islands and mangrove swamps are state owned and administered by
Lamu County Council. The coastal waters are under the supervision of the Fisheries
Department and the Wildlife Conservation and Management Department (Ministry of
Environment and Natural Resources).
Physical Features The coast has sandy beaches, some with mangrove swamps, with about 50
calcareous offshore islands and coral reefs paralleling the coastline. The upper part of the
reserve on the mainland consists of sand dunes and there is dry coastal shrubby forest.
Vegetation Great variation of marine flora. In the sublittoral zone microscopic marine plants
are absent only from areas of mobile sand and actively growing coral though sometimes gaining
foothold in these unfavourable habitats. Microscopic marine plants are absent from the upper
part of the intertidal zone except for areas of Bostrychia bindelia. In the intertidal sand and
mud, the finer sediments below water, which are subject to less wave action, have become
fixed by growth of marine angiosperms and there are extensive areas of dugong grass (green
algae) and Zostera spp.. Dwarf shrub thickets of salt-tolerant plants (halophytes) typical of the
Indo-Pacific beach littoral zone are common on the mainland, and species include Jpomoea
pes-caprae, Cyperus maritimus, Suaeda, and Tephrosia. Mangrove swamps dominated
by Rhizophora mucronata occur in the sheltered tidal waters between Mwanzi and Mkokoni.
Fauna The offshore islands are rich in seabirds and there are large nesting colonies of various
gulls and terns (particularly numerous in the breeding season from June to August) including:
sooty gull Larus hemprichii, roseate tern Sterna dougallii, white-cheeked tern Sterna repressa,
and bridled tern Sterna anaethetus. Dugong Dugong dugon (V) and green turtle Chelonia
mydas (E) are also common. Several large land mammals frequently visit the mainland buffer
area including Hunter’s antelope Damaliscus hunteri (T) and elephant Loxodonta africana (V).
Lesser kudu Tragelaphus imberbis are resident on some of the islands. Extensive coral and reef
fish populations occur.
Conservation Management No information
Zoning Dodori National Reserve, which occupies the mainland area inland of the Kiunga
Reserve, is the main buffer zone separating the increasing human activities on the mainland
from the coastal beach areas.
Disturbances or Deficiencies There has been little human interference in the area and this
constitutes one of the main reasons for protection. There has been limited collection of reef
coral and shells for selling purposes. The rate of cutting of the mangrove forest for
commercial purposes was on the increase before Reserve status was declared, but is now under
control. Poaching of green turtle and its eggs is now under the control of the Game Warden
from Lamu. There is some poaching of dugong. Certain water sports are allowed within the
park including water skiing and the passage and anchorage of boats, and use of the beaches is
under the control of the authorities. Kiungu is, however, the least developed of the Kenyan
Marine Parks/Reserves.
Scientific Research There is a need for basic research.
Special Scientific Facilities The Kenyan government has completed the construction of a
marine research station at Kiunga consisting of laboratories, junior staff houses and three
houses for scientists. The station is equipped, but there are no marine research scientists
locally available. There is a need for basic research and the training of local marine scientists,
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which will, in the initial phases, require cooperation and support from international research
and financing institutions - Unesco assistance through the MAB programme has been suggested.
Staff Currently supervised by the Game Warden from Lamu; staff of 45 proposed
Budget Under preparation
Local Park or Reserve Administration Warden, WCMD, PO Kiunga, via Lamu.
Date 1984
ARAWALE NATIONAL RESERVE
Management Category VI (Resource Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.14.07 (Somalian)
Legal Protection Partial but reported to be increasing as this area is now considered important
for Damaliscus hunteri, a rare hartebeest.
Date Established 1974
Geographical Location 5 km from the Tana River and 130 km north of Malindi in Garissa
county. 1°15’-1°34’S, 40°04’-40°20’E.
Altitude 85-100m
Area 53,324ha
Land Tenure Trust land, under the jurisdiction of Garissa County Council.
Physical Features Flat plain with sandy-bedded rivers
Vegetation Primarily thorn bushland (zone V of Pratt and Gwynne)
Fauna MHunter’s hartebeest Damaliscus hunteri (T) (the only area in Kenya where this species
is found) and some northern species such as Grevy’s zebra Equus grevyi (T), and lesser
kudu Tragelaphus imberbis. There are also elephant Loxodonta africana (T),
hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, buffalo Syncerus caffer, and crocodile Crocodylus
sp. (V).
Conservation Management The boundary has been demarcated and the Water Department has
located where to drill bore holes as part of a general purpose reserve plan. Antipoaching
outposts outside the park have been set up, and this was the first area where a camel
anti-poaching unit was set up (1983). It appears to be successful.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies Poaching; grazing of domestic stock, and construction of
semi-permanent cattle kraals by nomadic tribes. This area is reported to be insecure.
Visitor Facilities The area is completely undeveloped, although campsites are planned.
Scientific Research None
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Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
° Bunderson, W.T. (1979). Numbers of wildlife in Garissa and Lamu Districts, report to
Research Section, WLMD.
Staff One warden, nine rangers, two support staff (1980)
Budget 1978-1979 grant of KSh.660,000 (US$88,000)
Local Park or Reserve Administration Warden, WCMD, Box 58, Garissa.
Date 1984
BISANADI NATIONAL RESERVE
Management Category VI (Resource Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.14.07 (Somalian)
Legal Protection Partial
Date Established 1979
Geographical Location Adjacent to north-east boundary of Meru National Park.
0°05’S-0°17°N, 38°12’-38°35’E.
Altitude 320-660m
Area 60,600ha, part of a complex which includes Meru National Park (87,044ha), Kora
National Reserve (178,780ha), Rahole National Reserve (127,000ha), and North Kitui National
Reserve (74,500ha)
Land Tenure Trust land, under the jurisdiction of Isiolo County Council
Physical Features Open dry plain dissected by seasonally dry luggas
Vegetation Mainly thorn bushland and thicket (Zone V of Pratt and Gwynne 1977)
with Combretum prevailing in the north and Commiphora in the south. To the west
the Combretum merges into Terminalia wooded grasslands. The red-flowered
parasitic Loranthus grows on the branches of Acacia reficiens along the rivers. Dense riverine
forests of doum palm Hyphaene spp. and raffia palm Raphia spp. occur along the
watercourses. Some riverine swamps have sedges Cyperus sp., and grasses Echinochloa
haplacelada and Pennisetum mezianum. On the plains Sehima nervosa, Chloris roxburghiana
and other species of Pennisetum are the dominant grasses.
Fauna _ In the wet season, it is the dispersal area for wildlife from Meru National Park,
primarily elephant Loxodonta africana (T) and buffalo Syncerus caf fer.
Zoning None
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Disturbances or Deficiencies Illegal hunting and livestock grazing
Visitor Facilities None
Scientific Research None
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material None listed
Staff No information
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration Warden, WCMD, Box 239, Isiolo.
Date 1984
BONI NATIONAL RESERVE
Management Category VI (Resource Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.14.07 (Somalian)
Legal Protection Partial
Date Established 1976
Geographical Location Centred on the extensive Boni forest on the north-east coast in
Garissa District, on the Kenya/Somali border. 1°21’-1°40’S, 41°02’-41°35’E.
Altitude 0-100m
Area 133,900ha; almost contiguous to Dodori National Reserve 87,739ha to the south, which
is itself contiguous to Kiunga Marine Reserve (60,000ha)
Land Tenure Trust land vested in Garissa County Council
Physical Features The flat coastal plain has a braided drainage system separated by marine
sand and clay ridges. The area behind the Mundane Hills is seasonally flooded to a depth of
2m. There are two major flood pan areas (Ziwas).
Vegetation Part of the reserve is coastal lowland groundwater forest (the only known area in
Kenya) with species of Sterculia, Chlorophora, and Memecylon. In drier areas the primarily
lowland dry bushland and bush grassland consists of dense Manilkara with Diospyros,
Encephalartos, and Euphorbia. Flood pan grasses are Echinochloa and Setaria.
Fauna _ In the dry season it is a concentration area for the east Lamu and southern Garissa
elephant Loxodonta africana (T). Other mammals include: Harvey’s duiker Cephalophus
natalensis harveyi, and Ader’s duiker Cephalophus adersi (T). It is possible that white-winged
apalis Apalis chariessa may still survive in the area.
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Conservation Management There is an anti-poaching camel unit at Mkowe.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies Poaching
Visitor Facilities None
Scientific Research Vegetation inventory (Kremu)
Special Scientific Facilities Kiunga Wildlife Research Station
Principal Reference Material None listed
Staff Two wardens and one ranger; two support staff allocated (1980)
Budget 1979 grant aid KSh.560,000; no expenditure made in the Reserve
Local Park or Reserve Administration Warden, WCMD, Box 58, Garissa.
Date 1984
BUFFALO SPRINGS NATIONAL RESERVE
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.21.12 (East African Highlands)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established Yet to be gazetted
Geographical Location South bank of Ewaso Nyiro River 85 km north of Mount Kenya.
0°31’-0°39°N, 37°31’-37°41’E.
Altitude 900-1,000m
Area 33,915ha; on the opposite bank of the Ewaso Nyiro river to Samburu National Reserve
(22,510ha) and separated from Shaba Nature Reserve (23,910ha) by approximately 9km of road
and bush.
Land Tenure Trust land, under the jurisdiction of Isiolo County Council
Physical Features The gently rolling lowland plain includes basaltic lava fields and several
rounded hills. There are seasonally dry luggas and the Ewaso Nyiro River borders the park for
22km. Annual rainfall averages 350mm.
Vegetation Various types of community are present, including riverine forest dominated
by Acacia elatior and doum palm Hyphaene coriacea; Acacia tortilis woodland; Acacia senegal,
A. reficiens, Salvadora, and Commiphora bushland; alkaline grassland of Sporobolus spicatus,
and Saloss shrubland.
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Fauna This includes 22 large animal species including elephant Loxodonta africana (T),
Grevy’s zebra Equus grevyi (T) (important dry season habitat and breeding area for this
species), reticulated giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis reticulata, Beisa oryx Oryx gazella,
cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T), and crocodile Crocodylus niloticus (T). The avifauna includes
approximately 320 species.
Conservation Management A road management plan has been developed for the area.
Suggestions have been made that any construction should be undertaken during the wet season
when less animals use the area (Rainy, 1980). The three reserves are considered too small to
constitute a viable ecological unit for many of the larger species. A survey was initiated in
1980 to provide guidelines for enlargement of the areas. Pastoralists are compensated for
assumed loss of grazing in surrounding areas. A management plan is being prepared for this
area by the Wildife Planning Unit of WMCD. It has been suggested that Samburu, Shaba and
Buffalo Springs should be managed as one area.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies Illegal grazing and unregulated tourism impact. Elephant
density in riverine forest is very high. There have been reports that disturbance of wildlife
has not been considered in the plans for construction of roads and bridges in the area.
Visitor Facilities The reserve is heavily utilized for tourism with two lodges (148 beds) and
five public campsites. In 1979, there were 38,000 visitors.
Scientific Research Vegetation and wildlife dynamics of riverine zone; behaviour and ecology
of Grevy’s zebra
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
° Barkham, J.P. and Rainy M.E. (1976). The Vegetation of the Samburu Isiolo Game
Reserve. E. Afr. Wildlife J. 14: 297-329.
° Rainy, M.E. (1980). An Ecological Analysis for Road Development purposes of
Samburu-Buffalo Springs-Shaba Game Reserve. Consultant report to Wildlife Planning
Unit, Kenya.
Staff No information
Budget The World Bank has funded road construction and development plans in 1980-1981;
otherwise no information
Local Park or Reserve Administration Warden, WCMD, Box 29, Isiolo.
Date 1984
DODORI NATIONAL RESERVE
Management Category VI (Resource Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.14.07 (Somalian)
Legal Protection Partial
Date Established 1976
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Geographical Location Coastal zone of north-eastern Lamu District extending in the north to
the Somali border. 1°40’-1°55’S, 40°52’-41°2S’E.
Altitude 0-100m
Area 87,739ha; contiguous to Kiunga Marine Reserve (60,000ha) to the east and close to Boni
National Reserve (124,000ha) to the north.
Land Tenure State, under the jurisdiction of Lamu County Council
Physical Features The Dodori River flows through an alluvial valley of short grass flood
meadows with the estuary of Dodori Creek at the entrance to the Indian Ocean. The Mundani
Hills are Pleistocene dune sand ridges which run parallel to the coast.
Vegetation The mangrove swamp along Dodori Creek comprises Rhizophora mucronata.
Primarily lowland dry forest of dense Manilkara and Cynometra occurs. Some marshes are
seasonally flooded glades and groundwater forests.
Fauna’ This is a major breeding ground for topi Damaliscus lunatus. Elephant Loxodonta
africana (T) and lesser kudu Tragelaphus imberbis are the most common larger species. The
tidal mangrove swamps contain a rich avifauna including pelicans Pelecanus sp. and coastal
waterbirds, crustacea, and molluscs. There are substantial breeding populations of
dugong Dugong dugon (T), and marine green turtle Chelonia mydas (E).
Conservation Management Little formal development has taken place but plans are being
prepared. Aerial surveys and boundary demarcation have been completed.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies Wet season poaching
Visitor Facilities Accommodation is at the one public campsite or occasionally at lodges
located in the nearby Kiunga Reserve.
Scientific Research None
Special Scientific Facilities Kiunga Wildlife Research Station
Principal Reference Material None listed
Staff One assistant warden, nine rangers, two subordinate, and 30 casual workers (1980)
Budget 1979 KSh.134,000 expenditure
Local Park or Reserve Administration Warden, Dodori National Reserve, Box 82, Kiunga.
Date 1984
KORA NATIONAL RESERVE
Management Category VI (Resource Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.14.07 (Somalian)
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Legal Protection Partial
Date Established 1974
Geographical Location On the Tana River, 125km east of Mount Kenya. 0°02’-0°32’S,
38°32’-39°03’E.
Altitude 250-440m
Area 178,780ha; part of a complex of potential areas, which also includes the Meru National
Park (87,044ha); Rahole National Reserve (127,000ha); North Kitui National Reserve
(74,500ha); and Bisanadi National Reserve (60,000ha) Complex
Land Tenure Government, under the jurisdiction of Tana River County Council
Physical Features The bushland is medium altitude with low hills on the northern boundary,
which is defined by a 80km stretch of the Tana River. The south-eastern boundary is the
Mwitamisyi River. Major landforms are riverine, alluvial with inselbergs of granitoid
magmatites. The inselbergs are of great importance for local floral and faunal endemicity.
The climate is dry with annual rainfall of 350-500mm falling mainly from March to May and
November to December.
Vegetation The reserve contains three major habitats: a strip of riverine forest bordering the
river Tana with doum palm Hyphaene coriacea, Acacia elatior, and Tana River poplar Populus
ilicifolia; rocky outcrops supporting many endemic species; and complex Acacia-Commiphora
bushland (Nyika).
Fauna Large mammals include: elephant Loxodonta africana (T), black rhino Diceros bicornis
(T), and hippotamus Hippopotamus amphibius (200). Carnivores include: lion Panthera leo (3
adults in 1984), leopard Pathera pardus (T)(6 in 1984), cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T) (normally
associated with open grassland and rocky areas rather than bush scrub), serval Felis serval,
caracal Felis caracal, wildcat Felis silvestris, genet Genetta sp., spotted hyena Crocuta crocuta
and striped hyena Hyaena hyaena. Several antelope species include gerenuk Litocranius
walleri. The river edges are important habitats for a wide range of amphibians, lizards, snakes,
tortoises including the threatened pancake tortoise Malacochersus tornieri, and
crocodile Crocodylus niloticus (V). There is a rich avifauna on Tana River including red-billed
hornbill Tockus erythrorhynchus, and yellow-billed hornbill T. flavirostris.
Conservation Management The Government has stopped the bringing in of lions but
restocking with leopards is taking place, as these are less dangerous and more suitable to the
country.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies Livestock grazing by Somalian pastoralists is leading to serious
soil erosion in the east of the Reserve. Elephant and rhino in particular are poached. There is
a threat of flooding from the Tana River dam scheme. The impact of existing dams is already
evident from the appearance of a daily and weekly rhythm of rise and fall in water level
according to the demand for electricity. This change from the previous seasonal pattern will
inevitably have a profound impact on the local ecology. There are reports of uninvited visitors
interrupting the lion and leopard rehabilitation studies.
Visitor Facilities No tourism
Scientific Research Lion and leopard rehabilitation by George Adamson and Tony Fitzjohn.
Kora was the site of a two year comprehensive ecological survey by the Royal Geographical
Society in association with the National Museums of Kenya (1983) which included the use of
Landsat imagery for geomorphological surveys. The findings are being used as a basis for the
management plan for the reserve.
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Special Scientific Facilities Adamson’s Kora Trust Camp
Principal Reference Material
° Coe, M.J. (1985). Islands in the Bush: A natural history of the Kora National Reserve,
Kenya. George Philip and son. 256 pp.
° Jones, D.K. (1983). Kora National Reserve. Swara 6(2).
Staff Six rangers and eight support staff (1980)
Budget Grant-in-aid KSh. 500,000 (US$66,600) 1978-1979
Local Park or Reserve Administration Warden, WCMD, Box 91, Garissa.
Date 1984
LAKE BOGORIA NATIONAL RESERVE
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.05.04 (East African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 1970; in the process of being upgraded to National Park
Geographical Location 50km north of Nakuru in the Rift Valley. 0°10°-0°24’N,
36°05’-36°9’E.
Altitude 1,000-1,600m
Area 10,705ha
Land Tenure The waterbody is Government owned, with the remaining land under the
jurisdiction of Baringo County Council.
Physical Features The shallow soda lake is at the base of the east wall of the escarpment of
the Rift Valley with 40km of shoreline. Shallow stony soils with lava boulders occur away
from the lake and there is a thermal area with steam jets and geysers.
Vegetation The primarily thorn bushland (Balanites and Commiphora spp.) has small patches
of riverine forest dominated by Acacia tortilis. Shoreline alkaline grassland dominated
by Sporobolus spicatus. Patches of Combretum, Heeria, Loudetia, and Grewia species grow on
the rocky slopes of the escarpment.
Fauna Greater kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros occurs and the lake shore is seasonally occupied
by greater flamingo Phoenicopterus ruber and lesser flamingo Phoeniconaias minor.
Conservation Management A management plan is being prepared by the Wildlife Planning
Unit.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies Livestock grazing and settlement within the reserve
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Visitor Facilities It is used primarily on a day-use basis from nearby lodges at Lake Baringo,
but there are two public campsites in the reserve. In 1979, there were 5,349 visitors.
Scientific Research None
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material None
Staff One warden, 10 rangers, eight support, 10 casual workers (1980)
Budget Expenditure 1979 - KSh.556,175 (US$74,200)
Local Park or Reserve Administration Warden, WCMD, Box 53, Kabarnet.
Date 1984
LOSAI NATIONAL RESERVE
Management Category VI (Resource Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.14.07 (Somalian)
Legal Protection Partial
Date Established 1976
Geographical Location Situated in the Losai Mountains, south-west of Marsabit National
Reserve in North Kenya, 175km north of Mount Kenya. 1°01’-1°52’N, 37°15’-37°58’E.
Altitude 625-1,750m
Area 180,680ha
Land Tenure Trust land, under the jurisdiction of Marsabit County Council
Physical Features The Losai Mountains are foothills of the Mathew and Ndotu Mountains.
The reserve is a lava plateau, dissected by dry luggas, with scattered volcanic plugs and cones.
Vegetation Medium thorn bushland
Fauna’ The area is a known former habitat of elephant Loxodonta africana (T) and black
rhinoceros Diceros bicornis (T). It is unlikely that the rhinoceros is still present.
Conservation Management Development includes a road network, staff housing, and gates.
Demarcation of the boundary has been initiated by the Wildlife Conservation and Management
Department (WMCD).
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies Problems include illegal hunting, livestock grazing, and threats
to security.
Visitor Facilities No tourism
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Scientific Research None
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material None
Staff One warden, 12 rangers and two support staff (1980)
Budget 1979-1980 aid grant of KSh.630,000 (US$84,000)
Local Park or Reserve Administration Warden, WCMD, PO Box Marsabit, via Isiolo.
Date 1984
MAASAI MARA NATIONAL RESERVE
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.05.04 (East African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established Established as a Wildlife Sanctuary in 1948 with a smaller area than the
present reserve and indefinite boundaries. National Reserve status (167,200ha) in 1974 under
Legal Notice 271. There were discussions in 1976 between the Kenyan Government and Narok
County Council to reduce the area by 16,200ha. These excisions were gazetted in 1984 and
include sections in the north-west, south-west and the mid-north.
Geographical Location Southwest Kenya bordering on Serengeti in Tanzania. 1°15’-1°45’S,
34°45’-35°24’E.
Altitude 1,500-2,170m
Area 151,000ha; contiguous to Serengeti National Park in Tanzania (1,476,300ha)
Land Tenure Narok County Council
Physical Features The reserve comprises mainly undulating grassland with isolated rocky
outcrops (kopjes) and contains the Loita Hills in the north-east, steep hills in the Ngama area,
and the Siria Escarpment in the west. The Mara, which is a major international river, bisects
the area with Talekand Sand River a significant tributary. Mean annual precipitation at
Keekorok (1971-1977 period) was 1,025mm. There is a rainfall gradient increasing from east
to west across the reserve. Mean temperatures (1971-77) were minimum 12°C-14°C and
maximum 26.5°C-31°C.
Vegetation The reserve constitutes the north section of the Serengeti ecosystem. Open
grassland has Themeda triandra, Pennisetum, Aristida, and Sporobolus. Olpunyata Swamp and
other low-lying areas support a diverse community of the taller grass species. Termite mounds
are characterised by distinctive plant communities dominated by Rhus natalensis and Cordia
ovalis. There are also dense thickets of Croton dichogamus and Euclea spp., riverine forests
dominated by Warburgia ugandensis, Olea africana, Diospyros abyssinica and Ficus spp., and
patches of Acacia woodland.
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Fauna’ In the dry season (July-October) it is a concentration area for a great number of
migratory herbivores including approximately 250,000 zebra Equus burchelli, and 1.3 million
wildebeest Connochaetes taurinus. This movement from the Serengeti in the south has occurred
on a significant scale only since 1972 as wildebeest numbers increased as a result of control of
rinderpest. The 65 mammal species include: Thomson’s gazelle Gazella thomsoni, numerous
elephant Loxodonta africana (T), topi Damaliscus lunatus, buffalo Syncerus caffer,
lion Panthera leo (largest population in Kenya), black rhinoceros Diceros bicornis,
hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, spotted hyena Crocuta crocuta, giraffe Giraffa
camelopardalis, leopard Panthera pardus (T), and banded mongoose Mungos mungo. The
profuse avifauna includes 53 birds of prey. Birds recorded include African hobby Falco
cuvierii, peregrine falcon F. peregrinus, cuckoo-falcon Aviceda cuculoides, open-billed
stork Anastomus lamelligerus, osprey Pandion haliaetus, blue quail Excalfactoria adansonii,
crested guinea-fowl Guttera edouardi, Ross’s turaco Musophaga rossae, Pel’s fishing
owl Scotopelia peli, red-headed quelea Quelea erythrops, and parasitic weaver Anomalospiza
imberbis.
Conservation Management A development plan for a viewing track was prepared by the
Wildlife Planning Unit (Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources) in 1980 and a
management plan was prepared in 1983 for Narok County Council but neither have been
approved. However several recommendations in the plan have been proposed for adoption in
the five year development plan for the park. In addition, a World Bank roadbuilding unit has
been carrying out road maintainance in the reserve. IUCN/WWF are also assisting in
improving protection and management.
Zoning Three viewing zones for planning purposes: Triangle south-west, Keekorok south-east
and Musiara north-west
Disturbances or Deficiencies The main problems are illegal grazing, poaching around the
periphery of the reserve (particularly rhinoceros of which there are almost none left), and
tourism impact through off-road driving. The combination of uncontrolled fires and elephant
destruction of riverine forest and bushland has resulted in reduction in diversity and
conversion to open grassland. Peripheral pressures are increasing with an upsurge in
cultivation in surrounding areas. The park boundary has not been demarcated, which
aggrevates this problem. Potential threat of degradation of the reserve by tourists is increased
with the planned increase in capacity by 390 beds. Animal harassment by tourists is a further
source of concern.
Visitor Facilities It is extensively developed for tourism with facilities including three lodges
in the reserve, six tented camps surrounding the reserve (total 680 beds), and 24 campsites on
the periphery (totalling 546 beds). There were about 40,000 visitors in 1979/1980. Primary
visitor activity is game viewing from vehicles. Other attractions are camping, scenic viewing,
walking, and balloon safaris.
Scientific Research Only one scientist in 1984, who studied the decline of woodlands and
thickets. Earlier studies include baboon behaviour, hyena ecology, bat-eared fox ecology, and
vegetation changes. There is no monitoring programme, however, elephant and buffalo counts
were planned for April 1984.
Special Scientific Facilities Mara Research Station is no longer operational. There have been
suggestions to convert the remaining buildings into an educational hostel.
Principal Reference Material
° Burney, D.A. (1980). The effect of human activities on cheetah in the Mara Region of
Kenya. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Nairobi.
° Costich, B.D. and Popp, S.L. (1978). Mara: A field guide to Masai Mara Reserve. Man and
Nature Press, Cambridge. 55 pp.
° Darling, F.F. (1960). An Ecological Reconnaissance of the Mara Plains in Kenya Colony.
Wildlife Monograph No. 5.
° IUCN/WWF Project 3142. Kenya, Maasai Mara Reserve.
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° Lamprey, R.H. and Collins, W.G. (in press). Woodland Changes in the Mara Region of
Kenya. In: Endangered Resources for Development. Proceedings of a workshop on the status
and options for management of plant communities in Kenya. National Museums of Kenya.
° Shorter, C. Kenya Horizons. (Reprint).
Taiti, S. 1973. A Vegetation survey of the Mara Game Reserve, M.Sc. Thesis, University
Nairobi,
Thorsell, J. (1980). Masai Mara National Reserve Viewing Tract Development Plan.
Prepared by the Wildlife Planning Unit, Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources.
Wildlife Planning Unit, (1983). Masai Mara National Reserve Management Plan. WPU,
Wildlife Conservation and Management Department, Ministry of Environment and Natural
Resources.
Staff One senior warden, three wardens, 57 rangers and five support staff employed by
Narok County Council (1984)
Budget Expenditure 1979 - KSh.367,071 (US$49,000).
Local Park or Reserve Administration Warden, WCMD, Box 60, Narok.
Date 1984
MARSABIT NATIONAL RESERVE
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.14.07 (East African Highlands)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 1962
Geographical Location Northern Kenya, 560km north of Nairobi. 2°06’-2°39°N,
37°46°-38°11’E.
Altitude 420-1,700m
Area 208,842ha
Land Tenure Marsabit County Council
Physical Features The reserve comprises a forested mountain oasis rising out of surrounding
desert country. The mountain consists of a group of volcanic craters, of which Got Bongoli is
the largest, and several are occupied by fresh water lakes (the largest being Lake Paradise).
The surrounding area is acacia scrub desert and the lava fields of the Dida Galgalla Desert.
Vegetation The upper zone is forest dominated by Brown Olive Middle Zone forest of Olea
capensis, Diospyros abyssinica and Teclea sp., with Acacia grassland and Combretum at lower
altitudes. The lower zone is arid thorn brushland.
Fauna Mammals include: elephant Loxodonta africana (T), greater kudu Tragelaphus
Strepsiceros, diademed monkey Cercopithecus mitis, olive baboon Papio anubis, striped
hyena Hyaena hyaena, aardwolf Proteles cristatus, caracal Felis caracal, cheetah Acinonyx
jubatus (T), lion Panthera leo, leopard Panthera pardus (T), klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus,
suni Neotragus moschatus, Grant’s gazelle Gazella granti petersi, beisa oryx Oryx gazella beisa
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and reticulated giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis reticulata. There are 13 recorded bat species
and over 350 bird species, including 52 birds of prey. Birds include Somali ostrich Struthio
camelus, peregrine falcon Falco peregrinus (T), black-faced Heuglins bustard Neotis heuglinii,
swallow-tailed kite Elanoides forficatus, cream-coloured courser Cursorius cursor, Somali
bee-eater Merops revoilii, and masked lark Spizocorys personata (locally abundant) in the
lowland bush; lammergeier Gypaetus barbatus, mountain buzzard Buteo oreophilus,
yellow-billed hornbill Tockus flavirostris, star-spotted nightjar Caprimulgus stellatus, and
Narina’s trogon Apaloderma narina in the mountain area; little grebe Tachybaptus ruficollis,
purple heron Ardea purpurea, saddle-bill stork Ephippiorhynchus senegalensis, ibises, and
numerous duck species visiting Lake Paradise.
Zoning The core area is to be constituted a national park (14,413ha) but gazettment is not yet
complete. Areas outside the core area are not managed for protection purposes.
Disturbances or Deficiencies There is forest cutting in the area surrounding the reserve.
Numbers of greater kudu are recovering following a devastating outbreak of rinderpest in 1960.
Visitor Facilities Tourism is encouraged. Accommodation includes a lodge with 30 beds and
three public campsites. There were 1,785 visitors in 1979.
Scientific Research ~ Unesco are currently funding a project to combat desertification in the
area. In this project, camels are being introduced into the area in an attempt to use them as
livestock, replacing the cattle that are causing serious habitat degradation.
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material None listed
Staff One warden, 18 rangers and 10 support staff (1981)
Budget Expenditure 1979/1980: Ksh.491,607 (US$7,756)
Local Park or Reserve Administration Warden, WCMD, PO Marsabit via Isiolo.
Date 1984
MWEA NATIONAL RESERVE
Management Category VI (Resource Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.14.07 (Somalian)
Legal Protection Partial
Date Established 1976; there is a proposal to degazette the most populated areas.
Geographical Location 100km north-east of Nairobi. 0°43’-0°51°S, 37°35’-37°00°E.
Altitude 1,000-1,100m
Area 6,803ha
Land Tenure Trust land, but managed by the Central government.
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Physical Features Gently rolling bushland. Southern border is on Kamburu reservoir on the
Tana River, a drowned portion of the Thiba River.
Vegetation Primarily thorn bushland with some Acacia and Commiphora woodland. Scattered
baobab Adansonia digitata.
Fauna Remnant elephant Loxodonta africana (V) and buffalo Syncerus caffer populations.
Lesser kudu Tragelaphus imberbis, crocodile Crocodylus_ niloticus (V), and
hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius. Numbers of individuals in most animal populations
low.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies Illegal hunting and seasonal livestock grazing. Timber felling.
Severe encroachment by irrigation, and settlement schemes. A reservoir seperates populations
of elephants; hippo cannot use the reservoirs as they can’t scale the sides to graze at night.
Egyptian geese numbers are controlled due to their grazing of rice. There is concern that the
incidence of Bilharzia will increase due to reduction in the numbers of this natural predator of
the vector snail.
Visitor Facilities None
Scientific Research None
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material None
Staff No information
Budget 1978-1979: aid grant of Ksh.390,000 (US$52,000)
Local Park or Reserve Administration Warden, WCMD, Box 264, Embu.
Date 1984
NASOLOT NATIONAL RESERVE
Management Category VI (Resource Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.05.04 (East African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Partial
Date Established 1979
Geographical Location Situated 100 km north of Kitale in west Kenya, near the Uganda
border. 1°47’-1°56’N, 35°20’-35°28’E.
Altitude 750-1,500m
Area 92,500ha
Land Tenure Trust land, under the jurisdiction of West Pokot County Council.
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Physical Features Flat plain with seasonal water courses, rising to the foothills of the Sekerr
Range. Comprises a portion of the gorge of the Turkwell River.
Vegetation Primarily thorn bushland (zone V of Pratt and Gwynne).
Fauna’ Elephant Loxodonta africana (T), black rhinoceros Diceros bicornis (T), and lesser
kudu Tragelaphus imberbis.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies No information
Scientific Research None
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
° Pratt, D.J. and Gwynne, D.M. (1977). Rangeland Management Ecology in East Africa.
Hodder and Stoughton, London
Staff Not yet operational
Budget None
Local Park or Reserve Administration Warden, WCMD, PO Kapenguria, via Kitale.
Date 1984
NGAI NDETHYA NATIONAL RESERVE
Management Category VI (Resource Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.14.07 (Somalian)
Legal Protection Partial
Date Established 1976
Geographical Location South-east Kenya between Tsavo East and Tsaro West National Parks.
2°35°-2°41’S, 38°9’-38°20°E.
Altitude 650-750m
Area 21,209ha; forms a corridor between Tsavo East and West (total 2,082,114ha)
Land Tenure Trust land, under the jurisdiction of Masaku County Council
Physical Features It is a migration corridor between Tsavo East and West; open flat thornbush
plains are bordered by the Athi River to the east, and the seasonal Kambu and Mtito Andei
Watercourses (luggas) to the north and south.
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Vegetation Thornbush and thicket (zone V of Pratt and Gwynne 1977),
primarily Commiphora with scattered baobab Adansonia digitata
Fauna None
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies | Human settlement persists within reserve; there are 10,000
people in the area with the consequence that there is very little left of nature conservation
value.
Visitor Facilities None although there is a lodge
Scientific Research None
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material None listed
Staff None
Budget None
Local Park or Reserve Administration Warden, WCMD, Box 66, Voi.
Date 1984
NORTH KITUI NATIONAL RESERVE
Management Category VI (Resource Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.14.07 (Somalian)
Legal Protection Partial
Date Established 1979
Geographical Location South bank of Tana River adjacent to Meru National Park.
0°03’-0°32’S, 38°18’-38°40’E.
Altitude 428-675m
Area 74,500ha; is part a complex which includes Meru National Park (87,044ha), Kora Nature
Reserve (178,780ha), Rahole Nature Reserve (127,000ha), and Bisanadi Nature Reserve
(60,000ha)
Land Tenure Trust land, under the jurisdiction of Kitui County Council
Physical Features Dense bushland with low hills and seasonal water courses (luggas), which
drain north into the Tana River. The northern boundary includes 20km of the Tana River.
Vegetation Unsurveyed bushland (Zone V of Pratt and Gwynne 1977); some riverine forest
along the Tana River.
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Fauna Crocodile Crocodylus niloticus (V) and hippotamus Hippopotamus amphibius occur
along Tana River where the avifauna is particularly rich.
Conservation Management The boundary has been surveyed as well as sites chosen for the
entrance gates, campsites, and boreholes as part of a general purpose plan. There is an
anti-poaching unit in the area.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies Illegal hunting and livestock grazing
Visitor Facilities None
Scientific Research None
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material None listed
Staff There are WMCD staff
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration Warden, WCMD, Box 9, Mwingi via Kitui.
Date 1984
RAHOLE NATIONAL RESERVE
Management Category VI (Resource Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.14.07 (Somalian)
Legal Protection Partial
Date Established 1976
Geographical Location 150 km east north-east of Mount Kenya. 0°03’S-0°15’N,
38°41’-39°11’E.
Altitude 250-480m
Area 127,000ha, part of a complex comprising the Meru National Park (87,044ha), Kora
Nature Reserve (178,780ha), North Kitui National Reserve (74,500ha), and Bisanadi National
Reserve (60,000ha)
Land Tenure Trust land, under the jurisdiction of Garissa County Council
Physical Features The open dry plain is traversed by the seasonal Rahole sand river.
Vegetation Unsurveyed dry thorn bushland; Zone V of Pratt and Gwynne (1977)
Fauna. A few elephant Loxodonta africana (T) (almost gone), and various northern species
such as Grevy’s zebra Equus grevyi (T), and beisa Oryx gazella.
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Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies [Illegal hunting and livestock grazing occur and the area is
invaded by semi-permanent settlers. WMCD have never really established their presence as
access is difficult with the river forming a barrier. Staff are stationed at Garissa. A great deal
of poaching has been reported, particularly from the north.
Visitor Facilities None 5
Scientific Research None
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material None listed
Staff One warden, nine rangers, three support staff (1980)
Budget 1978-1979, aid grant of Ksh.550,000 (US$73,300)
Local Park or Reserve Administration Warden, WCMD, Box 58, Garrisa.
Date 1984
SAMBURU NATIONAL RESERVE
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.21.12 (East African Highlands)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established Gazette notice pending
Geographical Location North bank of Ewaso Ngiro River, 90 km north of Mount Kenya.
0°34’-0°40’N, 37°26’-37°39°E.
Altitude 800-1,230m
Area 16,500ha; on the opposite bank of the Ewaso Ngiro river to Buffalo Springs (33,915ha)
National Reserve, and 9km from Shaba National Reserve (23,910ha)
Land Tenure Trust land under jurisdiction of Samburu and Isiolo County Councils
Physical Features This is a lowland area below the foothills of Mount Kenya. The Ewaso
Ngiro river forms the southern boundary for 32km. Away from the river the reserve is
characterised by steep gullied slopes and rounded basement hills mixed with lava plains.
Annual rainfall is 350mm.
Vegetation Several types occur; narrow riverine woodland of doum palm Hyphaene coriacea
and Acacia elatior; open Acacia tortilis woodland; bushland dominated by Salvadora,
Commiphora spp. and Acacia senegal; shrubland community of Salsola dendroides and Cordia
gharaf, and some Cynodon dactylon grassland.
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Fauna’ At least 22 large animal species occur including elephant Loxodonta africana (T),
cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T), reticulated giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis reticulata, Beisa
oryx Oryx gazella and vervet monkey, Cercopithecus aethiops. The reserve is important to
Grevy’s zebra Equus grevyi (T) as it may be located along one of the major migratory routes
from north-west to south-east. Rich avifauna. Crocodile Crocodylus niloticus (V) is also
present.
Conservation Management’ The three reserves are considered too small to constitute a viable
ecological unit for many of the larger species. A survey was initiated in 1980 to provide
guidelines for enlargement of the areas. Pastoralists are compensated for assumed loss of
grazing in surrounding areas. A management plan is being prepared for this area by the
Wildife Planning Unit of WMCD. It has been suggested that Samburu, Shaba and Buffalo
Springs should be managed as one area.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies Livestock grazing encroachment occurs, particularly along the
river, and elephant damage to riverine forest where they have become concentrated due to
disturbance outside the area. Tourists harass animals, particularly Grevy’s zebra and cheetah.
The road plan for this area describes tracks through riverine forest; there is concern that this
will irrevocably disturb the area and that there will be further degradation caused by off-road
driving. There is also a conflict of interests in the area and divided management between Isolo
and Samburu Councils and also WMCD.
Visitor Facilities Heavy tourist use occurs with 38,000 visitors in 1979. Facilities include one
lodge with 129 beds in the reserve, a lodge with 79 beds adjacent to the reserve, and three
public campsites.
Scientific Research Biogenetics of vervet monkeys, vegetation surveys; wildlife dynamics,
work on gerenuk and behaviour and ecology of Grevy’s zebra
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
° Barkham, J.P. and Rainy, M.E. (1976). The Vegetation of the Samburu Isiolo Game
Reserve. E. Afr. Wildl. J. 14: 297-329.
° Rainy, M.E. (1980). An ecological analysis for road development purposes of Samburu,
Buffalo Springs and Shaba Game Reserves. Consultant report to Wildlife Planning Unit,
Kenya.
° WWF Project 1762 Report.
Staff No information
Budget 1978-1979, aid grant of Ksh.520,000 (US$69,000). The World Bank has funded road
construction and development plans in 1980-1981. Otherwise no information.
Local Park or Reserve Administration Warden, WMCD, PO Box 239, Isiolo.
Date 1984
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SHABA NATIONAL RESERVE
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.21.12 (East African Highlands)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 1974
Geographical Location South side of Ewaso Ngiro River, 70 km north of Mount Kenya.
0°34’-0°43’N, 37°43’-37°57°E.
Altitude 700-1,500m
Area 23,910ha; 9km from Buffalo Springs National Reserve (33,915ha), and Samburu
National Reserve (22,510ha) on the opposite bank of Ewaso Ngiro river
Land Tenure Trust land, under the jurisdiction of Isiolo County Council
Physical Features This is mainly a lowland lava plain with an isolated hills area below the
foothills of Mount Kenya. The northern boundary includes 34km of Ewaso Ngiro River
frontage and there are numerous springs and a large swamp area. Ridges are dominated by the
Shaba Massive to the south of the reserve. This area is very different to Buffalo Springs and
Samburu National Reserves in its physical aspects.
Vegetation There are several types, including riverine plant communities dominated by
patches of Acacia elatior and doum palm Hyphaene coriacea; woodland communities of Acacia
tortilis. Also bushland communies of Commiphora spp. with Ipomoea, Grewia, Acacia senegal
and Salvadora; Sporobolus spicatus alkaline grasslands, and a swamp community.
Fauna’ There are 17 recorded large mammal species including gerenuk Litocranius walleri,
Grant’s gazelle Gazella granti, oryx Oryx gazella beisa, Grevy’s zebra Equus grevyi (T),
reticulated giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis reticulata, cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T),
leopard Panthera pardus (T), and lion Panthera leo.
Conservation Management A road management plan has been developed for the area.
Suggestions have been made that any construction should be undertaken during the wet season
when less animals use the area (Rainy, 1980). The three reserves are considered too small to
constitute a viable ecological unit for many of the larger species. A survey was initiated in
1980 to provide guidelines for enlargement of the areas. Pastoralists are compensated for
assumed loss of grazing in surrounding areas. A management plan is being prepared for this
area by the Wildife Planning Unit of WMCD. It has been suggested that Samburu, Shaba and
Buffalo Springs should be managed as one area.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies Illegal hunting mainly for meat and livestock grazing. The use
of the area directly to the north of the reserve, since an army/air force training ground is
reported to disturb the area.
Visitor Facilities Toursim is limited at present, but the planned road system could increase
use. There are three public campsites. In 1979 there were 3,000 visitors.
Scientific Research Leopard rehabilitation scheme
Special Scientific Facilities The Elsa Trust (Adamson) Camp is now dilapidated and useless
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Principal Reference Material
° Rainy, M.E. (1980). An Ecological Analysis for Road Development purposes of
Samburu-Buffalo Springs-Shaba Game Reserve. Consultant report to Wildlife Planning
Unit, Kenya.
Staff No information
Budget 1978-79, aid grant of KSh. 520,000 (US$ 69,000). The World Bank has funded road
construction and development plans in 1980-81. Otherwise no information.
Local Park or Reserve Administration Warden, WCMD, Box 29, Isiolo.
Date 1984
SHIMBA HILLS NATIONAL RESERVE
Management Category VIII (Multiple Use Management Area)
Biogeographical Province 3.14.07 (Somalian)
Legal Protection Total, except for parts of the reserve that are still managed as a forest
resource
Date Established Designated as a Forest Reserve (21,740ha) in 1903 and gazetted in 1956.
National Reserve status in 1968. There have been proposals since 1938 to make the area a
National Park.
Geographical Location 30km south-west of Mombasa above the coastal plain in Kwale
district. 4°10’-4°20’S, 39°16’-39°30’E.
Altitude 120-450m
Area 21,740ha Oha Forest Reserve, which includes 19,25lha; National Reserve
Land Tenure Central government managed by WCMD
Physical Features It includes a dissected plateau consisting of conical hills and steep incised
ridges. The Shimba Hills is a low-lying range of hills running parallel to the coastline about
20km inland and constituting a major water catchment for the surrounding area and a large
part of the south coast region. There is little surface water on the plateau due to the porous
nature of the soils. Water appears at spring lines at the base of the scarp slopes. The main
rock types are sandstone, and soils are deep and strongly weathered. The climate is cooler than
that at the coast with strong sea breezes and frequent mist and cloud in the early morning.
Annual rainfall is 855mm-1682mm.
Vegetation Forested scarp slopes and undulating grasslands are interspersed with woodland
clumps and ribbons of riverine forest in the steeply cut valleys. Mature forests occur to the
south where the plateau drops to a low-lying area. There are five main vegetation types: 1)
forest dominated by Chlorophora and Paramacrolobium (one of the last examples of relict
forests from an era of much heavier rainfall in Kenya); 2) coastal bushland with Manilkara; 3)
scrubland dominated by Lantana and Vernonia; 4) wooded grassland with Syzygium
and Hyphaene; 5) and open grassland with numerous species including orchids.
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Fauna There are 13 recorded species of large herbivore including sable antelope Hippotragus
niger rooseveltii (about 150 individuals and the last population in Kenya), roan
antelope Hippotragus equinus (introduced in 1971 but decreased to about 12), buffalo Syncerus
caffer (160-180), waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, reedbuck Redunca sp., spotted
hyena Crocuta crocuta, warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus, and giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis
(four introduced in 1984). Sable feed in the open grassland that has woodland clumps rather
than in the open woodland they are usually associated with. There are at least 200
elephant Loxodonta africana (T) in the reserve with a large proportion of young and it seems
likely that the population will increase. Mammals also include: leopard Panthera pardus (T),
yellow baboon Papio cynocephalus and bush pig Potamochoerus porcus. The area is also noted
for its wealth of bird life. Species include: green-headed oriole Oriolus chlorocephalus,
broadbill Smithornis capensis, green barbet Cryptolybia olivacea, green tinkerbird Pogoniulus
simplex. The southern banded harrier eagle Circaetus fasciolatus (threatened in Kenya)
inhabits the woodlands and forests of this area. The hills are important with respect to
amphibia, particularly frogs which include Chiromantis xerampelina, Kassina maculata,
Hyperolius tuberilinguis and Leptopelis flavomaculatus, which is only found here and in
Arabuko Sokoke Forest.
Conservation Management There is management conflict between the game department, who
advocates non-interference, and the forestry department, which allows timber exploitation and
softwood re-afforestation. A high-tensile wire fence was erected in 1980 in an attempt to stop
elephant and buffalo straying into the villages. A management plan was prepared in 1983
primarily as a guide for the evolution of a plan for the area. Money has been set aside by a
trustee of the African Wildlife Foundation for the construction of an education centre if the
area becomes a national park. Zebra Equus burchelli and impala Aepyceros melampus were
formerly found in the reserve and their reintroduction has been suggested.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies Elephant tree damage, though not serious, may increase as the
population increases, but it could benefit the sable herds by opening up bushy and wooded
areas. Timber exploitation in the reserve has been discontinued for all species except Pinus
caribaea due to slow growth and excessive animal damage. Plantations deprive sable and other
grazers of grassland. Uncontrolled bushfires can cause extensive damage, but controlled
burning is important to maintain grassland for sable antelope. The reserve is completely
surrounded by privately-owned farms, but no extensions are likely. The private land includes
the game corridor proposed by Glover (1968) and Kates et al. (1968). Conflicts with the
surrounding settlements are small scale poaching for meat (including sable), wood raiding for
fuel, and illegal removal of Chlorophora trees from uncut plantation areas. Local villagers
frequently walk through the reserve making it difficult to determine the identity of poachers
and wood raiders. There are four quarries in the reserve for road building material.
Visitor Facilities Visitor utilisation is mainly on a day use basis from Mombasa and coastal
hotels. Facilities include two public campsites, a picnic site and a nature trail. The road
system is extensive on the plateau, though the rest of the reserve has more difficult access.
13,067 visitors in 1980 brought a revenue of Ksh.266,110 (greater revenue than from forestry).
Revenue will increase when campsite improvements are completed.
Scientific Research Research has been carried out on tsetse fly, arboreal beetles, locusts, and
the ecology of sable antelope.
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
° Anon (1983). Shimba Hills National Reserve Management Plan. WPU. Wildife
Conservation and Management Department.
° Glover, P.E. (1968). Report on an Ecological Survey of the Proposed Shimba Hills National
Reserve Soil Survey Unit, Department of Agriculture.
° Kates, Peat, Marwick and Co. (1968). A Land Use Strategy for the Shimba Hills. Canadian
International Development Agency report.
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° Owino, F. (1979). Conservation status of the Shimba Hills. Komba.
° Risley, E. (1966). An urgent plea for a National Park to be created in the Shimba
Hills. Africana 2(9): 6-8.
° Ross, K., (1981). Vegetation and Land Use changes in the Shimba Hills National Reserve,
and its effect on the ecology of the large herbivores. WPU Wildlife Conservation and
Management Unit. 56 pp.
° Ross, K. (1982). Ecology of Large Herbivores in Shimba Hills and its significance to their
management. Annual report to WWF.
° Ross, K. (1984). Ecology of the sable antelope in relation to habitat changes in the Shimba
Hills. Ph.D. Thesis, Edinburgh University.
° Ross, K. (1985). Count of sable antelope in the Shimba Hills National Reserve.
January/February 1985.
Staff Two wardens, 41 rangers, 52 subordinates, and 21 casual workers (1980)
Budget 1979-1980: Ksh.633,072 (US$84,400)
Local Park or Reserve Administration Warden, WCMD, Box 30, Kwale.
Date 1984
SOUTH KITUI NATIONAL RESERVE
Management Category VI (Resource Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.14.07 (Somalian)
Legal Protection Partial
Date Established 1979
Geographical Location Adjacent to the north boundary of Tsavo East National Park.
01°38’-2°3’S, 38°31°-39°01’E.
Altitude 400-675m
Area 183,300ha; contiguous to Tsavo National Park (2,082,114ha)
Land Tenure Government under the jurisdiction of Kitui County Council
Physical Features The reserve includes the seasonal sand Thua River and its floodplain,
which is surrounded by dense bushland with low hills.
Vegetation The vegetation is unsurveyed, but is similar to the northern area of Tsavo East
National Park, with thorn bush and scrub thickets (Zone V of Pratt and Gwynn (1977)).
Fauna The fauna is unsurveyed, but similar to the northern area of Tsavo East National
Park. The area formerly supported a substantial elephant Loxodonta africana (T) population.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies Illegal hunting and livestock grazing
Visitor Facilities No tourism
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Scientific Research None
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material None listed
Staff Not yet appointed.
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration Warden, WCMD, Box 9, Mwingi via Kitui.
Date 1984
SOUTH TURKANA NATIONAL RESERVE
Management Category VI (Resource Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.05.04 (East African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Partial
Date Established 16th October 1979 by Legal Notice 290.
Geographical Location North-west Kenya, 100 km north of Kitale. 1°40’-2°00’N,
35°31’-35°5S’E.
Altitude 900-2,270m
Area 109,100ha
Land Tenure Government, under the jurisdiction of Turkana County Council
Physical Features Two prominent hills are surrounded by plains dissected by seasonal water
courses. The boundary includes about 25 km of the north-west bank of the Kerio River.
Vegetation There is some riverine forest with Acacia spp. on the Kerio River; the remainder
is dense thorn bush, with remnant forest on the hill tops.
Fauna Elephant Loxodonta africana (T), and greater kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros have been
recorded.
Zoning No information
Disturbances or Deficiencies Encroaching settlement and livestock grazing
Visitor Facilities None
Scientific Research None
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material None listed
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Staff No information
Budget Expenditure 1979-80 KSh.124,775 (US$16,600)
Local Park or Reserve Administration Warden, WCMD, Box 9, Lodwar.
Date 1984
TAITA HILLS GAME SANCTUARY
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.14.07 (Somalian)
Legal Protection No information
Date Established 1973
Geographical Location Situated astride the main Voi-Taveta road in south-east Kenya; linked
by a game corridor to Tsavo West National Park. 3°30’S, 38°12’E.
Altitude Up to 914m
Area 11,340ha
Land Tenure Hilton International
Physical Features It consists partly of plains and partly of Commiphora woodland. The Bura
river runs through the area attracting animals from Tsavo National Park. Despite its name, this
area is not within the Taita Hills.
Vegetation Savanna plains and Commiphora woodland.
Fauna Grazing animals attracted to the water in the dry season include: zebra Equus burchelli,
buffalo Syncerus caffer, elephant Loxodonta africana, (T) impala Aepyceros melampus, Grants
gazelle Gazella granti, eland Taurotragus oryx, waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus,
reedbuck Redunca arundinum, and giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis. Other animals include
vervet monkey Cercopithecus aethiops, lion Panthera leo, and black-backed jackal Canis
mesomelas. The prolific avifauna includes ostrich Struthio camelus, Bateleur eagle Terathopius
ecaudatus, Pangani longclaws Macronyx aurantiigula, purple heron Ardea purpurea, hornbills
(Bucerotidae), rollers (Coraciidae), and weavers (Ploceidae).
Conservation Management The area south of the Voi-Taveta road has been well developed
with game viewing tracks. Controlled seasonal burning of old grasses is carried out on a
rotational basis in the southern sector to maintain and improve grazing.
Zoning No information
Disturbances or Deficiencies No information
Visitor Facilities The whole complex of the Game Sanctuary and two tourist lodges (Taita
Hills and Salt Lick) are run as a tourist concern by Hilton International.
Scientific Research No information
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Special Scientific Facilities No information
Principal Reference Material
° Cheffings, J. (1983). The Taita Hills Game Sanctuary. Swara 6(1). East African Wildlife
Society.
Staff No information
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration Hilton International
Date January 1983
TANA RIVER PRIMATE RESERVE
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.14.07 (Somalian)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 1976
Geographical Location Inland from the Indian Ocean, 120km north of Malindi on the Tana
River between Hola and Garsen. 1°45’-1°54’S, 40°5’-40°11’E.
Altitude 40-70m
Area 16,807ha
Land Tenure Tana River County Council
Physical Features The reserve contains about 50km of the Tana River with its flood-plain
and the adjacent dry plains. The alluvial river channel is bounded by sandy levees, which give
way to lower-lying areas of black cotton soil containing a variety of old river channels, ox-bow
lakes and ponds. The river is highly meandering with good point-bar development.
Vegetation The Tana riverine forest is of high diversity with nearly 300 tree species
recorded. Important species for the red colobus are Sorindeia obtusifoliolata, Acacia robusta
and Ficus sycomorus. Other common trees are of the genera Chlorophora, Sterculia, Albizia,
Ficus and Diospyros. Flood-plain bushland of Terminalia, and Acacia with Garcinia. Dry
plains are dominated by Dobera and Salvadora. Grasses include Chloris, Sporobolus,
and Panicum. The flora includes: Rhus quartiniana, Maerua triphylla, Commiphora riparia,
Combretum tanaensis, and Terminalia brevipes.
Fauna The seven primates include: the endemic subspecies of red colobus Colobus badius
rufomitratus (T) (200-300 in 1985), Tana mangabey Cercococebus galeritus galeritus (T)
(800-1100 in 1985), Sykes’ monkey Cercopithecus mitis, and yellow baboon Papio
cynocephalus. The populations of both threatened species has shown a decline over the past 10
years. Forty-three other recorded mammals include: a few elephant Loxodonta africana (T),
hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, Peters’ gazelle Gazella granti petersi, red
duiker Cephalophus natalensis, red river hog Potamochoerus porcus, giraffe Giraffa
camelopardalis, lion Panthera leo, and waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus. Huet’s bush
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squirrel Paraxerus ochraceus, red bush squirrel P. palliatus tanae, and crocodile Crocodylus
niloticus (V) also occur. The 248 recorded bird species include the endemic Tana River
cisticola Cisticola restricta (K), and large numbers of breeding heron and other waterbirds.
Some 22 species of fish have been indentified.
Conservation Management Warden patrols have been effective to some extent against grazing
encroachment from nearby settlements and the destruction of forest for firewood, poles and
canoes by the local people. Some small crocodile and eggs are removed and taken to Mombasa
for a farming project, but crocodiles have increased in number and size over the last decade.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies There is settlement within reserve although this is legal. Other
disturbances include uncontrolled fires, seasonal livestock grazing and illegal hunting. River
erosion during the flood season threatens the tourist lodge. The natural ecology of the area is
threatened by proposed upstream hydroelectric and irrigation development. A survey in early
1985 showed that some primate populations had declined drastically since a similar survey in
1975. Red colobus had been reduced to a sixth, and crested mangabeys to three-quarters of
their previous numbers. This is largely due to the death of many large trees, for unknown
reasons, which urgently needs investigating (Marsh 1985). There is some conflict over land in
1984, when some Pokomo tried to assert traditional ownership rights. Infrastructure is
incomplete and funds are insufficient to improve this or sponsor urgently needed research.
Visitor Facilities Facilities include Baomo lodge (closed at present due to internal
management problems), boat trips, dry season dirt tracks, and an airstrip to increase tourist
access. One tented camp has 24 beds. Visitor numbers are low. Headquarter buildings have
been started at Makere, outside the reserve.
Scientific Research Studies on behaviour and ecology of primates and elephants, and on
riverine forest ecology in conjunction with the impact of dams.
Special Scientific Facilities _ There are two research huts in Mochelelo forest with keys
obtainable from the warden, however, they are reported to be falling down.
Principal Reference Material
° Allaway, J. (1979). Elephants and their interaction with people in the Tana River region of
Kenya. Ph.D. Thesis, Cornell University.
° Allaway, J. (1981). The African Elephants Drinking Problem. Nat. Hist. April 1981: 30-35.
° Groves, P.G. et al. (1974). The Tana Colobus and Mangabey. Oryx 12(5): 565-75.
° Homewood, K.M. (1976). Ecology and Behaviour of the Tana Mangabey Cercocebus
galeritus galeritus. Ph.D Thesis, University of London.
° Homewood, K.M. (1978). Feeding Strategy of the Tana Mangabey Cercocebus galeritus
galeritus. J. Zool. 186: 375-391.
° Marsh, C. (1976). A Management plan for the Tana River Game Reserve. N.Y. Zoological
Society Report. (Includes a preliminary list of plant species).
° Marsh, C. (1978). Ecology and Social Organisation of the Tana River Red Colobus Colobus
badius rufornitratus. Ph.D Thesis, University of Bristol.
° Marsh, C. (1985). A Re-survey of Tana River Primates and their forest habitat. Report to
the National Museums of Kenya.
° Pertet, F. (1982). Kenya’s experience in establishing coastal and marine protected areas. In:
McNeely, J.A. and Miller, K.R. (Eds) National Parks Conservation and Development.
Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D.C.
Staff A warden and three rangers
Budget Sufficient for salaries and transport only
Local Park or Reserve Administration Warden, WCMD, Box 4, Hola. New park headquarters
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being moved from the village of Wenje, which is outside the reserve, to a location adjacent to
the reserve.
Date 1984
RAS TENEWI COASTAL ZONE NATIONAL PARK
Management Category Proposed II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.14.07 (Somalian)
Legal Protection No information
Date Established Proposed; proposal submitted to the Commission of Lands in 1980
Geographical Location North of the Kipini Tana River Delta on a headland south of the
Lamu archipelago. 2°30’S, 40°45’E.
Altitude No information
Area 35,000ha: 10,500ha land and 24,500ha sea
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The area combines marine and terrestrial components and include extensive
coral reefs and several rocky islands. The marine section extends 9km offshore. Tidal pool
development is extensive along the Ras Biongwe area. The humid tropical climate is affected
by monsoon winds.
Vegetation There are four vegetation zones in the proposed park area: 1) stable sand dunes
bordering the beaches which are a unique habitat type covered with various dune grasses,
doum palm Hyphaene parvula, Sideroxylon dispyroides, Cordia somalensis, Croton menyhartii,
and Cadaba farinosa; 2) seasonally flooded grass-covered ziwas inland from the dunes; 3) a
zone of coastal bushland thicket with a mixture of shrubs including: Annona chrysophylla,
Heeria mucronata, Lannea stuhlmannii. Markhamia zanzibarica, and Ziziphus mauritiana; 4)
and a lowland forest further inland of larger trees such as baobab Adansonia digitata, doum
palm Hyphaene coriacea, Rhodognaphalon schumannianum, Macaranga_ kilimandscharica,
Memecylon verruculosum, Chlorophora excelsa, Sterculia africana, and Ficus sp..
Fauna Mammals include: concentrations of elephant Loxodonta africana (T) and
topi Damaliscus lunatus. Dugong Dugong dugon (v) occur in the nearby Tana River estuary.
The area is an important flyway and feeding range for Palaearctic and Eurasian migrants
particularly raptors and Sylviinae. Migratory seabirds breeding on the rocky islands in July
and August include sooty gull Larus hemprichii, noddy Anous stolidus, roseatte tern Sterna
dougallii, and white cheeked tern Sterna repressa. Tenewi Rocks are the only nesting site in
Kenya for sooty tern Sterna fuscata. There are more turtles breeding in this area than on the
remainder of the Kenyan coast. These include olive ridley turtle Lepidochelys olivacea (E),
green turtle Chelonia mydas (E), and hawksbill turtle Eretmochelys imbricata (E).
Cultural Heritage The proposed park area contains three gazetted National Monuments and
several ungazetted ruins. The ruins and tomb at Mwana are of particular historic importance
and include remains of a very large settlement with houses, mosques and tombs. The ’tomb of
the seven virgins’ dates from the 15th century.
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Conservation Management Management and development proposals include marking of
seaward and land boundaries, two entrance/exit gates, headquarters road connection through
the park, viewing tracks, and beach and boat patrols. Future studies are to understand
appropriate exploitation of marine resources and an EEC-sponsored development feasibility
study of Lamu District. A turtle hatchery has been proposed and it was proposed by IUCN as
a marine sanctuary for breeding turtles in 1979. Implementation of the Kenyatta Settlement
Scheme would have a variety of benefits including a game-proof fence, encouragement of a
local produce market, improved road access and benefits from increased tourism. The park
would generate local employment.
Zoning There are restricted zones during the birds’ breeding season. The northern area is to
be left undisturbed by development.
Disturbances or Deficiencies Poaching of turtles and their eggs occurs along inadequately
patrolled shorelines. The coastal zone in Kenya is undergoing a period of economic
development associated with increasing growth of population and tourism.
Visitor Facilities Facilities include river launch trips from Kipini along the channels and
marshes. An inland viewing track to a waterhole in the inland forest where elephants can be
viewed is proposed. The area is part of the Tana River/Lamu tourist circuit.
Scientific Research The nature and extent of fishing needs further evaluation.
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
Pertet, F. (1982). Kenya’s experience in establishing ccastal and marine protected areas. In:
McNeely, J.A. and Miller, K. (Eds) National Parks, Conservation and Development.
Smithsonian Insititution Press, Washington.
° Pertet, F. and Thorsell, J. (1981). Proposal for the establishment of a coastal zone national
park in the Ras Tenemi area, Kenya. Internal Report. Wildlife Planning Unit, Ministry of
Environment and Natural Resources.
Staff No information
Budget A cost/benefit analysis needs to be undertaken
Local Park or Reserve Administration No information
Date 1984
DIANI MARINE NATIONAL PARK COMPLEX
Management Category Proposed
Biogeographical Province 3.14.07 (Somalian)
Legal Protection The Chale Islands are currently protected from disturbance.
Date Established Proposed
Geographical Location South of Mombasa extending from Kaya Kinondo in the north to
Chale Island in the south. 4°15’S, 39°37’E
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Altitude From sea level
Area Approximately 250ha
Land Tenure Trust land under the jurisdiction of Kwale County Council
Physical Features Comprises Similani, Kaya Kinondo, and Chale Islands and includes the bat
caves at Similani
Vegetation It lies within the UNESCO vegetation unit (White 1983) of Zanzibar-Inhambane
lowland rainforest with mangrove swamps along the seaboard. There are stands of the timber
tree Calophyllum inophyllum which has been used in the past by coastal peoples for boat
building. Specimens of a rare shrub believed to be a sub-species of Grevea eggelinga are also
found here.
Fauna Mammals include at least eight species of resident and migratory bats, including the
large fruit bat Rousettus aegyptiacus and the insectivorous Hipposideros commersoni. Red
duiker Cephalophus natalensis and suni Neotragus moschatus occur in the coastal forest. The
Chale Islands are important nesting sites for several bird species including: spotted ground
thrush Turdus fischeri (R), red-tailed ant thrush Neocossyphus rufus, long-tailed
cuckoo Cercococcyx sp., and pygmy kingfisher /spidina picta.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies A major threat to the bat population is the loss of critical
habitat, which is being destroyed by entrepreneurs who buy local land to build beach houses.
Contamination from insecticide toxins is a potential threat. There are feral goats and cattle on
the island. Other disturbances are hunting, burning, snaring of animals, cutting of timber on
the mainland, and shell collecting on the reefs and islands.
Visitor Facilities Beach houses have been built at Leisure Lodge and in the Ngomeni area
which are outside the proposed reserve.
Scientific Research Dr K. Bock carried out several studies of the fauna of the area prior to
1978.
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
°* Pertet, F. (1982). Kenya’s experience in establishing coastal and marine protected areas. In:
McNeely, J.A. and Miller, K. (Eds). National Parks, Conservation and Development.
Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington.
° Robertson, A., (1984). The Status of Kaya Forests. In: Endangered Resources for
Development. Proceedings of a workshop on the status and options for management of plant
communities in Kenya. National Museums of Kenya.
° White, F. (1983). The Vegetation of Africa. A descriptive memoir to accompany the
Unesco/AETFAT/UNSO vegetation map of Africa. Unesco, Paris.
Staff No information
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration WMCD, Nairobi
Date 1984
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MOUNT KULAL BIOSPHERE RESERVE
Management Category IX (Biosphere Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.14.07/3.26.14 (Somalian/Lake Rudolf)
Legal Protection None
Date Established April 1978 as a Biosphere Reserve
Geographical Location Situated to the southeast of Lake Turkana (Rudolf) in the district of
Marsabit. The western boundary is the centre of the lake and the eastern boundary is defined
by the Chalbi Salt Desert. Access from Nairobi is by the main Nairobi-Moyale road or from
Maralal to Loiengalani through Baragoi and South Harr. The reserve is 18 hours by road from
Nairobi and two hours by air. 2°25’-3°25’N, 36°30’-37°30°E.
Altitude 378-2,416m
Area 700,000ha; includes South Island National Park (3,880ha)
Land Tenure Marsabit County Council
Physical Features The reserve is rectangular in shape and includes the saline-alkaline waters
of Lake Turkana, the volcanic South Island and hot springs on the lakeshore. There are
seasonal watercourses, but no perennial streams. The landscape is volcanic, formed during the
Tertiary and Quaternary periods, comprising an extensive lava desert and numerous craters and
lava flows. The reserve includes Teleki’s volcano (active in 1899), and Mount Kulal (2,295m),
a volcanic mountain with a deep crater capped by a mist/rainforest with deep box canyons on
the eastern slopes. There is also a semi-desert of sand dunes and the Chalbi Salt Desert, an
ancient lakebed which is occasionally flooded. Annual rainfall is 250-850mm and temperature
range 20-40°C.
Vegetation The vegetation ranges from mountain forest to desert and includes a montane zone
(above 2,000m) with rainforest, mistforest and grassland; a sub-montane zone (1,800-2,000m)
with dry evergreen forest of Olea africana and Juniperus procera and shrub layer of Euclea
spp. and Carissa spp., and grassland; a sub-humid/semi-arid zone (1,600-1,800m)
of Combretum spp. woodland with Euphorbia spp. and Acacia drepanolobium woodland and an
understorey of Duosperma eremophilum; a semi-arid zone (900-1,600m) of Acacia mellifera
and Commiphora spp. bushland with an understory of succulent Euphorbia spp.
and Plectranthusus spp.; and a semi-arid/arid zone (400-900m) with bushland of Acacia
reficiens on sandy soils and woodland of Acacia tortilis with an understorey of Duosperma spp.
and/or Indigofera spinosa on drainage lines. Evergreen shrubland of saltbush grows on saline
alluvial soils bordering Chalbi. The lava desert supports sparse sub-shrubs and succulents.
There are also desert communities induced by man and livestock, and salt desert.
Fauna The montane zone has one small antelope and a sub-species of bird endemic to Mount
Kulal, the montane white-eye Zosterops poliogaster kulalensis. The lower zones have a
population of greater kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros. The semi-arid and arid zones have fauna
representative of the semi-arid areas of northern Kenya and Ethiopia including: Beisa
oryx Oryx gazella beisa, gerenuk Litocranius walleri, reticulated giraffe Giraffa
camelopardalis reticulata, Grevy’s zebra Equus grevyi (T), dik-dik Madogua guentheri, Grant’s
gazelle Gazella granti, rhinoceros Diceros bicornis (T), elephant Loxodonta africana (T),
cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T), lion Panthera leo, leopard Panthera pardus (T), and
ostrich Struthio camelus. The population of Nile crocodile Crocodylus niloticus (T) in Lake
Turkana is still relatively intact and fish communities adapted to brackish conditions include
the Nile perch.
Cultural Heritage Long but probably discontinuous history of human occupation. There is
archaeological evidence of pastoral and fishing populations near the old Chalbi Lake.
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Pastoralism continues but emphasis has apparently shifted during the past 300 years from cattle
to sheep, goats and camels.
Population There are about 1,000 Samburus on Mount Kulal, 1,000 Turkana around
Loiyangalani, and 300 El Molo on Lake Turkana.
Conservation Management The NEP-MAB Integrated Project in Arid Lands (IPAL) has
produced comprehensive management guidelines for the use of the area’s resources (including
water, grazing, woodlands, water catchments, wildlife, soils, fish, livestock and human) and
made recommendations on an infrastructure of roads, settlement centres, markets, education,
and health services. The central consideration of the plans is the human element. The District
Development Committee (DDC) has agreed to form a sub-committee to oversee implementation
of the management plans.
Zoning The core area occupies about 1,100ha near the centre of the reserve.
Disturbances or Deficiencies Alteration of grazing practices due to restriction of movement of
nomadic peoples has resulted in overgrazing with replacement of perennial grasslands by
annual and ephemeral vegetation and locally by desert. Due to the long history of human
settlement, it is not possible to ascertain the original or ’natural’ vegetation. The major and
increasing human impact is tree felling for fuel and construction of houses and enclosures for
livestock. The montane and sub-montane forests on Mount Kulal have been reduced and
forest regeneration is hindered in several areas by removal of the understorey. Grass fires
started by pastoralists erode the forest edge. Other problems are periodic droughts and the
concentration of people and livestock into settlements.
Visitor Facilities No information
Scientific Research IPAL are concerned with the causes of desert encroachment. The main
objective is to produce recommendations on land-use strategies and alternative economies
which will permit rehabilitation of degraded lands and provide a living for the expanding
human populations of the region. The first priority is to conserve existing resources and
prevent further ecological and sociological degradation. It is anticipated that the present
research programme will create the framework for an institution to monitor the Mount Kulal
area as an example of the arid zone of East Africa. Such an institution is expected to be
significant as a centre for survey, monitoring, and arid zone research, and as a training and
orientation centre.
Special Scientific Facilities Facilities include a small research station on the southern slopes
of Mount Kulal with laboratory and housing for six scientists and ancillary staff, smaller field
Stations in the working area and fenced experimental plots for the study of succession,
protection from animal and human exploitation, grazing trials, productivity, plantation, and the
demonstration of the results of management. The access road is rough and only suitable for
cross-country four-wheel drive vehicles. The IPAL research station on Mount Kulal has an
airstrip and there are more at several other field stations in the area.
Principal Reference Material
IPAL has produced over 20 recent articles and reports on the Marsabit area, most of which
are published as IPAL Technical Reports. Some of these are noted below.
° Bake, G. (1983). An analysis of Climatological data from the Marsabit District of Northern
Kenya. IPAL Technical Report B-3, Unesco, Nairobi.
° FAO (1971). Range development in Marsabit District, Kenya. AGP: SK/KEN 11. Working
paper No. 9. FAO, Nairobi.
° Field, A.C., Field, C.R. and Wachira, J.G. (Eds) (1977). Man and the Environment in
Marsabit District II. Meeting held at Sokorte Dika Lodge, Marsabit, 24-26 October 1977.
° Grum, A. (1976). Rendille Habitation, Nairobi.
° Hepper, F.N., Jaeger, P.M.L., Gillet, J.B. and Gilbert, M.G. (1981). Annotated check-list of
the plants of Mount Kulal, Kenya. IPAL Technical Report D-3, Unesco, Nairobi.
° Herlocker, D.J. (1979). Implementing a forestry programme for local community
development. South-western Marsabit District, Kenya. IPAL Technical Paper.
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Lamprey, H.F. (1977). Desertification in northern Kenya: some preliminary observations.
UNEP-MAB IPAL Paper for the National Seminar on Desertification, 6-8 July 1977.
Lusigi, W.J. (Ed.)(1983). Proceedings of the IPAL Scientific Seminar, Nairobi 1-2 December
1981. IPAL Technical Report A-5, Unesco, Nairobi.
Lusigi, W. (Ed.) (in press). Resource Management guidelines for West Marsabit District or
Northern Kenya. UNEP-MAB IPAL Technical Paper.
Marsabit District Development Plan. (1976). Republic of Kenya (mimeo).
Sobania, N.W. (1979). Background History of the Mt. Kulal Region of Kenya. IPAL
Technical Report A-3, Unesco, Nairobi.
Spencer, P. (1973). Nomads in alliance. Oxford University Press, New York.
UNEP-MAB IPAL. Quarterly reports of the UNEP-MAB Integrated Project in Arid Lands
(IPAL), Mount Kulal Field Station.
UNEP-MAB IPAL (1977). Draft final report Phase II]. Regional Office for Science and
Technology for Africa, Unesco. (mimeo report).
Staff One forester, three forest rangers and 20 police officers for administration and
maintenance; two drivers, one foreman and one warden for research and monitoring: and one
senior ecologist in charge of research, five field scientists and 10 field and laboratory technical
assistants.
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration Director, National Environment Secretariat, Office of
the President, PO Box 30510, Nairobi. Or: Unesco/IPAL, PO Box 30592, Nairobi.
Date 1983
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Sehlabathebe
National Park
Rep. of South Africa
Lesotho
LESOTHO
Area 30,344 sq.km
Population 1,470,000 (1984)
Parks and Reserves Legislation The Game Preservation Proclamation No. 33 of 1951 provides
for the creation of Wildlife Sanctuaries, though these are only vaguely defined. Areas can also
be set aside under the Historic Monuments, Relics, Fauna and Flora Act 1967 if they have
distinctive or beautiful scenery or geological formations or if they contain rare, distinctive or
beautiful flora or fauna. A National Parks Act was gazetted in 1975. The Land Husbandry
Act 1969 also places a number of controls on cultivation and grazing, including prohibition or
restriction in designated land (including vleis, sponges, marshes, swamps and reed beds).
Parks and Reserves Administration This is the responsibility of the Conservation Division
within the Ministry of Agriculture. This division is also responsible for forestry.
Address
° Lesotho National Parks, Conservation Division, Ministry of Agriculture and Marketing, PO
Box 92, Maseru.
Additional Information Much of Lesotho lies above 2,000m and agricultural development is
often impracticable. The lowlands are easily accessible but have poor soil and periodic
drought. There is also a shortage of male labour. Tourists are attracted to Lesotho, but
unfortunately to forms of entertainment until recently unavailable in South Africa, rather than
to the natural attributes of the country (Crush and Crush, 1983).
The Government of Lesotho commissioned a report on nature conservation in Lesotho
(McVean, 1977) which made recommendations about improving national parks organisation and
giving more areas protected status. The report suggested that a large area, Lesotho National
Park, be set aside, to include Sehlabathebe Nature Reserve. Three other proposed national
parks were reviewed, two new reserves suggested, and five smaller sites considered. In
particular, it was emphasised that national parks in the usual Africa style would not be
appropriate in Lesotho as the country has neither the wide unihabited spaces, the big game, nor
much of the necessary communications (also Lesotho parks would never be able to outcompete
South African parks in this regard).
References
° Crush D. and Crush, J. (1983). A State of Independence. The Geographical Magazine 55(1):
24-29.
° Hilty, S.L. (1982). Draft environmental Profile of the Kingdom of Lesotho. Office of Arid
Land Studies, University of Arizona, Tuscan, Arizona. Prepared under contract between
USAID and the U.S. Man and the Biosphere Program.
° Huntley, B.J. and Ellis, S. (1983). Conservation status of terrestrial ecosystems in southern
Africa. Working document prepared by CSIR, Pretoria.
° McVean, D.N. (1977). Nature Conservation in Lesotho. IUCN/UNEP Report, Morges,
Switzerland.
° Readers Digest (1983). Game Parks and Nature Reserves of Southern Africa. Cape Town,
South Africa.
Protected Areas
(hectares)
National Parks
Sehlabathebe 6,805
3317-
IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
SEHLABATHEBE NATIONAL PARK
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.22.12 (South African Highlands)
Legal Protection Some fishing is allowed under licence in certain rivers.
Date Established Established on 27 February 1970 in Lesotho Government Gazette Notice
No. 34. as Sehlabathebe Wildlife Sanctuary and "National Park" (under the Game Preservation
Proclamation).
Geographical Location In the Qacha’s Neck District of south-eastern Lesotho, bordering on
Transkei, Natal and Rast Grigualand in the Drakensberg Range. 29°55’S, 29°08’E.
Altitude Approximately 2,200-2,600m, with average elevation 2,400m.
Area 6,805ha
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The park is characterised by mountains and grassveld with striking
outcrops of sandstone, which occur at the contact between the Cave Sandstone and the
Drakensberg Basalts at 2,380m. This junction occurs at a considerably higher altitude here
than elsewhere in Lesotho and the greater exposure of the rock probably results in increased
weathering into caves, pillars, arches, and potholes. The park is dissected by the Tsoelikana
river and there are numerous small streams and pools. Much of the park is snow and
ice-covered in winter.
Vegetation The area consists of a species-rich highveld of subalpine grasslands. There are
also patches of wet meadow and marshland at all altitudes and small areas of dwarf shrub
heaths on steep and rocky ground. Aquatic vegetation is well represented in the Tsoelikana
River and its oxbow lakes, in rock pools produced by differential weathering of the Cave
Sandstone where Aponogeton ranunculiflorus (discovered in 1970) is present, and in shallow
ephemeral pans. There are scattered tall shrubs of Polemannia montana, Rubus ludwigii, Rhus
spp., Leucosidea sericea, Euryops spp. and Helichrysum spp. on cliff ledges, rocky ground and
other sites protected from fire and browsing animals. However, these form actual open scrub
only on one or two high ledges on Thaba Ntso outside the park boundary. Only two small
plants of Protea spp. survive in the park area, although near the park there is Protea savanna
grassland.
Fauna There are few game. Mammals include a resident population of a few black
wildebeest Connochaetes gnou and rhebok Pelea capreolus, mountain reedbuck Redunca
fulvorufula and occasional eland Taurotragus oryx and oribi Ourebia ourebi which stray into the
area from Natal and leave when the winter snow arrives, baboon Papio sp., black-backed
jackal Canis mesomelas, wildcat Felis silvestris and otter Lutra sp. Birds include southern bald
ibis Geronticus calvus (R), white stork Ciconia ciconia, black-headed heron Ardea
melanocephala, bald ibis Geronticus calvus, cape vulture Gyps coprotheres and
lammergeier Gypaetus barbatus (largely confined to the Drakensberg Mountains in Southern
Africa). The Tsoelikana river harbours the threatened minnow-like fish Oreodaimon
quathlambae, once thought to be extinct.
Cultural Heritage Some of the sandstone caves and arches contain Bushman paintings.
Zoning No information
Disturbances or Deficiencies Construction of dams and roads in the 1970s interfered with
tock pools, blocked the Tsoelikana River, induced erosion, and increased siltation in the river.
Incised cattle tracks, kraals and built-up cave shelters are scattered widely throughout the
-318-
Lesotho
park. Attempts at cultivation in some areas have resulted in locally severe erosion. Tall shrub
communities have virtually been eliminated by past over-grazing and removal, and the dwarf
shrub heaths have been seriously damaged by past burning.
Visitor Facilities | Visitor access is encouraged. Access is by horse or four-wheel drive
vehicles. Accommodation is available at the park lodge. Horses can be hired. Landing strip at
Ha Paulus is for light aircraft.
Scientific Research A soil survey was carried out by the Conservation Division in 1976.
Other studies have been a check-list of plant species, taxanomic studies of plants and
invertebrates, and research on the endemic minnow and the effect of clipping and burning
small grassland plots.
Special Scientific Facilities Field Research Station with laboratory near the park entrance
Principal Reference Material
° Crush D. and J. (1983). A State of Independence. The Geographical Magazine 55(1): 24-29.
° McVean, D.N. (1977). Nature Conservation in Lesotho. IUCN/WWF Report.
° Readers Digest (1983). Game Parks and Nature Reserves of Southern Africa (1983). Readers
Digest Publication, Cape Town.
Staff No information
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration Park Administrator, Sehlabathebe, COMRUDEV, PO
Box 686, Maseru..
Date 1983
-319-
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-321-
LIBERIA
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Key
M National Park
E] Proposed National Parks
3 Proposed Nature Reserves
Liberia
LIBERIA
Area 111,370 sq.km
Population 1,900,000 (1984)
Parks and Reserves Legislation In 1953 presidental declarations classified a number of forests
as National Forests, but without actually making provision for their protection. The Act for
Conservation of the Forests of the Republic of Liberia, April 1958, declared the policy and
programme of conservation for wildlife reserves and establishment of national parks; however,
the Act was not implemented by the authorities of the time. The Forestry Development
Authority was approved by an Act of 1 November 1976 (published 20 December 1976). The
first national park, Sapo, was finally established in 1983.
Parks and Reserves Administration During the reorganisation of the forestry resource
agencies in 1976, the newly created Forestry Development Authority established a Division of
Wildlife and National Parks, which was to be concerned principally with developing plans to
conserve wildlife and habitat resources. Three areas (including Sapo) were formally proposed
for national park status and four sites for protection as nature reserves (Verschuren, 1983) -
these are listed below. Three other areas were under consideration as national parks (Wologiza,
Tumpo and Bokumu).
Address
° Division of Wildlife and National Parks, Forestry Development Authority, PO Box 3010,
Monrovia.
Additional Information The long range conservation goals in Liberia are protection of prime
catchment and watershed lands, preservation of the diverse biotic communities of tropical
lowland rainforest, conservation of critically endangered populations and or species, and
establishment of a nationwide system of habitat protection (Forestry Development
Authority/IUCN, 1986). Five basic approaches are considered necessary for achievement of
these goals, ecological surveying of the country, public awareness and education campaigns,
staff development programmes, increased public involvement, and development of appropriate
wildlife regulations. Work is under way on all but the last approach (Forestry Development
Authority/IUCN, 1986).
The establishment of the Sapo National Park is seen as a key step in the framework of Liberia’s
conservation strategy, as is clear from the stated objectives for the area, which include:
research into maintenance and development of the wildlife resource; investigation of the
sustainable resource development and management in areas outside the park; encouragement of
an educational role, and as a base for training, research, management planning etc; and
focussing the interest and efforts of government agencies and other organizations on a
cooperative management programme for the forests and associated natural resources (Forestry
Development Authority/IUCN, 1986).
In addition to the Sapo National Park and other proposed areas, eight National Forests existed
1978-79 covering some 1,566,300 hectares, though these areas still require further protection
from forest and wildlife destruction. These areas are Krahn Bassa (514,000ha), Grebo
(251,000ha), Gola (207,000ha), Kpelle (174,800ha), North Lorma (100,000ha), Gbe (61,000ha),
Gio (33,000ha), East Nimba (29,000ha).
References
° Curry-Lindahl, K. (1969). Report to the Government of Liberia on Conservation,
Management and Utilization of Wildlife Resources. IUCN Publications, New Series No. 24.
° Forestry Development Authority/IUCN (1986). Integrated management and development
plan for Sapo National Park and surrounding areas in Liberia. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.
-323-
IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
p18) s.8)- ©
IUCN/UNEP (1983). La réparition des aires protégées en fonction des besoins de |
conservation des communautés biotiques de l’Afrique Centrale et de 1l’Ouest. Workin
Document. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.
IUCN/WWF Project 1567. Conservation of Tropical Rainforests.
IUCN/WWF Project 1613. Primate Action Fund.
IUCN/WWF Project 3216. Liberia, Establishment of Sapo National Park.
Kundaeli, J.N. (Ed.) (1985). Report of the workshop on integrated management anc
development planning for Sapo National Park and surrounding areas. Juazon 14-19 January
1985. WWE/IUCN Report.
Robinson, P.T. and Peal, A. (1981). Liberia’s Wildlife - the time for decision. Zoonoo:
54(10): 7.
Verschuren, J. (1982). Hope for Liberia. Oryx 16(5): 421-427.
Verschuren, J. (1983). Conservation of tropical rain forest in Liberia. Recommendations fo:
wildlife conservation and national parks. IUCN/WWF Project 1567. Report to the
Government of Liberia. Gland, Switzerland.
Protected Areas
(hectares)
National Parks
Loffa-Mano 230,000
Sapo 130,700
Subtotal 360,700
Proposed areas
Cestos-Sankwen National Park 145,000
Cape Mount Forest Nature Reserve
Cavally Forest Nature Reserve
Mount Nimba Nature Reserve
Wonegizi Mountain Range Nature Reserve
Subtotal 145,000
SAPO NATIONAL PARK
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.01.01 (Guinean Rain Forest)
Legal Protection Hunting or tree felling is prohibited under the 1958 Act for Conservation of
Forests
Date Established 19 May 1983, by Decree 73
Geographical Location Eastern Liberia between Sinoe and Grand Gedah counties. Centred
approximately at 5°20’N, 9°15’W.
Altitude Approximately 400m, with Mount Putu rising to 640m
Area 130,700ha (Over 1% of the country)
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The park is bounded on the west by the Sinoe River and in the north by
the Putu Mountain Range. Much of the topography is flat with fairly extensive marshlands,
-324-
Liberia
crossed by numerous streams and rivers, of which the largest is the Sinoe River (navigable by
canoe during the dry season). Some of the area is more undulating, including Mount Putu.
Vegetation The Sapo Forest is one of the last remaining blocks of tropical lowland forest in
Liberia and one of the richest areas in the country for flora and fauna. Verschuren (1982)
describes it as "luxuriant, with trees 70m tall, the ’forest cathedral’ in all its splendour and the
most impressive the author has seen in 20 years surveying equatorial regions". About 20% of
the park area is swamp.
Fauna’ The forest area is one of the richest in West Africa for wildlife. The park contains
most of the prominent mammalian species characteristic of Liberia including forest
elephant Loxodonta africana cyclotis (T), pygmy hippopotamus Choeropsis liberiensis (T),
zebra duiker Cephalophus zebra and Jentink’s duiker Cephalophus jentinki (T). Mammals also
include: leopard Panthera pardus (T), bongo Tragelaphus euryceros, West African forest
buffalo Syncerus caffer nanus, giant forest hog Hylochoerus meinertzhageni rimator and many
species of West African primates including chimpanzee Pan troglodytes verus (T) and red
colobus Colobus badius. The avifauna is rich and varied, though little studied, and the 200
species include a variety of large forest hornbills and birds of prey, as well as the
white-breasted guinea-fowl Agelastes meleagrides (E).
Conservation Management Park boundaries have been surveyed and Forestry Development
Authority (FDA) field crews demarcated the southern boundary in 1979/80. In late 1982, a
pilot wildlife conservation education programme was initiated in the towns and villages around
Sapo. Its aims were to publicise the new status of the park area and the restriction of activities
within its boundaries; to create awareness and understanding of the environment; to field-test
educational materials and to develop a programme to fit the needs of Liberia; and to determine
the feasibility and requirements of a long-term conservation education programme within the
Department of Wildlife and National Parks. So far, more than 5,000 inhabitants have been
reached. During 1983, the project received seven tents and two motorcycles from WWF/IUCN
for use in drawing up an inventory of natural resources within the park, in preparation for a
management plan. Future goals are to further develop the management plan, to open access
routes to the park interior and select sites for patrol posts and to demarcate boundaries. The
conservation education programme will be extended to other parts of Liberia. Equipment,
including a Toyota vehicle and motorcycles have already been provided by the FDA. The US
Peace Corps has assigned two volunteers to the wildlife conservation education programme.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies The park was originally saved from logging because of the low
grade commercial timber quality found there during the German Forestry Mission’s forestry
inventory of Liberia from 1960 to 1967. However, the park still faces tremendous pressure on
all sides of its boudaries from timber concessions, farming and hunting. Population pressures
and shifting agriculture are evident, especially along the Sinoe River boundary. The staff
levels are far below the required administrative and manpower needs. Another problem is the
communication and mobility of the park staff. Very thinly spread out around the park, the
staff remains unequipped with basic materials. Their identity is difficult without proper
uniforms. Although totally uninhabited, the whole forest appears to be completely divided into
concession blocks. Several logging concessions existed in 1978, though they had not been
exploited. Verschuren (1983) reported enormous concessions in the south-east forest area.
There is some illegal hunting and confined logging along the road, to the north-west corner,
which was constructed in 1981. Apart from this road, and the river, only footpaths enter the
park and this has, to some extent, protected the remaining area from exploitation. The Putu
Mountain Range to the north of the park is probably one of the richest game areas of the
country, but several villages and mining projects prevent the inclusion of this range within the
park.
Visitor Facilities None, though there are hotel facilities in nearby towns, and access to the
edge of the park is possible on foot at three locations.
Scientific Research No information
-325-
IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Special Scientific Facilities Research accomodation near the park at Japoken
Principal Reference Material
° IUCN/WWF Project 1567. Liberia, Conservation of Tropical Rainforests.
° TUCN/WWF Project 3216. Liberia Establishment of Sapo National Park.
° Kundaeli, J.U. (1985). Report of the workshop on integrated management and development
planning for Sapo National Park and surrounding areas. Juazon 14-19 January 1985.
WWE/IUCN Report.
° Peal, A.L. (1985). The Sapo National Park and its surroundings, a profile. Paper presented
at the Workshop on Integrated Management and Development Planning for Sapo National
Park and Surrounding Areas. Juarzon, Sinoe County, Liberia, 14-20 January 1985.
° Robinson, P.T. (1982). Sapo Forest to be Liberia’s first National Park. WWF Monthly Report
October: 285-288
° Robinson, P.T. (1982). The proposed Sapo National Park in Liberia - a field survey of
prospects and problems. Field Survey, Zoological Society, San Diego.
° Verschuren, J. (1982). Hope for Liberia. Oryx 16(5): 421-427.
° Verschuren, J. (1983). Conservation of tropical rain forest in Liberia. Recommendations for
wildlife conservation and national parks. IUCN/WWF Project 1567 Report to the
Government of Liberia. Gland, Switzerland.
Staff One warden, two rangers and eight guards and two US Peace Corps volunteers under
the Director of the Wildlife and National Parks Division, FDA.
Budget 1984 - IUCN/WWF Project 3216 grant of US$70,000 towards the establishment of the
park, supplemented by government expenditure of US$ 67,000 (including salaries and
operational funds).
Local Park or Reserve Administration Park Warden, c/o Peace Corps, PO Box 707, Monrovia.
Date 1985
CESTOS-SANKWEN NATIONAL PARK
Management Category Proposed
Biogeographical Province 3.01.01 (Guinean Highlands)
Legal Protection Hunting or tree felling is prohibited under the 1958 Act for Conservation of
Forests
Date Established Proposed
Geographical Location Between the coastal towns of Grand Bassa (Buchanan) and Sinoe
(Greenville) in Sinoe County. Access by road from the north through the Jo River concession,
Bolowehn, or from Juarzon or Sinoe in the south. The Cestos River has no bridge or ford and
can be crossed only by boat. 5°10’-6°00’N, 9°28’W.
Altitude Up to 300m
Area 145,000ha
Land Tenure Government
-326-
Liberia
Physical Features Proposed limits follow a long north-south section of the previous limits of
the extension of Krahn-Bassa National Forest, westwards to the Cestos River. It is a lowland
area with occasional hills. The park would include the spectacular Cestos River and Senkwen
River estuary with its extensive mangrove swamps.
Vegetation The proposed park lies in the transition zone between inland forest, littoral forest,
mangroves, and undisturbed coastal vegetation.
Fauna The area reportedly contains a wide variety of Liberian fauna.
Zoning A ’Wilderness Area’ is proposed for the coastal area which would have less strict
legislation.
Disturbances or Deficiencies Shifting cultivation, upstream from the confluence of the Shani
and Senkwen Rivers, is developing rapidly with associated riverside settlements along the
Cestos River, though these are still outside the proposed park boundaries. There are few
human settlements in the proposed area, except along the coast and near the middle Senkwen.
Some concessions for forestry or mining exist (less than Sapo National Park).
Scientific Research No information
Special Scientific Facilities No information
Principal Reference Material
° Verschuren, J. (1983). Conservation of tropical rain forest in Liberia. Recommendations for
wildlife conservation and national parks. IUCN/WWF Project 1567 Report to the
Government of Liberia. Gland, Switzerland.
Staff No information
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration Liberian Wildlife and National Parks Division, Forest
Development Authority (FDA), Box 3010, Monrovia.
Date 1983
-327-
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the Derectd# of the idlife bat i] heateapal Parkes Div nl Yeal ito! ot
tudeot_ 1984 + MICN/ WWF Project 3)6 grant of WSS'°G.400 ow
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atts aoe RUM? 12 ane sosiort AWRWAMOUL .cttaq denoiten bee om
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-329-
Key
(1) National Parks
E21 Integral Nature Reserves
HH Special Reserves
[| Private Reserve )
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Indian Ocean
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anenainpetsatsa
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Berenty © Fort Dauphin
Cap Sainte Marie
Madagascar
ee
MADAGASCAR
Area 587,042 sq.km
Population 10,012,000 (1985)
Parks and Reserves Legislation Five different categories of protected area are recognised,
National Parks, Integral Nature Reserves, Special Reserves, Classified Forests and Areas of
Reafforestation and Restoration. There are also privately owned protected areas. Parks and
reserves are established under individual decrees but governed by general hunting, fishing and
protection regulations (Ordinance 60-126 of 3 October 1960). Integral nature reserves are
sanctuaries mainly governed by Decree No. 66-242 of 1 June 1966, in which all human activity
is prohibited. The first reserves were established in 1927, though one area (Masoala) has
subsequently been degazetted (1964). National parks legislation is contained in Decrees 58-07
(28 October 1958) and 62-371 (19 July 1962). The 21 special reserves are regulated by a series
of decrees and have less strict regulations. Their aim is the conservation of specific plant and
animal species or habitats. Access is not restricted and although use of the land and _ its
products is generally prohibited, there are areas where local communities can use secondary
forest products. Within national parks, local people are allowed to collect secondary forest
products with appropriate authorization. There are about 158 classified forests, covering an
area of about 2,671,000ha, established by individual ministerial declarations. These areas are
closed to forest exploitation, but this protection is not permanent. Some use may be made of
secondary forest products by local communities. The Minister responsible for Water and
Forests can also declare ’areas of reafforestation and restoration’ for the protection of
watersheds and the prevention of soil erosion by careful management of the various landuse
activities within the area. There are about 77 such areas declared, covering some 823,978ha.
There are also more than 30 forest stations practising reafforestation. The original definitions
for parks and reserves were based on the 1933 London Convention (which was accepted in
Malagasy law on 25 January 1937), and the African Convention of Conservation of Nature and
Natural Resources (1968) is applied for the protection and conservation of all protected areas.
Finally, there are four areas set up solely for protection of the two turtle species, where turtles
under a certain size may not be taken.
Parks and Reserves Administration This is the responsibility of the Direction des eaux et
foréts which comes under the Ministére de la production animale (élevage et péche) et des eaux
et foréts. The Direction des eaux et foréts is also responsible for forests and freshwater
fisheries, while other departments within the same Ministry deal with marine fisheries and
agriculture. Each integral reserve comprises a station for a deputy forester and each station is
divided into two or three sectors under the responsibility of auxiliaries. The special reserves
have less strict regulations than the strict nature reserves and do not have supervisory
personnel. Permits for entry to the parks and reserves are obtained from the Direction des
eaux et foréts in Antananarivo.
Address
° Service de la protection de la nature, Direction des eaux et foréts, Ministére de la production
animale (élevage et péche) et des eaux et foréts, BP 243, Anosy, Antananarivo.
Additional Information All protected areas are reportedly threatened by fire, poaching and
shifting agriculture, and traditional conservation measures are becoming weaker. The Forest
Service generally lacks equipment and urgently requires vehicles, field equipment and uniforms
for its staff, as well as large increases in its field staff (currently each ’agent’ covers some
25,000ha). Protection of ‘classified forests’ and ’areas of reafforestation’ is particularly
uncertain because of the lack of resources. W\WF and IUCN are giving support for improving
the management of parks and reserves.
In October 1970 a conference, organized by the Madagascan government and sponsored by
several international organizations, was held in Tananarive (Antananarivo) on conservation of
nature and resources, at which plans were made to conserve the particularly interesting flora
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
and fauna of the island. Of over 8000 plant species, 60-85% are endemic. Seventy-three of
the 76 native terrestrial mammal species are endemic, as are nine of the 28 bats. Of the 197
native breeding bird species recorded, 54% are endemic and 28 are threatened. Reptiles and
amphibians are particularly diverse, with over 400 species, 90% of which are endemic.
A follow-up conference entitled "Conference de Madagascar sur la conservation des ressources
naturelles au service du développement’ was held in Antananarivo, November 1985. Its
principal aim was to develop projects for international funding within the framework of a
national conservation strategy. Considerable emphasis was placed on protected areas, in
particular the necessity for full biological inventories of existing protected areas and
investigation of ways of increasing their value to local people.
In June 1979, a decree was issued authorising the establishment of a WWF representation in
Madagascar to promote conservation. Up to 1986, the Representation was mainly concerned
with education and public opinion, and to a lesser extent with implementation of field
activities. Activities included organisation of lectures, debates, educational visits to study
ecosystems, radio and television broadcasts and the preparation and distribution of brochures
and posters. Its activities have helped establish the Association for the Protection of the
Environment at Ansteranana (Diego Suarez), the Association for the Protection of Nature at
Toamasina (Tamatave) and the Association for the Understanding and Conservation of Nature
in Madagascar. For practical measures, a list has been drawn up of suitable themes to be
studied in Madagascar. 1984/85 central themes were ’The Tree’ and Medicinal Plants’. Since
mid-1986 an additional officer has been appointed with responsibility for the implementation
of field activities, particularly with respect to improving management of protected areas.
Another IUCN/WWF sponsored project aims to establish a preliminary conservation
programme for lemurs, and a survey of lemur populations in the eastern rainforest. All
conservation projects are undertaken by various Governmental services, such as the Direction
des eaux et férets or the University, in close collaboration with WWF. Research by foreigners
is encouraged and under the aegis of the Direction de la Formation Post-Universitaire (DFPU)
in the Ministére de l’Enseignement Supérieur (MES).
References
° Andriamampianina, J. (1981). Les Réserves Naturelles et la Protection de la Nature a
Madagascar. In: Oberlé, P. (Ed.) Madagascar, un sanctuaire de la nature. Lechevalier
S.A.R.L.
° Andriamampianina, J. (1984). Traditional Land Use and Nature Conservation in
Madagascar. Workshop paper, World National Parks Congress, Bali, Indonesia, 11-22
October 1982.
° Conférence de Tananarive (1972). Comptes rendus de la Conférence internationale sur la
Conservation de la Nature et de ses Ressources 4 Madagascar. Tananarive, Madagascar.
7-11 October 1970. Publication UICN Nouvelle Series Document supplémentaires No. 36.
° Griveaud, P. and Albignac, R. (1972). The Problems of Nature Conservation in
Madagascar. In: Battistini, R. and Richard-Vindard G. (Eds) Biogeography and ecology of
Madagascar. Junk, The Hague.
IUCN/WWF Project 1368. Madagascar, Promotion of Conservation.
IUCN/WWF Project 1613. Primate Action Fund.
IUCN/WWFE Project 1951. Madagascar, Provision and equipping of a mobile education unit.
IUCN/WWF Project 1952. Madagascar, Establishment, promotion and equipment for
reserves and parks.
° Jenkins, M.D. (Ed.) (in press). An environmental profile of Madagascar. IUCN
Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
° Jolly, A., Oberlé, P. and Albignac, E.R. (Eds)(1984). Key Environments - Madagascar.
Pergamon Press, Oxford.
° Martin, C. (1982). Rapport de la mission technique WWF/IUCN a Madagascar 1981.
IUCN/WWF, Gland.
° Razafimbelo, E. (1983). Inventaire des Ecosystemes: Rapport national pour Madagascar.
Report to IUCN, UNEP Regional Seas Programme for East Africa.
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Protected Areas
National Parks
Isalo
Montagne d’Ambre
Integral Nature Reserves
Andohahela
Andringitra
Ankarafantsika
Betampona
Lokobe
Marojejy
Tsaratanana
Tsimanampetsotsa
Tsingy de Bemaraha
Tsingy de Namoroka
Zahamena
Special Reserves
Ambatovaky
Ambohijanahary
Ambohitantely
Analamerana
Andranomena
Anjanaharibe-Sud
Ankara
Bemarivo
Beza-Mahafaly
Bora
Cap Sainte Marie
Foret d’Ambre
Kalambatritra
Kasijy
Mangerivola
Maningozo
Manombo
Manongarivo
Marotandrano
Nosy Mangabe
Perinet-Analamazaotra
Pic d’Ivohibe
Tampoketsa d’Analamaitso
Private Reserves
Berenty Reserve
Madagascar
(hectares)
81,540
18,200
Subtotal 99,740
76,020
31,160
60,520
2,228
740
60,150
48,622
43,200
152,000
21,742
73,160
Subtotal 569,542
60,050
24,750
5,600
34,700
6,420
32,100
18,220
11,570
600
4,780
1,750
4,810
28,250
18,800
800
7,900
5,020
35,250
42,200
520
810
3,450
17,150
Subtotal 365,500
265
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
PARC NATIONAL DE L’ISALO
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.09.04 (Malagasy Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 19 July 1962 by Decree No. 62-371
Geographical Location Situated west of Ihosey, in the province of Fianarantsoa.
22°10’-22°41°S, 49°10°-49°21’E.
Altitude 800-1,082m
Area 81,540ha
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The park consists of a highly dissected massif with steep escarpments, deep
gorges and incised canyons. The region has a dry climate, with seven or eight months without
rain.
Vegetation Endemic species include Pachypodium rosulatum and Ravenea rivularis. Also
present is Uapaca bojeri (Euphorbiaceae).
Fauna Information is generally scanty. Lemurs include the ring-tailed lemur Lemur catta,
brown lemur Lemur fulvus and Verreaux’s sifaka Propithecus verreauxi. The fossa Cryptoprocta
ferox and the widespread tenrec Tenrec ecaudatus are reportedly present. The recently
described rock-thrush Monticola bensoni is found in the northern part of the massif and the
endemic Madagascan boa Acrantophis madagascariensis also occurs.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies There is some cattle grazing and fire.
Visitor Facilities _ The park contains constructions, ’Grottes des Portugais’, dating from the
16th century, which are of considerable interest to visitors.
Scientific Research None
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
° Revue de l’Office du Tourisme de Madagascar No. 33 (La Grotte des Portugais by P. Ginther
and V.C. Herbert).
Staff One agent and one auxiliary
Budget Salaries are paid by the Government
Local Park or Reserve Administration Headquarters are at Ranohira
Date 1986
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Madagascar
PARC NATIONAL DE LA MONTAGNE D’AMBRE
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.09.04 (Malagasy woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 28 October 1958 by Decree No. 58-07
Geographical Location At the northern point of Madagascar near the town of Antseranana.
12°28’-44’S, 49°04’-137E.
Altitude 1,000-1,475m
Area 18,200ha
Land Tenure Government land
Physical Features The park lies within a volcanic massif which is composed essentially of
basaltic rock of origin ca 14 myBP., and consists of a line of summits some 30km long, oriented
north-south, the tallest being the Pic d’Ambre (1,475m). The park contains a crater lake and
cascades, and is a place of great beauty. The region of Antseranana has a tropical climate with
a marked dry season from May to December during which a strong south-east trade wind
blows (the ’Varatraza’) and a wet season from January to April with less than 1000mm rainfall.
The Montagne d’Ambre, however, has a microclimate characteristic of the eastern rainforest
with very high rainfall (3585mm per year has been measured) throughout the year, with a
maximum in January- February. The area thus serves as an important rain catchment area for
Antseranana.
Vegetation Vegetation is principally upland tropical moist forest, with trees reaching 30m
height and including species such as Canarium madagascariense, Gluta tourtour, Terminalia
mantali and Dalbergia sp.; palms (e.g. Neodypsis Chrysalidocarpus spp.) and tree-ferns
(Cyathea spp.) are abundant in the understorey and there is a very diverse epiphytic flora,
including ferns (e.g. Platycerium, Drynaria and Asplenium) orchids (e.g. Bulbophyllum,
Angraecum and Aeranthes) and lichens. Around the Station Forestiére des Roussettes there are
plantations of introduced species including pines, Eucalyptus and Araucaria.
Fauna There are at least 54 species of birds endemic to the Madagascar region; seven
amphibians including one, Mantipus laevipes, only known from this area; and 11 reptiles,
including five presumed endemic to the mountain: Uroplatus alluaudi, Brookesia tuberculata,
Androngo alluaudi, Paracontias brocchi, and Pseudoxyrhopus ambreensis. The area is important
for molluscs, with over 20 recorded species (nine endemic to the region), and butterflies,
including two threatened taxa, Graphium endochus (R) and Amauris nossima dijuncta (R).
Five, possibly six, lemur species occur, namely fork-marked lemur Phaner furcifer, diadem
sifaka Propithecus diadema, crowned lemur Lemur coronatus, russet mouse-lemur Microcebus
rufus, brown lemur Lemur fulvus, and possibly Lepilemur septentrionalis.
Conservation Management In 1985, 23km of the park boundary were re-cleared - previously
the park’s limits had been badly marked on the ground; the path giving access to the park was
renovated, as was the ’gite d’étape’ which provides accommodation at the Station Forestiére des
Roussettes situated on the northern boundary of the park (Langrand and Lenormand, 1985).
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies Both deforestation and grazing have been reported in the area
and fires have damaged forests on the southern and western flanks of the mountain. In 1984 it
was reported that a new commercial timber company, the Société des Bois du Nord’, planned
to extract 20,000 cubic metres of wood per year outside the park but still on the slopes of the
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Montagne d’Ambre; they intended to export 90% of the wood. The plan had been opposed by
the local authority, the Comité Exécutif du Conseil Populaire de la Ville de Diégo
(Antseranana), who argued that it would threaten their water resources. The more recent fate
of this scheme is unknown.
Visitor Facilities | Access is relatively easy from Antseranana along an asphalt road. The
*jardin botanique’ path passes numerous different trees that have been identified and labelled
for visitors. There is accomodation in the form of a ’gite d’étape’ at the Station Forestiére des
Roussettes (Langrand and Lenormand, 1985).
Scientific Research There have been numerous collecting trips to the area since 1893.
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
° Langrand, O. and Lenormand, B. (1985). Presentation sommaire du Parc National de la
Montagne d’Ambre. Unpublished, 9 pp.
Staff An auxiliary, and from 1982 six additional local staff financed by WWF.
Budget Salaries paid by the government. WWF Tropical Forest Campaign (1982) grant of
US$150,000 over three years, to help restore and mark the park boundaries, survey the park’s
flora and fauna, and draw up a management plan.
Local Park or Reserve Administration Headquarters is at Roussettes.
Date 1986
RESERVE NATURELLE INTEGRALE D’ANDOHAHELA (NO. 11)
Management Category I (Strict Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.03.01 (Malagasy rain forest)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 11 June 1939. The area of the reserve was increased from 30,000ha on 1
June 1966 by Decree 66-242.
Geographical Location 40km north-west of Taolanaro in the extreme south of the country.
24°30’-58’S, 46°32’-52’E.
Altitude 100-1,956m
Area 76,020 ha, in three noncontiguous blocks, one (Parcel 1) 63,100ha, one (Parcel 2)
12,420ha and the third (Parcel 3) 500ha.
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features Parcel | varies in altitude from 100m to 1,956m (Pic d’Andohahela); Parcel
2 from ca 110m to 1,005m (Pic de Vohidagoro); Parcel 3 is at ca 125m. Climate in parcel 1 is
humid, with rainfall of 1500-2000mm, no dry season and mean annual temperature of about
23°C; that in parcel 2 is much drier, with rainfall usually lower than 500mm per annum and a
dry season of five-six months. Parcel | is an important watershed, containing the source of
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Madagascar
over ten rivers, including the Mananara, rising at Anpamosira and flowing westward and the
Manampanihy flowing east from Vohibe (O’Connor et al., 1985). The Mananara, which flows
along the northern boundaries of Parcel 2, is the only permanent water source for that part of
the reserve.
Vegetation Each of the three parcels has a distinct vegetation type. Vegetation in Parcel 1 is
typical of submontane tropical rainforest, of which it constitutes the southernmost extension in
Madagascar. Buttressed trees of up to 35m occur, though generally tree height does not exceed
25m. Genera characteristic of this forest type include Tambourissa, Symphonia and Dalbergia,
with members of the families Lauraceae, Compositaceae and Rubiaceae represented on the
higher slopes. The endemic family Humbertaceae is found within the reserve. Orchidaceae
and Cycathaceae are common, and the epiphytic cactus Rhipsalis occurs. Epiphytes in general
are abundant, and at higher altitudes mosses and lichens are found. Parcel 2 consists mainly of
spiny thorn forest with some bush and scrub and also some gallery forest along the Menanara
River in the northern part of the reserve. The highest hills have no forest cover and are
generally covered with tussock grass and other herbaceous vegetation, with Aloe
and Pachypodium spp.. In the thorn forest, the endemic genera Alluaudia and Didierea are
well represented; one species of the former (A. ascendens) is endemic to the Mandrare region,
as is the baobab Adansonia za (Bombaceae). Species of Euphorbiaceae, Leguminosae and
Crassulaceae are also abundant. Parcel 3 has a high density of the endemic palm Neodypsis
decaryi and was originally set up specifically to protect this species. It also has a belt of
vegetation transitional between the spiny forest and the eastern rain forest. Leguminosae,
particularly Acacia spp., are well represented as are Cucurbitaceae and Euphorbiaceae. There
is some deciduous forest with Tamarindus indica along one of the non-permanent rivers, the
Andehamara, and introduced Eucalyptus has become established along the eastern end of the
parcel.
Fauna’ The avifauna is rich, with over 50 species to the Madagascan region present. Five
amphibian species appear to be endemic to the Anosyenne Hills (Anodonthyla rouxae,
Madecassophryne truebae, Microhyla palmata, Mantidactylus grandisonae, and Boophis microtis)
and can be expected to occur in the reserve. Fifteen lemurs are reported to occur the greatest
number for any Madagascan reserve, including the aye-aye Daubentonia madagascariensis (E),
woolly lemur Avahi laniger, fork-marked lemur Phaner furcifer, ring-tailed lemur Lemur catta,
Verreaux’s sifaka Propithecus verreauxi, and diadem sifaka P. diadema. Two
lepilemurs, L. mujstelinus and L. leucopus also occur. At least four, possibly six, carniovres
occur, including the fossa Cryproprocta ferox and the Malagasy civet Fossa fossa.
Conservation Management Principal management at present is in the north-east of Parcel 1,
near the village of Vohibaka, where a scheme to prevent fires spreading into the reserve has
been started by the Chef de Cantonnement Forestier. Villagers have been using back fires to
clear a 20m wide firebreak which also deliniates the boundary of the reserve. Payment for this
work up to the present has been in the form of food provided personally by the Chef de
Cantonnement Forestier. O’Connor et al. have made several suggestions for improving
management of the reserve: 1. Review of the present boundaries; there are large areas of the
reserve which are devoid of forest and it is suggested that these be excluded from the reserve
in exchange for equal areas of forest. This is particularly advocated for the thorn forest, of
which there are considerable intact areas around parcel 2, as it is perceived as under increasing
pressure for charcoal production and exploitation of Alluaudia wood. The boundaries of parcel
1 are in question at present as the original markers were incorrectly placed. 2. Clear
delineation of boundaries, involving extension of the firebreak scheme around Vohibaka. The
possibility of fencing parcel 3 should be investigated - its small size makes fencing feasible and
its proximity to the main road makes it desirable. 3. An increase in the number of guards to
ten, preferably employing local villagers, and provision of uniforms. 4. Provision of transport
for the Chef de Cantonnement Forestier. 5. Promotion of local agricultural development
schemes to alleviate pressure on the reserve. The critical need for funding for these activities
is stressed.
Zoning None apart from the three defined areas.
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Disturbances or Deficiencies All three parcels have deforested areas; in parcel 1 these are
presumed to be largely the result of bush fires, in parcel 2 a product of wood-cutting and in
parcel 3 a combination of the two. The lower, flat areas are used to cultivate rice while the
higher areas are used as cattle pasture, and are burned annually to provide new growth for
grazing. In parcels | and 2 these areas are extensive, though few are of recent origin; in parcel
1, however, bush fires are likely to be a problem near border villages, particularly near
Eminiminy on the eastern side of the reserve. Slopes within the reserve here were noted by
O’Connor et al. (1985) to be devoid of forest and it was thought likely that the villagers no
longer considered them part of the reserve. There was also some evidence that the extent of
cultivated land in the reserve was expanding in the southern end of parcel 1, north of the
village of Isaka Ivondro; houses were noted within the reserve and new clearings were observed
along the Ambahibe River. Fires have been recorded in the vicinity of Parcel 3 and could pose
a serious threat to the area if not controlled. Livestock habitually graze within the reserve
boundaries and wood-cutting is a problem where villages occur near to forested parts of the
reserve. Wood taken from Parcel | is used mainly for fuel in homes whereas that taken from
Parcel 2 is used for fuel and house building and is also taken for sale to markets in
Ambovombe, Amboasary and Taolanaro. There is, however, as yet no evidence for large-scale
logging within the reserve. Hunting is generally not a major problem, though may be of some
importance in the north and east of Parcel 1 where cattle thieves hide and in parcel 3 where
the Lemur catta population has been reduced as a result of hunting for food. Elsewhere such
hunting as occurs appears to be mainly as a pastime rather than to provide a significant supply
of protein. It is thought likely that some animals, particularly lemurs, are caught alive for sale
as pets. The reserve is seriously understaffed, with only two guards and a Chef de Réserve
covering over 76,000ha.
Visitor Facilities None. Access to Parcel 1 is difficult, although a road runs from
Ranomafana to Isaka Ivondro on the eastern boundary. There are four paths, three of which
follow the boundaries of the parcel with the fourth cutting through from east to west
(Andonabe to Evasia). Parcel 2 is more accessible, from the road from Amboasary to
Hazofotsy which continues to Ambatoabo, crossing the northern boundary of the parcel; this
road is passable for most of the year and from it a path cuts south to Bevilany. Parcel 3 is
easily accessible from R.N.13 which runs from Fort Dauphin to Amboasary.
Scientific Research The area has been surveyed in the past (Paulian et al., 1973); Propithecus
has been the subject of a brief study by Richard at Hazafotsy (Parcel 2). There area is at
present the subject of study by O’Connor.
Special Scientific Facilities None, although there is a hut at Hazafotsy owned by the
government agronomy service which has been used by visiting scientists.
Principal Reference Material
° Andriamampianina, J. and Peyrieras, A. (1972). Les réserves naturelles intégrales de
Madagascar. In: Comptes rendus de la Conférence internationale sur la Conservation de la
Nature et de ses Ressources &@ Madagascar, Tananarive, Madagascar 7-11 octobre 1970.
IUCN, Switzerland.
° O’Connor, S., Pidgeon, M., and Randria, Z. (1985). A conservation program for the
Andohahela Reserve (Réserve Naturelle No. 11). Paper given at ’Seminaire Scientifique
international sur l’etat de recherche sur l’equilibre des ecosystémes forestiers de
Madagascar.’ Antananarivo, October 1985.
° Paulian, R., Blanc, C., Guillaumet, J-L., Betsch, J-M., Griveaud, P. and Peyrieras, A.
(1973). Etude des écosystemes montagnards dans la région malagache. II Les chaines
Anosyennes. Géomorphologie, climatologie et groupments végéteaux. Campagne RCP 225
1971-1972. Bull. Mus. Natn. Hist. Nat. Paris 3° sér. no. 118 Ecol. 1: 1-40.
Staff A Chef de Réserve (i.e. the Chef de Cantonnement Forestier et Poste R.N. 11), a Chef
de Poste Est and a second guard, posted at Hazafotsy (see below).
Budget Salaries paid by the government
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Madagascar
Local Park or Reserve Administration Protection of the reserve is coordinated by the Chef de
Cantonnement Forestier et Poste R.N. 11, who is located at Amboasary-Sud. There are two
guardposts, one at Eminiminy on the eastern side of Parcel 1 (Poste Est), the other at Hazafotsy
on the northern boundary of Parcel 2.
Date 1986
RESERVE NATURELLE INTEGRALE DE L’ANDRINGITRA (NO. 5)
Management Category I (Strict Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.03.01 (Malagasy rain forest)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 31 December 1927
Geographical Location South of Ambalava in the Province of Fianarantsoa. The village of
Antanifotsy is situated on the edge of the reserve. 22°07’-21°S, 46°47’-47°02’E.
Altitude 1,200-2,658m
Area 31,160ha
Land Tenure Government land
Physical Features The Andringitra mountain chain which constitutes the reserve is a very
hilly, granitic massif in the form of a V with unequal length branches; where these meet the
massif forms a plateau at about 2,500m with very uneven relief. The massif contain the
sources of many streams and has the coldest climate of any of the Madagascan mountains, with
severe frosts recorded at high altitude and several snowfalls at above 2,500m in the last 40
years; lower altitudes in the reserve generally have the characteristic cool climate of the high
plateaux with three or four dry months. Annual rainfall is 1500-2000mm. On the eastern
slopes, the climate is rather more equable.
Vegetation Part of the reserve is characteristic of the high plateaux and part is the same
formation as the eastern province. In the early 1970s it was reported that much of the natural
vegetation of the massif below 1,800m had long been destroyed by fire, apart from that on the
south-east slopes and in some ravines and other sheltered areas. Where destroyed, the
vegetation has been replaced by grassy steppe. The south-east slope contains mid-altitude
evergreen rain forest. The surviving vestiges of the original vegetation suggest that the western
slopes must have carried moss forest with herbaceous undergrowth and, up to 1,700m, a
woodland containing the endemic palm Ravenea glauca. Above this ericaceous scrub is found,
with scattered peaty depressions (notably carrying the remarkable Restio madagascariensis) and
*xerophytic lawn’. On the crags is a xerophytic flora with Aloe, Kalanchoe and Helichrysum.
The whole area is rich in endemics: 80% of the flora of the humid depressions and the rocks is
endemic to the massif.
Fauna At least 23 species of amphibian (all anurans) have been recorded from the massif.
Most or all of these can be expected to occur in the reserve. These include seven believed to
be endemic to the massif: Anodonthyla montana, Mantidactylus bipunctatus, M._ blanci,
M. bourgati, M. madecassus, Boophis brygooi, and B. laurenti. Two molluscs are also believed
endemic to the massif, Tachyphasis milloti and Imerinia fischeri. Lemur species reported to
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
occur include: ring-tailed lemur Lemur catta (at the limit of its range), mongoose lemur Lemur
mongoz, diadem sifaka Propithecus diadema, ruffed lemur Varecia variegata and russet
mouse-lemur Microcebus rufus; the reserve is also within the range of Lepilemur microdon.
Two little-known endemic rodents, Brachyuromys betsiloensis and B. ramirohitra, have been
collected. Information on birds is scanty.
Conservation Management The boundaries were fixed in 1966; in 1971 it was reported that
they were annually maintained by local inhabitants. The principal conservation measure is
firefighting. It is reportedly one of the best protected reserves, and local inhabitants are said
to be well aware of its value.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies Little human occupation but there is a serious fire problem.
Fires are usually started by lightning though are sometimes the result of spread from the firing
of pasture-land outside the reserve.
Scientific Research Study of highland ecosystems in 1970 for RCP 225 (Paulian et al., 1971).
&k
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
° Andriamampianina, J. and Peyrieras, A. (1972). Les réserves naturelles intégrales de
Madagascar. In: Comptes rendus de la Conférence internationale sur la Conservation de la
Nature et de ses Ressources a Madagascar, Tananarive, Madagascar 7-11 octobre 1970.
IUCN, Switzerland.
° Paulian, R., Betsch, J-M., Guillaumet, J-L., Blanc, C. and Griveaud, P. (1971). RCP 225.
Etude des écosystems montagnards dans la région malgache. I. Le massif de 1’Andringitra.
1970-1971. Géomorphologie, climatologie et groupements végéteaux. Bulletin de la Société
a’Ecologie II(2-3): 189-266.
Staff One agent and two full-time auxiliaries
Budget Salaries paid by the government
Local Park or Reserve Administration Headquarters at Ambalavo and a guardpost at Ivohibe.
Date 1986
RESERVE NATURELLE INTEGRALE DE L’ANKARAFANTSIKA (NO. 7)
Management Category I (Strict Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.09.04 (Malagasy woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established The integral reserve was established by a decree of 31 December 1927, and
updated by decree 66-242 of 30 June 1966.
Geographical Location In Mahajanga Province 40km north-west of Ambato-Boéni.
15°59°-16°22’S, 45°56’-47°12’E.
Altitude 75-390m
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Area 60,520ha, bordering a Réserve Naturelle to the west which covers some 20-30,000ha.
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features Very rugged relief to the east, with a cliff which makes access difficult.
Towards the west and north, the plateau descends gently. The soils of the plateau are very
sandy. Precipitation is between 1000 and 1500mm a year with a marked dry season of five-six
months (May-November). Mean annual temperature is c. 26°C, with maximum 35°C and
minimum 17°C. The reserve protects a sample of habitats typical of the arenaceous soils of
western Madagascar, and also protects the catchment of one of Madagascar’s most important
rice growing areas. Problems occur in the paddy fields downstream when sand eroded from
cleared areas is carried by the rivers.
Vegetation Still largely covered in the original forest vegetation. Forest is dense and dry of
the series Dalbergia-Commiphora-Hildegardia. Numerous Leguminosae and Myrtaceae. Some
species adapted to dry environments such as Pachypodium, and members of the families
Ampelidaceae and Passifloraceae. Numerous lianes, but epiphytes are virtually absent. The
forest is deciduous, and contains a wide variety of trees and shrubs at a high density (about 170
species of 35 families).
Fauna. There is a diverse avifauna, with some 90 recorded species; around 30 of these are
endemic to Madagascar, including the white breasted mesite Mesitornis variegata (R), Van
Dam’s vanga Xenopirostris damii (R), and the Madagascar little grebe Tachybaptus pelzelnii
(K). The highly endangered Madagascar Fish Eagle Haliaeetus vociferoides (E) is also
reported. Seven lemur species occur, namely: Verreaux’s sifaka Propithecus verreauxi, woolly
lemur Avahi laniger, brown lemur Lemur fulvus, fat-tailed dwarf lemur Cheirogaleus medius,
mongoose lemur Lemur mongoz, lesser mouse-lemur Microcebus murinus, sportive
lemur Lepilemur. The fossa Cryptoprocta ferox, two rodents, Macrotarsomys ingens (only
known from the Ankarafantsika forest) and M. bastardi, and two insectivores, the tail-less
tenrec Tenrec ecaudatus and the greater hedgehog tenrec Setifer setosus have also been
recorded. At least two swallowtail butterflies occur, Papilio morondavana and P. grosesmithi.
Information on reptiles and amphibians is sparse, though reptiles are believed to be abundant
and two chameleons, Brookesia decaryi and Chamaeleo angeli, and one skink Pygomeles petteri
are apparently endemic to the area.
Conservation Management WWF/IUCN are assisting in the development of the reserve. The
present project is aimed principally at improving the protection of the reserve, including the
cutting of limited paths, seen as essential for the patrols of the Guard Force, and restoration of
the deteriorated boundary markers and the forest station in the adjacent natural reserve.
Allocation is made for the provision of equipment both for scientific study and for the better
management of the reserve. The project covers an inventory of the flora and fauna by the
University of Madagascar, and many other scientific studies including conservation-orientated
research to be done on the vegetation of the reserve. It has been suggested that the Ampijoroa
lake and the hills to the north of the lake should be included in the reserve, as it is here that
tourists from Antananarivo and Mahajanga can best observe the typical fauna of the region.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies Undermanning, frequent fires during the dry season and
penetration by cattle; in 1972 it was reported that poaching was frequent. The reserve was
burned over three-quarters of its area in 1966-67 and burned again in 1968, and it was at that
time thought to be in a very degraded state. The area was surveyed by air in June 1981 and
found not to have suffered major deterioration, except in the north and east where access is
easy. Some regeneration is taking place over areas burned or cut. The borders of the reserve
are not marked on official maps, and a review of the boundaries has become necessary.
Visitor Facilities No information
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Scientific Research Some primate studies have been made in the reserve, particularly on
range sizes and diet; the University of Madagascar also has study areas here. Entomological
research has been carried out in the area.
Special Scientific Facilities The forestry station at Ampijoroa is used by research workers in
the area.
Principal Reference Material
° Andriamampianina, J. and Peyrieras, A. (1972). Les réserves naturelles intégrales de
Madagascar. In: Comptes rendus de la Conférence internationale sur la Conservation de la
Nature et de ses Ressources a Madagascar, Tananarive, Madagascar 7-11 octobre 1970.
IUCN, Switzerland.
° IUCN/WWF Project 1911. Protection and development of the Ankarafantsika Nature
Reserve.
° Martin, C. (1982). Rapport de la mission technique WWF/IUCN 4 Madagascar 1981.
IUCN/WWFE, Gland, (contains-a list of birds and mammals found within the reserve).
Staff Two full-time auxiliaries
Budget Salaries paid by the government. WWF allocated budget: US$17,649 to 1981;
US$81,900 in 1982 and US$20,000 in 1983. WWF Tropical Forest Campaign grant of
US$50,000 over 3 years from 1983.
Local Park or Reserve Administration The headquarters is at Bevazaha.
Date 1986
RESERVE NATURELLE INTEGRALE DE BETAMPONA (NO. 1)
Management Category I (Strict Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.03.01 (Malagasy rain forest)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 31 December 1927. The area of the reserve was fixed by Decree 66-242 of
June 1966.
Geographical Location The reserve is situated 40km to the north-west of Toamasina in
Toamasina Province. 17°51’-55’S, 49°12’-15°E.
Altitude 275-650m
Area 2,228ha
Land Tenure State land
Physical Features The reserve occupies a rocky spur which dominates the coastal plain and
consists of a family of ridges varying in height from 320m to 650m above sea level. It is a
rugged zone where numerous streams have their sources. Climate is humid tropical with
precipitation over 2000mm a year and no dry months. Mean annual temperature is between
21° and 24°C, though in the colder months mean temperature can be as low as 12°C. The
reserve is an example of the natural low altitude biotope of the eastern region of Madagascar.
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Vegetation Betampona is the sole forested massif in a vast deforested area, and although the
sides of the massif have been deforested, the vegetation has re-established itself to some degree
(see below). The undegraded vegetation is low altitude dense evergreen rain forest which is
extremely rich floristically and is the type locality for many species. It is characterised by
species of Myristicaceae and Anthostema (Euphorbiaceae); other notable species are Canarium
madagascariensis (Burseraceae), Sideroxylon sp., Faucherea ursii (both
Sapotaceae), Rhopalocarpus sp. (Sphaerosepalaceae), Hirtella sp. (Chrysobalanaceae). Also
present are members of the tribe Areceae (Palmae) and the families Rubiaceae, Araliaceae,
Ebenaceae, Sapindaceae, Loraceae, Myrtaceae, Flacourtiaceae and Leguminosae. Local
dominance of Uapaca thouarsii and glades of the bamboo Cephalostachyum madagascariensis
occur. Much of the central southern edge of the reserve, notably along the Fontsiamavo River
and its tributaries, is composed of the colonising Eugenia jambos. Secondary forest has
considerably advanced, especially along the central track from Sorintsandry to Marovato, an
area which had not been cleared in 1947.
Fauna Information on many groups is lacking, though mammals appear to be particularly
diverse, with nine species of Lemur, namely woolly lemur Avahi laniger, ruffed lemur Varecia
variegata, grey gentle lemur Hapalemur griseus, russet mouse-lemur Microcebus rufus,
indri Indri indri, greater dwarf lemur Cheirogaleus major, diadem sifaka Propithecus diadema,
brown lemur Lemur fulvus and a Lepilemur, probably L. mustelinus, the weasel lemur. Four
viverrids, ring-tailed mongoose Galidea elegans, fassa Cryptoprocta ferox, Malagasy
civet Fossa fossa, and falanouc Eupleres goudotii also occur. The endangered
aye-aye Daubentonia madagascariensis has been reported, but this needs confirmation. Birds
are also reported to be abundant, with many endemic species, and one frog Plethodontohyla
coudreaui is apparently known only from this reserve.
Conservation Management The reserve is clearly delimited by a 3-metre wide band cleared
around the perimeter and has a good internal path network. Insufficient funds and staff are
available at present for further management.
Zoning There was formerly a 200m protective zone around the reserve, set up in 1935;
Pollock reported in 1985 that it had recently been reclaimed by local villagers for residential
and exploitative purposes.
Disturbances or Deficiencies A degraded zone some 1,000-1,500m wide lies within the
reserve boundaries, consisting largely of 20-25 year old growth of Ravenala madagascariensis
and other ’savoka’ species. This represents an area of regeneration following cultivation: the
existence of tavy cultivation and the corresponding threat to the forest edges was first
remarked in 1908. The situation had not markedly improved in 1931 and although the Reserve
Intégrale was first declared in 1932 and the protective zone in 1935, real protection was not
initiated until 1949; the regeneration presumably dates from then. Forest cover within the
reserve thus totals some 1,000ha. It is surrounded by numerous villages, situated within lkm of
the reserve and often less, and there are incursions into the reserve: Pollock noted in 1984 that
there were clear signs of crayfish catching in the upper Fontsiamavo River within the reserve,
and that a local merchant had recently been arrested for shooting lemurs in the central part of
the reserve.
Visitor Facilities None. Access to the reserve is on foot (90 minutes walk) from the village of
Fontsimavo, which is 90 minutes by car from Toamasina (Pollock, 1985).
Scientific Research None appears to have been carried out recently.
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
* Andriamampianina, J. and Peyrieras, A. (1972). Les réserves naturelles intégrales de
Madagascar. In: Comptes rendus de la Conférence internationale sur la Conservation de la
Nature et de ses Ressources a Madagascar, Tananarive, Madagascar 7-11 octobre 1970.
IUCN, Switzerland.
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° Pollock, J.I. (1985). Preliminary report on a mission to Madagascar by Dr. J.I. Pollock in
August and September 1984. Unpublished. 10pp.
Staff One agent and two auxiliaries, full-time
Budget Salaries paid by the government
Local Park or Reserve Administration Headquarters at Rendrirendry. This village consists of
the dwelling quarters of two families, the local office of the Direction des Eaux et Foréts and a
*gite d’étape’ or rest-post for the guardian of the reserve, who lives in Toamasina.
Date 1986
RESERVE NATURELLE INTEGRALE DE LOKOBE (NO.6)
Management Category I (Strict Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.9.4 (Malagasy Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 31 December 1927, though the Forét de Lokobe was constituted as a reserve
in 1913
Geographical Location On the south-eastern side of the island of Nosy-Bé with the coast
forming the southern and eastern borders of the reserve. 13°23’-13°25°S, 48°18’-48°20°E.
Altitude 0-430m (the highest point on the island)
Area 740ha
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The island of Nosy-Bé is formed of a neogenous basaltic block and marine
sediments of the upper Lias. The relief is steep and rugged in places. The reserve is an
important water catchment area for the island. There is a ’sambirano’ type climate, similar to
eastern Madagascar (moist sub-equatorial) but with a lower rainfall and more marked dry
season.
Vegetation The reserve contains most of the island’s remaining forest, a dense humid forest
with species of the family Chlaenaceae (endemic to Madagascar) and numerous species of the
genus Anthostema. Biologically and physionomically, it resembles the eastern rain forest, but is
distinguished by the presence of numerous endemics.
Fauna’ The fauna is reportedly less rich than that on adjacent mainland areas, but it is still
diverse, with a number of species apparently endemic to the island. Seven species of
amphibian and 34 species of reptile have been recorded from the island; most or all of these
can been expected to occur in the reserve. One amphibian, Platypelis milloti, is only known
from the reserve and seven reptiles have been recorded only from Nosy Bé,
namely Lygodactylus heterurus, Brookesia legendrei, B. minima, Chamaeleo boettgeri,
C. parsonii, Amphiglossus stumpffi, Typhlops madagascariensis, and T. reuteri. Thirty-six
non-marine molluscs endemic to Madagascar have also been recorded from Nosy Bé, including
four which are apparently endemic to the island, Tropidophora felicis, Sitala brancsiki,
S. filomarginata and Ampelita stumpffi. Of the lemurs, an important colony of black
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lemur Lemur macaco occurs in the reserve, as well as Lepilemur dorsalis, brown lemur Lemur
fulvus, russet mouse-lemur Microcebus rufus, and lesser mouse-lemur M. murinus. There is
little information on bird species.
Conservation Management There are proposals to increase the effectiveness of the reserve
both by increasing its size, and by providing vehicles for the staff. Use of surrounding areas
for tourism could be a valuable source of income. Support under IUCN/WWF Project 1952
will help to buy motorcycles and assist in the protection of a 150-200ha buffer zone planned in
the north-east.
Zoning No information
Disturbances or Deficiencies The reserve is very vulnerable because of its small size. The
proposed buffer zone, which is not yet formally protected, is being cut down for cultivation of
rice and manioc.
Scientific Research Prospecting and inventory work has been carried out (IUCN/WWF
Project 1952). Much work has been done on the island of Nosy Bé generally and the sea area
around it by scientists at the O.R.S.T.O.M. research station (ORSTOM, 1975).
Special Scientific Facilities The Centre National de Recherches Océanegraphiques owns a
laboratory close to the reserve, but the work has always been marine-orientated.
Principal Reference Material
° TUCN/WWF Project 1952. Support and equipment for reserves and national parks.
°* ORSTOM (1975). Publications de la mission ORSTOM de Nosy-Bé du 1.1.1972
au 31.12.1974. ORSTOM, Paris.
Staff One agent
Budget Salaries are paid by the government. WWF Funding (1982) - US$22,000 over two
years
Local Park or Reserve Administration Headquarters are at Hell-ville on the island of Nosy-Bé.
Date 1986
RESERVE NATURELLE INTEGRALE DE MAROJEJY (NO. 12)
Management Category I (Strict Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.03.01 (Malagasy rain forest)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 3 January 1952
Geographical Location To the north-west of Andapa in the province of Antseranana in the
northern part of the country. 14°18’-39°S, 49°33°-52’E.
Altitude 90-2,137m
Area 60,150ha
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Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The massif is, perhaps, the most important of the whole island on account
of its spectacular scenery, its floristic richness and, above all, its appearance of being virtually
untouched throughout, including the foothills (though some damage has been done at low
altitude). Its slopes are protected by the frequency of rains and storms. It includes the massif
of Marojejy, and its principal foothills, notably Ambatosoratra, Ambodilahitra and Beondroka.
Very rugged massif chiefly composed of gneiss, which is divided into three main blocks. At
around 1,100m, the mid-slopes become increasingly steep, leading up to narrow quartzite
ridges which precede the rocky escarpments encircling the west slopes of the massif. There is
a wide range of microclimates, Rainfall on the eastern and south-eastern slopes is thought to
reach or exceed 3000mm a year, which would be the highest rainfall in Madagascar.
Vegetation Overall, plant species diversity is very high, with over 100 genera and 2000
species recorded, several apparently endemic to the massif. Humbert (1955) has given a
detailed description of the vegetation of the Marojejy Massif, divided into four altitudinal
zones. The lowest zone, from 50m to ca 800m is high, dense, closed canopy rainforest, with a
canopy height of 25-30m and relatively clear horizontal stratification. Species diversity is very
high. The most commonly represented families in the canopy are: Euphorbiaceae, Rubiaceae,
Araliaceae, Ebenaceae (Diospyros), Sapindaceae, Sapotaceae, Anacardiaceae, Elaeocarpaceae
(Echinocarpus), Lauraceae (Ocotea, Ravensara), Clusiaceae (Ochrocarpus), Myrtaceae,
Burseraceae (Canarium), Moraceae, Bignoniaceae, Apocynaceae, Tiliaceae, Malpighiaceae,
Monimiaceae, Flacourtiaceae, Loganiaceae. The intermediate stratum consists of small trees
and large shrubs, mostly of the families Rubiaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Ochnaceae,
Erthryoxylaceae, Myrsinaceae, Celastraceae, Violaceae, Flacourtiaceae. The ground layer is
generally patchy, consisting of grasses and herbs, generally of the families Labiaceae,
Acanthaceae, Gesneraceae, Melastomaceae, Balsaminaceae. Epiphytes are abundant.
Transition from this stage to mid-altitude rainforest is made gradually, at around 800-900m.
This zone is characterised by a lower canopy height (18 to 25m), with canopy trees generally
branching lower down their trunks; the intermediate stratum tends to disappear, while the
ground layer becomes denser and more varied. Although the species represented are generally
different from those in the lower altitude forest, the families, and to some extent the genera,
tend to be the same. Trees which are notably abundant or considered characteristic include
species of Weinmannia, Apodocephala, Brachylaena and Podocarpus. Pteridophytes, particularly
members of the Cyathaceae, are also abundant. Lichen or moss forest is best developed
between 1,450 and 1,850m, although it can be found as low as 1,200m altitude. Tree height is
up to 6-10m (max. 12m), with trees often branching extensively from their bases. There is no
intermediate stratum, but a dense and varied ground layer. Trees and shrubs mostly belong to
the families Compositae (Vernonia, Senecio, Apodocephala, Psiadia), Lauraceae, Rubiaceae,
Cunoniaceae (Weinmannia), Araliaceae (Cussonia), Euphorbiaceae (Uapaca, Acalypha, Croton),
Rutaceae, Verbenaceae (Vitex, Clerodendron), Ericaceae (Agauria, Philippia), Sterculiaceae
(Dombeya), Taxaceae (Podocarpus), Myricaceae (Myrica). Virtually monotypic stands of the
bamboo Arundinaria marojejyensis are found on the least developed soils. Mosses and lichens
are very abundant, both as ground cover and festooning trees and shrubs. Other epiphytes
include ferns, species of Peperomia and orchids such as Bulbophyllum. Above 1,850m altitude
is found vegetation which, depending on soil conditions and microclimate, has the appearance
either of maquis or of heath. Shrubs chiefly belong to the families Compositae, Ericaceae,
Rubiaceae, Melastomaceae, Clusiaceae, Araliaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Myrtaceae; less numerous
are members of the Cunoniaceae, Flacourtiaceae, Sapotaceae, Pittosporaceae, Sterculiaceae,
Rutaceae, Verbenaceae, Vacciniaceae. Arundinaria marojejyensis forms scattered dense stands
and tree ferns (Cyatheaceae) are found to ca 2,000m altitude. Herbaceous plants consist largely
of sedges (Cyperaceae) and grasses (Gramineae) and there are small marshes and swampy
depressions with a distinctive floral community.
Fauna The reserve is an important area for birds; around 30 species endemic to Madagascar
have been’ recorded, including four threatened species, the rufous-headed
ground-roller Atelornis crossleyi (R), short-legged ground roller Brachypteracias leptosomus
(R), scaley ground-roller B. squamigera (R), and Pollen’s vanga Xenopirostris polleni (R). The
endangered Madagascar Serpent Eagle Eutriorchis astur (E) is also reported to occur. Seventeen
amphibia (all endemic to Madagascar) are recorded from the massif, including seven endemic
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Madagascar
to the region (Mantipus minutus, M. serratopalpebrosus, Stumpffia grandis, S. roseifemoralis,
S. tridactyla, Mantidactylus klemmeri and M. pseudoasper). Thirteen reptiles (including eleven
chameleons) have been recorded; several of these are of uncertain taxonomic status, while two
are believed endemic to the massif (Brookesia griveaudi and B. karchei). Lemur species
recorded include: diadem sifaka Propithecus diadema, brown lemur Lemur fulvus, grey gentle
lemur Hapalemur griseus and russet mouse-lemur Microcebus rufus. The fossa Cryptoprocta
ferox and ring-tailed mongoose Galidea elegans also occur. Eleven molluscs have been
recorded, including two endemic to the massif (Ampelita gaudens and Malagrion paenelimax).
Conservation Management Because of the climate and the severity of the terrain, pressure
from the surrounding population is limited, as is the extent of clearing for tavy. Special
attention must be made to protection of the high summits, whose vegetation remains as yet
unburnt, and which represents one of the last vestiges of the original high altitude vegetation
surviving intact in Madagascar.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies [Illicit cultivation at low altitudes which must be stopped as soon
as possible, as deforestation of the lateritic slopes would have disastrous consequences for the
economy of the Lokoho basin.
Visitor Facilities None, though the reserve is relatively easily accessible from Manantenina.
Scientific Research One of the best studied massifs, first surveyed in 1933.
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
* Andriamampianina, J. and Peyrieras, A. (1972). Les réserves naturelles intégrales de
Madagascar. In: Comptes rendus de la Conférence internationale sur la Conservation de la
Nature et de ses Ressources &@ Madagascar, Tananarive, Madagascar 7-11 octobre 1970.
IUCN, Switzerland.
* Guillaumet, J-L., Betsch, J-M., Blanc, C., Morat, P., Peyrieras, A. and Paulian, R. (1975).
Etude des ecosystemes montagnards dans la region malgache. III. Le Marojezy. IV. L’Itremo
et Il’Ibity. Géomorphologie, climatologie, faune et flore (Campagne RCP 225,
1972-1973). Bull. Mus. Natn. Hist. Nat. (3). 309. (Ecol. generale): 25, 27-67.
°* Humbert, H. (1955). Une merveille de la nature 4 Madagascar. Premiére exploration
botanique du Massif de Marojejy et de ses satellites. Mém. Inst. sci. de Madagascar. Série
B. Tome VI. P.271.
Staff An agent and three auxiliaries full-time
Budget Salaries paid by the government
Local Park or Reserve Administration Headquarters at Andapa, and guardposts at Doany and
Ambalamanasy.
Date 1986
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RESERVE NATURELLE INTEGRALE DE TSARATANANA (NO. 4)
Management Category I (Strict Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.09.04 (Malagasy woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 31 December 1927
Geographical Location To the south-east of Ambanja in the province of Antseranana.
13°49’-14°05’S, 48°44’-59°E.
Altitude 700-2,876m (Mt. Maromokotra, the highest summit in Madagascar).
Area 48,622ha
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features Large mountain group of crystalline rocks and volcanic formations of the
Miocene. Mont Maromokotra, the highest mountain in Madagascar, is found in this reserve.
The climate has the same characteristics as the Malagasy rain forest and is extremely wet.
During summer, especially the monsoon season (end of November to the beginning of May),
there are virtually daily torrential rainstorms. From May to October, the summits are covered
with fog accompanied by drizzle and fine rain. October and November are relatively dry.
Vegetation In general, the vegetation consists of primary and secondary tropical evergreen
forests of both high and low altitude with both lichens and ericaceous species common. The
flora is rich in endemics especially at high altitude. From 1,000 to 2,200m, the principal plants
found are: Podocarpus madagascariensis, Canarium, Aphloia theiformis, Ruvensara, Ocotea,
Beilschmiedia oppositifolia, Malleastrum, Noronhia, Erythroxylum corybosum, Dichaetanthera,
Eleacarpus, Coffea tsaratananae, Gardenia, Peddiea involucrata, Buddleia, Sennecio, Vernonia,
Oncostemum, Acanthaceae, Labiaceae (Coleus), Urticaceae (Pilea), Panicum uvulatum,
Poecilostachys tsaratananensis, Oplismenus, Leptaspis cochleata. Tree ferns of the family
Cyatheaceae do not seem to be very abundant; however this appears to be optimum habitat for
epiphytes such as Peperomia, Kalanchoe, Medinilla, Viscum, Rhipsalis and numerous ferns and
orchids. From 2,000 to 2,200m there is a belt of virtually pure giant bamboo. Above 2,200m
there is moss forest with Araliaceae, Cunoniaceae (Weinmannia), Compositae, Ericaceae
(Agauria, Philippia), Sterculiaceae (Dombeya), and Taxaceae (Podocarpus_ rostratus
and P. madagascariensis). Chrysalidocarpus (Palmae) is also found. Ephiphytes are very
common. Understorey, when it exists, is composed of small trees: Schismatoclada,
Helichrysum, Philippia. Around 2,600m there is a second band of bamboos, then shrubby and
herbaceous vegetation on the summits, secondary and depauperate through fire, of
blackened Philippia in a _ grassy lawn (Danthonia, Bromus, Anthoxanthum, with
scattered Helichrysum).
Fauna Around 50 bird species endemic to Madagascar have been recorded, including
Crossley’s ground roller Atelornis crossleyi (1). Three amphibians are believed endemic to the
massif: Mantipus guentherpetersi, Platyhyla alticola and P. tsaratananaensis, as are two
reptiles: Chamaeleo tsaratananensis and Amphiglossus tsaratananensis. The massif is the most
important area on Madagascar for molluscs, with 45 species recorded; 30 of these are
apparently endemic to the massif. Lemurs are represented by: black lemur Lemur macaco,
brown lemur Lemur fulvus, fork-maked lemur Phaner furcifer, grey gentle lemur Hapalemur
griseus, greater dwarf lemur Cheirogaleus major, a Lepilemur species (possibly L. flavifrons),
and red-bellied lemur Lemur rubriventer.
Zoning No information
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Disturbances or Deficiencies Some illicit cultivation; however, apart from the burned
summits, the reserve is largely intact, as the very cold winter temperatures and the steepness of
the terrain limit attempts at planting. Formerly, parts of the reserve were adversely affected
by illicit plantations of tobacco and indian hemp. In 1968 and 1969, a police operation was
organised to destroy the plantations and arrest the miscreants. These people were sufficiently
well organized to make entry to the reserve dangerous If unarmed and unaccompanied.
Outside the plantations were found herds of zebu cattle belonging to the same people. It is not
known if this has been a problem more recently.
Scientific Research Numerous collecting trips have been carried out.
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
Albignac, R. (1970). Mammiferes et oiseaux du Massif de Tsaratanana. Mem. ORSTOM 37:
223-229.
° Andriamampianina, J. and Peyrieras, A. (1972). Les réserves naturelles intégrales de
Madagascar. In: Comptes rendus de la Conférence internationale sur la Conservation de la
Nature et de ses Ressources @ Madagascar, Tananarive, Madagascar 7-11 octobre 1970.
IUCN, Switzerland.
° Milon, P. (1957). Etude d’une petite collection d’oiseaux du Tsaratanana. Naturaliste
Malgache 3(2): 167-183.
Staff Two full-time forest agents.
Budget Salaries paid by the government
Local Park or Reserve Administration Headquarters are at Ambanja with a guard post at
Mangindrano.
Date 1986
RESERVE NATURELLE INTEGRALE DE TSIMANAMPETSOTSA (NO. 10)
Management Category I (Strict Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.10.04 (Malagasy thorn forest)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 31 December 1927
Geographical Location 100km south of Toliara in the province of Toliara. 24°02’-11’S,
43°36’-S1’E.
Altitude 10-160m
Area 43,200ha
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The western part of the reserve comprises the shallow, brackish
Tsimanampetsotsa lake (20 x 3km), saturated with sulphates of lime. The lake, which has
shores of virtually unvegetated arenaceous soil, is aligned north-south and lies about 7km from
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the west coast. To the east of the lake is xerophytic forest on calcareous bedrock. There are
numerous underground caves. The climate is dry with precipitation below 400mm a year and
9-11 dry months. Amount and timing of rainfall can be very variable. Other forms of
precipitation are likely to have a significant impact on the vegetation. The minimum
temperature in the coolest months is between 15°C and 20°C.
Vegetation Xerophtyic scrub on the calcareous plateau, and typical south-western brush
formation on the arenaceous soils. The vegetation is a remarkable assembly of Didiereaceae (an
endemic family of trees or shrubs with the habit of cacti or cactiform euphorbias) and
Euphorbiaceae. Tree species 10-12m high dominate a stratum of impenetrable scrub, rich in
lianas. The ground stratum is sparse. Generic endemism in the southern flora has been
estimated at 48%. The reserve covers a part of the very restricted distribution of Alluaudia
montagnacii. Plants show a wide variety of adaptations to xerophytic conditions. Numerous
species of Leguminosae, Combretaceae, Tiliaceae and Liliaceae are found.
Fauna The reserve’s avifauna includes at least 28 species endemic to the Madagascar region,
including the plover Charadrius thoracicus (R). There are numerous other waterbirds,
including the flamingoes Phoenicopterus ruber and Phoeniconaias minor. There is little
information on reptiles and amphibians, though the radiated tortoise Geochelone radiata (V)
(endemic to the southern Didierea forests) and probably the spider tortoise Pyxis arachnoides
(I) occur. The lemurs Lepilemur leucopus, ring-tailed lemur Lemur catta, and Verreaux’s
sifaka Propithecus verreauxi are all present.
Conservation Management The boundaries are not marked on the ground, though the reserve
was apparently, at least up to 1972, still well respected, as a local ’fady’ (taboo) acted on local
villagers in conjunction with the official protection, and the villagers did not like
accompanying visitors into the reserve. The particular characteristics of the site (calcareous
plateau surrounded by very rocky hillsides covered with an uninflammable xerophytic bush
and lakesides of practically bare soil) also shelter it from bush fires. The reserve is reportedly
the only one without feral zebu cattle as there is apparently no, or very little, fresh water.
There being no fish in the lake, there is no human disturbance for fishing. Overall, the reserve
is therefore reported to be little disturbed and in good condition. The area in which it is
situated is one of very low population density, and efficient surveillance could easily be carried
out by controlling the exit to Androka and that to Toliara. The plateau which borders the lake
should be included in the reserve and it would be advisable, for example, to protect the
potholes facing Itampolo in which lives Typhleotris madagascariensis, a legally protected blind
fish.
Zoning None.
Disturbances or Deficiencies Apparently relatively few (see above)
Visitor Facilities None
Scientific Research Little recent research appears to have been carried out.
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
Andriamampianina, J. and Peyrieras, A. (1972). Les réserves naturelles intégrales de
Madagascar. In: Comptes rendus de la Conférence internationale sur la Conservation de la
Nature et de ses Ressources a4 Madagascar, Tananarive, Madagascar 7-11 octobre 1970.
IUCN, Switzerland.
° Germain, L. (1935). Etude du reserve naturelle du lac Manampetsa [sic]. Ann. Sci. Nat.
Zool. XVII: 421-481.
° Milon, P. (1950). Deux jours au lac Tsimanampetsoa [sic]. Observations
ornithologiques. Naturaliste Malgache 2(1): 61-67.
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Staff One full-time auxiliary
Budget None
Local Park or Reserve Administration None
Date 1986
RESERVE NATURELLE INTEGRALE DU TSINGY DE BEMARAHA (NO. 9)
Management Category I (Strict Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.09.04 (Malagasy woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 31 December 1927
Geographical Location To the east of Antsalova in the region of Antsingy, 18°13’-19°07’S,
44°34’-57°E.
Altitude 75-700m
Area 152,000ha, the largest natural reserve in Madagascar
Land Tenure Government land
Physical Features The reserve forms a part of the Antsingy region, a limestone karst area of
very dissected relief with many caves and springs. Much of the eastern edge of the region is
delimited by the Bemaraha cliff, several tens of kilometres long and 300 to 400m high. To the
east of the reserve there are three north-south flowing rivers separated by successive ridges,
while the whole western region of the reserve forms a plateau with rounded hillocks which
slopes away, with decreasing steepness, to the west. The climate is generally dry and there are
seven or eight dry months. Temperatures decrease from north to south but are always above
20°C.
Vegetation Vegetation is characteristic of the calcareous karst regions of the west, with many
species unique to this formation, such as Diospyros perrieri (the ebony of the west
coast), Delonix regia, and other species of the genus Delonix, and Musa perrieri (the only wild
banana in Madagascar). Also baobabs Adansonia, and xerophytic plants such as Aloe. Other
notable families include Flacourtiaceae, Orchidaceae, Leguminosae, Euphorbiaceae,
Annonaceae, Bombacaceae and Moraceae. Climate and vegetation are very similar to that of
the R.N.I. du Tsingy de Namoroka (No. 8), and the main vegetation types are dense, dry forest
and savannah, but the much larger area and the greater height of the karst relief make the
vegetation richer here.
Fauna A number of animals endemic to the region are found in the reserve, though published
information is scanty. Particularly noteworthy is Brookesia perarmata, one of the strangest
Malagasy chameleons. Various lemurs have been reported including: Verreaux’s
sifaka Propithecus verreauxi, brown lemur Lemur fulvus, grey gentle lemur Hapalemur griseus,
lesser mouse-lemur Microcebus murinus, Coquerel’s mouse-lemur M. coquereli, fork-marked
lemur Phaner furcifer, and Lepilemur edwardsi. The area has greater species diversity than the
similar though smaller Tsingy de Namoroka reserve.
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Conservation Management There appears to be no active conservation management at present.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies Access to much of the reserve is very difficult, resulting in
many areas being naturally protected. However, a track crosses the reserve from east to west
and accessible valleys are populated with zebu cattle; there are also reportedly illegal
settlements within the reserve. Poaching has occurred, though it is not known if this continues
to be a problem.
Scientific Research Very little. The area was apparently surveyed in the 1930s, though it is
not known if the results have been published; in 1972 it was reported that a recent evaluation
of the vegetation had been carried out, though further details are lacking. The reserve is of
considerable archaeological interest, containing numerous ancient cemeteries.
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
° Andriamampianina, J. and Peyrieras, A. (1972). Les réserves naturelles intégrales de
Madagascar. In: Comptes rendus de lc Conférence internationale sur la Conservation de la
Nature et de ses Ressources &@ Madagascar, Tananarive, Madagascar 7-11 octobre 1970.
IUCN, Switzerland.
Leandri, J. (1938). La forét d’Antsingy. La Terre et la Vie: 18-27.
Staff One agent and two full-time auxiliaries
Budget Salaries provided by the government
Local Park or Reserve Administration Reserve headquarters is at Antsalova with a guard post
at Bekapaka
Date 1986
RESERVE NATURELLE INTEGRALE DU TSINGY DE NAMOROKA (NO. 8)
Management Category I (Strict Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.09.04 (Malagasy woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 31 December 1927
Geographical Location To the south of Soalala in the province of Mahajanga. 16°19’-30’S,
45°16°-25°E.
Altitude 180-370m
Area 21,742ha
Land Tenure Government land
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Physical Features The area comprises a calcareous massif (karst) with many cliffs and
numerous caves and springs. Average rainfall is between 1000 and 1500mm a year, with a
distinct dry season between May and November. Mean temperature in the coolest month is
above 20°C.
Vegetation Like the Tsingy de Bemaraha (R.N.I. no 9), the reserve is a mosaic of dense dry
forest, savanna and vegetation adapted to the calcareous karsts, belonging to the
Dalbergia-Commiphora-Hildegardia association. The mean height of the trees is
12-15m. Adansonia rubrostipa is especially frequent. Many xerophytic and crassulacean
plants. The area has a spring-fed stream with a remarkable aquatic flora. This reserve has
lower species diversity than Tsingy de Bemaraha, whilst containing essentially the same
biotopes.
Fauna Detailed information for most groups is lacking; birds are reported to be diverse, with
records of around 20 Madagascan endemics, including at least four species of coucal Coua
present. There are many reptiles and at least one species, the chameleon Brookesia bonsi is
believed endemic to the area. Nine molluscs have been recorded, including one, Bathia
madagascariensis, which is apparently endemic to the area. Four lemurs are known to
occur: Lepilemur edwardsi, lesser mouse lemur Microcebus murinus, Verreaux’s
sifaka Propithecus verreauxi, and brown lemur Lemur fulvus.
Conservation Management Some 14km of footpaths are delimited within the reserve as
passable at all times of the year.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies Fires are frequent during the dry season. The human population
around the reserve is fairly low and there is only one important village - Vilanandro. In 1972
it was noted that the local inhabitants were largely indifferent to the laws protecting the
reserve, which was inadequately guarded; no fady (local taboo) protected the animals or plants
of the region. Plantations of indian hemp have been found in the interior of the reserve and
zebu cattle also occur within the reserve.
Visitor Facilities No information
Scientific Research No research appears to have been carried out recently.
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
°* Andriamampianina, J. and Peyrieras, A. (1972). Les réserves naturelles intégrales de
Madagascar. In: Comptes rendus de la Conférence internationale sur la Conservation de la
Nature et de ses Ressources @ Madagascar, Tananarive, Madagascar 7-11 octobre 1970.
IUCN, Switzerland.
Staff One agent and a full-time auxiliary
Budget Salaries paid by the government
Local Park or Reserve Administration Reserve headquarters at Vilanandro
Date 1986
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RESERVE NATURELLE INTEGRALE DE ZAHAMENA (NO. 3)
Management Category I (Strict Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.03.01 (Malagasy rain forest)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 31 December 1927
Geographical Location To the east of Ambatondrazaka in the Province of Toamasina,
bordered to the south by the Onibe, to the east by the Ihofika River, to the west by the
Vohimahery and to the north by the track running from Sahatavy to Imerimandroso.
17°26’-44’S, 48°56’-49°00°E.
Altitude 500-1,500m
Area 73,160ha, essentially divided into two blocks
Land Tenure State land
Physical Features The reserve consists of two zones well separated by a large piece of
enclosed land. Relief is very uneven with steep-sided valleys; large landslides were recorded in
the 1950s. Climate varies with altitude from an equatorial or tropical humid type, to one with
a two or three month dry season (August to October). Mean annual rainfall is 1500-2000mm
but may be considerably higher in the east. Average temperature of the coolest month is
between 10°C and 15°C at higher altitudes.
Vegetation Generally characteristic of the eastern escarpment, with primary and secondary
tropical evergreen forest, changing from forest with Myristicaceae and Anthostema typical at
low altitude to forest with Tambourissa and Weissmannia between 800 and 1,300m. With
increasing altitude, plants with temperate affinities appear, and there are notable deciduous
species and belts of bamboo; the higher altitude forest when degraded transforms into
ericaceous scrub with Philippia, Agauria and Helichrysum.
Fauna The fauna is typical of the eastern moist forest region. Nine lemur species have been
recorded, namely indri /ndri indri, diadem sifaka Propithecus diadema, ruffed lemur Varecia
variegata, greater dwarf lemur Cheirogaleus major, woolly lemur Avahi laniger, grey gentle
lemur Hapalemur griseus, russet mouse lemur Microcebus rufus, brown lemur Lemur fulvus,
and a Lepilemur, possibly L. mustelinus, the weasel lemur. Typical carnivores of the east coast
found here are the fossa Cryptoprocta ferox, falanouc Eupleres goudotii and ringtailed
mongoose Galidea elegans. Nearly 60 bird species endemic to the Madagascar region have
been recorded in the reserve or the central enclave, as have 14 endemic amphibians and eight
reptiles, although the number of reptile species occurring is certainly much higher.
Conservation Management Relatively little at present as the reserve is undermanned; the 1985
University of London Expedition financed the construction of a 2km firebreak along the
western edge of the reserve.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies Most of the western half and south-eastern parts of the reserve
were noted in 1985 as having an unbroken canopy of good forest; a trail through the the
south-centre of the reserve passed through an abandoned clearing which was reverting to
forest. Other than this, only a few trees had been selectively felled. However, the
north-eastern corner of the reserve (near the enclave - see below) was under greater threat: the
trail there was heavily used, an area of ca Isq.km had been cleared for tavy and three lemur
traps were found. The western edge of the reserve adjoined eucalyptus plantations and
cultivated land, and faced threats from logging and fire. The central enclave was part of the
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reserve as it was originally gazetted; the continued presence of several villages there led to the
area being degazetted in 1966 (Decree 66-242). These villages were reported in 1971 as
growing in size and representing a long-term threat to the integrity of the reserve; cultivation
(by tavy), livestock grazing and poaching apparently occurred around the edges of the enclave
(in the north-east corner of the reserve). In 1985, it was noted that the enclave had been
cleared for agriculture except for some secondary scrub and a tiny area of relict forest.
Visitor Facilities None. Much of the reserve is virtually impenetrable and lacks trails.
Scientific Research Important entomological work has been conducted in the area. In 1985 a
five person expedition from the University of London spent 32 days in the reserve, primarily
surveying the avifauna, though also collecting amphibians and making observations on
mammals and plants (particularly pteridophytes).
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
° Andriamampianina, J. and Peyrieras, A. (1972). Les réserves naturelles intégrales de
Madagascar. In: Comptes rendus de la Conférence internationale sur la Conservation de la
Nature et de ses Ressources @ Madagascar, Tananarive, Madagascar 7-11 octobre 1970.
IUCN, Switzerland.
° Preliminary Report of the 1985 University of London Expedition to Madagascar.
Staff One agent and two auxiliaries full-time
Budget Salaries paid by the government
Local Park or Reserve Administration Headquarters at Manakambahiny Est
Date 1986
RESERVE SPECIAL BOTANIQUE AMBOHITANTELY
Management Category IV (Managed Native Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.09.04 (Malagasy woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection No information
Date Established 12 February 1982, upgraded from Forét classée to a Réserve Spéciale
Botanique.
Geographical Location On the Tampoketsa d’Ankazobe close to Antananarivo
Altitude 1,200-1,650m
Area 5,600ha
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The reserve consists of ’tampoketsa’, that is levelled off remains of ancient
erosion surfaces at high altitude, generally forming highly dissected plateaux bordered by steep
escarpments. The formation is assumed to be late Cretaceous in origin. Altitude of the
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tampoketsa is 1,600m, though the forest descends to around 1,450m. Rainfall averages around
1,500mm per annum, with a marked wet season from November to March. Mean maximum
temperature is 26°C, minimum 12°C.
Vegetation The area contains one of the few remaining vestiges of the central plateau forest,
the rest having been destroyed, almost certainly largely by fire, over the past 1,000 years. In
1964, the forest consisted of a single tract of some 2,000ha on the eastern slope of the
tampoketsa, with an additional 1,000ha of small scattered fragments mainly at the heads of
valleys on the tampoketsa itself. The forest has very close floristic affinities with the eastern
rain forest, especially at lower altitudes, where it appears to be more or less primary.
Fauna Virtually no information, although four amphibians and the widespread brown
lemur Lemur fulvus have been recorded.
Conservation Management Ambohitantely is the focus for IUCN/WWF Project 1912,
Protection and Management of Ambohitantely Forest Reserve. The reserve was first set up on
the initiative of the Directorate of Water and Forests, with the support of WWF. This project,
under the responsibility of the Plant Biology and Biochemical Service of Antananarivo
University, is mainly scientifically orientated in support of management. Work is in progress
on an inventory of the flora. The Plant Biology and Biochemical Service made two visits to the
area in 1982 and three in 1983, with the aid of the WWF Representation, which provided the
vehicle and fuel. WWF will also support the development of this newly established reserve.
The area could be particularly valuable as a training area because of its proximity to
Antananarivo. Studies made here will help in developing plans to reafforest the tampoketsa
region using native trees, and will form the basis of a public conservation education campaign.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies The most serious danger is fire, but boundaries also need to be
marked, guards installed, access controlled, and paths maintained.
Scientific Research Studies of the fauna and flora, carried out by Antananarivo University,
under IUCN/WWF Project 1912, concentrate on plants of medicinal, ornamental, or possible
economic use, and on endangered or rare species. Studies also concentrate on the effect of fire
on the vegetation.
Special Scientific Facilities There are no facilities within the reserve, but there are nearby
facilities at Antananarivo.
Principal Reference Material
° Bastian, G. (1964). La forét d’Ambohitantely, Madagascar. Revue de Géographie 5: 1-42.
° IUCN/WWF Project 1912. Protection and Management of Ambohitantely Forest Reserve.
Staff No information
Budget WWF/IUCN funding 1982/1983 - US$37856
Local Park or Reserve Administration There is a forest station at Manankazo
Date 1986
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RESERVE SPECIALE DE BEZA MAHAFALY
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 1979; inaugurated November 1985.
Geographical Location Just west of the Sakamena River, about 35km north-east of
Betioky-Sud; 23°30’S, 44°40’E. The reserve is divided into two non-contiguous parcels, one
lying along the Sakamena River, the second some 5km west of the Sakamena.
Altitude Approximately 100-200m
Area 600ha in two parcels (one of 100ha, the second of 500 ha)
Land Tenure Government land
Physical Features The first (100ha) parcel borders the Sakamena River, which normally
contains water during the rainy season, from November or December to March; for the rest of
the year it is a dry sandy river bed (Richard et al., 1985).
Vegetation The first parcel consists of low gallery forest, dominated by Tamarindus indica;
the second consists of spiny forest dominated by Alluaudia procera with other members of the
Didiereacae and Euphorbiaceae (Richard et al., 1985).
Fauna Four lemur species are present, namely Verreaux’s sifaka Propithecus verreauxi, the
ring-tailed lemur, Lemur catta, the white-footed sportive lemur Lepilemur leucopus and the
grey mouse lemur Microcebus murinus; the fossa Cryptoprocta ferox, an endemic Madagascan
viverrid has also been recorded as well as an endemic shrew Suncus madagascariensis, and four
species of tenrec, Echinops telfairi, Setifer setosus, Geogale aurita, and Tenrec ecaudatus. This
is the only known site where Geogale aurita is common (M. Nicoll, in litt., 28.10.86).
Thirty-eight bird species endemic to Madagascar or the Madagascan region have been
recorded, including three Coua species and five Vangas. At least 18 species of reptile have
been recorded, including the Radiated tortoise Geochelone radiata (V), the Madagascar
side-necked turtle Erymnochelys madagascariensis (I), and Acrantophis dumerilii, an endemic
boa confined to the south and south-west.
Conservation Management The smaller parcel is bounded by a barbed-wire fence, erected in
1979; the larger has a 3m swathe cut around it to delineate the boundaries. Opuntia has been
planted to provide an effective barrier. Grids of trails have been cut within the reserve, these
being 100m-to-a-side in the smaller parcel and 500m-to-a-side in the larger (Richard ef al.,
1985).
Zoning None apart from the two defined areas.
Disturbances or Deficiencies The reserve appears to be well protected at present. Cattle and
goats formerly ranged throughout the forests at Beza Mahafaly; since 1979 these have been
excluded from the smaller parcel by the boundary fence, though it is not clear if they still
enter the larger (Richard et al., 1985).
Scientific Research The Beza Mahafaly project is based on an Inter-University Accord
between the University of Madagascar, Yale University and Washington University. One of its
principal roles is to provide a site for research on the flora and fauna of the south-west of
Madagascar, and on the relations between the Madagascan people and the natural environment.
The importance of baseline survey work as a preliminary to more detailed studies has been
emphasised (Richard ef al., 1985). Up to the present, more or less detailed inventories of
primates, insectivores and rodents, birds and insects, particularly Hymenoptera, have been
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carried out (see Fauna) along with a study of the structure and composition of the vegetation
inside and outside the reserve. This last study is intended to give information on the
regeneration of the natural vegetation and the impact of livestock grazing on this, with the
reserve, being fenced, effectively acting as a large scale exclosure. A more detailed study of
the demography and behaviour of Propithecus verreauxi in the larger parcel of the reserve was
begun in 1984. Plans for further research include: a study of the ethnomedicine of the region,
to be expanded to a general ethnobotanical survey of the area; extending the study of forest
structure, diversity and regeneration to the second parcel; establishment of an on-site
herbarium; exploration of the phenology and pollination ecology of dominant tree and shrub
species in the two parcels; a study of the behavioural ecology of Lemur catta; research on the
reptile community of the reserve with a detailed study of Geochelone radiata (Richard et al.,
1985).
Special Scientific Facilities Huts for equipment and cooking.
Principal Reference Material
° Rakotomanga, P., Richard, A.F. and Sussman, R.W. (1985). Beza Mahafaly. Formation et
Mesures pour la conservation. Paper given at ’Seminaire Scientifique international sur |’etat
de recherche sur l’equilibre des ecosystemes forestiers de Madagascar.’ Antananarivo,
October 1985.
° Richard, A.F., Rakotomanga, P. and Sussman, R.W. (1985). Beza Mahafaly: recherches
fondamentales et appliquées. Paper given at ’Seminaire Scientifique international sur |’etat
de recherche sur l’equilibre des ecosystemes forestiers de Madagascar.’ Antananarivo,
October 1985.
Staff One chief warden, five permanent guards plus auxiliary guards.
Budget The Beza Mahafaly project has received financial support from WWF-US since 1980.
Local Park or Reserve Administration Reserve headquarters are at Betioky-Sud.
Date
RESERVE SPECIALE DE NOSY MANGABE
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.3.1 (Malagasy Rain Forest)
Legal Protection Total. Access is not restricted by the establishing decree.
Date Established 14 December 1965 by Decree No. 65-795.
Geographical Location A small island situated to the east of Maroantsetra, 6 km off the coast
of Madagascar, in the Bay of Antogil. 15°25’S, 49°45’E.
Altitude From sea level to 331m
Area 520ha (the whole island)
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The island is composed of Cretaceous limestone, with a very rugged
topography and rapid changes of altitude over relatively short distances.
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Vegetation The vegetation comprises typical east coast rain forest, including species
of Canarium, Ocotea and Ravenala, along with many palms and ferns. Much of the forest is
secondary.
Fauna The reserve was established to protect the aye-aye Daubentonia madagascariensis (E),
which has recently been introduced to the island. Amphibians in the reserve include the
Antongil frog Dyscophus antongili, a scarlet frog confined to a small area in the Antongil Bay
region, and Boophis leucomaculatus known only from the type specimen collected from the
island. One chameleon Brookesia peyrieresi is also only known from Nosy Mangabé. Four
other lemur_ species occur, namely _ruffed-lemur Varecia variegata, russet
mouse-lemur Microcebus rufus, greater dwarf lemur Cheirogaleus major, and brown
lemur Lemur fulvus.
Conservation Management. The island is the focus for IUCN/WWF Project 1953 which will
help to ensure the protection and survival of the aye-aye together with its habitat through the
provision of a boat and the construction of a building for the warden. A laboratory had
already been built before the WWF Representation was established. It needs repair and some
interior arrangement. Work has not yet begun (1984) because of difficulties on the road from
Tamatave to Maroantsetra as well as a shortage of building materials. A boat with outboard
motor has arrived. A guard to patrol the island will be recruited by the "Direction des Eaux et
Forets’. Native plant species may be planted to enhance the habitat for the aye-aye, and other
endangered lemurs may be introduced. Funds will also cover the maintenance of paths and
provide a small rest hut for visitors. In association with the project is an environmental
education programme; a film has been made on Nosy Mangabé and will be shown in cinemas
and on television.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies The island can only support limited tourism, which should be
strictly controlled. There is a manned lighthouse on the island, and a ’public works’ shop.
Visitor Facilities The reserve will opened to the public if authorisation is obtained from the
*Direction des Eaux et Foréts’ at Tananarive.
Scientific Research Several attempts have been made to introduce the aye-aye to the island;
nine individuals were released in 1967, and 12 in 1971, and the most recent sighting was in
March 1983, when a female and her young were seen. Introduction of aye-aye. Censuses of
the aye-aye and Antongil frog have been recommended.
Special Scientific Facilities _ There is a small laboratory on the island which is undergoing
repair.
Principal Reference Material
° IUCN/WWF Project 1953. Study and protection of the aye-aye, Nosy Mangabé.
Staff Two agents and two auxiliaries
Budget Salaries are paid by the Government. WWF Funding 1982/1983 - US$2,219.
Local Park or Reserve Administration No information
Date 1986
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RESERVE DE FAUNE DE PERINET ANALAMOZAOTRA
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.03.01 (Malagasy rain forest)
Legal Protection Protection of all resources within the reserve is total. Access is not
restricted by the establishing decree.
Date Established 21 June 1970
Geographical Location 100km east of Antananarivo to the east of Moramanga. 18°30’S,
48°20°E.
Altitude 930-1,000m
Area 810ha
Land Tenure Government land
Physical Features A mountainous massif with winter temperatures which fall as low as 10°C.
Rainfall of 1721mm per annum.
Vegetation Medium altitude tropical moist forest characteristic of the eastern escarpment
region. The area was a logging concession which was never exploited, and the flora and fauna
is hence much richer than in the surrounding areas which have suffered from logging and
hunting.
Fauna’ The area has representative species of the mid-altitude eastern moist tropical forest.
At least 70 birds endemic to the Madagascan region have been recorded, including eight
threatened species: the slender-billed flufftail Sarothrura watersi, Madagascar red owl Tyto
soumagnei (I), short-legged ground roller Brachypteracias leptosomus (R), Crosley’s ground
roller Atelornis crossleyi (R) (this species occurs at least seasonally), Pollen’s
vanga Xenopirostris polleni (R), Madagascar yellow-brow Crossleyia xanthophrys (1), brown
mesite Mesitornis unicolor (K), and dusky greenbul Phyllastrephus tenebrosus (R). Twenty-five
amphibian species, including six not recorded elsewhere (Paracophyla tuberculata, Mantella
aurantica, Mantidactylus acuticeps, M. eiselti, Boophis reticulatus, and B. viridis) are recorded
and at least five reptiles, including three possibly endemic to the area (Lygodactylus guibei,
Phelsuma flavigularis, Brookesia therezieni). The reserve was originally set up to conserve an
important population of indris /ndri indri (E); other mammals in the reserve include eight other
species of lemur, namely mouse-lemur Microcebus sp., greater dwarf lemur Cheirogaleus
medius, Lepilemur sp., woolly lemur Avahi laniger, brown lemur Lemur fulvus, ruffed
lemur Varecia variegata, and gentle lemur Hapalemur sp.. The diadem sifaka Propithecus
diadema previously occurred but reportedly no longer does so. The aye-aye Daubentonia
madagascariensis and the red-bellied lemur Lemur rubriventer have recently been recorded
nearby. Several species of tenrec occur.
Conservation Management The reserve is well marked on the ground; there are numerous well
used trails.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies The reserve is too small to protect this forest type adequately
and has now become largely isolated from previously contiguous forest blocks. There is some
evidence of hunting and exploitation of hardwoods within the reserve.
Visitor Facilities The reserve is easily accessible from Antananarivo, either by rail or by road;
the latter passes alongside the reserve.
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Madagascar
Scientific Research Many studies have been carried out on the fauna and flora of the reserve.
Special Scientific Facilities The forest station associated with the reserve has accommodation,
though this is in a poor state of repair.
Principal Reference Material None listed
Staff A forest agent and a technical assistant
Budget 1983: WWF Tropical Forest Campaign grant of US$ 75 000 over years for the
purchase of essential equipment and a local education campaign.
Local Park or Reserve Administration No information
Date 1986
BERENTY RESERVE
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.10.04 (Malagasy thorn forest)
Legal Protection The reserve is privately owned, though is held in a trust which should
ensure long-term protection.
Date Established 1930s; precise date unknown
Geographical Location Near Amboasary and 80km from Taolanaro (Fort Dauphin). 24°50’S,
46°20°E.
Altitude No information
Area Berenty Reserve is composed of five parcels, comprising some 250-265ha in total.
Parcel 1 (known as Malaza) is 200ha, parcel 2 ca 20ha, parcel 3 ca 12ha, parcel 4 ca 2ha, parcel
5 (Anjapolo) is 20-30ha. In addition the 97ha forest of Bealoka some 7km north of Berenty is
to be incorporated into the reserve system.
Land Tenure Owned by the de Heaulme family
Physical Features The reserve is situated in a sisal plantation and is bordered by the
Mandrare River.
Vegetation Parcel 1 consists of a corridor of spiny forest dominated by Euphorbiaceae,
Didiereacae and crassulids, with gallery forest with Acacia and Tamarindus close to the river;
parcels 2 and 5 consist of spiny forest; parcel 3 is a planted forest of Pithecelobium dulce mixed
with old Acacia and Tamarind trees; parcel 4 is a 2ha sacred spiny forest with tombs. Bealoka
consists of degraded gallery forest.
Fauna Six lemurs occur in the reserve, namely ring-tailed lemur Lemur catta, red
lemur Lemur fulvus rufus, Verreaux’s sifaka Propithecus verreauxi, weasel lemur Lepilemur
mustelinus, fat-tailed dwarf lemur Cheicogallus medius and rufous mouse lemur Microcebus
rufus. Over 40 endemic bird species have been recorded. There is also a captive group of the
radiated tortoise Geochelone radiata and a large colony of the giant fruit bat Preropus rufus.
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Conservation Management Reportedly well protected, being fenced and guarded. Little
active management takes place at present.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies Principal problems are: river flooding and river bank erosion,
with areas of river bank up to 20m wide having been lost from parts of the reserve since the
1960s; mature tree die-off, mainly affecting Tamarindus, Acacia and Nestina, the causes of
which are unknown; poor regeneration in many parts of the forest, due to invasion of the
rubber vine.
Visitor Facilities There are guest houses and a museum. A small entrance fee is charged.
Scientific Research Work has been carried out on the lemurs since the early 1960s, most
recently by O’Connor.
Special Scientific Facilities No information
Principal Reference Material
° Jolly, A. (1966). Lemur behaviour. Chicago University Press.
° Jolly, A., Oliver, W.L.R. and O’Connor, S.M. (1982). Population and troop ranges of Lemur
catta and Lemur fulvus at Berenty, Madagascar: 1980 census. Folia primatologica 39(1-2):
115-123.
° Jolly, A., Gustafson, H.L., Mertl, A.S. and Ramanantsoa, G., (In press). Population, espace
vital, et composition des groups chez le maki (Lemur catta) et le sifaka (Propithecus verreauxi
verreauxi) 4 Berenty, République Malagasy. Bull. Acad. Malgache.
° Mertl-Millhollen, A.S., Gustafson, H.L., Budnitz, N., Dainis, K. and Jolly, A. (1979).
Population and territory stability of the Lemur catta at Berenty, Madagascar. Folia primatol.
31: 106-22.
Staff The whole reserve is under the control of the manager of the sisal concession in which
it is situated. There are four guards in parcel 1, two in parcel 2, one each in parcel 3 and 5,
and two at Bealoka.
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration See ’staff’ above.
Date 1986
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MALAWI
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Tanzania
Key
(1 National Parks
[=] Game Reserves
~.
7
~ANkhotakota Mozambique
Kasungu
L None
MALAWI
Area 94,276 sq.km
Population 6,100,000 (1981)
Parks and Reserves Legislation The Land Act authorizes acquisition of customary land and its
declaration as public land which is then available for gazettement as national park by order of
a motion passed by the National Assembly. The National Park Act 1969 provides for control
of all activities within national parks. Game reserves are established under the Game Act 1954
which identifies prohibited activities within the reserves. All park and reserve lands are under
government control and there is no private land use within them. No national park may be
reduced in area without a specific resolution of Parliament. A new comprehensive Flora and
Fauna Act is in preparation designed to supercede the Game Act and make provision for
stricter protection of wildlife resources outside the parks. It will rationalise protection by
identifying categories of land, wildlife and interaction and is given in full in Clarke (1983).
Parks and Reserves Administration Prior to 1973, national parks and game reserves were the
responsibility of the Game Divison of the Department of Forestry and Game. In April 1973, as
directed by the President, a separate Department of National Parks and Wildlife was established
within the Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources. This department now manages the
five national parks and four game reserves. The Chief Parks and Wildlife Officer, who is
responsible to the Secretary for Forestry and Natural Resources, has three subordinate Senior
Parks and Wildlife Officers. Each national park is managed by a Parks and Wildlife Officer
(see Clarke 1983). The forest estate in the responsibility of the Department of Forestry.
Address
° Department of National Parks and Wildlife, PO Box 30131, Lilongwe 3. Department of
Forestry, PO Box 30048, Lilongwe 3.
Additional Information Soil and water conservation are the basic concerns in the
establishment and management of the parks and reserves, and scientific research is considered
a priority use for all areas. Game and timber exploitation is possible in all game reserves
providing that: the resource is able to support harvesting; permissible harvest levels have been
established and quotas set at no more than sustainable yield levels; and the Parks Department is
able to monitor and regulate any offtake. The main threats to the integrity of the reserves are
poaching and wildfire, but there is also heavy pressure from encroachment by the expanding
population. It has been suggested by Kombe (1982) that to overome these pressures,
production should be increased on agricultural land. An integrated approach to conservation
has been successful in improving the habitat of a mountain immediately north-west of
Blantyre, which was being seriously degraded. The Michiru Mountain Conservation Area was
set up for water catchment protection, recreation, to conserve some of the remaining moist
tropical forest and to provide poles and firewood for the local population by planting pine and
eucalypts (Hough 1984).
References
° Bell, R.H.V. and McShane, E. (Eds) (1984). Conservation and Wildlife Management in
Africa. Peace Corps: Washington D.C.
° Clarke, J.E. (1983). Principal master plan for National Parks and Wildlife Management.
Department of National Parks and Wildlife. Lilongwe, Malawi.
° Clarke, J.E. (1983). Protected areas master plan for Northern Region. Department of
National Parks and Wildlife. Lilongwe, Malawi.
° Clarke, J.E. (1983). Protected areas master plan for Central Region. Department of National
Parks and Wildlife. Lilongwe, Malawi.
° Clarke, J.E. (1983). Protected areas master plan for Southern Region. Department of
National Parks and Wildlife. Lilongwe, Malawi.
° Croft, T.A. (1980). Around the National Parks and Game Reserves. Nyala 6(1): 53-54.
° Department of National Parks and Wildlife. National Land Use Atlas.
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
°
Hayes, G.D. (1977). A guide to Malawi’s National Parks and Game Reserves. Government
Printer, Zomba, Malawi. 118 pp.
Hayes, G.D. (1983). A Guide to Malawi's National Parks and Game Reserves. Montfort Press,
Malawi.
Hough, J. (1984). An approach to an Integrated land use system on Michiru Mountain,
Malawi. Parks 9(3/4): 1-3.
Kombe, A.D.C. (1982). The role of protected areas in catchment conservation in Malawi.
In: McNeely, J.A. and Miller, K.R. (Eds) National Parks, Conservation and Development.
The Role of Protected Areas in Sustaining Society. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington
D.C.
Mossman, A.S. and Hall-Martin, A. (1969). Report to the Government of Malawi on a
wildlife survey of Malawi. FAO, Rome. Unpublished.
Protected Areas
(hectares)
National Parks
Kasungu 231,600
Lake Malawi National Park 9,400
Lake Malawi 9,400
Lengwe 88,700
Liwonde 54,800
Nyika 313,400
Game Reserves
Subtotal 707,300
Majete 78,400
Mwabvi 10,400
Nkohota-Kota 180,200
Vwaza Marsh 100,000
Proposed areas
Michiru Mountain Conservation Area
KASUNGU NATIONAL PARK
Management Category
Biogeographical Province
Legal Protection Total
Date Established
Geographical Location
the Zambian border.
Declared a forest reserve in 1922 as an anti-tsetse fly measure; Game
reserve status in 1930 and national park status in 1970
13°00°S, 33°10°E.
Altitude 1,000-1,330m
Area 231,600ha
Land Tenure Government
II (National Park)
West of Kasungu, about 175km north of Lilongwe,
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Subtotal 369,000
4,600
3.07.04 (Miombo Woodland/savanna)
extending along
Malawi
Physical Features The park comprises a relatively flat plateau embracing much of the higher
catchment of the Dwangwa River. The river and its tributaries are seasonal, but usually have
water in deep pools during the dry season. Several prominent inselbergs break the plateau
surface. Soils are leached and relatively infertile. The climate is typical of central Malawi
with the daily maximum often exceeding 29°C from September to May anda daily minimum
of 4-7°C from June to August. The mean annual rainfall is 750-1000mm, but may vary
significantly between years.
Vegetation The vegetation comprises a mosaic of open country and medium height ’miombo’
woodland dominated by Brachystegia spp. and Julbernardia globiflora. A more varied
woodland dominated by Combretum spp., Acacia piliostigma and Terminalia sp. occurs along
the Dwangwa River and some larger tributaries. An area of moderately dense Hyparrhenia
spp. grassland borders the rivers in places.
Fauna Mammals include: about 800 elephant Loxodonta africana (T)(conspicuous but thought
to be decreasing), sable antelope Hippotragus niger, roan antelope WHippotragus equinus,
Lichtenstein’s hartebeest Alcelaphus lichtensteini, eland Taurotragus oryx, greater
kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros, reedbuck Redunca arundinum, impala Aepyceros melampus,
waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, oribi Ourebia ourebi, grey duiker Sylvicapra grimmia,
Sharpe’s grysbok Raphicerus sharpei, Burchell’s zebra Equus burchelli, warthog Phacochoerus
aethiopicus, bushpig Potamochoerus porcus, chacma baboon Papio_ ursinus, vervet
monkey Cercopithecus aethiops, lion Panthera leo, leopard Panthera pardus (T), spotted
hyena Crocuta crocuta, side striped jackal Canis adustus, serval Felis serval, wild dog Lycaon
pictus (T), cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T), and black rhinoceros Diceros bicornis (T). There is
also a wide variety of other wildlife typical of Brachystegia woodland including many small
mammals. Three hundred bird species have been recorded including wattled crane Bugeranus
carunculatus (of special concern).
Zoning The area is zoned according to five land-use classes developed by the Canadian
National Parks Service: Class I Special Areas; II Natural Environment Areas; III Lower
Category Natural Environment Areas; IV General Outdoor Recreation Areas; and V Intensive
Use Areas. A buffer zone of about 16,000ha has been added to the south-eastern boundary
and was gazetted in 1977.
Disturbances or Deficiencies The eastern boundary adjoins an expanding project based on
tobacco grown by smallholders. Even though a buffer zone has been added to the parks’
south-eastern boundary, conflicts with wildlife still persist. In order to control movements of
large herbivores from the park into adjacent farmland, the 8km solar-powered electric fence in
the buffer zone should be extended along the entire southern and eastern park boundaries.
There is some poaching of elephant for ivory.
Visitor Facilities There are about 4,000 visitors annually. Facilities in the park include
accommodation at Lifupa Lodge or a fixed-tent site, and about 120km of game-viewing
tracks. There is a landing strip for light aircraft near the administration camp. There are rock
paintings at two sites in the Solonje Hills.
Scientific Research A survey, supported by WWF/IUCN Project 1665, was carried out in
1981/82 to assess the status of elephant populations in the park, in Nkhotakota Game Reserve
and Malawi in general. The project formed part of the general research programme of the
Wildlife Research Institute of the Malawi Department of National Parks and Wildlife.
Research involved population dynamics as well as monitoring mortality from poaching, crop
protection, shooting and natural factors. Additional research looked at spatial distribution
changes and social organisation within the population. Methods were also tested on the use of
elephant droppings to estimate numbers, distribution and age structure. Such methods are
cheaper and more suitable than aerial surveys in forest or mountainous country. Research on
elephant browsing on Brachystegia woodland was carried out in conjunction with the Wildlife
Research Unit Woodland Monitoring programme. The main current research is in archaeology.
Special Scientific Facilities None
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Principal Reference Material
Bell, R.H.V. (1981). An outline of a management plan for Kasungu National Park, Malawi.
In: Problems in management of locally abundant wild mammals. Jewell, P.A., Holt, S. and
Hard, D. (Eds). Academic Press, New York. Pp. 69-89.
° Clarke, J.E. (1983). Protected areas master plan for the Central Region. Department of
National Parks and Wildlife, Lilongwe.
° Elephants of Malawi. WWF Monthly Report January 1983: 377-379.
° IUCN/WWF Project No. 1665. Ecology of the Elephant in Kasungu National park, Malawi.
° Savory, R. and Moore, G. (1972). A survey of the possibilities of sward improvement in
Kasungu Game Park. Bunda College of Agriculture, University of Malawi.
Staff 1984 - 28 full-time and 41 temporary workers
Budget 1976/1977 financial year: US$78,500 allocated by the Government for development
and a similar amount for recurrent expenditure. WWF Funding in 1982 - US$873 (total since
1981 - US$11,862). 1983/1984: about US$50,000
Local Park or Reserve Administration Parks and Wildlife Officer, Kasungu National Park, PO
Box 43, Kasungu.
Date 1985
LAKE MALAWI NATIONAL PARK
Management Category II (National Park)
World Heritage Site (criteria: ii, iii, iv)
Biogeographical Province 3.29.14 (Lake Malawi)
Legal Protection The park protects several disjunct terrestrial areas and all lake waters within
100m of these areas.
Date Established 24 December 1980, under the National Parks Act. Most of the area was
previously classified in forest reserves; some of the islands have been protected since 1934.
Geographical Location On and around Nankumba Peninsula at the southern end of Lake
Malawi, including Boadzulu, Maleri and other offshore islands, Mwenya and Nkhudzi Hills,
and Nkhudzi Spit and including a 100m strip of water around these land areas. Approximately
centred 14°02’S, 34°53’E.
Altitude Up to 1,140m
Area 9,400ha
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The Nankumba Peninsula, projects into Lake Malawi, and has poor soils
susceptible to erosion. Cape Maclear at the north of the peninsula is an area of steep wooded
rocky hills, predominantly composed of biotite-granite. In general, the hills rise steeply from
the lakeshore but there are a number of sandy bays including a fine beach in the
Chembe-Otter Point area. The lake is unique, forming a separate biogeographical province. It
is estimated to be between one and two million years old. By virtue of its tropical setting,
Lake Malawi is permanently stratified, having a warm epilimnion overlying a cooler
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Malawi
hypolimnion. Lake water is remarkably clear. The lake experiences marked seasonal variations
in wind, temperature and rainfall. Water level fluctuates according to season with a long-term
cycle of fluctuation over years, recent years having seen increases to the highest levels since
recording began (probably due to increased rainfall and forest clearing on the high plateau).
All islands are entirely, or mainly, of rock separated from one another and from the mainland
by sandy plains and deep water. Habitat types vary from rocky shorelines to sandy beaches
and from wooded hillsides to swamps and lagoons. Mean annual temperature is 27°C. Annual
rainfall averages 500mm, but is very variable.
Vegetation The terrestrial areas of the park, excluding the smallest islands, were once heavily
wooded. Originally, this was a characteristic community containing baobab Adansonia digitata
and several species of Ficus, Sterculia, Khaya, and Albizia . The ground flora has not been
studied in depth. Due to clearing of the forest, some woodland areas have been altered to
shrubby vegetation.The upper slopes are covered by escarpment Brachystegia dominated
by B. glaucescens.
Fauna Lake Malawi contains the largest number of fish species of any lake in the world -
probably over 500 from ten families with perhaps half occurring in the park area. Endemism
is high (thought to exceed 90%) and adaptive radiation and speciation within the lake is
remarkable. Particularly noteworthy are the Cichlidae of which all but five of over 400 species
are endemic to Lake Malawi. The lake contains 30% of all known cichlid species (Ribbink et
al. 1983). Of particular interest are the ’mbuna’ rock fish. More than 70% of the mbuna are
undescribed and the taxonomic affinities of many are uncertain. Other fish species include 28
endemic to the lake. Mammals include: hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius,
leopard Panthera pardus (T), greater kudu Tragelaphus Strepsiceros,
bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, zebra Equus burchelli, klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus,
impala Aepyceros melampus, grey duiker Sylvicapra grimmia, chacma baboon Papio ursinus,
vervet monkey Cercopithecus aethiops, bush pig Potamochoerus porcus occasional
elephant Loxodonta africana (T)(reported as coming down to the lake between the Mwemya
and Nkhudzi Hills). The varied birdlife includes: fish eagle Haliaeetus vocifer along the
shoreline. The islands, especially Mumbo and Boadzulu, are important nesting areas for several
thousand white-breasted cormorant Phalacrocorax lucidus. Reptiles include:
crocodile Crocodylus niloticus (V) and abundant water monitor lizards Varanus niloticus on
Boadzulu Island. A list of snakes is given in Tweddle (1984).
Conservation Management The management plan is being implemented. As part of the
preparation of the plan, a special study of the area was carried out to assess the impact of the
park on the local population, including a comprehensive review of the resources. There are
plans to plant trees in a 1,200ha section in the south of the peninsula to supply fuelwood and
poles to local people.
Zoning A managed fishing zone is to be established off the mainland incorporating some
islands within the park, but trawling will be prohibited. Conservation zones are proposed
around the park. The management plan details four zones within the park: Special Zone,
Wilderness Zone, Natural Zone and General Zone. Most of the terrestrial area is in the Natural
or Wilderness Zones and the lacustrine area is in the Special Zone.
Disturbances or Deficiencies Although there are no human settlements within the boundaries,
much of the lakeshore is heavily populated. Villages on the peninsula (population of about
5,400 in 1977) are cut off between the park and the lake and local people are dependent on
fishing for a livelihood as the soil is poor and crop failure frequency is about 50%. The
brightly coloured ’mbuna’ provide a substantial export trade to collectors. The clearing of
timber for building, firewood and cultivation has increased (particularly on Nankoma Island,
part of Mumbo Island, around Chembe village and the Mwenya and Nkhudzi Hills). The
unsightly and unplanned visitor shacks at Cape Maclear will be removed when a new lodge is
built. The lake is polluted by powerboats at Cape Maclear. Because of the limnological aspects
of the lake, should it be contaminated, the renewal time would be in the order of 1,700 years.
The size of water area of the park is only 700ha (0.04% of total lake area) and it is recognised
that the integrity of the park can only be ensured by the proper management of the whole lake.
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Visitor Facilities There is some tourist development within the boundaries. Several small
hotels are planned which will be designed to blend in with the environment. The recreation
site at Cape Maclear is heavily used and includes a resthouse, bar, caravan and camping site.
Scientific Research There are research and monitoring programmes. Research has
concentrated on the fish, mainly by the Department of Fisheries which has its research
headquarters near the park at Monkey Bay.
Special Scientific Facilities No information
Principal Reference Material
° Clarke, J.E. (1983). Protected areas masterplan for the Southern Region. Department of
National Parks and Wildlife, Lilongwe.
° Croft, Trevor A. (1981). Lake Malawi: A Case Study in Conservation Planning. Parks Vol 6,
No. 3. Pp. 7-11.
° IUCN/WWF Project 1983. Malawi, Conservation of threatened island community in the
Lake Malawi National Park.
° Lake Malawi National Park Master Plan, August 1981. Department of National Parks and
Wildlife, Lilongwe.
° Ribbink, A.J. Marsh, A.C., Ribbinck, A.C. and Sharp, B.J. (1983). A preliminary survey of
the cichlid fish of the rocky habitats of Malawi. African Journal of Zoology Vol. 18 (3):
149-310.
° Tweddle, D. (1984). Snakes of the Lake Malawi National Park. Nyala 10(1): 43-44.
Staff 1984 - five full-time and seven temporary workers
Budget Annual budget of US$ 50,000
Local Park or Reserve Administration Parks and Wildlife Officer, Lake Malawi National
Park, PO Box 48, Monkey Bay.
Date 1985
LENGWE NATIONAL PARK
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.07.04 (Miombo Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established | Established as a game reserve in 1928. National park status in 1970.
Extended in 1975.
Geographical Location About 80km south of Blantyre, west of the Shire River, extending
along the Mozambique border. Centred at 16°15’S, 34°45’E.
Altitude 130-393m
Area 88,700ha; near Majete Game Reserve (64,000ha) to the north
Land Tenure Government
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Malawi
Physical Features The park is composed of three physiographic units: a gently undulating
area sloping up to the watershed between the Shire and Zambezi Rivers; extensive plains of
alluvial deposits; and seasonally flooded depressions or ’dambos’ along drainage lines. Late in
the dry season, water is only available at four artificial waterholes (Main, North Thicket, Joss
and Makanga) and even these dry up at times. The extension includes an area of rough stony
country. Daily temperatures often exceed 35°C during September to May and may occasionally
be experienced in cooler months. Annual rainfall is about 800m, but extremely variable.
Vegetation The vegetation is dominated by mopane woodland Colophospermum mopane in the
south and ’miombo’ woodland of Brachystegia and Combretum spp. in the north with tall
grasses. The most important plant communities for wildlife are the dry deciduous thickets
of Pterocarpus antunesii and Lecaniodiscus fraxinifolius, particularly for nyala antelope. Only
a small area of this forest, which once extended intermittently from Chiromo in the south to
Mangochi in the north, now remains. Several sandstone ridges support a taller woodland
of Pterocarpus angolensis and Afzelia quanzensis.
Fauna Mammals recorded include: samango monkey Cercopithecus albogularis, vervet
monkey Cercopithecus aethiops, chacma baboon Papio ursinus, spotted hyena Crocuta crocuta,
side-striped jackal Canis adustus, leopard Panthera pardus (T), warthog Phacochoerus
aethiopicus and bush pig Potamochoerus porcus. The park is one of two areas in Malawi in
which nyala antelope Tragelaphus angasi occur at their northern limit of distribution. Other
ungulates include buffalo Syncerus caffer, bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, greater
kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros, duiker Sylvicapra grimmia, Livingstone’s suni Neotragus
moschatus_ livingstonianus, Lichtenstein’s hartebeest Alcelaphus lichtensteini, Sharpe’s
grysbok Raphicerus sharpei, impala Aepyceros melampus, and some sable antelope Hippotragus
niger. The park contains a striking assortment of lowland tropical birds, including crested
guineafowl Guttera edouardi, Rudd’s apalis Apalis ruddi (the subspecies caniciridis is endemic
to Malawi) and Woodward’s batis Batis fratrum (both uncommon and may become threatened),
crested francolin Francolinus sephaena, and mouse-coloured sunbird Nectarinia veroxii (both
confined within Malawi to this park).
Conservation Management Before 1975, emphasis was on the conservation of nyala. The
park extension should make adequate provision for many other species. Population growth of
nyala is such that culling is necessary. Several artificial waterholes were constructed in 1967
and 13km of fencing has been erected but more will be necessary.
Zoning The area is zoned according to the five land-use classes developed by the Canadian
National Parks Service: Class I Special Areas; II Natural Environment Areas; III Lower
Category Natural Environment Areas; IV General Outdoor Recreation Areas; and V Intensive
Use Areas.
Disturbances or Deficiencies The park is almost surrounded by agricultural schemes including
a major sugar production project and there is no buffer zone. Poaching is a problem in certain
areas. Fires and overgrazing by nyala are destroying the habitat of thicket birds like
Woodward’s batis and Rudd’s apalis.
Visitor Facilities An educational field centre was established in 1976/77 by the National
Fauna Preservation Society of Malawi. Game-viewing hides have been built overlooking the
artificial pans.
Scientific Research There is a permanent research officer working on the nyala and _ their
effect on habitats and other species. The National Fauna Preservation Society began a ’census’
of nyala and other species in 1967. An annual count is now carried out which provides an
index to population changes.
Special Scientific Facilities No information
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Principal Reference Material
Anon. (1982). The Lengwe National Park Game Count. Nyala 8(2): 102.
° Bell, R.H.V. (1981). Notes on Nyala and discussion of management options. Report to the
Malawi Government. 35 pp.
° Bell, R.H.V. and Dudley, C.O. (1982). Two methods of estimating nyala Tragelaphus angasi
populations in Lengwe National Park, Malawi. Nyala 8(2): 63-68.
° Clarke, J.E. (1983). Protected areas masterplan for the Southern Region. Department of
National Parks and Wildlife, Lilongwe.
° Habgood, F. (1963). The geology of the country west of the Shire River between Chikwawa
and Chiromo. Geol. Survey Dept, Bull. 14.
° Hall-Martin, A.J. (1970). Report on the Lengwe and Mwabvi Game Reserves in relation to
land use of the Lower Shire Valley. Wildlife Research Unit, Kasungu. Unpublished.
° Hutson, J. (1977). The Lengwe Game Counts 1967-1977. Nyala 3(2): 14-25.
Staff 1984 - 24 full-time and up to 4] temporary workers
Budget 1983/1984: About US$28,400
Local Park or Reserve Administration Parks and Wildlife Officer, Lengwe National Park, PO
Box 25, Chikwawa.
Date 1985
LIWONDE NATIONAL PARK
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.07.04 (Miombo Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established May 1973
Geographical Location Located on the upper Shire River plain, east of the river, 140km
north of Limbe. 14°50’S, 35°20’E.
Altitude 472-961m
Area 54,800ha; there is a 7,450ha extension (1972) which provides a corridor for elephant to
Mangochi Forest Reserve
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The park is geographically well defined, being bounded on the west by the
Shire River and Lake Malombe, and on the other sides by hills and ridges. The topography is a
gentle slope upward from the river, broken only by two isolated groups of hills. Mean annual
temperature on the plain is 13°C, with extremes of 7°C and 39°C. Mean annual rainfall is
650-2250mm.
Vegetation A series of seven main vegetation types occurs up the gentle slopes of the Shire
River, the most widespread being mopane woodland Colophospermum mopane with short grass.
There are also areas of mopane, Acacia and Albizia with high quality tall grasses. The shore of
Lake Malombe and the margins of the Shire have typical riverine and floodplain vegetation
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intergrading with small areas of gallery forest, palm savanna of Hyphaene ventricosa, and
woodland savanna.
Fauna’ Early reports suggested an abundance of game in the area, but this is now much
reduced although nearly all species are still present. Mammals include: lion Panthera leo,
leopard Panthera pardus (T), elephant Loxodonta africana (T)(about 200 recorded in 1983 but
thought to be declining), hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius (stable population), greater
kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros, reedbuck Redunca arundinum, impala Aepyceros melampus,
waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, Lichtenstein’s hartebeest Alcelaphus _ lichtensteini,
oribi Ourebia ourebi, bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, grey duiker Sylvicapra grimmia, Sharpe’s
grysbok Raphicerus sharpei, klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus, and large numbers of sable
antelope Hippotragus niger. There are now only a few crocodile Crocodylus niloticus (V) in the
river. It is proposed to reintroduce the race of wildebeest Connochaetes taurinus johnstonii
which used to occur in Malawi although the area is outside this species’ past distribution and
the habitat may be unsuitable. A preliminary bird checklist records 207 species including the
Nyasa lovebird Agapornis lilianae (rare in Malawi), and many aquatic species (Stead, 1979).
Zoning The area is zoned according to the five land-use classes developed by the Canadian
National Parks Service: Class I Special Areas; II Natural Environment Areas; III Lower
Category Natural Environment Areas; IV General Outdoor Recreation Areas; and V Intensive
Use Areas.
Disturbances or Deficiencies The park originally included only the east bank of the Shire
River and was vulnerable to insensitive use. However, it is planned to extend the boundary to
include the entire river. Periodic closure of Liwonde Barrage, immediately downstream of the
park, floods substantial areas for varying periods but the ecological impact of this is not yet
clear.
Visitor Facilities It is planned to open the park to the public for day visits only. There is
(1980) a visitor’s camp near Makanga.
Scientific Research The Liwonde Research Project was set up in 1974 by the University of
Malawi to carry out a detailed survey of the plants and animals with descriptions of population
dynamics.
Special Scientific Facilities An Ecological Research and Monitoring field station is planned.
Principal Reference Material
* Clarke, J.E. (1983). Protected areas masterplan for the Southern Region. Department of
National Parks and Wildlife, Lilongwe.
° Hall-Martin, A.J. (1969). An ecological review of the Liwonde area, Kasupe District and
recommendations on the proposal to create a National Park in the area. Unpublished
Departmental typescript.
* IUCN/WWF Project No. 1665. Elephants of Malawi. WWF Monthly Report January 1983:
377-379.
* Stead, D.E. (1979). Liwonde National Park Part II - the birds. Nyala 5(1): 12-27.
* Stead, D. and Dudley, C. (1977). Liwonde National Park Part II - the mammals. Nyala 3(2):
29-38.
* Sweeney, R.C.H. (1959). A checklist of the mammals of Nyasaland. Nyasaland Society,
Malawi.
Staff 1977 - 10 full-time and up to 30 temporary workers
Budget 1976/1977 financial year - US$41,000 allocated by the Government to the park
development and a similar amount to cover recurrent expenditure.
Local Park or Reserve Administration Senior Game Warden, Liwonde National Park, Private
Bag 18, Kasupe.
Date 1983
878:
IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
NYIKA NATIONAL PARK
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.20.12 (Central African Highlands)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 1 January 1966 under the Game Ordinance (also known as Malawi National
Park). Part of the area was previously a non-hunting area. Extended from 93,000ha on 5 June
1978.
Geographical Location On Nyika Plateau in northern Malawi, about 480km by road north of
Lilongwe and 35km west of Livingstonia. Extending along part of the Zambia border.
10°20’-11°00’S, 33°30’-34°00’E.
Altitude 600-2,606m
Area 313,400ha. About 10km from Vwaza Marsh Game Reserve. Borders some 20km of the
Nyika National Park, Zambia (8,000ha).
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The park lies on a roughly ovoid plateau, with a long north-east to
south-west axis, which forms part of the western margin of the East African Rift Valley
system. Structurally, the plateau comprises a large intrusion of granite forced into sediments of
the Malinga series with several blocks of metamorphosed sediments and younger dolerite
intrusions. The area is one of the most important water catchments in Malawi and contains the
sources of four large rivers which drain into Lake Malawi, including the North Rukuru which
enters the lake at Karonga. Soils are rather poor and tend to be acidic. Temperatures range
from below 0°C in winter (June/July) to over 21°C in summer. Mean annual rainfall is
1140mm.
Vegetation Ninety percent of the plateau over 1,800m is covered by short open grassland
dominated by Loudetia simplex, red oat grass Themeda triandra and Exotheca abyssinica.
Relict evergreen forest covers an estimated 2-4% occurring mainly on valley heads, valley
slopes and in hollows. Lower elevations are dominated by mixed Brachystegia woodland and
some game migrates to these areas during the cold dry season. The Nyika is one of several
highland areas in Central Africa which are remarkable for the high level of local plant
speciation. Fifteen endemic species have been reported in the area, but this is thought to be an
underestimate. A genus of orchid Cardiochilos is thought to be endemic to the plateau.
Several species which occur here are at the extreme south of their range, including Hagenia
abyssinica.
Fauna Mammals in the park include: leopard Panthera pardus (T), lion Panthera leo, spotted
hyena Crocuta crocuta, side-striped jackal Canis adustus, samango monkey Cercopithecus
albogularis, vervet monkey Cercopithecus aethiops, zebra Equus burchelli,
warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus, reedbuck Redunca arundinum, bushbuck Tragelaphus
scriptus, greater kudu Tragelaphus_ strepsiceros, eland Taurotragus oryx, common
duiker Sylvicapra grimmia, roan antelope Hippotragus equinus, red duiker Cephalophus
natalensis harveyi, Lichtenstein’s hartebeest Alcelaphus lichtensteini, klipspringer Oreotragus
oreotragus, and puku Kobus vardoni (only vagrants). Fewer than 50 elephants Loxodonta
africana (T) have been recorded in the park and numbers are decreasing. Birds include
red-winged francolin Francolinus levaillantii, wattled crane Bugeranus carunculatus (of special
concern), Denham’s bustard Neolis cafra jacksoni and seven species rare in Malawi, including
churring cisticola Cisticola njombe, mountain yellow warbler Chloropeta similis and mountain
marsh wydah Euplectes hartlaubi psammocromius. More details of the birds are given in
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Dowsett-Lemaire (1983). The upper South Rukuru contains several fish Barbus and Clarias
spp., which do not occur elsewhere in Lake Malawi rivers. There are also several sub-species
of reptiles, amphibians and butterflies endemic to the area.
Conservation Management There is a management plan, but staff and resources are below
that required. The park was extended and more effectively patrolled to enable the Malawian
Government to execute control over the large network of waterways, inhibit erosion, and
reduce poaching. Burning is used as a management tool.
Zoning Zoning is proposed in the 1975/1976 Master Plan according to the five land-use
classes developed by the Canadian National Parks Service: Class I Special Areas; II Natural
Environment Areas; III Lower Category Natural Environment Areas; IV General Outdoor
Recreation Area; and V Intensive Use Areas. Not yet implemented.
Disturbances or Deficiencies The greatest threat is wildfire originating in and outside the
park. Protection of the remaining forest patches from these annual burns is a critical problem.
There is poaching, especially in the dry season. Four major streams (Chilinda, Rumphi,
Runyina and North Rukuru) and three dams near Chelinda have been stocked with rainbow
trout and fishing is permitted under licence from 1 September to 30 April.
Scientific Research There is a permanent wildlife research officer and a general monitoring
programme.
Special Scientific Facilities An office with minimal equipment, reference books and
specimens was reported in 1977, but no recent information is available. A research laboratory
was planned at Chilinda.
Principal Reference Material
° Chapman, J.D. and White, F. (1970). The evergreen forests of Malawi. Commonwealth
Forestry Institute, Oxford.
° Clarke, J.E. (1983). Protected areas master plan for the Northern Region. Department of
National Parks and Wildlife, Lilongwe.
Dowsett-Lemaire, F. (1983). Ecological and territorial requirements of montane forest birds
on the Nyika Plateau, south-central Africa. Gerfaut 73: 345-378.
° Lemon, Paul C. (1964). Natural Communities of Malawi National Park (Nyika Plateau).
Government Printer, Zomba., Malawi. 70 pp.
° Lemon, Paul C. (1964). The Nyika Wildlife. Nyasaland Journal 17 (July): 19-41.
° Mill, T.A. (1979). Resource inventory and management plan for Nyika National Park,
Malawi. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Calgary.
° Tweddle, D. (1981). The fishes of the Malawi northern region Game Reserves. Nyala 7(2):
99-108.
° Wye College (1973). Final Report on area north of Nyika Plateau. Wye College, Malawi
Project 1972, London University. 151 pp.
Staff 1984 - 38 full time and 48 temporary workers
Budget 1983/1984 - US$42,512
Local Park or Reserve Administration Senior Parks and Wildlife Officer, Nyika National
Park, Private Bag 6, Rumphi.
Date April 1985
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MAJETE GAME RESERVE
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.07.04 (Miombo Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 1955 (Boundaries extended in 1976 to present area)
Geographical Location Southern Malawi on the west bank of the Shire River, just north of
Chikwawa. Approximately 16°00’S, 34°45’E.
Altitude 150-856m, average 300m
Area 78,400ha. Near Lengwe National Park (12,800ha; extension to 90,720ha planned).
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The reserve lies on a sloping area of the rift valley floor at the point where
the rift descends from the middle Shire Valley at about 450m to the lower Shire Valley at
100m. The western half of the reserve is hilly, with large rocky outcrops and steep faulted
valleys. The eastern half slopes gently towards the south-east towards the Shire River and is
dissected by small sand rivers and gullies. Surface water is very scarce in the dry season, being
confined to a few small seepages and the Shire and Mkurumadzi Rivers at the eastern
boundary. At the south-east corner of the reserve the Shire River goes over the spectacular
Kalpichila (Livingstone) Falls.
Vegetation The western hills are covered by tall closed woodlands dominated by Brachystegia
boehmii and Julbernardia globiflora with narrow riverine forest strips in the larger valleys.
The eastern slopes support a short open woodland of Terminalia, Combretum and Sclerocarya,
leading to a tall parkland of SclerocaryaAdansonia near the Shire. The grass is tall throughout
the reserve and is subject to fierce fires which are not followed by regrowth because of the
stony soils.
Fauna’ There are small populations of elephant Loxodonta africana (T) (about 100 use the
reserve at times and this population is probably stable), eland Taurotragus oryx, greater
kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros, waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, sable antelope Hippotragus
niger, reedbuck Redunca arundinum, and occasional Lichtenstein’s hartebeest Alcelaphus
lichtensteini. There are some leopard Panthera pardus and crocodile Crocodylus sp.
Conservation Management There is a waterhole in the Pwadzi stream by a sub-surface dam
which was constructed by the National Fauna Preservation Society in 1952.
Zoning Different zoning schemes have been suggested by Bell (1964) and Carter (1985). At
present the river frontage is zoned for tourism and wilderness trails and the eastern slopes are
used for hunting.
Disturbances or Deficiencies There is a high level of trespass and minor illegal activity, but
poaching of major species such as elephant is slight.
Visitor Facilities There is an unfurnished chalet available at Mkurumadzi camp, overlooking
the Shire and a picnic and camp site at the Kapichila Falls. The system of tracks is limited and
can only be used in the dry season and plans to extend these are given in Carter (1985).
Scientific Research A comprehensive preliminary survey was carried out by Bell (1984) in
1983. A study is now being made of the impact of elephant on woodland by Brian Sherry.
Special Scientific Facilities No information
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Malawi
Principal Reference Material
° Bell, R.H.V. (1984). Majete Game Reserve; report of an ulendo (trek) and suggestions for
management and utilisation. Report to the Malawi Government. 63 pp.
° Carter, J.R. (1985). Tourism master plan.
° Clarke, J.E. (1983). Protected areas masterplan for the Southern Region. Department of
National Parks and Wildlife, Lilongwe.
° IUCN/WWF Project No. 1665. Elephants of Malawi. WWF Monthly Report January 1983:
377-379.
Staff 1985 - seven game scouts plus four porters stationed at four camps, plus a game ranger
stationed at Lengwe camp 30km away.
Budget About US$5000 plus occasional funds from the National Fauna Preservation Society.
Local Park or Reserve Administration Senior Parks and Wildlife Officer, P.O. Box 5599,
Limbe.
Date 1985
MWABVI GAME RESERVE
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.07.04 (Miombo Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Partial
Date Established 1951. Reduced in size by about 60% in 1982.
Geographical Location In the extreme south of Malawi, just north of Chiromo and west of
the Shire River. Centred 16°40’S, 35°05’E.
Altitude 100-300m
Area 10,400ha (originally declared as 34,000ha)
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The reserve lies on the edge of the rift valley. The terrain is very broken
with gullies, small hills and steep sided rock outcrops. There are some relatively flat dambos,
and the reserve is drained by tributaries of the Thangadzi River, which is seasonal. Several
waterholes persist in the dry season. Rainfall is about 750mm per year. Mean monthly
temperatures vary between 20°C (June and July) and 28°C (October and November).
Vegetation This includes dry deciduous thickets, Colophospermum mopane woodland,
woodlands on fertile areas with species including Adansonia, Cordyla and Acacia, and Acacia
nigrescens woodland/savanna with high quality tall grasses.
Fauna_ The reserve is one of only two remaining areas in Malawi for nyala Tragelaphus
angasi. Other mammals include sable antelope Hippotragus niger (reported to be decreasing),
greater kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros (possibly decreasing), reedbuck Redunca arundinum,
suni Neotragus moschatus (rare in Malawi), a small population of impala Aepyceros melampus
and occasionally Lichtenstein’s hartebeest Alcelaphus lichtensteini, black rhinoceros Diceros
bicornis (T), and samango monkey Cercopithecus albogularis.
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Zoning No information
Disturbances or Deficiencies There has been de-gazettement of 60% of the reserve with
return of settlement. There is poaching, and law enforcement is difficult due to lack of funds.
Visitor Facilities The road system is poor, but research groups occasionally visit and there are
limited facilities.
Scientific Research Limited studies by the Department of Fisheries and some outside agencies.
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
° Bell, R.H.V. (1981). Notes on Nyala and discussion of management options. Report to the
Malawi Government. 35 pp.
° Bell, R.H.V. and Dudley, C.O. (1982). Two methods of estimating nyala Tragelaphus angasi
populations in Lengwe National Park, Malawi. Nyala 8(2): 63-68.
° Clarke, J.E. (1983). Protected areas masterplan for the Southern Region. Department of
National Parks and Wildlife, Lilongwe.
° Ridding, C.J. (1975). Report on Mwabvi Game Reserve, Southern Malawi. Report to the
Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Lilongwe.
Staff 1984: seven full-time and five temporary workers
Budget Managed within the budget of Lengwe National Park
Local Park or Reserve Administration Parks and Wildlife Officer, Lengwe National Park,
P.O. Box 25, Chikwawa.
Date April 1985
NKHOTA-KOTA GAME RESERVE
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.20.12 (Central African Highlands)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 1930; extended in 1970
Geographical Location Central Malawi, on the escarpment west of Lake Malawi.
Approximately 13°00’S, 34°00°E.
Altitude 550-1638m
Area 180,200ha
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The reserve is on the escarpment between the Kasungu plain on the
pre-Cambrian Central African Plateau and the plain around Lake Malawi. This fualt scarp runs
the whole length of the reserve from north to south.The upper part of the reserve consists of a
dissected plateau with deep faulted valleys. There are some large hills, including Chipata
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Malawi
Mountain (1,638m), an ancient igneous plug. The lower part of the reserve consists of rugged
topography with many small valleys and streams. The reserve is bisected by the rocky valley
of the Bua River and the northern boundary is marked by the steep gorge of the Dwangwa
River. There is a plentiful supply of water by many clear permanent rivers, streams, and
springs.
Vegetation The vegetation is predominantly miombo Brachystegia-Julbernardia woodland of
the escarpment variety, taller and closed in the uplands, shorter and more open in the
lowlands. The major valleys contain tall grass savanna with Terminalia, Combretum,
Piliostigma etc. with montane forest on the slopes of Chipata.
Fauna Mammals include: lion Panthera leo, leopard P. pardus (T), elephant Loxodonta
africana (T)(about 300 recorded in 1983 but thought to be decreasing), zebra Equus burchelli,
sable antelope Hippotragus niger, roan antelope Hippotragus equinus, bushbuck Tragelaphus
Scriptus, greater kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros, eland Taurotragus oryx, reedbuck Redunca
arundinum, waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, Lichtenstein’s hartebeest Alcelaphus lichtensteini,
impala Aepyceros melampus, and samango monkey Cercopithecus albogularis. Black
rhinoceros Diceros bicornis (T) have not been recorded since the 1960s and are probably extinct.
Conservation Management Firebreaks have been maintained around Chipata mountain.
Zoning Plans for zoning are given in Clarke (1963) and Carter (1985).
Disturbances or Deficiencies There is some poaching, particularly of fish. Development has
been delayed by lack of funds.
Visitor Facilities | There is an unfinished rondavel house available to visitors on request at
Chipata camp. Sport fishing for mpasa Opsaridium microleptis (a migratory fish which spawns
in the Bua river) has been opened on a trial basis.
Scientific Research In 1980, a study to examine the basic ecology of the area was initiated.
There has also been work done on the impact of elephant browsing on Brachystegia woodland.
The Wildlife Research Unit, based at Kasungu National Park, has carried out a number of
surveys since 1980 on a wide variety of topics including an elephant census by counting
droppings in 1981 (Jachmann, 1984),
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
° Carter, J.M. (1985). Tourism Master Plan.
° Clarke, J.E. (1983). Protected areas master plan for the Central Region. Department of
National Parks and Wildlife, Lilongwe.
° TUCN/WWF Project No. 1665. Elephants of Malawi. WWF Monthly Report January 1983:
377-379.
° Jachmann, H. (1984). Assessment of elephant numbers by means of droppiung counts on
tracks and its use in the Nkhotakota Game Reserve, Malawi. Nyala 10(1): 33-38.
Staff 1985 - one game ranger, 15 game scouts, and eight porters
Budget About US$10,000 per annum
Local Park or Reserve Administration Senior Parks and Wildlife Officer, PO Box 65,
Lilongwe.
Date April 1985
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VWAZA MARSH GAME RESERVE
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.20.12 (Central African Highlands)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 1977 by Government Notice 33. Previously a controlled area.
Geographical Location Northern Malawi on the border with Zambia, south-west of Nyika
Plateau. Approximately 11°00’S, 33°20°E.
Altitude About 1,000m
Area 100,000ha; about 10km from Nyika National Park (304,385ha)
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The reserve is at the foot of Nyika Plateau, from where the marsh derives
most of its waters.
Vegetation Vwaza marsh occupies about 10% of the reserve. It consists of swamp grassland
with woody plants restricted to thickets on termite mounds perched above seasonal floodlevels.
Surrounding the marsh are extensive Brachystegia woodlands with Colophospermum mopane (at
the extreme northern limit of its range). There is also deciduous thicket, Piliostigma/Acacia
tree savanna and some areas of secondary immature woodland, particularly along the pediments
facing the South Rukuru river. There are also large areas of dense Landolphia thicket in the
south-east of the reserve.
Fauna Mammals include: elephant Loxodonta africana (T) (about 300 recorded in 1983 but
thought to be decreasing), lion Panthera leo and leopard Panthera pardus, buffalo Syncerus
caffer, hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, sable antelope Hippotragus niger, roan
antelope Hippotragus equinus, Lichtenstein’s hartebeest Alcelaphus _ lichtensteini,
eland Taurotragus oryx, greater kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros, reedbuck Redunca arundinum,
impala Aepyceros melampus a few waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, and puku Kobus vardoni.
Species composition of fish fauna is listed by Tweddle (1981).
Conservation Management There has been a recent upgrading of law enforcement in the
reserve.
Zoning Plans for zoning are given in Clarke (1983) and Carter (1985).
Disturbances or Deficiencies Since the reserve was gazetted in 1977, the majority of the
human population has been relocated with compensation. However, a number of small
settlements remain within the reserve, notably in the Mowa salient in the west. Negotiations
are in progress to complete their removal. There is considerable pressure on the eastern
boundary and there are negotiations to re-align the boundary to reduce pressure points. Vwaza
is subject to a great deal of illegal activity, including hunting of elephant and other wildlife,
fishing and timber extraction. Previously, about 25 elephant were killed per year, but in 1984,
this had declined to 15. There is a dense tsetse fly population and is a focus of human sleeping
sickness as well as bovine trypanosomiasis.
Scientific Research A preliminary ecological survey of the reserve was carried out in 1979 by
Bell and Mphande (1980). Since 1982 there has been a wildlife research unit at Vwaza headed
by a Peace Corps volunteer. Preliminary results of their work are given in McShane and
McShane-Caluzi (1985). The response of woodland to elephant damage is given in Bell and
McShane (1985).
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Malawi
Special Scientific Facilities _ There is a well-maintained field unit which will continue to
Operate under a Malawian PWO from October 1985. The research unit and offices are at
Thazima, the headquarters of Nyika National Park, 10km from the reserve’s boundary.
Principal Reference Material
° Bell, R.H.V. and Mphande, J.M.B. (1980). Vwaza Marsh Game Reserve; report of survey and
recommendations for management. Report to the Malawi Government. 101 pp.
° Bell, R.H.V. and McShane, T.O. (1985). Tree response to elephant damage. In: Bell, R.H.V.
and McShane-Caluzi, E. (Eds) Conservation and Wildlife Management in Africa. Proceedings
of a workshop organised by the U.S. Peace Corps at Kasungu National Pasrk, Malawi,
October 1984.
° Clarke, J.E. (1983). Protected areas master plan for the Northern Region. Department of
National Parks and Wildlife, Lilongwe.
° IUCN/WWF Project No. 1665. Elephants of Malawi. WWF Monthly Report January 1983:
377-379.
° McShane, T.O. and McShane-Caluzi, E. (1985). Wwaza Marsh Game Reserve, Malawi. In:
Bell and McShane-Caluzi (as above).
° Tweddle, D. (1981). The fishes of the Malawi northern region Game Reserves. Nyala 7(2):
99-108.
Staff One senior game ranger, six game scouts, and four porters. Patrols from Nyika also
work in Vwaza.
Budget About US$10,000 per annum, including salaries
Local Park or Reserve Administration Senior Parks and Wildlife Officer, Thazima Camp,
Private Bag 6, Rumphi.
Date 1985
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we
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Physical Feeterrs The rewmewe wt the Knot of Myihe Plann, from where. tha pe
Noehe okie thier alo eat FINI TOR wot bee .2lvcor siag xiz ene nag, ry
Vegetation Veurs marsh Gocupies chown 10% of the reserve It pror gh :
with woody plant rertricted 4 hackers gebratienecy tui botoasl <3 pleats Aric ales
Surroending the aparsk.are extensive Brochysiegio woodlands with OPE
ese ee Om te tse vcknet~o dusthinsabel aie fe
res s0anG2 (206 poms areas of yroondary Emeagtare woolen, oartioulerigiggy
feckng thé Shuth!Rukerv civer: There ere also darge ertas of dame Landol ptria
sont! - eget of the reserve. ae es
i nen \ ae 14
Faved © Wiamsls-iecloie: elephant Losmd: ante -<a}ricona (T) (abot
‘thoughi 38 be decreasing), Sn ae thera lee and leopard Pontheny pare
caller, Digpopowleies.. Hippe gone fu, able antelone . TaN
snislone Mippeiragus. eqitnny sichtenaia' hartetoest. «
elaad Fewmrages erya, grrater hans 2 Thage aren ofr ey metas: r
-— bpala 4cejcercs swlompeas few wirepieck. hehe «if psipryeus,
Species compenition of {ich fauna 6 rea Sanam, x
- e z Bi ate “<
Conservation Management Thére har teen « racket RES
serigs ahve
Zoning Plass for aieing ere gives io Clarke (4983) eoa-Caner (5985).
Ad APRA
Rictashennen or Defictanclas Since the reserve wel satetted in Ss a“
bun population hus teem relocated with: compensation. However,
dettigments remain witiein the reget, ootibly in the Mowe dnijent im: th
~ are im progress to complete thei removal, There is cogaiderable p
Binadary and. thers are oegotiations to ve-aliga the boundary to reduce ¢
f aubieet to 8 great deal of iiegal activity, inchidiag byuaiing of aliopy
ching and umber eatenction. Previously, rdut 25 slepheat wore willed py
ee had dectined: 15, ‘Then Ley . sre pcume-plemale aay
stock need Ge WAT! 2g Dewar try Lae WA oi) vin all
- et. TaN n $s Mf y eee vie ‘s ,
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Key
National Park
Faunal Reserves
Forest Reserves
Biosphere Reserves
shape unknown
Mauritania
Nafadji #t
HiTalikourou
Kongossambougou*
he oucle du Baoule®
“ere et
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Ivory Coast
Algeria
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Asongo-Menak
Burkina
Faso
MALI
Area 1,204,022 sq.km
Population 7,720,000 (1984)
Parks and Reserves Legislation The current legislation relating to protection of natural
resources has its origins in two decrees promulgated by the French colonial authorities, a
decree of 18 November 1947 which controlled hunting in French overseas territories, and
another of 4 July 1935 which established the forestry regime in French West Africa. Since
independence, these acts have been superceded by Law No. 68-8/AN-RN of February 1968
which sets out the Forestry Code, and Ordinance No. 60/CMLN of 11 November 1969 which
sets out the Hunting Code. Definitions of protected areas originate principally from the
Convention for Protection of African Flora and Fauna (London, 1938), and there are six main
types. National parks are defined as areas where all human intervention is prohibited save that
necessary for management and visitor access. Réserves de faune are areas where all hunting is
forbidden, but in which land uses such as grazing, cultivation, and forestry may be allowed;
Réserves naturelles are areas set aside in which human intervention of any sort is kept to an
absolute minimum, and where particularly strict control is required. Réserve spéciale or
sanctuaire are terms used for areas set aside to protect/conserve particular species or
communities, and where all other activities are subordinate to this aim. It would appear that
the Zone cynégétique is not a legally defined area, but a zone where the Direction nationale des
eaux et foréts aims to facilitate hunting with the provision of tracks and camps. National Parks
and the more strictly controlled reserves are established by individual laws, or equivalent acts,
but other protected areas can be created by a decree from the Council of Ministers. Classified
Forests are basically managed in the same way as réserves de faune (hunting is forbidden)
though control of exploitive activity is likely to be more severe. Other areas may receive
further protection under the Forestry Code.
Parks and Reserves Administration This is the responsibility of the National Parks
Department (Direction des parcs nationaux) which is supervised by the Department of Water
and Forests (Direction générale des eaux et foréts). The Ministry responsible for the parks is
the Ministry of Natural Resources and Animal Husbandry (Ministére des resources naturelles et
de l’élévage). The Forestry Service, also within the Direction générale des eaux et foréts, is
responsible for management of classified forests.
Address
° Direction des parcs nationaux, Direction générale des eaux et foréts, BP 275 Bamako.
Additional Information Mali is one of a number of countries in which drought is a particular
problem. Overgrazing of the resultant poor pastures and destruction of woodland cover for
firewood is leading to serious erosion and desertification. With the clearance of forest the
overall climate in the Sahel is becoming drier and accelerating the desertification process.
The Government of Mali is considering the establishment of a new national park or wildlife
reserve fairly near Bamako. This is partly to compensate for loss of habitat which will be
caused by flooding associated with a new dam on the Bafing River at Mananatali. The area is
not particularly rich in wildlife, but has scenic beauty and is fairly easily accessible. It may
protect the habitat of 50-150 chimpanzee. Apart from this, IUCN/WWF are providing
assistance in the creation and development of reserves in the Niger delta.
References
° IUCN/UNEP (1983). La réparition des aires protégées en fonction des besoins de la
conservation des communautés biotiques de |’Afrique Centrale et de 1’Ouest. Working
Document. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.
° IUCN/WWF Project 3026. Mali, Niger Delta.
° Moison, G. (1969). Aménagement de la faune, des parcs et réserves. Rapport au
gouvernement du Mali. FAO, Rome.
-385-
IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
° Poulton, R. (1983). Cooperation against drought. Geographical Magazine 55(10): 524-532.
° Sanogho, N.N. (1983). La legislation au Mali. In: Rapport de la Session de formation sur
l’aménagement et la gestion des reserves de la biosphere en Afrique soudano-sahelienne.
Comité National Malien du MAB.
° Sayer, M.J. (1975). Aménagement de la faune. Rapport au gouvernement du Mali. FAO,
Rome.
Protected Areas
(hectares)
National Parks
Boucle du Baoule 350,000
Faunal Reserves
Asongo-Menaka 1,750,000
Badinko 193,000
Elephant 1,200,000
Fina 136,000
Kenie-Baoule 67,500
Kongossambougou 92,000
Sounsan 37,600
Subtotal 3,476,100
Forest Reserves
Banifing-Baoule 13,000
Bossofola 12,000
Faya 80,000
Nafadji 43,000
Talikourou 13,900
Subtotal 161,900
Biosphere Reserves
Parc national de la Boucle du Baoule (etc) 771,000
PARC NATIONAL DE LA BOUCLE DU BAOULE AND ASSOCIATED RESERVES
Management Category II, IV and IX (National Park, Managed Nature Reserve and Biosphere
Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.04.04 (West African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Protection is not complete within the reserves, where some traditional
practices are still allowed.
Date Established Boucle du Baoulé was protected as a Reserve in 1950 and established as a
National Park in 1953. The Badinko Reserve was established in 1951-1952, Fina Reserve in
1954, and Koungossambougou Reserve in 1955. The park, and all three reserves, were
accepted as a Biosphere Reserve in June 1982.
Geographical Location On the Baoulé River approximately 200km north-west of Bamako in
western Mali. 13°45’-14°23’N, 8°23’-9°25’W.
Altitude 300m
-386-
Mali
Area Boucle du Baoulé Biosphere Reserve (771,000ha); Boucle du Baoulé National Park
(350,000ha); Fina Faunal Reserve (136,000ha); Badinko Faunal Reserve (193,000ha), and
Koungossambougou Faunal Reserve (92,000ha).
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The main part of the area is made up of the hard, horizontally bedded
Ordovician sandstone of the Madingue Plateau. This rock has been weathered and eroded to.
form inselbergs with almost vertical sides, rising 200m above the surrounding area, steep
rubble slopes, piedmonts covered with sediment, and. canyons whose walls overlook the alluvial
river beds below. There are also mudstones of marine origin, schists, permeable sandstones and
dolomite. The area also contains a broad alluvial belt which is a relic of the geological period
when the upper Niger drained through the Baoulé into the Senegal River. The mean annual
temperature is 29.7°C and the mean annual precipitation 950mm, falling between June and
October.
Vegetation The reserves contain three biogeographical zones: 1) the sudano-guinean zone to
the south, characterised by a tree layer particularly of Combretaceae and Acacia spp. and a
grass layer made up mainly of annual grass species; 2) the Sahelian zone to the north
characterised by spiny vegetation adapted to xeric conditions and a sparse grass cover; 3) and
the riverine forest bordering the Baoulé River, which is very dense and contains many creeping
plants and bamboo. The park also contains examples of Butyrospermum paradoxum savanna,
an artificial vegetation type which results from cultivation of /soberlinia woodland.
Fauna There is a large diversity of species although individual populations are rather small as
a result of repeated bushfires and poaching in the past. Large mammals include: roan
antelope Hippotragus equinus, Defassa waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, giant
eland Taurotragus derbianus (with Niokolo-Koba in Senegal, are of the last two populations in
West Africa) eland Taurotragus oryx (in the Fina reserve), hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus,
oribi Ourebia ourebi, warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus, giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis,
elephant Loxodonta africana (T), hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, lion Panthera leo,
leopard Panthera pardus (T), cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T), olive baboon Papio anubis, vervet
monkey Cercopithecus aethiops and patas monkey Erythrocebus patas. There is also an
abundant avifauna, including many migratory species. A list of mammal and bird species can
be found in Sayer (1975).
Conservation Management Attempts are being made to relocate the settlers that currently live
within the park. However, application of the laws has been concentrated on areas used for
tourism, so in the past Boucle de Baoulé has received little attention while Fina has been
treated as a National Park. Under the bilateral project on agronomic research between the
Netherlands and Mali, attempts are being made to regulate and rationalise land use. Geerling
(1983) makes a number of management proposals, suggesting different management objectives
for the different sectors of the whole area. Earlier, FAO/UNDP were involved in development
of the area and Sayer (1975) makes a number of recommendations.
Zoning The core area is made up of the Boucle du Baoulé National park where theoretically
all human intervention is excluded. The reserves adjacent to the park, Fina, Badinko, and
Koungossambougou, make up the buffer zone, where certain traditional land use practices such
as hunting are permitted.
Disturbances or Deficiencies The whole area has suffered from a long history of human
impact mainly by overgrazing, fire, and hunting. These impacts are shown by the decrease in
annual grass species and a corresponding increase in perennial species, increase in pyrophytes
and spread of laterisation in the sudano-guinean zone, decrease in vegetation cover and
encroaching desertification in the soudanian and sahelian zones. Because areas surrounding the
park were managed for hunting until recently, the situation arose where game was more readily
visible outside the park - probably because of reduced poaching where there were licensed
hunters and guards. Grazing of domestic animals within the park is also a problem,
particularly during time of drought.
-387-
IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Visitor Facilities There is limited accommodation at Baoulé and Madina and guides are
available.
Scientific Research A comprehensive study on the Boucle du Baoulé National Park was
undertakn by FAO from 1972 to 1974. The Netherlands/Mali project on Recherche sur
l’Utilisation Rationnelle du Gibier du Sahel (RURGS), which began in 1977, is continuing
integrated studies to improve utilisation of the natural resources by local populations and also
to enable the remaining wildlife to build up population numbers. This reserve has been
selected as a pilot biosphere reserve in arid/semi-arid lands.
Special Scientific Facilities Research is also carried out by students from the Institute
Polytechnique of Katibougou.
Principal Reference Material
Boudet, G. and Duverger, E. (1961). Etudes des paturages sahélians. CRNZ-Bamako-Sotuba.
° Geerling, C. (1983). The Boucle du Baoulé, Mali. Presented at the First International
Congress on Biosphere Reserves, organized by UNESCO/UNEP in co-operation with
FAO/IUCN, Minsk, USSR, 26 September-20 October 1983.
Keita, J.D. (1967). Les problémes forestiers au Mali. Pub. Service Eaux et Foréts, Bamako.
Lamarche, B. (1980). Liste commentée des oiseaux du Mali (Part I). Malimbus 2: 121-158.
Lamarche, B. (1981). Liste commentée des oiseaux du Mali (Part II). Malimbus 3: 73-102.
RURGS (Recherche pour 1l’Utilisation Rationnelle du Gibier au Sahel) (1982).
L’aménagement de la zone du Baoulé: Propositions préliminaires. Wageningen Agricultural
University, Netherlands.
° Sayer, J.A. (1975). National Park Planning and Practise - Case Histories from Dahomey and
Mali. Garoua/Ibadan Conference on Wildlife Management in Savanna Woodlands.
° Sayer, M.J. (1975). Aménagement de la Faune. Rapport au government du Mali. FAO,
Rome.
© © © ©
Staff A total of 49 persons work in the park and adjacent reserves, mainly for protection
activities. There are also visiting scientists under the RURGS Project (Recherche pour
l’Utilisation Rationnelle du Givier en Sahel).
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration Opération Parc National de la Boucle du Baoulé,
Testard, Bamako, BP 275 (which also manages the adjacent reserves).
Date June 1982
RESERVE DE KENIE-BAOULE
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.04.04 (West African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Partial
Date Established 1952
Geographical Location Koulikoro Province.
Altitude No information
-388-
Mali
Area 67,500ha
Land Tenure No information
Physical Features No information
Vegetation Sudano-guinean savanna
Fauna Mammals include: buffalo Syncerus caffer, and reportedly giant eland Taurotragus
derbianus (though this has not been confirmed). ;
Zoning No information
Disturbances or Deficiencies Poaching, forest exploitation, and agriculture.
Scientific Research Inspection by Mr Namosie Traoré, an employee of Direction des Eaux et
Foréts, Projet RURGS (Recherche pour I’Utilisation Rationelle du Gibier en Sahel).
Special Scientific Facilities No information
Principal Reference Material None listed
Staff No information
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration Direction des Parcs Nationaux, Direction Générale des
Eaux et Foréts, BP 275 Bamako.
Date 1982
-389-
Mahal /rae ((rotropical vd Are
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‘ i iN tet wcce modati at
hog puss ee ede oy
cutific Tan wrohens: eudy on (the Boucle da an wv) haat
uncdertn 5 () from FF?2to 1974, The Meu ona thn
Uitiisotion Ratioanelle du Gibier du Saket (RURC 33), ‘wh neh a in. ion,
egret les to Woprove wtiliention of the notes 2 fe Berthee a eth gh ae
oO wreble ahr vemnnining wildlife te balid vp gopeiation ougbers: Ee: :
“;
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Se ne =
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“Betas. $ Divarget b. (6 studies Cae p8itus patenoe §
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& oar iO (WS) Les srobimes former nu Wtlred sire 6 sia
Lemarclt; 2. (790). Adselcommonite des since i Mids (Port i. Me
> hasearche,.B. isk Linke oommamtée des ofsea.» Bandit ah fie
* RURGE (Recheshe:, pans ‘iriisetion,. Rativnn pnt oat
~ sméuegzemen! do ik zane ae Deoult. Propesitions prou nial M1
_, University, Netherlands. ,
* Saver, BA 0192S) Nasional Park Planting and Prectiet - Cas Qe
hilt. Careus/Ibadan Confereace os Wildlife Maragecent ib Sava ns |
ate exe co himpiinl Pal ‘nS itttootet rach aa Ain 6H
q'= cat 7 om of 49 certo) work ea the park sadibdjecent ais
There are cleo. visiting ecieattimdacey the RORGS J
2 a © Meatn z, sticeo- ie du (piven a Sehol). ; | f &
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_— Beaated, Benake, BP 27S ( chied Ming engages sine mtjac eon © nes
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MAURITANIA
Morocco
Atlantic
Ocean
Banc d‘Arguin
National Park
Cap Timiris
Diaouling Nature Reserve
—<2-075
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Mauritania
Algeria
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mately
.
MAURITANIA
Area 1,118,604 sq.km
Population 1,830,000 (1984)
Parks and Reserves Legislation No information, except for the decree of 1976 to establish the
Parc national Banc d’Arguin
Parks and Reserves Administration This is the responsibility of the Directorate of Nature
Protection within the Ministry of Rural Development. The Parc national Banc d’Arguin is
directly controlled by the government and is managed by an Administrative Council.
Address
° Direction de la protection de la nature, Ministére du développement rural, BP 170,
Nouakchott.
Additional Information Mauritania in general needs to develop programmes to conserve
desert fauna. Immediate concerns, however, are protection of the last population of elephants
using southern Mauritania; wetlands in the lower Senegal valley on the Senegal-Mauritania
border; and Banc d’Arguin (IUCN/UNEP, 1983). IUCN/WWFE are assisting in the elaboration
of a management plan for the Banc d’Arguin National Park, and with the provision of logistical
support contributing to the development and management of the park. They are also working
with other groups towards the creation of the Diaouling Reserve in the Delta of the River
Senegal.
References
° IUCN/UNEP (1983). Le répartition des aires protégées en fonction des besoins de la
conservation des communautés biotiques de l’Afrique Centrale et de l'Ouest. Working
Document. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.
° IUCN/WWF Project 1333. Mauritania, Banc d’Arguin National Park.
° IUCN/WWF Project 3404. Mauritania, Establishment of Diawling Reserve.
° Scott, D.A. (1980). A Preliminary Inventory of Wetlands of International Importance for
Waterfowl, in West Europe amd Northwest Africa. IWRB Special Publication No. 2.
° Verschuren, J. (1984). Republique Islamique de Mauritanie Parc National du Banc d’Arguin
Plan, Directeur Preliminaire. Published by WWF/IUCN in collaboration with the Institut
Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique. Bruxelles, Belgique 1984.
Protected Areas
(hectares)
National Parks
Banc d’Arguin 1,173,000
Integral Reserves
Baie du Levrier 310,000
Las Cuevecillas
Subtotal 310,000
Faunal Reserves
El Agher Partial 250,000
Other Reserves
Adrar Mouflon Reserve
Tilemsi Reserve
Proposed areas
Diaouling Reserve 13,000
-393-
IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
PARC NATIONAL DU BANC D’ARGUIN
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.12.07 (Western Sahel)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established August 1976, by Decree No. 76-147/PR; designated as a Ramsar site in 1982
Geographical Location On the West Africa coast, midway between Nouakchott and
Nouadhibou. 19°21’-21°51’N, 16°00’-16°45’W.
Altitude From sea level to 15m
Area 1,173,000ha; 50% marine and 50% terrestrial environment; contiguous to two reserves; at
Cap Blanc (Baie du Lévrier Integral Reserve); and on the Céte des Phoques (Las Cuevecillas
Integral Reserve).
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The park is a vast area of islands and shore, composed mainly of sand
blown in from the Sahara, together with a large expanse of coastal seas and mudflats. The arid
terrestrial component mainly comprises areas of sand, sand hills, and cliffs. The coastal waters
between Cap Blanc and Cap Timiris are very shallow, and only in places more than 5m deep up
to 60km offshore. Maximal tidal range at spring tides is 2m and at some neap tides is 0.6m.
The park provides a unique example of a transition zone between the Sahara Desert and the
Atlantic Ocean. A summary of the geology of the area can be found in Elouard (1976), and
Rosso et al. (1977). Extrapolations from the weather stations at Nouakchott and Nouadhibou
are difficult due to the large difference in latitude. The area is of great interest
meterologically with a contrast between the coastal, ’desert cold’ and hot continental climates.
Strong winds up to 8m/sec, have been reported. Rainfall is irregular and very low with an
average of 34mm per year. Temperatures are fairly similar all year, with a mean monthly
minimum in December of 8°C and maximum in September of 34°C.
Vegetation Islands and coastline are dominated by Avicennia africana with shrubs of Spartina
maritima and species of Chenopidaceae; mudflat vegetation comprises Zostera noltii,
Cymodocea nodosa, Halodule wrightii, and various seaweeds. The terrestrial component of the
park is dominated by an African-type of Saharen vegetation although there is a mediterranean
influence; there are tree species such as Acacia tortilis, Balanites aegyptiaca, Maerua
crassifolia, Capparis decidua, and herbacious species Panicum turgidum, Cassia _italica,
Pergularia tomentosa, and Heliotropium bacciferum. The dunes are dominated by Stipagrostis
pungens, Cornulaca monacantha, Euphorbia balsamifera, and Calligonum comosum. On the
southern fringe of the park, Euphorbia balsamifera predominates. There is a two-way
gradient; littoral between the marine and continental flora; and north-south with many species
at the extreme limits of their distributions.
Fauna The Banc d’Arguin is situated in the Atlantic flyway used by approximately seven
million waders breeding in northern Europe and the USSR which winter along the shores of
the Atlantic Ocean. Approximately 30% spend the winter in this particular area. Species
include broad-billed sandpiper Limicola falcinellus, ringed plover Charadrius hiaticula, grey
plover Pluvialis squatarola, knot Calidris canutus, curlew sandpiper Calidris ferruginea,
dunlin Calidris alpina, and bar-tailed godwit Limosa lapponica. The area is one of the most
important wintering grounds for the European spoonbill Platalea leucorodia leucorodia, of
which the West European population is particularly threatened. Thousands of aquatic birds of
several species or subspecies with an African distribution breed on the islands. They include:
white pelicans Pelecanus onocrotalus, endemic subspecies of heron Ardea cinerea monicae and
spoonbill Platalea leucorodia balsaci, reed cormorant Haliétor africanus, western reef
-394-
Mauritania
heron Egretta gularis, slender-billed gull Larus genei, several species of tern Sterna
spp., Hydroprogne caspia, and Gelochelidon nilotica, and flamingoes Phoenicopterus ruber.
Mammals include Dorcas gazelle Gazella dorcas, jackal Canis aureus, fennec fox Fennecus
zerda, sand fox Vulpes rueppelli, sand cat Felis margarita, wild cat Felis silvestris, Saharan
striped weasel Poecilogale albinucha, ratel Mellivora capensis, striped hyena Hyaena hyaena,
and in the marine section, several species of dolphin, such as the killer whale Orcinus orca,
Atlantic hump-backed dolphin Sousa teuszii, common dolphin Delphinus delphis, rough
toothed dolphin Steno bredanensis, bottle-nosed dolphin Tursiops truncatus, and Risso’s
dolphin Grampus griseus. The fin whale or common rorqual Balaenoptera physalus, and
common porpoise Phocoena phocoena have also been recorded. There is a small population of
monk seal Monachus monachus (E) in the reserve at Cap Blanc, near Nouadhibou. There are
four species of threatened turtle frequenting the area Chelonia mydas (E), Caretta caretta
(V), Eretmochelys imbricata (E), and Dermochelys coriacea (E). Fish are one of the most
important components of the fauna. The shallow tidal flats are important breeding and nursery
areas for most of the fish offshore. Further details can be found in the Bulletin de la
Laboratoire des Peches de Nouadhibou.
Conservation Management Two reserves have been established outside the park boundaries at
Cap Blanc and on the Cote des Phoques (Las Cuevecillas) in order to protect the Mediterranean
monk seal Monachus monachus (E). These are administered by the park. There was an
international meeting held in Paris, April 1982, to discuss future research and management of
the park. As a result, a preliminary management plan was published by the World Wildlife
Fund and IUCN with the collaboration of the Royal Institute of Natural Sciences in January
1984.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies Much of the area has had little or no disturbance by man. The
principal deficiency is that there is no organised protection or supervision as yet. There is a
population of 300 Imragens who live and fish in the area, although they need to go outside the
boundaries for freshwater. However, nomadic herdsmen also use the area and overgrazing by
several hundred camels and goats has been reported, although this has become less common as
the area becomes increasingly subject to desertification. There is illegal hunting of gazelle (by
motorcycle) and marine turtles (particularly for tourist demand in Dakar). Non-biodegradable
waste is found along the shore-line. Fishing nets could interfere with the monk seals, but this
has not been studied. The status of the monk seal population is critical after the collapse of
their breeding caves in 1982. Overfishing by international fishing fleets in the waters just off
the Banc d’Arguin may cause a decline of the breeding colonies of fish-eating bird species such
as cormorants and pelicans.
Visitor Facilities The area is unsuitable for large-scale tourism
Scientific Research Ornithology and oceanography includes inventories of species, study of
the phytoplankton biomass, and studies on the reproductive biology of the white
pelican Pelecanus onocrotalus. The Netherlands Ornithological Mauritanian Expedition 1980
gathered comprehensive data on waders, crustacea, and other fauna (NOME, 1982).
Special Scientific Facilities There is a station inside the park (Iwik) equipped for six persons
with three Zodiacs, one motor launch, and three radio stations for both broadcasting and
receiving. It is accessible by four-wheel drive, motor launch or light aircraft.
Principal Reference Material
° Dick, W.J.A. (Ed.) (1975). Oxford and Cambridge Mauritian Expedition 1973 Report.
° Elouard, P. (1976). Applications de la palaléoécologie des mollusques 4 un problém de
Sstratigraphie: la differenciation de deux étages du Quaternaire marin de Mauritanie. Notes
Africaines No. 151: 65-73.
° Gee, J.P. (1984). Birds of Mauritania. Malimbus 6: 31-66.
° IUCN/WWF Project No. 1333. Banc d’Arguin National Park.
* NOME (1982). Wintering waders on the Banc d’Arguin. Waddensee Working Group
Communication No.€ Groningen, Netherlands.
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
° Rosso, J.C., Elouard, P. and Monteillet, J. (1977). Mollusques du Noukchottien Mauritanie
et Sénégal septentrional. Inventaire systématique esquisse paléoécologique. Bull. de l’IFAN.,
Dakar, 39A: 465-486.
° Scott, D.A. (1980). A Preliminary Inventory of Wetlands of International Importance for
Waterfowl in West Europe and North-west Africa. JWRB Special Publication No. 2.
Verschuren, J. (1984). Replublique Islamique de Mauritanie Parc National du Banc d’Arguin
Plan Directeur Preliminaire. Published by WWF/IUCN in collaboration with the Institut
Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique. Bruxelles, Belgique, 1984.
° A comprehensive reference list is given in NOME, 1982.
Staff Some 14 Mauritanians and three French, although only two members of staff are
stationed within the park
Budget Seven million UM (ougiyas) (FF700,000). Much of the equipment has been supplied
by the World Wildlife Fund.
Local Park or Reserve Administration Parc national Banc d’Arguin, BP 124, Nouadhibou.
Date August 1980, with supplementary 1983 information
DIAOULING STRICT NATURE RESERVE
Management Category Proposed I (Strict Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.12.07 (Western Sahel)
Legal Protection Total protection recommended
Date Established To be gazetted. Establishment of reserves is in the hands of the Ministry of
Rural Development.
Geographical Location Delta of River Senegal. 16°26’N, 16°21°W.
Altitude Near sea level
Area 13,000ha
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The Senegal delta is one of the major wetlands of Sahelian Africa and
provides a staging point and wintering area for many birds that breed in Eurasia. It consists of
a vast basin of impermeable halomorphic soils forming saline flats, which are subject to annual
flooding. The development of various dyke systems over the last 20 years on the Senegalese
bank of the river has allowed the retention of water in some areas of the basin longer than they
would normally have persisted, whilst in other areas the effect has been to desiccate the fragile
soils and enhance desertification. Salinity varies with water level from nearly fresh during
autumn inundations, to brackish as the water levels fall. The climate is Sahelian with alternate
wet and dry seasons. Mean annual rainfall is 300mm and mean annual temperature 27°C. The
reserve receives fresh water from distributaries of the River Senegal from August to
November. During the dry season, the basin is the wettest area in the region, but recent
rainfalls have been very low, and the reserve, which usually begins to dry out in January, has
not retained its moisture for as long.
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Mauritania
Vegetation The vegetation reflects the three habitat types found in the lower delta: dunes,
alluvial plains and an interconnecting network of rivers, lakes and pools. Tree cover on the
dunes comprises Acacia tortilis, A. senegal, Euphorbia balsamifera, and Balanites aegyptiaca.
Herbaceous cover comprises Cenchrus biflorus, Chloris prieurit and Schoenefeldia gracilis,
amongst others. Towards the edge of the dunes, tree cover is more varied and abundant,
with Borassus aethiopum, Acacia nilotica, A. seyal, and some Parkinsonia aculeata. There is
little tree cover on the alluvial plain, but Tamarix senegalensis and Arthrocnemum glaucum
occur on sandy knolls and Acacia nilotica beside creeks and pools. Herbaceous cover on the
lower zones of the plain is dominated by halophiles, with Saisola baryosma being replaced
by Sporobolus robustus in the most frequently flooded-areas. Grasses are more important in
less saline areas, with Echinochloa colonum or Vetiveria nigritana in depressions,
and Schoenefeldia gracilis on higher ground. Tree cover is well developed on the network of
rivers and pools, with Tamarix senegalensis and dense stands of Arthrocnemum glaucum. The
reed Paspalum vaginatum is found along river banks. There is a 5ha mangrove swamp mainly
composed of Avicennia nitida, but with some specimens of Rhizophora racemosa. All of the
vegetation has been significantly affected by drought and overgrazing, and trees have been
cropped for firewood. Sand dunes are beginning to form in areas where grass has failed to
regenerate. The mangrove swamp is receding owing to the incursion of sand and some felling.
Fauna The lower delta of the River Senegal is an important collecting and breeding ground
for waterfowl. Together with the Senegalese part of the delta, where the Parc National des
Oiseaux du Djoudj is situated, this area provides an important feeding and watering site for
numerous Palearctic migrants. Fewer birds breed or gather on the Mauritanian part of the
delta, owing to a poorer supply of fresh water, but it provides feeding grounds for birds
breeding on the opposite bank. In this respect, the proposed nature reserve will be an
important complement to Djoudj which has insufficient feeding grounds. The mangrove
swamp supports breeding colonies of purple heron Ardea purpurea, night heron Nycticorax
nycticorax, african spoonbill Platalea alba, cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo, and white
pelican Pelecanus onocrotalus. Away from the water, small numbers of bustards (Otidae),
guinea fowl Guttera sp., and francolins Francolinus sp. are present. The warthog Phacochoerus
aethiopicus is the predominant mammal, with jackal Canis sp. and smaller carnivores also
found. Elephant Loxodonta africana, hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, gazelles Gazella
sp., and the larger carnivores are no longer present. The brackish water, where the river water
meets the sea, provides an important breeding ground for fish such as Ethmalosa fimbriata,
bass Dicentrarchus punctatus, the mullets Mugil curema and Liza falcipinnis, and for marine
crustacea such as prawn Penaeus duorarum and blue crab Callinectes sp.. These provide an
important source of food for the breeding birds. The West African manatee Trichechus
senegalensis and the Nile crocodile Crocodylus niloticus have almost disappeared, both being
formerly abundant.
Conservation Management The Mauritanian government is well aware of the conservation
interest of its delta wetlands and a proposal includes the creation of an artificial estuary to
maintain the highly productive mixing of fresh and salt waters, a process condemned to end
once the Diama dam (see below) is finished. An area has been earmarked for reserve creation
and the Mauritanian government has requested help in equipping the protected zone. The
Ministry of Rural Development, with the help of a resident FAO wildlife expert, is drawing up
plans for this reserve and a series of others, including the creation of an international protected
area. This would incorporate Diaouling Reserve, Djoudj National Park in Senegal, and the
area between the right and left banks of the Diama dam. It is recommended that Diaouling
reserve employs a permanent conservator who is trained in wildlife management and who
would be in charge of controlling public access, permit distribution, poaching and forest
exploitation, prohibiting pastoralism and human activity, and providing guided tours for
visitors (Prévost, 1983).
Zoning No information
Disturbances or Deficiencies The area has undergone considerable ecological modification
because of hydro-agricultural development over the last 20 years, which has had the effect of
intensifying agriculture in some areas whilst causing desiccation, deforestation, overgrazing,
and desertification in others. This process has been aggravated by the droughts which have
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
struck this region in the last 15 years. The governments of the surrounding countries regard
dams as the solution to the problems of supplying food and water to the human population.
The Senegalese bank of the river has been subject to damming since the 1960s to control the
annual flood and to permit irrigation and agricultural development, notably rice and sugar
cane, but the Mauritanian bank so far remains relatively untouched. The major threat now
comes from the constrution of the Diama dam 30km upstream of St Louis, due to be completed
by about 1986, which would affect both banks of the river. It will block the river completely,
preventing the summer incursion of saltwater. Low water levels due to lack of rain in recent
years have affected breeding birds. White pelicans abandoned breeding in 1983 because of
this. Less moisture has also meant that dunes have become destabilised and even blocked river
channels.
Visitor Facilities Restricted access
Scientific Research No information
Special Scientific Facilities No information
Principal Reference Material
° Gee, J.P. (1984). Birds of Mauritania. Malimbus 6: 31-66.
° IUCN/WWF Project 3404. Mauritania, Establishment of Diawling Reserve.
° Prévost, Y. (1983). Avant-Projet de Plan d’Aménagement de la Réserve du Diawling. Projet
MAU/80/503, Etude sur la Faune, FAO, Nouakchott.
Staff Conservator, deputy conservator, three wardens, and a driver are recommended.
Budget Some Mauritanian funds available for Mauritanian personnel and part of running
cost. Outside finance is necessary for equipment and training. A Budget of US$50,000 sought
from WWF.
Local Park or Reserve Administration No information
Date October 1984
-398-
MAURITIUS
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Nature Reserves
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Mauritius
MAURITIUS
Area 1,843 sq.km (or 2,085 sq.km inclusive of dependencies)
Population 969,191 (1983)
Parks and Reserves Legislation The Forests and Reserves Act 1983 amends and consolidates
the law governing forests, reserves and related matters. Under this act the Nature Reserves
Board (previously the Ancient Monuments Board) was:set up to advise the Government on
protected areas and preservation of the flora and fauna. All existing nature reserves were
created under the Ancient Monuments Act of 1944, and jurisdiction and restrictions are
outlined in the 1983 Act. The 1944 Act defines a nature reserve as meaning “any forest, park,
garden or other open space, the preservation of which is, in the opinion of the Board, a matter
of public interest by reason of the aesthetic, geological, historical, archaeological, or scientific
interest attaching thereto". A nature reserve can be in private ownership and include inhabited
buildings. Private nature reserves must still comply with the regulation laid down by the 1983
act, but the primary aim of these areas is not nature conservation per se. New areas must first
be approved by the board, then submitted for the Government’s approval. The Government
also has authority to declare any forested Crown land as National Forest. The total area of
such Crown forest lands was 21,027ha in 1980. The Fisheries Act 1980, defines reserved areas
where large net or gill net fishing is prohibited. These reserves are detailed in Government
Notice No. 18 of 1983. Restrictions in these areas are rarely enforced. It is also worth noting
that under the Maritime Zones Act (1977) the Prime Minister can create a ’designated area’ for,
amongst other possible reasons, protection of the marine environment. Mountain Reserves and
River Reserves can be established under the Forests and Mountain and River Reserves Act
(1971) but these areas are not intended primarily for nature conservation. In a similar way,
additional control is maintained over Crown Land and the reserved lands along the sea coast.
The Four Year Plan for Social and Economic Development is the definite statement of
Government Policy for the years 1981-1985. It contains outline proposals for the establishment
of one land national park (the Black River Gorges and adjacent areas) and three marine
national parks.
Parks and Reserves Administration The Nature Reserves Board is advisory in function and
has the duty of recommending to the Government areas for the creation of nature reserves, or
buildings or other structures as ancient monuments. The board provides a means for the
participation of local people and other conservation orientated groups in the selection and
management of protected areas. Actual management is the responsibility of the Forestry
Service which has a policy that concentrates on sustained utilization of forests and their use for
the protection of water supply and soils. The marine environment is the concern of the
Fisheries Division. Both the Forestry Service and the Fisheries Division come under the
Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Natural Resources. The management of protected areas
does not yet involve the use of elaborate management plans, and provisions of the relevant acts
governing the protected areas are merely enforced by the various agencies concerned.
Address
° Forestry Service, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Natural Resources, Curepipe.
Additional Information Unfortunately many reserves still receive little management, although
there are hopes that the situation will improve. Under IUCN/WWF Project 3149 proposals are
being made for improving the management of some of the existing reserves and establishing
new areas. In the first phase of this project, an inventory of areas of the highest plant
endemicity will be compiled. Emergency propagation of critically endangered species will be
carried out where feasible. The second phase of the project will entail in situ and ex situ plant
conservation and the establishment of garden reserves. It is hoped that reserves will be
declared on Rodrigues since there is little protection for plants there. The principle causes of
habitat decline on Mauritius and Rodrigues are introduced plants and animals that outcompete
or predate the native species. Top plant offenders are the guava Psidium guajava from Brazil,
privet from Sri Lanka and Rubus alaeifolius, Hiptage benghalensis and Furcraea foetida.
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Control of these species is difficult and eradication impossible. Exotic monkeys Macaca
fascicularis, deer, pigs and birds are also decimating the flora. So far, several new locales and
new information on threatened and endemic plants have been gathered under the project.
The privately-owned reserves which occupy the upper slopes of mountains are rocky and bare
in parts but many areas are densely covered with native forest of the exotic traveller’s
palm Ravenala madagascariensis. However, increasing use is being made of these areas for
deer ranching, and the deer are reported to be inhibiting natural regeneration as well as weed
infestation. River reserves (3-16m) along the edges of streams are patrolled by forest officers,
but demand for firewood in both these and mountain areas is intense and many areas are
degraded. Forest recreation is becoming more and more popular among the local public and
tourists and there is a need for education programmes to make people more fully aware of the
problems concerning adequate nature conservation.
Mauritius is also the focus for a project which aims to provide help and advice to the
Mauritius Government on the conservation of endangered bird species. Mauritius
kestrels Falco punctatus have been reared in captivity from eggs taken from the wild and pink
pigeons Nesoenas mayeri have also been bred in captivity. The echo parakeet Psittacula echo,
however, continues to decline in numbers.
In March 1984, an agreement was signed by the Government of Mauritius with ICBP and
JWPT (Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust) for a comprehensive wildlife research programme
for Mauritius.
Legislation involving the protection of wild birds has evolved since 1869, when they were
afforded some protection under the Game Ordinance. Laws of 1922 and 1939 were specifically
for the protection of birds. They were replaced in 1967 by the Bird Protection Ordinance,
which is currently in force. Reptiles are protected under Proclamation No. 13 of 1973. These
laws are purely protective and do not cover the management of the animals’ habitat. It is an
offence to damage trees under the Forests, Mountains and River Reserves Act of 1971.
References
° Brouard, N.R. (1963). A history of the woods and forests of Mauritius. Mauritius. 86 pp.
° Curry-Lindahl, K. (1971). Comments on the conservation management, utilization of the
renewable natural resources of Mauritius. Unesco. 6 pp.
° IUCN/WWF Project 1082. Mauritius, Conservation of Endangered Bird Species.
° TUCN/WWF Project 3023. Mauritius, Education Books for Children.
° TUCN/WWF Project 3149. Mauritius, Plant Conservation.
° Jehanger, M.I. (1983). National Report for Mauritius. Unpublished IUCN Report, UNEP
Regional Seas Programme.
° Odwally, A.W. (1981). Annual Report of the Forestry Service of the Ministry of Agriculture
and Natural Resources and the Environment for the year 1980. Pt. Louis, Mauritius.
° Procter, J. and Salm, R. (1975). Conservation in Mauritius 1974. IUCN/WWF Report to the
Government of Mauritius. Unpublished.
° Robertson, I.J.B. (1974). A draft report on the Mauritius marine parks. A report to FAO,
Rome
° Scott, P. (1973). Conservation in Mauritius. IUCN Report to the Prime Minister of
Mauritius.
° Staub, F. (1973). Oiseaux de I’Ile Maurice et de Rodrigues. Mauritius Printing Company,
Port Louis.
° Temple, S.A., Staub, J.J.F. and Antoine, R. (1974). Some background information and
recommendations on the preservation of the native flora and fauna of Mauritius. Typscript.
37 pp.
° Vaughan, R.E., (1968). Mauritius and Rodriguez. In: Hedberg, O. and Hedberg, I. (Eds)
Conservation of vegetation in Africa south of the Sahara. Acta Phytogeographica Snecica 54:
265-272.
Vaughan, R.E. and Wiehe, P.O. (1937-1947). Studies of the Vegetation of
Mauritius. Journal of Ecology 25(2), 28(2), 29(1), 34(1).
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Mauritius
Protected Areas
(hectares)
Nature Reserves
Bois Sec 6
Cabinet 18
Coin de Mire (Gunner’s Quoin) 76
Combo 207
Corps de Garde 90
Gouly Pere 11
Tle aux Aigrettes 25
Tle aux Cocos 15
Ile aux Sables 8
Ile aux Serpents 31
Ile Plate 253
Ilot Gabriel . 42
Ilot Marianne 2
Les Mares 5
Macchabee/Bel Ombre 3,611
Perrier 1
Pouce 69
Round Island 159
Subtotal 4,629
Fishing Reserves
Black River 900
Flacq 600
Grand Port - Mahebourg 2,200
Port Louis 500
Riviere du Rampart - Poudre d’Or 3,500
Trou d’Eau Douce 700
Subtotal 8,400
World Heritage Sites
Macchabee/Bel Ombre Nature Reserve 3,594
Proposed areas
Baie de |’Arsenal 100
COIN DE MIRE (GUNNER’S QUOIN)
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.25.13 (Mascarene Islands)
Legal Protection Total. Protected under the Forest and Reserves Act 1983.
Date Established 14 January 1970
Geographical Location About 4km north of Cap Malheureux, between the Cape and Flat
Island. 19°56’S, 57°37’E.
Altitude Sea level to 162m
Area 76ha
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The island comprises a mass of volcanic rocks, forming a wedge-shaped
cliff with stratification dipping on one side towards Mauritius and the other towards Ile Plate
(Flat Island). The top of the cliff is flat with a layer of volcanic soil. The island is composed
of tuff, though this is overlain by basalt flows in the eastern part. The coast is rugged, and the
surrounding rough sea prevents reef formation. Rainfall averages 900mm per year, and falls
mainly between November and April during the warm, wet summer. Mean temperature during
February is 27.8°C, and during July 21.9°C. The islands are subject to cyclones in winter.
Vegetation Seventy species of plant are found on the island, with eight species being endemic
to the Mascarenes. These form four basic vegetation types, Zoysia grassland, Padanus/Latania
scrub, Heteropogon thorn scrub, and coastal communities. There are extensive colonies of the
endemic liliaceous aloe-like plant Lomatophyllum tormentorii (a species endemic to Gunners
Quoin and Round Island) in the Zoysia grassland, and a few individuals of Dracaena concinna,
and the endemic shrubs Scutia myrtina and Eugenia lucida is the thorn scrub. The fan
pine Latania loddigesii is now rather less common than the screw pine Pandanus
vandermeerschi. The islet is much invaded by exotic weed species (there are some 36
introductions), and thicket of introduced Santalum album has become established over a large
area on the top of the cliff.
Fauna’ The island is a breeding site for three species of seabird, the white-tailed tropic
bird Phaethon lepturus, the red-tailed tropic bird Phaethon rubricauda rubricauda, and the
wedge-tailed shearwater Puffinus pacificus chlororynchus. Four species of reptile are also
found, two skinks Scelotes bojerri and Ablepharus boutonii, and two geckos Phelsuma ornata
and Nactus coindemirensis sp. nov. (the last endemic to Gunner’s Quoin), although three
further species were known to be present before the introduction of exotic mammals.
Conservation Management According to North and Bullock (1986), effective control of
invasive plants and rats in necessary before any reintroduction of native plants and animals
could be reasonably contemplated. However substantial resources, currently beyond the
Mauritian authorities, would be required.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies The effects of various exotic species, both plant and animal,
have had very severe effects on the native vegetation. For example, rats are reported to be
contributing to the low regeneration rate of fan palm and screw pine. Also contributing to this
is the invasion by exotic ruderal species such as Santalum album. The black-necked
hare Lepus nigricollis is also found as an exotic, though numbers are reported to be low. (This
was introduced following an abortive attempt to introduce rabbit.)
Scientific Research A survey of the islet was recently carried out (Bullock et al., 1983), as
part of an expedition to this islet and Round Island. One aim was to assess the suitability of
Gunner’s Quoin for the introduction of Round Island reptiles, which have been captive bred by
the Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust. The island was considered unsuitable because of the
presence of black rats Rattus rattus.
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
° Ayres, P.H.B. (1860). Geology of Flat and Gabriel Islands. Trans R. Soc. Arts and Sci.
Mauritius, New Series Vol. I, part II: 220-232.
° Bullock, D., North, S. and Grieg, S. (1983). Round Island Expedition 1982. Final Report.
° Bullock, E.J., Arnold, E.N. and Bloxham, Q. (1985). A new endemic gecko (Reptilia:
Gekkonidae) from Mauritius. J. Zool. Lond. 206: 591-599.
° Bullock, D.J. (1986). The ecology and conservation of reptiles on Round Island and
Gunner’s Quoin, Mauritius. Biological Conservation 37: 135-156.
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Mauritius
° Cheke, A.S. (in press). A review of the ecological history of the Mascarene Islands with
particular reference to extinctions and introductions of land vertebrates. In: Diamond, A.W.
(Ed.) Studies of the Mascarene avifauna, Cambridge University Press.
° North, S.G. and Bullock, D.J. (1986). Changes in the vegetation and populations of
introduced mammals of Round Island and Gunner’s Quoin, Mauritius. Biological
Conservation 37: 99-117.
Staff Periodic visits are made by Forestry and Fisheries Department staff.
Budget None
Local Park or Reserve Administration Forest Department, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries
and Natural Resources, Curepipe.
Date 1984
ILE AUX AIGRETTES
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.25.13 (Mascarene Islands)
Legal Protection Total. Protected under the Forest and Reserves Act 1983.
Date Established 30 November 1965
Geographical Location About l1km east of Pte. d’Esny in Mahebourg Bay. 20°25’S, 57°43’E.
Altitude Sea level to 4-5m
Area 25Sha
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The island is composed of calcarenite (coralline dune rock) with a jagged
eroded coastline subjected to the eastern trade winds. Soil consists of coral sand enriched by
plant debris.
Vegetation This is one of the best examples of the original coastal plant communities of
calcarenitic substrates. The island harbours some 40 native species of plant, of which ten are
endemic to Mauritius and a further six to the Mascarenes. There is a typical strand salt-spray
zone scrub with Suriana, Pemphis and Scaevola well represented. Inland flora comprises
endemic coastal trees and shrubs which have now mostly disappeared from the island’s coastal
belt due to human settlements in the past and, more recently, illegal wood-cutting. Native
indigenous species are represented by ebony Diospyros egrettarum, Gastonia cutispongia
(endemic), and Dracaena concinna. The orchid Qeniella aphrodite is noteworthy and requires
additional protection. More rare on the island are the endemics, Sideroxylon boutonianum
(only 2 or 3 left on the island), and the screwpine Pandanus vandermeerschii.
Fauna The name ’Ile aux Aigrettes’ was probably derived from the reef heron, ’egrettes’.
Reptiles include Phelsuma ornata.
Conservation Management None
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies Rats are now plentiful on the islet. The easy accessibility of this
islet, together with the fact that there is no watchman posted there, has led to the virtual
decimation of most indigenous trees. There is no natural freshwater source. Several
introduced exotic plant species, for example Flacourtia indica, Lantana camara, and Leucaena
glauca, are seriously threatening the survival of some of the rare endemic plants.
Scientific Research Vegetation mapping is planned for 1985.
Special Scientific Facilities None on the island
Patinetpal Reference Material
Johnston, H.H. (1894). Report on Flora of Ile aux Aigrettes. Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh pp
317-331.
° Staub, F. (1973). Oiseaux de I’Ile Maurice et de Rodrigues. Mauritius Printing Company,
Port Louis.
° Vaughan, R.E. and Wiehe, P.O. (1937-1947). Studies of the vegetation of
Mauritius. Journal of Ecol. 25(2), 28(2), 29(1), 34(1).
Staff Occasional visits by Forest Service and Fisheries Department Officer.
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration Forest Department, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries
and Natural Resources, Curepipe.
Date 1985
ILE AUX COCOS
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.25.13 (Mascarene Islands)
Legal Protection Total. Protected under the Forest and Reserves Act 1983
Date Established 30 May 1981
Geographical Location 3.7km off the west coast of Rodrigues within the lagoon. 19°43'S,
63°17’E.
Altitude Sea level to 4m
Area 15ha
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features This island comprises a sand cay, with coarse granular sand and other
debris of marine organisms accumulated by sea currents and tides lying in shallow lagoon
waters. The more protected shores merge into extensive sand flats which are largely exposed at
low tide.
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Mauritius
Vegetation The island is largely under mixed plantation of Casuarina equisetifolia and
coconut Cocos nucifera trees. There are large expanses of grassy sward with Stachytarpheta
jamaicensis, Desmanthus virgatus, and Achyranthes aspera. Dense Pisonia grandis thicket
occurs along part of the western littoral and inland as isolated clumps which are sharply
delimited from the cultivated tree plantation. A fairly extensive inland salt marsh supports a
lush vegetation of Sesuvium ayresii (Mascarene endemic) with patches of Bacopa monnieri.
Fauna Small colonies of between 400 and 700 noddy Anous stolidus pileatus and lesser
noddy Anous tenuirostris tenuirostris are present, and the favourite nesting sites are
the Casuarina trees and Pisonia thickets. The white tern Gygis alba is now almost extinct here.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies Bird eggs are extremely vulnerable. Indiscriminate collecting
has caused considerable disturbance and damage to bird life.
Visitor Facilities _ Government Notice No. 157 of 1982 requires all visitors to obtain prior
authorization from the Resident Commissioner before visiting the islet and all visitors must be
taken there by Government boat.
Scientific Research The vegetation of the island has been surveyed by Gueho (1980).
Special Scientific Facilities None
= as Reference Material
° Gueho, J. (1977). Guide des principales plantes indigenes de I’Ile Rodrigues. Rev. Agric.
Sucr. Ile Maurice 56(1): 6-23.
° Gueho, J. (1980). A survey of vegetation of the lagoon islets of Rodrigues. Rev. Agric. Sucr.
Tle Maurice 59(1).
° Staub, F. (1973). Birds of Rodrigues Islands. Proc. R. Soc. Arts & Sci. Mauritius. 4(1): 17-59.
° Staub, F. (1977). L’avifaune de Rodrigues. Rev. Agric. Suc. Ile Maurice 56(1): 24-26.
Vinson, J. (1956). Quelques remarques sur I’Ile Rodrigues et sur sa faune terrestre. Proc. R.
Soc. Arts & Sci. Mauritius 2: 263-277.
Staff The island is visited as often as possible by Fisheries and Forestry Service officers from
the main island of Rodrigues. One watchman is posted on the islet, but is ineffective against
egg collecting.
Budget Virtually nil
Local Park or Reserve Administration Forest Department, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisherie
and Natural Resources, Curepipe.
Date 1985
ILE AUX SABLES
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.25.13 (Mascarene Islands)
Legal Protection Total. Protected under the Forest and Reserves Act 1983
Date Established 30 May 1981
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Geographical Location 3.7km north-west from Pointe La Fouche in the west of Rodrigues
within the lagoon. 19°42’S, 63°18’E.
Altitude Sea level to about 2m
Area 8ha
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The island comprises a sand cay with coarse granular sand and other debris
of marine organisms. Extensive sand flats merge with the sandy west coast.
Vegetation The islet has been mostly under Casuarina cultivation. Flora consist of less
common exotic and native species than those of Ile aux Cocos, including Stachytarpheta
jamaicensis, Desmanthus virgatus, and Achyranthes aspera. A few isolated individuals of the
native Pisonia grandis can be found inland. Thespesia populnea is scantily represented on
higher ground.
Fauna There are small colonies of noddy Anous stolidus pileatus, lesser noddy Anous
tenuirostris tenuirostris, and a few white tern Gygis alba. Casuarina trees are the favourite
nesting sites for these birds. There is a colony of roseate terns Sterna dougallii.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies Birds eggs are extremely vulnerable. Indiscriminate collecting
has caused considerable disturbance and damage to bird life. Due to inadequate transport,
surveillance cannot be carried out and increasing tourism and the supply of illegal cheap
transport threaten the integrity of the reserve.
Visitor Facilities Government Notice No. 157 of 1982, requires all visitors to obtain prior
authorization from the Resident Commissioner before visiting the islet and all visitors must be
taken there by Government boat.
Scientific Research The vegetation of the islet has been surveyed by Gueho (1980).
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
° Gueho, J. (1977). Guide des principales plantes indigenes de I’Ile Rodrigues. Rev. Agric.
Sucr. Ile Maurice 56(1): 6-23.
° Gueho, J. (1980). A survey of vegetation of the lagoon islets of Rodrigues. Rev. Agric. Sucr.
Tle Maurice 59(1).
° Staub, F. (1973). Birds of Rodrigues Islands. Proc. R. Soc. Arts & Sci. Mauritius. 4(1): 17-59.
° Staub, F. (1977). L’avifaune de Rodrigues. Rev. Agric. Sucr. Ile Maurice 56(1): 24-26.
° Vinson, J. (1956). Quelques remarques sur I’Ile Rodrigues et sur sa faune terrestre. Proc. R.
Soc. Arts & Sci. Mauritius 2: 263-277.
Staff Visited as often as possible by Fisheries and Forestry Service officers from the main
island of Rodrigues.
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration Forest Department, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries
and Natural Resources, Curepipe.
Date 1985
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Mauritius
ILE AUX SERPENTS
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.25.13 (Mascarene Islands)
Legal Protection Total. Protected under the Forests and Reserves Act 1983.
Date Established 1983
Geographical Location 26.8km to the north-east of Cap Malheureux. 19°49’S, 57°48’E.
Altitude From sea level to 177m
Area 3lha
Land Tenure No information
Physical Features Dome-shaped volcanic islet, with many precipitous rock overhangs
Vegetation The islet is guano covered and bare of vegetation except for patches of Portulaca
and Brachiaria, which grow in rock crevices.
Fauna About two million birds use the islet. There are about a million sooty tern Sterna
fuscata nubilosa, 200,000 noddy Anous stolidus pileatus, 500,000 lesser noddy Anous tenuirostris
tenuirostris, and 20-40 masked booby Sula dactylatra melanops (Feare 1984). These tern and
noddy colonies are some of the biggest in the world for these species. The rock overhangs are
particularly favoured by birds as egg laying sites. The only reptiles on the islet are
skink Gongylomorphus bojerii (fairly large numbers) and the Serpent Island gecko Nactus
serpensinsula (E).
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies Considerable disturbance is caused by people sounding boat
sirens on purpose so that they can watch huge flocks of birds taking off.
Visitor Facilities Landing by boat is almost impossible
Scientific Research The islet has rarely been visited by scientists, as access is so difficult.
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
° Bullock, D. and North, S. (1975). Report of the Edinburgh University Expedition to Round
Island.
° Feare, C.J. (1984). Seabird status and conservation in the Tropical Indian Ocean. In Status
and Conservation of the World’s Seabirds. ICBP, Cambridge. Pp 457-472.
° Lloyd, J.A. (1846). Relation d’un voyage a l’Ile Ronde et a I’Ile aux Serpents en December
1844. Proc. Soc. Hist. Nat. Maurice pp 154-162.
° Vinson, J. (1950). I’Ile Ronde et I’Ile aux Serpents. Proc. R. Soc. Arts & Sci. Mauritius 1(1):
32-52.
° Vinson, J. (1953). Some present data on fauna of Round and Serpent Island. Soc. Art & Sci.
Mauritius (13): 253-257.
Staff None
Budget Nil
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Local Park or Reserve Administration Forest Department, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries
and Natural Resources, Curepipe.
Date 1985
ILE PLATE
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.25.13 (Mascarene Islands)
Legal Protection Total. Protected under the Forest and Reserves Act 1983.
Date Established 15 July 1972
Geographical Location About 11km north-north-east of Cap Malheureux, off the northern
most point of Mauritius. 19°53’S, 57°39’E.
Altitude Sea level to 116m
Area 253ha
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The islet is roughly circular, about 2km in diameter, comprising a rocky
hill, 116m high, and a volcanic plateau which stretches northward over more than half of the
islet. The eastern and western sections of the plateau are composed of sand ridges, some of
which rise 9m above mean sea level. Towards the coast, the ridges degrade into a mass of loose
coral and finally into loose volcanic blocks. The slopes below the hill are covered with a thin
layer of volcanic soil and volcanic sand. There is a pocket of basaltic foreshore on the
southern side of the islet, near Palisade Bay. A continous peripheral fringing reef joins the
northern points of Ile Plate and Ile Gabriel to form a lagoon. Surf piles in over this reef,
building up the level of lagoon water which pours back out to sea through a channel to the
south. The entire north-western arm is a series of calm pools with patches of coral. A reef to
the south of the islet has elements of spur and groove structure, but this is only poorly
developed.
Vegetation There is a coastal strand flora along part of the sandy eastern coast. The inland
native flora has almost completely been destroyed by man, periodic fires and establishment of
exotic tree plantation. The spinose shrub Lantana camara is widespread. A few Pandanus
vandermeerschii trees persist on the basaltic foreshore near Palisade Bay. A few Latania
and Pandanus trees still occur inland fixing themselves in rock crevices. Open ground is
sparsely covered by grass and shrub savanna with Cassytha, Tylophora, and Graminae. The
coral colonies have a dense cover of green, red, and brown seaweeds.
Fauna The skink Gongylomorphus bojerii bojerii has been observed on coral and open
ground. The lizard Phelsuma ornata is often seen on rocks near the sea. Only a few migratory
bird species nest on the islet. The lagoon floor is almost entirely covered by coral. Acropora
spp., exhibiting digitate, tabular and staghorn growth forms, are the dominant corals over most
of the lagoon. The reef flat exhibits three stages of formation - a young zone of dead
stagshorn coral on the lagoon side, a zone of loose coral rubble with small coral colonies outside
the stagshorn, and an outer algal zone of coral rubble consolidated by calcareous algae and
brown algae. The patches of coral vary in structure, mainly being large tabular colonies
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of Acropora and covered by stands of foliaceous Montipora. Fish include tiger cowrie Cypraea
tigris and Cypraea lynx, blue spotted boxfish Ostracion cusicus, and Acanthurus nigronis in
large schools. There are numerous nudibranchs, aplysiids and blue-green sea
cucumbers Stichopus chloronotus. The fore reef slope is particularly interesting for populations
of large fish (Carengids, Lutjanids, Nasinids, Scarids). Altogether 150 species of fish have
been recorded from the Ile Plate reefs (Procter and Salm, 1975). The abundant and beautiful
blue coral Heliopora coerulea is a feature that is unique (among Mauritian reefs) to this area.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies Both feral cats and rats exist on the islet. Periodic fires often
cause enormous damage to vegetation.
Scientific Research There have been studies on flora and fauna
Special Scientific Facilities There are no facilities on the islet, except for a lighthouse.
Principal Reference Material
° Ayres, P.H.B. (1860). Geology of Flat and Gabriel Islands. Trans R. Soc. Arts and Sci.
Mauritius, New Series Vol. I (II): 220-232.
° Horne, J. (1887). Notes on flora of Flat Island. Trans R. Soc. Arts & Sci. Mauritius, New
Series Vol. 19: 116-151 (Annex G).
° Procter, J. and Salm, R. (1974). Conservation in Mauritius 1974. IUCN/WWF Report to the
Government of Mauritius. Unpublished.
Staff Visited as often as possible by Forestry Service, Fisheries, and Port Officers
Budget None
Local Park or Reserve Administration Forest Department, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries
and Natural Resources, Curepipe.
Date 1984
ILOT GABRIEL
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.25.13 (Mascarene Islands)
Legal Protection Total. Protected under the Forest and Reserves Act 1983.
Date Established 4 December 1972
Geographical Location 12km to the north-north-east of Cap Malheureux, close to Ile Plate.
19°53’3S, 57°40°E.
Altitude Sea level to 28m
Area 42ha
Land Tenure Government
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Physical Features The centre of the volcanic islet is broken into ridges and boulders and
covered with a thin layer of volcanic soil. This is bounded by low sand banks, except to the
south-east where the beach is composed of long spurs of volcanic rock projecting into the sea.
Toward the centre, the shore sand intermixes with coral blocks and volcanic detritus in a
narrow belt.
Vegetation The islet is covered with shrubby vegetation mainly comprising Psiadia trinervia,
the ’Baume de I’Ile Plate’ of renowned medicinal value. There is also a coastal scrub
of Suriana, Scaevola, and Tournefortia.
Fauna The presence of two species of reptile, Gongylomorphus bojerii and Phelsuma ornata is
noteworthy. The islet does not appear to be an important nesting site for seabirds now, though
Newton (1956) reported that white-tailed Phaethon lepturus and red- tailed tropic
birds Phaethon rubricauda bred here at one time.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies Rabbits and rats have become numerous on the islet. Erosion is
still at a moderate level but increasing.
Scientific Research Vegetation surveys are carried out occasionally.
Special Scientific Facilities None on the islet
Principal Reference Material
Ayres, P.H.B. (1860). Geology of Flat and Gabriel Islands. Trans. R. Soc. Arts & Sci.
Mauritius, New Series Vol. I, Part II: 220-232.
° Horne, J. (1887). Notes on flora of Flat Island. Trans. R. Soc. Arts & Sci. Mauritius, New
Series Vol. 19: 116-151 (Annex G).
° Newton, R. 1956). Bird islands of Mauritius. [bis 98: 296-302.
° Procter, J. and Salm, R. (1974). Conservation in Mauritius 1974. IUCN/WWF Report to the
Government of Mauritius. Unpublished.
Staff Visited occasionally by Forest and Fisheries Service Officers
Budget None
Local Park or Reserve Administration Forest Department, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries
and Natural resources, Curepipe.
Date 1985
MACCHABEE-BEL OMBRE NATURE RESERVE
Management Category IV and IX (Managed Nature Reserve and Biosphere Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.25.13 (Mascarene Islands)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established Various nature reserves were established in 1951 and united in 1974 by the
addition of the Black River Gorges area (Les Mares and Plaine Champagne), which joined
Macchabée, Petrin, and Bel Ombre reserves. It was accepted as a Biosphere Reserve in October
1977.
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Mauritius
Geographical Location Composed of Petrin, Ste. Marie and Cocotte, Bel Ombre, Macchabée
and Mare Longue, Petites Gorges, Florin, Desgranges, Les Mares, Mesliers, Plaine Champagne
and Black River Gorges. Centred at 20°25’S, 57°26’E.
Altitude 50-650m
Area 3,61lha (Biosphere Reserve listed as 3,594ha)
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The area comprises a plateau in the north, the deep Black River Gorges in
the middle sector, and, towards the south, a gentle southerly slope below a steep scarp. The
soil is variable; at Petrin and Plaine Champagne it is either ground water laterite with lateritic
concretion, or low humic gleys. At Macchabée/Mare Longue, the soils are humic ferrogineous
latosols, and at Bel Ombre, a brown forest soil predominates.
Vegetation At Petrin, the various series in vegetation succession leading to climax forest are
evident. The marshy spots are characterised
by Lycopodium spp., Pandanus spp., Sphagnum spp. and sedges such as Cyperus; the dry areas
are characterised by Philippia/Phylica heath. Some of the plants found in this dry area
are Blechnum attenuatum, Astelia hemichrysa (rare), Coffea spp., and Trochetia spp.. In the
Macchabée/Mare Longue area, there is upland evergreen climax forest dominated by
Myrtaceae, Rubiaceae and Sapotaceae, of which about 20-25% are endemic. Most orchid
species such as Phaius spp. and Jumellea fragrans are threatened. Tree species of concern due
to their lack of regeneration and endemic status are Sideroxylon grandiflorum, Ocotea
cupularis, Tambourissa sieberi, and Canarium paniculatum. In Petites Gorges, Florin,
Desgranges, Les Mares, Mesliers and Black River Gorges, about 900ha are covered with
evergreen forest, extensively invaded by exotics. The remainder is composed partly of low
native scrub, marshy vegetation, and heath vegetation. These are mixed with the exotic,
aggressive Psidium cattleianum, and Rubus alcaefolius. There are various rare endemic plants,
including some Pandanus spp., and Trochetia spp.. At Ste. Marie and Cocotte, mossy forest has
been badly degraded as a result of successive cyclones. It has many species of orchids, ferns
and mosses. In Bel Ombre, mid-altitude forest composed mainly of Labourdonnaisia glauca,
Mimusops petiolaris and various Diospyros spp. predominates. A single tree of Olax
psittacorum, previously known only from old collections, was found in Black River Gorges in
the 1960s, and Gaertnera longifolia, only collected once, was also recently found in the area
(IUCN/WWF Project 3149). Also occuring in the Black River Gorges is a small stand of the
beautiful Hibiscus columnaris. This species, endemic to Mauritius and Réunion, is only known
from a few scattered individuals.
Fauna No information
Conservation Management Several very small areas have been cleared of gregarious exotic
weeds in order to free native plants which were being smothered. It is proposed that parts of
the area should be fenced as weeded reserves. Hibiscus columnaris is being propagated by the
Forestry Department and grows easily from cuttings, although it is almost extinct from the
wild. Under the sponsorship of ICBP, WWF and the New York Zoological Society
(IUCN/WWF Project 1082), an intensive programme of captive breeding has been initiated for
the Mauritius kestrel, parakeet and pink pigeon. A reduction in introduced species, such as
exotic birds and macaques Macaca sp., may be necessary to ensure the safety of the kestrels,
parakeets, pink pigeons and cuckoo-shrikes. Translocation of fodies to Réunion has been
proposed by the British Ornithologists Union (BOU) (Procter and Salm, 1975). The Forestry
Service has already started planting nectar-producing flowers along the roadsides to improve
the habitat for white-eyes.
Zoning None, apart from the partitioning into numerous smaller reserves.
Disturbances or Deficiencies Parts of the reserve are leased for the shooting of deer, which
have free access to the reserve and which are inhibiting regeneration. Several forest roads
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bisect the area and tourism is increasing. The forest is badly invaded with exotics like Psidium
cattleianum, Rubus alcaefolius and Ligustrum robustum var. walkeri. There are four main
threats to the bird species in the reserve: (1) Reduction in the area of mature evergreen forest.
(2) Nest predation by introduced macaques and rats. (3) Shooting by careless or uninformed
hunters. (4) Possible competition for nest holes by the aggresive introduced rose-ringed
parakeet Psittacula krameri, and common mynah Acridotheres tristis with the Mauritius
parakeet. These two introduced species and the red whiskered bulbul Pycnonotus jocosus are
invading the native forests.
Visitor Facilities No information
Scientific Research Research in the area dates from the 1930s. Future research could
investigate the total ecological effects of exotic plant establishment.
Special Scientific Facilities Herbarium facilities are available.
Principal Reference Material
° Owadally, A.W. (1976). Annual Report for the Forestry Service for the year 1974. Port
Louis, Mauritius: L. Carl Achille Government Printer.
° Owadally, A.W. (1973). Les foréts natdrelles de I’Ile Maurice, Info-Nature. Bulletin de
Liason de la S.R.E.P.N. Numéro special La Forét. Pp 88-94.
° Owadally, A.W. (1969). International biological programme check sheets on the nature
reseves of Mauritius. Prepared for the International Coucil for Scientific Unions of Nature
Conservancy, London.
° Procter, J. and Salm, R. (1974). Conservation in Mauritius 1974. IUCN/WWEF Report to the
Government of Mauritius. Unpublished.
° Staub, F. (1976). Birds of the Mascarenes and Saint Brandon. Organisation normale des
enterprises Ltee, Labama House, Mauritius.
° Staub, F. (1973). Oiseaux de I’Ile Maurice et de Rodrigues. The Mauritius printing
Company, Mauritius.
° Vaughan, R.E. and Wiehe, P.O. (1937-1947). Studies of the vegetation of
Mauritius. Journal of Ecology Vol. 24(1), 25(2), 28(2), 34(1).
Staff Ten forest officers
Budget Approximately US$500 (1982)
Local Park or Reserve Administration Conservator of Forests, Ministry of Agriculture and
Natural Resources and the environment, Forestry Service, Curepipe.
Date 1985
ROUND ISLAND
Management Category IV (Management Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.25.13 (Mascarene Islands)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 1957
Geographical Location About 24km north-east of Cap Malheureux, the northernmost point of
Mauritius. 19°51’S, 57°47’E.
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Mauritius
Altitude Sea level to 280m
Area 159ha
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The reserve is part of a tilted volcanic cone which rises from a coastal shelf
at about 50m depth. Most of the island is composed of volcanic tuff, weathered into an
extremely rugged landscape with numerous cliffs, and curious horizontally ridged pillars and
deep gullies up to 15m deep. Blocks of basalt and deposits of coral detritus occur at various
levels.
Vegetation Early descriptions of the vegetation relate that both screw pine Pandanus
vandermeershcii and fan palm Latania loddigesii were common in ravines, with two other
palms, the bottle palm Hyophorbe lagenicaulis and hurricane palm Dictyosperma album, also in
abundance. This vegetation was similar to that of north-west Mauritius, in the coastal regions.
The vegetation has been greatly reduced by rabbits and goats, which were introduced by 1830
and 1865 respectively. Few natural specimens survive of the endemic bottle palm and
hurricane palm though the species are now found naturally only on Round Island, and only in
cultivation on the mainland. Scattered fan palm and the screw pine form small clumps, and in
a few places there is moderately dense ground cover of grasses, herbs, and widespreed ruderal
species. A single specimen of Gagnabina pterocarpa is the only survivor from former
hardwood forest. North and Bullock (1986) reported that of 63 vascular plant species recorded
for Round Island, only 51 were observed during 1975 and 1982 expeditions, of which 12 were
species endemic to the Mascarenes and at least 16 exotic.
Fauna The island still provides a breeding place for fairly large populations of four species of
seabirds. About 120 pairs of the Round Island petrel Pterodroma arminjoniana (elsewhere
known to breed only on Trinidad/Martin Vaz islands off the south-east coast of Brazil, and
only discovered on Round Island in 1948) breed there annually, and the population of red
tailed tropic bird Phaethon rubricauda and the white-tailed tropic bird P. lepturus was
estimated in August 1982 to be up to 300, with 100 breeding pairs. The total population of
wedge-tailed shearwater Puffinus pacificus was between 3,500 and 4,000 pairs (Feare 1984).
The island is also visited by migrant turnstone Arenaria interpres, and several species of tern
feed close in to its shores. Reptile species constitute the most notable element of the fauna
with five threatened species - the Serpent Island gecko Cyrtodactylus serpensinsula (T), the
Round Island day-gecko Phelsuma guentheri (T) (population declining), the Round Island or
Telfair’s skink Leiolopisma telfairii (T), the Round Island boa Bolyeria multocarinata (T) and
the keel-scaled boa Casarea dussumieri (T) (of which the last four are only now found on
Round Island). In addition, the ornate day-gecko Phelsuma ornata and two more
skinks, Scelotes bojerii and Alepharus boutonii, are present in larger numbers. The keel-scaled
boa Casarea dussumieri and Round Island boa Bolyeria multicarinata are the most
extraordinary of the reptiles to inhabit the island. They are the sole surviving members of the
sub-family Bolyerinae, a group of primitive boas of particular scientific interest.
Conservation Management Goats have been eliminated from the island, and it is suggested
that priority should now be given to eliminating rabbits. The unauthorised landing and
slaughter of birds will only be controlled with the establishment of a warden. Although the
vegetation of the island is degraded, North and Bullock (1986) suggest that some areas retain
the potential for rapid recovery when herbivore populations are reduced. Palm savanna is also
an important habitat for continued survival of the herptofauna (Bullock, 1986).
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies Round island is badly eroded because of over-grazing and
browsing by goats and rabbits and the vegetation, particularly the palm savanna, is now
seriously degraded. There is continued soil erosion and lack of regeneration, and between
80-90% of the island is now bare rock. The number of mature bottle palm trees has declined
from 15 to eight and the number of hurricane palms from five to one. Some regeneration of
the former was detected, with eight young trees. It is believed that goast are now extinct on
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the island, but extermination of rabbits is still a priority. Both the Round Island day-gecko
and the ornate day-gecko have declined in numbers and the former may only be represented
by 200 individuals. The keel-scaled boa population has remained stable since 1975. The
Round Island boa could not be found in 1982 and may be extinct. Shearwaters compete with
rabbits for burrowing space in the remaining areas of soil, leaving them bare and unstable.
Many shearwaters, unable to find burrowing space, lay their eggs on bare rock. There, they
bake in the sun when the heat drives the adults to fly out to sea. Procter and Salm (1975)
found 100 eggs abandoned in this way. Due to physical conditions, wardening of the island is
difficult and poaching continues - mainly of petrel and red-tailed tropic-bird adults and
chicks. The Trinidad petrel may be seriously threatened due to DDT poisoning. The reefs
around Round Island are not well developed and show signs of damage which could be
attributed to the deposition of silt, eroded from the island, and reef dependent fish are few.
Visitor Facilities Due to the difficulty of effecting a landing except for the period September
to mid-December, visitors to the island have been very limited in number; no water or shelter
is available on the island, and the heat may be considerable. Landing or evacuation by
helicopter has been effected occasionally but is expensive and disturbs the birds.
Scientific Research The northern islets of Gunner’s Quoin and Round Island were visited by
a group of scientists in July and August 1982. One aim was to assess the suitability of
Gunner’s Quoin for the introduction of Round Island reptiles, which have been captive bred by
the Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust.
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
Bullock, D. (1977). Round Island - a tale of destruction. Oryx 14: 51-58.
° Bullock, D.J. (1986). The ecclogy and conservation of reptiles on Round Island and
Gunner’s Quoin, Mauritius. Biological Conservation 37: 135-156.
° Bullock, D. and North, S. (1976). Edinburgh University Expedition to Round Island,
Mauritius, 1975. Final Report. Edinburgh (unpublished).
Bullock, D. and North, S. (1984). Round Island in 1982. Oryx 18: 36-41.
Bullock, D., North, S. and Grieg, S. (1983). Round Island Expedition 1982. Final Report.
St. Andrews (unpublished).
° Cheke, A.S. (in press). A review of the ecological history of the Mascarene Islands with
particular reference to extinctions and introductions of land vertebrates. In: Diamond, A.W.
(Ed.) Studies of the Mascarene avifauna, Cambridge University Press.
° Feare C.J. (1984). Seabird status and conservation in the Tropical Indian Ocean. In: Status
and Conservation of the World’s Seabirds. ICBP, Cambridge. Pp 457-472.
IUCN/WWF Project 1082. Conservation of Endangered Bird Species.
Johnston, H.H. (1894). Report on the flora of Round Island, Mauritius. Trans. Bot. Soc.
Edinburgh 20: 237-264.
° North, S.G. and Bullock, D.J. (1986). Changes in the vegetation and populations of
introduced mammals of Round Island and Gunner’s Quoin, Mauritius. Biological
Conservation 37: 99-117.
° Procter, J. and Salm, R. (1974). Conservation in Mauritius 1974. IUCN/WWF Report to the
Government of Mauritius. Unpublished.
° Vinson, J. (1964). Sur la disparition progressive de la flore et de la faune de I’Ile
Ronde. Proc. R. Soc. Arts & Sci. Mauritius 2(3): 247-261.
°
Staff Visited by Forest Service officers when accompanying visiting scientists.
Budget Virtually nil
Local Park or Reserve Administration Enquiries to: Conservator of Forests, Forestry Service
Headquarters, Curepipe.
Date 1985
-416-
Mauritius
BLACK RIVER FISHING RESERVE
Management Category VIII (Multiple Use Management Area)
Biogeographical Province 3.25.13 (Mascarene Islands)
Legal Protection The Fisheries Act 1980 prohibits the use of large net or gill net fishing.
Date Established 2 February 1983 by Government Notice No. 18
Geographical Location Off the West coast of Mauritius around the estuary of the Black
River. Boundaries are marked by high water mark, Petit Vacoas and Point Lascars. From
Point Lascars, the boundary goes straight to Grand Pointe and from there in a straight line to
the southern extremity of Point des Requins. 20°22’S, 57°20°E.
Altitude Sea level
Area 900ha
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The reserve includes both Black River and Case Royale. The marine area
comprises a lagoon environment, coral patches and reefs, and sandy areas. The terrestrial zone
is covered by sandy beaches, rocky shores, and mangrove stands.
Vegetation There are various species of seaweed, notably Ulva cuchemia, Enteromorpha, and
sea grass Gracilaria and Chaetomorpha. There are mangrove stands along the coast.
Fauna All commercially exploited species are well represented. It is a good nursery area for
mullet Mugil cephalus and M. sebeli, crab and oysters.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies There is hotel development along the coast, boating activities
and illegal fishing. Silt deposit appears to be extensive.
Scientific Research Fish stock assessment (not restricted to reserve)
Special Scientific Facilities The Fisheries Research Centre is situated a few kilometers to the
north.
Principal Reference Material
° Fisheries Act 1980.
° Fisheries Regulations in Government Notice No. 18 of 1983.
Staff Three fisheries assistants are based at an adjacent fisheries post. Enforcement is carried
out as part of the general duties of the Fisheries Protection officers.
Budget No specific budget is allocated; recurrent expenditure and salaries are met from a
budget allocated to both Fisheries Research and Protection Service i.e. Rs.8.3 million.
Local Park or Reserve Administration Protection Service, Fisheries Division
Date July 1983
-417-
IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
FLACQ FISHING RESERVE
Management Category VIII (Multiple Use Management Area)
Biogeographical Province 3.25.13 (Mascarene Islands)
Legal Protection The Fisheries Act 1980 prohibits large net or gill net fishing.
Date Established 2 February 1983 by Government Notice No. 18
Geographical Location Off the eastern coast of Mauritius. Boundaries are marked by high
water mark and a line drawn from point La Brise at Post Lafayette to Pointe de Flacq. 20°9’S,
57°45’E.
Altitude Sea level
Area 600ha
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The reserve comprises a lagoon, with a sandy and rocky bottom, and coral
reefs. There are numerous mud flats and sand banks, some with rocky outcrops and the
reserve also includes a barachois (fish pond).
Vegetation Vegetation comprises mangroves along much of the coast, and on islets, some
marshy areas, and sea grass and algal beds on the shallow edges of the lagoon.
Fauna All commercially exploited species are well represented. The reserve provides large
nursery areas for mullet Mugil cephalus and M. sebeli, siganids, letrinids, and goatfish
(Mullidae). The crab Scylla serrata and many species of prawns also occur. Knowledge of
smaller taxa is generally lacking.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies Hotel development, boating activities, illegal fishing
Scientific Research Fish stock assessment (not restricted to the reserve)
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
° Fisheries Act 1980.
° Fisheries Regulations in Government Notice No. 18 of 1983.
Staff Three fisheries assistants are based at an adjacent fisheries post. Enforcement is carried
out as part of the general duties of the Fisheries Protection officers.
Budget No specific budget is allocated; recurrent expenditure and salaries are met from a
budget allocated to both Fisheries Research and Protection Service i.e. Rs.8.3 million.
Local Park or Reserve Administration Protection Service; Fisheries Division
Date July 1983
-418-
Mauritius
GRAND PORT-MAHEBOURG FISHING RESERVE
Management Category VIII (Multiple Use Management Area)
Biogeographical Province 3.25.13 (Mascarene Islands)
Legal Protection The Fisheries Act 1980 prohibits the use of large net or gill net fishing.
Date Established 2 February 1983 by Government Notice No. 18
Geographical Location South-east coast of Mauritius around the port of Mahebourg.
Boudaries are marked by high water mark and a straght line drawn from Old Grand Port to the
eastern point of Ile aux Aigrettes, then along the reefs to the islet of Le Broudou. 15°23'S,
57°42’E.
Altitude Sea level
Area 2,200ha
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The reserve comprises a lagoon with a sandy and rocky bottom, coral
patches and reefs, inter-tidal zone covered by sandy beaches, and rocky shores. In some areas,
the inter-tidal zone is occupied by cliffed shores and eroded eolianite deposits.
Vegetation There are patches of mangroves and ferns in some areas and dense stands of
mangroves on mud flats near the upper limits of the inter-tidal zone. Various species of
seaweeds and algae occur, e.g. Ulva, Cuchemia, Entomorpha, and Chaetomor pha.
Fauna All commercially exploited species are well represented. The reserve provides large
nursery areas for mullet Mugil cephalus and M. sebeli, rabbitfish (Siganidae), scavenger fish
(Lethrinidae), and goatfish (Mullidae). The crab Scylla serrata and many species of prawns
also occur. Knowledge of smaller taxa generally lacking.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies During heavy rains and cyclones, there is siltation of lagoon.
Illegal fishing is a problem.
Scientific Research Fish stock assessment (not restricted to the reserve)
Special Scientific Facilities Mahebourg Fish Farm (83ha) has a laboratory and aquaria
facilities.
Principal Reference Material
° Fisheries Act 1980.
° Fisheries regulations in Government Notice No. 18 of 1983.
Staff Three fisheries assistants are based at an adjacent fisheries post. Enforcement is carried
out as part of the general duties of the Fisheries Protection officers.
Budget No specific budget is allocated; recurrent expenditure and salaries are met from
budget allocated to both Fisheries Research and Protection Service i.e. Rs.8.3 million.
Local Park or Reserve Administration Protection Service; Fisheries Division
Date July 1983
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
PORT LOUIS FISHING RESERVE
Management Category VIII (Multiple Use Management Area)
Biogeographical Province 3.25.13 (Mascarene Islands)
Legal Protection The Fisheries Act 1980 prohibits large net or gill net fishing.
Date Established 2 February 1983 by Government Notice No. 18.
Geographical Location Off the north-west coast of Mauritius around Port Louis. Boundaries
are marked by high water mark and a line drawn from the Martello Tower at Pointe aux Sables
to a point due west on the reefs and from Point Tortue in a straight line to the most westerly
point at Fort George. 20°09’S, 57°23’E.
Altitude Sea level
Area 500ha
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The reserve encloses the harbour of Port Louis and includes an estuary at
the entrance to the Grand River North West and River St. Louis. It comprises a lagoon with a
muddy to sandy bottom and coral patches of mostly dead communities. A deep channel leads
to the main harbour of the island from a wide pass in the reef of mostly dead communities.
Vegetation Seagrass communities are extensive on the southern part with some eutrophication,
and seaweeds at the entry of sewage outfalls include Ulva lactuca, Enchemia sp.,
and Enteromorpha sp..
Fauna Lagoon fishes, particularly siganids and parrot fishes are present. All commercially
exploited species are well represented. The reserve provides large nursery areas for
mullet Mugil cephalus and M. sebeli, rabbitfish (Siganidae), scavenger fish (Lethrinidae), and
goatfish (Mullidae). The crab Scylla serrata and many species of prawns also occur.
Knowledge of smaller taxa generally lacking. However, in some areas many of the corals are
dead.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies Effluents (including industrial waste) from two sewage outfalls
flow into the reserve. There is solid waste dumping around Northern Point and the presence of
the harbour causes some disturbance. There is also illegal fishing.
Scientific Research Fish stock assessment (not restricted to the reserve)
Special Scientific Facilities The Fisheries Research Centre is situated 10km to the south.
Principal Reference Material
° Fisheries Act 1980. Fisheries regulations in Government Notice No. 18 of 1983
Staff Three fisheries assistants are based at an adjacent fisheries post. Enforcement is carried
out as part of the general duties of the Fisheries Protection officers.
Budget There is no specific budget; recurrent expenditure and salaries are met from a budget
allocated to both Fisheries Research and Protection Service i.e. Rs.8.3 million.
Local Park or Reserve Administration Protection Service; Fisheries Division
Date July 1983
-420-
Mauritius
RIVIERE DU RAMPART-POUDRE D’OR FISHING RESERVE
Management Category VIII (Multiple Use Management Area)
Biogeographical Province 3.25.13 (Mascarene Islands)
Legal Protection The Fisheries Act 1980 prohibits large net or gill net fishing.
Date Established 2 February 1983 by Government Notice No. 18
Geographical Location On the north-east coast of Mauritius. Boundaries are marked by high
water mark and a line from Pointe Grand Courant to the nearest shore of Ile d’Ambre and
along the shore of that island to Pointe Dejeuner, then to the southern side of Passe St Geran,
and along the reef to Point Roches Noires. 20°05’S, 57°42’E.
Altitude Sea level
Area 3,500ha
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The reserve comprises a lagoon with sandy and rocky bottoms, and coral
reefs. Rocky shores predominate on the inter-tidal zone, which also has small stretches of
sandy beaches. The reserve also includes two barachois (fish ponds).
Vegetation Mangroves are found interspersed in rocky shores; in some areas they form dense
stands. There are numerous rocky islets covered in mangroves.
Fauna’ The area is particularly rich in mullets (Mugilidae), rabbitfish (Siganidae), goatfish
(Mullidae) and scavenger fish (Lethrinidae). Rich oyster beds are present, and all the
commercially exploited species are fairly well represented. There is also part of the reef
fringing communities. Knowledge of smaller taxa is generally lacking.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies [Illegal fishing and fish and oyster farms
Scientific Research Fish stock assessment (not restricted to reserve)
Special Scientific Facilities None.
Principal Reference Material
° Fisheries Act 1980.
° Fisheries regulations in Government Notice No. 18 of 1983.
Staff Three fisheries assistants are based at an adjacent fisheries post. Enforcement is carried
out as part of the general duties of the Fisheries Protection officers.
Budget No specific budget is allocated; recurrent expenditures and salaries are met from the
budget allocated to both Fisheries Research and Protection Service, i.e. Rs.8.3 million.
Local Park or Reserve Administration Protection Service; Fisheries Division
Date 1985
-421-
IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
TROU D’EAU DOUCE FISHING RESERVE
Management Category VIII (Multiple Use Management Area)
Biogeographical Province 3.25.13 (Mascarene Islands)
Legal Protection The Fisheries Act 1980 prohibits large net or gill net fishing.
Date Established 2 February 1983 by Government Notice No. 18
Geographical Location Off the east coast of Mauritius. The boundaries are marked by high
water mark and a line drawn from Le Morne to the extreme western point of Ile aux Rats,
along the inner shore of Isles aux Cerfs to Pointe Petit Vacoas, and to the extreme point of Ilot
Lievre and Point Saint Lain (Pointe Cassis). 20°16’S, 57°47°E.
Altitude Sea level
Area 700ha
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The shallow water, including the estuaries at the Grand River South East,
is brackish.
Vegetation There are extensive mangrove areas in the inter-tidal zones and around the many
small islets of the Iles aux Cerfs region. The area is rich in seagrass communities.
Fauna The fauna comprises varied coral communities. The brackish water provides habitats
for oyster communities, which settle on the mangrove roots. The area provides a nursery
ground for many species and is particularly rich in mullet species.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies There are large amounts of silt deposited in the reserve during
heavy rain. Pollutants from a sugar mill are carried via the Deep River Beau Champ into a
part of the reserve. There is also illegal fishing.
Scientific Research No information
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
° Fisheries Act 1980. Fisheries Regulations in Government Notice No. 18 of 1983.
Staff Three fisheries assistants are posted in an adjacent fisheries post. Enforcement is
carried out as part of the general duties of the Fisheries Protection officers.
Budget There is no specific budget; recurrent expenditure and salaries are met from a budget
allocated to both Fisheries Research and Protection Service, i.e. Rs.8.3 million.
Local Park or Reserve Administration Protection Service; Fisheries Division
Date July 1983
-422-
Mauritius
BAIE DE L’ARSENAL MARINE PARK
Management Category Proposed
Biogeographical Province 3.25.13 (Mascarene Islands)
Legal Protection No information
Date Established Not yet gazetted
Geographical Location 20°06’S, 57°30°E
Altitude No information
Area 100ha
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features Baie de 1|’Arsenal is unique in Mauritius for its remarkable diversity of
habitats and species, and their unusual intactness within such a confined area. It consists of a
peripheral fringing reef, lying 30-60m offshore, which is cut at frequent intervals by surge
channels and narrow passages scoured out by strong rip currents. Sheltered fringing reefs
border these channels. The peripheral reefs are exposed to oceanic swell, but there is no surf
over the sheltered reefs and the current is weak. Consequently the sheltered reefs are easily
accessible and extremely vulnerable. There are also lagoonal patch reefs between the
peripheral fringing reefs and the shore, with a depth of 1-4m. The brackish lagoon has a
substrate of coral fragments, blocks of dead corals, patches of sand and sand consolidated by
beds of sea grass or patches of living corals. The bay has much of geological interest including
its different rock formations (basalt, beach rock, raised beach and raised reef), its three types
of beaches (coral and shell coarse sand, grey sand flats, and gravel) and the dunes at Pointe aux
Piments which form a more or less continuous series of arcs parallel to the shore. There is a
well-preserved earthen fort at the southern point of the bay. Towards the lagoon to the east
are 13 rocky outcrops, large slabs of compacted back-reef coral exposed 2m above sea level
and deeply undercut at their seaward faces. These rocks are studded with small colonies of
boulder corals (Porites, Astraeopora).
Vegetation The vegetation can be divided into two basic types: (1) Plant-based algal beds
behind the surf zone with abundant species of Sargassum, Turbinaria, and sea grasses with
beds of Syringodium isoetifolium and Halodule uninervis. (2) Sand-based (sand flats, bay floor
sediments, sandy beaches) and rock-based (shore-line basalt boulders, intertidal beach
rock-reef rock) plant species (including seaweeds).
Fauna The sheltered reefs are characterised by a dense cover of fragile colonies which are
remarkably intact, large and varied, comprising tiers of stagshorn, tabular Acropora and
foliaceous Montipora. Extensive patches of stagshorn are established in the deeper lagoon
waters. In shallower areas the Acropora patches are generally small, frequently dead or
replaced by fields of hardy Pavona coral. The lagoonal patch reefs are especially vulnerable
because their principle constructors - the brittle stagshorn and tabular Acropora are so fragile.
Boulder reef with Porites features in areas with erratic salinity, turbidity, and temperature.
With such a wide range of habitats, this area supports a good variety of other animal species
including many wrass and parrotfish (notably Halichoeres kawarin, Thalliurus chlorurus,
Leptoscarus vaigiensis, and Xanothon marmaritus). The sea grass beds provide habitat for the
molluscs Pinna kraussi, Cassis cornuta, and Dolabella spp., the crab Calappa hepatica, various
annelids and the juveniles of some important economic fish including Lethrinus harak
and Siganus spp.. Donax faba is relatively abundant inshore from the Halodule uninervis
beds. Sand flats are important habitats for the sea cucumber Synapta, other holothurians,
Numerous molluscs and the commercially important goatfish (Mullidae) and mullets
(Mugilidae). The sandy beaches were previously used by nesting turtles, and the hawksbill
turtle Eretmochelys imbricata (E) has been seen around the mouth of the bay. The beaches
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
support a population of ghost crabs Ocypoda sp.. There is a remarkable echinoid-dominated
community on the base of a raised reef rock, which includes Echinometra mathaei,
Heterocentrotus mammillatus, H. trigonarius, Echinostrephus molaris, Tripneustes gratilla,
Stompneustes variolaris, Diadema setosum, and Echinothrix diadema.
Zoning No information
Disturbances or Deficiencies The Mauritian coral reefs are comparatively poorly developed
and hence are easily destroyed. The area may be threatened by a plague of sea urchins
(probably resulting indirectly from over-fishing), which is destroying sea grass beds and the
reef on the east coast, and is causing the silting up of once productive lagoons. There are also
reports of dense concentrations of the crown-of-thorns starfish Acanthaster planci, which may
indicate a plague of these reef-destroying animals. There is a need to relocate three fishermen
who are currently based in this bay.
Visitor Facilities The proposed construction of a hotel at Balaclava does not pose a threat to
the marine park and will enhance its recreational value.
Scientific Research No information
Special Scientific Facilities No information
Principal Reference Material
° Procter, J. and Salm, R. (1974). Conservation in Mauritius 1974. IUCN/WWF Report to the
Government of Mauritius. Unpublished.
Staff No information
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration No information
Date January 1983
-424-
MOZAMBIQUE
-425-
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MOZAMBIQUE
Area 784,961 sq.km
Population 13,140,000 (1983)
Parks and Reserves Legislation All parks and reserves are established under Decree No. 40040
of 20 January 1955. Hunting was banned in 1974, but hunting by village co-operatives under a
quota system has been authorised since 1979. Protected conservation areas in Mozambique fall
into six categories: Parques nacionais (national parks), Reservas especiais (game _ reserves),
Reservas parciais (partial reserves), Regimen de vigilancia (faunal reserves), Coutadas, and
Reservas florestais (forest reserves). Within parques nacionais natural resources are managed
for ecological, cultural, aesthetic and socio-economic objectives, all national parks having some
settlement, agriculture or cattle. In the early 1970s, there was interest in the creation of
multi-purpose wildlife resource-use areas, especially where there was fragile substrate and
vegetation cover, and tsetse fly Glossina moristans. This lead to the establishment of the
Reservas especiais category. Within these Reservas especiais the objectives are similar to
national parks but exclude the socio-economic objectives. Within the Regimen de vigilancia,
one or more species are protected while others may be exploited. Coutadas are hunting and
photographic safari areas usually run on a private concession basis. Forest reserves are areas
intended to protect representative examples of vegetation-types. A "multiple use area’ is a
recently defined category. These areas are managed with the aim of utilising wildlife on a
sustainable basis, One reserve, the Ilhas da Inhaca e dos Portugueses, is managed by the
University Eduardo Mondlare for both conservation and education purposes.
Parks and Reserves Administration The Ministry of Agriculture is responsible for
administration of reserves and recent reorganization has led to the creation of an office, the
*"Unidade de Direcgao da Fauna Bravia’, to deal with wildlife matters including parks and
reserves. In addition, the State Secretariat for Physical Planning is charged with ensuring
coordination and interrelationship of the different organisms (sic) involved in the use of
natural resources in order to guarantee the preservation/restoration of ecological balance.
Forest Reserves come under the control and protection of the Forestry Department (Unidade de
Direcgao Florestas). A parastatal organization known as Emofauna E.E. was established in
1981 under the Department of Wildlife and Forestry which at that time was responsible for
administration of parks and reserves. The main objective of Emofauna E.E. is to make full
economic use of natural resources to ensure their future conservation. Several areas have been
set aside as wildlife utilisation and production areas, and these come under the control of
Emofauna E.E.
Address
° Unidade de Direcgao da Fauna Bravia, CP 1072, Maputo.
° Unidade de Direcgao Florestas, CP 3652, Maputo.
° Emofauna E.E., CP 2706, Maputo.
Additional Information The wildlife and forestry departments have persevered for many
years under extreme shortages of equipment and manpower. In 1980, Mozambique had no
comprehensive wildlife policy and with the exception of Gorongosa and Maputo National Parks
and Marromeu Game Reserve, no wildlife area or park had any permanent field staff. The
northern region was of particular concern as it was not well known due to its inaccessibility,
remoteness and a history of security difficulties. There was, and still is, an urgent need for
protection of representational sites in this area (Rodgers, 1980).
The guerilla war is considered to be by far the most serious problem facing nature conservation
in Mozambique. Virtually every conservation area has been fairly severely affected, with the
work of local administration being particularly badly disrupted, or even abandoned. Drought
has had an affect on the region (in some cases exacerbated by upstream damming of rivers),
which, in combination with the guerilla warfare has led to increased hunting both inside and
Outside protected areas. Also, the gradual drying in combination with wildfire is gradually
2497,
IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
changing the character of the vegetation in some parts of the country. In an effort to alleviate
problems within nature conservation, a National Meeting of Wildlife held in December 1981
approved a draft re-evaluation of some existing areas of conservation concern. However, lack
of skilled staff and adequate equipment, and human settlements within the reserves, are still
major problems (Marques, 1984). Although Tello (1983) does report a change in attitude in
provincial governments and rural people (particularly of the Zambezi delta) towards
conservation, with the establishment of Emofauna and the success of the Zambezi Wildlife
Utilisation Area, he also stresses the pressure of human populations, cattle and farming
developments, industries and poaching which threaten the intregity of the national parks and
game reserves. However, such advances are being compromised by the continuing political
difficulties.
A review has recently been carried out which assesses the current status of wildlife and
protected areas in the country, and a series of recommendations aimed at improving the
situation (Tello, 1986). This should be published by UNEP during 1987.
References
° Huntley, B.J. and Ellis, S. (1983). Conservation status of terrestrial ecosystems in southern
Africa. Working document prepared by CSIR, Pretoria.
° IUCN/WWF Projects 1988/9. Mozambique. Field Force Vehicles.
° Kaplan, I. (1977). Area Handbook for Mozambique. US Government Printing Office,
Washington D.C. 240 pp.
° Marques, M.R. (1984). Protected Areas in Mozambique. In Proceedings of the 22nd meeting
of IUCN’s Commission on National Parks and Protected Areas. Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe,
22-27 May 1984.
° Rodgers, W.A. (1980). WWEF/IUCN Advisory Mission to the Government of the Popular
Republic of Mozambique. Report to IUCN/WWF and the Government of Mozambique.
° Tello, J.L. (1983). Mozambique’s cropping scheme in the Zambezi Delta Area. Report
presented to 59th SSC Meeting, Harare, Zimbabwe, 16 April 1983.
° Tello, J. (1986). Survey of protected areas and wildlife species in Mozambique with
‘* 7! recommendations for strengthening their conservation. Report to WWF, Gland, Switzerland.
° Tinley, K.L., Rosinha, A.J., Tello, José L.P., and Dutton, T.P. (1974). Wildlife and Wild
places in Mozambique. Oryx XIII(4): 344-349.
° Smithers, R.H.N. and Tello, J.L.P.L. (1976). Check list and Atlas of the mammals of
Mozambique. Museum Memoir No 8. Trustees of National Museum and Monuments of
Rhodesia, Salisbury.
° WWF Project 3701. Mozambique, Review of Conservation Situation.
Protected Areas
(hectares)
National Parks
Banhine 700,000
Bazaruto 15,000
Gorongosa 375,000
Zinave 500,000
Subtotal 1,590,000
Marine National Parks
Paradise Island
Faunal Reserves
Ilhas da Inhaca e dos Portugeses
Game Reserves
Niassa 1,500,000
ae
Mozambique
Reserves
Gile 210,000
Maputo 90,000
Marromeu 1,000,000
Pomene 10,000
Subtotal 1,310,000
Wildlife Utilization Areas
Zambezi 1,000,000
Proposed areas
Primeira and Segunda Islands National Park
Quirimba Islands National Park
Rovuma National Park 1,500,000
San Sebastian Peninsula National Park
Nacala-Mossuril Marine National Park
Subtotal 1,500,000
PARQUE NACIONAL DO BANHINE
Management Category Under Review
Biogeographical Province 3.08.04 (South African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection No information
Date Established 1972
Geographical Location In the Gaza Province, north-east of the Limpopo River.
Approximately 23°00’S, 32°30’E.
Altitude No information
Area 700,000ha
Land Tenure No information
Physical Features Mainly open plains, with some slightly elevated areas. The park lies in
Mozambique’s most arid zone with under 400mm annual rainfall.
Vegetation Mainly open grassland plains with slightly elevated areas where baobab Adansonia
digitata, mopani Colophospermum mopane, Sclerocarya caffra, and Terminalia species occur.
Fauna Mammals include: sable antelope Hippotragus niger, brown hyena Hyaena brunnea (T),
caracal Felis caracal, black-backed jackal Canis mesomelas and _ side-striped
jackal Canis adustus, and genet Genetta mossambica. Banhine, Zinave and the surrounding
hunting areas contain Mozambique’s largest populations of elephant Loxodonta africana (T)
and cheetah Acinonyx jubatus, (T) and the only populations of giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis,
roan antelope Hippotragus equinus, and ostrich Struthio camelus. Sizable populations of
reedbuck Redunca redunca, impala Aepyceros melampus, and wildebeest Connochaetes taurinus
also occur. Topi Damaliscus lunatus and waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus were once common
in the area, but no longer seen by the time the park was established. Arid zone birds include
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
kori bustard Choriotis kori and buffalo weaver Bubalornis albirostris. However, there are
reports of excessive and uncontrolled hunting in the area, and it is unclear what the current
situation is.
Conservation Management In 1980, the Government planned to create a mobile ranger team
to undertake field surveys and anti-poaching, conservation extension and educational activities,
but there were still problems in the initiation of these activities in 1984 and there are as yet
still no wildlife staff within the area.
Zoning There is a buffer zone or fauna protection zone 5km wide, in which it is intended all
wildlife should be protected.
Disturbances or Deficiencies There is a permanent settlement within the park, an extensive
cattle population, and poaching. At the time of establishment of the park numbers of animals
were reduced for most large species, largely due to hunting, but probably also as a result of the
general drying of the region five to ten years earlier. Poaching by well organised gangs was a
serious problem during the first few years of existence. Subsequently the area has been
seriously affected both as a result of the war in Zimbabwe and by internal disturbances in
Mozambique. No staff have been based in the area since 1975. Drought problems are also
increasing within the area.
Visitor Facilities None
Scientific Research No information
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
° IUCN/WWF Project 1988. Mozambique. Field Force Vehicles.
Staff Not staffed by wildlife staff since 1975. Three workers based outside the park in
Xai-Xai.
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration No information
Date 1986
PARQUE NACIONAL DO BAZARUTO
Management Category Under Review
Biogeographical Province 3.08.04 (South African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection No information
Date Established May 1971 by Legislative Diploma 46/71
Geographical Location On the islands of Bangué, Santo Antonio and Santa Isabel (the last two
also being known as Benguerua and Magarugue), 10km off the coast near Vilanculos.
Contiguous to the unprotected Bazaruto Island. Approximately 22°00’S, 35°30°E.
Altitude 0-50m
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Mozambique
Area 15,000ha
Land Tenure No information
Physical Features The area includes three islands between Bazaruto Island and the Santo
Sebastian Peninsula, and a 5km marine zone around them with extensive coral reefs.
Vegetation Vegetation cover is sparse with /pomoea pes-caprae spp. brasiliensis, and Scaevola
plumieri.
Fauna There are reported to be extensive coral formations, dugong Dugong dugon (T) and
five species of marine turtle (all of which are threatened). Terrestrial habitats support samango
monkey Cercopithecus albogularis and red bush duiker Cephalophus natalensis.
Crocodile Crocodylus niloticus occur in a lake on Benguerua Island. The unprotected Bazaruto
Island to the north is important as a feeding area for dugong and a nesting area for marine
turtles, and has been proposed as a reserve.
Zoning None. Bazaruto Island to the north of the park was proclaimed as being under a
*special vigilance regime’, with total exclusion of hunting.
Disturbances or Deficiencies Turtle and dugong hunting continues, as does fishing. Only
Bangué Island is uninhabited, though fishermen from the mainland are freqent visitors. There
are over 200 sheep and goats on Benguerua Island.
Visitor Facilities No information
Scientific Research No information
Special Scientific Facilities No information
Principal Reference Material None listed
Staff No field staff have been appointed since the establishment of the park.
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration No information
Date 1986
PARQUE NACIONAL DA GORONGOSA
Management Category Under Review
Biogeographical Province 3.08.04 (South African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection No information
Date Established 23 July 1960 as a National Park of 553,000ha by Diploma Legislativo No.
1993, and reduced to its present size in 1966. First protected as a game reserve of 100,000ha
under regulations of 1921, and enlarged to 320,000ha in 1935.
Geographical Location North-west of Sofala on the Pungue River, central Mogambique.
Approximately 19°00’S, 34°30’E.
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Altitude Up to 600m
Area 375,000ha; contiguous to the partially protected Zambezi Wildlife Utilisation Area.
Land Tenure State
Physical Features The park is situated at the southern limit of the Great Rift Valley with
sharply rising inselbergs, an extensive floodplain, and associated lakes. Marshy areas are
inundated by the rains. The climate is of a tropical moist savanna type, with most rains falling
between November and April. Mists are common in winter months.
Vegetation Piliostigma, Sclerocarya, Trichilia, Kigelia, and Acacia type savanna woodlands
occupy fairly extensive areas, as do some patches of dry forest with species such as Dalbergia,
Afzelia, and Pterocarpus on the old sand river beds. Pure Combretum savanna also occurs, but
is fairly limited in extent. There are several areas of Colophospermum, both in the park and
just north of it in a controlled hunting area, which forms part of the ecological system. There
are some areas adjoining the flood plain with a savanna of short Hyphaene palms. Hyphaene,
Borassus and some Phoenix occur in riverine areas.
Fauna Ungulates are typical floodplain species, such as elephant Loxodonta africana (T),
wildebeest Connochaetes taurinus (one of the main floodplain species), buffalo Syncerus caf fer,
zebra Equus burchelli, reedbuck Redunca redunca, and impala Aepyceros melampus. In the
elevated woodland and savanna, there are good populations of eland Taurotragus oryx, sable
antelope Hippotragus niger, suni Neotragus moschatus, Sharpe’s grysbok Raphiceros sharpei,
bushbuck, and duiker. Black rhino Diceros bicornis (T) are very rare indeed. Other mammals
include klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus (common on rocky outcrops), hartebeest Alcelaphus
lichtensteini, hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, lion Panthera leo,
leopard Panthera pardus (T), and hyena Hyaena brunnea There are good numbers of lion,
leopard and hyena. Hippopotamuses are plentiful - it has been suggested that they are too
plentiful. Land and waterbirds are prolific and include heron Ardea sp., pelican Pelecanus sp.,
wattled crane Bugeranus carunculatus (of special concern), and secretary bird Sagittarius
serpentarius. However, there are reports of excessive and uncontrolled hunting in the area, and
it is unclear what the current situation is.
Conservation Management There was a well-developed road network, guard post system,
several anti-poaching units, and a wildlife training school in the area. However, it would
appear that no staff are currently working in the area, and all development projects have had
to be stopped until the security problems in the area are alleviated.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies The integrity of the park is threatened by a severe lack of
equipment and manpower, however more serious at present is the pressure along the
boundaries from legal and illegal settlements, and security problems within the area which have
resulted in the park being abandoned by staff. Field patrols are restricted to small areas where
security can be guaranteed. Most park facilities have been destroyed. There are unconfirmed
reports that a high percentage of the game has been shot. The park limits still exclude several
important areas, including Gorongosa Mountain, the primary water source for the park and
surrounding area.
Visitor Facilities There was accommodation at Chitengo lodge, and guided tours were
available, but all tourist activities have ceased.
Scientific Research No information
Special Scientific Facilities No information
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Mozambique
Principal Reference Material
° IUCN/WWF Project No. 1989. Mozambique, Field Force Vehicles, Gorongosa National Park.
° Tinley, K. (date unknown). Framework of the Gorongosa Ecosystem. Ph.D. Thesis,
University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa.
° Tinley, K.L. (1969). Os limites écologicos do Parque Nacional da Gorongosa (Mocambique):
E a Manutengao da natureza bravia. Report to the Mocambique Government, Fauna Branch
of the Veterinary Services of Mocambique.
° Tinley, K.L. (1971). Sketch of Gorongosa National Park, Mocgambique. In: Proceedings of a
symposium on Nature Conservation as a form of land use, Gorongosa National Park,
Mogambique 13-17 September 1971.
Staff In 1980/1981, staff consisted of a chief warden, three rangers and some 50 game
guards. The park is now administered by one of the three rangers, and there are an additional
30 guards. Staff are no longer based in the park, however, and the administration is based in
Beira.
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration No information
Date 1986
PARQUE NACIONAL DO ZINAVE
Management Category Under Review
Biogeographical Province 3.08.04 (South African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection No information
Date Established 1972. First proclaimed as a private safari hunting area in 1962.
Geographical Location Southern Mozambique. The Save River defines the northern
boundary of the park. Approximately 21°30’S, 33°30°E.
Altitude No information
Area 500,000ha; with hunting areas to the north and a game ranch to the east.
Land Tenure No information
Physical Features The area represents a transitional zone between moist tropical and arid
tropical environments. The annual rainfall is 800mm or less.
Vegetation Major vegetation types are Brachystegia species and mopani Colophospermum
mopane, Acacia-Combretum tree savanna, and sandy grasslands.
Fauna Zinave, together with Banhine and the surrounding hunting areas, contains
Mozambique’s largest populations of elephant Loxodonta africana (T) and cheetah Acinonyx
jJubatus (T) and the only populations of giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis, roan
antelope Hippotragus equinus, topi Damaliscus lunatus, and ostrich Struthio camelus. The
northern boundary (Save River) marks the northern distribution limit of the southern African
race of giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis and spring hare Pedetes capensis. Sizeable populations
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
of reedbuck Redunca redunca, impala Aepyceros melampus, waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus,
nyala Tragelaphus angasi, and wildebeest Connochaetes taurinus also occur. However, there are
reports of excessive and uncontrolled hunting in the area, and it is unclear what the current
situation is.
Conservation Management In 1980, the Government planned to create a mobile ranger team
to undertake field surveys and anti-poaching, conservation extension and educational activities,
but there were still problems in the initiation of these activities in 1984. Some staff have now
been assigned to the area, however.
Zoning There is a buffer zone to the east, west and south of the park, providing a 5km_ wide
fauna protection zone (regimen de vigilancia) in which all wildlife is protected.
Disturbances or Deficiencies There is permanent settlement and extensive cattle population,
and poaching by local people, guerillas and soldiers. The area has suffered from military
activity since 1976, including an attack on Zinave camp in 1982. All camps in the park have
been severely damaged. Drought has been a serious concern for several years.
Visitor Facilities None operative
Scientific Research No current research
Special Scientific Facilities None operative
Principal Reference Material
° IUCN/WWFE Project No. 1988. Mozambique, Field Force Vehicles.
Staff The park has been staffed 1972-4 and 1980-2. In 1985 two rangers and eight game
guards were assigned to the park, based at the main camp.
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration No information
Date 1986
NIASSA GAME RESERVE AND PROPOSED ROVUMA NATIONAL PARK
Management Category Under Review
Biogeographical Province 3.07.04 (Miombo Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Partial
Date Established 1960 as a Game Reserve of 2,000,000ha, reduced to its present size in 1969.
There are proposals to develop the area into a national park and possibly form an international
park with Tanzania. Formerly known as Rovuma Partial Reserve.
Geographical Location In the extreme north of the country, with its northern boundary the
Rovuma River in Tanzania. Approximately centred 12°00’S, 37°00’E.
Altitude No information
Area 1,500,000ha
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Mozambique
Land Tenure No information
Physical Features No information
Vegetation The dominant vegetation is Brachystegia spp. and Baikiaea spp. intersected by
numerous rivers and associated ’dambos’ (open grass plains). East of Niassa is the only area
of Combretum-Terminalia savanna in Mozambique.
Fauna Mammals include: elephant Loxodonta africana (T), lion Panthera leo,
buffalo Syncerus caffer, zebra Equus burchelli, wildebeest Connochaetes taurinus, Lichtenstein’s
hartebeest Alcelaphus lichtensteini and Alcephalus buselaphus, impala Aepyceros melampus,
eland Taurotragus oryx, greater kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros, bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus,
sable antelope Hippotragus niger, waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus kondensis, oribi Ourebia
ourebi, reedbuck Redunca redunca, klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus, grysbok Raphicerus
melanotis, red duiker Cephalophus natalensis, warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus, and
hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius. Black rhino Diceros bicornis (T) is recorded
occasionally.
Conservation Management The Niassa Province Agricultural Development Plan specifically
excludes the reserve and Lugenda River and there are no agricultural development plans for
the area.
Zoning Niassa is seen as a core zone to the proposed national park with a multiple land use
buffer zone to be implemented in the future.
Disturbances or Deficiencies There is inadequate knowledge of the area. It is politically
difficult to move settlements, which were specifically created during the Frelimo war of
liberation (1968-1975), from within the area.
Visitor Facilities No information
Scientific Research The reserve was surveyed in the mid 1970s and in 1981 by Emofauna
E.E. to assess the potential for wildlife production.
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
° IUCN/WWF Project No. 1568. Mozambique, Ecological Survey.
° Rodgers, W.A. (1980). WWE/IUCN Advisory mission to the government of the Popular
Republic of Mozambique. Report to IUCN/WWFE and the Government of Mozambique.
° Tello, J. and Dutton, P. (1979). Report of an aerial survey of the proposed Rovuma National
Park. Government of Mozambique, Ministry of Agriculture. (In Portugese)
Staff One senior ranger, 10 rangers, three game guards and eight workers.
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration Provincial Forest Officer, Niassa.
Date 1985
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
RESERVE DE GILE
Management Category Under Review
Biogeographical Province 3.07.04 (Miombo Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established First proclaimed in 1940, with an area of 500,000ha. Reduced to its present
size in 1960.
Geographical Location In Zambézia Province. Approximately 16°30’S, 38°30°E.
Altitude No information
Area 210,000ha; contiguous to the ’Area do Gile’ (fauna protection area)
Land Tenure No information
Physical Features Plains with inselbergs and numerous rivers
Vegetation The dominant vegetation type is Brachystegia miombo woodland with associated
*dambos’ (open grass plains). Some inselbergs have endemic cycads.
Fauna Mammals include: elephant Loxodonta africana (T), lion Panthera leo,
wildebeest Connochaetes taurinus johnstoni, Lichtenstein’s hartebeest Alcelaphus lichtensteini
and hartebeest A. buselaphus, impala Aepyceros melampus, eland Taurotragus oryx, greater
kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros, bushbuck T. scriptus, sable antelope Hippotragus niger,
buffalo Syncerus caf fer, zebra Equus burchelli, waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, oribi Ourebia
ourebi, reedbuck Redunca redunca, klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus, grysbok Raphicerus
melanotis, red duiker Cephalophus natalensis, warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus, and
hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius. The flying squirrel Anomalurus derbianus, which does
not extend south of the Zambezi, is a common crepuscular animal of the woodland and riverine
habitats.
Conservation Management’ The reserve is largely unexplored with only minimal physical
development. It has potential for development as a national park and proposals have been
made for its transformation. Construction of park headquarters and a road network are under
way.
Zoning Forms the northern boundary buffer zone of the ’Area do Gile’.
Disturbances or Deficiencies Until recently there have been few disturbances apart from an
increase in poaching in the mid 1970s. Lack of resources, particularly means of transport, has
however been a problem. In December 1984 the reserve came under attack, and camps have
been destroyed.
Visitor Facilities There is no infrastructure as yet, although the area was planned to be
developed as a national park.
Scientific Research No information
Special Scientific Facilities No information
Principal Reference Material
° JUCN/WWF Project 1988. Mozambique, Field Force Vehicles.
-436-
Mozambique
Staff Staff did comprise some 100 people, with five game rangers, 20 game guards and 75
workers, but the numbers of both game guards and workers has been reduced (to 10 and 6
respectively). Reserve staff have been based in Pebane, outside the reserve, since December
1984.
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration No information
Date 1986
RESERVA ESPECIAL DO MAPUTO
Management Category Under Review
Biogeographical Province 3.08.04 (South African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Partial
Date Established Created in 1932, but many boundary changes up to 23 July 1960 when it
was officially gazetted under Decree Law 1994. Enlarged from 70,000ha in 1969. Proposal to
extend the protected coastal zone to the South African border.
Geographical Location 70km south of Maputo; the only conservation area in the extreme
south of the country. Borders the Indian Ocean to the east for about 45km and again to the
north on the Bay of Maputo for 19km. The Maputo River is on the western boundary.
Approximately 26°30’S, 33°00’E.
Altitude 2-104m
Area 90,000ha; contiguous to Area do Maputo and Limbombos Mountain Reedbuck Park
fauna protection areas. (It is unclear as to whether these areas are still recognized. They are
possibly still on statute and were proposed as a wildlife utilisation zone at one time.)
Land Tenure No information
Physical Features The terrain is undulating and is mainly of sand dunes origin with beaches,
freshwater and saline lakes, salinas, and floodplains.
Vegetation Coastal dune forests, swamp forest, mangrove forest, sandy open grassland, and
sand ridges with savanna
Fauna Mammals include: serval Felis serval, selous mongoose Paracynictus selousi,
reedbuck Redunca sp., common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia, red duiker Cephalophus natalensis,
bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, nyala Tragelaphus angasi, blue monkey Cercopithecus mitis,
aardwolf Proteles cristatus (doubtfully present in 1981), and hippopotamus Hippopotamus
amphibius. One of the world’s southernmost large populations of elephant Loxodonta africana
(T) occur here. There are white rhino Ceratotherium simum (T), but they are reported to be
again nearing extinction in the area. Some 337 bird species have been recorded including the
Stanley bustard Eupoditis denhami stanleyi (but doubtfully present in 1981) and Pel’s fishing
owl Scotopelia peli. Reptiles include the Nile crocodile Crocodylus niloticus (V), and
leather-back turtle Dermochelys coriacea (E) and loggerhead turtle Caretta caretta (V) occur
along the coast.
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Conservation Management Three major types of field operation were being carried out within
the reserve, intensive anti-poaching patrols, the attempted evacuation of people living in the
reserve to nearby communal villages and the construction of game posts.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies | Many animal species are only represented by a few remnant
endangered populations. This is a consequence of bush fires, poaching, competition from
domestic stock, and general harrassment from people living within the reserve. The situation
within the reserve has been gradually deteriorating, largely due to the combined effects of
inadequate staffing and the antagonism of the local people (various attempts to move people
out of the area have so far failed). Other serious problems are drying up of the Futi River and
its flood plains, and uncontrolled wildfire.
Visitor Facilities No information
Scientific Research No information
Special Scientific Facilities No information
Principal Reference Material
° TUCN/WWF Project 1988. Mozambique. Field Force Vehicles.
Staff Reported to number 32, including one senior ranger, 15 game rangers, eight game
guards. However, since 1984 wildlife staff have not actually been stationed in the park, but in
a village some miles away.
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration No information
Date 1986
ZAMBEZI WILDLIFE UTILISATION AREA, INCLUDING MARROMEU RESERVE
Management Category Under Review
Biogeographical Province 3.08.04 (South African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Partial
Date Established The wildlife utilisation area was established in 1981, comprising the
Marromeu Reserve (proclaimed in 1961 with subsequent legislation in 1969), and four safari
hunting blocks.
Geographical Location South bank of the Zambezi River on the delta and surrounding area.
Approximately centred 19°00’S, 35°00’E.
Altitude Less than 500m
Area About 1,000,000ha; contiguous to Gorongosa National Park (377,000ha) to the west
Land Tenure No information
-438-
Mozambique
Physical Features The reserve is situated in the Zambezi River delta and comprises
floodplains, mangrove swamps, rivers and areas of higher ground. There are rocky, sandy and
muddy intertidal zones, and sea‘ grass beds. Mean annual rainfall is 1,000mm, and mean annual
temperature is 24°C-27°C.
Vegetation The area includes about 7,500ha of coastal habitat, the most important being the
dune scrub and very dense tall mangrove forest along both the coast and lower estuary. Other
vegetation types include broad-leaf and palm savannas, Brachystegia and scattered transitional
forests, lowland evergreen forests, riverine and papyrus swamp forests.
Fauna The area is particularly famous for a large population (c. 50,000) of buffalo Syncerus
caffer. Other mammals include: elephant Loxodonta africana (T), zebra Equus burchelli,
reedbuck Redunca redunca, bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, eland Taurotragus oryx,
oribi Ourebia ourebi, suni Neotragus moschatus, common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia, blue
duiker Cephalophus monticola and red duiker C. natalensis, warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus
and bush pig Potamochoerus porcus. In the east corridor adjoining the rift valley, there are
good populations of nyala Tragelaphus angasi, greater kudu fT. __ strepsiceros,
wildebeest Connochaetes taurinus, impala Aepyceros melampus, elephant Loxodonta africana
(T), leopard Panthera pardus (T), sable antelope Hippotragus niger, waterbuck Kobus
ellipsiprymnus, and Lichtenstein’s hartebeest Alcelaphus lichtensteini. Black rhino Diceros
bicornis (T) also occurs. The avifauna is rich in terms of numbers and species. Waterbirds are
common and include greater flamingo Phoenicopterus ruber, wattled crane Bugeranus
carunculatus (of special concern), East coast akelat Erithacus gunningi (R), and a large nesting
colony of white pelican Pelecanus onocrotalus. The swamps and rivers are well populated by
crocodile and fish species including Clarias spp., Tilapia spp., and tigerfish. The estuaries are
rich in species of marine fish.
Conservation Management Between 1976 and 1980, the Ministry of Agriculture carried out a
buffalo cropping operation, with the result that commercial and organized poaching decreased.
New roads and camps were built and 400 jobs created (200 permanent; 200 dry season) in
association with the project. All products and by-products of buffalo cropping are used.
Hunting safaris were started again in 1981. Other activities included agriculture to feed the
workers; fishing in the fresh waters, a small crocodile farm, and an artisanal to use horns,
bones, hoofs and skins. Anti-poaching activities were conducted throughout the year using
amphibious tractors and small boats during the wet season. Much poaching has been stopped
and many poachers are now employed as hunters or game guards. Captive breeding of certain
birds, reptiles, and frogs was planned. The whole unit was in fact economically self
sufficient. Guerilla activity has, however, seriously disrupted management of the area.
Zoning No information
Disturbances or Deficiencies The area has a population of less than 4,000 people with under
100 permanently based in the lowland or coastal belt. There was severe poaching prior to 1960
and post 1974, when all hunting was banned. Between 1960 and 1974, government wardens
carried out successful anti-poaching measures aided to some extent by professional hunters
who organized safaris. There has been degradation of floodplains due to a change in flooding
regime caused by the Kariba and Cabora Bassa dams and related changes of watertable,
probably assisted by wildfire. Since 1982 there have been increasing problems within the unit,
with attacks on administrative camps and increased poaching. The area is reported to by still
with problems, and much of the unit is still uncontrolled.
Visitor Facilities Canoe, bird-watching, and walking safaris are planned.
Scientific Research There were large mammal aerial counts in 1968 and 1978-1979, and
studies on sustainable yield of buffalo populations. A survey of crocodiles was carried out in
1981 by FAO. Research was continuing, mainly on conservation and utilisation of other
species, especially forest ungulates. However, research is limited by the serious lack of
experienced ecologists, and now be security difficulties.
Special Scientific Facilities No information
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Principal Reference Material
° Tello, J.L. (1983). Mozambique’s cropping scheme in the Zambezi Delta Area. Report
presented to 59th SSC Meeting, Harare, Zimbabwe, 16 April 1983.
Staff Some 400 were employed, 180 of them for the whole year. The current situation is less
clear, but it would appear that staff are returning to the area and that there is now a director
and 90 workers (10 of them trained).
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration No information
Date 1986
RESERVA DE POMENE
Management Category Under Review
Biogeographical Province 3.08.04 (South African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection No information
Date Established 16 October 1972 by Legislative Diploma 104/72
Geographical Location Approximately 23°00’S, 35°00’E.
Altitude 0-100m
Area 10,000ha
Land Tenure No information
Physical Features Includes coastal littoral and estuarine areas.
Vegetation Dune forest, acid grassland, mangrove swamps, and associated estuarine
environment
Fauna Marine species include dugong Dugong dugon (T), dolphin, and five species of marine
turtle (all of which are threatened). Terrestrial species include red duiker Cephalophus
natalensis, samango monkey Cercopithecus albogularis, and the chacma baboon Papio ursinus.
Reintroduction of several antelope species, and buffalo, was at one time considered but not
followed up.
Conservation Management No information
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies There is some military activity in the area.
Visitor Facilities The reserve had a good camp, and was a relatively important tourist area
(mainly because of the fishing). Tourist activities stopped in 1982.
Scientific Research No information
-440-
Special Scientific Facilities No information
Principal Reference Material None listed
Staff Field staff have never been stationed in this reserve.
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration No information
Date 1986
-441-
Mozambique
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SOUTH WEST AFRICA/NAMIBIA
Area 824,293 sq.km
Population 1,039,800 (1982 estimate)
Parks and Reserves Legislation Parks and reserves are declared under the Nature
Conservation Ordinance No. 4 of 1975. Definitions used within the country include National
Park, Park, Game Reserve, Reserve, National Recreation Area, Nature Reserve and Recreation
Resort. A new ordinance, setting up the Directorate of Nature Conservation and Recreation
Resorts has yet to be promulgated, and for this reason Game Reserves have also yet to receive
legal protection. The Directorate is, however, already set up in practice. The terminology used
in defining areas is confusing, and is reportedly under review. In practice there would appear
to be little difference in legal status between these areas.
Parks and Reserves Administration The state owned protected areas come under the
jurisdiction of the Directorate of Nature Conservation and Recreation Resorts, Department co:
Agriculture and Nature Conservation. This office was established de facto in 1980, effectively
bringing all conservation activity within the country under one directorate. The stated aims of
this directorate are: care of the animal population and administration of licensed hunting;
combating wildlife-carried animal epidemics; ensuring clean water supplies in protected areas;
studing the environment and animals; running recreation facilities.
Address
° Directorate of Nature Conservation and Recreation Resorts, Department of Agriculture,
Nature Conservation and Veterinary Services, Private Bag 13306, Windhoek 9000.
Additional Information Namibia has suffered drought since the 1979/80 rainfall season with
Damaraland, Kaokoland, Owamboland and Etosha National Park most affected. Coupled with
this there has been a loss of topsoil through hoof and wind erosion, particularly in Damaraland
and Kaokoland. The eastern states of Kavango, Bushmanland and Caprivi are suffering lower
water tables, and in East Caprivi, flood plains are dry and perennial swampland desiccated.
Red lechwe Kobus letche, sitatunga Tragelaphus spekei and puku K. vardoni are subject to
poaching in eastern areas, especially in Caprivi, with low river levels enabling motor vehicles
to negotiate dried out wetlands. In addition, most tribal people, pastoralists and nomadic, are
causing serious competition for drinking water and grazing between livestock and wildlife in
arid and semi-arid areas. There may be local extinctions of black rhino Diceros bicornis (T) in
Damara and Kaokoland (maximum of 40-50 survive) and sitatunga and puku in eastern
Caprivi. Warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus are declining drastically throughout Namibia, with
the southern population particularly at risk, and decreases of 40% have been reported for the
elephant population of the Kaokoland due to poaching during 1981/82.
To alleviate drought effects, boreholes have been sunk both to provide water, and to spread out
the animals more widely over available grazing. Animals have also been culled to reduce
overgrazing.
References
° Huntley, B.J. and Ellis, S. (1983). Conservation status of terrestrial ecosystems in southern
Africa. Working document prepared by CSIR, Pretoria.
° IUCN/WWF Project 1962. African Elephant Coordinating Office.
° Jackson, P. (1984). Wildlife and the Great African Drought. JUCN Bulletin 15(7-9): 73-74.
° Readers Digest, (1983). Game Parks and Nature Reserves of Southern Africa. Cape Town,
South Africa.
° Relevant papers are also published in MADOQUA, the Journal of Nature Conservation and
Desert Research in South West Africa, published quarterly by the Department of
Agriculture, Nature Conservation and Veterinary Services.
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Protected Areas
(hectares)
National Parks
Etosha 2,227,000
Nature Reserves
Fish River Canyon 46,100
Omaruru 1,000
Tsaobis-Leopard 35,000
Game Reserves
Subtotal 82,100
Caprivi 530,000
Reserves
Cape Cross Seal 650,000
Hardap 25,000
Natural Monuments
Ais Ais Hot Spring
Lake Otjikoto
Subtotal 675,000
Subtotal
Parks
Daan Viljoen 3,953
Namib/Naukluft 4,976,800
Skeleton Coast 1,639,000
Waterberg Plateau 40,500
Tourist Areas
National West Coast
ETOSHA NATIONAL PARK
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.15.07 (Namib)
Legal Protection Total
Subtotal 6,660,253
Date Established In 1958 as a National Park under section 37 of the Nature Conservation
Ordinance 31 of 1967 (Art. 37, Para. 1, 2 and 3). The park area was reduced in 1967 to
provide land for tribal homelands. Originally established as a game reserve in 1907.
Geographical Location About 400km north-west of Windhoek and 120km south of the
Angolan border. 18°30’-19°28’S, 14°20’-17°10°E.
Altitude 1,000-1,500m (mean 1,200m)
Area 2,227,000ha. Etosha Game Reserve originally covered 9,952,600ha.
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South West Africa/Namibia
Land Tenure Government, under jurisdiction of the Division of Nature Conservation and
Tourism
Physical Features The park comprises an area of inland drainage on the great African plateau
with Atlantic drainage in the west and a system of interlaced channels (omurambas) with small
water-holding pans draining towards the Etosha Pan in the east. The pan is about 480,000ha
and up to 129km long and 72km wide. Owambo tribesmen named the pan ‘Etosha’ meaning
*the big white place’ because of the pan’s mirage. During most of the year, the pan appears
barren and desolate, but during the wet season water drains from Ovambo and southern
Angola. In exceptional years, the pan becomes a very shallow lake averaging a few centimetres
in depth. Geologically, the area is composed of calcareous sand, gravel, and limestone with
dolomite outcrops in the west. Soils are shallow and alkaline. The temperature range is from
below freezing at night in winter to a summer maximum of 43°C. The patchy, convectional
rainfall is about 300mm, falling mainly from January to March, and September to December.
The three seasons of Etosha’s year are four cold and dry months, four hot and dry months, and
four hot and wet months.
Vegetation Arid savanna vegetation tending towards tree savanna occurs in the east and shrub
and thorn-shrub in the west. Species include: acacias Acacia tortilis, A. reficiens
and A. nebrownii, mopane Colophospermum mopane, and Combretum. All these species can
vary in form from shrub to tree and occur throughout the park. Dominant grass species
are Anthephora, Enneapogon, and Aristida.
Fauna Most of the larger mammals of the southern savanna plains of Africa occur in the park
including: leopard Panthera pardus (T), cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T), numerous
elephant Loxodonta africana (T), distinctive races of Burchell’s zebra Equus burchelli
antiquorum and mountain zebra Equus zebra hartmannae (T), black rhinoceros Diceros bicornis
(T), giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis, kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros, eland Taurotragus oryx,
roan antelope Hippotragus equinus, gemsbok Oryx gazella, springbok Antidorcas marsupialis,
hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus, wildebeest Connochaetes taurinus, steenbok Raphicerus
campestris, topi Damaliscus lunatus, black-faced impala Aepyceros melampus petersi (T)
(limited to this region with declining numbers), and some Damara dik-dik Madoqua kirki. The
pan supports over 300 recorded bird species and the area is a wetland of international
importance. Birds include: ostrich Struthio camelus, greater flamingo Phoenicopterus ruber
roseus (largest known breeding area) and red-crested korhaan Lophotis ruficrista.
Conservation Management Veld fires were controlled until recent research showed that large
herbivores were declining because vegetation was not being renewed. Policy is now to leave
fires started by lightning to burn as far as the firebreaks. Thriving lion populations are
competing with cheetah and the cheetah population has been declining. An experiment is now
in progress (the first of its kind in the world) with 10 lionesses on contraceptive injections.
This method of population control is considered preferable to shooting as no genetic material is
destroyed.
Zoning About 80% of the park is closed to tourism. A predator-free zone is maintained at
Otjovasandu in the west for threatened species such as black rhinoceros, black-faced impala,
roan antelope, and tssesebe.
Disturbances or Deficiencies Boundary fences, primarily to keep domestic animals out of the
park, have resulted in serious disturbance of migratory patterns. In particular, the path of
wildebeest was blocked by the northern fence and the population has decreased in 25 years
from 25,000 to 2,300. Many deep limepits were dug to provide gravel for tourist roads. These
pits filled with water after the rains and many became infected with anthrax, a disease fatal to
herbivores (mainly wildebeest and zebra), that drink the water. The sick and dead animals
have contributed towards the increase in lion and other carnivores, whose environment was
further improved by the construction of artificial watering points. The control of veld fires in
the past altered the environment from savanna towards woodland and elephant, subsequently
increased from under 100 in 1955 to 2,500 at present. The area has been particularly affected
by drought since 1979-1980, with rainfall about 30-75% on average, leading to a reduction in
vegetation, especially grass cover. Mountain zebra have moved east from Damaraland and
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Kaokoland into Etosha, putting pressure on water points. Many have been killed by lions
because their hooves, no longer subject to the wear of normal mountain habitat, grow
abnormally, so reducing agility. Elephants in west Etosha doubled from 872 in 1982 to 1819 in
1983 because of immigration from drought areas. Kudu have been drammatically reduced by
rabies in east Etosha. One thousand, two hundred and sixteen Hartman’s and Burchell’s zebra,
springbok, gemsbok, and eland have been culled in west Etosha and sent to meat canning
factories.
Visitor Facilities There are three restcamps with airstrips in the west, centre, and east of the
park, each with full facilities. Eight hundred kilometres of gravel tourist roads link the camps
to over 30 waterholes. A floodlit waterhole at Okaukuejo and rudimentary rest-stops in the
park surrounded by game-proof fences.
Scientific Research The park has two permanent resident staff (ecologist and veterinarian)
and eight visiting research scientists. The solution of managerial problems is often the main
objective, but priorities are fixed by the director of the park in consultation with the research
workers.
Special Scientific Facilities Facilities were enlarged and improved in 1972 at a cost of
US$375,000. There is a small natural history museum at Okaukeujo.
Principal Reference Material
° Barry, H.H. (1982). The Wildebeest Problem in Etosha: a synthesis. Madoqua 13 No. 2:
151-158.
° Jackson, P. (1984). Wildlife and the Great African Drought. JUCN Bulletin Vol 15 No. 7-9:
73-74.
° Readers Digest (1983). Game Parks and Nature Reserves of Southern Africa. Cape Town,
South Africa.
Staff Some 219 units were employed in 1972. A team of nature conservators is based at the
park headquarters at Okaukuejo Camp.
Budget US$1,014,000 annually
Local Park or Reserve Administration Director of Nature Conservation, Private Bag 13267,
Windhoek 9000.
Date 1983
FISH RIVER CANYON
Management Category IV and III (Managed Nature Reserve and National Monument)
Biogeographical Province 3.15.07 (Karroo)
Legal Protection No information
Date Established 1962. Fish River Canyon itself is a national monument.
Geographical Location The lower reaches of the Fish River in southern Namibia, north of
the confluence with the Orange River. Access is via the main Vioolsdrif-Keetmanshoof road.
272307S; W7°35°E%
Altitude No information
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South West Africa/ Namibia
Area No information
Land Tenure Government, under jurisdiction of the Division of Nature Conservation and
Tourism
Physical Features To the east lie the plains of Namaqualand and the Kokerboom Forest, and
to the west is the Sperrgebiet diamond-mining area. The area contains Ai-Ais hot springs in
the south, and a permanent pool heated by hot springs about 65km upstream. The canyon is up
to 27km wide, but is much narrower for most of its length, meandering between steep cliffs
that bisect the flat Namib plateau. The northern 65km comprises a deep channel in the bed of
the original trough. The canyon floor is more than 500m below the plateau level in places.
The lowest strata were laid down over 2,500 million years ago. The canyon floor is made up
mainly of placid pools and huge boulders, but occasionally the river comes down in flood.
Vegetation Vegetation in the canyon is sparse, though some plants have gained a foothold on
the rocky slopes. Reeds and rushes grow in the riverbed on slack stretches of the river.
Camelthorn Acacia erioloba and Karoo thorn trees Acacia karroo grow on the river banks and
aloes such as Aloe gariepensis cling to the canyon walls.
Fauna Mammals include: leopard Panthera pardus (T), Hartmann’s mountain zebra Equus
zebra hartmannae (T), klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus, baboon, Papio sp., and rock
hyrax Procavia capensis. Birds include: fish eagle Haliaeetus vocifer, hammerkop Scopus
umbretta, grey heron Ardea cinerea, and Egyptian goose Alopochen aegyptiacus. The black
spitting cobra Hemachatus haemachatus has been recorded.
Zoning The central national monument is surrounded by the nature reserve.
Disturbances or Deficiencies No information
Visitor Facilities There are extensive tourist accommodation facilities at Ai-Ais Hot Springs
Resort including caravan and campsites. More campsites are situated near the canyon lookout,
north of the springs. Other facilities include a scenic drive from the springs to the lookout
point and extensive hiking trails. Hiking is strictly regulated.
Scientific Research No information
Special Scientific Facilities No information
Principal Reference Material None listed
Staff No information
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration Director of Nature Conservation, Private Bag 13267,
Windhoek.
Date 1983
TSAOBIS-LEOPARD NATURE RESERVE
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.15.07 (Namib)
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Legal Protection Private
Date Established Established in 1969 by a Swiss conservationist (Dr August Juchli).
Geographical Location In the Chuos Mountains, 78km by road, south of Karibib in central
Namibia. 22°35’S, 15°52’E.
Altitude No information
Area 35,000ha
Land Tenure Private
Physical Features No information
Vegetation No information
Fauna Twenty-five to 30 leopard Panthera pardus (T) (elusive and difficult to sight) occur in
the park as part of a leopard breeding programme. Other animals encouraged in the reserve
are giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis, kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros, wildebeest Connochaetes
taurinus, hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus, and springbok Antidorcas marsupialis.
Zoning No information
Disturbances or Deficiencies No information
Visitor Facilities The reserve is open throughout the year. Facilities include a restcamp with
accommodation and swimming pool, organized horse treks and guided four-wheel drive tours.
Scientific Research There is a leopard breeding and study programme.
Special Scientific Facilities No information
Principal Reference Material None listed
Staff Park guides
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration Tsaobis-Leopard Nature Reserve, PO Box 143, Karibib
9000.
Date 1983
CAPRIVI GAME RESERVE
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.16.07 (Kalahari)
Legal Protection No information
Date Established 1963
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South West Africa/Namibia
Geographical Location Western end of the Caprivi Strip, which extends between Angola,
Zambia and Botswana. Access is along the east-west gravel road from Mukwe to the Zambian
border. 17°10’-18°15’S, 21°32’-23°20°E.
Altitude No information
Area About 530,000ha
Land Tenure Government, under jurisdiction of the Division of Nature Conservation and
Tourism
Physical Features The reserve comprises dry flat savanna bushland on poor soil. It is
dissected by the Okavango River, which flows from Angola to Botswana, and tributaries of the
Kwando River, which flows into Angola. The reserve includes the scenic Popa Falls.
Vegetation Open savanna occurs throughout most of the reserve, with scattered groves of
Rhodesian teak Baikiaea plurijuga, Acacia and wild fig Ficus sp.. Individual trees may be
parasitised by the strangler fig Ficus sp.
Fauna Mammals include: lechwe Kobus leche, waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus,
reedbuck Redunca arundinum, hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, topi Damaliscus
lunatus, sable antelope Hippotragus niger, and roan antelope Hippotragus equinus. Birds
include lappet-faced vulture Torgos tracheliotus and carmine bee-eater Merops nubicus.
Population The area has been allocated as a homeland for indigenous Bushman
hunter-gatherers.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies There has been political unrest from the late 1960s to mid 1970s,
and the area is still classified as a military ‘operational zone’.
Visitor Facilities The area is technically open to tourists, but visitors require a permit from
the South African Defence Force and are not permitted to leave the toad. There is no
accommodation and camping is severely restricted.
Scientific Research No information
Special Scientific Facilities No information
Principal Reference Material None listed
Staff No information
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration Director of Nature Conservation, Private Bag 13306,
Windhoek 9000.
Date 1983
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
HARDAP NATURE RESERVE
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.16.07 (Kalahari)
Legal Protection Sport fishing is allowed
Date Established Opened as a recreation resort in 1964. The nature reserve surrounding the
dam was established in 1968 by the merging of several farms.
Geographical Location Centred on the artificial Hardap Dam, 21km south of Windhoek.
24°45’S, 17°50°E.
Altitude No information
Area 25,000ha
Land Tenure Government, under jursidiction of the Division of Nature Conservation and
Tourism
Physical Features The area of Hardap Dam was flooded in 1963. The surrounding landscape
is rugged, with cone-shaped kopjes (rocky outcrops) and dongas (deep eroded gulleys) created
by heavy flooding in the past. The climate is dry.
Vegetation Open thorn scrub with camelthorn Acacia erioloba and hardy succulents such as
wildgrape Cyphostemma juttae.
Fauna There are good populations of red hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus caama,
eland Taurotragus oryx, kudu Tragelaphus_ strepsiceros, gemsbok Oryx gazella,
springbok Antidorcas marsupialis and mountain zebra Equus zebra (T). Other mammals
include: cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T) and black-backed jackal Canis mesomelas. Over 100
bird species have been recorded including: black-headed heron Ardea _ melanocephala,
ostrich Struthio camelus and large numbers of the marine white-necked
cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo (nesting on the branches of the semi-submerged camelthorn).
Reptiles include the Cape wolf snake Lycophidion capense capense. The dam _ contains
numerous fish species including: tilapia Tilapia sp., mud mullet Labeo umbratus, Orange River
mudfish Labeo capensis, barbel Clarias gariepinus, yellow-fish Barbus marequensis
and Barbus holubi, carp Cyprinus carpio, black bass Micropterus salmoides and a popular sport
fish, bream introduced from northern Namibia.
Zoning The reserve contains a recreation area on the north side of the dam.
Disturbances or Deficiencies There is extensive sport fishing on the dam. Fishermen have
been known to illegally destroy cormorant eggs on the incorrect assumption that cormorants
deplete fish stocks. The introduced fish present a dilemma and it is yet to be decided whether
the ecosystem will be restored to its original state.
Visitor Facilities | The recreation resort provides extensive accommodation with facilities.
Eighty-two kilometres of dirt road in the reserve provide access for game viewing. There is
sport fishing on the dam by permit. The resort is the main tourist attraction and there are few
visitors to the game areas.
Scientific Research Studies of the white-necked cormorant breeding colonies and their effect
on fish stocks have taken place. Research has been undertaken to assess the market for bream
and other introduced fish.
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South West Africa/ Namibia
Special Scientific Facilities The Freshwater Fish Research Institute is based in the recreation
area.
Principal Reference Material None listed
Staff One conservator and two assistants
Budget Income from small-scale selling of bream to local restaurants is used for management
purposes.
Local Park or Reserve Administration Director of Nature Conservation, Private Bag 13267,
Windhoek.
Date 1983
DAAN VILJOEN GAME PARK
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.15.07 (Namib)
Legal Protection Fishing is allowed by permit
Date Established 1967, under Section 38 of the Nature Conservation Ordinance No. 31
Geographical Location Located in the Khomas Hochland, 21km west of Windhoek.
22°29°-31°S, 16°59’-17°01’E.
Altitude 1,800-2,000m (mean 1,900m)
Area 3,953ha
Land Tenure Government, under jurisdiction of the Division of Nature Conservation and
Tourism
Physical Features The park comprises the eastern flank of the Khomas Hochland (Highlands),
an area of rolling hills and deep ravines deeply dissected by the perennial Augeigas River that
runs along the eastern boundary and is dammed and landscaped at the rest camp. The
Augeigas and tributaries form part of the upper reaches of the Swakop River. These drainage
lines are well marked, forming a series of parallel ravines with northerly alignment, each with
lesser side ravines running east and west. Geologically, the area is composed of weathered
mica schists of the Damara system of Precambrian age. The maximum summer temperature is
39°C; winter temperatures are near freezing with marked diurnal fluctuation. There is about
375mm of convectional rainfall in summer.
Vegetation The park is the only nature reserve in the Khomas Hochland classified as one of
the 15 major vegetation zones in Namibia. There are patches of thorn scrub, but the area is
predominantly montane open savanna on the hills with scattered trees of Acacia hereroensis,
averaging four metres in height. Species favouring the ridges are Ozoroa crassinervia
and Combretum apiculatum. Elsewhere, most tree growth is restricted to drainage channels and
is dominated by Acacia species. The perennial grass species are mainly Anthephora,
Enneapogon, and Stipagrostis. Rare and endemic species include Lithops sp. and the
green-flowered aloe Aloe verdiflora.
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Fauna The game species are those common in the Khomas Hochland, some having been
reintroduced. Mammals include: chacma baboon Papio ursinus, rock hyrax Procavia capensis,
mountain zebra Equus zebra hartmannae (T), kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros, eland Taurotragus
oryx, gemsbok Oryx gazella, hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus, wildebeest Connochaetes
taurinus, klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus, steenbok MRaphicerus campestris, and
springbok Antidorcas marsupialis. Over 200 bird species have been reported, including
breeding populations of: black eagle Aquila verreauxii and African hawk-eagle Hieraaetus
spilogaster, ostrich Struthio camelus, crimson-breasted shrike Laniarius atrococcineus and
uncommon endemic species such as Monteiro’s hornbill Tockus monteiri, Damara
rock-jumper Sphenoeacus pycnopygius, short-toed rock thrush Monticola brevipes, and chat
shrike Lanioturdus torquatus, Introduced fish species include tilapia Sarotherodon sp., black
bass Micropterus salmoides and barbel Barbus sp..
Zoning There is a fenced rest camp and 3,400ha wilderness area closed to vehicles.
Disturbances or Deficiencies Human impact in the park includes the rest camp, 15km of road,
60km of firebreak, and three dams, There is fishing by permit in Augeigas Dam for tilapia,
black bass, and barbel.
Visitor Facilities The restcamp facilities include 58-bed accommodation, restaurant, caravan
and campsite, shop and swimming pool. Tourist roads are confined to 600ha of the park, but
tourists are not restricted to vehicles and are free to wander throughout the park.
Scientific Research The park is considered to be well suited to research on animal behaviour
and for physiological studies.
Special Scientific Facilities No information
Principal Reference Material None listed
Staff Thirty-one units
Budget US$25,500 annually
Local Park or Reserve Administration Director of Nature Conservation, Private Bag 13267,
Windhoek 9000.
Date 1983
NAMIB-NAUKLUFT PARK
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.15.07 (Namib)
Legal Protection Traditional use of the area is allowed.
Date Established 1967 as Namib Desert National Park, under Nature Conservation Ordinance
No. 31 (Art. 38 1964). Amalgamated with Naukluft Mountain Zebra Reserve in 1979 by a
30km wide corridor. Namib Desert National Park was first established as a game reserve in
1904. Size increased from 2,401,000ha to present size in 1984, though official proclamation
will take place in 1986,
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South West Africa/ Namibia
Geographical Location Stretching from the central coastal area of Namibia inland some
170km to the Naukluft Mountains. 24°12’-24°17’S, 16°05’-16°10°E.
Altitude Sea level to 2,000m
Area 4,976,800ha
Land Tenure Government, under jurisdiction of the Division of Nature Conservation and
Tourism
Physical Features The Namib is the only true desert in southern Africa. The park contains
the gravel plains of intensely weathered schists, marbles, quartzites, and granites, with some
gypsum crusts, calcrete and desert pavement. Soils are shallow with evaporitic horizons and a
buried fossil red-brown layer. River canyons are intermittent and sand-filled, sun-surface
flow continuing in some sections and forming waterholes where impeded by impervious
barriers. Extensive sand dunes run parallel to the coastline for up to 120km inland. The park
also contains Sandvis (formerly Sandwich Harbour) which is an internationally important
wetland formed by water seeping through the surface of the Kiuseb river bed. The annexed
Nauklauf Mountains lie astride the western escarpment. They overlook the Namib Desert
plains, 1,000m below, and form part of a large traingular plateau which is higher than the main
plateau and separated from it by almost unbroken cliffs, 500m high. They are geologically part
of the Nama system and composed of successive horizons of quartzite, limestone, dolomite, and
shale which have been folded by pressure and gravitation to produce a south-east inclination.
Soils are shallow except on less pronounced slopes. Mean daily temperature in the desert is
16-18°C with almost no frost; mean annual rainfall is 23mm, but fog precipitation, which
occurs on an annual average of 60 days, accounts for a further 31mm. The mountains have hot
summers with mean maximum temperature of 35°C and summer storm precipitation 200mm;
and cool winters with occasional frosts.
Vegetation Algae and lichens dominate on inselbergs and pegmatite dykes making use of
moisture in dew and succulent plants. Lichens include Parmelia hottentotta, P. namaensis
and Caloplaca elegantissima. Succulent genera include Hoodia, Lithops, Sarcocaulon,
Euphorbia and Aloe spp. and the less common Aloe namibensis, and Mesembryanthemum spp..
Sandy wastes support halophytes such as Zygophyllum stapfii, Z. simplex, and Aizoon dinteri.
The riverbeds near the coast are colonized by Tamarix, Lycium and Salsola and inland by a
denser growth of Acacia giraffae and Acacia albida with some Orange River ebony Euclea
pseudebenus, and Salvadora persica. Acanthosicyos horridus, which occurs in the Kuiseb
Valley, is a valuable source of water in the desert. The most unusual single species is the
unique gymnosperm Welwitschia bainesii, first discovered in 1863 beside the Swakop river
course and still the only known species of its family. There is a complex and varied vegetation
on the mountains due to the wide variation in aspect and edaphic conditions. The plateau
surface peneplain is a mosaic of smaller communities dominated by low scattered scrub
interspersed with bare ground or clumps of perennial grass. The southern slopes of the
mountain massif are covered mainly by grass and short shrub species including Commiphora,
Euphorbia, Boscia albitrunca, Maerua schinzii, Aloe dichotoma, and Moringa ovalifolia.
Riparian vegetation contains a large variety of taller trees including Ficus and Acacia spp..
Uncommon species include Aloe sladeniana, Lithops, Huernia, Hoodia, Stapelia, Aloe
karasbergensis, Cyphostemma spp., and the endemic resurrection plant Myrothamnus
flabellifolius.
Fauna Desert mammals include: three species of elephant shrew, the desert golden
mole Eremitalpa granti, three species of gerbil, black-backed jackal Canis mesomelas,
bat-eared fox Otocyon megalotis, hyena Crocuta crocuta, and springbok Antidorcas
marsupialis. Birds include: ostrich Struthio camelus, high breeding concentrations of
lappet-faced vulture Torgos tracheliotus and red-necked falcon Falco chicquera (at Tsondabvlei
Lake on the Tsondab River), martial eagle Polemaetus bellicosus, large colonies of the endemic
Bradfield’s swift Apus bradfieldi, and the endemic Gray’s lark Ammomanes grayi. On the
gravel plains, there are local races of Karoo lark Certhilauda albescens, the dry country
chats Cercomela tractrac and Cercomela schlegelii, and the localised Herero chat Namibornis
herero ( first described in 1931, but the nest undiscovered until 1969). Resident birds at
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Sandvis include herons, egrets, gulls, terns, some 20,000 Cape cormorant Phalacrocorax
capensis, and several unusual species of palaearctic shore-birds in winter. Sandvis is the
breeding ground for large numbers of fish and the birds are attracted by the large numbers of
young fish trapped in the shallow waters by the outgoing tide. Reptiles include Palmatogecko
rangei, Aporosaura anchietae, and the sidewinder Bitis peringueyi. The invertebrate fauna is of
great interest and includes the beetles Onymacris unguicularis and Lepidochora spp., which
have evolved methods of condensing fog as a source of water. Mountain mammals include:
baboon Papio ursinus, leopard Panthera pardus (T), cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T), mountain
zebra Equus zebra hartmannae (T), gemsbok Oryx gazella, rock hyrax Procavia capensis,
kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros, and klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus. Mountain birds include
black eagle Aquila verreauxii preying mainly on the rock hyrax.
Population The Topnaar Hottentots have lived in the river valley for generations. They farm
goats and cattle and are a permanent population in the park. Part of their rich heritage is
evident in many place-names, such as Gobabeb meaning ’the place of the fig tree’.
Conservation Management Illegal nomadic farming in the Kuiseb floodplain is _ being
removed. There are 265km of game-proof fences along the inland boundary and _ three
boreholes operated by wind-driven pumps.
Zoning The Tsondabvlei area is only open to scientific researchers. Sandvis is a fenced bird
sanctuary with visitor access prohibited.
Disturbances or Deficiencies There are three small gypsum mining concessions in 40,000ha of
the park, dating back before existing legislation. Prospecting in the area between the Swakop
and Kuiseb rivers causes visible damage.
Visitor Facilities There is no limit on access except to the Naukluft section, which is only
open to one group of 3-40 campers at a time. Accommodation in the park is only available at
official overnight campsites including Homeb, Ganab and Sesriem. Other facilities include the
one day hiking trail in the Naukluft section where further trails are planned, but water
shortage in the mountains is posing a problem. Permits are required to enter the coastal area of
the park. There are over 500km of tourist roads.
Scientific Research Studies by resident scientists and conservators mainly concern
physiological and behavioural adaptations to extreme desert conditions and the ecology of the
mountain zebra and_ klipspringer. There have been studies of desert ants,
particularly Camponotus detritus. Researchers from other countries include geologists studying
the dunes, entomologists studying the rich insect life of the three ecosystems, and
archaeologists.
Special Scientific Facilities At Gobabeb, there is the Namib Research Institute which was
established in 1963 with offices, accommodation facilities and laboratories; the Desert
Ecological Research Unit, established in 1966; and a permanently monitored weather station.
Principal Reference Material None listed
Staff Total of 28 staff units with 13 units attached to Naukluft Mountain Zebra Reserve, and
15 units in the desert area
Budget US$16,000 annually
Local Park or Reserve Administration Director of Nature Conservation, Private Bag 13267,
Windhoek 9000.
Date 1983
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South West Africa/ Namibia
SKELETON COAST PARK
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.15.07 (Namib)
Legal Protection Protected under the Nature Conservation Ordinance No. 31 of 1967. Sport
fishing is permitted on some sections of the coast.
Date Established 1971 as a park. An addition, in 1971 it doubled its area. Established as a
game reserve in 1966. First protected in 1916.
Geographical Location A stretch of the northern coast of Namibia from Ugab north to the
Kunene River on the Angola border. 19°25’-21°15’S, 12°50’-13°5S’E.
Altitude Sea level to 500m (mean 200m)
Area 1,639,000ha
Land Tenure Government, under jurisdiction of the Divison of Nature Conservation and
Tourism
Physical Features A relatively regular shoreline of sandy beaches and isolated rocky stretches
is backed in the north by high dunes which stretch from the shore to 40km inland. This is the
only area south of the Sahara with true barchan dunes. Large areas of white sands with sparse
vegetation occur near the shore with gravel plains further inland. Several rivers, from the
mountains of Damaraland and Kaokoland to the east, flow through the park to the coast, where
their mouths are usually blocked by dunes. This results in the formation of freshwater pools,
some of which are perennial. The park is in the fog belt with little temperature range and low
rainfall. Precipitation from fog contributes a high proportion of the water balance. Offshore
cold and warmer water masses overlap to create marine conditions which are only paralleled
off the west coasts of South America and Australia.
Vegetation The vegetation comprises mainly Zygophyllum stapfii with some Z. simplex,
Aizoon dinteri, and stands of Salsola sp.. Endemic plants include: Barleria solitaria, Indigofera
cunensis, Merremia multisecta, Petalidium giessii, and Stipagrostis ramulosa.
Fauna Species present along the shore include: black-backed jackal Canis mesomelas, brown
hyena Hyaena brunnea (T), cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T), lion Panthera leo, and occasional seal
species. The dry riverbeds provide passage routes from inland for elephant Loxodonta africana
(T), giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis, black rhinoceros Diceros bicornis (T),
springbok Antidorcas marsupialis and gemsbok Oryx gazella. There is a Damara tern Sterna
balaenarum (R) colony in the reserve. The rivermouth freshwater pools are used by migrating
shorebirds. Particularly noteworthy is the overlap of cold temperate marine fauna and warm
tropical marine fauna due to the conjunction of cold and warm currents offshore.
Zoning Visitors to Terrace Bay are restricted to a zone 30km long by 5km wide stretching
15km above and below Terrace Bay.
Disturbances or Deficiencies A portion of the area has been allocated as a mining concession.
Other human impacts are the gravel roads and visitor facilities. Sport fishing is permitted at
Terrace Bay and Torra Bay.
Visitor Facilities The park is open to tourists all year. Park entrances are at Ugab and
Springbokwasser. Facilities include accommodation, shop and airstrip at Terrace Bay and
caravan and campsite at Torra Bay.
Scientific Research Dunes and dune communities have been studied, but inaccessibility has,
until now, hindered study. The park is periodically visited by scientists from Gobabeb.
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Detailed study of the intertidal zone has started. The overlap of cold and warm currents
provides ideal conditions for zoogeographical research.
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
° Bird checklist for Kaokoland and Skeleton Coast. Madoqua 11 (3).
° Readers Digest, (1983). Game Parks and Nature Reserves of Southern Africa. Cape Town,
South Africa.
Staff Eight units
Budget US$8,000 annually
Local Park or Reserve Administration Director of Nature Conservation, Private Bag 13267,
Windhoek 9000.
Date 1983
WATERBERG PLATEAU PARK
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.16.07 (Kalahari)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 1972. Originally established as an Eland Game Reserve.
Geographical Location In central Namibia, 30km east of Otjiwarongo. 20°25’S, 17°13°E.
Altitude No information
Area 40,500ha
Land Tenure Government, under jurisdiction of the Division of Nature Conservation and
Tourism
Physical Features The region comprises a typical Karoo formation similiar to the Orange Free
State’s Golden Gate National Park. A hard sandstone plateau rises 100m above the surrounding
plain with near vertical cliffs on the east and west, which form natural boundaries. In the
north of the park, the plateau gradually widens and dips to join the plain.
Vegetation The plateau features typical savanna vegetation with groves of Lonchocarpus
capassa and herbaceous plants such as Hibiscus calyphyllus. Vegetation is more wooded below
the plateau.
Fauna Plateau mammals include: leopard Panthera pardus (T), cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T),
caracal Felis caracal, spotted hyena Crocuta crocuta, eland Taurotragus oryx,
wildebeest Connochaetes taurinus and reintroduced giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis, white
rhinoceros Ceratotherium simum (now breeding successfully), buffalo Syncerus caffer, roan
antelope Hippotragus equinus, sable antelope Hippotragus niger, hartebeest Alcelaphus
buselaphus, topi Damaliscus lunatus, impala Aepyceros melampus, and duiker Cephalophus spp.
-458-
South West Africa/Namibia
Below the plateau, mammals include: kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros, steenbok Raphicerus
campestris, klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus, dik-dik Madoqua sp., warthog Phacochoerus
aethiopicus, and rock hyrax Procavia capensis. The rich avifauna includes Bradfield’s
hornbill Tockus bradfieldi, paradise flycatcher Terpsiphone viridis and Hartlaub’s
francolin Francolinus hartlaubi. The sandstone cliffs accommodate the only breeding
population of Cape vulture Gyps coprotheres (R) in Namibia.
Zoning The park contains a quarantine camp (12ha) and acclimatisation camp (1,000ha) for
re-introduced animals.
Disturbances or Deficiencies There has been some severe bush encroachment due to
disturbance of the natural fire pattern, but this is now being reversed through controlled
burning.
Visitor Facilities | Most of the plateau is closed to visitors. A caravan and campsite was
established in 1980 below the plateau and three small hiking trails have been opened in the
south of the park.
Scientific Research No information
Special Scientific Facilities No information
Principal Reference Material None listed
Staff No information
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration Director of Nature Conservation, Private Bag 13267,
Windhoek.
Date 1983
-459-
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NIGER
Area 1,267,000 sq.km
Population 6,270,000 (1984)
Parks and Reserves Legislation Before a reserve is officially designated and legally gazetted,
the scientific aspects of a proposal must be approved by the administration’s technical services
and be studied by national and regional governments, and by the traditional authorities in the
region of the reserve. Comments and criticisms made at these levels are evaluated and
amendments or modifications made as and where necessary. After approval by the Council of
Ministers, a decree is prepared for signature by Head of State.
Parks and Reserves Administration Vested in the Direction des eaux et foréts, which is within
the Ministére de I’hydraulique et de l’environnement. At national level, the central directorate
is helped by four subsections, of which two are concerned with faunal matters: the Service
aménagement de la faune and the Service protection de la nature et du contentieux. These are
represented at regional levels by various departmental and district services and by Forest
Department sections. The Service aménagement de la faune is responsible for conservation,
management and administration of existing reserves, the creation and management of new
reserves, and research. The Section protection de la nature et du contentieux is responsible for
guarding against infractions of hunting and forestry legislation as well as the deliverance of
various permits and authorisations.
Address
° Direction des eaux et foréts, BP 578, Niamey.
Additional Information Wildlife experts from all over Niger met in March 1986 for the
country’s first seminar on wildlife management, to plan safeguards for the area’s rapidly
vanishing wildlife. The seminar was organised by the Forest and Wildlife Service, with the
support of WWF, World Bank and USAID. The meeting’s report outlined Niger’s general
policy towards wildlife, proposed a strategy for wildlife management, and made a number of
specific recommendations concerning the threats to ’W’ National Park, and the establishment of
the Air and Ténéré national reserve. The strategy proposed by the seminar involved
inventorisation of the remaining refuges for wildlife within the country, increasing public
awareness and involvement, strengthening of staff and material resources, development and
implementation of a wildlife management master plan, a legislative review, and improvement
of national and international tourism.
Despite the fact that all hunting in Niger has been banned, hunting is widely practised in the
absence of law enforcement. Traditional hunting, devoid of modifying factors such as modern
weapons, vehicles and changing land-use patterns, probably does not have a significant effect
on wildlife numbers. Commercial and armed forces hunting is of more concern, and
considering its widespread nature, is almost impossible and very expensive to control.
References
° IUCN/UNEP (1983). La réparition des aires protégées en fonction des besoins de la
conservation des communautés biotiques de l’Afrique Centrale et de 1’Ouest. Working
Document. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.
° IUCN/WWF Project 1624. Niger-Addax/Oryx.
° Newby, J. (1984). The role of protected areas in saving the Sahel. In: McNeely, J.A. and
Miller, K.R. (Eds) National Parks, Conservation and Development: the role of protected areas
in sustaining society. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D.C.
° Newby, J. (1986). Niger plans for wildlife protection. WWF Monthly Report for July.
WWE Project 1624.
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Protected Areas
(hectares)
National Parks
W du Niger 220,000
Nature Reserves
Dosso Partial Reserve 306,500
Tamou 76,000
Faunal Reserves
Gadabedji 76,000
Proposed areas
Air and Tenere National Nature Reserve 7,736,000
PARC NATIONAL DE ’W’
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.04.04 (West African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 1954 as a National Park; originally classified as a faunal reserve and state
forest on 25 June 1953 by Decree No. 4676.
Geographical Location 150km south-south-east of Niamey, on the right bank of the River
Niger and extending to the point where the borders of Niger, Burkina Faso and Benin
intersect, Niamey Départment. 11°55’-12°35’N, 2°05’-2°50°E.
Altitude 180 to 338m (Yeriyombou), with an average height of 250m
Area 220,000 ha; contiguous to ’W’ in both Burkina Faso (190,000ha) and Benin (502,050ha),
and the réserve de faune de Tamou (75,600ha) to the north.
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The park takes it’s name from the double bend of the Niger between the
points where two tributaries from the west, the Tapoa and the Mékrou, flow into it. The
valleys of both tributaries are deeply incised and, together with the Barou rapids, are the
principal scenic attractions. Geologically, the park consists of a lateritic peneplain at a ruling
level of about 250m, with rock outcrops of quartz, schists and gneisses. The oldest rocks are of
Precambrian age, and the park is cut from south-west to north-east by the Atakora quartzite
chain. Climatically, the area is typically Sahelo-Sudanian; the temperature ranges from a
maximum of 36.1°C to a minimum of 21.6°C and the rainfall, although averaging between 600
and 700mm, is very unreliable.
Vegetation The predominant vegetation type is Sudanese wooded savanna, and the park lies in
the transition zone between Sudan and Guinea savannas. Secondary forest, which occupies a
low altitude zone and approximately 70% of the park, is composed of a mixture of grassland
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Niger
and rather stunted savanna woodland with such species as Celtis integrifolia, Boscia
senegalensis, Balanites aegyptiaca, Parkia biglobosa, Diospyros mespiliformis, Bauhinia
reticulata, Adansonia digitata, Tamarindus indica, Terminalia avicennioides, Prosopis africana,
Pterocarpus erinaceus, Piliostigma reticulatum, shrubland species such as Combretum
spp., Guiera senegalensis, Acacia spp. and Lannea spp., and grasses such as Andropogon
gayanus. Many of these species are also present in the gallery forests, which occupy much of
the remaining 30% of the area, and which also have Anogeissus leiocarpus, Borassus aethiopum,
Mitragyna inermis, Vitex chrysoclada, and good stands of Cola laurifolia and Kigelia
aethiopum. Although it is forbidden to harvest trees within the park, B. aethiopum is used
throughout Niger for construction purposes.
Fauna This area contains the only remaining populations of the country’s Sudanese savanna
fauna such as elephant Loxodonta africana (T), buffalo Syncerus caffer, and kob Kobus kob.
Other larger mammals include: a number of carnivores such as spotted hyena Crocuta crocuta,
common jackal Canis aureus, serval Felis serval, caracal Felis caracal, lion Panthera leo, and
cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T), Anubis baboon Papio anubis, patas monkey Erythrocebus patas,
and ungulates such as warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus, hippopotamus Hippopotamus
amphibius, bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, red-flanked duiker Cephalophus rufilatus, common
duiker Sylvicapra grimmia, Defassa waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, reedbuck Redunca
redunca, roan antelope Hippotragus equinus, hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus, topi Damaliscus
lunatus, oribi Ourebia ourebi, and red-fronted gazelle Gazella rufifrons. The avifauna is varied
and abundant, and migratory aquatic birds are common in the period between February and
May. Guinea-fowl (Numididae), bustards (Otididae), hornbills (Bucerotidae) and
francolins Francolinus sp. are found throughout the park, and raptors such as vultures
(Accipitridae), fish eagle Haliaeetus vocifer, martial eagle Polemaetus bellicosus, and Gobar
goshawk Melierax gabar are also common. The waterbirds most frequently encountered
include goose and duck (Anatidae), waders (or shorebirds), ibis (Threskiornithidae), stork
(Ciconiidae), heron and egret (Ardeidae). Nile crocodile Crocodylus niloticus (V) occurs in the
river.
Conservation Management In 1977, 12 waterholes were constructed to attract wildlife and 20
were redug in 1984. Annual burning of grass in the months following the rains has been
successful in reducing rank grass, but in the long-term this depletes the desired perennial
grasses, which are outcompeted by shrubs. Late dry season fires would enhance perennial
grasses which are the basic food of many indigenous large herbivores. There has been
development of fire management and park management plans, all carried out by US Peace
Corps volunteers assigned to the park.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies Poaching, illegal grazing and annual migrations of Fulani cattle,
uncontrolled bush fires, fishing, and cultivation within the park still occur. There are
proposals for phosphate mining, damming of rivers, and railroad construction within the park.
Visitor Facilities The park road system totals about 470km providing good access for game
and bird viewing. Around 1700 visitor permits were sold in 1982. Hotel facilities are being
developed in Tapoa village.
Scientific Research Projects include ecology of the African elephant, and vegetation ecology.
Special Scientific Facilities None, apart from a small museum with a nearly complete
herbarium and reference library near park headquarters.
Principal Reference Material
° Grettenberger, J.F. (1984). ’W’ National Park in Niger. A case for urgent assistance, Oryx
18(4): 230-236.
* Koster, S. (1977). The ecology of Parc National du 'W’ du Niger, M.Sc. Thesis, Michigan
State University.
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
° Newby, J. et al. (1981). Plan d’aménagement du Parc National du ’W’ du Niger. Foréts et
Faune, Niamey.
° Poché, R. (1973). Niger’s threatened park ’W’. Oryx 12(2): 216-222 (and other articles by
Poché in the Journal of Applied Ecology, Mammalia and Journal of Mammalogy, and a
report submitted to IUCN in 1974).
Staff | Administered jointly with Tamou, which is staffed by one park conservator, two
mid-level foresters and 10 guards at Tapoa. two guards are also stationed at Tamou but in
practise, little control is exerted in the reserve.
Budget US$10,000 shared with the ’Réserve de faune de Tamou’
Local Park or Reserve Administration Le Conservator du Parc National du ’W’, S/C Direction
des Eaux et Foréts, BP 578, Niamey.
Date April 1985
RESERVE DE FAUNE DE TAMOU
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.12.07 (Western Sahel)
Legal Protection Total, but many areas of settlement and cultivation persist within the reserve
boundaries.
Date Established 8 August 1962, under Decree No. 62-118/MER
Geographical Location About 10lkm from Niamey, to the immediate north of the Parc
National de ’W’ and west of the River Niger. 12°30’-12°55’N, 2°10’-2°30°E.
Altitude 206-277m, averaging about 240m
Area 75,600ha; contiguous to the ’W’ National Parks which, in total, covers nearly a million
hectares in Niger, Burkina Faso and Benin.
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features Like the nearby Parc National de ’W’, the reserve is geologically part of a
lateritic peneplain which has been deeply incised by rivers. The soils are shallow and infertile
laterites on the upland areas, with deeper sandy loams along drainage channels. The Niger
River forms part of the eastern border and the Dyamangou River, which is seasonal, flows
through a small portion of the reserve on the northern side. Climatically, it is of a
Sahelo-Sudanian type with a temperature range of 21°C-36°C and rainfall averaging
600-700mm falling largely between May and September, but very variable.
Vegetation The area is mainly covered by savanna woodland largely created by the practise of
shifting cultivation. Three associations can be recognised: 1) Combretum shrub savanna, found
on dry, shallow soils and dominated by Combretum nigricans, C. micranthum, Guiera
senegalensis and Acacia ataxacantha, with a grass cover of annual species such as Loudetia
togoensis, Ctenium elegans, and Andropogon fastiagatus; 2) Combretum wooded savanna on
deeper soils, dominated by Combretum nigricans, C. glutinosum, C. collinum and Terminalia
avicennioides, with a grass cover of annuals such as Hyparrhenia involucrata, Diheteropogon
hagerupii, and the perennial Andropogon gayanus; 3) and riparian forest along the drainage
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Niger
channels, dominated by Vitex chrysocarpa, Mitragyna inermis, Tamarindus indica, Anogeissus
leiocarpus, and Diospyros mespiliformis. Andropogon gayanus is used for housing and is thus
of economic importance. No endemic species.
Fauna_ This reserve contains some cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T), which are becoming rare.
Other dominant species include: African elephant Loxodonta africana _ (T),
warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus, bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, roan antelope Hippotragus
equinus, kob Kobus kob, reedbuck Redunca redunca, hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus,
topi Damaliscus lunatus, red fronted gazelle Gazella rufifrons, common duiker Sylvicapra
grimmia, oribi Ourebia ourebi, buffalo Syncerus caffer, waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus,
Anubis baboon Papio anubis, patas monkey Erythrocebus patas, vervet monkey Cercopithecus
aethiops, side-striped jackal Canis adustus, and lion Panthera leo. This reserve only covers
part of the regular seasonal movements of several of the park species. Among birds recorded
are white pelican Pelecanus onocrotalus, egrets Egretta spp., saddle-bill stork Ephippiorhynchus
senegalensis, marabou stork Leptoptilos crumeniferus, and secretary bird Sagittarius
Serpentarius.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies There are still many homesteads and areas of cultivation inside
the reserve, with illegal expansion of agriculture, over-grazing, burning, intensive poaching
and destruction of woody vegetation. Prospecting for phosphates has also been authorised and
was in active progress in 1975.
Visitor Facilities _ There is a hotel at the nearby parc national de ’W’, which borders this
reserve, with accommodation for 100 people. Visits to the reserve are limited. At present,
there is low touristic potential as the large animal populations are limited to the area bordering
"W’.
Scientific Research None
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material None listed
Staff Administered jointly with ’W’, which is staffed by a park conservator, two mid-level
foresters and 10 guards at Tapoa. Two guards are also stationed at Tamou but in practise, little
control is exerted in the reserve.
Budget Combined with that of the parc national de ’W’; total US$10,000
Local Park or Reserve Administration Le Conservateu du Parc National du ’W’, S/C Direction
des Foréts et de la Faune, BP 578, Niamey.
Date April 1985
RESERVE DE FAUNE DE GADABEDJI
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.12.07 (Western Sahel)
Legal Protection No information
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Date Established 25 April 1955, by Law No. 3120/S.E. Also a ’féret classée’
Geographical Location 76km north of Dakoro in Maradi Départment. 14°59’-15°21’N,
7°01’-7°19-E.
Altitude 405-478m
Area 76,000ha
Land Tenure Government, with limited public rights
Physical Features The area comprises fixed dunes with intermediate plains between dunes
and a drainage system of wadis, run-off channels, pans and temporarily flooded pools. There
is no permanent surface water. Wadis include Tafassaoua, Tougoutou and Aza. Major
temporary pools are Mecca Rakouma, Altema and Tchigira. Soils are mostly soft to compact
sands, with a mud admixture in the depression, and temporarily inundated pools and pans.
Mean annual rainfall is 327mm (118-507mm), with the rainy season occuring between May and
September, August being the wettest month.
Vegetation North Sahelian wooded steppe and grassland predominates. Grassland species are
mostly annuals including Aristida mutabilis, Cenchrus biflorus, Brachiaria spp., with perennials
including Panicum turgidum and Chrozophora. Wooded steppe species include Balanites
aegyptiaca, Acacia tortilis, A. senegal, and Sclerocarya birrea. Wooded depressions and run-off
channels comprise species such as Bauhinia reticulata, Guiera senegalensis, Combretum
glutinosum, and Acacia nilotica. Grasses and annual forbes are economically important to the
region’s nomadic population.
Fauna A number of threatened species have been recorded including cheetah Acinonyx
jubatus (T) (very rare within the reserve, probably not resident), Dorcas gazelle Gazella dorcas,
and red-fronted gazelle Gazella rufifrons. Scimitar-horned oryx Oryx dammah (T) and dama
gazelle Gazella dama (T) are already extinct in this area and giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis
has disappeared since 1970. Predators include jackal Canis aureus, striped hyena Hyaena
hyaena (very rare within the park, probably not resident), and sand fox Vulpes pallida. Patas
monkey Erythrocebus patas is also present. Smaller more common species include honey
badger Mellivora capensis, zorilla Ictonyx striatus, and aardvark Orycteropus afer. Bustards,
especially Saville’s pygmy bustard Lophotis ruficrista and white-bellied bustard E. senegalensis,
are not uncommon. The ostrich Struthio camelus totally disappeared from the reserve about
1972-1973, but is now returning in small numbers.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies There is poaching and intensive livestock rearing. Both
activities are not only specifically forbidden within the reserve in accordance with its decree,
but the former is also banned nationally. Some cutting of large trees for livestock browsing
and also local consumption of wood products is evident. Lack of funds and manpower make
permanent or effective control of the reserve impossible.
Visitor Facilities There are no visitors or facilities and the reserve is currently closed to the
public. It has a very small potential for tourism until wildlife is reconstituted.
Scientific Research A programme of ecological monitoring was initiated in 1981 (IUCN/WWF
Project 1624).
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
° Avant-Projet de Classement - drawn up 30 September 1954.
° IUCN/WWF Project 1624. Niger, Addax and Oryx.
° Rapport de Mission Eaux et Foréts - August, 1979.
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Niger
Staff None specifically employed within the reserve, but some surveillance and repression.
Budget None
Local Park or Reserve Administration Station des Eaux et Foréts at Dakoro
Date April 1985
RESERVE NATURELLE NATIONALE DE L’AIR ET DU TENERE
Management Category Proposed as a IV (Managed Nature Reserve) with core of I (Strict
Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 2.18.07 (Sahara)
Legal Protection None yet
Date Established Legislation is being prepared
Geographical Location In the Air Mountains. The town of Iferouane lies on the on western
boundary. Approximately centred at 18°40’N, 8°30°E.
Altitude 1,998m maximum
Area 7,736,000ha (6.1% of Niger)
Land Tenure To be Government with some public rights retained
Physical Features The area can be described as a Sahelian oasis within a Saharan
environment. It is predominantly desert (65%) with mountains (20%) and basins (15%) and
great habitat diversity. Geographically, the desert corresponds to the western part of the ergs
of Fachi-Bilma and of Ténéré. These are fixed and moving sand dunes, and ’regs’, extensive
flat areas of sand, gravel or stones often devoid of vegetation, surround the ergs. The
mountainous regions include nine massifs and 13 large rocky areas. Three important water
basins, Zagado, Tafidet and Zilalet, comprise wadis and seasonally dried up water courses.
There are also several other large wadis and temporary which are important to the ecology of
the area. The desert climate with a tropical influence is characterised by hot and cold seasons
and one rainy season from July to September. Rainfall is highly unpredictable and may only
be a few milimetres, but because of intensive run-off, it is equivalent to a much higher
precipitation. The mountain ranges affect the amount and abundance of rain locally.
Temperatures range from -1°C to 50°C at Iferouane.
Vegetation The vegetation is predominantly Sahelian with several areas typical of the Sahara
and some relict Sudanese enclaves. The Sahel element is found around the wetter areas, such as
wadis and temporary pans. The principal species are Balanites aegyptiaca, Salvadora persica,
Ziziphus spina-christi, and Acacia laeta. A. albida was once widespread according to the
nomads of the area, but its distribution has been reduced largely through degradation by man.
The grasses Panicum laetum, Eragrostis pilosa, Cenchrus biflorus, Dactyloctenium aegyptium
and Pennisetum violaceum occur. In the drier Sahel-Saharan transition zone, species
include Panicum turgidum, Lasiurus hirsutus, Aerva javanica, and the trees Maerua crassifolia,
and Leptadenia pyrotechnica. The Saharan element has trees typical of a sand habitat, such
as Acacia tortilis. On the stony, clay soils, this is replaced by A. ehrenbergiana. Elsewhere on
the sand the vegetation is very scattered with Fagonia bruguieri, Zygophyllum simplex,
Cornulaca monacantha, and the herbs Stipagrostis vulnerans and S. plumosa. A particularly
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
important plant for the fauna is Schouwia thebaica which has green and fleshy leaves at the end
of the cold season. On the sands of Ténéré, the annual plants comprise an ephemeral pasture.
The relict Sudanese element is found in sheltered, wetter areas such as beds of wadis and
ravines of mountains above 1,000m. Species include Grewia tenax, G. villosa and Cordia
sinensis. Species of North African origin are the wild olive Olea laperrinei (above 1,500 on
scree slopes of the Tamgak and Gréboun massifs), Rhus tripartita (on the Sahara massifs),
and Salvia aegyptiaca (in the beds of wadis).
Fauna This region is the last stronghold of Sahelo-Saharan wildlife in Niger. Of particular
concern are the addax Addax nasomaculatus (T) and oryx Oryx dammah (T). Addax rarely
visit the reserve now; other areas where it may occur are Chad, Mali and Mauritania. The
Barbary sheep Ammotragus lervia (T) occurs on the mountains. Other threatened species
include the slender-horned gazelle Gazella leptoceros (T), dama gazelle Gazella dama, dorcas
gazelle Gazella dorcas and cheetah Acinonyx jubatus. Other predators are the caracal Felis
caracal, striped hyena Hyaena hyaena, golden jackal Canis aureus (probably the commonest of
the scavengers), and small foxes such as Ruppell’s sand fox Vulpes riippelli, and
fennec Fennecus zerda. The sand cat Felis margarita also occurs. Ostrich Struthio camelus are
well represented although severely threatened by poaching in all other areas of the Sahel.
Population The people within the region are virtually all Tuaregs, (of Berber origin) and
there are approximately 2,500 within the reserve. They are semi-nomadic pastoralists raising
camels and goats. The caravans between the Air Mountains and the oases to the east, across the
Ténéré Desert, used to be very important but this caravan trade is now disappearing through
competition with motorised transport. The Tuaregs recognise certain trees for their
fruit-bearing potential - for example Acacia albida and A. tortilis - and they are specially
protected. There is a respect for certain animals, such as the ostrich which are not hunted.
Unfortunately, the influx of people from different areas are breaking the traditions. Several
generations ago a highly revered religious leader of one of the Sherifan tribes pronounced that
no-one should cut trees, harm gazelles or kill ostriches. As a result a wadi area has been
protected by this edict. There is an abundance of palaeolithic and neolithic remains as well as
recent historical and cultural remains.
Conservation Management With technical and financial assistance from IUCN/WWF Project
1624, the Government of Niger is planning the establishment of this area to help conserve
endangered large mammals of the Sahelo-Saharan region, particularly the addax,
scimitar-horned oryx, barbary sheep and species of gazelle. The Government aims to maintain
traditional forms of land use, and plans are to include the local population in the management
of the area and also in planning policies. The project’s long term objective is to rehabilitate
the arid land fauna and flora to provide adequate living conditions to the local people and
nomads. The field trips associated with the development of the reserve and subsequent analysis
of data, have provided technicians from Niger with valuable training in ecological survey,
practical conservation and game management.
Zoning Zoning needs to be flexible to allow for scope in management as factors such as
resource abundance and local imperatives change. A 1,280,500ha Strict Nature Reserve core
zone is planned.
Disturbances or Deficiencies Hunting is traditional and has no major impact on the area. The
biggest problem is the conservation of the vegetation in the face of pressure from nomads. The
combination of drought in the late 1960s, 1970s and early 1980s and over-utilization of Acacia
trees by browsing livestock of the nomads, has degraded the area. Expoitation tends to be
intensive, mainly by camels, goats and sheep. Traditional hunters take a few Barbary sheep
every year but their impact on the population is probably negligible. Cheetah are hunted
because they are accused of stock damage. Strychnine is used to kill jackals and hyenas, and
other animals are therefore killed as well. The Wildlife Department in Niger has recently
issued a strong statement on the use of strychnine, reiterating that its use is illegal without
authorisation from the wildlife authority and other authorities concerned with natural resources.
Visitor Facilities Good potential for tourism but this could pose a major threat to wildlife
from harassment and hunting.
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Niger
Scientific Research The area is the focus for IUCN/WWF Project 1624. Between 1980 and
1982, WWF and the Government of Niger initiated a regular programme of ecological
monitoring and wild life census. During 1982, fieldwork produced vital information on gazelle
and Barbary sheep populations and the first sightings of the extremely rare slender-horned
gazelle.
Special Scientific Facilities Small laboratory
Principal Reference Material
° TUCN/WWF Project 1624. Niger, Addax and Oryx.
°* Newby, J. (1984). A Desert Reserve for Niger. WWF Monthly Report October 1984. Pp.
263-267.
° Newby, J. (1982). Avant-Projet de Classement d’une Aire Protégée dans L’Air et Le Ténéré
(Republique du Niger). IUCN, Gland. Switzerland.
Staff Director, five foresters, three drivers, one guide, one mechanics, and two Peace Corps
biologists
Budget US$368,000 from 1982-1985 under WWF Project 1642
Local Park or Reserve Administration IUCN/WWF Field Headquarters at Iferouane
Date April 1985
-471-
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Area 923,769 sq.km
Population 82,390,000 estimated in 1983. There is considerable uncertainty over the total
population size due to political and logistic difficulties involved in the organization of a
census. One estimate based on electoral registration in 1978 is 95,000,000.
Parks and Reserves Legislation The idea of protecting wildlife began with the creation of
Nigeria, soon after the amalgamation of northern and southern parts of country in 1914.
Regional game laws were enacted, initially by Eastern Nigeria in 1916 and later by the Western
and Northern regions in 1928 and 1963, respectively. The conservation and protection of
wildlife is still governed by these three game laws and their several modifications which
emerged with the creation of states in 1967 and 1976. Each law has territorial coverage: the
1916 law is used in the eastern states (Anambra, Cross River Imo and Rivers States), the 1928
law in the western states (Bendel, Lagos, Ogun, Ondo and Oyo States), and the 1963 law in the
northern states (Bauchi, Benue, Borno, Gongola, Kadura, Kano, Kwara, Niger Plateau and
Sokoto States). Due to the abundance of wildlife at the time of their enactment, the emphasis
of the three game laws was on the preservation of wildlife for the benefit of future generations
without any reference to utilization for particular purposes. Thus, hunting for sport purposes
became conveniently included in the rather amorphous national wildlife policy. With the
creation of Yankari Game Reserve in 1956 and Borgu Game Reserve in 1962, recreation and
tourism were accommodated within the national policy. Later, in 1967, the national policy was
further enlarged to include conservation for meat production, based on claims that shortage of
animal protein was the main cause of indiscriminate hunting in protected areas (Tuna Wildlife
Consultants Company, 1983). An attempt was made in 1973 to unify the legislation into a
more comprehensive national wildlife conservation law. Titled "National Fauna Conservation
Law’, the draft spent a long time undergoing legal processing and is now being replaced by the
Endangered Species (Control of International Traffic and Trade) Decree. This may be enacted
in 1985, as it awaits only the consent of the Supreme Military Council. The creation of the
Kainji Lake National Park in 1976 marked the first major attempt at managing wildlife for
recreation purposes in Nigeria. There are two other types of protected area, strict natural
reserves and game reserves. Hunting is not permitted in game reserves, which are described as
areas to be set aside for the conservation, management and propagation of wild animal life and
the protection and management of its habitat. Strict natural reserves, which are set aside for
the protection of natural vegetation, have no legal status to distinguish them from forest or
game reserves. The laws under which individual forest reserves are established usually
designate restrictions on hunting and fishing with rights given only to residents of particular
villages and their descendants. Forest reserves cover over 10% of the country.
Parks and Reserves Administration Traditionally, wildlife administration has been the
responsibility of the Department of Forestry in the Ministry of Agriculture at federal and state
government levels. The Federal Department of Forestry is in charge of wildlife development
and extention including the creation of national parks. National parks are created with the
agreement of the National Wildlife Conservation Committee (NWCC), which was formed in
1967 and is still an appendage of the National Forestry Development Committee. Kaiji Lake
National Park is a parastatal of the Federal Department of Forestry in the Federal Ministry of
Agriculture. The NWCC represents the coordinating body for all matters pertaining to policies
on wildlife management at the national level. The functions of NWCC are: to formulate
policies for wildlife matters in Nigeria; to maintain standards and coordinate development
programmes for reserves and parks; to develop an effective wildlife conservation law; to
publicise wildlife activities and mobilise public opinion in favour of wildlife management; to
serve as a Clearing house for the creation of game reserves (by considering proposals from the
state departments of forestry); and to create national parks where appropriate, based on
recommendations from the Federal Department of Forestry. Also at federal level, the Forestry
Research Institute of Nigeria is responsible for wildlife research and training even though the
Kainji Lake Research Institute, with its effective component of wildlife staff, its facilities, and
its past achievements, is gradually taking on more of this role. At state level, the forestry
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
departments in the Ministries of Agriculture are responsible for the management of game
reserves, and also for the transfer of forest reserves into game reserves after formal approval
by the NWCC. Reserve management often emphasises participation of the local community in
conservation programmes, providing employment within the reserves for local people if
possible. The establishment of an autonomous ‘Board of Trustees of National Parks’ that would
oversee the planning and administration of all parks in the country has been recommended
(Tuna Wildlife Consultants Company, 1983).
Address
° Federal Department of Forestry, Federal Ministry of Agriculture, P.M.B. 12613, 6 Jieh
Village, Obalende, Lagos
Additional Information Under the London Convention of 1933, Nigeria made a pledge to
conserve her nature and natural resources. By mid 1950, Nigeria’s premier game reserve,
Yankari, had come into existence, since when other game reserves have been set up and many
more are still being proposed. In the absence of a unified national wildlife policy, some of
these have gone into oblivion (Afolayon, 1980; Ebin, 1983). Nevertheless, rapid changes have
occurred in Nigerian wildlife conservation in the last decade (Afolyan and Ajayi, 1983). Apart
from a considerable increase in the number of protected areas, the Wildlife Research Division
of the Federal Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria (FRIN) was created to handle research
and training and has established a school at New Bussa which provides training in wildlife
management. The Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Management has been created at the
University of Ibadan. It offers undergraduate and postgraduate training in the two disciplines.
Wildlife ecology and management is also taught in the Department of Forest Resources
Management at the University of Ibadan, and several officers have been trained overseas.
Important research programmes have been completed and some states are introducing new
legislation in an attempt to control hunting. Although there have been advances in nature
conservation for Nigeria in the savanna biome, little has been done in the last 20 years for the
wildlife in the southern rainforest zone where the majority of the animal species occur. Many
*protected’ areas are being degraded by excessive logging, farming, grazing and road-building
(Anadu and Oates, 1982; Afolayan and Ajayi, 1983). The pressure of hunting is very high and
only a few reserves contain a reasonable species diversity. Species of particular concern
include elephant, leopard and chimpanzee.
References
° Afolayan, T.A. (1980). A ereeyes of wildlife conservation in Nigeria. Environmental
Conservation 7(3): 207-212.
° Afolayan, T.A. and Ajayi SS. (1983). Fifty years of Nigerian Wildlife Resources. The
Nigerian Field 47(4): 139-144.
° Ajayi, S.S. (1973). Wildlife management in the national economy. Nigerian Journal of
Forestry 3(1): 26-30.
° Anadu P.A. and Oates J.F. (1982). The status of wildlife in Bendel State, Nigeria, with
recommendations for its conservation. A report for WWF/IUCN Project 1613. Development
of a Global Strategy for Conservation of Non-human primates.
° Anon. (1964). Soils of Nigeria Map. Unpublished report. Institute of Agricultural Research,
Samaru and Federal surveys, Lagos.
° Ayeni, J.S.0., Afolayan, T.A. and Ajayi, S.S. (1982). Introductory handbook on Nigerian
wildlife. Kainji Lake Research Institute and Department of Wildlife and Fisheries,
University of Ibadan.
° Centre for Agricultural Development (Nigeria) Ltd., Ibadan (1981). Wildlife conservation
and management with particular emphasis on large scale commercial production of
bushmeat. A report submitted to the Federal Department of Forestry, Lagos.
° Ebin, O.C. (1983). An appraisal of the biotic and material resources of some Game Reserves
and Wildlife Management in Nigeria. Nigerian Conservation Foundation, Lagos.
° Harman, N. (1982). The most African country. A survey of Nigeria. The Economist 282: 50.
° IUCN/UNEP (1983). La réparition des aires protégées en fonction des besoins de la
conservation des communautés biotiques de l’Afrique Centrale et de 1l’Ouest. Working
Document. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.
-476-
Nigeria
° Petrides, G.A. (1962). Advisory report on wildlife and National Parks Management of
Nigeria. Special Publication No. 18, American committee for International Wildlife
Protection.
° Tuna Wildlife Consultants Company in collaboration with Nardes (Nigeria) Ltd. (1983). A
master plan for the management of the Kainji Lake National Park. Kainji Lake National
Park Management Board, Federal Ministry of Agriculture, New Bussa.
Protected Areas
(hectares)
National Parks
Kainji Lake 534,082
Strict Nature Reserves
Omo 460
Game Reserves
Akpaka
Alawa 29,620
Ankwe River
Dagida 29,422
Falgore (Kogin Kano) 92,000
Game Reserve A
Game Reserve B
Gilli-Gilli 36,200
Hadejia (Baturiya) Wetlands 29,700
Ibi
Iri- Ada-Obi
Kambari 41,400
Kashimbila 189,600
Kwale 1,340
Kwiambana 261,400
Lame/Burra 205,967
Ohosu 47,100
Ologbo 19,440
Orle River 5,440
Pai River
Sambisa 68,600
Udi/Nsukka 5,600
Upper Ogun/Old Oyo 110,000
Yankari 224,000
Subtotal 1,396,829
Game Sanctuaries
Wase 115,300
Reserves
Margadu-Kabak Wetland 10,000
Nguru/Adiani Wetland 7,500
Subtotal 17,500
Sanctuaries
Bedde 35,400
Wase Rock Bird 924
Subtotal 36,324
Wildlife Parks
Jos 800
Pandam 22,400
Subtotal 23,200
~4gTe
IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Forest Reserves
Milliken Hill
Oban 64
Opara GR : 110,000
Sapoba 49,200
Upkon
Subtotal 159,264
Game Complexes
Udo 5,400
Biosphere Reserves
Omo Strict Natural Reserve 460
Proposed areas
Anambra Game Reserve
Chingurmi/Duguma Game Reserve 35,400
Damper Sanctuary Game Reserve
Ebba/Kampe Game Reserve 11,730
Gashaka/Gumti Game Reserve 636;300
Kamuku Game Reserve 120,000
Meko Game Reserve 96,610
Nasarawa/Bakono Game Reserve 190,000
Num River Game Reserve 9,720
Obudu (Boshi/Okongwo) Game Reserve 72,000
Okeleuse Game Reserve 11,440
Okomu Game Reserve 123,800
Opanda Game Reserve 10,520
Stubbs Greek Game Reserve
Lake Chad Game Reserve 36,800
Ikwe Wildlife Park 5,000
Ifon Game Reserve 28,230
Subtotal 1,387,550
KAINJI LAKE NATIONAL PARK
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.04.04 (West African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Protection of flora and fauna through Kainji Lake National Park Act No. 46
of 1979.
Date Established Established as Kainji Lake National Park in 1975, with the amalgamation
of Borgu and Zugurma Game Reserves. The western sector of Borgu Game Reserve was
established as a "Native Authority Forest Reserve’ under Section 22 of the Forest Law in 1961
(Legal Notice No. 97) and 1966 (Legal Notice No. 39). Zugurma Reserve was demarcated in
1964 and officially gazetted in 1971. The decree of 1979 empowers the park to acquire another
374,272ha of land in Wawa, Kaiama, Babaua, Yashikira and Bussa districts of the Borgu sector
and 137,080ha in the Zugurma sector.
Geographical Location The park is situated 506km north of Lagos. The Zugurma sector is
situated in the Mariga local government area of Niger State, 55km south-east of Borgu. It is
bordered by the Kontagora River to the north-west and the Manyara River to the north. The
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Nigeria
Borgu sector is situated in the Borgu and Baruten local government areas of Kwara State. It is
bordered on the east by Kainji Lake and is less than 10km from the border with the Republic
of Benin on the west. 9°40’-10°30’N, 3°30’-5°50’E.
Altitude 100-339m
Area 534,082ha, comprising two sections, Zugurma (138,500ha) and Borgu (397,002ha) and
part of Lake Kainji.
Land Tenure State
Physical Features The park includes a central area of the impounded Lake Kainji on the
Niger River, the eastern lakeshore forming the boundary. Kainji Dam was constructed in 1968
and the lake filled by 1972. The two sectors of the park are drained by separate systems. The
western and southern areas of the Borgu sector are drained by the Oli River, the largest river
in the park, while the east is drained into the Kainji Lake by four small rivers, the Doro,
Timo, Menai, and Sadoro. There are permanent waterholes throughout the dry season although
no watercourses flow (there are at least six waterholes along the Oli River which support
hippopotamus populations). The Zugurma sector is poorly drained and the Manyara River has
no tributaries within the sector. Other rivers, such as the Yampere and Lanser, are seasonal
and flow from north to south. The central portion has no water supply, except for a few wet
season pools. The topography of the Borgu sector is gently undulating with a broken relief of
quartzite ridges, rising from underlying gneissose or metasedimentary terrain. The Zugurma
sector consists of a low plateau with gradually sloping sides forming an east to west watershed.
The region is largely underlain by metamorphic rocks of the Basement Complex (granites,
phyllites, schists and quartzites) of Pre-Cambrian to early Palaeozoic age. The most important
recent geological feature of the Borgu sector is ironstone (plinthite) pans, which are exposed or
close to the surface. Soils are ferruginous tropical soils and crystalline acid rocks. Soil depth is
generally shallow, ranging from zero to about 140m in depth. The upland soils are sandy loams
to sandy-clay loams and often have a high gravel content. The clay fraction is kaolinite,
although monmorillonite also occurs. Soil pH is slightly acid to neutral. The Zugurma sector is
covered by sandstone derived loam. The soil is moderately deep and fertile but overgrazing has
rendered most areas infertile and there is erosion in most parts. There is a savanna climate
with rainy season from May to November, and dry season from December to April.
Temperature ranges from 15°C during the height of the harmattan (Dec-Jan) to 37°C. Mean
annual relative humidity is 53%. The mean annual rainfall of the Borgu sector is 1100mm, and
of the Zugurma sector, 1167mm.
Vegetation The vegetation is transitional between the Sudan and Northern Guinea savanna
zones. Principal vegetation types in the Borgu sector are: (1) Burkea africana - Detarium
microcarpum wooded savanna. This is by far the most common vegetation type and can be
divided into five units: Burkea africana - Terminalia avicennioides savanna
woodland; Detarium microcarpum savanna woodland; Afzelia savanna woodland; Acacia variant
(links the Burkea africana - Terminalia avicennioides with Acacia savanna); and Maytenus -
Gardenia shrub (never very extensive). (2) Isoberlinia tomentosa woodland. This is typical of
slopes below the quartzite ridges on well drained soils with high clay content. (3) Diospyros
mespiliformis dry forest. This occurs on upland slopes with an understorey of Polysphaeria
orbuscula. Both species form practically pure canopies. The grass Oplismenus hirtellus occurs
in this unit. (4) Terminalia macroptera tree savanna. This occurs in moist savannas near the
forest zones on clay soils. Widely scattered Terminalia macroptera grows in a grassland with
abundant Hyparrhenia rufa and Hyparrhenia smithiana. (5) Isoberlinia doka savanna
woodland. This occurs on upland areas and is typical of ironstone regions. (6) Monotes
kerstingii woodland. This is typical of deep soil with ironstone gravel. The vegetation in the
Zugurma sector is typically that of Guinea savanna woodland, but it has been badly
over-grazed except for the riparian forests along the Manyara River and other water holes.
Common tree species are Afzelia africana, Daniella oliveri, Pterocapus erinaceous, Terminalia
glaucescens, Parkia clappertoniana, Butyrospermum paradoxum, Detarium microcarpum,
Isoberlinia doka, Uapaca togoensis, and Khaya senegalensis. The dominant grass species
are Andropogon and Hyparrhenia. There are four distinct vegetation types: Pterocapus -
Detarium woodland, Terminalia - Monotes/Isoberlinia woodland, Afzelia - Daniella woodland
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and Acacia savanna woodland. An annotated list of plants in the park is given in Tuna Wildlife
Consultants Company (1983).
Fauna The fauna is typical of Sudan - Guinea savanna woodland. Sixty-five mammal
species, 350 bird species, and 30 amphibia and reptile species have been recorded. In the
Borgu sector, mammals include lion Panthera leo, leopard Panthera pardus (T), caracal Felis
caracal, elephant Loxodonta africana (T), buffalo Syncerus caffer, hartebeest Alcelaphus
buselaphus, kob Kobus kob, roan antelope Hippotragus equinus, red-flanked duiker Cephalophus
rufilatus (appears to be decreasing), common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia, reedbuck Redunca
redunca, waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, bushbuck Tragelaphus Scriptus,
warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus, oribi Ourebia ourebi, giant pangolin Manis gigantea,
hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, wildcat Felis silvestris, hunting dog Lycaon pictus (T),
honey badger Mellivora capensis, clawless otter Aonyx capensis, olive baboon Papio anubis,
green monkey Cercopithecus aethiops, patas monkey Erythrocebus patas, Senegal
bushbaby Galago senegalensis, aardvark Orycteropus afer, and manatee Trichechus senegalensis
(T). Cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (V) has recently been recorded. Reptiles include: Nile
crocodile Crocodylus niloticus (V), slender snouted crocodile Crocodylus cataphractus (I), rock
python Python sebae and royal python Python regius, spitting cobra Naja nigricollis and black
cobra Naja melanoleuca, puff adder Bitis arietans, gaboon viper Bitis gabonica, monitor
lizard Varanus niloticus and Varanua exanthematicus, and terrapin Pelomedusa_ subrufa
and Pelusios adansoni. Wildlife numbers are much lower in the Zugurma sector due to poor
drainage, deteriorating vegetation, heavy poaching and extensive cattle grazing. The Kainji
Lake has a diverse fish fauna. There are 82 known species belonging to 18 families. The most
important families in order are Mochodridae, Mormyridae, Characidae, Citharimidea,
Cyprinidae, Cichlidae, Polypteridae, Clariidae, and Schilbeidae. Some species are particularly
adapted to swamps and not taken frequently elsewhere. These include Gymnarchus_ niloticus,
Clupisudus niloticus, Hepsetus odoe, Heterobranchus_ bidorsalis, Clarias _lazera,
and Paorphice-phalus obscuris. There are also many fish in the Ole River. Checklists of
mammals, birds, reptiles and fish from the Borgu sector are given in Tuna Wildlife Consultants
Company (1983).
Population The principle tribes in the Borgu area are the Bussawa and the Borgawa, though
there exist other important groups, notably the Kamberi, Fulani and Hausa to the north, the
Nupe to the east and the Yoruba to the south. The Nupes (hunters) are the major tribe in the
Zugurma area. Other important groups are the Kambaris (also hunters) and the MHausas
(migrant farmers). The Fulanis, though nomadic, are very common within the park.
Population density in the Borgu area is less than five people per square kilometer. The creation
of the Kainji Dam and the consequent development of resettlement towms has led to a
considerable increase in human population within this area. The Zugurma sector has a much
higher population and the interaction of the inhabitants and the park is actually more intense
than in the Borgu sector.
Conservation Management There is a management plan for the area (Tuna Wildlife
Consultants Company 1983). Recommendations include the development of park infrastructure
for effective management and provision of tourist access; the development of a controlled
burning programme (including total protection of the Terminalia macroptera vegetation for the
dry season grazing by kobs); the constrution of water holes; the development of an effective
anti-poaching campaign (including the recruitment and involvement of the local people); the
construction of staff housing, patrol posts, hides and guest accommodation; and the
development of recreational facilities (boating, swimming, fishing etc.). The management plan
also recommends the development and management on a sustainable basis of fish and cultural
resources. There are several agencies based in the Kainji Lake Basin area, the National
Electricity Power Authority (NEPA), Niger River Basin Development Authority (NRBDA),
Kainji Lake Research Institute (KLRI) and indirectly the Borgu Local Government Council
(through local farmers and pastoralists). The Kainji Lake Research Institute is currently
monitoring the cattle population and its environmental consequences.
Zoning Eight management units are proposed for the park, six in the Borgu sector and two in
the Zugurma sector. Unit 1 would be a strict nature reserve for scientific purposes. Unit 2
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would be for teaching and research purposes, Units 3 to 5 would be for game viewing, and
Unit 6 would contain the tourist lodge and lakeshore recreational activities. Units 7 and 8 in
the Zugurma section would be reserved for game viewing (Tuna Wildlife Consultants Company
1983).
Disturbances or Deficiencies Illegal grazing, with tree lopping during the dry season to feed
stock, is the major problem facing conservation in the Zugurma section. Fulani cattle are the
major offenders and there at least seven permanent cattle routes within the Zugurma section,
which suffer from trampling and erosion. There is uncontrolled dry season burning to provide
better cattle pasture. Wild animals are sometimes killed to protect cattle. Fruits of wild plants
(Parkia clappertoniana, Butyrospermum paradoxum and Cola acuminata) are harvested, and
baobab Adansonia digitata is debarked to make rope. Thatching grass and raffia poles are cut
for house construction, and villages are encroaching on the park boundaries. Grazing is less
prevalent in the Borgu sector, but the increasing pressure upon the Fulani to settle and
regionalise their cattle industry will inevitably lead to an increased sedentary cattle population
around Lake Kainji. Heavy poaching still continues in the Zugurma sector despite frequent
arrests and fines imposed by park patrols. The Borgu sector also has hunting problems, but on
a lower key. Historically, the people of Borgu are traditional hunters and have an insignificant
effect on wildlife. Sophisticated leisure hunting is a major threat to the park. There isa lot of
farming in the Zugurma sector (mainly cereals and root crops), and there are some signs of
recent cultivation in isolated areas on the south, west and north-east margins of the Borgu
section. There are some temporary fishing villages on the lakeshore and the lake is reported to
be overfished. There are currently 4,867 professional fishermen and 3,3311 fishing boats on
the lake (Tuna Wildlife Consultants Company, 1983). DDT is used to kill black fly Simulium
sp. (a cause of river blindness) in the Oli River. This has adverse effects on fish and possibly
some ungulates.
Visitor Facilities There were about 5,000 visitors in 1980. Accommodation is available at Oli
River Lodge in the centre of the Borgu sector and at designated campsites. Major tourist
attractions are the Old Mahale settlement and well, the Kali Hill Shrine and the Tunga Maikade
settlement. Other landmarks include the Tukuna Dry Valley, the Zugurma settlement and
Hippo Pools.
Scientific Research While the Borgu sector has been extensively studied, the Zugurma sector
has received virtually no research attention. Monitoring research programmes on vegetation,
fire and wildlife populations are recommended by the management plan.
Special Scientific Facilities The Kainji Lake Research Institute is situated at New Bussa.
Faincipal Reference Material
Ayeni, J.S.0. Aspects of management and utilization of wildlife in Kainji National Park,
Nigeria. Mimeo.
° Ayeni, J.S.O. (1983). Rangeland problems of the Kainji Lake Basin area of
Nigeria. Environmental Conservation 10(3).
° Afolayan, T.A. (1980). A synopsis of wildlife conservation in Nigeria. Environmental
Conservation 7(3).
° Brown, D. (1967). Borgu Game Reserve: A survey. MS. Kwara State Forestry Department,
Ilorin.
° FAO (1974). Kainji Lake Research Project, Nigeria. An ecological survey of Borgu Game
Reserve, based on the work of Gilbert S. Child. Rome. FI: SF/NIR 24. Technical Report 4.
° Geerling, C. (1975). 1:500,000 vegetation map of Borgu Game Reserve.
° Howell, J.H. (1968 and 1969). The Borgu Game Reserve of Northern Nigeria. The Nigerian
Field 33 and 34.
° Klinkenberg, K. (1965). Report of the reconnaissance soil survey of part of Borgu Game
Reserve, Ilorin Province. Soil Survey Bulletin No. 28, Institute of Agriculture Research,
Samaru. Ahmadu Bello University.
° Milligan, K.R.N. (1978). An ecological basis for the management of Kainji Lake National
Park. Ph.D. thesis, University of Ibadan.
° Milligan, K., Ajayi, S.S. and Hall, J.B. (1982). A large herbivore community. Afr. J. Ecol.
20(1): 1-12.
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
° Okaeme, N.A. (1983). The ecological community of Kainji Lake National Park and the need
for conservation. The Nigerian Field 47(4): 237-240.
° Paerker, Roy H. (1971). Report of the preliminary survey of the birds of the Borgu Game
Reserve. Unpublished MS. Zoology Museum, University of Ibadan.
° Tuna Wildlife Consultants Company in collaboration with Nardes (Nig.) Ltd. (1983). A
master plan for the management of the Kaiji Lake National Park. Final Report. Kainji
Lake National Park Management Board, Federal Ministry of Agriculture, New Bussa,
Nigeria. 240 pp.
° Walsh, F. (1971). Further notes on Borgu birds. Nigerian Ornithologist Society Bulletin
8(30).
° Wells, D.R. and Walsh, F. (1969). Birds of northern and central Borgu. Nigerian
Ornithologist Society Bulletin 6(21 and 23).
Staff Three senior officers, 50 game protection staff, 20 drivers, and 10 support staff
Budget US$15,000 annual income from tourism (Afolayan, 1980)
Local Park or Reserve Administration Controller, Wawa, Near New Bussa
Date 1984
OMO STRICT NATURAL RESERVE
Management Category I and IX (Strict Nature Reserve and Biosphere Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.01.01 (Guinean Rain Forest)
Legal Protection Protection against all forms of exploitation is provided under the Forest
Reserves Act.
Date Established Established as a strict natural reserve in 1949. Approved as a Biosphere
Reserve in January 1977.
Geographical Location North of Oshokum, 4km from Etemi village in the Ijebu-west
Division of Ogun State. The strict nature reserve lies within Omo Forest Reserve. 6°30°N,
4°15°E.
Altitude 100m
Area 460ha (strict natural reserve)
Land Tenure State
Physical Features The land is highest in the west and slopes gently towards the south and
east, becoming fairly flat on the banks of the Omo River. The geological strata consist of
crystalline rocks of undifferentiated basement complex. Soil is heavy clay formed from
weathered granite, except where thick alluvium has been laid down by the river on its banks.
There are many small streams, which fill with water during the rainy season, but are dry in the
dry season. The mean annual rainfall is 2030mm.
Vegetation The reserve lies in the moist lowland evergreen forest zone. The forest is mainly
open with common species including: Diospyros spp., Strombosia pustulata, Scottellia coriacea,
Octolobus angustatus, Corynanthes pachyceras, Canthium vulgare, Terminalia superba, Hunteria
umbellata, Xylopia aethiopica, Ficus spp., Funtumia elastica, Drypetes spp., Cola spp.,
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and Khaya ivorensis. Sterculia rhinopetala is locally abundant. Most of the western area is
broken forest. There are several Uvaria spp. tangles with isolated trees, usually Terminalia
superbai Nauclea diderrichii, Strombosia pustulata, Canthium vulgare, Cordia_ millenii
and Funtumia elastica, rising above the general level. Areas of good, high forest
include: Nauclea diderrichii, Brachystegia nigerica, Scottellia coriacea, Khaya _ ivorensis,
Canthium vulgare, and Strombosia pustulata. Where light penetrates, clumps of seedlings
occur. Common regenerating species are Drypetes spp., Cola spp.,Sterculia rhinopetala,
Buchholzia coriacea, Octolobus spp., Brachystegia nigerica, Guibourtia ehie, Musanga spp.,
and Diospyros spp.. Anthonotha macrophylla, Grewia coriacea, and Spondianthus preussii are
common in the marshy areas.
Fauna Common mammals include elephant Loxodonta africana (T), duikers Cephalophus spp,
antelopes and warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus. The red-bellied monkey Cercopithecus
erythrogaster is also present.
Population No information
Conservation Management’ The core area is still largely undisturbed. Very little is known
about the past history of the area, but an old hauling road from Etemi to Etemi Odo indicates
former exploitation.
Zoning Central core (strict natural reserve) surrounded by buffer zone (forest reserve).
Disturbances or Deficiencies There is a settlement of about 10 people 30km from the reserve.
Traces of carbide powder used by hunters can usually be found within the buffer zones and
along the reserve boundaries. The new main road from Shagamu to Benin (A121) passes
through the forest reserve. Gmelina spp. plantations are replacing rain forest in the forest
reserve which threatens the effectiveness of the strict natural reserve.
Scientific Research The Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria have carried out a biological
inventory in the area and visiting scientists from overseas have studied the ecology. MAB
Projects 1 and 2 include productivity and regeneration studies.
Special Scientific Facilities No information
Principal Reference Material
° Ash, J.S. (1976). Birds at Omo National Park, August 1976.
° Ikeda, H. et al. (1982). Ranging and Activity patterns of three nocturnal viverrids in Omo
National Park. African Journal of Ecol. 20(3).
Kyushu University Scientific Team. Preliminary report of the ecological study on several
species of ungulates and carnivores in Omo National Park.
° Stephenson, J. and Mizuno, A. (1978). Recommendations on the conservation of wildlife in
the Omo-Tama-Mago Rift Valley of Ethiopia. Report for Provisional Military Government
of Socialist Ethiopia. Wildlife Conservation Department, Addis Ababa. (Lists flora and
fauna and describes proposed boundary for Omo/Mago).
° Urban, E.K. and Brown, L.H. (1968). Wildlife in an Ethiopian valley. Oryx 1: 342-353.
Staff Five assigned to maintenance and two to research
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration The Director, Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria,
PMB 5054, Ibadan.
Date 1981
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FALGORE (KOGIN KANO) GAME RESERVE
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.04.04 (West African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Partial
Date Established Gazetted as Falgore Game Reserve in 1969. Originally established as Kogin
Kano Forest Reserve (261,000ha) in 1948.
Geographical Location Situated in Kano State and bounded in the north by the Tiga and
Sumaila districts, in the west by Kaduna State, in the east by Bauchi State, and in the south by
Tagwaye, Malamawsa, and Maikwandira villages. 11°-11°20’N, 8°33’-8°45’E.
Altitude No information
Area 92,000ha
Land Tenure State
Physical Features A small part of the northern sector has been flooded as a result of the Tiga
Dam. The reserve is bisected into two barely equal halves by Kano River. It is well drained
by streams such as the Maiwa, Kumbo, Maitunku, Murgu, Randa, and Maigungume, all of
which drain into Kano River. Zarara, Maiwa, Falgore, Huzu and Katini are rock inselbergs.
Vegetation Open savanna woodland with trees 9-14m in height.
Fauna Large mammals include: lion Panthera leo, leopard Panthera pardus (T), serval Felis
serval, spotted hyaena Crocuta crocuta, jackal Canis sp., patas monkey Erythrocebus patas,
green monkey Cercopithecus aethiops, baboon Papio anubis, bushbaby Galago sp.,red-flanked
duiker Cephalophus rufilatus, red-fronted gazelle Gazella rufifrons, roan antelope Hippotragus
equinus, bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus,, hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus, buffalo Syncerus
caf fer, oribi Ourebia ourebi, and warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus.
Conservation Management Protects much of the catchment area of Tiga Dam, which provides
the water supply for Kano and a major irrigation project mid-way between the city and the
dam.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies There is some poaching and illegal grazing by nomadic Fulani
herdsmen and, uncontrolled fire, but the reserve is well protected. The vegetation was
considered still to be in very good condition in March 1985, despite the current drought
conditions.
Visitor Facilities Tours operate from Kano, particularly at weekends. Visitor accommodation
is provided near the reserve. The reserve is easily accessible from the Kano-Jos road. A
network of internal access roads is under development.
Scientific Research No information
Special Scientific Facilities No information
Principal Reference Material
° Dugan, P. (1985). Mission to Nigeria. IUCN, Gland. Unpublished report. J1 pp.
° Ebin, C.O. (1983). An appraisal of the biotic and material resources of some Game Reserves
and Wildlife Management in Nigeria. Nigerian Conservation Foundation, Lagos.
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Staff One Head and one assistant conservator. Some 60 game guards are based at a number
of guard posts distributed around the periphery of the reserve.
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration No information
Date No information
HADEJIA (BATURIYA) WETLANDS GAME RESERVE
Management Category VIII (Multiple Use Management Area)
Biogeographical Province 3.04.04 (West African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection No information
Date Established Proposed as a game reserve in 1976 and gazetted in 1985.
Geographical Location North-east sector of the Katagum River in Kano State
Altitude No information
Area 29,700ha
Land Tenure State
Physical Features The reserve comprises an area of floodplain of the Katagum River with
waterholes and ponds. Two-thirds is terrestrial habitat and within the arid zone of Nigeria.
Vegetation The area contains one of the few remaining areas of Sahelian woodland in the
Sahel.
Fauna The reserve is an important wintering ground for palaearctic migrants. Mammals
reported in the area include aardvark Orycteropus afer, spotted hyena Crocuta crocuta,
warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus, common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia, Dorcas gazelle Gazella
dorcas, and patas monkey Erythrocebus patas. Waterfowl on the ponds and banks of the
Katagum River include knob-billed goose Sarkidiornis melanotos, spur-winged
goose Plectropterus gambensis, great white pelican Pelecanus onocrotalus, and secretary
bird Sagittarius serpentarius.
Conservation Management The reserve is used for multiple purposes, grazing and fishing
being allowed on a controlled basis. This follows recommendations made for the provision of
alternative sources of meat protein or seasonal fishing in the ponds (Ebin, 1983).
Zoning None. It has been recommended that the core of the reserve should be strictly
protected, while allowing a limited amount of grazing and agriculture in buffer areas on the
periphery (Dugan, 1985).
Disturbances or Deficiencies Principal threats are uncontrolled grazing by cattle, and
associated lopping of branches by the Fulani herdsmen, and lack of inundation of the
floodplain for two years (Dugan, 1985). The latter, caused by the drought, has been aggravated
by offtake of water upstream. The net result is that the level of water in the Hadejia River has
not been high enough to flood the Keffin Hausa, the tributary which runs through the reserve.
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In addition, sediment now deposited by the Hadejia at its junction with the Keffin Hausa will
have to be removed in order to restore the water supply to the reserve.
Visitor Facilities There is a rest house at Hadejia. Provision is being made for guided tours.
Scientific Research None
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
° Dugan, P. (1985). Mission to Nigeria. IUCN, Gland. Unpublished report. 11 pp.
° Ebin, O.C. (1983). An appraisal of the biotic and material resources of some Game Reserves
and Wildlife Management in Nigeria. Nigerian Conservation Foundation, Lagos.
Staff The reserve is staffed, but there is no information on numbers.
Budget There is a budget for the reserve but there is no information on amount.
Local Park or Reserve Administration Department of Wildlife, Ministry of Agriculture and
Natural Resources, Kano State, Kano.
Date No information
KWIAMBANA GAME RESERVE
Management Category VIII (Multiple Use Management Area)
Biogeographical Province 3.04.04 (West African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection No information
Date Established 1971
Geographical Location South-east of Gusau in Sokoto State, north-west Nigeria.
10°50’-11°50’N, 6°00’-7°00°E.
Altitude 400-850m
Area 261,400ha; contiguous to Kamuku Game Reserve (112,766ha)
Land Tenure State
Physical Features The highest area in the reserve is north at Madaba Hills (850m). Other
prominent hills are Mezomaye, Madanza, Birana and Bugana. The Mariga River forms the
southern and most of the eastern boundary. During the dry season, the major rivers dry up
and only pools remain. The entire reserve is underlain by metamorphic rocks of Pre-Cambrian
to early Palaeozoic age. Climate is relatively dry with an average annual rainfall of 1,100mm.
It is generally drier to the north and west, and wetter to the south and east.
Vegetation The reserve is in the Northern Guinea savanna zone near the border with the
Sudan zone. There are five distinct vegetation types: Jsoberlinia tomentosa
woodland; /soberlinia doka woodland; Terminalia avicennioides savanna woodland; Gardenia
scrubland; and riverine vegetation. Dominant trees are /soberlinia spp., which constitute over
80% of trees in the reserve. /. tomentosa forms closed woodlands in the wetter south. J. doka
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open woodlands are predominant in the drier north, mainly on the slopes and tops of quartzite
ridges. The bottom of the ridges is often seasonally flooded and dominant trees are Terminalia
spp. and Daniellia oliveri.
Fauna Mammals include: elephant Loxodonta africana (T), hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus,
roan antelope Hippotragus equinus, common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia, kob Kobus kob,
waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, oribi Ourebia ourebi, buffalo Syncerus caffer,
warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus, olive baboon Papio anubis, patas monkey Erythrocebus patas,
green monkey Cercopithecus aethiops, lion Panthera leo, leopard Panthera pardus (T),
serval Felis serval, spotted hyena Crocuta crocuta, jackal Canis adustus, civet Civettictis civetta,
spring hare Lepus capensis, and aardvark Orycteropus afer. Nile crocodile Crocodylus niloticus
(V) is also present in the reserve.
Conservation Management The objectives of management are: to make the reserve more
attractive to visitors, to protect the wildlife (and cultural monuments) and maintain a stable
ecosystem for a high level of plant and animal production; and, depending on its potential, to
utilise the reserve for game cropping, particularly for the benefit of the nearby rural
population. Early burning along game-viewing tracks helps to concentrate animals in places
where they can be seen but this treatment tends to degrade the quantity and quality of grasses
unless it is conducted on a rotational basis. Away from game-viewing roads, the riverine
vegetation and water-holes should be completely protected from fire. The Jsoberlinia
woodlands and Terminalia savanna woodlands, which constitute 95% of the vegetation in the
reserve, should be protected from fires and burnt only once in three years before the early
rains. A fire programme is essential for providing adequate food for herbivore populations,
particularly as they recover from the impact of hunting. Perennial water is available in the
Major rivers but in the dry season only pools remain, the capacity of which need to be
improved for the benefit of wild animal populations. A cropping programme cannot be
recommended at present due to present hunting pressure (Ajayi et al., 1981).
Zoning No information
Disturbances or Deficiencies Uncontrolled cattle grazing within the reserve is causing habitat
degradation and cattle are competing with wildlife for food. There is considerable illegal
hunting, especially during the dry season when many young are born. A policy of extensive
grass burning is carried out to provide new grass for grazing animals, but at present this is
degrading the quantity and quality of grasses (perennial species are being replaced by annuals).
There are insufficient personnel and equipment for effective management.
Scientific Research A species count has been carried out along major game-viewing tracks.
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
Ajayi, S.S., Milligan, K.R.N., Ayeni J.S.0. and Afolayan, T.A. (1981). A Management
Programme for Kwiambana Game Reserve, Sokoto State, Nigeria. Biolological Conservation
20(1): 45-57.
° Ajayi, S.S., Afolayan, T.A. and Milligan, K.R.N. (1981). A survey of wildlife in
Kwiambana Game Reserve, Nigeria. Afr. J. Ecol. 19: 295-298.
° Ebin, C.O. (1983). An appraisal of the biotic and material resources of some Game Reserves
and Wildlife Management in Nigeria. Nigerian Conservation Foundation, Lagos.
Staff One game warden, one assistant, two game rangers, game scouts
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration No information
Date 1981
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SAMBISA GAME RESERVE
Management Category No category assigned
Biogeographical Province 3.04.04 (West African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Partial
Date Established Gazetted in 1978. First opened to the public in 1982.
Geographical Location Near the town of Bama in Borns State. Approximately
11°00’-11°30’N, 13°30’-14°30°E.
Altitude No information
Area 68,600ha
Land Tenure State
Physical Features No information
Vegetation Lies in the Northern Guinea/Sudan Savanna vegetation zone of Nigeria.
Fauna Species present include: roan antelope Hippotragus equinus, topi Damaliscus lunatus,
baboon Papio anubis, elephant Loxodonta africana (T), ostrich Struthio camelus, and guinea
fowl Numida meleagris. There are some waterfowl.
Conservation Management The major management objective is the preservation of dry season
elephant range.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies There is grazing, poaching, illegal fishing, inadequate personnel,
and a lack of equipment.
Visitor Facilities The visiting season lasts from October until June.
Scientific Research No information
Special Scientific Facilities No information
Principal Reference Material
° Ebin, O.C. (1983). An appraisal of the biotic and material resources of some Game Reserves
and Wildlife Management in Nigeria. Nigerian Conservation Foundation, Lagos.
Staff No information
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration No information
Date No information
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UPPER OGUN GAME RESERVE
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.01.01 (Guinean Rain Forest)
Legal Protection Farming, grazing, hunting and fishing prohibited
Date Established May 1973. First established as Upper Ogun River Forest Reserve.
Geographical Location In the north-west of Oyo State. Approximately 8°44’N, 3°44’E.
Altitude No information
Area 110,000ha; contiguous to Old Oyo Game Reserve (40,000ha) in the north
Land Tenure State
Physical Features There is permanent water throughout the reserve.
Vegetation The reserve lies just north of the forest-savanna border. Vegetation is mainly
Guinea savanna woodland with dense woodland and forest outliers in the south.
Fauna Large mammals typical of the southern savanna of West Africa are present including:
elephant Loxodonta africana (T), warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus, buffalo Syncerus caf fer,
hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus, roan antelope Hippotragus equinus, waterbuck Kobus
ellipsiprymnus, kob Kobus kob, bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, oribi Ourebia ourebi, common
duiker Sylvicapra grimmia, red-flanked duiker Cephalophus rufilatus, Maxwell’s
duiker Cephalophus maxwelli, olive baboon Papio anubis, green monkey Cercopithecus
aethiops, lion Panthera leo, leopard Panthera pardus (T), and spotted hyena Crocuta crocuta.
Nile crocodile Crocodylus niloticus (V) occur in small numbers in the deeper pools of the Ogun
River. Forest animals include red river hog Potamochoerus porcus and black and white colobus
monkey Colobus polykomos.
Conservation Management Basic protection was already operational before the gazetting of
the game reserve, and there may be a considerable increase in animal numbers with the control
of hunting.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies The larger fauna of the reserve have been depleted as a result of
past hunting, although there are still good breeding populations of a number of species.
Visitor Facilities The reserve is just north of the large population centres of western Nigeria,
namely Ibadan and Lagos, each with a population of one million. With this large and
increasingly prosperous urban population only two hours drive away, the reserve could have
good potential for tourism and environmental conservation.
Scientific Research No information
Special Scientific Facilities No information
Principal Reference Material
° Geerling, C. (1974). Upper Ogun and Opara Game Reserves gazetted in Western State,
Nigeria. Environmental Conservation 1: 304.
Staff No information
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Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration No information
YANKARI GAME RESERVE
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.04.04 (West African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection No information
Date Established Established as a forest reserve in 1956; fully gazetted as a game reserve in
1957. Opened to the public in 1962.
Geographical Location In Bauchi State, north-east Nigeria. Access is by road from Bauchi.
9°30’-10°00’N, 10°00’-11°00’E.
Altitude Approximately 350-450m
Area 224,000ha
Land Tenure State
Physical Features The rolling hilly terrain is underlain by Tertiary sediments of sandstone
and shales. It is drained by the Gaji River, which runs north to south through the reserve and
is fed by a system of warm springs emerging from the sandstone cliffs of the Gaji Valley.
There is little superficial drainage due to the sandy soils and only the Gaji Valley has water
during the dry season. There are deep, well-drained, red sandy loams on loose sediment. The
climate is characteristic of lowland savanna, with a mean annual rainfall of 1,100mm and a dry
season from November to May accentuated by the *harmattan’ (dry desert wind). The mean
maximum temperature is 31°C, with March and April the hottest months at 36°C to 38°C. The
mean minimum temperature is 19°C with January the coldest month at 11°C to 14°C.
Vegetation The major vegetation type is Burkea africanaCombretum glutinosum savanna
woodland dominated by Afzelia africana on high level sites and Anogeissus leiocarpus
and Combretum nigricans on lower slopes. Savanna grasslands include: Jardinea congoensis
with Hyparrhenia and Andropogon grass species. The river valley has a mosaic of vegetation
types differentiated by hydrology: aquatic vegetation with species of Nymphaea, Marsilea
and Pistia stratiotes; Cyperus exallatus swamp; sedge meadows of Cyperus difformis and other
Cyperaceae; evergreen swamp forest; and Pteleopsis habeensis woodland. A generalised
vegetation map and a list of vascular plants is given in Geerling (1973).
Fauna Larger mammal species are typical of the West African savanna including green
monkey Cercopithecus aethiops, bushbaby Galago senegalensis, olive baboon Papio anubis,
elephant Loxodonta africana (T), warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus, buffalo Syncerus caf fer,
and waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymunus. Less common mammals include:
hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, roan antelope Hippotragus equinus, red-flanked
duiker Cephalophus rufilatus, oribi Ourebia ourebi, reedbuck Redunca redunca, and patas
monkey Erythrocebus patas. Carnivores include: lion Panthera leo, leopard Panthera pardus
(T), caracal Felis caracal, serval Felis serval, spotted hyena Crocuta crocuta, and hunting
dog Lycaon pictus (T). The crocodile Crocodylus niloticus (V) is also present. The bird fauna
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has been extensively studied. Details, and further references can be found in Crick and
Marshall (1981). Lists of mammals (with details of their status), birds, and reptiles are given in
Sikes (1964).
Conservation Management The management policy since 1956 has included early burning
during November to improve visibility along game-viewing tracks, to encourage growth of a
new flush of grass for grazing animals, and to concentrate these animals along the
game-viewing tracks. However, this has led to erosion and run-off where perennial grasses,
which stabilise the soils, have been replaced by annual species. Late burning has been
recommended as it would be more effective and would encourage the perennial grasses. The
construction of waterholes in the savanna area would stop the current annual migration to the
riverside during the dry season and reduce the degradation of vegetation in the riverside area.
Zoning No information
Disturbances or Deficiencies Severe poaching is reducing animal populations particularly
through use of modern weapons. There is forest clearance for human settlement expansion.
Interference with the burning plan by poachers is leading to habitat degradation with
annual Hyparrhenia sp. outcompeting the perennial species such as Andropogon gayanus. There
is a planned development scheme for the warm Wikki Spring, which involves the sinking of
bore holes for the Natural Water Factory. This would cause serious erosion to wildlife habitats
along the River Gaji, which is the only perennial river in the reserve. Funds and personnel are
insufficient.
Visitor Facilities Open to the public from 1 November to 30 June. About 10,000 visitors
come to the reserve each year. The major attraction being the warm springs at Wikki where
there is a visitors camp. An extensive network of jeep tracks provides access in the reserve.
Scientific Research Surveys of the vegetation have been published by Keay (1961), Tuley
(1970) and Geerling (1973). An ecological survey of the reserve was undertaken in 1970-1971
with a view to developing management policies in the face of increasing animal populations
(FAO, 1975).
Special Scientific Facilities Kainji Lake Research Institute at New Bussa.
Principal Reference Material
° Afolayan, T.A. (1980). A synopsis of wildlife conservaton in Nigeria. Environmental
Conservation 7(3): 207.
° Afolayan, T.A. and Ajayi S.S. (1980). The influence of seasonality of the distribution of
large mammals in the Yankari Game Reserve. African Journal of Ecology 18: 87-96.
(Includes a check list of plants and mammals in the reserve).
° Crick, H.Q.P. and Marshall, P.J. (1981). The Birds of Yankari Game Reserve, Nigeria. Their
Abundance and Seasonal Occurrence. Malimbus 3: 103-113.
° FAO (1975). The ecology and management of Yankari Game Reserve. Technical Report FO:
DP/NIR/72/002 . FAO, Rome.
° Gadzama, N.M., Mustafa, S. and Parr, M.J. (1974). Notes on the history of human
interference in the Yankari Game Reserve area. Nigerian Field 39: 77-85.
° Geerling, C. (1973). The vegetation of Yankari Game Reserve: its utilisation and condition.
Department of Forestry, University of Ibidan.
° Geerling, C. (1983). Vegetation and herbivores in Yankari. Nigerian Field 47(4): 167-184.
° Happold, D.C.D. (1970). The Rodents of Yankari Game _ Reserve, Northern
Nigeria. Mammalia 34: 491-495.
° Keay, R.W.J. (1961). | Yankari Game Reserve, Bauchi Province, Northern Nigeria.
Department of Forest Research. Technical Note No. 17.
° Sikes, S. (1964). A game survey of Yankari Game Reserve. Nigerian Field 29: 127-141.
° Tuley, P. (1970). Botanical notes on a visit to Yankari Game Reserve and other locations on
the Keri Plateau, Nigeria. Miscellaneous Report No. 82. Directorate of Overseas Surveys,
England.
Staff No information
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Budget US$30,000 annual income from tourism (Afolayan, 1980)
Local Park or Reserve Administration Game Preservation Unit of the Ministry of Animal and
Forest Resources of Bauchi State.
Date 1983
PANDAM WILDLIFE PARK
Management Category No category assigned
Biogeographical Province 3.04.04 (West African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Partial
Date Established 1972
Geographical Location In Plateau State, 60km from Lafia near Pandam_ village.
8°31’-9°00’N, 7°50’-9°00°E.
Altitude No information
Area 22,400ha; contiguous to Ibi Game Reserve, Wase Sanctuary Game Reserve and Wasa
Rock Bird Sanctuary, Pai Game Reserve, and the proposed Ankwe and Nasarawa game reserves.
Land Tenure State
Physical Features Includes Pan Lake (200m by 3km)
Vegetation Grassland interspersed with patches of high forest
Fauna’ The fauna is similar to that of the Yankari and Falgore game reserves. Other species
are said to include: red river hog Potamochoerus porcus, topi Damaliscus lunatus,
waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, and a variety of forest monkeys. The lake is said to contain
manatee Trichechus senegalensis (T), hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius (possibly only one
individual) and crocodile Crocodylus niloticus (V), and a variety of fish species.
Conservation Management The reserve is managed for game viewing, river-based recreation,
and the protection of aquatic birds.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies There is insufficient accommodation for staff and visitors.
Poaching is a major problem, with ineffectual punishment of offenders.
Visitor Facilities There are jeep tracks, but these are impassable during the wet season.
Scientific Research No information
Special Scientific Facilities No information
Principal Reference Material
° Ebin, C.O. (1983). An appraisal of the biotic and material resources of some Game Reserves
and Wildlife Management in Nigeria. Nigerian Conservation Foundation, Lagos.
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Staff No information
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration No information
Date No information
CHINGURMI-DUGUMA GAME RESERVE
Management Category Proposed
Biogeographical Province 3.04.04 (West African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection No information
Date Established Ungazetted
Geographical Location Situated in Borno State, on the border with northern Cameroon.
11°30’-12°00’N, 13°30’-15°00°E.
Altitude No information
Area 35,400ha
Land Tenure State
Physical Features No information
Vegetation Northern Guinea Savanna/Sudan zone vegetation
Fauna Species include jackal Canis aureus, giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis, topi Damaliscus
lunatus, red-fronted gazelle Gazella rufifrons, elephant Loxodonta africana (T), and guinea
fowl Numida meleagris.
Conservation Management Access roads and infrastructure are still under development. The
farmers cultivate guinea corn, which, under an agreement with the wildlife authorities, is left
after harvest for the wildlife to feed on.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies There is illegal burning, poaching with the aid of four-wheel
drive jeeps and modern weapons, and excessive livestock grazing. Farming rights are granted
to local citizens.
Visitor Facilities None
Scientific Research No information
Special Scientific Facilities No information
Principal Reference Material
° Ebin, O.C. (1983). An appraisal of the biotic and material resources of some Game Reserves
and Wildlife Management in Nigeria. Nigerian Conservation Foundation, Lagos.
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Staff No information
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration No information
Date No information
GASHAKA/GUMTI GAME RESERVE
Management Category Proposed
Biogeographical Province 3.19.12 (Guinean Highlands)
Legal Protection Partial
Date Established Gashaka and Gumti, two contiguous forest reserves, are in the process of
being combined and gazetted as a game reserve.
Geographical Location In Gongola State on the border with Cameroon near the town of
Serti. Approximately 6°40’-8°20’N, 11°10’-12°10°E.
Altitude Up to 2,425m
Area 636,300ha (Gashaka: 435,200ha; Gumti 201,100ha)
Land Tenure State
Physical Features Most of the Gashaka sector is mountainous with steep hills rising 500-900m
from their bases. Chappal Waddi (2,425m) in the southeast is the highest moutain in Nigeria.
The Kam, Gashaka, Gamgam, Ngiti, and Yim flow northwestwards from the Gotel Mountains
in the south and drain into the Taraba River. The Gumti sector is flat with rolling hills rising
300-400m above the plains. Soils are derived from gneiss, migmatite and granite of Lower
Palaeozoic to Pre-Cambrian age. Ferruginous tropical soils, ranging from reddish-brown to
brown and varying in texture from clay to gravelly sandy clay loam, occur in lower areas.
Non-differentiated mineral lithosols, humic ferrisols, and lithosols are present at high
altitudes. The rainy season begins with showers in March and lasts until October in the
Gashaka sector. Mean annual rainfall at Serti was 1800mm during a six year period in the
1960s, but it is now much less with the current drought conditions widespread in Africa.
Much more rain falls on northern than on southern slopes of mountains. Mean maximum
temperatures range from 21°C to 27°C at high altitudes. Temperatures may drop to freezing
point on Chappal Waddi in December. In the lowlands, temperatures reach 43°C in March
(Wanzie et al., 1985; Green, 1986).
Vegetation The Gashaka sector falls within the Guinea savanna and derived savanna zones.
Savanna woodland and tree savanna formations cover much of the lowland areas, grassland
(fadaman) occurs along some rivers, and montane grassland with shrubs scattered at wide
intervals is present on the Falinga and Sabere plateaux and on the higher mountains. Gallery
forest, locally called kurmi, is well-developed along all rivers and streams. Common trees and
shrubs of lowland savanna include: Piliostigma thonningii, Annona senegalensis, Afzelia
africana, Terminalia laxiflora, Daniellia oliveri, Parkia africana, Crossopteryx febrifuga,
Uapaca togoensis, Parinari curatellifolia, Prosopis africana, Protea elliotii, Hymenocardia acida,
Pterocarpus erinaceus, and various Combretum spp. Trees found in gallery forest
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Nigeria
include: Brachystegia eurycoma, Khaya grandifolia, Erythrophleum guineensis, Tetrapleura
tetraptera, Elaeis guineensis, Anogeissus leiocarpus Ricinodandron sp., Pterygota macrocarpa,
Cola cordifolia, C. togoensis, Cleistophelis patens, Pycranthus angolense, Ceiba pentandra and
species of Homalium, Detarium, Lannea and Authocleista (Wanzie et al., 1985; Green, 1986).
Fauna Large mammals are much less abundant than they were 10 years ago, largely due to
illegal hunting in the case of large antelopes. Common primates are olive baboon Papio anubis,
greater white-nosed monkey Cercopithecus nictitans, mona monkey Cercopithecus mona, and
guereza Colobus guereza. The chimpanzee Pan troglodytes (T) is uncommon. Large
carnivores, notably lion Panthera leo and spotted hyaena Crocuta crocuta, are uncommon or
rare. Elephant Loxodonta africana (T) no longer occurs in the Gashaka sector but there is a
population in the northern part of the Gumti sector. Hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius is
rare, probably due to the unsuitability of most streams, and giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis is
no longer thought to be present. Buffalo Syucerus caffer used to be common but numbers
have declined with the spread of rinderpest, introduced by domestic cattle in 1983. Of the
larger antelope, bushbuck Tragelaphus_ scriptus, kob Kobus kob, waterbuck Kobus
ellipsiprymnus, and hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus are common. Green (1986) provides an
annotated list of mammals. The diversity of the avifauna is not as great as might be expected.
Green (1986) lists 188 species of bird recorded in the game reserve.
Conservation Management The establishment of a game reserve to protect the Gotel
Mountains and the mountains aroud Chappal Hendu was proposed in 1969. During the 1970s a
tourist camp was set up at Gashaka Village, the Gashaka and Kam rivers were bridged, and a
road was constructed from near Serti to Gashaka Village. Subsequently, the game reserve has
been neglected: the tourist camp has not been properly maintained, the bridges have been
washed away, and Gashaka is accessible from Serti only on foot. At the time of the
establishment of Gashaka and Gumti forest reserves, the people were allowed to remain and so
enclaves were created round their villages. Subsequently, other villages have become illegally
established elsewhere. The people of Gashaka Village are allowed to fish in a short stretch of
the Gamgam and Gashaka rivers (Green, 1986).
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies People in the authorised enclaves have extended their activities
(raising cattle and subsistence agriculture) well beyond the limits of the enclaves. Most of the
people living in the game reserve are recent immigrants, many from Cameroon. Poaching is
rampant and widespread, the military camp at Serti being a particular problem as soldiers hunt
with modern rifles in the game reserve.
Visitor Facilities Access to the Gumti sector is from Yola to Toungo, on the north edge of the
game reserve. From here there is a track, motorable only in the dry season, to Gumti. Access
to the Gashaka sector is from Yula southwest to Serti and Buddel, from where a motorable
track leads to Gashaka Village but the Kam and Gushaka rivers are no longer bridged. There
is a tourist camp at Gashaka Village but it needs to be rennovated.
Scientific Research The area was surveyed by Snider et al. (1973) with a view to it being
established as a game reserve. Recently Wanzie et al. (1985) undertook an ecological survey of
the game reserve and Green (1986) reconnoitered the southern Gashaka sector.
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
Ebin, O.C. (1983) An appraisal of the biotic and material resources of some Game Reserves
and Wildlife Management in Nigeria. Nigerian Conservation Foundation, Lagos.
° Green, A.A. (1986). Reconnaissance survey of southern sector of Gashaka-Gumti Game
Reserve, Gongola State, Nigeria. Nigerian Conservation Foundation, Lagos. Unpublished
report. 20 pp.
° Snider, B., Barnwell, R.J., Menefy, R.J. and Sosiak, A.J. (1973). Land use, large mammals,
staff organisation and construction programmes of Gashaka Game Park Project.
Unpublished report.
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* Wanzie, C., Ola~-Adams, B.A., Abelude, F.A., Adebiyi, D.O. and Oyatogun, M.O.O. (1985).
A preliminary ecological survey of Gashaka-Gumti Game Reserve, Gongola State.
Unpublished report.
Staff There are 17 patrol posts under the Wildlife Management Officer at Serti, only five of
which are within the game reserve. Of the 62 staff at Serti, 54 are guards, scouts, rangers and
wildlife officers (1986). Details of staff assigned to the game reserve are not known.
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserye Administration No information
Date June 1986
KAMUKU GAME RESERVE
Management Category Proposed
Biogeographical Province 3.04.04 (West African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Partial
Date Established Ungazetted
Geographical Location In Kaduna State
Altitude No information
Area 120,000ha; contiguous to Kwiambana Game Reserve (261,400ha)
Land Tenure State
Physical Features No information
Vegetation No information
Fauna Mammals include: elephant Loxodonta africana (T), hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus,
roan antelope Hippotragus equinus, common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia, kob Kobus kob,
waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, oribi Ourebia ourebi, buffalo Syncerus caf fer,
warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus, olive baboon Papio anubis, patas monkey Erythrocebus patas,
green monkey Cercopithecus aethiops, lion Panthera leo, leopard Panthera pardus (T),
serval Felis serval, spotted hyena Crocuta crocuta, jackal Canis adustus, civet Civettictis civetta,
spring hare Lepus capensis, and aardvark Orycteropus afer. Nile crocodile Crocodylus niloticus
(V) is also present.
Conservation Management Artificial waterholes have been constructed in the reserve for the
wild fauna.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies Uncontrolled cattle grazing within the reserve is causing habitat
degradation and cattle are competing with wildlife for food. There is considerable illegal
hunting, especially during the dry season when many young are born. A policy of extensive
grass burning is carried out to provide new grass for grazing animals, but at present this is
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Nigeria
degrading the quantity and quality of grasses (perennial species are being replaced by annuals).
There are insufficient personnel and equipment for effective management.
Visitor Facilities No information
Scientific Research No information
Special Scientific Facilities No information
Principal Reference Material
° Ebin, O.C. (1983). An appraisal of the biotic and material resources of some Game Reserves
and Wildlife Management in Nigeria. Nigerian Conservation Foundation, Lagos.
Staff No information
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration No information
Date No information
OBUDU (BOSHI/OKONGWO) GAME RESERVE
Management Category Proposed
Biogeographical Province 3.19.12 (Guinean Highlands)
Legal Protection Protection under forest law
Date Established Three forest reserves gazetted in 1933 have been integrated to form the
proposed game reserve, though the area has yet to be gazetted.
Geographical Location Lies in Cross River State, southeastern Nigeria, on the border with
Cameroon. The only access road is through the Sankwala Mountains to Obudu Cattle Ranch.
6°40°N, 9° 1°E.
Altitude 1,500-2,000m
Area 72,000ha
Land Tenure State
Physical Features The Obudu Plateau area is highland at a general elevation of 1,500m, but
with odd peaks rising to almost 2,000m. The rolling hills are covered in grassland, interspersed
with large tracts of high forests, which stretch across the border into west Cameroon. The
underlying rocks are mainly gneisses and granites. Intense leaching, due to the long rainy
season and high mean annual rainfall, has led to the formation of ferralitic soils, which are
relatively poor in available nutrients. Mean annual rainfall is very heavy - 4280mm (falling
mainly in a nine-month rainy season) at the Obudu Cattle Ranch and possibly even heavier
elsewhere. Temperatures are low: monthly means are 14-16°C (daily minima) and 18-25°C
(daily maxima).
Vegetation The area was once under continuous forest cover, though human interference has
led to the replacement of most of the forest by grassland. Today, the forest is mostly confined
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to steep-sided valleys and escarpments. - Between the forest and the grassland is a distinct
transition zone. The floras of Obudu Plateau and the Oban lowland forest area to the south
form ecological islands of great phytogeographical interest. The area was part of a forest
refuge in the last major Pleistocene dry phase (20,000yrs BP) and the Obudu flora can be seen
as an attenuated variant of the lowland endemic-rich Oban forest (Hall,1981) enriched with
species of Afromotane affinity, such as Dasylepis racemosa, Podocarpus latifolius and Ritchiea
albersii. Like the forest flora, the transition zone flora (forest/grassland) includes species
which occur more widely in eastern than in western Africa, such as Aframomum zambesiacum
and Albizia gummifera. Many species are at, or near, the limit of their geographical ranges.
This is even more evident with the grassland flora, especially in the grasses Hyparrhenia
cymbaria and Melinis minutiflora and the legumes Amphicarpa africana and Eriosema
montanum.
Fauna Mammals include: chimpanzee Pan troglodytes (T), baboon Papio anubis,
leopard Panthera pardus (T), African golden cat Felis aurata, rock hyrax Procavia capensis,
tree hyrax Dendrohyrax dorsalis, a variety of high forest monkeys,
hippopotamus MHippopotamus amphibius, buffalo Syncerus caffer, and __ forest
elephant Loxodonta africana (T). Gorilla Gorilla gorilla (T) was reported by Ebin (1983) but it
is unclear from the report whether gorilla were sited during the study, or if this is a
perpetuation of earlier reports. Manatee Trichechus senegalensis (T) and crocodile Crocodylus
niloticus (V) are also present. Bird species include grey-necked picathartes Picathartes oreas
(R), green-breasted bush-shrike Malaconotus gladiator (R), white-throated mountain
babbler Lioptilus gilberti (R), Bannerman’s weaver Ploceus bannermani (V), black-winged
oriole Oriolus nigripennis (common bird of lowland forests, ocurring here as montane forest
bird), Waller’s red-winged starling Onychognathus walleri, Cameroon mountain rough-winged
swallow Psalidoprocne fuliginosa, Petit’s rough-winged swallow P. petiti and red-breasted
wheatear Oenanthe heuglini (Elgood, 1965). A bird species list can be found in Elgood (1965)
and Gartshore (1984).
Conservation Management Both the Obudu Plateau and the Oban forest merit high priority
for conservation action in Nigeria. The Obudu Plateau is connected to the Oban forest flora
via an ecotone of unbroken, little disturbed high forest at an altitude range of nearly 2000m (a
situation rare in Africa). The great ecological interest of this ecotone, the rarity of comparable
phenomena in Africa, and the floristic endemism involved, suggest that the whole ecotone - a
distance of some 100km north-south - might best be conserved as a national park (Hall, 1981).
There is a need to arrest and reverse the habitat degradation caused by locally excessive grazing
(sometimes coupled with inappropriate burning practices) and an expanding resident human
population. Currently, emphasis is on control of cattle movement through administrative and
sward improvements, and the rehabilitation of some land already eroded. Hall (1981) suggests
that farming be confined to areas of relatively level grassland and that a rotational system is
adopted to maintain crop-growth capacity. Small plantations of Eucalyptus should be
established to provide fuelwood and to control erosion and there should be measures to control
burning.
Zoning No information
Disturbances or Deficiencies The Obudu Plateau is being increasingly utilised for ranching.
The effects of cattle action are sward changes and erosion. Erosion is further aggravated by
clearance of forest, mainly on steep and vulnerable slopes, for farming or over-intensive
removal of trees for firewood. If the present trend of degradation continues, the economic
value of the area as range will inevitably suffer and the potential of the Plateau as a tourist
resort and beauty spot is likely to decline. Also, the indirect role of watershed protection for
part of the boundary between the Cross River and the Benue River catchments would be
rendered less effective. Poaching is perpetuated by the lack of necessary legislation, money,
equipment, and active management.
Visitor Facilities Obudu Cattle Ranch provides lodging and catering services. Tourism is
limited to the developed ranch area only.
-498-
Nigeria
Scientific Research Various ecological studies have been made including studies of the
vegetation, avifauna and the migratory routes of gorillas.
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
° Ebin, O.C. (1983). An appraisal of the biotic and material resources of some Game Reserves
and Wildlife Management in Nigeria. Nigerian Conservation Foundation, Lagos.
* Elgood, J.H. (1965). The Birds of the Obudu Plateau, Eastern Region of Nigeria. Nig.
Field. 30: 60-69.
° Gartshore, M. E. (1984). Birds of Obudu Plateau. Unpublished.
° Hall, J.B. (1981). Ecological islands in south-eastern Nigeria. Afr. J. Ecol. Vol 19: 55-72.
Staff There are staff, but they are reported to be severely under-equipped.
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration No information
Date April 1985
-499-
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FRANCE-REUNION
Area 2,510 sq.km
Population 545,300 (1984)
Parks and Reserves Legislation As a Department of France, this territory is largely covered
by the same legislation as that country, namely Law No. 60-708 of 22 July 1960 which applies
to the establishment of National Parks (although this law has not been applied in Reunion yet),
and Law No. 76-629 of 10 July 1976 (Loi relative 4 la protection de la nature) which applies to
all aspects of conservation, including reserves. Two réserves biologiques intégrales were
established by Arrété of 8 May 1963 (Piton Bleu of 4.25 hectares and Grand Matarum of 3.5
hectares). Also a réserve naturel was established by Decree 81-854 of 28 August 1981 at Mare
Longue covering 68.39 hectares; an extension of an area first established by Arrété of 29
January 1958. One other reserve already established on the island is the reserve of
Notre-Dame de la Paix, which covers 168 hectares. Exploitation of any sort is prohibited in
each of these reserves. The islands of Tromelin, Iles Glorieuses, Europa and Bassas Da India
were declared as réserves naturelles by Arrété 13/DG/101 of 18 November 1975, signed by the
Prefect of Réunion. This piece of legislation replaced an earlier decision 101 DGRF of 28
August 1971, which apparently also protected Juan de Nova though not Bassas Da India
(Harroy, 1972). A law of 2 May 1930 allows for the protection of natural monumnents and
sites of artistic, historic, scientific, legendary or aesthetic importance. Three sites are currently
classified, les grottes des premiers francais, le Voile de la Mariée, and la Ravine Saint-Gilles,
with other sites under study. The forestry regime in Reunion is fixed by an ordonnance of 2
March 1949. Fishing reserves have been established within the lagoons, and offshore from the
reefs which lie between Cap la Houssaye and the Etang-Salé. This latter area is managed on a
three block rotation.
Parks and Reserves Administration Management of the nature reserves is the responsibility of
the Office national de la forét, within the Regional Department for Reunion, although no staff
are employed within the reserves (which although open to public access are established in areas
of low human activity). Fishing reserves are the responsibility of the Administration des
affaires maritimes, while classified sites are administered by the Service départmental de
larchitecture.
Address
° Office national de la forét, Direction régionale pour la Réunion, Colline de la Provindence,
97400 Saint-Denis.
° Administration des affaires maritimes, 11 rue de la Compagnie, 97400 Saint-Denis.
° Service départmental de l’architecture, 97 rue Juilette Doda, 97400 Saint-Denis.
Additional Information Originally the island was entirely covered by forest, much of which
has now been cleared for agriculture and by fire, grazing and competition from exotic species.
Revegetation and weed control programmes have therefore also been recommended by
ORSTOM. There are many endemic plants (see Cadet, 1977; Baumer 1981) and animals
including two threatened birds, the Mascarene black petrel Pterodroma aterrima (E) which is
probably the rarest of tropical Indian Ocean sea birds, and Réunion cuckoo-shrike Coracina
newtoni (V) (see Cheke, 1976), both of which depend on forest.
A study of the national forests was undertaken by botanists of the University of St Denis and
the Organisation de la récherche scientifique et téchnique d’outre-mer (ORSTOM). Areas of
the least disturbed indigenous vegetation were proposed for establishment as _ biological
reserves. Twelve areas in total were proposed for the status of strict nature reserve (Bosser,
1983). Six of these have been examined by ONF: Hauts de St Philippe (3,500ha), Matarum
(500ha), Col de Bellevue (20ha), Les Mares et du Sommet de 1l’Enclos du Volcan (300ha), Hauts
Bois de Néfles (80ha) and Mazerin (2,000ha). Proposals for these have been sent to the
Ministry of Environment who have already accepted the last two areas. The other areas
proposed include: L’Ilet de Patience (450ha), La Plaine des Chicots (200ha), Bord a Martin-Bras
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Bémale (150ha), Lieu dit les Palmistes (30ha) and Colorado (size unknown). ONF is
investigating three of these, including Plaine des Chicots and the area around the St Denis river.
References
°
Baumer, M. (1981). Le couvert végétal 4 la Réunion. /nfo-Nature 18: 15-25.
Bosser, J. (1983). Projét de constitution de réserves biologiques dans le domaine forestier de
La Réunion. Report to the Office National de la Foret prepared by the ORSTOM Director
of Research.
Cadet, J. (1977). La vegetation de I’ile de la Réunion.
Cheke, A.S. (1977). Rapport sur la distribution et la conservation du Tuit-tuit, oiseau
rarissime de la Réunion. /nfo-Nature 15: 21-38.
Comité Economique et Social (1982). L’Environnement a Vile de la Réunion.
Gare, N.C. (1977). Review of progress in the creation of marine parks and reserves
(Abstract). Collected Abstracts and papers of the international conference on marine parks
and reserves, Tokyo, Japan, May 1975. Subiura Marine Park Research Station, Japan. Pp
139-151.
Gruchet, H. (1983). National Report for Reunion. Prepared on behalf of IUCN for the
UNEP Regional Seas Programme.
Harroy, J.P. (1972). Addendum-Corrigendum to the second edition of the United Nations List
of National Parks and Equivalent Reserves. Hayez: Brussels.
Jadin, B. and Billiet, F. (1979). Observations ornithologiques 4 la Réunion. Gerfaut 69:
339-352.
Milon, P. (1951). Notes sur l’avifaune actuelle de l’ile de la Réunion. Terre et Vie 98:
129-178.
SREPEN (Undated). Livre blanc de lenvironnement; états régionaux de l'environnement.
Société Réunionnaise pour |’Etude et la Protection de l’Environnement, Saint Denis, Réunion.
UNEP (1984). Marine and Coastal Conservation in the East African Region. UNEP Regional
Seas Reports and Studies, No. 39.
-504-
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RWANDA
Area 26,338 sq.km
Population 5,650,000 (1984); the most densly populated country in Africa (183/sq.km) with
an annual population increase of over 3%.
Parks and Reserves Legislation The principal legislation is currently an Ordinance-Law of 18
June 1973, confirmed and modified by a Decree-Law of 18 December 1973. This legislation
established the Office Rwandais du tourisme et des parcs nationaux (under the direct control of
the President), detailed its control and responsibilities, and included chapters on protected
areas, hunting, classification of sites, and penal sanctions for infringements. A national park is
designated an area exclusively destined for the propagation, protection, conservation and
management of the flora and fauna, at the same time as protecting geological formations of
scientific or aesthetic value. Protection would appear to be total, with entry and research both
under strict control. Domaines de chasse (Hunting Reserves) are defined as areas set aside for
conservation, management and protection of wild animals and their habitat. Hunting within
these areas is controlled, while all other exploitation is prohibited, and again entry is
controlled. Réserves spéciales, also called Réserves partielles or Sanctuaires, can be created
under this Decree-Law by Presidential Decree to protect characteristic communities of animals,
or threatened plant or animal species and the habitat essential for their survival. In general,
control of these areas would be as for national parks.
Parks and Reserves Administration The main objectives of the Office Rwandais du tourisme
et des parcs nationaux, as defined in the establishing legislation, are to assure promotion of
tourism in Rwanda; to assure protection of nature, and encourage research and tourism in
protected areas; management and identification of important sites; and international
responsibilities relating to nature and tourism. This replaced the Institut des parcs nationaux
created by Decree of 26 November 1934. The Direction des parcs nationaux within the Office
Rwandais du tourisme et des parcs nationaux, is responsible for day to day management of the
protected areas. Prior to independence, Akagera National Park was the responsibility of the
Institute of National Parks of the Belgian Congo (in Brussels). Volcanoes National Park was
administered as part of Albert National Park at Rumangao in Kivu Province in the Belgian
Congo.
Address
° Direction des parcs nationaux, Office Rwandais du tourisme et des parcs nationaux, BP 905,
Kigali.
° Division de la gestion forestiére, Ministére de l’agriculture, de l’élevage et des foréts, BP
621, Kigali.
Additional Information Over 500 scientific studies were undertaken in the parks between
1933 and 1970. Since 1970, work has been supported by technical co-operation from a number
of countries including Belgium and Switzerland, as well as from various internationally active
conservation organisations. The major conservation problems of the parks are competition for
agricultural use and poaching (particularly of gorilla for trophies). Tourism is responsible for
an appreciable proportion of the country’s foreign earnings, and the national parks are the basis
for this industry. Various agencies including both IUCN and WWF are assisting in the
protection and development of, in particular, the Volcanoes National Park.
References
° Arid Lands Information Centre (1981). Draft Environmental Profile on Rwanda. Office of
Arid Land Studies, University of Arizona, Tuscon, Arizona. 178 pp.
° IUCN/UNEP (1983). La réparition des aires protégées en fonction des besoins de la
conservation des communautés biotiques de l’Afrique Centrale et de l’Ouest. Working
Document. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.
-507-
IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
° TUCN/WWF Project 1578. Rwanda, Gorilla conservation and Nature and Environmental
education programme.
° Nyrop, R.F. et al. (1969). Area Handbook for Rwanda. US Government Printing Office,
Washington D.C. 212 pp.
Protected Areas
(hectares)
National Parks
Akagera 250,000
Volcanoes 12,000
Subtotal 262,000
Hunting Reserves
Mutara 30,000
Forest Reserves
Nyungwe 90,000
Biosphere Reserves
Parc national des Volcans 15,065
PARC NATIONAL DE L’AKAGERA
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.20.12 (Central African Highlands)
Legal Protection No information
Date Established 1934
Geographical Location In the north-east region on the Tanzania and Uganda borders.
1°00’-2°05’S, 30°25’-30°50°E.
Altitude 1,250-1,825m (Mount Mutumba)
Area 250,000ha; bordered to the north-west by the Mutara Hunting Reserve (30,000ha)
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features There are rolling sandstone hills in the west cut in places by deep, narrow
valleys and separated by a steep north-south escarpment from the extensive lakes and swamps
of the Kagera valley. Climate varies with topography (west to east) from sub-humid to near
arid with great annual variation.
Vegetation Five distinct floras meet in the region: Guineo-Congolian, Sudanian, Zambezian,
Somali-Maasai and Afro-montane. The vegetation consists of floristically-impoverished
variants of the first four. Savanna with short grasses (mostly Themeda triandra,
Hyparrhenia sp., and Cymbopogon afronardus) predominates on the hilltops grading to savanna
forest with dense maqui plains on the slopes with long savanna grasses, Combretum spp.
and Acacia senegal. The more abrupt hills of the centre and southern area are more heavily
treed and bushed. Down towards the lake borders to the east, the savanna becomes more
heavily wooded, until gallery forest is reached along the lake edges. Gallery forest species
include: Albizia, Acacia polyacantha, and some Ficus. Though Acacia and Combretum
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Rwanda
predominate, more than 250 tree species can be found in the park. Floodplain and marsh
vegetation occurs in the river depression, with marshes dominated by the sedge Cyperus
papyrus, but also with Cladium and Miscanthidium occuring.
Fauna Species diversity is high due to the climatic and topographical variations and the
mixing of east and central African elements. Over 50 mammal species including: zebra Equus
burchelli, waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, roan antelope Hippotragus equinus, buffalo Syncerus
caffer, reedbuck Redunca arundinum, topi Damaliscus lunatus, eland Taurotragus oryx,
oribi Ourebia ourebi, sitatunga Tragelaphus spekei, common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia,
hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, impala Aepyceros melampus (most common antelope;
densities near the lakes in excess of 500 animals per sq.km), leopard Panthera pardus (T),
lion Panthera leo, wild dog Lycaon pictus (T), warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus, and spotted
hyena Crocuta crocuta. Large troops of baboon Papio sp., vervet monkey Cercopithecus
aethiopicus, and Sykes’ monkey Cercopithecus mitis abound, especially in the lake region.
Black rhinoceros Diceros bicornis (T) were re-introduced in 1958 and elephant Loxedonta
africana (T) in 1975. Akagera has an extremely rich avifauna due to the park’s postion at the
junction of several biogeographical zones. The majority are of south and east African origin,
but there are also many from Central Africa. The park also lies on the great Nile Valley
migration route from Europe to Asia. Over 525 bird species have been recorded (a record for
an area of 260,000ha) including 44 raptors such as fish eagle Haliaeetus vocifer. There are a
few pairs of shoebill Balaeniceps rex (of special concern). About 180 reptile species have
been recorded.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies The park has no fence. Poaching is a problem and there are no
technical and administrative staff. Some 1,500 families practising cultivation and animal
husbandry occupy about 72,000ha. The Akagera basin is threatened by a_ hydrological
development project.
Visitor Facilities There is accommodation at Ihema Lake Lodge located centrally and Gabiro
Lodge on the western perimeter, two hours drive from Kigali.
Scientific Research Research has been carried out by the Belgian Technical Cooperation and
the British Overseas Development Administration. Studies include large mammal ecology and
monitoring, vegetation surveys, bird population studies, and fishery management.
Special Scientific Facilities Accommodation is available at Ihema Lake Fishery.
Principal Reference Material
° Montfort, N. and Montfort, A. (1979). L’operation éléphants au Rwanda 2. Acclimatation et
régime des jeunes éléphants introduits dans le pare national de l’Akagera.
° Montfort, N. and Montfort, A. (1982). Akagera. Rwanda’s biggest park. Swara 5(3): 31-33.
Republished in Parks, 8(4): 6-8, 1984 and Wallaceana W 37, September 1984.
°* Spinage, C.A. and Guineess, F.E. (1972). Effects of fire in the Akagera National Park and
Mutara Hunting Reserve, Rwanda. Rev. Zool. Bot. Afr.
* Spinage, C.A., Guiness, F.E., Eltringham, S.K. and Woodford, M.H. (1972). Estimation of
large mammal numbers in the Akagera National Park and Mutara Hunting Reserve,
Rwanda. Terre Vie 4: 561-570.
* Troupin, G. and Girardin, N. (1975). Plantes ligneuses du Parc national de l’Akagera et des
savanes orientales du Rwanda. Clés practiques de determination scientifique. INRS, Butare,
République Rwanda. Publ. No. 13.
* Vienne, G. and Vienne, G. (1980). Akagera. Des Lions du Nil aux gorilles des monts de la
Iune. Flammarion.
Staff Twenty guards
Budget No information
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Local Park or Reserve Administration Office Rwandais de Tourisme et des Parcs Nationaux,
BP 905, Kigali.
Date May 1985
PARC NATIONAL DES VOLCANS
Management Category II and IX (National Park and Biosphere Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.20.12 (Central African Highlands)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established Part of the park was protected in 1925. Albert National Park, which
included the entire volcanoes area, was established in 1929 and divided in 1960 with the
independence of Zaire. Current protection is under a Decree of 24 April 1974. Accepted as a
Biosphere Reserve in 1983.
Geographical Location 15km north-west of the town of Ruhengeri in the Virunga massif of
north-west Rwanda, on the Uganda and Zaire borders. 1°21’-1°35’S, 29°22’-29°44’E.
Altitude 2,400-4,507m
Area 12,500-13,000ha; contiguous to Virunga National Park (809,000ha) in Zaire and Gorilla
Game Reserve (8,800ha) in Uganda. The area of Volcanoes National Park could be
12,000-16,000ha, depending on whether the plan area or estimate of true surface area is used.
The problem arises from inaccurate base maps with significant errors of scale. A figure of
77,000ha is often quoted, which probably refers to the surface area in the 1950s of the entire
southern section of Albert National Park. The Biosphere Reserve covers an area of 15,065ha.
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The park contains Pleistocene volcanic peaks belonging to the chain which
forms part of the watershed between the Nile and Zaire river systems. The peaks include
Karisimbi, one of the highest mountains in Africa. Terrain is difficult and broken with steep
slopes. The forested slopes are recognised as important water catchment areas for the
surrounding agricultural lands. Outflow decreased dramatically with the decrease in park area
between 1958 and 1978 when forest was cut to be replaced by Pyrethrum plantations. There is
a high annual rainfall of 1,975mm at 3,030m, with a marked decrease to the west. Mean
annual temperature is 9.6°C.
Vegetation Vegetation varies considerably due to the large altitudinal range within the park.
There is some lower montane forest (now mainly lost to agriculture). Between 2,400 and
2,500m, there is Neoboutonia forest. From 2,500 to 3,200m Arundinaria alpina (bamboo) forest
occurs, covering about 30% of the park area. From 2,600 to 3,600m, mainly on the more
humid slopes in the south and west, is Hagenia-Hypericum forest, which covers about 30% of
the park. This is one of the largest forests in Africa with Hagenia abyssinica. The vegetation
from 35-4,200m is characterised by Lobelia wollastonii, L. lanurensis, and Senecio erici-rosenii
and covers about 25% of the park. From 4,300 to 4,500m grassland occurs. Secondary thicket,
meadows, marshes, swamps and small lakes also occur, but their total area is relatively small.
Fauna The park is best known for mountain gorilla Gorilla gorilla berengei (T) with a
population in 1980 of 250 in the area covered by the parc national des Volcans, and the
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Rwanda
Virunga National Park in Zaire, about 110 occurring in the former. This subspecies is endemic
to Virunga Mountain and Bwindi Forest in Uganda. Other mammals include:
elephant Loxodonta africana (T), black-fronted duiker Cephalophus niger, buffalo Syncerus
caffer, spotted hyena Crocula crocuta and bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus. There are 178
recorded bird species that include Grauer’s swamp warbler Bradypterus graueri (V) and at least
13 species endemic to the Virunga and Ruwenzori Mountains including: handsome
francolin Francolinus nobilis, Ruwenzori turaco Tauraco johnstoni, Ruwenzori flycatcher Batis
diops, strange weaver Ploceus alienus, dusky crimson-wing Cryptospiza jacksoni and Shelley’s
crimson-wing C. shelleyi, and 16 endemic subspecies.
Conservation Management A management plan is being developed and should be available
soon. A public awareness programme on the park periphery aims to promote understanding of
the park and stimulate local support. It includes creation of wildlife clubs in primary schools,
park visits by local people, and film shows in the villages with Kinyarwanda commentaries.
An IUCN/WWF mission in 1985 noted that there was perhaps insufficient interaction between
the management of the park, and the scientific research done within it.
Zoning Zones have developed with general usage, but have no fixed boundaries. They are:
research zone (between Karisimbi and Bisoke), tourism zone (Bisoke and between Bisoke and
Sabinyo), and strict reserve zone. There is no buffer zone.
Disturbances or Deficiencies The main threat is the possibility of further excision of park
areas by the Government for agricultural purposes, but this has now been halted. The park is
already reduced to a size which may not be large enough to support viable populatons of some
species were it not for the neighbouring protected areas in Zaire and Uganda. Lack of
technical and administrative staff and absence of a buffer zone are problems, but their effect is
exacerbated by population increase on the park periphery. Damage to agriculture in the
periphery area, particularly by buffalo, seems to be increasing and could cause resentment
from local people. Gorilla poaching affects both survival of the species in this area and
tourism. Problems associated with tourism are: over-demand for gorilla viewing and
degradation of upland habitats through trampling, but these can be controlled. Other problems
include encroachment, illegal wood and bamboo cutting, and feral dogs. Grazing is now under
control. The yellow duiker Cephalophus sylvicultor probably occupied areas that have been
turned over to cultivation in the past 30 years and it has now disappeared from the park.
Leopard Panthera pardus (T) was also present, but there have been no records since 1979.
Recently a number of gorillas have died of an unknown illness.
Visitor Facilities The Mountain Gorilla Project, jointly financed by the African Wildlife
Foundation (AWF), the Flora and Fauna Preservation Society (FFPS), Peoples Trust for
Endangered Species (PTEF) and WWF has worked to improve tourism so as to achieve
economic independence for the park. This has involved habituating four gorilla families to the
presence of humans so that visitors can be guaranteed close-up views. Cooperation Belge has
also contributed finance to set up a new park bureau/guest house and visitor reception
complex, now approaching completion.
Scientific Research There are general surveys on the ecology and status of bird populations,
and intensive research on the mountain gorilla and its habitat has been carried out for the past
15 years, including a census in 1980 funded by WWF and New York Zoological Society.
Special Scientific Facilities No information
Principal Reference Material
° Fossey, D. and Harcourt, A.H. (1977). Feeding ecology of free-ranging mountain gorilla.
In: Clutton-Brock, (Ed.) Primate Ecology. Pp. 415-447. Academic Press, London.
° Ghoit, C. and Ruwet, J.C. (1974). Le Parc national des Volcans (Rwanda) Zoologie et
assistance technique. FULREAC, Liége. Pp. 321-334.
° Goemines-Somirwa (1981). Evolution entre 1958 et 1979 du couvert forestier et du debit des
sources dans certaines régions du Rwanda. Report by Professor J.P. Harroy instigated by
Geomines-Somirwa and produced under the auspices of IDR, Kigale.
-S11-
IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
° TUCN/WWF Project 1578. Rwanda, Gorilla conservation and Nature and Environmental
Education programme.
° IUCN/WWF Project 1613. Primate Action Fund.
° TUCN/WWE (1985). Rapport d’une mission au Zaire et Rwanda. IUCN/WWF, Gland,
Switzerland.
Staff Some 45-55 staff: two administrative, 28 guards, specialist gorilla guides/trackers or
hiking guides, and watchmen. Three Mountain Gorilla Project staff, and one full-time and
two part-time MGP guide/trackers.
Budget Environmental education in the park is financed jointly by WWF, FFPS and PTES.
Local Park or Reserve Administration Office Rwandais du Tourisme et des Parcs Nationaux,
PO Box 905, Kigali.
Date May 1985
-512-
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Area 964 sq.km
Population 102,000 (UN estimate 1984)
Parks and Reserves Legislation The islands became an independent democratic republic on
July 12 1975 with a new Constitution approved on 12 December 1975. Independence all
agricultural land was nationalized. There is apparently no general legislation dealing with the
establishment of protected areas, and there are also no overall species protection laws.
However, some species were afforded protection in law in 1955 (eg. Maroon Pigeon Columba
thomensis).
Parks and Reserves Administration At present there are no protected areas designated.
Address
° Ministry of Cooperation, Sao Tomé.
° Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Sao Tomé.
Additional Information These volcanic islands support a rich endemic flora and fauna
comprised of 30 species and 20 subspecies of birds, two species of bat, one species of shrew
and 148 endemic species of plants. Forest destruction was widespread during the period
1890-1920 when most lowland areas were cleared for plantations, mainly of cocoa. On
Principé, only the upper reaches of Rio Quija and Io Grande retain forest but on Sao Tomé an
untouched area of 200 sq.km remains southwest of the main peak. An EEC sponsored
consultancy on food production measures included recommendations on land utilization and
forestry exploitation, although increased human population and economic and agricultural
development and tourism are likely to increase pressure on the remaining forest areas. In 1985
a general discussion dealing with nature conservation was initiated by the Ministry of
Agriculture and specifically a joint Sao Tomé government/ICBP survey project (Sao Tomé and
Principé Bird Preservation Project) was put forward in January 1985 by the Ministry of
Cooperation.
References
° Collar, M.J. and Stuart, S.N. (1985). Threatened Birds of Africa and Related Islands. The
ICBP/IUCN Red Data Book. Part 1. Third Ed. ICBP/IUCN Cambridge, UK.
° Davis, S.D., Droop, S.J.M., Gregerson, P., Henson, L., Leon, C.J., Lamlein Villa-Lobos, J.,
Synge, H. and Zantovska, J. (1986). Plants in Danger. What do we know?. IUCN, Gland and
Cambridge.
° ICBP (1986). The University of Edinburgh and International Council for Bird Preservation
Expedition to Sao Tomé and Principé. Unpublished project outline.
° Reinius, S. (1985) in litt.
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SENEGAL
Area 197,160 sq.km
Population 6,300,000 (1984)
Parks and Reserves Legislation A Forest Code and the Code of Hunting and the Protection of
Nature (1967) form the principal conservation legislation in force, and are currently being
improved. Areas defined by this legislation are National Parks, Réserves de faune, Réserves
naturelles intégrale, Réserves spéciales, Zones d’intérét cynégétique and Classified Forests
(foréts domaniales classées). Each national park is established by Presidential Decree, and has
its own set of rules and regulations, but essentially all use of natural resources within such
areas is prohibited, and they are closed to all activities except scientific research, education and
tourism. Within strict reserves, all activities are banned, without special authorisation of the
Minister. Within special reserves, protection varies depending on the reasons for establishment,
and may range from fairly wide protective measures to protection for a few species, and can be
temporary (or presumably seasonal). Réserve de faune is basically the definition applied to all
land classified under the Forestry Code other than national parks, strict reserves, and special
reserves. All hunting is forbidden except under certain circumstances. Hunting and other
forms of exploitation are therefore banned within classified forests (which cover over 10,000
sq.km), though this has not prevented encroachment. Zones d’intérét cynégétique are areas
where hunting is permitted under certain controls which are detailed in the individual pieces of
legislation setting up each area. There are nine such areas, covering nearly 20,000 sq.km.
Presidential Decree 69-858 of 22 July 1969 made the National Parks Office responsible for all
parks, under the direct control of the Prime Minister. The Department of National Parks
(Direction des parcs nationaux) was set up a by Parks Directorate of April 1973.
Parks and Reserves Administration The National Parks Directorate now comes under the
responsibility of the Ministry of Nature Protection. There is also a National Committee to deal
with poaching, and a Council of Hunting. Protected areas other than national parks are
administered by the Direction des eaux, férets et chasses.
Address
° Direction des parcs nationaux, Ministére de la protection de la nature, Point E, BP 5135,
Dakar Fann.
° Direction des eaux, foréts et chasses, BP 1831, Dakar.
Additional Information The principal problems concerning nature conservation in Senegal are
persistent drought, mining exploration (particularly for iron in the north), the dam at Kereti
and other water removal projects, and poaching of species such as marine turtles, sea-birds,
crocodiles, and elephant. Prior to 1972 the government responded to the perceived loss of
natural heritage by reorganising parks, creating a National Parks Service and six new reserves,
and establishing anti-poaching committees at all levels. Legislation and consequent control was
also reviewed and improved. However, there was an upsurge in poaching in 1973, and the
Government took even stricter measures (including shooting poachers after a legal summons).
Senegalese parks are perhaps amongst the most heavily guarded in the world, yet poaching is
still a serious problem due to the large financial incentives.
Conservation education has been organised by the National Parks Directorate since 1976 in
conjunction with IUCN/WWF. There are seven Amis de la Nature Clubs, and a mobile
education unit.
References
° Diom, M. (1981). Parcs nationaux et aires protégées du Sénégal, de la Gambie et de la
Guinée-Bissau. In: Conserving Africa’s Natural Heritage, IUCN, Gland. Pp 80-86.
° Dupuy, A.R. and Verschuren J. (1977). Wildlife and Parks in Senegal. Oryx XIV(9): 36-46.
° Dupuy, A.R. (1982). Anti-poaching efforts in Senegal’s National Parks. Workshop paper.
World National Parks Congress. Bali, Indonesia, 11-22 October 1982.
-519-
IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
°
° ° ° °
Hesse, J. (1984). Rapport Preparatoire a l’Etude Comaparative des Politiques de
Conservation de la Nature et de leurs Implications Economiques dans des pays anglophones
d’Afrique de l’est (Kenya, Tanzanie) et des pays francophones d’Afrique de l'Ouest
(Cameroun, Sénégal). Secretariat d’état a l’environnment et a la qualité de la vie. Federation
des parcs naturels de France.
Lariviére, J. and Dupuy, A.R. (1978). Sénégal: Ses Parcs, Ses Animaux. Editions Fernand
Nathan, Paris.
IUCN/UNEP (1983). La réparition des aires protégées en fonction des besoins de la
conservation des communautés biotiques de l’Afrique Centrale et de 1l’Ouest. Working
Document. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.
IUCN/WWF Project 1238. Senegal, Conservation Education.
IUCN/WWF Project 1552. Senegal, Education Centre.
IUCN/WWF Project 1774. Senegal, Conservation of Elephants.
IUCN/WWF Project 1814. Senegal, Conservation of Coastal and Marine Resources.
Protected Areas
(hectares)
National Parks
Basse-Casamance 5,000
Delta du Saloum 73,000
Djoudj 16,000
Iles de la Madeleine 450
Langue de Barbarie 2,000
Niokolo-Koba 913,000
Subtotal 1,009,450
Faunal Reserves
Gueumbeul 750
Ferlo-Nord 487,000
Ferlo-Sud 633,700
Subtotal 1,121,450
Reserves
Kalissaye Bird 16
Ndiael Bird 46,550
Subtotal 46,566
Biosphere Reserves
Delta du Saloum 180,000
Foret classee de Samba Dia 756
Parc national du Niokolo-Koba 913,000
Subtotal 1,093,756
World Heritage Sites
Djoudj National Bird Sanctuary 16,000
Niokolo-Koba National Park 913,000
Subtotal 929,000
-520-
Senegal
PARC NATIONAL DE BASSE CASAMANCE
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.04.04 (West African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 1 April 1970. Appropriated by Law 64-46 of 17 June 1964.
Geographical Location South-west of Ziguinchor in Casamance region in the south-west of
the country, near the border with Guinea Bissau. 12°24’N, 16°35’W.
Altitude 0O-11m
Area 5,000ha; adjacent to the classified forest of Diantheme
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The park is in part of the Casamance delta. The western part has
numerous meandering tidal channels, fringed with mangroves, which grow in compacted clay
soils. Salt collects in the higher tidal zones in the dry season, creating seasonally bare areas.
The eastern part of the reserve is higher, but very flat. The wet season is from May to October.
Vegetation The park was set up to preserve an area of Guinean flora and fauna which iss only
found in this part of Senegal. There are three types of vegetation, tropical forest, wooded
savanna, and mangrove. The southern part is covered with degraded forest or secondary
brush. The forest contains Guinean species, such as Parinari excelsa, with Pithecolobium
altissimum, Chlorophora regia, Detarium senegalense, and numerous Treculia africana in the
lower canopy. These islands of forest are in the Santiaba-Mandjak forest. The mangrove
community fringing the estuarine channels is zoned. From the water’s edge, these are:
mangroves Rhizophora racemosa; a thick band of Rhizophora mangle with Paspalum
vaginatum; Avicennia africana with Rhizophora mangle and an understorey of either Scirpus
littoralis or Sesuvium portulacastrum and Philoxerus vermicularis; and the areas of bare soil
described above, which are colonized by Eleocharis mutata and Eleocharis geniculata.
Fauna More than 50 species of mammal have been recorded, including: a few
leopard Panthera pardus, buffalo Syncerus caffer, and manatee Trichechus senegalensis (T).
Particularly obvious amongst the mammals are the monkeys, including mona
monkey Cercopithecus campbelli, Demidoff’s galago Galagoides demidoff, bay colobus Colobus
badius temmincki, also giant pangolin Manis gigantea and serval Felis serval occur. Beecroft’s
flying squirrel Anomalurus beecrofti occurs nowhere else in Senegal. There are many antelope
species. Birds are well represented with over 200 species, including Palaearctic migrants
particularly waders. There are two nesting pairs of crowned eagle Stephanoaetus coronatus.
Large numbers of reptiles include royal python Python regius, rock python Python sebae, and
spitting cobra Naja nigricollis.
Conservation Management Some animals including kob Kobus Kob have been reintroduced.
Zoning There are administrative sectors coordinated by a conservator.
Disturbances or Deficiencies No information
Visitor Facilities Cap Skirring airport is 20km away, or road access is through Ziguinchor.
There are vehicle tracks, paths and observation hides; canoes can be hired. There are
bungalows at the campment and hotels nearby in Ziguinchor.
Scientific Research A small amount of research has been sponsored for a number of years by
the Institut Fondamental d’Afrique Noire.
-521-
IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
° Dupuy, A. (1971). Le parc national de Basse-Casamance. Science et nature 105 (May-June):
16-21.
° Lariviére, J. and Dupuy, A. (1978). Sénégal: Ses parcs, Ses animaux. Editions Nathan:
Paris.
° Marius, C. (1979). Bulletin de l’Institute Fondamental d’Afrique Noire 41(4): 669-691.
Staff Some 20 personnel directed by a conservator
Budget Personnel: 11,943,000 francs CFA. Maintenance: 5,664,000 francs CFA
Local Park or Reserye Administration Parc Conservator, Parc National de Basse-Casamance,
Oussouye.
Date April 1985
DELTA DU SALOUM
Management Category II and IX (National Park and Biosphere Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.04.04 (West African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Law 64-46 of 17 June 1964 on state land; law 72-02 of 1 February 1972
relating to territorial organisation; law 72-25 of 19 April 1972 relating to rural communities.
Code of hunting and protection of fauna.
Date Established Established as a National Park by Decree no. 76-577, 28 May 1976. An
international park with the Gambia is being planned. Accepted as a Biosphere Reserve in 1980
and listed as a Ramsar site in 1984.
Geographical Location The reserve is located 150km from Dakar, on the main road between
Dakar and Banjul, and 80km from the town of Kaolack. 13°35’-13°55’N, 16°27’-16°48’W.
Altitude 0-10m
Area The Biosphere Reserve is 180,000ha, with a core zone of 73,000ha (the National Park).
Four-fifths of the national park is marine, whereas the biosphere reserve comprises a 72,000ha
marine sector, 23,000ha of flooded areas, and 85,000ha of terrestrial islands.
Land Tenure The core area (the National Park) and part of the buffer zone are
government-owned. The remainder belongs to the local community.
Physical Features The park and biosphere reserve are in the Delta of the seasonal Sine and
Saloum rivers, and the area includes many sand islands and lagoons, the Sangomar point and
coastal waters, and the forests of Fathala. Most of the terrestrial area of the park is covered by
mangroves, sand dunes, and open forest on sandy soils, and the distributaries of the delta at the
coast are almost exclusively saline. The climate comes between the sudanese and the
sudano-sahelian types characterised by a rainy season in July-October (maximum in August).
The mean annual temperature is 28°C and mean annual precipitation 800mm.
-522-
Senegal
Vegetation The dominant element is mangrove, made up principally of four
species: Rhizophora racemosa, R. mangle, R. harrisonii and Avicennia nitida. Behind this zone
of mangroves are open flat areas: the tanns, denuded of all vegetation. There are, moreover,
islands of herbaceous populations of halophiles of varying importance: Sesuvium
portulacastrum, Philoxerus vermicularis, and Paspalum vaginatum. Fathala has a dry forest.
Fauna Large mammals have probably never been abundant here. The fauna is, however,
sudano-sahelien, and very varied, with many small mammals in the dry forest of Fathala.
There are also bay colobus Colobus badius temmincki present. On the coast of particular note
are the manatee Trichechus senegalensis (T) and hump-backed dolphin Sousa teuszii. Many
seabirds nest on the deserted islands, including about 1,000 pairs each of lesser
flamingo Phoenicopterus minor and greater flamingo P. ruber, 4,000 grey pelicans Pelecanus
rufescens, and there are ten pairs of goliath heron Ardea goliath. Many wintering waders use
the area. Reptiles are also well represented predominately by marine turtles, including olive
ridley turtle Lezidochelys olivacea (E), green turtle Chelonia mydas (E), and loggerhead sea
turtle Caretta caretta (V). It is an important fish spawning ground.
Conservation Management There is an environmental education programme. The inhabitants
of the biosphere reserve participate in its running and management through a rural council in
liaison with national park and forest service authorities. Radios have been provided by
IUCN/WWF Project 3113 to help safeguard the fish spawning grounds.
Zoning The core area of national park is surrounded by a buffer zone (which gives a total of
just over 73,000ha). The classified forest zone, where exploitation is forbidden, comprises the
forests of the islands of Saloum, Béhtanti, Sangako, and Fathala (around 70,000ha). Part of the
groundnut lands and Point Sangomar and its fishing cooperative (around 90,000ha) are included
in the buffer zone. A special faunal reserve has been establihed at Palmarin. Several
administrative sectors are co-ordinated by a Park Conservator.
Disturbances or Deficiencies There is a permanent threat to the mangroves by extension of
rice culture and exploitation of forest in the Fathala area. Protection does not extend to the
salt flats, or to the whole of the Fathala forest. There are, however, proposals to include the
whole of the latter within the park. Other threats include: fire in the forest zone, excessive
fishing, destruction of bird colonies, projects on reintroducing species such as
antelope Hippotragus sp., and conflicts with industrial and agricultural development.
Visitor Facilities Access is prohibited onto the sandy islands, but small motor boats can be
hired to tour around them. There is tourist potential as the park is close to Dakar and the
region of Sine Saloum is a centre for tourism. On the borders of the park, there are two
campements, one near park headquarters with excellent facilities.
Scientific Research There have been studies of birds and mammals, vegetation and water
pollution, but little published.
Special Scientific Facilities There is a meteorological station.
Principal Reference Material
° IUCN/WWF Project 3113. Proposed Delta du Saloum International Park.
° Lariviére, J. and Dupuy, A. (1978). Sénégal: Ses parcs, Ses animaux. Editions Fernand
Nathan, Paris.
Staff Some 37 personnel directed by a coordinator
Budget Personnel: 19,585,000 francs CFA. Materials: 7,995,000 francs CFA.
Local Park or Reserve Administration Park warden, BP 307, Kaolack.
Date April 1985
-523-
IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
PARC NATIONAL DES OISEAUX DE DJOUDJ
Management Category II (National Park)
World Heritage Site (Criteria: iv)
Biogeographical Province 3.12.07 (Western Sahel)
Legal Protection Total, with only ’educational tourism’ and scientific research allowed
Date Established 14 April 1971 by Decree No. 71-411. Nearby area (3ha) was first classified
as a nature reserve by Decree 62-065 of 26 February 1962. Enlarged in 1975 by Decree No.
75-1222 (from 13,000ha to 16,000ha). Listed as a Ramsar Site in 1980 and accepted as a World
Heritage site in 1981.
Geographical Location Ina low valley 15km north of Ross-Bethio and about 60km north-east
of Saint-Louis on the Delta of the Senegal River, Region du Fleuve, in the extreme north of
the country. 16°30’N, 16°10°W.
Altitude From near sea level to about 20m
Area 16,000ha; adjacent to the proposed Diawling National Park in Mauritania
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The park is in a vast basin of impermeable halomorphic soils forming
saline flats in the Senegal River Delta between the main channel to the north, the Djoudj
bayou and the Gorom, or bayou to the south. This delta, of which Djoudj is a small part, has
been subject to flooding and to the development of dyke systems for many years, the latest in
1963. These dykes have allowed the retention of fresh water in the Djoudj basin longer than
normal, which benefits the waterbirds. Salinity varies, from nearly fresh during the winter
inundations to brackish as the water levels fall. The climate is Sahelian with alternate wet and
dry seasons. Mean annual precipitation is 300mm and mean annnual temperature 27°C.
During the dry season, it is the wettest area in the region, but in recent years rainfall has been
less than a fifth of the average and Djoudj has been much dryer.
Vegetation Vegetation reflects a low rainfall on unfavourable halomorphic soils. The Sahelien
type savanna is dominated by spiny bushes, acacias such as Acacia nilotica, A. tortilis, A. seyal,
tamarisk Tamarix senegalensis, and Balanites aegyptiaca. During the rains dense populations
of Typha and waterlily Nymphaea spp. species appear in the flooded zones. Halophytic plants,
particularly Salicornia, cover much of the area.
Fauna The park was mainly established as the area is so important for birds supporting three
million waterfowl, and is one of the main west African sanctuaries for Palaearctic migrants. It
is one of the first fresh water sources they reach after crossing 200km of the Sahara. From
September to April, an estimated three million migrants pass through, including garganey Anas
querquedula, shoveller Anas clypeata, pintail Anas acuta, ruff Philomachus pugnax, and
black-tailed godwit Limosa limosa. Thousands of flamingoes Phoenicopterus ruber nest here
regularly as well as 5,000 white pelicans Pelecanus onocrotalus, white-faced tree
duck Dendrocygna viduata, fulvus tree duck Dendrocygna bicolor, spur-winged
goose Plectropterus gambensis, purple heron Ardea purpurea, night heron WNycticorax
nycticorax, various egrets Egretta spp., spoonbill Platalea leucorodia, African darter Anhinga
rufa, common cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo, white-breasted cormorant Phalacrocorax lucidus
and Sudan bustard Otis arabs. Mammals include: warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus and West
African manatee Trichechus senegalensis (T), and several species of crocodile and gazelle have
been successfully reintroduced into the area.
-524-
Senegal
Conservation Management National Park wardens are stationed in five watch posts, one in the
centre and four on the boundaries. The park is closed three months of the year for park
management. A dyke has been built right around the park as well as a dam system so that
water levels will not be affected by the alternating flow of the River Senegal after the barrages
have been built.
Zoning Various administration zones co-ordinated by a ranger
Disturbances or Deficiencies Rainfall has been too low in the past few years for water levels
to be normal. The Compagnie Sucriére Sénégalaise built a temporary dam just upstream of
Djoudj at Kheune to prevent salt water flowing up the Senegal River in the dry season. This
had the effect of reducing the supply of fresh water to Djoudj. The river’s 1984 flood swept
this away and Djoudj was replenished normally. In the 1984/1985 dry season, Djoudj was
connected by canal with fresh water above the Kheune barrage in an attempt to stop it drying
out. Water supply in this region is a problem, and permanent dams are being built to regulate
the flow of the Senegal River. Completion of the dam of Diama in 1986 would improve water
supply for Djoudj although the effects of another dam at Monatali in Mali (expected 1984) are
as yet unknown. However, the habitats at Djoudj are adapted to changing water levels, which
may be altered by these dams. Djoudj was put on the list of World Heritage Sites in Danger
because of this threat (Thorsell 1985).
Visitor Facilities There is a campement open from mid-November to mid-April and hotels in
St Louis nearby. There are a dozen bird observation points on the borders of the most
important waterbodies. Canoes can be hired.
Scientific Research Research includes rodent studies, bird ringing to investigate migration
routes, and population dynamics. O.R.S.T.O.M. has sponsored research in this area since 1955.
Studies of waders were carried out in 1983-1984 by Station Biozofique de la Tour du Valat,
France.
Special Scientific Facilities Museum and observation hut
etacipal Reference Material
CNPPA Summary Status Report (1984). Threatened Protected Areas of the World. (draft).
° Dupuy, A. (1971). Les oiseaux et les mammiféres de la cuvette du Djoudj (delta du fleuve
Sénégal). Bull. IFAN 33, A(1): 237-248.
° Dupuy, A. (1971). Contribution 4 l’étude de l’avifaune du delta du Sénégal. Bull. IFAN 33,
A(3): 737-753.
° Dupuy, A.R. (1971). Mission au nouveau parc national des oiseaux du Djoudj. Notes
Africaines 132.
° Dupuy, A.R. (1972). Le parc national des oiseaux du Djoudj. Bull. IFAN 34, A(3): 775-81.
° Lariviére, J. and Dupuy, A.R. (1978). Sénégal: Ses parcs, Ses animaux. Editions Fernand
Nathan, Paris.
° Roux, F., Jarry, G., Maheao, and Tamisier, R. (1976). Importance, structure et origine des
populations d’Anatides hivernant dans le delta du Sénégal. L’Oiseau R.F.O. 46: 299-336 and
47: 1-24. Secretariat d’Etat charge de la nature. (1974). Le parc national des oiseaux du
Djoudj, Dakar.
° Thorsell, J. (1985). World Heritage Report - 1984. Parks 10(1): 8-9. World Heritage
Nomination submitted to UNESCO. Documentation submitted to the Ramsar Convention
Secretariat.
Staff Some 35 personnel directed by a conservateur
Budget Personnel: 17,857,000 francs CFA. Maintenance: 10,823,000 francs CFA
Local Park or Reserve Administration Conservateur, Parc national des Oiseaux de Djoudj,
Saint Louis BP 80.
Date April 1985
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PARC NATIONAL DES ILES DE LA MADELEINE
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.04.04 (West African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total; no access allowed
Date Established Ornithological Reserve since 1949; appropriated by Law 64-46 of 17 June
1964; established as a National Park on 16 January 1976 by Decree No. 76-0033.
Geographical Location About 4km west of Dakar in the Atlantic Ocean; Approximately
14°40’N, 17°40°W.
Altitude 0-35m
Area 450ha; the marine section includes the peripheral area 50m from the beach
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The park consists of three islands of volcanic origin, composed mainly of
basanite. The largest island, Sarpan, is 15ha, and has a central plateau which slopes gently
down to a cove on the southern side. There is a natural basin 40 x 10m and 4m deep, on one
side of this plateau. Two sources of water exist during part of the year.
Vegetation To date about 100 species of plant have been reported, including
baobabs Adansonia digitata. The most evident plants are Jatropha curcas, jujuba trees Opuntia
tuna and tamarind trees Cissus quadrangularis. Andropogon gayanus is found at higher
altitudes.
Fauna’ The varied avifauna is the main feature, with nesting colonies of pied crow Corvus
albus, black kite Milvus migrans, crested lark Galerida cristata and red bishop Euplectes orix.
Some 300 pairs of common cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo breed on five sites in the park. The
osprey Pandion haliaetus, peregrine falcon Falco peregrinus, 40 breeding pairs of red-bellied
tropic bird Phaethon aethereus mesonauta, brown booby Sula _ leucogaster, northern
gannet Morus bassanus, and bridled tern Sterna anaethetus are also present. The marine fauna
is rich and varied with many species of fish including Pomatomus saltatrix and Katrumonus
pelamus. Three species of dolphin, common dolphin Delphinus delphis, rough toothed
dolphin Steno bredanensis, and striped dolphin Stenella coeruleoalba have also been recorded.
The loggerhead turtle Caretta caretta has bred on a small beach.
Conservation Management In 1976 a fast sea-going vessel was supplied under IUCN/WWF
Project 1232 for carrying out protective patrols and research. Its speed and stability enabled
poaching to be completely eradicated.
Zoning No subdivision
Disturbances or Deficiencies Uncontrolled development of sport activities, in particular sport
fishing
Scientific Research Protection of archaeological sites and artifacts; biological research by
IFAN (1982).
Special Scientific Facilities No information
Principal Reference Material
° IUCN/WWF Project 1232. Iles de la Madeleine, Senegal.
° Lariviére, J. and Dupuy, A. (1978). Senegal: Ses parcs, Ses animaux. Editions Fernand
Nathan, Paris.
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Staff 10 personnel directed by a conservator (1980)
Budget Personnel: 6,525,000 francs CFA, Materials, 3,300,000francs CFA (1980)
Local Park or Reserve Administration The Conservator, Parc national des Iles de la
Madeleine, BP 5135, Dakar-Fann.
Date April 1985
PARC NATIONAL DE LA LANGUE DE BARBARIE
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.12.07 (Western Sahel)
Legal Protection Total; access not allowed without the authorities’ approval
Date Established Established January 1976 by Decree No. 76-0016. Appropriated under Law
No. 64-46 of 17 June 1964.
Geographical Location At the mouth of the Senegal river, 25km from Saint Louis; 15°55 N,
16°30’W
Altitude Near sea level
Area 2,000ha
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The park includes a 20km long area of intertidal flats and sand dunes
forming a spit across the mouth of the River Senegal and includes both marine and riverine
waters. The major terrestrial part of the park is composed of three islands of the Langue de
Barbarie, Gandiole Island (2ha), and two smaller ones. There are very infertile sandy soils.
Annual rainfall is about 300mm and mean annual temperature 27°C.
Vegetation This is Sahelian, composed of herbaceous species such as Ipomoea pes-caprae,
Alternanthera maritima, Sporobolus spicatus, and Sesuvium portulacastrum. No trees are found
in the area.
Fauna The park supports an interesting maritime avifauna including: many pink-baked
pelican Pelecanus rufescens, white pelican P. onocrotalus, 3,000 pairs of grey-headed
gull Larus cirrhocephalus, Caspian tern Hydroprogne caspia, royal tern Thalasseus maximus,
2,000 pairs of slender-billed gull Larus genei, gull-billed tern Gelochelidon nilotica (southern
breeding limit), sooty tern Sterna fuscata and little tern Sterna albifrons (southern breeding
limit), all of which nest in the area. The park is also an important sanctuary for migratory
ducks and waders. Ospreys Pandion haliaetus can be seen in the area. The marine fauna
includes the green turtle Chelonia mydas (E), leather-backed turtle Dermochelys coriacea (E)
hawksbill turtles Eretmochelys imbricata, loggerhead sea turtle Caretta caretta, and common
dolphin Delphinus delphis.
Zoning The park is divided into a number of sectors co-ordinated by a conservator.
Disturbances or Deficiencies Insufficient funding
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Visitor Facilities Access is by road or boat from St Louis. Visitors are not allowed to land on
the islands as this would scare the large numbers of birds, but boats can be hired at the
information bureau. St Louis has hotels and an airstrip.
Scientific Research Project to re-introduce gazelles
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material None listed
Staff Fifteen personnel directed by a conservator
Budget Personnel: 9,300,000 francs CFA. Materials: 3,375,000 francs CFA.
Local Park or Reserve Administration Conservator, Parc National de la Langue de Barbarie,
Saint Louis BP 305.
Date April 1985
PARC NATIONAL DU NIOKOLO-KOBA
Management Category II and IX (National Park and Biosphere Reserve)
World Heritage Site (Criteria: iii, iv)
Biogeographical Province 3.04.04 (West African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established Created as a Hunting Reserve in 1926, Forest Reserve in 1951 and a Fauna
Reserve on 19 April 1953 and enlarged by Decrees of 1962, 1965, 1968 and 1969. Accepted as
Biosphere Reserve and World Heritage Site in 1981.
Geographical Location Lying across the border between administrative regions of
Sénégal-Oriental and La Casamance, on the River Gambia, close to the Guinea border in
south-eastern Senegal. 12°30’-13°20’N, 12°20’-13°35’W.
Altitude 16-311m (Mont Assirik)
Area 913,000ha
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The park is a relatively flat region, with small lines of hills reaching about
200m, separated by wide floodplains which become inundated during the rains. The whole
area has superficial formations of laterite and sediments over Cambrian sandstone beds, which
outcrop in places, and some metamorphic rock. The park is crossed by the River Gambia and
its two tributaries, the Niokolo Koba and the Koulountou. The climate is of a soudanien type
with a rainy season from June to October. The average annual rainfall is 1000-1100mm.
Vegetation Vegetation varies from a southern-Soudanien type to Guinean with savanna
predominant, more luxuriant vegetation along the course of the rivers and a varying cover of
trees and bushes. This vegetation changes its character according to topography and soils. In
the valleys and plains, there are vast areas of Vetiveria and herbaceous savannas dominated
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by Andropogon gayanus, occasionally associated with Panicum anabaptistum. Seasonally
flooded grassland is typically composed of Paspalum arbiculare and Echinochloa. Dry forest is
made up of Soudanien species such as Piliostigma thonningii, Pterocarpus erinaceus, Pericopsis
africana, Bombax costatum, Burkea africana, Prosopis africana, Sterculia setigera, Ficus ingens,
and Anogeissus leiocarpus. There are also areas of bamboo Oxytenanthera abyssinica. In the
ravines and gallery forests are species indicative of a south Guinean climate, with lianes very
abundant, and species such as Raphia sudanica, Baissea multiflora, Nauclea latifolia, Dalbergia
saxatilis, and Landolphia dulcis. On the slopes and hills, the rock outcrops, the alluvial sands
and iron pans, the vegetation is different. On the edges of rivers occur semi-aquatic species
such as Rotula aquatica, Hygrophila odora, Cyperus baikiei, and annuals, which disappear when
the water level rises, are found in the periodically flooded sands. In and around the marshes,
most of which are situated in abandoned riverbeds or behind the levées, the vegetation is very
variable, depending on the height of the depression, water level, origins, soil structure and
sub-soil. Certain ponds are bordered by dry forests, or herbaceous savannas, with species such
as Arundinella ecklonii, Eriochrysis brachypogon, Hemarthria altissima, Hyparrhenia amoena,
Vetiveria nigritana, and Andropogon gayanus depending on dampness and the compaction of
the soil. Occasionally, the centre of a marsh is occupied by thick thorn bushes of Mimosa
pigra. Marshes on higher ground have a reduced surface area and scanty soil, very acid and
peaty, and vegetation includes Oryza brachiyantha (a wild rice), Bryaspis lupulina,
Adelostemma senegalense, Berchemia discolor, and Genlisea africana. On high banks Acacia
nilotica, Crateva religiosa, Diospyros mespiliformis and Ziziphus mucronata are dominant,
localised species occur on the constantly humid low banks, such as Christiana africana, Cola
laurifolia, Croton scarciessii, Cynometra vogelii, Diospyros elliotii, Syzygium guineense,
Symmeria paniculata, and Ziziphus amphibia. River bank species also include Khaya
senegalensis, Erythrophleum guineense, Ceiba pentandra, Detarium senegalense, Syzygium
guineense, Afzelia africana, and Borassus. Some 1,500 plant species have been recorded and
the listing continues.
Fauna There are about 80 species of mammal, 330 species of bird, 36 reptiles, 20 amphibians,
and 60 species of fish recorded, as well as numerous invertebrates. Carnivores include:
leopard Panthera pardus (T), lion Panthera leo, and hunting dog Lycaon pictus (T). There are
also buffalo Syncerus caffer, roan Hippotragus equinus, giant eland Taurotragus derbianus
(about 1,000), Guinea baboon Papio papio, green monkey Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus, patas
monkey Erythrocebus patas, bay colobus Colobus badius temmincki, all three African crocodiles:
Nile Crocodylus niloticus (V), slender-snouted Crocodylus cataphractus (I) and
dwarf Osteolaemus tetraspis (I), four tortoise species, and hippopotamus Hippopotamus
amphibius, which is present in all three large watercourses in the park. The park is the last
refuge in Senegal for giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis and elephant Loxodonta africana (T).
About 150 chimpanzee Pan troglodytes (T) live in the gallery forest of the park and on Mont
Assirik (the north-western limit of their distribution). Birds include: Denham’s bustard Neotis
cafra denhami, ground hornbill Bucorvus abyssinicus, violet turaco Musophaga violacea,
spur-winged goose Plectropterus gambensis, white-faced tree duck Dendrocygna viduata,
martial eagle Polemaetus bellicosus and bateleur Terathopius ecaudatus.
Conservation Management There is a general plan for management and restoration of natural
ecosystems. Regional development plans recognize strict protection of the park. Some
controlled burning is done to preserve savanna areas. WWF Project 1774 has supplied a land
rover and radios to combat elephant poaching.
Zoning There is a buffer zone 1km wide and six administrative sectors, each of which
contains surveillance posts.
Disturbances or Deficiencies The number of leopard and elephant in the park are decreasing
because of the poaching over a number of years. The park is threatened by dams planned for
the Gambia and Niokola-Koba Rivers, the creation of an artificial lake and increase
accessiblity associated with industrial exploration including mining and quarrying. When the
park was established, it was inhabited by people practising agriculture, cattle raising, and some
hunting and bush fires were used to control the vegetation which resulted in degraded soils, the
emergence of savanna vegetation, and the disappearance of large animals in some areas.
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However, all inhabitants were relocated outside the park area a decade ago, but areas outside
and within the park are still burnt.
Visitor Facilities There is a luxury hotel at Simenti, which is the most visited part of the
park. There are also bungalows and an hotel at Niokolo-Koba, lodgings at Badi, and several
camping grounds. Animals can be watched from hides or on guided safaris. Animals disperse
in the rains, so best viewing times are from the end of October to the end of June, when tours
are most organized. There is an airstrip at Simenti.
Scientific Research Research is regarded as important with further details within the
Memoirs of the IFAN of Dakar, particularly 1956, 1961, 1969, and 1982. An elephant survey
was conducted in 1981 under IUCN/WWF Project 1774.
Special Scientific Facilities No information
Principal Reference Material
Dekeyser, P.L. (1955). Les Mammiféres de l’Afrique noire francaise. IFAN.
° Dekeyser, P.L. (1956). Le Parc National du Niokolo-Koba III: Mammiféres. Memoires
I.F.A.N. Dakar 48: 35-77.
° Dupuy, A.R. (1969). Le Parc National du Niokolo-Koba. XXXII: Mammiferés. (deuxiéme
note). Memoires I.F.A.N. Dakar 84: 443-460.
° Dupuy, A.R. (1971). Le Niokolo Koba, premier grand parc national de la république du
Sénégal. GIA, Dakar.
° Dupuy, A.R. (1973). Guide touristique du Parc National du Niokolo-Koba. Direction Eaux et
Forets, Dakar.
° IUCN/WWF Project 1774. Elephant Conservation, Senegal.
° Lariviére, J. and Dupuy, A.R. (1978), Sénégal - Ses Parcs, Ses Animaux. Editions Fernand
Nathan, Paris. 144 pp.
° Le Tallec, J. (1979), La grande faune du Sénégal.
° Verschuren, J. (1976). Les Parcs Nationaux, joyaux du Sénégal. Zoo 41(4): 150-157.
° Verschuren, J. (1983). Ecologie du Parc National du Niokolo-Koba (Senegal). Grands
mammiféres et remarques sur la conservation. Bull Inst. r. Sci. nat. Belg. 55.
Staff Over 200 personnel directed by a conservator and assistant
Budget Personnel 116,570,000 francs CFA, maintenance 31,201,000 francs CFA.
Local Park or Reserve Administration Parc Conservateur, PN Niokolo-Koba, Tamba-Counda,
BP 37. IUCN/WWF Project 1774.
Date July 1981
RESERVE DE FAUNE FERLO NORD/RESERVE DE FAUNE FERLO SUD
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserves)
Biogeographical Province 3.04.04 (West African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Complete, except that grazing is permitted
Date Established Appropriated by Law No. 64-46 of 17 June 1964. Ferlo Nord was
established 21 March 1971 by Decree No. 72.327, and Ferlo Sud on 21 March 1972 by Decree
of Classification No. 72.347.
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Geographical Location Central north-eastern Senegal. 14°20’-16°0’N, 13°20’-14°30’W.
Altitude Less than 100m
Area Ferlo Nord (487,000ha) and Ferlo Sud (663,700ha)
Land Tenure Government created by law no. 64-46 of 17 June 1964.
Physical Features The area is low-lying although over 300km inland. It has a flat sandy
terrain, with pockets of clay. The area is crossed by several intermittent rivers, including the
Ferlo. In the rainy season, the waters of streams form backwaters and basins which leads to
large concentrations of animals. In recent years, rainfall has been very low, vegetation cover
sparse, and strong winds have caused much erosion.
Vegetation Both areas are grassland and bushy savanna, with Bombax costatum, Pterocarpus
erinaceus, Combretum glutinosum and Acacia spp., Balanites aegyptiaca, and Boscia spp..
However, recent low rainfalls and overgrazing are turning the area into desert.
Fauna This is declining in numbers and variety. Remaining but rare mammals include:
red-fronted gazelle Gazella rufifrons, common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia, golden jackal Canis
aureus striped hyena Hyaena hyaena, warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus, aardvark Orycteropus
afer, and patas Erythrocebus patas. Smaller mammals are more common, including crested
porcupine Hystrix cristata, bush hare Lepus whytei, African civet Civettictis civetta,
zorilla Ictonyx striatus, ratel Mellivora capensis, pale fox Vulpes pallida, and wild cat Felis
sylvestris. Testudo sulcata also occur. Ostrich Struthio camelus are probably extinct in
Senegal, there being no nests and only two birds in 1984, due to hunting. This whole area is an
important wintering ground for many Palaearctic migrants, particularly raptors. Other birds
include ground hornbill Bucorvus abyssinicus, Sudan bustard Otis arabs, and
bateleur Terathopius ecaudatus.
Zoning Both reserves are divided into zones of surveillance for administrative purposes.
There are six such zones in Ferlo Nord. There are proposals to establish a further zone within
Ferlo Sud.
Disturbances or Deficiencies Some hunting and tree-cutting occurs, but the worst problem is
overgrazing, aggravated by years of low rainfall. Many areas are bare sand and grass that does
sprout after rain is eaten before it seeds. Strong winds erode bare areas and cause dust storms.
There is no control on habitat destruction.
Scientific Research O.R.S.T.O.M. has done a lot of work in this area on birds (Morel and
Morel, vegetation changes (Valenza), and social geography (Benoit).
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
° Barral, H. (1982). Le Ferlo des Forages. Gestion ancienne et actuelle de l’espace pastorale.
O.R.S.T.O.M., Dakar.
° Morel G.J. and Morel M.Y. (1978). Recherches écologiques sur une savane sahélienne du
Ferlo septentrional, Sénégal. Etude d’une communauté avienne. Cahiers O.R.S.T.O.M. Série
Biol. Vol. XIII, No. 1, 3-34.
* Santoir, C. (1982). Contribution 4 l’étude de l’exploitation du du cheptel region du Ferlo
Sénégal. O.R.S.T.O.M., Dakar.
° Santoir, C. (1983). La vallée du Sénégal: Raison pastorale et développement. Travaux et
Documents de 1’O.R.S.T.O.M. No. 166 O.R.S.T.O.M. Paris.
Staff Provided by the Direction des Eaux, Foréts et Chasses, apart from the one man in
charge
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Budget Variable annual budget, allocated from a central budget
Local Park or Reserve Administration Direction des Eaux-Foréts et Chasses, BP 1831, Dakar.
Date April 1985
SANCTUAIRE ORNITHOLOGIQUE DE LA POINTE DE KALISSAYE
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.04.04 (West African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Integral
Date Established 28 July 1978 by Decree No. 78-809. Appropriated by Law No. 64-46 of 17
June 1964
Geographical Location Sankoye Point is in the department of Bignona (Casamance). 12°40’N,
16°45’W.
Altitude Near sea level
Area 16ha
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The reserve is at the mouth of the Kalissaye. There are two sandy islands
in the reserve. Changing currents alter the mobile sandy substrate continually, removing and
accreting islands.
Vegetation There is herbaceous vegetation of sand-loving species of a littoral type. The
vegetation of Sankoye Point is mainly of a bush type, contrasting with that of the islands,
which is represented by such species as Jpomoea pes-caprae, Sporobolus spicatus,
and Alternanthera maritima.
Fauna’ The sanctuary was set up to protect the breeding colonies of seabirds and breeding
sites of marine turtles. There are at least 10,000 pairs of Caspian tern Hydroprogne caspia;
many royal terns Thalasseus maximus and a large colony of white pelicans Pelecanus
onocrotalus. Other bird species to be found in the reserve area include: gull-billed
tern Gelochelidon nilotica, slender-billed gull Larus genei, grey-headed gull Larus
cirrhocephalus, reef heron Egretta gularis (500 pairs), and osprey Pandion haliaetus. The
marine fauna includes common dolphin Delphinus delphis. Crocodiles Crocodylus niloticus (V)
and manatees Trichechus senegalensis (T) occur in the river areas of the reserve. Many marine
turtles breed here, including green turtle Chelonia mydas (F) and loggerhead sea turtle Caretta
caretta (V).
Zoning No information
Disturbances or Deficiencies The island, which forms the pelican colony, and a small sand
bar, is suffering some erosion by currents.
Scientific Research The staff attempt to keep records of bird counts and unusual sightings.
Special Scientific Facilities A small, but very remote museum.
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Senegal
Principal Reference Material None listed
Staff A conservateur, based at Diouloulou, and four guards who have a camp near the
sanctuary.
Budget Administration: 2,580,000 francs CFA
Local Park or Reserve Administration Bignona (Casamance).
Date April 1985
FORET CLASSEE DE SAMBA DIA
Managemeuat Category IX (Biosphere Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.04.04 (West African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Traditional human intervention is allowed, but strictly supervised to avoid
direct or indirect damage to the fauna.
Date Established Protected as classified forest since 1936. Approved as a Biosphere Reserve
in 1979
Geographical Location Located in the Fatick district in the Sine-Saloum region, 6km from
the Atlantic Ocean. Centred 14°08’N, 16°45’W.
Altitude 5-10m
Area 756ha
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features This forest is situated close to the sea and is subject to the influence of
Atlantic trade winds. The climate is cool and humidity high. Mean annual rainfall is
approximately 800mm.
Vegetation The coastal zone forests are similar to those of the Casamance, with species of the
genera Elaeis, Daniellia, and Pterocarpus. The vegetation is dominated by Borassus aethiopum,
but important species are: Acacia seyal forming pure stands in the lowest zones; Combretaceae,
normal in this zone, are represented by Combretum glutinosum and Anogeissus leiocar pus; large
trees of the sahelo-sudanian savanna are present. The most common species are: Borassus
flabellifer, Acacia seyal, Combretum glutinosum, Detarium microcarpum, D. senegalense, Acacia
senegal, A. albida, Pterocarpus erinaceus, Khaya senegalensis, Sclerocarya birrea, Prosopis
africana, Sterculia setigera, Parinarium macrophyllum, Tamarindus indica, Cordyla africana,
Parkia biglobosa, Cassia sieberana, Grewia bicolor, Anogeissus leiocarpus, Daniellia oliveri,
Mitragyna inermis, Dichrostachys cinerea, Annona glabra, Terminalia macroptera, Piliostigma
reticulatum, Ficus sp., Elaeis guineensis, Phoenix reclinata, Tamarix senegalensis, Chloris
prieurii, Gloriosa simplex, Asparagus pauli-guilelmi, Aristida sp., Hibiscus asper, Cenchrus
biflorus, Sesbania pachycarpa, Cassia obtusifolia, Cyperus podocarpus, Dactyloctenium
aegyptium, and Nymphaea micrantha.
Fauna Mammals include: patas monkey Erythrocebus patas, palm rat Xerus erythropus, red
mongoose Herpestes sanguineus, bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, civet Civettictis civetta,
red-flanked jackal Canis adustus, common jackal Canis aureus and bush hare Lepus whytei.
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Birds include: ground hornbill Bucorvus abyssinicus, red-billed hornbill Tockus erythrorhynchus,
black dwarf-hornbill Tockus hartlaubi, grey plantain-eater Crinifer piscator, green
pigeon Treron calva, red-eyed dove Streptopelia semitorquata, common francolin Francolinus
bicalcaratus, Namaqua dove Oena capensis, long-tailed glossy starling Lamprotornis caudatus,
Senegal fire-finch Lagonosticta senegala, Senegal coucal Centropus senegalensis,
chestnut-bellied sand grouse Pterocles exustus, rose-ringed parakeet Psittacula krameri, black
kite Milvus migrans, pied crow Corvus albus, African pygmy kingfisher Ispidina picta,
white-backed vulture Gyps africanus, hooded vulture Necrosyrtes monachus, cattle
egret Bubulcus ibis, speckled pigeon Columba guinea, Abyssinian roller Coracias abyssinica,
hoopoe Upupa epops, palm-nut vulture Gypohierax angolensis, laughing dove Streptopelia
senegalensis, spur-winged plover Vanellus spinosus, grey kestrel Falco ardosiaceus,
intermediate egret Egretta intermedia, and little egret Egretta garzetta. Reptiles include: rock
python Python sebae, Nile monitor Varanus niloticus, green mamba Dendroaspis viridis,
tortoise Geochelone sulcata, Nile crocodile Crocodylus niloticus (V), and puff adder Bitis
arietans.
Conservation Management The preservation of the typical Borassus landscape necessitates the
continuation of traditional human intervention and the management plan for the reserve takes
this into account by allowing traditional collection of dead wood, wild fruits, medicinal herbs,
gums and resins of Borassus plant parts by the local population who live outside the reserve.
The peripheral areas of the reserve are farmed under contractual agreement, one of the clauses
stipulating that a certain number of Borassus palms be left per hectare of cultivated land.
Moderate grazing is practised in these areas in the dry season after harvesting.
Zoning No information
Disturbances or Deficiencies Farming and grazing in peripheral areas.
Visitor Facilities No information
Scientific Research The reserve offers great potential for research on man-environment
interactions, particularly with Borassus palm use.
Special Scientific Facilities No information
Principal Reference Material
° None listed
Staff One Engineer and one Technician from the Forestry Service
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration Inspecteur des Eaux, Foréts et Chasses, Kaolack, Sine
Saloum.
Date 1985
-534-
-535-
SEYCHELLES
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SEYCHELLES
Area 444 sq.km
Population 64,718 (1984)
Parks and Reserves Legislation The National Parks and Nature Conservancy Ordinance 1969
and its various amendments (Ordinances, No. 14 of 1970 and No. 7 of 1973, Statutory
Instrument No. 95 of 1975, and Act 19 of 1982), and the National Parks and Nature
Conservancy Regulations, Statutory Instrument of No. 110 1971, provide the basis for the
network of protected areas in the Seychelles. Section 2 of the Ordinance defines four types of
protected area. An Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty would be an area set aside by reason
of its natural beauty or other special characteristics for its preservation and maintenance for
the benefit, advantage and enjoyment of the general public. National Parks are areas set aside
for the propogation, protection and preservation of wildlife, or the preservation of sites of
aesthetic, geological, prehistoric, historical, archaeological or other scientific interest, for the
benefit of the general public. Special mention is made of Marine National Parks. It should be
noted that designation of an area as a national park does not necessarily preclude agriculture,
forestry or residential development. Special Reserves are areas set aside for the protection of
characteristic wildlife, with all other interests subordinate to this aim. Strict Nature Reserves
are areas set aside to permit free interaction of ecological factors without outside interference
(except that necessary in safeguarding the reserve). The 1969 Ordinance also set up the
National Parks and Nature Conservancy Commission, renamed the Seychelles National
Environment Commission in 1982. The Forest Reserves Ordinance 1955 provides for the
creation of Forest Reserves, though no clear definition of what such a reserve would constitute
is given. Complete protection is given to woody vegetation and forest produce. The Wild
Animals and Birds (protection) Ordinance 1961, as well as protecting most birds, the Giant
Land Tortoise and the Seychelles pond turtle, allows for the establishment of Nature Reserves.
The Wild Birds Protection (Nature Reserves) Regulation (S.1. 27 of 1966) created nature
reserves on the islands of Beacon (Ile Seche), Booby (Ile aux Fous), Boudeuse, Etoile, King
Ross (Lamperiaire), Les Mamelles, Cousin and Vache Marine, and the Vallée de Mai on
Praslin. The emphasis is on protection of the species, however, with little direct provision in
the Act for conservation of habitat. Nevertheless, the owner is charged with ensuring that no
activity in the reserve adversely affects bird life. The Marine Mammals Sanctuary Decree (No.
28 of 1979) provides for the establishment of a sanctuary within the Seychelles territorial
waters and exclusive economic zone, where the killing or harassment of any marine mammal is
prohibited. Woodlands can be protected under the Town and Country Planning Ordinance, for
the "interests of amenity", river reserves under the Government Land River Reserves Act, and
certain beaches on Mahé, Praslin and La Digue have been designated Protected Beaches. Four
areas are declared Shell Reserves in a schedule to the Conservation of Marine Shells Act (No. 4
of 1981) where collection of shells (with the exception of a number of specifically exempted
species), disturbance of their natural environment and the possession of explosives is an
offence. It should be finally be noted that some of the Seychelles Islands are privately owned;
for example the International Council for Bird Preservation owns Cousin Island and manages it
as a Strict Nature Reserve.
Parks and Reserves Administration The functions of the Seychelles National Environment
Commission (SNEC) are: development and review of policy matters relating to the
environment; review of relevant legislation; review of conservation and management;
coordination of all activities relating to conservation and management of the environment;
promotion of education; and international issues related to the environment. The Forestry and
Conservation Division of the recently created Ministry of National Development (comprising
the former Ministry of Agriculture and Land Use, the Physical Planning Division,
Environmental Division, Lands Division and the Survey Division) is the main executive for the
conservation policy and is responsible for the creation and management of all protected areas in
Seychelles apart from Aldabra (SIF), Cousin (ICBP) and Aride (RSNC). Each protected area
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
has a management plan prepared by consultants. The Royal Society for Nature Conservation
(RSNC) prepared plans for Aride, the International Council for Bird Preservation (ICBP) for
Cousin, while Roger Wilson, as conservation advisor, prepared plans for the remaining areas.
All plans have been approved by the Council of Ministers, but the Praslin, Morne Seychellois,
Port Launay and Baie Ternaie parks’ plans have yet to be properly implemented, due to lack of
personnel, funds and equipment. Most of the protected areas are manned by senior park
rangers, park wardens, park rangers grade I & II, Assistant park rangers and labourers from
park ranger grade II upwards (all of whom are sworn special police constables with the powers
of arrest). The Seychelles Island foundation (SIF) is an international group which manages
Aldabra Atoll as a strict nature reserve. Organisations associated with the foundation include
the Royal Society (U.K. based), Organisation recherche scientifique et technique outre-mer
(ORSTOM), Smithsonian Institute, World Wildlife Fund and the Royal Society for Nature
Conservation (U.K. based).
Address
° Conservation Office, Ministry of National Development, Independence House, PO Box 199,
Victoria, Mahé
Additional Information In 1982, SNEC set up sub-commissions to produce reports covering
topics such as pollution, legislation, education, and national parks. These reports are to be used
in structuring a National Conservation Strategy which will replace the 1971 White Paper on the
Conservation Policy of the Seychelles. The White Paper was based on a report by a
conservation advisor from the U.K. Ministry of Overseas Development (Procter, 1970). Salm
(1978) reviewed the conservation of marine resources in the Seychelles, and emphasised the
low priority given in the past to marine and coastal conservation. The subsequent
establishment of one marine reserve and two marine national parks has since improved the
situation.
The National Parks and Nature Conservancy (Amendment) Act 1982, as well as detailing the
functions of the Seychelles National Environment Commission, adds a second schedule to the
1971 Ordinance fully accepting the three major objectives of environmental conservation as
identified in the World Conservation Strategy. The 1971 White Paper previously defined
conservation as "the wise use or management of renewable natural resources so that at the end
the resource is no poorer nor less able to renew itself than at the beginning".
References
° Chongseng, L. (1983). National Report for Seychelles: Management policies, ecosystems,
endangered species and protected areas. Unpublished IUCN report, prepared by the
Ministry of National Development for the UNEP Regional Seas Programme.
° Government of Seychelles (1971). Conservation policy in the Seychelles. | Government
Printer, Mahé, Seychelles. 10 pp.
° IUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre (1985). IUCN directory of coral reefs of
international importance. Volume 2. Indian Ocean. Draft version.
° Procter, J. (1970). Conservation in the Seychelles. Government printer, Mahé, Seychelles.
35 pp.
° Robertson, I.J.B. (1972). Seychelles Marine National Parks. IUCN/WWF Report No. 726,
Morges, Switzerland.
° Salm, R.V. (1976). The Seychelles and neighbouring islands: existing and potential marine
park sites. Papers and proceedings of the Regional Meeting. Teheran, Iran, 6-10 March
1975. IUCN Publications New Series 35. Pp. 129-132.
° Salm, R.V. (1978). Conservation of Marine Resources in Seychelles: Report on current status
and future management. IUCN, Morges, Switzerland.
° Stoddart, D.R. (Ed.) (1984). Biogeography and Ecology of the Seychelles Islands. Dr W.
Junk Publishers, the Hague.
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Seychelles
Protected Areas
National Parks
Morne Seychellois 3,045
Praslin 675
Subtotal 3,720
Marine National Parks
Baie Ternaie 80
Curieuse 1,470
Port Launay 158
St Anne 1,423
Subtotal 3,131
Strict Nature Reserves
Aldabra 35,000
Vallee de Mai 18
Reserves
Aride Island Special 70
Cousin Island Special 28
La Digue Veuve 8
Subtotal 106
World Heritage Sites
Aldabra Atoll 35,000
Vallee de Mai Nature Reserve 18
Subtotal 35,018
MORNE SEYCHELLOIS NATIONAL PARK
Management Category VIII (Multiple Use Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 4.16.13 (Seychelles and Amirantes Islands)
Legal Protection Morne Seychellois National Park only protects terrestrial biota, the two bays
which flank Ternay Bluff (Baie Ternay and Port Launay) are designated separately as marine
national parks. The birds are protected under the Wild Animals and Birds Protection
ordinance, No. 37 1961.
Date Established Designated as a national park in 1979 by Statutory Instrument No. 53,
Morne Seychellois National Park (Designation) Order.
Geographical Location Covers most of the West and central massif of Mahé Island south of
Victoria. 4°37’-4°40’S, 55°22’-55°28°E.
Altitude Sea level to 905m
Area 3,045ha, contiguous to Baie Ternay Marine National Park (80ha) and Port Launay
Marine National Park (158ha).
Land Tenure Mostly government although the entire north-west section is private land and
there is a complex ownership pattern along the Forét Noire road, particularly in the Sans
Souci-L’Exil area.
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Physical Features A very rugged part of the largest granitic oceanic island, rising from
sea-level at the south coast of Mahé, to 905m (Morne Seychellois Peak) within the park
boundaries. Contains a variety of habitats with a relatively rich biota and high degree of
endemicity, including the best area of montane moss forest on Mahé and a number of key sites
rich in endemic species. Numerous rivers drain the rugged upland region including the Mare
aux Cochons which flows southwards, the Boulay flowing north-west into North West Bay and
the Grande Anse flowing south into Grand Anse Bay. The climate is determined by two
alternating monsoons, or seasonal winds, the strong dry winds of the south-east monsoon blow
from May to October and the erratic north-west monsoon, alternating between periods of calm,
terrific squalls and torrential rains, blows from December to March; November and April are
the transitory months. The mean annual temperature varies from 24°C to 30°C and the relative
humidity is always high, averaging 75-80%.
Vegetation All the endemic plants known from Mahé are present within the park. At least
one species, Balsamine Impatiens thomassetii is limited to a single locality only. Although
largely invaded by exotics, such as Albizzia falcataria and Cinnamomum zeylanicum, it still
contains some relic communities of native Randia sericea, Nepenthes pervillei, and Northea
seychellarum. The largest known populations of two of the four species listed for the
Seychelles in the IUCN Plant Red Data Book, ’Bois de Fer’ Vateria seychellarum and ’Bois
meduse’ Medusagyne oppositifolia, are also found in the area. Other threatened species present
are the palm Rocheria melanochaetes, which is well represented in the park, and Toxocarpus
schmiperianus, only recently discovered at two sites.
Fauna _ Several large roosts of endemic fruit bat Pteropus seychellensis survive here, and the
endemic sheath-tailed bat Coleura seychellensis, has been seen, and all the endemic bird
species known for Mahé have been recorded from the park; it is assumed that other taxa are
also fully represented. The greater part of the known populations of two of threatened birds
limited to Mahé, the bare-legged scops owl Otus insularis (R) and the Seychelles
white-eye Zosterops modestus (E), exist in the park. Of the 15 other species of terrestrial birds
recorded, nine of them are occur in particularily large numbers, especially the blue
pigeon Alectroenas pulcherrima, thick-billed bulbul Hypsipetes crassirostris, swiflet Collocalia
francica and Seychelles sunbird Nectarinia dussumieri. A significant number of white-tailed
tropic bird Phaethon lepturus still breed on the mountains. Many of the native Seychelles
reptiles are present, such as Seychelles house snakes Boaedon geometricus, Seychelles wolf
snake Lycognophus seychellensis, Brahminy blind-snake Ramphotyphlops braminus and the
lizards Chamaeleo tigris, Phelsuma astriata and P. longisulae. All known species of caecilians
native to the Seychelles are to be found, including the very uncommon Prastinia cooperii (in
fact only rediscovered in June 1983).
Population There are a few small farms and settlements within the boundaries of the park
and some areas of cultivation are quite extensive (Republic of Seychelles, 1978).
Conservation Management A draft management plan drawn up in 1979 has yet to be
implemented. Other areas principally degraded are being reafforested, mostly with Meliaceae
such as Sandoricum ratiatum and Swietenia macrophylla. An additional small area is under tea
plantation.
Zoning Certain areas are administered as strict nature reserves where only scientists
accompanied by forest rangers are allowed. Since 1983, even the traditional cinnamon pickers
have been instructed to stay clear of these areas.
Disturbances or Deficiencies Past exploitation of timber and forest fires has done irreparable
damage. Since 1950, the reafforestation work has resulted in the vegetation cover being
re-established to some extent. Exotic species like Albizzia, cinnamon Ochorosia, Psidium,
and Lantana are encroaching on a large scale. There has been some tree felling for the erection
of a 33kv powerline. The Forét Noire Road from Victoria to the south coast passes through
the western portion of the park. Ternay Bluff is separated from the rest of the park by a track
and a strip of pasture/cultivation. Army exercises are carried out in the park occasionally.
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Seychelles
Visitor Facilities | Tourism development consists primarily of provision of viewing points,
refreshment facilities, paths, interpretive facilities, and literature.
Scientific Research Studies of the systematics and ecology of the reptiles and amphibians;
some surveys on the distribution of rare endemic plants; estimates of the various fruit bat
colonies; preliminary work on the Seychelles white-eye and the scops owl; and a doctoral study
on the Seychelles kestrel.
Special Scientific Facilities No information
Principal Reference Material
° Collar, N.J. and Stuart, S.N. (1985). Threatened Birds of Africa and Related Islands.
ICBP/IUCN Red Data Book, 3rd edn. Part 1 p. 324 and p. 597.
° Republic of Seychelles (1978). Mahé, 1:10,000 scale map prepared by the British
Governments Ministry of Overseas Development (Directorate of Overseas Surveys. Series
Y851 (D.O.S 204).
° Wilson, J.R. (1980). The Morne Seychellois National Park, A preliminary Management Plan.
Staff No information
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration No information
Date June 1983
BAIE TERNAY MARINE NATIONAL PARK
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 4.16.13 (Seychelles and Amirantes Islands)
Legal Protection It is illegal to disturb marine turtles in any way (Mortimer, 1985), and the
area is a declared fishing reserve.
Date Established Designated as a marine national park in 1979 by Statutory Instrument No.
54, Baie Ternay Marine National Park (Designation) Order.
Geographical Location A sheltered bay on the extreme western tip of Mahé Island. 4°38’S,
395°22°E.
Altitude Sea level down to 37m depth
Area 80ha, contiguous to the wholly terrestrial Morne Seychellois National Park (3,045ha) and
on the other side of Ternay Bluff to Port Launay Marine National Park (158ha).
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features A shallow lagoon approximately 800m wide lies between the continuous
fringing reef at the head of the bay from the shore. It is grooved and cut by numerous surge
channels and this section of reef offers a valuable refuge to a host of large and small reef
fishes. The climate is determined by two alternating monsoons, or seasonal winds, the strong
dry winds of the south-east monsoon blow from May to October and the erratic north-west
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
monsoon, alternating between periods of calm, terrific squalls and torrential rains, blows from
December to March; November and April are the transitory months. The mean annual
temperature ranges from 24° to 30°C and relative humidity is always high, averaging 75-80%.
Vegetation The shallow reef-flat is covered by a variety of seaweeds including
stalked Turbinaria.
Fauna Hawksbill turtle Eretmochelys imbricata (E) breed here and there is an abundant reef
fish fauna. Pillai et al. (1973) have described some of the corals found in this area; Salm (1977)
also gives a brief description of the reefs. Reef development is not extensive and there are few
living corals. The deeper reefs fringing the rocky headlands are in very good condition,
comprising soft corals (Alcyonaria) anchored on dead Porites colonies (Salm, 1977 and
UNEP/IUCN, in prep.). Salm (1977) describes these soft coral communities found in the bay
as the best on Mahé.
Conservation Management This park was primarily established both for maintenance of an
area of natural beauty for the benefit of the general public, including tourists, and to protect
the reef to maintain its value for tourism. A draft management plan covering both Baie
Ternay and Port Launay has been drawn up (Wilson, 1980) and lays increased emphasis on
other aspects of nature conservation, but this plan has yet to be fully implemented. The park
boundaries currently exclude the beaches to allow recreational activities to continue. It has
been proposed (Salm, 1977) that they be incorporated into the park and provisions for
recreation developed.
Zoning No information
Disturbances or Deficiencies To date, lack of trained personnel, equipment and houses has
meant that there is no enforcement of park regulations. There is some poaching of corals,
shells and hawksbill turtles, though numbers taken within the protected area are lower than
outside the boundaries (Mortimer, 1985). Since early 1983, the second and largest National
Youth Service camp has been sited next to the Bay which has effectively closed the bay to the
general public. There is some fishing with handlines and traps and some seine netting of
mackerel by staff and students. The treated sewage (stored in three oxidation ponds) from the
settlement is discharged into the enclosed bay; the precise impact of this has yet to be assessed.
Some of the existing mangrove swamp has been lost to reclaimation.
Visitor Facilities Popular for swimming and snorkelling, being easily accessible from
Beauvallon. Glass bottomed boats are available for hire.
Scientific Research General survey by a group from Galway University.
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
° Mortimer, J.A. (1985). Marine turtles in the Republic of the Seychelles, status and
management. IUCN/WWF, Gland, Switzerland.
° Pillai, C.S.G., Vine, P.J. and Scheer, G. (1973). Bericht uber eine Korallensammlung von
den Seychellen. Zool. Jb. Syst. 100: 45-465.
° Salm, R.V. (1977). A guide to snorkelling and diving in Seychelles. Octavian Books,
London. 60 pp.
° Salm, R.V. (1978). Conservation of Marine Resources in Seychelles. IUCN/WWF report,
Morges, Switzerland.
° Wilson, R. (1980). Baie Ternay National Park, Port Launay National Park and the La Plaine
intertidal swamp - a draft management plan (mimeo).
° UNEP/IUCN (in prep.). Directory of Coral Reefs of International Importance. Volume 2.
Indian Ocean.
Staff None
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Seychelles
Budget None
Local Park or Reserve Administration No information
Date June 1983
CURIEUSE MARINE NATIONAL PARK
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 4.16.13 (Seychelles and Amirantes Islands)
Legal Protection The collection of seashells is prohibited under the protection of shells
Ordinance (Cap.138) of 1965. Curieuse is also listed as a protected breeding site under the
Turtle Protection Act, under which it is illegal to hunt turtles in the sea area 1,000m from the
high water mark.
Date Established Declared a marine national park in 1979 by Statutory Instrument No. 55,
Curieuse Marine National Park (Designation) Order. Protective regulations under this act have
been drafted and will be introduced when designation is complete.
Geographical Location Comprises the irregular-shaped Curieuse Island and its surrounding
waters, including the outlying St Pierre Islet and the channel between the island and Anse
Boudin, up to high water mark along the north-east coast of Praslin. 4°16’-4°18’S, 55°43’E.
Altitude 30m below sea level to 172m
Area 1,470ha total (of which 283ha is marine)
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features Comprises the rugged granitic island of Curieuse (2.83 ha), which rises to
Curieuse peak (172m); St Pierre Islet at the south-west extreme of the park; the northern
coastline of Praslin from Chevalier Point in the west to Pointe Zanguilles in the east; and the
marine channel between the islands. The marine part of the park ranges from shallow water
reefs, exposed at low tide, to a 30m drop-off. The major habitats are, deep patch reefs, algal
reef flats, mangrove swamp, intertidal rocky shore and sandy beaches, and wooded slopes. The
low-lying area on the eastern side of Curieuse has been cultivated and there are several coconut
plantations there. A causeway has been constructed across the mouth of Larai Bay on
Curieuse, creating a small enclosed lagoon known as Turtle Pond.
Vegetation The island is significant as one of only two islands where the
coco-de-mer Lodoicea maldivica grows naturally (the other locality is Vallée de Mai on Praslin
Island where it is much more extensive). It is also the principal locality for the endemic
vine Toxocarpus schimperianus. Some of the finest specimens of the Northea seychellarum are
to be found behind Baie La Raie. In the lagoon formed behind the causeway, a patch of
Mangrove swamp is developing, characterised by Rhizophora mucronata, Lumnitzera
sp., Sonneratia sp. and Xylocarpus sp.. A new species of banana Gastonia sp. was discovered
on the island in 1982.
Fauna Land birds common to the Seychelles which are known from the park include:
Seychelles sunbird Nectarinia dussumieri and thick-billed bulbul Hypsipetes crassirostris,
together with certain seabirds, such as fairy tern Gygis alba. A population of some 300 giant
tortoises Geochelone gigantea (R) introduced from Aldabra breed successfully on the island.
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
About 20 to 40 female hawksbill turtles Eretmochelys imbricata (E) regularly use the beaches
on Curieuse during the breeding season. Brahminy blind-snake Ramphotyphlops braminus and
at least one species of caecilian can be found. Lizards include Phelsuma astriata, P. sunbergi,
Gehyra mutilata, Mabuya sechellensis and Scelotes gardineri. The marine section has good
coral growth, especially around St Pierre Islet, which is well known for its tubular coral
colonies, and Anse Petit Coeur on the west side of Pointe Zanguilles on Praslin. Most
noticeable are colonies of blue-tipped Acropora, mauve or brown staghorn and
pink Pocillopora. The fish life is remarkably rich and varied. Many large angelfish and
groupers lurk with the soldierfish Holocentrus sp. around the caves in the pitted bases of larger
boulder corals. Curieuse was once well-known for its abundant molluscs, octopi and lobsters,
but there numbers have declined and the crab population in the mangrove areas are only now
recovering; the land crab Cardiosoma is still abundant on the coastal strip.
Population Curieuse is still inhabited and cultivated, though the number of people living here
has fallen.
Conservation Management Much management activity has been directed towards
rehabilitation of burnt over and severely eroded slopes. A draft management plan was
prepared in 1979.
Zoning Divided in to three main zones, Conservation, by far the most extensive including the
badly burnt hillsides which are being restored; Agricultural, including commercial forest (the
fertile land by the ex-leper colony has been earmarked for a fruit farm and piggery); and
Tourism, there is a proposal to turn the old doctor’s house into an information centre and to
have some chalet-style hotel development.
Disturbances or Deficiencies Some areas of the island have been badly burnt and extensive
anti-erosion work in the form of contour drains, and Casuarina plantations are visible. The
eastern Peninsula was particularly badly damaged by a fire in 1967, the vegetation was
decimated and there were no signs of regeneration four years later (Procter, 1971) as the native
plants appear insufficiently resilient to recover. It is probable that in their search for boat
building material, the government will want to exploit the fine stands of
takamaka Callophyllum inophyllum. There have been various proposals to drain the marshes
and develop them for vegetable farms. If this happens, the most suitable site for starting a
second colony of Seychelles paradise flycatcher will be lost. Some of the families living on the
Praslin side continue to illegally hunt hawksbill turtle, but the numbers lost are lower than
from areas outside the park boundaries (Mortimer, 1985).
Visitor Facilities Facilities are planned, particularly in the Anse St. Jose/Caiman plateau
area. Two areas are also designated swimming zones.
Scientific Research The introduced giant tortoise Geochelone gigantea population is being
closely monitored as well as its impact on the vegetation. A tagging programme for female
hawksbill turtles during the breeding season was initiated in 1981 (Mortimer, 1985). Some
preliminary terrestrial plant surveys have also been carried out.
Special Scientific Facilities No information
Principal Reference Material
° Frazier, J, (1974). Sea turtles in Seychelles. Biol. Conserv. 6: 71-73.
° Mortimer, J.A. (1985). Marine turtles in the Republic of the Seychelles, status and
management. IUCN/WWF, Gland, Switzerland.
° Republic of Seychelles (1978). Praslin 1 and 3, 1:10,000 scale map prepared by the British
Governments Ministry of Overseas Development (Directorate of Overseas Surveys). Series
Y851 (D.O.S. 204).
° Salm, R.V. (1977). A guide to snorkelling and diving in Seychelles. Octavian books.
London. 60 pp.
° Salm, R.V. (1978). Conservation of marine resources in Seychelles. Report on current status
and future management. JUCN/WWF report, Gland, Switzerland.
° Wilson, J.R. (1979). The Curieuse National Park, A Draft Management Plan.
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Seychelles
Staff One senior park ranger, one park ranger grade 11, and eight labourers
Budget Curieuse is within the park system administered by the Conservation Division, which
has a total annual budget of 600,000 SR (US$90,000)
Local Park or Reserve Administration No information
Date June 1983
PORT LAUNAY MARINE NATIONAL PARK
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 4.16.13 (Seychelles and Amirantes Islands)
Legal Protection The Port Launay Marine National Park Regulations 1981 detail how the
park may and may not be used. Damage of sandbank, reef, rock or area of seashore or
foreshore, or the killing, capturing or damaging of wildlife (alive or dead), or the removal of
any material from the seabed is prohibited. It is illegal to disturb marine turtles in any way,
and the area is also a declared fishing reserve.
Date Established Designated as a marine national park in 1979 by Statutory Instrument No.
56, Port Launay Marine National Park (Designation Order).
Geographical Location A cove on the south-west coast of Mahé Iland. 4°39’S, 55°23’E.
Altitude From sea level to 20m depth
Area 158ha contiguous to the wholly terrestrial Morne Seychellois National Park (3,045ha)
and on the other side of Ternay Bluff to Baie Ternay Marine National Park (80ha).
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features A sheltered cove with a primarily rocky shoreline with sandy beaches.
Reefs fringe the rocky shores at either end of the beach, comprising boulder type coral,
with Porites spp. dominant; characteristic of areas of calm sea and erratic temperature and
salinity. The back-reef zones are shallow and covered by the stalked seaweed Turbinaria. The
climate is determined by two alternating monsoons, or seasonal winds. The strong dry winds of
the south-east monsoon blow from May to October and the erratic north-west monsoon,
alternating between periods of calm, terrific squalls and torrential rains, blows from December
to March; November and April are the transitory months. The mean annual temperature varies
from 24°-30°C, while the relative humidity is always high, averaging 75-80%.
Vegetation Mangrove forests characterised by genera such as Avicennia, Rhizophora,
Bruguiera, Xylocarpus, and Ceriops fringe the steep forested coastal slopes. Turbinaria spp.
cover the back-reef zone.
Fauna Seychelles blue pigeon Alectroenus pulcherrima occurs in the coastal mangroves (Feare,
1973). Reef development is not extensive and living corals are few. Pillai et al. (1973) have
described some of the corals found in this area. Salm (1977) also gives a brief description of
the reefs. The deeper reefs fringing the rocky headlands are in very good condition,
comprising soft corals (Alcyonaria) anchored on dead Porites colonies (Salm, 1977 and
UNEP/IUCN, in prep.). According to the management plan, however, coral growth is poor in
comparison with Baie Ternay and Ste. Anne.
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Conservation Management This park was primarily established to maintain an area of natural
beauty for the benefit of the general public, including tourists. A draft management plan
covering both Baie Ternay and Port Launay has been drawn up (Wilson, 1980) and lays
increased emphasis or other aspects of nature conservation, but this plan has yet to be fully
implemented. Since the establishment of the first National Youth Service (NYS) camp at Port
Launay, access to the area by the general public has been limited.
Zoning No information
Disturbances or Deficiencies Some fishing with handline and traps and even some seine
netting (mostly mackerel) is carried out by the NYS staff and students. Poaching of marine
turtles is still a problem (Mortimer, 1985). According to the management plan, because the bay
is sheltered from the prevailing winds it is frequently used as an anchorage. The mangrove
area receives no formal protection.
Visitor Facilities No information
Scientific Research None
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
° Feare, C.J. (1973). The utilisation of mangroves by Seychelles birds. Short communication.
Edward Grey Institute of Field Ornithology, Oxford.
° Mortimer, J.A. (1985). Marine Turtles in the Republic of the Seychelles, status and
management. IUCN/WWF, Gland, Switzerland.
Pillai, C.S.G., Vine, P.J. and Scheer, G. (1973). Bericht uber eine Korallensammlung von
den Seychellen. Zool. Jb. Syst. 100: 45-465.
° Salm, R.V. (1977). A guide to snorkelling and diving in Seychelles. Octavian Books,
London. 60 pp.
° Salm, R.V.(1978). Conservation of marine resources in Seychelles. JUCN/WWF Report.
Gland, Switzerland.
° Wilson, R. (1980). Baie Ternay National Park, Port Launay National Park and the La Plaine
intertidal swamp - draft management plan (mimeo.).
UNEP/IUCN (in prep.). Directory of Coral Reefs of International Importance. Volume 2.
Indian Ocean.
°
Staff None
Budget None
Local Park or Reserve Administration No information
Date 1983
SAINT ANNE MARINE NATIONAL PARK
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 4.16.13 (Seychelles and Amirantes Islands)
Legal Protection The Ste. Anne Marine National Park Regulations 1973 details how the park
may and may not be used. For example areas are demarcated for swimmers, and water-skiing
within the park is prohibited. The regulations make it unlawful to kill or disturb "living things
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Seychelles
or their habitats", with a few exceptions for residents and management needs. These
regulations were brought into force in 1975 by the Ste. Anne Marine National Park
(Commencement) Notice. It is illegal to disturb marine turtles in any way.
Date Established Declared a marine national park in 1973 by Statutory Instrument No. 21, the
National Park (Ste. Anne Marine) Designation Order.
Geographical Location A group of six granitic islands, some five kilometres due east of
Victoria, the Capital of Seychelles, on Mahé Island. 4°35’S, 55°30°E.
Altitude 30m below sea level to 250m A
Area 1,423ha, all the surrounding reefs and seas between the islands forming part of the park.
Land Tenure The islands of Saint Anne, Round, and Long are government owned, while the
islands of Moyenne, Cerf and Le Cachée are privately owned; the marine area is part of the
Seychelles Territorial Sea.
Physical Features A group of six small rugged granitic islands (Saint Anne, Round, Long,
Moyenne, Cerf and Le Cachée), together with adjacent reefs and sea. The Saint Anne channel
is the deepest part, down to about 30m, while Saint Anne island rises to some 250m above
sea-level. Habitats to be found within the park include: exposed and fringing reefs, patch
reefs, coral encrusted granite boulders, sandflats and seagrass beds, intertidal rocks and sandy
beaches.
Vegetation Among some of the dead reefs are fairly extensive beds of Sargassum seaweeds.
The seagrass Thalassia hemprichii is to be found between Round Island and Cerf. The islands
are mainly covered by secondary vegetation, with coconut Cocos nucifera the most common
tree. On the north-east side of Saint Anne, there is a very steep and rocky area which still has
fine stands of the native palm Phoenicophorium and various Pandanus species.
Fauna No information
Conservation Management There are seven areas of delicate shallow water coral reefs which
were to be administered as viewing areas only, anchoring and fishing being prohibited.
However, it has not been easy to demarcate these sites, even though most of the glass bottom
boat operators (the main park users) know these areas well.
Zoning Shallow water reef areas, defined in a schedule to the regulations, are set aside for
viewing only. Two of the areas are on the coast of Saint Anne, one to the north west, and the
other southeast. The other five areas are on the north western side of the other group of
islands.
Disturbances or Deficiencies In the past, shell collecting caused some damage to the corals.
Many of the reefs have been killed by unknown causes in addition to siltation resulting from
the dredging in Port Victoria and the construction work at Seychelles International Airport on
Mahé. The planned construction of a fisheries harbour, combined with the east coast road
scheme, will aggravate the problem. The main problem is persistent poaching by two or three
families from the Les Mamelles area on Mahé. The ranger staff are youthful and have not
been formally trained, hampering efficient protection. Due to the strong south-east monsoon
winds, the park boundary buoys have to be renewed every year, which can be quite a major
exercise.
Visitor Facilities The reefs attract numerous visitors and there are several glass bottom boats
available for hire. For a long time there have been plans to construct an oceanarium. This
seems unlikely to be realised for many years.
Scientific Research Some studies on the growth rate of sea urchins. The Fisheries Division
has monitoring the fish catches from the licensed fishermen in the past. Since 1981, a
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programme has been underway to tag~ hawksbill turtles and to count tracks. The
starfish Acanthaster population is being monitored.
Special Scientific Facilities No information
Principal Reference Material
° Mortimer, J.A. (1985). Marine Turtles in the Republic of the Seychelles, status and
management. IUCN/WWF, Gland, Switzerland.
° Robertson, I.J.B. (1972). Seychelles Marine National Parks. IUCN/WWF report No. 726,
Gland, Switzerland.
Salm, R.V. (1978). Conservation of marine resources in Seychelles. IUCN Publication
Salm, R.V. (1976). A guide to snorkelling and diving in Seychelles. Octavian Books,
London. 60 pp.
° Salm, R.V. (1978) Conservation of Marine Resources in the Seychelles. IUCN/WWF Report
° Stoddart, D.R. (Ed.) (1984). Biogeography and ecology of the Seychelles Islands. Dr. W.
Junk Publishers, The Hague.
Taylor, J.D. (1968). Coral reef and associated invertebrate communities (mainly molluscan)
around Mahé, Seychelles. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. (8)254: 129-206.
° UNEP/IUCN (in prep.). Directory of Coral Reefs of International Importance. Volume 2.
Indian Ocean.
Staff Two park rangers grade I, and two park rangers grade II. The two labourers formerly
attached to the park have since been transferred to the National Youth Service village.
Budget Falls within the budget of the Conservation Section, which has a total budget of
600,000 SR (US$90,000) per annum. On average, about 150,000 SR (US$22,000) are collected
as entrance fees to the park every year.
Local Park or Reserve Administration No information
Date June 1983
ALDABRA ATOLL
Management Category I (Strict Nature Reserve)
World Heritage Site (Criteria: ii, iii, iv)
Biogeographical Province 3.24.13 (Comores Islands and Aldabra)
Legal Protection Protective regulations under the 1971 act have been drafted (Aldabra Special
Reserve Regulations, 1981) and signed, and will be introduced when designation is complete.
Previously, only partial protection for specified animals was provided. The reserve extends to
1km below the high water mark.
Date Established 17 February 1976 as a Strict Nature Reserve under the Protection and
Preservation of Wild Life Ordinance, 1970 (BIOT). Designated as a Special Reserve by
Designation of Special Reserve (Aldabra) Order, 1981. Accepted as a World Heritage Site in
1982.
Geographical Location An atoll north of the Mozambique Channel, 420km north-west of
Madagascar and 640km east of the East African mainland. 9°25’S, 46°25’E.
Altitude Most of the reserve is less than 3m above sea level.
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Seychelles
Area 35,000ha (18,800ha land, 2,000ha mangrove, and 14,200ha sea)
Land Tenure Government, administered by the Seychelles Island Foundation. The Royal
Society acquired a 14 year lease in 1976 from the Government of the British Indian Ocean
Territory. This was then taken over in 1980 by the Seychelles Islands Foundation, a charitable
trust established under the Seychelles Islands Foundation Decree 1979.
Physical Features Aldabra is a classic coral atoll, 34km long by maximum of 14.5km wide,
which has been built up from the seabed. It consists of four main islands of coral limestone
separated by narrow passes and enclosing a large shallow lagoon. Most of the land surface
comprises on ancient coral reef (about 125,000 years old) now raised above sea-level, the rest
being even older reef limestones. The lagoon, which covers some 15,000ha, contains many
smaller islands and the entire atoll is surrounded by an outer reef. Geomorphological processes
have produced a varied topography, generally rugged, which supports a variety of habitats with
a relatively rich biota for an oceanic island, and a high degree of endemicity. Over much of
the surface of the islands, weathering has led to dissection of the limestones into holes and pits,
though at the eastern end the surface is more continuous on upraised lagoonal sediments.
Along the coast are undercut limestone cliffs, with a perched beach and sand dunes on the
southern (windward) coast. Marine habitats range from coral reefs to mangrove mudflats with
minimal human impact. Tidal range is more than 3m, which can lead to strong channel
currents. The climate is semi-arid with a pronounced wet season from November to April.
Average annual rainfall 1200mm, though this is very variable.
Vegetation The terrestrial flora is exceptionally rich for a small coral island, with 273 species
of flowering plant and fern. Much of the land is covered with dense Pemphis acidula thicket
and other shrubs. There are 19 endemic species including Peponium sublitorale (R), which is
only known on the south island. A further 22 species are shared only with neighbouring
islands. Many of these plants are considered to be threatened. Mangroves surround the lagoon,
and inshore waters also support sea-grass meadows.
Fauna This island group is one of the few areas of the world where reptiles dominate the
terrestrial fauna, with the largest world population (152,000) of giant tortoise Geochelone
gigantea (R), which appears to be self-sustaining. Green turtle Chelonia mydas (E) breed here,
with approximately 1,000 females laying annually. There are 13 species of terrestrial birds
including the last representative of the western Indian Ocean flightless birds - the Aldabran
rail Dryolimnas cuvieri aldabranus (about 5,000 individuals) with two endemic Aldabran
forms. There are two endemic birds, the Aldabra warbler Nesillas aldabranus (E) (restricted to
10ha of coastal tall scrub and possibly the most endangered bird in the world, as only five birds
have been seen since its discovery in 1968 (Collar and Stuart, 1985), and the Aldabran
drongo Dicrurus aldabranus (1,500 birds inhabit the scrub, mangrove and Casuarina on
Aldabra), and some endemic subspecies including the Aldabra white-throated rail. There is a
population of about 8000 birds of this flightless race, which does not seem seriously threatened
by the feral cats. The islands are important breeding grounds for thousands of seabirds,
including several thousand each of red-tailed tropicbird Phaethon rubricauda and white-tailed
tropicbird P. /epturus, hundreds of masked booby Sula dactylatra, several thousand red-footed
booby S. sula, some Abbott’s booby S. leucogaster, and thousands each of greater
frigatebird Fregata minor and lesser frigatebird F. ariel. There are also thousands of nesting
terns (Feare, 1984). The only endemic mammal is a flying fox. So far about 1,000 species of
insect have been recorded, many of them new and endemic forms.
Conservation Management The atoll is managed by four subcommittees (Management,
Scientific Advisory, Finance and Appeal) set up under the Seychelles Island Foundation. The
history of conservation at Aldabra is fully described in Stoddart (1971). The present
requirement is to maintain the policy of minimum human interference while continuing the
research/monitoring programme. Particular attention must be directed towards the ecology of
exotic species to provide a basis for future management. Successive national development plans
stress provision for the economic development of the outer islands of the Seychelles. The
Seychelles Islands Foundation/Royal Society document ’A management plan for Aldabra’, has
been accepted by the Government of Seychelles as a guideline for the future management of
the atoll.
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Zoning 1km coastal protection zone
Disturbances or Deficiencies The mangroves and populations of turtles, fish and tortoises
have recovered from past exploitation, however, the difficulties of effective patrolling of the
atoll and easy access by sea threatens the integrity of the reserve through unauthorised export
of tortoises and turtles, disturbance of seabird colonies and other wildlife, and the hazard of
fire. Rats, cats and goats have been introduced and established. Goats increased fourfold
between 1977 and 1982 and their eradication from Middle Island is urgently needed, as they
are destroying habitat, particularly of the highly endangered Aldabra warbler. Prys-Jones
(1979) recommeded that no east-west paths should be cut on this island, to try and limit goat or
tortoise encroachment. Attempts have been made to control the spread of exotic plants. The
maintenance of conservation interest, and realisation of full scientific value of the site, is
dependent upon the ability of the Foundation to support adequate wardening staff and a
functioning research station. The Foundation is wholly dependent upon subscription and
donation income, and shortage of funds, is therefore, a potential danger. Development is
restricted to small-scale tourism, deep-sea fishing and limited exploitation of some natural
resources.
Scientific Research An intensive research effort covering the whole atoll has been in
operation since 1967. Particular mention should be made of the survey and monitoring of the
tortoise and turtle populations initiated in 1982 (funded by WWF), and the study made on the
Aldabra warbler by Prys-Jones (1979).
Special Scientific Facilities A fully-equipped research station was established by the Royal
Society in 1971, and is maintained by the Foundation to whom they donated it in 1980. The
Seychelles Government maintains a meteorological station. Accommodation and a network of
field stations is available for a maximum of 15 scientists.
Principal Reference Material
Two main sources for bibliography are: Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 260 (1971), and Phil.
Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 286. (1979). (The latter volume contains a map at approximately
1:100,000 with place-names.)
° Directorate of Overseas Surveys Print Laydown (1969). 1:25,000. West sheet and East sheet
DOS (PL SEY) 3099A and 3099B.
° Feare, C.J. (1984). Seabird Status and Conservation in the Tropical Indian Ocean. In:
Croxhall, J.P., Evans, P.G.H. and Schreiber, R.W. (Eds) Status and Conservation of the
World’s seabirds. ICBP, Cambridge.
° IUCN/WWF Project 1784. Seychelles, Aldabra Island.
° Prys-Jones, R.P. (1979). The ecology and conservation of the Aldabra_ brush
warbler Nesillas aldabranus. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond. B 286: 211-224.
° Stoddart, D.R. (1971). ’Settlement, development and conservation of Aldabra’, Phil. Trans.
R. Soc. Lond. B 260: 611-628.
° Stoddart, D.R. (1976). Publications resulting from the Royal Society Research Programme at
Aldabra and nearby islands, 1967-1976. Aldabra Research Committee, the Royal Society
ALD/13(76). 10 pp. (List of over 140 references).
° Stoddart, D.R. and Ferrari, J.D. (1983). Aldabra Atoll. Nature and Resources 19(1): 20-28.
° Stoddart, D.R. and Morris, M.G. (1980). A management plan for Aldabra. (Draft, 59 pp
including many diagrams and maps).
° World Heritage Nomination (1981). Aldabra Atoll.
Staff Warden appointed by the Seychelles Island Foundation in 1982 and funded by WWF,
with 10-12 resident Foundation employees.
Budget 1981 - US$534,000 raised in the 1979 appeal. 1982 - £45,000 annual grant one-third
of which was provided by the Seychelles Government.
Local Park or Reserve Administration The Chairman, Seychelles Islands Foundation, c/o
Department of Agriculture and Land Use, PO Box 54, Mahé.
Date 1984
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Seychelles
VALLEE DE MAI NATURE RESERVE
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
World Heritage Site (Criteria: i, ii, iii, iv)
Biogeographical Province 4.16.13 (Seychelles and Amirantes Islands)
Legal Protection Well protected within reserve
Date Established 18 April 1966 as a nature reserve under the Wild Birds Protection (Nature
Reserves) Regulation S.I. No. 27. Further protection under the National Parks and Nature
Conservancy Act (Cap. 159) S.I. No. 57 of 1979, Praslin National Park (Designation) Order of
1979, and the Coco-de-mer Management Decree 1978. Inscribed as a World Heritage Site in
1983.
Geographical Location Within Praslin National Park on Praslin Island, 50km north-east of
Mahé in the Seychelles. 4°19’S, 55°44’E.
Altitude Close to sea level to approximately 500m
Area 18ha, within Praslin National Park (675ha)
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features A valley close to sea-level in the north-eastern portion of Praslin National
Park on the granitic island of Praslin. The streams originating in the valley feed into Nouvelle
De-Couverte River which flows eastward through the national park, joining the sea to the
north of Fonde de |l’Anse. The other principal river in the park, Fond B’Offay, flows
westward into Baie Sainte Anne. This area survived untouched until the 1930’s and still retains
some palm forest in a near natural state.
Vegetation Four principal vegetation types have been identified from Praslin, three of which
occur in the Vallée de Mai area. 1) Lowland forest (30-180m) once dominated by large timber
trees such as Mimusops sp. and Eugenia spp. but, following human settlement, now comprises
well developed secondary forest with the endemic palm Phoenicophorium borsigianum,
cinnamon Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Dodonaea viscosa, mango Mangifera indica, Sideroxylon
ferrugineum, and Randia lancifolia; 2) intermediate palm forest (30-500m), unique within the
Seychelles being the only area where five of the endemic palm species occur together. 3)
Vallée de Mai, with the monospecific palms Deckenia nobilis, P. borsigiana,
coco-de-mer Lodoicea maldivica (V) (bearer of the largest seed in the Plant
Kingdom), Verschaffeltia splendida and Nephrosperma vanhoutteana (all endemic to the
Seychelles), together with Pandanus spp., Dillenia sp., and Adenanthera pavonina; 4) eroded
land (100-500m), resulting from burning and subsequent soil erosion, has been recolonised
by Randia lancifolia, P. borsigiana, Dodonaea sp., and Dillenia ferruginea, or planted with
*coco plum’ Chrysobalanus icaco, mahogony Swietenia sp., and lemon grass Cymbopogon
citratus in an attempt to stabilise the substrate - it previously supported intermediate and
lowland forest. In addition to the palms, a further 28 endemic species of plants have been
identified on the island, including Toxocarpus schimperianus (E), a species of vine once
thought extinct and then believed to exist only on Curieuse island. Takamaka Callophyllum
inophyllum and calice du pape Tabebuia pallida are two of the species introduced to the island.
Fauna The most noteworthy bird (with a population of 90 in 1976) is the endemic subspecies
of black parrot Coracopsis nigra barklyi (E), restricted to Praslin Island and totally dependent
on the Vallée de Mai and surrounding palm forest. Other birds include: African barn owl Tyto
alba affinis, Seychelles bulbul Hypsipetes crassirostris, blue pigeon Alectroenas pulcherrima,
sunbird Nectarinia dussamieri, and cave-nesting swiftlet Collocalia francica elaphra. There
are few mammal species on the island, apart from the endemic Seychelles flying fox Pteropus
seychellensis (which roosts in the reserve), Coleura seychellensis (seen regularly) and the
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
insectivorous tenrec Tenrec ecaudatus, introduced to the Seychelles from Madagascar. Reptiles
include the endemic chameleon Chamaeleo tigris, Seychelles house snake Boaedon geometricus,
Seychelles wolf snake Lycognathophis seychellensis and blind snake Ramphotyphlops braminus,
green geckos Phelsuma sundbergi and Phelsuma astriata, bronze gecko Ailuronyx sechellensis,
skinks Mabuya sechellensis, Scelotes gardineri, and Scelotes braueri. Six species of caecilians
are known to occur in the deep beds of moist humus, but they are only rarely seen. The
stream contains freshwater crab Dekenia allaudi, the large freshwater prawn Macrobacium lar,
shrimp Caridina sp. and the only species of freshwater fish endemic to the Seychelles, the
gourgeon Pachypanchax playfairi. The two endemic snails known to occur are brown
snail Stylodonta studeriana and blackfish snail Pachnodus arnatus.
Population None within the Vallée de Mai, but a settlement has grown up beside the road
bisecting the national park from east to west.
Conservation Management The Nature Reserve is completely surrounded by the Praslin
National Park, a multiple use management area mainly devoted to timber production and
rehabilitation of eroded land. Access within the reserve is restricted to a carefully designed
system of paths. Policies are decided by the Seychelles National Environment Commission and
a draft management plan, which includes the reserve, has been prepared for the Praslin
National Park. Under present conditions, the palm forest must be maintained by direct human
manipulation with the collection and planting of the coco-de-mer seeds before they are stolen
to be sold.
Zoning The reserve itself is a strictly protected zone within Praslin National Park.
Disturbances or Deficiencies There has been exploitation of timber and planting of exotics
such as coffee, patchouli Pogostemon cablin, Albizzia falcataria, Cinnamomium zeylanicum,
Psidium cattleianum and Philodendron sp., but much of the Vallée has been replanted with
endemic palms. Attempts to remove dead vegetation have led to erosion but remaining litter is
suggested to constitute a fire hazard. Collection of coco-de-mer nuts needs to be controlled so
that a certain proportion are allowed to germinate, and the registration system now
implemented for selling nuts seems to facilitate this. The national park enclosing the valley
constitutes a multiple-use zone; a road bisects it providing a transport route for the tea
plantation in the south of the park, and there is a village settlement within the boundaries. In
1984 there were intentions to construct a government road through the valley, but the plans
have been shelved (Willis, 1984). A potential problem is that the area does not include the
whole water catchment and the human population of Praslin is growing rapidly.
Visitor Facilities | Access to the valley is on foot along marked trails from the road, which
divides the national park in two, where it passes the mouth of the valley.
Scientific Research Some work has been done by individuals on the black parrot and on palm
geckos and a University Expedition to the island (Ascroft 1976 and 1977) studied forest
regeneration, Seychelles fruit bat, tenrecs and black parrot. The palm forests are of great
botanical interest.
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
Ascroft, D.R. et al. (1976). Aberdeen University Expedition to Praslin Island, Seychelles,
Summer 1976. Preliminary Report.
Lionnet, G. (1956). The Vallée de Mai and the coc-de-mer Palm. Principles 19: 134-138.
Lionnet, G. (1974). The Romance of a palm: coco-de-mer. 3rd ed, Victoria.
Procter, J. (1975). The Vallée de Mai information leaflet.
Willis, D. (1984). The wild sanctuaries of the Seychelles. Swara 7(4): 24-27.
Wilson, J.R. (1980). The Praslin National Park, A Draft Management Plan.
Staff Staff of the Forestry and Conservation Division
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Seychelles
Budget Included in Forestry and Conservation Divisions recurrent budget
Local Park or Reserve Administration Conservation Officer, c/o Ministry of National
Development, PO Box 53, Mahé.
Date June 1983
ARIDE ISLAND SPECIAL RESERVE
Management Category I (Strict Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 4.16.13 (Seychelles and Amirantes Island)
Legal Protection The Aride Island Special Reserve Regulations 1979 (S.I. No. 92) define what
is allowable within the reserve. Also listed as protected breeding site under the Turtle
Protection Act, under which it is illegal to hunt turtles in the sea area 1,000m from the high
water mark.
Date Established Aride was purchased in 1973 by Christopher Cadbury for the Royal Society
for Nature Conservation (formerly the Society for the Promotion of Nature Reserves).
Declared a Special Reserve 17 June 1975 by the National Parks and Nature Conservancy
(Designation of Special Reserve) (Aride Island) Order.
Geographical Location Aride is the northernmost granitic island of the Seychelles group some
nine kilometers north-north-east of Praslin Island. 4°08’S, 55°40’E.
Altitude Sea level to 134m
Area 70ha
Land Tenure Royal Society for Nature Conservation (RSNC), United Kingdom.
Physical Features Some 90% of the crescent-shaped island is occupied by a rugged hill rising
to 134m, while the remaining area is a flat coastal plain (plateau) not more than 4m above high
tide level. The fairly exposed fringing coral reefs around the island, notable for the spur and
groove formations found near the landing stage, have been proposed for inclusion in the park.
Vegetation The vegetation of the Aride hill is largely free of exotic plant species and is the
most natural and undisturbed of any of the small islands in the Seychelles. Since the coppicing
of Pisonia grandis stopped in 1975, it has grown quickly to become the dominant species.
Aride is reknowned as the only known locality of Wright’s gardenia Rothmania annae. Other
significant species include various Ficus species, "Bois du Lait’ Euphorbia pysifolia and *Liane
sans famille’ Tatsia bijuga, Hernandia ovigera, Morinda citrifolia, Barringtonia asiatica,
Tournefortia argentea and Hibiscus tiliaceus. There is also an extensive stand of cultivated
banana Musa sp. and the small freshwater swamp is dominated by coco yam.
Fauna Aride is the home of over a million pairs of seabirds comprising 11 species and boasts
the world’s largest colonies of both the lesser noddy Anous stolidus and roseate tern Sterna
dougalli. It is the only place in granitic Seychelles where the red-tailed tropic bird Phaeton
rubricauda is still breeding, though only in low numbers. Among the other seabirds to be seen
are: fairy tern Gygis alba, black noddy Anous tenuirostris, bridled tern Sterna anaethetus, sooty
tern Sterna fuscata, white-tailed tropic bird Phaeton lepturus, wedge-tailed
shearwater Puffinus pacificus, Audubon shearwater Puffinus iherminieri, Lesser frigate
bird Fregata ariel, and greater frigate bird Fregata minor. It also has a single male magpie
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
robin Copsychus sechellarum, the sole survivor of two attempts to establish a second breeding
population from Fregate Island. Its marsh and plateau are the best sites for observing the
endemic moorhen Gallinula chloropus seychellarum; apart from this, there are no other native
land birds surviving on the island (Diamond and Feare, 1980). A small number of hawksbill
turtles Eretmochelys imbricata (E) nest on the beach. At least two species of skink are known
from the island, occuring in large numbers. They are the principal predators of the sea birds’
eggs and young chicks. Lizards include: Mabuya sechellensis, Mabuya wrightii, Scelores
gardineri, Ailuronyx sechellensis, Phyllodactylus inexpectatus, Phelsuma astriata, and snake
species include Lycognathophis seychellensis. Aride is also noted for a particularly brightly
coloured variety of the ultra-marine surgeon fish Acanthurus sp. and fine groves of staghorn
corals.
Population The area immediately surrounding the bay is cultivated, interspersed with small
plantations of coconut and banana. The small farm workforce is also housed in the vicinity of
the bay.
Conservation Management A management plan has been enforced since 1975, but it does not
cover the reefs just outside the currently protected area. The principal management objectives
are to all development of the island’s ecosystems to increase diversity of habitats, maintain the
island’s importance for seabirds, conserve native trees, protect coral reefs and marine life,
education and research. No agriculture is carried out on the hills and certain areas such as the
Frigate bird colony and red-tailed tropic bird nest are out of bounds. A network of footpaths
is maintained. It has been proposed that the marine area up to a distance of 300m from the
shore be declared a marine park.
Zoning Access to some areas on the island is restricted.
Disturbances or Deficiencies Aride is one of the few islands in the Seychelles which has
remained free from rats, cats and dogs, though since Mus musculus are unfortunately common,
and the reefs are reported to be undamaged. Wildlife protection is hampered by the lack of
trained and motivated staff and there is still some poaching of turtles, though fewer than are
taken from outside the boundaries (Mortimer, 1985). Large numbers of birds eggs are also
collected, both for consumption by the farm employees and for sale on other islands, this has
affected bird numbers. Two plant species, the wild pineapple and the cactus (Opuntia sp.), are
encroaching on the sooty tern colonies.
Visitor Facilities _ The majority of visitors come to the island to see the bird colonies and
considerable revenue is generated through tourism. Bathing is permitted and snorkelling and
diving are considered excellent (Salm, 1977).
Scientific Research There have been studies carried out on the vegetation and the seabird
colonies (summarized by Chongseng, 1985), but there is no programme of continuous
monitoring. Steven Warmer has done a brief survey of the reefs. Tagging of turtles.
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
° Betts, F.N. (1940). The birds of the Seychelles II. The seabirds more particularly those of
Aride Island. Ibis 14(4): 489-504.
° Diamond, A.W. and Feare, C.J. (1980). Past and present biogeography of central Seychelles
birds. Proceedings of the Fourth Pan-African Ornithological Congress: 89-93.
° Mortimer, J.A. (1985). Marine Turtles in the Republic of the Seychelles, status and
managment. IUCN/WWFE, Gland, Switzerland.
° Procter, J. and Feare, C. (1972). Preliminary report on a visit to Aride Island, Seychelles, 28
February to 3 March 1972. Mimeo.
° Salm, R.V. (1977) A guide to snorkelling and diving in the Seychelles. Octavian Books,
London. 60 pp.
° Society for the Promotion of Nature Conservation, Aride Island Nature Reserve, Seychelles
Management Plan (1978).
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Seychelles
° Stoddart, D.R. (Ed.) (1984). Biogeography and Ecology of the Seychelles Islands. Dr. W.
Junk Publishers, The Hague.
® UNEP/IUCN (in prep.). Directory of Coral Reefs of International Importance. Volume 2.
Indian Ocean.
Staff One manager, six labourers, one boatman, one tourist guide
Budget 1982 - expenditure 191,465SR; income 67,800SR
Local Park or Reserve Administration No information
Date 1983
COUSIN ISLAND SPECIAL RESERVE
Management Category I (Strict Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 4.16.13 (Seychelles and Amirantes Islands)
Legal Protection The Cousin Island Special Reserve Regulations (S.I. No. 93) were gazetted in
1979. The marine turtles are further protected under The Turtle Act, which lists Cousin as a
protected breeding site. No turtles to be caught, killed, etc., within 1,000m of the high water
mark. The collection of sea shells is prohibited under the protection of seashells Ordinance
(Cap.138) of 1965.
Date Established Designated as a special reserve by the Seychelles Government in 1975 by the
National Parks and Nature Conservancy (Designation of Special Reserve) (Cousin Island)
Order. However, administered as a bird sanctuary since 1968 under the Wild Animals and
Birds Protection Ordinance 1966.
Geographical Location A small island on the shallow Seychelles Bank, 2.35km
west-south-west of Miller’s Point on Praslin Island. 4°19°S, 55°39°E
Altitude Below sea level to 69m
Area 27ha land area, extends 400m offshore from the high water mark (the former bird
sanctuary only included the island down to high water mark).
Land Tenure Purchased by the International Council for Bird Preservation, British Section in
1968. Responsibility has recently been transferred to ICBP International.
Physical Features The island is approximately rectangular in shape with a group of rocks
(Roche Cannon) located some 200-300m off the north-west point, linked with the main island
by a natural stony causeway which is exposed at low tide. About 80% of the island comprises a
flat, coastal plain of phosphate sandstone on the northern and eastern flanks of the granite hill,
which rises to 69m. The southern and western slopes are rocky and barren, right down to the
shore, while the northern and eastern slopes support dense stands of trees. The north-west,
north, and north-east shores are characterised by beaches of fine white sand, making up some
80% of the shoreline. The seasonal change in wind direction (north-west/south-east) leads to
the constant movement of sand between the east and north coasts, which affects the strand line
vegetation and littoral beach organisms, as well as the marine turtle nesting grounds. During
the north-west monsoon the North Beach is eroded out, exposing banks of beach rock, while
the East Beach develops a wide beach platform; the south-east monsoon reverses this and North
Beach develops a supralittoral beach flat, up to 100m wide. There is also a fringing coral reef
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
surrounding the island which extends, on average, some 200m out from the high water mark.
The only running fresh water on the island is a small, seasonal rivulet carrying run-off from
the hill down the northern slope to the depression near some wells. The climate is humid and
tropical, with a mean annual rainfall of 1,620mm. The highest monthly rainfall occurs between
December and February (north-west monsoon), while May to July is the driest season.
Monthly temperatures range from 24°C to 26°C, being lowest from April to
October/November when the south-east trade winds are at their strongest.
Vegetation The island supports a variety of vegetation types: coastal herb communities
maintained by wind-blown salt-spray, characterised by Boerhavia repens, Passiflora suberosa
and Stenotaphrum dimidiatum; mature Pisonia grandis forest; regenerated Pisonia/Morinda
citrifolia woodland emerging under the abandoned coconut Cocos nucifera plantations on the
coastal plain; Panicum maximus, Cyperus polyphyllus and Fimbrystylis/Bulbostylis
communities on the north and east hillside; Cyperus ligularis and the halophyte Portulaca
oleracea on the south and west hill slopes; dense Euphorbia pyrifolia and Pandanus bal fouri
thickets and open sedge/herb communities on the granite slopes; substantial areas of
mangrove Avicennia marina swamp in the shallow depression, flooded by high spring tides,
between Anse Fregate and Ilot (SW), and a small freshwater marsh. Other notable species
include the halophytes Carica papaya and Scaevola taccata found on the _ beach
crests, Casuarina equisitifolia fringing the beaches, Pandanus multispicatus, Guettarda
speciosa, Ficus mantarum, Ficus avi-avis and Lagresia madagascariensis (previously thought
confined to Roche Cannon, but now recorded on the main island). More than 125 plant species
have been recorded, over half of which are believed to be introduced (Fosberg, 1970), such as
paw paw Carica papaya and castor oil Ricinus communis. By restricting the clearing of
undergrowth, ICBP is hoping to re-establish the original island vegetation, which was thought
to comprise forests of tall Pisonia grandis on the plateau; thickets of Scaevola taccada
and Suriana maritima along the coast, backed by a dense hedge of Cordia subcordata, Guettarta
speciosa and Morinda citrifolia; and dense woods of Morinda and Ficus spp. (Fosberg, 1970).
Fauna Cousin was acquired mainly because it was the home of three threatened endemic land
birds namely: Seychelles brush warbler, Acrocephalus seychellensis (formerly Bebrornis) (R),
Seychelles fody Foudia sechellarum (R), and Seychelles turtle dove Streptopelia picturata
rostrata (E). This latter endemic race is believed to be extinct through hybridisation with the
introduced race. By far the largest biomass is represented by large seabird colonies, including
what is probably the largest breeding colony of the white fairy tern Gygis alba (10,000 in 1980)
in the Seychelles, together with Audubon shearwater Puffinus therminiera (1,000 in 1980),
wedge-tail shearwater P. pacificus (35,000 in 1980), white-tailed tropic birds Phaethon lepturus
(1,000 in 1980), and bridled terns Sterna anaethetus nesting on the hill, while black
noddy Anous tenuirostris (200,000 in 1980) and common noddy A. stolidus (3,000 in 1980)
prefer the coastal plain for their nest sites. In all, some 52 species of bird have been recorded
from Cousin. Other notable species not already listed are, Madagascar fody Foudia
madagascariensis, barn owl Tyto alba, and Indian mynah Acridotheres tristis (introduced
species), Seychelles sunbird Nectarina dussumieri (endemic), great frigate bird Fregata minor
(regular visitor), lesser frigate bird F. ariel, and European hobby Falco subbuteo (migrant).
The only residential mammal is the hare Lepus nigricollis, which was introduced from India in
the 1920s, but fruit bat Pteropus seychellensis commute from neighbouring Praslin to feed on
ripe fruit. All domestic animals surviving from the days when the island was inhabited have
been eliminated. There is an abundance of the skinks Mabuya wrightii, and Scelotes gardineri,
and brown "loose skin" gecko Ailuronyx sechellensis are also fairly common. Cousin is
acknowledged as having one of the largest populations of breeding hawksbill
turtle Eretmochelys imbricata (E) in Seychelles and green turtle Chelonia mydas (E) also breed
here occasionally. Other reptiles are: Seychelles terrapin Pelusios subniger, small green
gecko Phelsuma astriata a small number of reintroduced giant tortoise Geochelone gigantea
(R), Mabuya sechellensis, at least one species of Caecilian and Phyllodactylus inexpectatus.
Over 230 fish species have so far been identified from the reefs (checklist in Frazier and
Polunin, 1973). The most conspicuous invertebrates are the crabs, with three species of ghost
crab Ocypode spp., and hermit crabs Coenobita spp.. Interesting terrestrial invertebrates
include: the giant millipede Scaphiostreptus madcassus, scorpion Isometrus maculatus, an
uncommon species of tail-less whip scorpion Amblypygi which is confined to Cousin, Cousine
and Aride islands, and the Madagascar termite Nasutitermes migricans. Butterflies are
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Seychelles
extremly scarce with only six species recorded including painted lady Cynthia cardui
and Parallelia torrida. The coral reefs were surveyed in detail by Frazier and Polunin (1973)
(includes species checklists of reef fish and corals) and UNEP/IUCN (in prep.) contains a
summary of the reef structure and coral communities found encircling the island.
The Acropora assemblage is most common, other characteristic coral species are: Millepora
platyphylla and M. dichotoma in exposed areas, Pocillopora and Stylophora, Porites at the base
of reef slopes.
Conservation Management ICBP manages the island as a nature reserve, integrating the
interests of conservation, scientific research and limited tourism. The management objectives
defined in the revised management plan (Diamond, 1980) are as follows (in order of priority):
maintain the maximum possible number of the three endemic land birds; within this
framework to restore the original habitat of the island, except when this conflicts with the
primary objective; maintain the maximum possible population of hawksbill turtle on and
around the island; maintain the maximum possible populations of seabirds breeding on the
island; and make full use of the island’s educational and research potential. The staff live on
the island and buildings include the main house, three stores, three labourers’ cottages and two
boatsheds. The staff are in radio contact with nearby Praslin Nature Park and have three boats
for transport. Undergrowth is no longer cleared in the coconut plantation to allow the natural
regeneration of native vegetation. All domestic animal species have been eliminated and a
strict ban on their import is maintained. The numbers of such introduced species as the Indian
mynah and barn owl are controlled to avoid competition and predation with the indigenous
species. There are regular beach patrols by reserve staff (reinforced by the Curieuse Patrol and
Praslin Police) organised to protect the nests and breeding females of hawksbill turtle from
poaching. In 1972, I. Robertson briefly surveyed the island.
Zoning There are certain very dense bird colony sites where the visitor access is prohibited;
apart from this the island is too small for proper zoning.
Disturbances or Deficiencies Its past history as a well-maintained coconut plantation means
that it is only now that the native vegetation is making a comeback. Many exotic species, such
as papaya, castor oil and cotton, were introduced in the past. A patch of rangoon creeper is a
persistent problem as it continually grows back vigorously despite repeated pruning and
applications of weed killers. In an effort to encourage the return of native vegetation all
coconuts that fall down are collected and shipped to Praslin. Occasional visits by the
introduced African barn owl have to be watched as they prey on the fairy terns and have been
responsible for the decline in their numbers on other islands in the Seychelles. Before 1968,
the reefs were exploited for shells. Some of the Praslin fishermen have persisted in poaching
hawksbill turtles, though numbers taken within the protected area are lower than outside the
boundaries (Mortimer, 1981).
Visitor Facilities Tourism is restricted to daytime visitors, who are ferried during the daytime
from nearby islands in staff boats, not more than 20 at a time and only on three specified days
a week. There is no overnight accommodation.
Scientific Research A fairly intensive research effort covering most of the flora and fauna
has been carried out by the successive scientific administrators and is still being continued.
Special attention has been given to the ecology, behaviour and population size of the brush
warbler. Various ringing programmes have been carried out. Another long-term study has
been the tagging of female hawksbill turtles; the hawksbill turtle population is probably the
most studied in the world. F.R. Fosberg surveyed the vegetation in 1971. However, the full
potential for research on the island has not yet been realised an few of the research priorities
identified in the management plans (Diamond, 1975; 1980) have been achieved.
Special Scientific Facilities A fully-equipped research station with room for two or three
visiting scientists was built from a donation by Ciba-Geigy.
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Pr
°
°
°
incipal Reference Material
Anon. (1980). Cousin - the small island with a big conservation success. Nation 4(96).
Friday 25 April
Bathe, G.M. and Bathe, H.V. (1982). Territory size and habitat requirements of the
Seychelles brush warbler Acrocephalus (Brebornis) sechellensis. Cousin Island Technical
Report.
Diamond, A.W. (1975). Cousin Island Syechelles 1975-9. ICBP Report.
Diamond, A.W. (1985). Cousin Island Nature Reserve Management Plan revision
1980-1984. ICBP (British Section), London.
Diamond, A.W. (1985). Multiple use of Cousin Island Nature Reserve, Seychelles. JCBP
Technical Publication No.3.
Fosberg, F.R. (1970). Cousin Island Report. ICBP internal report.
Frazier, J.G. and Polunin, N.V.C. (1973). Report on the coral reefs of Cousin Island,
Seychelles. Manuscript. WWF library reference: 696-551.351.5
Garnett, M.C. (1979). The breeding biology of hawksbill turtles (Enetmochelys imbricata) on
Cousin Island, Seychelles. Mimeographed. ICBP, London.
Mortimer, J.A. (1981). IUCN/WWF Project 1809 - Seychelles marine turtles. WWF Monthly
Report February 1981.
Percy, R. (1970). Cousin Island Nature Reserve in the Seychelles, Indian Ocean. Biological
Conservation 2: 225-227 (bought by ICBP in 1968; an account of its possibilities, with
recommendations).
Phillips, J. (1981-1983) Report of the scientific administrator of Cousin Island, Seychelles
No.44-49. ICBP (British Section)
Republic of Seychelles (1978). Praslin 2. 1:10,000 scale map prepared by the British
Government’s Ministry of Overseas Development (Directorate of Overseas Surveys. Series
Y851 (D.O.S 204).
Ripley, S.D. (1973). Promotion of bird preservation in the Seychelles. Outline IUCN/WWF
Project 1083.
Stoddart, D.R. (Ed.) (1984). Biogeography and Ecology of the Seychelles Islands. Dr. W.
Junk Publishers. The Hague.
UNEP/IUCN (in prep.). Directory of Coral Reefs of International Importance. Volume 2.
Indian Ocean.
Staff Formerly one expatriate scientific administrator plus five Seychellois workers. In 1982,
the staff structure was reorganized, replace the post of scientific administrator by the posts of
warden and research officer.
Budget 1981 - expenditure 161,133.44 Rs. (£4,632.02); income 115,110.85 Rs (£5,497.07).
The maintainance costs have over the years come from the original capital raised to by the
island, grants from WWF and the Fauna and Flora Preservation Society, and income from
landing fees and the sale of coconuts. In 1985, funds were becoming harder to raise, possibly
at
the expense of conservation priorities (Diamond, 1985).
Local Park or Reserve Administration No information
Date June 1983
LA DIGUE VEUVE RESERVE
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Bi
ogeographical Province 4.16.13 (Seychelles and Amirantes Islands)
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Seychelles
Legal Protection The collection of sea shells is prohibited under the Protection of Shells
Ordinance (Cap. 138) of 1965.
Date Established Declared a nature reserve in 1982 under the National Parks and Nature
Conservancy Act, 1971.
Geographical Location On the western plateau of La Digue, some three hours by boat from
Mahé Island. 4°21’S, 55°50’E.
Altitude Up to 20m
Area 8ha
Land Tenure The property belongs to Mrs Rene Payet of La Digue. She has leased the
property to Mr Christopher Cadbury of the Royal Society for Nature Conservation who has
agreed to let the Forestry and Conservation Division of the Ministry of National Development
manage it.
Physical Features A low-lying plateau bordered on two sides by a public dirt road. Part of a
large freshwater marsh is contained in the north-western portion of the reserve.
Vegetation The dominant woodland vegetation comprises mature and juvenile trees of
takamaka Callophyllum inophyllum and badamier Terminalia catappa. There are also some old
coconut trees Cocos nucifera and large Casuarina equisitifolia. When specimens of this latter
species fall down in the high winds, they open considerable gaps in the closed canopy.
Fauna Seven to nine pairs of the threatened Seychelles black paradise flycatcher Terpsiphone
corvina (R) survive in the reserve, which is also a good site for the Seychelles pond
turtle Pelusios subniger and a species of caecilian abundant in the humus layer. The flycatcher,
which is endemic to the Seychelles, is only found on La Digue and on neighbouring Praslin.
Other indigenous birds to be found here inlcude Seychelles bulbul Hypsipetes crassirostris and
Seychelles sunbird Nectarinia dussumieri.
Conservation Management The draft regulations drawn up in 1979 are being enforced.
Visitors are asked to keep to the paths and some care was given to the siting of the paths.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies The land still belongs to Mrs Payet, but it has been
recommended that the Seychelles Government should buy it. The marsh in the north-west
corner is only a part of a larger marsh system, an essential habitat requirement for the paradise
flycatcher. This means that the reserve is vulnerable to both marsh drainage and uses of
pesticide outside the reserve boundaries. The reserve is the smallest in the Seychelles, and is on
one of the most densely populated islands.
Visitor Facilities The reserve is open to the public who are requested to remain on a marked
path preferably in groups.
Scientific Research Dr J. Watson has done some work in 1977-1978 on the distribution and
ecology of the paradise flycatcher under IUCN/WWF Project 1590.
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
° Beamish, T. (1972). The paradise flycatcher, Seychelles. Biological Conservation 4: 311-313.
° Fayon, M. (1971). The plight of the paradise flycatcher. Seychelles Soc: 7: 8-11.
° King, W.B. (1977). Seychelles - endangered birds. Outline IUCN/WWF Project 1590.
° Watson, J. (1977). The Seychelles paradise flycatcher, Terpsiphone corvina. ICBP Progress
Report 2.
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
° Watson, J. (1981). The Seychelles black paradise flycatcher (Terpsiphone corvina) on La
Digue. WWF Project 1590: Endangered land birds, Seychelles, final report (unpublished).
Staff In 1977, ICBP were funding a local Seychellois warden on La Digue (IUCN/WWF
Project 1590).
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration No information
Date June 1983
-560 -
SIERRA LEONE
-561-
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Forest Reserves
Sierra Leone
SIERRA LEONE
Area 72,326 sq.km
Population 3,350,000 (1982)
Parks and Reserves Legislation The Forestry Department was set up in 1911 to protect the
remaining forest in Sierra Leone. However, the basis for conservation legislation was set out in
the otherwise ineffectual ordinance for the Preservation of Wild Animals, Birds and Fish to
which most colonial powers were signatories in 1900. The Wildlife Conservation Act No. 27 of
1972, provided a more solid framework for species preservation and habitat protection, placing
restrictions on hunting and trapping (though these are apparently seldom enforced). In terms
of the legal provision of this Act, the primary management goal for nature conservation areas
is to conserve the existing flora and fauna for scientific, educational and cultural reasons.
Secondary commercial utilisation is only permissable if compatible with the primary
management goal. The act identifies National Parks, Strict Nature Reserves and Game
Reserves, though definitions of the terms are not specifically made. The Act also lists a
number of activities prohibited or controlled in these areas. Definition of each category is
made however, in the Wildlife Conservation Act No. 31 of 1967. Article 8 of the 1972 Act
provides for buffer zones to nature reserves and national parks where forestry and agriculture
are allowed, but no settlement or hunting. Forest Reserves and Protected Forests were
Originally set up under the Forestry Ordinance (now Act) of 1912 (amended in 1942). Four
forest reserves, Western Gola, Loma and Kangari, are also non-hunting areas, though at least
Gola has undergone some commercial logging activity. In 1978 the Ministry of Agriculture and
Natural Resources commissioned a report on Wildlife Conservation and Management by
Phillipson but, although his report was accepted as Government policy by Parliament, few of
his recommendations have yet been implemented.
Parks and Reserves Administration The Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources is
charged with administering the Act and has created a Wildlife Conservation Branch to the
Forestry Division. Staff from this office are posted in each of the prospective reserve sites.
Address
° Wildlife Conservation Branch, Forestry Division, Ministry of Agriculture and Natural
Resources, Tower Hill, Freetown.
Additional Information The greatest threat to the native flora and fauna of Sierra Leone is
environmental degradation through uncontrolled forest clearance and agricultural expansion; in
200 years the country has lost over 97% of its primary forest. Large scale digging for diamond
and gold along river courses has also greatly increased soil erosion. Other threats include
natural resource depletion by overfishing rivers, and hunting for food and for export, which
has led to the disappearance of the lion and threatens the remaining populations of forest
elephant, pygmy hippo, leopard, chimpanzee, crocodile and python. A mammal survey carried
out in 1979 showed that wildlife distributions and habitat conditions had altered drastically in
only a few years, and that all wildlife populations and wilderness areas were now in jeopardy.
The creation of a qualified and efficient administrative unit for National Parks and Wildlife
was considered by Roth and Merz (1983) to be a key issue for the improvement of conservation
action. Shortages in manpower and finance mean that management and control are currently
difficult to implement. Njala University college, a part of the University of Sierra Leone, had
planned a programme of wildlife biology and applied ecology for people entering a career in
resource management and conservation, but this has been postponed due to lack of staff and
finance.
The recently established Sierra Leone Nature Conservation Association undertook a media
campaign in 1980 to increase public awareness of conservation problems and priorities.
IUCN/WWF Project 1633 has been allotted $14,825, including a vehicle, to strengthen
conservation education but this is limited to a few schools in the capital, Freetown.
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
References
Ayodele Cole, N.H. (1980). The Gola Forest in Sierra Leone: A remnant primary tropical
rainforest in need of conservation. Environmental Conservation 7(1): 33-40.
Clarke, J.I. (1969). Sierra Leone in Maps. Hodder and Stoughton: London.
IUCN/UNEP (1983). La réparition des aires protégées en fonction des besoins de la
conservation des communautés biotiques de l’Afrique Centrale et de l’Ouest. Working
Document. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.
IUCN/WWF Project 1633. Sierra Leone, Support for Sierra Leone Environment and Nature
Conservation (SLENCA).
IUCN/WWF Project 1993. Sierra Leone, Establishment of the Outamba-Kilimi National
Park.
Phillipson, J.R. (1978). Wildlife Conservation and Management in Sierra Leone. Special
Report to MAF, Freetown.
Roth, H.H. and Merz, G. (1983). Conservation of elephants in Sierra Leone with Special
Reference to the Management of the Gola Forest Complex. Final Report to IUCN/WWF
Project 3039 supported by Frankfurt Zoological Society Kronberg, Heidelberg. (Includes
fauna and timber species list.)
Protected Areas
(hectares)
National Parks
Outamba-K ilimi 98,000
Nature Reserves
Mamunta-Mayoso Swamp 1,500
Forest Reserves
Gola 75,000
Kangari Hills 12,950
Kuru Hills
Loma Mountains
Sankan Biriwa
Tama 16,200
Tonkoli 43,800
Western 17,870
Subtotal 165,820
Proposed areas
Tiwai Island Wildlife Sanctuary 1,200
OUTAMBA-KILIMI NATIONAL PARK
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.01.01 (West African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection The protection was partial, with very little control of hunting, tree-felling
and cultivation. Hopefully establishment of the area as a national park will improve the
situation.
Date Established Provisional legislation passed in 1981, but actually designated in January
1986 by Government Notice No. 76 (Kilimi National Park) and Government Notice No. 77
(Outamba National Park).
-564-
Sierra Leone
Geographical Location There are two separate units in the Tambatcha Chiefdom of Bombali
district in north-west Sierra Leone. The western park boundary is the Great Scarcies River
which is the border with Guinea. 9°35’-9°55’N, 11°55’-12°30’W.
Altitude 50-300m
Area 98,000ha
Land Tenure Land donated by Tambakha Chiefdom to the Ministry of Agriculture and
Forestry
Physical Features There are broad river plains with large seasonally flooded areas (bolilands)
and isolated hills. The park encloses the prime watershed area of the Great Scarcies (Kolenten)
and Little Scarcies (Kaba) Rivers which supply irrigation water to 20% of the country’s
agricultural land. The park lies on Birrimian granites with richer soil along the riverine forest
slopes. There is a tropical savanna climate with mean annual rainfall of 2,300mm, 95% falling
from June to December. March is the hottest month with mean temperature of 28°C and
diurnal range of 22°C. Wet season mean monthly temperatures are about 21°C, with a diurnal
range of 14°C.
Vegetation Within the sourthern guinea savanna is a mosaic of different habitats; short grasses
on lateritic hardpans, boli grasses in seasonally flooded areas, sedge grasses on granite outcrops
and savanna woodland of Lophira and Daniellia species on the plains; riverine forest along the
Great Scarcies typified by Parinari, Pseudospondias, Spondias, and Dialium species; and small
remnant forest along streams and on the top of several small hills.
Fauna Primates recorded are: Campbell’s monkey Cercopithecus campbelli, green
monkey Cercopithecus aethiops, lesser white-nosed monkey Cercopithecus petaurista, sooty
mangabey Cercocebus torquatus, western black-and-white colobus Colobus polykomos, red
colobus Colobus badius, chimpanzee Pan troglodytes (T), and guinea baboon Papio papio.
Mammals also include: buffalo Syncerus caffer nanus, bushpig Potamochoerus porcus, bay
duiker Cephalophus dorsalis, Maxwell’s duiker Cephalophus monticola, black
diuker Cephalophus niger, red-flanked duiker Cephalophus rufilatus, yellow-backed
duiker Cephalophus silvicultor, bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, cape clawless otter Aonyx
capensis, side-striped jackal Canis adustus, african civet Viverra civetta, brush-tailed
porcupine Atherurus africanus, leopard Panthera pardus (T), and elephant Loxodonta africana
(T). Nile crocodile (V) and hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius have been recorded and it
is thought possible that the pygmy hippopotamus Choeropsis liberiensis (V) may occur (though
there is little or no evidence for this). Over 130 species of birds have been recorded, including
wetland species of the bolilands.
Conservation Management A five-year management plan was prepared following a 1980
wildlife survey. Park Headquarters were established at Kaba with access roads under
development, and VSO and U.S. Peace Corp volunteers started to train staff in maintenance
and conservation management. However, resettlement of 23 villages had not occured by 1985,
due to lack of the necessary legislation to enforce this and lack of money for compensation, so
that expatriate staff left.
Zoning None (though the park is split between two sites).
Disturbances or Deficiencies Susu villagers slash and burn and there is commercial
exploitation of certain animal species for food. Exploitation for export is now prohibited, but
not enforced. Hunters from Liberia cause significant damage to wildlife with their
sophisticated weapons, but the government is now attempting to control this cross-border
movement.
Scientific Research In 1979/1980 a wildlife survey was sponsored by the New York
Zoological Society, Fauna and Flora Preservation Society and WWF. A vegetation map has
been prepared from infra-red aerial photographs. In 1982, a botanical and mammal survey was
made of the Kilimi area by Njala University College and the University of Pennsylvania. In
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
1983, local farming techniques and land productivity were surveyed as baseline data for the
government resettlement scheme. In 1983/1984, a small mammal survey and fieldguide
compilation was attempted by the Smithsonian Institution.
Special Scientific Facilities Camping may be available at Park Headquarters.
Principal Reference Material
° Harding, D.P. and Harding, R.S.O. (1982). A preliminary checklist of birds in the Kilimi
area of north-west Sierra Leone. Malimbus 4: 64-68.
° Harding, R.S.O. (1982). Large mammals of the Kilimi area, Sierra Leone. University of
Pennsylvania.
° IUCN/WWF Project 1993. Outamba-Kilimi National Park.
° Teleki, G. and Bangura, I. (1981). Outamba-Kilimi National Park. Zoonooz 54(10).
Staff This originally included a park director with 25 permanent staff, four visiting overseas
advisors, and 10 temporary labourers, but now only a reduced staff from the Wildlife
Department remains.
Budget Solarex Corporation supplied solar power and WWF supported the establishment of
Park infrastructure.
Local Park or Reserve Administration The information and business office is in Kamakwie
and park headquarters are at Kaba.
Date April 1985
MAMUNTA-MAYOSO SWAMP NATURE RESERVE
Management Category Proposed Nature Reserve
Biogeographical Province 3.01.01 (Guinean Rain Forest)
Legal Protection Protective status given by the local chiefdom council in 1981 but awaiting
official government protection.
Date Established Established in 1980 as a chiefdom reserve.
Geographical Location Near Magburaka in central Sierra Leone. 8°40’N, 11°55’W.
Altitude About 70m
Area 1,500ha
Land Tenure Local Chiefdom
Physical Features Much of the area is low-lying swamps (or bolilands), interspersed with
slightly higher hills and minor terraces. The area of water varies considerably, many parts
being flooded from July to December. About 90% of the annual rainfall of 3000mm-3500mm
occurs from April to November and mean daily termperatures vary from 21°C in the wet
season to 28°C in the dry season.
Vegetation A varied mosaic includes areas of Raphia swamp, Anadelphia-Rhytachne
grassland, Lophira, and other types of savanna forest regrowth and high forest remnants.
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Sierra Leone
Fauna Mammals include: chimpanzee Pan troglodytes (V), dwarf galago Galago demidovii,
potto Perodicticus potto, red colobus Colobus badius, western black-and-white colobus Colobus
polykomos, green monkey Cercopithecus aethiops, lesser white-nosed monkey Cercopithecus
petaurista, sooty mangabey Cercocebus torquatus, bongo Tragelaphus euryceros, and several
duiker Cephalophus spp.. The swamps are important for frogs (Anura), of which 15 species
have been identified, Nile crocodile Crocodylus niloticus (V), and broad-nosed
crocodile Osteolaemus tetrapsis (I). Over 240 birds have been recorded, including many
wetland species.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies There is a Fula encampment inside the reserve with several
hundred cattle. The Fulas burn some areas of savanna annually to improve grazing and the
cattle pollute the swamps, altering the character of their vegetation. Annual fishing,
woodcutting, and shifting cultivation occur on a small scale.
Visitor Facilities None exist in the reserve but there is a small hotel nearby in Magburaka
Scientific Research Faunal surveys have been carried out and the avifauna is well recorded.
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
° Armstrong, G. (1984). An ecological survey of Mamunta-Mayoso Wildlife Reserve Sierra
Leone: Lethbridge College, Alberta, Canada.
° Phillipson, J.R. (1978). Wildlife Conservation and Management in Sierra Leone. Special
report to MAF, Freetown.
Staff Three game guards
Budget Game guards’ salaries paid by MAF
Local Park or Reserve Administration Based in Mayoso village
Date April 1985
GOLA FOREST COMPLEX
Management Category VIII (Multiple Use Management Area)
Biogeographical Province 3.01.01 (Guinean Rain Forest)
Legal Protection Settlement is prohibited and logging is by concession. Hunting is governed
by the Wildlife Conservation Act 1972, although not implemented.
Date Established Gola West and East were declared Forest Reserves in 1926 and Gola North
in 1930. Increased status was proposed in 1978 and again in 1983 for Gola East and West
(National Park) and Gola North (Game Reserve).
Geographical Location Three separate forests near the eastern border with Liberia.
7°13?-7°5S’N, 10°35’-11°25’W.
Altitude Up to 472m (Sangie Mountain, Gola North)
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Area 75,000ha; Gola North (45,000ha), Gola East (22,800ha), and Gola West (6,200ha).
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The topography of the Gola Forests varies. Whereas, the Gola West and
East Reserves are relatively flat, except for the northern hilly part of Gola East, the Gola
North Reserve is undulating. The greater part of this reserve lies above 300m and 9.3% of its
total surface comprises steep slopes. Temperature fluctuates more daily than seasonally.
Temperatures are highest during the dry season from December to April and lowest during the
rainy season from May to November. Average seasonal temperatures 26° and 29°C. Annual
rainfall averages between 2,800mm (Gola North) and 3,200mm (Gola East).
Vegetation The reserve constitutes the last large remnant of near primary rain forest in Sierra
Leone which extended historically over 70% of the country. In undisturbed forest, the canopy
is dominated by the emergent tree species Heritiera utilis-Lophira alata in Gola North
and Nesogordonia papaverifera-Lophira alata in Gola East and West. Other species
include Tieghemella heckelii, Klainedoxa gabonensis and Sacoglottis gabonensis, and the
non-emergent Protomegabaria stapfiana. There have been at least 180 species of tree recorded
in the reserves. The shrub-layer includes Napoleona hendelotii, Memecylon afzelii, Diospyros
spp., Jasminum sp., Agelaea trifolia, Strychnos sp., some Trichilia patens, and the small
bamboo Guaduella oblonga. The forest is typical of climax upper guinean rainforest, with
emergent canopy species of massive size and unusual height (up to 60m). Tree species
composition is similar to the rain forests in Congo and the Nigerian Shasha forest. The
relatively undisturbed state of the forest is indicated by the high-proportion of large diameter
trees of the high degree of stratification. The proportion of rare trees is high and many of the
emergents belong to rare families. There is one endemic tree Didelotia idae.
Fauna’ The original diversity of the typical rainforest wildlife is still eveident, including at
least 78 species of mammal, although many populations have been severely reduced in number.
This refers particularly to the primates, such as, sooty mangabey, Cercocebus torquatus,
chimpanzee Pan troglodytes (T) lesser bushbaby Galago senegalensis, potto Perodicticus potto,
three species of Cercopithecus, three of Colobus, and forest duikers Cephalophus spp..
Conservation of the forest elephant Loxodonta africana cyclotis (T), in Sierra Leone depends
largely on the conservation of the Gola Forest complex, and 90-130 remain in Gola East and
North. Gola is also one of the two most valuable lowland primary rain forests for Upper
Guinea forest birds. Several threatened species are known to occur: white-breasted
guineafowl Agelastes meleagrides (E), western wattled cuckoo-shrike Campephaga lobata (V),
yellow-throated olive greenbul Criniger olivaceus (V) and Gola malimbe Malimbus ballmani (1),
and others almost certainly occur in Gola: rufous fishing owl Scotopelia ussheri (R),
white-necked picathartes Picathartes gymnocephalus (V); Nimba flycatcher Meleanornis
annamarulae (1) and yellow-footed honeyguide Melignomon eisentrauti (K).
Conservation Management Compatibility of forest activities with wildlife conservation relies
upon the intensity and control of logging. The Forest Industries Corporation (FIC) log Gola
North according to a management plan. The mode and intensity of timbering in Gola West and
East was controlled by Sierra Leone Timber Industry and Plantation Company (SILETI) until
1982, but now West German companies have taken over. Reforestation depends on the volume
of timber produced and is financed by concession returns. Both Phillipson (1978) and Cole
(1980) recommend that at least part of Gola should be made a Bioshpere Reserve, partly
because of its genetic resources.
Zoning Buffer zones have been proposed
Disturbances or Deficiencies There are plans to dam the Mano and Maro Rivers for HEP with
resettling of people around the reserves. The inaccessibility of the area had prevented
exploitation, but since the construction of a road in 1950, some 40% of the area has been
logged. Timber concessions were granted in 1978 in Gola North (partially logged by FIC in the
early 1960s). Logging activity began in 1984 and this exploitation is to include up to 78
different tree species, severely jeopardising the original diversity of the forest. Concessions
were granted in Gola West and East in 1977, and although logging has not been extensive, Gola
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Sierra Leone
west has been logged-over once and has the south-western part of Gola east. Timber
over-exploitation remains a threat in these areas. All three sites are also affected by shifting
cultivation, particularly on boundaries, poaching by professional hunters, and indiscriminate
hunting to supply timber labour forces (particularly of monkeys and duiker).
Scientific Research Ecological study was made in 1971 by the University of Sierra Leone
(Freetown), of forest enclaves in accessible hills and valleys. Phillipson and Teleki briefly
surveyed the area in 1978 and 1981. A survey of elephant in 1982 under IUCN/WWF Project
3039. A faunal survey is currently being conducted (IUCN/WWF and NYZS sponsored).
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
* Ayodele Cole, N.H. (1980). The Gola Forest in Sierra Leone: A remnant of primary tropical
rain forest in need of conservation. Environmental Conservation 7(1).
Fox, J.E.D. (1968). Exploitation of the Gola Forest, J. West Afr. Sci. Asso. 13: 185-210.
IUCN/WWE Project 3039. Survey of Elephant Population, Gola Forest complex, Sierra
Leone.
Phillipson, J.R. (1978). Wildlife Conservation and Management in Sierra Leone. Special
report to MAF, Freetown.
Robinson, P. (1971). Wildlife trends in Liberia and Sierra Leone. Oryx 11: 117-122.
Roth, H.H. and Merz, G. (1983). Conservation of elephants in Sierra Leone with Special
Reference to the Management of the Gola Forest Complex. Final Report to IUCN/WWF
Project No. 3039 supported by Frankfurt Zoological Society Kronberg, Heidelberg.
(Includes fauna and timber species list).
Staff No information
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration District Forest Office, Kenema
Date April 1985
PROPOSED TIWAI ISLAND WILDLIFE SANCTUARY
Management Category Proposed
Biogeographical Province 3.01.01 (Guinean Rain Forest)
Legal Protection Hunting banned by chiefdom authorities. Game Sanctuary status would ban
hunting permanently under the terms of the Sierra Leone Wildlife Conservation Act 1972.
Date Established Legislation pending December 1985: paper awaits approval by Cabinet.
Geographical Location An island in the Moa River in Pujehun District, southeastern Sierra
Leone, about 15km northeast of the town of Potoru and 60km inland from the Atlantic Ocean.
Access by rural road from Potoru (headquarters of Barri Chiefdom) to the village of Kambama
on the west bank of the Moa, then by boat across the river. 7°33°N, 11°19°W.
Altitude 80-110m
Area 1,200ha
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Land Tenure Local Government (Barri Chiefdom)
Physical Features The sanctuary comprises the entire island of Tiwai, a low-lying river island
with sandy soils underlain by schists and lateritic duricrust’. The channels of the Moa River
on either side of the island are perennnial, with abundant rapids produced where the river cuts
through the Kambui Schist. Smaller islands downstream may eventually be incorporated into
the sanctuary. Ecologically, Tiwai can be regarded as part of the Gola Forest system; the
western boundary of the Gola West Forest Reserve lies close to the southern tip of Tiwai, while
to the north is the Kambui Hills South Forest Reserve. Mean temperature is 27°C and annual
rainfall is around 3,000mm, with most rain falling in a May - October wet season, in which
June - September are usually the wettest months. Very little rain falls in December - March.
At the end of the dry season it is possible to walk across the eastern branch of the Moa.
Vegetation Original vegetation would have been a mixture of lowland rain forest (similar to
that in Gola) and Raphiapalm swamp. Tiwai has been extensively farmed, so most of the
vegetation (except by the river bank) is of secondary nature. About half the island carries old
secondary forest, much of it believed to be 40-60 years old (and with some individual trees
almost certainly older). In this forest, many individual trees reach to about 40m in height.
More than 150 tree species are present, of which the dominant species (in terms of biomass)
are Piptadeniastrum africanum, Pentaclethra macrophylla, Uapaca guineensis, Funtumia
africana and Cynometra leonensis. The rest of the island is a mixture of palm swamp, riverine
forest, young secondary forest ( farmbush ), and active farms (the chief crop is upland rice).
Fauna Riwai supports the typical forest and river fauna of the area, only notably lacking the
largest mammals (there are no elephants, bushcow or bongo). There is a significant population
of pygmy hippopotamus Choeropsis liberiensis, and a diverse and abundant population of
nonhuman primates - 11 species, including the threatened red colobus Procolobus badius and
diana monkeys Cercopithecus diana and the western chimpanzee Pan troglodytes verus. 115
bird species have been recorded so far, including the white-breasted guinea fowl Agelastes
meleagrides.
Conservation Management US Peace Corps have assigned a volunteer to Tiwai to develop an
Environmental Education programme focussed on local schools and a Visitor Centre at Tiwai.
Zoning Management plans being developed call for a central area of the island of at least
600ha to be protected from disturbance and used for faunal and floral protection and baseline
ecological research. In other areas traditional slash-and-burn farming on a long rotation will
be combined with plantation forestry using native tree species. Apart from a small research
station there is presently no permanent human settlement on Tiwai and none will be permitted;
farmers reside in mainland villages.
Disturbances or Deficiencies There is distrubance by slash-and-burn farming, but the extent
of the farming is controlled. This disturbance helps to maintain habitat diversity, and
therefore species diversity. The small size of Tiwai makes some of the larger animals
potentially vulnerable to extinction as a consequence of small population size in an isolated
area. However, most of these species are believed to survive upon the mainland and can cross
the Moa River in the dry season. In the long run, the Tiwai sanctuary should be made
contiguous with a better-managed Gola West Forest Reserve.
Visitor Facilities None at present. Simple accommodation for small parties planned, and an
education centre.
Scientific Research Intensive ecological studies of rain-forest primates have been in progress
since 1982, combined with studies of vegetation and soils. These studies have been a
collaborative effort between Nijala university College of the University of Sierra Leone, the
City University of New York (USA), the University of Miamai (USA) and the University of
Strathclyde (UK).
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Sierra Leone
Special Scientific Facilities The research project maintains a tented base camp on the island,
and an extensive trail grid through the protected forest area. In two areas of intensive
research, serveral thousand large trees have been identified, and labelled with numbered tags.
A simple laboratory and office building is planned.
Principal Reference Material
° None yet available on Tiwai itself. For the area generally see:
° Clarke, J.E. (Ed.) (1976). Sierra Leone in Maps. Hodder and Stoughton, London.
° Cole, N.H.A. (1980). The Gola Forest in Sierra Leone. Environmental Conservation 7: 33-40.
Staff None yet allocated specifically to sanctuary. Manager, maintenance and patrol staff to
be recruited. Manager likely to be expatriate volunteer (Peace Corps or VSO)
Budget None yet finalized. Funds needed for laboratory building, visitor centre, vehicle and
operating costs (including staff and fuel).
Local Park or Reserve Administration Board of Trustees to be established, to act on behalf of
the land owners, Barri Chiefdom.
Date January 1986
-571-
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SOMALIA
-573-
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Somalia
SOMALIA
Area 637,539 sq.km
Population 3,860,000 (1982) excluding Somali-speaking refugees
Parks and Reserves Legislation Law No. 15 on Fauna (Hunting) and Forest Conservation was
decreed 25 January 1969 and amended 31 August 1970. It covers forest conservation, grazing,
and mining, as well as establishment and control of protected areas, with the object of
protecting natural resources from degradation by regulating their management. Types of area
defined in the original legislation include Game Reserves, Controlled Areas, Partial Game
Reserves, and Forest Reserves. Marine fisheries legislation is covered in the Maritime Code
(Legislative Decree No. 1 of 31 February 1959) as amended by Decree Law No. via) aan |
November 1966 and Law No. 3 of 7 January 1967. However, the need for a new and
comprehensive legislation covering all aspects of wildlife management has been recognised for
some time, as present legislation is both obsolete and not fully workable. The proposed law on
nature conservation, national parks and wildlife management is modelled on the Wildlife
(Conservation Management) Act 1977 of Kenya. Legislation proposed will provide for the
establishment of a network of protected areas covering all aspects of Somali wildlife, and will
define the role of national parks, wildlife reserves, special reserves, turtle reserves, forest
reserves and grazing reserves. Eleven special reserves have been proposed since 1970, eight for
the protection of fish and crustacea, two for the protection of endangered plants and one, the
petrified forest of Bir Dulhir, is a palaeontological site. Other areas proposed for protection
include Lack Dere (Afmedow-Belesgogani), Far Wamo Wildlife Reserve, Arbowereow, Gezira,
Awdhegle-Gandershe National Park, Harqan Dalandoole, Qurajo, Far Libah, Eji-Oobale
Wildlife Reserve, Jowhar-Warshek National Park, Har Yiblane, Haradere-Awale Rugno,
Hobyo, Las Anod-Tateh-El Chebet, Caan Libaax and Paalo Forest. There is little recent
information on forest reserves and most of them are reportedly protected on paper only
(Simonetta and Simonetta, 1983). Because of the aridity and need to control land use carefully,
Somalia also has 136 grazing reserves and 16 range co-operatives covering approximately
7,200,000ha in total. The prime purpose of these areas is not nature conservation as such, but
conservation of grazing land.
Parks and Reserves Administration This is primarily the responsibility of the National Range
Agency within the Ministry of Livestock, Forestry and Range, however five Ministries or
Departments are concerned with species and habitat conservation (though the role of each
institution is not clearly defined). The National Range Agency, which basically has
responsibility for conservation and development of range, forest and wildlife resources, has
recently mounted efforts to seek assistance in building a department and a programme for
wildlife conservation and management. Their Department of Wildlife, along with USAID,
commissioned a report on wildlife and conservation in 1984 (Toth and Qabile, 1984). The
Department has recently formed, by presidential decree, a law enforcement unit independent
of the police and under the National Range Agency. This has placed the responsibility for
enforcement of wildlife regulations squarely under the Department of Wildlife, with the police
now playing a supporting role.
Address
° Department of Wildlife, National Range Agency, Ministry of Livestock, Range and Forestry,
BP 1759, Mogadiscio.
° Department of Forestry, National Range Agency, Ministry of Livestock, Range and
Forestry, BP 1759, Mogadiscio.
Additional Information For a number of years Somalia has had assistance in its land-use
planning from a FAO/UNDP project - Strengthening of Forestry and Wildlife Management. A
report has also been prepared for the National Range Agency under an Italian Cooperation
Programme, and included suggestions for a network of national parks and reserves, and
revision of other legislation (Simonetta and Simonetta, 1983). Further detailed suggestions on
improvement of legislation and organization are also made by Toth and Qabile (1984).
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
There are problems within the Department of Wildlife, mainly due to lack of funds, continued
loss of trained personnel and an unclear programme framework. In addition, the continuing
international border dispute has had a profound impact on the natural and economic resources
of the country. Wildlife populations have suffered severely as a result of the large numbers of
guns freely available. It is unlikely that the Department will be able, on its own, to handle this
situation which will take the total cooperation of all agencies, civilian and military.
The National Range Agency has established the Afgoye Forestry and Wildlife Training Centre
to begin providing trained individuals to fill the organizational needs as well as sending several
students to the College of Wildlife Management at Mweka, Tanzania.
More recently the Government has become aware of the fragility of the country’s ecosystems,
and in particular the hazard of desertification. There has been an increase in the occurence
and scale of such symptoms of desertification as total depletion of forest or pasture cover, soil
erosion, instability of irrigated land, and formation of sand dunes. These are largely due to
successive droughts and increased pressure of human and livestock populations. In the present
National 5-year Development Plan (1982-86) the Government gives increased emphasis to
measures to halt and reverse symptoms of desertification (Salah, 1983).
References
° Abel, N.O.J. (1976). Wildlife and National Parks in Somalia: Policy, Law and
Administration. Field Document No. 6. UNDP/FAO Strengthening of Forestry and Wildlife
Management Project, Mogadishu, Democratic Republic of Somalia.
° Abel, N.O.J. (1976). Management Plan for the proposed National Park in Badade District.
Field Document No. 3. UNDP/FAO Strengthening of Forestry and Wildlife Management
Project, Mogadishu, Democratic Republic of Somalia.
° Abel, N.O.J., and Kille, M.E. (1975). Establishment of National Parks: 1. Badade District.
Field Document No. 1. UNDP/FAO Strengthening of Forestry and Wildlife Management
Project, Mogadishu, Democratic Republic of Somalia.
° Ash, J.S. and Miskell, J.E. (1984). Birds of Somalia. Scopus Special Supplement No. 1. 97
°
pp.
IUCN (1976). Proceedings of a regional meeting on the creation of a coordinated system of
national parks and reserves in Eastern Africa. IUCN Publications New Series,
Supplementary Paper No. 45. IUCN, Morges, Switzerland.
IUCN/WWF Project 1956. Somalia, Training of Wildlife Personnel.
Lamprey, H.F. (1975). The Distribution of Protected Areas in Relation to the Needs of
Biotic Community Conservation in Eastern Africa. IUCN Occasional Paper No. 16. IUCN,
Morges, Switzerland.
* Salah, A.M. (1983). National report for Somalia: management policies, ecosystems,
endangered species, and protected areas. Report to IUCN, UNEP Regional Seas Programme.
°* Simonetta, A.M. (1982). An outline of the status of the Somali fauna and its conservation
and management problems. Mogadishu.
° Simonetta, A.M. and Simonetta, J. (1983). An outline of the Status of the Somali fauna and
of its conservation and management problems. Ministero degli affari esteri, Florence, Italy.
° Toth, E.H. and Qabile, M.N. (1984). A report on the Legislation, Organization and Program
Opportunities for the Department of Wildlife, Somalia Democratic Republic. Report to
USAID.
°
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SOUTH AFRICA
Including the Republics of Transkei, Bophuthatswana, Venda and Ciskei
Area 1,225,100 sq.km
Population 26,750,000 (1984)
Parks and Reserves Legislation Legislation pertaining to the establishment of conservation
areas in the Republic of South Africa includes the National Parks Act of 1926 (for Kruger
National Park and other national parks), the Financial Relations Consolidation and Amendment
Act of 1945 (for provincial game and nature reserves) the National States Consolidation Act of
1971 (for game and nature reserves in national states), the Forest Act of 1968 and the Mountain
Catchment Areas Act of 1970 (for nature reserves and wilderness areas administered by the
Directorate of Forestry). The provisions of these Acts relate to the acquisition of land and the
establishment and administration of various management categories of conservation area, the
provision of facilities and control and prosecution of those not complying with specific
regulations, etc. The numerous revisions and amendments to these acts and to provincial
ordinances are reviewed by Fuggle and Rabie (1983).
Parks and Reserves Administration Conservation areas in South Africa are administered by
the National Parks Board, the Natal Parks Board, the Directorate of Forestry and the Nature
Conservation Divisions of provincial administrations, National States and the Governments of
Transkei, Bophuthatswana, Venda and Ciskei. In the Cape Province, some reserves are
administered by Divisional Councils. Management objectives vary widely from area to area,
but all fall within those of IUCN Management Categories I to V. The terminology used for
these areas includes National Park, Nature Reserve, Game Reserve, Mountain Reserve, Public
Resort, Nature Reserve, Game Park, State Forest, Mountain Catchment Area, Wilderness Area,
etc. Due to the continuum of differing management objectives relating to these areas, it is not
possible to place individual areas into rigidly defined IUCN categories - the categories
indicated should be regarded as the ’best fit’ presently available. The Sub-Antarctic islands of
Prince Edward and Marion are administered by the Department of Transport. Visits to the
islands are only undertaken by members of the research stations teams on the islands and by
other visiting scientists and logistic personnel.
Address
° National Parks Board of Trustees, PO Box 787, Pretoria.
° Natal Parks Game and Fish Board, PO Box 662, Pietermaritzburg.
° Dept. of Agriculture and Forestry, PO Box X5002, Umtata, Transkei.
° Council for Scientific and Industrial Research: CSP, PO Box 395, Pretoria.
References
° Acocks, J.P.H. (1975) Veld types of South Africa. Government Printer, Pretoria. 128 pp.
° Broadley, D.G. (1983). Fitzsimons’ snakes of Southern Africa. Delta Books, Johannesburg.
376 pp.
° Bruton M.N., Jackson P.B.N. and Skelton, P.H. (1982) Pocket guide to the freshwater fishes
of Southern Africa. Centaur Publishers, Cape Town. 88 pp.
° Fuggle, R.F. and Rabie, M.A. (1983). Environmental concerns in South Africa. Juta, Cape
Town. 587 pp.
° Gibbs, G.E. (1984). List of species of Southern African plants. Government Printer,
Pretoria. 144 pp.
° Greyling, T. and Huntley, B.J. (Eds) (1984). Directory of southern African conservation
areas. South African National Scientific Programmes. Report No. 98. CSIR, Pretoria.
° Huntley, B.J. and Ellis, S. (1983). Conservation status of terrestrial ecosystems in southern
Africa. Working document prepared by CSIR, Pretoria.
° MacLachlan, G.R. (1978). South African Red Data Book - Reptiles and Amphibians. South
African National Scientific Programmes Report 23, CSIR, Pretoria, 53 pp.
° MacLean, G.L. (1984). Roberts’ birds of Southern Africa. The Trustees of the John
Voelcker Bird Book Fund, Cape Town.
-579-
IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
°
Protected Areas
Meester J.A.J. (1976). South African Red Data Book - Small Mammals. South African
National Scientific Programmes Report 11, CSIR, Pretoria. 59 pp.
Siegfried, W.R., Frost, P.G.H., Cooper, J., Kemp, A.C. (1976).
Book - Aves. South African National Scientific Programmes Report 7, CSIR, Pretoria.
South African Red Data
108
pp.
Skelton, P.H. (in prep). South African Red Data Book - Freshwater Fishes. South African
National Scientific Programmes Report, CSIR, Pretoria. (To be published in 1985.)
Skinner, J.D., Fairall, N. and Du P., Bothma, J. (1977). South African Red Data Book -
Large Mammals. South African National Scientific Programmes Report 18, CSIR, Pretoria.
29 pp.
Smith, C.A. (1966). Common names of South African plants. Government Printer, Pretoria.
842 pp.
Smithers, R.H.N. (1983). The mammals of the Southern African sub-region.
Pretoria, Pretoria. 736 pp.
University of
(Numbers as per map)
(hectares)
National Parks
1 Kruger 1,948,528
2 Kalahari Gemsbok 959,103
3. Karoo 27,011
4 Augrabies Falls 9,415
5 Addo Elephant 8,879
6 Mountain Zebra 6,536
7 Golden Gate Highlands 6,241
8 Tsitsikamma Forest and Coastal 3,318
9 Bontebok (9 areas) 2,786
Subtotal 2,971,817
Cape Nature Reserves (Provincial Reserves)
10 De Hoop 17,846
11 Karoo 14,000
12. Oviston 13,000
13. Gamka Mountain 9,428
14 Dornkloof 8,765
15 Gamkapoort 8,000
16 Hester Malan 6,576
17. Andries Vosloo Kudu Reserve 6,493
18 Commando Drift 5,983
19 Rolfontein 4,749
20 Goukamma 2,230
21 ~=Vrolijkheid 1,827
22 Thomas Baines (13 areas) 1,003
Subtotal 99,900
Cape Nature Reserves (Subsidized Local Reserves)
23 Cape of Good Hope 7,675
24 Table Mountain 2,904
25 Ladismith-Klein Karoo 2,766
26 Spitskop 2,740
27 Akkerendam 2,301
28 Greyton 2,220
29 Silvermine 2,150
30 Paarl Mountain 1,910
31 Mont Rochelle 1,759
32 ~+Fernkloof 1,577
33. Somerset East-Bosberg 1,650
34 Nietgenaamd 1,392
35 Montagu Mountain Reserve (13 areas) 1,200
Subtotal 32,244
-580-
Orange Free State Nature Reserves
36
37
38
39
40
41
Tussen-die-Riviere Game Farm
Sandveld
Willem Pretorius Game Reserve
Verwoerd Dam
Soetdoring
Koppies Dam
Natal Nature Reserve
42
Umfolozi Game Reserve
St Lucia Game Reserve
Giant’s Castle
Itala
Mkuzi Game Reserve
Hluhluwe Game Reserve
St Lucia Park
Ndumu Game Reserve
Royal Natal National Park/Rugged Glen
Chelmsford Public Resort Nature Reserve
Spioenkop Public Resort Nature Reserve
Loteni Nature Park
Umtamvuna
Albert Falls Public Resort Nature Reserve
Weenen
Midmar Public Resort Nature Reserve
False Bay
Kamberg
Vernon Crookes
Oribi Gorge
Coleford
Vergelegen (22 areas)
Transvaal Nature Reserves
64
65
66
67
68
Blyde River
Bloemhof Dam
Loskop Dam
Suikersbosrand
Doorndraai Dam
Pongola
Verloren Valei
Hans Merensky
Langjan
Rustenberg
S.A. Lombard
Hans Strijdom
Messina
Nooitgedacht Dam
Boskop Dam
Nylsvley
Barberspan
Percy Fyfe
Ohrigstad Dam
Wolwespruit
Abe Bailey
Vaalkop Dam
Sterkspruits
Happy Rest
Wolkberg Caves (25 areas)
-581-
South Africa
22,000
14,700
12,005
11,237
6,173
4,325
Subtotal 70,440
47,753
36,826
34,638
25,896
25,091
23,067
12,545
10,117
8,856
6,845
4,562
3,984
3,137
3,012
2,929
2,831
2,247
2,232
2,189
1,809
1,272
1,159
Subtotal 262,997
22,664
22,072
14,800
13,337
7,229
6,222
6,055
5,282
4,774
4,257
3,663
3,618
3,571
3,420
3,160
3,121
3,068
2,985
2,563
2,333
1,888
1,873
1,600
1,585
1,488
Subtotal 146,628
IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Subantarctic Islands
89 Prince Edward Islands
Established Reserves in Bophuthatswana, Ciskei, Transkei and Venda
90 Pilanesberg National Park (Bophuthatswana)
91 Borakalalo National Park (Bophuthatswana)
92 Nwanedi National Park (Venda)
93 Tsolwana Game Park (Ciskei)
94 Pirie Forest (Ciskei)
95 Rabula Forest (Ciskei)
96 Zingcuka Forest (Ciskei)
97 Cwengewe Forest (Ciskei)
98 Cata Forest (Ciskei)
99 _Izeleni Forest (Ciskei)
100 Dontsa Forest (Ciskei)
101 Dwesa Nature Reserve (Transkei)
102 Cwebe Nature Reserve (Transkei) (13 areas)
39,000
50,000
7,380
3,200
MST
5,239
3,884
3,731
3,276
1,592
1,330
1,209
3,900
2,140
Subtotal 94,438
Established Reserves in National States
103 Manyeleti Game Reserve (Gazankulu)
104 F.C. Erasmus Trust Forest
105 Blouberg Nature Reserve (East) (Lebowa)
106 Blouberg Nature Reserve (West) (Lebowa)
107. + Potlake Nature Reserve (Lebowa)
108 Tembe Elephant Reserve (K waZula)
109 Lekgalameetse Nature Reserve (Transvaal) (7 areas)
Subtotal
Directorate of Forestry - Department of Environment Affairs
Western Cape Forest Region
110 Sederberg Mountain Catchment Area
111 Hawequas Mountain Catchment Area
112 Matroosberg Mountain Catchment Area
113. Hottentots Holland Mountain Catchment Area
114 Groot Winterhoek Mountain Catchment Area
115 Langeberg West Mountain Catchment Area
116 Langeberg East Mountain Catchment Area
117. Riversonderend Mountain Catchment Area
118 Walker Bay State Forest
119 Sandveld State Forest
Subtotal
Southern Cape Forest Region
120 Groot Swartberg/Swartberg E. Mountain Catchment Area
121 Outeniqua Mountain Catchment Area
122. Anysberg/Klein Swartberg Mountain Catchment Area
123 Kammanassie Mountain Catchment Area
124 Knysna Indigenous Forests
125 Rooiberg Mountain Catchment Area
Subtotal
Tsitsikamma Forest Region
127 Kouga/Baviaanskloof Mountain Catchment Area
128 Tsitsikamma Mountains
129 Groendal Wilderness Area
130 Tsitsikamma Indigenous Forest
131 Storms River Nature Reserve
-582-
22,772
6,680
6,848
4,450
2,928
29,878
18,125
91,681
126,375
115,910
95,259
84,936
81,188
77,096
71,300
69,453
7,118
3,624
732,259
121,002
158,515
58,785
45,508
44,230
25,344
453,384
172,208
80,000
25,047
15,615
13,700
132 Otterford State Forest
133. De Vasselot Nature Reserve
Eastern Cape Forest Region
134 Alexandria State Forest
135 Suurberg State Forest
136 Bathurst State Forest
137 East London Coast State Forest
Natal Forest Region
138 Drakensberg State Forests
139 Portion of Weza State Forest
Zululand Forest Region
140 Sodwana/Cape Vidal State Forests
141 Portion of Dukuduku State Forest
142 Ntendeka Wilderness Area
143. Maphelana Nature Reserve
Southern Transvaal Forest Region
144 Nelshoogte/Berlin State Forest
145 Uitsoek State Forest
Eastern Transvaal Forest Region
146 Ceylon State Forests
147 Morgenson State Forest
Northern Transvaal Forest Region
148 Serala State Forest (with Wolkberg Wilderness Area)
149 Woodbush/De Hoek State Forests
150 Entabeni State Forest (with Nature Reserves) (41 areas)
South Africa
11,467
2,560
Subtotal 320,597
23,566
21,121
5,315
4,369
Subtotal 54,371
190,000
9,000
Subtotal 199,000
57,954
15,055
5,230
1,102
Subtotal 79,341
3,500
2,270
Subtotal 5,770
3,500
1,264
Subtotal 4,764
21,998
6,626
1,924
Subtotal 30,548
Additional areas that are not listed include:
i Coastal areas under control of Sea Fisheries Research Institute
ii Long established private nature reserves such as Timbvati, Sabie Sands and others
throughout the country
iii Potential protected areas such as Langeban and the Barkley West national park sites
iv Conserved areas controlled by the South African Defence Force
KRUGER NATIONAL PARK
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.08.04 (South African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Date Established 31 May 1926. Proclamation 197 in Government Gazette 1578 of 1926 and
the National Parks Act of 1962.
Geographical Location Bounded by Transvaal Phalaborwa in the north (1.5km) and White
River in the south (+/-60km). 22°31’-25°30’S, 30°45’-32°02’E.
Altitude 122m-867m (Kandizwe)
Area 1,948,528ha
Land Tenure Government. Administered by the National Parks Board of Trustees.
Physical Features Geologically, the park is roughly bisected from north to south by a band of
Karoo sandstone and Ecca shales. The western half consists mainly of granite and its erosion
products, but with extensive dolerite intrusions, whilst the eastern Lebombo flats consist of
basalts and the Lebombo Mountains, primarily of rhyolite formations. Two sandveld areas
occur in the northern area, one at Punda Maria, which is derived from the Dominion Reef and
Waterberg Systems, whilst the other, consisting of aeolian sands overlying cretaceous gravel and
waterwashed pebbles, occurs on the eastern boundary south of Pafuri. This latter area, called
the Nyandu sandveld, gives rise to a floristic community which is unique in the park (and in
South Africa) and also harbours many interesting and unique animal species. There is a wide
range of habitat types. Crocodile, Limpopo, Sabie, Olifants, Letaba and Levubu rivers are all
perennial. Seasonal rivers flow only for a short while during the rainy season, but normally
incorporate a series of permanent and semi-permanent pools along their length. Soils are
derived from archaean granites, dolerite intrusions, Karoo-sediments, basalts, weathered
sandstone and rhyolites. Soils vary widely from deep sands to clay pans, with gleying and
include ferriferous and saline types. Annual average temperature range minimum: 4°C,
maximum: 34°C. Annual rainfall 625-750mm in the Pretoriuskop area and 375-600mm in the
Pafuri-Shingwedzi-Letaba area, falling mainly in summer (September-March).
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of: 53,779ha Lowveld Sour Bushveld (Veld Type 9);
443,290ha Lowveld (Veld Type 10); 568,191ha Arid Lowveld (Veld Type 11); 850,533ha
Mopani Veld (Veld Type 15); and 32,735ha Mixed Bushveld (Veld Type 18). The plant life of
the park varies from subtropical to tropical, with some temperate forms occurring at higher
altitudes. Four main areas of bushveld (lowveld) are recognized in the park. An area
of Acacia spp., and Combretum spp., lies between the western boundary and roughly the centre
of the park south of the Olifants River. Acacia spp. are dominant along the rivers and
streams. Sclerocarya caffra is also abundant. Savanna dominates the area south of the Olifants
River in the eastern half of the park, providing important grazing land. Acacia nigrescens,
Sclerocarya caffra and Combretum imberbe are common tree species. Grasses such as Themeda
triandra and Panicum maximum predominate. Veld lies in the western half of the park, north
of the Olifants River with Colophospermum mopane-Combretum spp., and an area of shrub
mopane veld covers most of the north-western part of the park. There are a number of smaller
areas which carry distinctive vegetation such as Pretoriuskop where Dichrostachys cinerea
ssp., nyassana, and Terminalia sericea are prominent. The Punda Maria sandveld is equally
well defined with a wide variety of unique species, while Adansonia digitata is common in the
north-eastern Pafuri region of the park. More than 2,000 species of vascular plants have been
collected. Endemic species: survey in progress.
Fauna Mammals of arid and semi-arid habitats are well represented and the Kruger National
Park offers as many species of wildlife as are found in other African game sanctuaries.
Altogether, there are 122 species of mammals, 55 species of fish and 109 species of reptiles.
Mammals include lion Panthera leo (1,500), spotted hyena Crocuta crocuta (2,000),
elephant Loxodonta africana (T) (7,300), square-lipped rhinoceros Ceratotherium simum (740),
Burchells’ zebra Equus burchelli (28,000), hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius (3,000),
warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus (4,000), giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis (5,000),
buffalo Syncerus caffer (32,000), eland Taurotragus oryx (700), greater kudu Tragelaphus
strepsiceros (11,000) and lesser kudu Tragelaphus imberbis, nyala Tragelaphus angasi (1,000),
bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus (1,500+), waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus (4,200),
reedbuck Redunca arundinum (1,500+), mountain reedbuck Redunca fulvorufula (300), gray
-584-
South Africa
thebok Pelea capreolus (+/-30), blue wildebeest Connochaetes taurinus (11,600) and
impala Aepyceros melampus (126,750). The following species of larger mammals also occur in
the park, but it is not possible to provide an accurate estimate of numbers: steenbok Raphicerus
campestris, Sharpe’s grysbok Raphicerus sharpei, klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus and
common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia. More than 400 species of birds have been recorded in the
park, several of which are endemic to the park. Threatened mammals: leopard Panthera pardus
(T), brown hyena Hyaena brunnea (T), honey badger Mellivora capensis, oribi Ourebia ourebi,
red duiker Cephalophus natalensis, suni Neotragus moschatus, yellow golden mole Calcochloris
obtusirostris, Juliana’s golden mole Amblysomus julianae, Damara woolly bat Kerivoula
argentata, Welwitsch’s bat Myotis welwitschii, aloe bat Eptesicus zuluensis, Sundevall’s free
tailed bat Tadarida midas, thick tailed galago Galago crassicaudatus, samango
monkey Cercopithecus mitis pangolin Manis temminckii, Meller’s mongoose Rhynchogale
melleri, cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T), wild dog Lycaon pictus (T), black rhinoceros Diceros
bicornis (T), tsessebe Damaliscus lunatus, sable antelope Hippotragus niger and roan
antelope Hippotragus equinus. Threatened birds: pinkbacked pelican Pelecanus rufescens,
goliath heron Ardea goliath, bald ibis Geronticus calvus, Cape vulture Gyps coprotheres,
Egyptian vulture Neophron percnopterus, pygmy falcon Polihierax semitorquatus, Pel’s fishing
owl Scotopelia peli and spotted creeper Salpornis spilonotus. Threatened reptiles:
crocodile Crocodylus niloticus (V).
Conservation Management A management plan exists for this area.
Zoning Zoned for various different forms of use and development
Disturbances or Deficiencies Pollution, cultivation, and mining on the borders of the park
may be cause for concern. Activities in neighbouring areas pose a poaching threat, while the
upkeep of fences along the borders of the park requires constant attention. Organized
agriculture to the west of the park puts a heavy strain on the availability of water in the
perennial rivers and also introduces chemicals (of industrial and agricultural herbicide origin)
as a source of pollution. Exotic species such as Lantana, Melia, Jacaranda, Sesbania,
and Salvinia pose a threat to the natural flora.
Visitor Facilities _ The park has extremely well developed visitor facilities. Almost 6,000
visitors can be accommodated per night in fully equipped, air-conditioned, thatched huts and
camp sites. There are 17 rest camps throughout the park. All the main camps have restaurants
and shops. There are five information centres and conservation-related film shows are
screened regularly at the larger rest camps. Four wilderness trails have been established.
Numbers: 400,500 per annum. Potential: approaching its limit.
Scientific Research Research priorities are determined according to ecosystem analysis and
interpretation. Vegetation dynamics, fire, soil erosion, ecological studies of elephants and
other animals, prey/carnivore relations, and population dynamics are some of the research
activities, with veterinary research also being given much attention. An _ ongoing
comprehensive research programme has been undertaken since 1947.
Special Scientific Facilities Fully equipped laboratory, library, and herbarium at Skukuza.
Principal Reference Material
* Kemp, A.C. (1974). The distribution and status of the birds of the Kruger National
Park. Koedoe Monograph 2: 1-341.
* Kloppers, J. and van Son, G. (1978). Butterflies of the Kruger National Park. Pretoria:
National Parks Board of Trustees.
* Pienaar, U. de V. (1961). A supplementary checklist of Decapoda, fresh-water fish,
amphibia, reptiles and small mammals recorded in the Kruger National Park. Koedoe 4:
167-177.
°* Pienaar, U. de V. (1963). The large mammals of the Kruger National Park - their
distribution and present-day status. Koedoe 6: 1-37.
* Pienaar, U. de V. (1964). The small mammals of the Kruger National Park - a systematic
list and zoogeography. Koedoe 7: 1-25.
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
° Pienaar, U. de V. (1969). Predator-prey relationships amongst the larger mammals of the
Kruger National Park. Koedoe 12: 108-176.
° Pienaar, U. de V. (1978). The freshwater fishes of the Kruger National Park. Pretoria:
National Parks Board of Trustees.
° Pienaar, U. de V. (1978). The Reptile Fauna of the Kruger National Park. Pretoria: National
Parks Board of Trustees.
° Pienaar, U. de V, Rautenbach, I.L. and de Graaff, G. (1980). The small mammals of the
Kruger National Park. Pretoria: National Parks Board of Trustees.
° Van, Wyk P. (1971). A supplementary list of flowering plants occurring in the Kruger
National Park. Koedoe 14: 111-122.
° A complete list of references is available from: The Chief Director, National Parks Board,
PO Box 787, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa.
Staff Administrative - 177; Technical Services - 1,271; Nature Conservation - 428; Tourism -
905; and Research and Information - 51. Total - 2,832
Budget R23,000,000 per annum (including salaries)
Local Park or Reserve Administration The Park Warden, Kruger National Park, Private Bag
X402, Skukuza, 1350.
Date November 1983
KALAHARI GEMSBOK NATIONAL PARK
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.16.07 (Kalahari)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 17 June 1931. Proclamation 243 in Government Gazette 1963 of 3 July
1931 and the National Parks Act of 1962.
Geographical Location 320km from Upington in Cape Province. 24°50’-26°29’S, 20°00’-41’E.
Altitude 610-975m (Bayip)
Area 959,103ha. This national park is contiguous to the Gemsbok National Park of the
Republic of Botswana.
Land Tenure Government. Administered by the National Parks Board of Trustees.
Physical Features It is a semi-desert region largely covered by long, parallel dunes of red and
white sands orientated north-west/south-east. The wide bed of the Nossob River forms the
eastern north-eastern boundary over 280km in length, while the Auob River traverses the
southern part of the park. Usually, both are dry, only flowing a few times a century. It is
geologically composed of a 12-60m thick layer of Kalahari sands overlying blue shales of the
Dwyka Series, Karoo System. Pans and calcrete flats occur locally, with well developed red
sand dunes in the south. This is a representative sample of the Kalahari as an ecosystem, with
red Kalahari sand overlying calcareous substrata. Annual average temperature range minimum:
4°C, maximum: 32°C. Annual rainfall 127mm, falling mainly in summer (January-April).
-586-
South Africa
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of the Kalahari Thornveld (Veld Type 16(a)) and
Vryburg Shrub Bushveld (Veld Type 16(b)). The river beds have a marked influence on the
vegetation. Between them, in an area known as the inner veld, are the red Kalahari sand
dunes. Grasses as well as the dunes are covered with a scattering of trees such as Terminalia
sericea, Boscia albitrunca, and Acacia haematoxylon. There is a greater profusion of plant life
in and near the river beds where A. erioloba, A. mellifera ssp. detinens, Grewia spp.,
and Rhigozum trichotomum grow. Sparse woodland of A. erioloba, A. haematoxylon
and Lebeckia spinescens is fairly extensive on loamy sands, with grasses such as Stipagrostis
obtusa, S. ciliata, Aristida spp., Asthenatherum glaucum, Themeda triandra, and Eragrostis
lehmanniana occuring in the park. Economically important species: several species occur which
are utilised mainly by indigenous people such as the Bushmen. Endemic species: survey in
progress.
Fauna Mammals: anteater Orycteropus afer, gemsbok Oryx gazella, red hartebeest Alcelaphus
buselaphus, common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia and steenbok Raphicerus campestris. In
addition, there are large herds of blue wildebeest Connochaetes taurinus, eland Taurotragus
oryx and springbok Antidorcas marsupialis, whilst carnivores include lion Panthera leo and the
spotted hyena Crocuta crocuta. Bird species exceed 215 in number. Threatened mammals:
brown hyaena Hyaena brunnea (T), wild dog Lycaon pictus (T), pangolin Manis temminckii,
honey badger Mellivora capensis, Woosnam’s desert rat Zelotomys woosnami, cheetah Acinonyx
jubatus (T), and leopard Panthera pardus (T).
Conservation Management A management plan exists for this area.
Zoning Natural and development zones
Disturbances or Deficiencies Poaching on the park’s borders creates a problem. Fencing and
the maintenance of artificial watering points need constant attention.
Visitor Facilities Facilities consist of three rest camps with huts and ablution blocks (123
beds), and 65 camp sites. Numbers: 10,978 per annum. Potential: maximum almost reached for
overnight facilities. Daily visitors are not limited.
Scientific Research All research activities are directed at nature conservation and its related
fields. Bi-annual aerial surveys are undertaken, with special attention given to research on
lions, leopards, hyenas, ungulates and small mammals, as well as aspects of vegetation
concerning dynamics, population structure and plant-animal interaction.
Special Scientific Facilities A small laboratory at Nossob Camp
Principal Reference Material
° Barnard, P.J. (1961). The phenomenon of game migration in the Kalahari Gemsbok National
Park. Koedoe 4: 178-194.
° Bolwig, N. (1958). Aspects of animal ecology in the Kalahari. Koedoe 1: 115-135.
° Leistner, O.A. (1959). Preliminary list of plants found in the Kalahari Gemsbok National
Park. Koedoe 2: 152-172.
° Mills, M.G.L. (1976). A revised check-list of birds in the Kalahari Gemsbok National
Park. Koedoe 19: 49-62.
° Parris, R. du P. Bothma, J., Waanders, E. and Boshoff, A.F. (1977). Preliminary map of the
south-western Kalahari desert. Koedoe 2: 163-168.
° A complete list of references is available from The Chief Director, National Parks Board, PO
Box 787, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa.
Staff Administrative one; Technical Services eight; Nature Conservation 15; Tourism 27; and
Research and Information one; Total is 52
Budget R700,000 per annum (including salaries)
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Local Park or Reserve Administration The Park Warden, Kalahari Gemsbok National Park,
Private Bag X5890, Gemsbokpark, 8815.
Date November 1983
KAROO NATIONAL PARK
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.11.07 (Karoo)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 7 September 1979. Proclamation 201 in Government Gazette 6648 of 7
September 1979 and the National Parks Act of 1962.
Geographical Location 8km from Beaufort West in Cape Province. 32°20’S, 22°30°E.
Altitude 899-1,908m (Bulthoudersbank)
Area 27,0llha
Land Tenure Government. Administered by the National Parks Board of Trustees.
Physical Features The reserve is part of the Karoo System consisting of Dwyka Series, Ecca
Series, Beaufort Series and Stormberg Series. The sediments of the Beaufort Series have
yielded by far the majority of fossil synapsid reptiles hitherto known to science, with the three
reptilian subclasses of importance being the Anapsida, the Synapsida and the Diapsida. They
all occur in these Beaufort beds. Rivers in the area include the Gamka, Hoofspruit, Slaz, and
Doringhoek. The ground surface is comprised of 60% stony, 16% Glen Rosa, 16% Mispah and
Dundee, and 8% Hutton dominant soil forms. The adaptations of fauna and flora to a harsh
and hostile environment are strikingly demonstrated in this park. Annual average temperature
range minimum: 10°C, maximum: 24°C. Annual rainfall 256mm, falling mainly in summer
(September-March).
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of 10,81lha of Karroid Broken Veld (Veld Type 26) and
16,200ha Karroid Merxmuellera Mountain Veld replaced by Karoo (Veld Type 42). Dwarf
shrubs known as karoo bush are typical of the plains. There is a great variety of perennial
grass and bushes forming communities in this low lying, hilly country including Pentzia
spinescens, Selago albida , Eriocephalus spinescens, Rhus longispina, Acacia karroo, Rhus erosa,
Rhus lancea, Grewia occidentalis, Aristida obtusa, Aristida curvata, Merxmuellera disticha,
Zygophyllum spp., Salsola spp., and various Mesembryanthemum spp.. Economically important
species: Pentzia spinescens. Endemic species: survey in progress.
Fauna Species such as black wildebeest Connochaetes gnou (28) and springbok Antidorcas
marsupialis have been reintroduced to the park. A census taken in 1983 yielded the following
results: mountain reedbuck Redunca fulvorufula (100), steenbok Raphicerus campestris (150),
gemsbok Oryx gazella (7), chacma baboon Papio ursinus (50), grey rhebok Pelea capreolus
(50), springbok Antidorcas marsupialis (150), klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus (5), common
duiker Sylvicapra grimmia (3), red hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus (8), and greater
kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros (130) and lesser kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros. Ostrich Struthio
camelus also occur. Threatened mammals: Leopard Panthera pardus (T), aardwolf Proteles
cristatus, Lesueur’s hairy bat Myotis lesueuri, spectacled dormouse Graphiurus ocularis, honey
badger Mellivora capensis, and mountain zebra Equus zebra zebra (T).
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South Africa
Conservation Management A management plan exists for this area.
Zoning There are development and natural areas
Disturbances or Deficiencies Disturbances to the park include grazing, mining activities and
the proximity of a large railway junction as well as a residential area.
Visitor Facilities There is the Springbok Hiking Trail with two overnight huts to
accommodate 12 people each. A rest camp is envisaged for the near future. Numbers: 3,463
per annum. Potential: to be increased considerably.
Scientific Research Herpetological, ornithological, and mammalogical surveys are ongoing
programmes, as well as a palaeontological survey with emphasis on Synapsids.
Special Scientific Facilities A small laboratory
Principal Reference Material
° A complete list of references is available from The Chief Director, National Parks Board, PO
Box 787, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa.
° De Graaff, G., Robinson, G.A., van der Walt, P.T., Bryden, B.R. and van der Hoven, E.A.
(1979). The Karroo National Park. Pretoria: National Parks Board of Trustees.
° De Graaff, G. and Rautenbach, I.L. (in press). A survey of Mammals in the newly
proclaimed Karroo National Park, South Africa. Annales de Museum Royale de la Afrique
Central, Tervuren.
Staff Some 15 staff. Temporary labourers are employed for weed control and removal of
fences.
Budget R200,000 per annum (including salaries)
Local Park or Reserve Administration The Park Warden, Karoo National Park, PO Box 316,
Beaufort West, 6970.
Date November 1983
AUGRABIES FALLS NATIONAL PARK
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.17.07 (Karoo)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 5 August 1966. Proclamation 216 in Government Gazette 1506 of 5 August
1966 and the National Parks Act of 1962.
Geographical Location 32km from Kakamas in Cape Province. 28°35’S, 20°25’E.
Altitude 503-704m (Swartrandte)
Area 9,415ha
Land Tenure Government. Administered by the National Parks Board of Trustees.
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Physical Features Geological formations are reconstituted sedimentous rocks of the Kaaien
Series, Kheis System and are part of the Archaean Complex. The most outstanding feature of
the reserve is the Augrabies Falls, where the Orange River drops 56m over a granite cliff into a
ravine which extends westwards for 18km, and which contains some spectacular rapids.
Secondary falls are formed when the river is in flood. Soils are sandy, gravelly, dry and
usually very shallow and litholitic, and form a thin compact crust 1-2mm thick, often with a
porous layer (Schaumboden) that has a foamlike structure some 5-10mm thick in run-off
areas. This structure renders the soil particularly dry and unsuitable for seed germination.
Annual average temperature range minimum: 11°C, maximum: 27°C. Annual rainfall 130mm,
falling mainly in summer (January-April).
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of the Orange River Broken Veld (Veld Type 32), where
a rich variety of plant life has adapted itself to the environment in spite of the meagre
rainfall. The quiver tree or kokerboom Aloe dichotoma, and many other aloe species are to be
seen. Other species include Rhus lancea, Euphorbia avasmontana, Rhus viminalis, Rhigozum
trichotomum, Schotia afra var. angustifolia, Acacia mellifera subsp. detinens, A. karroo,
A. erioloba, Aristida diffusa var. burkei, Olea africana, and Acacia mellifera. Economically
important species: Boscia albitrunca and Acacia erioloba (parts eaten by game and cattle).
Endemic species: several, including Aloe dichotoma.
Fauna Chacma baboon Papio ursinus, vervet monkey Cercopithecus aethiops,
klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus, and aardvark Orycteropus afer. Rare birds are the black
stork Ciconia nigra, pygmy falcon Polihierax semitorquatus, and rosyfaced lovebird Agapornis
roseicollis. | Threatened species: dassie rat Petromus typicus, brush-tailed hairy-footed
gerbil Gerbillurus vallinus, leopard Panthera pardus (T), and aardwolf Proteles cristatus.
6H
Conservation Management A management plan exists for this area.
Zoning Development and natural areas
Disturbances or Deficiencies Grazing, cultivation and a residential area in close proximity to
the park cause some disturbance.
Visitor Facilities Facilities include accommodation (52 beds) with ablution blocks and
camping facilities. Numbers: 39,607 per annum. Potential: maximum almost reached for
overnight facilities. Daily visitors are not limited.
Scientific Research Aspects of the biology of fish, reptiles, birds and mammals are being
investigated. Special attention is given to the dassie rat Petromus typicus, yellowfish and the
geomorphology of the park.
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
° Werger, M.J.A. and Coetzee, B.J. A phytosociological and phytogeological study of
Augrabies Falls National Park, Republic of South Africa. Koedoe 20: 11-52.
° Pienaar, U. de V. (1977). Phrynomerus annectus (Werner), a rare frog in the Augrabies Falls
National Park. Koedoe 20, 181-182.
° Rautenbach, I.L., Schlitter Duane, A. and de Graff, G. (1979). Notes on the mammal fauna
of the Augrabies Falls National Park and surrounding areas, with special reference to
regional zoogeographical implications. Koedoe 22: 157-175.
° A complete list of references is available from the Chief Director, National Parks Board, PO
Box 787, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa.
Staff Administrative - 11; Tourism - 10; Nature Conservation - eight; and Technical - four;
Total is 33
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Budget R439,000 per annum (including salaries)
Local Park or Reserve Administration The Warden, Augrabies Falls National Park, PO Box
10, Augrabies, 8874.
Date November 1983
ADDO ELEPHANT NATIONAL PARK
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.11.06 (Cape Sclerophyli)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 17 June 1931. Proclamation 243 in Government Gazette 1963 of 3 July
1931 and the National Parks Act of 1962.
Geographical Location 72km from Port Elizabeth in Cape Province. 33°13’S,25°45’E.
Altitude 75-341m (Zuurkop, Kenmore Beacon)
Area 8,879ha
Land Tenure Government. Administered by the National Parks Board of Trustees.
Physical Features The area includes a series of low, undulating hills with a higher ridge to
the east, and is geologically composed of sandstones and mudstones of the Upper Cretaceous.
Cretaceous fossils such as Ammonites, fossil invertebrates, and fossil wood occur. Annual
average temperaure range minimum: 5°C maximum: 29°C. Annual rainfall is 478mm, falling
throughout the year with peaks in March and a lesser peak in August.
Vegetation The vegetation consists of the Valley Bushveld (Veld Type 23). Some 90% of the
area is covered by dense scrub dominated by Portulacaria afra, thickly matted and from 1 to
4m high. Other common species are Schotia afra, tangled Euclea undulata, Capparis sepiaria
var. citrifolia, Azima tetracantha, Sarcostemma viminale, Rhoicissus digitata, and Ptaeroxylon
obliquum. Other plant associations are coastal bush of Sideroxylon inerme, Schotia afra
and Pterocelastrus tricuspidatus; Karoo bushveld with low shrubs such as Pentzia globosa,
Lampranthus spp. and Ruschia spp., and a mixed scrub and grassland consisting of scattered
clumps of Maytenus heterophylla, Rhus incisa and Grewia occidentalis in grassland of Themeda
triandra, Panicum deustum and _ Digitaria eriantha. Economically important
species Portulacaria afra is a major fodder plant. Endemic species of plants: survey in progress.
Fauna Mammals include: elephant Loxodonta africana (T) (120), buffalo Syncerus caffer
(300), black rhinoceros Diceros bicornis (T) (15), eland Taurotragus oryx (100), greater
kudu Tragelaphus_ strepsiceros (200) and JIesser kudu Tragelaphus imberbis,
bushbuck Tragelaphus_ scriptus (200), red hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus (40),
grysbok Raphicerus melanotis, common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia (380), and small mammals
are well represented. More than 170 bird species have been recorded; the ostrich Struthio
camelus is numerous (70). Threatened species: South African hedgehog Erinaceus frontalis,
straw-coloured fruit bat Eidolon helvum, and lesser woolly bat Kerivoula lanosa.
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Conservation Management A management plan exists for this area. The recruitment rate of
the elephant population has been spectacular ever since the erection of the well-known
elephant-proof Armstrong fence, rising from some 20 odd individuals in 1953 to 124
individuals in 1983.
Zoning Largely a natural area with tourist development confined to one site.
Disturbances or Deficiencies Poaching occurs irregularly but does not pose a threat and
organized agriculture surrounding the park greatly limits the possibility of extension.
Visitor Facilities Facilities include restaurant and accommodation (18 beds) with 15 camp
sites. There is a floodlit elephant waterhole in front of restaurant. The majority of visitors do
not stay overnight in the park. Numbers: 35,721 per annum. Potential: maximum almost
reached for overnight facilities. Daily visitors are not limited.
Scientific Research Research is directed at botanical and zoological aspects of nature
conservation with special reference to the density and composition of the herbaceous layer,
changes in the structure of the woody plants, and population dynamics of the elephant and
research on buffalo.
Special Scientific Facilities Laboratory with reference herbarium
Principal Reference Material
° Branch, W. and Braack, H.H. (in press). Reptiles and amphibians of the Addo Elephant
National Park.
° Grobler, J.H. and Hall-Martin, A.J. (1983). A guidebook to the Addo Elephant National
Park. National Parks Board, Pretoria.
Grobler, J.H. and Braack, H.H. (in press). A note on the mammals of the Addo Elephant
National Park.
Grobler, J.H. and Braack, H.H. (in press). Additions to the checklist of birds of the Addo
Elephant National Park.
° Penzhorn, B.L. (1969). A supplementary checklist of the birds recorded in the Addo
Elephant National Park. Koedoe 12: 106-107.
° Penzhorn B.L. and van Straaten, P.F. (1976). Additions to the checklist of birds of the Addo
Elephant National Park. Koedoe 19: 177-178.
° Penzhorn B.L., and Olivier, M.C. (1974). A systematic checklist of flowering plants of the
Addo Elephant National Park. Koedoe 17: 121-136.
Penzhorn, B.L., Robbertse, P.J. and Olivier, M.C. (1973). The influence of the African
elephant on the vegetation of the Addo Elephant National Park. Koedoe 17: 137-158.
° Swanepoel, P. (1975). Small mammals of the Addo Elephant National Park. Koedoe 18:
103-130.
° Toerien, D.K. (1972). Geologie van die Addo-Olifant Nasionale Park. Koedoe 15: 67-76.
°
Staff Administrative - three; Technical Services - four; Nature Conservation - seven;
Tourism - 16. Total - 30. Temporary staff are employed for the erecting and removal of
fences.
Budget R550,000 per annum (including salaries)
Local Park or Reserve Administration The Park Warden, Addo Elephant National Park,
Private Bag X6027, Port Elizabeth, 6000.
Date November 1983
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South Africa
MOUNTAIN ZEBRA NATIONAL PARK
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.17.07 (Karoo)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 14 June 1937. Proclamation 112 in Government Gazette 2452 of 2 July
1937 and the National Parks Act of 1962.
Geographical Location 24km from Cradock in Cape Province. 32°15’S, 25°41’E.
Altitude 1,200-1,957m (Bankenkop)
Area 6,536ha
Land Tenure Government. Administered by the National Parks Board of Trustees.
Physical Features The rock formations are sandstone, siltstone and mudstone from the lower
stage Beaufort Series of the Karoo System and post-Karoo dolerite intrusions. A_ natural
amphitheatre occurs on the northern slopes of the Bankberg, bisected by the Wilgerboom River
which is perennial and there are rock paintings and panoramic views of the Karoo landscape on
hiking trails. Wilgerboom River is the main river within the area and a number of springs
occur in the area. Soils comprise the Beaufort Series of the Karoo System with dolerite
intrusions. Annual average temperature range minimum: -0.6°C, maximum: 30°C. Annual
rainfall 400mm, falling mainly in summer (October-March).
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of the Karroid Broken Veld (Veld Type 37) and
Karroid Merxmuellera Mountain Veld replaced by Karoo (Veld Type 42). This is a unique
vegetation with thick patches of Acacia karroo occurring together with various Rhus spp.,
particularly along the Wilgerboom River and streams. High up in the ravines dense groves
of Olea africana are present. Mainly dry grassland with plentiful scattered dwarf shrubs and
forbs. Dense stands of trees and taller shrubs composed mainly of Acacia karroo, Celtis
africana, Cussonia paniculata, Rhus spp., and Maytenus heterophylla occur along watercourses
and in sheltered areas. Aloes of note include Aloe broommii, A. ferox, and A. striata.
Economically important species: none. Endemic species: survey in progress.
Fauna The park was established to protect the Cape mountain zebra Equus zebra zebra (which
number 214 at present) but herds of other species are also found: eland Taurotragus oryx (140),
black wildebeest Connochaetes gnou (O) (70), red hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus (70),
blesbok Damaliscus dorcas phillipsi (85), springbok Antidorcas marsupialis (400), greater
kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros (20) and lesser kudu Tragelaphus imberbis, mountain
reedbuck Redunca fulvorufula (400), grey rhebok Pelea capreolus, klipspringer Oreotragus
oreotragus, common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia and steenbok Raphicerus campestris. A total
of 170 bird species has been recorded. The only known protected breeding pair of booted
eagles Hieraaetus pennatus in South Africa occur in the park; there is also a _ breeding
population of the black eagle Aguila verreauxii. Threatened mammals: Cape mountain
zebra Equus zebra zebra, South African hedgehog Erinaceus frontalis, straw-coloured fruit
bat Eidolon helvum, striped weasel Poecilogale albinucha, honey badger Mellivora capensis, and
spectacled dormouse Graphiurus ocularis; birds: Cape eagle owl Bubo capensis, black
stork Ciconia nigra, Cape vulture Gyps coprotheres (periodically), yellowbilled stork Mycteria
ibis, and blue korhaan Eupodotis caerulescens; and reptiles: veld monitor Varanus
exanthematicus albigularis.
Conservation Management A management plan exists for this area.
Zoning Development, natural and wilderness zones
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Disturbances or Deficiencies Grazing and cultivation along the park’s borders may jeopardise
the natural extensive views.
Visitor Facilities There is comfortable accommodation (78 beds) with ablution blocks and
camping facilities (20 sites), and a hiking trail. Numbers: 13,584 per annum. Potential:
maximum reached. Hiking trails take the tourist through ravines and up mountain ridges.
Scientific Research Research is directed at the botanical and zoological aspects of nature
conservation with special attention to the Cape mountain zebra (population dynamics, etc.),
bird distribution, baboons, reptiles and the rock dassie Procavia capensis.
Special Scientific Facilities A small laboratory, herbarium and museum
Principal Reference Material
° Brooker, M. (1977). The archaeology of the Mountain Zebra National Park. Koedoe 20:
77-94.
° Grobler, J.H. and Bronkhorst, P.J. (1981). A preliminary check list of reptiles and
amphibians in the Mountain Zebra National Park. Koedoe 24: 193-197.
° Grobler, J.H. and Bronkhorst, P.J. (1981). Additions and amendments to the bird and
mammal list of the Mountain Zebra National Park. Koedoe 24: 199-203.
° Grobler, J.H. and Hall-Martin, A.J. (1982). A guide to the Mountain Zebra National Park.
Publication of the National Parks Board of Trustees, Pretoria.
° Nel, J.A.J. and Pretorius, J.J.L. (1971). A note on the smaller mammals of the Mountain
Zebra National Park. Koedoe 14: 99-110.
° Penzhorn, B.L. (1970). A check list of the flowering plants in the herbarium of the
Mountain Zebra National Park. Koedoe 13, 131-146.
° Skead, C.J. (1965). Report on the bird-life in the Mountain Zebra National Park, Cradock,
C.P. (1962-1964). Koedoe 8: 1-40.
° Toerien, D.K. (1972). Geologie van die Bergkwagga Nasionale Park. Koedoe 15: 67-82.
° Van, der Walt, P.T. (1980). A phytosociological reconnaissance of the Mountain Zebra
National Park. Koedoe 23: 1-32.
° Accomplete list of references is available from The Chief Director, National Parks Board, PO
Box 787, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa.
Staff Administrative - five; Technical Services - two; Nature Conservation - 10; Tourism, 18;
and Research and Information - two. Total - 37
Budget R750,000 per annum (including salaries)
Local Park or Reserve Administration The Park Warden, Mountain Zebra National Park,
Private Bag X66, Cradock, 5880.
Date November 1983
GOLDEN GATE HIGHLANDS NATIONAL PARK
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.22.12 (South African Highlands)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 13 September 1963. Proclamation 259 in Government Gazette 599 of
13 September 1963 and the National Parks Act of 1962.
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South Africa
Geographical Location 60km from Bethlehem in Orange Free State. 28°25’S, 28°30°E.
Altitude 1,892-2,770m (Ribbokkop)
Area 6,24lha
Land Tenure Government. Administered by the National Parks Board of Trustees.
Physical Features The park lies amongst the foothills of the Maluti Mountains and is
surrounded by massive outcrops of Red Beds and Cave Sandstone cliffs, and the Stormberg
Series of the Karoo System. Outstanding features include Cathedral cave, rock paintings, and
vertebrate fossils. Klein Caledon River flows through the area. Alluvium and river gravel,
sandstone and mudstone. Annual average temperature range minimum: 4°C, maximum: 22°C.
Annual rainfall 765mm, falling mainly in summer (September-April).
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of 3,75lha Highland Sourveld (Veld Type 44(A)) and
2,490ha Highland Sourveld to Cymbopogon-Themeda Veld Transition (Veld Type 56) (Acocks
1975). The typical highland vegetation of the area is dominated by grassland with an
abundance of bulbous plants (geophytes) indicating the importance of fire as an environmental
factor. Some 65 species of grasses have been identified, among them the following
genera:Agrostis, Andropogon, Merxmuellera, Eragrostis, Helictotrichon, also Paspalum
dilatatum, and Rhynchelytrum setifolium. Woody plants include: Protea roupelliae, Cussonia
paniculata, Rhus spp., Diospyros spp., and Asparagus spp. A wide variety of attractive
flowering plants occur, including Kniphofia triangularis Eucomis bicolor,, and Zantedeschia
oculata and species from the following genera Agapanthus, Bulbine, Gladiolus, Hypoxis spp..,.
Succulents include Aloe ecklonis, Crassula spp., and Euphorbia spp. Plants with temperate
affinities include Stoebe vulgaris, Erica spp., and Cliffortia spp.. Leucosidea sericea is the
dominant tree species in ravines. Over 200 flowering plants occur as well as some 14
Pteridophytes. Economically important species: none. Endemic species: survey in progress.
Fauna Large mammals are plentiful and include black wildebeest Connochaetes gnou (180),
blesbok Damaliscus dorcas phillipsi (440), springbok Antidorcas marsupialis (80), mountain
reedbuck Redunca fulvorufula (approximately 150), grey rhebuck Pelea_ capreolus
(approximately 150), eland Taurotragus oryx (60), and Burchell’s zebra Equus burchelli (80).
Some 123 species of birds have been recorded. An important and spectacular raptor is the
bearded vulture Gypaetus barbatus. Threatened mammals: South African hedgehog Erinaceus
frontalis and oribi Ourebia ourebi; and reptiles: water monitor Varanus niloticus and giant
girdled lizard Cordylus giganteus.
Conservation Management A management plan exists for this area.
Zoning High density zone, lower density zone with hiking trails, natural zone and a
wilderness zone
Disturbances or Deficiencies Grazing, cultivation and development in neighbouring areas may
result in disturbance to the park with soil erosion and maintenance of roads being reasons for
concern. The national road through the park is a major disturbance factor.
Visitor Facilities Facilities include two rest camps with huts and ablution blocks (270 beds), a
restaurant and camping (55 sites). Hiking trails have been established and guided tours,
educational films and courses are frequently presented. Numbers: 54,000 per annum.
Potential: maximum almost reached for overnight facilities. Daily visitors are not limited.
Scientific Research Research is directed at botanical, zoological and palaeontological aspects
which include studies on the oribi Ourebia ourebi and habitat utilisation by larger mammals.
Special Scientific Facilities A small laboratory, herbarium and museum.
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Principal Reference Material
°* Liebenberg, L.C. (1964). Die groter soogdiere wat vroe[13]r dae voorgekom het in die
omgewing van die Golden Gate Hooglandpark. Koedoe 7: 99-104.
° Rautenbach, I.L. (1976). A survey of the mammals occurring in the Golden Gate Highlands
National Park. Koedoe 19: 133-144.
° Roberts, B.R. (1969). The vegetation of the Golden Gate Highlands National Park. Koedoe
12: 15-28.
° Spies, J.J. (1969). Die geologiese en geomorfologiese geskiedenis van Golden Gate Hoogland
Nasionale Park. Koedoe 12: 184-198.
° Van Rensburg, A.P.J. (1968). Golden Gate - die geskiedenis van twee plase wat ’n Nasionale
Park geword het. Koedoe 11: 83-138
Staff Administrative - four; Technical Services - 31; Nature Conservation - 13; Tourism -
88; Research and Information - four; Total - 140
Budget R900,000 per annum (including salaries)
Local Park or Reserve Administration The Park Warden, Golden Gate Highlands National
Park, PO Golden Gate, 9708.
Date November 1983
TSITSIKAMMA FOREST AND COASTAL NATIONAL PARK
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.11.6 (Cape Sclerophyll)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 4 December 1964. Proclamation 324 in Government Gazette 936 of 4
December 1964 and the National Parks Act of 1962.
Geographical Location 85km from Humansdorp in Cape Province, 34°00’-34°10’S
23°30°-24°20°E
Altitude 35m below sea level-220m (Kaalkop)
Area 3,318ha (2,840ha coastal section and 478ha forest section)
Land Tenure Government owned, administered by the National Parks Board of Trustees.
Physical Features The Reserve is situated on a plateau, the southern edge of which falls,
abruptly, 120m to the rocky almost beachless shoreline. The plateau consists largely of Table
Mountain Sandstone of Palaeozoic age and has been incised by several rivers. Other rocks
include shales and tillites of the same series. The most outstanding features of the area are the
Tsitsikamma indigenous forest, Storms River Mouth, intertidal marine life and Strandloper
middens which are of archaeological interest. Storms, Groot, Elands, Elandsbos, Lottering and
Bloukrans Rivers flow through the reserve. Soils are derivatives of sandstone, quartzite and
tillite. Annual average temperature range minimum: 11°C, maximum: 19°C. Annual rainfall
1,000mm falling throughout the year with lower rainfall during April - August.
Vegetation The Knysna Forest (Veld Type 4) and Macchia (Veld Type 69). The forest
represents a section of the largest southern outlier of the Afro-montane forest belt, surrounded
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and partly invaded by typical Cape fynbos. The dominant forest species include: Podocarpus
latifolius, P. falcatus, Cassine crocea, Celtis africana, Ocotea bullata, Pterocelastrus
tricuspidatus, Curtisia dentata, Olea capensis subspecies macrocarpa, Platylophus trifoliatus,
Ficus capensis and Sideroxylon inerme. Many Iridaceae occur including buggle-lily Watsonia
spp. and Gladiolus spp. The marine fauna includes both warm and cold water species.
Economically important species: Podocarpus latifolius, P. falcatus and Ocotea bullata. Endemic
species: The park is situated in the fynbos biome, which includes several hundred species of
plants which are endemic to South Africa.
Fauna Mammals include: vervet monkey Cercopithecus aethiops, Cape clawless otter Aonyx
capensis, bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, blue duiker Cephalophus monticola, rock
dassie Procavia capensis and bushpig Potamochoerus porcus. Marine mammals are visitors to
the bays and coves and include pygmy sperm whale Kogia breviceps, dwarf sperm whale Kogia
simus, Blainville’s beaked whale Mesoplodon densirostris, crabeater seal Lobodon
carcinophagus, common dolphin Delphinus delphis, India Ocean bottlenosed dolphin Tursiops
truncatus and southern right whale Eualaena glacialis (E). Over 400 species of marine fish
occur, almost 50% of which are endemic due to the location of the park between two major
current systems. In addition there are over 210 species of birds. Snakes are common, the most
dangerous being the boomslang Dispholidus typus. Endangered’ species: Honey
badger Mellivora capensis and leopard Panthera pardus (V).
Conservation Management A management plan exists for this area.
Zoning A high density area, buffered by a 5km area of limited utilization, including the
Blouduiker and Loerie hiking trails and Storms River mouth. Low density area with the 46km
Otter hiking trail. Wilderness area, to the east of the Storms River Mouth, for a distance of
some 35km.
Disturbances or Deficiencies Cultivation, organized forestry and residential areas on the
borders of the park are potential causes of disturbance. Alien invasive plants are a problem
but are being systematically eradicated.
Visitor Facilities Vehicles admitted to coastal park daily or on accommodation permit.
Accommodation with ablution blocks and camping facilities available, including 100 camping
sites. Hiking trail along coast, underwater trail and canoe trips. Hiking trails in the area are a
main attraction to the public. Film shows and lectures are presented regularly. Open-air
museum. Numbers: 93,000 per annum. Potential: Maximum almost reached for overnight
facilities. Daily visitors not limited.
Scientific Research Research is focused on various aspects of marine biology, resulting in
surveys of littoral and pelagic fish, as well as invertebrate and botanical surveys.
Special Scientific Facilities A laboratory, small reference herbarium and museum. Also small
research vessel.
Principal Reference Material A complete list of references is available from: The Chief
Director, National Parks Board, PO Box 787, Pretoria, 0001.
° Carruthers, V.C. and Robinson, G.A. (1977). Notes on amphibia in the Tsitsikamma
National Park. Koedoe 20: 115-124.
° De Graaff, G. and Nel, J.A.J. (1970). Notes on the smaller mammals of the Eastern Cape
National Parks. Koedoe 30: 147-150.
° Tietz, R.M. and Robinson, G.A. (1974). Tsitsikamma Shore. Pretoria: National Parks Board
of Trustees.
° Toerien, D.K. (1976). Geologie van die Tsitsikammakusstrook. Koedoe 19: 31-42.
° Robinson, G.A. (Undated). A guide to the Tsitsikamma Forest National Parks Board of
Trustees.
° Seagrief, S.C. (1967). The seaweeds of the Tsitsikamma Coastal National Park. Pretoria:
National Parks Board of Trustees.
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° Skead, C.J. and Liversidge, R. (1967). Birds of the Tsitsikamma Forest and Coastal National
Park, 1966. Koedoe 10: 43-62.
° Smith, J.L.B. and Smith, M.M. (1966). Fishes of the Tsitsikamma Coastal National Park.
Pretoria: National Parks Board of Trustees.
Staff Administrative - 2; Technical services - 15; Nature Conservation - 21; Tourism - 91;
Research and Information - 4. Total - 133.
Budget R1,000,000 per annum (including salaries)
Local Park or Reserve Administration The Park Warden, Tsitsikamma Coastal and Forest
National Park, PO Stormsriver, 3608.
Date November 1983
BONTEBOK NATIONAL PARK
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.11.06 (Cape Sclerophyll)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 1931 at Bredasdorp, moved to Swellendam during 1960. Proclamation 86 in
Government Gazette 6653 of 24 March 1961 and the National Parks Act of 1962.
Geographical Location 6km from Swellendam in Cape Province. 34°02’S, 20°25’E.
Altitude 60-200m
Area 2,786ha
Land Tenure Government. Administered by the National Parks Board of Trustees.
Physical Features A series of gently undulating gravel terraces descending from a rocky
plateau through sand and boulders to an alluvial plain. The flats in the south-east are
surrounded by low hills and the perennial Breede River, which forms the south-western
boundary and provides the only water supply. 90% of the surface is gravel and alluvium, but
the cliffs along the river belong to the Witteberg Series of the Cape systems. Waterbodies
comprise pools in river beds, permanent and semi-permanent dams. Marshy areas and pans
form during the rains in the eastern sandveld of the park. Soils are immature brown earth and
podzols, shallow lithosols and deep alluvial sand. Annual average temperature range minimum:
6°C, maximum: 32°C. Annual rainfall 511mm, 59% of which falls during the winter months
between April and October.
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of the Coastal Rhenosterbosveld (Veld Type 46). The
south-western Cape flora capensis region has been described as one of the richest floristic areas
in the world. Over 470 plant species have been identified in the National Park, including 52
grass species. Vegetation primarily consists of Leucadendron spp., and Elytropappus
rhinocerotis bush, about a metre high, with Themeda triandra the most abundant grass. Trees
are largely confined to the banks of the Breede River where Podocarpus elongatus is the most
important. Elsewhere there are scattered clumps of Acacia karroo. Dominant species
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include: Podocarpus elongatus, Carissa haematocarpa, Olea africana, Euclea racemosa,
Sideroxylon inerme, Relhania squarrosa, Acacia karroo, Selago corymbosa, Cussonia spicata,
Ehrharta calycina, Buddleja salviifolia, Lasiochloa longifolia, Rhus lucida, Merxmuellera
disticha, and Aloe ferox. Economically important species: Proteaceae for the cut flower
industry and Podocarpus elongatus. Endemic species: the park is situated in the fynbos biome,
which comprises several hundred species of plants which are endemic to South Africa.
Fauna’ The park was established to protect the bontebok Damaliscus dorcas dorcas, which
now number 279. Many other species, some rare, are present including grey rhebok Pelea
capreolus (180), springbok Antidorcas marsupialis (16) and Sharpe’s grysbok Raphicerus sharpei
(10). 186 bird species have been recorded in the park. The fish Barbus burchelli (R), is found
in the tributaries of the Breede River. Threatened species: mammals: aardwolf Proteles
cristatus, straw-coloured fruit bat Eidolon helvum, honey badger Mellivora capensis, spectacled
dormouse Graphiurus ocularis and Verreaux’s mouse Praomys verreauxii: and birds: black
stork Ciconia nigra and Cape vulture Gyps coprotheres (V).
Conservation Management A management plan exists for this area.
Zoning Wilderness, natural and development zones
Disturbances or Deficiencies Grazing and cultivation on the park’s borders may cause
disturbances. Some alien invasives, Opuntia spp., Acacia saligna and Acacia mearnsii are
present and efforts are constantly exerted to control these alien species. As a result of a
burning programme initiated during 1975, the park is reverting from Macchia (fynbos) to
grassland.
Visitor Facilities Facilities include 15 camp sites and an information centre, with a possiblity
for a future rest camp. Numbers: 10,559 per annum. Potential: future increase.
Scientific Research Research is undertaken by Universities (post-graduate students) and
museums, especially on the grey rhebok Pelea capreolus and the bontebok Damaliscus dorcas
dorcas. Veterinary research on parasites is also undertaken.
Special Scientific Facilities Small laboratory and herbarium
Principal Reference Material
Braack, H.H. (1981). Lower vertebrates of the Bontebok National Park. Koedoe 24: 67-77.
° Baron, S.T. (1981). An updated list of birds of the Bontebok National Park. Koedoe 24:
79-98.
° Braack, H.H. (1981). A guide to the Bontebok National Park. Pretoria: National Parks Board
of Trustees.
° Braack, H.H. (1981). Vertebrates of the Bontebok National Park. Koedoe 24: 67-77.
° G. de Graaff, P.T. van der Walt and van Zyl, L.J. (n.d.). Populasie samestelling van die
bontebok Damaliscus dorcas dorcas in die Bontebok Nasionale Park, gedurende Januarie
1974. Koedoe 19: 67-74.
° Grobler, P.J. and Marais, J. (1967). Die Plantegroei van die Bontebok Nasionale Park,
Swellendam (Deel I). Koedoe 10: 132-146.
° Stuart, C.T. and Braack, H.H. (1978). Preliminary notes on the mammals of the Bontebok
National Park. Koedoe 21: 111-117.
° Van der Walt, P.T., van Zyl, L.J. and de Graaff, G. (1976). Lewensloop van ’n Kaapse
buffelbevolking Syncerus caffer in die Bontebok Nasionale Park. Koedoe 19: 189-199.
° A complete list of references is available from The Chief Director, National Parks Board, PO
Box 787, Pretoria, 0001. South Africa.
Staff Nature Conservation - six; Tourism - four; Total - 10
Budget R100,000 per annum (including salaries)
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Local Park or Reserve Administration The Park Warden, Bontebok National Park, PO Box
149, Swellendam, 6740.
Date November 1983
DE HOOP NATURE RESERVE
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.11.06 (Cape Sclerophyll)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 1956
Geographical Location 60km from Bredasdorp in Cape Province. 34°21’-31°S, 20°19’-38’E.
Altitude Minimum 611m
Area 17,846ha
Land Tenure Government. Administered by the Department of Nature and Environmental
Conservation, Cape Provincial Administration.
Physical Features The reserve is characterised by a varied geology and physiography and
includes the highest part (611m) of the low, isolated Potberg mountain range which consists of
siliceous quartzites of Palaeozoic age (Ordovician - Silurian); a range of low calcareous
sandstone (cf limestone) hills up to 200m high of Mio-Pliocene age and marine/aeolian origin
and a coastal plain of low, undulating limestone pavements and ridges interpersed with sandy
flats. A broad zone of low vegetated dunes is present along the coast, but a 1,000ha area
consists of shifting dunes. Notable features are a 12km long coastline with a zone of shifting
sand dunes and low limestone cliffs. Along the coast area, there are a number of deep caves in
the limestone, one of which seasonally contains a breeding colony of more than 100,000 bats.
All streams are temporary and flow only after heavy rains. Drainage over much of the plain
and limestone hills is subterranean and numerous depressions with internal drainage are
present. A large shallow lake, De Hoopvlei of 1,000ha when full, lies partly within the reserve
and is fed by a river which originates outside the reserve as well as springs along the edge of
the lake. Soils are predominately sandy and of aeolian origin (sand dunes along the coast) or
derived from in situ weathering of sandstones and quartzites and sandy limestones. They are
generally nutrient-poor and acid over sandstones and quartzites and base-rich (calcareous) over
limestones. Annual average temperature range: minimum 13°C, maximum 19°C., annual
rainfall: 400mm, falling mainly in winter (March to August).
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of Coastal Rhenosterbosveld (Veld Type 46), Coastal
Macchia (Veld Type 47), and Macchia (Veld Type 69). Economically important species:
thatching reed (Thamnochortus spp.) and numerous species of flowering plants especially
Proteaceae which are utilised commercially on surrounding farmland as cut flowers, but no
harvesting of flora is allowed in the reserve. Endemic species: a number of plant species are
endemic or near-endemic, for example Brachysiphon mundii, Erica uysii, Aspalathus
potbergensis, Protea aurea ssp. Potbergensis, Osteospermum elsieae, and some as_ yet
undescribed species. Numerous other species are regarded as threatened.
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Fauna There is a good variety of large mammals including the eland Tragelaphus oryx (60),
springbok Antidorcas marsupialis (125), grey rhebok Pelea capreolus, Cape grysbok Raphicerus
melanotis, steenbok Raphicerus campestris, common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia,
klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus, and 39 smaller mammal species. There are also 210 bird,
20 reptile, two fish, and six amphibian species. De Hoopvlei supports a varied avifauna with
particularly large populations of ducks, geese, coot (the latter number tens of thousands at
times), flamingos (both lesser and greater), and piscivorous bird species, which includes three
breeding pairs of the fish eagle Haliaeetus vocifer. Threatened species: Cape mountain
zebra Equus zebra zebra (T) and bontebok Damaliscus dorcas dorcas (O), Cape vulture Gyps
coprotheres (V) (50). The southernmost breeding-colony of the Cape vulture Gyps coprotheres
(V), is situated in the Potberg mountain range. Caves in the limestone hills support five bat
species; Rhinolophus clivosus, R. capensis, Myotis tricolor, Miniopterus schreibersi, and Mycteris
thebaica.
Conservation Management The management plan is being updated following a recent (1980)
major extention of the reserve.
Zoning A zoning scheme is being devised as part of the management plan revision.
Disturbances or Deficiencies Exotic woody plant invaders especially Acacia spp. from
Australia present a major problem and threat to the reserve’s ecosystems. Veld fires, which
originate on adjacent farmland, are a further problem which is compounded by unsatisfactory
boundary alignments. A small area of formerly ploughed fields is included in the reserve. The
use of parts of the reserve for a missile testing range had been the subject of a Commission of
Enquiry and will be subject to rigorous controls.
Visitor Facilities The reserve is at present open to the public for one day a week only, but an
education centre is under construction. A hiking trail has been developed. Numbers: 10,000
per annum (mainly day visitors). Potential: maximum almost reached.
Scientific Research Departmental surveys and monitoring programmes are undertaken as well
as ecological research by universities. A complete fauna list (vertebrates) is available, a
floristic list is being compiled, and studies and classification of the vegetation have been
completed or are in progress. Detailed studies of the biology of the bontebok Damaliscus
dorcas dorcas, Cape zebra Equus zebra zebra, Cape vulture Gyps coprotheres and cave-dwelling
bats have been undertaken. Detailed ecological studies of the fynbos ecosystems and De
Hoopvlei are envisaged.
Special Scientific Facilities _ No special research facilities are available, although there is
accommodation for visiting scientists.
Principal Reference Material Various unpublished internal reports
Staff One senior reserve manager, three reserve managers and 30 labourers
Budget R150,000 per annum (including salaries)
Local Park or Reserve Administration The Officer-in-Charge, De Hoop Nature Reserve,
Private Bag X16, Bredasdorp 7280.
Date May 1982
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KAROO NATURE RESERVE
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.17.07 (Karoo)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 24 August 1979. Proclamation 192 of 1983. Includes the Valley of
Desolation, which is a National Monument.
Geographical Location lkm from Graaff-Reinet in Cape Province. 32°10°-32°20’S,
24°20°-24°40°E.
Altitude 740-1,710m (Drie Koppe)
Area Approximately 14,000ha
Land Tenure Government. Administered by the Department of Nature and Environmental
Conservation, Cape Provincial Administration.
Physical Features Typical of Karoo landscape with dolerite sills capping steeply sloping
sandstone koppies. Deep, alluvial soils are subject to erosion on the valley floors. Outstanding
features of the area are the Valley of Desolation (exposed dolerite dyke) and Spandaukop
(classic Karoo mesa). Sondags and Pienaars Rivers flow through the reserve, with sandy soils
of sandstone and dolerite origin. Annual average temperature range minimum: 11°C,
maximum: 24°C. Annual rainfall 320mm falling mainly in summer (October-March).
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of Succulent Mountain Scrub (Veld Type 25),
Karroid Merxmuellera Mountain Veld (Veld Type 60), False Central Lower Karoo (Veld Type
38), and False Karroid Broken Veld (Veld Type 37). Original vegetation of the Karoo -
mountain veld consists of Portulacaria afra, Rhus spp., Maytenus spp., Themeda
triandra, Heteropogon contortus and Eragrostis spp., which is physiognomically, a bush-clump
savanna. The lower slopes and plains are characterised by karroid species: Pentzia,
Mestoklema, Eberlanzia, Chrysocoma, Eragrostis and Aristida spp.. Economically important
species: none. Endemic species: Dioscorea elephantipes.
Fauna Greater kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros (approximately 240) and __ lesser
kudu Tragelaphus imberbis, common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia (45), klipspringer Oreotragus
oreotragus (18), mountain reedbuck Redunca fulvorufula (42), black wildebeest Connochaetes
gnou (O) (20), blesbok Damaliscus dorcas phillipsi (17), and springbok Antidorcas marsupialis
(32). There is also a large waterfowl population. Threatened mammals: Cape mountain
zebra Equus zebra zebra (T) (20 individuals introduced in 1981, population 24 in 1984).
Conservation Management A management plan exists for this area.
Zoning 10,000ha natural area and 4,000ha recreation area
Disturbances or Deficiencies There is a man-made dam covering about 500ha. A fluctuation
zone and flooding pose problems.
Visitor Facilities Facilities are situated around the historical town of Graaff-Reinet where
tourist amenities are provided. Numbers: 8,000 per annum. Potential: 12,000 per annum.
Scientific Research Total floristic survey being conducted
Special Scientific Facilities Herbarium with about 400 specimens
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Principal Reference Material ;
° Van Riet, W.F. and J.P. Minnaar, (1977). Graaff-Reinet 2000. Samevattende tussentydse
verslag, Department of Architecture, University of Pretoria.
° Various internal departmental reports.
Staff Two senior staff and 20 labourers
Budget R18,000 per annum (excluding salaries)
Local Park or Reserve Administration Officer-in-Charge, Karoo Nature Reserve, PO Box
349, Graaff-Reinet, 6280.
Date June 1982
OVISTON NATURE RESERVE
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.17.07 (Karoo)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 1968. Proclamation 276 of 1981
Geographical Location 10km from Venterstad in Cape Province. 30°38’-30°45’S,
25°30’-26°05’E.
Altitude 1,320-1,530m
Area Approximately 13,000ha
Land Tenure Government. Administered by the Department of Nature and Environmental
Conservation, Cape Provincial Administration.
Physical Features The area is generally flat, and sloping to the north-west. In the west are
numerous dolerite hills of 30 to 160m in height. The reserve is situated on the banks of the
H.F. Verwoerd Dam. Orange River flows through the area. Soils include shallow lithosols of
dolerite and sandstone origin. Annual average temperature range minimum: 10°C, maximum:
23°C. Annual rainfall 400mm, falling mainly in summer.
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of the False Upper Karoo (Veld Type 36).
Grasses: Cymbopogon spp., Themeda triandra, Heteropogon contortus, Eragrostis spp.
and Aristida spp.. Herbs: Chrysocoma tenuifolia, Pentzia spp., and Eriocephalus spp..
Shrubs: Acacia karroo, Rhus spp., and Diospyros spp..
Fauna Springbok Antidorcas marsupialis (4,000), steenbok Raphicerus campestris (300),
Burchell’s zebra Equus burchelli (30), mountain reedbuck Redunca fulvorufula (1,000), red
hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus (30), and black wildebeest Connochaetes gnou (O) (400). This
reserve is an important breeding area for all the above species.
Conservation Management A management plan exists for this area.
Zoning Tourism, natural area and game breeding area
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Disturbances or Deficiencies There is excessive disturbance along the dam fluctuation zone;
invasive plants etc. Erosion of drainage lines is a major disturbing factor.
Visitor Facilities Facilities include angling on a limited scale. Numbers: 7,300 per annum.
Potential: 7,300 per annum.
Scientific Research Total floristic survey as well as vegetation utilisation research
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material Various internal departmental reports
Staff Two senior staff and 15 labourers
Budget R20,000 per annum (excluding salaries)
Local Park or Reserve Administration Officer-in-Charge, Oviston Nature Reserve, PO Box 7,
Venterstad, 5990.
Date June 1982
GAMKA MOUNTAIN NATURE RESERVE
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.11.06 (Cape Sclerophyll)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 1970, in process of being proclaimed
Geographical Location 35km from Oudtshoorn in Cape Province, 33°40’-46’S, 21°48’-59’E
Altitude 300-1,100m (Bakenskop)
Area 9,428ha
Land Tenure Government. Administered by the Department of Nature and Environmental
Conservation, Cape Provincial Administration.
Physical Features The reserve lies astride the eastern end of the Gamkaberg-Rooiberg
mountain range, a semi-isolated east-west orientated range which forms part of the Cape
Folded Belt. The mountain is formed by an anticline in the quartzites of the Table Mountain
Group of Palaeozoic age (Silurian-Devonian). The Gamkaberg is rounded with fairly gentle
slopes at the top but the northern slopes are deeply dissected by steep-sided ravines. Three
major ravines drain to the north but all are temporary water courses. Soils are predominately
sandy, shallow and skeletal and developed over quartzites of the Table Mountain Group.
Annual average temperature range minimum: 5°C, maximum: 25°C. Annual rainfall
400-500mm on summit falling mainly in winter (May - October); some summer precipitation.
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of False Macchia (Veld Type 70) which covers 70% of
the reserve, but Succulent Mountain Scrub (Spekboomveld) (Veld Type 25) and Mountain
Rhenosterbosveld (Veld Type 43) are also present on the lower northern and southern slopes
respectively. Succulent Karoo (Veld Type 31) occurs in a small area on the northern plain.
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South Africa
Vegetation is characterized by sparse canopy cover, usually less than 70% and _ poorly
discernable stratification. Many species of Proteaceae, Ericaceae and Restionaceae occur, as
well as Elytropappus spp. and Portulacaria afra. Economically important species: None known
except flowering plants, especially Proteaceae, which are utilized as cut flowers elsewhere but
no harvesting of flora is allowed in the reserve. Endemic species: No species are known to be
endemic to the reserve itself but a few species are thought to be endemic to the
Rooiberg-Gamkaberg range as a whole. A few species which are regarded as threatened have
been recorded in the reserve (such as Leucospermum pluridens).
Fauna Smaller antelope such as klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus and grey rhebok Pelea
capreolus are common, as are chacma baboon Papio ursinus and rock dassie Procavia capensis.
Smaller carnivores include caracal Felis caracal and Cape grey mongoose JHerpestes
pulverulentus. Black eagle Aquila verreauxii are seen regularly and breed in the reserve.
Twenty-five mammal, 90 bird, 24 reptile (12 snake, ten lizard and two tortoise species) and
eight amphibian species have been recorded in the reserve and immediate vicinity. Threatened
species: Mountain zebra Equus zebra (14) and leopard Panthera pardus (T). One breeding site
of the booted eagle Hieraaetus pennatus.
Conservation Management A management plan is in preparation.
Zoning No zoning scheme has been implemented but the greater part of the reserve is
managed as a primitive area (without roads) or as a natural area (with tracks only).
Disturbances or Deficiencies Before establishment of the reserve the top of the mountain had
been burnt frequently (every 5 years or so) to promote a grass cover which resulted
in Elytropappus rhinocerotis invasion in places and an increase in unpalatable grass species.
The alignment of boundaries is not ideal and creates problems in management especially with
respect to fire control and increased management costs.
Visitor Facilities There are no visitor facilities available. Visitors are allowed but access is on
foot only and visitors are not encouraged. Guided walks are undertaken on request. Numbers:
100 per annum. Potential: Visitors not encouraged.
Scientific Research A study of the behaviour and habitat preferences of the
klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus has been completed, and a classification and description of
the vegetation is nearing completion. An annotated checklist of the mammals has been
published and a herbarium collection of the flora is being undertaken.
Special Scientific Facilities A small herbarium which is being extended at present.
Principal Reference Material
° Various unpublished department reports.
° Lawson, A.B. (1982). Notes on the mammals of the Gamka Mountain Reserve, Cape
Province. Bontebok 2(2):1-8.
Staff One ranger and seven labourers, who also have responsibility for the Gamkapoort
Nature Reserve.
Budget R16,400 per annum (excluding salaries, transport and major capital works)
Local Park or Reserve Administration The Officer-in-Charge, Gamka Mountain Nature
Reserve, Private Bag X21, Oudtshoorn, 6620.
Date May 1982
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DOORNKLOOF NATURE RESERVE
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.17.07 (Karoo)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 1 April 1981, Proclamation 276 of 1981
Geographical Location 50km from Petrusville in Cape Province. 30°13’-30°24’S,
24°55’-25°03’E.
Altitude 1,260-1,480m (Pense Berg)
Area 8,76Sha
Land Tenure Government. Administered by the Department of Nature and Environmental
Conservation, Cape Provincial Administration.
Physical Features Features include numerous dolerite hills and ridges, divided by grassy
plains. The reserve is situated on the banks of the P.K. le Roux Dam. The Orange River flows
through the area. Shallow lithosols of dolerite and sandstone origin. Annual average
temperature range minimum: 10°C, maximum: 23°C. Annual rainfall 400mm, falling mainly in
summer (October-February).
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of the False Karroid Broken Veld (Veld Type 37).
Grasses: Cymbopogon spp., Themeda triandra, Heteropogon contortus, Eragrostis spp.
and Aristida spp.. Herbs: Pentzia spp., Chrysocoma tenuifolia, Eriocephalus_ spp.,
and Felicia spp.. Shrubs: Acacia karroo, Rhus spp., and Diospyros spp..
Fauna Fauna include mountain reedbuck Redunca fulvorufula (500) and common
duiker Sylvicapra grimmia (50). There is also a large waterfowl population. Threatened
species: none.
Conservation Management No management plan exists for this area.
Zoning All a natural area
Disturbances or Deficiencies Water level fluctuation zone and invasive plants pose a problem
Visitor Facilities Facilities include picnic sites. Numbers: 500 per annum; potential 1,000 per
annum.
Scientific Research None
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material Various internal departmental reports
Staff One senior and ten junior staff
Budget R10,000 per annum (excluding salaries)
Local Park or Reserve Administration Officer-in-Charge, Doornkloof Nature Reserve, PO
Box 23, Vanderkloof, 8771.
Date June 1982
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GAMKAPOORT NATURE RESERVE
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.17.07 (Karoo)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 1980, not yet formally proclaimed as a nature reserve
Geographical Location 35km from Prince Albert in Cape Province. 33°13’-33°18'S,
21°31°-21°46°E.
Altitude 430-1,280m (Elandsberg)
Area 8,000ha (6,950ha land and 1,050ha water)
Land Tenure State. Administered by the Department of Nature and Environmental
Conservation, Cape Provincial Administration.
Physical Features The reserve lies at the northern side of the 1,500-2,000m high Great
Swartberg Mountains at the southern edge of the Great Karoo. A prominent east-west
trending ridge (600m high in the east, to 1,200m in the west), which is capped by erosion
resistant quartzites of the Witteberg Group, runs through the reserve. It is separated from the
Swartberg Mountains by a valley cut into the softer shale rocks of the Bokkeveld and Witteberg
Groups (both Cape Supergroups: early to late Devonian period). To the north lie the plains of
the Great Karoo which are underlain by rocks of the Karoo Sequence (mainly tillites of the
Dwyka Formation and shales of the Ecca and Beaufort Groups: late Carboniferous to Triassic
periods). Fossils of trilobites, brachiopods and molluscs are common in rocks of the Bokkeveld
Groups (Devonian: 395-345 ma). The Dwyka and Gamka, two large rivers, which drain a large
part of the Great Karoo, have their confluence at the northern side of the Swartberg Mountains
and then flow southwards through a spectacular gorge. The Gamka Dam at the entrance to the
gorge floods an area of 1,050ha within the reserve. All other smaller streams are seasonal. The
greater part of the area is underlain by shales and the soils are generally clayey. More sandy
soils occur on quartzite outcrops. Annual average temperature range minimum: 10°C,
maximum: 22°C. Annual rainfall 150-250mm, falling all year round.
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of the Karroid Broken Veld (Veld Type 26),
Spekboomveld (Veld Type 25), and Succulent Karoo (Veld Type 31) with some Mountain
Rhenosterbosveld (Veld Type 43) and False Macchia (Veld Type 70). Dwarf succulent
shrublands with succulent mesems and small-leaved shrubs occur on the low-lying
areas. Acacia karroo forms dense stands along watercourses and occasional tall shrubs such
as Rhigozum obovatum, Euclea undulata and Pappea capensis occur on the _ hillsides.
Spekboomveld with Portulacaria afra as dominant, occurs on north facing slopes of the
Swartberg Mountains. On higher lying ridges of the Witteberg Group, small-leaved
rhenosterbosveld shrublands occur with Elytropappus rhinocerotis and Eriocephalus spp.. Dry
Mountain Fynbos is also present on the highest quartzite ridges. Economically important
species: none. Endemic species: none.
Fauna Greater kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros and lesser kudu Tragelaphus imberbis (15),
grey rhebok Pelea capreolus, steenbok Raphicerus campestris, common duiker Sylvicapra
grimmia and klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus are the only antelope present. Threatened
species: Aardwolf Proteles cristatus occurs and African fish eagle Haliaeetus vocifer breed in
the vicinity of Gamkapoort Dam.
Conservation Management No management plan exists for this area.
Zoning The greater part of the reserve will be managed as a natural area with limited public
access. Only Gamkapoort Dam is open to the public for recreation (angling and boating).
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Disturbances or Deficiencies There is limited poaching as a result of inadequate control.
Severe grazing in the recent past has caused deterioration of the veld and total removal of farm
stock could only be effected from January 1983.
Visitor Facilities | None, but the public have access to Gamkapoort Dam for angling and
boating. Numbers: unknown. Potential: unknown.
Scientific Research A collection of the flora is being undertaken
Special Scientific Facilities A herbarium is being developed
Principal Reference Material None available
Staff No full-time staff at present. Irregular visits by a Nature Conservator and six labourers
from Gamka Mountain Reserve 150km away.
Budget R2,600 per annum (salaries, transport, and major capital work excluded)
Local Park or Reserve Administration The Nature Conservator, Gamka Mountain Nature
Reserve, Private Bag X21, Oudtshoorn, 6620.
Date September 1983
HESTER MALAN NATURE RESERVE
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.11.07 (Karoo)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 1966. Decree number: not yet formally proclaimed as a nature reserve
Geographical Location 16km from Springbok in Cape Province. 29°35’-29°42’S,
17°55’-18°03E.
Altitude 884m-1,354m (Carolusberg)
Area 6,576ha
Land Tenure Government. Administered by the Department of Nature and Environmental
Conservation, Cape Provincial Administration.
Physical Features Prominent dome-shaped and rugged rocky hills with large boulders with
sandy plains in between. The hills merge into a rugged plateau to the north, with prominent
rocky hills and shallow, medium to coarse loam soils derived from weathering of
granitic-gneiss. Annual average temperature range minimum: 11°C, maximum: 23°C. Annual
rainfall 162mm, falling mainly in winter (May-September).
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of the Namaqualand Broken Veld (Veld Type 33). The
most striking features of the Namaqualand vegetation are the seasonal variations in the
ephemeral plant population densitites and composition. The ephemerals, such
as Dimorphotheca polyptera, Osteospermum amplectens, O. hyoseroides, and Arctotis fastuosa
form an important part of the vegetation cover in the winter. On the plains, the sparse ground
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cover is dominated by succulent mesems and Zygophyllum retrofractum shrublets. On the
plateaux the ground cover is more dense and the vegetation consists of Ruschia robusta,
Leipoldtia pauciflora, Eriocephalus ericoides, Galenia africana, and Osteospermum sinuatum.
Taller shrubs such as Diospyros ramulosa and Rhus undulata also occur. Trees, which formerly
occurred on the hillsides, have been largely eliminated, but occasional specimens of Pappea
capensis may still be found and Aloe dichotoma is common on some of the hills. | Economically
important species: A number of succulents occur which are sought by collectors but no removal
of flora is allowed. Endemic species: Gladiolus salteri and a Spiloxene sp. nov.
Fauna Springbok Antidorcas marsupialis (49) and gemsbok Oryx gazella (47) have been
reintroduced. Klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus (21), chacma baboon Papio ursinus,
bat-eared fox Otocyon megalotis, Cape fox Vulpes chama, rock dassie Procavia capensis,
common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia and steenbok Raphicerus campestris occur naturally.
Thirty-one species of mammal have been recorded in the reserve. Ostrich Struthio camelus,
black eagle Aquila verreauxii, karoo korhaan Eupodotis virgorsii, spotted dikkop Burhinus
capensis, and ground woodpecker Geocolaptes olivaceus are some of the birds that are
frequently seen. Forty-seven bird species have been recorded. At least 26 species (eight
snake, 15 lizard and three tortoise species) are known to occur in the reserve, along with three
amphibians e.g. armadillo lizard Cordylus cataphractus (V), rock agama Agama atra, and
Namaqualand padloper Homopus signatus. Threatened species: Hartmann’s mountain
zebra Equus zebra hartmannae (T)(16), aardwolf Proteles cristatus, and honey badger Mellivora
capensis.
Conservation Management No management plan exists for this area.
Zoning The greater part of the reserve is managed as a natural area.
Disturbances or Deficiencies The Okiep Copper Company retain the right to mine for copper
on the reserve and the veld has not yet fully recovered from severe overgrazing in the past.
Trees, which formerly occurred on the hillsides, were removed years ago.
Visitor Facilities Facilities are open for day use only. There are hiking trails and nursery for
succulents is open to the public. Numbers: unknown. Potential: unknown.
Scientific Research Studies on the habitat selection and feeding ecology of
klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus and ecology and breeding biology of the gemsbok Oryx
gazella have been completed. A detailed study of the phenology of the flora and
classifications of the plant communities have also been completed. Monitoring of vegetation
Succession and recovery is an ongoing programme and comprehensive checklists of the
mammals and flora are available.
Special Scientific Facilities A comprehensive herbarium collection
Principal Reference Material
° Dieckmann, R.C. (1979). Notes on the smaller mammals of the Hester Malan Nature
Reserve, Springbok, Namaqualand. South African Journal of Zoology 14(2): 85-89.
* Dieckmann, R.C. (1980). Ecology and breeding biology of the gemsbok Oryx gazella
(Linneus, 1758) in the Hester Malan Nature Reserve. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Pretoria.
Le Roux, A. (1984). Fito sosilogiese studie van die Hester malan- natuurreservaat. M.Sc.
Thesis, Universty of Pretoria.
° Norton, P.M. (1980). The habitat and feeding ecology of the klipspringer Oreotragus
oreotragus (Zimmeman, 1783) in two areas of the Cape Province. M.Sc. Thesis, University
of Pretoria.
° Van Rooyen, M.W., Grobbelaar, N. and Theron, G.K. (1979a). Phenology of the vegetation
of the Hester Malan Nature Reserve in the Namaqualand Broken Veld, South Africa. 1.
General observations. Journal of South Africa Botany 45: 279-294.
°* Van Rooyen, M.W., Grobbelaar, N. and Theron, G.K. (1979b). Phenology of the vegetation
in the Hester Malan Nature Reserve in the Namaqualand Broken Veld, South Africa. 2. The
therophyte population. Journal of South African Botany 45(3): 433-452.
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Staff One reserve manager and one pupil nature conservator
Budget R15,200 per annum (excluding salaries, transport, and major capital works)
Local Park or Reserve Administration The Officer-in-Charge, Hester Malan Nature Reserve,
Private Bag X1, Springbok, 8240.
Date July 1983
ANDRIES VOSLOO KUDU RESERVE
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.08.04 (South African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 1973. Proclamation 409 of 1976
Geographical Location 32km from Grahamstown in Cape Province. 33°04’-33°09’S,
26°37’-26°49’E.
Altitude 182-548m (Graskop)
Area 6,493ha
Land Tenure Government. Administered by the Department of Nature and Environmental
Conservation, Cape Provincial Administration.
Physical Features The eastern section is traversed by numerous thickly wooded riverine
valleys. The western section is flatter, with some examples of exposed LEcca_ shales.
Outstanding physical features include views of the meandering Fish River Valley and isolated
dolerite sills within the boundaries, which are limited to a 500m stretch of the Great Fish
River, with non-perennial streams within the reserve boundaries. Clay soils of shale origin.
Annual average temperature range minimum: 10°C, maximum: 23°C. Annual rainfall 434mm,
falling mainly in summer (October-March).
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of the Fish River Scrub variation of the Valley Bushveld
(Veld Type 23), and includes species from five biogeographical regions: Capensis (Helichrysum
spp., Selago spp.); Karoo-Namib (Felicia spp., Chrysocoma spp.); Pondoland-Tongaland
(Portulacaria afra, Euclea undulata); Sudano-Zambezian (Themeda triandra, Eragrostis spp.)
and Afro-Montane (Hippobromus spp.). Endemic species: Pachypodium bispinosum,
P. succulentum and Encephalartos trispinosus.
Fauna Greater kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros (approximately 1,000) and _ lesser
kudu Tragelaphus imberbis, common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia (approximately 400) and
buffalo Syncerus caf fer (approximately 50), have been introduced. Threatened species: none.
Conservation Management A management plan exists for this area.
Zoning Alla natural area
Disturbances or Deficiencies Exotic species Opuntia aurantiaca and O. ficus-indica.
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Visitor Facilities There are no visitor facilities; the reserve is not open to the public.
Numbers: nil. Potential: unknown.
Scientific Research Studies of the ecology of the kudu and small mammals, studies of
vegetation and soils
Special Scientific Facilities Herbarium (500 specimens)
Principal Reference Material
° Allen-Rowlandson, T.S. (n.d.). The spatial organization of the greater kudu (Tragelaphus
strepsiceros) in the Andries Vosloo Kudu Reserve. M.Sc. Thesis, Rhodes University.
° Palmer, A.R. (1981). A study of the vegetation of the Andries Vosloo Kudu Reserve. M.Sc.
Thesis, Rhodes University.
Staff Three senior staff and 27 labourers
Budget R44,000 per annum (excluding salaries)
Local Park or Reserve Administration Officer-in-Charge, Andries Vosloo Kudu Reserve,
Private Bag 1006, Grahamstown, 6140.
Date May 1982
COMMANDO DRIFT NATURE RESERVE
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.22.12 (South African Highlands)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 1978. Decree number: Proclamation 172 of 1980
Geographical Location 50km from Cradock in Cape Province. 32°02’-32°12’S,
25°59’-26°0S’E.
Altitude 1,010-1,384m (Rooiberg)
Area 5,983ha
Land Tenure Government. Administered by the Department of Nature and Environmental
Conservation, Cape Provincial Administration.
Physical Features The reserve is comprised of a large dolerite massif, grassy plains, low
dolerite ridges, Tarka River and Commando Drift Dam. Soils are shallow lithosols and deep
structureless alluvia. Annual average temperature range minimum: 10°C, maximum: 24°C.
Annual rainfall 343mm falling mainly in summer (October-March).
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of the False Karroid Broken Veld (Veld Type 37).
Grasses: Enneapogon scoparius, Aristida congesta, Merxmuellera disticha,
Cymbopogon spp., Themeda triandra, Eragrostis spp. Herbs include the following
genera: Pentzia, Eriocephalus, Chrysocoma and Felicia. Shrubs include the genera: Rhus,
Diospyros and Acacia karroo.
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Fauna Black wildebeest Connochaetes gnou (O)(7), springbok Antidorcas marsupialis (20), and
also a large waterfowl population. Threatened species: none.
Conservation Management A management plan exists for this area.
Zoning 50ha recreation area and 5,933ha natural area
Disturbances or Deficiencies Water level fluctuation zone and invasive weeds pose a problem.
Visitor Facilities Facilities include ablution blocks and camp sites, some angling is permitted.
Numbers: 1,000 per annum. Potential: 13,000 per annum.
Scientific Research None
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material Various internal departmental reports
Staff One senior staff and 10 labourers
Budget R10,000 per annum (excluding salaries)
Local Park or Reserve Administration Officer-in-Charge, Commando Drift Nature Reserve,
PO Box 459, Cradock, 5880.
Date June 1982
ROLFONTEIN NATURE RESERVE
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.17.07 (Karoo)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 1970. In the process of being proclaimed
Geographical Location 14km from Petrusville in Cape Province. 30°00’-30°05’S,
24°42’-24°48°E
Altitude 1,160-1,370m (Renosterberg)
Area 4,749ha
Land Tenure Government. Administered by the Department of Nature and Environmental
Conservation, Cape Provincial Administration.
Physical Features There are numerous dolerite hills, interspersed with grassy plains. The
reserve is situated on the banks of the P.K. le Roux Dam. The Orange River flows through
the area. Soils consist of shallow lithosols of dolerite and sandstone origin. Annual average
temperature range minimum: 10°C, maximum: 23°C. Annual rainfall 440mm, falling mainly in
summer (October-February).
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Vegetation Vegetation types consist of the False Upper Karoo (Veld Type 36).
Grasses: Cymbopogon spp., Themeda triandra, Heteropogon contortus, Eragrostis spp.,
and Aristida spp..
Herbs: Pentzia spp., Chrysocoma tenuifolia, and Eriocephalus spp.
Shrubs: Rhus spp., Acacia karroo, and Diospyros spp..
Fauna’ Red hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus (50), black wildebeest Connochaetes gnou (O)
(200), mountain reedbuck Redunca fulvorufula (600), Burchell’s zebra Equus burchelli (50),
gemsbok Oryx gazella (50), and eland Taurotragus oryx (200). Threatened species:
cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T) and brown hyena Hyaena brunnea (T), both introduced.
Conservation Management A management plan exists for this area.
Zoning Alla natural area
Disturbances or Deficiencies Water level fluctuation zone and invasive plants pose a problem
Visitor Facilities Facilities include day trips and hiking trails. Numbers: 3,650 per annum.
Scientific Research Total floristic survey, small mammal survey, and fisheries research
Special Scientific Facilities Douglas Hey Limnological Research Station
Principal Reference Material
° Jooste, J.F. (1980). A study of the phytosociology and small mammals of the Rolfontein
Nature Reserve, Cape Province. M.Sc. thesis. Stellenbosch University.
Staff Two senior staff and 15 labourers
Budget R20,000 per annum (excluding salaries)
Local Park or Reserve Administration Officer-in-Charge, Rolfontein Nature Reserve, PO
Box 23, Vanderkloof, 8771.
Date June 1982
GOUKAMMA NATURE RESERVE
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.11.06 (Cape Sclerophyll)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 1960. Not yet formally proclaimed as a nature reserve
Geographical Location 20km from Knysna in Cape Province, 34°01’-34°05’S, 22°50’-22°59°E
Altitude 0-205m
Area 2,230ha
Land Tenure Government. Administered by the Department of Nature andfiEnvironmental
Conservation, Cape Provincial Administration.
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Physical Features High undulating coastal sand dunes cover the greater part of the reserve
and reach a height of 205m above sea level. The reserve borders on the sea over a distance of
12km, but the intertidal zone (a sandy beach with some limestone outcrops and low cliffs) is
not yet included in the reserve. Groenvlei, a coastal lake 3.7km long and 0.9km wide with a
surface area of 250ha, is almost entirely included in the reserve. It has no outlet to the sea and
the water is brackish. The lake margin is fringed by dense Phragmites and Typha beds. The
small Goukamma estuary (20ha) and the lower portion of the Goukamma River is also included
in the reserve. Annual average temperature range minimum: 13°C, maximum: 20°C. Annual
rainfall around 700mm, falling all year round.
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of Coastal Macchia (Veld Type 47). Dune fynbos is the
dominant vegetation in the reserve and various (from mid-high 1-2m) to low (less than 50cm))
sclerophyllous shrublands can be found on an old stabilized dune field. Dominants include
small-leaved shrubs such as Agathosma muirii, Metalasia muricata, Erica fourcadei,
and Passerina vulgaris as well as broad-leaved shrubs such as Pterocelastrus tricuspidatus,
Cassine aethiopica, C. peragua, Rhus spp. and Olea exasperata. Other smaller shrublets
include: Erica imbricata, Phylica spp., Muraltia spp., Anthospermum aethiopicum, Helichrysum
ericaefolium, Erica spp., and Disparago kraussii. A herb layer of Ficinia spp., Restio
eleocharis, Tetraria spp., and grasses is also present. Various communities have been
recognized in this vegetation including a Helichrysum teretifolium-Metalasia muricata
community and Tetraria cuspidata-Restio eleocharis community. Closed evergreen
sclerophyllous forest (3-6m) tall with dominant Sideroxylon inerme also occurs. Other
co-dominant shrubs and trees include Euclea racemosa, Cassine aethiopica and Chionanthus
foveolatus together with smaller shrubs such as Olea exasperata, Diospyros whyteana
and Carissa bispinosa, and climbers such as Rhoicissus digitata. On the littoral dunes
grow Ammophila arenaria (an introduced alien), Arctotheca populifolia and Scaevola plumieri.
Extensive marshlands occur along the Groenvlei with a community along the edges in which
the sedge Cladium mariscus is dominant to a dense Typha capensis-Phragmites australis
community in deeper water and Scirpus littoralis in still deeper water. Submerged aquatic
plants include Potamogeton pectinatus and Chara spp.. Economically important species: none.
Endemic species: none.
Fauna Eland Taurotragus oryx have been re-introduced and grysbok Raphicerus melanotis,
bushbuck Tragelaphus Scriptus, bushpig Potamochoerus porcus, and vervet
monkey Cercopithecus aethiops occur naturally. More than 117 bird species have been
recorded. At least 27 reptile species (one tortoise, one terrapin, 10 lizard and 15 snake species)
and eight amphibians occur. Ten estuarine fish species have been recorded in Goukamma
Estuary and six species in Groenvlei of which four species are introduced aliens. A feasibility
study has been conducted on the possible reintroducton of hippopotamus Hippopotamus
amphibius. Threatened species: Blue duiker Cephalophus monticola and bontebok Damaliscus
dorcas dorcas (introduced outside its natural range).
Conservation Management A management plan exists for this area.
Zoning The greater part of the reserve is zoned as a natural area and facilities are provided
only at the Groenvlei Estuary. Powerboats are not permitted on Groenvlei, but angling is
permitted in all waters.
Disturbances or Deficiencies There is limited control over access to Groenvlei by guests at the
caravan park and hotel, which border on the lake. Littering is a problem at Groenvlei,
Goukamma River and along the beach. Infestation of alien plant invaders, particularly Acacia
cyclops occurs.
Visitor Facilities Facilities include picnic sites and fire places at Goukamma Estuary, 48km
of footpaths, and angling in the sea, Goukamma River and Groenvlei. The reserve is open for
day use only. Numbers: 3,000 per annum. Potential: maximum attained.
Scientific Research A detailed study of the plant communities has been completed and
studies of the bird life of Groenvlei is ongoing.
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Special Scientific Facilities Herbarium collection
Principal Reference Material
° Van der Merwe, C.V. (1976). Plantekologiese aspekte en bestuurs probleme van die
Goukammanatuurreservaat. Unpublished M.Sc. Thesis, University of Pretoria.
Staff Two nature conservators and 18 labourers
Budget R30,800 per annum (excluding salaries, transport and major capital works)
Local Park or Reserve Administration Department of Nature and Environmental
Conservation, Southern Cape Regional Office, Private Bag 6546, George, 6530.
Date September 1983
VROLIJKHEID NATURE RESERVE
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.11.07 (Karoo)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 1957. Decree number: Proclamation 409 of 10 December 1976
Geographical Location 14km from Robertson in Cape Province. 33°54’-33°57'S,
19°52’-19°57°E.
Altitude 200m-635m (Elandsberg)
Area 1,827ha
Land Tenure Government. Administered by the Department of Nature and Environmental
Conservation, Cape Provincial Administration.
Physical Features Topography is rugged and hilly, with only small seasonal watercourses.
The Kiesies River flows along the western boundary of the reserve over a distance of 1.5km.
Soils derived from weathering of shales of the Bokkeveld Group. Annual average temperature
range minimum: 12°C, maximum: 21°C. Annual rainfall +/-250mm, falling mainly in winter
(March-September).
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of the Karroid Broken Veld (Veld Type 26) and
Mountain Rhenosterbosveld (Veld Type 43). Karroid vegetation occurs over the greater part of
the reserve with rhenosterbosveld communities on some of the higher hills. The karroid
communities are low (less than 50cm high) open to sparse shrublands with a high proportion of
shrubby succulents and dominated by Euphorbia mauritanica, Pentzia incana and various
mesems, e.g. Ruschia and Drosanthemum species with scattered taller shrubs such as Rhus
undulata. Acacia karroo grows along the seasonal water courses. Economically important
species: none. Endemic species: none.
Fauna’ The fauna of the reserve has been surveyed intensively. Forty species of mammals,
140 bird species, 21 reptile species (11 snakes, seven lizards, two tortoise, and one terrapin
species) and eight amphibian species have been recorded. Springbok Antidorcas marsupialis
and gemsbok Oryx gazella have been introduced but are outside their historic natural range.
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Smaller antelope are steenbok Raphicerus campestris, grysbok Raphicerus melanotis, common
duiker Sylvicapra grimmia, klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus, and grey rhebok Pelea
capreolus. The fish Barbus burchelli (R) occurs in the Kiesies River. Threatened species:
antbear Orycteropus afer and honey badger Mellivora capensis are occasional visitors.
Conservation Management No management plan exists for this area.
Zoning The greater part of the area (1,700ha) is managed as a natural area
Disturbances or Deficiencies Eroded areas are being reclaimed
Visitor Facilities Facilities include accommodation with sleeping quarters, kitchen and
ablution facilities available for groups. Reserve open for day use only. Numbers: 150 per
annum. Potential: undetermined.
Scientific Research None in the reserve. Research is undertaken on problem animal control
at the Vrolijkheid Research Station.
Special Scientific Facilities Laboratory and cages for laboratory animals at Vrolijkheid
Research Station. Herbarium collection of plants of the reserve.
Principal Reference Material
° Stuart, C.T., Palmer, N.G. and Munnik, B.M. (1978). A preliminary report on the vertebrate
fauna of the Cape Provincial Reserves. Cape Department of Nature and Environmental
Conservation Research Report 1978: Mammals.
° Van der Merwe, CN (1977). Plantegroeibeskrywing van die
Vrolijkheid-natuurbewaringstasie. Unpublished report, Department of Nature and
Environmental Conservation.
Staff Staff of the Vrolijkheid Research Station periodically undertake work in the reserve
Budget No separate budget for the reserve
Local Park or Reserve Administration The Officer-in-Charge, Vrolijkheid Problem Animal
Control Research Station, Private Bag 614, Robertson, 6705.
Date July 1984
THOMAS BAINES NATURE RESERVE
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.08.04 (South African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total. 753ha government-owned and 250ha rented from the Grahamstown
municipality. Whole area proclaimed.
Date Established 1963. Proclamation 294 of 1980
Geographical Location 12km from Grahamstown in Cape Province. 33°22’-33°25’S,
26°29°-26°31’E
Altitude 300-500m
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Area 1,003ha
Land Tenure 753ha Government and 250ha Local Government, but both administered by the
Department of Nature and Environmental Conservation, Cape Provincial Administration.
Physical Features The reserve is the immediate catchment area of the two water storage
reservoirs supplying the town of Grahamstown with domestic water. The relief is gently
undulating hills, well covered with vegetation. Water surfaces of Settlers and Howisons Poort
reservoirs are included in the reserve as well as Kariega and Palmiet Rivers. The clay soils are
derived from Bokkeveld shales and quartzitic soils from Witteberg quartzites. Annual average
temperature range minimum: 12°C, maximum: 21°C. Annual rainfall 740mm, falling mainly in
summer (August-October and February-March).
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of the Valley Bushveld (Veld Type 23). The vegetation
of the reserve can be divided into four distinct units: (a) Sclerophyllus scrub with Restio spp.
and Erica spp.; (b) Pockets of forest with Podocarpus latifolius and Schotia latifolia; (c)
Bushveld dominated by Scutia myrtina, and (d) Riparian vegetation. Economically important
species: Podocarpus latifolius. Endemic species: Oldenburgia arbuscula.
Fauna’ Eland Taurotragus oryx (20), buffalo Syncerus caffer (20), bushbuck Tragelaphus
scriptus (30), common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia (35), mountain reedbuck Redunca fulvorufula
(20), black wildebeest Connochaetes gnou (O) (5), and square-lipped rhinoceros Ceratotherium
simum (3). Threatened species: bontebok Damaliscus dorcas dorcas (O) (17).
Conservation Management A management plan exists for this area. There are ad hoc
environmental education programmes for school children run by the Albany Museum.
Zoning 20ha recreation and 977ha natural area
Disturbances or Deficiencies Control of invasives Opuntia aurantiaca and Acacia longifolia.
Visitor Facilities Facilities include boating, picnicking and toilets. Numbers: 3,600 per
annum. Potential: 4,800 per annum.
Scientific Research Biocontrol of alien invasive Opuntia aurantiaca
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
° Jessop, J.P. and Jacot-Guillarmod, A. (1969). The vegetation of the Thomas Baines Nature
Reserve. Journal of South African Botany 35: 367-392.
° Various unpublished departmental reports.
Staff Two nature conservators and ten labourers
Budget R20,000 per annum (excluding salaries)
Local Park or Reserve Administration The Officer-in-Charge, Thomas Baines Nature
Reserve, Private Bag 1006, Grahamstown, 6140.
Date October 1983
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
CAPE OF GOOD HOPE NATURE RESERVE
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.11.06 (Cape Sclerophyll)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 1939. Administrator’s Notice 86
Geographical Location l1lkm from Simonstown in Cape Province. 34°12’-34°22’S,
18°22’-18°30°E
Altitude Sea level-366m (Paulsberg - 366m and Vasco da Gama Peak - 266m)
Area 7,675ha
Land Tenure Owned and administered by the Cape Divisional Council
Physical Features The reserve occupies the extreme tip of the Cape Peninsula, with 250m sea
cliffs at Cape Point. The east and north is hilly and there is a central plateau sloping from east
to west. The shore is rocky with sandy beaches and some dunes. The reserve extends only to
the high water mark at present, but the varied 40km coastline is of such conservation
importance that the creation of a marine reserve along the coast should be regarded as being of
the highest priority. A small lake in the north and a brackish lagoon running parallel to the
coast. The lake is fed by a spring and is permanent. The reserve borders ona 40km coastline,
which is generally rocky with few sandy beaches. Spectacular cliffs are present on the False
Bay coast and at Cape Point. The soils are nutrient poor, acid, sandy lithosols, with an average
pH of 3.5 to 5. Stabilized and calcified dunes occur in small localized areas. These support a
specialized fynbos community. Annual average temperature range minimum: 10°C, maximum:
20°C. Annual rainfall 300-700mm, falling mainly in winter (April-September), but some rain
recorded every month.
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of Strandveld (Veld Type 34) and Macchia (Veld Type
69). It falls into four main groups: (a) Coastal fynbos consisting of an open coast-shelf
kapok-bush Eriocephalus type (260ha), a scrubby dune type of Metalasia muricata,
Leucadendron coniferum, Olea exasperata and Thamnochortus erectus (800ha), the Coleonema
type (97ha), and the marshy Helichrysum-Scirpus type (22ha); (b) Inland fynbos comprising an
upland mixed type of open dwarf scrub dominated by Aspalathus, Metalasia, Elegia, Salaxis,
Leucospermum and Passerina sp. (2,544ha), a tall type mostly of Protea lepidocarpodendron
(285ha), a P. nitida pseudo-savanna type (23ha), a plateau type of Restionaceae
and Leucadendron laureolum (1,260ha), another restionaceous tussock-marsh type (1,275ha),
a Berzelia-Osmitopsis seepage steppe type (113ha), and a Psoralea pseudo-savanna type (7ha);
(c) Tall sclerophyllous scrub of Sideroxylon (165ha) and a Maurocenia-Chionanthus spp.,
association; and (d) Thickets of introduced Acacia and Pinus spp.. Economically important
species: numerous species occur which are of importance for the cut flower trade but no
utilisation of flora is allowed in the reserve. The wood of exotic plant invaders such as Acacia
cyclops is sold for fire wood. Endemic species: at least 12 plant species and a number of
subspecies and varieties are endemic to the reserve: Pterygodium connivens, Gladiolus vigilans,
Homoglossum merianellum var. aureum, Bobartia gladiata major, Restio dodii var. dodii,
Heliophila cinerea, Ruschia promontorii, Staavia dodii, Erica blancheana, E. capensis,
E. clavisepala, E. eburnea, E. fontana, Leucadendron floridum and L. macowanii. Many other
Cape Peninsula endemics occur in the reserve as well as other rare plant species such
as Mimetes hirta, Witsenia maura and Audouinia capitata.
Fauna’ Fauna include eland Taurotragus oryx (33) and red hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus
(30) have been reintroduced and a number of other herbivores, which probably did not occur
in the area originally, have also been introduced, notably Hartmann’s mountain zebra Equus
zebra hartmannae (T) (33), bontebok Damaliscus dorcas dorcas (O) (110), and
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South Africa
springbok Antidorcas marsupialis (12). Smaller antelope such as grey rhebok Pelea capreolus,
steenbok Raphicerus campestris, and grysbok R. melanotis also occur in small numbers as well
as 50 to 60 ostriches Struthio camelus. About 15 species of amphibians and 38 species of
reptiles (19 snake, 15 lizard and three tortoise species) are known to occur on the Cape
Peninsula and the majority of these occur on the reserve. Threatened species:
bontebok Damaliscus dorcas dorcas and Cape platanna Xenopus gilli (V).
Conservation Management A management plan exists for this area.
Zoning The greater part of the reserve is managed as a Natural Area and sites for high
density recreational use have been developed at five areas along the coast.
Disturbances or Deficiencies Extensive thickets of alien woody plant invaders are present in
the reserve, particularly Acacia cyclops, A. longifolia, and A. saligna. A costly programme to
eradicate these invaders has been in progress for more than ten years.
Visitor Facilities Day use only is permitted. Picnic sites with ablution blocks and fire places
have been provided at five sites along the coast and Cape Point is a popular look-out point.
There is a restaurant and small visitor centre in the reserve. Visitors are allowed to walk over
most the reserve and natural trails are under consideration. Facilities for launching boats are
available and angling and skindiving are permitted. Numbers: 350,000 per annum. Potential:
undetermined.
Scientific Research Research projects have been completed on habitat utilisation and feeding
preferences of bontebok Damaliscus dorcas dorcas and studies are in progress on threatened
plant species, the platanna Xenopus gilli and the utilisation of fynbos plant species by birds.
Special Scientific Facilities A field study centre has been established for use by the
University of Cape Town.
Principal Reference Material
Millar, J.C.F. (1970). The Cape of Good Hope Nature Reserve: A Report and Management
Plan. Cyclostyled.
° Taylor, H.C. (1969). A vegetation survey of the Cape of Good Hope Nature Reserve. M.Sc.
thesis, University of Cape Town.
° Taylor, H.C. (1970). Recommendations for the Cape of Good Hope Nature Reserve. Typed
manuscript.
Staff Chief Warden, senior ranger, three rangers, receptionist/secretary, and 96 labourers
Budget R400,000 per annum (including salaries)
Local Park or Reserve Administration The Chief Warden, Cape of Good Hope Nature
Reserve, PO Box 62, Simonstown, 7995.
Date May 1982
TABLE MOUNTAIN NATURE RESERVE
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.11.06 (Cape Sclerophyll)
Legal Protection Total
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Date Established 1963. Notice No. 24 dated 3 July 1964 in Provincial Gazette 3246
Geographical Location In the immediate vicinity of Cape Town, Cape Province.
33°55°-34°O1’S, 18°21°-18°27°E.
Altitude 100-1,087m (Table Mountain, with the highest point at Maclear’s Beacon)
Area 2,904ha
Land Tenure Owned and administered by the Cape Town Municipality
Physical Features The reserve includes much of Table Mountain, which forms the northern
part of the Cape Peninsula mountain chain. The flat summit region of the mountain, known as
the Upper Plateau, is bounded on the northern edge by almost sheer cliffs. On the southern
side of the summit, the terrain slopes down gradually to form the Lower Plateau, directly south
of which is a broad valley. Devil’s Peak and Lion’s Head, two peaks north of the summit, and
Signal Hill are also included in the reserve. An interlinking cave system on the southern part
of the Lower Plateau is of particular interest. Disa Stream feeds a number of reservoirs on the
Lower Plateau; no other streams of importance. Mainly shallow, nutrient-poor, acidic soils
derived from sandstone soils of the Table Mountain Series. There are also soils derived from
granitic outcrops and shale bands. Annual average temperature range minimum: 7°C,
maximum: 23°C. Annual rainfall 475-1,985mm, depending on the locality since mist from the
south-easterly winds provides appreciable additional moisture on the summit plateau in
summer. Rainfall is mainly in winter (May-September).
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of the Macchia (Veld Type 69); fynbos vegetation of the
Cape Floral Kingdom occurs over most of the reserve. Patches of relict forest are found in the
deeper valleys and gorges. Fynbos: relatively low, dense, drought-resistant sclerophyllous
vegetation, typically lacking in dominant species and showing great diversity and richness.
Some 1,470 plant species are known from the Table Mountain area. Certain families of plants
are characteristic - Ericaceae, Proteaceae (broad-leaved) and Restionaceae (in tussocks).
Typical fynbos species include Protea nitida, P. lepidocarpodendron, Leucadendron salignum,
Erica baccans, E. plukeneti, E. hispidula, Metalasia muricata, and Thamnochortus dichotomus.
Forest: 12-25m in height, broad-leaved, evergreen. Important species include Kiggelaria
africana, Rapanea melanophloeos, Diospyros whyteana, Virgilia oroboides, Curtisia dentata,
Podocar pus latifolius, Hartogia schinoides, and Olea capensis. Economically important species:
None of significance. Endemic species: more than 100 plant species are endemic to the Cape
Peninsula and at least three species, Erica pilulifera, E. abietina, and Staavia glutinosa, are
endemic to Table Mountain. More than 50 rare and threatened plants also occur in the
reserve. These include Staavia dregeana, Leucadendron argenteum, Thamnochortus nutans,
and Satyrium foliosum. Conservation action has been taken to safeguard these species.
Fauna Because much of the reserve’s original fauna has been exterminated, the species
diversity (especially larger mammals) is today rather poor. However, there are still rock
dassie Procavia capensis, chacma baboon Papio ursinus, grysbok Raphicerus melanotis,
caracal Felis caracal, genets Genetta genetta, mongoose, porcupines and rodents, many reptiles
and birds, including the black eagle Aquila verreauxii. The Wynberg Caves have an interesting
and unique fauna of their own, including the rare Peripatopsis alba, certain arachnida,
myriopoda, frogs, bats, pseudoscorpions, and cave crickets. Threatened species: the ghost
frog Heleophryne rosei is endemic to Table Mountain. Peripatopsis alba is only known from
caves on the mountain and P. leonina has only been recorded from the slopes of Signal Hill and
may be extinct.
Conservation Management A management plan exists for this area.
Zoning Areas of high and low density tourism
Disturbances or Deficiencies As the reserve borders on the city of Cape Town, tremendous
human pressure in recent years has resulted in degradation and erosion in the more heavily
utilised areas of the mountain. Uncontrolled fires have greatly modified the vegetation
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South Africa
structure and composition. Invasion by introduced alien plant species presents a serious threat
to the reserve ecosystems, and eradication programmes to control these invaders account for a
large part of the annual budget. Overgrazing by the alien Himalayan tahr Hemitragus
jemlahicus, introduced accidentally 50 years ago, caused severe erosion. A culling programme
has drastically reduced numbers.
Visitor Facilities 2,065,000 people visit per annum. Table Mountain can be considered
among South Africa’s foremost tourist attractions. A spectacular aerial cableway operates from
the 350m level to the summit, where a restaurant, toilets and viewing areas are provided. Only
recreational activities such as hiking, rock climbing and picnicking are permitted and there is
an extensive path network throughout the reserve. No overnight camping is allowed. There
are magnificent views from the summit of the City of Cape Town and its suburbs, the Cape
Peninsula (471 sq.km in extent), the Cape Flats and the mountains of the south-western Cape
and scenic drives encircle the Table Mountain complex.
Scientific Research Extensive research has been carried out on natural flora with regard to
fire control, invasive plants, natural regeneration, population biology, natural succession and
plant communities.
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
Adamson, R.S. and Salter, T.M. (1950). Flora of the Cape Peninsula. Juta and Co., Cape
Town.
° Hall, A.V. and Ashton, E.R. (1983). Threatened plants of the Cape Peninsula. Bolus
Herbarium, University of Cape Town.
° Hey, D. (1978). Report on the Future Control and Management of the Table Mountain and
Southern Peninsula Mountain Chain. Pretoria, Government Printer.
° Moll, E.J. and Campbell, B.M. (1976). Table Mountain - A Conservation and Management
Report. Department of Botany, University of Cape Town.
Staff Staff of the Parks and Forests Branch: One Principal Parks and Forests Officer, one
Senior Parks and Forests Officer, two foresters, three law enforcement officers, six foremen
and a number of radio operators, clerks, gangers, drivers, handymen, attendants, and labourers
Budget R644,330 per annum (including salaries)
Local Park or Reserve Administration The Director: Parks and Forests, City Engineer’s
Department, PO Box 1694, Cape Town, 8000.
Date December 1983
LADISMITH-KLEIN KAROO NATURE RESERVE
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.11.6 (Cape Sclerophyll)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 2 April 1974. Decree number: Provincial Notice 111 of 1974 and name
changed by Provincial Notice 697 of 1983 (formerly known as Noukloof Nature Reserve)
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Geographical Location 3km from Ladismith in Cape Province, 33°30’-33°34’S,
21°11’-21°16°E.
Altitude 394-760m (Ladismith Hill)
Area 2,766ha
Land Tenure Owned and administered by the Municipality of Ladismith
Physical Features Topography is hilly with prominent east-west trending ridges of quartzites
of the Witteberg Group and a level plain over shales of the Bokkeveld Group in the southern
part of the reserve. There are only small seasonal watercourses and shallow, stony soils on the
hills and deeper clayer soils on the flats. Annual average temperature range minimum: 12°C,
maximum: 24°C. Annual rainfall about 250mm, falling mainly in spring and autumn
(March-April and August-September).
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of Succulent Mountain Scrub (Veld Type 25) and very
limited areas of Karroid Broken Veld (Veld Type 26) and Mountain Rhenosterbosveld (Veld
Type 43). Succulent Mountain Scrub, a 1-2m high, open succulent shrubland with a 20-50cm
high sparse to mid-dense shrub understorey, occurs on the lower northern and southern slopes.
Dominant species include Portulacaria afra, Euclea undulata, Carissa haematocarpa, Rhigozum
obovatum, Rhus lucida and Nymania capensis, with smaller shrublets such as Euphorbia
mauritanica, Zygophyllum morgsana, Pteronia incana and succulent shrubby mesems, such
as Ruschia spp.. Mountain Rhenosterbosveld occurs on the higher ridge tops on both the
southerly and northern aspects. It is typically a 1m tall, closed, small-leaved shrubland
with Elytropappus rhinocerotis, Relhania squarrosa, Pentzia incana, Passerina obtusifolia,
Cliffortia micrantha, Restio fruticosus, Eriocephalus africanus, Euryops rehmannii,
and Polygala bracteolata. Karroid Broken Veld communities, typically 50cm high, mid-dense
succulent shrublands, occur on the lower lying flat areas. Dominant species include Pteronia
pallens, Galenia africana and succulent shrubby mesems, such as Ruschia and Drosanthemum
spp..
Fauna’ Eland Taurotragus oryx (27) and springbok Antidorcas marsupialis (40) have been
reintroduced. The only other smaller antelope are common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia and
steenbok Raphicerus campestris. Threatened species: none.
Conservation Management No management plan exists for this area.
Zoning The entire reserve is managed as a natural area.
Disturbances or Deficiencies None, except that a major public road passes through the reserve.
Visitor Facilities None. Numbers: 600 per annum. Potential: unknown.
Scientific Research A study of the vegetation, which will result in a classification of the
plant communities, is being undertaken
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
° Levyns, M.R. (1950). The relations of the Cape and Karoo floras near Ladismith,
Cape. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 32: 235-246.
Staff No permanent staff. Municipal personnel periodically undertake work in the reserve
Budget R10,000 per annum (including salaries)
Local Park or Reserve Administration The Town Clerk, Municipality of Ladismith, PO Box
30, Ladismith, 6885.
Date July 1984
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SPITSKOP NATURE RESERVE
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.17.07 (Karoo)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 30 October 1967. Provincial Notice 211
Geographical Location 12km from Upington in Cape Province. 28°19°-28°24’S,
21°08’-21°12’E.
Altitude 850-923m (There are only two prominent hills on a level plain.)
Area 2,740ha
Land Tenure Owned and administered by the Municipality of Upington.
Physical Features A level featureless plain with two small hills, with stony soils. Annual
rainfall around 180mm, falling mainly in summer, with a peak in February-March. Minimum:
11°C, maximum: 27°C.
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of the Orange River Broken Veld (Veld Type
32). Rhigozum trichotomum veld, typically a 1m tall sparse shrubland with Boscia albitrunca,
Acacia mellifera ssp. detinens, and Parkinsonia africana with smaller karroid shrublets and a
sparse cover of grasses, e.g. Stipagrostis obtusa and S. ciliata.
Fauna Gemsbok Oryx gazella (27), springbok Antidorcas marsupialis (270),
eland Taurotragus oryx (12), and Burchell’s zebra Equus burchelli (10) have been reintroduced.
Also present are steenbok Raphicerus campestris, antbear Orycteropus afer, and ostrich Struthio
camelus. Endemic species: none. Threatened species: none
Conservation Management No management plan exists for this area.
Zoning The greater part of the reserve is managed as a natural area (2,300ha).
Disturbances or Deficiencies None
Visitor Facilities The reserve is open for day use only. Picnic sites and 30km of gravel road
for game viewing. There is a look-out point with a telescope on the top of Spitskop. Numbers:
3,600 per annum. Potential: undetermined.
Scientific Research None
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material None of great significance
Staff One nature conservator and two gate guards
Budget R76,500 per annum (including salaries)
Local Park or Reserve Administration The Town Clerk, Municipality of Upington, Private
Bag X6003, Upington, 8800.
Date July 1984
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
AKKERENDAM NATURE RESERVE
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.17.07 (Karoo)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 12 September 1962 by Provincial Notice 153 of 1962
Geographical Location In Cape Province two km from Calvinia. 31°23’-31°28'S,
19°44’-19°48°E.
Altitude 1,000-1,580m (Hantamsberg Plateau)
Area 2,30lha
Land Tenure Owned and administered by the Calvinia Muncipality
Physical Features The Hantamsberg is a flat-topped inselberg 100km in extent which forms a
northern outlier of the Great Escarpment. The flat top of the mountain is formed by a thick
sill of dolerite which lies on top of the more erodable shales in the Ecca Group. Vertical cliffs
are formed by the dolerite around the edge of the mountain. The flat-topped form of the
mountain and vertical cliffs is a striking landform type. The reserve lies at the southern side
of the mountain and extends from the edge of the plateau to the level plain at the base. There
are only small streams and a reservoir. Soils are derived from shales of the Ecca Group (Karoo
System). Annual rainfall is 100-300mm traditionally between summer and winter, and the
annual average temperature between 10°C-23°C.
Vegetation Vegetation types comprise Western Mountain Karoo (Veld Type 28) and Mountain
Rhenosterbosveld (Veld Type 43)(Acocks 1975). A form of Mountain Rhenosterbosveld
with Elytropappus rhinocerotis occurs in the plateaux and upper slopes on dolerite. Low
shrublands with Merxmuellera arundinacea, Pteronia incana, Euphorbia mauritanica,
Eriocephalus spp., and Pentzia incana occur on the mountain slopes. On the plains, dwarf
succulent shrublands occur with Eberlanzia ferox dominant and some Ruschia muricata,
Cephalophyllum spp., and Galenia africana. Small trees such as Rhus lancea and Cliffortia
arborea also occur in small numbers. There are no economically important species of plants.
Available records for endemic species of plants indicate that the Hantamsberg is an important
centre of endemism. The following species have only been recorded from the
Hantamsberg: Hesperantha hantamensis, H. karrooica, H. oligantha, H. quadrangula, Diascia
nitans, D. macrophylla, Sutera divaricata, S. stenopetola, Nemesia chrysolopha,
and Zaluzianskya nemesioides. A number of other rare plant species occur. The Hantamsberg
is of great phytogeographical interest since it is an outlier with elements of the floras of the
Roggeveld Mountains as well as of the Nieuwoudtville-Cedarberg area.
Fauna Mammals include: springbok Antidorcas marsupialis (approximately 200), and
gemsbok Oryx gazella (approximately 16) which have been reintroduced to the reserve, and
Hartmann’s mountain zebra Equus zebra hartmannae (T) (approximately 4), black
wildebeeste Connochaetes gnou (O) (approximately 16), and blesbok Damaliscus dorcas phillipsi
(6) have also been introduced although the reserve lies outside their historic natural range.
Smaller antelope include grey rhebok Pelea capreolus, steenbok Raphicerus campestris and
common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia. At least 25 reptile species (13 snakes, nine lizards and
three tortoise species), and six frog species occur in this area, for example, the tent
tortoise Psammobates tentorius and the south-western black spitting cobra Naja nigricollis
woodii.
Conservation Management There is a management plan for the area.
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South Africa
Zoning The reserve is managed as a game park and serves as a catchment area for the water
supply of Calvinia. A small area at Karee Dam has been developed as a picnic site.
Disturbances or Deficiencies The reserve is overstocked with larger herbivores and is grossly
overgrazed to the extent that privately owned veld in the district is in a much better condition.
Problems are encountered with poaching.
Visitor Facilities There are picnic sites for day use only, nature trails in the Hantam
Mountains, and hotels and a caravan park in Calvinia. Numbers: approximately 6,000 per
annum. Potential: unknown.
Scientific Research None
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material Various internal departmental reports.
Staff One supervisor (part-time) and one labourer
Budget R19,200,00 per annum (including salaries)
Local Park or Reserve Administration The Town Clerk, Municipality of Calvinia, PO Box 28,
Calvinia 8190.
Date 1984
GREYTON NATURE RESERVE
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.11.06 (Cape Sclerophyll)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 13 May 1977. Provincial Notice 616
Geographical Location 1km from Greyton in Cape Province. 34°00’-34°03’S, 19°35’-19°41’E
Altitude 240-1,465m (Uitkykkop, Perdekop and Abdolskop, peaks of the Riviersonderend
Mountains.
Area 2,220ha. Within the Riviersonderend Mountain Catchment Area (69,453ha).
Land Tenure Owned and administered by the Greyton Municipality.
Physical Features The reserve lies on the steep southern slopes of the Riviersonderend
Mountains which form part of the Cape Folded Belt, an anticline of siliceous quartzites of the
Table Mountain Group of Ordovician-Silurian age. Rugged peaks and deep ravines are
present. Two small perennial streams originate in the reserve and flow in deep ravines. Soils
are derived from weathering of sandstones and quartzites of the Table Mountain Group and are
generally shallow, sandy, acid and low in nutrients. Annual average temperature range
Minimum: 8°C, maximum: 20°C. Annual rainfall 600-900mm, falling mainly in winter
(April-September).
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of the Macchia (Veld Type 69); mountain fynbos
communities, predominantly of a low restioid type occur over the greater part of the reserve.
Taller Proteaceae such as Protea repens, P. neriifolia and Protea nitida occur mainly on the
lower slopes. Other Proteaceae include P. Jorifolia on the upper slopes, P. nitida, P. coronata,
P. cynaroides, Leucadendron microcephalum, L. salignum, L. laureolum and Leucospermum
cuneiforme. Economically important species: a number of species occur which are utilised as
cut flowers in the wild flower trade, but no harvesting of flora is allowed in the reserve.
Endemic species: no species of plants are known to be endemic to the reserve itself, but many
species are endemic to the Riviersonderend Mountains, for example, Endonema retzioides
and E. lateriflora of the endemic Cape family Penaeaceae.
Fauna Only smaller mammals occur, such as klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus,
grysbok Raphicerus melanotis, and grey rhebok Pelea capreolus. At least 25 reptile species
(one tortoise, eight lizard and 16 snake species) and nine frog species are found in this area.
Threatened species: none known.
Conservation Management No management plan exists for this area.
Zoning The greater part of the reserve is natural veld, which falls within a proclaimed
Mountain Catchment Area. Only a small area has been disturbed and developed as a wild
flower garden.
Disturbances or Deficiencies Severe infestations of alien plant invaders particularly Hakea
sericea and Pinus pinaster occur, but clearing operations by the Directorate of Forestry are
progressing well.
Visitor Facilities A hiking trail crosses the mountain between the villages of MacGregor and
Greyton. No other facilities have been provided, but there is a municipal camping site near
the boundary of the reserve. A mountain hut is being planned. Numbers: unknown. Potential:
unknown.
Scientific Research None
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material None specific
Staff Municipal workers periodically undertake work in the reserve.
Budget R3,000 per annum by the Municipality, but thousands of Rands are spent by the
Directorate of Forestry to control alien plant invaders.
Local Park or Reserve Administration The Town Clerk, Municipality of Greyton, PO Box 4,
Greyton, 7233.
Date July 1984
SILVERMINE NATURE RESERVE
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.11.06 (Cape Sclerophyll)
Legal Protection Total
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South Africa
Date Established 1965. Provincial Gazette 3291 and Provincial Notice 634 dated 5 July 1965
Geographical Location 30km from Cape Town in Cape Province. 34°03’-34°08’S,
18°22’-18°28’E.
Altitude 50-754m (Noordhoek Peak)
Area 2,150ha
Land Tenure Owned and administered by the Cape Town Municipality
Physical Features The reserve encompasses mountain peaks, slopes, extensive plateaux, and
valleys. The Silvermine River flows in a small forested gorge through the central part of the
reserve; it is joined by a tributary which has an impressive waterfall. The mountains in the
eastern part include a number of caves, some of which penetrate deep into the mountainside.
Magnificent views of the Cape Peninsula and the Atlantic and Indian Oceans can be obtained
from many of the higher parts of the reserve. The soils are mainly shallow, nutrient-poor, and
acidic. Annual average temperature range minimum: 5°C, maximum: 25°C. Annual rainfall
875-1,294mm falling mainly in winter (May-September).
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of the Macchia (Veld Type 69). Low forest vegetation is
found in isolated patches, but mainly fynbos: a relatively low, diverse, dense, drought-resistant
sclerophyllous vegetation. Certain plant families are characteristic - Ericaceae, Compositae,
Proteaceae and Restionaceae. Typical species are Erica imbricata, Mimetes fimbriifolius,
Leucadendron conocarpodendron, and Thamnochortus dichotomus. Low Forest: evergreen
broad-leaved, includes Phylica buxifolia, Podocarpus latifolius, Cunonia capensis, Rapanea
melanophloeos and Tarchonanthus camphoratus. Economically important species: None of
significance. Endemic species: E. limosa, Restio communis, E. urna-viridis, E. paludicola,
and E. sociorum are endemic to the Silvermine area. A number of threatened plants occur
within the reserve such as Witsenia maura, Homoglossum merianellum var. merianellum,
Mimetes hirta, and Erica annectens. Management plans have been drawn up to ensure the
continued survival of such species.
Fauna Not many species of the original Cape Peninsula fauna are left, but there are still grey
rhebok Pelea capreolus, grysbok Raphicerus melanotis, porcupine Hystrix
africaeaustralis, caracal Felis caracal.
Also a number of small mammals, reptiles, and amphibians. Threatened species: none known
within the reserve.
Conservation Management A management plan exists for this area.
Zoning Areas of high and low density tourism
Disturbances or Deficiencies Minor alien plant infestations are present, but these are being
rigorously controlled.
Visitor Facilities Picnic areas are accessible by a number of good roads. An extensive
network of paths exists throughout the reserve. No overnight camping is permitted. Numbers:
80,000 per annum. Potential: 100,000 per annum.
Scientific Research Extensive research on the indigenous flora is carried out, especially with
regard to fire control, population studies, control of invasive alien plants, natural regeneration
and succession, and threatened species.
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material Nothing specifically on the Silvermine Reserve, but publications
on the whole Cape Peninsula are applicable
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Staff Staff of the Parks and Forests Branch, Cape Town Municipality: one Principal Parks
and Forests Officer, one Senior Parks and Forests Officer, one forester, one law enforcement
officer, two foremen, one clerk and a number of gangers, drivers, handymen, attendants, and
labourers.
Budget R318,400 per annum (including salaries)
Local Park or Reserve Administration The Director of Parks and Forests, City Engineer’s
Department, PO Box 1694, Cape Town, 8000.
Date December 1983
PAARL MOUNTAIN NATURE RESERVE
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.11.6 (Cape Sclerophyll)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established On the 25 October 1963 the reserve was established as a National Monument
by Government Notice 1616 under National Monuments Act, and on 13 May 1977 as a Local
Nature Reserve by Provincial Notice 617 under Cape Nature Conservation Ordinance 19 of
1974.
Geographical Location 10km from Paarl in Cape Province. 33°41’-33°46’S, 18°54’-18°58’E.
Altitude 260-730m (Paarl Mountain)
Area 1,910ha
Land Tenure Owned and administered by the Municipality of Paarl
Physical Features Paarl mountain is a low dome-shaped granite inselberg 4,000ha in extent,
which is completely surrounded by cultivated lands and urban areas. Numerous granite
outcrops and rounded boulders are scattered over the reserve and the three large granite domes,
Paarl Rock, Bretagne and Gordon’s Rock, are prominent landscape features. All streams which
drain the mountain are temporary, and the three larger streams have been dammed. The soils
are derived from in situ weathering of granite and are generally clayey and low in nutrients.
Annual average temperature range minimum: 12°C, maximum: 22°C. Annual rainfall about
1,000mm (range: 600 to 1,700mm/year) falling mainly in winter (May-August, with a peak in
July).
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of the Macchia (Veld Type 68). A dense form of Cape
fynbos about 2m tall with scattered small trees up to 4m tall as emergents. Small patches of
evergreen forest occur in sheltered places and small trees are locally dominant on granite
outcrops. Proteaceae, broad-leaved sclerophyllous shrubs, such as Protea repens, P. burchellii
and Leucadendron rubrum, and a variety of fine-leaved shrubs form dense stands up to 2m tall
over most of the reserve. An open forest of the rare silver tree, Leucadendron argenteum, is
present in a local 10ha area. Small evergreen trees, which include Protea nitida, Olea europaea
africana and Maytenus oleoides, occur predominately on granite outcrops. Economically
important species: A Cyclopia sp. which is used for brewing tea, and Restio spp. used for
making brooms. Some flowering plants, especially Proteaceae, occur and are utilised
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commercially as cut flowers outside conservation areas. Harvesting of flora is prohibited in the
reserve. Endemic species: Leucospermum grandiflorum and Conophytum turrigerum are near
endemics, and other rare plants include Leucadendron argenteum and Schizodium longipetalum.
Fauna Most of the larger mammals which formerly occurred in this region have been
exterminated, but smaller mammals are still present such as rock dassie Procavia capensis,
grysbok Raphicerus melanotis, porcupine Hystrix africaeaustralis, and a few caracal Felis
caracal. Re-introduction of certain species, such as grey rhebok Pelea capreolus will be
considered in the future. A pair of black eagles Aquila verreauxii nest regularly in the reserve
and occasional nesting by spotted dikkop Burhinus capensis has been reported. Threatened
species: none.
Conservation Management Management guidelines have been drawn up but a formal
management plan has only been partially completed.
Zoning Three zones are distinguished: the greater part of the reserve is zoned as a Natural
Environment Area, (ca 1,800ha), the area around the granite domes is a General Outdoor
Recreation Area and limited areas have been set aside as a wild flower garden and picnic areas.
Disturbances or Deficiencies The reserve is not fenced and vagrant dogs are a problem.
Maintenance of existing waterworks results in some disturbance. Infestations of alien woody
plant invaders, particularly Australian Acacia species, Hakea sericea and Pinus pinaster,
presents a serious threat, but much success has been achieved with a programme of control.
Problems have also been experienced with illegal establishment of vineyards on _ the
Commonage adjoining the reserve, which is also part of a proclaimed National Monument. In
spite of strong recommendations by the Reserve Advisory Council that this land should be
incorporated into the reserve as a buffer zone, an Act of Parliament, the Paarl Mountain
Amendment Act of 1984, has been passed which has localized the use of this land by farmers
for agricultural purposes. The establishment of vineyards up to the boundary of the reserve
would present a serious threat to the integrity of the natural ecosystems in the reserve, would
mar the presently natural landscape, and would interfere with the management of the reserve.
Visitor Facilities The reserve is essentially for day-use only and no overnight accommodation
is available. Limited overnight camping is allowed at a site on the periphery. Sport fishing is
allowed in the reservoirs and picnic sites are provided. Numbers: about 4,200 vehicles per
annum. Potential: undetermined.
Scientific Research Some studies have been done on fire ecology but there are no ongoing
research projects.
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material A brochure and map of the reserve is available from the
Municipality.
Staff One reserve manager, one horticulturist, and 18 labourers
Budget R134,000 per annum (including salaries)
Local Park or Reserve Administration The Town Clerk, Municipality of Paarl, PO Box 12,
Paarl, 7622.
Date May 1982
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MONT ROCHELLE NATURE RESERVE
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.11.06 (Cape Sclerophyll)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 12 November 1982. Provincial Notice 671
Geographical Location 3km from Franschhoek in Cape Province. 33°52’-33°56'S,
19°08’-19°12’E.
Altitude 360-1,575m (Du Toitskop and Perdekop)
Area 1,759ha. The reserve borders on the Hottentotsholland Nature Reserve and falls within
a proclaimed Mountain Catchment Area.
Land Tenure Owned and administered by the Franschhoek Municipality.
Physical Features The reserve lies in the mountains of the Cape Folded Belt which consists of
sandstones and quartzites of the Table Mountain Group of Ordovician age. High mountain
peaks and deep ravines characterise the area. The spectacular rugged mountain scenery is one
of the reserve’s most noteworthy features. The Du Toits River has its origin in the reserve and
flows in a spectacular gorge. The soils are generally shallow, sandy, acid and low in nutrients,
and derived from weathering of sandstones and quartzites, except locally on the lower slopes,
where clayey soils occur over granite and shales. Annual average temperature range minimum:
8°C, maximum: 20°C. Annual rainfall 900-1,500mm falling mainly in winter (May-August).
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of the Macchia (Veld Type 69). Due to the rugged
topography, a large number of habitats and a corresponding variety of mountain fynbos
communities occur. The vegetation is typically less than 1m tall and dominated by
small-leaved shrubs of the Ericaceae, Compositae and Leguminosae and grasslike Restionaceae,
with tall emergent broad-leaved shrubs such as Protea repens, P. laurifolia, Leucadendron
rubrum, Leucospermum conocarpodendron, and other Proteaceae. Protea nitida occur on rocky
slopes and small trees such as Maytenus oleoides occur on rocky outcrops. Trees are, however,
rare and occur mainly in sheltered situations such as along streams and in ravines where
well-grown specimens of Cunonia capensis, Ilex mitis, and Brabeium stellatifolium may be
found. The flora is exceptionally rich in species as is indicated by the fact that more than
1,500 species have been recorded in the adjoining 25,000ha Hottentotsholland Nature Reserve.
Economically important species: many plant species occur which are utilised as cut flowers by
the wild flower industry, particularly Proteaceae and Ericaceae but no harvesting of flora is
allowed in the reserve. Endemic species: none known to be endemic to the reserve, but a
number of species are endemic to the surrounding mountains and a number of rare species
occur, for example Serruria zeyheri.
Fauna The mountains of the western Cape do not harbour a large variety of wildlife. All the
larger antelope that formerly occurred in this region have disappeared, but smaller antelope
such as klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus and grysbok Raphicerus melanotis are commonly
seen and grey rhebok Pelea capreolus occur. Chacma baboon Papio ursinus and rock
dassie Procavia capensis are common. Smaller mammals, such as porcupine Aystrix
africaeaustralis and Cape clawless otter Aonyx capensis, occur but are rarely seen. At least 28
reptile species (one tortoise, 15 snakes and 12 lizards), and 11 frog species occur in this area.
Threatened species: leopard Panthera pardus (T) and honey badger Mellivora capensis.
Conservation Management No management plan exists for this area.
Zoning No management or zoning plan has yet been completed, but the greater part of the
reserve is managed as a natural area as part of the Mountain Catchment Area.
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Disturbances or Deficiencies Extensive infestations of alien plant invaders especially Hakea
sericea and Pinus pinaster, occur but these are being eradicated. The public road through the
reserve results in problems with littering and accidental fires.
Visitor Facilities A tarred road over the Franschhoek Pass passes through the middle of the
reserve, but there are no facilities for visitors. Numbers: unknown. Potential: unknown.
Scientific Research None
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material A brochure on the Boland Hiking Trail covers part of the
reserve and is available from the National Hiking Way Board, Private Bag X447, Pretoria, 0001
South Africa.
Staff No staff have yet been appointed by the Municipality, but management (control of
alien plant invaders and fire control) is undertaken by the Directorate of Forestry since the
reserve forms part of a proclaimed Mountain Catchment Area.
Budget Several thousand Rand is spent per annum by the Directorate of Forestry on control
of alien invaders and fire control.
Local Park or Reserve Administration The Town Clerk, Municipality of Franschhoek, PO
Box 18, Franschhoek, 7690.
Date July 1984
FERNKLOOF NATURE RESERVE
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.11.06 (Cape Sclerophyll)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 14 September 1971, Provincial Notice 391
Geographical Location Adjacent to Hermanus in Cape Province. 34°22’-34°25’S,
19°13’-19°18’E.
Altitude 60-823m (Aasvoélkop and Platberg)
Area 1,577ha
Land Tenure Owned and administered by the Municipality of Hermanus
Physical Features The reserve lies at the eastern end of the Klein River Mountains, a coastal
range formed by quartzites of the Table Mountain Group, and extends from the upper to the
lower slopes. The lower southern slopes are steep and deep ravines are present. Only small
streams occur of which the Mossel River is perennial. A small reservoir has been built in the
latter kloof. Sandy soils derived from the weathering of quartzites of the Table Mountain
Group are acid and have a low nutrient status. Podzols are common with peaty soils occuring
in seepage areas. Annual average temperature range minimum: 12°C, maximum: 20°C. Annual
rainfall 400-900mm, falling mainly in winter (April-September).
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Vegetation Vegetation types consist of the Macchia (Veld Type 69). A great variety of
mountain fynbos communities and a rich flora occur in the reserve with the families
Proteaceae, Ericaceae and Restionaceae well represented. Six of the seven endemic Cape
families occur in the reserve and are even dominant locally in seepage fynbos communities
with species such as Brunia alopecuroides (Bruniceae), Roridula gorgonias
(Roridulaceae), Grubbia rosmarinifolia (Grubbiaceae) together with Erica fastigiata
and Osmitopsis asteriscoides. Stilbe rupestris (Stilbaceae), Sonderothamnus speciosus
(Penaeaceae) and Retzia capensis (Retziaceae) also occur. Proteaceae are well represented
and Protea compacta, P. longifolia, Aulax umbellata and Leucadendron microcephalum occur as
dominants in some communities. Thirty-five Erica species occur in the reserve, such as the
rare E. aristata. Small patches of forest occur in some of the ravines with Cunonia capensis,
Rapanea melanophloeos, Olinia ventosa, and Curtisia dentata. Economically important species:
many species which occur are utilised as cut flowers in the wild flower trade such as Protea
cynaroides, P. compacta, Phaenocoma prolifera, Helichrysum vestitum, Brunia lanuginosa,
B. nodiflora, Staavia radiata, and various Erica species, but no harvesting of flora is allowed in
the reserve. Endemic species: a number of plant species are endemic to the Klein River
Mountains of which the following occur in the reserve: Leucospermum gracile, Mimetes
palustris, Erica lanuginosa, E. aristata, E. foliacea var. galpinii, Brachysiphon rupestris,
Thaminophyllum latifolium, and Moraea vallisavium.
Fauna Smaller antelope, such as klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus, grysbok Raphicerus
melanotis, and grey rhebok Pelea capreolus, occur in small numbers. More than 75 bird species
have been recorded including black eagle Aquila verreauxii, African fish eagle Haliaeetus
vocifer, and Cape sugarbird Promerops cafer. At least 10 species of reptile (four snakes, five
lizards and one tortoise) and five species of amphibians are known to occur in the reserve.
Threatened species: none known.
Conservation Management A management plan exists for this area.
Zoning The greater part of the reserve is natural veld and is managed as a natural zone.
Disturbances or Deficiencies Extensive thickets of alien plant invaders, particularly Acacia
longifolia, Leptospermum laevigatum, Pinus pinaster, and Acacia saligna occur on the lower
southern slopes. Most of the management work is directed at eradicating these plant invaders.
The reserve is not fenced and vagrant dogs enter.
Visitor Facilities A 5km mountain road has been constructed along the ridge of the western
part of the reserve with magnificent panoramic views across Hermanus and the sea. The rest
of the reserve is accessible on foot by means of a 50km long system of nature trails. A visitor
and interpretive centre has been constructed. The curator provides guided tours on request and
a single hut with accommodation for two persons has been built on the upper slopes of the
mountain; there are many day visitors.
Scientific Research Checklists of the fauna and flora are being compiled.
Special Scientific Facilities A herbarium, which already includes specimens of 650 species
Principal Reference Material
° Rourke, J.P. (1976). Fernkloof Nature Reserve - a sanctuary for montane fynbos. Veld and
Flora, September 1976.
Staff Curator and eight labourers
Budget R27,000 per annum (including salaries)
Local Park or Reserve Administration The Town Clerk, Municipality of Hermanus, PO Box
20, Hermanus, 7200.
Date July 1984
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SOMERSET EAST-BOSBERG NATURE RESERVE
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.22.12 (South African Highlands)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 2 October 1967 and enlarged on 8 October 1982, Provincial Notice 182 of
1967 and Provincial Notice 573 of 1982
Geographical Location Adjacent to Somerset East in Cape Province. 32°41’-32°43’S,
25°32’-25°37°E.
Altitude 790-1,600m (Bosberg)
Area 1,650ha
Land Tenure Owned and administered by the Municipality of Somerset East.
Physical Features The reserve lies along the southern slopes of the Bosberg, a low mountain
with steep slopes on the southern side. It consists of shale of the Bokkeveld Group and karoo
dolerite. The Rooikrantz hill, 80 to 100m high in the north-eastern part of the reserve reflects
the setting sun, hence the name (red rockface). There are only small streams flowing through
the area, with loamey and clayey soils. Annual average temperature range minimum: 14°C,
maximum: 28°C. Annual rainfall 700-1,000mm, falling mainly in summer (October-March).
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of the Dohne Sourveld (Veld Type 44b), with Dohne
Sourveld forest on southern slopes and grassland on plateau. Forest species such as Olea
europaea africana, Kiggelaria africana, Cassine aethiopica, Cussonia spicata, Celtis africana
and Podocarpus falcatus. Fynbos patches occur on rocky outcrops on the grassy mountain top
with Protea subvestita. Economically important species: none known. Endemic species: none
known.
Fauna Hartmann’s mountain zebra Equus zebra hartmannae (12) have been introduced
(outside their natural range) and steenbok Raphicerus campestris, bushbuck Tragelaphus
scriptus, chacma baboon Papio ursinus, bushpig Potamochoerus porcus, and _ vervet
monkey Cercopithecus aethiops occur. More than 60 bird species have been recorded. At least
25 reptile species (three tortoise, one terrapin, 12 snake and 10 lizard species) and seven frog
species occur here. Threatened species: none known.
Conservation Management No management plan exists for this area.
Zoning The greater part of the reserve is managed as a natural area
Disturbances or Deficiencies These include illegal cutting of trees for firewood, accidental
fires, and infestations of Stipa trichotoma, an alien grass.
Visitor Facilities Facilities include a nature trail, picnic sites and a caravan park just outside
the boundary of the reserve. Numbers: unknown. Potential: unknown.
Scientific Research None
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material None specified
Staff One ranger and four labourers on a part-time basis
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Budget R8,000 per annum (including salaries, but excluding major capital works, e.g. fencing)
Local Park or Reserve Administration The Town Clerk, Municipality of Somerset East, PO
Box 21, Somerset East, 5850.
Date July 1984
NIETGENAAMD NATURE RESERVE
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.11.06 (Cape Sclerophyll) and 3.17.07 (Karoo)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 14 April 1978, Provincial Notice 352 of 1978
Geographical Location 42km from Uniondale in Cape Province. 33°23’-33°27'S,
23°09°-23°12°E.
Altitude 640-1,367m (Slypsteenberg)
Area 1,392ha
Land Tenure Owned and administered by the Klein Karoo-Langkloof Divisional Council.
Physical Features The northern part of the reserve lies against the southern slopes of a low
mountain, the Slypsteenberg, which consists of quartzites of the Table Mountain Group. The
rest of the reserve is a gently undulating plain with low hills underlain by conglomerates and
shales of the Uitenhage and Bokkeveld Groups which erode to form striking rock formations
with interesting features that include a 135m high hill of conglomerate with Bushmen artefacts
and rock paintings in caves; a hot spring with mineralized water at 42°C also exists with
seasonal watercourses flowing through the area. Sandy soils are derived from quartzites on the
Slypsteenberg, and more clayey soils with calcrete on red conglomerates shales on the hills and
flats. Annual average temperature range minimum: 12°C, maximum: 23°C. Annual rainfall
250-400mm, with no distinct rainy seasons.
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of the Karroid Broken Veld (Veld Type 26), False
Macchia (Veld Type 70), Mountain Rhenosterbosveld (Veld Type 43), and Spekboomveld (Veld
Type 25). A dry form of mountain fynbos occurs on the Slypsteenberg with 14 species of
Proteaceae. Extensive communities of Elytropappus rhinocerotis occur in the foothills with
small trees, notably Euclea undulata. The rest of the reserve is karroid veld with low karroid
shrubs such as Eriocephalus ericoides, Pentzia incana, Chrysocoma tenuifolia, and shrubby
succulents such as Delosperma pageanum, Drosanthemum delicatulum, Ruschia spp.
and Crassula spp., . Aloe ferox, Euclea undulata and Acacia karroo occur as dominants in
places. Economically important species: the sap of Aloe ferox is used for medicinal purposes,
but no utilisation is allowed in the reserve. Osteospermum sinuatum, which occurs naturally on
the reserve is also propagated for distribution of seed to farmers, since the plant is valued for
its high potential as a fodder plant. Endemic species: none.
Fauna Grey rhebok Pelea capreolus (20), steenbok Raphicerus campestris (150), common
duiker Sylvicapra grimmia (120), grysbok Raphicerus melanotis (70), and
klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus (40) are the only antelope. Chacma baboon Papio ursinus,
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rock dassie Procavia capensis, black eagle Aquila verreauxii, and blue crane Anthropoides
paradisea occur. At least 33 reptile species (18 snake, 10 lizard, four tortoise and one terrapin)
and six frog species have been recorded including the mountain tortoise Geochelone pardalis.
Threatened species: none.
Conservation Management A management plan exists for this area.
Zoning The greater part of the reserve is zoned for medium intensity use with service roads
and hiking trails in a natural environment. The mountain catchment area is zoned for
low-intensity use as a wilderness area, while the high intensity use area is restricted to the
vicinity of the hot springs at the edge of the reserve.
Disturbances or Deficiencies Erosion caused by previous farming practises
Visitor Facilities Accommodation is available at the hot springs comprising six rooms in one
building with bedding and a kitchen. There is a caravan and picnic area with facilities
available for organized groups, catering for 12 to 50 people. Educational programmes for
school and youth groups are run on request in conjunction with the Department of Education.
An existing building at the hot springs is being converted into a dormitory to house up to 140
and provide children with an interpretive display centre. Hiking trails have been constructed.
Numbers: approximately 14,000 per annum. Potential: approximately 40,000 per annum.
Scientific Research None yet, but studies are envisaged on fire ecology and veld utilisation
by antelope
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material None specified
Staff One Senior District Nature Conservation Officer, one reserve manager, and six labourers
Budget R30,000 per annum (including salaries)
Local Park or Reserve Administration The Secretary, Klein Karoo-Langkloof Divisional
Council, PO Box 127, Oudtshoorn, 6620.
Date August 1983
MONTAGU MOUNTAIN NATURE RESERVE
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.11.06 (Cape Sclerophyll)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 5 December 1972, Provincial Notice 470
Geographical Location Adjacent to Montagu in Cape Province. 33°46’-33°49°S,
20°04’-20°08’E.
Altitude 200-800m. Peaks of the Langeberg
Area 1,200ha
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Land Tenure Owned and administered by the Municipality of Montagu.
Physical Features The reserve lies on the northern side of the Langeberg Mountain Range
which is formed by an anticline of the Cape Folded Belt of mountains. The sandstones and
quartzites of the Table Mountain Group, which form the range, have undergone marked
folding and overfolding. In the narrow Kogmanskloof Gorge, which cuts through the
mountain range in the centre of the reserve, the folded strata are spectacularly exposed as high
cliffs, particularly in the centre of the range. The remainder of the reserve is also dissected by
spectacular ravines with a hot mineral spring occuring in the Badskloof at the northern
boundary of the reserve. A major river, which drains part of the Little Karoo, flows through
the Langeberg Mountain Range in the spectacular Kogmanskloof Gorge, while a smaller
tributary, the Kiesies River, flows through another 2km long gorge, the Badskloof, in the
north-eastern part of the reserve. Soils are shallow, sandy and low in nutrients. Annual
average temperature range minimum: 10°C, maximum: 23°C. Annual rainfall 400-700mm
varying with altitude, falling mainly in winter (April-August).
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of Macchia (Veld Type 69). Dry mountain fynbos forms
on the lower northern slopes and more mesic fynbos forms on the upper slopes with Proteaceae
such as Protea nitida, P. lorifolia and P. repens. On steep north-facing cliff faces on the lower
slopes, succulents such as Aloe mitriformis and Crassula spp., are dominant. Various species of
Proteaceae occur which are utilised as cut flowers in the wild flower trade but no utilisation is
allowed in the reserve. Endemic species of plants: Gladiolus stephaniae, Hermannia disticha,
and Aspalathus joubertiana ssp. glabripetala have only been recorded in the reserve.
Fauna Only smaller antelope occur in the reserve and include klipspringer Oreotragus
oreotragus, grey rhebok Pelea capreolus and grysbok Raphicerus melanotis. Rock
dassie Procavia capensis and chacma baboon Papio ursinus are frequently seen. Eighty species
of birds have been recorded to date and at least 21 reptile species (two tortoises, 12 snakes and
seven lizards) and nine frog species are known to occur in the area. The crag
lizard Pseudocordylus microlepidotus and rock agama Agama agama are most frequently seen.
The high cliffs provide nesting sites for birds of prey such as the black eagle Aguila
verreauxii. Barbus burchelli (R) occurs in the Kogmanskloof River. Threatened species:
leopard Panthera pardus (T) still occur in this mountain range.
Conservation Management A management plan exists for this area.
Zoning The greater part of the reserve is undisturbed natural veld (Natural Zone) and only
small areas have been developed for recreational use. The entire reserve also falls within a
proclaimed Mountain Catchment Area.
Disturbances or Deficiencies A major public road passes through Kogmanskloof in the centre
of the reserve and littering is a problem. Utilities, which include a powerline, telephone lines
and a pipeline, have also been routed through the Kogmanskloof Gorge. Invasion by alien
plants is not a problem except along the Kogmanskloof River which carries seed of various
alien species from the town of Montagu and from farmland in the catchment area. The
extraction of water for the town from the only two perennial streams in the reserve,
Donkerkloof and Keurkloof, has resulted in the drying up of the lower reaches of these streams.
Visitor Facilities Facilities include a resort with bungalows and caravan sites have been
developed at the hot mineral spring just outside the boundary of the reserve. Picnic sites have
been provided at Keurkloof in the Kogmanskloof Gorge for day-use only, and a recreation
area at the boundary of the reserve within the town of Montagu. A 2km trail through the
Badskloof is a very popular walk and other trails to the top of the mountain are being planned.
Numbers: around 8,000 per annum. Potential: unknown.
Scientific Research None
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material Various internal departinental reports
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South Africa
Staff One nature conservation officer and six labourers
Budget R32,000 per annum (including salaries)
Local Park or Reserve Administration The Town Clerk, Montagu Municipality, PO Box 24,
Montagu, 6720.
Date July 1984
TUSSEN-DIE-RIVIERE GAME FARM
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.17.07 (Karoo)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 17 November 1972, Administrator’s Notice 224
Geographical Location 18km from Bethulie in Orange Free State. 30°30’S, 26°15’E.
Altitude 1,250-1,520m (Heuningkop)
Area 22,000ha
Land Tenure Government. Administered by the Nature Conservation Division, Orange Free
State Provincial Administration.
Physical Features Flat areas interrupted by low hills with the Orange and Caledon Rivers run
through the area, with the confluence of the above mentioned rivers being found on the
reserve. Mainly clay soils. Annual average temperature range minimum: 0°C, maximum:
31°C. Annual rainfall 450mm falling mainly in summer (January-March).
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of the False Upper Karoo (Veld Type 36). Karroid veld
dominated by Pentzia globosa, Chrysocoma tenuifolia, Eragrostis lehmanniana, and Cynodon
hirsutus. Koppie scrub dominated by Rhus erosa and Euclea crispa.
Fauna Mammals include: eland Taurotragus oryx (420), black wildebeest Connochaetes gnou
(O) (800), blesbok Damaliscus dorcas phillipsi (1,730), mountain reedbuck Redunca fulvorufula
(320), springbok Antidorcas marsupialis (2,550), Hartmann’s mountain zebra Equus zebra
hartmannae (T) (13), Burchell’s zebra Equus burchelli (180), gemsbok Oryx gazella (220),
impala Aepyceros melampus (720), red hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus (270),
kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros (160), blue wildebeest Connochaetes taurinus (170),
square-lipped rhinoceros Ceratotherium simum (8), and steenbok Raphiceros campestris (240).
Ostrich Struthio camelus (220) also occur on the reserve. Threatened species: Hartmann’s
Mountain zebra Equus zebra hartmannae.
Conservation Management No management plan exists for this area.
Zoning No information
Disturbances or Deficiencies Previously a farming area with associated disturbances to the
natural communities remaining in some areas.
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Visitor Facilities Facilities include sport hunting and game viewing. Hunting opportunities
are offered on the Game Farm where the public is allowed to undertake controlled hunting of
surplus game. Numbers: 500 per annum. Potential: 10,000 per annum.
Scientific Research Ecological survey, population study of black wildebeest Connochaetes
gnou and porcupine Hystrix africaeaustralis.
Special Scientific Facilities Laboratory
Principal Reference Material
° Werger, M.J.A. (1973). An account of the plant communities of Tussen-die-Riviere Game
Farm OFS, Bothalia 11: 165-176.
° Provincial Administration of the Orange Free State. Nature Conservation, Annual Report
1975/1976.
Staff Management - one senior staff, three junior staff, and 30 labourers
Budget R61,500 per annum (excluding salaries)
Local Park or Reserve Administration The Senior Nature Conservator, PO Box 16, Bethulie,
9992.
Date June 1982
SANDVELD NATURE RESERVE
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.16.07 (Kalahari)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 9 May 1980, Administrator’s Notice 71 of 9 May 1980
Geographical Location 10km from Bloemhof in Orange Free State. 27°40’S, 25°45’E.
Altitude 1,232-1,248m
Area 14,700ha
Land Tenure Government. Administered by the Nature Conservation Division, Orange Free
State Provincial Administration.
Physical Features The reserve comprises flat plains borders the Bloemhof Dam (which
consists of 23,000ha open water and serves as a reservoir for the Vaalhartz Irrigation Scheme)
on the Vaal River. Sandy soils. Annual average temperature range minimum: 0°C, maximum:
32°C. Annual rainfall 480mm, falling mainly in summer (January-March).
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of the Kalahari Thornveld (Veld Type 16); thorn savanna
dominated by Acacia erioloba, with Brachiaria nigropedata, Themeda triandra and Stipagrostis
uniplumis; open grassveld dominated by Stipagrostis uniplumis, Aristida meridionalis, Panicum
kalaharense, Eragrostis gummiflua, Urelytrum squarrosum, and Eragrostis lehmanniana.
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Fauna Mammals: eland Taurotragus oryx (80), red hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus (80),
springbok Antidorcas marsupialis (210), Burchell’s zebra Equus burchelli (6), gemsbok Oryx
gazella (40), and giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis (2). Ostrich Struthio camelus also occur on
the reserve. Threatened species: none.
Conservation Management A management plan exists for this area.
Zoning No information
Disturbances or Deficiencies The area was previously a farming area with associated
disturbances to the natural communities remaining in some areas.
Visitor Facilities Facilities include angling, boating and camping. Numbers: 8,000 per
annum. Potential: 20,000 per annum.
Scientific Research Plant ecological surveys
Special Scientific Facilities Laboratory
Principal Reference Material
° Viljoen, A.J. (1979). Die plantekologie van die Sandveld-natuur[03] reservaat. Hoopstad.
M.Sc. Thesis, University of the Orange Free State, 98 pp.
Staff Management - one senior staff, three junior staff, and 21 labourers
Budget R47,300 per annum (excluding salaries)
Local Park or Reserve Administration The Senior Nature Conservator, PO Box 414,
Bloemhof, 2660.
Date June 1982
WILLEM PRETORIUS GAME RESERVE
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.22.12 (South African Highlands)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 18 December 1970, Administrator’s Notice 227 of 18 December 1970
Geographical Location 30km from Winburg in Orange Free State. 28°20’S, 27°15’E.
Altitude 1,375-1,510m (Doringberg)
Area 12,005ha
Land Tenure Government. Administered by the Nature Conservation Division, Orange Free
State Provincial Administration.
Physical Features Flat areas stretch from sand river banks interrupted by low koppies and
hills. The reserve is situated around on the Allemanskraal Dam, which is 2,77lha in extent.
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The dam is used for open-air recreational activities such as angling and boating. Soils are
mainly clay. Annual average temperature range minimum: -0.4°C, maximum: 30.6°C. Annual
rainfall 575mm, falling mainly in summer (January-March).
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of: gransitional Cymbopogon-Themeda Veld (Veld Type
49); grassveld dominated by Cymbopogon plurinodis, Themeda triandra and Eragrostis
chloromelas, and Thornveld dominated by Acacia karroo. Koppie scrub is dominated by Olea
africana, Rhus erosa, Celtis africana, and Grewia occidentalis.
Fauna Mammals: black wildebeest Connochaetes gnou (O) (590), eland Taurotragus oryx (120),
blesbok Damaliscus dorcas phillipsi (420), red hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus (90),
springbok Antidorcas marsupialis (1,200), Burchell’s zebra Equus burchelli (50), gemsbok Oryx
gazella (60), mountain reedbuck Redunca fulvorufula (190), buffalo Syncerus caffer (67),
kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros (40), giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis (30), bushbuck Tragelaphus
scriptus (4), square-lipped rhinoceros Ceratotherium simum (30), and impala Aepyceros
melampus (120). Ostrich Struthio camelus (260) also occur on the reserve. Threatened species:
mountain zebra Equus zebra hartmannae (T).
Cultural Heritage Ghoya Ruins: the Ghoya were among the first Bantu to settle in the Orange
Free State. Ruins of Ghoya settlements are to be seen on nearly all the hill tops in the game
reserve; one such settlement on Bekkersberg has been restored, with a settlement consisting of
several huts, which are loosely linked.
Conservation Management A management plan exists for this area.
Zoning No information
Disturbances or Deficiencies Reserve situated in an old farming area. Some of the old
farmlands are still distinct.
Visitor Facilities Facilities include a public resort and recreation amenities. Numbers: 60,000
per annum. Potential: 80,000 per annum.
Scientific Research Plant ecological survey, population studies of black
wildebeest Connochaetes gnou and Cape hare Lepus capensis
Special Scientific Facilities Laboratory available
Principal Reference Material
° Bourquin, O. (1973). Utilisation and aspects of Management of the Willem Pretorius Game
Reserve. Journal of the Southern African Wildlife Management Association, 3(2): 65-73.
° Roberts, B.R. (1963). Ondersoek in die plantegroei van die Willem Pretorius
Wildtuin. Koedoe 6: 137-166.
Staff Management: one senior staff, four junior staff, and 28 labourers
Budget R65,585 per annum (excluding salaries)
Local Park or Reserve Administration The Senior Nature Conservator, PO Willem Pretorius
Game Reserve, 9451.
Date June 1982
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VERWOERD DAM NATURE RESERVE
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.17.07 (Karoo)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 6 July 1979. Administrator’s Notice 96 of July 1979.
Geographical Location 40km from Springfontein in Orange Free State. 30°40’S, 25°45’E.
Altitude 1,265-1,369m
Area 11,237ha
Land Tenure Government. Administered by the Nature Conservation Division, Orange Free
State Provincial Administration.
Physical Features The reserve borders on the flat areas adjacent to the H.F. Verwoerd Dam, a
major impoundment on the Orange River which has created a man-made lake of 35,960ha,
which is used for angling, boating, and yachting. Soils are clay. Annual average temperature
range minimum: -0°C, maximum: 31°C. Annual rainfall 450mm, falling mainly in summer
(January-March).
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of the False Upper Karroo (Veld Type 36). Karroid veld
dominated by Pentzia globosa, Chrysocoma tenuifolia, and Eragrostis lehmanniana. Koppie
scrub is dominated by Rhus erosa.
Fauna Mammals: black wildebeest Connochaetes gnou (O) (195), blesbok Damaliscus dorcas
phillipsi (240), red hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus (8), springbok Antidorcas marsupialis
(1,430), and mountain reedbuck Redunca fulvorufula (390). A small number of ostrich Struthio
camelus are also present. Threatened species: none.
Conservation Management No management plan exists for this area.
Zoning Both natural and recreation areas
Disturbances or Deficiencies Previously a farming area with associated disturbances to the
natural communities remaining in some areas. A fish hatchery is under construction on the
bank of the Orange River approximately 3km below the Hendrik Verwoerd Dam. Active fish
culture will be started in the near future. It is expected that there will be a good demand for
the fingerlings that can be produced here.
Visitor Facilities Facilities include the Hendrik Verwoerd Dam Holiday Resort which borders
on the Hendrik Verwoerd Dam. Accommodation consists of modern two and three-bedroomed
rondavels. There is a caravan park, an 18-hole golf course, a swimming pool, tennis courts,
and a game reserve which is not open. Numbers: 6,000 per annum.
Scientific Research None
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
° Provincial Administration of the Orange Free State. Nature Conservation, Annual Report
1975/1976.
Staff Management - one senior staff, four junior staff, and 23 labourers
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Budget R50,000 per annum (excluding salaries)
Local Park or Reserve Administration The Senior Nature Conservator, PO Box 18, Verwoerd
Dam, 9922.
Date June 1982
SOETDORING NATURE RESERVE
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.17.07 (Karoo)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 28 July 1978. Administrator’s Notice 96 of 28 July 1978.
Geographical Location 40km from Bloemfontein in Orange Free State. 28°52’S, 26°0’E.
Altitude 1,250-1,291m
Area 6,173ha (4,117ha land and 2,056ha water)
Land Tenure Government. Administered by the Nature Conservation Division, Orange Free
State Provincial Administration.
Physical Features Flat plainsland with a few low hills and the Modder River. The reserve is
situated around on the Krugersdrift Dam, which consists of 2,056ha open water; the dam is
mainly used for angling. Soils are clay and sand. Annual average temperature range minimum:
0.3°C, maximum: 29.8°C. Annual rainfall 560mm, falling mainly in summer (January-March).
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of the False Upper Karoo (Veld Type 36) and
dry Cymbopogon-Themeda Veld (Veld Type 50), Grassveld dominated by Themeda triandra,
karroid veld dominated by Felicia muricata, riparian bush dominated by Acacia karroo, koppie
scrub dominated by Rhus ciliata or Olea africana.
Fauna Mammals: black wildebeest Connochaetes gnou (O) (260), eland Taurotragus oryx (4),
blesbok Damaliscus dorcas phillipsi (185), red hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus (20),
springbok Antidorcas marsupialis (600), Burchell’s zebra Equus burchelli (6), gemsbok Oryx
gazella (10), impala Aepyceros melampus (150). A number of ostrich Struthio camelus (21)
occur on the reserve. Threatened species: none.
Conservation Management No management plan exists for this area.
Zoning No information
Disturbances or Deficiencies Old farmlands
Visitor Facilities Facilities include angling and picnicking. Numbers: 1,100 per annum.
Potential: 20,000 per annum. A predator park in the reserve consists of two 45ha camps, one
for lion and the other for cheetah, and is open to the public.
Scientific Research None
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South Africa
Special Scientific Facilities Laboratory
Principal Reference Material
° Provincial Administration of the Orange Free State. Nature Conservation, Annual Report
1975/1976.
Staff Management: one senior staff, four junior staff, and 23 labourers
Budget R61,000 per annum (excluding salaries)
Local Park or Reserve Administration The Senior Nature Conservator, Soetdoring Nature
Reserve, PO Box 517, Bloemfontein, 9300.
Date June 1982
KOPPIES DAM NATURE RESERVE
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.08.04 (South African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 12 March 1976. Administrator’s Notice 45 of 12 March 1976.
Geographical Location 13km from Koppies in Orange Free State. 27°15’S, 27°45’E.
Altitude 1,400-1,415m
Area 4,325ha (2,965ha land and 1,365ha water)
Land Tenure Government. Administered by the Nature Conservation Division, Orange Free
State Provincial Administration.
Physical Features The reserve is situated on flat plains around the Koppies Dam, 1,360ha
open water in extent. The Renoster River flows through the area. Soils are loamy. Annual
average temperature range minimum: -1.6°C, maximum: 30°C. Annual rainfall 610mm, falling
mainly in summer (January-March).
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of the Dry Cymbopogon-Themeda Veld (Veld Type 50);
grassveld is dominated by Themeda triandra and Cymbopogon plurinodis; and riparian
thornveld dominated by Acacia karroo.
Fauna Mammals: black wildebeest Connochaetes gnou (O) (85) and springbok Antidorcas
marsupialis. Ostrich Struthio camelus also occur on the reserve. Threatened species: none.
Conservation Management A management plan exists for this area.
Zoning No information
Disturbances or Deficiencies Previously a farming area with associated disturbances to the
natural communities remaining in some areas
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Visitor Facilities Facilities include angling, boating, and camping. Numbers: 10,400 per
annum. Potential: 62,400 per annum.
Scientific Research None
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
° Provincial Administration of the Orange Free State. Nature Conservation, Annual Report
1975/1976.
Staff Management - one senior staff, three junior staff, and 18 labourers
Budget R61,750 per annum (excluding salaries)
Local Park or Reserve Administration The Senior Nature Conservator, PO Box 151, Koppies,
9540.
Date June 1982
UMFOLOZI GAME RESERVE
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.08.04 (South African Woodland savanna)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 27 April 1897. First proclaimed as the Umfolosi Junction Reserve by
Zululand Government Notice 12 of 1895 and subsequently as the Umfolozi Game Reserve on
27 April 1897, Government Notice 16 of 1897. Subsequent amendments were detailed in the
following proclamations: Government Notice 322 of 1907, Provincial Notice 74 of 1916,
Provincial Notice 57 of 1917, Provincial Notice 147 of 1920, Provincial Notice 231 of 1920,
Provincial Notice 15 of 1930, Provincial Notice 140 of 1939, Provincial Notice 131 of 1941,
and Proclamation 53 of 1962.
Geographical Location About 30km from Mtubatuba in Natal. 28°S, 32°E.
Altitude 100-550m
Area 47,753ha
Land Tenure Government. Administered by the Natal Parks, Game and Fish Preservation
Board, Natal Provincial Administration.
Physical Features Broken country with a complex geology, bisected by various streams and
the Black and White Umfolozi Rivers. There are three major soil associations: 1) Upland soil
association: present in localities where runoff water drains away. These soils are usually stony,
shallow (less than 50cm deep) and leached. 2) Bottomland soil association - soils of the
Bottomland Association occur in localities where run-off water drains away more slowly or
tends to accumulate on valley bottoms, alluvial terraces or toe-slopes or pediments where they
merge into a valley bottom. The soils are from one to several metres deep and are illuviated.
3) Riverine soil association - this soil formation consists of unconsolidated alluvia up to 5m
deep. These alluvia are unstable and are easily eroded. A fine alluvium of mixed sand and silt
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South Africa
occurs along the Black and White Umfolozi Rivers. Annual average temperature range
minimum: 22°C, maximum: 28°C. Annual rainfall 760mm in the north, and 1,250mm in the
east, falling mainly in summer (October-March).
Vegetation 11,930ha Zululand Thornveld (Veld Type 6) and 35,820ha Lowveld (Veld Type
10). The woody vegetation consists mainly of Acacia mixed woodlands and associated species.
The dominant Acacia species include Acacia burkei, A. caffra, A. grandicornuta, A. nigrescens,
A. nilotica, A. robusta, and A. tortilis. There is thicket encroachment by Dichrostachys cinerea
and other species. Phoenix reclinata is a locally dominant riverine species, frequently
associated with Syzygium guineense and Phragmites mauritianus. The main grasses, also
frequently occurring as local dominants, include: Themeda triandra, Panicum maximum,
P. deustum, P. coloratum, Urochloa mosambicensis, Chloris gayana, Bothriochloa insculpta,
Digitaria spp. and Sporobolus spp.. Fossils of the plant Glossopteris have been found.
Economically important species: none. Endemic species: none.
Fauna Bourquin et al., (1971) listed 48 species of mammals, 37 species of reptiles, 10 species
of fish, and nine species of amphibia. Some 336 birds have been recorded and a list of 136
butterflies has been compiled. The main browsers, mixed feeders, grazers, and predators
include: kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros, giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis, bushbuck Tragelaphus
scriptus, klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus, impala Aepyceros melampus, nyala Tragelaphus
angasi, common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia, steenbok Raphicerus campestris, square-lipped
rhinoceros Ceratotherium simum, buffalo Syncerus caffer, zebra Equus burchelli, blue
wildebeest Connochaetes taurinus, mountain reedbuck Redunca fulvorufula, waterbuck Kobus
ellipsiprymnus, warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus, lion Panthera leo, spotted hyena Crocuta
crocuta. Threatened species: suni Neotragus moschatus, blue duiker Cephalophus monticola,
cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T), brown hyena Hyaena obrunnea (T), samango
monkey Cercopithecus mitis, hunting dog Lycaon pictus (T), aardwolf Proteles cristatus,
leopard Panthera pardus (T), serval Felis serval, black rhinoceros Diceros bicornis (T), red
duiker Cephalophus natalensis, and crocodile Crocodylus niloticus (V).
Conservation Management A management plan exists for this area.
Zoning In progress
Disturbances or Deficiencies _ Management problems are varied, but revolve mostly around
working towards a balance between large mammals and the available habitat.
Visitor Facilities Facilities include wilderness trails with fenced camps, restcamp, game
viewing and picnic sites. Numbers: 19,500 per annum. Potential: full capacity.
Scientific Research Mostly management orientated
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
Bourquin, O., Vincent, J. and Hitchins, P.M. (1971). The vertebrates of the Hluhluwe Game
Reserve- Corridor (State Land) - Umfolozi Game Reserve Complex. The Lammergeyer 14:
5-58.
° Downing, B.H. (1972). A plant ecological survey of the Umfolozi Game Reserve, Zululand.
Ph.D. Thesis, University of Natal.
° Foster, W.E. (1955). History of the Umfolozi Game Reserve. Cyclostyled Report, Natal
Parks Board Library.
° Henkel, J.S. (1937). Report on the plant and animal ecology of the Hluhluwe Game Reserve
with special reference to the tsetse flies. Natal Witness, Pietermaritzburg.
° Mentis, M.T. (1970). Estimates of natural biomasses of large herbivores in the Umfolozi
Game Reserve area. Mammalia 34(3): 363-393.
° Porter, R.N. (1972). Report on soil erosion associated with roads in the Hluhluwe Game
Reserve. Mimeo., Natal Parks Board files.
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° Porter, R.N. (1975). The production, utilization and effects of grazing on some of the
pastures in the Umfolozi Game Reserve, Zululand. M.Sc. Thesis, University of the
Witwatersrand.
° Vincent, J. (1970). The history of Umfolozi Game Reserve, Zululand as it relates to
management. The Lammergeyer 11: 7-49.
Staff Management and Wilderness Trails - six senior and 100 junior staff; Game Capture -
60; Research - one senior; Tourism - four senior, and 26 junior staff
Budget R130,775 per annum (excluding salaries)
Local Park or Reserve Administration Officer-in-Charge, PO Box 99, Mtubatuba, 3935.
Date July 1983
ST LUCIA GAME RESERVE
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.08.04 (South African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 27 April 1897. Government Notice 16 of 1897, Provincial Notice 74 of
1916, Provincial Notice 59 of 1917, Provincial Notice 108 of 1935, Provincial Notice 140 of
1939 and Proclamation 35 of 1939.
Geographical Location 25km from Mtubatuba in Natal; 28°00’-25’S, 32°25’-30°E
Altitude Sea level to about 10m
Area 36,826ha
Land Tenure Government. Administered by the Natal Parks, Game and Fish Preservation
Board, Natal Provincial Administration.
Physical Features The reserve includes flat to undulating country around the St Lucia Lake
system, with a lagoon-estuary complex which is the largest system of its kind in South Africa.
The lakes are fed by five major rivers, the largest of which has been diverted into the sea to
prevent siltation of the estuary mouth. Recent wind blown sands and alluvial sediments cover
much of the area, while pans and vleis have high peat and clay content. Annual average
temperature range minimum: 12-20°C, maximum: 20-30°C. Annual rainfall 2,000mm falling
mainly in summer (October-April).
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of the Coastal Forest and Thornveld (Veld Type 1).
Coastal forest, thicket and grassland with large beds of Phragmites communis and mangroves
line the shore. Marine vegetation includes Zostera nana.
Fauna Large mammals are for the most part found in the adjoining park.
Hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius are however, plentiful. Over 350 species of birds,
including the rare Woodward’s batis Batis fratrum and Rudd’s apalis Apalis ruddi. In addition
there are two species of pelican Pelecanus onocrotalus and P. rufescens and several species of
stork including the saddlebilled stork Ephippiorhynchus senegalensis and_ yellowbilled
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South Africa
stork Mycteria ibis. Almost all of Natal’s surviving crocodiles Crocodylus niloticus are confined
to this reserve. Threatened species: crocodile Crocodylus niloticus (V) and various bird species.
Conservation Management A management plan exists for this area.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies Catchment area development has affected water quality and
quantity and increased salinity has affected mammals and birds. There is some fish poaching.
Visitor Facilities Facilities include two camps with huts and camp sites. Boats available for
hire as well as launch tours. Numbers: 15,900 per annum. Potential: Maximum at present.
Scientific Research Management orientated studies of hippopotamus biology and fish and
prawn ecology.
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
° Anon. (Undated). Report of the commission of enquiry into the alleged threat to animal and
plant life in the St Lucia Lake, 1964-1966. Government Printer, Pretoria.
Staff Shared with St Lucia Park
Budget Covered by that for St Lucia Park
Local Park or Reserve Administration Officer-in-Charge, Charter’s Creek, Post Bag 7205,
Mtubatuba, 3935.
Date June 1983
GIANTS CASTLE NATURE RESERVE
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.22.12 (South African Highlands)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 29 October 1903. First proclaimed on 29 October 1903, Government Notice
735 of 1903, subsequently expanded by various other proclamations, most recently that of 2
January 1976, Proclamation 205.
Geographical Location 40km from Estcourt in Natal. 29°00’S, 29°30°E.
Altitude 1,380-3,451m (Injasuti Peak)
Area 34,638ha
Land Tenure Government. Administered by the Natal Parks, Game and Fish Preservation
Board, Natal Provincial Administration.
Physical Features Features include a rugged area forming part of the Drakensberg
Escarpment, which is composed of basalt at the higher elevations, cave sandstones and others
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
forming the lower strata and producing spectacular mountain scenery. Bushman’s and Little
Tugela Rivers flow through the area. The soils may be divided into ferriferous and acid
hydromorphic types; the ferriferous soils predominate and are characteristic of well-drained
uplands with high rainfall and relatively low temperatures. Leaching has been extreme, and
fertility is, therefore, low. Red ferriferous soils, derived from igneous rocks (Drakensberg
lavas and Karroo Dolerite) are less acid (pH 5.6-6.0) and, therefore, probably have a higher
base status than grey brown ferriferous types (pH 4.3-5.2) derived from secondary parent
materials. Over ,large areas, the ferriferous soils are shallow. Acid hydromorphic soils occur
in wet bottomlands and have been considerably leached (pH 5-6). Annual average temperature
range minimum: -15°C, maximum: 15°C-35°C. Annual rainfall 800mm, falling mainly in
summer (October-April).
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of 13,520ha Themeda-Festuca Alpine Veld (Veld Type
58) and 20,764ha Highland Sourveld (Veld Type 44(a)). Three vegetation zones may be
recognized with climax vegetation as follows: 1) Montane Belt (1,280-1,830m above sea
level) Themeda triandra grassland, Hyparrhenia grassland, Miscanthidium-Cymbopogon
grassland, Protea woodland, Boulder-bed scrub, Streambank scrub, Leucosidea-Buddleja
scrub, Greyia-Cussonia consocies, Cliff scrub, and Podocarpus atifolius forest. 2) Sub-alpine
Belt (1,830-2,865m above sea level) Themeda triandra grassland, Temperate grassland, Tall
grassland, Rendlia altera grassland, Merxmuellera macowanii consocies, Cliffortia linearifolia
scrub, Leucosidea sericea scrub, ,Buddleja salviifolia scrub, Protea woodland, and Passerina-
Philippia- Widdringtonia fynbos. 3) Alpine Belt (above 2,865m above _ sea
level) Merxmuellera-Festuca-Pentaschistis grassland, Erica-Helichrysum heath. Economically
important species: none. Endemic species: none.
Fauna Large mammals include: bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, eland Taurotragus oryx,
common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia, reedbuck Redunca arundinum and mountain
reedbuck R. fulvorufula, grey rhebok Pelea capreolus, blesbok Damaliscus dorcas phillipsi,
klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus, red hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus, and _ black
wildebeest Connochaetes gnou (O). The latter two species have been reintroduced. Small
mammals are well represented and there are over 130 species of birds. Threatened species:
aardwolf Proteles cristatus, striped weasel Poecilogale albinucha, serval Felis serval, and
oribi Ourebia ourebi. The endangered bearded vulture Gypaetus barbatus also occurs, as well as
the wattled crane Bugeranus carunculatus (of special concern).
Cultural Heritage Bushman paintings are found in the area
Conservation Management A management plan exists for this area.
Zoning In progress
Disturbances or Deficiencies Some poaching and illegal burning
Visitor Facilities Amenities include a small camp with huts and facilities for horse riding and
two to three day guided tours. There is also a museum at the site of a former Bushman
encampment and trout fishing may be pursued. Possibility of more mountain huts and trails,
and enlargement of camping site. Numbers: 15,500 per annum. Potential: full capacity.
Scientific Research Management orientated research
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
° Killick, D.J.B (1963). An account of the plant ecology of the Cathedral Peak area of the
Natal Drakensberg. Memoirs of the Botanical Survey of South Africa 34.
Staff Management, four senior and 116 junior staff; Tourism, three senior and 29 junior staff
Budget R35,390 per annum (excluding salaries)
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Local Park or Reserve Administration Officer-in-Charge, Giants Castle Game Reserve,
Private Bag 755, Estcourt, 3319.
Date June 1983
ITALA NATURE RESERVE
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.08.04 (South African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 1973. Proclamation 36 of 1973, Proclamation 157 of 1974, Proclamation 31
of 1975, Proclamation 61 of 1977, Proclamation 158 of 1979, and Proclamation 157 of 1982.
Geographical Location 15km from Louwsberg in Natal. 27°30’S, 31°25’E.
Altitude 350-1,550m (Louwsberg)
Area 25,896ha
Land Tenure Government. Administered by the Natal Parks, Game and Fish Preservation
Board, Natal Provincial Administration.
Physical Features The area is heavily dissected by streams with a network of pools, and
varies from undulating grassland to steep rocky cliff faces and deep gorges with forests and
clear streams Pongola, Piraam, Ithala, Hululumbela, and Ncence Rivers. A soil report has
been completed, but is not yet available. Annual rainfall 700-1,200mm falling mainly in
summer (September-March).
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of the Lowveld (Veld Type 10), North-eastern Sandy
Highveld (Veld Type 57), and Northern Tall Grassveld (Veld Type 64). (a) Montane types:
grassland with Themeda triandra dominant, woodland with Ficus capensis, Euclea schimperi,
and Leucosidea sericea; (b) Riverine and scrub forest; (c) Woodlands: various types depending
on utilisation history. Dominants include Acacia davyi, A. nilotica, A. nigrescens, Combretum
zeyheri, C. apiculatum, Pterocarpus angolensis, Faurea saligna, Protea caffra, and Spirostachys
africana; (d) Grassveld types: sour and mixed plateau grasslands, vleis and secondary
grasslands. Economically important species: none. Endemic species: none.
Fauna Large mammals have been introduced to the reserve and are now well represented.
These include 18 species of antelope and both species of southern African rhinoceros. Small
mammals are numerous. Threatened species: black rhinoceros Diceros bicornis (T),
cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T), crocodile Crocodylus niloticus (V), Southern African
python Python sebae natalensis, and pangolin Manis temminckii.
Conservation Management A management plan is in preparation
Zoning The area is zoned
Disturbances or Deficiencies Main problems are invasive alien plants and soil erosion.
Visitor Facilities Facilities include one picnic site, two camp sites and overnight hiking
trails. Numbers: 2,500 per annum. Potential: not yet determined.
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Scientific Research Baseline information, management orientated research
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
° Rautenbach, et al. (1981). Mammals of Itala Nature Reserve, Natal. The Lammergeyer 31:
21-37.
Staff One warden, one senior ranger, and 79 junior staff
Budget R27,000 per annum (excluding salaries)
Local Park or Reserve Administration Officer-in-Charge, PO Box 42, Louwsburg, 3150.
Date December 1983
MKUZI GAME RESERVE
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.08.04 (South African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 15 February 1912. first proclaimed on 15 February 1912, in terms of
Provincial Notice 23 of 1912. Subsequent amendments are: Provincial Notice 28 of 1912,
Provincial Notice 74 of 1916, Provincial Notice 57 of 1917, Provincial Notice 266 of 1918,
Provincial Notice 140 of 1939, and Provincial Notice 131 of 1941.
Geographical Location 110km from Mtubatuba in Natal; 27°33’-27°46’S, 32°06’-32°23’E.
Altitude 40-400m (Nhlonhlela Hill)
Area 25,09lha
Land Tenure Government. Administered by the Natal Parks, Game and Fish Preservation
Board, Natal Provincial Administration.
Physical Features The topography is mainly flat or gently undulating intersected by seasonal
drainage lines alternating with low ridges. The western sector, comprised of the foothills of
the Lebombo Mountains is rugged and rises to an altitude of approximately 305m in the south
with streams running into the Mkuze River and towards the Msunduzi River. The Mkuze
River flows through an impressive gorge in the Lebombo Mountains, the lower end of the
gorge being in the reserve. The eastern foothills of the Lebombo Mountains give way to gently
undulating ridges, intersected by drainage lines, carrying water only after heavy rains.
Complex geological formations with Cretaceous beds containing enormous ammonites form the
Bumbeni geological complex and the Lebombo Rhyolite Interphase. The complex geological
formations, tectonic movements, natural and accelerated erosional processes over a very long
period, have resulted in a great variety of soil forms and soil series ranging from light sandy
soils in the Terminalia sericea sandveld areas to very heavy clay soils, for example, in
the Acacia luederitzii floodplain areas. Annual average temperature range minimum:
12°C-20°C, maximum: 25-34°C. Annual rainfall 628mm, falling mainly in summer
(October-April).
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Vegetation Vegetation types consist of 13,800ha of Coastal Forest and Thornveld (Veld Type
1) and 11,291ha Lowveld (Veld Type 10). Seven principal vegetation communities are
recognizable in the reserve. They intergrade to a greater or lesser degree according to
differences in soil, water and topography. (a) Riparian forest (i) Riverine forest with Ficus
sycomorus, Acacia xanthophloea; (ii) Streambank and drainage line vegetation.
(b) A. luederitzii and- Euclea divinorum thicket with poor grass cover. (c) A. nigrescens
woodland with Themeda triandra as an important grass. (d) Mixed Acacia woodland
with A. nilotica and A. tortilis. The dominant grasses are Themeda triandra, Bothriochloa
insculpta, and Aristida congesta. (e) Sandveld communities (i) Sandveld dry
deciduous Newtonia hildebrandtii forest and Pteleopsis myrtifolia thicket; (ii) Sandveld
woodland with Terminalia sericea. (f) Combretum apiculatum woodland with Themeda triandra
as an important grass. (g) Grasslands (i) Floodplain and lowlying grasslands; (ii) Upland
grasslands.
Fauna Large mammals are well represented and include Burchell’s zebra Equus burchelli,
square-lipped rhinoceros Ceratotherium simum, warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus,
giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis, kudu Tragelaphus trepsiceros and lesser kudu Tragelaphus
imberbis, nyala Tragelaphus angasi, common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia, reedbuck Redunca
arundinum, mountain reedbuck Redunca fulvorufula, blue wildebeest Connochaetes taurinus,
klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus, steenbok Raphicerus campestris and impala Aepyceros
melampus. Carnivores include spotted hyena Crocuta crocuta and several endangered species.
Threatened species: black rhinoceros Diceros bicornis (T), cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T), red
duiker Cephalophus natalensis, striped weasel Poecilogale albinucha, aardwolf Proteles
cristatus, suni Neotragus moschatus, leopard Panthera pardus (T), serval Felis serval, and
crocodile Crocodylus niloticus (V).
Conservation Management A management plan exists for this area.
Zoning In progress
Disturbances or Deficiencies There is no natural, permanent water. Game eradication and
spraying to control tsetse fly has in the past had a great impact on the reserve. There has also
been some habitat destruction due to overgrazing. Poaching also occurs.
Visitor Facilities Facilities include a small camp with huts and some game viewing hides.
Also, various walks and trails are available. An outdoor museum is being planned. Numbers:
18,400 per annum. Potential: full capacity.
Scientific Research Current research is directed towards improving management
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
° Davies, O. (1967). Mkuzi Game Reserve. The apparent geomorphological surfaces. Report
to Natal Parks Board following surveys in 1950 and 1967.
° Dixon, J.E.W. (1964). Preliminary notes on the mammal fauna of the Mkuzi Game
Reserve. The Lammergeyer 3(1): 40.
® Goodman, P.S. (1982). The dilemma of artificial water points in Mkuzi Game Reserve.
Natal Parks Board Cyclostyled paper, 12 pp.
° Goodman, P.S. (1982). Some background information on Mkuzi Game Reserve. Natal Parks
Board Cyclostyled paper, 11 pp.
° Goodman, P.S. (1982). A summary of the Geology and Geomorphology of Mkuzi Game
Reserve. Natal Parks Board Cyclostyled paper, 3 pp.
° Moll, E.T. (1968). Some notes on the vegetation of Mkuzi Game
Reserve. The Lammergeyer 8: 25-30.
° Pooley, A.C. (1965). A preliminary check list of the reptiles within the Mkuzi and Ndumu
Game Reserve in Northern Zululand. The Lammergeyer 3(2): 41-55.
Staff Management - three senior and 70 junior staff; Research, one senior and three junior
staff; Tourism two senior and 30 junior staff
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Budget R103,120 per annum (excluding salaries)
Local Park or Reserve Administration Officer-in-charge, Mkuzi Game Reserve, PO Mkuzi,
3965.
Date July 1983
HLUHLUWE GAME RESERVE
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.08.04 (South African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 27 April 1897. Government Notice 16 of 1897, Government Notice 322 of
1907, Provincial Notice 74 of 1916, Provincial Notice 57 of 1917, Provincial Notice 147 of
1920, Provincial Notice 231 of 1920, Provincial Notice 15 of 1930, Provincial Notice 140 of
1939, Provincial Notice 131 of 1941, and Proclamation 53 of 1967.
Geographical Location 51lkm from Mtubatuba in Natal. 28°00’S, 32°00’E.
Altitude 100-550m
Area 23,067ha
Land Tenure Government. Administered by the Natal Parks, Game and Fish Preservation
Board, Natal Provincial Administration.
Physical Features The topography is steeply undulating with complex geology. It is bisected
by two rivers, one of which, is the Hluhluwe, flows eastwards into Lake St Lucia. Complex
soil composition. Annual average temperature range minimum: 13°C-22°C, maximum:
25-33°C. Annual rainfall 760mm in north and 1,250mm in the south and east, falling mainly
in summer (October-April).
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of 4,620ha of Zululand Thornveld (Veld Type 6) and
18,477ha Lowveld (Veld Type 10). About 20,000ha is occupied by drought-deciduous
woodlands and thornveld. About 3,000ha is occupied by lowland semi-deciduous forest
with Acacia spp. and Calodendrum sp. along the rivers and on the high ground at the northern
end of the reserve.
Fauna Larger mammals include: spotted hyena Crocuta crocuta, lion Panthera leo, Burchell’s
zebra Equus burchelli, square-lipped rhinoceros Ceratotherium simum, warthog Phacochoerus
aethiopicus, hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis,
bushbuck Tragelaphus_ scriptus, lesser kudu Tragelaphus imberbis and_ greater
kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros, nyala Tragelaphus angasi, buffalo Syncerus caffer, common
duiker Sylvicapra grimmia, waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, blue wildebeest Connochaetes
taurinus, and impala Aepyceros melampus. About 100 cheetah and 200 black rhinoceros form
significant populations of these vulnerable species. Birdlife is plentiful and includes the
marabou stork Leptoptilos crumeniferus, various vultures, and the ground hornbill Bucorvus
leadbeateri. Threatened species: black rhinoceros Diceros bicornis (T), cheetah Acinonyx
jubatus (T), leopard Panthera pardus (T), and red duiker Cephalophus natalensis.
Conservation Management A management plan exists for this area.
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South Africa
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies There is some poaching and uncontrolled fires. There are plans
for a barrage on the Hluhluwe River.
Visitor Facilities Camp with huts to accommodate 70 people. Numbers: 44,500 per annum.
Potential: no further development planned at present.
Scientific Research Current research is management orientated and includes population
biology and range management studies.
Special Scientific Facilities Herbarium and library
Principal Reference Material
° Bourquin, O., Vincent, J. and Hitchins, P.M. (1971). The vertebrates of the Hluhluwe Game
Reserve- Corridor (State Land) - Umfolozi Game Reserve Complex. The Lammergeyer 14:
1-58.
Henkel, J.S. (1937). Report on the plant and animal ecology of the Hluhluwe Game Reserve
with special reference to the tsetse flies. Natal Witness, Pietermaritzburg.
Hitchins, P.M. (1968). Records of plants eaten by mammals in the Hluhluwe Game
Reserve. The Lammergeyer 8: 31-39.
° King, L. (1970). The geology of the Hluhluwe Game Reserve. Petros 2: 16-19 (Journal of
the Students’ Geological Society, University of Natal, Durban).
° Penner, D.F. (1970). Report on a preliminary archaeological survey in Zululand Game
reserves. Mimeo., Natal Parks Board files.
° Ward, C.J. (1962). A report on scrub control, Hluhluwe Game Reserve. The Lammergeyer
2(1): 57-62.
°
°
Staff Ten senior staff including three research, two tourism, and two game capture
specialists, and 40 junior staff (game guards)
Budget R127,990 per annum (excluding salaries)
Local Park or Reserve Administration Officer-in-charge, Hluhluwe Game Reserve, PO Box
25, Mtubatuba, 3935.
Date July 1983
ST LUCIA PARK
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.08.04 (South African Eoodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 31 August 1939. Proclamation 35 of 1939, Proclamation 11 of 1944 and
Proclamation 36 of 1957.
Geographical Location 29km from Mtubatuba in Natal; 28°00’S, 32°30°E
Altitude Sea level-30m
Area 12,545ha
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Land Tenure Government. Administered by the Natal Parks, Game and Fish Preservation
Board, Natal Provincial Administration.
Physical Features Features include coastal dunes with steep seaward slopes giving rise to an
undulating terrain with flat lowlands in between. The Park includes Lake St Lucia, which
covers about 300sq.km. This coastal lake is separated from the sea by a strip of land of two to
11km in width. Recent wind-blown sands and alluvial sediments cover much of the area,
while pans and vleis have high peat and clay content. Annual average temperature range
minimum: 14-21°C, maximum: 22-29°C. Annual rainfall 2,000mm in the east falling to
800mm in the west, falling mainly in summer (October-April).
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of coastal Forest and Thornveld (Veld Type 1). About
600ha freshwater marsh, 5,000ha tropical deciduous lowland woodland and 1,000ha swamp
forest. Marshland is dominated by Phragmites communis and Cyperus papyrus, groundwater
forest by Barringtonia racemosa, Ficus hippopotami and Syzygium cordatum and the woodland
by Terminalia sericea, Acacia spp. and Trichilia emetica. Sections of the lake shore are lined
by mangroves.
Fauna Mammals include the samango monkey Cercopithecus mitis, leopard Panthera pardus
(T), nyala Tragelaphus angasi, red duiker Cephalophus natalensis and reedbuck Redunca
arundinum. There is a very rich avifauna of about 350 spp. and reptiles include the rare
central African gaboon adder Bitis gabonica gabonica and crocodile Crocodylus niloticus.
Seven major breeding grounds of the crocodile are known in the park. Threatened species:
Suni Neotragus moschatus, red duiker Cephalophus natalensis and crocodile Crocodylus
niloticus (V) and leopard Panthera pardus (T).
Conservation Management A management plan exists for this area.
Zoning 2,000ha are zoned as wilderness whilst the remainder is designated as conservation or
recreation area.
Disturbances or Deficiencies Disturbances include fish poaching and water regulation for
agriculture, extensive irrigation schemes and the diversion of the Umfolozi River to flow direct
to the sea have adversely affected the salinity and water levels on which much of the wildlife
depend.
Visitor Facilities Facilities include two small camps with huts and two camp sites. Numbers:
16,385 per annum (conservation area) 120,000 per annum (recreation area).
Scientific Research Management orientated studies of fish and prawn ecology, hippopotamus
biology and crocodile rehabilitation
Special Scientific Facilities A small laboratory
Principal Reference Material
° Day, J.H., Millard, N.A.M. and Broekhuysen, G.J. (1954). The ecology of South African
estuaries - Part 4. The St Lucia system. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa
34: 129-152.
° Pooley, E.C. (1973). Notes on the ecology of the Lake St Lucia crocodile population.
Crocodiles, Proceedings of the 2nd meeting of crocodile specialists, IUCN Publications New
Series, Supplementary paper 41: 81-90.
Staff 13 senior staff (five management, two research, six tourist) and 25 junior staff (game
guards)
Budget R125,000 per annum (excluding salaries)
Local Park or Reserve Administration Officer-in-Charge, Charter’s Creek, Private Bag 7205,
Mtubatuba, 3935.
Date June 1983
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NDUMU GAME RESERVE
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.08.04 (South African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 17 April 1924. Provincial Notice 96 of 1924. Subsequent amendments were
Provincial Notice 140 of 1939, Provincial Notice 131 of 1941, and Proclamation 13 of 1947.
Geographical Location 100km from Mkuze in Natal. 26°50’-26°54’S, 32°09’-32°21’E
Altitude 25-175m
Area 10,117ha (6,070ha land, 4,047ha water)
Land Tenure Government. Administered by the Natal Parks, Game and Fish Preservation
Board, Natal Provincial Administration.
Physical Features Topography is very flat with a few small hills. The reserve comprises part
of the floodplains of the Usutu and Pongolo Rivers with numerous shallow pans (such as
Nyamithi Pan with its large fever trees Acacia xanthophloea) with permanent water. Ndumu
Hill is composed of red sands, while east of Ndumu Hill is another sandveld area composed of
undulating pallid sands, situated mostly above 30m above sea level. The two sandveld areas
together comprise about 1,15lha. Lower down the slope, there occurs grey compacted coarse
sandy clay with a hard mottled layer at one metre depth. The flats comprising about 6,316ha
consist of reddish sandy clay with a compacted layer at about 1.2m depth. The western area of
648ha consists of reddish sandy clay of basaltic origin with an admixture of calcareous
material. Annual average temperature range minimum: 17°C, maximum: 28°C. Annual rainfall
633mm, falling mainly in summer (October-March).
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of 6,070ha Lowveld (Veld Type 10) (Acocks 1975) (a)
Riverine and floodplain vegetation: the aquatic communities are characterised by
abundant Nymphaea spp., Potamogeton spp., and Cyperus papyrus. Tree species include Ficus
sycomorus, Trichilia emetica, Rauvolfia caffra, Acacia xanthophloea, and Syzygium guineense.
(b) Drainage line communities: the tree communities occurring along seasonal stream banks
include species such as Spirostachys africana, Schotia brachypetala, and Acacia robusta. (c)
Deciduous tree and shrub community: this community generally consists of bush clumps and
scattered trees, three to eight metres high, among outcrops of rocks, on shallow sandy soil
derived from rhyolite and characteristic of the Lebombo Mountain range. Characteristic
species in the bush clumps include Pavetta edentula, Combretum apiculatum, and C. hereroense.
(d) Acacia nigrescens woodland: A. nigrescens woodland with trees ranging from 8 to 15m high
occurs among Cretaceous stony boulder bed outcrops; and in areas with dark grey and reddish
brown soils. (e) Thicket, scrub and woodland: this association consists of a large number of
species growing mainly on reddish brown and grey clay soils. It includes Acacia tortilis
woodland shrubs and grass with Panicum maximum common. On the sandy soils there are relic
forest trees of Newtonia hildebrandtii. (f) Woodland and forest relic: this is a variable
vegetation type with semi-evergreen forest and deciduous broad-leaved woodland species into
which numerous thicket species have encroached. The woodland and forest species include
trees such as Sclerocarya caffra, Albizia versicolor, Afzelia quanzensis, Terminalia sericea,
Newtonia hildebrandtii, Spirostachys africana, and Balanites maughamii.
Fauna Mammals include: the square-lipped rhinoceros Ceratotherium simum,
bushpig Potamochoerus porcus, hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, bushbuck Tragelaphus
Scriptus, nyala Tragelaphus angasi, common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia, reedbuck Redunca
arundinum, and impala Aepyceros melampus. Some 380 species of birds have been recorded.
Threatened species: black rhinoceros Diceros bicornis (T), suni Neotragus moschatus, samango
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monkey Cercopithecus mitis, crocodile Crocodylus niloticus (V), serval Felis serval,
leopard Panthera pardus (T), red duiker Cephalophus natalensis, and aardwolf Proteles cristatus.
Conservation Management A management plan exists for this area. Veld management policies
including culling are necessary. Fire is also used.
Zoning In progress
Disturbances or Deficiencies No information
Visitor Facilities Facilities include a small camp with seven huts. Numbers: 1,600 per
annum. Potential: undetermined.
Scientific Research Mainly directed towards management problems. The transitional
character of the flora and fauna from subtropical to tropical species is of particular interest to
scientists.
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
° De Moor, P.P., Pooley, E., Neville, G. and Barichievy, J. (1977). The Vegetation of Ndumi
Game Reserve, Natal: A Quantitative Physiognomic Survey. Annals of the Natal Museun
23(1): 239-272.
° Dixon, J.E.W. (1966). Notes on the mammals of Ndumu Game Reserve. The Lammergeyei
6: 24-40.
° Dutton, T.P. (1970). From smelting furnace to _ the Ndumu Gam
Reserve. The Lammergeyer 12: 37-40.
° Pooley, A.C. (n.d.). A preliminary check list of the reptiles found within the Mkuzi anc
Ndumu Game Reserve. The Lammergeyer 3(2): 41-55.
Staff Management - three senior and 57 junior staff; Tourism - three senior and seven junio)
staff.
Budget R93,660 per annum (excluding salaries)
Local Park or Reserve Administration Officer-in-Charge, Ndumu Game Reserve, PO
Ndumu, 3972.
Date June 1983
ROYAL NATAL NATIONAL PARK AND RUGGED GLEN NATURE RESERVE
Management Category II (III or IV) (National Park) (Natural Monument or Managed Nature
Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.22.12 (South African Highlands)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 19 September 1916 by Executive Commission Resolution. Proclamation 20
of 1943, Rugged Glen added by Proclamation 32 of 1950.
Geographical Location 48km from Bergville in Natal. 28°30’S, 29°00’E.
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South Africa
Altitude 1,300-3,282m (Mont-aux-Sources)
Area 8,856ha
Land Tenure Government. Administered by the Natal Parks, Game and Fish Preservation
Board, Natal Provincial Administration.
Physical Features This area is part of the Drakensberg Escarpment, dominated by the
Amphitheatre, a semi-circle of high cliffs with a sheer drop of 613m. The park also includes
part of the Drakensberg foothills and one of the sources of the Tugela River. Outstanding
features are the amphitheatre and Tugela Falls. The soils are leached, acidic and of low
fertility. The marshy vleis characteristic of the bottomlands possess acid hydromorphic soils,
rich in organic matter. Frost and snow occur in the winter months. Annual rainfall 1,448mm,
falling mainly in summer (October-April).
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of 8,186ha Highland Sourveld (Veld Type 44(a)) and
670ha Themeda-Festuca Alpine Veld (Veld Type 58). The vegetation types fall under the
following categories: (a) grasslands - below 2,000m, grassland occurs as an understorey
to Protea woodland, above this altitude, there are extensive pure grasslands. Grasses such
as Themeda triandra dominate up to about 2,300m above sea level, after which temperate
grasses such as Rendlia, Festuca and Merxmuellera become dominant. (b) Protea woodland -
this is the next most extensive after grassland. Dominant trees are Protea multibracteata
and P. roupelliae. (c) Evergreen mountain forest: this occurs in small patches, confined to
rocky stream banks or sheltered valleys. Podocarpus_ latifolius is dominant.
(d) Leucosidea-Buddleja scrub - patches of this vegetation type represent an early stage in the
succession to forests. (e) Streambank woodland - dominants are Jlex mitis, Bowkeria
verticillata and Salix woodii. (f) Rock and cliff scrub - this includes small trees and shrubs
such as Cyathea dregei, Cussonia paniculata and Greyia sutherlandii. (g) Fynbos - at high
altitudes (up to 2,750m above sea level) a dense small tree or shrub community dominated by
plants such as Passerina spp., occurs. (h) Erica-Helichrysum heath - dwarf shrub community
at altitudes above 2,750m above sea level. Economically important species: none. Endemic
species: Protea nubigena.
Fauna Mammals are not present in very large numbers, however, the black
wildebeest Connochaetes gnou (O) is of particular interest. Also present are mountain
reedbuck Redunca fulvorufula, grey rhebok Pelea capreolus, blesbok Damaliscus dorcas
phillipsi, and klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus. Over 180 bird species have been recorded.
Threatened species: aardwolf Proteles cristatus, brown hyaena Hyaena brunnea (T) and striped
weasel Poecilogale albinucha, bearded vulture Gypaetus barbatus and Cape vulture Gyps
coprotheres (T).
Cultural Heritage There are caves with bushman paintings on the reserve
Conservation Management A management plan exists for this area.
Zoning In progress
Disturbances or Deficiencies Tourist facilities are sited in the heart of the park thus,
increasing disturbance which would have been much less had they been on the eastern
periphery.
Visitor Facilities There is an hotel on the reserve which can accommodate 120 people, and
also a camp which can accommodate 60 people in cottages. There are two camp sites to
accommodate 600 people. Tourist facilities include walking and climbing, swimming, horse
riding and fishing. Numbers: 66,600 per annum. Potential: full capacity has already been
reached.
Scientific Research Management orientated research - veld management, mammal
monitoring, and controlled burning
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Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
° Acocks, J.P.H. (1953). Veld types of South Africa. Memoirs of the Botanical Survey of
South Africa 28.
° Bews, J.W. (1917). The plant ecology of the Drakensberg range. Annals of the Natal
Museum 3: 511-565.
Edwards, D. (1967). A plant ecological survey of the Tugela River Basin. Memoirs of the
Botanical Survey of South Africa 36.
Killick, D.J.B. (1963). An account of the plant ecology of the Cathedral Peak area of the
Natal Drakensberg. Memoirs of the Botanical Survey of South Africa 34.
° Phillips, J.F.V. (1973). The agricultural and related development of the Tugela Basin and its
influent surrounds. Town and Regional Planning Report. Vol. 19: Pietermaritzburg.
° Stewart, P.G. (1969). A management plan for Royal Natal National Park and Rugged Glen
Nature Reserve. Natal Parks Board Report: Pietermaritzburg.
°
Staff Conservation and Technical staff - 37; Hotel Staff - 120; Labourers - 105
Budget R44,060 per annum (excluding salaries)
Local Park or Reserve Administration Officer-in-Charge, Royal Natal National Park, PO
Mont-aux-Sources, 3353.
Date July 1983
CHELMSFORD PUBLIC RESORT NATURE RESERVE
Management Category V (Protected Landscape)
Biogeographical Province 3.08.04 (South African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 31 July 1975. Government Proclamation 73 of 1980
Geographical Location 26km from Newcastle in Natal. 27°57’S, 29°57’E.
Altitude 1,249-1,270m
Area 6,845ha (3,989ha land, 2,856ha water)
Land Tenure Government. Administered by the Natal Parks, Game and Fish Preservation
Board, Natal Provincial Administration.
Physical Features Features are gently undulating, with wooded hills with flat bottomed
valleys. Waterbodies include Chelmsford Dam, a large man-made impoundment and Ngagane
River. Soils are shallow on a shale base. Annual rainfall 900mm, falling mainly in summer
(October-March).
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of 3,989ha of Natal Sour Sandveld (Veld Type 66);
grassland with patches of mixed Acacia dominated woodlands.
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South Africa
Fauna Fauna includes: the square-lipped rhinoceros Ceratotherium simum (6), Burchell’s
zebra Equus zebra burchelli (82), red hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus (80), blesbok Damaliscus
dorcas phillipsi (180), reedbuck Redunca arundinum (17), springbok Antidorcas marsupialis
(200), steenbok Raphicerus campestris, common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia, and black
wildebeest Connochaetes gnou (O). Threatened species: oribi Ourebia ourebi.
Conservation Management A management plan is in preparation
Zoning In preparation
Disturbances or Deficiencies Stray dogs and littering by visitors pose problems
Visitor Facilities Facilities include horse riding, boat lockers, fishing, and boating. Numbers:
72,000 per annum. Potential: full capacity.
Scientific Research Veld monitoring plots
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material Various unpublished internal reports
Staff Two senior rangers, one ranger, and two clerks
Budget R68,000 per annum (excluding salaries)
Local Park or Reserve Administration Officer-in-Charge, Chelmsford Public Resort, PO Box
3, Ballengeich, 2942.
Date 1983
SPIOENKOP PUBLIC RESORT NATURE RESERVE
Management Category V (Protected landscape)
Biogeographical Province 3.22.12 (South African Highlands)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 31 July 1975. Government Notice 101 of 1975
Geographical Location 17km from Winterton in Natal. 28°41°S, 29°31’E.
Altitude 1,060-1,146m
Area 4,562ha (3,02Iha land, 1,541ha water)
Land Tenure Government. Administered by the Natal Parks, Game and Fish Preservation
Board, Natal Provincial Administration.
Physical Features The topography is undulating hills with valleys. Waterbodies include
Spioenkop Dam, a large man-made impoundment and Tugela River. Soils are shallow with a
shale base. Annual rainfall 398mm falling mainly in summer (October-March).
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Vegetation Vegetation types include 3,021ha of Southern Tall Grassveld (Veld Type 65).
Mixed grassland (Eragrostis and Themeda spp.) with Acacia caffra, A. nilotica and A. sieberana
woodland.
Fauna Square-lipped rhinoceros Ceratotherium simum (3), giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis (4),
greater kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros (50) and lesser kudu Tragelaphus imberbis, blue
wildebeest Connochaetes taurinus (5), impala Aepyceros melampus (50), blesbok Damaliscus
dorcas phillipsi (17), black wildebeest Connochaetes gnou (O)(65), Burchell’s zebra Equus zebra
burchelli (85), eland Taurotragus oryx (30), red hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus (35),
springbok Antidorcas marsupialis (45), steenbok Raphicerus campestris, common
duiker Sylvicapra grimmia, reedbuck Redunca arundinum (24), and mountain
reedbuck Redunca fulvorufula (30). Threatened species: none.
Conservation Management In progress
Zoning In progress
Disturbances or Deficiencies Stray dogs
Visitor Facilities Facilities include horse riding, launch tours, tennis, badminton, table tennis,
TV lounge, outdoor chess, swimming pools, historical tours, museum, overnight trail, and game
park walks. Numbers: 34,000 per annum. Potential: full capacity.
Scientific Research Veld monitoring plots
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material Various unpublished internal reports
Staff One warden, one senior ranger, two rangers, one camp superintendent, one artisan and
two clerks
Budget R106,000 per annum (excluding salaries)
Local Park or Reserve Administration Officer-in-Charge, Spioenkop Public Resort, PO Box
140, Winterton, 3340.
Date August 1983
LOTENI NATURE RESERVE
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.22.12 (South African Highlands)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 2 April 1953. Proclamation 52 of 1958, Proclamation 134 of 1966, and
Proclamation 62 of 1973.
Geographical Location 76km from Nottingham Road in Natal. 29°55’S, 29°15’E.
Altitude 1,370-2,100m (Seven high peaks, +/-2,000m)
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South Africa
Area 3,984ha
Land Tenure Government. Administered by the Natal Parks, Game and Fish Preservation
Board, Natal Provincial Administration.
Physical Features The reserve is situated in a valley among the steep slopes of the foothills of
the Drakensberg, the landscape is rugged and underlain by sandstone. It is characterised by
rugged scenery and waterfalls; the Loteni River flows through the area. Due to the high
rainfall and relatively low temperatures, weathering is intense and, through percolation, the
soils have been depleted of bases such as calcium, magnesium, sodium, and potassium. All
well-drained uplands are occupied by leached ferriferous soils. On the crests of the hills in the
reserve, Mispah forms are dominant, whilst on the mid- and footslopes, Clovelly and Hutton
forms are dominant with Mispah rare. The marshy vleis characteristic of the bottomlands
contain acid hydromorphic soils. Annual rainfall 800mm falling mainly in summer
(October-March).
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of 3,989ha of Highland Sourveld (Veld Type 44(a)).
Seven broad vegetation types are recognized in the reserve, but because of their subjective
delineation, they can only represent a somewhat crude classification subject to correction. The
seven types are as follows: (a) Themeda triandra grassland; (b) Protea open woodland; (c) Aloe
spectabilis boulder scrub; (d) boulder bed scrub; (e) streambank scrub; (f) Greyia sutherlandii
cliff scrub; and (g) evergreen mountain forest.
Fauna Mammals include the following species: eland Taurotragus oryx, reedbuck Redunca
arundinum, mountain reedbuck Redunca fulvorufula, grey rhebok, Pelea capreolus, and
klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus. Over 150 species of birds have been recorded in the
reserve. Threatened species: serval Felis serval, striped weasel Poecilogale albinucha,
aardwolf Proteles cristatus, and oribi Ourebia ourebi are the endangered mammals. The
bearded vulture Gypaetus barbatus also occurs.
Conservation Management A management plan exists for this area.
Zoning In progress
Disturbances or Deficiencies Soil erosion poses the most serious threat compounded by
uncontrolled grass fires.
Visitor Facilities Facilities include a small camp with huts. Horses may be hired. Numbers:
5,700 per annum. Potential: no further plans for expansion.
Scientific Research Range management studies
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
° Bews, J.W. (1917). The plant ecology of the Drakensberg range. Annals of the Natal
Museum 3: 511-565.
° Edwards, D. (1967). A plant ecological survey of the Tugela River basin. Memoirs of the
Botanical Survey of South Africa 36.
° MacVicar, C.N. (1962). Soil studies in the Tugela Basin. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Natal.
° Scott, J.D. (1951). A contribution to the study of the problems of the Drakensberg
Conservation Area. Science Bulletin 324. Department of Agriculture, Government Printer,
Pretoria.
Staff Officer-in-Charge; Tourism - two senior and 15 junior staff
Budget R20,500 per annum (excluding salaries)
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Local Park or Reserve Administration Officer-in-charge, Loteni Nature Reserve, PO Box 14,
Himeville, 4585.
Date July 1983
UMTAMVUNA NATURE RESERVE
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.08.04 (South African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 25 June 1971. Proclamation 97 of 1971 and Proclamation 39 of 1983.
Geographical Location 5km from Port Edward in Natal. 31°00’S, 30°10’E.
Altitude Sea level-300m
Area 3,137ha
Land Tenure Government. Administered by the Natal Parks, Game and Fish Preservation
Board, Natal Provincial Administration.
Physical Features The reserve occupies the northern side of a steep gorge on the Umtamvuna
River and also includes some sandy, grassland plains within its boundaries. The soils are
sandy. Annual average temperature range: no recordings. Annual rainfall 1,200mm, falling
mainly in summer (October-April).
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of Coastal Forest and Thornveld (Veld Type 1). About
1,500ha are occupied by grassland. The remaining 1,500ha support a lowland deciduous forest,
an example of sub-tropical to temperate coastal forest. Encephalartos natalensis is a rare
species present in the reserve.
Fauna Few large mammals survive, however, those that do, include bushbuck Tragelaphus
scriptus. There is a large variety of bird species. Threatened species: blue duiker Cephalophus
monticola.
Conservation Management A management plan exists for this area.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies Some poaching
Visitor Facilities Visitors are few, but there are some nature trails. Numbers: 1,087 per
annum. Potential: 2,000 per annum
Scientific Research A botanical survey has been completed.
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material Various unpublished internal reports
Staff One senior and 10 junior staff (game guards)
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Budget R10,000 per annum (excluding salaries)
Local Park or Reserve Administration The Officer-in-Charge, Umtamvuna Nature Reserve,
PO Box 25, Port Edward, 4295.
Date June 1983
ALBERT FALLS PUBLIC RESORT NATURE RESERVE
Management Category V (Protected Landscape)
Biogeographical Province 3.08.04 (South African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 31 July 1975. Government Notice 102
Geographical Location 18km from Pietermaritzburg in Natal. 29°26’S, 30°25’E.
Altitude 662-720m
Area 3,012ha
Land Tenure Government. Administered by the Natal Parks, Game and Fish Preservation
Board, Natal Provincial Administration.
Physical Features Undulating hills with valleys and lower lying open areas, and containing
the Albert Falls Dam, a large man-made impoundment, and the Umgeni and Doornspruit
Rivers. Shallow soils with a shale base. Annual rainfall 702mm, falling mainly in summer
(October-March).
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of 642ha Valley Bushveld (Veld Type 23). A mixed
grassland of Eragrostis, Themeda, and Aristida spp. with open woodland in places dominated
by Acacia nilotica and A. sieberana.
Fauna Burchell’s zebra Equus zebra burchelli (12), impala Aepyceros melampus (20),
blesbok Damaliscus dorcas phillipsi (30), and reedbuck Redunca fulvorufula (8). These species
are mostly introduced. Threatened species: Oribi Ourebia ourebi and wattled crane Bugeranus
carunculatus.
Conservation Management A management plan is nearing completion.
Zoning The area is zoned, but no information is available
Disturbances or Deficiencies Stray dogs and littering by visitors pose problems.
Visitor Facilities Facilities include fishing, boating, walking, birdwatching, BMX track,
scrambling track and horse riding. Numbers: 70,000 per annum. Potential: full capacity.
Scientific Research Veld monitoring plots
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material Various unpublished internal reports
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Staff Management - three senior and two junior staff; Tourism - one senior and three junior
staff
Budget R103,000 per annum (excluding salaries)
Local Park or Reserve Administration Officer-in-Charge, Albert Falls Public Resort, PO Box
31, Cramond, 3420.
Date August 1983
WEENEN NATURE RESERVE
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.08.04 (South African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 1 April 1975. Proclamation 116 of 1975, Proclamation 85 of 1981, and
Proclamation 51 of 1982
Geographical Location 8km from Weenen in Natal; 29°S, 30°E
Altitude 1,000-1,240m
Area 2,929ha
Land Tenure’ State. Administered by the Natal Parks, Game and Fish Preservation Board,
Natal Provincial Administration.
Physical Features The reserve is situated on the Draycott Plain. In the south and south-east
is a dolerite hill which is incised by numerous, mostly seasonal streams, while the west is
bounded by a more precipitous escarpment. There are no major rivers and streams. The
reserve falls into the Tugela Basin, the soils of which have been mapped. In summary, most of
the reserve has been classified as stony land, steep land, land with very shallow soils, or land
that has been denuded of soil by gully erosion. Only a very small part of the reserve has not
been eroded. Annual rainfall 500-625mm, falling mainly in summer (October-March).
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of 2,929ha Valley Bushveld (Veld Type 23). The reserve
falls into Valley Bushveld (Acocks 1975), while Phillips (1972) classifies the area as a sub-arid
riverine and lowland mixed thicket, and short to medium woodland/open woodland
(Bioclimatic Group No 10). In a more detailed study, Edwards (1967) classified the area as
marginal and transitional valley vegetation or more specifically as Interior Acacia karroo
and A. nilotica Thorn Veld. This woody vegetation type has invaded what Edwards (1967)
terms Themeda-Hyparrhenia grassland. Economically important species: none. Endemic
species: none.
Fauna The land was denuded and very severely eroded prior to conservation measures being
taken, and, therefore, the mammalian fauna has been drastically depleted due to habitat
deterioration and excessive hunting. The most important large mammals are buffalo Syncerus
caf fer introduced recently from Addo Elephant National Park. Other large mammals included:
square-lipped rhinoceros Ceratotherium simum (6), giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis (4),
Burchell’s zebra Equus burchelli (40), red hartebeest Alcelaphus caama (20), and
eland Taurotragus oryx (46). Various small antelope and other small mammals occur on the
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reserve. Over 60 species of birds have been recorded on the reserve. Threatened species: black
rhinoceros Diceros bicornis (T).
Conservation Management A management plan exists for this area.
Zoning In progress
Disturbances or Deficiencies Overgrazing in the past caused erosion which has caused
management related problems. The grassland has been heavily utilised since 1890. This has
resulted in serious deterioration, extensive Acacia karroo-A. nilotica encroachment, and in
improverished grass cover.
Visitor Facilities Facilities include picnic sites. Numbers: 2,000 per annum. Potential: could
be increased by a planned caravan park.
Scientific Research Management orientated research - monitoring fauna, flora and soil erosion
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
Edwards, D. (1967). A plant ecological survey of the Tugela River basin. Memoirs of the
Botanical Survey of South Africa 36.
Phillips, J.F.V. (1972). The agricultural and related development of the Tugela Basin and its
influent surrounds. Natal Town and Regional Planning Commission Reports Vol. 19.
° West, O. (1951). The vegetation of Weenen County, Natal. Memoirs of the Botanical Survey
of South Africa 23.
Staff One senior ranger and 19 other graded and ungraded staff
Budget R12,590 per annum (excluding salaries)
Local Park or Reserve Administration Officer-in-Charge, Weenen Nature Reserve, PO Box
122, Weenen, 3325.
Date July 1983
MIDMAR PUBLIC RESORT NATURE RESERVE
Management Category V (Protected Landscape)
Biogeographical Province 3.08.04 (South African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 21 March 1968. Government Notice 17 of 1974
Geographical Location 5km from Howick in Natal. 29°30’S, 30°12’E.
Altitude 1,040-1,138m
Area 2,83lha (1,316ha land, 1,515ha water)
Land Tenure Government. Administered by the Natal Parks, Game and Fish Preservation
Board, Natal Provincial Administration.
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Physical Features Gently undulating grass covered hills, lower lying open grassland and
vleis. Waterbodies include Midmar Dam, a large man-made impoundment and the Umgeni
River. Soils are rocky, and shale based with shallow top soil. Annual average temperature
range: no available information. Annual rainfall 775mm, falling mainly in summer
(October-March).
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of 1,316ha Southern Tall Grassveld (Veld Type 65).
Mixed grassland, including species such as Eragrostis, Themeda, and Aristida spp..
Fauna Fauna includes square-lipped rhinoceros Ceratotherium simum, Burchell’s zebra Equus
zebra burchelli (52), blesbok Damaliscus dorcas phillipsi (28), red hartebeest Alcelaphus
buselaphus (55), impala Aepyceros melampus (36), reedbuck Redunca fulvorufula (60),
springbok Antidorcas marsupialis (22), black wildebeest Connochaetes gnou (23), and
eland Taurotragus oryx (6). Virtually all these species were introduced. Threatened species:
oribi Ourebia ourebi and wattled crane Bugeranus carunculatus.
Conservation Management A management plan is being drafted.
Zoning In progress
Disturbances or Deficiencies Stray dogs and littering by visitors pose problems.
Visitor Facilities Facilities include game park tours, boat tours, horse riding, museum,
restaurant, boat hire, boat locker, swimming pool, bowls, squash, tennis, boating, and fishing.
Numbers: 552,000 per annum. Potential: full capacity.
Scientific Research Veld monitoring plots
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material Various unpublished internal reports
Staff Management four senior and five junior staff; Tourism - four senior and eight junior
staff
Budget R250,000 per annum (excluding salaries)
Local Park or Reserve Administration | Officer-in-Charge, Midmar Public Resort, Private
Bag, Howick, 3290.
Date August 1983
FALSE BAY NATURE RESERVE
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.08.04 (South African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 1 June 1954. Proclamation 9 of 1944 and Proclamation 111 of 1952.
Geographical Location 8&km from Hluhluwe in Natal. 28°00’S, 32°15’-32°22’E
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South Africa
Altitude Sea level-30m
Area 2,247ha
Land Tenure Government. Administered by the Natal Parks, Game and Fish Preservation
Board, Natal Provincial Administration.
Physical Features The reserve comprises a narrow strip of shore along the western shore of
Lake St Lucia, gently sloping up to flat or slightly undulating countryside. This reserve is
situated on Lake St Lucia, which covers about 300 sq.km. Hluhluwe and Mzinene Rivers.
Soils are sandy and 17 soil series occur in the reserve. Annual average temperature range
minimum: 10-19°C, maximum: 23-30°C. Annual rainfall 500mm, falling mainly in summer
(October-April).
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of Coastal Forest and Thornveld (Veld Type 1); thicket to
open woodland of a tropical drought-deciduous type. Notable species include Cleistanthus
schlechteri, Newtonia hildebrandtii, and Balanites maughamii.
Fauna Mammals include: serval Felis serval, warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus,
nyala Tragelaphus angasi, waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, reedbuck Redunca arundinum, blue
wildebeest Connochaetes taurinus, and impala Aepyceros melampus. Birds of interest include
white pelican Pelecanus onocrotalus and Goliath heron Ardea goliath. Threatened species:
pangolin Manis temminckii, suni Neotragus moschatus, red duiker Cephalophus natalensis, and
crocodile Crocodylus niloticus (V).
Conservation Management A management plan exists for this area.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies Intensive farming around the reserve has led to the
extermination of large carnivores and a reduction in numbers of large herbivores.
Visitor Facilities Facilities include campsites; hunting and fishing is permitted within the
reserve. Numbers: 20,380 per annum. Potential: maximum at present.
Scientific Research Management orientated studies
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material Various unpublished internal reports
Staff Two senior staff and 15 junior staff (game guards)
Budget R45,430 per annum (excluding salaries)
Local Park or Reserve Administration Officer-in-charge, False Bay Park, PO Hluhluwe, 3960.
Date June 1983
KAMBERG NATURE RESERVE
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.22.12 (South African Highlands)
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Legal Protection Total
Date Established 1 June 1951. Proclamation 38 of 1951
Geographical Location 40km from Rosetta in Natal. 29°15’-29°25’S, 29°40’-29°45’E.
Altitude 1,645-2,224m (Gladstone’s Nose)
Area 2,232ha
Land Tenure Government. Administered by the Natal Parks, Game and Fish Preservation
Board, Natal Provincial Administration.
Physical Features The area is flat to undulating with a large natural vlei and the Mooi River.
The soils, derived largely from sandstone of the Upper Beaufort Beds, are brown on the
surface changing to a buff colour at greater depth, and are classified as Lateritic Yellow
Earths. Alluvial soils along the riverbanks are underlaid by coarse gravel. Annual average
temperature range not recorded, but complete range drops well below zero and rises to nearly
40°C. Annual rainfall 1,077mm, falling mainly in summer (November-March).
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of 2,232ha Highland Sourveld (Veld Type 44(a)). The
reserve includes samples of several natural biotic communities. Most of the grasses are
unpalatable on reaching maturity, and the grassland is referred to as sourveld and is only
readily grazed for about five months, after burning in early spring. Leucosidea sericea
(umtchitchi) grows in profusion along the stream banks while Protea spp. occur in abundance
below the sandstone cliffs. Greyia sutherlandii occurs to a limited extent in the sandstone belt.
In some situations, the grassland seems to be invaded by Helichrysum spp, Buddleja salviifolia,
and Cliffortia nitidula during the intermediate successional stages. The principal grasses
include: Andropogon appendiculatus, Alloteropsis semialata, Elionurus argenteus, Harpochloa
falx, Themeda triandra and Tristachya hispida. Economically important species: specially
protected plant species on the reserve include Protea roupelliae.
Fauna Mammals include: klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus, common duiker Sylvicapra
grimmia, reedbuck Redunca arundinum, mountain reedbuck Redunca fulvorufula, grey
rhebok Pelea capreolus, and blesbok Damaliscus dorcas phillipsi (reintroduced). Threatened
species: oribi Ourebia ourebi and bearded vulture Gypaetus barbatus.
Conservation Management A management plan exists for this area.
Zoning In progress
Disturbances or Deficiencies Soil erosion caused by fires, drainage and by overgrazing is a
problem. There is a public road which traverses the reserve and increases disturbance and
vulnerability.
Visitor Facilities A small camp with huts is available with facilities for trout fishing.
Numbers: 3,600 per annum. Potential: no planned development.
Scientific Research Trout rearing and release; mammal monitoring
Special Scientific Facilities Large trout hatchery
Principal Reference Material
° Edwards, D. (1967). A plant ecological survey of the Tugela Basin. Memoirs of the
Botanical Survey of South Africa 36.
° Scott, J.D. (1951). A contribution to the study of the problems of the Drakensberg
Conservation Area. Science Bulletin 324. Government Printer, Pretoria.
Staff Officer-in-Charge, camp superintendent, relief ranger, and 30 junior staff
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South Africa
Budget R10,500 per annum (excluding salaries)
Local Park or Reserve Administration Officer-in-Charge, Kamberg Nature Reserve, PO
Rosetta, 3301.
Date July 1983
VERNON CROOKES NATURE RESERVE
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.08.04 (South African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 1972. Proclamation 254
Geographical Location 10km from Umzinto in Natal. 30°15’-30°19’S, 30°33’-30°38’E.
Altitude 200-538m
Area 2,189ha
Land Tenure Government. Administered by the Natal Parks, Game and Fish Preservation
Board, Natal Provincial Administration.
Physical Features Features include a series of steep-sided valleys and drainage lines which
arise from an undulating plateau in the northern part. Streams flowing from the reserve form
part of the Umzinto River catchment. Main streams are the Nyengdezi, Mzinyani, mHlanga
and Umzinto Rivers. Soils are derived in the main from pink granite. Uranium bearing
quartzites are also present. The north-eastern portion of the reserve is a flat plateau of Table
Mountain Sandstone. Annual average temperature range minimum: 9-19°C, maximum:
22-28°C. Annual rainfall 1,000mm falling mainly in summer (September-March).
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of Coastal Forest and Thornveld (Veld Type 1). (a)
Forest and riverine forest: evergreen and partly deciduous. Protorhus longifolia,
Bequaertiodendron natalense, Millettia grandis, Vepris lanceolata, Rauvolfia caffra, Syzygium
cordatum and Macaranga capensis; (b) Scrub and scrub forest: Albizia adianthifolia, Trema
orientalis, Clerodendrum glabrum, Maesa lanceolata; (c) Grasslands and grassland/bushclump
mosaic: Themeda triandra, Cymbopogon excavatus, Aristida junciformis, Pteridium aquilinum,
Protorhus longifolia and Phoenix reclinata; (d) Wetlands: swamp vlei with Phragmites communis
and Cyperus spp.. Economically important species: none. Endemic species: none.
Fauna A variety of species have been recorded, including the following endangered species:
Southern African python Python sebae natalensis, red duiker Cephalophus natalensis, blue
duiker Cephalophus monticola, and oribi, Ourebia ourebi.
Conservation Management A management plan exists for this area.
Zoning In progress
Disturbances or Deficiencies Main management problem has been invasion by alien plants,
but this is now under control.
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Visitor Facilities Facilities include a camp site. Numbers: 5,500 per annum. Potential:
undetermined.
Scientific Research Management orientated - veld burning, vegetation mapping and
assessing, and mammal monitoring
Special Scientific Facilities Laboratory for scientific study plus basic accommodation
Principal Reference Material
° Bourquin, O. and Sawler, S.G. (1980). The vertebrates of Vernon Crookes Nature
Reserve. The Lammergeyer 28: 20-32.
Staff One senior ranger, part-time clerk, and 40 junior staff
Budget R15,050 per annum (excluding salaries)
Local Park or Reserve Administration Officer-in-Charge, PO Box 624, Umzinto Station, 4201.
Date December 1983
ORIBI GORGE NATURE RESERVE
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.08.04 (South African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 22 March 1950. Proclamation 19 of 1950, Proclamation 35 of 1957, and
Proclamation 167 of 1972.
Geographical Location 21km from Port Shepstone in Natal. 30°41’-30°45’S, 30°10’-30°18’E
Altitude 150-517m
Area 1,809ha
Land Tenure Government. Administered by the Natal Parks, Game and Fish Preservation
Board, Natal Provincial Administration.
Physical Features King (1942) maintains that the Oribi and Murchison Flats (north and south
of the reserve respectively) are structural plains or pseudo-peneplains which were formed by
the weathering and erosion of a layer of softer rock on top of a harder one. Through this
500m plateau, between these plains, the Umzimkulwana River has eroded a gorge through the
Table Mountain sandstone down to the granite - the Oribi Gorge. The cliffs at the Rocks (at
the westernmost point of the reserve) which face westwards, were caused by faulting. Pieces
of broken sandstone can be seen in a strip 50m wide along this fault. On the basis of the
parent rock, viz Table Mountain sandstone in the higher parts of the reserve and granite in and
around the river-bed, the following three soil forms can be expected: Cartref form on the
sandstone on the well-drained parts; in the wetter places the Cartref form may merge into a
Longlands form, and a Glenrosa form on the eastern side of the reserve along the river,
comprising an orthic A on a lithocutanic B horizon. Annual average temperature range
minimum: 13°C, maximum: 23°C. Annual rainfall 1,120mm, falling mainly in summer
(October-March).
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Vegetation Vegetation types consist of 1,809ha Valley Bushveld (Veld Type 23). The
vegetation types are as follows: (a) forest; (b) evergreen riverine thicket; (c) evergreen and
deciduous (mixed) thicket; (d) evergreen sclerophyllous shrubland, includes Leucadendron
spissifolium and Tarchonanthus trilobus; (e) induced open woodland with clumped trees; (f)
dwarf-shrub grassland; (g) grassland; and (h) lithophytic communities. Economically important
species: none. Endemic species: none.
Fauna Mammals are few but include the common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia and
bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus. Threatened species: blue duiker Cephalophus monticola,
oribi Ourebia ourebi, samango monkey Cercopithecus mitis, striped weasel Poecilogale
albinucha, and leopard Panthera pardus (T).
Conservation Management A management plan exists for this area.
Zoning Zoning in progress
Disturbances or Deficiencies None
Visitor Facilities The rest camp has six fully equipped huts. There is a separate ablution
block with toilets, baths, showers, wash basins with hot and cold water, and a kitchen where
visitors’ meals are prepared by the camp staff. There is also a common room, equipped with a
fireplace and a herbarium, and barbecue facilities. There are various nature trails which may
be used freely by visitors. Fishing is permitted. Numbers: 2,800 per annum. Potential: full
capacity.
Scientific Research None
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
Beater, B.E. (1970). Soil Series of the Natal Sugar Belt. South African Sugar Association,
Durban.
° Bews, J.W. (1920). The plant ecology of the Coast Belt of Natal. Natal Museum Annals 4:
367-470.
° Du Toit, A.L. (1946). The geology of parts of Pondoland, East Griqualand and Natal.
Department of Mines, Geological Survey, Pretoria.
° Glen, H.F. (1972). A contribution to the flora of the Oribi Gorge Nature Reserve, Natal
South Coast. Honours Project, University of the Witwatersrand.
° King, L.C. (1942). South African Scenery: Textbook of Geomorphology. Oliver and Boyd,
Edinburgh.
Staff One senior ranger, one camp superintendent, and 21 junior staff (management)
Budget RS5,410 per annum (excluding salaries)
Local Park or Reserve Administration Officer-in-Charge, Oribi Gorge Nature Reserve, PO
Plains, 4243.
Date July 1983
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COLEFORD NATURE RESERVE
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.08.04 (South African Woodland/savanna
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 24 February 1948. Proclamation 72 of 1959
Geographical Location 27km from Underberg in Natal. 30°S, 29°E.
Altitude 1,410m-1,650m
Area 1,272ha
Land Tenure State. Administered by the Natal Parks, Game and Fish Preservation Board of
the Natal Provincial Administration.
Physical Features The major feature of the reserve is the Ingwangwana River, which flows
south-south-eastwards through the south-eastern portion of the reserve. Its floodplain is fairly
flat and narrow, rising up gently from the south bank to a series of low hills which overlook its
major tributary, the Ndowana River. In the north-western section of the reserve (Sunnyside)
the slope up from the Ingwangwana is much steeper, rising rapidly to high hills (1,650m) with
cliffs of Beaufort Sandstone on their south-eastern sides. The soils have not been studied.
There are no records of the annual average temperature range, which falls to well below
freezing and rises to well above 30°C. Annual rainfall 970mm, falling mainly in summer
(November-March).
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of 1,272ha Highland Sourveld (Veld Type 44(a)). The
vegetation consists of open grassland with a dense, fairly short sward. Typical grasses
include: Alloteropsis semialata, Andropogon appendiculatus, Elionurus argenteus, Harpochloa
falx, Monocymbium ceresiiforme, Themeda triandra, and Tristachya hispida. Economically
important species: none. Endemic species: none.
Fauna Large mammals re-established in the reserve are blesbok Damaliscus dorcas phillipsi,
black wildebeest Connochaetes gnou (O), red hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus, and
eland Taurotragus oryx. Common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia and reedbuck Redunca
arundinum also occur. Well over 100 species of birds occur on the reserve. Threatened species:
bearded vulture Gypaetus barbatus and wattled crane Bugeranus carunculatus (of special
concern).
Conservation Management A management plan exists for this area.
Zoning In progress
Disturbances or Deficiencies | Drained oxbow lakes and erosion scars due to past agrarian
practises.
Visitor Facilities Facilities include a rest camp with 40 beds, trout fishing, tennis, croquet,
horse riding, and walking. Numbers: 2,775 per annum. Potential: 14,600 per annum.
Scientific Research Management orientated, including burning and a certain amount of
research on eland.
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material Management Plan of Natal Parks Board
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Staff Management - two senior staff and 20 junior staff; Tourism - one senior staff and 14
junior staff
Budget R22,970 per annum (excluding salaries)
Local Park or Reserve Administration Officer-in-Charge, PO Box 128, Underberg, 4590.
Date July 1983
VERGELEGEN NATURE RESERVE
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.22.12 (South African Highlands)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 14 December 1967. Proclamation 110 of 1967, Proclamation 135 of 1970,
and Proclamation 133 of 1976.
Geographical Location 35km from Himeville in Natal. 29°S, 30°E.
Altitude 1,380-1,850m
Area 1,159ha
Land Tenure Government. Administered by the Natal Parks, Game and Fish Preservation
Board, Natal Provincial Administration.
Physical Features The terrain along the Mlahlangubo Stream valley is precipitous and scenic
with steep slopes ascending into the Drakensberg range. The Mkomazi River and Mlahlangubo
Stream flows through the area. Due to the high rainfall and relatively low temperatures,
weathering is intense and, through percolation, the soils have been depleted of bases such as
calcium, magnesium, sodium, and potassium. All well-drained uplands are occupied by
leached ferriferous soils. On the crests of the hills in the reserve, Mispah forms are dominant
whilst on the mid- and footslopes, Clovelly and Hutton forms are dominant. The marshy vleis
characteristic of the bottomlands possess acid hydromorphic soils. Snowfalls are frequent.
Annual rainfall 1,330mm, falling mainly in summer (October-April).
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of 1,159ha Highland Sourveld (Veld Type 44(a)). The
vegetation may be described as follows: (a) grassland: dominated by Themeda triandra.
(b) Protea woodland: dominated by Protea multibracteata and Protea roupelliae. (c) Boulder
bed scrub: typical species are Leucosidea sericea and Bowkeria verticillata. (d) Streambank
scrub: this includes a variety of species such as Halleria lucida, Leucosidea sericea, Rhus spp.,
and Buddleja salviifolia. (e) Evergreen mountain forest: climax species is Podocarpus
latifolius. Economically important species: none. Endemic species: none.
Fauna’ Thirteen species of mammals have been recorded in the reserve. The important
mammals include: bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, eland Taurotragus oryx, grey rhebok Pelea
capreolus, reedbuck Redunca arundinum, and mountain reedbuck Redunca fulvorufula. A
considerable number of birds and several reptiles and amphibians have been recorded.
Indigenous fish known to occur are Barbus natalensis and Amphilius natalensis. Threatened
species: oribi Ourebia ourebi; Cape vulture Gyps coprotheres, peregrine.falcon Falco peregrinus,
and bearded vulture Gypaetus barbatus.
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Conservation Management A management plan exists for this area.
Zoning In progress
Disturbances or Deficiencies Problem with exotic tree plantations in a natural area.
Visitor Facilities The reserve is open to the public. Two two-bedroomed cottages are
available and there are two picnic sites near the Mhahlangubo causeway. Trout fishing is
available and rod tickets may be purchased at the office or at Himeville and Loteni Nature
Reserves. Hiking is permitted throughout the reserve and visitors may purchase permits to
enter the adjoining State Forestry Land. Records have been kept of visitor numbers since
January 1973. Numbers: 800 per annum. Potential: numbers can be increased.
Scientific Research Management orientated - mammal monitoring, veld monitoring, burning
policies
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
* Killick, D.J.B. (1963). An account of the plant ecology of the Cathedral Peak area of the
Natal Drakensberg. Memoirs of the Botanical Survey of South Africa 34.
Staff Officer-in-Charge and 16 junior staff
Budget R1,940 per annum (excluding salaries)
Local Park or Reserve Administration Officer-in-Charge, PO Box 53, Himeville, 4585.
Date July 1983
BLYDE RIVER NATURE RESERVE
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.22.12 (South African Highlands)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 1965. Administrator’s Notice 356 of 1965.
Geographical Location 25km from Graskop in Transvaal. 24°35’S, 30°50°E.
Altitude 676-1,831.7m (Drakensberg)
Area 22,664ha (22,40lha land and 263ha water)
Land Tenure Government. Administered by the Nature Conservation Division, Transvaal
Provincial Administration.
Physical Features The Eastern Transvaal escarpment is deeply incised by the Blyde and
Ohrigstad Rivers forming the impressive canyon which is at the centre of the reserve. This
escarpment forms the eastern boundary of the reserve. A number of other outstanding physical
features occur; God’s Window, Devil’s Window, Quartzkop, Cowveld View, Blyde Dam and
Canyon, The Peak, potholes at the confluence of the Blyde and Treuer Rivers, and Kadishi
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stream with tufa deposits. Geology of the area comprises quartzite krantzes and softer shales
of the Wolkberg series and a dolomite layer overlaying the quartzite. Rivers include Blyde,
Ohrigstad, Treur, and Watervalspruit and there are two Rondawels, the Pinnacle and
Mariepskop. Annual average temperature range minimum: 9°C, maximum: 24°C. Annual
rainfall 2,661mm (God’s Window), 1,231mm (Bourke’s Luck) and 650mm (Swadini), falling
mainly in summer (October- April).
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of the North-Eastern Mountain Sourveld (Veld Type 8)
and Lowveld Sour Bushveld (Veld Type 9). The reserve is characterised by the high montane
grassland and scrubland areas dominated by Eragrostis sclerantha, E. capensis, Loudetia
simplex, Themeda triandra, Protea roupelliae, P. caffra, P. laetans, P. rubropilosa, Lopholaena
disticha, Erica drakensbergensis, Ekebergia __ pterophylla and Bequaertiodendron
magalismontanum. Montane forests with Podocarpus latifolius, Diospyros whyteana,
and Rapanea melanophloeos. Halleria lucida and Apodytes dimidiata are found in the
protected kloofs and higher mountain slopes. The foothills and low-lying valley areas are
characterised by closed to open tall woodland communities with Ptaeroxylon obliquum,
Cussonia natalensis, Celtis africana, Rhus legati, Mimusops zeyheri, Parinari curatellifolia,
Sclerocarya caffra, Faurea saligna, Lannea edulis, Catha edulis, Ficus ingens, and Dombeya
rotundifolia. Economically important species: none. Endemic species: the following are
endemic to the Transvaal and occur in this reserve: Encephalartos inopinus, E. cupidus,
E. laevifolius, E. paucidentatus, Protea laetans, P. rubropilosa, Aloe minima var. blyderivierensis,
Dombeya autumnalis, Gladiolus varius var. micranthus, G. vernus, Watsonia transvaalensis,
and Clivia caulescens.
Fauna The more important mammals are: hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius,
bushpig Potamochoerus porcus, mountain reedbuck Redunca fulvorufula, and
klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus. Birds include: black eagle Aguila verreauxii, bald
ibis Geronticus calvus (R), crowned eagle Stephanoaetus coronatus, purple crested
lourie Tauraco porphyreolophus and narina trogon Apaloderma narina. Reptiles include: water
snake Lycodonamorphus laevissimuo fitzsimonsi, also rough-scaled plated lizard Gerrhosaurus
major. Fish include: large-scale yellowfish Barbus marequensis, tilapia Oreochromis
mossambicus, chubbyhead barb Barbus anoplus and southern red-breasted tilapia Tilapia
rendalli. Threatened species: mammals; leopard Panthera pardus (T), Meller’s
mongoose Rhynchogale melleri, Welwitsch’s hairy bat Myotis welwitschii, South African
hedgehog Erinaceus frontalis, four-toed elephant shrew Petrodromus tetradactylus, lesser
bushbaby Galago senegalensis, thick-tailed bushbaby Galago crassicaudatus, samango
monkey Cercopithecus mitis, pangolin Manis temminckii, honey badger Mellivora capensis,
striped weasel Poecilogale albinucha and African civet Civettictis civetta. Reptiles: veld
monitor Varanus exanthematicus albigularis, water monitor V. niloticus, Southern African
python Python sebae and dwarf chameleon Bradypodion pumilo transvaalensis; birds: Cape
vulture Gyps coprotheres (V) and black sparrowhawk Accipiter melanoleucus.
Conservation Management A management plan exists for this area.
Zoning Hiking trails in natural area, wilderness area, and high density tourism area
Disturbances or Deficiencies _ Management problems are associated with the mountainous
terrain and the invasion of plant species such as Acacia mearnsii and Pinus spp.. To date, 37
alien species have been identified in the Blyde River Canyon.
Visitor Facilities Facilities include two resorts, picnicking, mountaineering, camping, horse
riding, hiking, guided tours, and birdwatching. The Blyde Canyon is one of the most
impressive canyons in the world. It has been developed chiefly as a hiking area, with the
Blyderivierspoort, Eerste Liefde and Muilhuis Hiking Trails. Numbers: 160,000 per annum.
Potential: 300,000 per annum.
Scientific Research None
Special Scientific Facilities Laboratory
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Principal Reference Material Various unpublished internal reports
Staff 15 nature conservators and 88 labourers
Budget R450,000 per annum (including salaries)
Local Park or Reserve Administration The Officer-in-Charge, Blyde River Nature Reserve,
PO Bourke’s Luck, 1272.
Date March/April 1983
BLOEMHOF DAM NATURE RESERVE
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.08.04 (South African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 1975; Provincial Ordinance 12 of 1983
Geographical Location 5km from Bloemhof in Transvaal; Vaal River forms the southern
border. 27°35’S, 25°52’-26°05’E.
Altitude 1,239-1,249m
Area 22,072ha (12,850ha land and 9,222ha water)
Land Tenure Government. Administered by the Nature Conservation Division, Transvaal
Provincial Administration.
Physical Features This reserve is part of the Vaal River System. The topography is flat, lying
on pre-Karoo rocks with a geology of shale and sandstone. Sandy in places, but predominantly
loam soils and Kalahari sand on limestone. Annual average temperature range minimum: 10°C,
maximum: 27°C. Annual rainfall 508mm, falling mainly in summer (October-April).
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of the Kalahari Thornveld (Veld Type 16) and
Dry Cymbopogon-Themeda Veld (Veld Type 50), and the vegetation is dominated by open
short grassveld with clumps of Tarchonanthus camphoratus and small thickets of Ziziphus
mucronata, Rhus lancea, and Acacia karroo in the central areas, with denser thickets
of A. erioloba, A. karroo, and A. heteroneura in the Kalahari Thornveld areas. Important
grasses are Eragrostis obtusa, E. lehmanniana, E. tricophora, E. curvula, Cymbopogon plurinodis,
and Panicum stapfianum. Economically important species: none. Endemic species: none.
Fauna Mammals: black wildebeest Connochaetes gnou (O), eland Taurotragus oryx,
springbok Antidorcas marsupialis, gemsbok Oryx gazella, blesbok Damaliscus dorcas phillipsi,
and red hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus. Fish: smallmouth yellowfish Barbus holubi, threespot
barb B. trimaculatus and sharptooth catfish Clarias gariepinus. There is a large waterfowl
population. Noteworthy reptiles are the Cape cobra Naja nivea and_ serrated
tortoise Psammobates oculifer. Threatened species: none.
Conservation Management The area does have a management plan. The reserve is still being
developed and a large portion is not yet fenced.
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Zoning Recreation and natural areas
Disturbances or Deficiencies There are large areas of previously ploughed lands, and the
reserve is not easy to manage as it is mainly a long, narrow strip along the Vaal River. Termite
problems
Visitor Facilities Facilities include angling; facilities are still basic. Numbers: 30,000 per
annum. Potential: 50,000 per annum.
Scientific Research Veld succession monitoring
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material Various unpublished internal reports
Staff Three nature conservators and 25 labourers
Budget R50,000 per annum (including salaries)
Local Park or Reserve Administration The Officer-in-Charge, Bloemhof Nature Reserve,
Private Bag X7, Bloemhof, 2660.
Date March/April 1983
LOSKOP DAM NATURE RESERVE
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.08.04 (South African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 1954. Administrator’s Notice 223 of 1954
Geographical Location 35km from Groblersdal in Transvaal. 25°30’S, 29°20°E.
Altitude 14,800ha (12,448ha land and 2,352ha water)
Area No information
Land Tenure Government. Administered by the Nature Conservation Division, Transvaal
Provincial Administration.
Physical Features The landscape may be described as hilly with fairly steeply sloping valley
sides and deeply incised drainage lines that have a relatively narrow alluvial deposition
representing the bottomlands. To the south, the reserve is dominated by the Nylstroom Series
of the Waterberg System, the main geological materials being lava, sandstone, conglomerate,
siltstone, and greywacke. Underlying the northern region are felsite, pyroclasts and granopyre
of the Bushveld Igneous Complex. Olifants River and Kerkplaas se Loop flows through the
area. The soils of the hills and slopes are comprised mainly of rocky lithosols, whilst those of
the bottomlands are deep red to yellow clay loams and mostly base saturated. Annual average
temperature range minimum: 14°C, maximum: 28°C. Annual rainfall 664mm, falling mainly in
summer (October- April).
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Vegetation Vegetation types consist of the Mixed Bushveld (Veld Type 18) and Sourish
Mixed Bushveld (Veld Type 19). Physiognomically the hilltops and slopes are open savanna
vegetation with a tall herbaceous layer; shrubs are scarce. Along drainage lines, a narrow
fringe of closed woodland occurs, whilst on the bottomlands in the north, a relatively dense
thicket occurs. The vegetation can be structurally divided into 14 plant communities. The
most dominant are Diplorhynchus condylocarpon, Enneapogon spp., and Loudetia simplex open
woodland; Combretum apiculatum-Acacia caf fra-Themeda triandra open woodland and Burkea
africana-Loudetia simplex open woodland. Economically important species: none. Endemic
species: Gladiolus pole-evansii and Triaspis glaucophylla are endemic to the Transvaal and
occur in this reserve.
Fauna Mammals: mountain reedbuck Redunca fulvorufula, kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros and
lesser kudu Tragelaphus imberbis, square-lipped rhinoceros Ceratotherium simum, chacma
baboon Papio ursinus, buffalo Syncerus caffer, impala Aepyceros melampus, blue
wildebeest Connochaetes taurinus, Burchell’s zebra Equus burchelli and nyala Tragelaphus
angasi. Reptiles: pygmy sand snake Psammophis angolensis. Fish: largescale yellowfish Barbus
marequensis, sharptooth catfish Clarias gariepinus, butter catfish Eutropius depressirostris and
redbreast tilapia Tilapia rendalli. Threatened mammals: brown hyena Hyaena brunnea (T),
African civet Civettictis civetta, leopard Panthera pardus (T), sable Hippotragus niger, South
African hedgehog Erinaceus frontalis, straw-coloured fruit bat Eidolon helvum, lesser
bushbaby Galago senegalensis, thick-tailed bushbaby Galago crassicaudatus, pangolin Manis
temminckii, African water rat Dasymys incomtus, honey badger Mellivora capensis, striped
weasel Poecilogale albinucha, aardwolf Proteles cristatus and oribi Ourebia ourebi; reptiles: veld
monitor Varanus exanthematicus albigularis, water monitor Varanus niloticus, South African
python Python sebae, and Nile crocodile Crocodylus niloticus (V); birds: African fish
eagle Haliaeetus vocifer, martial eagle Polemaetus bellicosus and peregrine falcon Falco
peregrinus (V).
Conservation Management A management plan exists for this area.
Zoning High intensity tourism area, natural area and wilderness area
Disturbances or Deficiencies Rugged nature of terrain; all the flat alluvial plains in the
reserve have been inundated by the dam.
Visitor Facilities Facilities include a public resort, shop, camping, huts, caravanning, and a
swimming pool. Numbers: 4,000 per annum. Potential: 10,000 per annum.
Scientific Research Detailed vegetation description. Ecology of mountain reedbuck Redunca
fulvorufula. Survey of chacma baboon Papio ursinus endo-parasites. Study of mistletoe/bird
inter-relationships.
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material Various unpublished internal reports.
° Theron, G.K. (1973). ’n Plant-ekologiese studie van die Loskopdam Natuurreservaat. M.Sc.
Thesis, University of Pretoria.
Staff Three nature conservators and 21 labourers
Budget R100,000 per annum (including salaries)
Local Park or Reserve Administration The Officer-in-Charge, Loskop Dam Nature Reserve,
Private Bag X606, Groblersdal, 0470.
Date March/April 1983
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SUIKERBOSRAND NATURE RESERVE
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.22.12 (South African Highlands)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 1974. Administrator’s Notice 514 of 1974
Geographical Location 20km from Heidelberg in Transvaal. 26°30°S, 28°15’E.
Altitude 1,608-1,918m (Suikerbosrand)
Area 13,337ha
Land Tenure Government. Administered by the Nature Conservation Division, Transvaal
Provincial Administration.
Physical Features This reserve forms part of the series of quartzite ridges along the
Witwatersrand. The topography is mountainous with non-perennial streams. The soil is poor
and acidic and either stony or sandy. Annual average temperature ranges minimum: 10°C,
maximum: 25°C. Annual rainfall 700mm, falling mainly in summer (October-April).
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of the Bankenveld (Veld Type 61(b)). Grassland with
patches of woodland and shrubland. The dominant communities include Rhus pyroides
thickets: Canthium gilfillanii, Aristida _ transvaalensis, Cymbopogon marginatus
savanna, Eragrostis racemosa, Digitaria monodactyla grassland, Euclea crispa, Rhoicissus
tridentata shrubland, and Trachypogon spicatus, Themeda triandra grassland. Economically
important species: none. Endemic species: Mossia intervallaris is endemic to the Transvaal and
occurs in this reserve.
Fauna Mammals: eland Taurotragus oryx, black wildebeest Connochaetes gnou, red
hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus, Burchell’s zebra Equus burchelli, blesbok Damaliscus dorcas
phillipsi, and anteater Orycteropus afer. Reptiles and amphibians: cross-marked grass
snake Psammophis crucifer, common egg-eater Dasypeltis scabra, guttural toad Bufo gutturalis,
rattling kassina Kassina weali, Transvaal crag lizard Pseudocordylus microlepidotus melanotus,
rock agamid Agama atra, and spotted harlequin snake Homoroselaps lacteus. Threatened
species: brown hyena Hyaena brunnea, South African hedgehog Erinaceus frontalis, water
rat Dasymys incomtus, striped weasel Poecilogale albinucha, aardwolf Proteles cristatus,
leopard Panthera pardus (T), and oribi Ourebia ourebi.
Conservation Management A management plan exists for this area.
Zoning Natural and recreational areas
Disturbances or Deficiencies Invasive plants including Acacia mearnsii and Opuntia spp..
stax Facilities Facilities include camping, hiking, picnic spots and environmental education
facilities for youth groups. Numbers: 30,000 per annum. Potential: 100,000 per annum.
Scientific Research Population dynamics of predator/prey relationships and vegetation
surveys are currently being researched.
Special Scientific Facilities Laboratory
Principal Reference Material Various unpublished internal reports
Staff Ten nature conservators and 40 labourers
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Budget R400,000 per annum (including salaries)
Local Park or Reserve Administration The Officer-in-Charge, Suikerbosrand Nature Reserve,
Private Bag X616, Heidelberg, 2400.
Date March/April 1983
DOORNDRAAI DAM NATURE RESERVE
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.08.04 (South African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 1973; Provincial Ordinance 12 of 1983
Geographical Location 40km from Potgietersrus in Transvaal. 24°20’S, 28°45’E.
Altitude 1,183m-1,464m
Area 7,229ha (6,652ha land and 577ha water)
Land Tenure Government. Administered by the Nature Conservation Division, Transvaal
Provincial Administration.
Physical Features The terrain is undulating and hilly. The reserve lies in the Sterk River
valley of the Waterberg, which consists of sandstone, granite, and conglomerates. There are
also rock piles, the origins of which are not known and archaeological artifacts in erosion
gullies. The Sterk River flows into the Doorndraai Dam. The soils are very poor litholsols of a
sandy, rubbly nature. Annual average temperature range minimum: 13°C, maximum: 28°C.
Annual rainfall 611mm, falling mainly in summer (October-April).
Vegetation Vegetation types include the Sour Bushveld (Veld Type 20), open savanna of tall
Straight Faurea saligna, in a tall, tufted, wiry sour grassveld in the less rocky parts, and a
dense mixed bushveld in the rugged parts. Examples of trees: Acacia caffra, Protea caffra on
southern slopes, Burkea africana on rocky soils, Terminalia sericea on sandy soils, and Acacia
karroo on plains. Also, Combretum molle, C. zeyheri, and C. apiculatum. Grasses: Themeda
triandra, Heteropogon contortus, Aristida congesta and Cymbopogon excavatus. Economically
important species: none. Endemic species: Aloe petrophila is endemic to the Transvaal and is
found in the reserve.
Fauna Mammals: giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis, blue wildebeest Connochaetes taurinus,
greater kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros and lesser kudu Tragelaphus imberbis, Burchell’s
zebra Equus burchelli, waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, impala Aepyceros melampus, and
anteater Orycteropus afer. Reptiles: Waterberg girdled lizard Cordylus warreni breyeri
(endemic to Waterberg area) and serrated tortoise Psammobates oculifer. Fish: large scale
yellowfish Barbus marequensis, canary largemouth Chetia flaviventris and redbreast
tilapia Tilapia rendalli. Threatened mammals: leopard Panthera pardus, aardwolf Proteles
cristatus, sable Hippotragus niger, brown hyena Hyaena brunnea, tsessebe Damaliscus lunatus,
South African hedgehog Erinaceus frontalis, lesser bushbaby Galago senegalensis, African
water rat Dasymys incomtus, honey badger Mellivora capensis, roan antelope Hippotragus
equinus, African civet Civettictis civetta, thick-tailed bushbaby Galago crassicaudatus and
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white-naped weasel Poecilogale albinucha; reptiles: veld monitor Varanus exanthematicus
albigularis, water monitor Varanus niloticus and South African python Python sebae natalensis;
birds: martial eagle Polemaetus bellicosus and fish eagle Haliaeetus vocifer.
Conservation Management A management plan exists for this area.
Zoning Zoned into various regions eg. watersports, trails, and recreational areas.
Disturbances or Deficiencies Invasive plants. Lack of artificial water points, old farm lands
and concentration of game in good grazing areas. Reserve is divided by the irrigation dam.
Some erosion occurs.
Visitor Facilities Facilities include camping, guided tours, boating, picnicking, fishing, and
birdwatching. Proposed visitor centre, nature trails and bus tours will increase visitor numbers.
Numbers: 30,000 per annum. Potential: 40,000 per annum.
Scientific Research None
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material Various unpublished internal reports
Staff Three nature conservators and 38 labourers
Budget R100,000 per annum (including salaries)
Local Park or Reserve Administration The Officer-in-Charge, Doorndraai Nature Reserve,
PO Box 983, Potgietersrus, 0600.
Date March/April 1983
PONGOLA NATURE RESERVE
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.08.04 (South African woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 1979 This was possibly the first Game Reserve to have been proclaimed in
Africa (1894). It was, unfortunately, deproclaimed in circa 1926, but reproclaimed in 1979.
Provincial Ordinance 12 of 1983.
Geographical Location Golela in Transvaal. 27°20’S, 31°58’E.
Altitude 146m-730m (Lebombo Mountains)
Area 6,222ha (5,762ha land and 460ha water)
Land Tenure Government owned, administered by the Nature Conservation Division,
Transvaal Provincial Administration.
Physical Features The reserve borders on the Lebombo range which is an elevated tract built
of lavas dipping to the east. The escarpment consists mainly of rhyolites of the Jozini
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Formation. The Pongola River flows through the area. Approximately half of the reserve
consists of a steep west facing scarp and talus slope with poorly developed lithosols. The other
half of the reserve consists primarily of a west facing sediment slope on which the dominant
soils are red to dark brown clays. Annual average temperature range minimum: 15°C,
maximum: 29°C. Annual rainfall 617mm, falling mainly in summer (October-April).
Vegetation Zululand Thornveld (Veld Type 6), Lowveld (Veld Type 10) and Arid Lowveld
(Veld Type 11). Open woodland communities on the low lying areas, high montane grassveld
on the summits with grasslands, sparse woodland on the lower foothills and dense montane
bush and kloof forest on the higher foothills and near summits. Dominant species of the
summits are Aloe marlothii, A. bainesii, Diospyros microphylla, Euphorbia grandidens, Croton
sylvaticus, and Diospyros whyteana. The foothills are represented by Acacia nigrescens, Euclea
spp., and a variety of grasses with Themeda triandra as dominant. The low-lying areas are
dominated by Acacia nigrescens, Sclerocarya caffra, Acacia exuvialis, Ziziphus mucronata,
Trichilia emetica, Spirostachys africana and Acacia schweinfurthii. Economically important
species: none. Endemic species: none.
Fauna Mammals: blue wildebeest Connochaetes taurinus, bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus,
nyala Tragelaphus angasi, impala Aepyceros melampus, and hippopotamus Hippopotamus
amphibius. Birds: crowned eagle Stephanoaetus coronatus, goliath heron Ardea goliath, crested
guineafowl Guttera pucherani, black-bellied bustard (korhaan) Lissotis melanogaster, Rudd’s
apalis Apalis ruddi, and grey sunbird Nectarinia veroxii. Reptiles: flat gecko Afroedura spp.
(restricted), short-headed burrowing skink Scelotes brevipes (uncommon) and _ thick-toed
gecko Pachydactylus spp. (uncommon). Fish: large scale yellowfish Barbus marequensis,
threespot barb B. trimaculatus, sharptooth catfish Clarias gariepinus and tigerfish Hydrocynus
vittatus. Threatened reptiles: Nile crocodile Crocodylus niloticus (V) and Southern African
python Python sebae natalensis.
Conservation Management The area does have a management plan.
Zoning Alla natural area
Disturbances or Deficiencies Poaching of game
Visitor Facilities Being planned; reserve not open to the public. Numbers: none. Potential:
probably 5,000 per annum.
Scientific Research Ecological study of impala
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material Various unpublished internal reports
Staff One nature conservator and 14 labourers
Budget R40,000 per annum (including salaries)
Local Park or Reserve Administration The Officer-in-Charge, Pongola Nature Reserve, PO
Box 29, Golela, 3990.
Date March/April 1983
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VERLOREN VALEI NATURE RESERVE
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.22.12 (South African Highlands)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 1984. Provincial Ordinance 12 of 1983
Geographical Location 15km from Dullstroom in Transvaal. 25°18’S, 30°07’E.
Altitude 2,150-2,316m (Steenkampsberg)
Area 6,05Sha
Land Tenure State. Administered by the Nature Conservation Division, Transvaal Provincial
Administration.
Physical Features The area consists primarily of a plateau with a number of parallel dolerite
and diabase ridges dissecting the area. A quartzite band dipping at 10° is protected by a series
of dolerite dykes. Where the quartzite has been eroded, permanent marshes or sponges have
formed along drainage lines between these ridges; 38 in all. Tributaries of Crocodile, Elands,
and Steelpoort Rivers have their origins here. Annual average temperature range minimum:
5°C, maximum: 20°C. Annual rainfall 1,025mm, falling mainly in summer (October-April).
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of the North-eastern Sandy Highveld (Veld Type 57).
The vegetation contains a number of sub-alpine grassveld elements such as Digitaria
tricholaenoides, Harpochloa falx, Rendlia altera, Stiburus conrathii, Koeleria cristata,
Alloteropsis semialata, and Festuca spp. In the marshy areas, sedges, especially Carex
aethiopica and various Scirpus and Pycreus spp., are dominant. The grass Leersia hexandra is
locally common where there is open water, as are Polygonum lapathifolium and Gunnera
perpensa. A few marshes support beds of the reed Phragmites australis. Economically
important species: none. Endemic species: Cheilanthes sp. nov. Aloe graciliflora, Agapanthus
inapertus ssp. pendulus, A. inapertus ssp. parviflorus, Eucomis vandermerwei, Moraea modesta,
Riocreuxia aberrans, and Streptocarpus latens.
Fauna Mammals: mountain reedbuck Redunca fulvorufula, grey rhebok Pelea capreolus,
spotted-necked otter Lutra maculicollis, Cape clawless otter Aonyx capensis, and Hottentot
golden mole Amblysomus hottentotus. Amphibians: bronze caco Cacosternum nanum, rattling
kassina Kassina weali, striped grass frog Ptychadena porosissima, spotted rana Rana grayi, and
gariep toad Bufo gariepensis. Reptiles: ocellated dwarf gecko Lygodactylus ocellatus, van Son’s
thick-toed gecko Pachydactylus capensis vansoni, Transvaal girdled lizard Cordylus vittifer,
Transvaal crag lizard Pseudocordylus microlepidotus melanotus, common egg-eater Dasypeltis
scabra, and cross-marked grass snake Psammophis crucifer. Threatened mammals:
oribi Ourebia ourebi; birds: bald ibis Geronticus calvus, white stork Ciconia ciconia, black
Stork C. nigra, Cape vulture Gyps coprotheres (V) black harrier Circus maurus, wattled
crane Bugeranus carunculatus, Stanley’s bustard Neotis cafra denhami, Cape eagle owl Bubo
capensis, Rudd’s lark Mirafra ruddi, house martin Delichon urbica, pale-crowned
cisticola Cisticola brunnescens, yellow-breasted pipit Anthus chloris and Gurney’s
sugarbird Promerops gurneyi.
Conservation Management In preparation. Reserve only recently acquired and still being
developed. The main objective of this reserve is the conservation of the wattled crane Grus
carunculata, of which only a small number remain in South Africa, and the conservation of a
wetland system.
Zoning Alla natural area
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Disturbances or Deficiencies None
Visitor Facilities None; numbers: none. Potential: limited hiking
Scientific Research Proposed study of ecology of listed red data and rare species and
grassland systems.
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
° Tarboton, W.R. and Day, D. (1980). The Wattled Crane. Fauna and Flora 36.
° Tarboton, W.R. (in press). Breeding Behaviour of Stanley’s Bustard. Bustard Studies.
° Various unpublished internal reports.
Staff One nature conservator (part time)
Budget R20,000 per annum (including salaries)
Local Park or Reserve Administration The Officer-in-Charge, Verloren Valei Nature
Reserve, PO Box 98, Dullstroom, 1110.
Date July 1984
HANS MERENSKY NATURE RESERVE
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.08.04 (South African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 1954. Administrator’s Notice 223
Geographical Location 65km from Tzaneen in Transvaal. 23°42’S, 30°40°E.
Altitude 434-542m (Black Hills)
Area 5,282ha
Land Tenure Government Administered by the Nature Conservation Division, Transvaal
Provincial Administration.
Physical Features A relatively flat, slightly undulating topography. The eastern section is
bordered by a low range of doleritic ridges known as the Black Hills. Other outstanding
physical features include the island in the Letaba River and a mineral thermal spring. The
great Letaba River and Mashavel Stream flow through the reserve. Sandy with brackish
patches and a more loamy soil against the ridges (unleached subtropical). Annual average
temperature range minimum: 15°C, maximum: 29°C. Annual rainfall 650mm, falling mainly in
summer (October-April).
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of the Arid Lowveld (Veld Type 11). Predominantly
closed Colophospermum mopane woodland and variations of Combretum apiculatum, Pterocarpus
rotundifolius, and C. apiculatum and Terminalia sericea woodland. Patches of open Terminalia
sericea woodland and Acacia nigrescens woodland are found scattered in this reserve. Riverine
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vegetation is dominated by an Acacia tortilis-Ficus sSycomorus-Syzygium guineense
association. Kirkia acuminata scrubland is found in the Black Hills region. Economically
important species: none. Endemic species: none.
Fauna Mammals: impala Aepyceros melampus, steenbok Raphicerus campestris, greater
kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros and lesser kudu Tragelaphus imberbis, giraffe Giraffa
camelopardalis, Burchell’s zebra Equus burchelli, blue wildebeest Connochaetes taurinus,
warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus, anteater Orycteropus afer, and hippopotamus Hippopotamus
amphibius. Reptiles: tortoise Geochelone pardalis. Fish: redbreast tilapia Tilapia rendalli,
silver labeo Labeo ruddi, Mocambique tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus, and sharptooth
catfish Clarias gariepinus. Birds: martial eagle Polemaetus bellicosus, thickbilled
cuckoo Pachycoccyx audeberti, and Stierling’s barred warbler Camaroptera _ stierlingi.
Threatened mammals: wild dog Lycaon pictus (T), honey badger Mellivora capensis, African
civet Civettictis civetta, tsessebe Damaliscus lunatus, sable Hippotragus niger, and
cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T). Reptiles: veld monitor Varanus exanthematicus albigularis and
Nile crocodile Crocodylus niloticus (V).
Cultural Heritage The reserve has sites of considerable ethnological interest, these include an
iron smelting oven and the Tsonga Kraal Open Air Museum.
Conservation Management A management plan exists for this area.
Zoning Vehicle borne tourism area as well as some natural areas
Disturbances or Deficiencies Problem weeds need control and there is some erosion along
streams. Overgrazing in areas also causes a problem.
Visitor Facilities Visitor facilities include a holiday resort, visitor centre, bus tours, walking
trails, and film shows. Numbers: 34,000 per annum. Potential: 40,000 per annum.
Scientific Research Vegetation survey
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material Various unpublished internal reports
Staff Four nature conservators and 16 labourers
Budget R120,000 per annum (including salaries)
Local Park or Reserve Administration The Officer-in-Charge, Hans Merensky Nature
Reserve, Private Bag X502, Letsitele, 0885.
Date March/April 1983
LANGJAN NATURE RESERVE
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.08.04 (South African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 1954. Administrator’s Notice 223 of 1954
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Geographical Location 20km from Vivo in Transvaal. 22°50’S, 29°13’E.
Altitude 775-824m
Area 4,774ha
Land Tenure Government. Administered by the Nature Conservation Division, Transvaal
Provincial Administration.
Physical Features The topography of the reserve is flat. Geology consists of conglomerates,
limestone, and sandstones. The Brak River flows through the area. Soils comprise Kalahari
sand on limestone. Annual average temperature range minimum: 12°C, maximum: 35°C.
Annual rainfall 482mm, falling mainly in summer (October-April).
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of the Arid Sweet Bushveld (Veld Type 14). Vegetation
can be classified as short open woodland with patches of tall shrubland. Open woodland
communities are represented by Combretum apiculatum, Sclerocarya caffra, Acacia nigrescens,
Terminalia sericea, Grewia bicolor, Commiphora pyracanthoides, Grewia flavescens, Digitaria
eriantha, and Enneapogon cenchroides. The shrublands are characterised by Boscia albitrunca,
Terminalia prunioides, Commiphora pyracanthoides, Grewia bicolor, Urochloa mosambicensis,
and Tragus berteronianus. Patches of Acacia thickets with A. nebrownii, A. mellifera
and A. tortilis are found. Economically important species: none. Endemic species: none.
Fauna Mammals: bat-eared fox Otocyon megalotis, gemsbok Oryx gazella, giraffe Giraffa
camelopardalis, red hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus, steenbok Raphicerus campestris,
Common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia, and waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus. Fish: threespot
barb Barbus trimaculatus and Mocambique tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus. Reptiles and
amphibians: African spotted skink Mabuya striata, black and yellow sand lizard Eremias
lugubris, Smith’s water tortoise Pelusios sinuatus, Jones’s girdled lizard Cordylus cordylus
jJonesii, common variable skink Mabuya varia, striped long-tail lizard Nucras taeniolata ornata,
spotted sandveld lizard Nucras intertexta, and mole snake Pseudaspis cana. Birds: kori
bustard Choriotis kori and secretary bird Sagittarius serpentarius are some interesting species.
Ostrich Struthio camelus also occurs. Threatened mammals: sable Hippotragus niger,
leopard Panthera pardus (V), honey badger Mellivora capensis, South African
hedgehog Erinaceus frontalis, pangolin Manis temminckii, lesser bushbaby Galago senegalensis,
thick-tailed bushbaby Galago crassicaudatus, African civet Civettictis civetta, and striped
weasel Poecilogale albinucha; reptiles: Southern African python Python sebae natalensis.
Conservation Management A management plan exists for this area.
Zoning Alla natural area
Disturbances or Deficiencies Disused farmlands (30ha) where plant succession is progressing
well.
Visitor Facilities A few huts. Camping allowed. Numbers: 200 per annum. Potential: 3,000
per annum.
Scientific Research Vegetation survey
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material Various unpublished internal reports.
Staff One nature conservator and 11 labourers
Budget R40,000 per annum (including salaries)
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Local Park or Reserve Administration The Officer-in-Charge, Langjan Nature Reserve, PO
Box 15, Vivo, 0924.
Date March/April 1983
RUSTENBURG NATURE RESERVE
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.08.04 (South African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 1967. Administrator’s Notice 62 of 1967
Geographical Location 8km from Rustenburg in Transvaal. 25°43’S, 27°12’E.
Altitude 1,296-1,706m (Magaliesberg)
Area 4,257ha
Land Tenure Government. Administered by the Nature Conservation Division, Transvaal
Provincial Administration.
Physical Features The Magaliesberg Range on which the reserve occurs, is a homoclinal ridge
formed of resistant quartzites dipping to the north. The reserve has an anticlinal ridge on the
northern side and the valley is the result of an igneous intrusion. A major fault cuts through
the reserve. There are waterfalls and potholes in well protected kloofs, characteristic of the
Magaliesberg, and the Waterkloofspruit River flows through the area. There are sandy, loam
soils with shallow litholitic soils on slopes and hills to deeper soils in vlei and basin areas.
Annual average temperature range minimum: 11°C, maximum: 27°C. Annual rainfall
700-800mm, falling mainly in summer (October-April).
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of the Sourish Mixed Bushveld (Veld Type 19). Open
savanna with a fairly tall and dense grassveld dominated by Cymbopogon plurinodis, Themeda
triandra, and Elionurus argenteus. The bush areas are dominated by Protea caffra and Acacia
caffra, with dense bush occuring in the kloofs. Slopes and rocky areas are dominated by
seasonal grassland and semi-deciduous trees eg. Landolphia capensis, Bequaertiodendron
magalismontanum. A marshy area is dominated by dense Phragmites mauritianus.
Economically important species: none. Endemic species: Aloe peglerae and Frithia pulcra are
endemic to the Magaliesberg Range.
Fauna The following mammals occur on the reserve: mountain reedbuck Redunca fulvorufula,
reedbuck Redunca arundinum, eland Taurotragus oryx, and Burchell’s zebra Equus burchelli.
Reptiles: horned adder Bitis caudalis. Fish: chubbyhead barb Barbus anoplus, threespot
barb B. trimaculatus, banded tilapia Tilapia sparrmanii, and southern mouth
brooder Pseudocrenilabrus philander. Threatened mammals: brown hyena Hyaena brunnea (T),
South African hedgehog Erinaceus frontalis, straw coloured fruit bat Eidolon helvum, lesser
bushbaby Galago senegalensis, spectacled dormouse Graphiurus ocularis, honey
badger Mellivora capensis, African civet Civettictis civetta, aardwolf Proteles cristatus,
leopard Panthera pardus (T), sable Hippotragus niger, and oribi Ourebia ourebi; reptiles: veld
monitor Varanus exanthematicus albigularis and Southern African python Python sebae
natalensis; birds: martial eagle Polemaetus bellicosus and peregrine falcon Falco peregrinus (V).
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Conservation Management There is a management plan for the area.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies The mountain catchment area is very sensitive. Veld fires from
lightning are frequent during late winter. There is also a presence of large numbers of invasive
plant species in some parts.
Visitor Facilities Facilities include huts on hiking trails, camping, picnicking, bus tours,
visitor centre, group camp and interpretative nature trail. Numbers: 2,000 per annum.
Potential: 10,000 per annum.
Scientific Research Vegetation, large and small mammals
Special Scientific Facilities Small herbarium of local plants
Principal Reference Material Various unpublished internal reports
Staff Three nature conservators and 28 labourers
Budget R50,000 per annum (including salaries)
Local Park or Reserve Administration The Officer-in-Charge, Rustenburg Nature Reserve,
PO Box 511, Rustenburg, 0300.
Date March/April 1983
S A LOMBARD NATURE RESERVE
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.08.04 (South African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 1967. Administrator’s Notice 62 of 1967
Geographical Location 10km from Bloemhof in Transvaal. 27°35’S, 25°30°E.
Altitude 1,244-1,268m
Area 3,663ha
Land Tenure Government. Administered by the Nature Conservation Division, Transvaal
Provincial Administration.
Physical Features Geology is characterised by the Ventersdorp System. Pans are common in
the area. Four non-perennial pans occur. An ancient riverbed also passes through the reserve.
Soils vary from sandy-loam to brackish with a high clay content, overlying a white, calcareous
formation. Annual average temperature range minimum: 10°C, maximum: 27°C. Annual
rainfall 380-500mm falling mainly in summer (October-April).
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of the Dry Cymbopogon-Themeda Veld (Veld Type 50);
open grassland area. An alluvial area is dominated by Sporobolus ioclados. There is grassland
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on deeper soil, Themeda triandra and Cymbopogon plurinodis. Old farm areas dominated
by Eragrostis lehmanniana and Aristida species, and a bushveld area is dominated
by Tarchonanthus camphoratus. Old diamond diggings have been colonised by Rhus l/ancea.
Economically important species: none. Endemic species: none.
Fauna Mammals: black wildebeest Connochaetes gnou (O), for which this is an important
breeding area, springbok Antidorcas marsupialis, red hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus,
blesbok Damaliscus dorcas phillipsi, gemsbok Oryx gazella, anteater Orycteropus afer and
eland Taurotragus oryx. Birds: kori bustard Choriotis kori, tawny eagle Aguila rapax, and
blacknecked grebe Podiceps nigricollis. Reptiles: Cape cobra Naja nivea and_ serrated
tortoise Psammobates oculifer. Threatened species: South African hedgehog Erinaceus
frontalis, Maquassi musk shrew Crocidura maquassiensis, and Southern African python Python
sebae natalensis.
Conservation Management Some exists
Zoning All a natural area
Disturbances or Deficiencies Disused ploughed lands and abandoned alluvial diamond
diggings.
Visitor Facilities None. Numbers: 1,000 per annum. Potential: 2,000 per annum
Scientific Research Vegetation, large and small mammals
Special Scientific Facilities Laboratory and small herbarium
Principal Reference Material Various unpublished internal reports
Staff One nature conservator and 16 labourers
Budget R30,000 per annum (including salaries)
Local Park or Reserve Administration The Officer-in-Charge, SA Lombard Nature Reserve,
PO Box 174, Bloemhof, 2660.
Date March/April 1983
HANS STRIJDOM NATURE RESERVE
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.08.04 (South African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 1978; Provincial Ordinance 12 of 1983
Geographical Location 50km from Ellisras in Transvaal. 24°00’S, 27°47’E.
Altitude 864-1,323m (Waterberg)
Area 3,618ha (2,762ha land and 856ha water)
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Land Tenure Government. Administered by the Nature Conservation Division, Transvaal
Provincial Administration.
Physical Features This reserve is situated in the resistant red sandstone Waterberg Mountains,
giving a rugged, rocky appearance. The Mokolo River which rises on the plateau, descends
through a steep gorge, through the reserve, down to the Limpopo River. The soils are poor
lithological soils. Annual average temperature range minimum: 10°C, maximum: 27°C. Annual
rainfall 640mm, falling mainly in summer (October-April).
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of the Sour Bushveld (Veld Type 20) and Mixed Bushveld
(Veld Type 18). Open savanna of tall Faurea saligna trees in a tall, tufted, wiry, sour grassveld
in the less rocky parts, a dense mixed bushveld in the rugged parts. Trees and shrubs: Acacia
caffra, Protea caffra, Dombeya rotundifolia, Lannea discolor, Vangueria infausta, Combretum
molle, C. zeyheri, and C. apiculatum. Grasses include: Elionurus argenteus, Loudetia simplex,
and Diheteropogon amplectens. Economically important species: none. Endemic
species: Euphorbia waterbergensis, Freylinia tropica, Grewia rogersii, Triaspis glaucophylla,
and Hibiscus waterbergensis are all endemic to the Transvaal and occur in this reserve.
Fauna Mammals: greater kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros and lesser kudu Tragelaphus
imberbis, and klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus. Reptiles: lesser flat rock lizard Platysaurus
guttatus minor, Jalla’s sand snake Psammophis jallae (rare). Fish: large scale yellowfish Barbus
marequensis, paper mouth B. mattozi, canary largemouth Chetia flaviventris and _ butter
catfish Eutropius depressirostris. Threatened species: sable Hippotragus niger, Sharpe’s
grysbok Raphicerus sharpei, brown hyena Hyaena brunnea (T), roan antelope Hippotragus
equinus and pangolin Manis temminckii; Nile crocodile Crocodylus niloticus (V) and Southern
African python Python sebae natalensis; Martial eagle Polemaetus bellicosus and fish
eagle Haliaeetus vocifer.
Conservation Management A management plan exists for this area.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies Invasive plants pose a problem and are being removed.
Visitor Facilities Facilities include camping, picnicking, fishing, boating and skiing,
motorboat tours, and nature trails. Numbers: 13,000 per annum. Potential: 15,000 per annum.
Scientific Research None
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material Various unpublished internal reports
Staff Two nature conservators and 24 labourers
Budget R65,000 per annum (including salaries)
Local Park or Reserve Administration The Nature Conservation Officer, Hans Strijdom Dam,
PO Box 473, Ellisras, 0555.
Date March/April 1983
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MESSINA NATURE RESERVE
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.08.04 (South African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 1980; Provincial Ordinance 12 of 1983
Geographical Location 2km from Messina in Transvaal. 22°24’S, 30°03’E.
Altitude 498-599m
Area 3,57lha
Land Tenure Government. Administered by the Nature Conservation Division, Transvaal
Provincial Administration.
Physical Features This reserve descends into the Limpopo valley which is a wide plain with
scattered inselbergs. The southern and south-eastern part of the reserve is covered by low
sandstone hills separated by shallow valleys. The Sand River meanders along a wide sandy
floor, and some of the oldest geological formations in the world occur here. Soils are
unleached subtropical soils to red-brown sandy. Annual average temperature range minimum:
17°C, maximum: 29°C. Annual rainfall 350mm, falling mainly in summer (October-April).
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of the Mopani Veld (Veld Type 15); short, fairly dense
growth of shrubby Colophospermum mopane in a sparse and tufted grassveld. Also: Acacia
tortilis, Adansonia digitata, Acacia nigrescens, Combretum apiculatum, Sclerocarya caffra,
and Cadaba termitaria. Grasses: Eragrostis tricophora, Anthephora pubescens, Brachiaria
nigropedata, Bothriochloa insculpta, and Eragrostis superba. Economically important species:
none. Endemic species: none. Baobab trees in this area have been declared National
Monuments.
Fauna Mammals: steenbok Raphicerus campestris, waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, greater
kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros and lesser kudu Tragelaphus imberbis and impala Aepyceros
melampus. Reptiles: Transvaal flat gecko Afroedura transvaalica (restricted), barking
gecko Ptenopus gugarrulus (rare), Transvaal quill snouted Xenocalamus transvaalensis (rare).
Birds: crested guineafowl Guttera pucherani, kori bustard Choriotis kori, and ground
hornbill Bucorvus leadbeateri. Threatened mammals: brown hyena Hyaena brunnea (T),
leopard Panthera pardus (T), sable Hippotragus niger, and Sharpe’s grysbok Raphicerus sharpei;
birds: martial eagle Polemaetus bellicosus.
Conservation Management A management plan exists for this area.
Zoning None at present, all a natural area
Disturbances or Deficiencies One boundary of the reserve is the Sand River. This river had
to be excluded from the reserve with resultant management problems.
Visitor Facilities _ None (new reserve). A basic camping site will be established in the near
future. Numbers: 200 per annum. Potential: 10,000 per annum.
Scientific Research None
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material Various unpublished internal reports
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Staff One nature conservator and 18 labourers
Budget R40,000 per annum (including salaries)
Local Park or Reserve Administration The Officer-in-Charge, Messina Nature Reserve, PO
Box 78, Messina, 0900.
Date March/April 1983
NOOITGEDACHT DAM NATURE RESERVE
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.08.04 (South African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 1980; Provincial Ordinance 12 of 1983
Geographical Location 15km from Carolina in Transvaal. 25°58°S, 30°4’E.
Altitude 1,547-1,656m
Area 3,420ha (2,644ha land and 756ha water)
Land Tenure Government. Administered by the Nature Conservation Division, Transvaal
Provincial Administration.
Physical Features This area is bevelled, lying across Karoo strata with a broad synclinal
arrangement. Inclined sheets of dolerite often appear as low dark ridges. The abruptness of
the escarpment is lost in this area, the escarpment quartzites having been thinned down by
pre-Karoo erosion. Komati River and Vaalwaterspruit. Annual average temperature range
minimum: 7°C, maximum: 22°C. Annual rainfall 755mm, falling mainly in summer
(October-April).
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of the Piet Relief Sourveld (Veld Type 63); grassveld
with patches of bush and scrub forest, Scolopia mundii, Leucosidea sericea, Pittosporum
viridiflorum, Cephalanthus natalensis, Eulalia villosa, Tristachya hispida, and Themeda
triandra. Economically important species: none. Endemic species: none.
Fauna Mammals: common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia. Fish: large scale yellowfish Barbus
marequensis, and carp Cyprinus carpio. Reptiles: spotted harlequin Homoroselaps lacteus and
southern brown egg eater Dasypeltis inornata. Threatened species: none.
Conservation Management A management plan exists for this area.
Zoning Recreation and natural area
Disturbances or Deficiencies Invasive species Acacia mearnsii and Eucalyptus spp..
Visitor Facilities Facilities are being planned. There are basic picnic and camping facilities.
Numbers: 7,000 per annum. Potential: 15,000 per annum.
Scientific Research None
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Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material Various unpublished internal reports
Staff One nature conservator and 14 labourers
Budget R50,000 per annum (including salaries)
Local Park or Reserve Administration The Officer-in-Charge, Nooitgedacht Nature Reserve,
PO Box 325, Carolina, 1185.
Date March/April 1983
BOSKOP DAM NATURE RESERVE
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.08.04 (South African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 1975; Provincial Ordinance 12 of 1983
Geographical Location 20km from Potchefstroom in Transvaal. 26°32’S, 27°6’E.
Altitude 1,404m-1,452m
Area 3,160ha (2,787ha land and 373ha water)
Land Tenure Government. Administered by the Nature Conservation Division, Transvaal
Provincial Administration. Acquisition of land surface area not yet finalised.
Physical Features Flat to undulating countryside, with dolomite forming the basis of the
geology. Mooi River flows into the dam (Boskop Dam). Fertile, but shallow soils on dolomitic
formations. The soils are brown to red-brown lateritic. Main soil forms are Glen Rosa and
Mispah. Annual average temperature range minimum: 9°C, maximum: 25°C. Annual rainfall
600mn, falling mainly in summer (October-April).
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of the Bankenveld (Veld Type 61); and open grassland
with Themeda triandra and Cymbopogon spp. predominant. Trees such as Rhus lancea
and Celtis africana are found clumped and scattered on disturbed areas. Other grasses of
consequence are: Eragrostis chloromelas, Trichoneura grandiglumis, Tristachya rehmannii,
and Rhynchelytrum repens. Economically important species: none. Endemic species: none.
Fauna Mammals: black wildebeest Connochaetes gnou (O), eland Taurotragus oryx, red
hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus, blesbok Damaliscus dorcas phillipsi, Burchell’s zebra Equus
burchelli, and springbok Antidorcas marsupialis. Threatened species: none.
Conservation Management No management plan exists for this area.
Zoning A recreation area around the dam, and a natural area
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Disturbances or Deficiencies Potamogeton pectinatus growing in shallow water hinders
angling. Management of the plant is difficult as water level of the dam seldom fluctuates.
There is reed encroachment at main angling area at inflow to dam.
Visitor Facilities Facilities include angling and sailing. Numbers: 20,000 per annum.
Potential: 25,000 per annum. Visitor facilities preliminary, yet to be developed.
Scientific Research None
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material Various unpublished internal reports
Staff One nature conservator and 18 labourers
Budget R30,000 per annum (including salaries)
Local Park or Reserve Administration The Officer-in-Charge, Boskop Dam Nature Reserve,
PO Box 24, Boskop, 2528.
Date March/April 1983
NYLSVLEY NATURE RESERVE
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.08.04 (South African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 1967. Administrator’s Notice 281 of 1967
Geographical Location 22km from Naboomspruit in Transvaal. 24°39’S, 28°42’E.
Altitude 1,103-1,166m
Area 3,12lha
Land Tenure Government. Administered by the Nature Conservation Division, Transvaal
Provincial Administration.
Physical Features The reserve is situated on the margin of the Springbok Flats, a wide
internal drainage basin, and is traversed by the Nyl River floodplain. Five main soil groups
occur - (a) litholitic soils on felsite and sandstone outcrops; (b) non-calcareous, well-drained
sandy soils overlying Waterberg and Karoo sandstones; (c) non-calcareous, poorly drained
sandy soils at the margins of depressions; (d) calcareous alluvial soils on the margins of the Nyl
floodplain; and (e) calcareous black clayey soils on the river margin bottomlands, Annual
average temperature range minimum: 12°C, maximum: 26.4°C. Annual rainfall 608mm, falling
mainly in summer (October-April).
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of the Mixed Bushveld (Veld Type 18). The vegetation
patterns correspond with soil groupings. (a) Broadleaf deciduous woodlands and savannas are
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dominated by Burkea africana, Ochna pulchra, Combretum molle, and C. apiculatum,
and Terminalia sericea occur on the deep sandy soils. (b) The poorly drained sandy soils are
occupied by grasslands including Cymbopogon plurinodis, Tristachya rehmannii, Trachypogon
spicatus, etc. (c) The alluvial calcareous soils support microphyllous savannas and woodlands
of Acacia spp., with Panicum maximum, Chloris virgata, etc. (d) The self mulching soils
carry Setaria woodii, and Dichanthium papillosum grassland. Economically important species:
none. Endemic species: none.
Fauna Dominant and interesting mammals include: giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis,
reedbuck Redunca arundinum, waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, blue wildebeest Connochaetes
taurinus, and Burchell’s zebra Equus burchelli. The following bird families occur: Ardeidae
(17-20 spp.) including little bittern /xobrychus minutus and dwarf bittern Ixobrychus sturmii,
Anatidae and Rallidae (12-19 spp.) including Baillon’s crake Porzana pusilla. Birds comprise
the greater part of the fauna of this reserve. Reptiles: Waterberg quill-snouted
snake Xenocalamus bicolor australis, pygmy sandsnake Psammophis angolensis and serrated
tortoise Psammobates oculifer. Threatened mammals: roan Hippotragus equinus, brown
hyena Hyaena brunnea (T), lesser bushbaby Galago senegalensis, fat mouse Steatomys sp. and
honey badger Mellivora capensis, aardwolf Proteles cristatus and leopard Panthera pardus (T);
reptiles: veld monitor Varanus exanthematicus albigularis, water monitor Varanus niloticus, and
Southern African python Python sebae natalensis.
Conservation Management A management plan exists for this area.
Zoning All a natural area
Disturbances or Deficiencies Removal of invasive plants and monitoring of certain plant
species which are spreading rapidly. Campsite and overnight facilities for the public are
inadequate. The Nylsvley Nature Reserve protects only a part of the Nyl River floodplain.
Visitor Facilities Facilities include guided trails and guided vehicle tours. There is a small
camp site. Numbers: 400 per annum. Potential: 3,000 per annum.
Scientific Research There are numerous research projects with the Savanna Ecosystem
Project and a cooperative undertaking by various universities and government bodies, which
have been in operation for the past 10 years. The Project is coordinated by the Council for
Scientific and Industrial Research.
Special Scientific Facilities Laboratory and accommodation for visiting scientists
Principal Reference Material Numerous publications pertaining to all levels of savanna
ecosystem research, obtainable from the South African Savanna Ecosystem Project, FRD,
CSIR, PO Box 395, Pretoria, 0001.
Staff One nature conservator and 16 labourers
Budget R40,000 per annum (including salaries)
Local Park or Reserve Administration The Officer-in-Charge, Nylsvley Nature Reserve, PO
Box 508, Naboomspruit, 0560.
Date March/April 1983
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BARBERSPAN NATURE RESERVE
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.08.04 (South African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 1954. Administrator’s Notice 223 of 1954. One of the two wetlands in
South Africa of international significance, as defined by the RAMSAR convention.
Geographical Location 15km from Delareyville in Transvaal. 26°35’S, 25°35’E.
Altitude 1,345-1,360m
Area 3,068ha (1,068ha land and 2,000ha water)
Land Tenure Government. Administered by the Nature Conservation Division, Transvaal
Provincial Administration.
Physical Features The pan is connected with the Harts River by a channel and is the largest
of a series of depressions along this channel. The pan itself is a natural, shallow, alkaline lake,
which is perennial. Other pans in the vicinity are non-perennial. Soils are shallow, alkaline,
and calcareous and sandy in places. Annual average temperature range minimum: 9°C,
maximum: 27°C. Annual rainfall 557mm, falling mainly in summer (October-April).
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of the Dry Cymbopogon-Themeda Veld (Veld Type 50).
Open Cymbopogon-Themeda grassveld with thickets of Acacia karroo, A. grandicornuta, Rhus
lancea, R. pyroides and Diospyros lycioides. Dominant grasses are Themeda triandra,
Cymbopogon plurinodis with Eragrostis lehmanniana, E. superba, and Heteropogon contortus.
Aquatic vegetation is dominated by Potamogeton pectinatus, whilst the marginal vegetation is
comprised of rushes (Juncaceae) and sedges (Cyperaceae). Karroid encroachment notable on
one shore. Economically important species: none. Endemic species: none.
Fauna Some 347 species of birds, mostly waterfowl, have been recorded and comprise the
greater part of the fauna of the reserve. Species include: greater flamingo Phoenicopterus
ruber, lesser flamingo Phoeniconaias minor, spurwinged goose Plectropterus gambensis,
Egyptian goose Alopochen aegyptiacus, yellowbilled duck Anas undulata, and redknobbed
coot Fulica cristata. Mammals: blesbok Damaliscus dorcas phillipsi, red hartebeest Alcelaphus
buselaphus, Burchell’s zebra Equus burchelli, and black wildebeest Connochaetes gnou (O).
Reptiles: striped long-tail lizard Nucras taeniolata ornata, Cape thick-toed gecko Pachydactylus
capensis capensis, aurora housesnake Lamprophis aurora, leopard tortoise Geochelone pardalis
babcocki, serrated tortoise Psammobates oculifer, and ring-necked spitting cobra Hemachatus
haemachatus. Threatened mammals: South African hedgehog Erinaceus frontalis, striped
weasel Poecilogale albinucha. Birds: Peregrine falcon Falco peregrinus (V), fish
eagle Haliaeetus vocifer, openbilled stork Anastomus lamelligerus, goliath heron Ardea goliath,
pink-backed pelican Pelecanus rufescens, white pelican Pelecanus onocrotalus, Caspian
tern Hydroprogne caspia, and yellow-billed stork Mycteria ibis.
Conservation Management A management plan exists for this area.
Zoning Natural area and small recreation area
Disturbances or Deficiencies Management of large areas of abandoned farm lands presents
problems due to a very slow rate of plant succession
Visitor Facilities Facilities include angling, ablution blocks and camp sites. Numbers: 3,000
per annum. Potential: 6,000 per annum.
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Scientific Research Research on waterfowl
Special Scientific Facilities Ornithological research station and library
Principal Reference Material Various unpublished internal reports.
° Hutchinson, G.E., et al. (1932). A contribution to the hydrobiology of pans and other inland
waters of South Africa. Arch Hydrobiology, 24: 1-136.
Staff One nature conservator and 16 labourers
Budget R40,000 per annum (including salaries)
Local Park or Reserve Administration The Officer-in-Charge, Barberspan Nature Reserve, P
K Barberspan, 2765.
Date March/April 1983
PERCY FYFE NATURE RESERVE
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.08.04 (South African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 1954. Administrator’s Notice 223 of 1954
Geographical Location 25km from Potgietersrus in Transvaal. 24°02’S, 29°10°E.
Altitude 1,378-1,513m
Area 2,985ha
Land Tenure Government. Administered by the Nature Conservation Division, Transvaal
Provincial Administration.
Physical Features This reserve is located on the Pietersburg plateau, a granite region, and has
an undulating topography with three inselbergs occurring in the south-west corner. There are
non-perennial streams and spols are sandy-loam and grey ferriferous lateritic. Annual average
temperature range minimum: 6°C, maximum: 34°C. Annual rainfall 575mm, falling mainly in
summer (October-April).
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of the Mixed Bushveld (Veld Type 18) and Sourish
Mixed Bushveld (Veld Type 19). Open savanna with Acacia caffra dominant. Fairly tall dense
grassveld dominated by Cymbopogon plurinodis, Themeda triandra, Hyparrhenia sp., Elionurus
argenteus and Acacia karroo, A. robusta, A. tortilis, Rhus lancea, Faurea saligna, Vangueria
infausta, Ximenia caffra, and Aloe marlothii. Economically important species: none. Endemic
species: Euphorbia clivicola is endemic to the Transvaal and occurs in this reserve.
Fauna Mammals: waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, buffalo Syncerus caffer,
steenbok Raphicerus campestris, Burchell’s zebra Equus burchelli, and anteater Orycteropus
afer. Fish: Oreochromis mossambicus and largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides. Reptiles
and amphibians: puff adder Bitis arietans, common platanna Xenopus laevis, bushveld
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short-headed frog Breviceps adspersus, common bullfrog Pyxicephalus adspersus and Cape
river frog Rana _ fluscigula. Threatened mammals: tsessebe Damaliscus lunatus,
roan Hippotragus equinus, South African hedgehog Erinaceus frontalis, lesser bushbaby Galago
senegalensis, honey badger Mellivora capensis, civet Civettictis civetta, and leopard Panthera
pardus (T). Reptiles: Southern African python Python sebae natalensis. Birds: martial
eagle Polemaetus bellicosus.
Conservation Management A management plan exists for this area.
Zoning Natural area with vehicle-borne tourism allowed
Disturbances or Deficiencies Erosion control, fire control, overgrazing. 600ha of fallow
farmlands, and a large number of Eucalyptus and Jacaranda spp..
Visitor Facilities Facilities include camping, picnic areas, nature trails under supervision, and
bus tours. Numbers: 1,000 per annum. Potential: 3,000 per annum.
Scientific Research Floristic survey and ecological study
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material Various unpublished internal reports
Staff One nature conservator and 15 labourers
Budget R35,000 per annum (including salaries)
Local Park or Reserve Administration The Officer-in-Charge, Percy Fyfe Nature Reserve,
Private Bag X2585, Potgietersrus, 0600.
Date March/April 1983
OHRIGSTAD DAM NATURE RESERVE
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.22.12 (South African Highlands)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 1954. Administrator’s Notice 234 of 1954
Geographical Location 40km from Lydenburg in Transvaal. 24°57°S, 30°38’E.
Altitude 1,411-1,882m
Area 2,563ha (2,463ha lard and 100ha water)
Land Tenure Government. Administered by the Nature Conservation Division, Transvaal
Provincial Administration.
Physical Features This reserve forms part of the Great Escarpment. Quartzite and shale are
representative of the geology. The topography is mountainous with the Ohrigstad River
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forming a fertile valley. Ohrigstad River flows through the area. Annual average temperature
range minimum: 9°C, maximum: 24.5°C. Annual rainfall 690mm falling mainly in summer
(October-April).
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of the North-Eastern Mountain Sourveld (Veld Type 8).
Vegetation is represented by patches of short forest with Combretum kraussii, Diospyros
whyteana, Apodytes dimidiata, Greyia radkoferi, Ekebergia pterophylla, Ilex mitis, Halleria
lucida, and Fagara capensis among the more conspicuous elements. The valley lowlands, lower
foothills and upper mountain slopes are dominated too by patches of sparse to open short
woodland. These areas are represented by Protea caffra, Acacia caffra, Cussonia spicata,
Dovyalis zeyheri, Acacia karroo, Rhus pyroides, R. dentata, Rhamnus prinoides, and Diospyros
lycioides. The Escarpment plateau is characterised by grassland with Themeda triandra,
Eragrostis racemosa, E. curvula, Hyparrhenia cymbaria, and Trachypogon spicatus among the
more dominant species. These areas are interspersed with Protea roupelliae. | Economically
important species: none. Endemic species: Clivia caulescens, Gladiolus rufomarginatus,
Watsonia transvaalensis, W. wilmsii, and Aloe minima var. blyderivierensis are endemic to the
Transvaal and occur in this reserve.
Fauna Mammals: bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, grey rhebok Pelea_ capreolus,
klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus, mountain reedbuck Redunca fulvorufula. Reptiles: Cape
filesnake Mehelya capensis capensis (uncommon). Birds: martial eagle Polemaetus bellicosus,
crowned eagle Stephanoaetus coronatus, rednecked francolin Francolinus afer, Cape eagle
owl Bubo capensis and Gurney’s sugarbird Promerops gurneyi. Fish: large-scale
yellowfish Barbus marequensis, sharp-tooth catfish Clarias gariepinus and banded
tilapia Tilapia sparrmanii. Threatened mammals: brown hyena Hyaena brunnea (T), South
African hedgehog Erinaceus frontalis, Welwitsch’s bat Myotis welwitschii, and oribi Ourebia
ourebi. Reptiles: veld monitor Varanus exanthematicus albigularis, water monitor Varanus
niloticus, Southern African python Python sebae natalensis, and Swazi rock snake Lamprophis
swazicus.
Conservation Management A management plan exists for this area.
Zoning The area around the Ohrigstad Dam is used for recreation while the remainder is not
open to the general public.
Disturbances or Deficiencies The higher lying grasslands are fenced out of the reserve
preventing natural movement of the game. Some of the catchment is afforested with the
resultant encroachment of exotics (Pinus spp.).
Visitor Facilities Huts and trails are being planned, picnicking and camping. Numbers: 2,000
per annum. Potential: 7,000 per annum.
Scientific Research Inventory of the mammals and plants
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material Various unpublished internal reports
Staff One nature conservator and 11 labourers
Budget R40,000 per annum (including salaries)
Local Park or Reserve Administration The Officer-in-Charge, Ohrigstad Dam Nature
Reserve, PO Lydenburg, 1120.
Date March/April 1983
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WOLWESPRUIT NATURE RESERVE
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.08.04 (South African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 1975; Provincial Ordinance 12 of 1983
Geographical Location 25km from Leeudoringstad in Transvaal. 27°25’S, 26°15’E.
Altitude 1,246-1,260m
Area 2,333ha
Land Tenure Government. Administered by the Nature Conservation Division, Transvaal
Provincial Administration.
Physical Features This reserve is part of the Vaal River System containing parts of both the
Wolwespruit and Vaal Rivers. The topography is flat, lying on pre-Karoo rocks with a geology
of shale and sandstone. A number of islands occur in the river along the length of the reserve.
Soils are loam to sandy, with deep clayey soils along riverbanks, and Kalahari sand on
limestone. Annual average temperature range minimum: 10°C, maximum: 27°C. Annual
rainfall 508mm, falling mainly in summer (October-April).
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of the Kalahari Thornveld (Veld Type 16); acacia
savanna, Acacia erioloba, A. tortilis, A. mellifera, A. luederitzii, and Grewia flava.
Grasses: Eragrostis superba, Cymbopogon plurinodis, Themeda triandra, and _ Elionurus
argenteus. Shrubs occur along drainage lines, and thick riverine bush along river banks. Much
of the reserve was in the past ploughed farmland resulting in pioneer grasses becoming
established. Economically important species: none. Endemic species: none.
Fauna Mammals: blesbok Damaliscus dorcas phillipsi, Burchell’s zebra Equus burchelli, red
hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus, black wildebeest Connochaetes gnou (O) and
springbok Antidorcas marsupialis. Reptiles include: Cape cobra Naja nivea and serrated
tortoise Psammobates oculifer. Threatened species: none.
Conservation Management A management plan exists for this area.
Zoning Natural and recreation areas
Disturbances or Deficiencies Fallow farmlands with pioneer vegetation constitute one
disturbance. The management of the riverine bush is also necessary and fencing has been
erected to prevent game from crossing the river. Severe harvester termite problems have been
experienced on the reserve.
Visitor Facilities Facilities include caravanning, camping, picnicking, and fishing. Numbers:
4,000 per annum. Potential: 10,000 per annum.
Scientific Research None
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material Various unpublished internal reports
Staff One nature conservator and 12 labourers
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Budget R30,000 per annum (including salaries)
Local Park or Reserve Administration The Officer-in-Charge, Wolwespruit Nature Reserve,
PO Box 237, Leeudoringstad, 2640.
Date March/April 1983
ABE BAILEY NATURE RESERVE
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.08.04 (South African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 1982; the existing reserve is to be expanded when the existing lease expires
in 1987. Provincial Ordinance 12 of 1983.
Geographical Location 8km from Carletonville in Transvaal. 26°20°S, 27°16°E.
Altitude 1,484-1,509m
Area 1,888ha
Land Tenure’ Leased from the West Rand Dolomitic Water Association, administered as a
nature reserve by the Nature Conservation Division, Transvaal Provincial Administration.
Physical Features This reserve is a flat grassy plain. Dolomitic sinkholes and dolomitic caves
occur commonly in the area. Soils are clayey-loam, and reddish containing residual oxides of
manganese and iron. There are deep clay soils in a marshland area, and some ferriferous
lateritic soil. Annual average temperature range minimum: 9°C, maximum: 25°C. Annual
rainfall 600mm, falling mainly in summer (October-April).
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of the Bankenveld (Veld Type 61), sparse, sour, strongly
tufted grassveld, Eragrostis racemosa, Digitaria tricholaenoides, Setaria flabellata, Heteropogon
contortus, Eragrostis chloromelas, Elionurus argenteus, and Themeda triandra. Marshland
dominated by Phragmites australis and Typha capensis. Dolomitic outcrops are dominated
by Celtis africana, Olea africana, Grewia spp., Rhus spp., and Diospyros mespiliformis.
Economically important species: none. Endemic species: none.
Fauna Mammals: springbok Antidorcas marsupialis, blesbok Damaliscus dorcas phillipsi, red
hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus, zebra Equus burchelli, and black wildebeest Connochaetes
gnou (O). Reptiles: spotted harlequin snake Homoroselaps lacteus (uncommon) and striped
harlequin snake H. dorsalis (rare). Threatened species: none.
Conservation Management No management plan exists for this area. A proposal was made to
create an extended marshland to encourage birdlife in a floodplain area.
Zoning Alla natural area
Disturbances or Deficiencies Problems with dogs entering the reserve from adjoining
township and reed encroachment in the wetland area.
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Visitor Facilities Facilities include a conservation education centre for children. Potential:
3,000 per annum
Scientific Research Vegetation study
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material Various unpublished internal reports
Staff One nature conservator and 10 labourers
Budget R40,000 per annum (including salaries)
Local Park or Reserve Administration The Officer-in-Charge, Abe Bailey Nature Reserve,
PO Box 13, Carletonville, 2500.
Date March/April 1983
VAALKOP DAM NATURE RESERVE
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.08.04 (South African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 1983; Provincial Ordinance 12 of 1983
Geographical Location 60km from Rustenburg in Transvaal. 25°18’S, 27°25’E.
Altitude 1,009-1038m
Area 1,873ha (828ha land and 1,045ha water)
Land Tenure Government. Administered by the Nature Conservation Division, Transvaal
Provincial Administration.
Physical Features The topography is flat and gently sloping towards the dam area with the
principal rivers being the Elands and Hex. The geology of the area consists of granites and
porphyry of the Bushveld Igneous Complex. Soils are light and red-coloured, varying from
sandy to clay loam. Annual average temperature range minimum: 11°C, maximum: 27°C.
Annual rainfall 680mm, falling mainly in summer (October-April).
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of the Mixed Bushveld (Veld Type 18); open mixed
bushveld with a savanna type vegetation with Acacia caffra, A. tortilis and A. nigrescens the
dominant tree species. Economically important species: none. Endemic species: none.
Fauna Mammals: impala Aepyceros melampus, kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros,
steenbok Raphicerus campestris, and common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia. Fish: carp Cyprinus
carpio and largescale yellowfish Barbus marequensis.
Conservation Management This reserve has only recently been
acquired and is still undeveloped and unfenced. No management plan exists for this area.
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South Africa
Zoning All a natural area
Disturbances or Deficiencies The land area of the reserve is divided into three portions,
which results in management difficulties because of the distances between them.
Visitor Facilities Facilities include caravanning, camping, picnicking, and boating. Numbers:
no information. Potential: 10,000 per annum.
Scientific Research None
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material Various unpublished internal reports
Staff One nature conservator and four labourers
Budget R30,000 per annum (including salaries)
Local Park or Reserve Administration The Officer-in-Charge, Vaalkop Dam Nature Reserve,
PO Box 1846, Rustenburg, 0300.
Date March/April 1983
STERKSPRUIT NATURE RESERVE
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.08.04 (South African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 1978; Provincial Ordinance 12 of 1983
Geographical Location 10km from Lydenberg in Transvaal. 26°09’S, 30°33’E.
Altitude 1,588-2,178m
Area 1,600ha
Land Tenure Government. Administered by the Nature Conservation Division, Transvaal
Provincial Administration.
Physical Features This reserve forms part of the Great Escarpment, which is an erosion
scarp. The topography is mountainous. The area consists of fairly steep sided kloofs with
perennial streams. The tops of these kloofs are flat and are typical of the lower Transvaal
eastern escarpment. Geology is quartzite, shale, and tillite. Sterkspruit - Olifants River
System. The soil overall, is poor and shallow throughout the area; it is mostly a reddish clay.
Only near the streams and on the top of some plateaux does the soil improve and attain a
greater depth, where it is loamy. Annual average temperature range minimum: 9°C, maximum:
24,5°C. Annual rainfall 690mm falling mainly in summer (October-April).
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of the North-Eastern Mountain Sourveld (Veld Type 8);
short grassland on the foothills and plateau areas with stands of Protea caffra
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and P. roupelliae. Short montane thickets are found with Cussonia spicata, Euphorbia
candelabrum var. candelabrum, Acacia tortilis, Rhamnus prinoides, and Ziziphus mucronata as
conspicuous elements. Valley lowlands are characterised by sparse short scrubland and
grasslands with Diospyros lycioides, Hypericum revolutum, Cussonia spicata, Protea caffra,
Themeda triandra, Trachypogon spicatus, Eulalia villosa, and Loudetia simplex among the more
dominant species. Gladiolus calcaratus is endemic to the Transvaal and occurs in this reserve.
Fauna Mammals: mountain reedbuck Redunca fulvorufula, klipspringer Oreotragus
oreotragus, and grey rhebok Pelea capreolus. Reptiles: spotted harlequin snake Homoroselaps
lacteus. Fish: chubbyhead barb Barbus anoplus. Threatened mammals: oribi Ourebia ourebi;
reptiles: South African python Python sebae natalensis. Economically important species: none.
Endemic species: none.
Conservation Management No management plan exists for this specific area. This reserve is
situated within a proclaimed mountain catchment area, the purpose of which is primarily water
production. The entire valley of about 12,000ha also has been proclaimed a nature reserve and
no afforestation is permitted. A management plan for the valley (which is mostly private land)
is currently being prepared by the Transvaal Nature Conservation Division. The existing
land-use is that of extensive cattle grazing. Hiking trails are at present being planned for the
reserve.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies None
Visitor Facilities There are no visitor facilities. Numbers: 100 per annum. Potential: 2,000
per annum.
Scientific Research Trout breeding research and water pollution control from hatchery
Special Scientific Facilities Wet and dry laboratory
Principal Reference Material Various unpublished internal reports
Staff One nature conservator and 15 labourers
Budget R50,000 per annum (including salaries)
Local Park or Reserve Administration The Officer-in-Charge, Sterkspruit Nature Reserve,
PO Box 340, Lydenburg, 1120.
Date March/April 1983
HAPPY REST NATURE RESERVE
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.08.04 (South African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 1975
Geographical Location 30km from Louis Trichardt in Transvaal. 23°0’S, 29°44’E.
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South Africa
Altitude 167-1,606m (Soutpansberg)
Area 1,585ha
Land Tenure Government. Administered by the Nature Conservation Division, Transvaal
Provincial Administration.
Physical Features Within the reserve sandstone strata dip strongly northward in the
Soutpansberg, where strike faulting has produced triplication of strata and ridges. The
northern half of the area descends into the Soutpansberg, the south being flat. Lava, sandstone
and conglomerate comprise the geology and faulting occurs. There are non-perennial streams.
Soils are light brown sandy lithosols, rubbly in nature, and very poor and sour. Annual average
temperature range minimum: 13°C, maximum: 25°C. Annual rainfall +/-600mm, falling
mainly in summer (October-April).
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of the Sour Bushveld (Veld Type 20). Vegetation can be
classified as: (a) Montane grassveld on summit areas, e.g. Faurea saligna, Protea roupelliae,
Enterospermum rhodesiacum and Buddleja saligna; (b) Dense tropical forest in kloofs,
e.g. Schefflera umbellifera, Diospyros whyteana, D. dichrophylla and Chionanthus battiscombei;
(c) Short montane scrubland on rocky areas on summit e.g. Neorosea andongensis, Clutia
pulchella and Canthium huillense; (d) Mountain bushland on foothills, e.g. Vangueria infausta,
Sclerocarya caffra and Euphorbia candelabrum; (e) Open woodland on lowlying areas,
e.g. Combretum zeyheri and Combretum molle. Economically important species: none.
Endemic species: the following are endemic to the Transvaal and occur in the reserve: Felicia
fruticosa, Encephalartos transvenosus, Cyrtanthus thorncroftii, Aloe vogtsii, Aloe
soutpansbergensis, Zoutpansbergia caerulea and Linociera baltiscombei.
Fauna The following mammals occur on the reserve: rock dassie Procavia capensis,
bushpig Potamochoerus porcus and klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus. Threatened species: red
duiker Cephalophus natalensis.
Conservation Management A management plan exists for this area.
Zoning Natural area and educational zones
Disturbances or Deficiencies Erosion problems. Invasive plants, e.g. Eucalyptus.
Visitor Facilities Facilities include camping for educational groups. Numbers: +/-12,000 per
annum. Potential: maximum reached.
Scientific Research None
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material Various unpublished internal reports
Staff Two labourers. Area administered by the Northern Regional Office of the Transvaal
Division of Nature Conservation. Environmental education led by the Department of Education
Budget R4,000 per annum (including salaries)
Local Park or Reserve Administration c/o The Officer-in-Charge, Langjan Nature Reserve,
PO Box 15, Vivo, 0924.
Date March/April 1983
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WOLKBERG CAVES NATURE RESERVE
Management Category III and IV (Natural Monument and Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.08.04 (South African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 1969; Provincial Ordinance 12 of 1983
Geographical Location 60km from Pietersburg in Transvaal. 24°06’S, 29°53’E.
Altitude 1,536-1,846m (Wolkberg)
Area 1,488ha
Land Tenure Government. Administered by the Nature Conservation Division, Transvaal
Provincial Administration.
Physical Features The reserve forms part of the Great Escarpment which is an erosion scarp;
it is mountainous, with the steeper slopes occurring in the south. Other features include caves
and non-perennial streams. The area’s geology comprises Black Reef quartzites which dip
gently westwards, overlain with laterite and lateritic red soils. Annual average temperature
range minimum: 8.5°C, maximum: 22.4°C. Annual rainfall of 900-1,950mm, falling mainly in
summer (October-April).
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of the North-Eastern Mountain Sourveld (Veld Type 8);
sour grassveld, pure grassveld on mountain tops, and scrubby thornveld. Shrubs include: Vitex
mombassae, Erica woodii. The more important trees are: Erythrina lysistemon, Protea
roupelliae and P. welwitschii. Economically important species: none. Endemic species: none.
Fauna Mammals: common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia, klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus and
mountain reedbuck Redunca fulvorufula. Birds: whitebacked night heron Gorsachius
leuconotus, cuckoo hawk Aviceda cuculoides, and whitenecked raven Corvus albicollis.
Reptiles: Cape mountain adder Bitis atropos and spotted bush snake Philothamnus
semivariegatus. Threatened species: none.
Conservation Management A management plan exists for this area.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies Approximately 20ha fallow farmlands exist in the area, and a
drainage channel of a stream has eroded to a depth of 10m. The invasive plant Opuntia
ficus-indica occurs.
Visitor Facilities None. Numbers: not open to public. Potential: unknown
Scientific Research Present research includes surveys of the geomorphology, climatology and
mineralogy of the Wolkberg Caves by the Cave Research Organization, as well as an
investigation of the occurrence of histoplasmosis (Cave Man’s disease).
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material Various unpublished internal reports
Staff Two labourers. Administered from Regional Office
Budget R2,000 per annum (including salaries)
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Local Park or Reserve Administration The Officer-in-Charge, Wolkberg Caves Nature
Reserve, Wolkberg sub-region, PO Box 217, Pietersburg, 0700.
Date March/April 1983
PRINCE EDWARD ISLANDS (MARION AND PRINCE EDWARD)
Management Category Not allocated, but in a effect Strict Nature Reserve (1)
Biogeographical Province 7.04.09 (Insulantartica)
Legal Protection Total, under the Prince Edward Islands Act, and the Seal Birds and Seals
Protection Act 46 of 1973.
Date Established 29 December 1947 (Prince Edward) and 4 January 1948 (Marion), by the
Prince Edward Islands Act No. 43 of 1948. Sea Bird and Seals Protection Act 46 of 1973.
Geographical Location South African overseas territory, 2,700km south-east of Cape Town
and at the western extremity of the Prince Edward-Crozet Ridge. Marion: 46°53’S, 37°45°E.
Prince Edward: 46°36’S, 37°57’E.
Altitude From sea level to 722m on Prince Edward, and to 1,280m (State President Swart
Peak) on Marion.
Area Marion 30,000ha; Prince Edward 9,000ha
Land Tenure State. Overseas territories, administered jointly by the South African National
Committee for Antarctic Research, CSIR and the Department of Transport.
Physical Features The islands are volcanic in origin, believed to be closely associated
volcanoes with coalescing shields. It is thought that the two stages of intense volcanic activity
were separated by a period of glaciation. There are three main physiographical zones - central
highland, escarpment zone, and the coastal plain. One perennial stream (Van den Boogaardt
Stream) and many smaller erratically flowing streams. Soils are mainly peats with some shallow
mineral rawmark soils on higher areas exposed to extremes of wind and temperature. They are
true oceanic islands with a tundra-type climate and vegetation, regular high winds (roaring
forties), and are passed over by two to three frontal systems per week. Annual rainfall
2,580mm, with rain or snow throughout year. Annual average temperature range 8-10°C.
Vegetation Terrestrial vegetation types characterised by presence of mire with peat forming
bryophytes, closed communities of tussock-forming grasses, cushion-forming flowering plants,
and herbfield communities with large-leaved perennial species. Five main ecological
communities: salt spray complex of Tillaea moschata and Cotula plumosa halophytic herbfields;
biotic complex of Poa cookii tussock grassland; swamp complex of Agrostis magellanica mires;
slope complex of Acaena ascendens herbfield, Blechnum penna spp. marina fernbrake,
and Azorella selago herbfields; and wind desert complex with Azorella selago fjaeldmark.
Kerguelen cabbage Pringlea antiscorbutica was used as a source of ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) by
sealers and ship-wreck survivors in the 16th-19th centuries. Endemic species of plants: there
are only 22 indigenous vascular plants of which one (Elaphoglossum randii) is endemic to these
two islands. A further six are endemic to the Kerguelen province, including Polystichum
marionense, Ranunculus moseleyi, Poa cookii, and Pringlea antiscorbutica. Complete lists are
available for the 72 species of musci (mosses), 36 species of hepatics (liverworts) and 360
species of lichens. A high incidence of local and provincial endemisms exists in Hepaticae.
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Fauna _ Six species of seabirds are listed in the latest South African Red Data Book (Brooke,
1984), greatwinged petrel Pterodroma macroptera, softplumaged petrel Pterodroma mollis,
common diving petrel Pelecanoides urinatrix, grey shearwater Procellaria cinerea, amntartic
tern Sterna vittata, Kerguelen tern Sterna vittata vittata. The first four are burrow breeders in
the category threatened due to predation by feral cats. The two tern species are in the rare
category. Southern elephant seals Mirounga leonina and sub-antarctic fur seals Arctocephalus
tropicalis were severely depleted by exploitation at the turn of the century, but populations are
now well recovered. Several penguin species were exploited in the past, but are also now well
recovered. Population estimates are available for most species other than for burrowing
petrels. The islands are important breeding platforms for all species of seabirds and marine
mammals that visit them.
Conservation Management A set of operational guidelines for visiting scientists is in
preparation. In the absence of deliberate management, these guidelines fulfill the role of a
management plan. A conservation policy for the Prince Edward islands is presently being
developed. National, as well as international interests, are to be given due recognition in the
formulation of the policy e.g. Scientific Committee for Antarctic Research (SCAR), Antarctic
Treaty recommendation on the conservation of Antarctic marine living resources (CCAMLR),
and the Law of the Sea Conference, etc.
Zoning Limited zoning is incorporated into the operational guidelines
Disturbances or Deficiencies Alien species include domestic cats which have severely reduced
the breeding success and population size of several burrowing petrels. The house mouse Mus
musculus, which is primarily an insectivore, is a widespread alien which has had no detectable
impact on other species. Both cats and mice are absent on Prince Edward Island. There are up
to 14 species of alien vascular plants, nine of which have become established, but none pose a
threat to undisturbed indigenous vegetation.
Visitor Facilities None. Tourists are not encouraged as facilities and support/rescue services
are fully committed to the National Antarctic Research programme.
Scientific Research An extensive multidisciplinary research programme (biological, terrestrial
and atmospheric sciences) has been carried out under the auspices of the National Antarctic
Research Programme since 1965.
Special Scientific Facilities Fully equipped scientific station on Marion Island.
Accommodation for 20 overwintering personnel (scientists and support staff) of the National
Antarctic Research Programme.
Principal Reference Material
° A full and extensive scientific bibliography is available from the relevant research institutes.
° Gremmen, N.J.M. (1981). The vegetation of the subantartic islands Marion and Prince
Edward. E. Junk. The Hague. 145 pp.
° Van Zinderen Bakker, E.M., Winterbottom, J.M., and Dyer, R.A. (Eds), (1971). Marion and
Prince Edward Islands: a report on the South African biological and geological expedition.
1965-1966. A.A. Balkema, Cape Town.
° South African Journal of Antarctic Research Volume 8 (1978).
Staff The scientific and meteorological station is manned continuously. Up to 12 scientists
are present (biologists, geologists, physicists) during the summer months, usually fewer during
winter. A basic support team of eight personnel (radio operators, mechanics, medics, etc) man
the station and are replaced once annually.
Budget Average annual research budget is approximately R300,000, about 85% of which is
spent on biological work. The full cost of maintaining the station on Marion Island is in the
region of R1,500,000 per annum.
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South Africa
Local Park or Reserve Administration South African Scientific Committee for Antarctic
Research, c/o Dr P.R.Condy, CSIR, PO Box 395, Pretoria 0001; Antarctic Section, Department
of Transport, Private Bag X193, Pretoria 0001.
Date August 1984
PILANESBERG NATIONAL PARK
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.08.04 (South African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 8 December 1979. Act to be passed by Bophuthatswana Parliament early in
1984.
Geographical Location 3km from Mogwase in Bophuthataswana. 25°15’S, 27°05’E.
Altitude 1,050-1,675m (Pilanesberg)
Area 50,000ha
Land Tenure State. Administered by the Bophuthatswana National Parks Board.
Physical Features The Pilanesberg is an isolated, almost perfectly circular, series of
concentric hills and ring valleys composed of a unique suite of alkaline volcanic rocks. The
outermost ring of hills rises abruptly 300-600m above the surrounding flat plains. Apart from
the Pilanesberg, there are only two other large Alkaline Ring Complexes in the world, one in
the USSR and one in Greenland. All surface water originates from sources within the reserve’s
boundaries, i.e. the Pilanesberg is an independent rainfall catchment area with no streams or
rivers entering the system from outside. No major rivers arise in the catchment and ll
drainage is in the form of ephemeral streams. Soils are highly variable - hydromorphic loams
and clays on valley floor and pediments, deep well drained loams on the steep slopes, and
shallow rocky lithosols on the flattened crests. Annual average temperature range minimum:
4°C, maximum: 32°C. Annual rainfall 650mm, falling mainly in summer (October-March).
Vegetation Vegetation types include Sour Bushveld (Veld Type 20). A mosaic of pediment
grasslands: Trachypogon spicatus, Elionurus muticus; secondary’ grasslands Cynodon
dactylon/Rhynchelytrum repens; valley thickets Acacia mellifera/Acacia tortilis; Xerocline
savannas Combretum apiculatum/Chrysopogon montanus; mesocline savannas Acacia
caffra/Faurea saligna; pediment savannas Acacia karroo/Acacia caffra/Faurea saligna.
Economically important species: Apart from the wide spectrum of plants used as food for
livestock or as herbal medicines by the local Tswana people, there are no known economically
important plant species. Endemic species: Erythrophysa transvaalensis (less than 250 known
specimens, most of which occur in Pilanesberg).
Fauna Large mammals include square-lipped rhinoceros Ceratotherium simum (240),
mountain reedbuck Redunca fulvorufula (1,250), and red hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus
(600). Threatened species: cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T), pangolin Manis temminckii, black
rhinoceros Diceros bicornis (T), brown hyena Hyaena brunnea, and leopard Panthera pardus (T).
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Conservation Management A management plan exists for this area. The Pilanesberg National
Park operates a mobile film unit which provides lectures and film shows to schools, and
reaches approximately 50,000 school children per year.
Zoning (a) Wilderness trails zone. (b) Controlled hunting zone (neither ((a)) nor ((b)) has any
form of development whatsoever). (c) General visitor zone: priority activity is vehicle borne
game viewing. Development includes access roads, hides and picnic sites. (d) Multiple-use
zone: vehicle borne game viewing, secondary activity trails, and tertiary activity controlled
hunting. Visitor roads the only development. (e) Peripheral development zone: priority
activity visitor accommodation, education facilities, camping area and also staff housing,
offices and workshops.
Disturbances or Deficiencies None
Visitor Facilities _ There is a basic camp with all facilities including food and bedding to
accommodate eight people. Tented camp with beds, bedding and ablution blocks for 30
people. A 150km visitor road network. Numbers: 29,000 per annum. Potential: 100,000 per
annum.
Scientific Research Baseline ecological studies in progress. Establishment of carrying
capacity and stocking rates completed.
Special Scientific Facilities Laboratory, library, darkroom
Principal Reference Material
Collinson, R.F.H. and Goodman, P.S. (1982). An assessment of range condition and large
herbivore carrying capacity of the Pilanesberg Game Reserve, with guidelines and
recommendations for management. Jnkwe 1: 54 pp.
° Farrell and Van Riet. (1978). Pilanesberg National Park, Bophuthatswana. Planning and
Management Proposals for Department of Agriculture. Republic of Bophuthatswana.
Staff Administration - three senior staff; Tourism - one senior and 15 junior staff;
Conservation - six senior and ten junior staff; Education - four senior staff; Technical - 160
junior staff; Research and information - five senior staff
Budget R3,234,360 (including salaries)
Local Park or Reserve Administration Pilanesberg National Park, PO Box 1201, Mogwase,
0302, Bophuthatswana.
Date May 1983
BORAKALALO NATIONAL PARK
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.08.04 (South African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 1970. Act to be passed by Bophuthatswana Parliament early in 1984.
Geographical Location 80km from Brits in Bophuthatswana. 25°10’S, 27°55’E.
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South Africa
Altitude 1,000-1,167m
Area 7,380ha
Land Tenure State. Administered by the Bophuthatswana National Parks Board
Physical Features Features are dominated by the Bushveld igneous complex containing the
large Klipvoor Dam, approximately 10km long and up to 1km wide. The dam water is used
for irrigation and is highly eutrophic and toxic to very large mammals (square-lipped rhino)
over a long period of time. The dam supports a very high biomass of Sarotherodon species as
well as populations of piscivorous birds. It has good potential for sustained harvesting, either
as a food resource or for recreation. The principal river is the Pienaars. Soils are
predominantly sandy loams. Annual average temperature range minimum: 3°C, maximum:
33°C. Annual rainfall 600-750mm, falling mainly in summer (October-April).
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of Mixed Bushveld (Veld Type 18) varying from open
woodland to thicket. Dominant trees include Combretum apiculatum, C. imberbe, Terminalia
sericea, and Sclerocarya caffra. Economically important species: grasses are potentially
important as fodder for game and livestock. Endemic species: unknown.
Fauna Impala Aepyceros melampus (1,000), blue wildebeest Connochaetes taurinus (150),
Burchell’s zebra Eguus burchelli (75), giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis (25), greater
kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros (75) and lesser kudu Tragelaphus imberbis, and waterbuck Kobus
ellipsiprymnus (20), steenbok Raphicerus campestris, mountain reedbuck Redunca fulvorufula,
common duiker Sylvicapra —_grimmia, bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, and
klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus. Threatened species: None
Conservation Management A management plan exists for this area.
Zoning (a) Managed natural zone: priority activity trails, secondary activity hunting. No
development or uncontrolled access. (b) General visitor zone: priority activity vehicle borne
tourists, secondary activity trails. Development restricted to access roads, game viewing hides,
and picnic sites. (c) Peripheral development zone: priority activity visitor accommodation,
camping, recreation and education. Development includes staff accommodation and visitor
facilities.
Disturbances or Deficiencies A district road passes through part of the game reserve, but will
be closed shortly. There is some fish poaching and a fair amount of soil erosion. The dam
water level is dependent on agricultural requirements downstream and the National Parks Board
has no control over fluctuations in the dam water level.
Visitor Facilities Facilities include picnic areas. Visitor accommodation is under
development. Numbers: 15,000 per annum. Potential: 20,000 per annum.
Scientific Research There is a project in progress on piscivorous birds and a project has been
completed on carrying capacity
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
° Manson, J. (1979). Borakalalo Nature Reserve: origin, status and the Department of
Agriculture’s planning and management policy. Department of Agriculture, Republic of
Bophuthatswana.
Staff Two senior and 20 junior staff, all related to management
Budget R1,588,000 (including salaries)
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Local Park or Reserve Administration Klipvoor Dam, Borakalalo National Park, PO Atlanta,
0262, Bophuthatswana.
Date May 1983
NWANEDI NATIONAL PARK
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.08.04 (South African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 27 June 1980. Government Notice 43 of 1980. The size of the park is to be
increased considerably in the near future.
Geographical Location 50km from Tshipise in Venda. 22°37’-22°40’S, 30°22’E-30°27’E.
Altitude 590-918m (Gumela)
Area 3,200ha
Land Tenure State. Administered by the Venda Department of Agriculture and Forestry.
Physical Features The park is situated in a valley, around dams on the Nwanedzi and
Luphephe Rivers. A series of waterfalls and pools form the most impressive physical features.
Sandy (from Waterberg Sandstones), mainly very rocky with little soil. Annual average
temperature range minimum: 12°C, maximum: 35°C. Annual rainfall 250mm, falling mainly in
summer (October-May).
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of the Mopani Veld (Veld Type 15) and Acacia
nigrescens-Combretum apiculatum-Kirkia wilmsii Veld (Veld Type 18(a)). Very thick bush
with tall trees along river banks, including the following species: Adina microcephala,
Diospyros spp., Xanthocercis zambesiaca, Colophospermum mopane, Terminalia prunioides,
Commiphora spp., and Adansonia digitata. Shrubs: Maytenus undata, Grewia spp., and Ehretia
rigida. Grasses: Aristida spp., and Panicum maximum. A checklist of the trees occuring in the
Park is available on request. Economically important species: none. Endemic species: none.
Fauna Mammals: eland Taurotragus oryx (7), nyala Tragelaphus angasi (15), waterbuck Kobus
ellipsiprymnus (7), klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus, giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis,
square-lipped rhinoceros Ceratotherium simum (6), greater kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros (150)
and lesser kudu Tragelaphus imberbis, bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, blue
wildebeest Connochaetes taurinus (27), impala Aepyceros melampus (200) and common
duiker Sylvicapra grimmia. Threatened mammals: cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T),
leopard Panthera pardus (T), and brown hyena Hyaena brunnea (T).
Conservation Management To be drafted shortly
Zoning In progress
Disturbances or Deficiencies The park is situated over copper claims, which may later pose a
problem.
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Visitor Facilities Facilities include furnished huts with a kitchen and bathroom, small shop,
and a slipway for boats. A rest camp is being developed in this exceptionally scenic area.
Hiking and fishing is allowed. Numbers: 20,000 per annum. Potential: 40,000 per annum.
Scientific Research Various studies by the University of the North are being undertaken,
including species composition, age determination of fish and catfish breeding. A survey of
small mammals has been done by the Mammal Research Institute, the University of Pretoria,
and a vegetation survey by the Venda Herbarium.
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
° Hecht, T. (1980). Age, growth and mortality of the Butter Catfish Eutropius depressirostris
(Schilbeidae: pisces) in the Lephephe/Nwanedzi impoundment, Venda (South
Africa). Journal of the Limnological Society of Southern Africa, 6(1): 39-45.
Staff One senior foreman, six rangers, and 10 casual labourers
Budget R80,000 per annum (excluding rest camp and including salaries)
Local Park or Reserve Administration The Manager, Nwanedi National Park, Private Bag
X2247, Sibasa, 0970, Venda.
Date May 1983
TSOLWANA GAME PARK
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.22.12 (South African Highlands)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established April 1977. Ciskeian Forestry Act of 1976 (Act 6 of 1976).
Geographical Location 27km from Tarkastad in Ciskei. 32°8’-32°13’S, 26°26’-26°34’E.
Altitude 1,350-1,866m (1,866m)
Area 7,557ha
Land Tenure Government. Administered by the Ciskei Department of Agriculture and
Forestry.
Physical Features The Swart Kei area has steep, stony and shallow soils, except for the
valleys, where they are relatively deep with a dark grey structured top horizon and clayey
structured B Horizon (Duplex). The annual rainfall is 460mm, falling mainly in summer and
autumn (September and October; February to April).
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of Dry Cymbopogon-Themeda Veld (Veld Type 50).
Karroo communities with Acacia karroo, Chrysocoma tenuifolia, Felicia filifolia, Senecio
spp., Helichrysum spp., Rhus erosa, and grassland communities with Cymbopogon plurinodis,
Themeda triandra, Eragrostis curvula, E. plana, and Aristida junciformis.
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Fauna Mammals: mountain reedbuck Redunca fulvorufula (approximately 500), grey
rhebok Pelea capreolus (50-100), springbok Antidorcas marsupialis (600), steenbok Raphicerus
campestris (150-200), European fallow deer Cervus dama (150), eland Taurotragus oryx (110),
red hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus (100), gemsbok Oryx gazella (90), black
wildebeest Connochaetes gnou (56), giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis (3), greater
kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros (40) and lesser kudu Tragelaphus imberbis, buffalo Syncerus
caffer (5). Various small mammals occur on the reserve. Threatened species: Cape mountain
zebra Equus zebra zebra (25) and bontebok Damaliscus dorcas dorcas (20).
Conservation Management A management plan exists for this area. Hunting of surplus game
has improved considerably during the last three years providing an income of over
R130,000.00. All surplus meat from hunting is sold to rural people living close to Tsolwana.
Zoning No information
Disturbances or Deficiencies The encroachment of Euryops sp., karoid dwarf shrubs is
excessive. Soil erosion is also very serious.
Visitor Facilities Facilities include four fully equipped homesteads, one dancing boma, and
one outdoor school. There are 32 beds at present.
Scientific Research None
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material Resource Survey, A.P. Palmer. Studies by Mentis (1974) and
Tinley (1976).
Staff One manager, one assistant manager, two hostesses, one nature conservation officer, one
tourist officer, one clerk, 10 game guards, 12 TW workers, and 20 temporary workers
Budget R238,272 per annum (including salaries)
Local Park or Reserve Administration Director General, Department of Agriculture and
Forestry, Private Bag X501, Zwelitsha, 5600, Ciskei.
Date June 1983
PIRIE FOREST (INCLUDING EVELYN VALLEY)
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.22.12 (South African Highlands)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 1922. Government Notice 558 of 1922 and Ciskeian Forestry Act of 1976
(Act 6 of 1976).
Geographical Location Approximately 22km from King William’s Town in Ciskei. 32°43’S,
27°16°E. The Pirie Forest and Evelyn Valley adjoins the Maden and Rooikrans Dams and the
Pirie trout hatchery.
Altitude 540-1,300m (Little Mt Kemp)
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South Africa
Area 5,239ha (including plantation)
Land Tenure Government. Administered by Ciskei Department of Agriculture and Forestry.
Physical Features Very steep sloping pediment with cliffs; McNaughten’s Krantz, Sandile’s
Krantz, Murray’s Krantz. The Buffalo River flows through the reserve. Annual rainfall up to
1,800mm falling mainly in summer and autumn (September and October; February to April).
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of Déhne Sourveld (Veld Type 44(b)); excellent high
forest typical of eastern Cape. Dominant species include: Podocarpus falcatus, Podocarpus
latifolius, Rapanea melanophloeos, Calodendrum capense, Xymalos monospora, and Nuxia
floribunda. Economically important species: Podocarpus atifolius and Podocarpus falcatus.
Fauna Mammals: bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, grey duiker Sylvicapra grimmia, bush
pig Potamochoerus porcus, vervet monkey Cercopithecus aethiops, and porcupine Hystrix
africaeaustralis. Threatened species: Samango monkey Cercopithecus mitis.
Conservation Management No management plan exists for this area.
Zoning Mostly a natural area, with some low density tourism areas
Disturbances or Deficiencies Problem of utilisation of economic species of indigenous timbers
in an area otherwise managed as a nature reserve. One of the few forest railways in southern
Africa was operated in the Pirie Forest some 70 years ago.
Visitor Facilities Facilities include National Hiking Way trails and overnight hut, managed by
the Ciskei National Tourist Bureau, and numerous footpaths. Numbers: 1,500 per annum.
Potential: 5,000 per annum.
Scientific Research None
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material Various unpublished internal reports
Staff Managed by Government Forester of the Isidenge Plantation (RSA)
Budget R4,000 per annum (excluding salaries) for maintenance of trail
Local Park or Reserve Administration The Director General, Department of Agriculture and
Forestry, Private Bag X501, Zwelitsha, 5600, Ciskei.
Date 6 June 1983
RABULA FOREST
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.22.12 (South African Highlands)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established Demarcated in 1912 and 1915. Government Notice 396 of 1912, and 97 of
1915, and Ciskeian Forestry Act of 1976 (Act 6 of 1976).
==
IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Geographical Location Approximately 6km from Keiskammahoek in Ciskei. 32°44’S,
27°12’E.
Altitude 730-1,289m (Mt Charybdis)
Area 3,884ha
Land Tenure Government. Administered by the Ciskei Department of Agriculture and
Forestry.
Physical Features There are very steep slopes with numerous incised valleys and minor
tributaries of the Rabula River which flows into the Keiskamma River. Annual rainfall
approximately 900mm, falling mainly in summer and autumn (September and October;
February to April)
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of Déhne Sourveld (Veld Type 44(b)). Drier type of high
forest Podocarpus falcatus, Podocarpus latifolius, Rapanea melanophloeos, Celtis africana,
and Calodendrum_ capense. Economically important species: Podocarpus latifolius
and Podocarpus faicatus.
Fauna Mammals: bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, grey duiker Sylvicapra grimmia, and vervet
monkey Cercopithecus aethiops. Threatened species: Samango monkey Cercopithecus mitis.
Conservation Management No management plan exists for this area.
Zoning Consists of numerous (43) widely scattered forests ranging in size from four to over
1,000ha, forming part of the Rabula State Forest. Plantation area of some 430ha and total area
of 4836ha was under control of Department of Forestry, South Africa up to 31 March 1973.
Disturbances or Deficiencies Disturbances include the exploitation of dead and dying
indigenous trees by private long-term contractor.
Visitor Facilities Nil at present
Scientific Research None
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material No information
Staff No information
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration Director General, Department of Agriculture and
Forestry, Private Bag X501, Zwelitsha, 5600, Ciskei.
Date June 1983
ZINGCUKA FOREST
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.22.12 (South African Highlands)
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South Africa
Legal Protection Total
Date Established Demarcated Forest since 1913. Government Notice 1204 of 1913 and 315 of
1916 and Ciskeian Forestry Act of 1976 (Act 6 of 1976). The area was formerly known as
Schwarzwald or Wolf River, and was taken over from the South African Department of
Forestry in 1973.
Geographical Location Approximately 10km from Hogsback in Ciskei. 32°40’S, 27°00’E.
Altitude 700-1,650m (Hogsback)
Area 3,73\ha; this area forms part of the Zingcuka State Forest, which consists of about 40
forests ranging in size from 8ha to over 1,000ha, including some 8,000ha of plantation.
Land Tenure Government. Administered by the Ciskei Department of Agriculture and
Forestry.
Physical Features Very steep sloping pediment and incised valleys in the upper reaches of the
Amatola Basin with tributaries of the Keiskamma River outside the reserve. Annual rainfall
approximately 1,200mm, falling mainly in summer and autumn (September and October;
February to April).
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of Déhne Sourveld (Veld Type 44(b)). Mainly moist high
forest including dominant species such as Podocarpus falcatus, Podocarpus latifolius, Rapanea
melanophloeos, Vepris undulata, Celtis africana, and Calodendrum capense. Economically
important species: Podocarpus falcatus, Podocarpus latifolius, to an extent Rapanea
melanophloeos, and Olea capensis ssp. macrocarpa.
Fauna Mammals: bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia,
bushpig Potamochoerus porcus, vervet monkey Cercopithecus aethiops, and porcupine Hystrix
africaeaustralis. Threatened species: Samango monkey Cercopithecus mitis.
Conservation Management A management plan is in preparation.
Zoning Management plan currently being drawn up
Disturbances or Deficiencies Exploitation of dead and dying Yellowwoods (Podocarpus spp.)
by a long-term contractor
Visitor Facilities Picnic sites are under construction and hiking trails are being planned.
Numbers: none at present. Potential: undetermined.
Scientific Research None
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material Various unpublished internal reports.
Staff No information
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration The Director General, Department of Agriculture and
Forestry, Private Bag X501, Zwelitsha, 5600, Ciskei.
Date June 1983
Age
IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
CWENGCWE FOREST
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.08.04 (South African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 1926. Government Notice 2053 of 1926 and Ciskeian Forestry Act of 1976
(Act 6 of 1976).
Geographical Location Approximately 22km from Stutterheim in Ciskei. 32°42’S, 27°18’E.
Altitude 550-885m
Area 3,276ha (including plantation)
Land Tenure Government. Administered by Ciskei Department of Agriculture and Forestry.
Physical Features Relatively gentle slopes with few incised valleys. Murray’s Krantz.
Cwengcewe River, a tributary of the Buffalo River is the principal watercourse. Annual
rainfall; 1,200mm, falling mainly in summer and autumn (September and October; February to
April).
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of Déhne Sourveld (Veld Type 44(b)); typical high forest
of the eastern Cape with Podocarpus latifolius, Podocarpus falcatus, Rapanea melanophloeos,
Calodendrum capense, and Celtis africana. Economically important species: Podocarpus
latifolius, Podocarpus falcatus, and Rapanea melanophloeos.
Fauna Mammals: bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia,
bushpig Potamochoerus porcus, vervet monkey Cercopithecus aethiops, and porcupine Hystrix
africaeaustralis. Threatened species: Samango monkey Cercopithecus mitis.
Conservation Management A management plan exists for this area.
Zoning Plantation management plan
Disturbances or Deficiencies There are problems of conservation and total protection versus
exploitation of commercial species.
Visitor Facilities None, other than walking trails
Scientific Research None
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material No information
Staff No information
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration Director General, Department of Agriculture and
Forestry, Private Bag X501, Zwelitsha, 5600, Ciskei.
Date June 1983
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South Africa
CATA FOREST
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.22.12 (South African Highlands)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established Demarcated forest since 1913. Government Notice 1204 of 1913, and 1240
of 1913, and the Ciskeian Forestry Act of 1976 (Act 6 of 1976).
Geographical Location Approximately 16km from Keiskammahoek in Ciskei. 27°08’S,
32°34’E.
Altitude 910-1,300m (On slopes of Amatola Mountain)
Area 1,592ha, which includes a portion of Cata State Forest with a plantation area of 300ha
and a total area of 4,020ha
Land Tenure Government. Administered by the Ciskei Department of Agriculture and
Forestry under the control of the Department of Forestry up to 31 March 1973.
Physical Features This consists of scattered forests ranging in size from 8ha to 1,545ha, on a
steep to very steep sloping pediment and incised valleys of the Mnyameni and Cata Streams,
which flow into the Gxulu River; a tributary of the Keiskamma River. Annual rainfall is
approximately +/- 1,100mm, falling mainly in summer and autumn (September and October;
February to April).
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of the Dédhne Sourveld (Veld Type 44(b))
with Podocarpus falcatus, Podocarpus latifolius, Rapanea melanophloeos and Celtis africana.
Economically important species: Podocarpus latifolius, Podocarpus falcatus, and, to a lesser
extent, Rapanea melanophloeos.
Fauna Mammals: bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, common duiker, Sylvicapra grimmia, and
vervet monkey Cercopithecus aethiops. Threatened species: Samango monkey Cercopithecus
mitis.
Conservation Management No management plan exists for this area.
Zoning No information
Disturbances or Deficiencies Exploitation of yellowwoods and other species by long-term
contractors
Visitor Facilities None. Trails with overnight facilities are being planned.
Scientific Research None
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material No information
Staff No information
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration Director General, Department of Agriculture and
Forestry, Private Bag X501, Zwelitsha, 5600, Ciskei.
Date June 1983
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
IZELENI FOREST
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.08.04 (South African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 1917. Government Notice 1183 of 1917 and Ciskeian Forestry Act of 1976
eg of 1976). This area was taken over from the Republic of South Africa on 1 October
Geographical Location 27km from Stutterheim in Ciskei. 32°40’S, 27°25’E.
Altitude 700-885m
Area 1,330ha; this forest is part of the Izeleni State Forest, which includes 430ha of
plantation and covers a total area of 1,814ha.
Land Tenure Government. Administered by the Ciskei Department of Agriculture and
Forestry.
Physical Features The Izeleni River which flows into the Yellowwoods River. There is a
steep sloping pediment with incised valleys of the Izeleni River. Annual rainfall +/-1,000mm,
falling mainly in summer and autumn (September and October; February to April).
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of Déhne Sourveld (Veld Type 44(b)). Ranges from high
forest to dry scrub forest. Dominant species: Podocarpus latifolius, Podocarpus falcatus,
Curtisia dentata, Xymalos monospora, Rapanea melanophloeos, Olea capensis ssp. macrocarpa,
Erythrina caffra, Vepris undulata, Cussonia spicata, and Trichocladus crinitus. Economically
important species: Podocarpus latifolius and Podocarpus falcatus.
Fauna’ Red duiker Cephalophus natalensis and bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus. Threatened
species: none.
Conservation Management No management plan exists for this area. No exploitation of
indigenous timber has taken place over the past 10 years or longer.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies Conflict of activities such as grazing and fuel requirements
versus catchment protection, and development versus protection.
Visitor Facilities None. Numbers: nil. Potential: undetermined
Scientific Research None
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material No information
Staff No information
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration Director General, Department of Agriculture and
Forestry, Private Bag X501, Zwelitsha, 5600, Ciskei.
Date June 1983
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South Africa
DONTSA FOREST
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.22.12 (South African Highlands)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established Demarcated in 1913 and 1915. Government Notice 1204 of 1913, Notice 97
of 1915 and Ciskeian Forestry Act of 1976 (Act 6 of 1976).
Geographical Location Approximately 18km from Keiskammahoek in Ciskei. 32°35’S,
27°13°E.
Altitude 850-1,616m (Mt Thomas)
Area 1,209ha indigenous forest consisting of numerous (approximately 40) scattered forests
ranging from four to 940ha in size, forming part of the Dontsa State Forest. Plantation area is
322ha and total area 3,012ha.
Land Tenure Government. Administered by the Ciskei Department of Agriculture and
Forestry, which was under control of Department of Forestry up to 31 March 1973.
Physical Features Steep to very steep sloping pediment with numerous incised valleys. The
MnQukwane, Ngobozana and Gwiligwili Streams flow into the Keiskamma River. Annual
rainfall approximately 1,100mm, falling mainly in summer and autumn (September and
October; and February to April).
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of Déhne Sourveld (Veld Type 44(b)); mainly high forest
comprising Podocarpus falcatus, Podocarpus latifolius, Rapanea melanophloeos, Olea capensis
ssp. macrocarpa, and Xymalos monospora. Economically important species: Podocarpus
falcatus, Podocarpus latifolius, and Rapanea melanophloeos.
Fauna Bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia, and vervet
monkey Cercopithecus aethiops. Threatened species: Samango monkey Cercopithecus mitis.
Conservation Management No management plan exists for this area.
Zoning No information
Disturbances or Deficiencies There has been some exploitation of dying trees by a long-term
contractor.
Visitor Facilities There are no facilities at present, but trails with overnight huts are being
planned.
Scientific Research None
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material No information
Staff No information
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration The Director General, Department of Agriculture and
Forestry, Private Bag X501, Zwelitsha, 5600, Ciskei.
Date June 1983
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
DWESA NATURE RESERVE
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.08.04 (South African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 25 July 1975. Government Gazette 28 of 25 July 1975.
Geographical Location 60km from Idutywa in Transkei. 32°12’-32°20°S, 28°48’-28°58’E.
(Dwesa and Cwebe Nature Reserves adjoin each other and this latitude/longitude includes
both. A river forms a theoretical boundary).
Altitude Sea level-300m (Dwesa Hill, 300m)
Area 3,900ha contiguous to Cwebe Nature Reserve (2,140ha).
Land Tenure Government. Administered by the Transkei Department of Agriculture and
Forestry.
Physical Features The reserve is situated along 8km of sea-frontage along the Indian Ocean,
with topography rising step-wise from coast. The area is drained by a number of rivers
namely Mbashee River, Mendu River, and Kobola Stream. The geology is composed of Karoo
sediments of Ecca shales and sandstones with soils predominantly of Fernwood and Nomanci
forms with relatively deep clays, loams and sands. Annual average temperature range
minimum: 15°C, maximum: 21°C. Annual rainfall + 875mm, falling mainly in the summer
(February-April and September-November) to 300m.
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of Coastal Forest and Thornveld (Veld Type 1) and valley
Bushveld (Veld Type 23)(Acocks, 1975). This area is transitional between the temperate and
subtropical forest types. Coastal vegetation includes: Mimusops caffra, Brachylaena discolor,
Scaevola thunbergii, and Rapanea melanophloeos. Stenotaphrum secundatum, Themeda triandra
and Cymbopogon excavatus are the dominant grasses. Heywoodia lucens, Celtis africana,
Podocar pus latifolius, with Millettia grandis, and Buxus natalensis are the dominant trees in
the areas of high forest. The valley bushveld has Acacia karroo as a dominant tree species.
Economically important species: Podocarpus latifolius, Buxus macowanii, Ptaeroxylon
obliquum. Endemic species: Heywoodia lucens, Encephalartos spp., and Aloe spp..
Fauna Square-lipped rhinoceros Ceratotherium simum (8), reedbuck Redunca arundinum (8),
buffalo Syncerus caffer (6), warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus (50), eland Taurotragus oryx
(36), and blue duiker Cephalophus monticola (approximately 150), red hartebeest Alcelaphus
buselaphus (30), bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus (approximately 150), blesbok Damaliscus
dorcas (200), and bushpig Potamochoerus porcus (approximately 50). The birdlife is prolific
and diverse and includes some restricted forest species. Threatened species: leopard Panthera
pardus (T) (2).
Conservation Management A management plan exists for this area.
Zoning Wilderness area with non-extractive form of tourism
Disturbances or Deficiencies Under utilisation by heavy bulk grazers, e.g. buffalo.
Visitor Facilities Facilities include eight log cabins and two rustic wilderness huts. | Numbers:
6,000 per annum. Potential: 8,760 per annum.
Scientific Research All research is done by the University of Transkei on rocky shore
productivity and investigation of primitive iron age sites.
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South Africa
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material Various comprehensive unpublished departmental reports
Staff Two senior staff and six junior staff as well as casual labourers
Budget R45,000 per annum (excluding salaries)
Local Park or Reserve Administration The Officer-in-Charge, Dwesa Nature Reserve,
Department of Agriculture and Forestry, Private Bag X5002, Umtata, Transkei.
Date June 1983
CWEBE NATURE RESERVE
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.08.04 (South African grassland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 25 July 1975. Government Gazette 28 of 25 July 1975.
Geographical Location 80km from Umtata in Transkei. 32°12’-32°20’S, 28°48’-28°58’E.
(Dwesa and Cwebe Nature Reserves adjoin each other and this latitude/longitude includes
both. A river forms a theoretical boundary).
Altitude Sea level-240m
Area 2,140ha contiguous to Dwesa Nature Reserve (3,900ha)
Land Tenure Government. Administered by the Transkei Department of Agriculture and
Forestry.
Physical Features The reserve comprises 4km of sea frontage drained by two rivers; Mbashee
and Mbanyane. The topography rises gradually from the coast to 240m and is composed of
Karoo sediments with soils of Fernwood and Nomanci forms of clays, loams and _ sands.
Annual average temperature range minimum: 15°C, maximum: 21°C. Annual rainfall 870mm,
falling mainly in summer (February-April and September-November).
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of Coastal Forest and Thornveld (Veld Type 1). The area
is transitional between the temperate and subtropical forest types. | Coastal vegetation
includes: Mimusops caffra, Brachylaena_ discolor, Scaevola thunbergii, Rapanea
melanophloeos; Stenotaphrum secundatum, Themeda triandra and Cymbopogon excavatus are
the dominant grasses. Heywoodia lucens, Celtis africana, Podocarpus latifolius, and on sandy
soils Millettia grandis, and Buxus natalensis are the dominant trees in the areas of high forest.
The Valley Bushveld has Acacia karroo as a dominant tree species. Economically important
species: Podocarpus latifolius; Buxus macowanii, and Ptaeroxylon obliquum. Endemic
species: Heywoodia lucens, Encephalartos spp., and Aloe spp..
Fauna Mountain reedbuck Redunca fulvorufula (15), impala Aepyceros melampus (3), and
bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus (5). The bird life is very diverse because of the variety of
habitats. Some restricted species related to lowland forest occur. Threatened species:
leopard Panthera pardus (T), blue duiker Cephalophus monticola (10).
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Conservation Management A management plan exists for this area.
Zoning Concentrated medium density recreation area around hotel. The remainder is a
natural area.
Disturbances or Deficiencies Some 40 privately owned cottages fall within this area which
causes immense disturbance and problems.
Visitor Facilities A hotel is situated inside the reserve and a camp site is being planned.
Numbers: 900 per annum. Potential: 1,440 per annum.
Scientific Research University of Transkei projects on millet production and also on
intertidal zone productivity.
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material Various comprehensive unpublished departmental reports.
Staff Two senior staff and six junior staff as well as casual labourers
Budget R20,000,00 per annum (excluding salaries)
Local Park or Reserve Administration Cwebe Nature Reserve, via Elliotdale, Transkei.
Date June 1983
MANYELETI GAME RESERVE
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.08.04 (South African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 15 December 1967. Government Notice 340 of 1967 as amended.
Geographical Location 173km from Nelspruit in Gazankulu. 24°29’-24°42’S, 31°21’-31°36’E.
Altitude 366-488m
Area 22,772ha
Land Tenure State. Administered by the Nature Conservation Branch, Department of
Cooperation and Development.
Physical Features Archaean granites are exposed in most areas. A large dolerite dyke runs
from north to south in the west of the area. A few smaller intrusions of dolerite occur.
Nwaswitsontsor River flows through the reserve. Poor, well drained, sandy soils on granite
ridges with richer clayey soils in the valleys. Arcadia soil type developing from dolerite in
poorly drained areas and Shortlands soil type on better drained slopes. Annual average
temperature range minimum: 14.9°C, maximum: 28.5°C. Annual rainfall 582mm, falling
mainly in summer (October-April).
4i24-
South Africa
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of the Lowveld (Veld Type 10). Seven plant communities
are distinguished: Perotis patens-Terminalia sericea association, Euclea divinorum-Acacia
nigrescens association, Themeda _ triandra-Acacia — gerrardii association, Euclea
divinorum-Albizia harveyi association, Themeda triandra-Setaria woodii
association, Cardiospermum corindum-Acacia nigrescens association, and Spirostachys
africana-Diospyros mespiliformis association.
Fauna The park has large numbers of mammals including: impala Aepyceros melampus
(several thousand), reedbuck Redunca arundinum (350), blue wildebeest Connochaetes taurinus
(350), Burchell’s zebra Eguus burchelli (230), giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis (130), greater
kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros (260) and lesser kudu Tragelaphus imberbis, waterbuck Kobus
ellipsiprymnus (150), buffalo Syncerus caffer (170), square-lipped rhinoceros Ceratotherium
simum (30), elephant Loxodonta africana (T), and lion Panthera leo (T). Both elephant and
lion wander in and out of the park. Threatened species: cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T),
aardwolf Proteles cristatus, and sable Hippotragus niger.
Conservation Management No management plan exists for this area. The reserve is operated
primarily as an education facility for the National State of Gazunkulu, which will take over the
reserve in 1985.
Zoning Recreation zone with vehicle borne tourism and wilderness zone
Disturbances or Deficiencies Poaching and uncontrolled fires
Visitor Facilities Some 19 standard rondavels, 15 luxury rondavels and six dormitories for
school groups. Hiking trails are being developed. Numbers: 27,000 per annum. Potential:
unknown. A restaurant and shop complex is run by a private concern.
Scientific Research None
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
° Bredenkamp, G.J. and Theron, G.K. (1980). Die Plantegroei van die Manyeleti-wildtuin.
In: Plant sosiologiese en plant ekologiese studie.
Staff One senior management, six junior administrative, and 20 junior management staff.
There is a fluctuating force of labourers of about 25.
Budget R350,000,00 per annum (including labourers’ salaries)
Local Park or Reserve Administration The Manager, Manyeleti Game Reserve, PO Manyeleti,
1362.
Date 23 May 1983
BLOUBERG NATURE RESERVE (EAST)
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.08.04 (South African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Date Established 1977. Government Notice 1725 of 1983
Geographical Location 150km from Pietersburg in Lebowa. 23°02’S, 29°05’E.
Altitude 844-1,453m (Unnamed summit of Blouberg massif)
Area 6,848ha. It is planned to enlarge this Reserve in order to link up with the Blouberg
Nature Reserve (West).
Land Tenure State. Administered by the Nature Conservation Branch, Department of
Cooperation and Development
Physical Features Most of the Reserve is mountain and mountain slope. The remaining
peripheral area is flat land. There are numerous high cliffs. No rivers, but small springs and
streams from the mountain flow for much of the year. Reddish, sandy loams. Annual average
temperature range minimum: 8°C, maximum: 27°C. Annual rainfall 340-400mm, falling
mainly in summer (October-March).
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of Arid Sweet Bushveld (Veld Type 14). Mixed
woodland with some forest remaining on the upper mountain slopes. Some dense thicket at the
foot of the mountain. A vegetation survey has not been carried out, but dominants are likely
to be as for Blouberg Nature Reserve (West). Economically important species: none. Endemic
species: none.
Fauna Impala Aepyceros melampus, waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, and kudu Tragelaphus
strepsiceros. Birds are well represented and include one of southern Africa’s largest breeding
colonies of Cape vulture Gyps coprotheres. Threatened species: leopard Panthera pardus (T),
brown hyena Hyaena brunnea (V), and Cape vulture Gyps coprotheres (T).
Conservation Management A management plan exists for this area.
Zoning All are natural areas
Disturbances or Deficiencies Poaching and poor water supply. There is also a shortage of
trained personnel.
Visitor Facilities None
Scientific Research One project on the breeding biology of the Cape vulture Gyps coprotheres.
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material Unpublished departmental reports
Staff Two senior management, five junior management staff, and a fluctuating labour force
of about 15.
Budget R90,000,00 per annum (including labourers’ wages)
Local Park or Reserve Administration Chief Commissioner’s Office, Northern Areas, Private
Bag X9322, Pietersburg, 0700.
Date February 1984
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South Africa
BLOUBERG NATURE RESERVE (WEST)
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.08.04 (South African W#odland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established October 1982. Government Notice R4 of 1983.
Geographical Location 152km from Pietersburg in Lebowa. 23°00’-23°06’S, 28°50’-28°56’E.
Altitude 981-1,804m (Blouberg)
Area 4,450ha. It is planned to enlarge this reserve in order to link up with the Blouberg
Nature Reserve (East).
Land Tenure’ Tribal land. Administered by the Lebowa Department of Agriculture and
Environmental Conservation.
Physical Features Mostly flat land, but mountainous in the south-east. Reddish, sandy loams
over calcrete ridges. Portsmouth, Shorocks, and Muden are the main soil forms. Annual
average temperature range minimum: 2°C, maximum: 31°C. Annual rainfall 310-630mm,
falling mainly in summer (October-March).
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of Arid Sweet Bushveld (Veld Type 14). Mixed
woodland with well developed tree cover. Dominants include Combretum apiculatum,
Commiphora mollis, Sclerocarya caffra, and Acacia tortilis, Faurea saligna, Euphorbia ingens
and Commiphora marlothi, Acacia nigrescens, A. tortilis and Lannea discolor. Economically
important species: none. Endemic species: none.
Fauna’ Impala Aepyceros melampus (200), greater kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros and lesser
kudu Tragelaphus imberbis, eland Taurotragus oryx, gemsbok Oryx gazella, red
hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus and various small mammals. A small number of
ostrich Struthio camelus also occur. Threatened species: none.
Conservation Management A management plan exists for this area.
Zoning Recreation zone and hunting/wilderness zone
Disturbances or Deficiencies Shortage of trained personnel, lack of water and bush
encroachment
Visitor Facilities Facilities include picnic sites and game viewing roads. Reserve not yet open
to the public.
Scientific Research None
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material Unpublished departmental reports
Staff Three senior staff and eight labourers
Budget Approximately R75,000,00 per annum (including labourers’ wages)
Local Park or Reserve Administration The Director: Nature Conservation, Department of
Agriculture and Environment Affairs, Private Bag X01, Chuniespoorr, 0745, Lebowa.
Date 4 July 1983
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
POTLAKE NATURE RESERVE
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.08.04 (South African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established August 1977. Government Notice R5 of 1983.
Geographical Location 85km from Pietersburg in Lebowa. 24°13’-24°16’S, 29°53’-29°58’E
Altitude 409-1,183m (Legobwe)
Area 2,928ha
Land Tenure Only partly Government; the greater portion is Tribal Land. The whole is
administered by the Lebowa Department of Agriculture and Environmental Conservation.
Physical Features About 50% is mountain and mountain slopes, the remainder is flat land.
The reserve is divided by mountains. The Olifants River touches the western boundary. There
are large areas of bare rock, but otherwise, mixed sandy or clay loams. Annual average
temperature range minimum: 18.4°C, maximum: 30°C. Annual rainfall 430mm, falling mainly
in summer (September-March).
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of Arid Sweet Bushveld (Veld Type 14). Acacia
woodland. Dominant species include: Acacia tortilis, A. grandicornuta, A. mellifera, Albizia
adianthifolia, Ehretia rigida, Boscia foetida, Commiphora pyracanthoides, Boscia albitrunca,
Capparis spp., and Maerua spp.. Grasses include: Themeda triandra, Cymbopogon plurinodis,
Eragrostis spp., Aristida congesta, and Digitaria spp. Economically important species: none.
Endemic species: none.
Fauna Except for a few impala and kudu, all large mammals were introduced:
impala Aepyceros melampus (150), greater kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros (25) and lesser
kudu Tragelaphus imberbis, blue wildebeest Connochaetes taurinus (30), eland Taurotragus oryx
(20), gemsbok Oryx gazella (20), waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus (20), giraffe Giraffa
camelopardalis (6), Burchell’s zebra Equus burchelli (20), and red hartebeest Alcelaphus
buselaphus (70). Ostrich Struthio camelus (34) also occurs. Threatened species:
sable Hippotragus niger.
Conservation Management A management plan exists for this area.
Zoning About 60% wilderness, the remainder is accessible for motor borne game viewing
Disturbances or Deficiencies Shortage of trained personnel, bush encroachment, erosion,
leaching and droughts.
Visitor Facilities Facilities include an interpretation centre, kiosk, and picnic sites.
Wilderness trails will come into operation by June 1984. Numbers: none. Potential:
considerable education and recreational potential.
Scientific Research A vegetation survey completed by the University of Pretoria, is
unpublished.
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material Unpublished vegetation survey report and various internal
departmental reports.
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South Africa
Staff Management, one senior and two junior staff, and seven labourers
Budget R150,000 per annum (excluding salaries)
Local Park or Reserve Administration The Director: Nature Conservation, Department of
Agriculture and Environment Affairs, Private Bag X01, Chuniespoort, 0745, Lebowa.
Date 4 July 1983
TEMBE ELEPHANT PARK
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.08.04 (South African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 21 October 1983. KwaZulu Government Notice 73 of 1983.
Geographical Location 38km from KwaNgwanase in KwaZulu. 26°51’S, 32°24’E.
Altitude 34-100m
Area 29,878ha
Land Tenure State. Administered by the KwaZulu Bureau of Natural Resources.
Physical Features The area comprises low sand ridges on the Mozambique coastal plain with
Mozi drainage. Recent geological period. Grey to pale red sandy soils. Annual average
temperature range minimum: 8°C, maximum: 34°C. Annual rainfall 700mm, falling mainly in
summer (October-March).
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of Coastal Forest and Thornveld (Veld Type 1) and
Lowveld (Veld Type 10). Sandforest thickets: Newtonia hildebrandtii, Cleistanthus schlechteri,
Dialium schlechteri, and Pteleopsis myrtifolia. Swamp: Phragmites mauritianus, Typha capensis
and Cyperus spp.. The Park incorporates the most southerly range of some plant species, such
as Afzelia quanzensis. Economically important species: Phragmites mauritianus for building
material; and Hyphaene natalensis, for lala wine. Endemic species: none.
Fauna Elephant Loxodonta africana (T) (approximately 120) migrate across the border
between Mozambique and KwaZulu. These are the last naturally occurring elephants in
KwaZulu. Other mammals include: hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius (7), common
duiker Sylvicapra grimmia and reedbuck Redunca arundinum. Various small mammals, e.g.
rodents, occur in the area. Threatened species: suni Neotragus moschatus.
Conservation Management A management plan exists for this area.
Zoning Alla natural area with a low density tourism area being planned
Disturbances or Deficiencies Inadequate distribution of water supply in the Park. Maintaining
healthy balance between elephant population and sandforest poses management problems.
Some alien invasive species occur, such as Pereskia aculeata.
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Visitor Facilities None, but a basic camp is being planned. Numbers: none yet. Potential:
unknown.
Scientific Research Vegetation survey and utilisation of vegetation by man and fauna, i.e.
elephants
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
° Bruton, M.N. and Cooper, K.H. (1980). Studies on the Ecology of Maputaland. Cape and
Transvaal Printers, Natal Branch of the Wildlife Society, Durban, 560 pp.
° Tinley, K.L. and van Riet, W.S. (1981). Tongaland - zonal ecology and rural landuse
proposals. Unpublished report.
Staff One warden, four nature conservation officers, 30 game scouts and labourers (excluding
tourism staff)
Budget R200,000 per annum (excluding salaries)
Local Park or Reserve Administration The Regional Conservation Officer, Bureau of Natural
Resources, PO Box 43, KwaNgwanase, 3973.
Date January 1984
LEKGALAMEETSE NATURE RESERVE
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.22.12 (South African Highlands)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 1979. Proclamation 461 of 1984.
Geographical Location 40km from Tzaneen in Transvaal. 24°05’S, 30°15’E.
Altitude 800-1,853m (Mogokolo)
Area 18,125ha
Land Tenure State. Administered by the Nature Conservation Branch, Department of
Cooperation and Development.
Physical Features There are spectacular mountains with steep slopes, gorges and
amphitheatres falling to flatter land in the lowveld parts of the reserve. Ngwabitsi, Mohlapitse
and Selati Rivers. Six macrosoil associations are mapped, mostly acid, leached clays with rocks
and some deep alluvial loamy to clayey soils. Annual average temperature range minimum:
4°C, maximum: 34°C. Annual rainfall 740-1,280mm, increasing with altitude, falling mainly
in summer and early autumn (November-March).
Vegetation | Lowveld Sour Bushveld (Veld Type 9) and North-eastern Mountain Sourveld
(Veld Type 8). Ranges from open bushveld with Trichilia emetica, Combretum erythrophyllum,
Parinari curatellifolia, Ficus spp. through scrub forest with Syzygium cordatum, Ficus capensis,
Acacia ataxacantha, A. davyi and Polystachya spp., Mystacidium venosum, to montane forest
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South Africa
with trees, shrubs and lianoid plants. Dominants here include Xymalos monospora, Trichilia
dregeana, Maesa lanceolata, and Ilex mitis. The summits are covered by open grassland
with Themeda triandra dominant. This reserve includes a forest of Encephalartos transvenosus
and a high altitude scrub forest reminiscent of the Cape flora. The reserve has 79 recorded
plant species which are listed as threatened. Economically important species: none. Endemic
species: Euphorbia restricta, Cyrtanthus thorncroftii, Kniphofia coralligemma, Encephalartos
eugene-maraisii, E. inopinus are all endemic to the Transvaal Escarpment.
Fauna Bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus and common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia. Over 200
species of birds have been recorded, including rare or restricted forest species. Lepidoptera are
very numerous and include rare species and several new species not yet described. A
frog Breviceps spp., endemic to the Transvaal escarpment is found here. Threatened mammals:
leopard Panthera pardus (T), samango monkey Cercopithecus mitis, and Meller’s
mongoose Rhyncogale melleri; reptiles: dwarf chameleon Bradypodion spp., and leaf-toed
gecko Phyllodactylus spp..
Conservation Management A management plan exists for this area. Extensions to the Reserve
have been proposed, which would increase the area to about 42,000ha.
Zoning The area is zoned into wilderness, a natural buffer zone which will carry vehicles and
provide game viewing, and three development zones where all major facilities will be
concentrated.
Disturbances or Deficiencies There are more than 30 species of alien plants on the reserve,
the removal of which is very difficult. Unauthorised collecting of Lepidoptera is also a
problem as is removal of rare indigenous species such as cycads.
Visitor Facilities Facilities are under construction, but will eventually comprise wilderness
trails and camps and main high density tourist camps. Numbers: none. Potential: undetermined.
Scientific Research None
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
° Van Riet, W. (1981 and 1983). Planning proposals for The Downs. Internal report,
unpublished.
Staff Three senior staff, 12 junior staff, and a fluctuating labour force of about 15 to 20.
Budget R192,500 per annum (excluding senior staff salaries)
Local Park or Reserve Administration The Assistant Director: Nature Conservation,
Department of Cooperation and Development, PO Box 384, Pretoria, 0001.
Date February 1984
SEDERBERG MOUNTAIN CATCHMENT AREA
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.11.06 (Cape Sclerophyll)
Legal Protection Total
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Date Established 1897. Government Notice 491 of 1897, Government Notice 1256 of 1973,
and Government Notice 155 of 1978
Geographical Location 4km from Clanwilliam in Cape Province. 32°00’-45’S, 18°50’-19°2S°E.
Altitude 213-2,027m (Sneeuberg)
Area 126,375ha
Land Tenure 67,242ha (53%) Government. Administered by the Directorate of Forestry,
Department of Environment Affairs and 59,133ha (47%) privately owned, but managed in
terms of the Mountain Catchment Areas Act 63 of 1970.
Physical Features The reserve is scenically beautiful with rocky mountains small valleys and
some sandy plateaux, areas of narrow kloofs and steep cliffs, and tributaries of the Olifants
River. Soils are highly leached acid sands with small pockets of sandy loams. Annual average
temperature range minimum: 6°C, maximum: 19°C. Annual rainfall 400-1,500mm, falling
mainly in winter (May-September).
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of Macchia (Veld Type 69) and False Macchia (Veld
Type 70). Characteristic species are ericoid low evergreen shrubs, restioids and proteoid
medium to tall shrubs with broad, leathery leaves. Economically important species: families
which are harvested for the flower trade such as the Proteaceae, Ericaceae and Restionaceae;
and buchu Agathosma betulina for its oil. Endemic species: endemics which are numerous in
the Cape floral kingdom are well represented.
Fauna Grey rhebok Pelea capreolus, klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus, Chacma
baboon Papio ursinus, caracal Felis caracal, African wildcat Felis silvestris, common
duiker Sylvicapra grimmia, steenbok Raphicerus campestris, and grysbok Raphicerus
melanotis. Threatened species: mammals: Jeopard Panthera pardus (T), Cape gerbil Tatera afra,
Cape spiny mouse Acomys_ subspinosus, Verreaux’s mouse Praomys verreauxii,
aardwolf Proteles cristatus, serval Felis serval, honey badger Mellivora capensis and spectacled
dormouse Graphiurus ocularis; birds: white stork Ciconia ciconia, kori bustard Choriotis kori,
and protea canary Serinus leucopterus. Amphibians: ghost frog Heleophryne roset; reptiles:
small-scaled leaf-toed gecko Phyllodactylus microlepidotus and armadillo lizard Cordylus
cataphracius; fish: Clanwilliam yellowfish Barbus capensis (R), fiery redfin Barbus phlegethon
(E), Clanwilliam rock catfish Gephyroglanis gilli, and Clanwilliam redfin Barbus calidus (R).
Conservation Management A management plan exists for this area.
Zoning State Forest Wilderness Area 67,242ha; private land 59,133ha
Disturbances or Deficiencies Proper control of fires lacking.
Visitor Facilities Facilities include a camp and caravan site, and hiking trails. _ Numbers:
10,500 per annum. Potential: undetermined.
Scientific Research Active research undertaken on all aspects of the region’s ecology
Special Scientific Facilities _ None on site, but served by the Jonkershoek Forestry Research
Station, Stellenbosch
Principal Reference Material
° Andrag, R.H. (1977). Studies in die Sederberg oor: (i) Die status van die Clanwilliam seder
(Widdringtonia cedarbergensis Marsh) (ii) Buitelugontspanning. M.Sc. Thesis, University of
Stellenbosch.
° Policy, Memorandum: Sederberg Mountain Catchment Area. Directorate of Forestry, Cape
Town.
Staff One professional, two technical, one first level supervisor, and 40 labourers
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South Africa
Budget R93,760 per annum (including salaries)
Local Park or Reserve Administration The Regional Director, Directorate of Forestry, Private
Bag X9005, Cape Town, 8000.
Date August 1983
HAWEQUAS MOUNTAIN CATCHMENT AREA
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.11.06 (Cape Sclerophyll)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 1913. Government Notice 1201 of 1913 and Government Notice 2121 of
1981.
Geographical Location 2km from Franschhoek in Cape Province. 33°15’-34°00’S,
19°0’-19°25’E.
Altitude 100-1,995m (Du Toits Peak)
Area 115,910ha; includes the State Forest Nature Reserve (376ha)
Land Tenure 65,010ha, 15% Government. Administered by the Directorate of Forestry,
Department of Environment Affairs; 50,900ha, 44% privately owned, but managed in terms of
the Mountain Catchment Areas Act 63 of 1970.
Physical Features Features are dominated by the sandstone mountains of the Cape folded belt
with very rocky terrain, narrow kloofs and steep cliffs dissected by tributaries of the Berg and
Breede Rivers. Soils are highly leached acid sands with small pockets of sandy loams. Annual
average temperature range minimum: 11°C, maximum: 24°C. Annual rainfall 300-3,000mm,
falling mainly in winter (April-September).
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of Knysna Forest (Veld Type 4); Macchia (Veld Type
69), and False Macchia (Veld Type 70). More than 99% of the area is dominated by mountain
fynbos. Characteristic families include the Ericaceae, Proteaceae and Restionaceae.
Economically important species: various Proteaceae, Ericaceae and Restionaceae and other
species which are harvested for the flower trade. Endemic species which are numerous in the
Cape floral kingdom are well represented.
Fauna Grey rhebok Pelea capreolus, klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus, chacma
baboon Papio ursinus, caracal Felis caracal, and grysbok Raphicerus melanotis. Threatened
species include the mammals: leopard Panthera pardus (T), Lesueur’s hairy bat Myotis lesueuri,
Cape spiny mouse Acomys subspinosus, Verreaux’s mouse Praomys verreauxii, honey
badger Mellivora capensis and aardwolf Proteles cristatus; reptiles and amphibians: geometric
tortoise Psammobates geometricus (V) and Cape dainty frog Cacosternum capense; fish: Berg
river redfin Barbus burgi (R) and Burchell’s redfin Barbus burchelli (R) also occur; birds:
booted eagle Hieraaetus pennatus, black stork Ciconia nigra, Cape eagle owl Bubo capensis,
Victorin’s scrub warbler Bradypterus victorini, and protea canary Serinus leucopterus.
Conservation Management A management plan exists for this area.
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Zoning State Forest Nature Reserve, 64,634ha, private land, 50,900ha.
Disturbances or Deficiencies | The proper control of wild fires is lacking. Invasive plant
species such as Hakea sericea, Pinus species, Acacia longifolia and A. mearnsii need to be
controlled.
Visitor Facilities Facilities include a campsite and hiking trails. Numbers: 7,500 per annum.
Potential: undetermined.
Scientific Research Resource inventory and monitoring as well as ecological research
Special Scientific Facilities None on site, but served by the Jonkershoek Forestry Research
Station, Stellenbosch
Principal Reference Material
° Policy Memorandum: Hawequas Mountain Catchment Area. Directorate of Forestry, Cape
Town.
Staff One professional, two technical, three first level supervisors, and 70 labourers
Budget R322,000 per annum (including salaries)
Local Park or Reserve Administration The Regional Director, Directorate of Forestry, Private
Bag X9005, Cape Town, 8000.
Date August 1983
MATROOSBERG MOUNTAIN CATCHMENT AREA
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.11.06 (Cape Sclerophyll)
Legal Protection 17% Government. 83% private land
Date Established 1977. Government Notice 2579 of 1977 and Government Notice 2418 of
1979.
Geographical Location Adjacent to Ceres in Cape Province. 33°38’-33°16’S, 19°47°-19°14’E
Altitude 400-2,249m (Matroosberg)
Area 95,256ha
Land Tenure 16,15l1ha Government. Administered by the Directorate of Forestry,
Department of Environment Affairs, 79,105ha privately owned, but managed in terms of the
Mountain Catchment Areas Act 63 of 1970.
Physical Features The reserve is dominated by sandstone mountains of the Cape folded belt.
The terrain is very rocky with narrow kloofs and steep slopes, and scenically beautiful.
Tributaries of the Breede River run through the reserve. Soils are highly leached acid sands
with small pockets of sandy loams. Annual average temperature range minimum: 6°C,
maximum: 3,000mm. Annual rainfall 400mm (foothills) to 3,000mm (high mountain peaks),
falling mainly in winter (May-September).
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South Africa
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of Macchia (Veld Type 69), False Macchia (Veld Type
70), Coastal Renosterbosveld (Veld Type 46), Mountain Renosterbosveld (Veld Type 43), and
Knysna Forest (Veld Type 4). The area is dominated by mountain Fynbos. Characteristic
families are Ericaceae, Restionaceae and Proteaceae. Economically important species: various
Proteaceae, Ericaceae and Restionaceae and other species, which are harvested for the flower
trade. Endemic species: endemics which are numerous in the Cape floral kingdom are well
represented.
Fauna Caracal Felis caracal, klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus, chacma baboon Papio
ursinus, grysbok Raphicerus melanotis, and grey rhebok Pelea capreolus. Threatened mammals:
leopard Panthera pardus (T), fat mouse Steaiomys pratensis and Verreaux’s mouse Praomys
verreauxii; reptiles: geometric tortoise Psammobates geometricus (V), Cape mountain
lizard Lacerta australis, Fisk’s house snake Lamprophis fiskii; birds: Cape vulture Gyps
coprotheres (V), peregrine Falco peregrinus (V), booted eagle Hieraaetus pennatus, martial
eagle Polemaetus bellicosus, forest buzzard Buteo oreophilus, Cape eagle owl Bubo capensis,
Victorin’s warbler Bradypterus victorini, and protea canary Serinus leucopterus.
Conservation Management A management plan exists for this area.
Zoning State Forest 16,15]ha, private land 79,105ha
Disturbances or Deficiencies Because of the mountainous terrain, the area is very inaccessible
for management purposes. Proper control of wild fires is a problem.
Visitor Facilities _ There are no facilities for the general public, but the area is used for
mountaineering. Numbers: 500 per annum. Potential: undetermined.
Scientific Research A resource inventory and monitoring activities are ongoing by
management and research staff.
Special Scientific Facilities There are no facilities on site, but it is served by the Jonkershoek
Forestry Research Station, Stellenbosch.
Principal Reference Material
° Policy Memorandum: Matroosberg Mountain Catchment Area, Directorate of Forestry, Cape
Town.
Staff One professional, one technical, one first level supervisor and 20 labourers
Budget R60,000 per annum (including salaries)
Local Park or Reserve Administration The Regional Director, Directorate of Forestry, Private
Bag X9005, Cape Town, 8000.
Date August 1983
HOTTENTOTS HOLLAND MOUNTAIN CATCHMENT AREA
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.11.06 (Cape Sclerophyll)
Legal Protection Total; private land
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Date Established 1907. Government Notice 1163 of 1907, Government Notice 469 of 1979,
and Government Notice 2569 of 1979.
Geographical Location On boundary of Gordon’s Bay in Cape Province. 33°49’-34°23’S,
18°50°-19°12’E.
Altitude Sea level-1,589m (Victoria Peak)
Area 84,936ha; State Forest 42,835ha; private land 17,532ha.
Land Tenure 67,404ha (79%) Government, administered by the Directorate of Forestry,
Department of Environment Affairs, and 17,532ha (21%) privately owned, but managed in
terms of the Mountain Catchment Areas Act 63 of 1970.
Physical Features Features are dominated by sandstone mountains of the Cape folded belt
with very rocky terrain of narrow kloofs and steep cliffs. Tributaries of Eerste, Lourens,
Palmiet, Breede and Berg Rivers dissect the landscape. Soils are highly leached acid sands with
small pockets of sandy loams. Annual average temperature range minimum: 6°C, maximum:
19°C. Annual rainfall 600mm (sea level) to 3,500mm (mountain peaks), falling mainly in
winter (May-August).
Vegetation Coastal Macchia (Veld Type 47), Macchia (Veld Type 69) and False Macchia
(Veld Type 70). More than 99% of the area is dominated by mountain fynbos. Characteristic
families are Ericaceae, Restionaceae, and Proteaceae. Economically important species: various
Proteaceae, Ericaceae and Restionaceae, and other species which are harvested for the flower
trade. Endemic species: endemics which are numerous in the Cape floral kingdom are well
represented.
Fauna Mammals: grey rhebok Pelea capreolus, klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus,
grysbok Raphicerus melanotis, steenbok Raphicerus campestris, and chacma baboon Papio
ursinus, leopard Panthera pardus (T), Lesueur’s hairy bat Myotis lesueuri, Cape gerbil Tatera
afra, Cape spiny mouse Acomys subspinosus, Verreaux’s mouse Praomys verreauxii, spectacled
dormouse Graphiurus ocularis, and honey badger Mellivora capensis. Amphibians: ghost
frog Heleophryne rosei. Fish: Berg river redfin Barbus burgi (R), Birds: White stork Ciconia
ciconia, kori bustard Choriotis kori, black stork Ciconia nigra, Cape eagle owl Bubo capensis,
Victorin’s warbler Bradypterus victorini, African fish eagle Haliaeetus vocifer, peregrine
falcon Falco peregrinus, forest buzzard Buteo oreophilus, protea canary Serinus leucopterus, and
Cape vulture Gyps coprotheres (V).
Conservation Management A management plan exists for this area.
Zoning State Forest Nature Reserve
Disturbances or Deficiencies Proper control of wild fires lacking. Invasive plant species such
as Pinus pinaster, Hakea sericea, H. suaveolens, Acacia spp., Albizia spp., and Eucalyptus spp.,
which need to be controlled.
Visitor Facilities Facilities include the Boland Hiking Trail with five huts. Numbers: 4,428
per annum. Potential: undetermined.
Scientific Research Active research undertaken on hydrology and all aspects of ecology
Special Scientific Facilities None, but served by the Jonkershoek Forestry Research Station,
Stellenbosch.
Principal Reference Material
° Policy Memorandum: Hottentots Holland Mountain Catchment Area. Directorate of
Forestry, Cape Town.
Staff Two professional, four technical, six first level supervisors, and 100 labourers
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South Africa
Budget R350,000 per annum (including salaries)
Local Park or Reserve Administration The Regional Director, Directorate of Forestry, Private
Bag X9005, Cape Town, 8000.
Date August 1983
GROOT WINTERHOEK MOUNTAIN CATCHMENT AREA
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.11.06 (Cape Sclerophyll)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 1913. Government Notice 235 of 1913 and Government Notice 2121 of
1981.
Geographical Location 5km from Tulbagh in Cape Province. 32°35’-33°25’S, 18°55’-19°14’E.
Altitude 200-2,077m (Groot Winterhoek)
Area 81,188ha
Land Tenure 30,369ha (37%) Government, Department of Environment Affairs and 50,819ha
(63%) private, but managed in terms of the Mountain Catchment Areas Act 63 of 1970.
Physical Features The area is scenically beautiful with dominating sandstone mountains of
the Cape folded belt, which are very rocky with some steep cliffs and narrow kloofs.
Tributaries of the Berg and Olifants Rivers flow through the area. Soils are highly leached
acid sands with small pockets of sandy loams. Annual average temperature range minimum:
6°C, maximum: 19°C. Annual rainfall 400mm (valleys) to 2,000mm (high peaks), falling
mainly in winter (May-September).
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of Macchia (Veld Type 69), False Macchia (Veld Type
70), and Knysna Forest (Veld Type 4). The entire area can be classified as mountain fynbos
with the exception of small relict forest patches. Characteristic families are Ericaceae,
Restionaceae and Proteaceae. Economically important species: various Proteaceae, Ericaceae
and Restionaceae, and other species which are harvested for the flower trade. Endemic species:
endemics which are numerous in the Cape floral kingdom are well represented.
Fauna’ Rock hyrax Procavia capensis, grey rhebok Pelea capreolus, klipspringer Oreotragus
oreotragus, chacma baboon Papio ursinus, caracal Felis caracal, and grysbok Raphicerus
melanotis. Threatened mammals: leopard Panthera pardus (T), Cape gerbil Tatera afra, Cape
spiny mouse Acomys subspinosus, Verreaux’s mouse Praomys verreauxii, and _ spectacled
dormouse Graphiurus ocularis; amphibians: ghost frog Heleophryne rosei; reptiles: geometric
tortoise Psammobates geometricus (V) and armadillo lizard Cordylus cataphractus; fish:
Clanwilliam yellowfish Barbus capensis (R) and Clanwilliam redfin Barbus calidus (R); birds:
Victorin’s warbler Bradypterus victorini, peregrine falcon Falco peregrinus (V), forest
buzzard Buteo oreophilus, and protea canary Serinus leucopterus.
Conservation Management A management plan exists for this area.
Zoning State Forest (30,369ha), private land (50,819ha)
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Disturbances or Deficiencies Proper control of wild fires lacking. Invasive plant species such
as Pinus pinaster, P. radiata, Hakea sericea, Acacia mearnsii, and A. longifolia need to be
controlled.
Visitor Facilities Facilities are limited to access points and hiking trails. Numbers: 1,000 per
annum. Potential: undetermined.
Scientific Research Resource inventory and monitoring activities ongoing by management
and research staff.
Special Scientific Facilities None of site, but the area is served by the Jonkershoek Forestry
Research Station, Stellenbosch.
Principal Reference Material
° Policy Memorandum: Groot Winterhoek Mountain Catchment Area. Directorate of Forestry,
Cape Town
Staff One professional, one technical, one first level supervisor, and 20 labourers
Budget R186,250 per annum (including salaries)
Local Park or Reserve Administration The Regional Director, Directorate of Forestry, Private
Bag X9005, Cape Town, 8000.
Date August 1983
LANGEBERG WEST MOUNTAIN CATCHMENT AREA
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.11.6 (Cape Sclerophyll)
Legal Protection 19% Government owned and 81% private land
Date Established 1914. Government Notice 196 of 1914, Government Notice 2418 of 1979,
and Government Notice 242 of 1981.
Geographical Location 0.5km from Montagu in Cape Province. 33°35’-34°01’S,
19°39°-20°44’E.
Altitude 122-1,710m (Misty Point)
Area 77,096ha
Land Tenure 14,688ha Government. Administered by the Directorate of Forestry,
Department of Environment Affairs and 62,408ha private, but managed in terms of the
Mountain Catchment Areas Act 63 of 1970.
Physical Features The area is scenically beautiful and dominated by sandstone mountains of
the Cape folded belt with very rocky terrain, narrow kloofs, steep cliffs, and the tributaries of
the Breede River. Soils are highly leached acid sands with small pockets of sandy loams.
Annual average temperature range minimum: 6°C, maximum: 19°C. Annual rainfall 130mm
(foothills) to 2,500mm (high mountain peaks), falling all year round in the eastern parts and
winter rainfall in the western parts.
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South Africa
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of Macchia (Veld Type 69), False Macchia (Veld Type
70), Knysna Forest (Veld Type 4), Coastal Renosterbosveld (Veld Type 46), Mountain
Renosterbosveld (Veld Type 43) and Karroid Broken Veld (Veld Type 26). The most western
occurrence of relatively large remnants of indigenous evergreen forest with more than 90% of
the area is dominated by mountain fynbos. Characteristic families are Ericaceae, Restionaceae,
and Proteaceae. Economically important species: various Proteaceae, Ericaceae and
Restionaceae and others which are harvested for the flower trade. Endemic species: endemics
which are numerous in the Cape floral kingdom are well represented.
Fauna Caracal Felis caracal, klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus, grysbok Raphicerus
melanolis, grey rhebok Pelea capreolus, and chacma baboon Papio ursinus. Threatened
mammals: leopard Panthera pardus (V); reptiles: geometric tortoise Psammobates geometricus
(V), Cape mountain lizard Lacerta australis and Fisk’s house snake Lamprophis fiskii; fish:
Burchell’s redfin Barbus burchelli (R); birds: Booted eagle Hieraaetus pennatus, protea
canary Serinus leucopterus, peregrine falcon Falco peregrinus (V), martial eagle Polemaetus
bellicosus, Cape vulture Gyps coprotheres (V), forest buzzard Buteo oreophilus, Cape eagle
owl Bubo capensis, and Victorin’s warbler Bradypterus victorini.
Conservation Management A management plan exists for this area. Certain areas are
intensively harvested for flowers.
Zoning State Forest (3,259ha); State Forest Nature Reserve; (11,429ha) and private land
(62,408ha)
Disturbances or Deficiencies The proper control of wild fires is lacking. Invasive plant
species such as Hakea sericea and Pinus species occur on slopes and Acacia mearnsii and Acacia
longifolia along water courses, and need to be controlled. There is limited grazing.
Visitor Facilities Facilities include the Swellendam Hiking Trail with six huts. Numbers:
1,722 per annum. Potential: undetermined.
Scientific Research Resource inventory and monitoring activities is ongoing by management
and research staff.
Special Scientific Facilities None on site, but served by the Jonkershoek Forestry Research
Station, Stellenbosch
Principal Reference Material
° Policy, Memorandum: Langeberg West Mountain Catchment Area. Directorate of Forestry,
Cape Town.
Staff One professional, one technical, one first level supervisors, and 20 labourers
Budget R100,000 per annum (including salaries)
Local Park or Reserve Administration The Regional Director, Directorate of Forestry, Private
Bag X9005, Cape Town, 8000.
Date August 1983
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LANGEBERG EAST MOUNTAIN CATCHMENT AREA
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.11.06 (Cape Sclerophyll), 3.22.12 (South African Highlands) and
3.17.07 (Karoo)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 1896. Government Notice 459 of 1896, Government Notice 112 of 1978,
and Government Notice 2121 of 1981.
Geographical Location 10km from Riversdal in Cape Province. 34°44’-34°02’S,
20°37’-21°41’E.
Altitude 61-1,637m (Lemoenshoek Peak, Grootberg)
Area 71,300ha
Land Tenure 30,369ha (43%) State, administered by the Directorate of Forestry, Department
of Environment Affairs and 40,93lha (57%) private, but managed in terms of the Mountain
Catchment Areas Act 63 of 1970.
Physical Features Features are dominated by sandstone mountains of the Cape folded belt
with a very rocky terrain that has narrow narrow kloofs and steep cliffs derived from
sandstone and quartzites of the Table Mountain Group, also from shales of the same group and
of the Bokkeveld Series. Tributaries of the Gouritz and Breede Rivers pass through the area.
Annual average temperature range minimum: 11°C, maximum: 24°C. Annual rainfall 130mm
(foothills) to 2,500mm (high mountain peaks), falling mainly in all year round.
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of Knysna Forest (Veld Type 4), Karroid Broken Veld
(Veld Type 26), Coastal Rhenosterbosveld (Veld Type 46), Valley Bushveld (Veld Type 23),
Mountain Rhenosterbosveld (Veld Type 43), Macchia (Veld Type 69), and False Macchia (Veld
Type 70). More than 90% of the area is dominated by mountain fynbos. Characteristic
families are Ericaceae, Restionaceae and Proteaceae. Economically important species: various
Proteaceae, Ericaceae, Restionaceae, and other species which are harvested for the flower
trade. Endemic species: endemics which are numerous in the Cape floral kingdom are well
represented.
Fauna Mammal species include grey rhebok Pelea capreolus, bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus,
caracal Felis caracal, klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus, chacma baboon Papio ursinus and
grysbok Raphicerus melanotis. Threatened species: Mammals: leopard Panthera pardus (T);
reptiles: armadillo lizard Cordylus cataphractus; fish: small-scale redfin Barbus asper (V),
Burchell’s redfin Barbus burchelli (R) and slender redfin Barbus tenuis (R); birds: protea
canary Serinus leucopterus, Cape vulture Gyps coprotheres (V) peregrine falcon Falco
peregrinus, forest buzzard Buteo oreophilus, Knysna warbler Bradypterus sylvaticus and
Victorin’s warbler Bradypterus victorini.
Conservation Management A management plan exists for this area.
Zoning State Forest Wilderness Area (14,200ha)
Disturbances or Deficiencies Proper control of wild fires lacking. Invasive plant species such
as Hakea sericea and Pinus species on slopes and Acacia mearnsii, and A. longifolia along water
courses need to be controlled.
Visitor Facilities Pristine wilderness. Facilities are limited to access points and hiking trails.
Numbers: 700 per annum. Potential: unknown.
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South Africa
Scientific Research A resource inventory and monitoring activities are ongoing by
management and research staff.
Special Scientific Facilities There are none on site, but the area is served by the Jonkershoek
Forestry Research Station, Stellenbosch.
Principal Reference Material
° Policy Memorandum: Groot winterhoek Mountain Catchment Area. Directorate of Forestry,
Cape Town
Staff One professional, two technical, two first level supervisors, and 40 labourers
Budget R61,000 per annum (including salaries)
Local Park or Reserve Administration The Regional Director, Directorate of Forestry, Private
Bag X9005, Cape Town, 8000.
Date August 1983
RIVIERSONDEREND MOUNTAIN CATCHMENT AREA
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.11.06 (Cape Sclerophyll)
Legal Protection 38% Government-owned and 62% private land
Date Established 1900. Government Notice 285 of 1900 and Government Notice 2121 of
1981.
Geographical Location On boundary from Greyton in Cape Province. 33°52’-34°07’S,
19°17’-20°05S’E
Altitude 200-1,654m (Pilaarkop)
Area 69,453ha. Contains the Greyton Nature Reserve (2,220ha).
Land Tenure 26,416ha Government, administered by the Directorate of Forestry, Department
of Environment Affairs, and 43,037ha private, but managed in terms of the Mountain
Catchment Areas Act 63 of 1970.
Physical Features The terrain is dominated by sandstone mountains of the Cape folded belt; it
is very rocky with narrow kloofs and steep cliffs. Scenically beautiful. Tributaries of the
Breede River flow through the reserve. Soils are highly leached acid sands with small pockets
of sandy loams. Very rocky. Annual average temperature range minimum: 6°C, maximum:
19°C. Annual rainfall 300-2,000mm, falling mainly in winter (April-September).
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of the Karroid Broken Veld (Veld type 26), Macchia
(Veld Type 69), False Macchia (Veld Type 70) and Coastal Renosterbosveld (Veld Type 46).
Most of the area is dominated by mountain fynbos. Characteristic families are Ericaceae,
Restionaceae and Proteaceae. Economically important species: various Proteaceae, Ericaceae
and Restionaceae and other species which are harvested for the flower trade. Endemic species:
Endemics, which are numerous in the Cape floral kingdom, are well represented.
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Fauna Grey rhebok Pelea capreolus, klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus, caracal Felis caracal,
chacma baboon Papio ursinus and grysbok Raphicerus melanotis. Threatened mammals:
leopard Panthera pardus (T); Burchell’s redfin Barbus burchelli (R); birds: Booted
eagle Hieraaetus pennatus, Cape vulture Gyps coprotheres (V), peregrine falcon Falco
peregrinus (V), martial eagle Polemaetus bellicosus, forest buzzard Buteo oreophilus, Cape eagle
owl Bubo capensis, Victorin’s warbler Bradypterus victorini, and protea canary Serinus
leucopterus.
Conservation Management A management plan exists for this area.
Zoning State Forest 26,416ha, private land 43,037ha
Disturbances or Deficiencies Proper control of wild fires is lacking. Invasive species such
as Hakea sericea, H. gibbosa, Acacia saligna, A. longifolia, and A. mearnsii need to be
controlled.
Visitor Facilities No facilities; visitors use management footpaths. Numbers: around 300 per
annum. Potential: undetermined.
Scientific Research Resource inventory and monitoring activities ongoing by management
and research staff.
Special Scientific Facilities None on site, but the area is served by the Jonkershoek Forestry
Research Station, Stellenbosch.
Principal Reference Material
° Policy memorandum: Riviersonderend Mountain Catchment Area. Directorate of Forestry,
Cape Town.
Staff One professional, one technical, two first level supervisors, and 35 labourers
Budget R220,000 per annum (including salaries)
Local Park or Reserve Administration The Regional Director, Directorate of Forestry, Private
Bag X9005, Cape Town, 8000.
Date August 1983
WALKER BAY STATE FOREST
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.11.06 (Cape Sclerophyll)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 1895. Government Notice 525 of 1895
Geographical Location On the boundary from Hermanus in Cape Province. 34°23’-34°48’S,
19°17°-19°44’E.
Altitude 0-40m
Area 7,118ha
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South Africa
Land Tenure Government. Administered by the Directorate of Forestry, Department of
Environment Affairs.
Physical Features The area comprises low sand dunes, partly covered with vegetation and
partly open drift sands and undeveloped coastline. It borders on the estuaries of the Klein and
Uitenkraal Rivers. Soils are pure white, calcareous drift sands with a very low nutrient
content. Annual average temperature range minimum: 12°C, maximum: 22°C. Annual rainfall
450-700mm, falling mainly in winter (May-September).
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of Coastal Macchia (Veld Type 47). Characteristic
families are Ericaceae, Restionaceae, and Proteaceae. Economically important species: none.
Endemic species: endemics which are numerous in the Cape floral kingdom are well
represented.
Fauna Common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia, steenbok Raphicerus campestris,
bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, caracal Felis caracal and grysbok Raphicerus melanotis.
Threatened species: none.
Conservation Management A management plan exists for this area.
Zoning No zoning, all State Forest
Disturbances or Deficiencies Control of Acacia cyclops. Control of four-wheel drive
recreational vehicles entering the area illegally. Control of drift sands. The area is very
sensitive to wind erosion if the vegetation is disturbed.
Visitor Facilities There is no provision for visitors. Numbers: nil. Potential: undetermined.
Scientific Research Drift sand reclamation experiments are undertaken
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
° Walsh, B.N. (1968). Some notes on the incidence and control of drift sands along the
Caledon, Bredasdorp and Riversdale coastline of South Africa. Bulletin 44, Department of
Forestry, Government Printer, Pretoria.
° Policy Memorandum: Walker Bay State Forest. Directorate of Forestry, Cape Town.
Staff Two professionals, one technical, two first level supervisors, and 20 labourers
Budget R165,000 per annum (including salaries)
Local Park or Reserve Administration The Regional Director, Directorate of Forestry, Private
Bag X9005, Cape Town, 8000.
Date August 1983
SANDVELD STATE FOREST
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.11.06 (Cape Sclerophyll)
Legal Protection Total
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Date Established 1966. Government Notice 2753 of 1979.
Geographical Location On the boundary from Ysterfontein in Cape _ Province.
32°13’-33°20°S, 18°05’-18°25’E.
Altitude 0-20m
Area 3,624ha
Land Tenure Government. Administered by the Directorate of Forestry, Department of
Environment Affairs.
Physical Features Features include low sand dunes, partly covered with vegetation, and partly
open drift sands. Soils are comprised of white calcareous drift sands with a very low nutrient
content. Annual average temperature range minimum: 12.5°C, maximum: 21.5°C. Annual
rainfall 360mm, falling mainly in winter (May-September).
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of Coastal Macchia (Veld Type 47). Characteristic
species are ericoid low evergreen shrubs, restioid reeds, and proteoid medium to tall shrubs
with broad leathery leaves. Economically important species: none. Endemic species: endemics,
which are numerous in the Cape floral kingdom are well represented.
Fauna Common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia, steenbok Raphicerus campestris,
grysbok Raphicerus melanotis, and ostrich Struthio camelus. Threatened species: none.
Conservation Management A management plan exists for this area.
Zoning No zoning, all State Forest
Disturbances or Deficiencies Control of drift sands. Control of four-wheel drive recreational
vehicles entering the area illegally.
Visitor Facilities There is no provision for visitors. Numbers: nil. Potential: unknown.
Scientific Research Drift-sand reclamation experiments are undertaken
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
° Policy Memorandum for drift sand reclamation at Ysterfontein and Elandsbaai. Directorate
of Forestry, Cape Town.
Staff One professional, one technical, two first level supervisors, and 33 labourers
Budget R169,180 per annum (including salaries)
Local Park or Reserve Administration The Regional Director, Directorate of Forestry, Private
Bag X9005, Cape Town, 8000.
Date August 1983
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South Africa
GROOT SWARTBERG/SWARTBERG EAST MOUNTAIN CATCHMENT AREA
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.11.06 (Cape Sclerophyll)
Legal Protection 81.8% Government. 18.2% private.
Date Established 1912. Government Notice 334 of 1912 and Government Notice 1938 of
1978.
Geographical Location 8km from Prince Alfred in Cape Province. 33°16°-33°28'S,
21°38’-23°19°E.
Altitude 650-2,085m (Blesberg)
Area 121,002ha
Land Tenure 99,010ha (81.8%) Government administered by the Directorate of Forestry,
Department of Environment Affairs and 21,992ha (18.2%) private, but managed in terms of the
Mountain Catchment Areas Act 63 of 1970.
Physical Features The basic structure of the mountains comprises oval domes, formed by
strong north-south orientated pressure, which folded the rocks of Cape Super Group with the
Meirings and Gamkaspoorte river canyons. The most outstanding features of the reserve are
the tributaries of the Olifants River. The soils are predominantly shallow, rocky, poorly
developed, sandy soils overlying rock. Generally, they are structureless, acid and have a low
base saturation. Annual average temperature range minimum: 5-15°C, maximum: 18-30°C.
Annual rainfall Groot Swartberg 572 mm; Swartberg East 480mm, falling all year round.
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of Karroid Broken Veld (Veld Type 26), Spekboomveld
(Veld Type 25), Mountain Rhenosterbosveld (Veld Type 43) and False Macchia (Veld Type
70). Approximately 80% of the area is covered by fynbos communities, while Karoo
communities occur over the remaining area. Fynbos communities are dominated by Protea
shrublands, and Karoo communities by a heterogeneous mosaic of medium to sparse shrublands
(high number of succulents), and renosterbosveld. Economically important species: honey
tea Cyclopia spp., and flowers for the floral trade on a limited scale. Endemic species: Protea
venusta, P. montana, and Leucadendron dreget.
Fauna’ The typical large mammal spectrum of the southern Cape mountains occurs here
including: common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia, steenbok Raphicerus campestris, and
grysbok Raphicerus melanotis. The vervet monkey Cercopithecus aethiops occurs in wooded
kloofs on the Swartberg East. Population densities: klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus,
(0.49/sq.km) and grey rhebok Pelea capreolus (0.75/sq.km, but 4.6/sq.km after a fire). Key
species are pollinators belonging to the families Nectariniidae (Nectarinia spp.) and
Promeropidae (Cape sugar bird Promerops cafer) and seed dispersers (ant species). Threatened
mammals: Cape spiny mouse Acomtys subspinosus, Verreaux’s mouse Praomys verreauxii,
spectacled dormouse Graphiurus ocularis, leopard Panthera pardus (T) and _ honey
badger Mellivora capensis; birds: booted eagle Hieraaetus pennatus, martial eagle Polemaetus
bellicosus, Cape eagle owl Bubo capensis, Victorin’s warbler Bradypterus victorini and protea
canary Serinus leucopterus; fish: slender redfin.
Conservation Management Actively managed for water and nature conservation
Zoning Demarcated State Forest, (99,010ha); private land proclaimed; and Mountain
Catchment Area (21,992ha).
Disturbances or Deficiencies Very limited grazing on private land
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Visitor Facilities None
Scientific Research Resource inventory and monitoring activities ongoing by regional
management and research staff.
Special Scientific Facilities None on site, but the area .is served by Saasveld Forestry
Research Station, George.
Principal Reference Material
° Seydack, A.H.W. and Horne, I.P. (1980). Bestuursplan Swartberg-Oos. Directorate of
Forestry, Knysna. Unpublished.
° Seydack, A.H.W., Horne, I.P. and Gehrmann, R. (1982). Bestuursplan Groot-Swartberg.
Directorate of Forestry, Knysna. Unpublished.
Staff Resident forester, assistant resident forester, two first level supervisors, and 50
labourers at Swartberg State Forest. The area is the responsibility of the District Forest Officer
in Knysna.
Budget R340,000 per annum, jointly for this area and for a portion of the Outeniqua
Mountain Catchment Area (including salaries).
Local Park or Reserve Administration Regional Director, Directorate of Forestry, Private Bag
X12, Knysna, 6570.
Date July 1983
OUTENIQUA MOUNTAIN CATCHMENT AREA
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.11.06 (Cape Sclerophyll)
Legal Protection 14% Government-owned and 86% private land
Date Established 1936. Government Notice 294 of 1936 and private land pending declaration
under the Mountain Catchment Areas Act 63 of 1970.
Geographical Location 10km from George in Cape Province. 33°46’-33°55’S, 21°39’-23°26’E.
Altitude 400-1,521m (Engelseberg)
Area 158,515ha (see also point 14 below)
Land Tenure 72,761ha Government. Administered by the Directorate of Forestry,
Department of Environment Affairs and 85,754ha private, but to be administered in terms of
the Mountain Catchment Areas Act 63 of 1970.
Physical Features The Outeniqua Mountains are formed by a series of anticlines and synclines
forming mountains and valleys of decreasing elevation extending to the Karoo. Gouritz and
Keurbooms Rivers and tributaries of the Kammanassie River flow through the area. Derived
from sandstones and quartzites of the Table Mountain Group, soils are moderately deep, rocky,
loamy sands overlying hard rock or saprolite, and are very acidic. Annual average temperature
range minimum: 8-15°C, maximum: 19-21°C. Annual rainfall 860 mm, ranging from 1,100mm
on high peaks to 400mm on northern foothills, falling mainly all year round.
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South Africa
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of Gouritz River Scrub variation of Valley Bushveld
(Veld Type 23), Mountain Renosterbosveld (Veld Type 43), and False Macchia (Veld Type
70). Gouritz River Scrub is an extremely dense, semi-succulent, thorny scrub, about 2m tall.
Rhenosterbos veld is a shrubland dominated by Elytropappus rhinocerotis (renosterbos). Most
of the area is covered by proteoid shrublands, heathlands and_ restiod-shrublands.
Economically important plant species: various Proteaceae are harvested for the florist trade on a
small scale. Endemic species: a good representation of endemics which are numerous in the
Cape floral kingdom.
Fauna The typical mammal spectrum of the southern Cape mountains occurs here and
includes: klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus, grey rhebok Pelea capreolus, common
duiker Sylvicapra grimmia, steenbok Raphicerus campestris, and grysbok Raphicerus
melanotis. Key species are pollinators belonging to the families Nectariniidae (Nectarinia spp)
and Promeropidae (Cape sugarbird Promerops cafer) and seed dispersers (ant species).
Threatened mammals: Verreaux’s mouse Praomys verreauxii, Cape spiny mouse Acomys
subs pinosus, honey badger Mellivora capensis and leopard Panthera pardus (T); birds: Victorin’s
warbler Bradypterus victorini and protea canary Serinus leucopterus; fishes: eastern cape
redfin Barbus afer (R), small redfin Barbus asper (V) and Burchell’s redfin Barbus burchelli (R).
Conservation Management No management plan. Prescriptions for the eradication of invasive
weed species are contained in the annual plans of operation for State land.
Zoning Demarcated State Forest, (13,409ha), undemarcated State Forest, and (34l1ha),
proposed Mountain Catchment Area, (85,754ha)
Disturbances or Deficiencies The invasive alien species Pinus pinaster and Hakea sericea
cover large areas of the Outeniqua Mountains. Burning and grazing of veld is carried out on
private land.
Visitor Facilities None. Numbers: nil. Potential: unknown
Scientific Research Resource inventory and monitoring activities ongoing by regional
management and research staff
Special Scientific Facilities None on site, but the area is served by Saasveld Forestry
Research Station, George
Principal Reference Material
°* Bond, W. (1981). Vegetation gradients in Southern Cape Mountains. M.Sc. Thesis,
University of Cape Town.
° Southwood, A.J. (1983). Policy Memorandum, Outeniqua Catchment Area. Directorate of
Forestry, Knysna. Unpublished.
Staff Swartberg, two resident foresters, two first level supervisors, and 53 labourers.
Towerkop, one resident forester, two first level supervisors, and 50 labourers. The area is the
responsibility of the District Forest Officer in Knysna.
Budget R276,000 per annum, jointly for this area and the Kammanassie Mountain Catchment
Area (including salaries).
Local Park or Reserve Administration Regional Director, Directorate of Forestry, Private Bag
X12, Knysna, 6570.
Date July 1983
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
ANYSBERG/KLEIN SWARTBERG MOUNTAIN CATCHMENT AREA
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.11.06 (Cape Sclerophyll)
Legal Protection 40.7% Government-owned and 59.3% private land
Date Established 1912. Government Notice 334 of 1912 and Government Notice 1938 of
1979.
Geographical Location 3km from Ladismith in Cape Province. 33°19°-33°28’S,
20°52’-21°38’E; Anysberg MCA, 33°29’-33°32’S, 20°32’-20°45’E.
Altitude 670-2,325m (Seweweekspoortpiek)
Area 58,785ha
Land Tenure 23,010ha Government. Administered by the Directorate of Forestry,
Department of Environment Affairs and 35,775ha private, but managed in terms of the
Mountain Catchment Areas Act 63 of 1970.
Physical Features This area is located in the drainage system of the Gouritz River and
comprises Ooal, dome-shaped, asymmetrical folded mountains with Towerkop, a _ high
mountain peak. Soils are derived from sandstones and quartzites of the Table Mountain Group
and are shallow, rocky, poorly developed sandy loams, leached and acid. Annual average
temperature range minimum: 5-15°C, maximum: 18-32°C. Annual rainfall 654mm (Klein
Swartberg) and 370mm (Anysberg), falling all year round.
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of Mountain Rhenosterbosveld (Veld Type 43), Karroid
Broken Veld (Veld Type 26), Spekboomveld (Veld Type 25), and False Macchia (Veld Type
70). Two major communities can be identified: fynbos and Karoo communities. Karoo
communities are located on rocky, lower southern and northern foothills. A complex mosaic of
small trees, shrubs and succulents is characteristic. The remainder of the mountains is covered
by fynbos, dominated by Protea spp., Erica spp., and Restio spp.. Economically important
species: flowers, especially Protea spp., are picked for the florist trade. Honey tea
(Cyclopia spp.,) is harvested on a limited scale. Endemic species: local speciation has occurred
in the area and a number of endemic species are present, namely, Protea pruinosa
and Leucospermum secundifolium.
Fauna Mammals: baboon chacma Papio ursinus, steenbok Raphicerus campestris, common
duiker Sylvicapra grimmia, klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus, grysbok Raphicerus melanotis,
and grey rhebok Pelea capreolus. Key species: pollinators belonging to the families
Nectariniidae (Nectarinia spp.), Promeropidae (Cape sugar bird Promerops cafer) and seed
dispersers (ant species). Threatened mammals: Cape spiny mouse Acomys subspinosus,
Verreaux’s mouse Praomys verreauxii, spectacled dormouse Graphiurus ocularis,
leopard Panthera pardus (T) and honey badger Mellivora capensis; fish: slender redfin Barbus
tenuis (R); birds: booted eagle Hieraaetus pennatus, martial eagle Polemaetus bellicosus, Cape
eagle owl Bubo capensis, Victorin’s warbler Bradypterus victorini, protea canary Serinus
leucopterus.
Conservation Management There is a management plan for the area and it is actively
managed for water and nature conservation.
Zoning Demarcated State Forest (23,010ha); private land proclaimed a Mountain Catchment
Area (35,77Sha)
Disturbances or Deficiencies Sporadic emergency grazing with large and small stock
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South Africa
Visitor Facilities None. Numbers: nil. Potential: unknown
Scientific Research Resource inventory and monitoring activities ongoing by regional
management and research staff
Special Scientific Facilities None, but the area is served by Saasveld Forest Research Station,
George.
Principal Reference Material
° Seydack, A.H.W., Horne, I.P. and Gehrmann, R. (1981). Bestuursplan,
Klein-Swartberg/Anysberg. Directorate of Forestry, Knysna. Unpublished.
° Seydack, A.H.W. and Odendaal, P.B. (1980). Beleidsmemorandum Anysberg,
Klein-Swartberg, Groot-Swartberg, Swartberg-Oos. Department of Environment Affairs,
Knysna. Unpublished.
Staff Two resident foresters at Towerkop State Forest Station, one first level supervisor, and
41 labourers. The area is the responsibility of the District Forest Officer at Knysna.
Budget R258,000 per annum jointly for this area and the Rooiberg Mountain Catchment Area
(including salaries).
Local Park or Reserve Administration Regional Director, Directorate of Forestry, Private Bag
X12, Knysna, 6570.
Date July 1983
KAMMANASSIE MOUNTAIN CATCHMENT AREA
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.11.06 (Cape Sclerophyll)
Legal Protection 47% Government-owned and 53% private land
Date Established 1923. Government Notice 1531 of 1923 and Government Notice 1938 of
1978.
Geographical Location 8km from Uniondale in Cape Province. 33°34’-33°41°S,
22°27°-23°01’E.
Altitude 700-1,965m (Mannetjiesberg)
Area 45,508ha
Land Tenure 22,464ha Government. Administered by the Directorate of Forestry,
Department of Environment Affairs, and 23,044ha privately owned, but administered in terms
of the Mountain Catchment Areas Act 63 of 1970.
Physical Features The area is located in the Cape folded belt, and is structurally a long, oval
dome, asymmetrical with steep southern slopes, in the drainage region of the Olifants and
Kammanassie Rivers. Soils are derived from sandstones and quartzites of the Table Mountain
Group; shallow, infertile, acid, minimal B-horizon development, and low water retention
capacity (lithosols). Annual average temperature range minimum: 5-15°C, maximum:
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
18-32°C. Annual rainfall 276mm-815mm, increasing with increasing altitude, falling mainly
in late summer, autumn, and spring.
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of Mountain Rhenosterbosveld (Veld Type 43) and False
Macchia (Veld Type 70). Valley thicket occurs on foothills and in large valleys: a mosaic
of Acacia karroo, Olea africana, other trees or tall shrubs, dense thicket, and shrubveld. The
remainder of the mountain is predominantly covered by Protea shrublands and knee height
shrub-restio-grassveld. Economically important species: various Protea species harvested for
the florist trade.
Fauna’ The typical mammal spectrum of the southern Cape mountains occurs here. Two
breeding herds of five and three animals each and also one stallion and one more of the rare
Cape mountain zebra Equus zebra zebra (T) occur in the area. Population densities:
klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus (1,41 per sq.km), and grey rhebok Pelea capreolus (1 per
sq.km). Key species are pollinators belonging to the families Nectariniidae (Nectarinia spp.),
Promeropidae (Cape sugarbird Promerops cafer), and seed dispersers (ant species). Threatened
species: Cape mountain zebra Equus zebra zebra (T), Cape spiny mouse Acomys subspinosus,
Verreaux’s mouse Praomys_ verreauxii, spectacled dormouse Graphiurus ocularis,
leopard Panthera pardus (T) and honey badger Mellivora capensis; Victorin’s
warbler Bradypterus victorini and protea canary Serinus leucopterus.
Conservation Management A management plan exists, and the area is actively managed for
fire control and watershed protection.
Zoning Demarcated State Forest 17,66lha, undemarcated State Forest 4,803ha, and Mountain
Catchment Area 23,044ha
Disturbances or Deficiencies Burning and grazing veld on private land
Visitor Facilities None
Scientific Research Resource inventory and monitoring activities ongoing by regional
management and research staff
Special Scientific Facilities None on site, but the area is served by Saasveld Forestry
Research Station, George.
Principal Reference Material
° QOdendaal, P.B., Horne, I.P. and Barnard, W.H. (1979). Beleidsmemorandum, Kammanassie
Bergopvanggebied. Directorate of Forestry, Knysna. Unpublished.
° Southwood, A.J. (1983). Bestuursplan, Kammanassie Bergopvanggebied. Directorate of
Foresetry, Knysna. Unpublished.
Staff Resident forester and staff at Swartberg State Forest. Two first level supervisors and 53
labourers. The area is the responsibility of the District Forest Officer at Knysna.
Budget R276,000 per annum, jointly for this area and the Outeniqua Mountain Catchment
Area (including salaries)
Local Park or Reserve Administration Regional Director, Directorate of Forestry, Privare Bag
X12, Knysna, 6570.
Date July 1983
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South Africa
KNYSNA INDIGENOUS FORESTS
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.11.06 (Cape Sclerophyll)
Legal Protection 62% Government-owned and 38% private land
Date Established 1894. Government Notice 1049 of 1894, Government Notice 316 of 1900
and Government Notice 714 of 1901.
Geographical Location 10km from Knysna in Cape _ Province. 33°46’-34°06’S,
22°01’-23°24’E.
Altitude Sea level-1,000m (Spitskop Peak, Outeniqua Mountains)
Area 44,230ha
Land Tenure 27,388ha Government. Administered by the Directorate of Forestry,
Department of Environment Affairs and 16,842ha private.
Physical Features Severe north-south orientated compressive stresses produced the Cape Fold
Belt with the resistant strata forming the prominent Outeniqua Mountain Range running from
east to west. Outstanding features of the area are the southern Cape coastal lakes. Kaaiman
and Touws River and many others flow through the area. Quartzite and sandstones of the
Table Mountain Group have weathered from light textured, leached, acid sandy loams to sandy
clayey loams. The shales have generally weathered deeply. Several superficial deposits have
been laid down on the plateau area such as clay deposits, dune sands, fluvial washes, ferricrete,
stonelines, talus beds, and loess. Annual average temperature range minimum: 11°C,
maximum: 20°C. Annual rainfall 650mm at coast to 1,200mm towards the mountains. Falling
all year round with peaks in February/March and August to October.
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of Knysna Forest (Veld Type 4). Sites are generally
ecologically complex and the following six forest types are approximate, artificial groupings of
sites with similar features: (i) Very dry Scrub-Forest occurs on shallow soils and on hot, dry
aspects with thorny shrubs such as Maylenus heterophylla, Carissa bispinosa, Scutia myrtina,
and Dovyalis rhamnoides. (ii) Dry High-Forest occurs on well-drained or shallow soils with
warm aspects and especially on steep slopes, with Cassine peragua, Rhus chirindensis, Maytenus
acuminata, and Canthium inerme. (iii) Medium- moist High-Forest occurs on a _ generally
poorly drained soils, with Olea capensis ssp. macrocarpa, Podocarpus latifolius and P. falcatus,
Pterocelastrus tricuspidatus, and Apodytes dimidiata. (iv) Moist High-Forest occurs on moist,
deep loamy soils on southerly aspects with Ocotea bullata, Maytenus peduncularis, Ilex mitis,
and Platylophus trifoliatus. (v) Wet High-Forest occurs on cooler aspects with wet soils, often
shallow, but with relatively good drainage where Cunonia capensis and Ocotea bullata form a
main canopy. (vi) Very wet Scrub-Forest occurs on steep, wet slopes with shallow soils
where Cunonia capensis is the dominant species, while Ocotea bullata, Podocarpus latifolius
and Virgilia oroboides also occur. Economically important species: various species are
harvested for the furniture trade, the most important being Ocotea bullata, Podocarpus
latifolius, P. falcatus, Platylophus trifoliatus, Rapanea melanophloeos, and Olinia
ventosa. Rumohra adiantiformis is harvested for the florist trade. Endemic species: Strelitzia
alba occurs between Knysna and Humansdorp, especially in the Grootrivier Pass.
Fauna The estimated three remaining Knysna elephants Loxodonta africana (T). Other
conspicuous large mammals include: bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, bushpig Potamochoerus
porcus, chacma baboon Papio ursinus, and caracal Felis caracal. Threatened mammals:
leopard Panthera pardus (T), honey badger Mellivora capensis, blue duiker Cephalophus
monticola, and lesser woolly bat Kerivoula lanosa; amphibians: Arum lily frog Hyperolius
horstockii; birds: Cape eagle owl Bubo capensis, Knysna warbler Bradypterus sylvaticus, and
Victorin’s warbler B. victorini.
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Conservation Management A management plan exists but is presently under revision.
Zoning Undemarcated State Forest (466ha); demarcated State Forest (26,922ha); private land
(16,842ha)
Disturbances or Deficiencies Indigenous forest vegetation is threatened primarily by
invasive Acacia melanoxylon and, to a limited extent, by A. mearnsii which occurs mainly in
the river courses.
Visitor Facilities Facilities include the Outeniqua Hiking Trail and various day walks.
Numbers: hiking trail (visitor nights) 10,000 a year. Potential: day walks 4,400 visitors a year,
fishing 330 visitors a year, hiking trail 97,200 visitor-nights a year. Data for day walks and
numbers of visitors picnicking a year at the many picnic sites are not complete.
Scientific Research Resource inventory and monitoring activities ongoing by regional
management and research staff
Special Scientific Facilities Saasveld Forestry Research Station, George is situated within the
area
Principal Reference Material
° Phillips, J.F.V. (1931). Forest succession and ecology in the Knysna region. Government
Printer, Pretoria.
° Von, Breitenbach F. (1974). Southern Cape Forests and Trees. Government Printer,
Pretoria.
Staff Nineteen resident foresters and ten labourers. The area is the responsibility of three
District Forest Officers at Knysna.
Budget R345,000 per annum (including salaries)
Local Park or Reserve Administration Regional Director, Directorate of Forestry, Private Bag
X12, Knysna, 6570.
Date August 1983
ROOIBERG MOUNTAIN CATCHMENT AREA
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.11.06 (Cape Sclerophyll), 3.22.12 (South African highlands),
3.17.07 (Karoo)
Legal Protection 51% Government-owned and 49% private land
Date Established 1934. Government Notice 289 of 1934 and Government Notice 1938 of
1978.
Geographical Location 15km from Ladismith in Cape Province. 33°35’-33°43’S,
21°20°-21°40°E.
Altitude 600-1,490m (Trigonometrical Beacon number 54)
Area 25,344ha (see also point 14 below)
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South Africa
Land Tenure 12,928ha Government. Administered by the Directorate of Forestry,
Department of Environment Affairs and 12,416ha privately owned, but managed in terms of
the Mountain Catchment Areas Act 63 of 1970.
Physical Features Extensively folded mountains dominate the area. The reserve falls in the
catchment area of the Groot and Gamka Rivers. Derived from sandstones and quartzites of the
Table Mountain Group, dominant soils are shallow and sandy, with minimal B_ horizon
development (lithosols). Annual average temperature range minimum: 5-15°C, maximum:
18-32°C. Annual rainfall 200mm, increasing to 500mm with altitude falling all year round.
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of Mountain Rhenosterbosveld (Veld Type 43), Karroid
Broken Veld (Veld Type 26), and False Macchia (Veld Type 70). Fynbos is characterised by
sclerophyllous and small-leaved shrubs of the Ericaceae, Rutaceae, etc., relatively broad-leaved
proteoid shrubs (mostly Proteaceae), and sclerophyllous cylindrical or tufted or rhizomatous
herbs, mostly Restionaceae. Karroid vegetation is characterised by narrow-leaved shrubs,
succulents and small clumps of evergreen trees. Economically important species: honey tea
(Cyclopia spp.) is harvested on a limited scale. Endemic species: Paranomus roodebergensis is
endemic to this mountain range.
Fauna The typical large mammal spectrum of the southern Cape mountains occurs here and
includes: klipspringer Oreotragus oreoltragus, grey rhebok Pelea capreolus, common
duiker Sylvicapra grimmia, steenbok Raphicerus campestris, and grysbok Raphicerus
melanotis. Key species: pollinators belonging to the families Nectariniidae (Nectarinia spp.),
Promeropiidae (Cape sugar bird Promerops cafer,) and seed dispersers (ant species).
Threatened mammals: leopard Panthera pardus (T), Verreaux’s mouse Praomys verreauxii, Cape
spiny mouse Acomys subspinosus; birds: booted eagle Hieraaetus pennatus, martial
eagle Polemactus bellicosus, Cape eagle owl Bubo capensis, Victorin’s warbler Bradypterus
victorini, and protea canary Serinus leucopterus.
Conservation Management A management plan exists for this area and the reserve is actively
managed for water and nature conservation.
Zoning Demarcated State Forest (12,928ha); private land, proclaimed a Mountain Catchment
Area (12,416ha)
Disturbances or Deficiencies Very limited grazing on private land
Visitor Facilities None. Numbers: nil. Potential: unknown
Scientific Research Resource inventory and monitoring activities ongoing by regional
management and research staff
Special Scientific Facilities None, but the area is served by Saasveld Forest Research Station,
George.
Principal Reference Material
° Odendaal, P.B. (1979). Policy Memorandum: Rooiberg Mountain Catchment Area.
Directorate of Forestry, Knysna. Unpublished.
° Seydack, A.H.W. (1980). Management Plan, Rooiberg Mountain Catchment Area.
Directorate of Forestry, Knysna. Unpublished.
Staff Resident forester and staff at Towerkop State Forest, one first level supervisor, and 41
labourers. The area is the responsibility of the District Forest Officer at Knysna.
Budget R258,000 per annum, jointly for this area and the Anysberg/Klein Swartberg
Mountain Catchment Area (including salaries)
Local Park or Reserve Administration Regional Director, Directorate of Forestry, Private Bag
X12, Knysna, 6570.
Date July 1983
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
KOUGA/BAVIAANSKLOOF MOUNTAIN CATCHMENT AREA
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.11.06 (Cape Sclerophyll)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 1923. Government Notice 1973 of 1923.
Geographical Location 10km from Patensie in Cape Province. 33°28’-33°50’S,
21°50’-23°25’E.
Altitude 400-1,758m (Cockscomb and Smutsberg)
Area 172,208ha; (with 157,829ha a proposed wilderness area).
Land Tenure State. Administered by the Directorate of Forestry, Department of
Environment Affairs.
Physical Features The topography of the area is extremely rugged; that of rejuvenated,
maturely dissected mountain land. Both ranges arose from anticlinal folding, which originated
from the south. The outstanding feature of the reserve is the Baviaanskloof, a deeply eroded
valley, in places virtually a canyon. The Cockscomb consists of tall rugged sandstone peaks.
Paul Sauer Dam on Kouga River is in the area as well as Baviaanskloof, Groot, Duraas and Wit
Rivers, and various tributaries. Soils are derived from sandstones and quartzites of the Table
Mountain Group and mainly leached and acid. Annual average temperature range minimum:
5°C, maximum: 32°C. Annual rainfall 547mm (Kouga) and 451mm (Baviaanskloof), falling all
year round.
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of Valley Bushveld (Veld Type 23), Spekboomveld (Veld
Type 25), Mountain Rhenosterbosveld (Veld Type 43), Karroid Broken Veld (Veld Type 26),
and False Macchia (Veld Type 70). Valley Bushveld an extremely dense, semi-succulent,
thorny scrub about 4m high, Euphorbia grandidens; Spekboomveld, a dense scrub dominated
by Portulacaria afra; Mountain Renosterbosveld scrub dominated by Elytropappus rhinocerotis;
Karroid Broken Veld characterised by narrow-leaved shrubs, succulents and small clumps of
evergreen trees; Fynbos (False Macchia) is characterised by sclerophyllous and small-leaved
shrubs of the Ericaceae and Rutaceae, relatively broad-leaved shrubs, mostly Proteaceae, and
sclerophyllous cylindrical or rhizomatous herbs, mostly Restionaceae and Poaceae.
Economically important species: Aloe ferox leaves are harvested for the sap and Cyclopia
subternata used as tea.
Fauna Bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, grey rhebok Pelea capreolus, mountain
reedbuck Redunca fulvorufula, greater kudu Tragelaphus_ strepsiceros and __ lesser
kudu Tragelaphus imberbis, and chacma baboon Papio ursinus. Threatened mammals: honey
badger Mellivora capensis, aardwolf Proteles cristatus, leopard Panthera pardus (V), striped
weasel Poecilogale albinucha, Cape spiny mouse Acomys subspinosus, Verreaux’s
mouse Praomys verreauxii, and spectacled dormouse Graphiurus ocularis; birds: 18 species are
rare or endangered; reptiles: water monitor Varanus niloticus.
Cultural Heritage Bushman paintings in various caves
Conservation Management A management plan is being drafted.
Zoning Demarcated State Forest, 155,323ha; undemarcated State Forest, 16,885ha
Disturbances or Deficiencies Disturbances include: lack of fences, and uncontrolled grazing
of veld by stock from neighbouring farms. Invasive alien species include Opuntia ficus-indica,
Opuntia aurantiaca, Hakea sericea, Acacia mearnsii, and Nerium oleander. Wild donkeys
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South Africa
Overgraze the area, causing erosion.
Visitor Facilities Facilities are very primitive. There is some hiking on jeep tracks and
footpaths (not marked), and fishing at undeveloped sites. Numbers: 1,000 per annum.
Potential: 6,000 per annum.
Scientific Research None
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material None
Staff Two resident foresters, two foremen, and 59 labourers at Willowmore, Joubertina and
Patensie for Baviaanskloof and Cockscomb Forest Stations respectively. The area is the
responsibility of the District Forest Officer at Humansdorp.
Budget R660,000 per annum (including salaries)
Local Park or Reserve Administration Regional Director, Directorate of Forestry, Private Bag
X537, Humansdorp, 6300.
Date August 1983
TSITSIKAMMA MOUNTAINS
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.11.6 (Cape Sclerophyll)
Legal Protection 61% Government-owned and 39% private land.
Date Established Not yet proclaimed. Proposals to declare this area a Mountain Catchment
Area are being compiled.
Geographical Location 3km from Joubertina in Cape Province. 33°45’-34°03’S,
23°20’-24°30°E.
Altitude 1,300-1,675m (Formosa Peak, Tsitsikamma Mountains)
Area 80,000ha
Land Tenure 39,869ha Government. Administered by the Directorate of Forestry,
Department of Environment Affairs and 40,13lha private and, in future, to be managed in
terms of the Mountain Catchment Areas Act 63 of 1970.
Physical Features Features are dominated by anticlinal, folded mountains, folding forces
originated in the south. The Krom, Krakeel and Louterwater Rivers flow through the area.
Sandstones and quartzites derived from the Table Mountain Group, produce sandy soils, which
are leached and acidic (lithosols). Annual average temperature range minimum: 10°C,
maximum: 26°C. Annual rainfall 800mm falling all year round.
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of Knysna Forest (Veld Type 4) and False Macchia (Veld
Type 70). Afromontane forest occurs in most protected valleys and include Podocarpus, Ocotea
and Cunonia forests. The remainder of the area is covered by proteoid shrublands, which vary
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
from open, tall Protea mundii-Leucadendron eucalyptifolium shrublands. Economically
important species: Protea neriifolia and Protea cynaroides.
Fauna’ The typical faunal spectrum of the southern Cape mountains occurs here. This
includes a few klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus and grysbok Raphicerus melanotis, as well as
various small mammals. Birds include: black eagle Aquila verreauxii and jackal buzzard Buteo
rufofuscus as well as various Nectarinia spp. Threatened species: leopard Panthera pardus (T)
and blue duiker Cephalophus monticola, and Victorin’s warbler Bradypterus victorini.
Conservation Management A management plan is being drafted. Management consists
primarily of the preparation of fire breaks and the control of Hakea spp. and Pinus pinaster.
Zoning State Forest 39,869ha; private land, to be proclaimed Mountain Catchment Area of
40,131ha.
Disturbances or Deficiencies Extensive areas are covered by the invasive plant Pinus pinaster
and Hakea sericea. Limited burning by private landowners, also some uncontrolled grazing.
Visitor Facilities None
Scientific Research Resource inventory activities and monitoring of biological control
of Hakea spp..
Special Scientific Facilities _ None on site. The area served by Saasveld Forestry Research
Station, George.
Principal Reference Material Unpublished departmental records
Staff One resident forester, one clerk, two foremen, and 50 labourers at Formosa State
Forest, Joubertina. The area is the responsibility of the District Forest Officer at Humansdorp.
Budget R100,000 per annum (including salaries)
Local Park or Reserve Administration Regional Director, Directorate of Forestry, Private Bag
X537, Humansdorp, 6300.
Date August 1983
GROENDAL WILDERNESS AREA
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.11.06 (Cape Sclerophyll)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 1896. Government Notice 869 of 1896 and Government Notice 212 of 1976.
Geographical Location 15km from Uitenhage in Cape Province. 33°43’S, 25°18’E.
Altitude 90-1,180m (Strydomsberg)
Area 25,047ha
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South Africa
Land Tenure Government. Administered by the Directorate of Forestry, Department of
Environment Affairs.
Physical Features The northern portion of the area forms part of the eastern outliers of the
Groot winterhoek Mountains, which fall steeply south to a plateau intersected by deep ravines.
The Groendal Dam falls within the wilderness area. Swartkops River flows through the area.
Soils are derived from sandstones and quartzites of the Table Mountain Group, mostly sandy,
acid, and leached. Annual average temperature range minimum: 11°C, maximum: 26°C.
Annual rainfall 500-800mm, falling all year round.
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of Valley Bushveld (Veld Type 23) and False Macchia
(Veld Type 70). Valley Bushveld is restricted to lower lying areas and is a dense thicket from
1.5m to 6m in height. Euphorbia coerulescens is dominant. Fynbos can be divided into three
groups: (i) high moist fynbos, occurring on steep moist slopes and dominated by Leucadendron
eucalyptifolium; (ii) Protea neriifolia tall fynbos adjacent to moist high fynbos and valley
bushveld; (iii) Leucadendron cuneiforme short fynbos, the most common fynbos, distinguished
by L. cuneiforme and L. salignum and a ground layer dominated by grasses. Economically
important species: none. Endemic species: no information available.
Fauna Bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, grey rhebok Pelea capreolus, mountain
reedbuck Redunca_ fulvorufula, chacma baboon Papio_ ursinus, and samango
monkey Cercopithecus mitis. Threatened species: leopard Panthera pardus (V) and blue
duiker Cephalophus monticola.
Cultural Heritage Bushman paintings in cave
Conservation Management No management plan exists for this area.
Zoning State Forest Wilderness Area (2!,793ha); demarcated State Forest (1,063ha); and
undemarcated State Forest (2,191ha)
Disturbances or Deficiencies There is a lack of fences, resulting in leopards causing problems
by catching stock on neighbouring farms. There is also some poaching.
Visitor Facilities Facilities include showers and toilets at office, and three hiking trails of
18km, 8km and 10km respectively. There are no overnight huts. Numbers: 3,645 per annum.
Potential: 4,000 per annum.
Scientific Research Monitoring activities are carried out by a forester in collaboration with
the University of Port Elizabeth, and by Saasveld Forestry Research Station.
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
° Kruger, F.J. (1974). Report on conservation management proposals. Groendal State Forest.
Directorate of Forestry, unpublished report.
Staff Resident forester and staff of one clerk and 14 labourers. The area is the responsibility
of the District Forest Officer at Humansdorp.
Budget R70,000 per annum (including salaries)
Local Park or Reserve Administration Regional Director, Directorate of Forestry, Private Bag
X537, Humansdorp, 6300.
Date August 1983
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
TSITSIKAMMA INDIGENOUS FOREST
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.11.06 (Cape Sclerophyll)
Legal Protection 86% Government-owned and 14% private land
Date Established 1890. Decree number: Government Notice 701 of 1890 and Government
Notice 116 of 1902.
Geographical Location 10km from Plettenberg Bay in Cape Province. 33°48’-34°-5’S,
23°24’-24°25°E.
Altitude Sea level-1,000m (Formosa Peak, Tsitsikamma Mountains)
Area 15,615ha
Land Tenure Government. Administered by the Directorate of Forestry, Department of
Environment Affairs.
Physical Features Severe north-south orientated compressive stresses produced the so-called
Cape Fold Belt with the resistant strata forming the prominent Tsitsikamma Mountain Range,
running from east to west. Keurbooms, Bobbejaans, Groot, Bloukrans, Elandsbos, Kleinbos
and Storms Rivers flow through the area. The Table Mountain Sandstone has weathered to
sandy loams in the mountainous areas and the higher altitudes of the upper plateau and to loam
soils throughout the lower plateau. These soils are acidic. Clayey soils are found in the lower
plateau where the parent material belongs to the Bokkeveld Series. Annual average
temperature range minimum: 11°C, maximum: 20°C. Annual rainfall from 650mm (on the
coast) to 1,200mm (in the mountain range), falling all year round with peaks in
February/March and from August to October.
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of Knysna Forest (Veld Type 4). Sites are generally
ecologically complex and the following six forest types are approximate, artificial groupings of
sites with similar features: (i) Very dry Scrub-Forest occurs on shallow soils and on hot, dry
aspects with thorny shrubs such as Maytenus heterophylla, Carissa bispinosa, Scutia myrtina,
and Dovyalis rhamnoides. (ii) Dry high-forest occurs on well-drained or shallow soils with
warm aspects and especially on steep slopes, with Cassine peragua, Rhus chirindensis, Maytenus
acuminata, and Canthium inerme. (iii) Medium- moist high-forest occurs on a generally poorly
drained soils, with Olea capensis ssp. macrocarpa, Podocarpus latifolius and P. falcatus,
Pterocelastrus tricuspidatus and Apodytes dimidiata. (iv) Moist high-forest occurs on moist,
deep loamy soils on southerly aspects with Ocotea bullata, Maytenus peduncularis, Ilex
mitis and Platylophus trifoliatus. (v) Wet high-forest occurs on cooler aspects with wet soils,
often shallow, but with relatively good rainage where Cunonia capensis and Ocotea bullata
form a main canopy. (vi) Very wet scrub-forest occurs on steep, wet slopes with shallow soils
where Cunonia capensis is the dominant species, while Ocotea bullata, Podocarpus latifolius
and Virgilia oroboides also occur. Economically important species: various species are
harvested for the furniture trade, the most important being Ocotea bullata, Podocarpus
latifolius, P. falcatus, Platylophus trifoliatus, Rapanea melanophloeos, and _ Olinia
ventosa. Rumohra adiantiformis is harvested for the florist trade. Endemic species: Strelitzia
alba occurs between Knysna and Humansdorp especially in the Grootrivier Pass.
Fauna Conspicuous large mammals . include: bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus,
bushpig Potamochoerus porcus, chacma baboon Papio ursinus, and caracal Felis caracal.
Threatened species: leopard Panthera pardus (T), honey badger Mellivora capensis, blue
duiker Cephalophus monticola and lesser woolly bat Kerivoula lanosa. Arum lily
frog Hyperolius horstockii; Cape eagle owl Bubo capensis, Knysna warbler Bradypterus
sylvaticus, and Victorin’s warbler Bradypterus victorini. Birdlife is prolific and some restricted
forest species occur.
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South Africa
Conservation Management’ There is a management plan, but this is presently under revision.
Natural area with low density tourism.
Zoning Undemarcated State Forest 220ha, demarcated State Forest 14,289ha, private land
2,35lha
Disturbances or Deficiencies Indigenous forest vegetation is threatened primarily by
invasive Acacia melanoxylon and to a limited extent by Acacia mearnsii, which occurs mainly
in the river courses.
Visitor Facilities Facilities include the Tsitsikamma Hiking Trail, a camp site anda day walk
at Groot River. Numbers: hiking trail (visitor nights) 12,163 per annum. Potential: camping
(visitor nights) 11,392 per annum, Walks (visitors) 15,659 per annum, Fishing (visitors) 1,403
per annum, Mountain climbing (visitors) 365 per annum, Picnic (visitors) 845 per annum,
Hiking trail (visitor nights) 54,000 per annum.
Scientific Research Resource inventory and monitoring activities ongoing by regional
management and research staff
Special Scientific Facilities | None on site, but the forest is served by Saasveld Forestry
Research Station, George.
Principal Reference Material
° Phillips, J.F.V. (1931). Forest Succession and Ecology in the Knysna Region. Government
Printer, Pretoria.
° Von Breitenback, F. (1974). Southern Cape Forest and Trees. Government Printer, Pretoria.
Staff Resident foresters and staff at each of the six forest stations. The area is the
responsibility of two District Forest Officers at Humansdorp.
Budget R78,500 per annum (including salaries)
Local Park or Reserve Administration Regional Director, Directorate of Forestry, Private Bag
X537, Humansdorp, 6300.
Date August 1983
STORMS RIVER NATURE RESERVE
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.11.06 (Cape Sclerophyll)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 1925
Geographical Location 90km from Plettenberg Bay in Cape Province. 33°51°-33°58’S,
23°50°-24°07°E
Altitude 275-1,232m (Bakonkop)
Area 13,700ha
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Land Tenure Government. Administered by the Directorate of Forestry, Department of
Environment Affairs.
Physical Features The terrain is comprised of the foothills and southern slopes of the folded
Tsitsikamma Mountains with high peaks, long radiating ridges, and the Kruis and Elands
Rivers. The soils, derived from sandstone and quartzites of the Table Mountain Group, are
mainly leached, sandy and acid. Annual average temperature range minimum: 5°C, maximum:
18°C. Annual rainfall 1,200mm, falling all year.
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of the Knysna Forest (Veld Type 4) and False Macchia
(Veld Type 70). Podocarpus, Ocotea, and Cunonia forests. Tall
mid-dense Leucadendron-Berzelia shrubland. Economically important species: none. Endemic
species: none.
Fauna Mammal species include chacma baboon Papio ursinus, klipspringer Oreotragus
oreotragus, and caracal Felis caracal. Bird life is prolific and includes various Nectarinia spp.
Threatened mammals: honey badger Mellivora capensis, leopard Panthera pardus (T), and blue
duiker Cephalophus monticola; birds: Victorin’s warbler Bradypterus victorini and protea
canary Serinus leucopterus.
Conservation Management A management plan is being drafted.
Zoning None, all demarcated State Forest
Disturbances or Deficiencies Presence of invasive plants such as Hakea sericea and Pinus
pinaster.
Visitor Facilities None. Numbers: nil. Potential: unknown
Scientific Research None
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material Unpublished departmental reports
Staff Nine foresters, 12 foremen, and 227 labourers at Storms River, Blue Lilliesbush and
Witelsbos, all spending only a portion of their work time in this area. The areas are the
responsibility of the District Forest Officer at Humansdorp.
Budget R25,000 per annum (excluding salaries)
Local Park or Reserve Administration Regional Director, Directorate of Forestry, Private Bag
X537, Humansdorp, 6300.
Date August 1983
OTTERFORD STATE FOREST
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.11.06 (Cape Sclerophyll)
Legal Protection Total
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South Africa
Date Established 1896. Government Notice 869 of 1896 and the Mountain Catchment Areas
Act 63 of 1970.
Geographical Location 20km from Hankey in Cape Province. 33°40’S, 25°00’E.
Altitude 100-1,106m (Stinkhoutberg)
Area 11,467ha
Land Tenure Government. Administered by the Directorate of Forestry, Department of
Environment Affairs.
Physical Features A fairly low mountain range, the Elandsberg, which arose from folding, is
the easternmost extension of the Baviaanskloof Mountains: the Noagas, Boskloof,
Heuningkloof, Diepkloof, Klein, Maartens and Loerie Rivers flow through the area. Soils are
mainly sandy, acid and leached (lithosols) and are derived from sandstones and quartzites of
the Table Mountain Group.. Annual average temperature range minimum: 10°C, maximum:
27°C. Annual rainfall 700mm, falling mainly in all year round.
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of False Macchia (Veld Type 70). This is the most
easterly remnant of typical fynbos, ie characteristic fynbos genera unmixed with grassy
subtropical elements, especially in mesic proteoid communities. The dominant community is
a Protea neriifolia shrubland. Economically important species: Protea neriifolia, P. cynaroides,
P. repens and P. eximia. Endemic species: Paranomus reflexus, a member of the Proteaceae
family.
Fauna’ A comparatively rare lacertid lizard of the Nucras spp. occurs. Also occurring are
chacma baboon Papio ursinus, vervet monkey Cercopithecus aethiops, klipspringer Oreotragus
oreotragus, and caracal Felis caracal. Threatened reptiles: chameleon Bradypodion
taeniobronchum (possibly endemic).
Conservation Management A management plan is being drafted
Zoning The area comprises State Forest, a Mountain Catchment Area, and a plantation.
Disturbances or Deficiencies There has been a limited invasion by Pinus pinaster and lack of
fences allows illegal grazing in areas.
Visitor Facilities None. Numbers: 5 per annum. Potential: 2,500 per annum.
Scientific Research None
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
° Bond, W. (1981). Conservation areas in Longmore State Forest and vicinity. Directorate of
Forestry, unpublished report.
Staff Four resident foresters, five foremen, two clerks, and 126 labourers at Otterford Forest
Station. Area is the responsibility of the District Forest Officer in Humansdorp. The Forester
and staff are also responsible for a plantation area of 6,000ha adjoining this conservation area.
Budget R6,000 per annum (excluding salaries)
Local Park or Reserve Administration Regional Director, Directorate of Forestry, Private Bag
X537, Humansdorp, 6300.
Date August 1983
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DE VASSELOT NATURE RESERVE
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.11.06 (Cape Sclerophyll)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 21 June 1974. Decree number: Government Notice 1053 of 1974.
Geographical Location 2km from Nature’s Valley in Cape Province. 33°58’-34°00’S,
23°29?-23°35°E.
Altitude Sea level-120m
Area 2,560ha
Land Tenure State. Administered by the Directorate of Forestry, Department of
Environment Affairs.
Physical Features Soils are strongly influenced by deposits of marine clay on the coastal
plateau with duplex soils. Sout, Brak and Groot Rivers flow through the area. Seasonally
waterlogged soils (Nestleigh, Kroonstad) are dominant on the plateau, associated with dry soils
on the verge of the plateau, with clay (often structured) sub-soils (Estcourt, Sterkspruit,
Swartland). Annual average temperature range minimum: 5°C, maximum: 18°C. Annual
rainfall 1,011mm, falling all year, with peaks in March, August, and October.
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of Knysna Forest (Veld Type 4), and False Macchia
(Veld Type 70). Indigenous forests occur in lower lying areas and kloofs, with the following
dominant species occurring: Virgilia oroboides, Podocarpus latifolius, Podocarpus falcatus,
Olinia ventosa, Rapanea melanophloeos, and Sideroxylon inerme. Proteaceae, Ericaceae and
Restionaceae are typical of the fynbos and include Protea neriifolia, P. cynaroides,
Leucadendron salignum, and Erica densifolia. Economically important species: none. Endemic
species: various.
Fauna Bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, grysbok Raphicerus melanotis and
klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus. A number of pairs of African fish eagle Haliaeetus vocifer
occur, and many bird species typical of the forest and fynbos habitats. Threatened mammals:
leopard Panthera pardus (T) and blue duiker Cephalophus monticola; birds: Victorin’s
warbler Bradypterus victorini.
Conservation Management A management plan exists for this area.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies Boating activities in the Sout River mouth prove difficult to
control as the Directorate of Forestry has no jurisdiction between the high and low water marks.
Visitor Facilities Facilities include a Hiking trail (day trips). Numbers: 500 per annum.
Potential: undetermined.
Scientific Research None
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material Unpublished management plan for the area.
Staff Two resident foresters, three foremen and 50 labourers at Bloukrans and Keurbooms
Rivers. The area is under the control of the District Forest Officer at Humansdorp.
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South Africa
Budget R30,000 per annum (excluding salaries)
Local Park or Reserve Administration Regional Director, Directorate of Forestry, Private Bag
X537, Humansdorp, 6300.
Date August 1983
ALEXANDRIA STATE FOREST
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.11.06 (Cape Sclerophyll)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 1896. Government Notice 869 of 1896 and Government Notice 346 of 1915.
Geographical Location 8km from Alexandria in Cape Province bordered in the east by the
Bushmans River and in the west by the Sundays River. 33°37’-33°48’S, 25°52’-26°42’E.
Altitude 0-362m
Area 23,566ha
Land Tenure Government. Administered by the Directorate of Forestry, Department of
Environment Affairs.
Physical Features A system of ancient and recent both mobile and fixed dune ridges, some of
which have been transformed into cliffs and sheets of dune rock. A portion of area consists of
a vast mobile dune system (possibly the best example of such a system in the world). The dune
rock cliffs at Cape Padrone and Woody Cape are impressive. Several blind streams end against
the main barrier dune. Mobile sand, Tertiary limestone and aeolianite overlies the Cape
System. Annual average temperature range minimum: 9.2°C, maximum: 25.5°C. Annual
rainfall 392mm from (Sundays River mouth) to 934mm (Alexandria Forest Station), falling
every month with three peaks in March, May, and September/October.
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of Alexandria Forest (Veld Type 2) and Eastern Province
Thornveld (Veld Type 7). Predominant community is Alexandria Forest, the structure of
which varies between thicket and forest proper. Community in younger dunes is dune thicket
with isolated patches of coastal fynbos. The dune slacks support a characteristic dune slack
community made up of 10 to 20 different species. The hummock dunes inland of high water
mark are colonized by dune pioneers. A plant species list is available. Economically important
species: not applicable. Endemic species: no information available.
Fauna Bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, vervet monkey Cercopithecus aethiops,
bushpig Potamochoerus porcus, large-spotted genet Genetta tigrina, grysbok Raphicerus
melanotis, porcupine Hystrix africaeaustralis, and black-backed jackal Canis mesomelas.
Breeding colony of Damara terns Sterna balaenarum (R) found in Alexandria dunefield.
Threatened species: leopard Panthera pardus (T).
Conservation Management A drift sand reclamation plan exists for problem areas in the main
dunefield. There is no management plan for the indigenous forest areas.
Zoning Demarcated State Forest
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Disturbances er Deficiencies The area is largely unspoilt in spite of many potential
management problems. The department does not have control over the intertidal zone with the
result that beach vehicles cause a certain amount of disturbance. Registered Rights of Access
of neighbours is a problem. Acacia cyclops is a major plant invader.
Visitor Facilities No facilities have been developed, but fishermen make considerable use of
the beach and unmarked forest paths are used by the public. There is also a picnic site in the
forest. A section of the National Hiking Way System is being planned for the Alexandria State
Forest to include both forest and beach. Numbers: 500 per annum. Potential: 750 per annum.
Scientific Research Research projects include dunefield studies undertaken by the Zoology
Department, of the University of Port Elizabeth, and an archaeological investigation done by
the Albany Museum, Grahamstown.
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
° McLachlan, A., Sieben, P.R. and Ascaray, C. (1982). Survey of a major coastal dunefield in
the eastern Cape. Zoology Department Report No 10., University of Port Elizabeth.
° Stehle, T.C. (n.d.). Waaisandbestuursplan vir die Alexandriakusstaatsbos. Unpublished
departmental report.
Staff One District Forest Officer, one resident forester, two foremen and 72 labourers
Budget Approximately R350,000 per annum (including salaries)
Local Park or Reserve Administration Regional Director, Directorate of Forestry, Private Bag
X432, King William’s Town, 5600.
Date August 1983
SUURBERG STATE FOREST
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.22.12 (South African Highlands)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established Government Notice 869 of 1896
Geographical Location 20km from Addo in Cape Province. 33°17’-33°23’S, 25°17’-25°58’E.
Altitude 250-970m (Olifantskop)
Area 21,12lha
Land Tenure Government. Administered by the Directorate of Forestry, Department of
Environment Affairs.
Physical Features Major geological formations are the folded quartzite, sandstone and shales
of the Witteberg Series and the tillite and shales of the Dwyka Series. The mountain folds are
the most outstanding physical feature of the area. The Kabouga and Wit Rivers flow through
the area. Soils comprise sandy and clayey loams - shallow on the ridges and deeper in the
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South Africa
valleys and on the lower slopes. Annual average temperature range minimum: 4.7°C,
maximum: 30.3°C. Annual rainfall 722mm, falling throughout the year, peaks in early and late
summer.
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of False Macchia (Veld Type 70). The following
communities have been identified: Tristachya-Themeda veld on_ ridges above
800m, Festuca-Myrsine veld on southern moist slopes, Cliffortia veld on southern slopes, dry
scrub forest on southern slopes and sheltered valleys, Themeda-Setaria veld on northern, drier
slopes, Bobartia-Trachypogon veld on the broad ridge plateau, and very dry scrub forest on the
southern Suurberg foothills (northern and western aspects). Economically important species:
none. Endemic species: no information available.
Fauna Bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, caracal Felis caracal, bushpig Potamochoerus porcus,
common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia, chacma baboon Papio ursinus, black-backed jackal Canis
mesomelas, greater kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros and lesser kudu T. imberbis, grey
thebo Pelea capreolus and vervet monkey Cercopithecus aethiops. Threatened species:
leopard Panthera pardus (T) thought to occur.
Conservation Management A management plan exists for this area. Efforts being made to
declare the area a Wilderness Area.
Zoning Ordinary Demarcated State Forest
Disturbances or Deficiencies Prickly pear Opuntia aurantiaca, jointed cactus Opuntia
ficus-indica and Acacia mearnsii are the most important invasives.
Visitor Facilities Facilities include two marked day walks and picnic site. The main section
open for hiking with no marked routes. Numbers: 1,654 per annum. Potential: underutilised at
present.
Scientific Research Limited botanical survey by Department of Plant Sciences, Rhodes
University.
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
° Stehle, T.C. (1979). Suurbergstaatsbos Brandbeskermings-en Beheerdebrandplan.
Unpublished departmental report.
Staff One District Forest Officer, one resident forester, and 12 labourers
Budget Approximately R57,500 per annum (including salaries)
Local Park or Reserve Administration Regional Director, Directorate of Forestry, Private Bag
X432, King William’s Town, 5600.
Date August 1983
BATHURST STATE FOREST
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.08.04 (South African Woodland/savanna)
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Legal Protection Total
Date Established 1897. Government Notice 182 of 1897.
Geographical Location 5km from Bathurst in Cape Province. 33°16’-33°33’S, 26°42’-27°07’E.
Altitude 0-827m (Governorskop)
Area 5,315ha
Land Tenure Government. Administered by the Directorate of Forestry, Department of
Environment Affairs.
Physical Features The major geological formation is the Bokkeveld Series, with pronounced
dipping and folding. The terrain is hilly with steeply sloped valleys. Witteberg quartzite is
evident at Beggar’s Bush. There are both mobile and fixed coastal dunes with dune rock in
places. The oxbow in the tidal Kowie River is visible from the viewpoint in the Waters
Meeting Nature Reserve; various other rivers flow through the reserve. The dunes consist of
unconsolidated aeolian sand with little profile development. The soils of the other areas of
Bathurst consist of weakly developed stony soils on the slopes with deeper, well-drained
alluvial soils in the valleys. Annual average temperature range minimum: 12.7°C, maximum:
23.3°C. Annual rainfall 650mm falling mainly in autumn and spring.
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of Alexandria Forest (Veld Type 2), Valley Bushveld
(Veld Type 23) and False Macchia (Veld Type 70). Most of the vegetation is Valley Bushveld,
represented by two basic variations - that of the hill tops and slopes and that found along the
river and stream courses (defined as mesic woodland and thicket or Kaffrarian Succulent
Thicket). Beggar’s Bush, located on quartzite shale, supports a fynbos community with forest
pockets. The dune vegetation contains typical pioneer, intermediate and climax dune thicket
species (drift sand reclamation has been carried out using indigenous species; invasives are
being eradicated). A plant species list available. Economically important species: none.
Endemic species: little information available. The following are south-east Cape
endemics: Aloe ciliaris, Asparagus crassicladus, Combretum caffrum, Euphorbia grandidens,
Scadoxus puniceus, and Strelitzia reginae.
Fauna’ Bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, bushpig Potamochoerus porcus, chacma baboon Papio
ursinus, and vervet monkey Cercopithecus aethiops. Threatened species: leopard Panthera
pardus (T) thought to occur.
Conservation Management No management plan exists for this area.
Zoning Nature Reserve (986ha); demarcated State Forest (3,824ha) and undemarcated State
Forest (505ha)
Disturbances or Deficiencies Suspected poaching and stock trespassing create certain
problems. Opuntia aurantiaca and Acacia cyclops are major plant invaders. The construction
of a dam within Waters Meeting Nature Reserve is expected to cause major environmental
disturbance.
Visitor Facilities | Facilities include unmarked walks and three picnic sites in the Waters
Meeting Nature Reserve. A trail is being planned for the area. Numbers: 3,545 per annum.
Potential: close to desired limit.
Scientific Research Brief botanical survey of Waters Meeting Nature Reserve by the
Department of Plant Sciences, Rhodes University
Special Scientific Facilities None
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anal Reference Material
° Heydorn, A.E.F. and Grindley, J.R. (1982). Estuaries of the Cape, Part II. Synopses of
Available Information on Individual Systems. Report No 10, Kowie, CSIR Research Report,
409 pp.
° Lubke, R.A., Court, G.D., Palmer, A.R., Wilken, St.E. and Lang, C. (1983). Report on the
Conservation of the Riparian Woodland of the Valley Bushveld, (with specific objections to
the construction of an off-channel reservoir on the Bathurst Stream to augment the fresh
water supply to Port Alfred Municipality). Unpublished representation to the Minister of
Environment Affairs.
Staff One District Forest Officer, one resident forester, one foreman, and 42 labourers.
Budget R155,000 per annum (including salaries)
Local Park or Reserve Administration Regional Director, Directorate of Forestry, Private Bag
X432, King William’s Town, 5600.
Date August 1983
EAST LONDON COAST STATE FOREST
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.08.04 (South African woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 1887. Government Notice 1029 of 1887 and Government Notice 1108 of
1904.
Geographical Location 5km from East London in Cape Province. 32°42’ -33°18'S,
27°26’-28°23’E.
Altitude 0-349m
Area 4,369ha
Land Tenure Government owned, administered by the Directorate of Forestry, Department of
Environment Affairs.
Physical Features The coastal strip consists of both mobile and fixed dune ridges aligned
parallel to the coast with vegetation. Ruins of Fort Grey and Fort Pato are located within the
so-called coastal belt. Several kilometres of unspoilt coastline are a feature of the Border
Region. Geological formation is mainly Beaufort Series of the Karoo System, which has been
cut by the Buffalo River valley. Keiskamma River mouths and various other rivers are also in
the area. Soils along the coast consist of unconsolidated dune sand with very limited profile
development. Other soils (such as at Fort Grey and Fort Pato) are derived from Beaufort
Sandstones and shales and doleritic intrusions. These soils can be grouped as red doleritic
clays, black doleritic clays, and gray sandy loams. Annual average temperature range
minimum: 10,2°C, maximum: 25,6°C. Annual rainfall 862mm, falling in all months. Peaks in
March and October.
Vegetation Coastal Forest and Thornveld (Veld Type 1) and Valley Bushveld (Veld: Type
23). The area is dominated by coastal vegetation and consists of pioneer dune communities and
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the various successional stages towards climax dune forest or dune thicket. The vegetation of
Fort Pato and Fort Grey is a mixture of grassland, invasive thornveld, and dry forest. A plant
species list is available. Economically important species of plants: none. Endemic species of
plants: Umtiza listerana.
Fauna Mammals: bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, vervet monkey Cercopithecus aethiops,
bushpig Potamochoerus porcus, porcupine Hystrix africaeaustralis, caracal Felis caracal, and
antbear Orycteropus afer. Birds are numerous and include a breeding pair of crowned
eagle Stephanoaetus coronatus. Threatened species: Samango monkey Cercopithecus mitis and
tree dassie Dendrohyrax arboreus, blue duiker Cephalophus monticola.
Conservation Management No management plan exists for this area.
Zoning Nature Reserves (Fort Pato and Fort Grey, 889ha); demarcated State Forest (2,023ha);
undemarcated State Forest (1,457ha).
Disturbances or Deficiencies Beach vehicles cause a certain amount of disturbance. Usual
problems in dealing with the public are encountered; trespassing, making of fires, littering,
etc. Invasive plants include Acacia cyclops, A. cyanophylla, A. mearnsii, Lantana spp.
and Sesbania spp..
Visitor Facilities Walks in Nature reserves, picinic sites along coast, caravan park at Double
Mouth. Numbers: 1,450 per annum. Potential: maximum almost reached.
Scientific Research Dune studies by regional management staff, and limited study on birdlife
by the East London Museum.
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
° Board, C. (1962). The Border Region, Natural Environment and Land Use in the Eastern
Cape. Edited by E.D Mountain and J.V.L. Rennie, Oxford University Press, 238 pp.
Staff One District Forest Officer, one resident forester, two foremen, and 47 labourers
Budget Approximately 225,000 per annum (including salaries)
Local Park or Reserve Administration Regional Director, Directorate of Forestry, Private Bag
X432, King William’s Town, 5600.
Date August 1983
THE DRAKENSBERG STATE FORESTS
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.22.12 (South African highlands)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 1930. Gazette Notice 781 of 1973 and Gazette Notice 1563 of 1979.
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South Africa
Geographical Location From north to south: 40km from Winterton, 50km from Mooi River,
40km from Nottingham Road, 13km from Himeville, 50km from Underberg in Natal.
29°40’-30°55’S, 28°55’-29°45’E.
Altitude 1,350m-3,377m (Champagne Castle)
Area 190,000ha; Cathedral Peak State Forest (31,500ha); Monk’s Cowl State Forest (20,500ha);
Highmoor State Forest (30,500ha), Mkhomazi State Forest (41,000ha); Cobham State Forest
(39,000ha); Garden Castle State Forest (27,500ha). Together with the Natal Parks Board areas
and Sehlbathebe National Park, a composite natural area of over 2,000km exists. The State
forests and the Natal Parks Board areas together consititute the largest natural area in Natal.
Land Tenure Government owned, administered by the Directorate of Forestry, Department of
Environment Affairs
Physical Features It comprises a mountain range of horizontally bedded strata. The
underlying sedimentary layers (Molteno, Elliot and Clarens formations) rise in clearly defined
steps, constituting the foothills and the Little Berg. These are covered by basalt layers nearly
two kilometers thick. The scarps of the Little and Main ’Berg were formed by valley head
erosion, resulting in landscapes not found in any other mountain system. The Drakensberg
escarpment forms one of the major natural spectacles of the sub-continent. All the major
tributaries of the Tugela, Mkhomazi and Mzimkulu Rivers flow through the areas. Soils are
principally dystrophic, highly weathered, shallow ferriferous oxisols, highly acid, with low
fertility, and is characterised by high (near toxic) levels of aluminium and manganese in the B
horizon. Seepage and wet areas contain gleyed or organic soils. Detrital and valley bottom
areas carry a variety of transported soils. Annual average temperature range minimum: 9.3°C,
maximum: 16.4°C. Annual rainfall 1,300mm, falling mainly in summer rainfall (80%), but
with snowfalls and some rain in winter (20%). This is the most important catchment area in
Natal.
Vegetation Highland Sourveld (Veld Type 44(a)), Themeda-Festuca Alpine Veld (Veld Type
58), and Southern Tall Grassveld (Veld Type 65). The only alpine vegetation to be found in
southern Africa is found in the high-altitude areas of the Drakensberg and the Maluti
mountains. A narrow belt of alpine vegetation occurs throughout the high areas of these
reserves, with a wider belt of sub-alpine vegetation below this. The vegetation of the Alpine
and Sub-alpine Belts consists of tussock grasslands, heathland and extensive watersource
wetlands consisting of bogs and vleis. The Afro-montane region vegetation is composed of
forests and associated savannas, shrublands and both fire-climax and edaphic grasslands, and
related communities such as vleis and shallow-soil areas. The Drakensberg mountain
archipelago has been identified as an important regional centre of endemism, while the entire
area is a localised centre of speciation of outstanding importance, with an estimated 300
endemics out of a total of about 1,800 plant species present. The Passerina, Erica, Cliffortia
dwarf alpine heathlands found at between +/- 2,900 and 3,400m are dominated by Erica and
ericoid species, and contain a number of endemic species not yet identified. The Passerina,
Philippia and Widdringtonia heathlands are found at altitudes of between +/- 1,800 to 2,900m.
The high elevation Afro-alpine grassland communities lie at altitudes above 1,800m, and occur
on very shallow soils which frequently freeze, even in summer. The veld is characteristically
short and dense. The Highland Sourveld dominants include: Themeda triandra, Tristachya
leucothrix, Heteropogon contortus, and Diheteropogon filifolius. Podocarpus forest dominants
include: Podocarpus latifolius, Pterocelastrus echinatus, Celtis africana and Curtisia dentata.
Economically important species: none. Endemic species: the approximately 300 endemic plants
include a number of ericoid and asteraceous species. These are principally found in the alpine
and sub-alpine communities. There are also a limited number of Afro-montane endemics
present.
Fauna Porcupine Hystrix africaeaustralis, bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, grey rhebok Pelea
capreolus, mountain reedbuck Redunca fulvorufula, common reedbuck Redunca arundinum,
common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia, chacma baboon Papio ursinus, black-backed jackal Canis
mesomelas, red hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus, klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus, black
wildebeest Connochaetes gnou (O), and eland Taurotragus oryx. About 100 species of birds
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have been recorded in the area. Threatened species: fourteen species of rare and endangered
birds occur in the area; mammals include: leopard Panthera pardus (T), (T) serval Felis seryal
and oribi Ourebia ourebi.
Cultural Heritage Caves along the length of the Drakensberg are home to some important
Stone Age rock art, in the form of Bushman paintings. Localised concentrations, such as in the
Ndedema, and the high quality of the art work make these paintings a heritage of world
significance.
Conservation Management Yes. Area is actively managed with a burning programme, control
of wildfire, and for protection of the water resources and natural communities.
Zoning Existing areas: Mdedelelo Wilderness Area (27,000ha); Mkhomazi Wilderness Area
(48,600ha); Mzimkulu Wilderness Area (28,400ha); and Mzimkulwana Nature Reserve
(23,000ha); Proposed areas: Mlambonja Wilderness Area (5,000ha); and new nature reserves
(58,000ha).
Disturbances or Deficiencies Frequent wildfire of natural and human origin in the past, now
mainly prescribed burns occur. Invasive plant species include Acacia mearnsii, Rubus
cuneifolius and some Pinus species, mainly Pinus patula.
Visitor Facilities | Primitive wilderness and related facilities include mountaineering. The
Giant’s Cup Section of the National Hiking Way provides a total of 60km of trail with four
overnight huts. Camp facilities with ablution blocks are available at two forest stations
(Cathedral Peak and Monk’s Cowl). Primitive camp sites are also available at three other
stations. There are many hotels and hutted camps adjacent to the state forests from which
visitors may undertake walks or hikes. Access is through a number of entry gates. Many
popular day or part day walks are available. Numbers: 70,000 per annum. Potential: 150,000
per annum.
Scientific Research Intensive long-term research programmes are undertaken to provide a
sound scientific basis for management of the catchments and the natural communities. A part
of the programme provides intensive monitoring of water yield and quality from a number of
gauged catchments. Ecological programmes investigate a variety of grassland and woody
communities, to provide information for management prescriptions of the burning programme.
An environmental monitoring programme is currently being designed.
Special Scientific Facilities There are streamflow and rainfall gauges in the research
catchments at Cathedral Peak, supplemented by a meteorological station. Meteorological
measurements are also undertaken at each forest station, for the fire model.
Principal Reference Material
° Hilliard, O.M. (1978). Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden, 36(2): 407-425. Edinburgh.
° Hilliard, O.M. (1980). A preliminary list of plants endemic to the Drakensberg or, in Natal,
confined to the Drakensberg. University of Natal.
° Killick, D.J.B. (1963). Ecology of Catheral Peak Area. Botanical Survey of South Africa
Memoirs No 34, Pretoria, Botanical Research Institute.
° Killick, D.J.B. (1978). Biogeography and Ecology of Southern Africa. In: Werger M.J.A.
(Ed). The Hague, W. Junk.
° White, F. (1978). Biogeography and Ecology of Southern Africa. In: Werger M.J.A. (Ed).
The Hague, W. Junk.
Staff The office of the Regional Director, Natal Forest Region, Pietermaritzburg houses
resource management and planning staff (five professional and three technical officers). One
at each of the six stations, one or two technical management staff control approximately 25,000
to 30,000ha each. A force of six to 12 guards per station and approximately 25 labourers is
also maintained on each station. At Cathedral Peak, a permanent research staff of three
professional officers and three technical staff are maintained.
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South Africa
Budget R750,000 per annum (including research and salaries)
Local Park or Reserve Administration The Regional Director, Directorate of Forestry, Private
Bag X9029, Pietermaritzburg, 3200.
Date April 1984
PORTION OF WEZA STATE FOREST
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.22.12 (South African Highlands)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 1904. Government Notice 60
Geographical Location 20km from Kokstad in Natal. 30°31°’-30°41°S, 29°34’-29°43°E.
Altitude 960-2,268m (iNgeli Peak in iNgeli Mountain Range)
Area Approximately 9,000ha
Land Tenure Government. Administered by the Directorate of Forestry, Department of
Environment Affairs.
Physical Features The geological formations of Weza State Forest are classified as the Karoo
System, Ecca Series, which consist of sandstones and shales. Numerous doleritic dykes and sills
have intruded into the area to form the iNgeli Mountain Range and eastward-running ridges of
the foothills. There are various streams of which the Mtamvuna is the largest. On the slopes
and foothills of the iNgeli Mountain Range, the soils are doleritic and of good depth, except
along ridges and certain areas of sheet rock, where they are shallow. Soils are typically yellow
and apedal, freely drained and dystrophic. Soils of the Southern Tall Grassveld Veld Type are
of doloritic nature, shallow and tend to be very erodable. Annual average temperature range
minimum: 9°C, maximum: 19°C. Annual rainfall 1,000mm, increasing to 1,500mm on iNgeli
Mountain Range, falling mainly in summer (October to May).
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of the Highland Sourveld (Veld Type 44(a)), Natal Mist
Belt ’Ngongoni Veld (Veld Type 45), and Southern Tall Grassveld (Veld Type 65). Dominant
species of the Highland Sourveld include Themeda triandra, Tristachya hispida, Trachypogon
capensis, Heteropogon contortus, Eragrostis chalcantha, and Eragrostis capensis. The Natal
Mist Belt *"Ngongoni Veld is Themeda dominated sourveld, relatively sparse, and today largely
replaced by Aristida junciformis. Dominant species include: Trachypogon capensis, Tristachya
leucothrix, Eragrostis chalcantha, and Heteropogon contortus. The Southern Tall Grassveld is
dominated by Themeda and Hyparrhenia, typical in an open savanna of Acacia sieberana
var. woodii, with plentiful patches of Hyparrhenia hirta. Two major and a complex of
minor Podocarpus forests also occur on the reserve. Afromontane forests are dominated
by Podocarpus falcatus, P. latifolius, P. henkelii, Calodendrum capense, and Ocotea bullata,
etc. Economically important species: Podocarpus spp., Ocotea bullata, and others. Endemic
species: Dioscorea brownii and Macowania conferta. Streptocarpus johannis is endemic from
Port St Johns to the iNgeli area.
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Fauna Bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus (750), common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia (750),
caracal Felis caracal, large spotted genet Genetta tigrina, large grey mongoose Herpestes
ichneumon, water mongoose Alilax paludinosus, Cape clawless otter Aonyx capensis, chacma
baboon Papio ursinus, vervet monkey Cercopithecus aethiops, reedbuck Redunca arundinum,
and grey rhebok Pelea capreolus. Birdlife is abundant and includes a number of interesting
raptor and forest species. Threatened species: serval Felis serval and samango
monkey Cercopithecus mitis (large populations in each main forest area). Various species of
endangered birds occur in the area, including the Cape vulture Gyps coprotheres, and several
raptor species.
Conservation Management There is no management plan and the reserve is only serviced by
the Weza State Forest fire protection plan for the plantation as a whole.
Zoning Ordinary demarcated State forests inclusive of proposed protected natural area cover
21,703ha. The proposed nature reserve will cover about 9,000ha, which will include most of
the iNgeli Mountain plus two of the largest forests in south-west Natal (the iNgeli and the
Mpetyene). A high proportion of the latter is in near pristine condition.
Disturbances or Deficiencies Natural fire caused mainly by lightning is frequent in grassland
areas. Encroachment of alien weed bramble Rubus spp., setting of snares and poaching of
wildlife in indigenous forests, ringbarking of stinkwood Ocotea bullata and other species in
indigenous forests by local tribesmen for medicinal purposes, unlawful grazing by domestic
cattle, and the Ingele National Hiking Way which passes through area. Exotic trout Salmo spp.
were introduced in the 1920s. Deposits of bauxite were discovered in the area, but it is not
known whether or not they are economically exploitable.
Visitor Facilities Facilities include 92km of National Hiking Way trail, which includes four
overnight huts. There is no visitor access during fire season (June to August) to the adjacent
Weza plantation. Numbers: 2,100 per annum. Potential: 25,000 per annum.
Scientific Research A forest inventory was undertaken in 1979. The biology and
management of bushbuck and common duiker are being studied at present.
Special Scientific Facilities Temporary laboratory for latter research programme
Principal Reference Material
° Cyrus, D.P. and Robson, N.F. (1980). Bird Atlas of Natal. Pietermaritzburg, University of
Natal Press.
° Various unpublished departmental reports.
Staff One special grade control forester, seven foresters, 18 foremen, and 450 labourers at
Weza Forest Station. The area is the responsibility of a District Forest Officer at iNgeli,
Pietermaritzburg.
Budget R2,000,000 per annum for the entire plantation area (including salaries)
Local Park or Reserve Administration The Regional Director, Directorate of Forestry, Private
Bag 9029, Pietermaritzburg, 3200.
Date July 1983
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South Africa
SODWANA/CAPE VIDAL STATE FORESTS
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.08.04 (South African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total. The Defence Force has rights to the area and uses it for weapons
testing and training.
Date Established 1956. Decree number: Government Notice 1408 of 1956
Geographical Location 40km from St Lucia in Natal. 27°32’-28°08’S, 32°25’-32°40°E.
Altitude 5-172m
Area 57,954ha (Cape Vidal State Forest, 10,684ha and Sodwana State Forest, 47,270ha)
Land Tenure Government. Administered by the Directorate of Forestry, Department of
Environment Affairs. Natal Parks Board have permanent rights as well as responsibility for
administration of a 0.8km strip bordering on Lake St Lucia.
Physical Features The reserve comprises a large coastal barrier dune system with spectacular
high forested dunes reaching a height of 172m and separating the sea from a coastal
lake-estuarial system. It borders on the largest estuarial system in Africa, which includes Lake
St Lucia, an inland fresh water lake. Soil survey is being undertaken at present. Annual
average temperature range minimum: 17°C, maximum: 25°C. Annual rainfall 1,157mm, falling
mainly in summer (67% of rainfall from October to March).
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of Coastal Forest and Thornveld (Veld Type 1). This
area contains one of the three prime dune conservation sites on the Natal coast as well as large
expanses of hygrophilous grassland and a large undisturbed Phragmites-Cyperus papyrus
swamp system. Dune forest on coastal dune with Mimusops caffra, Diospyros natalensis
and Ziziphus mucronata. Coastal grassland dominated by Themeda triandra, Aristida
junciformis, and hygrophilous species such as Sporobolus subtilis and Acroceras macrum.
Swamp forest dominants include Barringtonia racemosa and Syzygium cordatum. Pans, reed
and sedge swamp dominated by Eleocharis dregeana and Fuirena spp.. Economically important
species: Juncus kraussii (reedmats). Endemic species: not known.
Fauna Reedbuck Redunca arundinum (5,000), hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius,
bushpig Potamochoerus porcus, buffalo Syncerus caffer, waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus and
vervet monkey Cercopithecus aethiops. Threatened mammals: samango monkey Cercopithecus
mitis, and large grey thick-tailed bushbaby Galago crassicaudatus; reptiles: veld
monitor Varanus exanthematicus albigularis, water monitor Varanus niloticus,
crocodile Crocodylus niloticus (V), Southern African python Python sebae natalensis and
gaboon adder Bitis gabonica. Threatened birds include: pink-backed pelican Pelecanus
rufescens, white pelican Pelecanus onocrotalus, woolly-necked stork Ciconia episcopus, Ayres’
eagle Hieraaetus dubius and southern banded snake-eagle Circaetus fasciolatus, as well as
various forest species, not rare within the forest, but threatened by loss of habitat elsewhere.
Conservation Management There is a preliminary management plan.
Zoning Central section proposed as Wilderness Area under the Forest Act and the remainder
as a nature reserve.
Disturbances or Deficiencies A portion of the area is used for the testing of military missiles,
which has led to problems with wild fires. Military use in the northern area has damaged the
vegetation.
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Visitor Facilities There are no visitor facilities in the State Forest as such. Some
developments may be carried out in the future. Numbers: none. Potential: unknown.
Scientific Research Hippopotamus, reedbuck and ecology of the coastal dune systems.
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
° Taylor, R.H. (1980). A land capability study for hippopotamuses at Lake St Lucia,
Zululand. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Natal.
Staff Three professional, three technical and 20 labourers a combination of a Forestry and
Natal Parks Board personnel. The area is the responsibility of the District Forest Officer at
Eshowe, and is served by a professional planning team from Pietermaritzburg.
Budget R50,000 per annum (excluding salaries)
Local Park or Reserve Administration Regional Director, Private Bag 506, Eshowe, 3815.
Date July 1983
PORTION OF DUKUDUKU STATE FOREST
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.08.04 (South African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Not fully protected. Only 85% Government-owned. The remainder is on
lease and will revert to Government control in 1989.
Date Established 1930. Government Notice 1479 of 1930. The indigenous forest area will
probably be declared a nature reserve in 1984/1985.
Geographical Location 16km from Mtubutuba in Natal. 28°17’-28°27°S, 32°14’-32°24’E.
Altitude 4-70m
Area 15,055ha
Land Tenure Government. Administered by the Directorate of Forestry, Department of
Environment Affairs. A portion of the forest is at present being leased from the Government
by a private farmer. This area will revert to Government control in 1989, when the lease
expires.
Physical Features The area consists of a number of parallel dune ridges and troughs. Clayey
soils occur on the eastern dunes and in the troughs. The rest of the soils are grey to red sands.
Water bodies include the Mfutululu Lake, Umfolozi River and Mpate stream (on borders). A
soil survey is presently under way. Annual average temperature range minimum: 13.4°C,
maximum: 30°C. Annual rainfall 1,000mm, falling mainly in summer (60% of rainfall from
October to March).
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of the Typical Coast-belt Forest (Veld Type I(a)). The
area is dominated by coastal Lowland Forest with natural grassland tongues in between the
forest patches. The average canopy height ranges between 12 and 18 metres. Dominant
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South Africa
canopy species in the various forest communities are, Strychnos decussata, S. madagascariensis,
Celtis africana, Trichilia dregeana, Harpephyllum caffrum, Hymenocardia ulmoides,
and Apodytes dimidiata in places. A very limited patch is dominated by Chrysophyllum
viridifolium and Cavacoa aurea. Other species of interest are Manilkara discolor, Tapura
fischeri, Croton sylvaticus, Balanites maughamii, and Podocarpus falcatus. Swamp forest has
limited distribution in the area and it is dominated by Ficus trichopoda, Schefflera umbellifera,
Voacanga thouarsii, and Syzygium cordatum. Economically important species: Phragmites spp.,
and Juncus kraussii for reed mats. Endemic species: unknown.
Fauna Bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, nyala T. angasi, porcupine Hystrix africaeaustralis,
vervet monkey Cercopithecus aethiops, bushpig Potamochoerus porcus, reedbuck Redunca
arundinum, and hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius. This forest is an important breeding
area for long-crested eagle Lophaetus occipitalis, crowned eagle Stephanoaetus coronatus,
southern banded snake eagle Circaetus fasciolatus, black sparrowhawk Accipiter melanoleucus,
broadbilled roller Eurystomus glaucurus and white-eared barbet Smilorhis leucotis. These birds
have been recorded nesting or displaying in the area. Threatened mammals: red
duiker Cephalophus natalensis, samango monkey Cercopithecus mitis, thick-tailed
bushbaby Galago crassicaudatus; birds: forest species, many of which appear in the South
African Red Data Book (Brooke, 1984), are well represented.
Conservation Management A mangement plan is in the process of being drawn up.
Zoning Wilderness Area and proposed nature reserve under the Forest Act
Disturbances or Deficiencies Disturbances include poaching, cutting of saplings, alien plant
invasion, and the presence of timber research plots in between indigenous forest patches.
Visitor Facilities There is a picnic site only. Numbers: undetermined. Potential: unknown.
Scientific Research None
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
° Gordon, I.G. (1983). 4th year report, College for Foresters, Saasveld, typescript.
° Henkel, J.S., St Ballenden, S.C., and Bayer, A.W. (1936). An account of the plant ecology
of the Dukuduku forest reserve and adjoining areas of the Zululand coast belt. Annals of
the Natal Museum 8: 95-125.
° Brooke, R.K. (1984). South African Red Data Book - Birds. South African National
Scientific Programme Report No. 97.
Staff There is one District Forest Officer, one resident forester, and six forest guards, who
spend a portion of their time in the natural area and the rest in the forestry plantation.
Budget R20,000, 00 per annum (excluding salaries)
Local Park or Reserve Administration Regional Director, Directorate of Forestry, Private Bag
503, Eshowe, 3815.
Date July 1983
HIS
IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
NTENDEKA WILDERNESS AREA
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.22.12 (South African highlands)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 1905. Government Notice 53 of 1905 Government Notice 1870 of 1975.
Geographical Location 62km from Vryheid in Natal. 27°47’S-27°54’S, 31°21’E-31°27’E.
Altitude 500-1,200m
Area 5,230ha
Land Tenure Government. Administered by the Directorate of Forestry, Department of
Environment Affairs.
Physical Features Dolerite and sandstone cliffs bisect the area. The Landscape above and
below the cliffs is undulating. Cliffs are subject to parallel retreat through ~ granular
disintegration and rock fall. The cliffs are spectacular and produce waterfalls. The headwaters
of Umfolozi River flow through the reserve. Soils are red ferriferous, highly leached and
deeply weathered acidic soils of mixed dolerite and sandstone origin. Annual average
temperature range minimum: 14°C, maximum: 23°C. Annual rainfall 1,500mm, falling mainly
in summer (October to March).
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of North-eastern Mountain Sourveld (Veld Type 8).
Cooper, who has just completed a survey of the forests of Natal, regards Ngome as an excellent
example of a transitional forest from the Indian Ocean Coast Belt Type (Coastal Escarpment
sub-type) to the Afro-Montane type (Mist Belt Mixed Podocarpus sub-type. Trees are more
typical of the Coastal Escarpment forests. The following have been recorded at
Ngome Protorhus longifolia, Croton sylvaticus, Trichilia dregeana, Eugenia natalitia, Schefflera
umbellifera, Rauvolfia caffra, Trema orientalis, Anastrabe integerrima, Harpephyllum caf frum,
Trichocladus grandiflorus, Cassinopsis tinifolia and Dalbergia armata. On the other hand,
trees more typical of the Mist Belt Mixed Podocarpus forests, which occur at Ngome
include: Xymalos monospora, Cryptocarya myrtifolia, Rinorea angustifolia, Ficus craterostoma,
Podocar pus latifolius, Indigofera natalensis, and Olea capensis var. macrocarpa. The six most
abundant large forest trees at Ngome are: Syzygium gerrardii, Combretum kraussii, Brachylaena
discolor spp. transvaalensis, Cryptocarya myrtifolia, Rhus chirindensis, and Zanthoxylum
davyi. Highland Grassland of Acocks Veld Type 8 includes Themeda triandra, Loudetia
simplex, Tristachya leucothrix. Dominant Lowland Savanna Grasslands: Themeda triandra,
Eragrostis capensis, and Cymbopogon excavatus. Economically important species: local people
utilised many of the plants found here for medicinal and other purposes. Valuable timber trees
include species such as Podocarpus latifolius. Endemic species: Helichrysum ngomense,
Schizochilus gerrardii, and Brachystelma ngomense.
Fauna Threatened mammals: red duiker Cephalophus_ natalensis, samango
monkey Cercopithecus mitis, blue duiker Cephalophus monticola. Birds: white stork Ciconia
ciconia, martial eagle Polemactus bellicosus, mountain buzzard Buteo oreophilus, wattled
crane Bugeranus carunculatus (of special concern), Gurney’s sugarbird Promerops gurneyi, bald
ibis Geronticus calvus (R) and various others included in the South African Red Data Book
(Brooke, 1984). Vervet monkey Cercopithecus aethiops, chacma baboon Papio ursinus, common
duiker Sylvicapra grimmia, bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, porcupine Hystrix africaeaustralis,
and bushpig Potamochoerus porcus.
Conservation Management Investigations are under way to identify suitable land surrounding
the area for acquisition and subsequent enlargement of the wilderness area. A_ policy
memorandum is to be completed by December 1984.
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South Africa
Zoning Entire 5,230ha is gazetted Wilderness Area under the Forest Act. An additional area
is proposed as a nature reserve.
Disturbances or Deficiencies Overgrazing and injudicious burning practises in the past cause
problems. Erosion scars are clearly visible. Invasive plants Acacia melanoxylon, Caesalpinia
decapetala, Solanum mauritianum, and Rubus spp. are present.
Visitor Facilities Management trails are used by visitors. Numbers: 100 per annum.
Potential: 300 per annum.
Scientific Research Resource inventory
Special Scientific Facilities None available
Principal Reference Material
° Brooke, R.K. (1984). South African Red Data Book - Birds. South African National
Scientific Programme Report No. 97.
Staff One professional, one technical and 15 labourers. The area falls under responsibility of
the District Forest Officer at Eshowe. The area is served by a professional conservation
planning team from Pietermaritzburg.
Budget R31,100 per annum (excluding salaries)
Local Park or Reserve Administration Regional Director, Directorate of Forestry, Private Bag
506, Eshowe, 3815.
Date 1984
MAPHELANA NATURE RESERVE
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.08.04 (South African woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total (100% Government-owned)
Date Established No information. Undemarcated State Forest, to be declared a Nature
Reserve during 1984.
Geographical Location 50km from Kwambonambi in Natal. 32°24°-32°26’S, 28°24’-28°29°E.
Altitude 0-188m (188m)
Area 1,102ha
Land Tenure Government. Administered by the Directorate of Forestry, Department of
Environment Affairs.
Physical Features Maphelana consists of a very high coastal barrier dune system separating
the sea from a large coastal wetland area and is one of only three macro-dune areas on the
Zululand coast. The area includes the highest forested dune in South Africa. The Mfolozi
River flows along the western boundary. The soils consist of unconsolidated white to
grey-brown sand with a topsoil pH of between 6.7 and 7. Annual average temperature range
i
IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
minimum: 17.5°C, maximum: 25.4°C. Annual rainfall 1,288mm, falling mainly in summer
(October to March) 60% of rainfall.
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of Coastal Forest and Thornveld (Veld Type 1). The
forest exhibits two clearly distinguishable communities due to the influence of salt sea spray, is
thought to be one of the best preserved dune forests in Natal and exhibits a high species
richness. The most extensive of these is the Diospyros natalensis community, which covers the
lee dune. The other occurs on the foredune, where the salt spray damage is intense. Mimusops
caffra and Strelitzia nicolai are the most conspicuous trees in the foredune. Economically
important species: small quantities of Phragmites australis, but otherwise none recorded.
Endemic species: none recorded.
Fauna Vervet monkey Cercopithecus aethiops and bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus. Birdlife is
prolific and includes many forest species. Threatened mammals: thick tailed bushbaby Galago
crassicaudatus and samango monkey Cercopithecus mitis; birds: cuckoo hawk Aviceda
cuculoides, long crested eagle Lophaetus occipitalis, Ayres’ eagle Hieraaetus dubius, crowned
eagle Stephanoaetus coronatus, southern banded snake-eagle Circaetus fasciolatus, African fish
eagle Haliaeetus vocifer, crested guineafowl Guttera pucherani, green coucal Ceuthmochares
aereus, Rudd’s apalis Apalis ruddi, Woodward’s batis Batis fratrum, wattle-eyed
flycatcher Platysteira peltata, and green twinspot Mandingoa nitidula.
Conservation Management A policy memorandum is to be completed in mid 1984.
This area originally formed a part of a dune mining lease but, due to public pressure, the
mining companies agreed not to mine the area.
Zoning Area not zoned
Disturbances or Deficiencies The only real disturbance is due to off-road vehicles on the
beach and sand dune area. This is not a major problem at this stage.
Visitor Facilities There are none within the area, but Natal Parks Board camp on northern
border. Numbers: not applicable. Potential: low.
Scientific Research A description of the forest has been completed and a dune vegetation
inventory and ordination is being undertaken at present.
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
° Weisser, P.J. (1978). A vegetation study of the Zululand dune areas. Natal Town and
Regional Planning Commission Report No. 38, Pietermaritzburg.
° Venter, H.J.T. (1976). An ecological study of the dune forest at Mapelana, Cape St Lucia,
Zululand. Journal of South African Botany 42(2): 211-230.
Staff One District Forest Officer, one forester on a part-time basis, and two forest guards.
The area is served by a conservation planning team from Pietermaritzburg.
Budget R13,000 per annum (excluding salaries)
Local Park or Reserve Administration Regional Director, Directorate of Forestry, Private Bag
503, Eshowe, 3815.
Date July 1983
aie
South Africa
NELSHOOGTE/BERLIN STATE FORESTS
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.22.12 (South African Highlands)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 1923. Government Notice 1958 of 1923 and Government Notice 756 of
1936.
Geographical Location 40km from Nelspruit (Berlin), 42km from Barberton (Nelshoogte) in
Transvaal. 25°30’-25°55’S, 30°40’-30°5S’E.
Altitude 855-1,717m (Nelsberg)
Area 3,500ha
Land Tenure Government. Administered by the Directorate of Forestry, Department of
Environment Affairs.
Physical Features The escarpment provides scenic viewpoints on the escarpment and there is
a cave system on Berlin State Forest. Tributaries of the Elands River on Berlin and catchments
for the Queens and Suidkaap Rivers on Nelshoogte flow through the area. Avalon and Hutton
forms. Hornblende granites of the Cape Valley type comprise the geology of the area. Annual
average temperature range minimum: 12°C, maximum: 21°C. Annual rainfall from 1,144mm
(Berlin) to 1,099mm (Nelshoogte), falling mainly in summer (September-April).
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of North-Eastern Mountain Sourveld (Veld Type 8),
Lowveld Sour Bushveld (Veld Type 9), and Lowveld (Veld Type 10). Lowveld bushveld on the
lower areas passing into Lowveld Sour Bushveld on the slopes. Patches of indigenous forest in
the cooler wet kloofs with dry scrub forest in the warmer dry kloofs. Montane grassveld on
the higher slopes and on top of the escarpment. Dominant plant species include Nuxia
floribunda, Celtis africana, Fagara davyi, Acacia caffra, Curtisia dentata, Cussonia spicata,
Faurea galpinii, Diospyros whyteana, Ficus ingens and F. sycomorus. Various scarce plants are
found in higher lying areas, such as Encephalartos laevifolius, and E. humilis. Economically
important species: no information available. Endemic Species: Encephalartos humilis, Protea
roupelliae ssp. hamiltonit.
Fauna Mammals: bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, mountain reedbuck Redunca fulvorufula,
klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus, vervet monkey Cercopithecus aethiops, chacma
baboon Papio ursinus, caracal Felis caracal and small spotted genet Genetta genetta.
Threatened species: leopard Panthera pardus (T), serval Felis serval, oribi Ourebia ourebi, and
red duiker Cephalophus natalensis.
Conservation Management’ There is a management plan for this area. It is managed at this
stage for species protection and fire protection.
Zoning Nelshoogte Nature Reserve (21]1ha); D.R. Hamilton Protea Nature Reserve (25ha);
Starvation Creek Nature Reserve (353ha); and demarcated State land (2,91 lha)
Disturbances or Deficiencies Frequent burning may lead to degradation of the vegetation.
Burning is carried out in blocks to combat this problem. Part of a planned road threatens
Ngodwana kloof on the Berlin plantation.
Visitor Facilities There is one picnic site at Nelshoogte. Numbers: less than 50 per annum.
Potential: can be developed.
Scientific Research Population dynamics research on Encephalartos laevifolius.
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Special Scientific Facilities _ None on site; research is done from the D.R. de Wet Research
Station, Sabie.
Principal Reference Material Various unpublished departmental reports
Staff One professional forest officer doing planning from Regional Office at Nelspruit and
four plantation foresters who carry out burning on a rotational basis
Budget No figures available
Local Park or Reserve Administration Regional Director, Directorate of Forestry, Private Bag
11201, Nelspruit, 1200.
Date August 1983
UITSOEK STATE FOREST
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.08.04 (South African Woodland/savanna) and 3.22.12 (South
African Highlands)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 1953. Government Notice 361 of 1953.
Geographical Location 55km from Nelspruit in Transvaal. 25°13’-25°22’S, 30°32’-30°39’E.
Altitude 975-2,135m (Makobolwane)
Area 2,270ha
Land Tenure Government. Administered by the Directorate of Forestry, Department of
Environment Affairs.
Physical Features Facilities include an escarpment with rocky krantzes, patches of indigenous
forest, kloofs, waterfalls and the Houtbosloop River, a tributary of the Crocodile River.
Annual average temperature range minimum: 14°C, maximum: 28°C. Annual rainfall 895mm,
falling mainly in summer (September-April).
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of North-Eastern Mountain Sourveld (Veld Type 8),
Lowveld Sour Bushveld (Veld Type 9), and Lowveld (Veld Type 10). Three veld types follow
one on the other up the kloof to the top of the escarpment. A wide variety of species occur in
this area, of which Encephalartos humilis is the most important. Prominent trees
include Pterocarpus angolensis and Faurea speciosa. Indigenous forests are found in kloofs
along the escarpment. Economically important species: no information available. Endemic
species: Encephalartos humilis.
Fauna Include the above endangered species, and also bushbuck TJragelaphus scriptus,
mountain reedbuck Redunca fulvorufula, klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus, vervet
monkey Cercopithecus aethiops, chacma baboon Papio ursinus, caracal Felis caracal, and small
spotted genet Genetta genetta. Birds: 97 species have been recorded. Two pairs of blue
cranes Anthropoides paradisea breed in the area. Threatened species: leopard Panthera pardus,
serval Felis serval, oribi Ourebia ourebi, and red duiker Cephalophus natalensis.
-780-
South Africa
Conservation Management A management plan exists for this area.
Zoning Wonderkloof Nature Reserve (723ha); Flora Nature Reserve (47ha); Demarcated State
land (1,500ha)
Disturbances or Deficiencies None
Visitor Facilities Facilities include a picnic site. Numbers: 50 per annum. Potential: high
potential for development
Scientific Research Hydrological research
Special Scientific Facilities None on site, but the forest is served by the D.R. de Wet Forest
Research Station, Sabie
Principal Reference Material Various unpublished departmental reports
Staff | One professional forest officer at the Regional Office in Nelspruit responsible for
planning two plantation foresters who carry out rotational burning
Budget No figures available
Local Park or Reserve Administration Regional Director, Directorate of Forestry, Private Bag
11201, Nelspruit, 1200.
Date August 1983
CEYLON STATE FOREST
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.22.12 (South African Highlands)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 1935. Government Notice 485 of 1935 and Government Notice 856 of 1936.
Geographical Location 10km from Sabie in Transvaal. 25°00’-25°10’S, 30°37’-30°43’E.
Altitude Approximately 1,525-2,285m (Mount Anderson)
Area 3,500ha
Land Tenure Government. Administered by the Directorate of Forestry, Department of
Environment Affairs.
Physical Features Features include waterfalls and Sabie and Blyde Rivers. Annual average
temperature range minimum: 12°C, maximum: 21°C. Annual rainfall 1,183mm, falling mainly
in summer (September-April).
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of North-Eastern Mountain Sourveld (Veld Type 8).
Indigenous forests in kloofs, but the vegetation is mostly open grassland. Dominant species
-781-
IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
include: Rapanea melanophloeos, Xymalos monospora, Podocarpus latifolius, Syzygium
gerrardii, Combretum kraussii, and Cussonia spicata in the forests. The grassland is Themeda
triandra dominated with Loudetia simplex and Rendlia altera. Economically important species:
no information available. Endemic species: no information available.
Fauna Bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, mountain reedbuck Redunca fulvorufula,
klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus, vervet monkey Cercopithecus aethiops, chacma
baboon Papio ursinus, caracal Felis caracal, and the spotted genet Genetta genetta. Threatened
species: leopard Panthera pardus (T), oribi Ourebia ourebi, and red duiker Cephalophus
natalensis.
Conservation Management A management plan exists for this area. An investigation to have
this area proclaimed a Nature Reserve is under way.
Zoning Open grassland (3,250ha); indigenous forest: (250ha)
Disturbances or Deficiencies Potato Board lands on top of the mountain destroy oribi habitat.
Some areas are leased to farmers for winter grazing.
Visitor Facilities Facilities include a hiking trail with an overnight hut. Numbers: 5,500 per
annum. Potential: 10,950 per annum.
Scientific Research None
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material None yet
Staff | One professional forest officer at the Regional Office in Nelspruit responsible for
planning and three plantation foresters who carry out rotational burning
Budget No figures available
Local Park or Reserve Administration Regional Director, Directorate of Forestry, Private Bag
503, Sabie, 1260.
Date August 1983
MORGENZON STATE FOREST
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.22.12 (South African Highlands)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 1978. Government Notice 2186 of 1978.
Geographical Location 20km from Pilgrims Rest in Transvaal. 24°44’-24°50’S,
30°41’-30°46’E.
Altitude Approximately 1,300-2,035m (Eldorado Peak)
Area 1,264ha
-782-
South Africa
Land Tenure Government. Administered by the Directorate of Forestry, Department of
Environment Affairs.
Physical Features No information is available on the topography and geomorphology of the
area. The Blyde River and Ohrigstad River flow through the reserve. Annual average
temperature range minimum: 12°C, maximum: 21°C. Annual rainfall 773mm, falling mainly in
summer (September to April).
Vegetation | Vegetation types consist of North-Eastern Mountain Sourveld (Veld Type 8);
small patches of indigenous forest, but mostly open grassland. Dominant species
include: Rapanea melanophloeos, Xymalos monospora, Podocarpus latifolius, Syzygium
gerrardii, Combretum kraussii, and Cussonia spicata in the forests. The grassland is Themeda
triandra dominated by with Loudetia simplex and Rendlia altera. Economically important
species: no information available. Endemic species: no information available.
Fauna Bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, mountain reedbuck Redunca_ fulvorufula,
klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus, vervet monkey Cercopithecus aethiops, chacma
baboon Papio ursinus, caracal Felis caracal, and small spotted genet Genetta genetta.
Threatened species: leopard Panthera pardus (T), serval Felis serval, oribi Ourebia ourebi, and
red duiker Cephalophus natalensis.
Conservation Management A management plan exists for this area.
Zoning None, all a natural area
Disturbances or Deficiencies None specified
Visitor Facilities None. Numbers: no visitors in thisarea. Potential: undetermined.
Scientific Research Monitoring of grassveld burning
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material None
Staff One professional forest officer at the Regional Office in Nelspruit responsible for
planning and two plantation foresters who carry out rotational burning
Budget No figures available
Local Park or Reserve Administration Regional Director, Directorate of Forestry, Private Bag
503, Sabie, 1260.
Date August 1983
SERALA STATE FOREST (INCLUDING WOLKBERG WILDERNESS AREA)
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.22.12 (South African Highlands)
Legal Protection Total; this reserve is very scenic and has the highest possible conservation
status according to the Forest Act.
7852
IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Date Established 28 October 1977. Government Notice 5789 of 1977 (Section 7a of the
Forest Act).
Geographical Location 80km from Pietersburg in Transvaal. 23°58’-24°11’S, 30°0’-30°10’E.
Altitude 795-2,050m (Serala Kop)
Area 21,998ha
Land Tenure Government. Administered by the Directorate of Forestry, Department of
Environment Affairs.
Physical Features The reserve is at the Junction of northern Drakensberg and Strydpoort
Mountain Ranges with mountains, deep valleys, and high peaks. Outstanding features include
caves and Tufa formation, and many waterfalls and the Mohlapitze River (tributary of the
Olifants River) and its tributaries. On a higher elevation, shallow soils of quartzitic material
originating from Black Reef Series, can be found. The rest are derived from granite- gneiss
formation and very little dolomite. Annual average temperature range minimum: 7°C,
maximum: 21°C. Annual rainfall 500-1,350mm, falling mainly in summer (October-February).
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of North-eastern Mountain Sourveld (Veld Type 8) and
Lowveld Sour Bushveld (Veld Type 9). The Wolkberg Wilderness area is the only wilderness
area set aside in accordance with the Forest Act in the Transvaal Province and it has
representative communities of diverse vegetation types. Ten percent evergreen montane high
forest with approximately 40 species, 8% semi-deciduous indigenous forest, thorn-veld,
riparian forests, montane grassland with and without Protea spp., sub-montane wooded savanna
with Faurea saligna, F. speciosa, and Pterocarpus angolensis. Economically important species:
none. Endemic species: none.
Fauna Mainly bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus and common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia. More
than 150 bird species have been recorded. Threatened species: leopard Panthera pardus (T) and
samango monkey Cercopithecus mitis.
Conservation Management A management plan exists for this area.
Zoning State Forest Wilderness Area (17,390ha); Ordinary Demarcated State Forest (4,608ha).
Disturbances or Deficiencies Local population responsible for frequent uncontrolled fires,
poaching and growing of Cannabis sativa. Some invasive plant species grow along jeep tracks
and rivers.
Visitor Facilities | Showers, toilets, and parking facilities at Serala. No hiking trails, but
visitors allowed into area with a map indicating jeep tracks and management paths. Visitors
may stay overnight in area, although no facilities provided. Numbers: 893 per annum.
Potential: 3,000 per annum.
Scientific Research Resource inventory and monitoring activities by management staff
Special Scientific Facilities Small plant collection
Principal Reference Material Unpublished departmental reports
Staff One resident and one assistant forester at Serala State Forest
Budget R115,000 per annum (including salaries)
Local Park or Reserve Administration Regional Director, Directorate of Forestry, Private Bag
X2413, Louis Trichardt, 0920.
Date July 1983
-784-
South Africa
WOODBUSH/DE HOEK STATE FORESTS
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.22.12 (South African Highlands)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 1916. Government Notice 982 of 1916.
Geographical Location 28km from Tzaneen in Transvaal. 23°41’-23°57’S, 30°59’-30°05’E.
Altitude 1,200-1,834m (Pypkop)
Area 6,626ha
Land Tenure Government. Administered by the Directorate of Forestry, Department of
Environment Affairs.
Physical Features The reserve is in the most northern extension of Drakensberg Mountain
Range with hilly country on the ridge, a steep escarpment and Helpmekaar and Broederstroom
Rivers which form the Great Letaba River outside this area flowing through it. Soils comprise
deep sandy loams derived from granite formations. Annual average temperature range
minimum: 10°C, maximum: 24°C. Annual rainfall 1,884mm, falling mainly in summer
(October-March).
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of North-eastern Mountain Sourveld (Veld Type 8). The
montane evergreen high forest is the largest indigenous forest in the Transvaal. There are also
a few open patches on rocky outcrops. Major tree species include: Podocarpus falcatus,
P. latifolius, Celtis africana, Combretum kraussii, and Olea capensis. A checklist of the trees is
available on request.
Fauna Bushbuck Tragelaphus_ scriptus, common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia,
bushpig Potamochoerus porcus, and several other forest species. Birds are plentiful.
Threatened species: leopard Panthera pardus (T), samango monkey Cercopithecus mitis, and red
duiker Cephalophus natalensis. Economically important species: none.
Zoning Ordinary Demarcated State Forest, 6,626ha
Disturbances or Deficiencies Invasive species present on fringes of forest
Visitor Facilities Dokolewa circular route of Magoebaskloof Hiking Trail. Numbers: 1,200
per annum. Potential: 6,000 per annum.
Scientific Research None
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material Various unpublished departmental reports
Staff Two resident state foresters at De Hoek and Woodbush
Budget R15,000 for forest inventory and hiking trail (including part of salaries).
Local Park or Reserve Administration Regional Director, Directorate of Forestry, Private Bag
X2413, Louis Trichardt, 0920.
Date August 1983
-785-
IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
ENTABENI STATE FOREST (INCLUDING THREE SMALL NATURE RESERVES)
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.22.12 (South African Highlands)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 1924. Government Notice 1615 of 1924.
Geographical Location 45km from Louis Trichardt in Transvaal. 22°59’-23°03’S,
30°10°-30°18’E.
Altitude 700m-1,469m (Matiwa)
Area 1,924ha
Land Tenure Government. Administered by the Directorate of Forestry, Department of
Environment Affairs.
Physical Features The reserve is in the Soutpansberg Mountain Range, which runs in a in
east-westerly direction with steep southern slopes. Latanandwa and Mutshindudi tributaries to
Levubu River flow through the area. Soils comprise sandy loams with quartzitic outcrops.
Annual average temperature range minimum: 13°C, maximum: 25°C. Annual rainfall
1,700mm, falling mainly in summer (October-March).
Vegetation Vegetation types consist of North-eastern Mountain Sourveld (Veld Type 8). The
largest evergreen indigenous high forest is in the Soutpansberg mountain range occurs in this
area with species such as Podocarpus latifolius, Celtis africana, Xymalos monospora,
Cryptocarya liebertiana, Prunus africana, Trichilia dregeana, Croton sylvaticus, Cassipourea
gerrardii, Combretum kraussii, Syzygium gerrardii, Cussonia spicata, Schefflera umbellifera,
Olea capensis ssp. macrocarpa, and Nuxia floribunda. Economically important species: none.
Fauna Bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia, and
bushpig Potamochoerus porcus. Threatened species: leopard Panthera pardus (T), samango
monkey Cercopithecus mitis, and red duiker Cephalophus natalensis.
Conservation Management No management plan exists for this area.
Zoning Declared nature reserves (the Ratomba, Veraskop and Entabeni); proposed Matiwa
Nature Reserve (800ha); and demarcated State Forest (1,124ha).
Disturbances or Deficiencies Invasive alien plants grow along water courses. Also previously
disturbed semi-deciduous forest types.
Visitor Facilities Facilities include the Soutpansberg Hiking Trail. Numbers: 1,400 per
annum. Potential: 6,000 per annum.
Scientific Research Ecology of samango monkey Cercopithecus mitis
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material Unpublished departmental reports
Staff Resident state forester at Entabeni and one research forester
-786-
South Africa
Budget R21,000 per annum (including salaries)
Local Park or Reserve Administration Regional Director, Directorate of Forestry, Private Bag
X2413, Louis Trichardt, 0920.
Date August 1983
-787-
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ST HELENA
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U.K. - ST. HELENA
Area 122 sq.km
Population 5,499 (1982)
Parks and Reserves Legislation Forestry Ordinance Cap. 40 was enacted as Ordinance No. 4
of 1937. This ordinance made provision for the constitution of forest reserves on Crown and
private lands. By Order-in-Council No. 6 of 1938, three such reserves were constituted, with
the object of protecting areas containing indigenous flora. This legislation was regarded as
ineffective and replaced by Ordinance No. 9 of 1954, amended by Ordinance No. 10 of 1955,
No. 6 of 1959 and by Statutory Rules and Order No. 4 of 1967. The Governor in Council has
powers to constitute National Forests on Crown land. Other areas are classified as Dedicated
Forests (on privately owned lands), Protected Private Forests (to be managed by the owner),
and Controlled Areas where no trees are to be cut down or forest produce removed without
written permission of the Agriculture and Forestry Officer. The Ordinance makes provision
for protection and management of the three categories of forest. Nine endemic species of trees
and other plants are protected under Ordinance No. 15 of 1959 which was revised in 1977 to
include all angiosperms and the tree fern Dicksonia arborescens. The Agriculture and Forestry
Department was made responsible for their protection.
Parks and Reserves Administration The Forestry Division of the Department of Agriculture
and Forestry was first established in 1934. The United Kingdom Overseas Development
Administration (ODA) has made important contributions to the organization of forestry on St
Helena. There is also a Forestry Advisory Committee which comprises elected members of the
Legislative Council with the Agricultural and Forestry Officer (from ODA) as ex-officio
member. This officer is replaced every 18 months to three years.
Address Agriculture and forestry Department, Scotland, St Helena.
Additional Information Originally the island was covered in vegetation, with an interior
described as an entire forest of gumwood Commidendrum robustum and other indigenous trees.
Today the worst problem is erosion, which is a consequence of vegetation clearance by man for
fuel and timber, and clearing for farming operations. Another major contributor to the present
coastal barrenness was the goat, but this feral species has now been almost eradicated.
Degradation of the ’crown wastes’ is exacerbated by water and wind erosion in coastal areas
and flood damage in valley bottoms. Destruction of the tree and shrub vegetation of the higher
peaks has also probably resulted in reduced precipitation, mainly because of fall-off in mist
interception.
The other disturbance to the natural environment is the spread of exotic species of plant
introduced from the Cape of Good Hope, Australia, and America. The greatest single
development on St Helena - Flax Phorium tenax - is no longer viable but this species has
severely encroached most peaks and ridges. In addition, it has been the practice in the past to
revegetate areas with exotics such as Acacia and Eucalyptus. To aleviate the problem of
erosion and lack of self-sufficiency in timber produce, Henry (1974) recommended
development of the Forest Estate of Helena with various exotic species. He also described the
need for conservation of endemic flora.
Goodenough (1983) discovered that most endemics are verging on extinction, but that species
such as scrubwood Commidendrum rugosum had a huge potential for stabilizing and
reconstituting soil. However, natural regeneration is slow (limited by exposure) and endemic
species are mostly found as individuals or in small enclaves of limited species diversity, with
considerable encroachment by exotics. He recommended propagation of species and initiated
and improved propagation programmes, and also, where indigenous species thrive, programmes
of expansion.
-791-
IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Recent rains have caused excellent regeneration, especially on protected sites, and a WWF
funded propagation unit is now able to provide large numbers of plants. In 1983 the
Agriculture and Forestry Department proposed to re-establish discrete areas of endemic forest
(five initially) both for conservation purposes and to evaluate endemic trees for potential
economic utility. Planting has been in progress in four areas since July 1985. A Forestry
Programme (1985-1990) has been accepted by the St Helena Government. This is
concentrating on endemic planting, fencing, and removal of exotics.
Four national forests have been designated conservation areas for protection of the endemic
tree and shrub flora of the Island. These are Dianas National Forest (which comprises 1.2lha
of Crown land (1955) and 4.66ha of Private Dedicated Forest (1957) along the Central Ridge)
and Old Joan Point National Forest (comprising 19.44ha of Crown land), both nature reserves
for endemic species, High Peak National Forest (1955) (a Protection area of 5.38ha on Crown
land), and Casans and Hardings National Forest (1955) (primarily a production forest covering
31.3ha of Crown land - 2ha of which is managed for native trees/shrubs).
References
* Brown, L.C. (1982). The Flora and Fauna of St. Helena. Project Record 59.
S.Hel-01-12/Rec-59/82. Land Resources Development Centre, Surrey, England.
* Goodenough, S. (1983). Saint Helena: A Plant Propagation Project and Recommendations for
the Conservation of the Endemic Flora of the Island. Mimeo Report. Royal Botanic
Gardens, Kew, UK.
* Henry, P.W.T. (1974). Forestry on St. Helena. Project Report 8, 1974. Land Resources
Development Centre, Surrey, England.
-792-
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Key
1) National Parks
E2] Game Reserves
% Biosphere Reserves
@ proposed
North-South border
Sudan
SUDAN
Area 2,505,813 sq.km
Population 20,560,000 (1983); comprising 500 ethnic groups
Parks and Reserves Legislation Wildlife is protected and protected areas established and
managed under the Preservation of Wild Animals Ordinance of 1935 (as amended), and the
National Parks, Sanctuaries, Reserves and Game Regulations dated 1935 onwards. These
legislative instruments were apparantly the first such attempts to conserve Sudan wildlife. The
Ordinance enables the Minister to establish National Parks, Game Sanctuaries, and Game
Reserves. Hunting is prohibited within the first two types of area, but not within game
reserves where it may be permitted under licence. Exploitation of resources within national
parks is only allowed with the permission of the Minister, but cultivation and grazing of
domesticated animals is allowed within game reserves under permit. More recently Southern
Sudan has been given a measure of autonomy (Southern Provinces Regional Self-Government
Act, 1972), and the Wildlife Conservation and Parks Act 1975, of the Southern Regional
Government (1976, Provisional Order No. 2) deals with wildlife conservation policy,
administration, protected areas, protected animals hunting methods and licences, wildlife trade,
etc. within the Southern Region. Three types of protected area are defined under this act,
National Parks (which can only be created or abolished by the President), Game Reserves, and
Controlled Areas. Within national parks in the south all disturbance of both animals and
habitat is prohibited, and weapons, domestic animals, etc. are not permitted. Within game
reserves hunting is forbidden, and settlement or cultivation is allowed only under permit, while
within Controlled Areas animals may be hunted, but only under permit. All forms of tourism
within such areas can only take place with the permission of the Ministry. It can therefore be
seen that there are wide differences between protection in the north and south of the country.
The Marine Fisheries Regulations of 1937, amended in 1975, cover fishing activity within
Sudan. The Sudanese Marine Conservation Committee (SMCC) have drafted a new Marine
Fisheries Act in consultation with IUCN to create a legal instrument enabling establishment of
marine parks and reserves, and to regulate construction in or near the sea (a national marine
park has been proposed for Sanganeb Atoll for example).
Parks and Reserves Administration In 1972, when wildlife resources within the Southern
Region of Sudan became the responsibility of that region, the Department of Wildlife,
Conservation, Fisheries and Tourism was created. This was elevated to Ministry status in
1977. Within the Northern Region the governmental agency responsible for executing wildlife
policies and enforcing legislation is the Administration of Wildlife Conservation Forces. The
Forestry Department grants licences for use of forest produce. Marine conservation in Sudan is
controlled by the Sudanese Marine Conservation Committee (SMCC).
Address
° Wildlife Conservation Forces, Central Administration, PO Box 336, Khartoum.
° Regional Ministry of Wildlife Conservation and Tourism, PO Box 77, Juba.
° Central Forests Administration, Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources, PO Box 658,
Khartoum.
Additional Information Current political changes within the Sudan have made jurisdiction
over wildlife and reserves unclear. Poaching is at an extremely high level, although it is
believed that the political unrest may be maintaining status quo, with soldiers reportedly
protecting resources within particular areas for their own use (Cobb, 1981). However, game
reserves have never received very much protection and have consequently suffered from
settlement, cultivation and livestock grazing (Dasmann, 1972). Like the reserves, the game
sanctuaries are also very seldom patrolled. Many of the protected areas have therefore lost
much of their wildlife (Hassaballa and Nimir, 1985).
Recent events in Sudan have presented further problems in wildlife management, and most
expatriate advisors have left the country. However, it is reported that the wildlife conservation
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forces in the Equatorian region have done remarkably well, including the training of 140 new
officers in paramilitary techniques and wildlife skills. Apparently anti-poaching operations are
keeping poaching within this region to a minimum (Guillet, 1986).
There has been considerable trade in ivory, skins and live animals. An FAO estimate
numbered Sudan’s elephant population at 134,000, but the dramatic increase in poaching over
the last few years has reduced this and a new census is needed (Hassaballa and Nimir, 1985).
Exports of raw ivory were banned in 1983 and the 1936 wildlife law was supposed to be more
strictly enforced but lack of patrols and funds have prevented this being effective. Sudan was
also seeking agreements with neighbouring countries to prevent smuggling of ivory poached in
Sudan with the aid of IUCN/WWF Project 1950.
The Southern Sudan Regional Ministry of Wildlife Conservation plans to establish a national
park in the Shambe area, five times the size of the present game reserve, in particular for
protection of northern white rhino. Poaching and drought are affecting animal numbers in
this region and IUCN/WWF Project 1949 was set up to help combat poaching in particular and
help in setting up the park.
Although loss of habitat through human agency and poaching are both serious problems for
nature conservation, the biggest single threat is undoubtably desertification, particularly in the
north. The most serious aspect for conservation management is the loss of vegetation through
misuse of the land. The government, with assistance from outside the country, is trying to
cope with this problem.
Wildlife Education was begun in southern Sudan in 1979 when the first Wildlife Club was
established. In 1982 the African Wildlife Foundation supplied an expatriate adviser and a
four-wheel drive vehicle and other equipment to expand the programme, and over a dozen
Wildlife Clubs have now been established. The Sudan Wildlife Society was founded (in the
north) in 1982. Despite these efforts public awareness about conservation is still limited.
References
° Blower, J.R. (1977). Wildlife Conservation and Management in the Southern Sudan. FAO:
DP/SUD/76/021 Rome.
° Boitani, Luigi (1981). The Southern National Park: A Master Plan. Instituto di Zoologia,
Facolta di Scienze dell’ Universita di Roma, Italy.
° Cobb, S. (1981). Wildlife in Southern Sudan. Swara 4(5): 28-31.
° El Badawi, M.A. and Hakim, S. (1985). The role of protected areas in wildlife conservation.
Seminar on wildlife conservation and management in the Sudan. Khartoum 16-21 March
1985.
° Guillet, A. (1986). Personal communication to PADU staff dated 3 October.
° Hassaballa, El Rayah Omer and Nimir, M.B. (1985). Towards a national conservation
policy. Wildlife Conservation Forces Report, Khartoum.
° Hillman, J.C. (1982). Department of Wildlife Management, Wildlife Information Booklet on
the Southern Sudan. New York Zoological Society, USA.
° Hillman, J.C. (1985). Wildlife research in relation to conservation and management.
Seminar on wildlife conservation and management in the Sudan, Khartoum, 16-21 March
1985.
° Hofmann, Reinhold, R. (1976). Advisory Report to the Regional Government of Southern
Sudan. Vet. Anatom. Institute, West Germany.
° IUCN (1976). Proceedings of a regional meeting on the creation of a coordinated system of
national parks and reserves in Eastern Africa. IUCN Publications New Series,
Supplementary Paper No. 45. IUCN, Morges, Switzerland.
IUCN/WWF Project 1259. Sudan, Coral Reefs and Sanganeb Marine National Park.
IUCN/WWF Project 1634, Sudan, Training of wildlife personnel.
IUCN/WWF Project 1949. Sudan, Conservation of white rhinos and other large mammals.
IUCN/WWF Project 1950. CITES Implementation in Africa, with reference to Ivory and
Rhino Horn.
° IUCN/WWF Project 3172. Sudan, Support for wildlife personnel.
eo °o 0 ©
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Sudan
° Lamprey, H.F. (1975). The Distribution of Protected Areas in Relation to the Needs of
Biotic Community Conservation in Eastern Africa. IUCN Occasional Paper No. 16.
Morges, Switzerland.
IUCN,
° Moore, G. (1974). Report to Government of the Sudan and wildlife and national parks
legislation. Report No. TA 3300. FAO, Rome.
° Schomber, H.W. (1962). Wild Life Protection in the Sudan. Part II The National Parks and
Game Reserves. African Wild Life 16(3): 204-212.
Protected Areas
National Parks
Dinder
Nimule
Radom
Southern
Game Reserves
Ashana
Bandingiru
Bangangai
Bire Kpatuos
Chelkou
Fanyikango Island
Juba
Kidepo
Mbarizunga
Mongala
Numatina
Rahad
Shambe
Zeraf
Biosphere Reserves
Dinder National Park
Radom National Park
Proposed areas
Boma National Park
Lantoto National Park
Port Sudan
Sanganeb Atoll
Boro Game Reserve
Meshra Game Reserve
DINDER NATIONAL PARK
(hectares)
890,000
41,000
1,250,970
2,300,000
Subtotal 4,481,970
90,000
17,000
500
550,000
48,000
20,000
140,000
1,300
210,000
62,000
970,000
Subtotal 2,108,800
650,000
1,250,970
Subtotal 1,900,970
2,280,000
76,000
100
150,000
450,000
Management Category II and IX (National Park and Biosphere Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.13.07 (Eastern Sahel)
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Legal Protection Within the buffer zone charcoal licences are granted by the Forestry
Department and concessions for mechanised farming are given by the Ministry of Agriculture
in the wet season.
Date Established 1935 as a National Park, May 1979 as a Biosphere Reserve. Extended to
include a buffer zone in 1980.
Geographical Location The area lies in the north-eastern corner of the Blue Nile Province
adjacent to the frontier with Ethiopia. 11°45°’-12°50’N, 34°46’-36°12’E.
Altitude 700-800m
Area 890,000ha, with a 277,300ha buffer zone; Biosphere Reserve 650,000ha.
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features Much of the park is low-lying flood plain sloping gently from the
Ethiopian Highlands with the meandering Rahad and Dinder rivers flowing north-westerly
towards the Blue Nile. A number of tributary streams and ox-bow lakes (or mayas) cover a
great deal of the total area towards the Ethiopian highlands, and in the southern corner of the
park there are a few rocky hills. Precipitation ranges from 800mm in the south to 600mm in
the north and falls mainly between June and October. Temperatures range from 20°C in
January to 44°C in May.
Vegetation There is Acacia seyal-Balanites aegyptiaca thornbush savanna, with tall, coarse
grasses including Sorghum species in the north, and Combretum hartmannianum woodland in
the south. Along the banks of rivers is Hyphaene thebaica or multi-layered gallery forest
of Acacia sieberana, Tamarindus indica and Ficus species, with Ziziphus abyssinica
and Mimosa pigra underneath. Again, the dominant grasses are Sorghum species
and Brachiaria species. In swampy areas or shallow lakes, Nymphaea spp. and Ipomoea spp. are
dominant. Open grass plains are composed of Themeda_ triandra, Panicum
spp., Hyparrhenia spp. and Cynodon spp. The ox-bow lakes, which gradually silt up, provide
the main source of nutritious grasses, particularly Echinochloa species, for wildlife during the
most severe part of the dry season.
Fauna There was a rich fauna including giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis, buffalo Syncerus
caffer, reedbuck Redunca arundinum, roan antelope Hippotragus equinus, waterbuck Kobus
ellipsiprymnus, greater kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros, bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus,
topi Damaliscus lunatus, oribi Ourebia ourebi, elephant Loxodonta africana (T), lion Panthera
leo, leopard Panthera pardus (T), cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T), striped hyena Hyaena hyaena
and spotted hyena Crocuta crocuta. Numbers have been reduced over the last two decades.
There was also a rich variety of birdlife including ostrich Struthio camelus.
Conservation Management No information
Zoning The whole 650,000ha Biosphere Reserve area is considered as core, fully protected,
but with limited tourism allowed. The large buffer zone which lies to the west may include
some wet-season grazing areas.
Disturbances or Deficiencies The park only includes dry-season habitat for many ungulates
and ostrich. Illegal mechanized farming is threatening the whole buffer zone and the
traditional grazing lands outside the reserve are being lost. Burning, both by rangers and
nomadic herdsmen, disturbs about 60% total area each year. The combination of the effect of
this activity and grazing has caused remarkable changes in the vegetation. In addition, the
livestock herds are thought to be responsible for the serious outbreaks of disease that have
decimated the wild herds. Poaching is a serious threat. Surveys have shown that numbers of
animals decreased by up to 50% between 1971-1977. Phase II of the Rahad Agricultural
Project envisages a canal from Roseires Dam across the south-western buffer zone close to the
park, which would block the wet season migration of many species as the agriculture does.
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Sudan
Surveys were carried out in 1971-72 on migratory habits, and longer-term studies initiated.
These surveys recommended that the canal be re-aligned to interfere less with migration routes
and that a new game reserve be established to the west of the park to cover part of the wet
season ranges of many animals (Dasmann 1972).
Visitor Facilities No information
Scientific Research Surveys from 1971-1977 by the Institute of Environmental Studies and
the Wildlife Research Section at the University of Khartoum.
Special Scientific Facilities No information
Principal Reference Material
° Abushama, F.T. (1981). Dinder besieged. Sudan Environment 1(2): 4-5.
° Allam, T.M.H. (1981). Wildlife in Dinder: poaching our heritage. Sudan Environment 1(2):
3-4.
° Baxter, D.J. (1981). Dinder in distress. Sudan Now (February): 53-6.
° Cloudsley-Thompson, J.L. (1969). Wildlife by the Dinder River, Sudan. Turtox News 47(4):
114-6.
° Dasmann, W.P. (1972). Development and Management of the Dinder National Park and its
Wildlife. Report No. TA 3113, FAO, Rome.
° Harrison, M.N. and Jackson, J.K. (1958). Ecological classification of the vegetation of the
Sudan. Forest Department, Khartoum, Sudan: Forests Bulletin (New Series) No. 2, 22.
° Holsworth, W.N. (1968). Dinder National Park with special reference to the possible effects
of the proposed Rahad canal and a proposal for game management in the Dinder region.
Report TA 2457, FAO, Rome.
° Nimir, M.B. (1977). A report on the illegal activity of nomads and their livestock in Dinder
National Park. Wildlife Research Department, Khartoum, Sudan. 7 pp.
° Whitney, J.B. and el Moghraby, A.I. (1982). Dinder National Park, Sudan: Development
versus Preservation. Environmental Conservation 9(3): 248-250.
Staff Three game officers and 11 rangers. Research staff visit the park seasonally.
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration Wildlife Administration, PO Box 336, Khartoum.
Date May 1985
NIMULE NATIONAL PARK
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.05.04 (East African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Totally protected under the Sudan Game Law of 1975 and Ordinance of
1935.
Date Established 1975
Geographical Location In the south of Eastern Equatoria province, on the border with
Uganda. Approximately 3°35’N, 32°10’E.
Altitude 650-700m
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Area 41,000ha
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The park is in hilly country, with the Bahr El Jebel (White Nile) along
about 48km of the eastern boundary. The River Kayu flows through the park from the
Uganda border until it meets the Bahr El Jebel. There are hill ranges on the east and west of
the park which also includes the Fula Rapids.
Vegetation Much of the park has savannah woodland of Acacia spp., Balanites aegyptiaca,
and Combretum hartmannianum.
Fauna The park had a very rich fauna which has declined considerably in recent years.
There are still some elephant Loxodonta africana (T), patas monkey Cercopithecus patas,
eastern black-and-white colobus Colobus guereza, kob Kobus kob, waterbuck Kobus
ellipsiprymnus, oribi Ourebia ourebi, Bohor reedbuck Redunca redunca, bushbuck Tragelaphus
scriptus, sitatunga Tragelaphus spekei, hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius,
warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus, crocodile Crocodylus amphibius and ostrich Struthio camelus.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies No human settlement or other activities are allowed. The park
suffered severely during the political unrest in Uganda and elephant populations were
decimated and the population of white rhinoceros Ceratotherium simum was poached out.
Poachers from Uganda still cause a problem. It is at present the most stable of the parks in
Sudan.
Visitor Facilities There is a rest house, Nimule Park Lodge, for visitors. This area is used
predominately by Juba people.
Scientific Research The area has high scientific potential, but no extensive research has been
done yet. Various brief studies by Juba University students.
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
° Harrison, M.N. and Jackson, J.K. (1958). Ecological Classification of the Vegetation of the
Sudan.
Hillman, J.C. (1982). Department of Wildlife Management, Wildlife Information Booklet on
the Southern Sudan. New York Zoological Society, USA.
° IUCN/WWF Project 1743. Sudan, support for Fanyikang Game Reserve and Nimule
National Park.
° Kock, D. (1961). A visit to the Nimule National Park in the Southern Sudan. African
Wildlife 15(4): 323-329.
Staff A Game Officer, two game rangers, 15 game scouts and 15 labourers
Budget The park receives an allocation of 15,000,000LS from the regional government
annually for reinforcement of the law and limited development of the area.
Local Park or Reserve Administration Regional Ministry of Wildlife, Conservation, Fisheries
and Tourism, PO Box 77, Juba.
Date May 1985
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Sudan
RADOM NATIONAL PARK
Management Category II and IX (National park and Biosphere Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.05.04 (East African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Hunting is prohibited by the Sudan Game Regulation in force since 1960.
No hunting, tree felling, agriculture, or new human settlements are allowed.
Date Established 1979 as a Biosphere Reserve. National Park status in 1980
Geographical Location Located in the south-western corner of southern Darfur Province,
300km from Nyala, bordering the Central African Republic. Approximately 9°50’N, 24°45’E.
Altitude Average of 450m
Area 1,250,970ha
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features There is broken hilly country, with two main rivers and numerous smaller
streams flooding only during the wet season. The mountain range within the reserve
constitutes a watershed dividing the Central African and Sudanese hydrographical system.
Rainfall occurs mainly between April and November and varies between 630mm in the north
and 900mm in the south.
Vegetation The savanna woodland is dominated by Terminalia brownii, Combretum
spp., Anogeissus leiocarpus and Isoberlinia doka. Important for wildlife are the wet meadows
(dahls) which provide water and fodder during the dry season.
Fauna The park had a rich fauna which has become depleted. It includes
elephant Loxodonta africana (T), hartebeest Alcelaphus busephalus (T), waterbuck Kobus
ellipsiprymnus, kob Kobus kob, hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, giraffe Giraffa
camelopardalis, and a number of carnivores including: lion Panthera leo, leopard Panthera
pardus (T), wild dog Lycaon pictus (T), and cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T).
Conservation Management No information
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies For a long time the park was protected from cattle encroachment
by the presence of tse-tse fly but recently there have been reports of livestock overgrazing.
Poaching, honey collection and fishing have always occurred on a small scale but for a long
time organised poaching has been the largest threat to the park. Human settlement is also
increasing in and on the periphery of the park (Badawi and Hakim 1985).
Visitor Facilities No information
Scientific Research There is high scientific potential but only two reconnaissance surveys
were carried out in 1976 with the assistance of WWF and by the Wild Life Research Institute of
Sudan. The area may become important as a site for desertification studies within MAB
Project 3 and studies on feeding habits and migratory routes within MAB Project 8.
Special Scientific Facilities No information
Principal Reference Material
° El Badawi, M.A. and Hakim, S. (1985). The role of protected areas in wildlife conservation.
Seminar on wildlife conservation and management in the Sudan. Khartoum 16-21 March
1985.
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Staff Thiry-four scouts and 12 officers
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration Wildlife Administration, PO Box 336, Khartoum.
Date May 1985
SOUTHERN NATIONAL PARK
Management Category VI (Resource Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.05.04 (East African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Totally protected under the Sudan Game Law of 1975 and Ordinance of
1935. However, due to the current political situation, management and protection of this area
is extremely difficult.
Date Established 1939
Geographical Location Situated in the south of Tonj district in Lakes Province, with an
elongation into the north-eastern part of Tambura district, and the northern tips of Yambio
and Maridi districts in Western Equatoria province. Approximately centred 6°25’N, 28°25’E.
Altitude 400-1,000m
Area 2,300,000ha
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The River Sue, the major tributary of the Bahr El Ghazal or Jur River,
forms the western boundary of the park. The river Ibba or Tonj flows through the park and to
the east is the river Maridi or Gel. The park is characterised by ironstone laterite and alluvial
soils forming Jebels Angeleri, Yarra, and Gubelli. There are two distinct seasons, March being
the warmest month, and August the coolest. Average annual rainfall ranges from 994m to
2418mm in the Rumbek area, with the rainy season lasting nine months in the southern part of
the park, but somewhat shorter in the northern areas.
Vegetation Savanna woodland covers much of the area, with a varying mixture of grass and
trees. Large-leafed deciduous trees dominate most of the park, although thorny species and
tall grasses become dominant in the north.
Fauna The park has had a high faunal diversity. Large mammals remaining include
elephant Loxodonta africana (T), buffalo Syncerus caffer, white rhinoceros Ceratotherium
simum (three records 1985/6), hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus (T), waterbuck Kobus
ellipsiprymnus, kob Kobus kob, Bohor reedbuck Redunca redunca, topi (tiang) Damaliscus
lunatus, hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis, red-flanked
duiker Cephalophus rufilatus, common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia, patas monkey Cercopithecus
patas, eastern black-and-white colobus Colobus guereza, lion Panthera leo, leopard Panthera
pardus (V), hunting dog Lycaon pictus (T), bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus and
sitatunga Tragelaphus spekei. Crocodile Crocodylus niloticus and ostrich Struthio camelus still
occur.
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Sudan
Conservation Management A master plan was prepared for the park in 1981 as part of the
technical Cooperation Programme between the Democratic Republic of Sudan-Southern Region
and the Republic of Italy. Implementation has not occurred.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies The park has suffered during 17 years of Civil War, and recently
from poachers with automatic rifles. Since the 1980 dry season, the Southern range has been
invaded annually by poachers from the north. In March 1983, there were estimated to be 15 to
30 camps of 10 to 300 men each within the park. Illegal honey collecting and uncontrolled
fires are also a problem.
Visitor Facilities No information
Scientific Research None
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
Anderson, A.B. (1950). The Sudan’s Southern National Park. Sudan Wildlife and Sport 1(3):
12-16.
° Blower, J.R. (1977). Wildlife Conservation and Management in the Southern Sudan. FAO:
DP/SUD/76/021, Rome.
° Boitani, Luigi (1981). The Southern National Park: A Master Plan. Istituto di Zoologia,
Facolta di scienze dell’ Universita di Roma, Italy.
° Hillman, J.C. (1982). Department of Wildlife Management, Wildlife Information Booklet on
the Southern Sudan. New York Zoological Society, U.S.A.
° Hofmann, Reinhold R. (1976). Advisory Report to the Regional Government of Southern
Sudan. Vet. Anatom. Institute, F.R.G.
Staff Three game officers, five game rangers, 100 game scouts and 30 labourers
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration No information
Date May 1985
BOMA NATIONAL PARK
Management Category Proposed II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.13.07 (Eastern Sahel)
Legal Protection Protected under the Sudan Game Law of 1975 and Ordinance of 1935,
which allows traditional hunting. Due to the current political situation, management and
protection of this area is extremely difficult.
Date Established Declared a National Park in 1979, but not gazetted. Established in 1981 to
provide year-round protection for a migratory population of kob.
Geographical Location Close to the Ethiopian border in Jonglei province. 5°11’-7°07’N
33°07’-34°26°E.
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Altitude 400-1,100m
Area 2,280,000ha
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The eastern edge of the park abuts the rugged Ethiopian highlands, while
to the west, vast stretches of flat black cotton (gumbo) floodplain make the area inaccessible
during the rainy season. The Guom swamps are on the northern boundary. The eastern region
of the park is characterised by undulating terrain approaching the Boma plateau to the
south-east. Numerous meandering rivers drain across the plains of Boma into the Nile.
Vegetation The park includes several ecological zones. Montane forests followed by
deciduous woodlands grading into Acacia woodlands mark the descent from highlands to the
flat plain of the west. Semi-arid short grass plains, seasonal swamps and tall grass floodplains
characterise the southern parts.
Fauna This park had the highest diversity of fauna in the Sudan, (and possibly in Africa)
before the recent troubles. Dominant species are white-eared kob Kobus kob leucotis, topi
(tiang) Damaliscus lunatus (the reserve comprises approximately half the topi’s migration area),
buffalo Syncerus caffer, roan antelope Hippotragus equinus, giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis,
zebra Equus burchelli, Bohor reedbuck Redunca redunca, Thompson’s gazelle Gazella thomsoni,
Grant’s gazelle Gazella granti, Beisa oryx, Oryx gazella, leopard Panthera pardus (T),
hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus, and cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T). The Guom swamps are
the site of the largest concentration of kob at certain times of the year. Also present are
elephant Loxodonta africana (T) in very low numbers, and eastern black and white
colobus Colobus guereza. This area is also considered an important stop-over for European
bird migrants and a nesting site for shoebill Balaeniceps rex (of special concern) in the Guom
swamps. There is a high diversity of raptors with approximately 30 recorded species.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies Military activity has resulted in bombing and pitched battles at
park headquarters and the kidnapping of park staff. All equipment donated by the Frankfurt
Zoological Society was destroyed during battles and staff have been withdrawn. The park is a
high security risk area and no recent reports on its status have been received. IUCN has been
informed unofficially by the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement that elephants must be killed
to feed their army, but that conservation activities will be restored when the political situation
is resolved. Meanwhile, the plateau exists in a delicate and unmanaged state. There is some
hunting by the local Murle tribe, some permanent settlement within the area, and grazing also
takes place. The whole of the feeding wetlands for buffalo etc. are not included in the park.
Visitor Facilities Limited tourism was allowed before the recent security problems, but is not
advisable at present.
Scientific Research 1980-1983 research was carried out for the New York Zoological Society
and National Geographical Society on white-eared kob migration.
Special Scientific Facilities There were limited facilities, however, these were destroyed in
the recent surge of political unrest. Three bush airstrips.
Principal Reference Material
° Arenson, J. (1982). Murle: Traditional hunters of Sudan. Swara 5(2): 29-31.
° Hillman, J.C. (1982). Department of Wildlife Management, Wildlife Information Booklet on
the Southern Sudan. New York Zoological Society, U.S.A.
° CNPPA Summary Status Report (1984). Threatened Protected Areas of the World (draft).
Staff Before the political troubles there was a park warden, an assistant park warden, two
game rangers, 15 game scouts, and 20 labourers, while the ability of staff to carry out their
duties was limited. The staff situation is now uncertain.
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Sudan
Budget The park has received approximately US$1,000,000 for its development from the
Frankfurt and New York Zoological Societies but this programme has been abandoned to be
resumed when security problems are resolved.
Local Park or Reserve Administration None
Date May 1985
PORT SUDAN
Management Category Proposed Marine National Park
Biogeographical Province 3.13.07 (Eastern Sahel)
Legal Protection There are regulations prohibiting collection and trade in shells and corals.
Date Established No information
Geographical Location The proposed park is planned to include the fringing reefs and
beaches immediately within as well as north and south of Port Sudan on the Red Sea. 19°38’N,
37°07°E.
Altitude Sea level
Area No information
Land Tenure No information
Physical Features The park is to enclose a 4 km long ’mersa’ which forms a natural harbour
several tens of metres deep. Within this bay there is a strong down current of lagoonal water
when northerly winds prevail and this carries rich oxygen saturated water from the shallows to
deeper water. There are some coral formations in the harbour mouth in addition to the
offshore fringing reefs to the north (Wingate reefs) and south (Towartit reefs). Outside the
harbour the fringing reefs are exposed to prevailing north-west winds, while towards the
harbour mouth the reefs face south and are consequently more protected. In these sheltered
parts, there are numerous deep crevices in the coral crest, which is undercut at 3m where
sediment collects.
Vegetation The fringing reefs are covered with seagrass and algae.
Fauna The fringing reefs to the north and south of Port Sudan are about 1 km wide and have
seagrass, algae and coral cover, with a spectacular sloping fore-reef dropping several tens of
metres. Vine and Vine (1980) studied the reef 1 km north of the northern point of the harbour
entrance. Reef growth at this promontory is accelerated by an abundant food supply in the
long-shore current. Corals are found down to 80 m but there is a paucity of marine life,
including fish, below 30 m. The reef changes direction at the promontory and is more exposed
to prevailing winds to the north and less exposed between it and the harbour entrance. The
more exposed northern section has a less acute reef face and a more prolific growth of
hermatypic corals, with a reef crest dominated by Pocillopora and Porites, a zone of Galaxea at
about 2 m, a shallow reef-edge forming a steep spur and groove system, with numerous corals
on the spurs and a deeper reef face dominated by Xenia and various sponges. On the less
exposed side of the promontory, the reef face has an almost vertical drop-off with a spur and
groove system from the crest to about 35 m and has a rich growth of gorgonians, soft
coral Dendronephthya and at greater depths, antipatharians. Many localities on the reefs inside
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
the outer barrier in and near the Towartit reef complex have a poor coral fauna with much
algae and soft corals, and limited marine life. These and the reefs forming the outer barrier
were surveyed at the most southerly point of Wingate reef and on the east side of Wingate
barrier reef have been described by Vine and Vine (1980). 59 genera and subgenera of stony
corals have been recorded from this area (Schroeder, 1982). On the northern fringing reef, at
certain times of the year, such as January, strong down currents of lagoonal water carry
plankton towards the deep reef and as a result large numbers of usually shallow water fish are
found as deep as 35 m. Reef fish which are not normally plankton feeders, such as parrot fish,
are seen to shoal away from the reef and feed on plankton particularly the pteropods. About
60 species of fish were recorded on this reef (Vine and Vine, 1980). Information on fish on
the outer reefs is also given in Vine and Vine (1980). 282 species of molluscs have been found
on reefs about Port Sudan and Suakin (Mastaller, 1978). Osprey Pandion haliaetus have been
seen on Harvey reef in the Towartit complex (Vine and Vine, 1980).
Conservation Management A preliminary proposal for the Marine Park has been made and it
is suggested that work on this park should run concurrently with the establishment of the
Sanganeb Marine National Park. Just to the north of the port, the Abu Hashish Recreation
Centre is proposed in a heavily polluted area. It is intended to re-establish circulation of water
round the series of fringing reefs to clean up the area.
Zoning No information
Disturbances or Deficiencies Increasing industrialisation in the region and the resulting
pollution are a serious threat to the reefs. The main pollutants are: hot water discharge from an
electrical power station, oil, chemicals, waste, and a variety of other products ranging from
flour to asphalt. Port Sudan harbour has been modernised and extended to cope with
ever-increasing shipping activity and the old Suakin harbour is about to be reactivated for
coastal shipping with a new port to be built at New Suakin, 10km north, to further relieve
some of the pressure on Port Sudan. However, the Towartit and Wingate reefs off Port Sudan
currently provide the only anchorages for big ships and are seriously threatened by waste
discharges and physical damage. All the more accessible coral reefs are being damaged by
excessive visitor pressure. The increase in crown of thorns Acanthaster planci starfish
populations on Towartit reef during 1971-1974 may have been the result of increased
eutrophication due to waste. There is also heavy spearfishing and collecting of coral and shells,
particularly by the sailors.
Visitor Facilities _ The sea is the major source of recreation for the people of Port Sudan.
Viewing marine life by means of a glass bottom boat was a major attraction until the ‘coral
gardens’ at the harbour entrance became impoverished. The Red Sea Hotel has scuba equipment
and can accommodate 30 divers (Schroeder 1978, 1982).
Scientific Research Detailed survey by Vine and Vine (1980); ecological survey of the
Towartit reefs by Head (1980). The Cambridge Group (Dr. Roads, Imperial War Museum)
have also done studies on reef communities on the Towartit reefs (Schroeder, 1978). The
Institute of Oceanography are mapping and zoning the fringing reef.
Special Scientific Facilities ALECSO support for a marine research station (Rifai, 1980).
Principal Reference Material
IUCN/WWF Project 1259. Sudan, Coral reefs and Sanganeb Marine National Park.
° Ormond, R.F.G. (1980). Occurrence and feeding behaviour of Red Sea coral reef
fishes. Proc. Symp. Coastal & Mar. Environ. of the Red Sea, Gulf of Aden & Tropical Indian
Ocean, Khartoum 9-14 Jan 1980. Vol. 11: 327-372.
° Salih, A.M. (1976). Country report No.10. Sudan. In: Promotion of the Establishment of
Marine Parks and Reserves in the Northern Indian Ocean including the Red Sea and Persian
Gulf. Papers and Proc. Regional Meeting, Tehran, Iran 6-10 March 1975. IUCN
Publications New Series No. 35: 99-100.
° Schroeder, J.H. (1978). Coral reef conservation in the Sudanese Red Sea. Progess report. 7
pp.
-806-
Sudan
° Schroeder, J.H. (1981). Man versus reef in the Sudan: Threats, Destruction,
Protection. Proc. 4th Int. Coral Reef Symp. Manila, 18-22 May 1981. Vol. 1: 253-252.
° Schroeder, J.H. (1982). Aspects of Coastal Management in the Sudanese Red Sea. J. Faculty
Mar. Sci. 2: 45-68.
° UNEP/IUCN (in prep). Directory of Coral Reefs of International Importance.
° Vine, P.J. and Vine, M.P. (1980). Ecology of Sudanese coral reefs with particular reference
to reef morphology and distribution of fishes. Pro. Symp. Coastal and mar. Environ. of the
Red Sea, Gulf of Aden and Tropical Western Indian Ocean. 9-14 Jan 1980. Vol. 1: 87-140.
Staff No information
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration No information
Date No information
SANGANEB ATOLL
Management Category Proposed II (Marine National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.13.07 (Eastern Sahel)
Legal Protection No official protection as a reserve. Entry to the island unrestricted,
although regulations are laid down for overnight stay by tourists. Orders to prevent the
collection of corals, shells and fancy fish and the use of spear guns were issued in 1978 by the
Red Sea Commissioner, and these are enforced by the local police and followed up by the
Sudanese Marine Conservation Committee (SMCC). The Marine Fisheries Regulations of 1937
and 1975 amendment are in force, and a New Marine Fisheries Act will be enacted in the near
future and will provide the base for all marine park management and nature protection.
Date Established The SMCC is already involved in working with government departments
towards the establishment of the park (as is noted above), and a plan for creating the marine
National Park has been drawn up. The site was nominated as a World Heritage Site in 1981,
although not at that time inscribed on the World Heritage list.
Geographical Location An atoll 30km north-east of Port Sudan. 19°45’N, 37°25’E.
Altitude Sea level
Area The proposed park covers an area of approximately 100ha.
Land Tenure Public
Physical Features This is the only atoll in the Red Sea. It is characterized by 13 different
bio-physiographic reef zones, each providing typical coral reef assemblages. Species diversity
is high, within a relatively samll area, and the area is largely unaffected by pollution or
depletion by collectors. The reef and enclosed lagoons run 6km north-south and 2km
east-west. The atoll rises from a steep sea-floor of more than 800m depth, and is characterised
by steep slopes on all sides with terraces in their upper parts and occasional spurs and _ pillars.
The rim of the atoll reaches sea surface at all but its western side, where a submerged ridge
forms the rim. Outer rim encloses three lagoons: a large one in the north with 51m maximum
depth and a wide opening to the west; a small one with 27m maximum depth bordered to the
north by a series of patch reefs; and a medium-sized southern one with 9m maximum depth
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
which is completely enclosed except for a narrow channel leading north, and provides safe
anchorage for small boats. The water is extremely clear - visibility of up to 46m has been
measured.
Vegetation Limited
Fauna The atoll has a high diversity of corals and fish; the latter include Napoleon
wrasse Cheilinus undulatus, barracuda Sphyrnaena spp., hammerhead shark Sphyrna spp., and
occasionally tiger shark Galeocerdo cuvieri and white-tip shark Triaenodan obesus. Genicanthus
melanospilus (Pomacanthidae), which has a patchy distribution in the Red Sea, occurs on the
deep water reefs.
Conservation Management Its position in the open sea, making it comparatively safe from
coastal, industrial, and port pollution, makes it particularly suitable for reserve status. The
feasibility study and development plan of the Marine National Park urgently needs to be
carried out. It should parallel the final phase of enacting the new Marine Fisheries and Marine
Environment Act, which is to replace the 1937 Marine Fisheries Ordinance and is to provide
the legal instrument to create marine parks. The SMCC will help carry out the feasability
study and a special ’Sanganeb Working Group’ is to be formed. It may be practical to include
the barrier reef from Le Mercier Shoals north to about Shaab Rumi and the Shaab Rumi Atoll
itself, in the park.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies There is coral and shell-collecting and anchor damage and other
disturbances caused by large numbers of boats and divers. Spearfishing is particularly heavy.
There is a lighthouse, constructed in 1965, which consists of a concrete platform (about 800
sq.m) including the tower, adjacent buildings for staff and generators, two store houses, a
verandah, and two jetties approximately 80m in length. Now that the light signal is automatic,
there is more urgent need for some form of control of tourists.
Visitor Facilities This is the most frequently visited diving site in the Sudanese Red Sea for
Europeans. Organized dive tours usually anchor in the inner sheltered lagoon. It is also
popular with Sudanese people when boat trips were available. The marine park will therefore
be a focal point for tourist activity. Currently, about 500-700 people a year visit the atoll, of
which more than 400 are divers. The tourist season is from October to May. Access to the
island is free, although special regulations are provided by the Tourist Corporation Office, Port
Sudan, for overnight stay.
Scientific Research The Institute of Oceanography has undertaken studies of the three
lagoons. Aerial photography at the scale of 1:7,500 has been carried out and the Survey
department will participate in hydrographic work.
Special Scientific Facilities A field station is being established on the atoll. A tidal station is
to be installed and the Meteorology Department is interested in establishing a weather station.
Principal Reference Material
° Anon. (1982). Flying through Canyons of Coral. Interview with G. Davis, WWF Monthly
Report March. Project 1259.
° Crossland, C. (1907). Rep. on marine biology of the Sudanese Red Sea. J. Linn. Soc. 31.
° Davis, G.E. (1982). Feasibility of a Marine National Park at Sanganeb Atoll, Red Sea
Province, Sudan. Report to WWF and IUCN, WWEF/IUCN Project No. 1259.
° Edwards, A. and Roswell, J. (1981). Vertical zonation of coral reef fishes in the Sudanese
Red Sea. Hydrobiologia 79.
° IUCN/WWF Project 1259. Sudan, Coral reefs and Sanganeb Marine National Park.
° IUCN (1977). Conservation of coral reefs of the Sudanese Red Sea. IUCN/WWF Project
No. 1163.
° Ormond, R. (1980). Management and conservation of Red Sea Habitats. Symp. Coast. Mar.
Eny. Red Sea, Khartoum, January 80.
-808-
°
Sudan
Ormond, R.F.G. (1980b). Occurrence and feeding behaviour of Red Sea coral reef
fishes. Proc. Symp. Coastal and Mar. Environ. of the Red Sea, Gulf of Aden and Tropical
Western Indian Ocean, Khartoum. 9-14 Jan. 1980 Vol. 11: 327-372.
Schréeder, J. (1980). Management and conservation of coral reefs in the Sudanese Red Sea.
Symposium of Coastal Marine Environment of the Red Sea, Khartoum, Jan 80.
Schréeder, J.H. (1982). Aspects of coastal management in the Sudanese Red Sea. J. Fac.
Mar. Sci., Jeddah, Saudi Arabia 2(1402H): 45-68.
Maps: Deutsche Seekarten, Routes Meer, No. 331.
Staff There are no conservation staff. The local police enforce the fishing regulations.
Budget IUCN and WWF have agreed to sponsor and finance the first phase of the feasibility
study and development plan of the Marine National Park.
Local Park or Reserve Administration None
Date 1982
-809-
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oerchis fet fe Nhould paralia) the final phase of enacting a neoy fh
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(9 lege! inetrinest to create marine parks, The SMCC wilt Help carry ¢
wudy wid a:tpecial \Sanganely Working Group’ ib to be forsied.. It may bag
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Distarbances of Da ticlen tien Thete is coral asd sheit-collecting ait ccagiead
disturbances cruedd- by ferge numbers of pipe and divers, Spearfishing is”
There té wu Ughthouse, comstrected in 1965, which consis of a contre p
tq. Pnetiding de towed, adjacent udhdlngs for’ staff and. generators,”
Verbaden, ati (WO jected apo Wedinarcty Sen iv teggth. Now that the light i
thare Is ‘fuore urgeg? feet fue os for Of cofity6! of rouriees,
Viriess Pacthittes hig ts a dndst Povibatitty-visines diviaig alae te ‘ie i grove
Rurogenes, Orghaier$ dive tours paeetly sochor in the these sheltered lage
popdiir with Sudanese peopte whed Dou trips were syaliehle The iting i
be « focal Hoist For tourist activity. Corramty, avout 500-700 people a.
which mdire then 400 are divers, “The thuriit seaepn ix fines Setoker 04
— patent is free, though special reguiations are proviktedt by the Teal: orp
Sodan, for Gyernight stay. Z
Setlentilic Research: Ths Institue of Ocesrography ‘has kee $y
lagoons. Aeria) Ohospgraphy at the teole of 1:7)500 Nas een cet 808
aepertinent will particinety in by@rographic work. sa ss
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-811-
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11 Nature Reserves
E]) Wildlife Sanctuary
EB Game Reserve
Swaziland
SWAZILAND
Area 17,366 sq.km
Population 626,000 (1984)
Parks and Reserves Legislation The National Trust Commission Act 1972 provides legislation
for the creation of national parks and monuments. and matters related to them, and brought
into being the Swaziland National Trust Commission. The Forest Legislation (1979) prohibits
cutting down, removal, sale or purchase of indigenous timber without permission from the
Minister of Agriculture. Earlier legislation included the Game Act of 1 September 1953 (and
its many amendments) which covered Game Reserves and Sanctuaries, and the Flora Protection
Act of 31 October 1952 which dealt with the establishment of flora reserves.
Parks and Reserves Administration The Swaziland National Trust Commission was founded in
1972 to oversee nature conservation and the preservation of Swazi heritage. This commission is
advised by FAO. The Forestry Service is responsible for implementation of the forest
legislation.
Address
° Swaziland National Trust Commission, PO Box 75, Mbabane.
° Forest Service, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, PO Box 162, Mbabane.
References
° Huntley, B.J. and Ellis, S. (1983). Conservation status of terrestrial ecosystems in southern
Africa. Working document prepared by CSIR, Pretoria.
° Readers Digest (1983). Game Parks and Nature Reserves of Southern Africa Readers Digest
Publications, Cape Town.
Protected Areas
(hectares)
Nature Reserves
Malolotja 18,000
Mbabane 202
Mlawula 12,000
Ndzindza 5,500
Subtotal 35,702
Wildlife Sanctuaries
Mlilwane 4,545
Game Reserves
Hlane 14,164
MALOLOTJA NATURE RESERVE
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.08.04 (South African woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Date Established Established in 1972 for nature conservation and the preservation of Swazi
heritage
Geographical Location The park is in the north-west highlands (Ngwenya Hills) on the
national border with the Republic of South Africa. Access is by vehicle from Motjane-Pigg’s
Peak road. 26°00’S, 31°03’E.
Altitude No information
Area 18,000ha
Land Tenure Government; administered by the Swaziland National Trust Commission
Physical Features This highland area is a continuation of the Drakensberg and Libombo
mountains, dissected by tributaries of the Komati river. Features include the steep-sided
Komati gorge, Malolotja Falls (highest in Swaziland) and the abandoned Ngwenya iron ore
mine: an immense pit with terraced sides and deep pools of water at the bottom. Extensive vlei
and bog areas remain intact on the southern margin of the park. Two large valley sedge peat
areas occur in the headwaters of the Malolotja and Umbuluzi. Rainfall peaks in mid-summer
(January/Febuary; monthly maximum 240mm) with a varying dry season _ severity
(May-September).
Vegetation Grassland predominates over all aspects of the rounded hill and valley terrain on
substrates with seasonal waterlogging. Thicket and forest is confined to incised valley heads,
rocky outcrops, sinkholes and streambanks, where the soil is wetter. The herbaceous bogs
support a large diversity of plants including abundant sedges, orchids and lilies. A flowering
sequence in which each species or group of species exhibit a temporary visual dominance is
typical of these acid bog communities. There are three main sour veldgrass types forming a
topographic gradient: 1) montane grassveld on the highest parts of the Ngwenya range
including montane grasses such as Festuca and Merxmuellera (ex Danthonia); 2) highveld
grassland of the Piet Retief type including Alloteropsis semialata, Brachiaria serrata,
Harpochloa falx, Koeleria capensis, Tristachya hispida and Urelytrum squarrosum dotted with
termite mounds that are colonised by the nitrophilous kweek grass Cynodon dactylon; and 3)
medium to tall grassland in moist sites and on valley floors comprising species of Andropogon,
Setaria and thatch grass Hyparrhenia. The three main duplex savannoid systems include a high
altitude Protea roupelliae treeveld with crowns reaching 3m in height, a torfield savanna at
medium to low altitudes including trees spaced more than three crown diameters apart, such
as, Bequaertiodendron magalismontanum, Ekebergia pterophylla, Faurea spp., Protea spp.
and Pterocarpus angolensis. The valleys contain savanna trees and shrubs such as Acacia
sieberana, Acacia karroo, Euphorbia ingens, Sclerocarya caffra, and Bauhinia galpini. All
stages of development from scrub-thicket Acacia ataxacantha-Bauhinia galpini to forest occur
with narrow lines of tall Breonadia microcephala (or Adina) trees which form a riverine forest
in some areas. Some plants occur nowhere else in Africa including three cycads: Encephalartos
paucidentatus, E. laevifolius, and E. heenanii. Other endemics include a small tree Cassipourea
Swaziensis occurring on rocky outcrops and confined totally to western Swaziland, and stemless
herbs with tube-shaped flowers, Streptocarpus davyi, S. dunnii and S. denticulatus.
Fauna Mammals include: the indigenous oribi Ourebia ourebi and bushbuck Tragelaphus
scriptus, zebra Equus burchelli, white rhinoceros Ceratotherium simum, buffalo Syncerus caffer,
blue wildebeest Connochaetes taurinus and impala Aepyceros melampus (from Hlane Game
Reserve); red hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus caama, black wildebeest Connochaetes gnou; and
blesbok Damaliscus dorcas phillipsi from South Africa. Birds include two resident colonies of
bald ibis Geronticus calvus (R).
Cultural Heritage On the north-west side of the iron ore mine pit is a smaller mine from
which red haematite pigment was removed over 40,000 years ago. Many Middle Stone-Age
artefacts have been found in the area.
-814-
Swaziland
Conservation Management Some game animals have been translocated from the thriving, but
potentially overcrowded Hlane Game Reserve. The reserve is only recently open to the public,
and is still under development.
Zoning Zoning is planned: special zones, wilderness zones open to horse/foot trails, natural
buffer zones incorporating the main camp and tourist roads, development zone for the
administrative centre and two camps, and archaeological and historic zone surrounding the
mining excavation.
Disturbances or Deficiencies Roads, tracks, disused homesteads, and weeds.
Visitor Facilities | The park is only recently open to the public, and a rest camp is under
construction. The reserve has limited roads, and is primarily a walking reserve. Wilderness
trails have been marked out and are strictly controlled.
Scientific Research No information
Special Scientific Facilities No information
Principal Reference Material
° Tinley, K. (undated). Malolotja National Park. Planning and management proposals for
Swaziland National Trust Commission. Farrell and Van Riet, Pretoria.
Staff No information
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration Swaziland National Trust Commission, PO Box 100,
Lobamba.
Date 1985
MLILWANE WILDLIFE SANCTUARY
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.08.04 (South African woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 1960. Opened to the public in 1964; Mlilwane was Swaziland’s pioneer
reserve
Geographical Location Ezulwini valley south of Mbabane in eastern Swaziland. Access is
from the main highway between Mbabane and Manzini. 26°28’S, 31°05’E.
Altitude No information
Area 4,545ha (10 times the original area)
Land Tenure Private
Physical Features The reserve straddles the escarpment that divides the lowveld from the
highveld and is centred on Ezulwini valley. There are four rivers including the Little Usutu
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
with its spectacular Mantenga Falls. Twin sharp-peaked kopjes (rocky outcrops) rise to the
north. Flooded mining pits have created dams and vleis, which support waterfowl.
Vegetation Highveld and lowveld vegetation occurs. The sanctuary contains the Gilbert
Reynolds Memorial Garden, which has an aloe collection and a variety of planted indigenous
trees.
Fauna Before the establishment of the sanctuary, the area contained only steenbok Raphicerus
campestris and common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia. Mammals re-introduced since 1960: are
white rhino Ceratotherium simum, hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, giraffe Giraffa
camelopardalis, warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus, buffalo Syncerus caffer, sable
antelope Hippotragus niger, eland Taurotragus oryx, kudu Tragelaphus _ strepsiceros,
blesbok Damaliscus dorcas phillipsi and blue wildebeest Connochaetes taurinus. There are over
240 recorded bird species including Verreaux’s black eagle Aquila verreauxii, plum-coloured
starling Cinnyricinclus leucogaster, sunbirds (Nectariniidae), and numerous waterfowl on the
dams including blue crane Anthropoides paradisea.
Conservation Management Constant anti-poaching patrols have reduced poaching. Zebra,
wildebeest, impala, white rhinoceros and hippopotamus have been re-introduced to this
previously farmed area. Old tin mine pits have been flooded to form dams and other mining
scars have been allowed to grass-over prior to planting indigenous tree species. A National
Environmental Education Centre has been established funded by the Swaziland National Trust
Commission and the United States and is visited by parties of school children.
Zoning No information
Disturbances or Deficiencies A nearby hydroelectric development by-passes Mantenga Falls
and will reduce water over the falls to a trickle.
Visitor Facilities A large well-equipped rest camp and campsite has a small natural history
museum. Facilities include guided horseback or open Land-Rover tours and 100km of good
gravel roads with wildlife/bird hides.
Scientific Research Swaziland National Trust Commission is conducting a survey to
investigate how the scenic quality of Mantenga Falls can be maintained despite the
hydroelectric scheme.
Special Scientific Facilities No information
Principal Reference Material None listed
Staff Team of rangers
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration Mlilwane Wildlife Sanctuary, PO Box 33, Mbabane.
Date 1983
HLANE GAME RESERVE
Management Category VIII (Multiple Use Management Area)
Biogeographical Province 3.08.04 (South African woodland/savanna)
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Swaziland
Legal Protection Controlled hunting permitted in the Royal Hunting Reserve.
Date Established 1967. First acquired by the king in the 1940s as a private ranch; part of the
area is now a Royal Hunting Reserve
Geographical Location Straddling the Lomahasha-Manzini road in north-east Swaziland.
29°14’S, 31°55°E.
Altitude No information
Area 14,164ha. Contiguous with Mlawulu Nature Reserve (12,000ha) and Ndzindza Nature
Reserve (5,500ha)
Land Tenure King of Swaziland in trust for the nation
Physical Features The Lowveld country, watered by the Black Mbuluzi River, forms part of
the north and north-west boundaries and separates the reserve from Mlawulu and Ndzindza
Reserves. It has a dry winter and wet summer.
Vegetation Extensive grassland veld areas with woodland along the watercourses include
knobthorn Acacia nigrescens and ancient leadwood trees Combretum imberbe. Herbaceous
species include impala lily Adenium swazicum.
Fauna There are over 10,000 mammals including zebra Equus burchelli, blue
wildebeest Connochaetes taurinus, kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros, waterbuck Kobus
ellipsiprymnus, steenbok Raphicerus campestris, and common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia.
White rhinoceros Ceratotherium simum, giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis, and cheetah Acinonyx
jubatus (V) have been introduced. Southern bald ibis Geronticus calvus (R) also occur in the
area.
Population The Butimba, a week-long hunt in an area adjacent to the Royal Hunting Reserve
at Hlane, takes place each year. Hundreds of Swazis in traditional dress, led by the king, enter
the area with spears, knobkerries and guns. All game killed is given to the king. The
Swaziland game rangers regard this annual event as a valuable way of emphasising traditional
values.
Conservation Management Thirty-five white rhinoceros were translocated from Umfolozi
Game Reserve in Natal. Giraffe and cheetah have been reintroduced from the Transvaal and
Natal. When the area was upgraded from a hunting reserve to game reserve, a team of rangers
was employed and poaching has been reduced. Game numbers have risen, but overcrowding is
now a threat. The new policy is to translocate to Malolotja Nature Reserve in the west.
Zoning The reserve contains the Royal Hunting Reserve.
Disturbances or Deficiencies A road through the reserve from Lomahasha to Manzini is to be
upgraded to a highway. It will effectively divide the reserve in two and degrade it as a
sanctuary. The expanding wildlife population continues to threaten the habitat by overgrazing
the grassland areas with subsequent bush invasion.
Visitor Facilities Basic campsite facilities are available and Land-Rover tours can be arranged.
Scientific Research No information
Special Scientific Facilities No information
Principal Reference Material None listed
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Staff Team of rangers
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration Mlilwane Wildlife Sanctuary, PO Box 33, Mbabane.
Date 1983
-818-
TANZANIA
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Tanzania
TANZANIA
Area 930,700 sq.km (including 53,480 sq.km of water on the mainland)
Population 19,730,000 (1983); 90% rural. Population growth presumbably 3.3%
Parks and Reserves Legislation The original Fauna Conservation Ordinance of 1951 was
replaced in 1974 by the Wildlife Conservation Act which allows the government to establish
protected areas and sets out how those areas are to be organized. Appropriate management of
these areas is also outlined in the Forest Ordinance No. 389 of 1959, National Parks Ordinance
No. 12 of 1959 and Ngorongoro Conservation Act 1959. National Parks are declared by Act of
Parliament after approval by ministry and district/regional authorities, changes are made under
the same _ procedure. Game reserves are declared or altered by the ministry with
district/regional approval. Game reserves are areas where no permanent settlement is
permitted, hunting is only allowed with written permission, and activities such as _ licened
hunting, fishing and logging are strictly controlled. Five game reserves have been declared
National Projects which increases their status and protection. These areas are considered to be
of special importance to the nation. Usually only tourist hunting is allowed and no exploitation
such as cattle grazing and cultivation is permitted. There are 49 Game Controlled Areas where
unauthorised hunting is prohibited, but as there is no control on land use this is largely
ineffective as a conservation measure. Forest reserves, which cover some 10-15% of the
country, are declared under the same procedure but established under the Forest Ordinance.
About 45% of this area is closed to timber production. Five marine reserves have been
declared, but no development of any kind has taken place and these areas appear to receive
little protection.
Parks and Reserves Administration All natural resources are administered by the Ministry of
Natural Resources and Tourism, which has separate Divisions of Fish, Forests, Tourism and
Wildlife. Until the 1950s, all wildlife areas were administered by the Wildlife Division (which
at that time was known as the Game Division). The National Parks authority was then created
aS a semi-autonomous para-statal body answerable to the Minister through a board of
directors. One Conservation Area (Ngorongoro) is a multiple use management area,
administered and managed by a separate para-statal body the Ngorongoro Conservation Area
Authority. Game reserves are managed under regional directorates guided by the Wildlife
Division. The five game reserves that are National Projects are managed directly by the
Wildlife Division, and the input of manpower and equipment is much higher than for other
game reserves.
Address
° Tanzania National Parks (TANAPA), PO Box 3134, Arusha.
° Wildlife Division, Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism, PO Box 1994, Dar-es-Salaam.
° Forestry Division, Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism, PO Box 426, Dar-es-Salaam.
° Ngorongoro Conservation Area Authority, Box 1, Ngorongoro, Arusha Region.
° College of African Wildlife Management, Mweka, PO Box 3031, Moshi.
Additional Information Nature conservation is a major landuse in Tanzania with over 25% of
the country within gazetted reserves (including Forest Reserves but excluding Game Controlled
Areas). Poaching, particularly of trophy species, has increased in the last decade, resulting at
least in part from the 1973 hunting ban and facilitated by the increased availability of
automatic weapons. Hunting safaris, developed in the mid 1960s, were economically successful
and acted to enhance wildlife conservation by increasing government interest and reducing
poaching (through better surveillance of Game Controlled areas and game reserves). With the
1973 ban, mainly to curb elephant poaching, effective patrolling of many reserves had stopped
by 1975 due to relative cost increases. Tourist hunting was re-introduced in 1978 for a
restricted period of each year (July to December) under the control of the Tanzania Wildlife
Corporation. However, due to the low number of safaris, their effect as a poaching deterrent
was initially fairly insignificant (Rodgers, 1981). Since 1981 the number of professional
hunters and their clients has increased again.
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Another major concern is depletion of forest through over-exploitation and invasion by
cultivation. As is found elsewhere in Africa, increased fragmentation into tiny forested areas
within mountain regions in particular, poses a threat to the continued existence of a number of
communities and species. The biological values of Tanzania’s montane forests are attracting
increasing interest, having very rich floras and faunas with many endemic species. The
Mountains are also an important water catchment area and the forest cover needs to be
maintained to safeguard regular runoff. The Uzungwa mountains have been proposed as a
national park and greater protection has been proposed for the Uluguru and Usambara
mountains. IUCN/WWE Project 3024 was to study the invertebrate and bird fauna of the
Ulugurus, which have many endemic species, including Loveridge’s sunbird Nectarinia
loveridgei and the extremely rare Uluguru bush shrike Malaconotus alius.
The College of African Wildlife Management at Mweka, established in 1963, has trained
technical staff from many Anglophone African countries, and is widely recognised as the
pioneer training institution of its type in the world. Facilities are fairly extensive, including
residential, administrative and teaching buildings, vehicles, field equipment etc. The training
programme is directed towards middle-level managers, with the majority of graduates
achieving posts of assistant and senior field officers (Mosha and Thorsell, 1984). There is no
long-term secure funding arrangement for the college.
In 1982 the Malihai (Wildlife) Clubs of Tanzania were set up under IUCN/WWF Project 1779
as school children previously knew little about their wildlife. Its headquarters and museum are
located at Arusha and a magazine is produced. Other publicity about wildlife issues,
particularly rhinoceros conservation, was undertaken by IUCN/WWF Project 1933 which also
censused rhino populations.
References
° Animal Kingdom (1980). Special Tanzania issue (1980). Animal Kingdom 83(3).
° Eltringham, S.R. (1980). Recommendations for a comprehensive wildlife research
programme, Tanzania. Report prepared on behalf of the Ministry of Livestock Development
and Natural Resources, Tanzania, IUCN/UNEP, Gland.
Hesse, J. (1984). Rapport Preparatoire a l’Etude Comparative des Politiques de Conservation
de la Nature et de leurs Implications Economiques dans des pays anglophones d’Afrique de
Vest (Kenya, Tanzanie) et des pays francophones d’Afrique de l?Ouest (Cameroun, Senegal).
Secretariat d’état a l’environnment et a la qualité de la vie. Federation des parcs naturels de
France.
° TUCN/WWF Project 1779. Tanzania, Wildlife Clubs.
° TUCN/WWE Project 3024. Tanzania, Habitat evaluation in the Usambara and Uzungwa
Mountains.
IUCN (1976). Proceedings of a regional meeting on the creation of a coordinated system of
national parks and reserves in Eastern Africa. IUCN Publications New Series,
Supplementary Paper No. 45. IUCN, Morges, Switzerland.
° Kurji, F. (1979). Human population densities and their changes around the major
conservation areas of Tanzania. Bralup Research Report No. 51 (New Series). Univeristy of
Dar-es-Salaam.
° Lamprey, H.F. (1975). The Distribution of Protected Areas in Relation to the Needs of
Biotic Community Conservation in Eastern Africa. IUCN Occasional Paper No. 16. IUCN,
Morges, Switzerland.
° Mongi, A.L.D. (1982). Socio-economic factors in managing protected areas in Tanzania.
Workshop paper, World National Parks Congress, Bali, Indonesia, 11-20 October 1982.
° Mosha, G.T. and Thorsell, J.W. (1984). Training Protected Area Personnel: Lessons from the
College of African Wildlife Management. In: McNeely, J.A. and Miller, K.R. (Eds) National
Parks, Conservation and Development. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D.C.
° Nyahoza, F. (1981). Developments at the College of African Wildlife management Mweka
and her training needs. In Conserving Africa’s Natural Heritage. Proceedings of the 17th
meeting of IUCN’s Commission on National Parks and Protected Areas. IUCN, Gland.
Rodgers, A. (1981). Few Hunting Safaris in Tanzania despite lifting of ban. Africana 8(4).
Thorsell, J.W. (1982). The role of training in effective management: an example of the parks
management course at The College of African Wildlife Management, Tanzania. Workshop
paper, World National Parks Congress, Bali, Indonesia, 11-22 October 1982.
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Tanzania
° Williams, J.G. (1981). A field guide to the National Parks of East Africa. Collins, London.
(Includes animal species lists for many of the reserves.)
Protected Areas
(hectares)
National Parks
Arusha 13,700
Gombe 5,200
Katavi 225,300
Kilimanjaro 75,575
Lake Manyara 32,000
Mikumi 323,000
Ruaha 1,295,000
Rubondo 45,700
Serengeti 1,476,300
Tarangire 260,000
Subtotal 3,751,775
Game Reserves
Biharamulo 130,000
Burigi 220,000
Ibanda 20,000
Kizigo 400,000
Maswa 220,000
Mkomazi 100,000
Mount Meru 30,000
Moyowosi 600,000
Rumanyika 80,000
Rungwa 900,000
Sadani 30,000
Selous 5,000,000
Ugalla 500,000
Umba 150,000
Uwanda 500,000
Subtotal 8,880,000
Conservation Areas
Ngorongoro 828,800
Forest Reserves
Kimboza 385
Magombero 1,500
Mazumbai Natural 300
Pugu 2,200
Usambara Mountains East and West 621,300
Subtotal 625,685
Biosphere Reserves
Lake Manyara National Park 32,500
Serengeti NP & Ngorongoro CA 2,305,100
Subtotal 2,337,600
World Heritage Sites
Ngorongoro Conservation Area 828,800
Selous Game Reserve 5,000,000
Serengeti National Park 1,476,300
Subtotal 7,305,100
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Proposed areas
Mahale Mountain National Park 161,300
Uzungwa Forest National Park 100,000
Subtotal 261,300
ARUSHA NATIONAL PARK
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.14.07 (Somalian)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established Established in 1960 as Ngurdoto Crater National Park. Combined with
Momela Lakes and renamed as Arusha National Park in 1967. Enlarged in 1973.
Geographical Location On the south-east flank of Mount Meru, 32km by road east of
Arusha. Approximately centred at 3°15’S, 36°55’E.
Altitude 1,525-4,565m (summit of Mount Meru)
Area 13,700ha; Mt Meru Game Reserve (30,000ha) constitutes a buffer zone.
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The volcanic terrain contains the peak and shattered main crater of Mount
Meru, the Ngurdoto Crater (the nucleus of the original park) with a swampy lake in the crater
floor. In the north is the group of seven Momela lakes formed in subsidiary craters and by the
blocking of the drainage lines (of the Ngarenanyuki River) caused by the eruptions. There are
spectacular views of Mt Kilimanjaro and Mt Meru from the rim of Ngurdoto Crater.
Vegetation The park comprises mainly dense forest or thicket (excluding the areas in and
around craters and the higher elevations of Mount Meru). Dominant tree species include:
olive Olea hochstetteri, the soft wood Nuxia congesta, Podocarpus gracilior, and pencil
cedar Juniperus procera. Small tree and shrub species include: the Masai tea-tree Cassia
didymobotrya, Vernonia subuligera with large panicles of mauve flowers, and
purple-flowered Thunbergia alata. Scattered stands of Hagenia abyssinica or dense belts of
bamboo separate the mountain rain forest from the higher shrubland and moorland
where Erica, Helichrysum, Senecio, and Hypericum species dominate. In open areas at lower
levels the most widespread grasses are star grass Cynodon dactylon and bamboo
grass Pennisetum clandestinum. Groves of Acacia xanthophloea in various successional stages
occur along the existing and obsolete drainage of the Ngarenanyuki River.
Fauna Mammals include: eastern black and white colobus Colobus guereza, leopard Panthera
pardus (T), elephant Loxodonta africana (T) (seriously declining), hippopotamus Hippopotamus
amphibius, giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis, eland Taurotragus oryx, and buffalo Syncerus
caffer. The waterfowl of Momela lakes include greater flamingo Phoenicopterus ruber, lesser
flamingo Phoeniconaias minor (although numbers have reportedly declined as has been
observed throughout East Africa), sacred ibis Threskiornis aethiopicus, Maccoa duck Oxyura
maccoa, and Egyptian goose Alopochen aegyptiacus. Forest birds include narine
trogon Apaloderma narina and broadbill Smithornis capensis.
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Tanzania
Conservation Management An electric fence was erected along part of the boundary, but this
proved ineffective. Wardens visit schools and village elders in an attempt to stop poaching.
Zoning’ The crater constitutes a core zone with complete protection and the Mount Meru
Game Reserve area now serves as a buffer zone.
Disturbances or Deficiencies There is heavy population pressure on all sides of the park,
cattle trespass, and trees and other vegetation are illegally cut for building poles or fuel.
Animals stray into cultivated areas. Poaching, particularly of elephant, buffalo and warthog, is
mainly for meat but also for horns and tusks (reportedly by poachers from outside the area).
Small game are regularly taken by poachers hunting with dogs. The black rhinoceros
population in the park has been reduced by 10 percent and the elephant population almost so.
Boundaries of the park encompass only a portion of the total ecosystem. There is a general
lack of equipment for the maintenence of facilities, and no interpretative programme exists.
Visitor Facilities Road access is from Arusha. Facilities include special viewpoints and hides
(although many of these are inoperable), a network of game viewing tracks and accommodation
at Momela Game Lodge. Hotel accommodation is available nearby at Usa River and at Arusha
less than an hour away. Access is prohibited to Ngurdoto Crater.
Scientific Research Botanical and zoological research has been carried out within the park,
with studies concentrated on rhinoceros, giraffe, elephant, and flamingo. A very
comprehensive survey of vegetational changes was completed by the late D. Vesey-FitzGerald,
Tanzania National Parks scientific officer, shortly before his death in 1974.
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
° It is hoped that funds will be made available to publish the vegetational survey of the park.
° Ecosystems Ltd (1980). Livestock, Wildlife and Land Use Survey. Arusha _ region,
Tanzania. Vol. 1 (text), 103 pp. Vol. 2 (figs and tables), 187 pp.
° Ecosystems Ltd (1980). The status and utilization of wildlife in Arusha region, Tanzania.
Final Report, 82 pp.
° Thorsell, J.W. (1982). Evaluating effective management in protected areas: an application to
Arusha National Park, Tanzania. World National Parks Congress, Bali, Indonesia. 11-12
October 1982.
° Vesey-FitzGerald, D.F. (1974). The changing state of Acacia xanthophloea groves in Arusha
National Park, Tanzania. Biological Conservation 6(1): 40-47.
Staff Park warden, senior park assistant, and a staff of 50 (1977).
Budget 1977, Tanzanian Shs.394,300 (approximately US$47,880) excluding grants from
external sources.
Local Park or Reserve Administration Tanzania National Parks Authority, PO Box 3134,
Arusha.
Date 1985
GOMBE NATIONAL PARK
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.07.04 (Miombo Woodland/savanna)
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Legal Protection Total
Date Established Gombe Stream Game Reserve established in 1943; given National Park
status in 1968 by Government Notice 235.
Geographical Location Eastern shore of Lake Tanganyika; the southern boundary is about
10km north of Kigoma. 4°40’S, 29°35’E.
Altitude 750-1,500m
Area 5,200ha
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features It includes part of the escarpment dominating Lake Tanganyika on the
east. A number of watercourses flow into the lake forming wide valleys.
Vegetation The lower slopes are covered by miombo woodland comprising
mainly Brachystegia spp. There is thicker gallery forest bordering watercourses including the
Gombe stream and along the crest of the scarp at cloud level, with oil palm Elaeis guineensis as
an important constituent. Ridge tops are grass-covered probably maintained by fire.
Fauna The game reserve was established mainly to protect the chimpanzee Pan troglodytes
(T). Other mammals include: baboon Papio sp., diademed monkey Cercopithecus mitis,
red-tailed monkey Cecopithecus ascanius (seems to interbreed with diademed monkey), red
colobus Colobus badius, leopard Panthera pardus (T), bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus,
buffalo Syncerus caf fer, and waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus. The interesting birdlife includes
five species of barbet, palm-nut vulture Gypohierax angolensis, and the very localised Forbes’s
plover Charadrius tricollaris forbesi.
Conservation Management A fire break has been constructed on the east side of the park.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies Some illegal fishing occurs and there is further disturbance from
wildfires (often started by fishermen smoke-drying their catch) and cutting of vegetation for
fuel or construction of racks. The villages of Mwamgongo (north) and Kazinga (south) are
close to the park boundary and a public road runs along the escarpment. Oil palms remain
from cultivation of the area up to 1948. Fire is considered a serious problem, spreading every
dry season from the higher cultivated land to the east.
Visitor Facilities Previously no tourism was permitted, due to a decision that was reinforced
by the attack on the research centre from Zaire in May 1975. However, it has now been
resumed. Local people support tourism because of increased trading. There are facilities in
the research camp.
Scientific Research Some of the most intensive and long-term research ever undertaken on
chimpanzees and other primates (in particular baboons and red colobus) was carried out in this
area. The intensity of research was reduced after the attack on the research centre in 1975.
Special Scientific Facilities The Research Centre at Kasekela has accommodation, a
laboratory and other facilities.
Principal Reference Material
° Clutton-Brock, T.H. and Gillett J.B. (1979). A survey of forest compilation in the Gombe
National Park, Tanzania. Afr. J. Ecol. 17(3): 131-158.
° Goodall, J. (1971). In the Shadow of Man. Collins, London. Contains summaries of some of
the chimpanzee studies.
Staff Warden and about 20 rangers mainly working on research (1980)
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Tanzania
Budget 1977, Tanzanian Shs.41,860 (approximately US$5,080)
Local Park or Reserve Administration Tanzania National Parks Authority, PO Box 3134,
Arusha.
Date 1984
KATAVI NATIONAL PARK
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.07.04 (Miombo Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established The area was gazetted under German rule as a Controlled Area. Katavi
Plain Game Reserve was established in 1951 and given National Park status in 1974 by
Government Notice 1.
Geographical Location In Western Tanzania near the Zambian border; 6°40’-7°05’S,
30°50°-31°30°E
Altitude 900m
Area 225,300ha; contiguous to Mlele Game Controlled Area (300,00ha) and Nkamba Forest
Reserve.
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The park comprises a high altitude floodplain dominated by Lake Katavi in
the north and Lake Chala in the southeast. The lakes are linked by the Katuma River and vast
associated swamps which eventually drain into Lake Rukwa. The terrain is flat in the
grasslands with black cotton pans (mbuga) and undulating in the north where soils are sandy.
Mean annual rainfall is 1100mm falling mainly March to May.
Vegetation The park is situated in the great miombo woodlands with dominant species
of Brachystegia and Isoberlinia. Some areas of short-grass floodplain and scattered stands
of Acacia spp. occur particularly in the vicinity of Lake Chala (which is fringed with palms).
Fauna The mammals of the drier areas include lion Panthera leo, leopard Panthera pardus
(T), elephant Loxodonta africana (T), zebra Equus burchelli, eland Taurotragus oryx,
buffalo Syncerus caffer, sable and roan antelopes Hippotragus niger and Hippotragus equinus
and topi Damaliscus lunatus. There are over 400 recorded bird species in the area. Fauna of
the swamp area. includes hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius (numerous),
crocodile Crocodylus niloticus (V) and large numbers of waterfowl, particularly pelican.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies The main problems are illegal hunting, fishing and destruction
of trees or other vegetation, aggravated by wildfires during the dry season. Shortage of
development funds is particularly serious as the park is in a somewhat remote and inaccessible
area.
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Visitor Facilities There is a restcamp for shelter but no equipment or facilities so visitors
must be self-contained.
Scientific Research None
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material None listed
Staff Senior park assistant and 12 park rangers (1977)
Budget 1977: Tanzanian Shs. 140,660 (approximately US$17,000) excluding grants from
external sources for the original buildings and other development expenditure
Local Park or Reserve Administration Tanzania National Parks Authority, PO Box 3134,
Arusha.
Date 1984
KILIMANJARO NATIONAL PARK
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.14.07 (Somalian)
Legal Protection Total. Access is restricted
Date Established Established as a Game Reserve in 1951. National Park status in 1973 by
Government Notice 54.
Geographical Location On the Kenyan border, mainly the upper levels of Mount Kilimanjaro
including corridors in the forest belt. 2°50’-3°10’S, 37°20’-37°40°E.
Altitude 1,830m (Marangu Gate) to 5,895m (summit of Kibo)
Area 75,575ha surrounded by a Forest Reserve
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features This volcanic massif has three volcanic peaks on an east-south-east axis
which were active in the Pleistocene: Shira (oldest) on the west at 4,000m, the rugged peak of
Mawenzi (next oldest) on the east at 5,149m, and Kibo (most recent and still showing minor
fumarole activity) in the centre. Kibo, the highest, at 5,895m has an extensive, but slowly
shrinking, ice cap and snow fields. Kilimanjaro is the highest mountain in Africa. There are
two wet seasons: the short rains from November to December and long rains from March to
May. Mean precipitation is 2300mm in the forest belt (1,830m), 1300mm at Mandara hut at
the upper edge of the forest (2,740m), 525mm at Horombo hut in the moorland (3,718m), and
less than 200mm at Kibo hut (4,630m), producing desert-like conditions. Diurnal temperature
range is considerable.
Vegetation The park includes six corridors through the montane forest belt: Geraragua and
Shira on the west, Marangu and Mashati on the east and Njara and Rongai on the north. The
park, therefore, contains a large amount of montane rain forest whose components are complex
and vary greatly with aspect. The wetter southern slopes are dominated by Podocarpus spp.
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Tanzania
and camphorwood QOcotea usambarensis with Myrica salicifolia and Agauria sp., and an
understory of ferns such as tree ferns Cyathea spp. and the long-spiked Lobelia gibberoa. The
drier northern slopes are dominated by cedar Juniperus procera and olives Olea spp.. Above
the forest, the lower and upper moorland zones differ considerably in their flora. Species
include: giant groundsels, particularly Senecio cottoniti, tree heath Erica arborea, Philippia
trimera, Lobelia deckenii and ’everlastings’ Helichrysum spp.. There is no bamboo zone. At
4,600m the plant cover is virtually zero. (See Tomlinson, 1985).
Fauna Mammals include: blue monkey Cercopithecus mitis, black and white colobus Colobus
polykomos abyssinicus, leopard Panthera pardus (T), elephant Loxodonta africana (T), black
rhinoceros Diceros bicornis (T) (could be in the forested area, but probably now extinct in this
area), bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, eland Taurotragus oryx, buffalo Syncerus caffer, and
Kilimanjaro tree hyrax Dendrohyrax validus. Difficult to sight and restricted to Kilimanjaro
and some neighbouring mountains is Abbot’s duiker Cephalophus spadix. The largest game
concentration is on the border with Amboseli. The birds of the moorlands are few in species,
but of great interest and include occasional lammergeier Gypaetus barbatus (mainly on the Shira
ridge), hill chat Cercomela sordida, Hunter’s cisticola Cisticola hunteri, and scarlet-tufted
malachite sunbird Nectarinia johnstoni. The forest has several notable species including one
starling of very restricted distribution, Abbot's starling Cinnyricinclus femoralis, and the
butterfly Papilio sjoestedti (R), sometimes known as the Kilimanjaro swallowtail.
Conservation Management There have been discussions between the Wildlife and Forestry
Departments to try to organise control of illegal felling in the area. There is a management
plan for the mountain but it is out-of-date and does not include the forest reserve. Issuing of
timber licences for the south-east area of the forest reserve has been stopped.
Zoning No zoning, but much of the area has ’strict nature reserve’ or ’defence’ status
Disturbances or Deficiencies Illegal hunting, honey gathering, illegal felling, fuel wood
collection, grass burning and incursions by domestic livestock occur, particularly in the
south-west. Both honey gathering and grass burning result in outbreaks of uncontrolled fires
every year, particularly during the dry season. The forest buffer zone is being maintained in
six corridors within the park, but elsewhere it is being felled and replaced with commercial
plantations (camphor and Acrocarpus) or maize crops.
Visitor Facilities Approximately 67,000 people visit annually. Tourism is restricted mainly to
the organized 4-5 night climb to Kibo via the authorised Marangu route which stops at
Mandara, Horombo and Kibo huts. Food, bedding and porters are provided. The starting
point at Marangu has hotel and hostel accommodation and is 48km from Moshi and 90km from
Kilimanjaro International Airport. Visitors are allowed to climb to 4,000m without a guide.
Permission is necessary for using the other routes and obtained from the Chief Warden. There
is a rescue force of 12 with a leader trained in Europe. Advisors from Europe have also visited
to train local officers.
Scientific Research Past scientific work included comprehensive vegetation surveys and some
fauna studies. Masters Thesis by B.C. Mwasaga in 1982-1983 from the University of
Dar-es-Salaam.
Special Scientific Facilities None but the College of African Wildlife Management at Mweka
is situated near the park.
Principal Reference Material
° Morris, B. (1970). The zonal vegetation of Kilimanjaro. African Wildlife 24 pp.
° Tanzania Notes and Records No. 64. Special Kilamanjaro, issue March 1965. Obtainable
from the Hon. Secretary/Treasurer, The Tanzania Society, PO Box 511, Dar-es-Salaam.
° Tomlinson, R. (1985). Observations on the Giant Groundsels of Upper Kilimanjaro. Biol.
Conservation 31: 303-316.
Staff Senior park warden, park warden, building inspector, and a staff of 80 (1977).
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Budget 1977: Tanzanian Shs.598,000 (approximately US$72,610) excluding grants from
external sources. Kilimanjaro was reported in 1984 to be the only park in Tanzania which was
self-sufficient.
Local Park or Reserve Administration Park headquarters are at Marangu. Tanzania National
Parks Authority, PO Box 3134, Arusha.
Date 1984
LAKE MANYARA NATIONAL PARK
Management Category IJ and IX (National Park and Biosphere Reserve)
Biogeographical Proyince 3.05.04 (East African Woodand/savanna)
Legal Protection Total. To the north and northeast of the park is the Mto wa Mbu Game
Controlled Area, where licenced hunting is permitted. Southwest and contiguous to the park is
the Marang Forest Reserve, in which no development is allowed.
Date Established Given National Park status in 1960, having been a Game Reserve since
1957, and before then a Game Controlled Area. Declared a Biosphere Reserve in 1981.
Geographical Location In Arusha Region, 117km southwest of Arusha. 3°30’S, 35°60’E.
Altitude 960-1478m
Area 32,500ha, of which approximately one third is land, the remainder being part of Lake
Manyara. The land area includes about 550ha added to the southern end in 1974.
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The majority of the land area of the park is a narrow strip running
between the Gregory Rift wall to the west and Lake Manyara, an alkaline or soda-lake, to the
east. Most of the rift wall and in some places the edge of the plateau at its top are included in
the park. The escarpment’s face is dissected by spectacular gorges from which rivers, some
flowing year round, feed into the lake, which is part of a closed drainage system. Porous
volcanic rock occurs in the north, where perennial spring-fed rivers emerge from the
escarpment base. The south is characterized by non-porous ancient crystalline rock. There are
hot springs in the south where the rift wall comes close to the lake edge. Parts of the rift wall
are gently sloping and covered in a network of animal trails, while elsewhere the face of the
scarp is steep and rugged. Mean annual rainfall is 650mm, varying along the north-south axis
of the park and occurring in two seasons, November-December and February-April. Rainfall
variation results in marked changes in the level of the lake, which can be reduced to nearly
nothing. Mean annual temperature is 22°C.
Vegetation A complex mosaic of habitat types varies with topography. Below the rift wall,
perennial springs in the north support a ground water forest, characterized by Trichelia roka,
Croton macrostachyus, a fig Ficus sycamorus, and Tabernaemontana usambarensis, and edaphic
grasslands of Cynodon dactylon. The tree species reappear in riverine habitats. At the edges of
the ground water forest, yellow fever trees Acacia xanthophloea and the palm Phoenix reclinata
form dense stands. A dense swamp of Typha angustifolia has reappeared at the northwest
corner of the lake after being absent for many years. The central area of the park contains
woodland of A. tortilis, A. sieberiana, and Balanites aegyptiaca. To the south, Capparis
tomentosa, the sausage tree Kigelia africana, and perennial grasses are found. Along the
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western lake shore are alkaline grasslands characterized by Sporobolus spicatus. The
escarpment face is characterized by perennial herb Ruellia megachlamys and is distinguished
by baobab trees Adansonia digitata. Unlike the remainder of the park, the area above the rift
wall on the plateau is subject to fires, restrained from moving east by the prevailing
southeasterly wind. Here, fire-resistant grasses such as Themeda triandra are characteristic.
To the south on the plateau, the Marang Forest Reserve is a montane forest resembling the
Ngorongoro Crater rim forest to the north; the Marang Forest vegetation is not known to have
been studied.
Fauna Manyara has what is possibly the greatest biomass density (weight per area) of
mammals in the world. Elephant Loxodonta africana (T) (density 6/km) and buffalo Syncerus
caffer (density 18/km) comprise the bulk of the biomass. Among visitors the park is well
known for its lions Panthera leo which rest through the day several metres up in the branches
of large trees (a habit which could be considered adaptive given the density of the above two
species). Black rhinoceros Diceros bicornis (T) are still present, although no longer in the great
numbers for which Manyara was known by hunters. Other significant species are
hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, impala Aepyceros melampus, giraffe Giraffa
camelopardalis, and zebra Equus burchelli. Among other species are wildebeest Connochaetes
taurinus, bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, leopard Panthera pardus (T), and baboon Papio
anubis. In the dry season, large herds of wildebeest and other plains game from the Mto wa
Mbu Game Controlled Area enter the park for short periods from the north. Manyara also has
exceptional numbers of birds, in terms of both species (seen as of 1984) and populations.
Spectacular flocks of water fowl are often present, sometimes breeding. Lesser
flamingo Phoenicopterus minor can occur in thousands or millions and greater flamingo P. ruber
in smaller numbers. White pelicans Pelecanus onocrotalus, yellow-billed storks [bis ibis, and
white-necked cormorants Phalacrocorax carbo are common. At least 44 species of diurnal
birds of prey occur, including palm-nut vulture Gypohierax angolensis and Ayre’s hawk
eagle Hieraaetus dubius. Chestnut-banded sand plovers Charadrius venustus, common in the
past, are now rarely sighted. The many reptiles include nile monitor lizard Varanus niloticus,
often seen near rivers, and several species of cobra.
Population No information
Conservation Management No formal management plan exists, although draft versions have
been made by several park wardens. A good relationship between park management and local
inhabitants, including a network of informers, helps to keep poaching to a minimum; this is
also aided by a high density of ranger patrols. Several techniques have been used to control the
movement of animals from the park into contiguous agricultural land: an electric fence was in
use along the northern boundary for several years in the 1960’s, as was a heavy cable fence
along the original southern boundary. Neither is now functional. Crop-raiding elephants and
other species and cattle-killing lions are very occasionally shot by the authorities. Since 1970
plans have existed to increase the size of the park, for which approval was given in 1978.
WWF/IUCN Project 1935 in 1980 gave funds towards the extension of the park to the south
(for development of ranger posts, etc.). The Marang Forest Reserve (20,000ha), in the
southwest, is now effectively part of the park. On a smaller scale, galvanized wire mesh
wrapped around the trunk of the tree has been used with great effect to prevent elephants
from debarking and thus hastening the death of mature Acacia tortilis, favored resting places
for lions.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies The park is too small to be viable. Current boundaries exclude
substantial parts of the normal daily range of many of the large mammals, with profound
consequences for both the park and those living nearby; elephants are chronic invaders of land
are sometimes fatally speared in cultivated land bordering the park, which forms a buffer zone
by definition only. Repeated major epidemics (1959: rinderpest-20% mortality buffalo; 1977:
(unidentified)-15% mortality elephant; 1984: anthrax-90% mortality impala (same likely in
1965)) since the park was established demonstrate the critical need for allowing some
movement of animals between Manyara and other reserves. The proposed extension of the
park to the west (the plateau above the scarp) and to the south, and the proposed corridors
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from the northeast and southeast to Tarangire National Park would solve several problems at
once, by including land regularly used by the resident population, incorporating higher rainfall
areas that serve as critical refuges in times of drought, and by allowing for genetic flow. These
new boundary lines have been mapped and plans exist for the administration of the enlarged
areas and concomitant changes in current practice; for example, once the park is expanded
ranger posts which are now only at the base of the escarpment can be shifted to the western
boundary on the plateau, a far more effective location from which to patrol and to police the
border. While the Marang Forest Reserve can be incorporated into the park easily as an
exchange between government bodies, expanding the park to the south and west requires
compensating and resettling displaced farmers. Funds are required for this. The park’s
vegetation and thus its fauna exist as they do in very large part because of rainfall outside the
park to the west. Those drainage systems and catchment areas must be safeguarded for the
sake of both the park and its agricultural and pastoral neighbours. Steadily increasing sand
deposits from rivers is a sign of erosion outside the park. Integration of park and _ local
planning is necessary if either is to succeed and to avoid the repetition of cases such as the ILO
rice cultivation and irrigation project in the north that took place with no ecological impact
study or liaison with the national park. In part due to the irrigation project, and for an array
of other reasons, the human population around the park is steadily increasing. The electric
fence in the north could be replaced by an effective low maintenance modern version. Illegal
fishing in the park’s waters is a problem, in part because poachers may use boats to gain access.
Visitor Facilities _ Thanks to both its intrinsic appeal and its convenient location close to
Arusha on the route to Ngorongoro Crater and Serengeti National Park, Manyara has many
visitors (28,000 pa). Accommodation varies from a hotel (100 beds) sited at the edge of the
plateau above the rift wall to several campsites near the main gate at the north end of the
park. One of the campsites consists of small and simple self-contained cottages or bandas. A
hostel at park headquarters is suitable for school parties. There is an airstrip outside the park
near the hotel. A small museum is at the main gate. A good all-weather track runs the length
of the park; several secondary tracks loop off the main route. Manyara has traditionally been
accessed as a cul de sac from the north; the southern gate has recently been opened to
encourage movement to and from Tarangire National Park in the southeast.
Scientific Research The vegetation has been catalogued, described, and mapped by several
researchers. A longitudinal ongoing study of the elephants began in 1966. The behavior and
ecology of the buffalo was investigated from 1981-1985. (See references below).
Special Scientific Facilities Housing for scientists may be found outside the park in the
village of Mto wa Mbu and at the bandas. A very small research camp in the centre of the
park, built and primarily used by the elephant research project, is under the administration of
the Serengeti Wildlife Research Institute. A herbarium of the park is kept at the research
camp. Scientists working at Manyara are affiliated with the Seronera Research Centre of the
S.W.R.L
Principal Reference Material
Arens, W. (1972). On the Frontier of Change: Mto wa Mbu, Tanzania.
° Douglas-Hamilton, I, (1972). On the ecology and behaviour of the African elephant. D.Phil.
thesis, University of Oxford, Oxford.
° Douglas-Hamilton, I. (1973). On the ecology and behaviour of the Lake Manyara
elephants. East African Wildlife Journal 11: 401-403.
° Douglas-Hamilton, I. and Douglas-Hamilton, O. (1975). Among the Elephants. Collins and
Harvill Press: London.
° Greenway, P.J. and Vesey-FitzGerald, D.F. (1969). The vegetation of Lake Manyara
National Park. Journal of Ecology 57: 127-149.
° Greenway, P.J. and Vesey-FitzGerald, D.F. (1972). Annotated check-list of plants occurring
in Lake Manyara National Park. Journal of East African Natural History Society and
National Museum 28(130): 1-29.
° Harris, J.H. (1951). Lake Manyara: The phenomenon of a salt crust which disappears as it is
approached. Tanganyika Notes and Records. 30: 6-14.
° IUCN/WWF Project 1935. Tanzania, Lake Manyara National Park, Southern Extension.
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Kinoti, G. (1961). A general report of the Makerere expedition to Lake Manyara.
April-July 1961. Makerere University College, Kampala, Uganda.
Loth, P.E. and Prins, H.H.T. (1986) (in press). The vegetation of Lake Manyara National
Park: Structural patterns. ITC J.(in press) [with a landscape ecological map, 1:50,000].
Makacha, S. and Schaller, G.B. (1969). Observations on lions in the Lake Manyara National
Park, Tanzania. East African Wildlife Journal 7: 99-103.
Mwalyosi, R.B.B. (1977). A count of large mammals in the Lake Manyara National
Park. East African Wildlife Journal \5: 333-335.
Mwalyosi, R.B.B. (1977). Vegetation changes in Lake Manyara National Park. M.Sc. thesis,
University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
Mwalyosi, R.B.B. (1980). Prescription for a park. Animal Kingdom 83(3): 35-40.
Mwalyosi, R.B.B. (1981). Ecological changes in Lake Manyara National Park. Afr. J. Ecol.
19: 201-204.
Mwalyosi, R.B.B. (1983). Utilization of pastures in Lake Manyara National Park. Afr. J. of
Ecol. 21: 135-137.
Prins, H.H.T. (in prep). The relationship of social organization and food exploitation in the
African buffalo. Ph.D. thesis, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
Russell, Hugh (196?). Lake Manyara National Park: A guide. Arusha: Tanzania National
Parks.
Scherlis, J.S. (in prep). The behavioral ecology of the Manyara elephants. Ph.D. thesis,
University of Cambridge, Cambridge.
Vesey-FitzGerald, D.F. (1969). Utilization of the habitat by buffalo in Lake Manyara
National Park. East African Wildlife Journal 7: 131-145.
Vesey-FitzGerald, D.F. (1973). Animal impact on vegetation and plant succession in Lake
Manyara National Park, Tanzania. Oikos. 24: 314-325.
Watermeyer, A.M. and Elliott, H.F.I. (1943). Lake Manyara. Tanganyika Notes and Records
15: 58-71.
Watson, R.M. and Turner, M.I.M. (1965). A count of the large mammals of the Lake
Manyara National Park: Results and discussion. East African Wildlife Journal 3: 95-98.
Weyerhaeuser, R. (1982). On the ecology of the Lake Manyara elephants. M.F.Sc. report,
Yale University, New Haven.
Staff Senior park warden, one or two support wardens, administrator/accountant, and park
assistant; total staff of 66 (1984).
Budget 1984, 2,603,000 Tanzania shillings (projected).
Local Park or Reserve Administration Lake Manyara National Park, P.O. Box 12, Mto wa
Mbu.
Date 1986
MIKUMI NATIONAL PARK
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.05.04 (East African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 1964; extended to connect with Selous Game Reserve in 1975
Geographical Location Eastern Tanzania, north of the main road between Morogoro and
Iringa and 280km by road from Dar-es-Salaam. 7°00’-7°50’S, 37°00’-37°30°E.
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Altitude 550-1,257m
Area 323,000ha; contiguous to Selous Game Reserve (5,000,000ha)
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The park comprises two major ecological units, the grassland and wooded
savanna of the extensive Mkata River floodplain with hardpan ridges and black cotton soilpans
with upland seasonal swamplands (mbuga), and hilly country to the east, west and south
covered with miombo vegetation. Rainfall varies with means of 500mm at park headquarters,
625mm at Chamgore waterhole (25km to the north) and over 1,000mm on the highest hills.
The wet season extends from November to May, March and April being the wettest months.
Vegetation The miombo woodland is dominated by Brachystegia
spp.. Combretum-Terminalia woodland is common between hill and floodplain. There are
scattered thorn Acacia spp, baobab Adansonia digitata, and mgude (yellow barked) Sterculia
appendiculata trees on the floodplain and tall gallery forest and dense riverine thicket along the
Mgoda, Kikobogo, and Mkata watercourses. Species include: ebony Dalbergia melanoxylon,
Sclerocarya caffra, Cassia abbreviata, Borassus flabellifer and Hyphaene ventricosa
palms. Balanites aegyptiaca and Ficus spp. are common and important for elephant and baboon.
Fauna Mammals include: yellow baboon Papio cynocephalus, vervet monkey Cercopithecus
aethiops, Sykes’ monkey Cecopithecus mitis, eastern black-and-white colobus Colobus guereza,
serval Felis serval, wild dog Lycaon pictus (T), _ ratel Mellivora capensis,
leopard Panthera pardus (T), lion Panthera leo, elephant Loxodonta africana (T),
rhinoceros Diceros bicornis (T), giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis, zebra Equus burchelli,
hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, eland Taurotragus oryx, buffalo Syncerus caffer,
greater kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros, bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, waterbuck Kobus
ellipsiprymnus, Bohar reedbuck Redunca redunca, sable antelope AHippotragus niger,
Lichtenstein’s hartebeest Alcelaphus lichtensteini, wildebeest Connochaetes taurinus, and
impala Aepyceros melampus. The bird life is transitional between north and south and is
therefore, very varied and about 360 species have been recorded. It includes typically southern
species such as Dickinson’s kestrel Falco dickinsoni, Bateleur eagle Terathopius ecaudatus and
Boehm’s bee-eater Merops boehmi, and northern species such as superb starling Spreo superbus
and straw-tailed whydah Vidua fischeri. Other recorded species include: crowned
lapwing Vanellus coronatus, flappet lark Mirafra rufocinnamomea, southern ground
hornbill Bucorvus sp., and malachite kingfisher Alcedo cristata.
Zoning No zoning has yet been implemented, but there are three distinct types: an area
developed for tourism; ’defence zones’ needing periodic special protection; and inaccessible
areas.
Disturbances or Deficiencies There are low levels of poaching and grazing as this area is
fairly inaccessible and the hills are not suitable for grazing. These are not serious and could be
easily controlled. The recently rebuilt main Tanzania-Zambia highway bisects the park and
will increase ease of access and probably result in some road casualties from animals crossing it.
Visitor Facilities The park is popular being easily accessible from Dar-es-Salaam.
Well-equipped tented camp and luxury lodge accommodation is available at Mikumi wildlife
lodge and there is an airstrip but this is not for general or tourist use. The southern extension
of the park is not yet open to visitors (1976) and it is hoped eventually to establish a second
camp for visitors travelling from the capital by rail.
Scientific Research Detailed studies of the yellow baboon (to complement studies at Gombe)
have been undertaken in the park by the University of California, Riverside USA .
Special Scientific Facilities The small research station at park headquarters has fallen into
disuse, but facilities are available at the University of California’s Research Station.
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Principal Reference Material
° Mercer, G. (1983). Mikumi National Park. SWARA 6(2). East African Wildlife Society.
Staff Chief park warden, one senior and two junior park wardens with support staff of 60
(1977)
Budget 1977: Tanzanian Shs.872,800 (approximately US$105,980)
Local Park or Reserve Administration Mikumi National Park, P.O. Box 62, Mikumi.
Date 1984
RUAHA NATIONAL PARK
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.05.04 (East African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established Originally part of Saba River Game Reserve established in 1910 and then
part of Rungwa Game Reserve gazetted in 1946. Ruaha was excised to form the National Park
in 1964, although boundaries were changed again in 1973.
Geographical Location West of Iringa in the Southern Highlands. 6°54’-7°57’S,
33°50’-35°24’E.
Altitude 750m (Great Ruaha River valley) - 1,830m (Ikungu)
Area 1,295,000ha; contiguous to Rungwa Game Reserve (900,000ha) and Kizigo Game
Reserve (400,000ha)
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The central spine of the park is the watershed between the Nzombe and
Ruaha rivers, the only perrenial rivers within the park. The valley of the Great Ruaha River is
thought to be an extension of the Great Rift Valley and the Ruaha flows for 160km along the
entire eastern boundary through rugged gorges and open plains. Beyond the river and swamps,
lies a well-wooded undulating plateau at 1,000m rising to the peaks of Datambulwa (1,700m) in
the south, and Ikingu (1,830m) in the west. Much of the rock is metamorphic, particularly
gneiss and schist. Several hills comprise precambrian granitic rock. Rainfall varies from a
mean of 520mm at Msembe in the valley to over 800mm above the escarpment in the miombo
woodland zone. Rainfall is mainly from December to April.
Vegetation The vegetation represents a wide range of physiognomic types from treeless
grasslands and swamps to evergreen forests. Typical vegetation of the valleys comprises tall
stands of Acacia spp., Ficus spp., and the tamarind Tamarindus indica, clumps of palms and
patches of open ’black cotton soil’ grassland. Beyond and to the north, the undulating terrain is
dominated by baobab Adansonia digitata scattered throughout scrubby Combretum
and Commiphora woodland with occasional flat-topped Acacia tortilis. This area is bounded by
an escarpment, above which Brachystegia and other typical miombo species extend over most
of the remaining park area. There are also areas of grassland, thornbush and rocky hills with
patches of forest. In the far west is an area of evergreen upland/submontane forest dominated
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by Drypetes gerrardii with Olea africana, Garcinia huillensis, Manilkara_ discolor
and Cassipourea malosana as emergent co-dominants. At least 1,512 species of vascular plant
have been identified from the park.
Fauna Mammals include: lion Panthera leo, leopard Panthera pardus (T), cheetah Acinonyx
jubatus (T), elephant Loxodonta africcana (T), and a wide variety of ungulates such as
zebra Equus burchelli, black rhinoceros Diceros bicornis (T), greater kudu Tragelaphus
strepsiceros, lesser kudu Tragelaphus imberbis (for which the park is especially noted),
bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, buffalo Syncerus caffer, Grant’s gazelle Gazella granti (at the
southern limit of its distribution) and Bohar reedbuck Redunca redunca. In the Brachystegia
woodland are roan and sable antelope Hippotragus equinus and Hippotragus niger and
Lichtenstein’s hartebeest Alcelaphus lichtensteini. Over 370 bird species have been recorded,
including the migrant falcon Falco eleanorae (observed in few other East African sites) on its
way to Madagascar, Pel’s fishing owl Scotopelia peli in the densely wooded reaches of the
Ruaha river, Dickinson’s kestrel Falco dickinsoni, violet crested turacao Tauraco
porphyreolophus, pale-biled hornbill Tockus pallidirostris, and racquet-tailed roller Coracias
spatulata in the Brachystegia woodland. The crocodile Crocodylus niloticus (V) still occurs in
the rivers.
Zoning A de facto zoning system exists as the only area accessible to visitors is by the
network of tracks leading from the headquarters at Msembe along the Ruaha, Mdonya and
Mwagusi Sand River valleys. The rest of the park is in effect strict nature reserve as no roads
have been built.
Disturbances or Deficiencies Heavy poaching, especially of rhinoceros, occurs due to lack of
roads for use by patrols and there is illegal fishing. Bushfires started by poachers or
honey-gatherers burn about 50% of the park each year and are a serious problem for
regeneration, particularly of riverine forest. The high density of elephants results in serious
damage of baobab and Acacia albida.
Visitor Facilities A hutted camp has been established at Msembe near the ferry on the Ruaha
river. There is also a luxurious lodge ’Foxcamp’, which has been built on a kopje 50km
upstream from Msembe, some authorised camp sites and two airstrips.
Scientific Research |Research mainly concerns vegetational changes, elephant and baboon.
Aerial counts have been made of the large mammals.
Special Scientific Facilities A small herbarium was set up by P.J. Greenway.
Principal Reference Material
° Barnes, R.F.W. (1983). The elephant problem in Ruaha National Park, Tanzania. Biol.
Consery. 26: 127-148. Includes a discussion of elephant management options.
° Bjornstad, A. (1976). The vegetation of Ruaha National Park, Tanzania Annotated
check-list of the plant species. SRI Publication No. 215.
° IUCN/WWF Project 1931. Tanzania, Anti-poaching equipment for National Parks.
° Norton-Griffiths, M. (1975). The number and distribution of large mammals in Ruaha
National Park, Tanzania. East Afr. Wild. J. 13(2): 121-140.
Staff Senior park warden, two park wardens and staff of 54 (1977)
Budget 1977, Tanzanian Shs.687,200 (approximately US$83,440)
Local Park or Reserve Administration Tanzania National Parks Authority, PO Box 3134,
Arusha.
Date 1984
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RUBONDO NATIONAL PARK
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.27.14 (Lake Ukerewe)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established Established as a Forest Reserve under German rule; Game Reserve status in
1966; National Park status in 1977
Geographical Location An island in south-west Lake Victoria (Lake Ukerewe), 67km from
Geita. 2°25’S, 31°50°E.
Altitude Approximately 1,130m
Area 45,700ha
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The island comprises two main areas of hills, rising from the lake, joined
by a flat narrow isthmus.
Vegetation Some 90% of the island comprises moist evergreen forest. The remaining area is
woodland and wooded grassland on steeper, exposed slopes. Patches of open grassland on flat
shores have fringes of papyrus.
Fauna The park has a varied fauna, mainly introduced. Indigenous species include:
bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, sitatunga Tragelaphus spekei, hippopotamus Hippopotamus
amphibius, vervet monkey Cercopithecus aethiops, marsh mongoose Atilax paludinosus, and
species of crocodile and python. Introduced species include: chimpanzee Pan troglodytes (T),
elephant Loxodonta africana (T), black rhinoceros Diceros bicornis (T), giraffe Giraffa
camelopardalis, roan antelope Hippotragus equinus, suni Neotragus moschatus, and black and
white colobus Colobus polykomos.
Conservation Management Intention to provide a safe refuge for threatened forest species.
There are no large predators.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies Some poaching and wood cutting occurs with access by canoes.
There are no settlements on the island.
Visitor Facilities The recreational potential is high. Unlike many other areas, there is the
possibility of walking safaris, boat trips and bird-watching from hides. It was originally
intended as a tourist attraction, but as yet, there have been few visitors due to the remote
location. Tourist accommodation is available in bandas.
Scientific Research Introduction of threatened species to the island was financed by the
Frankfurt Zoological Society. There is a general ecological monitoring programme carried out
by Dr Markus Borner.
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
° Rodgers, W.A., Ludanga, R. and De Suzo, H.P. (1976). Biharamulo, Birigi and Rubondo
Island Game Reserves. Tanzania Notes and Records 81 and 82: 99-123.
Staff Warden and 12 rangers
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Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration Tanzania National Parks Authority, PO Box 3134,
Arusha.
Date 1984
SERENGETI NATIONAL PARK
Management Category II and IX (National Park and Biosphere Reserve)
World Heritage Site (Criteria: ii, iii, iv)
Biogeographical Province 3.05.04 (East African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established Protected area since 1940. In 1929, 228,600ha of central Serengeti was
declared a Game Reserve. National Park status in 1951 with extensive boundary modifications
in 1959. Included with the adjoining Maswa Game Reserve as part of _ the
Serengeti- Ngorongoro Biosphere Reserve in 1981. Accepted as part of a World Heritage Site in
1981.
Geographical Location West of Great Rift Valley, 130km west-north-west of Arusha. A
corridor extends westwards to within 8km of Lake Victoria and a northern sector extending to
the Kenya border. In the Mara, Arusha, and Shinyanga Regions. 1°30’-3°20’S, 34°00’-35°15’E.
Altitude 920-1,850m
Area The Biosphere Reserve covers 2,305,100ha and includes the Serengeti National Park
(1,476,300ha); contiguous to the Ngorongoro Conservation Area (828,800ha) in the east, Maswa
Game Reserve (220,000ha; recently reduced) in the south, Maasai-Mara National Reserve
(167,200ha) in Kenya to the north, and Ikorongo Game Controlled Area on the west.
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The plains of Serengeti are mainly crystalline rocks overlain by volcanic
ash with numerous granitic rock outcrops (kopjes). In the north and along the western corridor
are mountain ranges of mainly volcanic origin. Two rivers flowing west usually contain water
and there are a number of lakes, marshes, and waterholes. Rainfall is mainly restricted to
November-May with peaks in December and March/April. Mean annual temperature 20.8°C
and mean annual precipitation 1210mm recorded at 1,150m.
Vegetation The undulating open grassland plains are the major type of vegetation, but
become almost desert during periods of severe drought. Dominant species are couch
grass Digitaria macroblephara and Sporobolus marginatus (an indicator of saline soils). In
wetter areas, sedges such as Kyllinga spp. take over. There is an extensive block of acacia
woodland savanna in the centre, a more hilly and densely wooded zone covering most of the
northern arm of the park, and some gallery forest. Lowland woodlands comprise Commiphora,
Acacia drepanolobium, and Acacia gerrardii. Upland woodlands comprise Acacia lahai
and Acacia seyal.
Fauna The park is best known for the now unrivalled herd sizes of ’plains game’, which
migrate between seasonal water supplies. These include wildebeest Connochaetes taurinus
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(about 1.3 million), zebra Equus burchelli, Thomson’s gazelle Gazella thomsoni, numerous
prides of lion Panthera leo, and spotted hyena Crocuta crocuta. In May and June many game
animals take part in a mass migration away from the central plains into the western corridor.
Other characteristic mammals are hunting dog Lycaon pictus (T), leopard Panthera pardus (T),
cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T), elephant Loxodonta africana (T), black rhinoceros Diceros
bicornis (T), hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis,
buffalo Syncerus caffer, topi Damaliscus lunatus, waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus,
eland Taurotragus oryx, sitatunga Tragelaphus spekei, bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus,
oryx Oryx gazella, reedbuck Redunca redunca, mountain reedbuck Redunca fulvorufula,
numerous species of rodents and bats, golden jackal Canis aureus, side striped
jackal Canis adustus, Grant’s gazelle Gazella granti, seven species of mongoose, two species of
otter, warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus, and seven species of primate. Smaller predators
include bat-eared fox Otocyon megalotis and ratel Mellivora capensis. Over 350 recorded bird
species include 34 species of raptors, six vultures, kori bustard Choriotis kori, ostrich Struthio
camelus and lesser flamingo Phoeniconaias minor, and several with a comparatively restricted
distribution such as rufous-tailed weaver Histurgops ruficauda.
Conservation Management The management plan is under review, since the area was accepted
as a World Heritage Site. The park administration works with the village authorities to resettle
encroachers and re-mark the boundary. Grumeti Game Controlled Area has been incorporated
in the park as greater control of the area was thought to be necessary. IUCN is coordinating
on ambitious conservation and development programme in the Serengeti region in collaboration
with NORAD. The overall aim of the programme and the most appropriate management for
the whole area is to ensure that while the Serengeti remains as a wild ecosystem, local
communities can benefit from appropriate development activities.
Zoning Three zones are proposed: strict nature reserve, tourist (or recreational) and defence.
There are four administrative sub-divisions (anti-poaching zone): western, northern, Lobo, and
Seronera lodges. Two tourist areas have been designated around Lobo and Seronera. Vehicles
are not allowed off the tracks in a 16km radius from Seronera. Maswa Game Reserve forms an
important buffer zone between the park and the populated region of Sukumaland.
Disturbances or Deficiencies Poaching in the southern, northern and western corridors seems
to be increasing, while anti-poaching activities (and morale) are hampered by lack of fuel and
equipment. At one time the Serengeti was not within the elephants’ range, but cultivation and
settlement outside the park resulted in change in distribution. This resulted at one time in a
number of problems. The combination of elephant, uncontrolled fires, and subsequent
browsing and stunting of regrowth by giraffe has caused a decline in woodlands. There has
also been some tree cutting in small areas on the west and north-west boundaries. Boundary
markers (piles of stones) have been removed and cultivation begun.
Visitor Facilities Tourist facilities include lodges at Seronera and Lobo and four campsites
near Seronera. Six access routes exist, but usually access is by road from the Ngorongoro
Conservation Area. There are several airstrips and an aerodrome at Seronera. In 1983, after
several years of isolation due to the closed border with Kenya, Serengeti recorded its lowest
number of visitors (18,602) since the 1950s. The reopening of the Tanzania-Kenya border in
December 1983 has already resulted in increased visitor numbers. If tourism increases further,
a lodge may be built in the western Kirawira area.
Scientific Research The park has been the centre for major research for the past 20 years,
including studies in human and animal ecology, soils, vegetation, herbivores, predators,
parasites, elephant damage, effects of burning and management problems and natural resource
assessment. Present studies include continuation of long term studies of the behavioural
ecology of lion, cheetah, dwarf mongoose and hyrax. An integrated research and management
study of the effect of fire is in progress, as are studies of grazing ungulate behavioural ecology
and banded mongoose behaviour.
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Special Scientific Facilities The Seronera Research Centre (formerly known as the Serengeti
Research Institute) has well-equipped laboratories, a library, herbarium and accommodation
for visiting scientists. Although not fully utilised while the Kenya-Tanzania was closed, the
Centre is now fully utilised.
Principal Reference Material
Over 300 papers have been published by Centre/SRI research workers and others in scientific
journals, and several popular books are also available.
Caro, T.M. (1970). Map of the Serengeti National Park and surrounding area. ARUSHA:
SRI and Hunting Technical Services.
Grzimek, B. (1960). Serengeti shall not die. Hamish Hamilton, London.
Herlocker, D.J. (1976). Woody vegetation of the Serengeti National Park. College Station,
Texas A & M University.
° IUCN/WWF Project 1931. Tanzania, Anti-poaching equipment for National Parks.
° Jager, T. (1979). Soil of the Serengeti Woodlands, Tanzania Agricultural Research Report
912: 1-239. PUDOC, Wageningen.
° Kruuk, H. (1969). Interaction between populations of spotted hyena Crocuta crocuta and
their prey species. In: Watson, A. (Ed.) Animal populations in relation to their food
resources. Oxford.
Kruuk, H. (1972). The spotted hyaena. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
° Makacha, S., Msingwa, M.J. and Frame, G.W. (1982). Threats to the Serengeti herds. Oryx
16(5): 437-444.
Pearsall, W. (1957). Report on an ecological survey of the Serengeti National Park,
Tanganyika. Fauna Preservation Society, London.
Schaller, G.B. (1972). The Serengeti Lion. University of Chicago Press, Chicago and
London.
° Schmidl, D. (1982). The Birds of the Serengeti National Park, Tanzania. BOU Check-list
No. 5, SRI Publication No. 225. British Ornithologists’ Union, London.
° Sinclair, A.R.E. (1977). The African buffalo: a study of resource limitation of populations.
University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
° QOinclair, A.R.E. and Norton-Griffiths, M. (1980). Serengeti: Dynamics of an Ecosystem.
University of Chicago Press, Chicago. 389 pp.
° Wit, H.A. de (1977). Soil map of the Serengeti Plain. Appendix "Soils and grassland types of
the Serengeti Plain (Tanzania)". Thesis, Landbouwhogeschool, Wageningen 1978.
°
°
Staff A staff of over 180 includes 35 in administration (many of whom trained at the College
of African Wildlife Management at Mweka and/or the University of Dar es Salaam), 80
anti-poaching staff, one chief park warden and five park wardens.
Budget 1977: Tanzanian Shs.2,752,100 (approximately equivalent to US$334,000) including
grants from external sources. No recent information.
Local Park or Reserve Administration Tanzania National Parks Authority, PO Box 3134,
Arusha.
Date 1985
TARANGIRE NATIONAL PARK
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.05.04 (East African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total
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Date Established 1970 as a national park. Prior to that the area was a game reserve, gazetted
in 1957.
Geographical Location [East of the Arusha-Dodoma road, 114km from Arusha and about
20km south-east of Lake Manyara. 3°50°S, 36°00’E.
Altitude 1,100-1,500m
Area 260,000ha; surrounded by Lolkisale, Simanjaro and Mkungunero Game Controlled Areas
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The arid undulating country has some rocky outcrops and high ground in
the south-east. It is deeply incised by the Tarangire river which bisects the park from south to
north, but shrinks to a series of deep pools at the height of the dry season (from July to
October). There is a watercourse along the western boundary. Swamps form during the rains,
which fall sporadically from November to May with a peak in March. Mean annual
precipitation is 750mm. Mean maximum temperature is 27°C and minimum temperature
16°C. The extreme minimum is 4°C in July and highest maximum 40°C in January. Humidity
in October falls to 35%, indicating very dry conditions.
Vegetation Nine distinct plant associations have been identified, of which the Acacia tortilis
parkland appears the most attractive to both fauna and visitors. Other zones are riverine
grassland, Acacia-Commiphora woodland, Combretum-Dalbergia woodland, sparse gallery
forest and woodland along drainage lines, whistling-thorn Acacia drepanolobium, black cotton
soil pans with a thin grass cover. Euphorbia spp. and succulents are found in the deeper gullies
and on rocky ridges. Baobab trees Adansonia digitata commonly occur in association with
several of these communities.
Fauna Mammals include most of the East African ’plains’ species such as: lion Panthera leo,
leopard Panthera pardus (T), cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T), elephant Loxodonta africana (T),
zebra Equus burchelli, lesser kudu Tragelaphus imberbis, eland Taurotragus oryx, and
buffalo Syncerus caffer. Impala Aepyceros melampus are particularly common. The avifauna
(like the more arid vegetation) constitutes an extension of north-east African conditions, so
that species such as_ rosy-patched shrike Tchagra cruenta and _ golden-breasted
starling Cosmopsarus regius occur here near the south-west extremity of their range.
Conservation Management A proposal has been put forward by the Frankfurt Zoological
Society (FZS) that a multiple land use authority should be created in the Lolkisale-Simanjiro
ecological unit, modelled on the Ngorongoro Conservation Area Authority. They also support
proposals by Tanzania National Parks for corridors between Tarangire and the south, and
northeast to Lake Manyara.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies Due to an increase in the human population in the Mto wa Mbu
area, and large farm/ranch schemes in the north and east, animal migration routes are being
cut off and Tarangire is in danger of becoming an isolated island park. It is in fact a major
dry season concentration area in north-east Masailand for many large mammal species. During
the rains, large numbers of wildebeest, zebra, eland and elephant move out of the park to the
shortgrass plains and adjacent thorn bush areas to the north and east. These areas comprise the
Lolkisale and Simanjiro Game Controlled Areas and are essential to the well-being of
Tarangire, but have little conservation status. The area has long been shared with Maasai
pastoralists, but large and small scale cultivation (including much commercial seed bean
farming long established northeast of the park) is rapidly encroaching. An illustration of this
problem occurred in 1982 with the granting of a lease of 350,000 acres for farmland along the
park’s eastern boundary. The lease specified that animals could be shot. It was revoked aftern
public outcry and amidst much controversy in 1983. Bushfires are another problem, often
started by honey-hunters or poachers. Poaching is mainly for horn and ivory. Black
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rhinoceros have been decimated and survival of the remaining few is doubtful. Availability of
water for tourist use is another problem, with water only available from boreholes.
Visitor Facilities Tourism development is limited. Visitors are mainly from Arusha. There is
a lodge (which is currently being renovated), campsites and two airstrips (Ikm from the lodge
and near park headquarters). Rock paintings around 50km south of the park entrance are a
tourist attraction.
Scientific Research The park was the site for one of the earliest studies entailing the
development of accurate animal censuses. Recent research has been carrried out on giraffe.
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
° Borner, M. (1982). Recommendations for a multiple land use authority adjacent to
Tarangire National Park, Arusha Region, Tanzania. FZS Report.
° Borner, M. (1985). The increasing isolation of Tarangire National Park. Oryx 19: 91-96.
° Lamprey, H.F. (1963). Ecological separation of the large mammal species in the Tarangire
Reserve, Tanganyika. East African Wildlife Journal 1: 63-92.
° Lamprey, H. (1963). The survey and assessment of wild animals and their habitat in
Tanganyika. Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources in modern African states.
IUCN Publication New Series 1. Morges.
° Lamprey, H.F. (1964). Estimation of the large mammal densities, biomass and energy
exchange in the Tarangire Game Reserve and the Masai Steppe in Tanganyika. East African
Wildlife Journal 2: 1-46.
° Peterson, D. (1976). Survey of livestock and wildlife. Seasonal distribution in areas of
Masailand adjacent to Tarangire Park. Final report to the regional livestock development
department and the Masai range development project. Mimeo.
° Peterson, D. (1976). Seasonal distribution and interaction of cattle and wild ungulates in
Masailand, Tanzania. Unpublished M.Sc. Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute.
° Vesey-FitzGerald, D.F. (1973). Browse production and utilisation in Tarangire National
Park. East African Wildlife Journal 11: 291-305.
Staff Senior park warden, two support wardens and a building foreman. Total staff of 60 in
1984.
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration Tanzania National Parks Authority, PO Box 3134,
Arusha.
Date 1985
BIHARAMULO GAME RESERVE
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.07.04 (Miombo Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Hunting permitted with licence
Date Established 1959; designated National Project in 1984
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Geographical Location South-west of Lake Victoria, Skm north of Biharamulo.
Approximately centred 2°30’S, 31°30°E.
Altitude 1,250-2,000m
Area 130,000ha; contiguous to Burigi Game Reserve (220,000ha) to the west
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The reserve is on the shore of Lake Victoria, composed of north-south
ridges and valleys. The single wet season (typical of the region west of Lake Victoria) is from
September to May, but even the driest months (June to August) have some rain. There are a
few permanent watercourses in the east and extensive swamp areas and numerous waterholes
and springs also provide water throughout the year. Mean annual rainfall is 925mm.
Temperature range is 13°C to 31°C.
Vegetation Acacia scrub occurs near the lake. This is the northern limit of Brachystegia
woodland. Riverine and evergreen thicket and Pericopsis and Combretum wooded savanna is
also found.
Fauna Mammals include: hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, elephant Loxodonta
africana (YT), zebra Equus burchelli, sable antelope Hippotragus niger, roan Hippotragus
equinus, sitatunga Tragelaphus spekei, topi Damaliscus lunatus, and rhinoceros Diceros bicornis
(T). Isolated small population of red colobus Colobus badius.
Zoning No information
Disturbances or Deficiencies Most populations of large mammals have been severely reduced
by poaching.
Visitor Facilities The reserve has a guesthouse and was formerly used by hunting parties from
Kenya, but tourism is now negligible.
Scientific Research No information
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
° Rodgers, W.A., Ludanga, R. and De Suzo, H.P. (1976). Biharamulo, Birigi and Rubondo
Island Game Reserves. Tanzania Notes and Records 81 and 82: 99-123.
° Struhsaker, T.T. (1981). Forest and primate conservation in East Africa. Afr J. Ecol. 19 pp.
Staff Junior Officer in charge
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration Regional Wildlife Office, Bukoba.
Date 1984
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BURIGI GAME RESERVE
Management Category VI (Resource Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.07.04 (Miombo Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Hunting permitted under licence
Date Established Established as a Forest Reserve. Gazetted as a Game Reserve in 1972.
Proposal in 1980 to establish the reserve as a National Park.
Geographical Location The reserve boundary is defined by the shore of Lake Burigi in the
north-west and the Rulenge-Karagwe road in the west and lies north of Biharamulo town in
the east. Approximately 2°05’S, 31°20°E.
Altitude About 1,000-1,500m
Area 220,000ha; contiguous to Biharamulo Game Reserve (130,000ha)
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The reserve is dominated by valleys running roughly north-south. Beyond
a cliff range near the reserve is the wide valley of the Kayazi river with rolling hills, rocky
outcrops, and cliffs. To west is Lake Burigi with two long wide valleys draining into the
southern end of the lake. The flat wide Ruiza river valley with no distinct watercourse joins
the lake near the northern boundary and merges in the south with the Kasongenye valley to
form a large plain with flat hills. Between the Ruiza valley and the escarpment on the western
boundary, is the narrow Nyakchabo valley broken by steep hills. The single wet season (typical
of the region west of Lake Victoria) is from September to May, but even the driest months
(June to August) have some rain. There are a few permanent watercourses in the east and
extensive swamp areas, numerous waterholes and springs also provide water throughout the
year. Mean annual rainfall is 925mm. Temperature range is 13°C to 31°C.
Vegetation The dominant vegetation cover is wooded grassland of the Acacia-Combretum type
occurring throughout the Ruiza valley and in the upper reaches of the Kasongenye valley.
Swampy vegetation occurs extensively in the centre and there are large papyrus swamps in the
adjoining lake to the south. Grass-swamp areas in the upper Kasongenye valley and lower
Ruiza valley. Riverine forests and relict forest patches are abundant in Kayazi valley in the
east and north-west of Biharamulo, and in the upper Kasongenye valley.
Fauna Some 28 species of mammal were recorded in a 1981/1982 survey including
giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis, impala Aepyceros melampus, eland Taurotragus oryx,
elephant Loxodonta africana (T) (uncommon), hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, and
sable antelope Hippotragus niger. Waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus are restricted to the
lakeshore and Kasongenye river. The central area seems to have the highest diveristy and
concentration of species. Density elsewhere in the park is low. A comparision between wet
and dry season censuses indicates that most of the animals may remain in the central area
throughout the year. Movements out of the reserve area are possible at present to the east into
Biharamulo Game Reserve and to the west to the Kagera River.
Conservation Management The area is considered to have little value for subsistence
agriculture or cattle ranching and the highest land use potential is for wildlife and water
catchment. Boundary adjustments to facilitate administration and safeguard the wildlife
population have been proposed. The reserve administration may have to be centralised if the
area is to survive as a valuable asset of the West Lake Region. This can be achieved by raising
the status of the area to a National Project under direct administration of the Wildlife Division
or by national park status. The Regional Development Committee accepted a proposal on 14
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Tanzania
May 1980 that Burigi Game Reserve and the surrounding area be accorded national park
status. This proposal must still pass parliament and the boundary has to be worked out at local
level.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies Most of the reserve (excluding the swamps) is burnt every year,
mainly by poachers. There is considerable poaching with weli organised parties of up to 40
people, who reach the area mainly from the west, across the lake or by foot from the north and
south. There is almost no remaining infrastructure within the reserve, no ranger posts are
manned and no roads maintained. Almost no patrolling is carried out at present due to
decentralisation of the administration, lack of access, roads vehicles, equipment, personnel, and
ammunition.
Visitor Facilities Potential for tourism is thought to be high as the reserve is between
Serengeti National Park and Akagera National Park (Rwanda).
Scientific Research The reserve and its surroundings were surveyed using the Systematic
Reconnaissance Flight Method (SRF) in June 1981 (dry season) and April 1982 (wet season)
and a short ground survey was also carried out.
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
° Borner, M. (1981/1982). Wildlife Survey. Burigi Game Reserve. Frankfurt Zoological
Society Report.
° Rodgers, W.A., Ludanga, R. and De Suzo, H.P. (1976). Biharamulo, Birigi and Rubondo
Island Game Reserves. Tanzania Notes and Records 81\ and 82: 99-123.
Staff Staff are at three posts outside the reserve: Kingombe (owned by Biharamulo Game
Reserve), Nyakahura in the south, and Kimisi in the west.
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration Administered by four local district authorities.
Date 1984
MASWA GAME RESERVE
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.05.04 (East African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Residence, agronomic activities and resident hunting are prohibited.
Date Established 1962, by Government Notice No. 270. Prior to 1962 the area was a game
controlled area. Designated as a National Project in 1984. Maswa is a part of Serengeti
Biosphere Reserve, and there is a proposal to include it in the World Heritage Site with
Serengeti National Park.
Geographical Location Approximately 34°00’-35°00’E, 2°50’-3°50’S
Altitude No information
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Area 220,000ha; it has recently been reduced due to settlement. Contiguous to the Serengeti
National Park and its associated reserves to the north, covering an area of well over
2,000,000ha.
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features Similar to Serengeti National Park. Landscapes vary from flat plains to the
west and south to the marked undulations of the central area and the rugged terrain of the
east. These hills, a part of which are in the reserve provide water for the surrounding
Sukumaland. Soils vary from black cotton soils in the flood plains to sandy loams on the hill
slopes. Rains are generally November-May, peaking in mid-March.
Vegetation This is East African woodland savanna with Acacia spp. and Commiphora
africana. Grassland plains are more extensive in the north, the south being more forested.
Fauna Maswa is important for various migratory species. Wildebeest Connochaetes taurinus
enter Maswa from Serengeti and Ngorongoro towards the end of may while zebra Equus
burchelli, topi Damaliscus lunatus, Grant’s and Thompson’s gazelles Gazella grantii and Gazella
thomsoni appear July-August. Wildebeest are passage migrants, while topi and zebra are only
partial migrants. Mid-November the wildebeest return through Maswa. Resident mammals are
fairly typical of woodland savanna and grassland regions and include: giraffe Giraffa
camelopardalis, impala Aepyceros melampus, kongoni Alcelaphus buselaphus, roan Hippotragus
equinus, waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, eland Taurotragus oryx, warthog Phacochoerus
aethiopicus, buffalo Synceros caffer and reedbuck Redunca arundinum. Carnivores include
hyeana Crocuta crouta, jackal Canis mesomelas, lion Panthera leo and leopard Panthera pardus
(T). Numbers of cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T) are relatively low, and hunting dogs Lycaon
pictus (T) are seldom seen. Elephant are rare, and possibly even absent, though a few herds
visit the reserve from Ngorongoro and Serengeti. The current status of black
rhinoceros Diceros bicornis (T) would appear to be poor within the reserve.
Conservation Management A new boundary has been demarcated, which excludes settlements
and the reserve has been designated as a National Project which increases its status. An officer
from the Game Division has been appointed to the area. No resident hunting is allowed, and
the total ban on hunting or roan antelope, hartebeest and lion has led to increasing numbers.
Zoning This whole area forms an important buffer zone between the Serengeti National Park
and the populated region of Sukumaland.
Disturbances or Deficiencies Human population growth at around 8% annually in and around
the reserve threatens the whole area, leading to problems associated with agriculture and animal
husbandry, tree felling for firewood and construction, and poaching. Encroachment has forced
three boundary changes so far, in 1974, 1976 and 1980/81. Despite the presence of tsetse fly
in Maswa, local pastoralists reportedly regard the reserve as potential pastureland and are
prepared to eliminate tsetse by clearing woodland. In 1979, over 500,000 domestic animals
were within the reserve. Poaching is reported to be both commerical and subsistance in nature,
and fairly high. Staff also appear to lack field equipment and support, making effective
management of the area difficult.
Visitor Facilities Tourist hunting
Scientific Research Associated with research in Serengeti National Park. Pasiamsi Ranger
training school has research facilities.
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material None listed
Staff A Project Manager has been appointed with 10 staff and 20 additional staff proposed.
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Tanzania
Budget The budget is insufficient to cover many of the necessary tasks. Frankfurt Zoological
Society are assisting with boundary demarcation, uniforms, and other groups are providing
assistance.
Local Park or Reserve Administration National Project of Wildlife Division, Ministry of
Natural Resources and Tourism, PO Box 1994, Dar-es-Salaam.
Date 1984
MKOMAZI GAME RESERVE
Management Category VI (Resource Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.14.07 (Somalian)
Legal Protection Hunting is permitted with licence. Grazing of livestock was permitted in
certain areas on a temporary basis, but this cannot now be stopped.
Date Established 1951
Geographical Location Situated on the Kenya/Tanzania border. Approximately centred at
38°00°E, 4°00’S.
Altitude 630-1,630m
Area 100,000ha; contiguous to Umba Game Reserve (150,000ha) and to Tsavo National Park
(2,086,814ha) in Kenya
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features This area is mainly arid plains with isolated rocky peaks.
Vegetation Thorn bush is scattered over the open plains and much of the vegetation is
semi-arid.
Fauna Mammals include elephant Loxodonta africana (T), buffalo Syncerus caffer,
lion Panthera leo (T), leopard Panthera pardus (T), giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis, Grant’s
gazelle Gazella granti, and lesser kudu Tragelaphus imberbis. The area is also of ornithological
interest.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies Serious encroachment by people and cattle has effectively
transformed the area into a cattle ranch over the past 10 years. Waterholes, originally intended
for wildlife during the dry season, are now the focus for Maasai pastoralists who have brought
thousands of cattle and goats into the area. Along with settlements, overgrazing and lack of
management, poaching has been effective in extirpating at least six species in the reserve
including the black rhinoceros Diceros bicornis. Cutting of gallery forest along the Umbwa
River has also removed important habitat. Game hunting is still allowed, but is not very
popular as very few trophy species remain. The area was an important buffer and extension
for the Tsavo National Park, but it is now not viable as a game reserve and will probably be
released for other land use purposes. Mining in the adjoining Umba Game Reserve was totally
abandoned in 1984 as natural resources within the reserve had suffered almost irretrievably.
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Visitor Facilities A small attractive rest house is situated 14 miles from the town of Same on
the main tarmac road.
Scientific Research There have been game counts particularly of elephants, ecosystem
analysis, and studies by Mweka students. This area has been included in studies of Tsavo.
Special Scientific Facilities No information
Principal Reference Material
° CNPPA Summary Status Report (1984). Threatened Protected Areas of the World. (draft).
° Harris, L.D. and Fowler, N.K. (1975). Ecosystem Analysis and Simulation of the Mkomazi
Reserve, Tanzania. East Afr. Wildlife J. (13): 325-346.
° Miller, R.I. (1978). Island biogeographic theory on an East African Reserve. Environmental
Conservation (5)3: 191-195.
Staff None
Budget None
Local Park or Reserve Administration Wildlife Division, Ministry of Natural Resources and
Tourism, PO Box 1994, Dar-es-Salaam.
Date 1984
MOYOWOSI GAME RESERVE
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.07.04 (Miombo Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Controlled hunting permitted
Date Established First established as Mwaliye Forest Reserve in 1956, then as Moyowosi
Game Controlled Area in 1969; Game Reserve in 1981. Designated as a National Project in
1982.
Geographical Location In Kibondo District, Kigoma Region, north-west Tanzania. The
Game Reserve is bounded on the east by the Moyowosi River, on the west and south by the
Malagarasi River and Lake Kitali, on the north-west by the Kibondo-Kigoma road and a line
cut through the woodland, and on the north-east by Mpemoi River. 30°30’-31°30°E,
3°45’-4°30°S.
Altitude Averages about 1,200m, but ranging from 800m to 1,600m
Area 600,000ha
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features Topography is generally flat, sloping gradually from the more _ hilly
northwest to the flat open grasslands of the east and south. The Malagarasi and Moyowosi
rivers form the western and eastern boundaries of the reserve, while the swamps at their
confluence form the southern boundary. Other rivers and streams, particularly in the north,
drain into this system. There are several swamps and permanent waterholes and a groundwater
stream and springs at Murungu. Mean annual rainfall is 800-1,000mm, with the main rainy
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season from November to April. Temperatures average 20-26°C during the dry season and
12-20°C during the rains.
Vegetation The flora of Moyowosi can be divided into five major associations. 70% of the
area is covered by Miombo woodland, comprised mainly of Julbernardia_ globiflora,
Brachystegia spiciformis, B. wagnermeeana and Isoberlinia tormentosa. Bushland, thicket and
scrub with Acacia, Combretum and Commiphora covers a further 12% of the reserve. The rest
comprises wooded grassland (8%) with Acacia, Albizia, Barossus and A. polyacantha, valley
grassland on the floodplains of the Moyowosi and Malagarasi rivers and along other flats and
watercourses (5%), and riverine/groundwater forest around Murungu Springs.
Fauna Sitatunga Tragelaphus spekei, hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, and
crocodile Crocodylus sp. in the swamp. Topi Damaliscus lunatus, zebra Equus burchelli,
lion Panthera leo, waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, and buffalo Syncerus caffer are found on
the floodplain, though most of these species move to the bushland during the wet season. Sable
antelope Hippotragus niger, roan antelope Hippotragus cquinus, hartebeest Alcelaphus
buselaphus, and elephant Loxodonta africana (T) inhabit the woodland.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies Poaching, harvesting of forest products (firewood, timber and
honey), and fishing from the time of Game Controlled Area status are difficult to control. The
status of the very remote and inaccessible community of Burundi exile pastoralists on the S.
Bohoro flats is unsure. The division staff is reported to be inadequate and there would appear
to be a general lack of facilities.
Visitor Facilities No facilities, but there is tourist hunting
Scientific Research Surveys of mammal populations from 1973 to 1976
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
° Mutch, G.R.P. (1977). The flora of the Moyowosi Game Controlled Area. Tanzania Notes
and Records No. 81 and 82: 155-162, map.
° Mutch, G.R.P. (1980). The Larger Mammals of Moyowosi. Tanzania Notes and Records
No. 84 and 85: 95-106.
° Swai, Issai (undated). A field guide to Moyowosi Game Reserve Project.
Staff Project Manager and 50 Game assistants
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration Wildlife Division, Dar-es-Salaam.
Date 1984
RUNGWA GAME RESERVE
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.05.04 (East African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Hunting permitted with licence
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Date Established 1951. Designated as a National Project
Geographical Location Central Tanzania. Approximately centred at 34°0°E, 6°55’S.
Altitude 1,350-2,350m
Area 900,000ha; contiguous to Ruaha National Park (1,295,000ha) and Kizigo Game Reserve
(400,000ha).
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features Undulating plains with marshy valleys and rocky ridges
Vegetation Miombo woodland savanna occurs in the wetter north and _ west
with Acacia-Commiphora woodland in the south and east.
Fauna There are large numbers of greater kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros, elephant Loxodonta
africana (T), black rhinoceros Diceros bicornis (T), sable Hippotragus niger, and roan
antelope Hippotragus equinus. Other mammals include: lion Panthera leo, leopard Panthera
pardus (T), cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T), and a wide variety of ungulates, such as zebra Equus
burchelli, lesser kudu Tragelaphus imberbis, bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, buffalo Syncerus
caffer, Grant’s gazelle Gazella granti (at the southern point of its distribution), and Bohar
reedbuck Redunca redunca.
Conservation Management The area is providing revenue through tourist hunting.
Roadworks, anti-poaching patrols, and fire control are carried out. IUCN/WWF Project 1930
was initiated in 1980 to help combat poaching, particularly of elephant and rhinoceros, and
supplied an aircraft, vehicles and graded roads.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies There is extensive poaching and illegal woodcutting for
construction of cattle enclosures (domas). Many areas are inaccessible.
Visitor Facilities There is a guest house and tourist hunting. Access is difficult and in the
rainy season the area is inaccessible. There is an airstrip at Rungwa village on the
Mbeya-Arusha road.
Scientific Research Aerial census in 1977
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
° IUCN/WWF Project 1930. Tanzania, Anti-poaching Equipment for Game Reserves.
Staff Project manager and game scouts. The main base with airstrip is at Rungwa village on
the Mbeya-Arusha Road.
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration National Project of Wildlife Division, Ministry of
Natural Resources and Tourism, PO Box 1994, Dar-es-Salaam.
Date 1984
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SADANI GAME RESERVE
Management Category VI (Resource Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.14.07 (Somalian)
Legal Protection Hunting permitted by licence
Date Established 1968
Geographical Location Adjacent to and north of Sadani town on the coast; 38°40’E, 6°00’S
Altitude Sea level to 50m
Area 30,000ha
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features 20km of unspoilt coastline
Vegetation There is coastal savanna, grassland, thickets and abandoned sisal plantations.
Fauna This is the southernmost distribution of Coke’s hartebeest (kongoni) Alcelaphus
buselaphus.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies Poaching occurs, although there is no human population in the
reserve.
Visitor Facilities Negligible
Scientific Research None
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
° None listed
Staff No information
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration District Wildlife Officer, Maliasili, PO Bagamayo.
Date 1984
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SELOUS GAME RESERVE
Management Category IV (Nature Reserve)
World Heritage Site (Criteria: ii, iv)
Biogeographical Province 3.07.04 (Miombo Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Hunting is permitted in all but three of the 45 management blocks - two in
the northeast and one in the southwest.
Date Established Part of the area was gazetted in 1905 and four reserves were established in
the region by 1912 (total 250,000ha). These were combined to form Selous Game Reserve in
1922. Accepted as a World Heritage Site in December 1982. Designated as a National Project.
Geographical Location In the Coast, Morogoro, Lindi, Mtwara and Ruvuma Regions of
southeast Tanzania. 7°17’-10°15’S, 36°04’-38°46’E.
Altitude From 100m in the northeast to 1,200m in the southwest
Area 5,000,000ha; contiguous to Mikumi National Park (323,000ha)
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The reserve is the second largest in Africa and is part of the Selous
ecosystem (7,400,000ha) which includes Mikumi National Park and Kilombero Game
Controlled Area. A large area of the reserve is drained by the Rufiji River and tributaries
which include the Luwegu, Kilombero, Great Ruaha, Luhombero and Mbarangardu (the only
permanently flowing streams). The Rufiji is formed by the Luwegu and Kilombero which join
at Shughuli Falls. Soils are relatively poor and infertile. Annual rainfall is 750mm in the east
to 1250mm in the west. Temperature ranges from 13°C to 41°C.
Vegetation There are two main vegetation types in the reserve: the eastern sector (17%) is
predominantly wooded grassland dominated by Terminalia spinosa and the western sector
(about 75%) deciduous miombo woodland with Brachystegia, Julbernardia globiflora,
Pterocarpus angolensis, and Combretum, a vegetation type thought to be maintained by fire.
There are also areas of dense thicket, riverine and ground water forest.
Fauna Cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T) and giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis occur in the wooded
grassland north of Rufiji River. Elephant Loxodonta africana (T) (maximum 100,000),
Lichtenstein’s hartebeest Alcelaphus lichtensteini and sable antelope Hippotragus niger are more
typical of the miombo woodland. Some animal populations are large due to the size of the
reserve including 200,000 buffalo Syncerus caffer, 98,000 impala Aepyceros melampus, 80,000
wildebeest Connochaetes taurinus and 7,000 sable antelope Hippotragus niger. Selous claims to
have the largest concentration in the world of elephant Loxodonta africana (T),
crocodile Crocodylus sp., hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius and black rhinoceros Diceros
bicornis (T). Other mammals include leopard Panthera pardus (T) and wild dog Lycaon pictus
(T). The rich birdlife includes knob-billed duck Sarkidiornis melanotos, southern ground
hornbill Bucorvus leadbeateri and bateleur eagle Terathopius ecaudatus.
Conservation Management Existing local management plans include construction of staff
quarters and amenities, improvement of the existing ferrys road system and _ airstrips,
construction of new roads in tourist camps and establishment of two additional sectors with
head offices at Mpelembe and Ilonga. Regular anti-poaching patrols are made in addition to
those made by the Anti-poaching Unit but there is a lack of vehicles, camping gear and
radios. IUCN/WWF Project 1930 was set up in 1980 to help this by supplying an aircraft and
vehicles and grading roads.
Zoning The area is divided into four management zones and 45 management blocks.
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Disturbances or Deficiencies The resident population in the area was evacuated when the
reserve was established and Selous has therefore remained relatively intact. No forest
exploitation has taken place and mineral exploration has as yet failed to find any valuable
deposits. A serious threat is the proposed Stiegler’s Gorge Dam Project to harness the flood
waters of the Rufiji River. Both dam and reservoir would be entirely within the reserve and
cover some 44,000ha. Seismic roads are being built into 75% of the reserve for oil exploration.
The main threat is increased accessibility to the area and the presence of a population within
the reserve to maintain these developments. Because of the difficulties of transportation, the
interior of Selous is seldom patrolled, so poaching could well have severely reduced populations
of some species. A proper management plan is needed for the area.
Visitor Facilities The reserve is remote and not easily accessible except by air. Access by the
Tazara railway is now a possibility. There are three tented camps (one luxury) and a
bungalow-style hotel along the Rufiji River in a Tourist Area where hunting is prohibited
except for meat supply for the camps.
Scientific Research Studies mainly concern ecological and wildlife management problems in
the miombo woodlands but research is hampered by a shortage of equipment. Aerial censuses
were carried out in 1976, 1980 and 1981 to estimate the number and distribution of mammal
species.
Special Scientific Facilities There is a research centre at Kingupira in the east located near
all four major habitat types and within easy reach of Dar es Salaam. It has an office block,
laboratory, staff accomodation and airstrip, but is cut off in the wet season. There is a
substation at Msolwa in the west. They have inadequate scientific equipment and vehicles.
Principal Reference Material
° Borner, M. (1981). Selous Census. WWF/IUCN/FZS Report.
° Bureau of Reclamation, U.S. Dept. of Interior. (1967). Rufiji Basin: Land and water
resource development plans and potentials.
° Bureau of Reclamation, U.S. Dept. of Interior and FAO (1961). The Rufiji Basin,
Tanganyika. FAO, Rome.
° Hafslund - Norplan (1979). Stiegler’s Gorge power and flood control development:
Preliminary Project Report 1. Oslo.
° TUCN/WWF Project 1930. Tanzania, Anti-poaching Equipment for Game Reserves.
° IUCN/WWF Project 3018. Tanzania, Rhino anti-poaching, NE Selous Game Reserve.
° TUCN/WWF Project 3173. Tanzania, General support for the Selous Game Reserve.
°* Makumbule, G.K. The woody vegetation of the proposed Steigler’s Gorge Reservoir, SE
Tanzania. MSc Thesis, University of Dar es Salaam.
° Matthiessen, P. (1981). Sand Rivers. The Viking Press, New York.
° Matzke, G. (1976). The Development of Selous Game Reserve. Tanzania Notes and Records
79 and 80: 37-48.
° Matzke, G. (1977). Wildlife in Tanzania settlement policy: The case of the Selous. Maxwell
School of Citizenship and Public Affairs, Syracuse University, New York.
° Rodgers, W.A. (1980). The values of the Selous Game Reserve and the proposed Stiegler
Gorge Dam. Rubada Research Paper 26, University of Dar es Salaam.
° Rodgers, W.A. (1980). The ecology of large herbivores in the miombo woodlands of SE
Tanzania. PhD Thesis, University of Nairobi.
° Rodgers, W.A. and Ludanga, R.I. (1973). The vegetation of the Eastern Selous Game
Reserve. Mimeo report 70 pp.
° Sitwell, N. (1981). Selous Game Reserve. Wildlife.
° Vollesen, K. (1980). Annotated checklist of the vascular plants of the Selous Game Reserve,
Tanzania. Opera Botanica 59.
Staff Project manager, four sector managers and support staff
Budget Included in allocation made by the government to the Wildlife Division for recurrent
and development expenditure
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Local Park or Reserve Administration The Wildlife Division, Ministry of Natural Resources
and Tourism, PO Box 1994, Dar-es-Salaam.
Date 1984
UGALLA GAME RESERVE
Management Category VI (Resource Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.07.04 (Miombo Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Controlled hunting permitted
Date Established 1964; Game Controlled Area status in 1951
Geographical Location Urambo District in Tabora Region (north), and Mpanda District in
Rukwa Region (south); 5°35’-6°10’S, 31°25’-32°1S’E.
Altitude 1,400m
Area 500,000ha; contiguous to Msima, Ugunda and Inyonga Game Controlled Areas
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features This flat area lies to the north and south of Ugalla River and its tributaries
(such as the Wala and Isimbiro).
Vegetation There are several communities, including floodplain grasslands, Borassus palm
woodland, termite-mound woodland, Combretum woodland and miombo Brachystegia.
Fauna Many animals are easily visible, including sable antelope Hippotragus niger, roan
antelope Hippotragus equinus, greater kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros, buffalo Syncerus caffer,
elephant Loxodonta africana (T), topi Damaliscus lunatus, hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus,
warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus and zebra Equus burchelli.
Zoning No information
Disturbances or Deficiencies Fishing in the dry season is licenced but controlled. Wood
cutting, logging and poaching occur and there is little management now as the field staff have
been recalled to Tabora due to access difficulties.
Visitor Facilities Safari hunting
Scientific Research None
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
° Rodgers, W.A. (no date). An ecological survey of Ugalla Game Reserve in Tanzanian Notes
and Records.
Staff None
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Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration Now at Tabora, outside the reserve
Date 1984
UMBA GAME RESERVE
Management Category No category assigned
Biogeographical Province 3.14.07 (Somalian)
Legal Protection Hunting permitted with licence
Date Established Umba Game Reserve was part of Mkomazi Game Reserve until 1974.
Geographical Location On the Kenya/Tanzania border, about 90km northwest of Tanga;
approximately centred 38°50’E, 4°20’S.
Altitude No information
Area 150,000ha. Contiguous to Mkomazi Game Reserve (100,000ha) which is contiguous to
Tsavo National Park (2,086,814ha) in Kenya.
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The flat coastal plain has some small hills and is drained by the Umba
River system.
Vegetation Several types occur, including thornbush scrub of Acacia/Commiphora, coastal
savanna and thickets in moister places.
Fauna This includes the southern extension of the once large populations of
elephant Loxodonta africana (T) and black rhinoceros Diceros bicornis (T) of adjacent Tsavo
National Park in Kenya. Other mammals include oryx Oryx gazella, gerenuk Litocranius
walleri and lesser kudu Tragelaphus imberbis.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies There is poor administration and funding. Encroachment from
pastoralists is increasing with settlements permitted during dry season famines becoming
permanent. These settlements are of the Wakwavi or Baryuyu people who are allied to the
Maasai. Mining in this reserve was totally abandoned in 1984 but natural resources within the
reserve had suffered almost irretrievably.
Visitor Facilities None
Scientific Research No research since the work of L. Harris in 1965-1969.
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
° Harris, L.D. and Fowler, N.K. (1975). Ecosystem Analysis and Simulation of the Mkomazi
Reserve, Tanzania. East Afr. Wildlife J. (13): 325-346.
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Staff Junior staff only
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration Regional Wildlife Office, Tanga.
Date 1984
UWANDA GAME RESERVE
Management Category No Category Assigned
Biogeographical Province 3.07.04 (Miombo Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 1971
Geographical Location Situated in Sumbarranga District of Rukwa Region. 8°45’-8°20°S,
31°30°-32°45°E.
Altitude 1,200m
Area 500,000ha (50% under floodwater); contiguous to North Rukwa Game Controlled Area
(120,000ha)
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The reserve includes floodplains along the south-west and north shores of
Lake Rukwa in the rift valley. The lake is subject to cyclic floods and is presently at a very
high level.
Vegetation Floodplain habitats of great complexity include grassland and some woodland.
Fauna This is one of two Tanzanian areas for puku Kobus vardoni. Other mammals include:
zebra Equus oburchelli, topi Damaliscus lunatus, buffalo Syncerus caffer, and
elephant Loxodonta africana (T). Numbers are much reduced within the reserve by floods.
Zoning No information
Disturbances or Deficiencies Hunting, fishing, and grazing encroachment, occur as there is
virtually no management.
Visitor Facilities There was tourist hunting in this area
Scientific Research In the past, there was major research effort as the area was a principal
breeding zone of the red locust.
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
° Rodgers, W.A. (1983). Lake Rukwa Floods and Declining Wildlife Populations. Afr. J. Ecol..
Staff No information
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Local Park or Reserve Administration Wildlife Division, Dar-es-Salaam.
Date 1984
NGORONGORO CONSERVATION AREA
Management Category VIII and IX (Multiple Use Management Area and Biosphere Reserve)
World Heritage Site (Criteria: ii, iii, iv)
Biogeographical Province 3.05.04 (East African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Some 25-30% with total protection; grazing in the remaining area, but
hunting prohibited
Date Established 1959 by Ordinance No. 413 as amended by the Game Parks Law
(Miscellaneous Amendments) Act No. 14 of 1975. Accepted as World Heritage Site 1979.
Approved as part of Serengeti- Ngorongoro Biosphere Reserve in 1982.
Geographical Location In the Arusha Region of northern Tanzania, south-east of Serengeti
National Park. 2°30°-3°30’S, 34°50’-35°55’E.
Altitude Under 1,500m to 3,648m
Area 828,800ha; contiguous to Serengeti National Park (1,476,300ha) and close to Lake
Manyara National Park (32,500ha). Serengeti is contiguous to Maswa Game Reserve, and
Maasai Mara National Park in Kenya. Biosphere Reserve 2,305,100ha. World Heritage Site
809,440ha.
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The open plains of the eastern Serengeti rise to the crater highlands of the
volcanic massifs of Loolmalasin (3,587m) and Oldeani (3,168m) dating from the late
Mesozoic-early Tertiary period. Ngorongoro Crater is one of the largest inactive unbroken
calderas in the world which is unflooded. It has a mean diameter of 16-19km, a crater floor of
26,400ha, and a rim soaring to 400-610m above the crater floor. The formation of the Crater
and other highlands are associated with the massive rifting which occurred to the west of the
Gregory Rift Valley. The conservation area also includes Empakaai crater and Olduvai Gorge,
famous for geology and associated palaeontological studies. Because of the great amplitude in
relief and the dynamics of air masses, there is a great variation in the climate of the area. In
the highlands, it is generally moist and misty, and temperatures in the semi-arid plains can be
as low as 2°C, but can often go up to 35°C. Rainfall is seasonal and follows the altitudinal
gradient. Annual precipitation varies from under 500mm on the arid plains in the west, to
1,400mm along the forested slopes in the east.
Vegetation A variable climate and diverse landforms and altitudes have resulted in several
distinct habitats. Scrub heath and the remains of dense montane forests cover the steep slopes.
The crater floor is mainly open grassy plains with alternating fresh and brackish water lakes,
swamps and two patches of Acacia woodland; Lerai Forest, comprising dominant tree
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species Acacia xanthophloea and Rauvolfia caffra; and Laiyanai Forest with Cassipourea
malosana, Albizia gummifera, and Acacia lahai. The area includes undulating plains covered
in grass, which become almost desert during periods of severe drought. These grass and
shrublands are rich and support very large animal populations. The upland woodlands
contain Acacia lahai and A. seyal.
Fauna There is a large population of wild ungulates in the crater including:
wildebeest Connochaetes taurinus, zebra Equus burchelli, eland Taurotragus oryx,
gazelles Gazella granti and Gazella thomsoni, black rhinoceros Diceros bicornis (T) (at least 20;
the Ngorongoro Crater representing perhaps the only viable breeding population left in
northern Tanzania), and hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius (very uncommon in the area).
The crater also has the densest known population of lion Panthera leo. On the crater rim are
buffalo Syncerus caffer, elephant Loxodonta-africana (T), mountain reedbuck Redunca
fulvorufula and leopard Panthera pardus (T). Serengeti migrants, including over one million
wildebeest are numerous on the plains. Waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus mainly occur near
Lerai Forest, while serval Felis serval occur widely in the crater as a whole and on the plains to
the west. Particularly common in the reserve are lion Panthera leo (T), hartebeest Alcelaphus
buselaphus, and spotted hyena Crocuta crocuta. Cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T), though common
in the reserve as a whole, are scarce in the crater itself. Wild dog Lycaon pictus have recently
disappeared from the crater and may have declined elsewhere in the Conservation Areas as
well. Golden cat have recently been in the Ngorongoro forest. Birds include ostrich Struthio
camelus, kori bustard Choriotis kori, possibly lammergeier Gypaetus barbatus, Verreaux’s
eagle Aquila verreauxii, Egyptian vulture Neophron percnopterus, rosy-breasted
longclaw Macronyx ameliae and lesser flamingo Phoeniconaias minor (on the lake in
Ngorongoro crater and Lake Ndutu). Sunbirds in the highland forest include golden winged
sunbird Nectarinia reichenowi and eastern double collared sunbird N. mediocris. Papilio
sjoestedti (R), sometimes known as the Kilimanjaro swallowtail, flies in the montane forests of
Mt Meru, Mt Kilimanjaro and Ngorongoro in north-eastern Tanzania. It has a very restricted
range but is well protected in national parks.
Cultural Heritage The NCA has palaeontological and archaelogical sites over a wide range of
dates. The four major sites are: Olduvai gorge, Laetoli site, Lake Ndutu site, and the Nasera
Rock Shelter. The variety and richness of the fossil remains, including those of early
hominids, has made Ngorongoro one of the major areas in the world for research on the
evolution of the human species. Olduvai Gorge has produced valuable remains of early
hominids including Australopithecus boisei (Zinthanthropus) and Homo habilis as well as fossil
bones of many extinct animals. Nearby, at Laetoli, are fossil hominid footprints of Pliocene
age.
Population There is considerable controversy about the exact number of people in the NCA
partly because pastoral people, being mobile, are difficult to enumerate, but about 18,000
Maasai (20 percent of the total number in Tanzania) live there with some 126,326 cattle and
140,337 goats and sheep which graze approximately 70-75% of the conservation area. There
are no inhabitants in Ngorongoro and Empaakai Craters or the Forest.
Conservation Management The Ngorongoro was first established as a conservation area to
benefit the Maasai. The Ngorongoro Conservation Area Ordinance of 1959 created the
Ngorongoro Conservation Area Authority (NCAA) which was charged with ensuring multiple
land use there to assist in conserving and developing its natural resources, but it failed to
function because of lack of rapport between the government officials and the Maasai. By
1960, a draft management plan was prepared, which was revised in 1962 and further reviewed.
In 1961 the Prime Minister, Julius Nyere issued the Arusha Manifesto. The Tanzanian
government is now conducting a pioneer experiment in multiple land use (one of few such
areas in Africa) which attempts to reconcile the interests of wildlife, Maasai pastoralists, and
conservation. Cultivation was banned in 1976 due to incompatability with wildlife
conservation (though it still remains a problem). Forest areas protect the local water
catchment, soils and vegetation. Ngorongoro Conservation Area Management Plan proposals
have been submitted but have been rejected by the Chief Conservator because the proposed
plan is regarded as going beyond its terms of reference. Some animals, such as _ buffalo,
wildebeest and zebra migrate out of the crater during periods of drought and considerable
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effort is being made to prevent the migration routes from being encroached upon by
settlements and agricultural developments. Efforts have been made to control poaching with
the aid of FZS, AWF, TWPF, WWF, and the police. In an effort to increase international
support for conservation, the Tanzanian government requested that Ngorongoro be put on the
list of World Heritage Sites in Danger (Thorsell, 1985). It has since been included in the list of
eleven most endangered areas (IUCN, 1985). IUCN/WWF Project 1934 was set up in 1981 to
combat poaching of rhinoceros in the Lake Eyasi area. Two vehicles and radios have been
provided. With the financial support of NORAD, a major technical workshop was being held
in December 1985 to study improving the management.
Zoning Ngorongoro Crater is a specific use zone, where only game viewing is allowed.
However, cattle are permitted controlled access to drink in the dry season.
Disturbances or Deficiencies About 5% of the area has been degraded by trampling and
overgrazing. There is poaching, mainly of black rhinoceros and leopards, but lack of
equipment and fuel, and low morale, as well as the rough terrain, make this difficult to
suppress effectively. There is no conclusive evidence to indicate that the pastoralists alone are
responsible for this poaching threat. Wildebeest have increased to 1.3 million due to control of
rinderpest in cattle, but this has brought problems as wildebeest carry the cattle disease
malignant catarrh fever, which kills cattle (although it has little effect on wildebeest). There
are uncontrolled fires in grassland areas and in particular Empaakai crater. Management has
been severely hampered by lack of finance, equipment, and administration.
Visitor Facilities There are three lodges on the crater rim and one at Ndutu, and vehicles and
guides can be hired from the Authority to go into the crater.
Scientific Research Various studies based at Seronera Wildlife Research Centre (formerly
known as the Serengeti Research Institute) include monitoring of climate, vegetation and
animal populations. The level of research into human and range ecology is low. Recent studies
in the crater have been on lion behaviour, serval behaviour, and on rhinoceros and elephant
behavioural ecology.
Special Scientific Facilities The Seronera Research Centre in the contiguous National Park
provides a research station and accommodation for scientists. There is a small research cabin
within the crater.
Principal Reference Material
° A revised Development and Management Plan for the Ngorongoro Conservation Area
(Bureau of Resource Assessment and Land Use Planning, 1981).
° Arhem, K., Homewood, K. and Rodgers, A. (1981). A Pastoral Food System: The
Ngorongoro Maasai in Tanzania (Bureau of Resource Assessment and Land Use Planning,
Dar-es-Salaam).
° Arhem, K. (1981). Maasai Pastoralism in the Ngorongoro Conservation Area; Sociological
and Ecological Issues (Bureau of Resource Assessment and Land Planning. Dar-es-Salaam).
° Dirschl, H.J. (1966). Management and Development Plan for Ngorongoro (Ministry of
Agriculture, Forests and Wildlife).
° Eggeling, W.J. (1962). The Management Plan for the Ngorongoro Conservation Area
Authority (Ngorongoro Conservation Area Authority. Ngorongoro Crater).
° Estes, R.D. and Small, R. (1981). The large herbivore populations of Ngorongoro
Crater. Afr. J. Ecol. 19(1-2): 175-185.
° Fosbrooke, H. Ngorongoro, The Eighth Wonder.
° Frame, G.W. (1982). Wild Mammal Survey of Empakaai Crater Area. Tanzanian Notes and
Records No. 88 and 89: 41-56.
° Herlocher, D. and Dirschl, H.J. (1972). Vegetation Map. Canadian Wildlife Services, Report
Series 19.
° Homewood, K.M. and Rodgers, W.A. (1984). Pastoralist Ecology in Ngorongoro
Conservation Area, Tanzania. Pastoralist Development Network Bulletin of the Overseas
Development Institute, London. No. 17d: 1-27.
° IUCN (1985). Threatened Natural Areas, Plants and Animals of the World. Parks 10(1):
15-17.
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
° IUCN/WWF Project 1934. Tanzania, Anti-poaching camp, Lake Eyasi.
° Lamotte, M, (1983). The undermining of Mount Nimba. Ambio XII(3-4): 174-179.
° Mturi, A.A. (1981). The Archaeological and Palaeontological Resources of the Ngorongoro
Conservation Area (Ministry of National Culture and Youth, Dar-es-Salaam).
° Rodgers, W.A. (1981). A Background Paper for a Revised Management Plan for the
Ngorongoro Conservation Area Authority (Department of Zoology, University of
Dar-es-Salaam).
° Saibull, S.A. ole and Carr, R. (1981). Herd and Spear. The life of pastoralists in transition.
Collins, London.
° Saibull, S.A. ole (1968). Ngorogrongo Conservation Area. East African Agric. For. Research
Journal. Vol. 33 Special Issue.
° Saibull, S.A. ole (1978). The Policy Process in the Ngorongoro Conservation Area. Status of
the Area Looked at Critically. Tanzanian Notes and Records No. 83.
° Thorsell, J. (1985). World Heritage Report - 1984. Parks 10(1): 8-9.
Staff Some 408 staff (1984)
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration Ngorongoro Conservation Area Authority, PO Box 1,
Ngorongoro Crater.
Date 1984
USAMBARA MOUNTAINS (EAST AND WEST)
Management Category VIII (Multiple Use Management Area)
Biogeographical Province 3.07.04 (Miombo Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Partial. Mountains include 19 gazetted forest reserves and the University of
Dar-es-Salaam Forest Reserve (Mazumbai, for research)
Date Established No information
Geographical Location Situated on either side of the north-south running Lwengera Valley in
north-eastern Tanzania and north of the main Moshi-Tangi road in Tanga region; 100km from
Tanga on the coast. 4°30’-5°15’S, 38°20’-39°00’E.
Altitude 1,000-2,286m (2,287m maximum in West, 1,506m maximum in East).
Area 621,300ha. Comprising 216,300ha in West and 405,000ha in East (16,500ha already
within Forest Reserves)
Land Tenure No specific information, but would appear to vary widely.
Physical Features Both the East and West Usambaras have a varied topography, ranging from
steep slopes at their edges to undulating high ground at their cores. The base rocks are
Precambrian in origin and comprise a thick series of metamorphosed sediments (granulites,
gneisses and schists) with minor igneous intrusions. The mountains have been formed by block
faulting since the Precambrian. Soils range from red-brown, acid, leached, highly laterized
soils on ridges and slopes, to grey-black sandy clay in valleys. The mean annual precipitation
varies from over 2,000mm around Amani in the eastern ranges and Ambangulu in the west to
less than 700mm in the rainshadow area around Shume on the western slopes of the West
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Tanzania
Usambaras. There are two wet seasons; the long rains between April and May and the less
distinct short rains between October and December.
Vegetation The mountains also support what is probably one of the richest biological
communities in Africa, in terms of plant and animal species and endemic taxa. More than 276
forest tree species have been recorded, of which some 50 are endemic (or nearly so), such as
the monotypic genera Cephalosphacra usambarensis, Englerodendron usambarense,
and Platyplterocarpus tanganyikensis. Endemic herb taxa include the Dolichometra genus.
Rodgers and Homewood (1978) include a detailed tree species list. The most widespread
vegetation is forest with species distribution and vegetation structure being influenced by
altitude and rainfall. The major vegetation types are: wet lowland evergreen forest
characterized by Anthocleista grandiflora, Cephalosphaera usambarensis and Anisophyllea
obtusifolia; dry lowland evergreen forest with Chlorophora excelsa, Scorodophloeus fischeri
and Afzelia quanzensis; intermediate evergreen forest with Newtonia buchananii, Parinari
excelsa and Sorindeia madagascariensis; montane rain forest with Ocotea usambarensis,
Chrysophyllum gorungosanum, Ficalhoa laurifolia, Mammea usambarensis and Dasylepis
integra; and drier juniper forest characterised by Juniperus procera, Warburgia ugandensis,
and Euclea divinorum. On the more exposed ridges (above 1,800m) forest gives way to
ericaceous bushland and thicket dominated by Erica arborea or Philippia_ sp.,
with Anthospermum usambarense, and Adenocarpus manii. Lovett et al. (1983) contains a
preliminary vegetation classification with detailed descriptions for several named locations
studied in greater depth. Economically valuable plants include the hardwood timber
species Ocotea usambarensis, Cephalosphacra usambarensis, Erica excelsa and Juniperus
procera; the tree Allanblackia stuhlmannii (soap and candles), and Cinchona sp. introduced from
South America (quinine).
Fauna There have been 55 mammal species recorded including: lion Panthera leo,
leopard Panthera pardus (V), marsh mongoose Alilax paludinosus, and civet Civettictis civetta
Schwarzi, seven species of insectivores, 11 species of bat including three slit-faced Nycteris
spp., 18 species of rodent, bushpig Potamochoerus porcus, buffalo Syncerus caffer,
bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, red forest duiker Cephalophus natalensis harveyi, blue
duiker Cephalophus monticola, Abbot’s duiker Cephalophus spadix, suni Neotragus moschatus,
samango monkey Cercopithecus albogularis, eastern black-and-white colobus Colobus guereza
and lesser bushbaby Galago senegalensis. Unlike other parts of the fauna, there is not much
endemism among mammals, although there is an endemic subspecies of tree hyrax Dendrohyrax
validus terricola. The avifauna includes: two threatened species endemic to the Usambaras, the
Usambara ground robin Dryocichloides montanus (R) and Usambara eagle owl Bubo vosseleri
(R) and several threatened species only found in a few montane forests in Tanzania: dappled
mountain robin Modulatrix orostruthus (R), banded green sunbird Anthreptes rubritorques (R),
and Tanzanian mountain weaver Ploceus nicolli (R). Other threatened birds found here have
limited distributions in East Africa: Longbilled apalis Apalis moreaui (R) and Amani
sunbird A. pallidigaster (R). Other uncommon birds in the Eastern Usambaras are the
red-headed bluebill Spermophaga ruficapilla, green ibis Bostrychia olivacea, pale-breasted
illadopsis Trichastoma rufipennis and red-tailed ant-thrush Neocossyphus rufus. The Eastern
Usambara forests contain one of the highest avifaunal diversities of all East African montane
and lowland forests (with the exception of the West African-influenced forests of Uganda and
Kenya) with 90 forest species in addition to those listed already. These include 16 birds of
restricted distribution and dependent on natural forest habitat, e.g. southern banded snake
eagle Circaetus fasciolatus, Kenya crested guineafowl Guttera pucherani, Fischer’s
turaco Tauraco fischeri, green tinkerbird Pogoniulus simplex, green barbet Cryptolybia
olivacea, Sharpe’s akalat Erithacus sharpei, and violet-backed sunbird Anthreptes neglectus (a
full species list is found in Rodgers and Homewood, 1981). There is also a high level of
endemism within the invertebrate fauna, for example, of 131 species of Sphecidae (solitary
predatory wasps) 27 are endemic and there are several endemic species of butterfly including
four Nymphalidae and three Lycaenidae. Of the 122 molluscan taxa, 56 are endemic. The
amphibian fauna is unique within Africa with 15 forest species, of which eight are endemic
(e.g. Parhoplophryne usambaricus and Hoplophryne rogersi) and seven known only from other
mountain forests in Tanzania (Uluguru, Uzungwa and Rungwa). The lizard fauna includes 15
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
savanna and 22 forest species, of which 14 are endemic, e.g. Scelotes eggeli and Lygodactylus
conradti; and seven of the ll chameleon taxa are also endemic to the Usambaras e.g. Chamaeleo
spinosus, C. tenuis and three subspecies of C. fischeri.
Population The Usambaras are inhabited by the agricultural Wasambaa (Bantu) tribe.
Conservation Management An area within the forest reserves is fully protected as a watershed
reserve. The University Forest Reserve is managed for education and research. An
EEC/IUCN project has been proposed which will probably concentrate upon the establishment
of buffer zone plantations around indigenous forest areas, the creation of fuelwood lots, the
establishment of trial and demonstration agro-forestry plots, education, and training. Funding
has been approved under the Fight Against Hunger in the World (FAHW) and an initial
planning mission has been proposed for 1984-1985. The Usambaras comprise a valuable
watershed which, if cleared, would lead to reduced water supplies to the dry lowland areas, soil
erosion and silt deposition in coastal fish breeding areas.
Zoning The mountains contain 19 gazetted forest reserves, and a Forest Reserve maintained
by the University of Dar-es-Salaam for research purposes.
Disturbances or Deficiencies The proportion of forest cover has declined by about 78% since
the end of the last century predominately due to encroachment by local populations into the
wet, fertile lands for cash crops (tea and cardamon); subsistence cultivation; firewood
collection; and commercial timber extraction and plantations. Asa result the remaining forests
are small and fragmented. In addition, the clearance of forest from steep slopes has already
resulted in serious soil erosion. Uncontrolled hunting is also a problem.
Visitor Facilities The forests do not have the general appeal of the savanna national parks.
However, their diverse avifauna, including many rare birds, will attract the growing number of
touring ornithologists. Good facilities exist at the Amani Rest House, but the West Usambaras
are less well served.
Scientific Research Research has mainly been conducted within the University Forest
Reserve. The avifauna has been studied (Stuart and Hutton 1978, Stuart 1981, 1982) In
1983/1984 the forest types were extensively surveyed by J. Lovett under IUCN/WWF Project
3204.
Special Scientific Facilities Amani Research Station
Principal Reference Material
° TUCN/WWF Project 3204. Tanzania, Habitat Evaluation in Usambara and Uzungwa
Mountains.
° TUCN/WWE Project 3205. Tanzania, Land Use Plan for the Usambaras.
° Lovett, J.C., Lovett, K.M. and Polhill, R.M. (1983). Report of a visit to the West Usambara
Mountains, Tanzania. Mimeo Report.
° Moreau, R.E. (1966). The bird faunas of Africa and its Islands, London.
° Rodgers, W.A. and Homewood, K.M. (1978). Species richness and endemism in_ the
Usumbara mountain forests. Tanzania. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 18:
197-242 (Including detailed plant and animal species lists).
° Stuart, S.N. and Hutton, J.M. (1978). The avifauna of the East Usambaras,
Tanzania. Report of Cambridge Ornithological Expedition to Africa, 1977, Cambridge.
° Stuart, S.N. (1981). A comparison of the avifauna of seven East African forest
islands. African Journal of Ecology 19: 133-151 (includes extensive bird species list).
Stuart, S.N. (1983). Biogeographical and Ecological Aspects of Forest Bird Communities in
Eastern Tanzania. Ph.D. Thesis (Unpublished), Cambridge.
Staff Three Reserve guards protect the University Forest Reserve
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Tanzania
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration Forest Division
Date 1984
MAHALE (MAKARI) MOUNTAIN NATIONAL PARK
Management Category Proposed
Biogeographical Province 3.07.04 (Miombo Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection No protection at present. The park is to be dedicated to the protection of
chimpanzees.
Date Established Yet to be gazetted. A resolution was passed by the Kigoma regional
parliament for the establishment of Mahale National Park.
Geographical Location Near Gombe, about 120km south of Kigoma; 6°10’S, 29°50’E
Altitude 780m (lake surface) to 2,462m (Mt Nkungwe)
Area 161,300ha including 9,600ha of Lake Tanganyika
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The Mahale Mountains run in a chain from north-north-west to
south-south-east for some 50km with Mt Nkungwe, the highest peak. The western slopes of
the main ridge drop precipitously with many ravines running into the lake. Hilly country
(below 1,700m) extends to the east of the main ridge. A series of almost parallel dendritic
valleys contain rapid streams that flow even in the dry season. There are two seasons with the
dry from May to October. Annual precipitation is 800-1000mm. There is significant variation
in temperature and humidity within the area.
Vegetation There are three major vegetation types: Kasoge Forest (780m at lake level to
1,300m) which is a lowland forest well developed on the western slope of the Mahale
Mountains and along the lakeshore; wet and more verdant forest from 1,500-2,400m which
comprises a mosaic of montane forest, grassland and alpine bamboo bush with Arundinaria
alpina dominant in a ravine near the mountain ridge; and miombo forest on the eastern slopes
and north and south of the Kasoge Forest, covering some 75% of the park area. The miombo
forest consists of tall trees mainly of Brachystegia, Isoberlinia, and Julbernardia with a floor of
grass. The northern portion of the miombo forest is bamboo bush dominated by Oxytenanthera
abyssinica which is presumed to be a secondary vegetation after miombo forest has been
destroyed by recurrent fire for cultivation purposes.
Fauna The park contains 55 recorded mammal species, including nine primates. Tropical rain
forest mammals include: a large population of chimpanzee Pan troglodytes (T) (500-700 in 1981
and 1,600 in 1983), red colobus Colobus badius, brush-tailed porcupine Atherurus sp., and blue
duiker Cephalophus monticola. Savanna mammals include lion Panthera leo (T),
giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis, and warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus. Mammals in the
miombo forest include sable Hippotragus niger and Lichtenstein’s hartebeest Alcelaphus
lichtensteini. The 120 recorded bird species include: crested malimbe Malimbus rubricollis and
white-spotted pygmy crake Coturnicops pulchra, while 90% of 193 species of fish in the lake
are endemic. A species list has been published (Anon, 1980).
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Conservation Management There is a policy of minimum interference. A management plan
has been prepared for the area and no settlements are planned within the park area.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies The Parks Authority does not have sufficient funds to manage
this area (1983).
Visitor Facilities | The area is remote and accessible only by boat from Kigoma. Motor
vehicles will probably be prohibited, but hiking excursions are being considered.
Scientific Research Research has been carried out on the chimpanzees and other primates by
Kyoto University of Japan since 1965. Basic ecological studies have been undertaken since
1975,
Special Scientific Facilities Kasoge Chimpanzee (Mahale Mountains) Research Station
(KCRS) established in 1975 has a laboratory, hostel, boat and habituated primate troops.
Principal Reference Material
°* Anon. (1980). Study and Management Plan for the proposed Mahale Mountains National
Park. Japan International Cooperation Agency. Final Report May 1980.
* Struhsaker, T.T. (1981). Forest and primate conservation in East Africa. Afr. J. Ecol. 19:
99-114.
° Several papers in Primates, 1965 to present.
Staff Acting warden, Director Research Centre, and field staff were proposed.
Budget None
Local Park or Reserve Administration Regional Wildlife Officer, PO Ujiji, Kigoma.
Date 1984
UZUNGWA FOREST NATIONAL PARK
Management Category Proposed II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.05.04 (East African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Classified as catchment forests with no human settlements, agriculture, or
other existing rights within these areas
Date Established Mwanihana Forest Reserve was gazetted in 1959.
Geographical Location In Iringa District, Iringa Region and Kilombero District, Morogoro
Region; approximately centred 7°50’S, 35°55’E
Altitude 300-2,800m
Area Approximately 100,000ha to include sections of Mwanihana (Kilombero District) and
West Kilombero Scarp (Iringa District) Forest Reserves. Adjacent to Mikumi National Park.
Land Tenure Government
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Tanzania
Physical Features The Uzungwas form the central section of a chain of isolated block
mountains which run from southern Malawi to north-east Tanzania. They rise from 300m at
the valley of the Great Ruaha River in the north as a series of rolling hills and dissected
plateaux to a greatly undulating upland (1,200m) with peaks reaching 2,800m, ending as a steep
south-east facing scarp face. Mwanihana Forest Reserve covers this scarp face and is adjacent
to West Kilombero, which has forest at 2,000-2,600m, but is largely plateaux grassland
extending 120km westward. Soils vary, with lateritic, slightly acid red earths of medium
fertility at higher levels to soils with a high percentage of clay at lower levels. Permanent
fast-flowing streams run off into alluvial fans at the scarp foot. Rainfall is over 2000mm a
year.
Vegetation This area shows a considerable altitudinal range, and is botanically rich in terms
of numbers of communities as well as species. There are five broad vegetation categories:
miombo woodland (300-500m) with Pericopsis, Diplorhynchus, Annona, Crossopteryx,
and Sclerocarya; lower rainforest (400-750m) which is characterised by a high diversity of tree
species with a closed canopy at 15m-25m, and a large proportion of trees whose fruits are
preferred primate foods; intermediate rain forest (750-1,250m) with a canopy reaching 50m,
largely dominated by Parinari and Newtonia with occasional stands of Cephalosphaera,
Strombosia and Uapaca palludosa and an understorey comprising complex layers of underwood
and shrubs (largely Rubiaceae) and a sparse herbaceous ground layer; montane rain forest
(1,250m) of trees 15m-40m high with Allanblackia, Syzygium, Parinari and Newtonia are
dominant at lower levels and increasing amounts of Olea, Rapanea and Ocotea at higher levels;
upland grassland and bushed grassland on the western plateau forest edge (1,000-1,600m)
which is dominated by Andropogon and Hyparrhenia with frequent Pteridium and Dissotis
with scattered trees (such as Agauria, Syzygium and Vitex) near the forest edge; Erica
and Podocarpus latifolius are common on exposed ridges. The common houseplant the African
violet Saintpaulia ionantha was only known in the wild from a few plants in the Usambaras but
some specimens were recently found in the Uzungwas.
Fauna Six species of primate, four of which require climax forest conditions (particularly
below 1,350m), are found in the mountains: black and white colobus Colobus angolensis
palliatus, blue monkey Cercopithecus mitis, vervet monkey Cercopithecus aethiops,
baboon Papio sp. (the latter two being forest edge or savanna species), and two forms endemic
to the mountains, Iringa red colobus Colobus badius gordonorum (T), and _ crested
mangabey Cercocebus galeritus. There are also a number of large mammals including
bushpig Potamochoerus porcus, buffalo Syncerus caffer, elephant Loxodonta africana (T),
leopard Panthera pardus (T), lion Panthera leo and sable antelope Hippotragus niger; smaller
species, such as tree hyrax Dendrohyrax validus, squirrels Anomalurus sp. and otter Aonyx sp.
The avifauna includes eight threatened species; three are endemic to a few forests in eastern
Tanzania: Mrs Moreau’s warbler Bathmocercus winifredae (R), banded green sunbird Anthreptes
rubitorques (R) and Tanzanian mountain weaver Ploceus nicolli (R); four have very limited
distributions: dappled mountain robin Modulatrix orostruthus (R), Iringa ground
robin Dryocichloides lowei (R), Amani sunbird Anthreptes pallidigaster (R) and Swynnerton’s
forest robin Pogonocichla swynnertoni (R), the subspecies rodgersi of the latter being endemic
to the Uzungwas; one species the rufous-winged sunbird Nectarinia rufipennis (R) is endemic
to the Uzungwas, being only recently discovered in the Mwanihana Forest. Further details
about the avifauna are given in Stuart and Jensen (1981). There are also many endemic species
of invertebrate.
Conservation Management The forest is important as a watershed for surrounding agricultural
land and protection against soil erosion on the steep mountain slopes as well as a source of local
medicines. A large portion of the Kilombero Scarp Forest Reserve has been excluded from the
proposed park in order to provide a source of timber, firewood and other forest products. A
project to establish plantations along the Ifikara road has been proposed. Present government
policy restricts all development to the lowland alluvium.
Zoning The proposed park currently comprises parts of two forest reserves classified as
catchment forests and surrounding areas.
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Disturbances or Deficiencies The pressure on the forests can be divided into three main
categories, large scale commercial exploitation of timber by mechanised logging operations,
small scale commercial use by pitsawyers, and illegal non-commercial use by the local
population for firewood and building poles. The forest is most disturbed at lower attitudes.
There is no replanting and there are indications of reduction in forest cover due to fire and
perhaps agriculture over the last 80 years.
Visitor Facilities Due to its proximity to Mikumi National Park, there is potential for tourism
on a small scale.
Scientific Research The National Geographic Society of the United States is planning a
scientific expedition to this site. A survey of forest communities was carried under
IUCN/WWF Project 3204 in 1983-1984. Rodgers and others have undertaken primate surveys
in the area.
Special Scientific Facilities No information
Principal Reference Material
° WWF/IUCN Project 3204. Tanzania, Habitat Evaluation in Uzungwa and Usambara
mountains, 1983.
° Rodgers, W.A. (1981). An aerial survey of Natural Forest Conservation status in the
Uzungwa Mountains, southern Tanzania. Mimeograph. University of Dar-es-Salaam.
° Rodgers, W.A. and Homewood, K.M. (1982). Biological values and Conservation Prospects
for the Forests and Primate Populations of the Uzungwa Mountains, Tanzania. Biol.
Conserv. 24(4): 285-304.
° Stuart, S.N. and Jensen, F.P. (1981). Further range extensions and other notable records of
forest birds from Tanzania. Scopus 5: 106-115.
Staff No information
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration Forest Division
Date 1984
-866-
TOGO
-867-
Key
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E1 National Reserve
Z Forest Reserve
EJ Hunting Reserve
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TOGO
Area 56,500 sq.km
Population 2,890,000 (1984)
Parks and Reserves Legislation Forestry and hunting legislation. Several areas have been
declared Faunal Reserves and in addition all Classified Forests (forét classé) within Togo are
similarly designated. All exploitation is strictly prohibited within these areas, but for the
collection of water and dead wood. The other legally defined category of reserve is the
Integral Hunting Reserve (Reservé integral de chasse) which is totally protected, with access by
permit only (though scientific and economic research is allowed). There appears to be no legal
basis for national parks or reserves, which are classified as Faunal Reserves or RICs, although
stricter protection is afforded to those areas designated as such. Seven areas have recently been
proposed for increased status; Fosse aux Lions and Togodo as faunal reserves; Abdoulaye and
Galangachi as forest reserves; and areas in the regions of Otiti-Mandouri in the north, and
Kpessi and Akaba in the centre of the country.
Parks and Reserves Administration This comes under the Department of Forests, Hunting and
the Environment (Direction des foréts, des chasses et de l’environnement) within the Ministry
of Rural Improvement (Ministére de l’aménagement rural). There are various divisions
(environment, fauna, planning, operation and legal) which all play a role in the administration
of protected areas. The Ministry of Rural Development is also involved in the development
and exploitation of both natural and planted (teak) forests, and casual cutting outside reserves.
There are apparently no formal management plans for the reserves, though there are regional
planning offices.
Address
° Direction des foréts, des chasses et de l’environnement, Ministére de l’aménagement rural,
BP 355, Lomé.
Additional Information Government policy is clearly stated to be protection and rational
utilisation of animal and plant resources, and the environment in general. Protected areas in
Togo cover some 10% of the country, with the two major areas, Kéran and Fazao being
representative of the two principle terrestrial ecosystems, Subsudanien Savanna and
semi-montane tropical humid. Reserves benefit from controls in the form of anti-poaching
raids, with severe punishment for infractions such as, unauthorized fires and clearing of land.
Fines (up to £5,000) and long prison sentences (up to 5 years) are imposed for burning, or for
the killing of wildlife in protected areas, and levels of hunting in Togo would appear to be
lower than in many West African countries, perhaps as a result of this. There are special
yearly patrols which reinforce these measures.
The EEC in conjunction with the government of Togo has recently supported a study to assess
the potential and means for further development of tourism, while IUCN (1985) have prepared
a report as an initial step in the development of a national conservation strategy for Togo.
References
° TUCN (1985). République du Togo: la conservation des ressources naturelles au service du
développement. IUCN Conservation for Development Centre, Gland.
° IUCN/UNEP (1983). La réparition des aires protégées en fonction des besoins de la
conservation des communautés biotiques de l’Afrique Centrale et de l’Ouest. Working
Document. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.
° Roudie, P. (1978). Aspects du développement recent de l’économie togolaise. Cahiers
d’Outre-mer 31(124): 359-374.
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Protected Areas
(hectares)
National Parks
Fazao-Malfakassa 192,000
Keran 170,000
Subtotal 362,000
Nature Reserves
Kamassi 17,000
Koue 40,000
Subtotal 57,000
National Reserves
Togodo 35,000
Forest Reserves
Fosse Aux Lions 9,000
Proposed areas
Mandouri Animal Preserve 180,000
PARC NATIONAL DE LA FAZAO-MALFAKASSA
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.04.04 (West African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established The national park was established in 1975, though comprising two classified
forests established September 1950 by Presidential Decree. There has been a proposal to
exclude the south-east section of the reserve due to its high agricultural potential and low
biological value.
Geographical Location In the central region with the south-west boundary on the border with
Ghana; the south-east boundary is almost to the Sokode - Atakpame road. Approximately
centred 8°50’N, 0°40’E.
Altitude 200-844m
Area 192,000ha; close to the reserves of Koue (40,000ha) and Kamassi (17,000ha).
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The park is a mountainous region with two major north-south ridges. The
Fazao Mountains in the west have cliffs up to 200m and there is a waterfall at Boulo, which
only flows during the wet season. In the east, is a ridge which has sheer cliffs and rises to a
knife-edge. It continues to Kpeya and reaches a maximum of 844m before falling to the flat
north-eastern section between the Kamassi and Keouo rivers. The rainy season is between
April and October with an annual rainfall of approximately 1400mm. During the dry season,
the *harmattan’, a dry wind from the Sahara, brings dust into the area.
Vegetation There are areas of savanna woodland, extensive gallery forest, and sub-montane
forests of a similar type to those found in Ghana and Cameroon.
-870-
Togo
Fauna Mammals include: chimpanzee Pan troglodytes (T), elephant Loxodonta africana (T),
buffalo Syncerus caffer, yellow-backed duiker Cephalophus sylvicultor, warthog Phacochoerus
aethiopicus, black-and-white colobus Colobus polykomos, less bushbaby Galago senegalensis,
mona monkey Cercopithecus mona, aardvark Orycteropus afer, and kob Kobus kob. The
avifauna includes western ground hornbill Bucorvus abyssinicus, |white-necked
picarthartes Picathartes gymnocephalus (R), and secretary bird Sagittarius serpentarius. Bird
lists and more references are given in Cheke and Walsh, Cheke (1982), and Cheke and Walsh
(1980; 1984).
Conservation Management Active management within this park is at a much lower level than
within Kéran, as a result of the lower staffing levels and budget. IUCN (1985) recommended
that anti-poaching measures be considered an absolute priority, with other management
activities suggested including reintroduction of predators and, an education programme.
Zoning Management area includes the reserves of Malfakassa, Koué and Kamassi, although
these are not managed separately.
Disturbances or Deficiencies Severe poaching is a problem, particularly near the border with
Ghana, and agricultural encroachment and honey-gathering also occur. Staff levels are much
lower than at Kéran, and control of these activities is difficult.
Visitor Facilities There is an hotel at Fazao. There are rough tracks for four-wheel drive
vehicles or walking is accompanied by park staff, but there is a lack of infrastructure. IUCN
(1985) regarded the park as being of high tourist potential, and regretted the lack of
organization in this regard.
Scientific Research Bird species have been listed, but otherwise no information.
Special Scientific Facilities None
Frincipal Reference Material
Cheke, R.A. and Walsh, J.F. (1980). Bird records from the Republic of Togo. Malimbus 2:
112-120.
° Cheke, R.A. (1982). More bird records from the Republic of Togo. Malimbus 4: 55-62.
° Cheke, R.A. and Walsh, J.F. (1984). Further bird records from the Republic of
Togo. Malimbus 6: 15-22.
° IUCN (1985). Republique du Togo: la conservation des ressources naturelles au service du
developpement. IUCN Conservation for Development Centre, Gland.
° Robinson, N. (1973). The Republic of Togo. Nigerian field 38(4).
Staff Wardens, assistant game wardens, and auxiliary staff (1980)
Budget Administered by the regional office of the D.F.C.E.; no specific budget for this park.
Local Park or Reserve Administration Direction des foréts, chasses et l’environnement, BP
355, Lomé.
Date April 1985
PARC NATIONAL DE LA KERAN
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.04.04 (West African Woodland/savanna)
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Legal Protection Total
Date Established Established as a Classified Forest (6,700ha) in 1950. Enlarged for the first
time and declared a national park in 1971, then enlarged to 179,550ha with different parts
designated National Park and Hunting Reserve in 1975. Redesignated a National Park of
170,000ha in 1982.
Geographical Location In the Kara region, 92km from Lama-Kara on the _ international
highway between Lomé and Upper Volta. Approximately centred 10°15’N, 0°40°E.
Altitude Average of 140m with range of less than 100m
Area 170,000ha
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features This is a very flat area, that includes the flood-plain of the Koumongou
River which flows westwards through the northern section of the reserve. The river level
varies from isolated pools in the dry season to a depth of 6m or more in the wet season. It
floods quickly in response to rain upstream. Soils are predominantly lateritic. There is a short
wet season from May to October with an average annual rainfall of 1000mm.
Vegetation There is wooded savanna with gallery forest along streams.
Fauna Mammals include: elephant Loxodonta africana (T), buffalo Syncerus caffer,
hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus, kob Kobus kob,
warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus, waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, reedbuck Redunca redunca,
roan antelope Hippotragus equinus, red-flanked duiker Cephalophus rufilatus, common
duiker Sylvicapra grimmia, oribi Ourebia ourebi, olive baboon Papio anubis, brush-tailed
porcupine Atherurus africanus, potto Perodicticus potto, aardvark Orycteropus afer, and
leopard Panthera pardus (T). It would seem, however, that the balance of species differs
considerably from other similar areas. For example numbers of kob and warthog would appear
to be very high, while populations of roan, waterbuck buffalo and leopard would appear to be
very low, and lion, hyena and hunting dog have disappeared. Avifauna include saddle-billed
stork Ephippiorhynchus — senegalensis, crowned crane Balearica pavonina, and
marabou Leptoptilos crumeniferus. Bird species lists are given in Cheke (1982), and Cheke and
Walsh (1980; 1984).
Conservation Management This park is reported to be extremely well protected, and would
appear to be fairly well provided for. Surveillance is fairly continuous, with regular
anti-poaching activities. Active management of the area includes provision of artificial
watering places, and fires are used every year to ensure adequate regrowth to encourage certain
species to remain in the area. The appropriate date for this burn is set by a committee every
year. Large fines are associated with killing animals or starting fires without permission.
There are plans to extend the park northwards to form a corridor with Pendjari National Park
in Benin. As a beginning an extension north of the road has already been demarcated with a
bulldozer line and settlements have been relocated. There is a 50kph speed restriction on the
road through the park to reduce road casualties.
Zoning Previously divided into a national Park and Hunting Reserve
Disturbances or Deficiencies Poaching and grazing by cattle occurs on a small scale, but as
has been noted anti-poaching measures are strict. Kob have increased over the last five years
and may be causing overgrazing and a nusiance on surrounding farms. Low predators, and the
strict control of hunting are thought to be behind this increase, (and a similar one in warthog),
but the increases in ungulate number are not found in other species, and this inbalance is
causing concern. The international road from Lomé to Burkina runs through the park
North-South for approximately 70km and causes some problems for park management.
-872-
Togo
Visitor Facilities The combined length of trails throughout the reserve is 300km. There is a
rest house with more than 20 beds and excellent hotel accomodation in the towns in the
surrounding area (though a little far from the park). Trans-saharan travellers, tourists from
Benin and Nigeria and people going to Burkina Faso visit the reserve. All visitors must be
accompanied by a ranger when on safari.
Scientific Research Birds species, and distribution and abundance of some of the larger
mammals have been recorded, otherwise no information.
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
° Cheke, R.A. and Walsh, J.F. (1980). Bird records from the republic of Togo. Malimbus 2:
112-120.
° Cheke, R.A. (1981). More bird records from the Republic of Togo. Malimbus 4: 55-62.
° Cheke, R.A. and Walsh, J.F. (1984). Further bird records from the Republic of
Togo. Malimbus 6: 15-22.
° TUCN (1985). Republique du Togo: la conservation des ressources naturelles au service du
developpement. IUCN Conservation for Development Centre, Gland.
° 1979 Pamphlet by Ministry of Tourism.
Staff Three ’chefs de conscription’, nine ’chefs de poste’, and 45 agents, with support from
the army and gendarmerie, including helicopter and anti-poaching sorties
Budget CFA 10 million for the National Park and CFA 2,000,000 for the National Reserve in
1980.
Local Park or Reserve Administration Direction des foréts, chasses et environnement BP 355,
Lomé. Forestry station at Naboulgou.
Date April 1985
RESERVE NATIONALE DU TOGODO
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.04.04 (West African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established July 1952 by Presidential Decree
Geographical Location On the border with Benin in the south-east. Approximately centred
7T°00°N, 1°30°E.
Altitude 0-200m
Area 35,000ha
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features This area is a peneplain, crossed by several rivers with the River Mono as
the eastern boundary.
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Vegetation There is wooded savanna with gallery forest along rivers.
Fauna This includes buffalo Syncerus caffer, hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius,
Buffon’s kob Kobus ellipsiprymnus, bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, rose-ringed
parakeet Psittacula krameri, grey heron Ardea cinerea, glossy ibis Plegadis falcinellus, and fish
eagle Haliaeetus vocifer.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies Poaching and agriculture occur. A dam is being constructed
upstream on the Mono river, and may affect hippopotamus in the reserve.
Scientific Research None
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material None listed
Staff Wardens, rangers, and support staff
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration Direction des foréts, chasses et l’environnement, BP
355, Lomé.
Date 1984
FORET DE LA FOSSE AUX LIONS
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.4.4 (West African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 1950 by Presidential Decree; there was a proposal in 1983 to upgrade the
status of this area to National Park
Geographical Location The reserve is either side of the road, midway between Dapaong and
Tandjoaré. Approximately centred 10°55’N, 0°15’E.
Altitude 200-500m
Area 9,000ha
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features Plains
Vegetation Mainly grass savanna with gallery forest along rivers.
Fauna Mammals include: elephant Loxodonta africana (T), warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus,
red-flanked duiker Cephalophus rufilatus, kob Kobus kob and buffalo Syncerus caf fer.
-874-
Togo
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies Poaching and grazing by cattle have almost been eradicated by
strict anti-poaching measures.
Scientific Research None
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material None listed
Staff Wardens, rangers, support staff
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration Direction des foréts, chasses et l’environnement, BP
355, Lomé.
Date 1984
BI5=
il 6
ge )
LUGE DH octery of Afroiropical Protegieg~arom
a ef
Vegetation — Thent ip Wontesh sovnane with paligry Fores aloug rivers,
A arioerkanindts Nesp teenie aceld ofits ad's cithig bie ARASH ly ot
Bufteoy kvh Ke olliguiprvavisi, | penhtints Trage‘agl
carakee: Piigtels heii urey befos: Atsee SPP ay this: fi
gage Halingeiieg elt tr ; ‘ ae wy —
Loming do ey |
whilesbldeens ny fwiteleneton ” Pousti! og rs. | eral pageiy
See fim te Mis iver ohd may affect hippeownmmus in the =
Radpsltin Baraat’ Nowe iy ae
i inesald irvenehtle Macttivies. . Mage :
Gh snumennmivas'l 3 asetedo .ehinol wh neronsicl mala
Pslacipni Pelerence rater None listed
Furr Warcess, a Lidevnnoet anit A ie f
fredene Mo inforthal ton pi 4 ; : Me N
- 12 i
be rear Pare, or Reserve Admiutsization = Director / hie
. Jeo, wen. ae Sats Se Pa ‘
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‘Dints i? re
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| POWET bE LA POSSE ADK LiKe .
Ly 4 . ue Mea '
a ; mec at a |
: ; oo — Mynageme nt Citegors ty (Coanagec nates Reweyve) oe fs,
_ ae Bingeograp hice! Provides (3.6.4 (West African ee
; Legal Fichacten Tonal , | aa a is '
ee Pale Ketablished jad by Presidential rere; thond wat @ ormponi i
bn}: tine af thes arts w Matinngs Pace : v ;
Gonragesphh vert Lectiion The nerve 6 ORD side of He to nd, nis
Toseland. Apwinasieeminly « sceaiiel SSN. IIE =
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eae wh a aes ASE ol ;
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UGANDA
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Murchison Falls(Kabalega)
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Rwanda Tanzania
Key
National Parks
Game Reserves
Nature Reserve
Sanctuaries
Forest Reserve
Biosphere Reserve
shape unknown
Uganda
UGANDA
Area 236,036 sq.km
Population 13,990,000 (1982)
Parks and Reserves Legislation The National Parks Act of 3 April 1952 is a Parliamentary
Act providing for the establishment of National Parks for the purpose of preserving wild
animal life and the natural vegetation. The Game Preservation and Control Act governs the
Controlled Hunting Areas and Game Reserves and Sanctuaries. National parks can only be
created or abolished by an act of parliament, but all other conservation areas can be gazetted or
degazetted by a minister of government responsible for wildlife. Settlement and other forms of
land use are probibited within national parks and game reserves, though human settlement,
cultivation, and the grazing of domestic stock are all allowed in game sanctuaries and
controlled hunting areas. Hunting, previously authorised in game sanctuaries (by special
permit) and controlled hunting areas under certain circumstances, was banned for five years in
1979 due to diminishing animal populations. Travelling for any purpose inside a game reserve
is permitted only if authorised by the Chief Game Warden. Areas can be gazetted as Forest
Reserves or as Nature Reserves under the Forest Act (1962).
Parks and Reserves Administration A Board of Trustees (of nine to twelve officers) has full
legal and administrative control over the national parks system. This board runs a parastatal
organization, Uganda National Parks, to which it appoints a Director and wardens as full-time
officers to run the parks. Responsibility for control and conservation of wildlife in the rest of
the country is vested in the Game Department, under the Chief Game Warden. Both
administrations come under the Ministry of Wildlife and Tourism. Forest reserves and nature
reserves are the responsibility of the Forest Department, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry,
which is charged with the task of conservation and reafforestation of the country’s indigenous
forests.
Address
° Uganda National Parks, PO Box 3530, Kampala.
° Forest Department, PO Box 1752, Kampala; and PO Box 31, Entebbe.
° Game Department, PO Box 4, Entebbe.
Additional Information Tourism collapsed following the military coup in 1972, and poaching
by well armed military personnel and government officials led to a decline in elephant numbers
between 1973 and 1975 (though other species were not seriously affected). The 1979 war,
which resulted in the reintroduction of civilian government, caused further serious problems,
and other species have since been affected. However despite these difficulties, most rangers
remained at their posts throughout the troubles, and the national parks organization remained
intact.
The Government of Uganda has made considerable commitments to conservation and is firmly
encouraging projects to reinforce the national parks and establish further areas as such. The
major difficulty experienced by the administrators of parks, reserves and sanctuaries is lack of
funds, as their budgets in general cover only wages and any extra expenses must be earned
(few external tourists visit these areas). Assuming Uganda becomes more stable, the national
parks should once again become a major tourist attraction. Meanwhile numerous sources
outside the country are providing assistance.
Approximately 8% of Uganda’s land and swamp surface is within Government forest reserves,
with little natural forest remaining outside the reserves (Struhsaker, 1981). Even that within
the reserves has partly been destroyed. Some of the forests are particularly interesting, for
example the Bwamba Forest which has some of the most easterly habitat for up to 40 typically
West African species of bird. Since the Forest Department started systematic exploitation and
management of forest it has been a policy to set aside certain representative parts of the forest
as nature reserves. However, although nature reserves are provided for in legislation and at
-879-
IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
least eight stipulated for protection, only two have been demarcated - Budongo and Kibale. In
addition, prevention of illegal cultivation within the forests is hampered by lack of transport
for forestry staff, and forest destruction may therefore be continuing. Aerial surveys in 1982
and 1983 (by Eltringham and Malpas) showed that forest boundaries were intact, though there
were extensive clearances in southern Kibale and Semliki.
A current WWF project aims to review the present status of a number of forest reserves in the
west of the country in terms of the wildlife they support, and the human pressures on them.
Results of the project will include management recommendations for each forest (aimed at
maximising their long-term value), and the establishment of a continuing capability for a
national forest wildlife monitoring programme.
References
° Howard, P. (1986). Conserving tropical forest wildlife in Uganda. WWF Monthly Report
for July. WWF Project 3235.
° IUCN (1976). Proceedings of a regional meeting on the creation of a coordinated system of
national parks and reserves in Eastern Africa. IUCN Publications New Series,
Supplementary Paper No. 45. IUCN, Morges, Switzerland.
IUCN/WWF Project 1178. Uganda, Wildlife Clubs.
IUCN/WWF Project 1765. Uganda, Protection of Forest Reserves.
IUCN/WWF Project 1942. Uganda, Conservation of Wildlife and Wildlife Habitats.
IUCN/WWF Project 1915. Uganda, Anti-poaching and Law Enforcement in Uganda’s
National Parks.
° IUCN/WWF Project 3111. Uganda, Training unit for Game Guards.
° IUCN/WWF Project 3235. Uganda, Survey of Status of Forests.
° Kayanja, F. and Douglas-Hamilton, I. (1984). The impact of the unexpected on the Uganda
National Parks. In: McNeely, J.A. and Miller K.R. (Eds) National Parks Conservation and
Development. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D.C.
° Lamprey, H.F. (1975). The Distribution of Protected Areas in Relation to the Needs of
Biotic Community Conservation in Eastern Africa. IUCN Occasional Paper No. 16. IUCN,
Morges, Switzerland.
° Malpas, R. (1980). Wildlife in Uganda 1980 - A Survey. A report to the Minister of
Tourism and Wildlife, Uganda.
° Struhsaker, T.T. (1981). Forest and Primate Conservation in East Africa. African Journal of
Ecology 19: 99-114.
° USAID (1982). A draft environmental profile of Uganda. Prepared by the U.S. Man and
the Biosphere Committee and the Arid Lands Information Centre.
° Williams, J.G. (1981). A Field Guide to the National Parks of East Africa, Collins, London.
CYC fe Cy
Protected Areas
(hectares)
National Parks
Kidepo Valley 134,400
Lake Mburo 53,600
Murchison Falls (Kabalega) 384,000
Queen Elizabeth (Rwenzori) 197,800
Subtotal 769,800
Nature Reserves
Budongo 1,041
Game Reserves
Ajai 15,800
Bokora Corridor 205,600
Bugungu 52,000
Gorilla 2,900
Karuma 82,000
Katonga 20,800
Kibale Forest Corridor 56,000
-880-
K igezi
Kyambura
Matheniko
Pian-Upe
Toro
Sanctuaries
Dufile, Otze & Mount Kei
Entebbe
Jinja
Kazinga
Malaba
Nkosi Island Sitatunga
Zoka Forest Elephant
Forest Reserves
Bugoma
Bwindi (Impenetrable)
Itwara
Kalinzu
Kasyoha-K itomi
Lake Shore
Mabira
Maramagambo
Ruwenzori
Semlliki
Controlled Hunting Areas
Buhuka
East Madi
East Testo
Kaiso Tonya
Karuma
Katonga
Lipan
Napak
North Karamoja
North Teso
Sebei
Semliki
South Karamoja
West Madi
Biosphere Reserves
Queen Elizabeth (Rwenzori) National Park
-881-
33,000
15,700
160,000
231,400
55,488
Subtotal 930,688
48,900
5,200
800
20,700
3,100
20,700
Subtotal 99,400
36,497
31,000
9,000
14,000
40,000
22,050
30,721
44,000
100,000
22,000
Subtotal 349,268
1,773
174,940
22,656
24,061
227,297
89,856
22,451
1,667,604
253,084
50,319
897,164
83,123
Subtotal 3,514,328
220,000
Uganda
IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
KIDEPO VALLEY NATIONAL PARK
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.05.04 (East African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established Established as a Game Reserve in 1958; National Park status in March 1962
Geographical Location North-east corner of Uganda, along the Sudan border and near the
Kenya border. The town of Taan is on the southern boundary. 3°45’-4°10’N, 33°30’-34°0S’E.
Altitude 900-2,750m (mainly under 1,350m)
Area 134,400ha; surrounded in Uganda by an extensive Controlled Hunting Area complex
Land Tenure Held in trusteeship from the government
Physical Features The park is bordered to the southeast by Mount Morungole (2,750m) and
on the north-east by the Lotuke ridge, a south-east extension of the Didinga Hills in Sudan. It
straddles the Kidepo and Larus Rivers, which flow north into Sudan during the rains. In the
dry seasons, there are some permanent pools in the upper Larus. The Kidepo basin is a gently
undulating plain of black alluvial soils with stony ridges between the river tributaries and
occasional rocky outcrops. The typical Sudanian climate has a rainy season from April to
September and a long dry season. Mean annual rainfall is 700mm.
Vegetation The area has predominantly tree and shrub steppe (or arid savanna), mixture of
bush or thicket and trees, such as: Acacia tortilis, Combretum, Lannea stuhlmannii,
Lonchocar pus, Terminalia, and Ziziphus. Dominant grasses are Setaria incrassata, Hyparrhenia
dissoluta, H. rufa, and Cymbopogon afronardus. The mountain areas of Morungle (south-east)
and Nangeya (south-west) support high level forest savanna mosaics dominated by trees such
as: Protea gaguedi, Faurea saligna, Juniperus procera and Podocarpus gracilior, with grassy
swards of Andropogon distachyos, Cymbopogon validus, and Hyparrhenia cymbaria.
Fauna The park is the only protected area in Uganda in which certain species occur.
Mammals include: lesser kudu Tragelaphus imberbis, a local race of Grant’s gazelle Gazella
granti brighti, Burchell’s zebra Equus burchelli, eland Taurotragus oryx livingstonii, roan
antelope Hippotragus equinus, Uganda kob Kobus kob thomasi (three in 1981),
klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus, bushbaby Galago senegalensis, bat-eared fox Otocyon
megalotis, striped hyena Hyaena hyaena, aardwolf Proteles cristatus, caracal Felis caracal,
cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T), greater kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros, Chanler’s or mountain
reedbuck Redunca fulvorufula chanleri, black rhinoceros Diceros bicornis (T), and long-snouted
dik-dik Madoqua guentheri. Abundant birdlife includes: ostrich Struthio camelus,
swallow-tailed kite Chelictinia riocourii, stone partridge Ptilopachus petrosus, Abyssinian
ground hornbill Bucorvus abyssinicus, standard-wing nightjar Macrodipteryx longipennis,
Karamoja apalis Apalis karamojae (K), fan-tailed raven Corvus rhipidurus, piapiac Ptilostomus
afer and five bustards including kori Choriotis kori. Over 50 species of birds of prey include
Verreaux’s eagle Aquila verreauxii and pygmy falcon Polihierax semitorquatus.
Conservation Management Some 21 days per month are spent on patrol with 50% of the park
covered each month.
Zoning No information
Disturbances or Deficiencies Incursions of poaching parties from the east, west, and
particularly over the border from the north-west, have been reported. Elephant damage
to Acacia trees is a continuing problem.
-882-
Uganda
Visitor Facilities The fully-equipped Apoka Restcamp near the southern entrance of the park
has excellent facilities.
Scientific Research Experimental plots to study the effect of game and bushfire on habitat,
were established some years ago by Makerere University. A survey of the avifauna was carried
out for the park authorities by Oxford University in 1966.
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
° Elliott, C.C.H. (1972). An ornithological survey of Kidepo Valley National Park. J. East
Afr. Nat. Hist. Soc. 28(129): 1-31.
° Ross, I.C., Ziefler, A.P. and Field, P.A.C. (1968). A visitors guide to Kidepo National Park.
AWLF Washington.
° Thiollay, J.M. (1978). Falconiformes in Uganda National Parks. East Afr. Wildl. J. 16:
145-151. (Includes checklist of raptors recorded for the park.)
Staff Some 109 rangers based at the park headquarters.
Budget No recent information
Local Park or Reserve Administration Park headquarters at Opoka
Date April 1985
LAKE MBURO NATIONAL PARK
Management Category Under Review
Biogeographical Province 3.05.04 (East African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Settlement prohibited
Date Established Originally established as a Controlled Hunting Area under General Notice
1558 of 1959. Game Reserve status in 1964 by Statutory Instrument No. 226. Boundaries
amended by S.I. No. 133 of 1965. Gazetted as a National Park in 1983 by an Act of Parliament.
Geographical Location Southern Uganda near the border with Tanzania in the Ankole
District, about 35km due east of Mbarara; bounded on the north by the Mbarara~-Kampala
road. 0°30’-40°S, 30°35-31°10°E.
Altitude 1,200-1,800m
Area 53,600ha
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features There are undulating open plains and marshes with hills in the west of the
park. It is bounded on the east by Lake Kachira, on the west by the Ruizi River and on the
south by swampland and a chain of 11 lakes, including Lake Mburo.
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Vegetation Dry Acacia and grassland savanna surrounds the lakes. The shores are lined with
extensive belts of papyrus, reed, and waterlily. In the western hills small acacia forests occur
in the valleys, and there is some gallery forest.
Fauna The fauna represents a remnant of an abundant fauna which once covered the entire
Ankole grasslands and the park is the last area in western Uganda where zebra Equus burchelli,
roan antelope Hippotragus equinus, impala Aepyceros melampus (plains area) which are not
found in any of the other Ugandan national parks, and eland Taurotragus oryx (Acacia belt)
occur. Mammals in the park are characteristic of the broad belt of high, but fairly dry and
stony grasslands extending from north Tanzania through eastern Ankole to south-east Toro and
also include topi Damaliscus lunatus, oribi Ourebia ourebi, klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus,
warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus, reedbuck Redunca redunca, leopard Panthera pardus (T),
spotted hyena Crocuta crocuta, and baboons Papio sp.. Buffalo Syncerus caffer, sitatunga
Tragelaphus spekei and hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius occur in the marshy forested
area. Many birds are attracted to the lakes, and the Narina trogon Apaloderma narina is found
in forested valleys.
Conservation Management The Game Department of Uganda made concerted efforts in 1982
to move cattle and people out of the park in preparation for national park status. Resettlement
of people was finalised in 1984, although cattle were still present in the park. Construction of
park headquarters had begun at Mburo in 1983/1984. However, there is currently little
management possible within the area.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies Massive encroachment of over 10,000 Ankole cattle, numerous
temporary camps and some permanent settlements surrounded by banana plantations were
reported in 1982, but in 1985 settlements had been removed, although some encroachment
continued. During the recent troubles, however, local residents again resettled the park, and
attacked park staff. As staff weapons and vehicles had been requisitioned they were unable to
control the situation and left the park.
Visitor Facilities There is a small guest house and three good campsites. Access is easy, via
the Kampala-Mbarara tarmac road.
Scientific Research Periodic animal population surveys; at present habitat utilisation by large
herbivores is being studied.
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
° IUCN/WWE Project 1915. Uganda, Anti-poaching and law enforcement in Uganda’s
National Parks.
° Kingdon, J. (1985). Lake Mburo - a new national park in Africa. Oryx 19(1): 7-10.
Staff There is now a full-time resident warden
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration Uganda National Park, PO Box 3530, Kampala.
Date 1986
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Uganda
MURCHISON FALLS (KABALEGA) NATIONAL PARK
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.05.04 (East African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total, but fishing is permitted in the river
Date Established 3 April 1952
Geographical Location Upstream of the point where the Victoria Nile flows into Lake
Mobutu Sese Seko. 2°00’-2°30’N, 31°30’-32°15°E.
Altitude 500-1,292m (mainly 600-800m)
Area 384,000ha; contiguous in the south to Bugungu Game Reserve (74,800ha) and Karuma
Game Reserve (71,270ha) and in the north to Aswa-Lolim Game Reserve (recently
degazetted). Aswa-Lolim Game Reserve was contiguous to Ajay Game Reserve (15,600ha) by
a narrow corridor and East Madi Controlled Hunting Area (174,940ha).
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features This is an area of rolling grassland and savanna decreasing in height from
Rabongo Hill in the east to the western Rift wall and Lake Albert. The Victoria Nile, running
east to west, bisects the park. The river is forced through a rock cleft some 7m wide in
spectacular 43m high Murchison Falls (also now secondary falls on north bank), which
constitute an important ecological barrier for aquatic fauna. Karuma Falls upstream are
outside the eastern park boundary. Mean annual precipitation is 1200mm, falling mainly
during the two rainy seasons in the periods March to May and August to November.
Vegetation The east and south of the park were formerly covered by Terminalia woodland
and the west by Hyparrhenia grassland, but damage by elephant has destroyed much of the
woodland and the area has tended to become a uniform grassland with scattered remnants of
riparian forests. Investigations in 1980 suggested that regeneration is occurring, particularly
of Acacia sieberana along the river, Borassus aethiopum in the Tangi River catchment,
and Lonchocarpus laxiflorus in the south. Areas of Cyperus papyrus swamp occur along the
river.
Fauna Over 1,000 elephant Loxodonta africana (T) were recorded in the northern sector in
1980, greatly reduced from approximately 14,500 in the early 1970s, and now due to a
reduction in poaching the number is probably higher. Numbers of buffalo Syncerus caffer and
kob Kobus kob are relatively high and there are good populations of several other game
species. Other mammals include: chimpanzee Pan troglodytes (T) in Rabongo Forest,
lion Panthera leo, leopard Panthera pardus (T), hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, and
giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis rothschildi. The northern white rhinoceros Ceratotherium
Simum cottoni (T), a subspecies introduced into the park in the 1970s from the West Nile
district, has not been seen recently. The black rhinoceros Diceros bicornis (T) is decreasing in
numbers. Over 350 recorded bird species include: shoebill Balaeniceps rex (of special concern),
goliath heron Ardea goliath, open-bill stork Anastomus lamelligerus, saddle-bill
stork Ephippiorhynchus senegalensis, fish eagle Haliaeetus vocifer (most conspicuous of 49
recorded raptors), tawny eagle Aquila rapax, lappet-faced vulture Torgos tracheliotus,
skimmer Rhynchops flavirostris, pratincole Glareola nuchalis, and seven species of kingfisher
including malachite Alcedo cristata. Also many palearctic and African migrants include
buzzards and harriers. The population of crocodile Crocodylus niloticus (V) has suffered from
poaching but numbers are still high in the lower river.
Conservation Management Successful anti-poaching operations had resulted in increased
herbivore populations and a natural cycle of change to the Acacia dominated scrub seems to be
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occurring. Park headquarters were on the north bank of the river. There are currently several
serious management problems.
Zoning Not yet established
Disturbances or Deficiencies During the political unrest in the late 1970s, over 75% of the
animal population in the park was destroyed by hunters and ivory poachers. In remoter areas
poaching, particularly of hippopotamus, continues, sometimes with automatic weapons. A
proposed hydroelectric scheme at Murchison Falls would seriously affect the ecological balance
of the area. During recent disturbances there has again been increased poaching, and damage
to park buildings and equipment, as well as staff losses.
Visitor Facilities Hotels are at Paraa (badly damaged in 1979) and at Chobe below Karuma
Falls. Campsites are designated and good access roads (including to Murchison and Karuma
Falls). Launch trips go to the foot of Murchison Falls. Sport fishing is permitted in the river.
The slack water below the two falls is renowned for large Nile perch.
Scientific Research Studies for management purposes have been made by the Uganda
Institute of Ecology (previously the Nuffield Unit of Tropical Animal Ecology). Of particular
interest is the barrier to aquatic fauna created by Murchison Falls and the barrier of the river
to animal movements. An ecological impact study is being carried out (1984) concerning the
proposed hydroelectric scheme.
Special Scientific Facilities The Wildlife Education Centre at Paraa, built in 1967, which
offered accommodation and a wide range of facilities, was closed in 1979, but had been
reopened by 1985. WWE is assisting in the reopening of the centre.
Principal Reference Material
Cott, H.B. (1961). Status and biology of the Nile crocodile below Murchison Falls. J. Zool.
Soc. Lond. 29(4): 211-356.
° Cott, H.B. (1969). Tourists and crocodiles in Uganda. Oryx 10: 153-160.
° Hatton, J., Hobsley, C. and Smart, N. (1982). Kabalega Falls National Park, Uganda.
Interim Project Report. University College, London, Ecological and Conservation Unit.
° IUCN/WWFE Project 3079. Uganda, Rehabilitation of Paraa Wildlife Education Centre in
Kabelega Falls National Park.
° Malpas, R.C. (1978). The Ecology of the African Elephant in Ruwenzori and Kabalega Falls
National Parks. Ph.D. Thesis (Unpublished), University of Cambridge.
° Malpas, R. (1980). Wildlife in Uganda 1980 - A Survey. A Report to the Minister of
Tourism and Wildlife, Uganda.
° Smart, N.O.E., Hatton, J.C. and Spence, D.H.N. (1985). The effect of long-term exclusion
of large herbivores on vegetation in Murchison Falls National Park, Uganda. Biological
Conservation 33: 229-245.
° Thiollay, J.M. (1978). Population structure and seasonal fluctuation of falconiformes in
Ugandan National Parks. East African Journal of Wildlife 16: 145-151. (Includes a
checklist of raptors recorded from the park.)
Staff Some 120 rangers were employed within the park with 60 at park headquarters and 60
at 15 outposts. They spent over two-thirds of each month on patrol with about 75% of the
park covered in each month. However, during recent disturbances many of the staff are
reported to have left.
Budget No recent information
Local Park or Reserve Administration Park headquarters are on the north bank of the river.
Date April 1985
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Uganda
QUEEN ELIZABETH (RWENZORI) NATIONAL PARK
Management Category II and IX (National Park and Biosphere Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.05.04 (East African Woodland/savanna) and 3.20.12 (Central
African Highlands)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established April 1952 as Queen Elizabeth National Park (197,800ha); the area was
known as Rwenzori National Park between 1972 and 1980. Accepted as a Biosphere Reserve in
November 1979.
Geographical Location Situated on both sides of the Equator in western Uganda on the Zaire
border, between Lakes Edward and George. 0°15’S-0°10’N, 29°45’-30°0S’E.
Altitude 910-1390m
Area National Park 197,800ha and Biosphere Reserve 220,000ha. Contiguous to Kigezi Game
Reserve (32,830ha), Kyambura Game Reserve (15,700ha), and Kibale Forest Corridor Game
Reserve (33,910ha) in Uganda and Virunga National Park (809,000ha) in Zaire. Kazinga
Channel Sanctuary (20,700ha) abuts the east central boundary and part of the southern shore of
Lake George.
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The park is situated in the western Rift Valley between Lake George and
Lake Edward. The lakes are joined by the 34km-long Kazinga Channel, which bisects the
park. Mean annual rainfall is 700mm with marked differences occuring over short distances,
falling mainly during two rainy seasons in March to May and August to November. This area
was one of volcanic activity 8,000 to 10,000 years ago and to the north of Lake Edward there is
an area of explosion craters, some containing salt lakes. The eastern boundary of part of the
park follows the escarpment of the rift valley edge. There are areas of swamp, the largest
being in the north, to the north of Lake George, and much of the park is fairly flat. Climate is
cool for the latitude; temperatures are similar all year round. Mean minima are about 18°C and
maxima 28°C most months, but rain falls mainly in two seasons, March to May and September
to November. It varies considerably within the park, increasing from about 750mm annually
on Lake Edward, towards the escarpment, which has about 1230mm per year.
Vegetation The area has a remarkable range of ecosystems: semi-deciduous tropical high
forest, undulating grasslands, Acacia savannas, swamps and tundra. Maramagambo Forest
(about 50,000ha) is between the escarpment and Lake Edward and comprises a wide belt of
medium altitude semi-deciduous forest. It is the only forest of any extent protected within an
Ugandan National Park. South of this forest are the rolling plains of the Kigezi section, and
north are grasslands dotted with Euphorbia spp.. The bush cover appears to have increased
over the past few years with the decline in elephant numbers.
Fauna A west African influence is apparent in the fauna, particularly among birds and
invertebrates. The park is well-known for its rich and diverse tropical fauna with large herds
of buffalo Syncerus caf fer (4200 in 1980), elephant Loxodonta africana (T) (153 in 1980), and
hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius. A 1980 survey recorded five elephant herds totalling
about 150 animals (though this is regarded as an under-estimate) though numbers have been
greatly reduced by poaching compared with previous years. Other large mammals include:
kob Kobus kob (most numerous species: about 20,000), waterbuck K. ellipsiprymnus,
bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus, topi Damaliscus lunatus, and
leopard Panthera pardus (T) also interesting species are chimpanzee and giant forest
hog Hylochoerus meinertzhageni. There are some surprising gaps in the fauna, such as the
absence of zebra and impala. The Kigezi section is well-known for tree climbing lion Panthera
leo. There are 543 recorded bird species including: shoebill Balaeniceps rex (of special
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concern), black bee-eater Merops gularis, 11 species of kingfisher including malachite Alcedo
cristata and pied Ceryle rudis, and numerous resident and migrant (Palaearctic and African)
raptors such as Peregrine falcon Falco peregrinus, bateleur Terathopius ecaudatus, migrant
black kite Milvus migrans parasitus, and Wahlberg’s eagle Aquila wahlbergi. Nile
monitor Varanus niloticus is common along the Kazinga channel.
Conservation Management Improvements in anti-poaching methods had been implemented,
but more recently staff have been disarmed and their vehicles requisitioned, and this has led to
increases in poaching. There is a management plan.
Zoning No information
Disturbances or Deficiencies The higher areas are in a natural state, but there are about 20
settlements in the lower area on the lakeshore. The population has increased recently (due in
particular to a salt factory built with German aid, but which is no longer functioning and has
been abandoned), and is putting great pressure on natural resources. There has been an
increase in fire, grazing (sheep, goats and cattle), and overfishing of the lakes. All game
species, except kob, were still declining in numbers in 1980. Staff are currently without
weapons or vehicles, though they remain within the park.
Visitor Facilities Mweya Lodge, run by Uganda Hotels, is fully operational. There are two
hostels and self-catering bandas at Ishasha in the south of the park. A campsite is available on
the Mweya Peninsula and elsewhere within the park. Launch trips are organised along the
Kazinga channel. Uganda Airways run a regular service from Entebbe to Kasese, 40km from
Park Headquarters.
Scientific Research Research at the Uganda Institute of Ecology continues, including studies
on overgrazing by goats and habitat exploitation by bushbuck. At present, there is a study on
the effects of fishing villages on the park’s animals.
Special Scientific Facilities The park contains the oldest ecological research station in East
Africa (Uganda Institute of Ecology) with five permanent research workers. Research facilities
were partly destroyed during the recent political unrest. There are no educational facilities.
Principal Reference Material
° Eltringham, S.K. (1973). The Large Mammal Community of the Queen Elizabeth National
Park (Uganda). Annales de l’université d’Abidjan. Série E. Tome V1 - fascicule 2.
° Lock, J.M. (1967). Ph.D. Thesis (Unpublished), University of Cambridge.
° Lock, J.M. (1977). Botanical Survey of Rwenzori National Park. Engl. Bot. Jahb.
° Malpas, R.C. (1978). The Ecology of the African Elephant in Rwenzori and Kabalega Falls
National Parks. Ph.D. Thesis (Unpublished), University of Cambridge.
° Malpas, R. (1980). Wildlife in Uganda 1980 - A Survey. A report to the Minister of
Tourism and Wildlife, Uganda.
° Thiollay, J.M. (1978). Falconiformes in Uganda National Parks. East Afr. Wildl. J. 16:
145-151. Includes checklist of raptors recorded in the park.
° Williams, J.G. (1981). A Field Guide to the National Parks of East Africa, Collins, London.
Bird and mammal list. Brief description of the park.
Staff Some 107 rangers with 55 at park headquarters, and 52 in 13 outposts. They did spend
about two-thirds of their time on patrol with about 60% of the park covered each month, but
during the recent troubles travel has been curtailed following the requisition of park vehicles.
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration Park headquarters is situated at Mweya.
Date 1986
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Uganda
AJAI GAME RESERVE (WEST NILE)
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.05.04 (East African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Established primarily to protect the white rhinoceros, but other resident
species are accorded same protection. Hunting is strictly prohibited.
Date Established Established in 1962 as the White Rhino Sanctuary under General Notice
353. Established as Ajai Game Reserve in 1965 by Statutory Instrument No. 147.
Geographical Location West bank of the Nile between Pakwach and Nimule, about 10km
north of Inde and 32km east-south-east of Arua. 2°55’N, 31°25’E.
Altitude 700-1,000m
Area 15,800ha
Land Tenure Public
Physical Features This area of rivers and riverine swamp borders the River Nile and two
tributaries, the Ala and Acha. The reserve includes a number of swamp islands including Ajai
island formed by gradual deposition of soil from the hills by the Ala River. The swamp is
surrounded by savanna woodland. Most of the swamp is flooded during the rainy months
(June to January), but dries out from February to May.
Vegetation Wooded savanna and grassland communities of Loudetia-Eragrostis
and Hyparrhenia. There is a variety of vegetation on the island due to its gradual formation.
The older eastern sector has a mosaic of savanna forest and sandy plains, areas of thick forest,
rain forest and open grass plains with Jmperata (a grass occuring elsewhere only in the
highlands which are the source of the Ala River). The western sector is covered in dense
elephant grass Pennisetum with clumps of wild date plum Phoenix.
Fauna Migration of animals onto the island during the dry season is necessitated by lack of
forage in the surrounding dry scrubland. Mammals include hippopotamus Hippopotamus
amphibius along the Nile, Uganda kob Kobus kob thomasi, hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus,
bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, and waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus. Black and white
colobus Colobus guereza and baboon Papio sp. have been recorded.
Conservation Management’ There are guard posts at Ogoko, Iriemve and Inde. Iriemve and
Inde were not in use in 1980.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies The small size of the reserve results in many animals continually
moving in and out into open areas in the vicinity where they are subject to poaching. The
threatened northern white rhinoceros Ceratotherium simum cottoni (T) has not been seen here
since the war in 1979 and is assumed to have been wiped out.
Visitor Facilities It has high tourism potential despite the distance from Kampala and
excellent potential for short walking safaris.
Scientific Research Mammal species have been periodically monitored.
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
° WWE/IUCN Project 1760. Uganda, Conservation of Rhino in Ajai Sanctuary.
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Staff No information
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration No information
Date 1983
BOKORA CORRIDOR GAME RESERVE
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.05.04 (East African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established Gazetted in 1964 by Statutory Instrument No. 223 to ensure freedom of
movement for game during migration between the Matheniko plains and Pian-Upe Game
Reserve. The reserve was originally part of Central and South Karamoja Controlled Hunting
Areas.
Geographical Location In eastern Uganda between Moroto and Mount Elgon, between
Matheniko Game Reserve and Pian-Upe Game Reserve, along the south-western boundary of
the Karamoja region. 2°07’-2°45’N, 33°50’-34°50’E.
Altitude 1,000-2,100m
Area 205,600ha; contiguous to Pian-Upe Game Reserve (228,710ha) and Matheniko Game
Reserve (158,650ha). Flanked on remaining sides by four Controlled Hunting Areas totalling
over 2,000,000 ha, which are contiguous to four other Controlled Hunting Areas and Kidepo
Valley National Park (134,400ha).
Land Tenure Public
Physical Features The reserve is a plateau with a few inselbergs, typical of the southern
Karamoja region. The climate is relatively dry.
Vegetation The wooded grassland savanna on marginal land is of little or no use for
agriculture or settlement.
Fauna A wide variety of antelopes (but not in high numbers) includes: eland Taurotragus
oryx, Uganda kob Kobus kob thomasi, reedbuck Redunca redunca, oryx Oryx gazella, mountain
reedbuck Redunca fulvorufula , roan antelope Hippotragus equinus , topi Damaliscus lunatus,
hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus jacksoni, and oribi Ourebia ourebi aequatoria. Other
mammals include: spotted hyena Crocuta crocuta, lion Panthera leo, leopard Panthera pardus
(T), and giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies Settlement and grazing by domestic livestock occurs, competing
with the wildlife population which is now very sparse.
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Uganda
Scientific Research Periodic animal population aerial surveys, last done 1983.
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material None listed
Staff No information
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration No information
Date April 1985
BUGUNGU (BUKUMI-BUGUNGU) GAME RESERVE
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.05.04 (East African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection No settlement allowed in the reserve
Date Established 1968 by Statutory Instrument 20; originally established as a Controlled
Hunting Area in 1963 under Legal Notice 361
Geographical Location Between Murchison Falls (Kabalega) National Park and the north
shore of Lake Mobutu Sese Seko (Lake Albert). 2°15’N, 31°30°E.
Altitude 600-1,300m
Area 52,000ha; contiguous to Murchison Falls National Park (384,000ha) and Karuma Game
Reserves (82,000ha)
Land Tenure Public
Physical Features The features are similar to the southern sector of Murchison Falls National
Park. Bugungu Game Reserves and Karuma Game Reserve constitute a buffer zone for the
southern boundary of Murchison Falls National Park.
Vegetation Dry thicket with some open savanna woodland
Fauna’ The area is well-known for chimpanzees Pan troglodytes (T), but the number in the
reserve is unclear. Mammals include: lion Panthera leo, elephant Loxodonta africana (T),
warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus, buffalo Syncerus caffer, waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus,
Uganda kob Kobus kob, hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus, and many small ungulates. The
reserve includes part of Budongo Forest which has a relatively rich birdlife.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies Permanent fishing villages on the shore of Lake Mobutu are not
considered to threaten the purposes of the reserve. Previous poaching problems are now under
some degree of control. There is some tree felling for making charcoal.
Scientific Research Periodic animal population surveys
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Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material None listed
Staff No information
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration No information
Date April 1985
GORILLA GAME RESERVE
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.05.04 (East African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Established strictly for protection of the mountain gorilla and chimpanzee.
No settlement is allowed in the reserve.
Date Established 1964 by Statutory Instrument No. 215. Originally established in 1930 as a
Game Sanctuary under Legal Notice 21. Also known as Kigezi Gorilla Game Reserve or
Mgahinga Forest Reserve, but it is further south than Kigezi Game Reserve.
Geographical Location Extreme south-west corner of Uganda on the borders with Zaire and
Rwanda. 1°25’S, 29°35’E.
Altitude 2,700-4,127m
Area 2,900ha; contiguous to Volcanoes National Park (23,000ha) in Rwanda, which is
contiguous to Virunga National Park (809,000ha) in Zaire. Size reduced from 3,400ha in 1950.
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features It includes parts of three volcanic mountains (Muhavura, Mgahinga, and
Sabinio). The summit of Muhavura has a small crater lake and forms the highest point in the
reserve.
Vegetation The alpine summit areas are dominated by St John’s wort Hypericum spp. and
dwarf heaths which merge into broad leaved montane forest and bamboo. On the lower slopes
is a high altitude type of savanna woodland. The forest is rich in lichens and mosses.
Fauna The reserve was established to protect chimpanzee Pan troglodytes (T) and the
mountain gorilla Gorilla gorilla berengei (T). Other mammals include: the distinctive golden
monkey Cercopithecus mitis kandti (rare subspecies of the diademed monkey), leopard Panthera
pardus (T), elephant Loxodonta africana (T), giant forest hog Hylochoerus meinertzhageni,
bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, and buffalo Syncerus caffer. The abundant birdlife includes
the Ruwenzori turaco Tauraco johnstoni, yellow-billed barbet Trachyphonus purpuratus, five
species of Apalis, Lihder’s bush shrike Laniarius liihderi, six species of sunbird, and four
species of crimson-wing Cryptospiza. The threatened butterfly species Papilio leucotaenia (V)
may also inhabit the reserve.
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Uganda
Conservation Management No harvesting of bamboo has been allowed since 1982. Local
people buy bamboo from the Forest Department who collect it from other areas. There is a
general working plan for the area, but this is in need of revision.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies There is severe disturbance from agricultural and pastoral
activities and poaching. The decrease in area by raising the boundary from 2,425m to 2,730m
removed an important gorilla habitat from the reserve. Increasing deforestation by residents of
the lower slopes is tending to destroy more gorilla habitat, reducing its chance of survival in
the area. Restricted bamboo cutting was allowed annually in the reserve before 1982. The area
seems to be less well protected than neighbouring protected areas in Zaire and Rwanda. There
are about 400 gorillas in this whole region, but only one group is found in the Ugandan sector
and may have disappeared recently. The access road was destroyed by heavy rain in 1983.
Scientific Research Monitoring of the gorilla population and other species has been carried
out.
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
° Malpas, R. (1980). Wildlife in Uganda 1980 - A Survey. A report to the Minister of
Tourism and Wildlife, Uganda.
Staff No recent information
Budget No recent information
Local Park or Reserve Administration Game Department, Fort Portal.
Date April 1985
KARUMA GAME RESERVE
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.05.04 (East African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 1964 by Statutory Instrument 248. Previously a Controlled Hunting Area
under General Notice No. 352 of 1962.
Geographical Location | Western Uganda, adjoining Murchison Falls National Park to the
north. Approximately 1°50’N, 31°45’E.
Altitude 900-1,300m
Area 82,000ha; contiguous to Murchison Falls National Park (384,000ha) and Bugungu Game
Reserve (52,000ha)
Land Tenure Public
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Physical Features This is an area of gentle relief crossed by several watercourses, south of the
Victoria Nile.
Vegetation The savanna grasslands are dominated by elephant grass Pennisetum purpureum
and Hyparrhenia rufa with isolated forest and savanna trees representing remnants of former
forest cover. It is bordered to the south-west by a forested zone.
Fauna Species similar to those in Murchison Falls National Park include: elephant Loxodonta
africana (T), giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis, buffalo Syncerus caffer, and many antelope
species. Large numbers of animals move in herds to and from Murchison Falls National Park.
Conservation Management Control of poaching has improved.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies Increased settlement in areas adjoining the reserve with
increased cultivation have resulted in problems of law enforcement and control of game.
Scientific Research Periodic animal population surveys
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material None listed
Staff No recent information
Budget No recent information
Local Park or Reserve Administration No information
Date 1983
KATONGA GAME RESERVE
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.05.04 (East African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection No settlement allowed
Date Established 1964 by Statutory Instrument No. 222. Originally part of a larger
Controlled Hunting Area under Legal Notice 525 of 1961.
Geographical Location 190km west of Kampala on the Kampala-Kasese railway. 0°15’N,
30°45’E.
Altitude 1,200-1,500m
Area 20,800ha; surrounded on three sides by Katonga Controlled Hunting Area (227,297ha)
Land Tenure Public
Physical Features The reserve is bounded to the south by the Katonga River, part of a river
system from Lake George to Lake Victoria draining extensive areas to the north and south.
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Uganda
The Katonga enters Lake Victoria about 35km north-east of Masaka. The reserve is drained
by numerous tributaries of the Katonga.
Vegetation There is dry savanna with deciduous thickets of Acacia, Combretum and Albizia
and perennial grasses such as Cymbopogon, Hyparrhenia and Themeda.
Fauna Mammals include: elephant Loxodonta africana (T), lion Panthera leo,
leopard Panthera pardus (T), buffalo Syncerus caffer, zebra Equus burchelli, eland Taurotragus
oryx, roan antelope Hippotragus niger, waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, topi Damaliscus
lunatus and the highland race of the bohar reedbuck Redunca redunca wardi. The reserve
includes part of the migratory route from Murchison Falls National Park to south-east Toro.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies Very extensive illegal cattle grazing has resulted in a decline in
the numbers of eland, roan antelope, zebra, elephant, and topi.
Scientific Research Periodic aerial surveys to assess animal populations, last done in 1982.
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material None listed
Staff No informtation
Budget No informtation
Local Park or Reserve Administration No information
Date 1983
KIBALE FOREST CORRIDOR GAME RESERVE
Management Category VI (Resource Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.05.04 (East African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection No settlement is allowed
Date Established 1964 by Statutory Instrument No. 221. A sector of the reserve was
previously part of the former Lake George Game Reserve. (Lake George Game Reserve now
forms the northern sector of Queen Elizabeth National Park).
Geographical Location Located in the Toro District of western Uganda, it extends
northwards from Queen Elizabeth National Park and Lake George towards Fort Portal.
0°30’N, 30°20°E.
Altitude 1,110-1,590m
Area 56,000ha; contiguous to Queen Elizabeth (Rwenzori) National Park (197,800ha), which is
contiguous to several other protected areas
Land Tenure Government
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Physical Features The reserve is in the plateau area of the volcanic crater region east of the
Ruwenzori range. The basement complex of precambrian undifferentiated acid gneisses is
overlain in some areas by quartzite intruded by ampholites, gneisses, and granites. The soils
are well-drained ferallitic sandy to sandy clay loams. Two rainy seasons occur in the periods
March to May and September to November. Mean annual precipitation is 1500mm. Mean
maximum temperature is 25°C and minimum temperature is 13°C.
Vegetation The reserve includes part of Mpanga Forest, a vast tract of tropical high forest
extending from Fort Portal almost to Lake George (some 12-15 miles away) and links up with
the main block of Kibale Forest. The main vegetation type is moist semi-deciduous forest
(part way between lowland and montane forest) with Chrysophyllum spp., Celtis spp.,
and Cynometra alexandri grading to moist Acacia-Hyparrhenia woodland/savanna with
grasses Cymbopogon afronardus, Imperata cylindrica, Themeda triandra, and Hyparrhenia spp..
Other species include Pennisetum purpureum, Beckeropsis uniseta, and Acanthus pubescens. The
combination of species varies with location. There is also swampland of Cyperus papyrus,
Phragmites sp., Mitragyna rubrostipulata, and Neoboutonia macrocalyx with canopy
of Pseudospondias microcarpa, Treculia africana, and Symphonia globulifera. The montane
forest trees support many epiphytes including beard lichens, elephant-ear fern, horse-tongue
fern, mosses, and orchids.
Fauna Mammals include: elephant Loxodonta africana (T), warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus,
giant forest hog Hylochoerus meinertzhageni, hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius,
bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, buffalo Syncerus caffer, blue duiker Cephalophus monticola,
red duiker Cephalophus natalensis, common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia, Uganda kob Kobus kob
thomasi, bush pig Potamochoerus porcus, pangolin Manis sp., serval Felis serval, otter Lutra sp.,
and five species of mongoose. The forests are among the richest in East Africa for primates,
with 11 species present, including: diademed monkey Cercopithecus mitis, red-tailed
monkey Cercopithecus ascanius, \Hoest’s monkey Cercopithecus lhoesti, white-cheeked
mangabey Cercocebus albigena, and olive baboon Papio anubis. Chimpanzee Pan troglodytes
(T) and black and white colobus Colobus guereza occur in the northern sector which also
constitutes the last refuge for the only remaining viable population in Uganda of red
colobus Colobus badius tephrosceles. Kibale is exceptional for forest birds and about 290
species have been recorded, including one endemic to this forest, the Kibale
ground-thrush Turdus kibalensis (1); giant blue turaco Corythaeola cristata, grey
parrot Psittacus erithacus, and black-and-white casqued hornbill Bycanistes subcylindricus also
occur. The reserve also constitutes an important reservoir of reptiles and insects including
several species of mamba, cobra, viper and python, and the butterflies African giant
swallowtail Papilio antimachus (R) and Salamis temora.
Conservation Management Settlement is confined to the southern sector. Kibale has been
identified as one of the five most important forests for wildlife in Uganda (Kingston 1967). A
Toyota Landcruiser was provided under IUCN/WWF Project 1765 to combat encroachment and
illegal timber removal.
Zoning Part of Kibale Forest was established in 1976 as a nature reserve (about 6,000ha)
protected against all forms of human exploitation and buffered by forest (60% tall mature
forest) used for selective timber felling. It is also contiguous to Queen Elizabeth National Park,
which includes a 1,630ha area of undisturbed natural forest also protected from human
exploitation.
Disturbances or Deficiencies The reserve was originally established as a migratory route for
animals moving to the protected areas north of Queen Elizabeth National Park, but it is now
less useful in that role due to the reduction in animal numbers over the past years.
Agricultural encroachment occurs in the south (18,700ha) and some illegal timber extraction in
the forests of the north, reducing the undisturbed area of forest to 18500ha (Kingdon 1973).
One of the main reasons for establishment of the reserve was maximisation of sustained timber
production. Timber is being extracted and there are plantations of exotic conifers. Some
hunting is permitted.
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Uganda
Scientific Research Periodic animal population surveys. Integrated ecological research
projects have been carried out in Kibale Forest for about 10 years including a study aided by
WWF, the New York Zoological Society and Ugandan National Research Council (IUCN/WWF
Project 1969) on the effects of selective tree felling on primate populations.
Special Scientific Facilities Kanyawarra Forest Station has a library.
Principal Reference Material
° TUCN/WWF Project 1969. Effects of selective tree felling on populations of rain forest
primates.
° TUCN/WWF Project 1765. Uganda, Forest Reserves.
° Kingdon, J. (1973). Endemic birds and mammals of western Uganda: measuring Uganda’s
wealth and a plea for supra-economic values. Uganda J. 37: 1-7.
° Kingston, B. (1967). Working plan for Kibale and Itwara Central Forest Reserves, Toro
District, Uganda. Entebbe: Uganda Forest Department.
° Malpas, R. (1980). Wildlife in Uganda 1980 - A Survey. A Report to the Minister of
Tourism and Wildlife, Uganda.
° Struhsaker, T. and Leland, L. (1979). In: Kibale an inheritance still preserved. SWARA 2(1).
° Wing, L.D. and Buss, I.O. (February 1970). Elephants and forests. Wildlife monographs
19. (Includes list of woody plant species in the reserve).
Staff There are forest and game staff based at two plant stations, including three foresters,
four forest rangers, and four forest guards. The game department employs one senior game
guard and two game guards.
Budget No recent information
Local Park or Reserve Administration Forest and Game Department
Date 1984
KIGEZI GAME RESERVE
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.05.04 (East African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection No settlement allowed
Date Established 1952 by General Notice No. 158. Boundaries changed by Legal Notices 154
of 1955 and 292 of 1962.
Geographical Location The reserve is a southward annexe to Queen Elizabeth (Rwenzori)
National Park, separated from Lake Edward by a 7km wide sector of the park. 0°30’S, 29°50’E.
Altitude About 1,050m
Area 33,000ha; contiguous to Queen Elizabeth National Park (197,800ha) and its associated
reserves
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features Situated on the western arm of the Central African rift valley.
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Vegetation The moist deciduous forest and grass savanna is similiar to the sector of Queen
Elizabeth National Park south of Maramagambo Forest with dominant trees of Acacia
and Albizia spp., and grasses such as Imperata, Cymbopogon, Hyparrhenia, and Beckeropsis.
Fauna Mammals usually occur in small numbers and includes: eastern black-and-white
Colobus Colobus guereza and some red colobus Colobus badius, the eastern subspecies of
chimpanzee Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii (T), lion Panthera leo, leopard Panthera pardus (T),
elephant Loxodonta africana (T), warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus, giant forest
hog Hylochoerus meinertzhageni, hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, buffalo Syncerus
caffer, Uganda kob Kobus kob_ thomasi, waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus,
bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, topi Damaliscus lunatus and Oribi Ourebia ourebi. The
abundant birdlife is similiar to Queen Elizabeth National Park.
Zoning The reserve acts as a buffer zone between Queen Elizabeth National Park and the
well-populated areas to the south and east. There is no zonation within the reserve.
Disturbances or Deficiencies Settlement and cuitivation in adjoining areas are encroaching on
the reserve and local people poach for meat. A road from the national park to Kabale, which
provides access to Kayonza Forest, crosses the reserve.
Scientific Research Periodic animal population surveys
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material None listed
Staff No information
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration Game Department, Fort Portal.
Date 1983
KYAMBURA GAME RESERVE
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.05.04 (East African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Settlement prohibited, but licenced fishing permitted
Date Established 1965 by Statutory Instrument No. 147. The boundaries were amended by
Statutory Instrument No. 199 of 1965. The reserve was previously part of a larger area
established as a Controlled Hunting Area by General Notice 363 of 1962.
Geographical Location South-west Uganda bordering the south-east of the Kazinga Channel
and the south shore of Lake George. 0°05’S, 30°05’E.
Altitude 700-1,100m
Area 15,700ha; contiguous to Queen Elizabeth National Park (197,800ha) and its associated
reserves
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Uganda
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The terrain is characterised by small hills and about 10 crater lakes above
the east wall of the western Rift Valley (here interrupted by the vast upheaval of the
Ruwenzori range). The area also contains a number of swamps. The boundary with Queen
Elizabeth National Park is defined by the Kyambura River which flows into the Kazinga
Channel.
Vegetation Savanna grassland and deciduous thickets
Fauna The fauna is similiar to Queen Elizabeth National Park with mammals including:
hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, lion Panthera leo, leopard Panthera pardus (T),
elephant Loxodonta africana (T), buffalo Syncerus caffer, and a variety of antelope and other
small ungulates. Waterbirds feature prominently in the avifauna including occasional visits by
lesser flamingo Phoeniconaias minor.
Zoning The reserve forms a buffer zone for animals moving out of Queen Elizabeth National
Park. No zoning exists within the reserve.
Disturbances or Deficiencies Small fishing villages existing at the time of the declaration of
the reserve remain, but further settlement is prohibited. There is poaching of hippopotamus
and other game for meat and illegal fishing.
Visitor Facilities Access is by unsurfaced tracks only passable in dry weather.
Scientific Research Periodic animal population surveys.
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material None listed
Staff No information
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration No information
Date 1983
MATHENIKO GAME RESERVE
Management Category VI (Resource Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.05.04 (East African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Grazing of domestic livestock and settlement reduce effectiveness of
protection.
Date Established 1964 by Statutory Instrument No. 219. Previously part of Central Karamoja
Controlled Hunting Area.
Geographical Location In Karamoja region, just north of Moroto, extending along the border
with Kenya. 2°40’-3°07’N, 34°10’-34°50°E.
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Altitude 1,200-1,600m
Area’ 160,000ha; contiguous to Bokora Corridor Game Reserve (205,600ha) and the eastern
Uganda complex of Controlled Hunting Areas
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The reserve is part of the Karamoja plateau. It is bounded on the east by
the Great Rift escarpment which forms the Uganda/Kenya border in this area and is
interrupted in the south by spurs and extensions of higher ground.
Vegetation Thorny deciduous thicket
Fauna Resident mammals include: lion Panthera leo, leopard Panthera pardus (V),
cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (V), giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis, eland Taurotragus oryx, roan
antelope Hippotragus equinus, oryx Oryx gazella, and Grant’s gazelle Gazella granti. Roan and
Grant’s gazelle are the predominant species. The area has been the traditional pasture during
the wet season for herds migrating from southern Karamoja, particularly from the Pian-Upe
plains.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies Grazing by domestic cattle, settlement, poaching and forest
destruction continue. The area has recently been subject to political unrest, drought, and
famine. It appears that control of the area is insufficient (perhaps due to difficulty of access)
and wildlife is very sparse.
Scientific Research Periodic animal population aerial surveys, last done in 1983.
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material None listed
Staff No information
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration Game Department, Mbale.
Date 1983
PIAN-UPE GAME RESERVE
Management Category VI (Resource Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.05.04 (East African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Sporadic settlement and grazing of domestic livestock make protection
ineffective
Date Established 1964 by Statutory Instrument No. 220; previously declared as Debasien
Animal Sanctuary under Legal Notice 23 of 1960.
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Uganda
Geographical Location Eastern Uganda, north of Mount Elgon and 80km east of Soroti.
1°30’-2°15’N, 34°34°05’-34°50°E.
Altitude 1,000-3,068m
Area 231,400ha; connected to Matheniko Game Reserve (160,000ha) by the Bokora Corridor
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features This is a high plateau area of rolling plains with black cotton soil drained
by intermittent watercourses flowing westwards into Lake Kyoga. Most of the area is subject
to inundation during the rainy season. Mount Kadam (previously Mount Debasien) near the
border with Kenya, is the highest point in the reserve at 3,068m.
VegetationT Most of the area is wooded savanna grasslands with some forest in the north on
the margins of a higher ridge.
Fauna A large variety of mammals in the area include: lion Panthera leo, leopard Panthera
pardus (T), cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T), giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis, buffalo Syncerus
caffer, waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, Uganda kob Kobus kob, mountain reedbuck Redunca
fulvorufula, roan antelope MHippotragus equinus, oryx Oryx _ gazella, Jackson’s
hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus jacksoni, oribi Ourebia ourebi and Grant’s gazelle Gazella
granti. Most of the eland Taurotragus oryx, topi Damaliscus lunatus, and zebra Equus burchelli
migrate into the area to breed from North Bokora and Matheniko reserves and migrate
northwards when the rains begin. Birds include ostrich Struthio camelus, secretary
bird Sagittarius serpentarius, and yellow-billed shrike Corvinella corvina (uncommon).
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies Settlement and grazing of domestic livestock has occurred since
the declaration of the reserve. Cattle and wildlife share the same habitat during dry seasons
and wildlife are now very sparse. Poaching and forest encroachment in the south, although this
has been reduced by local cattle rustling activities.
Scientific Research Periodic aerial surveys of animal populations, last done in 1983.
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material None listed
Staff No information
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserye Administration Eastern Range Office, Mbale.
Date 1984
TORO GAME RESERVE
Management Category IV (Managed Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.05.04 (East African woodland/savanna)
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Legal Protection Controlled hunting permitted, but livestock grazing prohibited
Date Established The reserve is one of the oldest gazetted game areas in Uganda. It was
established in 1929 by General Notice No. 546 to protect the large herds of Uganda kob. Later
boundary modifications by Legal Notices 245/62 and 246/63.
Geographical Location Adjoining the southern end of Lake Albert, about 60km by road from
Fort Portal. 1°00’N, 30°20°E.
Altitude 690-750m
Area 55,488ha; contiguous to Semliki Controlled Hunting Area (50,319ha)
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The reserve is on the floodplain of the Semliki River delta (where it flows
into Lake Albert) and includes the river, valley floor and Rift Valley scarp. The escarpment is
composed of Precambrian rocks which are crystalline or metamorphic. Gneisses and granites
are most common, influencing the nutrient pool of the freshly weathered soils on the
floodplains of the rivers. The valley floor is composed of Quaternary sediments. The reserve
is dominated in the south-west by the Ruwenzori range where the Wasa and Mugidi Rivers and
tributaries, which cross the reserve, rise. The Ruwenzori foothills and surrounding equatorial
rain forest are only about 30km from the boundary. Mean annual temperature is 21°C to
27°C. Annual rainfall is 700-1300mm. Mean annual potential evapotranspiration is 900 to
1500mm.
Vegetation The open grasslands of Hyparrhenia dissoluta and Themeda triandra have patches
of Heteropogon contortus. Overgrazed areas have Sporobolus pyramidalis. Streams and
escarpments are thickly forested.
Fauna The population of Uganda kob Kobus kob thomasi is very low. Other mammals
include: black-and-white colobus Colobus guereza, lion Panthera leo, leopard Panthera pardus
(T), elephant Loxodonta africana (T), giant forest hog Hylochoerus meinertzhageni,
warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus, hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, buffalo Syncerus
caffer, waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus and reedbuck Redunca_ redunca. Jackson’s
hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus jacksoni is reported to have disappeared from the reserve.
Birdlife is similar to that of Murchison Falls National Park and species include brown harrier
eagle Circaetus cinereus, banded harrier eagle Circaetus cinerascens, painted snipe Rostratula
benghalensis, white-naped pigeon Columba albinucha, black-wattled and _ pied
hornbills Ceratogymna atrata and Tockus fasciatus, and yellow-spotted barbet Pogoniulus
duchaillui.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies There is a fishing village on the shores of Lake Albert, but its
population is controlled. Poaching occurs and many game species including Uganda kob have
declined in number in recent years, from 18,000 in 1974 to 2,500 in 1978, and may now not
exist in the reserve.
Visitor Facilities Hotel accommodation is being constructed to replace the former lodge and
campsite. Access by all-weather gravel road from Fort Portal. Hunting arranged on a quota
basis through the Uganda Wildlife Development Organization.
Scientific Research Periodical surveys of animal populations. The area was the site of the
most detailed studies of the Uganda kob yet undertaken.
Special Scientific Facilities None
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Uganda
Principal Reference Material
° Buechner, H.K. (1974). Implications of social behaviour in the management of Uganda kob.
In: The behaviour of Ungulates and its relation to management.
° TUCN publication New Series No. 24, Morges Vol 2: 853-870. (Includes list of references to
other studies in this region.)
° Malpas, R. (1980). Wildlife in Uganda 1980 - A Survey. A Report to the Minister of
Tourism and Wildlife, Uganda.
° Verner, P.H. (Ed.) (1978). Uganda kob and other wildlife problems in Toro Game Reserve,
Uganda. Czechoslovak Landscape and Nature Conservation Association Report, Prague.
Staff No information
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration Game Department, Fort Portal.
Date 1983
BWINDI (IMPENETRABLE) FOREST RESERVE
Management Category VI (Resource Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.05.04 (East African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Partial
Date Established First gazetted in 1932, although the boundaries were not firmly established
until 1958. Since then some small areas have been added. The whole reserve was gazetted as
an Animal Sanctuary in 1961. Provisionally proposed for upgrading to National Park status in
1982.
Geographical Location South-west Uganda near the border with Zaire. 1°10°S, 29°30°E.
Altitude 1,400-2,400m
Area 31,000ha
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The reserve is very steep, hilly countryside which, together with some
remnant lowland forest outside the boundary, constitutes an important water catchment area
for many rivers supplying agricultural land of the surrounding region. Three major tributaries
of the Ishasha River flow to the north, and the Ndego, Kanyamwabo and Shongi Rivers flow to
the south. The soils are very susceptible to erosion in areas where trees are cleared due to the
steepness of the slopes.
Vegetation This is the richest forest in Uganda in terms of number of plant species, as the
area is one of the few large expanses of forest in East Africa, where lowland and montane
communities meet. The valley bottoms contain a dense ground cover of herbs, vines and
shrubs with only a few trees - hence its name. Vegetation is more fully described in Hamilton
(1969).
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Fauna One of the richest faunal communities in East Africa exists here including one-third
(130 of about 500) of the world’s population of the mountain gorilla Gorilla gorilla berengei
(T), which is the rarest race of gorilla. It is one of only three areas outside Zaire that contains
members of the eastern gorilla population. Several threatened birds with limited ranges are
among the diverse avifauna: African green broadbill Pseudocalyptomena graueri (R), Grauer’s
swamp warbler Bradypterus graueri (V), and Chapin’s flycatcher Muscicapa lendu (R). Papilio
leucotaenia (VY), the cream-banded swallowtail, is a large swallowtail found in this reserve and
restricted to forests in areas with very high human populations in the highlands of
south-western Uganda, around Lake Kivu in north-eastern Zaire and Rwanda, and in western
Burundi.
Conservation Management In 1981, settlements were removed from the area between the road
and the boundary under jurisdiction of a ministerial order. New York Zoological Society has
proposed an intensive study of the area with consequent development of a scientific
management plan. The general purpose working plan used at present is considered out of
date. IUCN/WWF Project 1765 has supplied a Toyota Landcruiser to help anti-poaching
measures and control wood-cutting.
Zoning The reserve contains two small nature reserves (960ha and about 200ha) in which
human exploitation is prohibited. These reserves are not demarcated, but topographical
indicators are considered to be adequate.
Disturbances or Deficiencies A survey has indicated a decline in the gorilla population in the
reserve, especially in those areas most exploited by the local population. Relatively intensive
logging occurs in certain areas (18.5% of the total reserve area) and logging has increased
fifteen-fold since the construction of a new road across the western sector. The surrounding
remnant forest should be included in the reserve to protect the water catchment of the
Munyaga River the resident gorillas. Due to the susceptibility of the soil to erosion, the
present rapid deforestation of the slopes could adversely affect agricultural land to the north.
Gold prospecting, charcoal burning, and poaching are also gradually destroying the reserve
(Harcourt 197a).
Visitor Facilities Access is difficult, but tourism seems to be on the increase as the gorillas
can now be seen from the road. Resthouse facilities are limited.
Scientific Research A survey of the conservation status of the reserve was carried out by
Harcourt in 1979. Dr T. Butuynski of the New York Zoological Society is carrying out a fauna
and flora monitoring programme.
Special Scientific Facilities A resthouse in one of the nature reserves has been renovated with
WWF aid. It was established for forest officers, but tourists and researchers can use the
facilities for a fee.
Principal Reference Material
° Bwindi Working Plan available from Forest Department Headquarters, Entebbe.
° Hamilton, A. (1969). The vegetation of south-west Kigezi. Uganda J. 33: 175-99.
° Harcourt, A.H. (1979). Conservation of the Bwindi Forest Reserve and its Gorillas, S.W.
Uganda. WWF/IUCN Project 1577 Report.
° Harcourt, A.H. (1980). Can Uganda’s Gorillas Survive? A survey of the Bwindi Forest
Reserve. Biological Conservation 19: 269-282.
° TUCN/WWE Project 1765. Uganda-Establishment of Forest Reserves.
° Keith, S., Twomey, A., Friedmann, H. and Williams, J. (1969). The Avifauna of the
Impenetrable Forest, Uganda. Amer. Mus. Novit. 2389.
° Malpas, R. (1980). Wildlife in Uganda 1980 - A Survey. A Report to the Minister of
Tourism and Wildlife, Uganda.
Staff One forestry officer and three forest rangers in the centre of the reserve; one forestry
officer and two forest rangers in the south; and three forest ranger in the north; plus several
game guards
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Uganda
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Forest Station/
or Game Department.
Date 1983
-905-
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Area 2,345,236 sq.km
Population 31,940,000 (1983)
Parks and Reserves Legislation Prior to independence each protected area was established by
a Royal Decree, under a general decree passed in 1937. Ordinance-Law 69-041 relating to the
conservation of nature was passed 22 August 1969, which, as well as confirming the existing
protected areas, also established the Institute National pour la conservation de la nature
(INCN), now the Institut Zairois pour la conservation de la nature (IZCN). This piece of
legislation was modified by Decree 244 of 21 February 1972, and by Decree 023 of 22 July
1975. National Parks are established under Presidential Order on the recommendation of
IZCN, with their creation as ’réserves naturelles intégrales’ confirmed by individual
Ordinance-laws.
Parks and Reserves Administration The principal management and protection body is the
Institut Zairois pour la conservation de la nature (IZCN) which comes under the Department of
Agriculture, Rural Development and the Environment. The work of IZCN was previously
carried out by the Institute of National Parks (attached to the Department of Agriculture)
which had been established by Decree on 26 November 1934.
Address
° Institut Zairois pour la conservation de la nature (IZCN), BP 868, Kinshasa 1.
° Département de l’agriculture et du développement rural, Division de la conservation de la
nature et gestion des ressources naturelles renouvables, BP 73, Kinshasa 1.
Additional Information Tourism is based mainly on the national parks system, general and
photographic safaris, and hunting. From 1960 to 1969, while the national parks were directly
under the jurisdiction of the Department of Agriculture, poaching was rife, but during the late
1970’s the National Institute for Nature Conservation managed to get this under control. There
is still a need, however, for funds, equipment and transport (particularly water transport) for
the game wardens as there is increased poaching, particularly in the lakes and floodplain areas.
In addition, it would appear that a large quantity of ivory and leopard skin is finding its way
out of the country.
IUCN/WWF Project 1613 is giving support to survey the primates of eastern Zaire, develop
gorilla and chimpanzee reserves and conserve the pygmy chimpanzee. IUCN and WWF have
also been involved for a number of years in the protection and management of the Garamba
National Park. In 1983 a five-step programme to develop a national conservation strategy was
formulated in conjunction with IUCN/WWF and is being considered by the government and
also the German Technical Cooperation Agency.
References
° FAO (1977). Conservation de la nature. Zaire. Conclusions et recommendations du projet.
FO: DP/ZA1/70/001, Rapport terminal. FAO, Rome.
° TUCN/UNEP (1983). La réparition des aires protégées en fonction des besoins de la
conservation des communautés biotiques de l’Afrique Centrale et de 1l’Ouest. Working
Document. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.
IUCN/WWFE Project 1613. Primate Action Fund.
IUCN/WWFE Project 1941. Zaire, Conservation of gorillas.
IUCN/WWE Project 1954. Zaire, Management of Garamba National Park.
IUCN/WWFE (1985). Rapport d’une mission au Zaire et Rwanda. IUCN/WWF, Gland,
Switerzland.
o 0 © o
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Protected Areas
(hectares)
National Parks
Garamba 492,000
Kahuzi-Biega 600,000
Kundelungu 760,000
Maiko 1,083,000
Salonga National Park 3,656,000
Salonga 3,656,000
Upemba 1,173,000
Virunga 780,000
Subtotal 12,200,000
Nature Reserves
Bomu
Eaux Delcommune
Lac Fwa
Game Reserves
Bombo-Lumene 240,000
Flora Reserves
Yangambi 250,000
Reserves
Shaba Elephant
Forest Reserves
Luki 33,000
Biosphere Reserves
Forest Reserve of Luki 33,000
Reserve Floristique de Yangambi 250,000
Vallee de la Lufira 14,700
Subtotal 297,700
World Heritage Sites
Garamba National Park 492,000
Kahuzi-Biega National Park 600,000
Virunga National Park 780,000
Subtotal 1,872,000
PARC NATIONAL DE GARAMBA
Management Category II (National Park)
World Heritage Site (Criteria: iii, iv)
Biogeographical Province 3.05.04 (East African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection The World Heritage Nomination document notes that the park "has had the
status of ’integral nature reserve’ since its creation as a national park according to the terms of
the 1933 London Convention" (sic). Limited settlement and hunting of small game for meat,
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Zaire
using spears and other traditional weapons, but not guns, is allowed in reserves surrounding the
park. It was designated a World Heritage site in 1980.
Date Established Established by decree on 17 March 1938, primarily to protect the northern
white rhino and northern savanna giraffe. Since 22 August 1969 the park has been governed
by Decree No. 69/041 and designated as a World Heritage Site in 1980. In 1984, it was put on
the list of the eleven most threatened areas by the IUCN General Assembly in Madrid.
Geographical Location In Uele District, north-east Zaire, on the Sudan border (Nile-Zaire
watershed). 28°48’-30°00’E, 3°45’-4°41°N.
Altitude 710-1,061m
Area 492,000ha. It is contiguous in the north to Lantoto Game Reserve in Sudan and is
surrounded in Zaire by three hunting areas totalling about 1,000,000ha: Reserve Azande (west),
Reserve Mondo-Missa (east), and Reserve Gangala na Bodio (south).
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features A vast undulating plateau, part of an ancient peneplain, broken by
inselbergs (generally of granitic formation) and sizeable marshland depressions. The largest
rivers are the Dungu, Aka, and Garamba. The tropical climate has a semi-moist rainy season
(March to November) and long dry period (November to March), during which, temperatures
range from 15°C to 35°C and hot dry north-easterly winds are common. Mean annual rainfall
is about 1,500mm.
Vegetation The park’s position, between the Guinean and Sudanese biogeographic realms,
makes it particularly interesting. The densely wooded savanna, gallery forests, and papyrus
marshes of the north and west gradually give way in the south to a less wooded savanna which
merges into grassy savanna. The main species of the treeless grasslands are Loudetia
arundinacea, Panicum and Hyparrhenia, which in August are over 2m high with the tallest
grass Urelytrum thyrsoides at over 5m. The savanna woodlands are often dominated by Albizia
sp. with predominant species including Bauhinia, Dombeya, Erythrina,fand coral trees. Gallery
forests and forest patches contain Irvingia smithii, Chlorophora excelsa, Klainedoxa sp., date
palms, khayas Khaya senegalensis, fig Ficus sp. or rubber, waterberry and flambeau trees. The
marshlands are dominated by Cyperus papyrus and Mitragyna africana. Forests are
predominantly Khaya senegalensis, Chlorophora excelsa and Klainedoxa sp..
Fauna The park contains probably the last viable natural population of square-lipped or
northern white rhinoceros Ceratotherium simum cottoni (T) which has been reduced to 10-15 by
intensive poaching and they are now on the IUCN list of the world’s 12 most threatened
animals. The elephant Loxodonta africana (T) are a unique population representing an
intermediary form on the cline between the forest and savanna sub-species, L. africana cyclotis
and L. africana africana, but have been reduced by two-thirds in the last seven years, by
poaching, to about 8,000. Other mammals include: northern savanna giraffe Giraffa
camelopardalis congoensis (occuring nowhere else in Zaire), hippopotamus Hippopotamus
amphibius, buffalo Syncerus caffer (about 53,000), hartebeest Alcelaphus sp., kob Kobus kob,
waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, chimpananzee Pan troglodytes (T), olive baboon Papio anubis,
colobus Colobus sp., vervet Cercopithecus aethiops and five other species of monkey, two
species of otter, five species of mongoose, golden cat Felis aurata, leopard Panthera pardus (T),
lion Panthera leo, warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus, bushpig Potamochoerus porcus, roan
antelope Hippotragus equinus, and six other antelope species.
Conservation Management There are 22 patrol points on the boundary. Weapons for
anti-poaching were U.S. army .300 carbines, but there were few anti-poaching patrols and
arrests were minimal. The proposed third sector of control in the north, administered by an
additional station (Berudua), would, it is suggested, improve protection in the northern area
bordering Sudan. Five surveillance posts have been set up in the surrounding hunting areas in
an attempt to control the hunting. Garamba is famous for the African Elephant Training
School at Gangala-na-Bodio, south-west of the park. However, there are reports of imminent
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
closure of the centre due to both lack of funds, and a lack of trained elephants (only four now
remain). A WWF project is being carried out which will provide the technical advisors,
equipment and anti-poaching supplies necessary to restore the infra-structure, management and
anti-poaching capability of the park. This includes use of a light aircraft to locate rhinoceros
and has proved the most effective method of locating them and counteracting poaching. Foot
patrols and an increase in the number of vehicles are also having some effect. However,
prospects for conserving the remaining rhinoceros are poor (WWF 1984). IUCN/WWF Project
1954 has been set up to counteract poaching and rehabilitate the park, including staff training
and improvement of infrastructure. This and an FAO project seem to be having success in
improving park infrastructure and management.
Zoning The park contains two zones of control: the eastern sector (Nagero Station) and the
western sector (Gangala-na-Bodio Station), though, the current management plan recommends
three zones of control: North, East, and West. The park is surrounded by three hunting areas
which act as buffer zones on the east, west, and north (totalling about 1! million ha):
Mondo-Missa in Faradje and Aba zones controlled by Nagero Station; Gangala-na-Bodio in
Faradje and Dungu zones; and Azande in Dungu zone.
Disturbances or Deficiencies Elephant numbers fell from about 22,000 in 1976 to about 8,000
in 1983 and numbers of many other species declined considerably after the political unrest in
the 1960s. The square-lipped rhinoceros numbered 259 in 1975, but have been threatened by
recent fighting in Sudan and Uganda. A 1983, intensive aerial survey aided by ground counts
involving 150 guards revealed only 15-20 individuals (WWF News 24). A massive increase in
poaching in the park in recent years, which threatened the surviving rhinoceros population, but
the situation has apparently improved recently, mainly due to FAO/IUCN activity. However,
more recent estimates give the number of rhinoceros to be 10-15 and there is doubt whether
they can be conserved (Thorsell, 1985). In 1983 it was reported that management planning was
weak and needed support, weaknesses including lack of co-ordinated management of the two
sectors of control and the relatively unprotected northern boundary on the Sudan border.
Control also needed to be improved in the surrounding hunting areas. Park management
practices, once recognised as among the finest in Africa, were reported to have deteriorated to
a level that could have resulted in irreversible degradation of resources. The park lacked
sufficient trained personnel, equipment, vehicles, supplies, and funds, and communications are
extremely difficult. However the situation would appear to be improving. An IUCN/WWF
mission to the area in 1985 reported that equipment and assistance provided under project
1954, and the work of FAO, had led to development of a solid park infrastructure. Protection
of the park had been intensified to the point where poaching had virtually disappeared.
Visitor Facilities High potential exists for tourist development in the area of the Elephant
Training School as part of a coordinated project to rehabilitate Garamba.
Scientific Research No recent information
Special Scientific Facilities It is planned to establish a research laboratory at Nagero.
Principal Reference Material
° De Saeger, H. (1954). Introduction Exploration du Parc National de la Garamba. Mission
H. De Saeger. Just. Parcs. Nat. Congo. Belge : 1-107.
° IUCN (1985). Threatened Natural Areas, Plants and Animals of the World. Parks 10: 15-17.
° IUCN/WWFE Project 1954. Garamba National Park.
° IUCN/WWF (1985). Rapport d’une mission au Zaire et Rwanda. IUCN/WWF, Gland,
Switzerland.
° Kabala Matuka (1976). La conservation de la nature au Zaire. Aspects. Edition Lokola,
Kinshasa: 237-42.
° Maldague, M. (1979). Parc National de la Garamba. Recommandations d’aménagement.
Mission Unesco/WCNH, Zaire.
° Mackie, C. (1984). A preliminary evaluation of Conservation Development in Garamba
National Park and Recent Poaching Developments in Garamba National Park. Reports
submitted to IUCN/WWE/FZS.
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Zaire
° Pierret, P.V., Grimm, M., Petit, J.M. and Dimoleyele-ku-Gilima Buna (1976). Contribution
a l’etude des grands mammiféres du PNG et zones annexes. FAO Document de travail No.
4 ZAI/70/001. 49 pp.
° Project Proposal (1983) to IUCN for rehabilitation programme for Garamba National Park.
° Rogers, P.M., Hillman, A.K.K., Mankoto ma Mbaelele and Mankoto ma Oyisenzoo (1983).
Développement et conservation du Parc national de la Garamba. FAO Kinshasa. Rapport de
terrain 01/84.
° Savidge, J.M., Woodford, M.H. and Croze, H. (1976). Report on a mission to Zaire, 3-10
April 1976. FAO W/K1593 34 pp, 13 maps.
° Thorsell, J. (1985). World Heritage Report - 1984. Parks 10: 8-9.
° Van den Bergh, W. (1955). Nos rhinoceros blancs. Zool. Garten 21(3): 129-151.
° Verschuren, J. (1948). Ecologie et biologie des grand mammiféres (primates, carnivores,
ongules). Exploration du parc national de la Garamba. Mission H. de Saeger (1949-1952).
Institut des Parcs Nationaux du Congo Belge, Bruxelles. 225 pp. 2 colour plates
° World Heritage Nomination submitted to Unesco for Garamba National Park. (Includes a
more detailed bibliography).
° WWE Monthly Report November 1984. The Last Refuge of the Northern White Rhino.
Staff Core staff include: head conservator at Gangala-na-Bodio, conservator at Nagero and
about 180 guards throughout the park. Four duty game rangers and their families at each of
the 22 patrol points are responsible for surveillance on the boundary (1980). Under
IUCN/WWE Project 1954, two expatriate advisers are implementing the programme and
training their Zairois counterparts to take over in 1987.
Budget No recent information
Local Park or Reserve Administration Head Curator, Parc National de la Garamba,
Gangala-na-Bodio, or Institut Zairois pour la Conservation de la Nature, 13 Avenue des
Cliniques, Kinshasa Gombe, BP 868 Kinshasa 1.
Date 1984
PARC NATIONAL DE KAHUZI-BIEGA
Management Category II (National Park)
World Heritage Site (Criteria ii, iii, iv)
Biogeographical Province 3.20.12 (Central African Highlands)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 30 November 1970 by Decree 70-316. It was enlarged from 75,000ha to
600,000ha in July 1975 by Decree 75-238. Part of the area had been a reserve since 1960. It
was accepted as a World Heritage Site in 1980.
Geographical Location Eastern Zaire, 50km west of the town of Bukavu in Kivu Region,
near the Rwanda and Burundi borders. 2°10’-2°52’S, 28°40°-28°50°E.
Altitude 1,800-3,400m (Kahuzi Volcano)
Area 600,000ha
Land Tenure Government
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Physical Features In the eastern part are the Western mountains of the Great Rift Valley in
the Zaire River basin, between Walungu and Massisi. A very undulating terrain in the west
forms a belt between the lowland and high altitude forests. The park takes its name from two
extinct volcanoes. Throughout the year maximum temperatures are about 18°C and minimum
temperatures about 10.4°C. Mean annual rainfall is about 1800mm with wide variation.
Humidity varies between 50% and 85%.
Vegetation Two-thirds of the mountain forest is dense primary forest intermixed with
bamboo, especially at higher altitudes. Some patches of more open vegetation occur at lower
altitudes. The remaining area is mainly mesophytic woodland including Hagenia trees and
areas of Cyperus swamp and peatbog. Alpine and sub-alpine grassland occur at high altitudes.
The park extension (1975) is a vast undulating area of equatorial rain forest.
Fauna. The park was established to protect 200-300 mountain gorilla Gorilla gorilla (disputed
whether the subspecies is heringei (T) or graueri (T)) occuring mainly in the forests at
2,100-2,400m, but also in the lower rain forest. The ’mosaic’ of biotypes makes the park an
excellent gorilla habitat. Other primates include: chimpanzee Pan troglodytes (T), owl-faced
monkey Cercopithecus hamlyni, and numerous Cercopithecinae and Colobinae including black
and white colobus monkey Colobus guereza and red colobus Colobus badius. Other mammals
include: elephant Loxodonta africana (T), forest hog Hylochoerus meinertzhageni and many
antelope and duiker. Avifauna include the endemic Rockefeller’s sunbird Nectarinia
rockefelleri (R), African green broadbill Pseudocalyptomena graueri (R), and Grauer’s swamp
warbler Bradypterus graueri (V).
Conservation Management There is a secondary station at Itebero on the northern boundary.
Five new patrol points were planned in 1980. A regional Conservation Strategy focusing on the
park is to be initiated by the Government of Zaire in 1985. This park is the focus for
IUCN/WWF Project 1613’s efforts to conserve the mountain gorilla.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies Agricultural activities especially tea growing occur on the
periphery and, in the past, slash and burn rotational agriculture was practised throughout the
area. Poaching affects most species and the road system has deteriorated to the point where it
is not possible for the guards to adequately patrol the park. Recent economic problems in
Zaire have resulted in a marked decrease in the effectiveness of management, and thus, a
decline in tourism, which had previously provided a cash flow for the region.
Visitor Facilities _ The mountain gorillas, including one or two groups accustomed to being
watched, are the unique attraction. An asphalt road crosses the park from east to west and
some paths are kept open to facilitate gorilla observation.
Scientific Research Studies of geology and botany are planned in collaboration with the
Institut des Recherches Scientifiques en Afrique Centrale (IRSAC).
Special Scientific Facilities IZCN intends to establish a small research centre at Tchivanga.
Principal Reference Material
° Goodall, A.G. (1974). Studies on the ecology of the mountain gorilla of the Mt
Kahuzi-Biega region (Zaire) and comparisons with the mountain gorillas of the Virunga
Volcanoes. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, University of Liverpool.
° ITUCN/WWFE Project 1613. Primate Action Fund.
° Marius, C. (1972-3). Vegetation maps of Kahuzi-Biega.
° World Heritage Nomination to Unesco for Kahuzi-Biega National Park. (Includes a more
detailed bibliography.)
Staff Chief Curator, Assistant Curator and a resident biologist at Tchivanga. Four patrol
points with a total of 35 guards. There are plans to increase this staff by 40 (1980).
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Zaire
Budget Annual budget varies, but covers staff and maintenance.
Local Park or Reserve Administration Institut Zairois pour la Conservation de la Nature
(IZCN), 13 Avenue des Cliniques, Kinshasa Gombe, BP 868 Kinshasa.
Date 1984
PARC NATIONAL DES KUNDELUNGU
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.06.04 (Congo Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total as a ’réserve naturelle intégrale’ under the 1933 London Convention
Date Established 30 November 1970 by Ordinance 70-317. Extended from 120,000ha to
760,000ha by Ordinance 75-097 of 1 March 1975. Much of the area had been protected as a
hunting reserve since 11 November 1939 under Decree 80/Agri. and 16 July 1949 under Decree
52/100. Vallée de la Lufira Biosphere Reserve is within the park and was approved by MAB
bureau June 1982.
Geographical Location In Shaba Region, southern Zaire, centred 10°35’S, extending
27°51°-30°00°E.
Altitude 1,200-1,700m
Area 760,000ha
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The park comprises two main features. The Kundelungu section is a
plateau and foothills characteristic of the Shaba Region. The western limit is formed by 400m
cliffs which fall perpendicularly to the other main section, the Lufira River valley. The falls
on the Lofoi River (tributary of the Lufira) are reputed to be the highest in Africa at 384m
with a single fall of 347m. Mean annual temperature is 12°C on the plateau and 20°C in the
valley.
Vegetation Principal vegetation types are open woodland dominated by Brachystegia covering
about 90% of the plateau up to about 1,600m; grassy savanna with Hyparrhenia predominant;
and wooded savanna with gallery forests along the drainage lines. Above about 1,500m, the
gallery forest is characterised by afro-montane species. A preliminary phytogeographic
analysis of the plateau has shown a typically Zambezian flora with species such as Cyathea
thomsoni, Pteris catoptera, Nymphaea sulphurea, Hypericum oligandrum, Indigofera peltata,
Dolichos bianoensis, Drosera affinis, D. katangensis, Craterostigma kundelungense,
and Psychotria mushiticola.
Fauna The park is particularly rich in ungulates with at least 15 species including:
zebra Equus burchelli, duikers, klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus, reedbuck Redunca redunca,
waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, roan antelope Hippotragus equinus and _ sable
antelope Hippotragus niger, bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, greater kudu Tragelaphus
strepsiceros, and eland Taurotragus oryx. Primates include: savanna monkey Cercopithecus
aethiops, blue monkey Cercopithecus mitis kandti, yellow baboon Papio cynocephalus, olive
baboon Papio anubis and bushbabies Galagoides demidoff, and Galago senegalensis. Felidae
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include leopard Panthera pardus (T) and cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T). This park is within the
only region of Zaire in which zebra and cheetah occur. Birds include wattled crane Bugeranus
carunculatus (of special concern) and ground hornbill Bucorvus leadbeateri.
Population There is a population of fishermen in the area, particularly on the Lufira River.
Conservation Management Fire is an important factor in the park and fire research and
management are urgently needed to prevent a change in character of much of the area.
Zoning The park comprises a 220,000ha strict nature reserve and a 540,000ha annexed zone.
Some areas are set aside for tourist facilities.
Disturbances or Deficiencies Severe poaching continues, the species particularly at risk
including zebra, sable, cheetah and elephant. Some incursion of grazing animals, illegal
settlement, fires, and mineral exploitation also occur.
Scientific Research No detailed scientific study as yet. However, research is developing in
part of the region in collaboration with scientists at the University of Lubumbashi. There are a
number of geological publications on Kundelungu and Shaba regions.
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material World Heritage Nomination to Unesco for Kundelungu National
Park. (Includes a detailed bibliography).
Staff Park station at Katwe and six patrol posts with 51 guards (1981)
Budget 1981 - 124.142,85 Zaires
Local Park or Reserve Administration Parc National de Kunelungu, 972 Avenue du Kasai, BP
309, Lubumbashi.
Date 1984
PARC NATIONAL DE LA MAIKO
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.20.12 (Central African Highlands)
Legal Protection Protected as a total natural reserve under the terms of the 1933 London
Convention.
Date Established 20 November 1970 by Ordinance 70-312
Geographical Location In Kivu and Haut-Zaire Regions, eastern Zaire. 0°00’-1°00°S,
27°00’-28°30°E.
Altitude 700-1,300m
Area 1,083,000ha
Land Tenure Government
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Zaire
Physical Features It is located in the semi-mountainous region between the central Zaire
River basin and the mountain ranges of the west side of the Rift Valley, at Massisi and Béni.
The north and south are undulating, but the central area is almost flat. Ferralitic soils
predominate with underlying pre-Cambrian baserock. The park is drained by the Maiko Lindi
and Lubutu Rivers. Precipitation is the highest in Zaire at 1,200 to 1,800mm, with almost no
dry season.
Vegetation The area is almost completely covered by dense humid equatorial forest of low to
medium altitude which form a transitional zone between the lowland forests of the Zaire basin
and the mountain forests. Much of the forest appears to be primary.
Fauna The typical forest fauna includes elephant Loxodonta africana (T), buffalo Syncerus
caffer, leopard Panthera pardus (T), and various antelope including duikers. The most
important and characteristic animals are mountain gorilla Gorilla gorilla berengei (E),
okapi Okapia johnstoni, and the endemic Congo peacock Afropavo congensis (of special
concern).
Population The whole area is extremely remote with no inhabitants, except some occasional
groups concentrated along the roads.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies Some tree felling and poaching of elephant, okapi and duikers
and illicit gold mining have been difficult to control, particularly due to the size of the park
and nature of the terrain, but also due to human pressure on the boundaries and the existence
of rebel forces. Lack of sufficient management infrastructure, trained staff, and management
plans is also a problem.
Scientific Research Studies based on developing inventories of flora and fauna, have been
carried out by staff and students of Kisangani. Scientific research is fairly rudimentary. A
project is planned on the Zaire ’peacock’.
Special Scientific Facilities Not yet developed
Principal Reference Material
° None reported, but apparently information on the area is available from the Agricultural
Training School (Ecole Technique Agricole) at Butembo, the Administrative Service of the
area and the Geological Service at Bukavu (Kivu).
Staff Some 29 patrol posts with a total of 43 guards (1981)
Budget 1981 - 164.691,86 Zaires
Local Park or Reserve Administration Institut Zairois pour la Conservation de la Nature
(IZCN), BP 868, Kinshasa 1.
Date 1984
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
PARC NATIONAL DE LA SALONGA
Management Category II (National Park)
World Heritage Site (criteria: ii, iii)
Biogeographical Province 3.02.01 (Congo Rain Forest)
Legal Protection Total. It is defined in law as ’une réserve naturelle intégrale’ in the sense of
the 1933 London Convention and declared a World Heritage Site in October 1984. Public
access is controlled.
Date Established 30 November 1970 by Ordinance 70-318
Geographical Location Central Zaire basin. 1°00’-3°20’S, 20°-22°30°E.
Altitude 350-700m rising from west to east
Area 3,600,000ha in two sectors of approximately equal size, separated by about 45km.
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The park comprises a large section of the central basin of the Zaire River,
a very isolated region mainly accessible by water transport. 3 types of landscape can be
recognised: low plateaux, river terraces, and high plateaux, each with different associated
vegetation. Rivers in the west of the north sector are large and meandering with marshy
banks. On the higher ground in the east, valleys are deeper, and rivers may run below cliffs of
up to 80m. The south sector includes the watershed between the basin of the Luilaka to the
north and east, Likoro to the west, and Lukenje to the south. Soils are a thin humus layer over
Kalahari sands with several lateritic flushes. Climate is typically continental equatorial, hot
and humid with mean annual precipitation of 1,300mm and a slightly drier season from June to
August. Mean annual temperature 25.5°C. Temperatures are stable with daily mean variations
from 20°C at night to 32°C during the day. Cloud cover is often complete until 1000 hours,
associated with fog and storms from midday to 1500 hours, but skies are often clear at night to
0400 hours.
Vegetation Equatorial forest covers most of the area, varying in composition according to the
geomorphology. The principal forest types are swamp, riverine, and dry-land forests. A
grassland vegetation, rather than savanna, occurs in the north sector, known locally as
*botoka-djokw’ or elephant’s bath. The total area of grassland is under 0.5% of the park area.
Southwards, the vegetation is more open with ’esobe’ clearings. Species composition has been
little studied.
Fauna No systematic faunal survey has been carried out, but most forest animals appear to be
present. The most important species that has been reported is pygmy chimpanzee Pan paniscus
(T) which is endemic to Zaire. However, it is absent from the north sector and there is now
doubt that it still exists in the south sector. Other species include colobus monkeys Colobus
polykomos angolensis and C. badius, Cercopithecus spp., long-tailed pangolin Manis
tetradactyla, giant ground pangolin M. gigantea, both subspecies of elephant Loxodonta
africana cyclotis (T) and L. africana africana (T), yellow-backed duiker Cephalophus
sylvicultor, water chevrotain Hyemoschus aquaticus, sitatunga Tragelaphus spekei,
bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, bongo Tragelaphus euryceros, and pygmy Cape
buffalo Syncerus caffer nanus. Birds include: cattle egret Bubulcus ibis, black stork Ciconia
nigra (migrant), yellow-billed stork Mycteria ibis and the endemic Zaire ‘peacock’ Afropavo
congensis. Reptiles include African slender-snouted crocodile Crocodylus cataphractus (1).
Population Some groups of pygmies live in the park.
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Zaire
Conservation Management There is no management plan. To date, a policy of
non-management of the natural system has been followed to allow natural evolution of the
ecosystems. It seems that this will in future be supplemented by a strategy of scientific
management aimed at avoiding unexpected disturbance of the natural balance. Representatives
of IUCN and WWF visited the park in 1985 and made a number of recommendations. While
noting the problems of poaching they suggested that control of this was not the major priority
and suggested instead that increased effort should go into improving knowledge of the region;
making the population of the area more aware of the value of the park, and if possible
involving them in management activities; improvement of information on the relationship
between local population and the ecosystems of the park (studies of ethno-botany etc);
improvement of park infrastructure, and provision of a research station.
Zoning 20ha zone for administrative services and guard posts
Disturbances or Deficiencies Poaching both by traditional and modern methods. There is
some impact from local population pressure, habitat destruction by fire, tree cutting for
firewood, and honey gathering. It is not really known, however, to what extent this may be
detrimentally affecting the area, if at all. Perhaps more serious is the lack of sufficient
management infrastructure, trained staff and management planning.
Scientific Research Phytosociological studies of Pan paniscus were carried out by park staff
in the south sector. IUCN has requested its Primate Specialist Group to assess the status of Pan
paniscus in the park. In general knowledge of the area is law, and further research urgently
required.
Special Scientific Facilities A permanent research station is planned.
Principal Reference Material
° TUCN/WWF (1985). Rapport d’une mission au Zaire et Rwanda. IUCN/WWF, Gland,
Switzerland.
° Pierret, P.V. and Petit, J.M. (1976). Contribution a l’Etude et Aménagement du Parc
national de la Salonga. FAO, Rome.
World Heritage Nomination Form submitted to Unesco.
Staff Chief conservator at Anga, conservator at Monkoto, and 16 patrol posts with 87 guards
and 22 workmen.
Budget 1981 - 267.748,03 Zaires
Local Park or Reserve Administration Parc National de Salonga, BP 10 4 Monkoto, (via
Boende), Région de l’Equateur.
Date 1984
PARC NATIONAL DE L’UPEMBA
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.06.04 (Congo Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total as a ’réserve naturelle integral’ in the sense of the 1933 London
Convention.
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Date Established Established on 15 May 1939 by Royal Decree and reviewed by Ordinance
Law 69-041 of 22 August 1969; there has been some modification since independance and the
area is now defined by Ordinance 75-241 of 22 July 1975.
Geographical Location In the Shaba Region of Katanga, south-east Zaire. 8°30’-9°50’S,
26°00’-27°20°E.
Altitude Up to 1,800m
Area 1,173,000ha; reduced from 1,773,00ha in 1975
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The park contains part of the Lake Upemba depression, which includes
many lakes and swamps drained mainly by the Lufua and Lualaba Rivers. The lower Lufira
crosses the area from the falls at Kiubo to Upemba Lake and there are numerous other
watercourses, temporary pools, and permanent lagoons. The high Kibara Plateau in the north
is part of an ancient peneplain, now separated from Biano Plateau in the south by a geological
fissure. Parts of these old plateaux are highly eroded and several spectacular gorges occur in
the park, such as Pelenge, Munte, and Kipanga. Annual precipitation is 1,200-1,400mm, with
a dry season from April to October. Day temperature is 20-22°C during the dry season,
dropping as low as 8°C during the night in the high plateaux. Relative humidity is generally
low.
Vegetation About 40% of the park comprises lowland aquatic habitats with papyrus, joint
vetches, and cattails. Grassy savannas fringe the lakes and swamps. The rivercourses are lined
by gallery forests with khayas (mahogany), fig or rubber trees. Lowland wooded savannas
(miombo type) have dominant species such as wuapaca trees, bark-cloth trees, palmyra
palms, Sansevieria, Hyparrhenia grass, satin-tail grass, and Panicum. Highland gallery forest is
dominated by rafia palms and bamboos. The open Kantagese forest is dominated
by J/soberlinia and bark-cloth trees. There is a large grassy savanna on the plateaux with
species including Hyparrhenia, Andropogon, Paspalum and Tricholaena, and some trees and
shrubs of Dissotis and Protea.
Fauna Hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, lechwe Kobus leche, waterbuck Kobus
ellipsiprymnus, buffalo Syncerus caffer, and elephant Loxodonta africana occur (T) in the
lower areas. On higher plateaux, there are: roan antelope Hippotragus equinus,
eland Taurotragus oryx, Lichtenstein’s hartebeest Alcelaphus lichtensteini and zebra Equus
burchelli. In the forest are sable antelope Hippotragus niger. Other mammals include: six
species of monkey, lion Panthera leo, leopard Panthera pardus (T), cheetah Acinonyx jubatus
(T), spotted hyena Crocuta crocuta, wild dog Lycaon pictus (T), bushpig Potamochoerus porcus,
warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus and eight further species of antelope. Birds include wattled
crane Bugeranus carunculatus (of special concern), shoebill Balaeniceps rex (of special concern),
and species possibly in the area include spotted ground thrush Turdus fischeri (R). Most of the
range of the endemic black-lored waxbill Estrilda nigriloris (K) is within this park. Reptiles
include Crocodylus cataphractus (V).
Conservation Management Fire is an important factor in the park and fire research and
management are urgently needed to prevent a change in character of much of the area. At
present, a policy of non-direction of the natural ecosystem is followed. This is reinforced with
measures to ensure that unexpected disruptions of the equilibrium are avoided.
Zoning Most of the park is managed as a strict nature reserve, but tourist use of certain areas
is allowed.
Disturbances or Deficiencies During the period of political unrest (1960-1963) great damage
was caused in the area and game was slaughtered by professional hunters and _ soldiers.
Poaching is still a problem and the lower areas of the park are under pressure from
encroachment by local people.
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Zaire
Scientific Research Several geological studies have been carried out in the Upemba region.
Special Scientific Facilities A research laboratory is planned at Lusinga station.
Principal Reference Material
° Literature on the park is fairly extensive and some 52 references are included in the
bibliography attached to the 1983 World Heritage Nomination for this area. However, most
of these references were written during colonial times.
Staff There are two main stations, at Lusinga in the north, and Layo in the south, with a total
of 128 guards (1981),
Budget 1981 - 392.369,07 Zaires.
Local Park or Reserve Administration Institut Zairois pour la Conservation de la Nature
(IZCN), BP 868, Kinshasa 1.
Date 1984
PARC NATIONAL DES VIRUNGAS
Management Category II (National Park)
World Heritage Site (Criteria: ii, iii, iv)
Biogeographical Province 3.20.12 (Central African Highlands)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established Established in 1925 as Albert National Park; revised by Decree No. 69-041
of 22 August 1969 as Virunga National Park. Designated as a World Heritage Site in 1979.
Geographical Location North-east Zaire, on the border with Uganda and Rwanda, 95% in
Kivu Province and 5% in Haut-Zaire. 0°55’N-1°35’S, 29°10’-30°00’E.
Altitude 798m in the extreme north to 5,119m in the Ruwenzori range
Area 780,000ha. This was reduced from the original area of 809,000ha when a small area of
the park was incorporated into Rwanda. The boundaries have undergone slight modifications
on several occasions, but these have affected under 2.5% of the park area. Contiguous to the
Gorilla Sanctuary (2,900ha) in Uganda and the Volcanoes National Park (23,000ha) in Rwanda.
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The park includes: part of Lake Edward (Idi Amin), the Semliki River
valley, parts of the Rwindi, Ishasha and Rutshuru valleys south of the lake, the Virunga area
within Zaire, and part of the Ruwenzori range. Lake Edward belongs to the Nile river system
and Lake Kivu to the Congo Basin river system. Features include hot springs in the Rwindi
plains and the Virunga Massif volcanoes, some such as Nyamulagira and Nyiragongo are still
active. The areas of lowest and highest rainfall in Zaire are in Virunga National Park - under
75km apart and ranging from 500mm at Lake Edward to over 3,000mm on the west slope of
Mt Ruwenzori. The considerable altitude range results in marked climatic variations which
affect the overall biological and geographical diversity of habitats. Habitat types include: lakes
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
at various altitudes, marshy deltas and peat bogs, savannas and lava plains, low altitude
equatorial forest, high altitude glaciers, and snow fields (the Ruwenzori peaks have permanent
snow cover).
Vegetation Located at the border between several biogeographical zones, the park protects
both tropical rain forest and eastern steppe species, and its range of altitudes adds to the
habitat variety. The diversity includes: bamboo and Hagenia forest on the mountains;
equatorial forest along the Semiliki; wooded savanna of the Rwindi; steppes of Carissa,
Capparis, Maerua and Euphorbia calycina; various low savannas including Themeda, Imperata,
Pennisetum, Hyparrhenia, Acacia sieberana, A. hebeclada and Combretum; swamps and
transitional habitats including Craterostigma prairies and Sporobolus savanna; dry thick forest
of Euphorbia dawai; Neoboutonia macrocalyx forest on the lava plains; wet thick forest; white
heath of Erica, Philippia, Podocarpus milanjianus, Hypericum ruwenzoriense, Hagenia
abyssinica and Rapanea pellucidostriata; alpine forests of Dendrosenecio and giant Lobelia; and
sparse vegetation above 4,300m comprising mainly lichens and spermatophyta, although
Graminae have been found growing at over 5,000m.
Fauna Some of the largest wild animal concentrations in Africa occur along the rivers of the
park. Mammals in the savanna of the Rwindi area include: elephant Loxodonta africana (T),
hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius (over 20,000), buffalo Syncerus caffer, numerous
antelope including kob Kobus kob, defassa waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus defassa and
topi Damaliscus lunatus, warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus, lion Panthera leo and various
monkeys. Large numbers of pelicans Pelecanus sp. occur on the lower Rutshuru. In the
Semiliki Valley and on the slopes of the Virunga mountains are gorilla Gorilla gorilla berengei
(T) (about 140 were recorded in the Zaire Virungas in 1980), chimpanzee Pan troglodytes (T),
and okapi Okapia johnstoni. In the extreme north are forest hog Hylochoerus meinertzhageni
and bongo Tragelaphus euryceros. Birds include: Nahan’s francolin Francolinus nahani (R),
forest ground thrush Turdus oberlaenderi (R), shoebill Balaeniceps rex (of special concern) and
probably papyrus yellow warbler Chloropeta gracilirostris (R).
Conservation Management An ’integral conservation policy’ has been in operation for over 50
years. Savanna fires, which maintain the fire-climax vegetation, are managed by the park
authorities. IUCN/WWF Project 1941 aims to carry out a survey of the status of the gorilla
and provide necessary data for their improved preservation and protection of their habitat.
Zoning No information
Disturbances or Deficiencies Poaching, although not on a large scale, is a chronic threat,
particularly to elephant. Fishing is a potential threat, and more than 8,000 people live in the
fishing village at Vitshumbi. There is also a potential future threat from the construction of
the Semliki and Rutshuru dams.
Scientific Research This park is exceptional in Africa in that it was set up primarily for
scientific research, during Belgian Colonial rule. Much detailed work has been carried out on
specific taxa, from insects to mammals, particularly in the 1930s and 1950s, largely by
Belgians. A 1981 census of the gorilla population, funded by WWF and the New York
Zoological Society, showed that numbers are declining and it recommended international
co-operation to improve protection measures.
Special Scientific Facilities No information
Principal Reference Material
° Many publications obtainable through L’Institute Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique,
rue Vautier 29, B-1040 Bruxelles.
° Bourliére and Verschuren, J. (1972). Exploration du Parc national des Virunga.
* IUCN/WWF Project 1941. Conservation of Gorillas.
° IUCN/WWF (1985). Rapport d’une mission au Zaire et Rwanda. IUCN/WWF, Gland,
Switzerland.
-922-
Zaire
Staff Three major stations (Rwindi, Rumangabo and Mutsora) and 2 subsidiary stations with
at least 250 forest guards. About 15 senior staff (1981)
Budget State subsidised
Local Park or Reserve Administration Parc National des Virunga, Station de la Rwindi,
Rwindi, D/S Goma, Kivu, Institut Zairois pour la Conservation de la Nature (IZCN), BP 868,
Kinshasa 1.
Date 1984
RESERVE NATURELLE DE BOMU
Management Category No category assigned
Biogeographical Province 3.05.04 (East African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Partial
Date Established No information
Geographical Location Bas-Uele. The northern boundary is the Bomu River, which defines
the frontier with the Central African Republic. Approximately 5°00’N, 26°00’E.
Altitude About 500m
Area’ No information
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features No information
Vegetation Congo woodland savanna
Fauna Elephant Loxodonta africana (V), buffalo Syncerus caffer, and
hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius.
Zoning No information
Disturbances or Deficiencies Poaching
Visitor Facilities No information
Scientific Research None
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material None listed
Staff Guards
Budget Provided by IZCN
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Local Park or Reserve Administration Institut Zairois pour la Conservation de la Nature
(IZCN), BP 868, Kinshasa 1.
Date 1984
DOMAINE DE CHASSE DE BOMBO LUMENE
Management Category No category assigned
Biogeographical Province 3.06.04 (Congo Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Partial
Date Established Initially set up in the 1930s, it was regazetted by Ministerial Arrété No.07
of 10 February 1968, and modified by No.621 of 16 April 1976.
Geographical Location Western Zaire near the border with Congo; 130km east of Kinshasa.
Approximately 4°40’S, 16°00°E.
Altitude 650-750m
Area 240,000ha
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features It is part of the Bateke plateau with some very deep valleys.
Vegetation The savanna has vestiges of forest, especially along rivers.
Fauna There are buffalo Syncerus caffer, small antelope, bush pig Potamochoerus porcus, and
possibly some hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius. The white-headed robin-chat Cossypha
heinrichi, which has a limited range is only protected within this reserve.
Zoning Part of the area is a hunting area, with a réserve integrale in the middle constituting
about one-third of total area.
Disturbances or Deficiencies Heavy poaching
Visitor Facilities _ Access from Kinshasa is easy and it has good tourist potential. There is
some accomodation in the reserve (14 beds), but it is in need of restoration.
Scientific Research None
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material None listed
Staff Some 24 wardens and rangers
Budget Salaries only are provided by IZCN, operating funds are negligible.
Local Park or Reserve Administration Institut Zairois pour la Conservation de la Nature
(IZCN), BP 868, Kinshasa |}.
Date 1984
-924-
Zaire
RESERVE FLORISTIQUE DE YANGAMBI
Management Category I and IX (Strict Nature Reserve and Biosphere Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.02.01 (Congo Rain Forest)
Legal Protection Strict forest reserve; part of the State Botanical Forest at Yangambi Station,
National Institute for Agronomic Study and Research (Institut National pour l’Etude et la
Recherche Agronomique, INERA)
Date Established Accepted as a Biosphere Reserve in June 1976
Geographical Location West of Kisangani on the north bank of the Zaire River.
0°00’-0°40’N, 24°00’-25°00°E.
Altitude No information
Area 250,000ha
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features Relatively flat terrain with tropical red (ferrous) soils
Vegetation Dense semi-deciduous rain forests
Fauna Hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, bongo Tragelaphus euryceros,
sitatunga Tragelaphus spekei, elephant Loxodonta africana (V), and several species of monkey
occur.
Population No information
Conservation Management No information
Zoning The reserve contains a strict core zone and a monitored floristic zone.
Disturbances or Deficiencies Some villages have been established, so there is traditional
agriculture and hunting.
Visitor Facilities No information
Scientific Research No information
Special Scientific Facilities Yangambi Station has an up-to-date herbarium which could serve
as a nucleus for other studies.
Principal Reference Material None listed
Staff At present, there is a chief of the Botanic and Forestry Office assisted by 30 technical
personnel.
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration Direction Générale de l'Institut National pour l’Etude
et la Recherche Agronomique (INERA), BP 1513, Kisangani.
Date 1984
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
RESERVE FORESTIERE DE LUKI
Management Category IV and IX (Managed Nature Reserve and Biosphere Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.02.01 (Congo Rain Forest)
Legal Protection Hunting and fishing are prohibited. There has been no tree was felling
since 1963.
Date Established Forest reserve since 1937, but total protection of the trees only operational
since 1963. Accepted as a Biosphere Reserve in May 1979.
Geographical Location Situated in Bas Zaire, north of the Zaire River, about 150km from the
Atlantic coast. 5°35’S, 13°10°E
Altitude 160-350m
Area 33,000ha
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The bedrock is mainly gneisses and schists of the Mayumbe system and the
area is drained by the Luki River and a dense network of tributaries. Mean annual
precipitation is 1163mm, but very variable. Mean annual temperature is 24°C.
Vegetation Much of the area has sub-equatorial rain forest, now mainly disturbed and
secondary, but still diverse. The main forest types represented include high forest dominated
by Gilbertiodendron and Gossweilerodendron; various secondary formations occur, especially
of Terminalia superba; and there is some savanna.
Fauna The varied fauna includes elephant Loxodonta africana (T).
Conservation Management No information
Zoning No information
Disturbances or Deficiencies The area was severely logged until 1963. A small area is
cultivated.
Visitor Facilities No information
Scientific Research The region has been the subject of considerable study. There are no
proposals for new research at present, but management has been passed to INERA so _ that
research on tropical silviculture can be carried out.
Special Scientific Facilities No information
Principal Reference Material
Baeyens (1938). Les sols de l’Afrique Centrale, spécialement du Congo Belge. Tome 1 - de
Bas-Congo. Publication INEAC, out of print.
° Cahen, L. (1954). La géologie du Congo Belge. Vaillant Carmanne, Liége.
° Donis, C. (1948). La forét dense congolaise et l’état actuel de sa sylviculture. Bull. Agricole
du Congo Velge 2: 261-320.
° Donis, C. and Maudoux, E. (1951). Sur l’uniformisation par le haut. Publ. INEAC,
scientific series. No. 51.
° Katembo Wanzou (1974). Observations phénologiques sur quelques essences forestiéres
importantes du Mayumné 4 Luki.
° Lebrum, J. and Gilbert, G. (1954). Une classificatioon écologique des foréts du Congo.
Publ INEAC, scientific series No. 63.
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Zaire
° Meulemberg (1949). L’introduction a Vletude pédologique des sols du _Bas-fleuve
(Congo-Belge). Bruxelles.
° Mutoji, A. and Kazadi (1974). La cartographie forestigre de la réserve forestiere de Luki.
INERA, Mayumbé.
° Paelink (1958). Note sur l’estimation du volume des peuplements 4 Terminalis superbas au
Mayumbé, 4 l’aide des photos aériennes. Bull. Agricole du Congo Belge 44(4): 1045-1054.
° Wagemans (1961). Aménagement des foréts dense par la méthode sylvo-agricole 4 base de
plantation de bananiers. Expérience 4 Luki et au Mayumbé. INEAC, Bruxelles.
° Wilten, W. (1955). Aspect de la sylviculture au Mayumbé. Bull. Agricole du Congo Belge
46(2): 319-328.
° Wooditi, R. (1954). Introduction a la photogéologie. Bull. Agricole du Congo Belge 45(b):
1429-1472.
Staff About 70
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration Forest Reserve of Luki, INERA - Luki Station,
Bomna, Bas.
Date 1984
VALLEE DE LA LUFIRA
Management Category IX (Biosphere Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.06.04 (Congo Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Within Kundelungu National Park
Date Established June 1982 approval as a Biosphere Reserve
Geographical Location The reserve is located within Kundelungu National Park in the
Katanga District of Zaire, near the town of Likasi in south Zaire. 10°55’-11°00°S,
26°50’-27°00°E.
Altitude 1,200m
Area 14,700ha with a core area of 2,800ha
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The Lufira Valley consists of a series of fluvial morphological features.
The river rises in the hills near the southern border of Zaire and is dammed up near its source
to form a lake known as the Lac de la Retenue. Thereafter, it flows through a wide valley
with traces of lacustrine deposits. Being very flat, the river meanders, forms marshes in the
wet season, and often lies above the ground level embanked by alluvial levées. The Lufira then
cuts through the high plateaux of Kundelungu to the East and Manika to the West, forming
deep gorges, before it flows into lake Kisale, where it is joined by other tributaries and
becomes one of the headwaters of the River Zaire. The average annual temperatures vary
between 16°C and 31°C; rainfall averages 726mm per year.
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Vegetation The region is characterised by miombo vegetation dominated by Cassia singueana,
Psorospermum febrifugum and Afzelia quanzensis with a grass layer. The valley itself consists
of aquatic grasslands with species from the following genera Leersia, Oryza, and Vossia, and
reedbeds with Phragmites and Typha spp., which are periodically flooded in the rainy season.
These reedbeds cover almost 95% of the shallow Lac de la Retenue. There are also gallery
forests along parts of the river, with species such as Khaya nyasica, Chlorophora excelsa
and Parkia sp..
Fauna Mammals include: the lechwe Kobus leche and a few elephant Loxodonta africana (T).
Reptiles include Varanus niloticus. The area is particularly remarkable for its water birds. A
list of bird species is on file at the Division of Ecological Sciences.
Population No information
Conservation Management No information
Zoning There is a core area of 2,800ha and an experimental zone of 6,800ha, but there is no
further information about these.
Disturbances or Deficiencies The entire region has been considerably modified by man
through: overgrazing, particularly by cattle; tree felling for wood fuel and charcoal; infilling of
the artificial lake by organic deposits which causes the water level to rise and an increase in
evaporation rate; fishing by the population that live by the lakeside; and bush fires.
Visitor Facilities No information
Scientific Research A considerable amount of fundamental research has been made on the
climate, the hydrography and hydrology, soil characteristics, and composition of plant
communities, including plankton.
Special Scientific Facilities No information
Principal Reference Material
° Duvigneaud, P. (1959). Foréts claires: Composition floristique, classification, affinités et
dynamisme des peuplements. CSA/CCTA Publication 52; 115-121.
° Freson, R., Goffinet, G. and Malaisse, F. (1974). Ecological effects of the regressive
succession Mukulu-Miombo-Savanna in Upper Shaba (Zaire). Jac. Proc. First Int. Congr.
Ecol. PUDOC, Wageningen, 356-371.
° Malaisse, F., Freson, R., Goffinet, G. and Malaisse-Mousset, M. (1975). Litter fall and litter
breakdown in Miombo. In: Golley, F.B. and Medina, E (Eds) Tropical Ecological Systems:
Trends in Terrestrial and Aquatic Research. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. 137-152.
Staff There is a total staff of about 30; two for management, 15 wardens engaged in
protection, and about ten research workers.
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration Réserve de la Biosphére Vallée de la Lufira, BP 736
Likasi, Shaba.
Date 1984
-928-
ZAMBIA
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Area 752,617 sq.km
Population 6,240,000 (1982)
Parks and Reserves Legislation The National Parks and Wildlife Act gives authority to the
President to declare any area as a National Park with the consent of the National Assembly,
and also covers management. This Act replaces the earlier Game Ordinance, Fauna
Conservation Ordinance and Victoria Falls Trust Ordinance. With the new Act, the new
category of Game Management Area was created and the previous categories of Game Reserve,
Controlled Hunting Area and Private Game Area were abolished. This left some 30% of the
country with some form of wildlife management. Hunting within game management areas is
controlled by a permit system, and the areas are regarded as game-cropping areas. This would
appear to be the only regulation within these areas - though they are still fairly sparsely
populated. A ban was placed on elephant hunting in 1981, in addition to new hunting
regulations, and animals such as kudu and sable antelope, which were previously game animals,
went on the protected list. Forest Reserves, which cover some 9% of the country, are
established either as "protection reserves’ to protect hill ranges and headwaters (where
exploitation is prohibited or used only to encourage stand development) or as ’production
reserves’ (about two-thirds of the total), managed to produce wood on a sustained yield basis.
National parks are classified by the Forestry Department as Conservation Forests. Areas were
first protected in the area which is now Zambia, by the Northern Rhodesia Game Ordinance of
1925.
Parks and Reserves Administration Responsibility for most natural environmental matters
rests with the Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources. Within this Ministry, the National
Parks and Wildlife Service is responsible for most management issues relating to wildlife and
protected areas. As well as administering the parks system and the game management areas,
the National Parks and Wildlife Service is also responsible for wildlife research, and for
managing licensing hunting. Hunting safari companies assist with anti-poaching work. Forests
and Forestry are the responsibility of the Forest Department.
Address
° National Parks and Wildlife Service, Private Bag 1, Chilanga.
° Forest Department, Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources, PO Box 70228, Ndola.
Additional Information The country has a relatively low, largely urban based, population
which has made a correspondingly lower imact on the land than in many countries. This,
coupled with the wide variety of animal species, has led to the development of the large
national park system which covers over 8% of the country. A further 20% or more lies in game
management areas. Zambian tourism is based almost exclusively on the national parks system,
with both photographic, and hunting safaris.
Poaching is considered to be the most severe threat to the integrity of the parks system, with
increased poaching of animals in lakes and flood plain areas (where more boats are needed for
wardening to be effective). However, the Save the Rhino Trust of Zambia, formed in 1979,
has had some success in conserving rhinoceros and elephant. A huge military operation
(supported by IUCN/WWEF) was mounted in 1981 to round up poachers and buyers of ivory
and horn. This brought poaching temporarily under control.
The major deficiencies of the protected areas system recognised by the National Parks and
Wildlife Service are lack of national land use plans, and poor staffing levels and transport
facilities. For example, because of manpower and transport shortages, most parks were not
managed at all in 1981, which led to major uncontrolled bushfires. Wildlife status in over half
of the game management areas is assessed as reasonable, although uncontrolled human
settlement in some areas continues to be a problem. However, the remaining areas are
considered by some to be of relatively lower value to conservation of nature.
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Two IUCN/WWF Projects, have been contributing to encouragment of conservation awareness.
Chongololo Clubs, for younger children, have been set up in 950 places and there are 145
Conservation Clubs for older students. There is a mobile education unit, and a national
resource centre was planned for 1984 to include a library.
IUCN has also been assisting Zambia in the development of a national conservation strategy,
published in 1985. The strategy identifies the main problems facing wildlife conservation as
loss of wildlife stocks and hunting opportunities; environmental effects of different types of
land use in GMA and their compatability; conflict among users; deficiencies in scientific and
technical knowledge to help in decision making; inadequacies in decision making, and poor
organisational structure to help the best allocation of resources; and legislation not being
conducive to sustained wildlife use by locals. A number of benefits of wildlife conservation
are elaborated on. Identified requirements for action include further anti-poaching and
educational measures, as well as strengthening the Department of National Parks and Wildlife
and exploring ways of sharing the management responsibility for protected areas. Specific
mention is also made of the need for revised survey information.
References
° Annual reports of the National Parks and Wildlife Service. (The department also publishes
occasional papers in the journal Puku.)
° Ansell, W.F.H. (1960). Mammals of Northern Rhodesia. The Government Printer Lusaka.
° Benson, C.W., Brooke, R.K., Dowsett, R.J. and Irwin, M.P.S. (1971). The Birds of Zambia.
Collins, London.
° Clarke, J. and Loe, I.D. (1974). A Guide to the National Parks of Zambia. Anglo American
Corporation, Lusaka.
° Fanshawe, D.B. (1969). The Vegetation of Zambia. Division of Forest Research
Kitwe. Forest Research Bulletin No. 7.
° Government of Zambia (1985). The National Convention Strategy for Zambia. Government
of the Republic of Zambia and IUCN Conservation for Development Centre.
° Huntley, B.J. and Ellis, S. (1983). Conservation status of terrestrial ecosystems in southern
Africa. Working document prepared by CSIR, Pretoria.
° IUCN (1976). Proceedings of a regional meeting on the creation of a coordinated system of
national parks and reserves in Eastern Africa. IUCN Publications New Series,
Supplementary Paper No. 45. IUCN, Morges, Switzerland.
° IUCN (1984). Towards sustainable development. A national conservation strategy for
Zambia. IUCN, Gland.
° IUCN/WWFE Project 1310. Zambia, Wildlife Clubs.
° IUCN/WWF Project 1757. Zambia, Save the Rhino Trust, Anti-poaching operations.
° Lamprey, H.F. (1975). The Distribution of Protected Areas in Relation to the Needs of
Biotic Community Conservation in Eastern Africa. IUCN Occasional Paper No. 16. IUCN,
Morges, Switzerland.
° Speece, M.W. (compiler)(1982). Draft environmental profile of Zambia. Prepared by the
Arid Lands Information Centre, Office of Arid Lands Studies. University of Arizona,
Tucson, Arizona. 287 pp.
Protected Areas
(hectares)
National Parks
Blue Lagoon 45,000
Isangano 84,000
Kafue 2,240,000
Kasanka 39,000
Lavushi Manda 150,000
Liuwa Plain 366,000
Lochinvar 41,000
Lower Zambezi 414,000
Luambe 25,400
Lukusuzi 272,000
Lusenga Plain 88,000
Mosi-Oa-Tunya 6,600
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Mweru-Wantipa 313,400
North Luangwa 463,600
Nsumbu 202,000
Nyika (Zambia) 8,000
Sioma Ngwezi 527,600
South Luangwa 905,000
West Lunga 168,400
Subtotal 6,359,000
Game Management Areas
Bangweulu 657,000
Bilili Springs 308,000
Chambeshi 62,000
Chibwika-Ntambu 155,000
Chisomo 339,000
Chizera 228,000
Kafinda 386,000
Kafue Flats 517,500
Kalaso Mukoso 67,500
Kansonso-Busanga 778,000
Kaputa 360,000
Luano 893,000
Lukwakwa 254,000
Lumimba 450,000
Lunga-Luswishi 1,334,000
Lupande 484,000
Luwingu 109,000
Machiya-Fungulwe 153,000
Mansa 207,000
Mazabuka 25,400
Mulobezi 342,000
Mumbwa 337,000
Munyamadzi 330,000
Musalangu 1,735,000
Musele-Matebo 370,000
Namwala 360,000
Nkala 19,400
Sandwe 153,000
Sichifula 360,000
Tondwa 54,000
West Petauke 414,000
West Zambezi 3,807,000
Subtotal 16,048,800
BLUE LAGOON NATIONAL PARK
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.07.04 (Miombo Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total, except against mining
Date Established 16 February 1973 by Statutory Instrument No. 38; previously a private ranch.
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Geographical Location West of Lusaka in Mumbwa District, Central Province. 15°21’-43’S,
27°15°-27°32’E.
Altitude 970-1,010m
Area 45,000ha. Partly surrounded by Kafue Flats Game Management Area (517,200ha)
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The park is on the north bank of the Kafue Flats with part of the
south-eastern boundary formed by Luwato Lagoon, an oxbow lake of the old river channel
which tends to dry out only at the end of the dry season. The land slopes up gently northwards
from the flood plain. Seasonal inundation reaches a maximum in June, when 30% of the park
is under water.
Vegetation There are three vegetation zones: flood plain grasses and sedges with main species
near the high flood level Vetiveria nigritana and wild millets Setaria sphacelata and Setaria
avettae and rice grass Oryza longistaminata, and small patches of Cyperus papyrus in more
deeply flooded areas; a narrow intermediate termitaria grassland zone; and open woodland
dominated by Acacia, Combretum and Terminalia with an understorey of tall grass. Fig
trees Ficus sycomorus are common locally.
Fauna Large mammals include: wild dog Lycaon pictus (T) (most common carnivore),
zebra Equus burchelli, bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, greater kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros,
roan antelope Hippotragus equinus, sable antelope Hippotragus niger, large herds of Kafue
lechwe Kobus leche kafuensis (T) (25,000 estimated to enter the park seasonally out of a total
population in the Kafue Flats of about 40,000), and occasional cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (V).
The park is an important feeding ground for waterbirds including: glossy ibis Plegadis
falcinellus, slaty egret Egretta vinaceigula (1), wattled crane Bugeranus carunculatus (of special
concern), and spur-winged goose Plectropterus gambensis.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies Uncontrolled bush fires, cattle grazing and poaching of animals
and fish occur. The expanding population of Lusaka has increased poaching pressure on the
park and poaching started in the Lechwe area on the western boundary in 1980. The
south-eastern corner of the park was permanently flooded from 1977 to 1981 as a result of the
Kafue Gorge Dam. Now flood regime is influenced by regulation at the Itezhi tezhi dam,
which may damp the flood peaks and lows. Hunting (particularly of zebra and lechwe),
grazing and fishing are the major activities in the game management area and settlements are
sparse, but increasing. Since October 1976, the park has been a security area and has been
closed to visitors.
Visitor Facilities No visitors permitted since October 1976. Access is by a 90km gravel road
branching off the Luaska-Mwumbwa highway and there is an airstrip. A 4km game-viewing
causeway has been built out into the flats.
Scientific Research Ecological studies have been started.
Special Scientific Facilities Research is carried out from Lochinvar National Park on the
other side of the Kafue valley.
Principal Reference Material
° Dowsett, R.J. (1966). A preliminary list of the birds of the Kafue Flats.
° WWF-UK Mission Report (1978).
° Zambia Journal of History No.1.
Staff Wildlife ranger and guards (1977)
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Zambia
Budget About US$50,000 per annum (1977)
Local Park or Reserve Administration Wildlilfe Warden, PO Box 81344, Kabwe.
Date 1984
ISANGANO NATIONAL PARK
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.07.04 (Miombo Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total, except against mining
Date Established National Park status on 25 February 1972 by Statutory Instrument No. 44;
legislated as a game reserve in 1957
Geographical Location At the north-eastern edge of the Lake Bangweulu Flats in the
Northern Province. 11°00’-11°25’S, 30°20’-30°45’E.
Altitude 1,100m
Area 84,000ha
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The flats and flood plain areas are underlain by granite, quartzitic
sandstones, and shales of the plateau series. The Chambeshi river forms the eastern boundary
and the Lubansenshi river runs through the centre of the park. Rainfall is high, over 1500mm
in some years.
Vegetation Much of the area is swamp forest dominated by Erythrophleum and Pterocarpus
with tall grasslands and watershed plain grasslands. Along the main rivers, there are some
areas of Cyperus papyrus and Phragmites. Lake basin chipya woodland of Acacia albida and
afromosia Pericopsis angolensis also occurs.
Fauna Larger mammals include: elephant Loxodonta africana (T), zebra Equus burchelli,
warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus, bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, eland Taurotragus oryx,
buffalo Syncerus caf fer, black lechwe Kobus leche smithemani (T) (mainly in Bangweulu Game
Management Area to the south-west, but some enter the park seasonaily), reedbuck Redunca
arundinum, roan antelope Hippotragus equinus, and Lichstenstien’s hartebeest Alcelaphus
lichtensteini. Water birds are numerous. The Nile crocodile Crocodylus niloticus (T) inhabits
the rivers.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies Poaching and uncontrolled bush fires occur, with fishing villages
within the reserve and illegal entry. Low priority under game reserve status has resulted in
reduced animal populations with few game present in 1980.
Visitor Facilities No accommodation or facilities exist in the park. There are rough tracks
unsuitable for cars near the boundaries, but access into the park is by foot or boat.
Scientific Research None
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material None listed
Staff Two wildlife officers (guards) (1977)
Budget About US$15,000 per annum (1977)
Local Park or Reserve Administration Wildlilfe Warden, PO Box 12, Mpilca.
Date 1984
KAFUE NATIONAL PARK
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.07.04 (Miombo Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total, except against mining
Date Established Originally established on 15 September 1951 by Proclamation No. 8 and
given National Park status on 25 February 1972 by Statutory Instrument No. 44.
Geographical Location South-central Zambia, west of Lusaka in the Central, Southern and
North-Western Provinces. 14°00’-16°40’S, 25°15’-26°45’E.
Altitude 970-1,470m
Area 2,240,000ha. Surrounded by Kafue Game Management Area
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The area is a gently undulating plateau area with some hills, situated along
the mid reaches of the Kafue river and its two major tributaries, the Lufupa and Lunga, which
flow into the park from the north. There is a perennial swamp in the extreme north-west,
which drains into the Lufupa via the Busanga flood plain and alluvial areas of varying size
occur along the Kafue and other tributaries. Karroo sediments occur in the centre and
north-east with Kalahari sands forming the underlying geology in the west.
Vegetation The south has mainly miombo or Brachystegia dominated woodland with areas of
mopane Colophospermum mopane. In the north, the miombo- termitaria woodland surrounds
areas of open grassy flood plains or ’dambos’. Patches of teak Baikiaea plurijuga such as the
Ngoma Forest occur throughout, but are more common in the south.
Fauna Yellow baboon Papio cynocephalus and chacma baboon Papio ursinus occur within a
few kilometres of each other with no signs of morphological intergrading. Numerous large
mammals include: lion Panthera leo, elephant Loxodonta africana (T) (increasing in number),
well distributed black rhino Diceros bicornis (T), buffalo Syncerus caffer including a herd of
less than 1,000 in the Busanga area, yellow-backed duiker Cephalophus sylvicultor, numerous
waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus crayshawi, puku Kobus vardoni, red lechwe Kobus leche leche
(T) in the northern area, reedbuck Redunca arundinum, and _ Lichtenstein’s
hartebeest Alcelaphus lichtensteini. Birds include numerous waterfowl such as _ wattled
crane Bugeranus carunculatus (of special concern).
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Zambia
Zoning Three zones: visitors allowed in vehicles or on foot; visitors allowed on foot; visitors
prohibited
Disturbances or Deficiencies A dam has been constructed at Itezhi-tezhi on the Kafue river
just outside the eastern boundary. From 1972, an area of about 31,000ha of the park was
flooded by a lake with fluctuating water levels. A squatter settlement has resulted from the
labour force for the construction of the dam, and fishing on Lake Itezhi-tezhi has encouraged
illegal entry and poaching. The island in Itezhi-tezhi Lake is permanently inhabited by
fishermen despite being within the Park. However, 17 villages had fishing rights recognised in
1962, but conflicts arose because commercial fishermen from outside exploited this and it
interfered with tourists’ fishing. Wastes, including nitrates and phosphorus residues, are
discharged into the Kafue. The main road from Lusaka to Mongu bisects the park from east to
west. Uncontrolled bush fires occur.
Visitor Facilities Accommodation is in catering lodges at Ngoma (42 beds) or non-catering
camps such as La Fapa Camp. Safaris are conducted partially on foot in the Busanga plains
area. A fully catering safari village with airstrip at Chunga is just outside the eastern
boundary near the Mongu road and two safari villages in the north.
Scientific Research A biologist is responsible for management plans of the park.
Special Scientific Facilities Mapping facilities and a herbarium
Principal Reference Material
° Dowsett, R.J. (1966). A preliminary list of the birds of the Kafue Flats.
° Dowsett, R.J. (1966). Wet season game populations and biomass in the Ngoma area of The
Kafue National Park. Puku 4.
* Howard, G.W. (1978). National Parks of the Kafue Basin. Black Lechwe (Lusaka) 12: 38-42.
* Mitchell, B.L. and Ansell, W.F.H. (1971). Wildlife of Kafue and Luangwa. Zambian
National Tourist Bureau, Lusaka.
* Moss, de V.P.F.N. (1974). Kafue National Park, Zambia. N.P.W.S. publication. 76 pp,
mimeo.
Staff Warden, 100 support staff, biologist and assistants (1977).
Budget About US$300,000 per annum (1977)
Local Park or Reserve Administration Wildlilfe Warden, PO Box 17, Itezhi-tezhi. Two
Rangers, Kafue National Park, Chunga Station, PO Box 124, Mumbwa.
Date 1984
KASANKA NATIONAL PARK
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.07.04 (Miombo Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total, except against mining
Date Established National Park status on 25 February 1972 by Statutory Instrument No. 44; a
game reserve since 194]
Geographical Location Serenje district in Central Province. 12°25’-12°35’S, 30°05’-30°23’E
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Altitude 1,100-1,300m
Area 39,000ha
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The flat to gently rolling plateau area includes extensive wetlands. Rocks
are mainly sandstone, quartzite, shale, and schist of the Katanga and Muva systems. Two large
rivers flow through the park including the Kasanka river passing through the extensive Kapabi
swamp in the east. There are also several small lakes. Annual rainfall is 1,200-1,300mm,
falling mainly from November to April.
Vegetation The area is dominated by miombo Brachystegia-Julbernardia woodlands. The
extensive wetlands support papyrus Cyperus papyrus and Phragmites stands and there are some
areas of ’mushitu’ swamp forest and open grassland with dambos.
Fauna Large mammals include: sitatunga Tragelaphus spekei (seen here more easily than in
any other park), numerous puku Kobus’ vardoni, \echwe Kobus leche, blue
monkey Cercopithecus mitis and Moloney’s monkey Cercopithecus mitis moloneyi,
elephant Loxodonta africana (T), zebra Equus burchelli, warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus,
hippo Hippopotamus amphibius, bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, eland Taurotragus oryx,
buffalo Syncerus caffer, waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, Lichstenstein’s hartebeest Alcelaphus
lichtensteini, and grysbok Raphicerus sharpei. Birdlife includes abundant waterfowl such as
shoebill Balaeniceps rex (of special concern).
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies Poaching and uncontrolled burning occur. The construction of
the Serenje-Samfya road began to have adverse effects on the park in 1980.
Visitor Facilities No visitor accommodation exists inside the park, but suitable sites for
camping can be found near the park boundary. It is accessible only by rough bush track
unsuitable for private cars.
Scientific Research None
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material None listed
Staff Warden, ranger, and 10 wildlife officers (guards) (1977).
Budget About US$25,000 per annum (1977)
Local Park or Reserve Administration Wildlife Warden, PO Box 12, Mpilca.
Date 1984
LAVUSHI MANDA NATIONAL PARK
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.07.04 (Miombo Woodland/savanna)
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Zambia
Legal Protection Total except against mining
Date Established National Park status on 25 February 1972 by Statutory Instrument No. 44.
Legislated as a game reserve in 194]
Geographical Location South-west of Mpika in the Northern Province. 12°00’-12°40’S,
30°35’-31°10°E.
Altitude 1,100-1,800m
Area 150,000ha, contiguous to Kafinda Game Management Area (386,000ha) and Bangweulu
Game Management Area (647,000ha)
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The lavushi Manda hills (height 500-600m), along the south-eastern side of
the park, roughly divide the plateau series to the west from the basement rocks to the east.
They are extremely rugged with high vertical cliff faces on the south-east and are dissected by
several narrow canyons containing perennial water courses. The Lukulu river flows from the
north to south-west of the park before turning westwards to the Zaire border. The park is
noted for dambos and there is a small sandy plain in the north. Annual rainfall 1,300mm,
falling mainly from November to April.
Vegetation Most of the area supports miombo Brachystegia-Julbernardia woodland
interspersed with dambo plains. Dense gallery forest occurs along the rivers and palms in the
canyons. Numerous Euphorbiaceae and aloes are a feature of the hill vegetation.
Fauna The rock rabbit or Smith’s red hare Pronolagus rupestris should occur in the hills but
has not yet been reliably recorded. Larger mammals are not numerous but include:
leopard Panthera pardus (T), lion Panthera Ico, elephant Loxodonta africana (T) (mainly in the
north), common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia, waterbuck Kobus — ellipsiprymnus,
reedbuck Redunca arundinum, roan antelope Hippotragus equinus, sable antelope Hippotragus
niger, hartebeest Alcelaphus lichtensteini and klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus. There are no
large concentrations of birds but some interesting small species such as _ bar-throated
apalis Apalis thoracica and double-collared sunbird Nectarinia chalybea are found in the hills.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies Uncontrolled fires and poaching occur, the latter has increased
by developments along the Tazara railway line. Low protection priority under game reserve
legislation has resulted in low stocks of wild animals.
Visitor Facilities No accommodation is available but the park is easily accessible from the
Great North Road in the dry season.
Scientific Research A National Parks and Wildlife Service field base has been established to
the west of the park at Chiundaponde.
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material None listed
Staff One Ranger and four guards
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration Wildlife Warden, PO Box 12, Mpilca.
Date 1984
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
LIUWA PLAIN NATIONAL PARK
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.07.04 (Miombo Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total, except against mining
Date Established 25 February 1972 by Statutory Instrument No. 44, previously a game reserve
managed by the Paramount Chief of the Lozi people.
Geographical Location Kalabo district in Western province, near the border with Angola.
14°10’-48’S, 22°07’-23°00°E.
Altitude About 1,000m
Area 366,000ha. Surrounded by West Zambezi Game Reserve (3,807ha)
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features An extremely flat sand plain flanked by the Luambimba river to the east
and the Luanginga river to the west. Seasonally inundated areas occur along the rivers
augmented by floodwaters from the Zambezi. The park experiences three seasons: short cool
dry season from May to July; a warm dry season from August to November, and a warm wet
season from December to April.
Vegetation Most of the area is Kalahari short grass sand plains with some watershed
grasslands. Around the edges of the sand plains (except in the west) is a belt of Burkea
africana with some Zambian teak Baikiaea plurijuga
forming Burkea-Colophospermum-Baikiaea woodland, and Diplorhynchus condylocarpon scrub.
The river valleys have a narrow belt of valley and floodplain grasslands.
Fauna Large mammals include: zebra Equus burchelli, some buffalo Syncerus caffer, red
lechwe Kobus leche leche (T), roan antelope Hippotragus equinus, Lichstenstein’s
hartebeest Alcelaphus lichtensteini, tsessebi Damaliscus lunatus, and the largest population of
migrating blue wildebeest Connochaetes taurinus in Zambia (35,000 in 1975). Birds include:
secretary bird Sagittarius serpentarius, crowned crane Balearica pavonina, wattled
crane Bugeranus carunculatus (of special concern), and a variety of waterfowl on the pans
including slaty egret Egretta vinaceigula (I).
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies Poaching, illegal fishing, uncontrolled bush fires and grazing by
domestic animals on the park boundary occur and there are villages within the park and lack of
staff transport.
Visitor Facilities No tourism as the park has no accommodation and there are only
four-wheel drive tracks.
Scientific Research Vegetation and habitat mapping
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
° Benson, C.W. (1969). Large Mammals of the Ljiuwa Plain and Sioma-Ngwezi Game
Reserves, Barotse. Puku 5.
Staff | Warden, ranger, and six guards. One biologist includes the park in his terms of
reference (1977).
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Zambia
Budget About US$35,000 per annum (1977)
Local Park or Reserve Administration Wildlife Warden, PO Box 910158, Mongu.
Date 1984
LOCHINVAR NATIONAL PARK
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.07.04 (Miombo Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total, except against mining
Date Established Originally a private ranch, then a Game Management Area. National Park
status on 25 February 1972 by Statutory Instrument No. 44.
Geographical Location North-west of Monze in the Southern Province. 15°43’-16°01’S,
27°11’-27°19°E.
Altitude 970-1,038m
Area 41,000ha; contiguous to Kafue Flats Game Management Area (517,200ha)
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The park contains three areas: part of the Kafue Flats floodplain in the
north, which is subject to a regular pattern of flooding commencing rapidly in December,
reaching a maximum in May and gradually receding to the lowest level by November; a flat
termitaria zone south of the floodplain with sandy clay to clay soils which become waterlogged
in the wet season; and woodland in the south. There are two groups of hot springs on a fault
zone towards the west. Annual rainfall is about 1000mm.
Vegetation Floodplain grasses vary, but include rice grass Oryza longistaminata, Vossia
cuspidata, Echinochloa stagnina, and Panicum repens. Herbs include: Aeschynomene fluitans
and Nymphaea capensis and other species of Nymphaea. The termitaria grasslands are
dominated by a wild millet Setaria sphacelata. Tree growth is confined to termite mounds and
is usually Euphorbia ingens. The woodlands at higher elevations in the south are dominated
fire climax species such as Acacia, Albizia, and Combretum.
Fauna Mammals include: zebra Equus burchelli, Kafue lechwe Kobus leche kafuensis (T)
(large herds of about 35,000), wildebeest Connochaetes taurinus, and oribi Ourebia ourebi. The
southern woodlands also have kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros, bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus,
and duikers Cephalophus sp.. The area is very rich in birdlife with more than 400 recorded
species including: white pelican Pelecanus onocrotalus and pink-backed pelican Pelecanus
rufescens, darter Anhinga rufa, purple heron Ardea purpurea, goliath heron Ardea goliath,
spur-winged goose Plectropterus gambensis, fish eagle Haliaeetus vocifer, secretary
bird Sagittarius serpentarius, Swainson’s francolin Francolinus, helmeted guineafowl Numida
meleagris, crowned crane Balearica pavonina, wattled crane Bugeranus carunculatus (of special
concern), Denham’s bustard Neotis cafra denhami, wattled plover Vanellus senegallus, slaty
egret Egretta vinaceigula (I), and red-billed hornbill Tockus erythrorhynchus. Reptiles include:
geckoes Lygodactylus capensis and Lygodactylus chobiensis, boomsiang Dispholidus typus,
striped grass snake Psammophylax tritaeniatus and skinks Mabuya varia, Mabuya striata,
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
and Meizodon semiornatus. Amphibians include: Bufo regularis, Chiromantis xerampelina,
Ptychadena mossambica, and Pyxicephalus spp..
Cultural Heritage Archaelogical sites have been excavated and described.
Conservation Management There was some prevention of cattle entering the park to graze
after the employment of classified daily paid employees in 1980. An assessment of the
degradation within the park was undertaken in 1981. An action plan was recommended
including anti-poaching law enforcement, creation of a physical barrier, grading of tourist
roads, fire control, and a research programme. The problems of fishing, grazing, and poaching
were given to Southern Land Commission of Inquiry.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies Gypsum has been mined, although this has been abandoned now,
but there are uncontrolled bush fires, domestic stock overgrazing, poaching of animals and
fish, commercial fishing, and degradation of tourist roads by fishermen persist. There are
fishing settlements within the park. Eland have disappeared and lechwe, wildebeest and oribi
have decreased. Dense cattle populations (20,000 in the surrounding 40km radius) often stray
into the park. The construction of two dams, one upstream (Itezhitezhi dam) and one
downstream from Kafue Flats (floodplains) has modified the ecological conditions of the area
which could affect the population of Kafue lechwe, whose pasture near the water edge is
dependant on annual inundation by the Kafue. Some dry season grazing areas on the flats are
now under permanent flood due to hydroelectric development and this increases cattle
encroachment into the park. Eland and impala have disappeared from the area.
Visitor Facilities There is one small non-catering lodge (18 beds), road access (virtually
all-weather) 48km from the turn-off near Monze, and an airstrip near park gate.
Scientific Research Soil, vegetation and ornithological surveys, and research on the Kafue
lechwe have been carried out. Further surveys are planned to monitor future population trends.
Special Scientific Facilities Research biologists office, herbarium and records
Principal Reference Material
Douthwaite, R.I. and Van Lavieren, L.P. (1977). Vegetation in Lochinvar National Park.
NCSR/TR 34, 1-66.
° Dowsett, R.J. (1966). A preliminary list of the birds of the Kafue Flats.
° Mulongo, A.H. (1981). Land use conflicts on Lochinvar: an example of contradictions in
environmental policy 1950-75. Zambia Journal of History.
° Rees, W.A. (1981). Report to the Director NPWS, Zambia on Lochinvar National Park.
° Schuster, R. (1980). Will the Kafue lechwe survive the Kafue dams? Oryx 15(5): 476-489.
Staff Ranger and eight guards. One biologist and assistants (1977).
Budget About US$50,000 per annum. WWF made a substantial financial contribution towards
the purchase of Lochinvar (1977).
Local Park or Reserve Administration Wildlife Warden, PO Box 60174, Livingstone.
Date 1984
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LOWER ZAMBEZI NATIONAL PARK
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.07.04 (Miombo Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total, except against mining
Date Established 19 March 1983 by Statutory Instrument No 37 of 1983. It was previously an
International Game Park.
Geographical Location Along the river Zambezi. 15°10’-15°35’S, 29°10’-30°15’E.
Altitude 390-1,000m
Area 414,000ha
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The park is predominantly hilly, with rugged residual mountains of the
Muchinga Escarpment system. The valley floor rocks belong to the Karroo system, and the
meander belt consists of alluvial soils. The climate is generally hot with a mean annual
temperature of 25°C, but hottest in October - 36°C and coolest in June - 15°C. Rainfall is
low, on average 700mm, falling from November to March.
Vegetation The mountainous area is dominated by miombo Brachystegia woodland, whereas
the valley floor is covered by mopane Colophospermum mopane type. The meander belt is
composed of mixed Kigelia-Diospyros woodland and grassland types.
Fauna This includes: elephant Loxodonta africana (T), hippopotamus Hippopotamus
amphibius, buffalo Syncerus caffer, impala Aepyceros melampus, zebra Equus burchelli,
waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros, eland Taurotragus oryx, roan
antelope Hippotragus equinus, rhinoceros Diceros bicornis (T), lion Panthera leo,
leopard Panthera pardus (V), wild dog Lycaon pictus (T), and crocodile Crocodylus niloticus
(V). Birdlife is not as spectacular as the major wetlands.
Conservation Management The National Park had six wildlife camps, but only two are
functional at present. An anti-poaching unit was set up here in 1981 by the Save the Rhino
trust, under IUCN/WWFE Project 1757, with reasonable success.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies Uncontrollable bush fires and heavy poaching
Visitor Facilities There are no roads apart from tracks used for anti-poaching operations and
no accommodation, but visitors can visit the area on their own with a four-wheel drive vehicle.
Scientific Research None
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
° Chabwela, H.N. (undated mimeo). Lower Zambezi: the future many times ignored. National
Parks and Wildlife Service, Chilanga, Zambia.
° IUCN/WWE Project 1757. Zambia, Save the Rhino Trust, Anti-poaching operations.
Staff Six wildlife scouts and an Assistant Ranger under Warden.
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Budget About US$15,000 per annum
Local Park or Reserve Administration Wildlife Warden, PO Box 81344, Kabwe.
Date 1984
LUAMBE NATIONAL PARK
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.07.04 (Miombo Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total, except against mining
Date Established National Park status on 25 February 1972 by Statutory Instrument No. 44;
established as a game reserve in 1966.
Geographical Location On the east bank of the Luangwa river between the three larger
Luangwa valley parks. 12°25’-12°35’, 32°10’-32°2S’E.
Altitude 500-710m
Area 25,400ha; contiguous to South Luangwa (905,000ha)
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features This predominately alluvial area slopes gently to the Luangwa river, which
forms the western boundary. The valley floor bedrock is part of the Karoo system.
Temperatures are highest in the late dry season (October) and lowest in the mid dry season
(July).
Vegetation Alluvial areas are dominated by Colophospermum mopane woodland with
miombo Brachystegia-Julbernardia woodland on the small areas of free draining sandy soil
away from the river.
Fauna Mammals include: lion Panthera leo, numerous elephant Loxodonta africana (T),
occasional black rhinoceros Diceros bicornis (T), bush pig Potamochoerus porcus,
hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, eland Taurotragus oryx, buffalo Syncerus caffer, roan
antelope Hippotragus equinus, impala Aepyceros melampus, and the largest concentration of the
wildebeest sub-species Connochaetes taurinus cooksoni, which is endemic to Luangwa valley.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies Uncontrolled bush fires occur and there is local overstocking of
elephant, impala, and hippopotamus.
Visitor Facilities A non-catering lodge (12 beds) with cook/waiter service is available. The
park is open from mid-June to the end of October, the dates depending on the rains when the
dirt roads become impassable.
Scientific Research None
Special Scientific Facilities None
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Principal Reference Material None listed
Staff Ten wildlife officers responsible to a wildlife warden (1977)
Budget About US$30,000 per annum (1977)
Local Park or Reserve Administration Wildlife Warden, PO Box 510143, Chipata.
Date 1984
LUKUSUZI NATIONAL PARK
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.07.04 (Miombo Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total, except against mining
Date Established National Park status on 25 February 1972 by Statutory Instrument No. 44;
Legislated as a game reserve in 1938
Geographical Location Eastern province plateau between Lundazi and Chipata.
12°30°-13°07’S, 32°25’-50’E.
Altitude 800-1,240m
Area 272,000ha
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The eastern part is a level plateau, but to the west the country is more hilly
towards the escarpment overlooking the Luangwa valley. The area is largely underlain by a
variety of gneissic and granitic rocks with numerous outcrops and metamorphic quatzite hills.
There is a long cool dry season and short hot wet season.
Vegetation There is principally miombo Brachystegia-Julbernardia woodland on the plateau
and escarpment soils. Different types of vegetation are associated with the frequent granitic
outcrops and the riverbanks. Edaphic dambo grasslands follow drainage lines on the plateau.
Fauna Mammals include: hyena Crocuta crocuta, elephant Loxodonta africana (T),
zebra Equus burchelli, black rhinoceros Diceros bicornis (T), warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus,
eland Taurotragus oryx, buffalo Syncerus caffer, roan antelope Hippotragus equinus, sable
antelope Hippotragus niger, and Lichtenstein’s hartebeest Alcelaphus lichtensteini. _Cookson’s
wildebeest Connochaetes taurinus cooksoni occur occasionally in low numbers. The rocky
outcrops of this park are one of the main Zambian habitats for klipspringer Oreotragus
oreotragus
Conservation Management In 1980, the park was covered by regular patrols conducted by the
Save the Rhino Unit based at Mufwe. A management plan to ensure the maintenance of the
major habitats and preservation of key areas was prepared in 1970.
Zoning None
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Disturbances or Deficiencies There are uncontrolled fires and poaching. Activities associated
with prospecting and mining for emeralds pose a serious threat.
Visitor Facilities Public access is by a bush track from the main road to the east which
traverses the park and descends the escarpment to the Luangwa. There are no tourist facilities.
Scientific Research Research associated with management plan preparation.
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
° Sayer, J.A. (1970). A management plan for the Lukusuzi National Park. UN/FAO Luangwa
Valley Project, Chipata.
Staff Some 30 wildlife officers (rangers, scouts, and guides) responsible to a wildlife warden
(1977
Budget About US$90,000 per annum (1977)
Local Park or Reserve Administration Wildlife Warden, PO Box 510143, Chipata.
Date 1984
LUSENGA PLAIN NATIONAL PARK
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.07.04 (Miombo Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total, except against mining
Date Established Legislated as a Game Reserve in 1942. National Park status on 15 February
1972 by Statutory Instrument No. 44
Geographical Location North of Kawambwa in Luapula Province. 9°15°-30’S,
29°05’-29°20°E.
Altitude 800-1,300m
Area 88,000ha
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The park is in the south-west of a plain formed by the weathering of a
volcanic plug dome, which left rocky outcrops of syenite in concentric rings separated by
weathered rock, forming a saucer-shaped depression. The ridges form the highest point, the
ground sloping away to the north and east to the Kalungwishi river. There are three large
waterfalls on the river. Annual rainfall is 1,400mm, falling mainly from November to April.
Vegetation The plain has grassland fairly typical of Northern Province upland dambos.
Around the margins are remnants of mushitu swamp forest and dry evergreen forest
of Marquesia acuminata and M. macroura. The remaining area is covered with
dense Brachystegia-Julbernardia miombo with a few patches of Pteleopsis anisoptera on
alluvial soils.
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Fauna The fauna is depleted, but includes remnant populations of vervet and blue
monkeys Cercopithecus aethiops and C. mitis, leopard Panthera pardus (V), elephant Loxodonta
africana (V), zebra Equus burchelli, warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus, bushbuck Tragelaphus
scriptus, eland Taurotragus oryx, buffalo Syncerus caffer, yellow-backed duiker Cephalophus
sylvicultor and blue duiker Cephalophus monticola, waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus,
reedbuck Redunca arundinum, roan_ antelope Hippotragus equinus and __ sable
antelope Hippotragus niger, and Lichtenstein’s hartebeest Alcelaphus lichtensteini.
Conservation Management There was vegetation and habitat mapping for preparation of
management plans.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies Uncontrolled fires and poaching occur. Low priority for
protection under game reserve legislation has resulted in depleted animal populations.
Visitor Facilities The park has no accommodation or roads, but there are two good camp sites
just outside the boundary near the waterfalls.
Scientific Research Vegetation and habitat mapping
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material None listed
Staff Nine wildlife officers (guards) (1977)
Budget Reported as US$5000 in 1971 (1977)
Local Park or Reserve Administration Wildlife Warden, PO Box 410005, Kasama.
Date 1984
MOSI-OA-TUNYA NATIONAL PARK
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.07.04 (Miombo Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection An enclosed portion of 1,000ha is totally protected, except against mining.
The remaining area is protected against hunting and destruction of vegetation or
geomorphological features.
Date Established National Park status 25 February 1972 by Statutory Instrument No. 44;
Previously a trust area
Geographical Location Southern border with Zimbabwe. 17°49’-17°54’S, 25°41°-25°55’E.
Altitude 833-914m
Area 6,600ha. Contiguous to the Victoria Falls and Zambezi National Parks in Zimbabwe
Land Tenure Government
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Physical Features The park comprises the left bank of the Zambezi river, half of Victoria
Falls, and the series of deep gorges below the falls. The maximum height of the falls is 108m.
Maximum waterflow is 540 million litres/minute in March/April. Low water in November can
reduce flow to 10.5 million litres/minute. Above the falls, the river is 1,690m wide.
Vegetation The dominant vegetation is mopane Colophospermum mopane forest with small
areas of teak and miombo woodlands. The narrow riverine forest along the Zambezi is more
extensive in the ’rain forest’ area, where it is permanently dampened by spray from the falls.
In the ’rain-forest’ ferns are widespread and there is a profusion of flowering plants.
Fauna Vervet monkey Cercopithecus aethiops pygerythrus and baboon Papio ursinus are
common. Larger mammals include: leopard Panthera pardus (T), elephant Loxodonta africana
(T), warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus, hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius,
bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, buffalo Syncerus caffer, common duiker Sylvicapra grimmia
and waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus. Birds include: Taita falcon Falco fasciinucha
(uncommon), black swift Apus barbatus and carmine bee-eater Merops nubicus in the gorge,
and shrikes, flycatchers, and sunbirds in the ’rain forest’.
Cultural Heritage There are archaeological remains of stone and iron age man.
Conservation Management Efforts were being made to improve the management of the area
in 1980, but management was still reported to be very poor in 1981.
Zoning There is a 1,000ha fenced zoological park up-river from the Falls, which contains
exotic and native species.
Disturbances or Deficiencies There was much building and disturbance in the vicinity of the
Falls before the existence of the park, including a hydroelectric power station, railway, major
highway, customs and immigration posts, and a large hotel. Further inappropriate development
will be avoided.
Visitor Facilities This is one of the most frequently visited national parks in Zambia.
Facilities include a hotel, two restaurants, a non-catering camp (70 beds) and a camping
ground. The park is a few minutes drive from Livingstone where all tourist facilities are
available.
Scientific Research None
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
Anon. (n.d.). A Guide to the Victoria Falls. Victoria Falls Trust, Livingstone.
° Fagan, B.M. (1964). The Victoria Falls. Commission for the Preservation of Natural and
Historical Monuments and Relics, Northern Rhodesia.
° Phillipson, D.W. (Ed.) (1975). Mosi-oa-Tunya. A handbook to the Victoria Falls Region.
Longman.
Staff Ten guards under a wildlife ranger (1977)
Budget About US$90,000 per annum (1977)
Local Park or Reserve Administration Wildlilfe Ranger, PO Box 60174, Livingstone.
Date 1984
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Zambia
MWERU-WANTIPA NATIONAL PARK
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.07.04 (Miombo Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total, except against mining
Date Established 25 February 1972, by Statutory Instrument No. 44 of 1972; a game reserve
since 1942
Geographical Location Between Lakes Mweru, Tanganyika, and Luapula in the Northern
province, 8°27’-9°00’S, 29°15’-30°00’E.
Altitude 900-1,400m
Area 313,400ha
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The eastern area changes periodically from grassland and swamp to a large
open lake, Lake Mweru-Wantipa. The cycle is erratic, but the water level appeared to reach
high point in 1974. The area is geologically young with marked faults around the’ high water
mark. To the west of the lake basin, the land slopes gently upwards to a range of highly
dissected hills of granites, quartz, and porphyrites. In about one in five years, the annual
rainfall may be as high as 1,300mm. The rainy season is from November to April.
Vegetation The swamp and lake area are dominated by dense Cyperus papyrus thickets with
some reed Phragmites. The area close to the lake has thickets of Bussea and Combretum. The
remaining area is covered with miombo Brachystegia-Julbernardia woodland on the
sandy-loam soils derived from underlying igneous rocks. Large grassy acid dambos occur in
the miombo woodland and there is a small permanent swamp (Kabwe marsh) some distance
from the main lake.
Fauna Mammals include: blue monkey Cercopithecus mitis (numerous), baboon Papio sp. and
possibly occasional vagrant colobus monkey Colobus angolensis from Zaire. The ‘uncommon
bushy-tailed mongoose Bdeogale crassicauda has been found in the area. Other“ mammals
include: leopard Panthera pardus (T), lion Panthera leo, black rhino Diceros bicornis (T),
elephant Loxodonta africana (T), zebra Equus burchelli, hippopotamus Hippopotamus
amphibius, buffalo Syncerus caffer, bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, sitatunga Tragelaphus
spekei (in Kabwe marsh), eland Taurotragus oryx, yellow-backed duiker Cephalophus
sylvicultor, blue duiker Cephalophus monticola, klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus,
grysbok Raphicerus sharpei, puku Kobus vardoni, waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, and
treedbuck Redunca arundinum. Birds include: white pelican Pelecanus onocrotalus,
shoebill Balaeniceps rex (of special concern), saddlebill Ephippiorhynchus senegalensis,
openbill Anastomus lamelligerus, greater flamingo Phoenicopterus ruber and lesser
flamingo Phoeniconaias minor, and several species of heron. Crocodile Crocodylus niloticus (V)
is common and Crocodylus cataphractus (V) occurs in Lake Mweru-Wantipa.
Conservation Management Cropping of crocodile was undertaken in 1980 and 1981. Carrying
capacity of the lake was estimated to be in excess of 4,000.
Zoning There are three zones: total wilderness with access to authorised personnel only; a
public access and restricted residence zone; and a commercial fishing zone.
Disturbances or Deficiencies There is a seasonal fishing village near the lake and a permanent
village on the road which bisects the park. Poaching and uncontrolled fires still occur. Control
measures directed at the red locust have been a recurrent disturbance. The locust bred in great
numbers on the short grass plain left by the receding lake particularly in the 15 years up to
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1944. There is a problem of man-eating crocodiles, and a dispute between the national parks
authority and the people around the park, with respect to siting of the boundary.
Visitor Facilities | Tourism is small. Access is by road from east and west and there are
suitable camping sites outside the park.
Scientific Research Investigation of the red locust by the International Red Locust Institute
afforded opportunities for botanical and zoological research.
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
° Berwick, D. (1959). Mystery Isle Mweru Marsh. Northern Rhodesia Journal 2(3): 56-59.
° Brelsford, W.V. (1955). The problem of Mweru-Wantipa. Northern Rhodesia Journal 2(6):
3-15.
° Gunn, D.L. (1955). Mweru Wa Ntipa and the Red Locust. Northern Rhodesia Journal 2(6):
3-15.
Staff Warden, ranger and 26 wildlife officers (guards and scouts) (1977).
Budget About US$45,000 per annum (1977).
Local Park or Reserve Administration Wildlife Warden, PO Box 410005, Kasama.
Date 1984
NORTH LUANGWA NATIONAL PARK
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.07.04 (Miobmo Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total, except against mining
Date Established National Park status on 25 February 1972 by Statutory Instrument No. 44.
Legislated as a game reserve in 1939.
Geographical Location [East central Zambia in the upper Luangwa valley. 11°30’-12°00’S,
31°45°-32°3S’E.
Altitude 500-1,100m
Area 463,600ha
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The park extends from Muchinga escarpment (1,400m) in the west, to the
northern part of the Luangwa river in the east. The valley floor is a wide area of alluvial flats
extending over underlying Karoo rocks. The river is seasonally flooded. There are no grassy
plains. Mean annual temperature is 22°C and mean annual rainfall 880mm in a single wet
season from November to April.
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Vegetation Miombo Brachystegia woodland occurs on the freely draining sandy soils and
miombo scrubland mixed with Colophospermum mopane on heavier soils. A complex of
riverine forests is found on the meander belt.
Fauna Mammals include: vervet monkey Cercopithecus aethiops, Chacma baboon Papio
ursinus, leopard Panthera pardus (T), lion Panthera leo, elephant Loxodonta africana (T),
zebra Equus burchelli, black rhinoceros Diceros bicornis (T), hippopotamus Hippopotamus
amphibius, kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros, eland Taurotragus oryx, buffalo Syncerus caf fer,
puku Kobus vardoni, Cookson’s wildebeest Connochaetes taurinus cooksoni, and
impala Aepyceros melampus. The river provides a habitat for Nile crocodile Crocodylus
niloticus (V).
Conservation Management’ In 1973, the Luangwa Valley Conservation Project was set up to
advise the Government of Zambia on management and development requirements for the full
utilisation of natural resources in the valley (Albrecht 1973, Boulton 1973, Dunlap 1973, and
Ford 1973). Plans were made in 1980 to man the western boundary with 50 guards to enable
adequate control of poaching. Honorary Wildlife Rangers proved effective along the
escarpment in 1981.
Zoning There is a zone of strict national park status in which visitor access is restricted to
walking trails.
Disturbances or Deficiencies There is poaching particularly for elephant and rhinoceros, and
uncontrolled fires.
Visitor Facilities There is an access track, but there are no lodges in the park. Tourism is
only permitted as organised camping and walking wilderness trails.
Scientific Research A GRZ/FAO team was respsonsible for research and a report on the first
phase was made in March 1973. However, the project ended in 1973. An aerial survey
censused elephant and rhinoceros in 1979 (Douglas-Hamilton et al., 1979).
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
Albrecht, R.W. (1973). Land Use Development Proposals for the Mid and Upper Luangwa
Watershed. UNDP/FAO, Rome. FO: DP/ZAM/68/510. Working Document No. 3.
° Astle, W.L., Webster, R. and Lawrence, C.J. (1959). Land classification for management
planning of the Luangwa valley of Zambia. J. Appl. Ecol. 6(2): 143-171.
° Boulton, M.N. (1973), Conservation Education in Zambia. UNDP/FAO: Rome. FO:
DP/ZAM/68/510. Working Document No.5.
° Douglas-Hamilton, I., Hillman, A.K.K., Holt, P. and Ansell, P. (1979). Luangwa Valley
Elephant, Rhino and Wildlife Survey. Report to IUCN/WWF/NYZS, Nairobi, Mimeo.
° Drysdall, A.R. and Kitching, J.W. (Date unknown). A re-examination of the Karoo
succession and fossil locations of parts of the upper Luangwa valley. Geological Survey
Memoir No. 1, Lusaka.
° Dunlap, R.C. (1973). A Tourism Plan for the Luangwa Valley. UNDP/FAO, Rome. FO:
DP/ZAM/68/510. Working Document No. 4.
° Ford, L.P. (1973). Fire Control in the Luangwa Valley. UNDP/FAO, Rome. FO:
DP/ZAM/68/510. Working Document No. 2.
° Giardino, J.R. (1974). When elephants destroy a valley. Geographical Magazine 47: 175-181.
° Kuper, J.H. (1975-1976). Reports to Luangwe Valley Research Project, FAO (Rome), on
mopane vegetation, elephant and rhinoceros of the park and a management plan for the park.
° Mitchell, B.L. and Ansell, W.F.H. (1971). Wildlife of Kafue and Luangwa. Zambian
National Tourist Board.
Staff Thirty wildlife officers (rangers, scouts and guards) responsible to a wildlife warden
(1977)
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Budget About US$120,000 per annum (1977)
Local Park or Reserve Administration Wildlife Warden, PO Box 510143, Chipata.
Date 1984
NSUMBU NATIONAL PARK
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.07.04 (Miombo woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total, except against mining
Date Established National Park status on 25 February 1972 by Statutory Instrument No. 44;
legislated as a game reserve
Geographical Location On the south-west shore of Lake Tanganyika in the Northern
province. 8°30’-9°05’S, 30°15’-30°45’E.
Altitude 800-1,250m
Area 202,000ha
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The park includes about 100km of the rocky shoreline of Lake Tanganyika
interspersed with some small beaches. It includes Cape Nundo which features a great balanced
boulder of ritual significance. The remaining area is a plateau traversed by the Lufubu river.
To the north-west of the river is the Chansamansaka escarpment (700m), and to the east the
Kapembwa escarpment. Annual rainfall 1,400mm, falling mainly from November to April.
Vegetation The valleys opening on to the lake are dominated by tall Acacia albida
and Trichilia roka. Valley sides, the hills near the lake and some plateau areas have
dense Bussea-Combretum thicket. At higher elevations and further from the lake, the
vegetation is light miombo dominated by Pericopsis angolensis or
dense Brachystegia-Julbernardia type of miombo woodlands. Wide alluvial flats with open
grassland and Pteleopsis anisoptera gallery forest occur along the Lufubu and Nkamba rivers.
Fauna Mammals include: leopard Panthera pardus (T), lion Panthera leo, elephant Loxodonta
africana (T), zebra Equus burchelli, hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, eland Taurotragus
oryx, buffalo Syncerus caffer, yellow-backed and blue duiker Cephalophus sylvicultor
and C. monticola, puku Kobus vardoni, waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, reedbuck Redunca
arundinum, roan antelope Hippotragus equinus and sable antelope AHippotragus niger,
Lichtenstein’s hartebeest Alcelaphus lichtensteini, grysbok Raphicerus shar pei,
klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus, and dassies Heterohyrax brucei. Bird species of the rivers
and lakeshore include: grey-headed gull Larus cirrhocephalus and lesser black-back gull Larus
fuscus, white-winged tern Chlidonias leucoptera, whiskered tern Chlidonias hybrida, and
skimmer Rhynchops flavirostris. In the lake, Nile crocodile Crocodylus niloticus (V) and the
Tanganyika water cobra Boulengerina annulata are also present.
Cultural Heritage The area has numerous small sites of archaeological interest, mainly near
the beaches.
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Zambia
Conservation Management Management plans for monitoring future development and
conservation were in prepartion prior to 1977.
Zoning Two zones have been defined: the lakeshore for tourist development and the
remaining area as a wilderness area.
Disturbances or Deficiencies Poaching, uncontrolled bush fires occur due to shortage of
proper water supply, transport and manpower and therefore lack of adequate management.
There is one permanent and one temporary fishing village in the park.
Visitor Facilities Accommodation is in two lodges that are open all year. A small
non-catering lodge has been established at Nsumbu. Access is by all-weather airstrip at
Kasaba Bay or by gravel road. Sport-fishing activities are organized by private tourist
operators. There about 3,500 visitors annually.
Scientific Research Research for preparation of management plans prior to 1977.
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material None listed
Staff Warden, ranger, and 25 wildlife officers (guards) (1977)
Budget About US$100,000 per annum (1977)
Local Park or Reserve Administration Wildlife Warden, PO Box 410005, Kasama.
Date 1984
NYIKA NATIONAL PARK
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.20.12 (Central African Highlands)
Legal Protection Total, except against mining
Date Established National Park status on 25 February 1972 by Statutory Instrument No. 44;
previously a controlled hunting area with game reserve provisions
Geographical Location North-east Zambia adjoining the border with Malawi.
10°32’-10°45’S, 33°35’-33°43’E.
Altitude 1,295-2,225m
Area 8,000ha; contiguous to Nyika National Park (304,385ha) and Vwaza (174,960ha) in
Malawi
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The park comprises the small Zambian portion of the Nyika plateau, a
steeply undulating area bounded by precipitous escarpment country on the west which slopes
sharply down to the Luwumbu river valley. The soils are uniformly deep, well-drained, sandy
clays derived from underlying basement schists. Annual rainfall is about 1,000mm, but cloud
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
and mist at ground level is common in the dry season from June to September keeping the area
well watered. Frost of -5°C to -10°C may occur between May and October.
Vegetation The escarpment soils support miombo Brachystegia-Julbernardia woodland.
There are relict patches (not exceeding 20ha) of montane forest on the plateau, the largest
being Chowo forest in the east and Manjanjere forest in the north-west. The three vegetation
types on the plateau include dry evergreen forest with Myrica, Nuxia, Olea, and Rapanea, to
moist riparian forest with Aningueria, Cola, Parinari, and Podocarpus, and wet seasonal swamp
forest with Agauria, Maesa and Myrica. The park is of great botanical interest, including
upland grasslands and a great variety and abundance of orchids.
Fauna There is a rich mammal fauna including: Moloney’s monkey Cercopithecus mitis
moloneyi, bush squirrel Paraxerus lucifer, four-striped grass mouse Rhabdomys pumilio (only
Zambian locality), long-tailed pouched rat Beamys hindei major, two-spotted palm
civet Nandinia binotata, yellow-spotted hyrax (dassie) Heterohyrax brucei, three species of the
vlei rat Otomys, and a sun squirrel Heliosciurus sp.. Larger mammals are infrequent, but
include bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, blue duiker Cephalophus monticola, red
duiker Cephalophus natalensis (uncommon), reedbuck Redunca arundinum, and
klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus. Birds include: secretary bird Sagittarius serpentarius,
white-necked raven Corvus albicollis, many sunbirds WNectarinia spp., and _ wattled
crane Bugeranus carunculatus (of special concern). An endemic subspecies of the
chameleon Chamaeleo goetzei nyikae is present and the dwarf species Rhampholeon nchisiensis
may also occur. The bush viper Atheris nitschei rungwensis has been recorded. The area is
rich in Lepidoptera including the very common green swallowtail Papilio phorcas and broad
blue-banded swallowtail P. bromius.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies Uncontrolled fires.
Visitor Facilities There is a non-catering rest house (10 beds) and walking trails. The only
vehicle access is through Malawi which tends to be difficult during the rains.
Scientific Research Comparative studies of avifauna, butterflies, and mammals with other
montane areas in Central Africa prior to 1977
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
° Cater, J.C. (1954). The Nyika plateau and its faunal significance. Oryx 2(3): 158-164.
Staff Warden, ranger, and two guards (1977)
Budget About US$8,000 per annum (1977)
Local Park or Reserve Administration Wildlife Warden, PO Box 510143, Chipata.
Date 1984
SIOMA NGWEZI NATIONAL PARK
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.07.04 (Miombo Woodland/savanna)
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Zambia
Legal Protection Total, except against mining
Date Established National Park status on 25 February 1972 by Statutory Instrument No. 44;
previously a game reserve managed by the Paramount Chief of the Lozi people.
Geographical Location In the Sesheke and Senanga Districts of south-west Zambia bordering
the Caprivi Strip. 16°55’-17°40S’, 23°02’-50’E.
Altitude 900m
Area 527,600ha
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features A relatively flat area west of the Zambezi bordered by the Mashi River in
the south-west. Very sandy being underlain by Kalahari sands with a mosaic of woodland and
sandy plains. Very arid with a few isolated waterholes.
Vegetation Kalahari sandveld with good stands of teak Baikiaea plurijuga, areas of
mopane Colophospermum mopane, and _ small patches of a mixed woodland
of Burkea-Colophospermum-Baikiaea associations.
Fauna Large mammals include: lion Panthera leo, cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (V),
elephant Loxodonta africana (V), giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis (abundant and one of only
two populations in Zambia), kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros, buffalo Syncerus caffer, roan
antelope Hippotragus equinus, sable antelope Hippotragus niger, and tsessebe Damaliscus
lunatus. Steenbok Raphicerus campestris are present, but rarely seen. There are no spectacular
concentrations of large birds, but interesting and varied dry country species include the greater
kestrel Falco rupicoloides, Bradfield’s hornbill Tockus bradfieldi, white-wing black tit Parus
leucomelas, Burchell’s’ glossy starling Lamprotornis australis, and black-cheeked
waxbill Estrilda erythronotos. The ostrich Struthio camelus was present, but is now extinct in
this area.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies Poaching, uncontrolled bush fires and possible extraction of teak
for timber.
Visitor Facilities No visitor permits are issued at present. The park contains only tracks for
four-wheel drive vehicles and there is no accommodation.
Scientific Research Vegetation and habitat mapping
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
° Benson, C.W. (1969). Large Mammals of the Liuwa Plain and Sioma-Ngwezi Game
Reserves. Puku 5.
Staff Warden, ranger, and six guards (1977)
Budget About US$35,000 per annum (1977)
Local Park or Reserve Administration Wildlife Warden, PO Box 910158, Mongu.
Date 1984
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
SOUTH LUANGWA NATIONAL PARK
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.07.04 (Miombo Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total, except against mining
Date Established 25 February 1972, by Statutory Instrument No. 44 of 1972; Legislated as a
game reserve in 1938, but gazetted in 1904 to protect Thornicroft’s giraffe
Geographical Location North-east of Lusaka and mainly to the west of the middle reaches of
the Luangwa river. 12°28’-13°14’S, 30°58’-32°08’E.
Altitude 500-1,100m
Area 905,000ha
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The Luangwa river in the park area is at about 580m altitude. The valley
floor rises gently westwards to 760m at the foot of the Muchinga escarpment (1,400m), which
forms the north-west boundary. The valley is a rift filled with Karoo sediments and overlain
by recent sediments along the main river courses which are finely dissected into ridges with
low interfluves. Mudstone plains occur at Chifungwe and Lunda. The main river and
tributaries have a meander belt. Mean annual temperature is 25°C. The annual rainfall is
832mm, and in the rainy season, from November to March, there are often heavy storms.
Vegetation Woodland savanna with Acacia sp., Combretum sp., and Terminalia sericea occurs
on freely draining alluvium and_ thickets. Older alluvial soils support patches
of Colophospermum mopane woodland with a 15m canopy. The floodplain grassland
includes Oryza, and Echinochloa species bordered by some riparian forest. Miombo woodland
up to 25m high of mainly Brachystegia sp., Julbernardia sp., and Isoberlinia angolensis is
widespread on deeper sandy soils. In the shallow stony soils near the escarpment Brachystegia
stipulata and Julbernardia globiflora are dominant.
Fauna A variety of larger mammals are abundant, especially ungulates. Mammals include
wild dog Lycaon pictus (T), hyena Crocuta crocuta, leopard Panthera pardus (T),
cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T), elephant Loxodonta africana (T)(high density), black
rhinoceros Diceros bicornis (T), hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, Thornicroft’s
giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis thornicrofti (endemic subspecies of the valley and found mainly
in the southern area), impala Aepyceros melampus (numerous), greater kudu Tragelaphus
strepsiceros, buffalo Syncerus caffer, puku Kobus vardoni, sable antelope Hippotragus niger,
and roan antelope Hippotragus equinus, Lichtenstein’s hartebeest Alcelaphus lichtensteini, and
Cookson’s wildebeest Connochaetes taurinus cooksoni (local subspecies present in small
numbers). Primates include vervet monkey Cercopithecus aethiops, Moloney’s
monkey Cercopithecus mitis moloneyi, and chacma baboon Papio ursinus. Birdlife is prolific
and the park is particularly noteworthy for storks, geese, cranes, and the riparian colonies of
carmine bee-eater Merops nubicus. The Luangwa river is now one of the major remaining
refuges for the Nile crocodile Crocodylus niloticus (V).
Conservation Management In 1973, the Luangwa Valley Conservation Project was set up to
advise the Government of Zambia on management and development requirements for the full
utilisation of natural resources in the valley (Albrecht 1973, Boulton 1973, Dunlap 1973, and
Ford 1973). A management plan was written for the area in 1976 by J.H. Kuper for FAO,
Rome. A new line of camps was established along the western boundary in 1980 staffed with
50 guards to facilitate better control over elephant and rhino poaching. Reinforcement by
Honorary Wildlife Rangers on the escarpment during 1981 proved effective against poachers.
The Save the Rhino Trust began operations in 1980 with a mobile anti-poaching unit using
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Zambia
vehicles and radios under IUCN/WWF Project 1757. As manpower and funds are limited,
activities were restricted to intensive patrols of the main elephant and rhinoceros strongholds.
It is hoped that funds from the Norwegian Agency for International Development (NORAD)
will enable the units to continue.
Zoning There are three zones: part of the Luangwa riverine area with visitor access by vehicle
or foot; the Luangwa river and two major tributaries with access on foot only; and the
remaining area with no visitor access.
Disturbances or Deficiencies Prospecting for minerals and uncontrolled bush fires due to
poor land management occur. Poaching, particularly for elephant and rhinoceros, has been
encouraged by an increase in the world demand for ivory and rhinoceros horn. The elephant
population in the park has been reduced by about 50,000 between 1975 and 1980. Despite the
efforts by the Save the Rhino Trust, large areas of South Luangwa National Park and the entire
North Luangwa National Park are at the mercy of poachers, due to lack of finance.
Commercial poaching has not decreased. Trees are damaged or ring-barked by elephant during
the dry season when grazing is poor and migration to wetter regions is restricted by the park
boundary. Overgrazing of grasses by overcrowded populations exposes the soils to sheet
erosion. Gully erosion of mudstone soils is caused by trampling compaction, followed by rain
run-off erosion.
Visitor Facilities Access is by air or road. Facilities include two catering lodges (48 beds) and
three non-catering lodges (30 beds). Walking safaris are possible in zone 2. The park is open
from June to October.
Scientific Research Research teams from the Department of National Parks and Wildlife
Service, and FAO have been carrying out work in the area. In 1981 and 1983, a rhinoceros
census was carried out and recommended concentration of anti-poaching efforts in
well-defined key areas of South Luangwa National Park.
Special Scientific Facilities There is laboratory and office accommodation and transport
including vehicles, aircraft, and boats.
Principal Reference Material
° Albrecht, R.W. (1973). Land Use Development Proposals for the Mid and Upper Luangwa
Watershed. UNDP/FAO, Rome. FO: DP/ZAM/68/510. Working document No. 3.
° Astle, W.L., Webster, R. and Lawrence, C.J. (1959). Land classification for management
planning of the Luangwa valley of Zambia. J. Appl. Ecol. 6(2): 143-171.
° Boulton, M.N. (1973). Conservation Education in Zambia. UNDP/FAO, Rome. FO:
DP/ZAM/68/510. Working document No.5.
° Drysdall, A.R. and Kitching, J.W. (Date unknown). A re-examination of the Karoo
succession and fossil locations of parts of the upper Luangwa valley. Geological Survey
Memoir No. 1, Lusaka.
° Dunlap, R.C. (1973). A Tourism Plan for the Luangwa Valley. UNDP/FAO, Rome. FO:
DP/ZAM/68/510. Working Document No. 4.
° Ford, L.P. (1973). Fire Control in the Luangwa Valley. UNDP/FAO, Rome. FO:
DP/ZAM/68/510. Working Document No.2.
° Giardino, J.R. (1974). When elephants destroy a valley. Geographical Magazine 47: 175-181.
° TUCN/WWF Project 1757. Rhino Conservation in Luangwa Valley National Parks, Zambia.
° Kuper, J.H. (1975-1976). Reports to Luangwe Valley Research Project, FAO (Rome), on
mopane vegetation, elephant and rhinoceros of the park and a management plan for the park.
° Leader-Williams, N. (1985). Black rhino in South Luangwa National Park: their distribution
and future protection. Oryx 19: 27-33.
° Mitchell, B.L. and Ansell, W.F.H. (1971). Wildlife of Kafue and Luangwa. Zambian
National Tourist Board.
Staff Warden, 60 wildlife officers, and two biologists (1977)
Budget About US$400,000 per annum (1977); US$438,000 from WWF from 1980-1983
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Local Park or Reserve Administration Wildlife Warden, PO Box 510143, Chipata.
Date 1984
WEST LUNGA NATIONAL PARK
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.07.04 (Miombo Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total, except against mining
Date Established National Park status on 25 February 1972 by Statutory Instrument No. 44;
legislated as a game reserve in 1951
Geographical Location Mwinilunga district in North Western Province; 12°30’-13°07’S,
24°35’-25°00°E.
Altitude 1,120-1,200m
Area 168,400ha
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The park is situated on a flat or gently undulating area with some rock
outcrops between the West Lunga river on the west and the Kabompo river on the east, which
have their confluence in the south-west corner of the park. Permanent swamps occur along the
Kabompo and there are three seasonally inundated grassy plains.
Vegetation Most of the area has dry evergreen Cryptosepalum pseudotaxus forest
characterised by dense thickets of shrubs, climbers, cramblers, and saplings on the Kalahari
sands. Small patches of Brachystegia-Julbernardia miombo woodland occur on the alluvial
soils. An intermediate type of woodland known as ’chipya’ is dominated by Acacia goetzei
and Burkea africana with an admixture of Cryptosepalum forest. The park also contains
significant areas of open grassland and some Cyperus papyrus swamp.
Fauna Mammals include: the blue monkey Cercopithecus mitis along the major rivers,
elephant Loxodonta africana (T)(common particularly in the Cryptosepalum forest),
zebra Equus burchelli, numerous bush pig Potamochoerus porcus, hippopotamus Hippopotamus
amphibius, sitatunga Tragelaphus spekei, eland Taurotragus oryx, buffalo Syncerus caffer,
yellow-backed duiker Cephalophus sylvicultor and blue duiker Cephalophus monticola,
puku Kobus vardoni, Lichtenstein’s hartebeest Alcelaphus lichtensteini, klipspringer Oreotragus
oreotragus, oribi Ourebia ourebi, and impala Aepyceros melampus. Most common carnivores
are present. Birdlife is varied and abundant including a local subspecies of red-throated
crested guinea fowl Guttera edouardi kathleenae. Crocodile Crocodylus sp. are present.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies Poaching and uncontrolled bush fires
Visitor Facilities No visitor accommodation exists, but there are good camping sites on the
Kabompo river and near the park headquarters at Jivindu. Access is by a pontoon ferry from
Jivundu and there is a system of rough tracks within the park. The area is often closed for
security reasons.
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Zambia
Scientific Research Vegetation and habitat mapping
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material
° Ansell, W.F.H. (1960). Little Known Game Reserves. African Wildlife 14(3).
Staff Warden, ranger, and 10 guards. A biologist includes the park in his terms of reference
(1977)
Budget About US$30,000 per annum (1977).
Local Park or Reserve Administration Wildlife Warden, PO Box 110102, Solowezi.
Date 1984
-959-
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Area 389,361 sq.km
Population 7,500,000 (1982)
Parks and Reserves Legislation The Parks and Wild Life Act 1975 (amended | January 1982)
provides for establishment of National Parks (Part II), Safari Areas (Part V), Recreational Parks
(Part VI), Sanctuaries (Part IV) and Botanical Reserves and Gardens (Part IIl). Use of these
areas is covered in the Parks and Wild Life (General) Regulations, Statutory Instrument 900 of
1981. The various areas combine to form the Parks and Wild Life Estate. The Act and
Regulations outline general procedure and are further refined by Area Policy Documents
approved by the Minister on the recommendation of an advisory Parks and Wild Life Board.
These documents describe the key objectives for an area or group of areas, application of these
objvetives and the legislation, an outline plan, and preparation for management and
de\sippment plans. National Parks are established to protect landscapes, conserve ecosystems
and their elements (with particular emphasis on large mammals and their habitats), and to
protect important sites for research, education and their intrinsic aesthetic value. They
normally consist of one or more of the following zones: Special Conservation Area (usually
small and designed to protect especially sensitive biological features, or for defined research,
with access strictly controlled), Wilderness Area (with visitor access strictly controlled, and a
level of development which depends on local conditions), Wild Area (with greater visitor access
and improved access roads), and Development Area (containing staff and visitor facilities with
permanent or seasonal accommodation). Controlled sport hunting is permitted in Safari Areas,
and wild populations may be harvested or otherwise used providing that this is not in conflict
with species/ecosystem conservation or with the wilderness qualities or future resource values
of the area. Recreation Parks are established to preserve and protect the natural features they
contain for the enjoyment, long-term benefit, cultural inspiration and recreation of the people
of Zimbabwe and visitors. A number of parks and reserves are a part of the estate of the late
Cecil John Rhodes and as such are also covered by the terms of the Rhodes Estates Act of 1978.
Parks and Reserves Administration The Department of National Parks and Wild Life
Management, within the Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism, is responsible for
management, administration and development of the protected areas system. The Department
is a scientifically based and ecologically orientated land use agency with a special
responsiblility to ensure the proper conservation and use of the nation’s parks and wildlife
resources. Its key objectives include the administration and management of the Estate, which
covers the protection of landscapes of special quality, the conservation of representative
samples of natural ecosystems, and all organisms indigenous to Zimbabwe, and to conserve and
manage natural and semi-natural areas for a range of outdoor recreational pursuits, for the
long-term benefit, enjoyment and cultural inspiration of the citizens of this country and their
visitors. These responsibilities and objectives are accomplished by protecting and managing the
Estate, research and development of appropriate land management practices inside and
adjacent these areas, promoting public awareness in all sectors of society of the values of this
Estate, promoting appropriate uses of the Estate, providing an appropriate administration and
the training and development of staff to facilitate and support these functions and to encourage
a rationalised and appropriate industry based on the Estate.
Address
° Department of National Parks and Wild Life Management, PO Box 8365, Causeway, Harare.
° Forestry Commission, PO Box 8111, Causeway, Harare.
Additional Information To try and encourage appreciation of protected areas by local
populations, the Department of National Parks and Wild Life introduced the buffer zone
concept in 1960. In addition, park values that can be appreciated by neighbouring rural
communities are nurtured by the government. Considerable emphasis is placed on the role of
protected areas in raising rural living standards and generating material revenue through
domestic and foreign tourism and utilization of wildlife (Child, 1984a). Where overt action in
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
a national park is determined by ecological considerations, useful products are disposed of to
local people, or to the best advantage for revenue e.g. "Operation Windfall’ (1980-1), where
elephants in certain regions had degraded the habitat to such an extent that an elephant cull
was deemed necessary. The best possible use of products was arranged, as well as considerable
research studies (Child, 1984c).
Outside the protected areas there are efforts in various parts of the country to develop more
rational land-use policies in inhabited regions. For example in the area just south of the
Kariba valley there are currently plans to identify the better soils for arable farming, leaving
much of the poorer land for wildlife (which will be managed so that local people benefit).
This strategy and others like it will certainly help to ensure the long-term survival of
Zimbabwe’s wildlife (de Toit 1985). However, realisation of such plans brings a number of
problems in terms of land-use and resource utilisation, as well as sociological issues
(Department of National Parks and Wildlife Management, 1984).
Beef exports to the EEC are threatening the buffalo population as EEC regulations stipulate
that an exporting country must be free of foot-and-mouth disease. Beef is an important source
of foreign exchange. The Zimbambwe government has allowed over 1,000 buffalo to be killed
and a system of fences, vaccination zones and buffer zones constructed around Hwange and
Gonarezhou National Parks. Buffalo are to be eradicated from the other zones, although about
100 have been vaccinated. Ironically these areas are better suited to multi-species ranching, as
cattle grazing will cause deterioration of these areas which may need restocking with buffalo in
the future (Pitman, 1985).
References
° Child, G. (1977). Supplement to Koedoe, pp. 116-137.
° Child, G. (1984a). Zimbabwe’s Approach to Protected Area Management. Proceedings of
the 22nd Working Session Commission on National Park and Protected Areas, Victoria Falls,
Zimbabwe, 22-27 May, 1983.
° Child, G. (1984b). A Rationalized Approach to Promoting the Preparation of Management
Plans for Protected Areas in the Afrotropical Realm. Proceedings of the 22nd Working
Session, Commission on National Park and Protected Areas, Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe, 22-27
May, 1983.
° Child, G. (1984c). Managing Wildlife for People in Zimbabwe. In: McNeely, J.A. and
Miller, K.R. (Eds) National Parks, Conservation, and Development. The Role of Protected
Areas in Sustaining Society. Proceedings of the World Congress on National Parks Bali,
Indonesia, 11-22 October 1982. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D.C.
° Department of National Parks and Wild Life Management (1984). Communal Area
Management Programme for Indigenous Communities. Proceedings of the 22nd Working
Session, Commission on National Park and Protected Areas, Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe,
22-27 May, 1983.
° Huntley, B.J. and Ellis, S. (1983). Conservation status of terrestrial ecosystems in. southern
Africa. Working document prepared by CSIR, Pretoria.
° Pitman, D. (1981). Wild Places of Zimbabwe. Bulawayo, Zimbabwe. 192 pp.
° Pitman, D. (1985). Zimbabwe’s buffalo die for Europe’s beef. JUCN Press Service. Gland:
Switzerland.
° Readers Digest (1983). Game Parks and Nature Reserves of Southern Africa. Cape Town,
South Africa.
° de Toit, R. (1985). A middle way for wildlife parks. New Scientist Jan. 1985.
Protected Areas
(hectares)
National Parks
Chimanimani 17,100
Chizarira 191,000
Gonarezhou 505,300
Hwange (Wankie) 1,465,100
Inyanga 28,900
Kazuma Pan 31,300
Mana Pools 219,600
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Mana Pools NP, Sapi and Chewore Safari Areas
Matobo (Matopos)
Matusadona
Mtarazi Falls
Victoria Falls
Zambezi
Wildlife Research Areas
Sengwa
Nature Reserves
Cecil Kop
Game Parks
Imire
Iwabe
Botanical Reserves
Bunga Forest
Rusitu Forest
Vumba
Sanctuaries
Chimanimani Eland
Mushandike
Tshabala
Natural Monuments
Great Zimbabwe
Parks
Gweru Antelope
Safari Areas
Charara
Chegutu
Chete
Chewore
Chipinga A.
Chirisa
Dande
Deka
Doma
Matetsi
Sapi
Sibilobilo
Tuli
Umfurundzi
Urungwe
Forest Reserves
Chirinda
-965-
676,600
43,200
137,000
2,495
1,900
56,400
Subtotal 3,375,895
37,300
1,740
1,000
20,000
Subtotal 21,000
1,558
150
200
Subtotal 1,908
1,200
12,900
Subtotal 14,100
746
1,214
169,000
71,597
108,100
339,000
26,100
171,300
52,300
76,400
292,000
118,000
2,270
41,600
76,000
287,000
Subtotal 1,830,667
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Recreation Parks
Bangala 2,800
Lake Kariba 283,000
Lake Kyle 18,000
Lake Robertson 8,100
Manjirenji 3,500
Matobo (Matapos) 2,900
Mayfaire Lake
McIlwaine 55,000
Ngezi 5,800
Sebakwe 2,700
Sinoia Caves
Umfuli
Umzingwane
Subtotal 381,800
Other areas
Ewanrigg Botanical Garden 286
CHIMANIMANI NATIONAL PARK
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.08.04 (South African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total, but fishing is allowed by permit during certain seasons
Date Established 1953
Geographical Location In the Eastern Highlands of Zimbabwe, 75km south of Mutare in
Manicaland Province, on the border with Mogambique. 19°35’-19°50’S, 33°00°E.
Altitude Rising to 2,400m
Area 17,100ha
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The park includes the main massif of the Chimanimani Mountains within
Zimbabwe, an area of rugged grandeur with peaks rising to over 2,400m and deeply dissected
gorges with magnificent waterfalls. It was formed some 1,600 million years ago when the
quartzite massif was forced against the plateau, shattering in folds over its leading edge. The
region is subject to sudden storms and mists. It is an important catchment area for the
surrounding land.
Vegetation Mainly montane plant communities including open grassland and relict forest
patches in sheltered areas with some Brachystegia woodland. The flora includes elements of
the south-western Cape flora which spreads north along the eastern mountain chain of
Southern Africa. There are also some low altitude rain forests, uncommon in Zimbabwe,
which include Filicium decipiens, Blighia unijugata, Parinari sp., and Erythrophleum sp..
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Fauna Mammals include: sable antelope Hippotragus niger, eland Taurotragus oryx, blue
duiker Cephalophus monticola, klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus, and _ occasional
leopard Panthera pardus (T). The bird fauna is unique in Zimbabwe and _ includes
violet-crested turaco Tauraco porphyreolophus, malachite sunbird Nectarinia famosa, laughing
dove Streptopelia senegalensis, trumpeter hornbill Bycanistes bucinator, secretary
bird Sagittarius serpentarius, trancolins Francolinus spp., and eagles (Accipitridae).
Conservation Management There is a draft policy document for the park.
Zoning Most of the park is planned as a mountain Wilderness Area with three small
Development Areas to serve mountaineers or visitors interested in low altitude forests and their
fauna.
Disturbances or Deficiencies The main problem is the frequency of fire which threatens the
relict forest patches in particular. It spreads from outside the park and is very difficult to
control.
Visitor Facilities _ Camping is allowed in the park. There is a base camp and information
office 20km from Chimanimani village. There are no access roads beyond the base camp.
Easier access and more public facilities are possible in the extreme north. An Outward Bound
School adjacent to the park uses the area extensively.
Scientific Research Scientific research has been limited to work by visiting researchers on
surveys and inventories.
Special Scientific Facilities No information
Principal Reference Material
° Readers Digest, (1983). Game Parks and Nature Reserves of Southern Africa. Cape Town,
South Africa.
° Departmental reports augmented by scientific publications treating the area separately or
relating its resources to those of a larger region.
Staff Scouts based in the park are under the command of the Ranger based at Melsetter
(18km west).
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration Senior Ranger, Chimanimani National Park, Private
Bag 2063, Chimanimani.
Date April 1985
CHIZARIRA NATIONAL PARK
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.08.04 (South African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established Area set aside in 1963; National Park status 1975
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Geographical Location In central Binga District of Matabeleland North Province.
17°32’-18°01’S, 27°36’-28°14’E.
Altitude 648-1,433m
Area 191,000ha. Virtually contiguous to Chirisa Safari Area (171,300ha)
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features Most of the park is on undulating, dissected plateau descending in the
north in wooded ridges, mountains and rocky valleys to the 500m escarpment overlooking Lake
Kariba. Rivers from ridges on the plateau have cut deep gorges in their passage through the
escarpment. The area is a well watered ’island’ of rivers, perennial springs and natural springs
in the fairly arid Zambezi Valley, and forms an important catchment area. The park includes
some low-lying country along the Busi River in the south-east. Mount Tundazi (1,370m) is a
prominent feature in the north-east. Geologically the area is dominated by rocks and grits of
the Sijarira system often overlain with shallow sandy soils. Chizarira is a Batonka word
meaning ’barrier’; the plateau is a barrier to winds and causes higher rainfall over it.
Vegetation Due to the generally higher rainfall of the plateau areas the vegetation has
affinities with that usually found further east in Zimbabwe. Much of the plateau is dominated
by Brachystegia/Julbernardia of drier Zambesian Miombo woodland with areas of B. boehmii
and mopane Colophospermum mopane, or open grassland. More scrubby and diversified types
occur towards the west and at low altitudes in the south-east. The gorges support riverine
communities.
Fauna’ The park supports a wide spectrum of large mammals including: elephant Loxodonta
africana (T), buffalo Syncerus caffer, black rhinoceros Diceros bicornis (T), lion Panthera leo,
leopard Panther
pardus (T), cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T), zebra Equus burchelli, warthog Phacochoerus
aethiopicus, and a range of antelope including roan Hippotragus equinus and
tsessebi Damaliscus lunatus. The island effect results in a westerly extension in the range of
several bird species. Birds include: taita falcon Falco fasciinucha (uncommon in Zimbabwe
and present in some of the gorges), crowned eagle Stephanoaetus coronatus, fish
eagle Haliaeetus vocifer, brown hooded kingfisher Halcyon albiventris, red-billed wood
hoopoe Phoeniculus sp., golden-tailed woodpecker Campethera abingoni, and Meyer’s
parrot Poicephalus meyeri.
Conservation Management Elephant culls have been used to prevent overpopulation which is
thought to be a main cause of forest destruction. In 1980, £112,000 was raised by Operation
Windfall when 500 elephants were culled. The money went to local rural communities to
encourage their involvement in park management. Black rhinoceros, roan and _ tsessebi
conservation are emphasised in the policy for the area. The Frankfurt Zoological Society has
lent the park a Cessna light aircraft to supplement two Piper Super Cubs.
Zoning Four zones are proposed: Special Conservation, Wilderness, Wild (serviced by roads),
and Development.
Disturbances or Deficiencies Frequent fires and the rapidly increasing elephant population
have severely depleted the woodland and encouraged grassland. There is a threat of poaching
as, apart from the safari area, the park is almost surrounded by inhabited areas.
Visitor Facilities Few visitors use the park, which is remote and access difficult. There is an
airstrip at park headquarters at Manzituba in the west, but no visitor facilities in the park.
Visitors must obtain permission to enter from the Provincial Warden.
Scientific Research An ecologist was based in this area for some 10 years, but most of his
records were destroyed during the independence war.
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Special Scientific Facilities New laboratories are to be built
Principal Reference Material Draft policy document and departmental records augmented by
a paper on the role of elephant, fire and other agents in the decline of Brachystegia woodland.
Staff Warden, ranger and subsidiary staff. The warden is also responsible for Chete Safari
Area to the north.
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration The Provincial Warden (Matabeleland North), P Bag
5925, Victoria Falls.
Date April 1985
GONAREZHOU NATIONAL PARK
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.08.04 (South African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established Established as a Nature Reserve in 1968. National Park status in 1975.
Geographical Location In Chiredzi district, Masvingo Province on the south-east border of
Zimbabwe adjacent to Mozambique. 21°06’-22°12’S, 31°20’-32°25’E.
Altitude 162-578m
Area 505,300ha
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The flat to undulating country interrupted by the valleys of the Nuanetsi,
Lundi and Sabi Rivers and by isolated hills including the Chikunja Range. Chipinda Pools
encompass almost 50% of the park area and attract large numbers of migrating game. Chilojo
cliffs form a spectacular backdrop on the south bank of the Lundi for about half its distance
through the park. The park includes Gorheve Pans 30km north of Mabalanta (filled with water
during the rainy season). Soils are mainly derived from Cretaceous sandstones and range from
deep sands of the regosol group to medium-textured soils of the siallitic group with
considerable granophyre in the Chikunjas in the north. Rainfall is low, and falls mainly
between November and April.
Vegetation The wide variety of vegetation types includes: mixed Brachystegia glaucescens
woodland on the granophyre hills, with steeper slopes dominated by Kirkia, Commiphora,
and Adansonia digitata. Colophospermum mopane is dominant on the limited basalt areas and
im the drainage lines and eroded areas of the Cretaceous sandstones. Also characteristic of
alluvial areas are Xanthocercis zambesiaca and Cordyla africana with Acacia tortilis,
and Croton megalobotrys. Androstachys johnsonii of the monogeneric family
Androstachydaceae is confined in Zimbabwe to this area and forms small, dry, evergreen forest
and thicket patches on the Cretaceous sandstone and granophyre. Guibourtia conjugata occurs
in pure stands on the edges of the level sands associated with the Lundi Valley. The dominant
vegetation of the non-eroded, level Cretaceous sands is a mixed community of deciduous
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woody species of the major genera Combretum, Strychnos, Terminalia, Pteleopsis, Xeroderris,
and Pterocarpus. A patch of relict riverine forest contains several giant Chlorophora excelsa
(threatened in Zimbabwe). Adenium obesum, Pachypodium saundersii, Trichilia sp., Albizia sp.
and Ficus capreifolia are present. Gonarezhou is the only location in Zimbabwe for aloes Aloe
suf fulta and A. lutescens, and a number of species with a coastal distribution.
Fauna’ The reserve forms part of a natural migratory triangle for the game population of
Kruger National Park in South Africa and the neighbouring game area in Mozambique. 800
eland and several herds of elephant are known to have crossed into Gonarezhou from Kruger
National Park. Fauna include: elephant Loxodonta africana (T), reintroduced black
rhinoceros Diceros bicornis (T) (which appear to be prospering), and
hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius (important breeding location; population periodically
curbed). The area is the Zimbabwe stronghold for nyala Tragelaphus angasi, suni Neotragus
moschatus, and Lichtenstein’s hartebeest Alcelaphus lichtensteini. The sympatric occurrence of
steenbok Raphicerus campestris, grysbok Raphicerus melanotis, grey duiker Sylvicapra
grimmia, Livingstone’s suni Neotragus moschatus livingstonianus and oribi Ourebia ourebi with
klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus on nearby hills is probably a unique association of these
small antelope. Red squirrel Paraxerus palliatus is sympatric with common _ bush
squirrel P. cepapi. River fauna include: freshwater turtle Cycloderma frenatum, lung
fish Protopterus annectens, a threatened top minnow Nothobranchius sp., tiger fish Hydrocynus
vittatus and bream Tilapia spp.. Marine tarpon Megalops cyprinoides and sword fish Pristis
microdon have been taken in the Lundi river many kilometres from the sea. There is a
significant crocodile population.
Conservation Management There is a draft park policy document and associated management
and development plans. The park has been sealed with a game fence to counteract the spread
of foot-and-mouth disease by buffalo movements.
Zoning Four zones are specified: Special Conservation, Wilderness, Wild, and Development.
The park is divided into two major sections for administration: Chipinda Pools (north) and
Mabalauta (south).
Disturbances or Deficiencies The park has a rather attenuated shape and is bordered mainly
by peasant agricultural areas which pose a constant poaching threat especially from across the
Mozambique border. A combination of burning and bush clearing associated with past tsetse
control, wildfire and the presence of numerous large herbivores especially elephant (who have
been excluded from their former range) has had considerable deleterious impact on some
vegetation-types. The flow regime and water quality of the Lundi and Sabi rivers have been
influenced by upstream impoundment for irrigation and run-off from extensive irrigation
schemes. Manjinji Pan on the south bank of the Nuanetsi River previously supported
substantial birdlife with water being pumped into the pan by a local resident. However, this
scheme has now been abandoned and the pan is silting up.
Visitor Facilities The park is open to visitors in the dry season from May to October. Well
established restcamp at Chinguli in the centre and campsites throughout the park.
Scientific Research The emphasis of research has been on understanding the ecology of the
area as a basis for management policy designed to achieve ecological stability despite outside
influences.
Special Scientific Facilities An ecologist and support staff are based at Chipinda Pools in the
north.
Principal Reference Material Departmental reports and scientific papers deal with the
vegetation and fauna of the area and their management. Much literature concerning Kruger
National Park has relevance to this park.
° Readers Digest, (1983). Game Parks and Nature Reserves of Southern Africa. Cape Town,
South Africa.
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Staff The warden and support staff at Chipinda Pools are responsible for the northern sector
and warden at Mabalauta responsible for the southern sector and contiguous Malapati Safari
Area.
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration The Warden, Chipinda Pools, P Bag 7003, Chiredzi,
and The Warden, Mabaluata, P Bag 7017, Chiredzi.
Date 1983
HWANGE (WANKIE) NATIONAL PARK
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.08.04 (South African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established 1928 as a Game Reserve; National Park status in 1930
Geographical Location Situated in Hwange Province on the border with Botswana, about
200km north-west of Bulawayo. 18°30’-19°53’S, 25°48’-27°27’E.
Altitude 938-1,152m
Area 1,465,100ha. Contiguous to Deka Safari Area, Matetsi Safari Area (292,000ha), and
Kazumu Pan National Park (31,300ha). Matetsi Safari Area is also contiguous to the Zambezi
and Victoria Falls National Parks (56,300 and 7,900ha).
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features Aeolian Kalahari sand covers some 947,000ha of the park area. The gently
undulating country has ‘fossil’ river lines draining south-west towards the great Makgadikgadi
Pans in Botswana. Parallel ’fossil’ dunes occur in the centre and west. The park contains
temporary seasonal pools or pans with high salt content. The more broken country in the north
includes basalts, grits, sandstones, gneisses, and paragneisses where streams and rivers rise and
drain north towards the Zambezi River. The climate is dry and tropical with annual
precipitation about 655mm decreasing towards the south and west. The dry winter is followed
by a hot dry season before the rains in the period November-March. Mean maximum
temperature occurs in October 35°C and mean minimum temperature in June and July 3.5°C
when frost is frequent.
Vegetation This represents the transition between dry western deserts and moist savanna
woodlands with vast teak Tectona grandis forests in the north giving way in the south to the
Kalahari sandveld which supports some typical woodland areas in the east dominated
by Baikiaea plurijuga, Guibourtia coleosperma with B. africana, and Pterocarpus angolensis
locally conspicuous over an understorey of Terminalia sericea, Combretum spp. and Acacia spp.
due in part to the influences of fire and/or frost, which may lead to thicket conditions. The
*fossil’ rivers and other areas with underlying calcrete are characterised by areas of open
grassland often with Acacia erioloba as a conspicuous fringing tree. Mopane Colophospermum
mopane, Combretum spp. and Commiphora woodland occurs on the deeper basaltic vertisols and
on shallower soil in the north with open grassland in the vleis.
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Fauna’ There are 35 large mammal species recorded (jackal-sized or larger) and 401° bird
species. The fauna represents a merging of elements from the southern savanna and south-west
arid faunal elements of Africa with species typical of the Kalahari penetrating into the park
from the south-west. Black rhinoceros Diceros bicornis (T) and white rhinoceros Ceratotherium
simum have been reintroduced and appear to be prospering. There are strong populations of
elephant Loxodonta africana (T) (15,000), buffalo Syncerus caffer (30,000), giraffe Giraffa
camelopardalis, zebra Equus burchelli, hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius,
warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus and a wide range of antelope _ including
wildebeest Connochaetes sp., greater kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros, impala Aepyceros
melampus, and sable Hippotragus niger. Other mammals include: lion Panthera leo,
leopard Panthera pardus (T), cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T), wild dog Lycaon pictus (T), and
two hyena species. Birdlife varies with season with flocks of waxbills (Estrildidae),
canaries Serinus spp., doves (Columbidae), francolins Francolinus spp., guinea fowl
(Numididae), sandgrouse (Pteroclidae), and starlings (Sturnidae) during the dry season and
migrant cuckoos (Cuculidae), swallows (Hirundinidae), swifts (Apodidae), warblers
(Muscicapidae), nightjars Caprimulgus spp., Egyptian goose Alopochen aegyptiacus, red-billed
teal Anas erythrorhyncha, and knob-billed goose Sarkidiornis melanotos on the pans during the
wet season. Raptors include: Bateleur eagle Terathopius ecaudatus and _ lappet-faced
vulture Torgos tracheliotus, white-backed vulture Gyps bengalensis, Cape vulture Gyps
coprotheres, white-headed vulture Trigonoceps occipitalis, and hooded vulture Necrosyrtes
monachus.
Conservation Management There are some 1,500 km of 100m-wide fire breaks in the park
allied to a network of fire towers and the whole park is divided into fire-control blocks.
Management policy is designed to curb habitat deterioration and includes the prevention of soil
erosion and the preservation of vleis. Problems have been created by the provision of 62
artificial waterholes to render otherwise seasonally waterless areas suitable for year-round
occupation by substantial numbers of water-dependent animals. The elephant population of
2,000-4,000 at the time of national park proclamation has now increased to 12,000-14,000,
despite population control exercises initiated in 1962. There is a park policy document and
associated management and development plans. The park has been sealed with a game fence to
counteract the spread of foot-and-mouth disease by buffalo movements.
Zoning Special Conservation Areas or Refuges, Wilderness Areas, Wild Areas, and
Development Areas are delimited.
Disturbances or Deficiencies There is local evidence in the park of habitat changes due to
former ranching, agriculture, and logging activities and the more widespread effects of
too-frequent wildfire. The park is now isolated by settlements from the Gwai River to the
north-east, animals apparently congregated along the river during the dry season when much of
the present park was waterless. Adjacent areas of Botswana in the west are very sparsely
settled, but to the south, the park abuts peasant farming areas.
Visitor Facilities The area is an internationally popular tourist destination. Development for
visitors includes roads, shops, caravan, and campsites concentrated in the north of the park,
which is also served by five hotels near the park. Access is by paved and gravel roads, rail,
and an airport outside the park. There is a network of game-viewing roads, but the number of
vehicles in the park is limited. Other facilities include observation platforms and hides.
Scientific Research The scientific staff is based at Main Camp. Research concerns ecological
monitoring and broadly based studies designed to promote the ecological stability of the area.
Special Scientific Facilities At park headquarters
Principal Reference Material Fairly substantial literature includes departmental reports since
the 1930s on history, geology, orology, pan formation, biological inventories, ecology, and
interpretative material.
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Zimbabwe
Staff The provincial warden and four other wardens have a support staff including ranger,
tourist officers, scouts, and general workers. Three ecologists and their staff are based at Main
Camp.
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration Wankie National Park, P Bag DT 5776, Dett.
Date April 1985
INYANGA AND MTARAZI FALLS NATIONAL PARKS
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.07.04 (Miombo Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total, but sport fishing by permit in some of the waterways and lakes
Date Established Protected since 1902. The parks contain large areas of land bequeathed to
the nation.
Geographical Location Situated in the Eastern Highlands in Manicaland Province on the
Mozambique border. About 200km east-south-east of Harare. 18°20’S, 32°50°E.
Altitude 880-2,592m (mainly above 2,000m)
Area — 31,395ha: Inyanga National Park 28,900ha and Mzarazi Falls National Park 2,495ha are
contiguous.
Land Tenure Land held in trust. Most of the area was bequeathed to the nation in the will of
the late Cecil John Rhodes.
Physical Features Inyanga National Park comprises a giant plateau consisting of uplifted
doleritic intrusions over granite and includes part of Mount Inyangani (highest peak in
Zimbabwe). This mountainous area is the source of several important rivers (Pungwe, Odzi,
Gairezi, Inyangombe, and Mtarazi) and includes a number of waterfalls. In Mtarazi National
Park the river cascades 762m down the cliff face into the Honde Valley. Many of the rivers
have been dammed to form small lakes. The soils are mineralised, but leached and susceptible
to erosion.
Vegetation The natural vegetation climax appears to have strong affinities physionomically
and taxonomically with the sclerophyll of the southern Cape Province of South Africa, but this
is readily suppressed by fire to extensive montane grassland. The area contains
stunted Brachystegia woodland, patches of submontane lowland forest, introduced pines and
wattles, and high altitude heathlands. A planted stand of the indigenous conifer Widdringtonia
whytei may be used to reintroduce the tree to other areas.
Fauna Inyanga is an important mountain sanctuary for wildlife in a region where plantations
of exotic conifers and wattle tend to dominate the landscape and contains an interesting
montane fauna which is unique in Zimbabwe. In Mtarazi National Park, the rain forest created
by spray from the waterfall provides a home for the blue duiker Cephalophus monticola. There
are relatively few large herbivores on the veld. Lions Panthera leo are present. The avifauna
includes: cisticolas Cisticola sp., waxbills (Estrildidae), mannikins Lonchura_ spp.,
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widow-birds Euplectes spp., buzzards, and eagles. Stream fish include trout Salmo trutta
and S. gairdneri.
Cultural Heritage The area contains important archaeological sites indicating past high
density occupation of the area by an agricultural culture of remarkable technical sophistication.
Conservation Management’ There is a park policy document for Inyanga. The two national
parks are administered as one unit.
Zoning There are two Wilderness Areas (Pungwe-Nyazengu and Mtarazi), six Wild Areas, and
one large Multiple Use Area which contains all significant staff and visitor facilities, five trout
angling dams, and a number of managed exotic plantations which the public now regard as a
feature of the Inyanga landscape. Wild Areas and Wilderness Areas total about 26,000ha.
Provision exists for the creation of Special Conservation Areas with access only for scientific
purposes.
Disturbances or Deficiencies One major and several secondary roads pass through Inyanga.
The feral exotic vegetation needs expensive long-term control. The disappearance of low
altitude natural forest outside the boundaries is a threat to birds and perhaps other animals that
migrate to it seasonally from the parks. The area would benefit by including the whole of
Mount Inyangani, particularly more of the submontane rain forest of the south-east aspect.
Visitor Facilities The parks are essentially scenic, but also provide for a range of outdoor
recreational activities including quality angling for introduced rainbow, brown, and brook trout
in specially built dams. Other facilities include a hotel and lodges in the park, six hotels near
the park, caravan and campsites and well maintained gravel roads.
Scientific Research The trout hatchery in the Inyanga National Park is a cornerstone of trout
research and propagation for angling and table fish in Zimbabwe and the park is an important
centre for horticultural research by the Ministry of Agriculture. Research includes small
mammal surveys. Investigations are being carried out as to whether the plantation timber in
the park could be uSed to supply the timber needs for all parks and reserves in Zimbabwe. The
area is also a useful ecological benchmark.
Special Scientific Facilities _ A research station concentrating on fruits and seed potatoes
forms an ’island’ in the park.
Principal Reference Material The archaeology, history, management and research in the park
is fairly well documented in formal publications and in departmental archives. Also the Will of
the late Cecil John Rhodes.
Staff Warden, five rangers and support staff. There is also a fishery ecologist, technician and
support staff.
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration The National Parks Central Booking Office, PO Box
8151, Causeway, Harare.
Date April 1985
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Zimbabwe
KAZUMA PAN NATIONAL PARK
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.08.04 (South African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established Proclaimed as a National Park in 1949, deproclaimed 1964, reproclaimed
1975. An extension is planned.
Geographical Location Western Matabeleland North Province on the border with Botswana
Altitude 900-1,200m
Area 31,300ha. Kazuma Pan National Park is part of the Hwange-Matetsi- Victoria Falls
complex and is surrounded by Matetsi Safari Area (195,500ha) which is contiguous to Hwange
National Park (1,462,000ha), Zambezi National Park (56,300ha) and Victoria Falls National
Park (7,900ha).
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features There are flat grassland plains of basalt clays and gravels with large
seasonally inundated natural pans in the southwest.
Vegetation The park protects the natural ecosystems of a unique physionomic vegetation type
in Zimbabwe. Open grassland in the east is fringed by mopane Colophospermum mopane and
Kalahari woodland.
Fauna’ There is a wide spectrum of large mammal species, but populations are generally
sparse and seasonal. Locally threatened species have a high incidence and _ include:
gemsbok Oryx gazella, oribi Ourebia ourebi, roan antelope Hippotragus equinus,
tsessebi Damaliscus lunatus, and cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T). This is the only area in
Zimbabwe where the western populations of the southern African oribi occur. Game tends to
concentrate in the more watered and tree-covered western sector of the park. The pans are
important to waterfowl.
Conservation Management There is a policy document for the Victoria Falls-Matetsi Complex
and departmental reports cover the resources, planning and management of the complex. Park
policy gives particular emphasis to conservation of gemsbok, roan and oribi and their habitats.
The park is well insulated in Zimbabwe by other conservation areas and adjacent parts of
Botswana, which remain undeveloped.
Zoning Agreed policy dictates that most of the park will be a Wilderness Area with limited
development in one small area, but this has not yet been developed.
Disturbances or Deficiencies Wildfire spreads into the park from surrounding areas.
Visitor Facilities _Game-viewing on foot is allowed, but there are no tourist facilities. The
area is remote and four-wheel drive vehicles are essential. Visitors must obtain prior
permission from the Provincial Warden.
Scientific Research No information
Special Scientific Facilities The park forms part of the Victoria Falls-Matetsi Complex for
research purposes with laboratories and scientists at Isidumuka, some 20km from the eastern
boundary.
Principal Reference Material None listed
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Staff Administered by the Warden at Matetsi with two rangers and support staff.
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration Provincial Warden, P Bag 5925, Victoria Falls.
Date April 1985
MANA POOLS NATIONAL PARK AND ASSOCIATED SAFARI AREAS
Management Category II and VIII (National Park and Multiple Use Management Areas
World Heritage Site (Criteria: ii, iii, iv)
Biogeographical Province 3.07.04 (Miombo Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Fully protected, but strictly controlled recreational hunting permitted in the
safari areas. Chewore and Sapi are due for elevation to national park status.
Date Established Mana Pools National Park 1963; Chewore Safari Area and Sapi Safari Area
1964; Dande Safari Area 1968; Urungwe Safari Area 1976; no information on Doma Safari
Area. Much of the area had been protected as a non-hunting area since 1930.
Geographical Location North-east of Lake Kariba in the Zambezi Valley on the south bank
of the river (which forms the border with Zambia). 15°35’-16°30’S, 29°00’-30°25’E.
Altitude Under 500m to 1,062m
Area Mana Pools 219,600ha, Chewore 339,000ha, Urungwe 287,000ha, Sapi 118,000ha Dande
52,300ha and Doma 76,400ha. Contiguous to Charara Safari Area (169,000ha).
Land Tenure Public ownership under the Parks and Wildlife Act 1975.
Physical Features The areas (excluding Dande) have extensive frontages along the lower
Zambezi River from Kariba Dam to near the Mozambique border and include large areas of
the rugged Zambezi escarpment, which rises to 1,000m from the valley floor. The geology of
the region ranges from the recent river alluvia of the extensive valley floor to the ancient
gneiss and paragneiss overlain by thin lithosols of the basement complex. Mana Pools are
former channels of the Zambezi. Much of Chewore is heavily dissected with Mupata Gorge
(30km long) along the northern boundary. Between the gorges of Kariba and Mupata, the river
is broad and sandy. Mean annual rainfall is 700mm, falling mainly in summer. Mean annual
temperature is 25°C.
Vegetation Well-grassed Brachystegia communities dominate the mountainous escarpment and
higher Chewore areas. The valley floor is dominated by mopane Colophospermum mopane
woodlands or dry highly deciduous thickets known as jesse. Seasonal tributaries crossing the
valley floor support extensive riparian communities. On the younger sandier alluvial deposits
along the Zambezi are well-developed communities of the unusual Acacia albida with more
diverse woodlands containing Kigelia africana and Trichilia emetica on the higher deposits (old
islands or levées).
Fauna The rich and varied fauna mammal populations tend to concentrate on the floodplains
during the dry season when water elsewhere (except in the escarpment) is scarce and when the
numerous Acacia albida shed their protein-rich pods. Mammals include: black
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rhinoceros Diceros bicornis (T)(Chewore has one of the most numerous populations in Africa),
elephant Loxodonta africana (T), hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, lion Panthera leo,
leopard Panthera pardus (T), spotted hyena Crocuta crocuia, honey badger Mellivora capensis,
warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus, bushpig Potamochoerus porcus, zebra Equus burchelli,
cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T), wild dog Lycaon pictus (T) and a wide range of antelope species
including mixed herds of greater kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros, bushbuck Tragelaphus
scriptus, nyala Tragelaphus angasi, eland Tauroltragus oryx, waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus,
sable antelope Hippotragus niger, grysbok Raphicerus melanotis, and steenbok Raphicerus
campestris. Nile crocodile Crocodylus niloticus (V) are present. Birdlife on the river and in
the bush is prolific with over 380 species including: Nyasa lovebird Agapornis lilianae,
yellow-spotted nicator WNicator sp., white-collared pratincole Glareola nuchalis, banded
snake-eagle Circaetus sp., and Livingstone’s flycatcher Erythrocercus livingstonei. Common
fish include tiger fish Hydrocynus vittatus, bream Tilapia spp., vundu Heterobranchus
longifilis, kupi Distichodus mossambicus, chessa Distichodus schenga, cornish Jack Mormyrops
deliciousus, and lungfish Protopterus annectens.
Population There is virtually no permanent human habitation due to an array of tropical
diseases including sleeping sickness, biharzia, and malaria.
Zoning Zonation is implicit in the legal status of the five areas. Each area may be divided
into: Special Conservation Areas with no development and entry only for scientific purposes;
Wilderness Areas of sufficient size to contain the complete biota of the locality and bearing no
more than incidental signs of occupation by man; Wild Areas serviced by roads and tracks, but
where the interests of fauna and flora are paramount; and Development Areas for visitor,
management and administrative facilities. Hunting rights in Sapi, Chewore and Urungwe
(part) are divided into lots which are sold by tender on an annual basis; in the remainder of
Urungwe they are sold to a local hunting association, and in Dande they are leased to a safari
company.
Disturbances or Deficiencies Natural seasonal flooding of low-lying areas was seriously
curtailed by the completion of Kariba Dam in 1958. These areas including the rich alluvium
and the ecological heart of the area are further threatened by a proposed hydroelectric scheme
at Mapata Gorge which would create a 85,000ha lake obliterating much of the Zambezi
floodplain and halving the carrying capacity of Mana Pools. An environmental assessment is
being completed. The propsed dam is unlikely to be considered until the 21st century. Other
problems include poaching, especially of fish in the Zambezi, and destruction of habitats by
elephants. The Harare/Lusaka main road passes through the area with associated settlements
and there is a private estate on the Zambezi near Chirundu. The area is of limited agricultural
potential and has never been used extensively for livestock grazing.
Visitor Facilities The areas provide opportunities to experience some of the greatest seasonal
mammal concentrations in a natural environment and it is ensured that recreational hunting
will not impair the essential wilderness qualities and resource values for future generations.
The number of cars allowed into Mana Pools National Park at any one time is limited. Mana
Pools is only partially developed as a tourist centre, but is so popular that the available
facilities are prone to saturation. There is a tourist camp at Chikwenya on the confluence of
the Sapi and Zambezi Rivers, but there are no tarred roads and visitors are strictly confined.
Visitors are allowed to walk in the riparian woodlands in the park.
Scientific Research Scientific research and education concern ecological stability and man’s
impact on the environment. In particular long term studies have been made of the ecological
effects of land-use systems applied in neighbouring areas and effects on riparian communities
of the formation of Lake Kariba. Regular aerial game counts are carried out.
Special Scientific Facilities Research laboratory is located at Mana Pools. An ecologist and
workers have been posted to the area after a break of several years.
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Principal Reference Material
Numerous departmental reports augmented by published papers on the biology of the area and
including a population census as a basis for setting hunting quotas.
Barkham, J.P. (1981). Report on the environmental impact assessment of proposed
hydro-electric schemes on the Zambezi River. Duplicated report. IUCN, Gland. 30 pp.
° du Toit, R.F. (1982). A preliminary assessment of the environmental implications of the
proposed Mupata and Batoka hydro-electric schemes (Zambezi River, Zimbabwe). Natural
Resources Board, Harare. 209 pp.
° Guy, P.R. (1977). Notes on the vegetation types of the Zambezi Valley, Rhodesia between
Kariba and Mupata Gorges. Kirkia 10: 543-557.
° Jarman, P.J. (1972). Seasonal distribution of large mammal populations in the unflooded
middle Zambezi Valley. Journal of Applied Ecology 9: 283-299.
° Policy document covering the five areas (24 February 1981).
Staff The complex is administered by the Warden at Marangora with seven rangers, support
staff, one ecologist and his junior staff.
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration Warden at Marangara.
Date April 1985
MATOBO (MATOPOS) NATIONAL PARK AND LAKE MATOBO RECREATIONAL PARK
Management Category II and VIII (National Park and Multiple Use Management Area)
Biogeographical Province 3.08.04 (South African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total, but the use of the areas differs according to the legal definition of
their status. The recreational park is excluded from the national park as it contains four leased
sites. Fishing is permitted in the dam.
Date Established Matobo National Park 1902 and Lake Matobo Recreational Park 1926
Geographical Location 54km south of Bulawayo in Matabeleland South Province, western
Zimbabwe. 20°40’S, 28°30’E.
Altitude 1,300-1,466m
Area Matobo National Park 43,200ha and Lake Matobo Recreational Park 2,900ha are
contiguous.
Land Tenure Partially Trust Land bequeathed to the nation by the late Cecil John Rhodes
Physical Features The complex occupies the core of the Matobo Hills, an agglomeration of
granite kopjes with numerous caves. Geological faults have created domes (dwalas) which
sometimes have huge isolated boulders on their smooth surfaces. The hills are an important
water catchment area for the southern Matabeleland feeding tributaries of rivers such as the
Tuli, Mtsheleli, Maleme, and Whovi. The hills are interspersed by valleys with deeper soils,
vleis, and streams. Although located in the drier western part of Zimbabwe, the area
represents a western extension for many species characteristic of the east of the country
because of the nature of the habitats.
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Vegetation The flora reflects a wide diversity of habitats and includes xerophytics on exposed
granite; well wooded kloofs on the kopjes with Euphorbia candelabrum, mnondo trees and
golden flowered umsehla Peltophorum africanum around the bases; open woodland in well
drained valleys; and grassy vleis and swamps. The vegetation is characterised by a diversity of
species and communities. Tree species include Julbernardia globiflora, Erythrina lysistemon,
Streptocarpus eytesii, and Calodendrum capense. Other plants include the winter
flowering Crassula, Clematis and Pterolobium exosum, ground orchid Habenaria, and over 100
grass species. Lichens are common on the massive boulders and dwalas and vary widely in
colour.
Fauna The 88 recorded mammal species include 71% of the hare-sized and larger species
recorded in Zimbabwe. High densities of leopard Panthera pardus (T), klipspringer Oreotragus
oreotragus, red hare Pronolagus randensis, and two hyrax species occur. Twelve large mammal
species have been reintroduced. Over 300 bird species occur, which is over half the number
known to occur in Zimbabwe. They include 40 raptor species such as: black eagle Aquila
verreauxii (highest known density), Wahlberg’s eagle Aquila wahlbergi, tawny eagle Aquila
rapax, banded harrier-hawk Polyboroides typus, secretary bird Sagittarius serpentarius,
black-shouldered kite Elanus caeruleus, snake eagle Circaetus spp., little
sparrow-hawk <Accipiter minullus, Gabar goshawk Melierax gabar, Peregrine falcon Falco
peregrinus (T) and Lanner falcon Falco biarmicus. The 71 reptile species with 39 snake species
include a thriving population of the highly venomous black mamba. Records of 27 amphibian
species and 16 fish species include several exotics introduced to the streams and dams:
bream Tilapia spp., black bass Micropterus salmoides, barbel Clarias gariepinus, and Hunyani
salmon Labeo altivelis.
Cultural Heritage The biological diversity of this important catchment area has attracted
inhabitants from the stone age to the present, notably the San bushmen and the Matabele. The
area has great archaeological, historical, and spiritual significance. Caves in or near the park
include Nswantugi with bushman giraffe paintings, Bambata (the first cave to be excavated in
Africa), and Silozwane once used by the Ndebele for rainmaking ceremonies.
Conservation Management’ The controlled availability of thatching grass in the park has
proved a valuable tool over the past 20 years for convincing local rural communities of the
value of the park. The re-establishment of vleis and sponges is particularly valuable as the
area is important for water catchment. There are policy documents for Matobo National Park
(9 April 1979) and Lake Matobo Recreational Park, and associated biological management and
development plans.
Zoning Zonation is implicit in the legal status of the national park and _ contiguous
recreational park. The complex is also divided into areas of Special Sociological Importance,
Special Conservation, Wilderness (Maleme and Toghwe), and the Wild and Recreational Area
(including Matabo Dam). There is a 16,500ha game reserve in Whori Wild Zone.
Disturbances or Deficiencies A highway passes through the parks. Problems include poaching
and illegal cattle grazing.
Visitor Facilities Matobo National Park was a gift to the people of Bulawayo by the late Cecil
John Rhodes. Facilities in the parks include nine lodges at Maleme Dam, four caravan and
campsites, a network of gravel game-viewing roads, and horse trails.
Scientific Research The area has been important for biological and archaeological research by
the National Museum in Bulawayo since the early 1900s.
Special Scientific Facilities Laboratories at Maleme have a permanent scientific staff of one
aquatic and one terrestrial ecologist, and support staff.
Principal Reference Material Numerous reports, scientific papers, and popular or
semi-popular publications concerning the archaeological, historical, physical, biological and
cultural features of the Matobo.
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Staff Warden, two ecologists, four rangers (officers), 45 scouts, and 94 support staff
Budget About US$70,000
Local Park or Reserve Administration Park Headquarters are at Maleme. Most of the
recreational park is administered as part of the national park. Matobo National Park, P Bag
K5142, Bulawayo.
Date April 1985
MATUSADONA NATIONAL PARK
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.07.04 (Miombo Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established Proclaimed as a non-hunting reserve in 1963, but managed as a_ national
park and elevated to this status in 1975
Geographical Location On the southern shore of Lake Kariba in western Mashonaland North
Province. 17°00’S, 28°25’E.
Altitude Up to 1,201m
Area 137,000ha. Contiguous to Lake Kariba Recreational Park (283,000ha)
Land Tenure No information
Physical Features Matusadona comprises an abrupt and rugged escarpment separated from the
lakeshore by an apron of flat land. Most of the park is inaccessible by road and extends over
the upland area high above the lake. The numerous bays of the lakeshore are formed by
drowned valleys. The Bumi River forms the western boundary, and the flooded Sanyati gorge
the eastern boundary. Soils are shallow and stony.
Vegetation Well grassed Brachystegia communities dominate the mountainous two-thirds of
the park. Elephant have caused modification of the physiognomic character of plant
communities and elimination of many large trees. Below the escarpment fairly dense woody
vegetation dominates, comprising mainly small trees and bushes. Lake Kariba is a man-made
lake with evolving shore communities in which the swamp grass Panicum repens is conspicuous.
Fauna Black rhinoceros Diceros bicornis (T) (estimated 400), elephant Loxodonta africana (T)
(1,000), buffalo Syncerus caffer (several thousand), sable and roan antelopes Hippotragus niger
and Hippotragus equinus, greater kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros, bushbuck Tragelaphus
scriptus, eland Taurotragus oryx, waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, hippopotamus Hippopotamus
amphibius, lion Panthera leo, leopard Panthera pardus (V), impala Aepyceros melampus, hyena,
and crocodile (estimated 400 adult crocodile). Birds include: fish eagle Haliaeetus vocifer,
African darter Anhinga rufa, comorants Phalacrocorax sp., heron, stork, plover,
lilytrotter Actophilornis africana, and numerous woodland birds. Lake fish include
bream Tilapia sp., vundu Heterobranchus longifilis, tigerfish Hydrocynus vittatus, and
Tanganyika sardine Limnothrissa miodon.
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Conservation Management’ The park policy document puts particular emphasis on protection
of black rhinoceros, hippopotamus, and crocodile. It provides for the creation of Special
Conservation Areas with no development and access only for scientific purposes.
Zoning Most of the hill area has been declared as Mafuchi Wilderness Area with access only
by special permission. Jenje Wild Area comprises the flat land between the escarpment and
lakeshore and is served by game-viewing roads. There are several Development Areas for staff
and visitor facilities with park headquarters located in the largest of these, Tashinga.
Disturbances or Deficiencies Lake Kariba is a man made lake. Inshore and offshore
commercial fishing are permitted in the contiguous Lake Kariba Recreational Park, with
inshore fishing limited to a section of the northern shoreline of Matusadona.
Visitor Facilities Only one-third of the park is open to the public. Organized tourism
facilities include three lodges, bush camps at Muwu and Ume River and an airstrip at
Tashinga. Boat, canoe, and walking safaris are operated from Fothergill Island which provides
excellent game viewing opportunities following Operation Noah in the late 1950s when
thousands of animals were rescued from the rising waters of Lake Kariba.
Scientific Research Research is concentrated on management and the impact of Lake Kariba
on the natural biota.
Special Scientific Facilities An ecologist and basic facilities at Tashinga.
Principal Reference Material Numerous departmental reports, plans for the management of
resources and development of the park, and popular and scientific publications have been
published over the last 20 years.
Staff Warden, ecologist, and two rangers with support staff
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration Warden, based at Tashinga.
Date April 1985
VICTORIA FALLS NATIONAL PARK
Management Category III (Natural Monument)
Biogeographical Province 3.08.04 (South African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established The area is part of the original Victoria Falls National Park established in
1931, subdivided in 1979 into the contiguous Victoria Falls and Zambezi National Parks.
Geographical Location In the extreme west of Matabeleland North Province on the southern
bank of the Zambezi River, which forms the border with Zambia. 17°90’S, 25°90’E
Altitude 913m
Area 1,900ha. Contiguous to Zambezi National park (56,400ha) and the Matetsi, Kazuma
Pan, Hwange (Wankie) complex. Total contiguous conservation area of over i,846,700ha.
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Land Tenure Government (the last private lands were acquired in 1972)
Physical Features The park contains the Victoria Falls: the largest sheet of falling water in
the world - over 545 million litres per minute during the flood season, hence the African name
of ’Mosi oa Tunya’ - the smoke that thunders. The park includes the Zambezi River above and
below the falls within Zimbabwe and the upper Batoka Gorges. Annual rainfall is 600-700mm
and mean annual temperature 20°C. The spray thrown up from the falls is partly responsible
for sustaining the rain forest.
Vegetation Dominant types are riverine communities associated with the upper Zambezi
River, the Victoria Falls rain forest and open grassland which constitutes a type locality for
several species. Scrub on the shallow basaltic soils adjacent to the gorges gives way to Kalahari
woodland on the deeper aeolian sands.
Fauna Many large mammal species here also occur in the Zambezi National Park including:
hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, lion Panthera leo, warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus,
and numerous antelope species. The rich avifauna includes: cormorant Phalacrocorax sp.,
darter Anhinga sp., heron, duck, egrets, bitterns, pygmy goose WNettapus auritus, and
white-fronted bee-eater Merops bullockoides along the river; in the rain forest are Heuglin’s
robin Cossypha heuglini, Knysna turaco Tauraco corythaix, and trumpeter hornbill Bycanistes
bucinator. The gorges provide breeding places for the rare taita falcon Falco fasciinucha.
Victoria Falls forms a geographical barrier between the distinct fish faunas of the upper and
middle Zambezi River. Fish species include: breams Oreochromis mossambica, T. macrochir,
T. andersoni, Serranochromis robustus, Sargochromis condringtoni, chessa Distichodus schenga,
tigerfish Hydrocynus vittatus, and barbel Clarias gariepinus.
Conservation Management Large mammals are being encouraged in the Gorges Wild Area
while ensuring that any increase does not adversely affect the perrenial vegetation.
Development has been confined to aesthetically designed and located paved or gravel paths,
entrance gates, and limited interpretative displays. There is a policy document for the Victoria
Falls-Matetsi complex.
Zoning The park is divided into two Wild Areas separated by the road and railway linking
Zambia and Zimbabwe across the Victoria Falls Bridge (itself a feature of historical interest).
Disturbances or Deficiencies Victoria Falls town lies next to the park and is a major visitor
destination. The town and intense visitor throughput caused drainage and erosion problems,
now successfully rehabilitated at considerable cost. The road, railway and low-flying aircraft
cause some adverse auditory and visual impacts.
Visitor Facilities | These are well developed with hotels available in Victoria Falls town.
Visitors to the Falls and rain forest area are limited to about 1,000 persons per day. There are
good paths to the Falls and through the rain forest.
Scientific Research Research is carried out by local Parks and Wild Life Department
scientists on protection of all riparian vegetation including the rain forest. Basic plant and
animal monitoring programmes are carried out.
Special Scientific Facilities The park is part of the Zambezi-Matetsi complex for research
purposes with laboratories at Isidumuka, 89km south of Victoria Falls.
Principal Reference Material Extensive literature covers the archaeology, history, geology,
fauna and flora of Victoria Falls and environs with more specific reports and papers dealing
with planning development, the management of the biological resources, and reclamation of the
Falls rain forest area.
Staff Administered by a ranger with a complement of scouts and general workers under the
direction of the Warden, Victoria Falls.
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Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration The Warden, P Bag 5920, Victoria Falls.
Date April 1985
ZAMBEZI NATIONAL PARK
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.08.04 (South African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total, but fishing without licence allowed
Date Established The park area is part of the original Victoria Falls National Park established
in 1931, subdivided in 1979 into the contiguous Victoria Falls and Zambezi National Parks
Geographical Location Western Matabeleland Province, north-west Zimbabwe, on the
southern bank of the Zambezi River, which forms the border with Zambia. 17°19’S, 25°75’E.
Altitude 1,000m
Area 56,400ha (extension planned). Contiguous to Victoria Falls National Park (1,900ha) and
Matetsi-Kazuma Pan-Hwange (Wankie) complex. Total contiguous conservation area of over
1,846,700ha.
Land Tenure Government (the last private lands in the whole complex were acquired in 1972).
Physical Features The Kalahari sand sheet has been eroded to expose underlying basalt in the
north along the Zambezi River frontage (about 50km). It forms undulating country in the
remainder of the area with 2 extensive vlei systems draining towards the Zambezi below the
Victoria Falls.
Vegetation Typical Kalahari woodland with Afzelia quanzensis, Combretum spp.,
and Pterocarpus sp.. typifies the sand sheet between the open grassed vlies, modified in parts
by past logging and fire. A mixed scrub community has developed on the basalt areas giving
way to riparian vegetation with Acacia spp. such as A. albida, Albizia harveyi, Tamarindus
indica, Combretum mossambicense and Ziziphus mucronata along streams, at springs, and
especially along the Zambezi. Cyperus papyrus swamp occurs among the riparian communities.
Fauna’ The area has a wide range of large African mammals, rich avian and invertebrate
fauna with the river supporting fish typical of the upper Zambezi/Kafue systems. Large
mammals include: elephant Loxodonta africana (T), hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius,
black rhinoceros Diceros bicornis (T) and white rhinoceros Ceratotherium simum (reintroduced),
lion Panthera leo, leopard Panthera pardus (T), spotted hyena Crocuta crocuta, giraffe Giraffa
camelopardalis, zebra Equus burchelli, warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus, and some 12 antelope
species including sable Hippotragus niger and waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus. Rich and
varied avifauna including: fish eagle Haliaeetus vocifer, goliath heron Ardea goliath, malachite
kingfisher Alcedo cristata, egrets, and darter Anhinga rufa. River fish include:
tigerfish Hydrocynus vittatus, bream Tilapia sp., and vundu Heterobranchus longifilis.
Conservation Management There is a policy document for the Victoria Falls-Matetsi complex.
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Zoning Most of the park is Wild Area where game viewing from roads is allowed. There is a
substantial Development Area for staff and visitors adjacent to Victoria Falls town and other
smaller Development Areas for administrative and management purposes.
Disturbances or Deficiencies The main highway from Victoria Falls to the border post with
Botswana at Kazangula passes through the park but is located some distance from the Zambezi
River so as to minimise disturbance to the natural ecosystems.
Visitor Facilities The park is closed to visitors in the wet season from November to April.
Facilities in the park include lodges on the banks of the Zambezi, fishing camps, and a road
network.
Scientific Research Research to improve management and protection of the ecosystems has
particular reference to large mammals. Monitoring is carried out.
Special Scientific Facilities The park is part of the Zambezi-Matetsi complex for monitoring
and research purposes with scientists and laboratory facilities at Isidumuka, about 89 km south
of Victoria Falls.
Principal Reference Material Extensive literature covering the archaeology, history, geology,
fauna and flora of the Victoria Falls and environs. Specific reports and papers dealing with
planning of development, management of the biological resources and reclamation of the
Falls/rainforest area.
Staff Warden and ranger with support staff
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration The Warden, P Bag 5920, Victoria Falls.
Date April 1985
SENGWA WILDLIFE RESEARCH AREA
Management Category I (Scientific Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.08.04 (South African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established No information
Geographical Location North-east Zimbabwe. 18°07°S, 28°10°E.
Altitude No information
Area 37,300ha
Land Tenure No information
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Physical Features The area includes the Lutope River and its floodplain. There is a single
rainy season from December to April, a cool dry season from May to July, and a hot dry season
from August to December. Mean annual rainfall is 673mm and mean annual temperature
22.5°C to 25°C.
Vegetation Major vegetation types are: Colophospermum mopane
woodland, Brachystegia-Julbernardia woodland, Combretum sp. deciduous
thickets, Acacia riverine communities on alluvial soil, and river terrace grasslands.
Fauna Mammals include: impala Aepyceros melampus, buffalo Syncerus caffer, lion Panthera
leo, and leopard Panthera pardus (T).
Conservation Management No information
Zoning No information
Disturbances or Deficiencies No information
Visitor Facilities No information
Scientific Research Studies on impala ranging behaviour
Special Scientific Facilities Hostes Nicolle Institute of Wildlife Research, Gokwe.
Principal Reference Material
° Dunham, K.M. and Murray, M.G. (1982). Fat reserves of impala. African Journal of
Ecology 20(2): 81.
Staff No information
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration No information
Date No information
VUMBA BOTANICAL RESERVE AND GARDEN AND BUNGA FOREST BOTANICAL
RESERVE
Management Category II (National Park)
Biogeographical Province 3.07.04 (Miombo Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total
Date Established Proclaimed a National Park in 1958 following aquisition of land from estate
of F. Taylor in 1957. Portions have been constituted as Botanical Reserve and Botanical
Garden by Parks and Wild Life Act 1975.
Geographical Location About 30km from Mutare in Manicaland Province on the road to
Chimanimani. 19°30’S, 32°40°E.
Altitude Up to 2,000m
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Area Vumba Botanical Garden 200ha contains Vumba Botanical Reserve 76ha and is
contiguous to Bunga Forest Botanical Reserve 1,558ha.
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features These are located in the Vumba Mountains (known as the ’mountains of
mist’) overlooking the plains of Mozambique, and include wooded granite hills. The annual
rainfall is 1,676mm.
Vegetation Thick montane evergreen forest and open scrub vegetation with aloes occurs on
steep rocky slopes. The Botanic Garden contains cycads, orchids and many trees and shrubs
found nowhere else in Zimbabwe.
Fauna Mammals include: blue duiker Cephalophus monticola, bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus,
bushpig Potamochoerus porcus, and Samango monkey Cercopithecus albogularis. Rich birdlife
including: orange ground thrush Zoothera gurneyi, wood owl Ciccaba wood fordii, red-winged
starling Onychognathus morio, bronze sunbird Nectarinia kilimensis, augur buzzard Buteo
rufofuscus, forest weaver (Ploceidae), Nyasa crimson-wing Pyrenestes minor, Swynnerton’s
robin Pogonocichla swynnertoni (R) and two species endemic to Zimbabwe, chirinda
apalis Apalis chirindensis, and Roberts prinia Prinia robertsi.
Conservation Management The management policy for Vumba Botanical Reserve and Vumba
Botanical Garden approved by the Director of Parks and Wild Life. The area is protected from
wildfire. Blue duiker and Samango monkey are encouraged within tolerable limit of their
impact on the developed garden. The policy of the developed garden is to emphasise
indigenous highland flora.
Zoning Vumba Botanical Garden contains the Botanical Reserve and two Development Areas
with camping and tourist amenities.
Disturbances or Deficiencies No information
Visitor Facilities The reserves have camping facilities, scenic drives and a network of
footpaths, and there is a hotel nearby.
Scientific Research Ornithological and botanical studies have been made from the naturalist
centre.
Special Scientific Facilities Seldomseen Naturalist Centre
Principal Reference Material
° Readers Digest, (1983). Game Parks and Nature Reserves of Southern Africa. Cape Town,
South Africa.
Staff Provincial warden
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration Provincial Warden, PO Box 69, Mutare.
Date 1983
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CHIMANIMANI (MELSETTER) ELAND SANCTUARY
Management Category IV (Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.08.04 (South African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection No information
Date Established Established in 1975 with funds from the small Chimanimani community and
the Conservation Trust of Zimbabwe
Geographical Location Near the town of Melsetter in eastern Zimbabwe. 19°45’S, 32°55’E.
Altitude No information
Area 1,200ha
Land Tenure No information
Physical Features The mountainous terrain includes the Bridalveil Falls. Annual rainfall is
high.
Vegetation The area is in the undifferentiated afromontane vegetation zone with a diverse
canopy flora.
Fauna There is a relict eland Taurotragus oryx population. Wild eland had long been present
in the forests of the area, the species being the only large antelope to adapt to the artificial
environment of pine plantations. The sanctuary also has waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus and
zebra Equus burchelli.
Zoning No information
Disturbances or Deficiencies No information
Visitor Facilities There are no tourist facilities in the sanctuary, but a hotel and
caravan/campsite at Melsetter.
Scientific Research No information
Special Scientific Facilities No information
Principal Reference Material
° Child, G.F.T. (1977). Supplement to Koedoe. Pp 116-137.
° Readers Digest, (1983). Game Parks and Nature Reserves of Southern Africa. Cape Town,
South Africa.
Staff No information
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration No information
Date 1983
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MUSHANDIKE SANCTUARY
Management Category IV (Nature Reserve)
Biogeographical Province 3.08.04 (South African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection No information
Date Established No information
Geographical Location 26km west of Masvingo, centred on the Mushandike Dam. 17°50’S,
30°30°E.
Altitude No information
Area 12,900ha, including Mushandike Dam (417ha)
Land Tenure No information
Physical Features Mushandike Dam is ringed by mountains. The annual rainfall is under
1,000mm.
Vegetation The area lies within the drier Zambezian miombo woodland vegetation zone
dominated by Brachystegia spp. and contains Julbernardia globiflora. Contains a complexity
of habitats.
Fauna Mammals include: white rhinoceros Ceratotherium simum, sable Hippotragus niger,
waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, duiker Cephalophus sp., grysbok Raphicerus melanotis,
greater kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros, klipspringer Oreotragus oreotragus,
wildebeeste Connochaetes sp., zebra Equus burchelli, and leopard Panthera pardus (T). The
many birds include red-billed teal Anas erythrorhyncha, comb duck Sarkidiornis melanotos,
herons (Ardeidae), and cormorants Phalacrocorax sp. on the dam. Fish in the dam include
black bass Micropterus salmoides, Tilapia sp., and barbel Clarias gariepinus.
Conservation Management Environmental education for primary school children
Zoning No information
Disturbances or Deficiencies No information
Visitor Facilities Internal gravel roads (subject to seasonal flooding), caravan and camping
facilities exist and licensed sport fishing is permitted.
Scientific Research Ungulate grazing research predominates. The Department of National
Parks maintains an experimental eland herd at Mushandike as the species has potential for
domestication.
Special Scientific Facilities Eland research station (closed to the public)
Principal Reference Material
° Readers Digest, (1983). Game Parks and Nature Reserves of Southern Africa. Cape Town,
South Africa.
Staff No information
Budget No information
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Local Park or Reserve Administration The Warden, Mushandike Sanctuary, P Bag 9036,
Masvingo.
Date 1983
GREAT ZIMBABWE NATIONAL MONUMENT
Management Category [JI (Natural Monument)
Biogeographical Province 3.08.04 (South African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection No information
Date Established Established as Zimbabwe National Park
Geographical Location Near Kyle Recreational Park, south-west of Lake Kyle. 29km from
Nyanda in Masvingo Province. 20°15’S, 31°00’E.
Altitude 1,140m
Area 746ha
Land Tenure Central Government
Physical Features The area is in a rugged kopje-strewn valley.
Vegetation The bushveld includes Senecio spp. and Albizia adianthifolia.
Fauna Mammals include: greater kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros, bushbuck Tragelaphus
scriptus, duiker Cephalophus sp., steenbuck Raphicerus campestris, klipspringer Oreotragus
oreotragus, leopard Panthera pardus (T), and baboon Papio sp.. The rich birdlife includes
hornbills (Bucerotidae), greenpigeon Treron australis, freckled nightjar Caprimulgus tristigma,
and purple-crested heron Ardea purpurea.
Cultural Heritage Great Zimbabwe was first occupied in the 8th century AD but most of the
*dzimba dzemabwe’, or houses of stone, were built by the Karanga, ancestors of the present
Shona people between the 11th and 15th centuries. Then, it was the royal capital of a state that
dominated the central plateau and the gold trade to the coast. A solid stone conical tower
forms the centrepiece of a huge elliptical building, wall and hut complex. The outer wall is
249m in circumference and in parts over 10m high and 5m thick. Excavations have yielded
articles from China, India and Asia, but the most spectacular find was the soapstone zimbabwe
birds adopted as the symbol of Zimbabwe.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies No information
Visitor Facilities It is a major tourist attraction and there is a site museum, 4ha of aloe
gardens and a hotel nearby.
Scientific Research No information
Special Scientific Facilities No information
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Principal Reference Material
° Ross-McDonald, M. (1972). World Wildlife Guide. Viking, New York.
Staff No information
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration Administered with Lake Kyle Recreation Park.
Regional Director, P. Bag 9158, Nyanda.
Date 1983
CHARARA SAFARI AREA
Management Category VIII (Multiple Use Management Area)
Biogeographical Province 3.07.04 (Miombo Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Fully protected with limited recreational hunting permitted. All landscapes
and ecosystems are protected in as natural a state as possible facilitating a wide range of
outdoor activities with emphasis on game viewing of more spectacular species such as elephant,
buffalo, black rhinoceros, and lion.
Date Established Undesignated land owned by the Parks and Wildlife Department since 1968;
designated a Safari Area in 1975
Geographical Location Eastern shores of Lake Kariba in Kariba/Urungwe districts of
Mashonaland North Province near the border with Zambia. 16°30’-17°00’S, 29°00’-29°40°E.
Altitude 490-1,209m
Area 169,000ha
Land Tenure Government (Parks and Wild Life Department)
Physical Features The broken Zambezi Valley escarpment country gives way to limited areas
of flat land along the shores of Lake Kariba.
Vegetation This is similiar to that of the Mana Pools National Park and other Zambezi Valley
conservation areas with Brachystegia communities dominating the upland slopes and
mopane Colophospermum mopane woodlands or dry decidious thickets on the low ground by
the lake, and localised riparian communities.
Fauna The fauna is similar to that of Mana Pools National Park and other Zambezi Valley
conservation areas, but with limited riparian communities. Mammals include:
elephant Loxodonta africana (T), black rhinoceros Diceros bicornis (T), lion Panthera leo,
leopard Panthera pardus (T), greater kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros, bushbuck Tragelaphus
scriptus, and eland Taurotragus oryx.
Conservation Management There is a policy document
Zoning Policy recognises Special Conservation, Wilderness, Wild, and Development areas.
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Disturbances or Deficiencies Poorly planned ribbon development along the shore of Lake
Kariba is a threat to the integrity of the area. A tsetse control game fence running east-west
through the area is a significant disruption. The power lines from Kariba serving the
Zimbabwe electrical grid are a visual disfigurement. Local poaching occurs.
Visitor Facilities Lake Kariba is an important visitor destination and benefits substantially by
the proximity of the Charara Safari Area which offers good game viewing and is popular with
anglers.
Scientific Research The area has been included with neighbouring conservation areas for
Purposes such as population censuses, but there has been little research specific to Charara
Safari Area.
Special Scientific Facilities No information
Principal Reference Material References include the findings of a cabinet sub-committee
working group examining development and its potential in the Kariba Basin. Much literature
relevant to Lake Kariba, Mana Pools and associated areas is relevant to this area.
Staff Administered by the warden at Kariba with ranger and support staff
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration The Warden, Lake Kariba.
Date 1983
CHETE SAFARI AREA
Management Category VIII (Multiple Use Management Area)
Biogeographical Province 3.07.04 (Miombo Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total protection, but strictly controlled recreational hunting is permitted
Date Established 1963
Geographical Location In north-central Matabeleland North Province along the southern
shores of Lake Kariba. 17°11’-17°37’S, 27°35’-27°59’E.
Altitude 300-900m
Area 108,100ha
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features Broken country in the east gives way to more undulating country overlain
with Kalahari sand in the west. The area is dissected by numerous watercourses flowing into
three seasonal river systems (Ruziruhuru, Senkwi/Murambare and Mwenda). Soils are
generally poor, stony and shallow on Upper Karoo sediments. The artificial Lake Kariba has
inundated the northern fringe of the area and the lakeshore is characterised by many bays
formed in drowned valleys.
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Vegetation Vegetation is somewhat varied, but generally scrub or mopane Colophospermum
communities with open miombo woodland of Julbernardia globiflora and Brachystegia spp.
occurs on the deeper sands. Riverine vegetation along the watercourses with steeper slopes is
characterised by species of Commiphora and Combretum and occasional baobabs Adansonia
digitata. Grass cover is varied. Water fern Salvinia molesta is common on lakeshore.
Fauna The wide spectrum of large mammals characteristic of the Zambezi Valley includes:
elephant Loxodonta africana (T), buffalo Syncerus caffer, leopard Panthera pardus (T), black
rhinoceros Diceros bicornis (T), eland Taurotragus oryx, sable antelope Hippotragus niger,
greater kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros, bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus, duiker Cephalophus sp.,
impala Aepyceros melampus, warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus, and baboon Papio sp., Nile
crocodile Crocodylus niloticus (V) is present. The avifauna includes fish eagle Haliaeetus
vocifer and marabou Leptoptilos crumeniferus.
Zoning Not yet planned
Disturbances or Deficiencies Minor poaching from the south and east may increase as the
human population of these areas increases. The numerous elephant cause extensive damage to
the vegetation along lakeshore. Uncontrolled fires have been a problem.
Visitor Facilities No information
Scientific Research Research has been limited to population surveys of large mammals
(necessary for setting safe hunting quotas), enumeration of the elephant which form part of the
Sebungwe population and study of the crocodile population.
Special Scientific Facilities The eastern sector is devoted to research centred on the Nuffield
Research Centre at the mouth of the Mwenda River.
Principal Reference Material The area is not well documented, but there are some department
reports.
Staff Ranger and small support staff under the warden at Chizarira National Park.
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration Chete Safari Area, c/o Private Bag DT 5776, Dett.
Date 1983
CHIRISA SAFARI AREA
Management Category VIII (Multiple Use Management Area)
Biogeographical Province 3.07.04 (Miombo Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total but recreational hunting is permitted outside the Research Area.
Hunting rights are leased to a safari hunting company whose activities are strictly controlled by
the Department of National Parks and Wild Life Management.
Date Established 1968. National Park status is planned
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Geographical Location In the Gokwe region of north-west Zimbabwe. 18°10’S, 28°25’E.
Altitude 600-1,200m
Area 171,300ha. Virtually contiguous to Chizarira National Park (191,000ha)
Land Tenure No information
Physical Features The area is dominated by the valley of the Sengwa River, a large, but
somewhat seasonal stream draining northwards into Lake Kariba. The rivers are usually in
deeply incised valleys or canyons. The topography varies from rough steep broken scarps and
hills to gently undulating sandveld.
Vegetation The vegetation is characterised by local diversity with a number of defined
communities including open grassland on the floodplain of the Sengwa and scrub, tree thickets
and woodland on self-churning clays. The woodland includes Brachystegia spp. on sandy soils
and Colophospermum mopane on heavier soils. Riverine communities occur along some of the
tributaries of the Sengwa, but have generally been severely modified by elephant.
Fauna The wide spectrum of large mammals includes: elephant Loxodonta africana (T)
(9,000), buffalo Syncerus caffer, impala Aepyceros melampus, black rhinoceros Diceros bicornis
(T), lion Panthera leo, leopard Panthera pardus (T), cheetah Acinonyx jubatus (T), wild
dog Lycaon pictus (T), warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus, bushpig Potamochoerus porcus,
zebra Equus burchelli, and various antelope species.
Conservation Management Rationalised use of wildlife in the area offers one of the few
opportunities for sustained production within the constraints of an ecologically delicate area.
There is an expanding wildlife population and a plan is being implemented to crop the
abundant large mammals using local labour and returning the products to local communities.
Zoning 38,900ha Research Area in the south. The remaining area has not been subdivided.
Disturbances or Deficiencies Poaching from surrounding tribal areas is a problem, but the
area is otherwise remote. There is little competition from livestock due to infestation by tsetse
fly. Chirisa Safari Area is separated from Chizarira National Park by a narrow unprotected
corridor.
Visitor Facilities The area caters for a range of outdoor activities, including recreational
hunting.
Scientific Research A research programme was initiated in 1964 to study tsetse-vertebrate
relationships in the research area in the south (38,900ha). Research has included extensive
studies on warthog, elephant, impala, tsetse and tsetse-game relations, monitoring of trends in
large mammal populations over the past 15 years, and work on the community structure of the
vegetation. Lesser projects have included work on bats, small mammals, lion, buffalo and
kudu. Scientific data is collected on all culled animals. The research programme has evolved
in line with a policy of improved welfare of remote tribal communities.
Special Scientific Facilities The Sengwe Institute of Wildlife Research was established in
1970 and comprises well-equipped laboratories and housing for staff and visiting research
workers. The institute has developed and constructed much of its own equipment for
radio-tracking large mammals and has a good herbarium, teaching facilities and a range of
other facilities needed for sophisticated research in a remote area.
Principal Reference Material
° Documents outlining draft policy for the Safari Area and research objectives at Sengwa
Research Institute. Range of scientific papers, theses, and departmental reports of a more
general nature.
° Child, G. (1982). Managing Wildlife for People in Zimbabwe. Proceedings of the World
National Parks Congress, Bali, Indonesia, 11-22 October 1982.
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° Martin, R.B., Conway, A. and P. Dix (1977). Project Windfall, Sebungwe Department
National Parks and Wild Life Management, Zimbabwe. Report.
° Martin, R.B. and R.D. Taylor (1982). Towards a resolution of wildlife conservation
problems in the Sebungwe through regional land use planning. Symposium on_ the
management of large mammals in African conservation areas. Pretoria, 29-30 April 1982.
Staff Warden, ranger, and support staff. Institute staff comprise an ecologist-in-charge, two
ecologists, one technician, and scouts trained in the collection of scientific data.
Budget No information but safari concessions in 1980/1981 yielded US$158,300, and wildlife
products - US$416,969.
Local Park or Reserve Administration No information
Date 1982
MATETSI SAFARI AREA
Management Category VIII (Multiple Use Management Area)
Biogeographical Province 3.08.04 (South African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Fully protected, but controlled recreational hunting is permitted pending the
transfer of some portions to contiguous national parks. Those areas remaining will persist as
Safari Area.
Date Established Land acquired in 1973; Safari Area proclaimed under Parks and _ Wildlife
Act in 1975
Geographical Location North-west Zimbabwe on the border with Botswana and Zambia.
18°30°S, 25°35’E.
Altitude 1,000m
Area 292,000ha (will reduce as portions are incorporated in existing contiguous national
parks). Contiguous to Zambezi NP (56,400ha), Kazuma Pan NP (31,300ha), Hwange NP
(1,465,100ha), Victoria Falls NP (1,900ha) and Deka SA.
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The area occupies the almost imperceptible watershed separating the
Zambezi and the inland drainages of the great Makgadikgadi salt pans in Botswana. It is the
source of several rivers including the Matetsi, Gwai and Deka. Karoo basalt lithosols cover
about 75%, which is well watered with perennial streams and rivers. The remaining area is
overlain with Kalahari sands. On one side is a 30km stretch of the Zambezi River.
Vegetation Zambezian dry deciduous forest with Baikiaea plurijuga predominant on the deep
sands. The basalts provide a complex of vegetative communities including
mopane Colophospermum mopane woodland, scrub communities, and open grassland on the
self-churning clays of the vleis.
Fauna’ The rich, diverse fauna includes large mammals similar to those found in Zambezi
National Park such as: lion Panthera leo, leopard Panthera pardus (T), zebra Equus burchelli,
buffalo Syncerus caffer, greater kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros, bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus,
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impala Aepyceros melampus, waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus, klipspringer Oreotragus
oreotragus, reedbuck Redunca redunca, and warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus. The area is
renowned for sable antelope Hippotragus niger.
Conservation Management There is a policy document for the Victoria Falls and Matetsi
complex.
Zoning The Safari Area is divided into seven concession areas offering high quality
recreational hunting. It also contains a Development Area at Isidumuka and a Wildlife Resort
(6ha).
Disturbances or Deficiencies Police and border posts at Kazangula and Pandamatenga on the
Botswana border are served by roads running through the Safari Area. Recreational hunting
under the control of the Parks Department is permitted.
Visitor Facilities Facilities include lodges and game viewing walks. Access is by road or rail
and there is an airstrip.
Scientific Research The area is part of the Victoria Falls/Matetsi protected area complex for
research and monitoring purposes. Research in Matetsi Safari Area is mainly directed towards
the provision of sustainable and economically justifiable hunting.
Special Scientific Facilities Laboratories at Isidumuka at the Safari Area headquarters
Principal Reference Material Numerous departmental reports detailing the resource and plans
for the development and management of the area and including population estimates.
Staff The warden based at Isidumuka, with two rangers and a complement of scouts and
junior staff
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration PO Box 160, Victoria Falls.
Date 1983
SIBILOBILO SAFARI AREA
Management Category VIII (Multiple Use Management Area)
Biogeographical Province 3.07.04 (Miomba Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total. Recreational hunting is allowed, although permits are seldom given.
Date Established 1979
Geographical Location A system of islands in the central reaches of Lake Kariba in northern
Zimbabwe on the border with Zambia. 16°50’S, 28°10°E.
Altitude 1,622m
Area 2,270ha (12 islands)
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Land Tenure Government
Physical Features The area comprises the crests of a range of hills isolated by the formation
of Lake Kariba.
Vegetation The islands lie within the Zambezian mopane woodland vegetation zone. Mixed
deciduous trees include Colophospermum mopane and scrub.
Fauna’ The fauna varies from island to island, but mainly represents populations that were
isolated by the formation of the lake including a substantial number of large mammals such as
buffalo Syncerus caffer, impala Aepyceros melampus, sable antelope Hippotragus niger,
zebra Equus burchelli, and greater kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros.
Conservation Management It has been necessary to curb some populations which have
exceeded the supporting capacity of the area. There is an area policy document.
Zoning None
Disturbances or Deficiencies Possible conflict with offshore commercial fishing near the
islands
Visitor Facilities No information
Scientific Research Population numbers of large mammals have been periodically assessed
and research on the behaviour of large mammals during the formation of Lake Kariba has been
supplemented by an examination of the populations of mammals surviving on the islands.
Shore erosion and development are monitored periodically.
Special Scientific Facilities None
Principal Reference Material Departmental reports and some relevant scientific papers dating
back some 20 years.
Staff Administered by the warden and support staff at Bumi on the mainland, as there are no
resident staff.
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration Administration is at Bumi.
Date 1983
TULI SAFARI AREA
Management Category VIII (Multiple Use Management Area)
Biogeographical Province 3.08.04 (South African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total, but with recreational hunting by permit in most of the area excluding
the three Botanical Reserves.
Date Established 1963
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Zimbabwe
Geographical Location In the southwestern lowveld, Gwanda/Beitbridge districts,
Matabeleland South Province, protruding into Botswana. 21°50’-22°7’°S, 29°2’-29°16°E.
Altitude 695m
Area 41,600ha
Land Tenure Government
Physical Features Relatively flat basalt country gives way in the east to the eroded valley of
the Shashi River. Annual rainfall is 300mm.
Vegetation The area lies within the Zambesian mopane woodland vegetation zone and is
dominated by Colophospermum mopane with open to fairly dense scrub and small trees and a
well-developed riparian fringe along the Shashi River. Species in the Botanical Reserves
include: fuschia Scholtia brachypetala, monkey thorn Acacia galpinii and Nyala
tree Xanthocercis zambesiaca.
Fauna Mammals include: eland Taurotragus oryx, duiker Cephalophus sp., impala Aepyceros
melampus, zebra Equus burchelli, grysbok Raphicerus melanotis, steenbok Raphicerus
campestris, and wildebeeste Connochaetes sp.. Some species such as elephant Loxodonta
africana (T) move in and out of the area.
Conservation Management’ There is a draft policy document, management and development
plan.
Zoning The Safari Area contains three Botanical Reserves: Tolo River - 44ha, Poineer - 38ha
and South Camp - 26ha. There are areas where hunting is prohibited.
Disturbances or Deficiencies Some poaching and cattle trespassing occurs. Available hunting
is fully used each season, but other visitor use is not heavy due to the remoteness of the area.
Sable antelope Hippotragus niger and roan antelope H. equinus have disappeared from the area
within historical times, apparently as a result of habitat deterioration.
Visitor Facilities No information
Scientific Research No ecologist is resident, but monitoring of ecosystems, erosion control
trials, and the setting of annual hunting quotas are undertaken by a visiting ecologist who has
special responsibility for Tuli.
Special Scientific Facilities No information
Principal Reference Material Scientific papers and departmental reports which include
hunting returns
Staff Senior ranger in charge and support staff
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration No information
Date 1983
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LAKE KARIBA RECREATIONAL PARK
Management Category VIII (Multiple Use Management Area)
Biogeographical Province 3.07.04 (Miombo Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Total, but angling and commercial fishing are permitted and encouraged.
Date Established 1979
Geographical Location On the north-west border with Zambia in Mashonaland,
North/Matabeleland North Province. It excludes the waters contained in Matusadona National
Park. 16°30’-18°00’S, 27°-29°05’E.
Altitude 482m
Area 283,000ha. Contiguous to Matusadona National Park (137,000ha)
Land Tenure No information
Physical Features Kariba is a man-made lake resulting from the damming of the Zambezi
River at Kariba in 1958. The water covers 518,000ha of what was once the Gwembe trough.
The lake has currents and sudden storms. The rivers Mlibizi, Zambezi, Sanyati, Ume, and
Sebungwe still flow through it.
Vegetation 100,000ha of forest were cleared prior to flooding. Explosive growth of the
exotic floating fern Salvinia molesta on the lakeshore acted as a stabiliser. The fern once
covered 15% of the lake surface but has now declined to under 2%. Emergent vegetation is not
particularly well developed, apart from extensive beds of torpedo grass Panicum repens which
provide valuable grazing for fish when submerged, and for ungulates when exposed. The
phytoplankton of the lake is currently under investigation.
Fauna Lake birds include egrets: Egretta spp., kingfishers (Alcedinidae), little
bee-eater Merops pusillus, black-collared barbet Lybius torquatus, fish eagle Haliaeetus vocifer,
and herons such as Goliath heron Ardea goliath. The lake is not particularly productive, but 42
fish species are known to exist including bream Tilapia sp., vundu Heterobranchus longifilis,
Hunyani salmon Labeo altivelis, kupi Distichodus mossambicus, chessa Distichodus schenga,
bottlenose Mormyrus_ longirostris, and cornish Jack Mormyrops deliciousus.
Tigerfish Hydrocynus vittatus are a popular sporting species. The Tanganyika \
sardine Limnothrissa miodon has been introduced and is prospering in the vacant lacustrine
habitat. The future survival of eels is uncertain. The lake is rich in crocodile Crocodylus sp..
Conservation Management There is a park policy document which promotes the development
of a productive, sustained and efficient commercial fishery and the proper utilisation of other
biological resources.
Zoning Particular activities may be precluded from certain areas of the lake; commercial
fishing is prohibited in major river estuaries.
Disturbances or Deficiencies Minimal, but include poaching and danger from pollution of
rivers flowing into the lake
Visitor Facilities _ The lake is a popular tourist destination served by the town of Kariba.
Facilities include lodges, campsites, walking and canoe trails, watersports, boat hire, and
various safaris.
Scientific Research Lake Kariba Fisheries Research Institute at Kariba provides a monitoring
service and has undertaken extensive research into characteristics of the lake, biology and
fishing gear. It is part of the Department of National Parks and Wild Life Management.
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Special Scientific Facilities The University of Zimbabwe and the University of
Witwatersrand jointly sponsor the Nuffield Research Institute, which is concerned with
fundamental research on the lake.
Principal Reference Material There are many departmental reports, scientific papers, and
theses covering the formation of the lake and its effects on terrestrial animals; physical
characteristics of the habitats; the biology of important organisms including fish and clam
species; and productivity.
Staff Warden and ranger with support staff at Kariba assisted by wardens at Matusadona,
Bumi Hills and Binga and ranger and staff at Chete. The Kariba Institute has a staff of four
ecologists, a senior technician, a technician, and support staff.
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration Warden at Kariba.
Date 1983
LAKE KYLE RECREATIONAL PARK
Management Category VIII (Multiple Use Management Area)
Biogeographical Province 3.08.04 (South African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Commercial fishing permitted
Date Established 1963
Geographical Location 32km south-east of Masvingo (formerly Fort Victoria) in Masvingo
Province, eastern Zimbabwe. 20°15’S, 31°10°E.
Altitude 1,200m
Area 18,000ha including 9,105ha water
Land Tenure No information
Physical Features Lake Kyle is an artificial lake constructed to provide water for the vast
irrigation schemes of the lowveld. It is located at the confluence of the Mshagashe and
Mtilikwe Rivers. The park is bounded on three sides by tributaries of the Mtilikwe.
Vegetation The grassy plains are interrupted by densely wooded ravines.
Fauna Many mammals have been reintroduced including: white rhinoceros Ceratotherium
simum, giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis, buffalo Syncerus caffer, gnu Connochaetes gnou,
greater kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros, nyala Tragelaphus angasi, bushbuck Tragelaphus
scriptus, eland Taurotragus oryx, reedbuck Redunca arundinum, impala Aepyceros melampus,
sable antelope Hippotragus niger, zebra Equus oburchelli, oribi Ourebia ourebi,
duiker Cephalophus sp., steenbuck Raphicerus campestris, hippopotamus Hippopotamus
amphibius, warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus, and Lichtenstein’s hartebeest Alcelaphus
lichtensteini. Birds include ostrich Struthio camelus. Crocodiles Crocodylus sp. are present.
Fish include black bass Micropterus salmoides, bream Tilapia spp., yellowfish Barbus
marequensis, and bottlenose Mormyrus longirostris.
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Zoning The 7,600ha Game Park is on the northern lakeshore. A game fence restricts the
movement of larger unglates.
Disturbances or Deficiencies No information
Visitor Facilities _ There are many visitors because of high quality gameviewing. Facilities
include caravan and campsites, four hotels on the lakeshore, pony trails, and water-sports. The
lake is renowned for bass fishing.
Scientific Research Ungulate grazing research
Special Scientific Facilities No information
Principal Reference Material
° Readers Digest, (1983). Game Parks and Nature Reserves of Southern Africa. Cape Town,
South Africa.
° Ross-McDonald, M. (1972). World Wildlife Guide. Viking, New York.
Staff No information
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration The Warden, Lake Kyle Recreational Park, P Bag
9136, Masvingo.
Date 1983
ROBERT MCILWAINE RECREATIONAL PARK
Management Category VIII (Multiple Use Management Area)
Biogeographical Province 3.07.04 (Miombo Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Under the control of the Parks and Wild Life Department, but managed for
recreation with fishing by licence
Date Established Originally established as Robert McIlwaine National Park
Geographical Location On the shores of Lake Macllwaine about 30km south-west of Harare
in Mashonaland South Province. 17°55’S, 30°50°E.
Altitude 1,300m
Area 55,000ha including 30,000ha water and contiguous with Lake Robertson Recreational
Park (8,100ha)
Land Tenure Some areas on the north lakeshore are leased out, but remain under the control
of the Parks and Wild Life Department. These may in future become freehold, while still
remaining part of the park.
Physical Features The park is located on a 14.5km long lake created by a dam across the
Hunyani River, where it flows through a ridge of ironstone hills which form the northern
boundary. The lake supplies water to Harare. Fairly uniform topography with scattered
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Zimbabwe
granite kopjes and dolerite dyke intrusions. Soils are generally sandy. Water temperatures
range from 14 to 27°C and the lake stratifies in summer.
Vegetation The typical Mashonaland highveld has four main plant communities. The
woodland area is dominated by Brachystegia with msasa and mnondo wooded communities
associated with the granite kopjes and numerous termitaria. The remaining area is mainly vlei
grassland varying from generally dry to marshy. Heavy msasa scrub in the Game Park is
affecting the grass cover. It is proposed to introduce a number of indigenous trees to the area,
including Acacia species. Msasa veld is retained in its natural state in certain parts of the park
and does not occur in other conservation areas in Zimbabwe. Dense algal blooms occur in the
lake.
Fauna The Game Park contains: reedbuck Redunca arundinum, steenbuck Raphicerus
campestris, duiker Sylvicapra grimmia, sable antelope Hippotragus niger, leopard Panthera
pardus (T), olive baboon Papio sp. and other monkeys, buffalo Syncerus caffer, oribi Ourebia
ourebi, and warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus. Introduced mammals include: giraffe Giraffa
camelopardalis, zebra Equus burchelli, greater kudu Tragelaphus Strepsiceros,
eland Taurotragus oryx, blue wildebeest Connochaetes taurinus, impala Aepyceros melampus,
waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus and tsessebe Damaliscus lunatus, some of which have become
well established. Crocodile are present. The 250 bird species include: ostrich Struthio camelus
in the scrub; fork-tailed drongo Dicrurus adsimilis, northern grey tit Parus griseiventris,
spotted creeper Salpornis spilonotus, blue-eared glossy starling Lamprotornis chalybaeus,
white-throated robin chat Cossypha humeralis and Mashona fly-catcher Hyliota australis in the
Brachyshegia woodland; and darters Anhinga rufa, cormorant Phalacrocorax sp., herons, egrets
and ducks on the lake. At least 23 fish species have been recorded in the lake including:
bream Tilapia spp., yellowfish Hydrocynus vittatus, barbel Clarias gariepinus,
tigerfish Hydrocynus vittatus and Hunyani salmon Labeo altivelis.
Cultural Heritage Many Bushman paintings have been found in the area.
Conservation Management There is a park policy document. There have been game
introductions and programmes to control water hyacinth.
Zoning Most of the southern lakeshore is managed as a Game Park (1,600ha), though it is
essentially an artificial park. A bird sanctuary is proposed on the northern lakeshore in an area
containing a wide variety of natural and man-made habitats. The remainder of the north bank
is set aside for visitor facilities.
Disturbances or Deficiencies Tourist pressure is very high and this has some deleterious
effects on the natural value of the area. Control of water-hyacinth in the lake is necessary and
there have been problems of water pollution. Fish poaching is common.
Visitor Facilities Lake Mcllwaine is Harare’s premier recreation park and tourism is
encouraged with game viewing, water-sport facilities, tennis and croquet lawns, swimming
pools, chalets, lodges, and caravan and campsites. Good sport fishing for tigerfish, bream,
yellowfish, barbel and Hunyani salmon. Bilharzia and crocodile discourage swimming.
Scientific Research An ornithologist is stationed permanently in the park studying, in
particular, Quelea control, waterfowl and pesticide build-up in eggs of long-crested
eagle Lophaetus occipitalis. The Zimbabwean Ornithological Society carries out ringing,
feeding studies, and observations in the area. Fish research concentrates on production and
management of sport fish stocks.
Special Scientific Facilities There are research stations in the park managed by the Parks and
Wild Life Department with facilities including accommodation and laboratories. University
field base for fish research.
Principal Reference Material None listed
Staff No information
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration The Warden, Lake McIlwaine, P Bag 962, Norton.
Date 1983
SEBAKWE RECREATIONAL PARK
Management Category VIII (Multiple Use Management Area)
Biogeographical Province 3.08.04 (South African Woodland/savanna)
Legal Protection Angling and commercial fishing permitted.
Date Established 1969
Geographical Location 54km east of Kwekwe in central Zimbabwe. 19°00’S, 30°10°E.
Altitude No information
Area 2,700ha including Great Dyke Reservoir 1,518ha.
Land Tenure No information
Physical Features Spectacular cliff scenery. The park includes the artificial Great Dyke
Reservoir.
Vegetation Lies within the drier Zambezian Miombo woodland zone and is dominated
by Brachystegia spp., and Julbernardia globiflora. Flora within the Botanical Reserves
includes Acacia karroo and mountain acacia Brachystegia glaucescens.
Fauna The migratory game population includes sable antelope Hippotragus niger,
impala Aepyceros melampus, and greater kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros. Reservoir fish include
tiger fish Hydrocynus vittatus and bream Tilapia spp..
Zoning No information
Disturbances or Deficiencies No information
Visitor Facilities Year-round coarse fishing on the dam is the main tourist attraction. Also
yachting, and game-viewing on foot.
Scientific Research No information
Special Scientific Facilities No information
Principal Reference Material
° Readers Digest, (1983). Game Parks and Nature Reserves of Southern Africa. Cape Town,
South Africa.
Staff No information
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Zimbabwe
Budget No information
Local Park or Reserve Administration The Senior Ranger, PO Box 636, Kwekwe.
Date 1983
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GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX
Abe Bailey Nature Reserve, 701.
Aberdare National Park, 252.
Abijatta-Shalla Lakes National Park,
Aboutelfan Faunal Reserve, 121.
Abuko Nature Reserve, 217.
185.
Addo Elephant National Park, 591.
Air and Tenere, 469.
Ajai Game Reserve, 889.
Akagera National Park, 508.
Akkerendam Nature Reserve, 624.
Albert Falls Public Resort Nature Reserve, 663.
Aldabra Strict Nature Reserve, 548.
Alexandria State Forest, 763.
Ambohitantely Special Reserve,
Amboseli National Park, 254.
Analamazaotra-Perinet Special Reserve, 360.
Andohahela Integral Nature Reserve, 336.
Andre Felix National Park, 103.
Andries Vosloo Kudu Reserve, 610.
Andringitra Integral Nature Reserve,
Angola, 3.
Ankarafantsika Integral Nature Reserve,
Anysberg/Klein Swartberg, 748.
Aouk-Aoukale Faunal Reserve,
Arabuko Sokoke Forest Reserve,
Arabuko Sokoke Nature Reserves,
Arawale National Reserve, 282.
Aride Island Special Reserve, 553.
Arly, 60.
Arusha National Park, 824.
Atakora Hunting Zone, 29.
Augrabies Falls National Park, 589.
Awash National Park, 186.
Azagny National Park, 154.
Baboon Island National Park, 216.
Badiar National Park, 237.
Badinko Reserve, 386.
Bahr Salamat Faunal Reserve, 122.
Baie Ternaie Marine National Park, 541.
Baie de l’Arsenal Proposed Marine Park, 423.
Bale Mountain National Park, 188.
Bamingui-Bangoran, 104.
Banc d’Arguin National Park, 394.
Banco National Park, 156.
Banhine National Park, 429.
Barberspan Nature Reserve,
355.
339.
340.
108.
279.
279.
696.
Basse-Casamance National Park, 521.
Basse-Lobaye Forest, 112.
Bathurst State Forest, 766.
Baturiya Wetlands Game Reserve, 485.
Baviaanskloof, 754.
Bazaruto National Park, 430.
Bel Ombre Nature Reserve, 412.
Benin, 23.
Benoué National Park, 80.
Berenty Reserve, 361.
Berlin State Forest, 779.
Betampona Integral Nature Reserve,
Beza-Mahafaly Special Reserve, 357.
Bia National Park, 225.
342.
Biharamulo Game Reserve, 842.
Bikuar National Park, 4.
Binder Lere Faunal Reserve, 123.
Biosphere Reserves, 25, 80, 87, 89, 104, 112, 138, 157,
162, 166, 206, 225, 238, 240, 265, 276, 280, 312, 386,
412, 482, 510, 522, 528, 533, 797, 801, 830, 915, 925,
926, 927.
Bisanadi National Reserve,
Black River Fishing Reserve,
283.
417.
Bloemhof Dam Nature Reserve, 676.
Blouberg East Nature Reserve, 725.
Blouberg West Nature Reserve, 727.
Blue Lagoon National Park, 933.
Blyde River Nature Reserve, 674.
Bokora Corridor Game Reserve, 890.
Boma Proposed National Park, 803.
Bombo-Lumene Game Reserve, 924.
Bomu Nature Reserve, 923.
Boni National Reserve, 284.
Bontebok National Park, 598.
Bontioli, 62.
Bophuthatswana, 579.
Borakalalo National Park, 710.
Boshi/Okongwo (Proposed Game Reserve), 497.
Boskop Dam Nature Reserve, 693.
Botswana, 35.
Bouba Ndjidah National Park, 82.
Boucle de la Pendjari National Park, 25.
Boucle du Baoule National Park, 386.
Bufalo Partial Reserve, 15.
Buffalo Springs National Reserve,
Bugungu Game Reserve, 891.
Bui National Park, 227.
Bunga Forest Botanical Reserve,
Burigi Game Reserve, 844.
Burkina Faso, 55.
Burundi, 71.
Bwindi (Impenetrable) Forest Reserve, 903.
Cameroon, 77.
Campo Game Reserve, 93.
Cape Vidal State Forest, 773.
Cape of Good Hope Nature Reserve,
Caprivi Game Park, 450.
Cata Forest Nature Reserve, 719.
Cathedral Peak State Forest, 768.
Central African Republic, 101.
Central Kalahari Game Reserve, 46.
Cestos-Sankwen Proposed National Park, 326.
285.
985.
618.
Ceylon State Forest, 781.
Chad, 117.
Charara Safari Area, 990.
Chelmsford Public Resort Nature Reserve, 658.
Chete Safari Area, 991.
Chewore Safari Area, 976.
Chimalavera Regional Nature Park, 20.
Chimanimani Eland Sanctuary, 987.
Chimanimani National Park, 966.
Chingurmi/Duguma Proposed Game Reserve, 493.
Chirisa Safari Area, 992.
Chizarira National Park, 967.
Chobe Forest Reserve, 51.
Chobe National Park, 38.
Ciskei, 579.
Cobham State Forest, 768.
Coin de Mire Nature Reserve,
Coleford Nature Reserve, 672.
Commando Drift Nature Reserve,
Comoros, 133.
Comoé National Park,
Congo, 137.
Conkouati Faunal Reserve,
Céte D'Ivoire, 153.
Cousin Island Special Reserve,
Curieuse Marine National Park,
Cwebe Nature Reserve, 723.
Cwengcewe Forest, 718.
Daan Viljoen Game Park, 453.
Dahlak Proposed Marine National Park,
Dande Safari Area, 976.
Day National Park, 174.
De Hoek State Forest, 785.
De Hoop Nature Reserve, 600.
De Vasselot Nature Reserve, 762.
403.
611.
157.
139.
555.
543.
198.
Delta du Saloum National Park, 522.
Delta du Siné Saloum, 522.
Deux Bales Classified Forest, 67.
Diani Proposed Marine National Park, 310.
Diaouling Reserve Proposed Reserve, 396.
Digya National Park, 228.
Dinder National Park, 797.
Dja Forest and Faunal Reserve,
Djibouti, 173.
Djona Hunting Zone, 30.
Djoudj National Park, 524.
89.
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Dodori National Reserve, 286.
Doma Safari Area, 976.
Dontsa Forest Nature Reserve, 721.
Doorndraai Dam Nature Reserve, 680.
Doornkloof Nature Reserve, 606.
Douala-Edea Faunal Reserve, 91.
Drakensberg State Forests, 768.
Dukuduku State Forest, 774.
Dwesa Nature Reserve, 722.
East London Coast State Forest, 767.
Entabeni State Forest, 786.
Equatorial Guinea, 179.
Ethiopia, 183.
Etosha National Park, 446.
Fada Archei Faunal Reserve, 125.
Falgore Game Reserve, 484.
False Bay Nature Reserve, 666.
Faro National Park, 83.
Fazao-Malfakassa National Park, 870.
Ferlo-Nord Faunal Reserve, 530.
Ferlo-Sud Faunal Reserve, 530.
Fernkloof Nature Reserve, 631.
Fina Reserve, 386.
Fish River Canyon Nature Reserve, 448.
Flacq Fishing Reserve, 418.
Foret du Day National Park, 174.
Fosse Aux Lions Forest Reserve, 874.
France, 503.
Gabon, 203.
Gaborone Wildlife Reserve, 42.
Gadabedji Faunal Reserve, 467.
Gambella Proposed National Park, 197.
Gambia, 215.
Gambia River National Park, 216.
Gamka Mountain Nature Reserve, 604.
Gamkapoort Nature Reserve, 607.
Garamba National Park, 910.
Garden Castle State Forest, 768.
Gashaka/Gumti Game Reserve, 494.
Gemsbok National Park, 40.
Ghana, 223.
Giant’s Castle Nature Reserve, 647.
Gile Reserve, 436.
Gola Forest Reserve, 567.
Golden Gate Highlands National Park, 594.
Gombe National Park, 825.
Gonarezhou National Park, 969.
Gorilla Game Reserve, 892.
Gorongosa National Park, 431.
Goukamma Nature Reserve, 613.
Gounda National Park, 106.
Grand Port - Mahebourg Fishing Reserve,
Great Zimbabwe Natural Monument, 989.
Greyton Nature Reserve, 625.
Groendal Wilderness Area, 756.
Groot Swartberg/Swartberg East, 745.
Groot Winterhoek, 737.
Guinea, 237.
Guinea-Bissau, 245.
Gunner’s Quoin Nature Reserve, 403.
Hadejia Wetlands Game Reserve, 485.
Hans Merensky Nature Reserve, 684.
Hans Strijdom Nature Reserve, 689.
Happy Rest Nature Reserve, 704.
Hardap Reserve, 452.
Haut Bandama Reserve, 168.
Hawequas, 733.
Hell’s Gate National Park, 256.
Hester Malan Nature Reserve, 608.
Highmoor State Forest, 768.
Hlane Game Reserve, 816.
Hluhluwe Game Reserve, 652.
Hottentots Holland, 735.
Hwange National Park, 971.
Iguela, 209.
Ile Plate Nature Reserve, 410.
Ile aux Aigrettes Nature Reserve, 405.
Ile aux Cocos Nature Reserve, 406.
Ile aux Sables Nature Reserve, 407.
Ile aux Serpents Nature Reserve, 409.
Iles de la Madeleine National Park, 526.
Ilheu dos Passaros Integral Nature Reserve, 12.
Ilot Gabriel Nature Reserve, 411.
Impenetrable Forest Reserve, 903.
Inyanga National Park, 973.
Iona National Park, 5.
Ipassa-Makokou Strict Nature Reserve,
Isalo National Park, 334.
Isangano National Park, 935.
Itala Nature Reserve, 649.
Izeleni Forest, 720.
Kabalega National Park, 885.
Kafue National Park, 936.
Kahuzi-Biega National Park, 913.
Kainji Lake National Park, 478.
Kakamega Forest National Park, 257.
Kalahari Gemsbok National Park, 586.
Kalamaloue National Park, 84.
Kalissaye Bird Reserve, 532.
Kamberg Nature Reserve, 667.
Kameia National Park, 7.
Kammanassie, 749.
Kamuku Proposed Game Reserve, 496.
Kangandala National Park, 8.
Karoo National Park, 588.
Karoo Nature Reserve, 602.
Karuma Game Reserve, 893.
Kasanka National Park, 937.
Kasungu National Park, 366.
Katavi National Park, 827.
Katonga Game Reserve, 894.
Kazuma Pan National Park, 975.
Kenie-Baoule Faunal Reserve, 388.
Kenya, 249.
Keran National Park, 871.
Khutse Game Reserve, 48.
206.
Kiangs West Proposed National Park, 219.
Kibale Forest Corridor Game Reserve, 895.
Kidepo Valley National Park, 882.
Kigezi Game Reserve, 897.
Kilimanjaro National Park, 828.
Kimbi River Game Reserve, 94.
Kisama National Park, 9.
Kisite/Mpunguti National Marine Park,
Kiunga National Marine Reserve, 280.
Klein Swartberg, 748.
Knysna Indigenous Forest, 751.
Kogin Kano Game Reserve, 484.
Koppies Dam Nature Reserve, 643.
Kora National Reserve, 287.
Korup Game Reserve, 95.
Kouga/Baviaanskloof, 754.
Koungossambougou Reserve, 386.
Kourtiagou Partial Faunal Reserve, 63.
Krokosua Forest Reserve, 231.
Kruger National Park, 583.
Kundelungu National Park, 915.
Kwiambana Game Reserve, 486.
Kyambura Game Reserve, 898.
Kéran, réserve de chasse, 871.
La Digue Veuve Reserve, 558.
Ladismith-Klein Karoo Nature Reserve,
Lake Bogoria National Reserve, 289.
Lake Kariba Recreation Park, 998.
Lake Kyle Recreation Park, 999.
Lake Malawi National Park, 368.
Lake Manyara National Park, 830.
Lake Matobo Recreational Park, 978.
Lake Mburo National Park, 883.
Lake Nakuru National Park, 259.
Lambwe Valley National Park, 261.
Langeberg East, 740.
Langeberg West, 738.
Langjan Nature Reserve, 685.
Langue de Barbarie National Park, 527.
Lavushi Manda National Park, 938.
Lefini Faunal Reserve, 141.
Lekgalameetse Nature Reserve, 730.
Lekoli-Pandaka Faunal Reserve, 142.
Lengwe National Park, 370.
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275.
621.
Lesotho, 317.
Liberia, 323.
Liuwa Plain National Park, 940.
Liwonde National Park, 372.
Lochinvar National Park, 941.
Lokobe Integral Nature Reserve, 344.
Lopé Reserve, 210.
Lopé-Okanda Hunting Reserve, 210.
Losai National Reserve, 290.
Loskop Dam Nature Reserve, 677.
Loteni Nature Reserve, 661.
Loudima Reserve, 147.
Lower Zambezi National Park, 943.
Luambe National Park, 944.
Luando Integral Reserve, 13.
Luiana Partial Reserve, 16.
Luki Forest Reserve, 926.
Lukusuzi National Park, 945.
Lusenga Plain National Park, 946.
M’boko Reserve, 147.
Maasai Mara National Reserve, 291.
Massif du Ziama Biosphere Reserve, 240.
Mabuasehube Game Reserve, 40.
Macchabee/Bel Ombre Nature Reserve, 412.
Madagascar, 331.
Mago National Park, 190.
Mahale Mountain Proposed National Park, 863.
Maiko National Park, 916.
Majete Game Reserve, 376.
Makgadikgadi Pan Game Reserve, 50.
Malawi, 365.
Mali, 385.
Malindi/Watamu Marine Reserve, 276.
Malindi/Watamu National Marine Park, 276.
Malolotja Nature Reserve, 813.
Mamunta-Mayoso Swamp Nature Reserve, 566.
Mana Pools National Park, 976.
Manda National Park, 118.
Mandelia Faunal Reserve, 126.
Manovo-Gounda-Saint Floris National Park, 106,
Manyeleti Game Reserve, 724.
Maphelana Nature Reserve, 777.
Maputo Reserve, 437.
Marahoue National Park, 159.
Marahoué Classified Forest, 159.
Marojejy Integral Nature Reserve, 345.
Marromeu Reserve, 438.
Marsabit National Reserve, 293.
Maswa Game Reserve, 845.
Matetsi Safari Area, 994.
Matheniko Game Reserve, 899.
Matobo (Matopos) National Park, 978.
Matroosberg, 734.
Matusadona National Park, 980.
Mauritania, 393.
Mauritius, 401.
Mavinga Partial Reserve, 17.
Mbi Crater Game Reserve, 96.
Meru National Park, 262.
Messina Nature Reserve, 691.
Midmar Public Resort Nature Reserve, 665.
Mikumi National Park, 833.
Mkhomazi State Forest, 768.
Mkomazi Game Reserve, 847.
Mkuzi Game Reserve, 650.
Mlilwane Wildlife Sanctuary, 815.
Mocamedes Partial Reserve, 18.
Mole National Park, 230.
Monk’s Cowl State Forest, 768.
Mont Fouari Faunal Reserve, 143.
Mont Nimba, 166, 238.
Mont Peko National Park, 161.
Mont Rochelle Nature Reserve, 630.
Mont Sangbe National Park, 162.
Montagne d’Ambre National Park, 335.
Montagu Mountain Nature Reserve, 635.
Monts Nimba, 166, 238.
Moremi Wildlife Reserve, 44.
Morgenzon State Forest, 782.
Morne Seychellois National Park, 539.
Geographical Index
Mosi-Oa-Tunya National Park, 947.
Moukalaba, domaine de chasse, 208.
Moukalaba-Dougoula Faunal Reserve, 208.
Mount Elgon National Park, 264.
Mount Kenya National Park, 265.
Mount Kulal Biosphere Reserve, 312.
Mount Mavoumbou Hunting Reserve, 149.
Mount Nimba, 166, 238.
Mountain Zebra National Park, 593.
Moyowosi Game Reserve, 848.
Mozambique, 427.
Mozogo-Gokoro National Park, 86.
Mtarazi Falls National Park, 973.
Mupa National Park, 11.
Murchison Falls National Park, 885.
Mushandike Sanctuary, 988.
Mwabvi Game Reserve, 377.
Mwea National Reserve, 294.
Mweru-Wantipa National Park, 949.
N’Zo Partial Faunal Reserve, 169.
Nabere Partial Faunal Reserve, 64.
Nairobi National Park, 268.
Namib/Naukluft Park, 454.
Namibia, 445.
Nana-Barya Faunal Reserve, 109.
Nasolot National Reserve, 295.
Ndumu Game Reserve, 655.
Nechisar National Park, 191.
Nelshoogte/Berlin State Forest, 779.
Ngai Ndethya National Reserve, 296.
Ngorongoro Conservation Area, 857.
Ngoué-Ndogo, 209.
Niassa Game Reserve, 434.
Nietgenaamd Nature Reserve, 634.
Niger, 463.
Nigeria, 475.
Nimule National Park, 799.
Niokolo-Koba National Park, 528.
Nkohota-Kota Game Reserve, 378.
Nooitgedacht Dam Nature Reserve, 692.
North Kiti National Reserve, 297.
North Luangwa National Park, 950.
Nosy Mangabe Special Reserve, 358.
Nsumbu National Park, 952.
Ntendeka Wilderness Area, 776.
Nwanedi National Park, 712.
Nxai Pan National Park, 41.
Nyanga North Faunal Reserve, 144.
Nyanga South Hunting Reserve, 150.
Nyika National Park (Zambia), 953.
Nyika National Park (Malawi), 374.
Nylsvley Nature Reserve, 694.
Obudu Proposed Game Reserve, 497.
Odzala Biosphere Reserve, 138.
Odzgala National Park, 138.
Ofoué-Okanda Faunal Reserve, 210.
Ohrigstad Dam Nature Reserve, 698.
Ol Doinyo Sabuk National Park, 269.
Omo National Park, 192.
Omo Strict Nature Reserve, 482.
Oribi Gorge Nature Reserve, 670.
Otterford State Forest, 760.
Ouadi Rime-Ouadi Achim Faunal Reserve, 127.
Ouandjia-Vakaga Faunal Reserve, 109.
Outamba-Kilimi National Park, 564.
Outeniqua, 746.
Oviston Nature Reserve, 603.
Paarl Mountain Nature Reserve, 628.
Pama Partial Faunal Reserve, 65.
Pandam Wildlife Park, 492.
Pangar-Djerem Game Reserve, 97.
Pendjari Hunting Zone, 31.
Percy Fyfe Nature Reserve, 697.
Perinet-Analamazaotra Special Reserve, 360.
Petit-Louango Faunal Reserve, 209.
Pian-Upe Game Reserve, 900.
Pilanesberg National Park, 709.
Pirie Forest, 714.
Po National Park, 56.
Pomene Reserve, 440.
-1007-
IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Pongola Nature Reserve, 681.
Port Launay Marine National Park, 545.
Port Louis Fishing Reserve, 420.
Port Sudan, 805.
Potlake Nature Reserve, 728.
Praslin National Park, 551.
Prince Edward Islands, 707.
Queen Elizabeth National Park, 887.
Rabula Forest, 715.
Radom National Park, 801.
Rahole National Reserve, 298.
Ramsar Site, 522, 524.
Ras Tenewi Coastal Zone, 309.
Reunion, 503.
Riviere du Rampart - Poudre d'Or Fishing Reserve,
421.
Riviersonderend, 741.
Robert McIlwaine Recreational Park, 1000.
Rolfontein Nature Reserve, 612.
Rooiberg , 752.
Round Island Nature Reserve, 414.
Rovuma National Park, 434.
Royal Natal National Park, 656.
Ruaha National Park, 835.
Rubondo National Park, 837.
Rugged Glen Nature Reserve, 656.
Ruma National Park, 261.
Rungwa Game Reserve, 849.
Rustenburg Nature Reserve, 687.
Ruvubu Proposed National Park, 72.
Rwanda, 507.
Rwengzori National Park, 887.
S.A. Lombard Nature Reserve, 688.
Sadani Game Reserve, 851.
Sahel Partial Faunal Reserve, 66.
St Anne Marine National Park, 546.
Saint Floris National Park, 106.
St Helena, 791.
St Lucia Game Reserve, 646.
St Lucia Park, 653.
Saiwa Swamp National Park, 270.
Salonga National Park, 918.
Samba Dia, 533.
Sambisa Game Reserve, 488.
Samburu National Reserve, 299.
Sandveld Nature Reserve, 638.
Sandveld State Forest, 743.
Sanganeb Atoll, 807.
Sao Tome and Principe, 515.
Sapi Safari Area, 976.
Sapo National Park, 324.
Sebakwe Recreation Park, 1002.
Sederberg, 731.
Sehlabathebe National Park, 318.
Selous Game Reserve, 852.
Senegal, 519.
Sengwa Wildlife Research Area, 984.
Serala State Forest, 783.
Serengeti National Park, 838.
Seychelles, 537.
Shaba National Reserve, 301.
Shimba Hills National Reserve, 302.
Sibilobilo Safari Area, 995.
Sibiloi National Park, 272.
Sierra Leone, 563.
Silvermine Nature Reserve, 626.
Simen Mountain National Park, 194.
Singou Total Faunal Reserve, 62.
Siniaka-Minia Faunal Reserve, 129.
Siné Saloum Ramsar site, 522.
Sioma Ngwezi National Park, 954.
Skeleton Coast Park, 457.
Sodwana/Cape Vidal State Forest, 773.
Soetdoring Nature Reserve, 642.
Somalia, 575.
Somerset East-Bosberg Nature Reserve, 633.
South Africa, 579.
South Island National Park, 312.
South Kitui National Reserve, 304.
South Luangwa National Park, 956.
South Turkana National Reserve, 305.
South West Africa, 445.
Southern National Park, 802.
Spioenkop Public Resort Nature Reserve, 659.
Spitskop Nature Reserve, 623.
Sterkspruit Nature Reserve, 703.
Storms River Nature Reserve, 759.
Sudan, 795.
Suikerbosrand Nature Reserve, 679.
Sukusuku Proposed Forest Reserve, 232.
Suurberg State Forest, 764.
Swartberg East, 745.
Swaziland, 813.
Sétté Cama, 209.
Table Mountain Nature Reserve, 619.
Tai National Park, 162.
Taita Hills Game Sanctuary, 306.
Tamou Nature Reserve, 466.
Tana River Primate Reserve, 307.
Tanzania, 821.
Tarangire National Park, 840.
Tembe Elephant Park, 729.
Thomas Baines Nature Reserve, 616.
Tiwai Island Wildlife Sanctuary, 569.
Togo, 869.
Togodo National Reserve, 873.
Toro Game Reserve, 901.
Transkei, 579.
Trou d’Eau Douce Fishing Reserve, 422.
Tsaobis-Leopard Nature Reserve, 449.
Tsaratanana Integral Nature Reserve, 348.
Tsavo National Park, 273.
Tsimanampetsotsa Integral NR, 349.
Tsingy de Bemaraha Integral NR, 351.
Tsingy de Namoroka Integral NR, 352.
Tsitsikamma National Park, 596.
Tsitsikamma Indigenous Forest, 758.
Tsitsikamma Mountains, 755.
Tsolwana Game Park, 713.
Tsoulou Faunal Reserve, 145.
Tuli Safari Area, 996.
Tussen-die-Riviere Game Farm, 637.
Ugalla Game Reserve, 854.
Uganda, 879.
Uitsoek State Forest, 780.
Umba Game Reserve, 855.
Umfolozi Game Reserve, 644.
Umtamvuna Nature Reserve, 662.
United Kingdom, 791.
Upemba National Park, 919.
Upper Ogun/Old Oyo Game Reserve, 489.
Upper Volta, 55.
Urungwe Safari Area, 976.
Usambara Mountains, 860.
Uwanda Game Reserve, 856.
Usungwa Forest, 864.
Vaalkop Dam Nature Reserve, 702.
Vallée de Mai, 551.
Vallée de la Lufira, 927.
Venda, 579.
Vergelegen Nature Reserve, 673.
Verloren Valei Nature Reserve, 683.
Vernon Crookes Nature Reserve, 669.
Verwoerd Dam Nature Reserve, 641.
Victoria Falls National Park, 981.
Virunga National Park, 921.
Volcanoes National Park, 510.
Vrolijkheid Nature Reserve, 615.
Vumba Botanical Reserve, 985.
Vwaza Marsh Game Reserve, 380.
W National Park (Benin), 27.
W National Park (Burkina Faso), 58.
W National Park trees 464.
Walker Bay State Forest, 742.
Wankie National Park, 971.
Watamu Marine Reserve, 276.
Watamu National Marine Park, 276.
Waterberg Plateau Park, 458.
Waza National Park, 87.
Weenen Nature Reserve, 664.
-1008-
Geographical Index
West Lunga National Park, 958.
Weza State Forest, 771.
Willem Pretorius Game Reserve, 639.
Wolkberg Caves Nature Reserve, 706.
Wolkberg Wilderness Area, 783.
Wolwespruit Nature Reserve, 700.
Wonga-Wongué, 204.
Woodbush/De Hoek State Forest, 785.
World Heritage Site, 157, 162, 166, 194, 238, 368,
524, 528, 548, 551, 838, 852, 857, 910, 913, 918, 921,
976.
Yangambi Flora Reserve, 925.
Yangudi Rassa National Park, 196.
Yankari Game Reserve, 490.
Yata-Ngaya Faunal Reserve, 110.
Zahamena Integral Nature Reserve, 354.
Zaire, 909.
Zakouma National Park, 119.
Zambezi National Park, 983.
Zambezi Wildlife Utilization Area, 438.
Zambia, 931.
Zemongo Faunal Reserve, 111.
Ziama Biosphere Reserve, 240.
Zimbabwe, 963.
Zinave National Park, 433.
-1009-
TAXONOMIC INDEX
Ablepharus boutonii, 404.
Abudefduf saxatilis, 276.
Acacia, 6, 15, 19-20, 26, 45, 47, 59, 88, 98, 125,
185, 199, 219, 255, 262, 268, 271, 274, 288, 291, 293,
295, 305, 337, 361-2, 372, 377, 380, 387, 432-3, 451,
453, 455, 465, 470, 479, 508, 531, 584, 601, 618, 629,
645, 651-2, 654, 658, 686, 695, 736, 800, 804, 827,
834-5, 841, 843-4, 846, 849-50, 855, 857, 882, 884-5,
887, 895-6, 898, 934, 941, 956, 971, 983, 985, 1001.
Acacia albida, 86, 455, 469-70, 533, 836, 935, 952,
976, 983.
Acacia ataxacantha, 466, 730, 814.
Acacia burkei, 645.
Acacia caffra, 645, 661, 678, 680, 687, 690, 697,
699, 702, 709, 779.
Acacia cyanophylla, 768.
Acacia cyclops, 614, 618-9, 743, 764, 766, 768.
Acacia davyi, 649, 730.
Acacia drepanolobium, 312, 838, 841.
Acacia ehrenbergiana, 469.
Acacia elatior, 193, 274, 285, 288, 299, 301.
Acacia erioloba, 449, 452, 587, 590, 638, 676, 700,
971.
Acacia erubescens, 43.
Acacia etbaica, 174.
Acacia exuvialis, 682.
Acacia fleckii, 43.
Acacia galpinii, 997.
Acacia gerrardii, 725, 838.
Acacia giraffae, 43, 45, 49, 455.
Acacia goetzei, 958.
Acacia grandicornuta, 645, 696, 728.
Acacia haematoxylon, 587.
Acacia hebeclada, 922.
Acacia hereroensis, 453.
Acacia heteroneura, 676.
Acacia karroo, 43, 449, 588, 590, 593, 598-9, 603,
606-7, 611, 613, 615, 634, 640, 642-3, 664-5, 676,
680, 696-7, 699, 709, 713, 722-3, 750, 814, 1002.
Acacia laeta, 469.
Acacia lahai, 838, 858.
Acacia longifolia, 617, 619, 632, 733, 738-40, 742.
Acacia luederitzii, 650-1, 700.
Acacia mearnsii, 599, 675, 679, 692, 733, 738-40,
742, 752, 754, 759, 766, 768, 770.
Acacia melanoxylon, 752, 759, 777.
Acacia mellifera, 20, 49, 128, 190, 193, 312, 587,
590, 623, 686, 700, 709, 728.
Acacia nebrownii, 447, 686.
Acacia nigrescens, 45, 377, 584, 645, 649, 651,
655, 682, 684, 686, 691, 702, 712, 725, 727, 817.
Acacia nilotica, 85-6, 187, 397, 468, 524, 529,
645, 649, 651, 661, 663-4.
Acacia nubica, 187.
Acacia piliostigma, 367.
Acacia polyacantha, 508.
Acacia reficiens, 263, 283, 285, 312, 447.
Acacia robusta, 307, 645, 655, 697.
Acacia saligna, 599, 619, 632, 742.
Acacia schweinfurthii, 682.
Acacia senegal, 86, 128, 187, 285, 299, 301, 397,
468, 508, 533.
Acacia seyal, 72, 85, 88, 120, 174, 219, 397, 524,
533, 798, 838, 858.
Acacia sieberana, 82, 85, 661, 663, 771, 798, 814,
830, 885, 922.
Acacia tortilis, 43, 128, 187, 190, 255, 285, 289,
299, 301, 312, 394, 397, 447, 468-70, 524, 645, 651,
655, 685-6, 691, 697, 700, 702, 704, 709, 727-8,
830-1, 835, 841, 882, 969.
Acacia welwitschii, 10.
Acacia xanthophloea, 255, 260, 268, 274, 651, 655,
824, 830, 858.
Acaena ascendens, 707.
Acalypha, 190, 346.
Acalypha fruticosa, 193.
Acanthaster, 548.
Acanthaster planci, 424, 806.
Acanthosicyos horridus, 455.
Acanthosicyos naudinianus, 40, 47, 49.
Acanthurus, 554.
Acanthurus nigronis, 411.
Acanthus pubescens, 896.
Accipiter melanoleucus, 675, 775.
Accipiter minullus, 979.
Accipiter ovampensis, 271.
Accipiter tachiro, 41, 270.
Achyranthes aspera, 407-8.
Acinonyx jubatus, 5-7, 10, 14-5, 17-8, 26, 28,
40-1, 45, 47, 49, 51, 59, 61, 82, 84, 88, 107, 110, 125,
128, 187, 196-7, 255, 263, 268, 272, 274, 286, 288,
293, 300-1, 312, 367, 387, 429, 433, 447, 452, 456-8,
465, 467-8, 470, 480, 585, 587, 613, 645, 649, 651-2,
685, 709, 712, 725, 798, 801, 804, 817, 836, 839, 841,
846, 850, 852, 858, 882, 900-1, 916, 920, 934, 955-6,
968, 972, 975, 977, 993.
Acomys cahirinus johannis, 28.
Acomys subspinosus, 732-3, 736-7, 745, 747-8, 750,
753-4.
Acrantophis dumerilii, 357.
Acrantophis madagascariensis, 334.
Acridotheres tristis, 414, 556.
Acrocarpus, 829.
Acrocephalus seychellensis, 556.
Acroceras macrum, 773.
Acropora, 199, 277, 410-1, 423, 544, 557.
Actophilornis africana, 45, 218, 980.
Adansonia, 10, 351, 376-7.
Adansonia digitata, 57, 80, 219, 274, 295, 297,
309, 369, 429, 465, 481, 526, 584, 691, 712, 831,
834-5, 841, 969, 992.
Adansonia rubrostipa, 353.
Adansonia za, 337.
Addax nasomaculatus, 125, 128, 470.
Adelostemma senegalense, 529.
Adenanthera pavonina, 551.
Adenium obesum, 190, 970.
Adenium swazicum, 817.
Adenocarpus manii, 861.
Adina, 814.
Adina microcephala, 712.
Aepyceros melampus, 12, 43, 45, 52, 72, 88, 255,
257, 260, 270, 303, 306, 367, 369, 371, 373, 377,
379-80, 429, 432, 434-6, 439, 458, 509, 585, 637, 640,
642, 645, 651-2, 655, 661, 663, 666-7, 678, 680, 682,
685, 691, 702, 711-2, 723, 725-8, 814, 831, 834, 841,
844, 846, 852, 884, 943-4, 951, 956, 958, 972, 980,
985, 992-3, 995-7, 999, 1001-2.
Aepyceros melampus melampus, 5, 17-8.
Aepyceros melampus petersi, 6, 447.
Aeranthes, 335.
Aerva javanica, 469.
Aeschynomene fluitans, 941.
Aframomum, 93.
Aframomum zgambesiacum, 498.
Afroedura, 682.
Afroedura transvaalica, 691.
Afropavo congensis, 917, 919.
Afrostyrax lepidophyllus, 90.
Afyclia africana, 81.
Afzelia, 81, 93, 279, 432, 479.
Afzelia africana, 26, 59, 80, 157, 161, 479, 490,
494, 529.
Afzelia quanzensis, 371, 655, 729, 861, 928, 983.
Agama agama, 636.
Agama atra, 609, 679.
Agama sylvanus, 226.
Agapanthus, 595.
Agapanthus inapertus, 683.
Agapornis lilianae, 373, 977.
Agapornis roseicollis, 590.
Agapornis swinderniana, 226.
Agathosma betulina, 732.
Agathosma muirii, 614.
-1010-
Agauria, 346, 348, 354, 829, 865, 954.
Agelaea trifolia, 568.
Agelastes meleagrides,
Agrostis, 595.
Agrostis gracilifolia, 264.
Agrostis magellanica, 707.
Ailuronyx sechellensis, 552, 554, 556.
Aizoon dinteri, 455, 457.
Albizia,
849, 895, 898, 911, 941, 970.
Albizia adianthifolia, 669, 728, 989.
Albizia falcataria, 540, 552.
Albizia gummifera, 498, 858.
Albizia harveyi, 725, 983.
Albizia polyacantha, 849.
Albizia versicolor, 655.
Alcedo cristata, 193, 271, 834, 885, 888, 983.
Alcelaphus, 911.
164, 226, 325, 568, 570.
15, 229, 307, 369, 372, 508, 540, 736,
Alcelaphus buselaphus, 12, 26, 28, 40, 47, 49, 57,
59, 63, 81-2, 98, 104, 106, 109-10, 119, 123, 130, 160,
228-9, 263, 268, 272, 274, 387, 435-6, 447, 450, 454,
458, 465, 467, 480, 484, 487, 489, 495-6, 587-8, 591,
593, 608, 613, 618, 637, 639-42, 648, 659, 661, 666,
672, 676, 679, 686, 689, 693, 696, 700-1, 709, 714,
722, 727-8, 769, 801-2, 804, 846, 849, 851, 854, 858,
872, 889, 891.
Alcelaphus buselaphus caama, 452, 814.
Alcelaphus buselaphus jacksoni, 890, 901-2.
Alcelaphus buselaphus lelwel, 190, 193.
Alcelaphus buselaphus major, 61.
Alcelaphus buselaphus swaynei, 186-7, 192.
Alcelaphus caama, 664.
Alcelaphus lichtensteini, 7, 367, 371, 373-4,
376-7, 379-80, 432, 435-6, 439, 834, 836, 852, 863,
920, 935-6, 938-40, 945, 947, 952, 956, 958, 970, 999.
Alchemilla, 195, 264.
Alchemilla cyclophylla, 266.
Alchemilla johnstonii, 266.
Alectroenas pulcherrima, 540, 545, 551.
Alepharus boutonii, 415.
Allanblackia, 865.
Allanblackia stuhlmannii, 861.
Alloteropsis semialata, 668, 672, 683, 814.
Alluaudia, 337.
Alluaudia ascendens, 337.
Alluaudia montagnacii, 350.
Alluaudia procera, 357.
Aloe, 337, 339, 351, 455, 722-3.
Aloe bainesii, 682.
Aloe broommii, 593.
Aloe ciliaris, 766.
Aloe dichotoma, 455, 590, 609.
Aloe ecklonis, 595.
Aloe ferox, 593, 599, 634, 754.
Aloe gariepensis, 449.
Aloe graciliflora, 683.
Aloe karasbergensis, 455.
Aloe lutescens, 970.
Aloe marlothii, 682, 697.
Aloe minima, 675, 699.
Aloe mitriformis, 636.
Aloe namibensis, 455.
Aloe peglerae, 687.
Aloe petrophila, 680.
Aloe sladeniana, 455.
Aloe soutpansbergensis, 705.
Aloe spectabilis, 661.
Aloe striata, 593.
Aloe suffulta, 970.
Aloe verdiflora, 453.
Aloe vogtsii, 705.
Alopochen aegyptiacus,
Alternanthera maritima, 527, 532.
Amauris nossima dijuncta, 335.
Amblypygi, 556.
Amblysomus hottentotus, 683.
Amblysomus julianae, 585.
Ammomanes grayi, 455.
Ammophila arenaria, 614.
Ammotragus lervia, 125, 470.
185, 272, 449, 696, 824, 972.
Taxonomic Index
Amorphophallus staudtii, 163.
Ampelita gaudens, 347.
Ampelita stumpffi, 344.
Amphicarpa africana, 498.
Amphiglossus stumpffi, 344.
Amphiglossus tsaratananensis, 348.
Amphilius natalensis, 673.
Anadelphia, 566.
Anas, 253.
Anas acuta, 524.
Anas capensis, 260.
Anas clypeata, 524.
Anas erythrorhyncha, 972, 988.
Anas querquedula, 217, 524.
Anas undulata, 696.
Anastomus lamelligerus, 274, 292, 696, 885, 949.
Anastrabe integerrima, 776.
Ancistrophyllum secundiflorum, 232-3.
Androngo alluaudi, 335.
Andropogon, 142, 157-8, 193, 479, 490, 595, 814,
865, 920.
Andropogon appendiculatus, 668, 672.
Andropogon ascinodis, 57.
Andropogon distachyos, 882.
Andropogon fastiagatus, 466.
Andropogon gayanus, 57, 465-7, 491, 526, 529.
Andropogon tectorum, 230.
Androstachys johnsonii, 969.
Angraecum, 335.
Angylocalyx braunii, 279.
Anhinga, 982.
Anhinga rufa, 193, 268, 524, 941, 980, 983, 1001.
Aningueria, 954.
Aningueria adolfi-friedericii, 264.
Aningueria altissima, 258.
Anisophyllea obtusifolia, 861.
Annona, 865.
Annonachrysophylla, 309.
Annona glabra, 533.
Annona senegalensis, 94, 494.
Anodonthyla montana, 339.
Anodonthy!a rouxae, 337.
Anogeissus, 83, 104, 120-2, 124, 126, 129.
Anogeissus leiocarpus, 25, 57, 59, 67, 80, 82, 85,
88, 106, 157, 229, 465, 467, 490, 495, 529, 533, 801.
Anomalospiza imberbis, 292.
Anomalurus, 865.
Anomalurus beecrofti, 226, 521.
Anomalurus derbianus, 96, 233, 436.
Anopyxis klaineana, 90.
Anous stolidus, 309, 553, 556.
Anous stolidus pileatus, 407-9.
Anous tenuirostris, 553, 556.
Anous tenuirostris tenuirostris, 407-9.
Anthephora, 447, 453.
Anthephora nigritana, 128.
Anthephora pubescens, 691.
Anthocleista grandiflora, 861.
Anthonotha, 90.
Anthonotha macrophylla, 483.
Anthoscopus minutus, 49.
Anthospermum aethiopicum, 614.
Anthospermum usambarense, 861.
Anthostema, 343-4, 354.
Anthoxanthum, 348.
Anthreptes neglectus, 861.
Anthreptes pallidigaster, 279, 865.
Anthreptes rubitorques, 861, 865.
Anthropoides paradisea, 635, 780, 816.
Anthus chloris, 683.
Anthus sokokensis, 279.
Antiaris africana, 157, 160, 229.
Antiaris welwitschii, 160.
Antidorcas marsupialis, 6, 19-20, 40, 47, 49, 51,
447, 450, 452, 454-5, 457, 587-8, 593, 595, 599,
601-3, 609, 612, 615, 619, 622-4, 637, 639-43, 659,
661, 666, 676, 689, 693, 700-1, 714.
Aonyx, 865.
Aonyx capensis,
630, 683, 772.
167, 217, 239, 260, 480, 565, 597,
-1011-
IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Apalis, 892.
Apalis chariessa, 285.
Apalis chirindensis, 986.
Apalis karamojae, 882.
Apalis moreaui, 861.
Apalis pallidigaster, 861.
Apalis ruddi, 371, 646, 682, 778.
Apalis sharpii, 226.
Apalis thoracica, 939.
Apaloderma narina, 270, 294, 675, 824, 884.
Aphloia theiformis, 348.
Aplopelia larvata, 270.
Apodocephala, 346.
Apodytes dimidiata, 268, 675, 699, 751, 758, 775.
Aponogeton ranunculiflorus, 318.
Aporosaura anchietae, 456.
Aptosimum, 41.
Apus aequatorialis, 257.
Apus affinis, 257.
Apus barbatus, 948.
Apus bradfieldi, 455.
Apus caffer, 257.
Apus horus, 257.
Apus niansae, 257.
Aquila heliaca, 175.
Aquila rapax, 689, 885, 979.
Aquila verreauxii, 175, 195, 257, 260, 270, 454,
456, 593, 605, 609, 620, 629, 632, 635-6, 675, 756,
816, 858, 882, 979.
Aquila wahlbergi, 888, 979.
Araucaria, 335.
Arctocephalus pusillus, 6, 10.
Arctocephalus tropicalis, 708.
Arctotheca populifolia, 614.
Arctotis fastuosa, 608.
Ardea, 432.
Ardea cinerea, 158, 449, 874.
Ardea cinerea monicae, 394.
Ardea goliath, 158, 193, 523, 585, 667, 682, 696,
885, 941, 983, 998.
Ardea melanocephala, 253, 318, 452.
Ardea purpurea, 294, 306, 397, 524, 941, 989.
Ardeola idae, 255.
Ardeola ralloides, 45, 52, 218.
Ardisia belingaensis, 206.
Ardisiandra wettsteinii, 264.
Arenaria interpres, 415.
Aristida, 6, 15, 19, 255, 291, 447, 533, 587,
602-3, 606, 613, 663, 666, 689, 712.
Aristida congesta, 43, 611, 651, 680, 728.
Aristida curvata, 588.
Aristida diffusa, 590.
Aristida junciformis, 669, 713, 771, 773.
Aristida kerstingii, 57.
Aristida meridionalis, 49, 638.
Aristida mutabilis, 128, 468.
Aristida obtusa, 588.
Aristida stipitata, 43.
Aristida transvaalensis, 679.
Artemesia, 188.
Artemesia afra, 188.
Arthrocnemum glaucum, 397.
Arundinaria alpina, 189, 253, 264, 266, 510, 863.
Arundinaria marojejyensis, 346.
Arundinella ecklonii, 529.
Asio abyssinicus, 266.
Asio capensis, 271.
Aspalathus, 618.
Aspalathus joubertiana, 636.
Aspalathus potbergensis, 600.
Asparagus, 595.
Asparagus crassicladus, 766.
Asparagus exuvialis, 43.
Asparagus pauli-guilelmi, 533.
Aspilia mossambicensis, 268.
Asplenium, 335.
Asplenium africanum, 163.
Asplenium schnelli, 167, 239.
Astelia hemichrysa, 413.
Asthenatherum glaucum, 587.
Astraeopora, 423.
Atelornis crossleyi, 346, 348, 360.
Atheris nitschei rungwensis, 954.
Atherurus, 863.
Atherurus africanus, 140, 233, 258, 565, 872.
Atilax paludinosus, 772, 837, 861.
Atriplex, 199.
Aucoumea klaineana, 205.
Audouinia capitata, 618.
Aulax umbellata, 632.
Australopithecus, 193.
Australopithecus boisei, 858.
Authocleista, 495.
Avahi laniger, 337, 341, 343, 354, 360.
Aviceda cuculoides, 253, 292, 706, 778.
Avicennia, 10, 13, 545.
Avicennia africana, 394, 521.
Avicennia marina, 199, 556.
Avicennia nitida, 155, 397, 523.
Azima tetracantha, 591.
Azorella selago, 707.
Bacopa monnieri, 407.
Baikiaea, 5, 12, 435.
Baikiaea africana, 940, 955, 971.
Baikiaea plurijuga, 5, 16, 18, 52, 451, 936, 940,
955, 971, 994.
Baissea multiflora, 529.
Balaeniceps rex, 107, 110, 509, 804, 885, 887, 920,
922, 938, 949.
Balaenoptera physalus, 395.
Balanites, 125, 289.
Balanites aegyptiaca, 59, 85-6, 128, 187, 394, 397,
465, 468-9, 524, 531, 798, 800, 830, 834.
Balanites maughamii, 655, 667, 775.
Balaxea, 276.
Balearica pavonina, 85, 120, 217, 872, 940-1.
Barbatia, 277.
Barbus, 375, 454.
Barbus afer, 747.
Barbus anoplus, 675, 687, 704.
Barbus asper, 740, 747.
Barbus burchelli, 599, 616, 636, 733, 739-40, 742,
747.
Barbus burgi, 733, 736.
Barbus calidus, 732, 737.
Barbus capensis, 732, 737.
Barbus holubi, 452, 676.
Barbus marequensis, 452, 675, 678, 680, 682, 690,
692, 699, 702, 999.
Barbus mattozi, 690.
Barbus natalensis, 673.
Barbus phlegethon, 732.
Barbus tenuis, 740, 748.
Barbus trimaculatus, 676, 682, 686-7.
Barleria solitaria, 457.
Barossus, 849.
Barringtonia asiatica, 553.
Barringtonia racemosa, 654, 773.
Bathia madagascariensis, 353.
Bathmocercus winifredae, 865.
Batis diops, 511.
Batis fratrum, 371, 646, 778.
Batis orientalis, 175.
Bauhinia, 47, 157, 911.
Bauhinia galpini, 814.
Bauhinia macrantha, 47, 49.
Bauhinia reticulata, 465, 468.
Bdeogale crassicauda, 949.
Beamys hindei major, 954.
Bebrornis, 556.
Beckeropsis, 898.
Beckeropsis uniseta, 896.
Beilschmiedia oppositifolia, 348.
Bequaertiodendron magalismontanum, 675, 687, 814.
Bequaertiodendron natalense, 669.
Bequaertiodendron oblanceolatum, 258.
Berchemia discolor, 529.
Berlinia, 14, 91.
Berlinia grandiflora, 230.
Bergelia, 618, 760.
-1012-
Bitis arietans, 43, 113, 480, 534, 697.
Bitis atropos, 706.
Bitis caudalis, 687.
Bitis gabonica, 205, 480, 654, 773.
Bitis peringueyi, 456.
Blaeria nimbana, 166-7, 238-9.
Blechnum attenuatum, 413.
Blechnum penna, 707.
Blepharis linariifolia, 128.
Blighia unijugata, 157, 966.
Boaedon geometricus, 540, 552.
Bobartia, 765.
Bobartia gladiata major, 618.
Boerhavia repens, 556.
Bolyeria multicarinata, 415.
Bombax, 10.
Bombax costatum, 529, 531.
Bombylonax breweri, 208.
Boophis brygooi, 339.
Boophis laurenti, 339.
Boophis leucomaculatus, 359.
Boophis microtis, 337.
Boophis reticulatus, 360.
Boophis viridis, 360.
Borassus, 230, 432, 529, 534, 854.
Borassus aethiopum, 80, 155, 158, 397, 465, 533,
885.
Borassus flabellifer, 82, 533, 834.
Boschia, 121.
Boscia, 531.
Boscia albitrunca, 43, 49, 455, 587, 590, 623, 686,
728.
Boscia angustifolia, 193.
Boscia foetida, 43, 728.
Boscia senegalensis, 128, 465.
Bostrychia bindelia, 281.
Bostrychia binderi, 276-7.
Bostrychia hagedash, 217.
Bostrychia olivacea, 861.
Boswellia, 80, 82, 124.
Botaurus stellaris, 268.
Bothriochloa insculpta, 645, 651, 691.
Bothriochloa redicans, 43.
Boulengerina annulata, 952.
Bowkeria verticillata, 657, 673.
Brabeium stellatifolium, 630.
Brachiaria, 409, 468, 798.
Brachiaria jubata, 57.
Brachiaria nigropedata, 638, 691.
Brachiaria serrata, 814.
Brachylaena, 279, 346.
Brachylaena discolor, 722-3, 776.
Brachylaena hutchinsii, 268, 279-80.
Brachypteracias leptosomus, 346, 360.
Brachypteracias squamigera, 346.
Brachysiphon mundii, 600.
Brachysiphon rupestris, 632.
Brachystegia, 9, 12, 72, 279, 367, 369, 371, 374,
379-80, 433, 435-6, 439, 826-7, 834-6, 843, 852, 854,
863, 915, 936, 938-9, 943-6, 949, 951-2, 954, 956,
966, 968, 973, 976, 958, 980, 985, 988, 990, 992-3,
1001-2.
Brachystegia bakerana, 18.
Brachystegia boehmii, 9, 12, 14, 376, 968.
Brachystegia eurycoma, 495.
Brachystegia glaucescens, 369, 969, 1002.
Brachystegia nigerica, 483.
Brachystegia spiciformis, 5,9, 12, 14, 280, 849.
Brachystegia stipulata, 956.
Brachystegia wagnermeeana, 9, 14, 849.
Brachystelma ngomense, 776.
Brachyuromys betsiloensis, 340.
Brachyuromys ramirohitra, 340.
Bradypodion, 731.
Bradypodion pumilo transvaalensis, 675.
Bradypodion taeniobronchum, 761.
Bradypterus grandis, 90.
Bradypterus graueri, 511, 904, 914.
Bradypterus sylvaticus, 740, 751, 758.
Taxonomic Index
Bradypterus victorini, 733, 735-7, 739-40, 742,
745, 747-8, 750-1, 753, 756, 758, 760, 762.
Breonadia microcephala, 814.
Breviceps, 731.
Breviceps adspersus, 698.
Bridelia ferruginea, 94.
Bromus, 348.
Brookesia bonsi, 353.
Brookesia decaryi, 341.
Brookesia griveaudi, 347.
Brookesia karchei, 347.
Brookesia legendrei, 344.
Brookesia minima, $44.
Brookesia perarmata, 351.
Brookesia peyrieresi, 359.
Brookesia therezieni, 360.
Brookesia tuberculata, 335.
Bruguiera, 545.
Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, 277.
Brunia alopecuroides, 632.
Brunia lanuginosa, 632.
Brunia nodiflora, 632.
Bryaspis lupulina, 529.
Bubalornis albirostris, 430.
Bubo africanus, 49.
Bubo capensis, 253, 593, 683, 699, 733, 735-6, 739,
742, 745, 748, 751, 753, 758.
Bubo capensis mackinderi, 266.
Bubo vosseleri, 861.
Bubulcus ibis, 534, 919.
Buchholzia coriacea, 483.
Bucorvus, 834.
Bucorvus abyssinicus, 88, 529, 531, 534, 871, 882.
Bucorvus leadbeateri, 652, 691, 852, 916.
Buddleja, 348, 648, 657.
Buddleja saligna, 705.
Buddleja salviifolia, 599, 648, 668, 673.
Bufo gariepensis, 683.
Bufo gutturalis, 679.
Bufo regularis, 942.
Bufo superciliaris, 167, 239.
Bugeranus carunculatus, 5, 7, 12, 14, 17-8, 45,
367, 374, 432, 439, 648, 663, 666, 672, 683, 776, 916,
920, 934, 936, 940-1, 954.
Bulbine, 595.
Bulbophyllum, 335, 346.
Bulbostylis, 556.
Burhinus capensis, 609, 629.
Burkea, 83, 940, 955.
Burkea africana, 18, 26, 49, 59, 80, 82, 157-9,
161, 230, 479, 490, 529, 678, 680, 695, 940, 958.
Bussea, 949, 952.
Buteo oreophilus,
742, 776.
Buteo rufinus, 175.
Buteo rufofuscus, 195, 257, 756, 986.
Butorides striatus, 43.
Butyrospermum paradoxum, 26, 28, 57, 387, 479, 481.
Butyrospermum parkii, 80, 82, 106, 158.
Buxus hildebrandtii, 174.
Buxus macowanii, 722-3.
Buxus natalensis, 722-3.
Bycanistes brevis, 253.
Bycanistes bucinator, 274, 967, 982.
Bycanistes subcylindricus, 265, 896.
Cacosternum capense, 733.
Cacosternum nanum, 683.
Cadaba farinosa, 190, 309.
Cadaba termitaria, 691.
Caesalpinia decapetala, 777.
Calamus, 205.
Calamus deerratus, 232-3.
Calappa hepatica, 423.
Calcochloris obtusirostris, 585.
Calidris alba, 268, 277.
Calidris alpina, 394.
Calidris canutus, 394.
Calidris ferruginea, 277, 394.
Calidris minuta, 272.
Calligonum comosum, 394.
253, 265, 294, 735-7, 739-40,
-1013-
IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Callinectes, 397.
Callophyllum inophyllum, 544, 551, 558.
Callyodon guttatus, 276.
Calodendrum, 652.
Calodendrum capense, 253, 715-8, 771, 979.
Calophyllum inophyllum, 311.
Caloplaca elegantissima, 455.
Camaroptera brevicaudata, 175.
Camaroptera stierlingi, 685.
Camelus, 199.
Campephaga lobata, 164, 568.
Campethera abingoni, 968.
Camponotus detritus, 456.
Canarium, 346, 348, 359.
Canarium madagascariensis, 335, 343.
Canarium paniculatum, 413.
Canarium schweinfurthii, 160.
Canis, 51, 186, 397, 484.
Canis adustus, 15, 20, 61, 230, 367, 371, 374, 429,
467, 487, 496, 533, 565, 839.
Canis aureus, 189, 195-6, 395, 465, 468, 470, 493,
531, 533, 839.
Canis mesomelas, 49, 192, 306, 318, 429, 452, 455,
457, 763, 766, 769, 846.
Canis simensis, 189, 195.
Cannabis sativa, 784.
Canthium gilfillanii, 679.
Canthium huillense, 705.
Canthium inerme, 751, 758.
Canthium schimperanum, 268.
Canthium vulgare, 482-3.
Capparis, 728, 922.
Capparis decidua, 394.
Capparis sepiaria, 85, 591.
Capparis tomentosa, 830.
Capra ibex walie, 195.
Caprimulgus, 972.
Caprimulgus stellatus, 294.
Caprimulgus tristigma, 989.
Caranax, 199.
Cardiochilos, 374.
Cardiosorna, 544.
Cardiospermum corindum, 725.
Carduus, 266.
Carduus afromontanus, 264.
Caretta caretta, 6, 10, 395, 437, 523, 526-7, 532.
Carex, 43, 253, 266.
Carex aethiopica, 683.
Carex monostachya, 189.
Carica papaya, 556.
Caridina, 552.
Carissa, 312, 922.
Carissa bispinosa, 614, 751, 758.
Carissa haematocarpa, 599, 622.
Carphalea glaucesens, 274.
Casarea dussumieri, 415.
Cassia, 83.
Cassia abbreviata, 834.
Cassia didymobotrya, 824.
Cassia italica, 394.
Cassia obtusifolia, 533.
Cassia sieberana, 59, 80, 219, 533.
Cassia singueana, 928.
Cassina lamottei, 167, 239.
Cassine aethiopica, 614, 633.
Cassine crocea, 597.
Cassine peragua, 614, 751, 758.
Cassinopsis tinifolia, 776.
Cassipourea gerrardii, 786.
Cassipourea malosana, 264, 266, 836, 858.
Cassipourea ruwenzoriensis, 258.
Cassipourea swaziensis, 814.
Cassis cornuta, 423.
Cassytha, 410.
Casuarina, 407-8, 544, 549.
Casuarina equisitifolia, 406, 556, 558.
Catha edulis, 675.
Catophractes alexandri, 49.
Cavacoa aurea, 775.
Cedrela odorata, 226.
Ceiba, 229.
Ceiba pentandra, 80, 160, 495, 529.
Celtis, 226, 232-3, 896.
Celtis africana, 593, 597, 633, 640, 675, 693, 701,
716-9, 722-3, 769, 775, 779, 785-6.
Celtis integrifolia, 82, 86, 465.
Celtis zenkeri, 160.
Cenchrus biflorus, 128, 397, 468-9, 533.
Cenchrus ciliaris, 274.
Centropus senegalensis, 534.
Cephalanthus natalensis, 692.
Cephalophus, 43, 93, 113, 120, 140, 265, 270, 458,
483, 567-8, 941, 988-9, 992, 997, 999.
Cephalophus adersi, 279, 285.
Cephalophus callipygus, 206.
Cephalophus dorsalis, 160, 164, 167, 206, 226, 239,
565.
Cephalophus jentinki, 164, 170, 325.
Cephalophus leucogaster, 206.
Cephalophus maxwelli, 97, 156, 161, 167, 226, 233,
239, 489.
Cephalophus monticola, 9-10, 92, 104, 205-6, 210,
279, 439, 565, 597, 614, 645, 662, 669, 671, 722-3,
751, 756-8, 760, 762, 768, 776, 861, 863, 896, 947,
949, 952, 954, 958, 967, 973, 986.
Cephalophus natalensis, 307, 311, 431, 435-7,
439-40, 585, 645, 651-2, 654, 656, 667, 669, 705, 720,
775-6, 779-80, 782-3, 785-6, 896, 954.
Cephalophus natalensis harveyi, 253, 284, 374, 861.
Cephalophus niger, 160, 164, 167, 233, 239, 511,
565.
Cephalophus nigrifrons, 206, 253, 265-6.
Cephalophus ogilbyi, 96, 164, 170.
Cephalophus rufilatus, 26, 28, 57, 59, 81-2, 104,
158, 160-1, 228-9, 465, 480, 484, 489-90, 565, 802,
872, 874.
Cephalophus silvicultor, 233, 565.
Cephalophus spadix, 829, 861.
Cephalophus sylvicultor, 98, 104, 107, 139, 141,
148-9, 158, 164, 205, 226, 511, 871, 919, 936, 947,
949, 952, 958.
Cephalophus zebra, 164, 170, 325.
Cephalophyllum, 624.
Cephalosphaera, 865.
Cephalosphaera usambarensis, 861.
Cephalostachyum madagascariensis, 343.
Ceratogymna atrata, 902.
Ceratotherium simum, 39, 111, 263, 437, 458, 584,
617, 637, 640, 645, 651-2, 655, 659, 661, 664, 666,
678, 709, 712, 722, 725, 800, 802, 814, 816-7, 972,
983, 988, 999.
Ceratotherium simum cottoni, 885, 889, 911.
Cercocebus, 113.
Cercocebus albigena, 90, 92, 96, 896.
Cercocebus galeritus, 90, 865.
Cercocebus galeritus galeritus, 307.
Cercocebus torquatus, 90, 92, 96, 160, 164, 226,
233, 565, 567-8.
Cercocebus torquatus lunulatus, 158.
Cercococcyx, 311.
Cercomela schlegelii, 455.
Cercomela sordida, 253, 829.
Cercomela sordida rudolfi, 265.
Cercomela tractrac, 455.
Cercopithecus, 113, 205, 210, 568, 919.
Cercopithecus aethiops, 20, 26, 28, 43, 57, 61,
81-2, 85-6, 88, 94, 97-8, 104, 106, 123-4, 158, 175,
216, 218, 228-30, 255, 270, 300, 306, 367, 369, 371,
374, 387, 467, 480, 484, 487, 489-90, 496, 509, 565,
567, 590, 597, 614, 633, 715-9, 721, 745, 761, 763,
766, 768, 772-3, 775-6, 778-80, 782-3, 834, 837, 865,
911, 915, 947, 951, 956.
Cercopithecus aethiops pygerythrus, 948.
Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus, 529.
Cercopithecus albogularis, 371, 374, 377, 379, 431,
440, 861, 986.
Cercopithecus ascanius, 826, 896.
Cercopithecus campbelli, 226, 232-3, 521, 565.
Cercopithecus campbelli lowei, 94.
Cercopithecus cephus, 90.
-1014-
Cercopithecus diana, 158, 163, 167, 226, 239, 570.
Cercopithecus erythrogaster, 483.
Cercopithecus hamlyni, 914.
Cercopithecus lhoesti, 896.
Cercopithecus mitis, 10, 253, 258, 270, 293, 307,
437, 509, 585, 645, 654, 656, 671, 675, 715-9, 721,
731, 757, 768, 772-3, 775-6, 778, 784-6, 826, 829,
834, 865, 896, 938, 947, 949, 958.
Cercopithecus mitis kandti, 892,915.
Cercopithecus mitis moloneyi, 938, 954, 956.
Cercopithecus mona, 158, 160, 163, 229, 495, 871.
Cercopithecus neglectus, 92, 107, 271.
Cercopithecus nictitans, 90, 92, 107, 156, 163,
229, 495.
Cercopithecus patas, 800, 802.
Cercopithecus petaurista, 158, 226, 232-3, 565, 567.
Cercopithecus petaurista petaurista, 94, 97.
Cercopithecus pogonias, 90.
Cercopithecus preussi, 96.
Ceriops, 199, 277, 545.
Ceriops ciliata, 277.
Certhilauda albescens, 455.
Cervus dama, 714.
Ceryle maxima, 113, 218, 271.
Ceryle rudis, 193, 218, 888.
Ceuthmochares aereus, 778.
Chaetodon lunula, 276.
Chaetomorpha, 417, 419.
Chaetura sabini, 258.
Chamaeleo angeli, 341.
Chamaeleo boettgeri, 344.
Chamaeleo fischeri, 862.
Chamaeleo goetzei nyikae, 954.
Chamaeleo parsonii, 344.
Chamaeleo spinosus, 862.
Chamaeleo tenuis, 862.
Chamaeleo tigris, 540, 552.
Chamaeleo tsaratananensis, 348.
Chanos, 199.
Chara, 614.
Charadrius hiaticula, 394.
Charadrius leschenaultii, 277.
Charadrius mongolus, 277.
Charadrius thoracicus, 350.
Charadrius tricollaris forbesi, 826.
Charadrius venustus, 831.
Charaxes, 258, 270.
Charaxes nandina, 270.
Cheicogallus medius, 361.
Cheilanthes, 683.
Cheilinus undulatus, 808.
Cheirogaleus major, 343, 348, 354, 359.
Cheirogaleus medius, 341, 360.
Chelictinia riocourii, 882.
Chelonia mydas, 6, 10, 199, 281, 287, 309, 395,
523, 527, 532, 549, 556.
Chetia flaviventris, 680, 690.
Chidlowia sanguinea, 163, 170.
Chionanthus, 618.
Chionanthus battiscombei, 705.
Chionanthus foveolatus, 614.
Chiromantis xerampelina, 303, 942.
Chlidonias hybrida, 952.
Chlidonias leucoptera, 952.
Chloris, 274, 307.
Chloris gayana, 260, 645.
Chloris myriostachya, 190.
Chloris prieurii, 128, 397, 533.
Chloris roxburghiana, 263, 274, 283.
Chloris virgata, 43, 695.
Chloropeta gracilirostris, 922.
Chloropeta similis, 374.
Chlorophora, 284, 302-3, 307.
Chlorophora excelsa, 157, 160-1, 205, 241, 309,
861, 911, 928, 970.
Chlorophora regia, 167, 239, 521.
Choeropsis liberiensis, 164, 167, 170, 239, 325,
565, 570.
Choriotis arabs, 199.
Taxonomic Index
Choriotis kori, 430, 686, 689, 691, 732, 736, 839,
858, 882.
Christiana africana, 529.
Chrozophora, 468.
Chrysalidocarpus, 335, 348.
Chrysobalanus, 19.
Chrysobalanus icaco, 551.
Chrysochloa hindsii, 57.
Chrysocoma, 602, 610-1.
Chrysocoma tenuifolia,
641, 713.
Chrysophyllum, 896.
Chrysophyllum albidum, 258.
Chrysophyllum gorungosanum, 861.
Chrysophyllum perpulchrum, 163, 170.
Chrysophyllum viridifolium, 775.
Chrysopogon, 274.
Chrysopogon montanus, 43, 709.
Chrysopogon plumulosus, 193.
Ciccaba woodfordii, 986.
Ciconia abdimii, 185.
Ciconia ciconia, 318, 683, 732, 736, 776.
Ciconia episcopus, 773.
Ciconia nigra, 49, 590, 593, 599, 683, 733, 736,
919.
Cinchona, 861.
Cinnamomum zeylanicum, 540, 551-2.
Cinnyricinclus femoralis, 829.
Cinnyricinclus leucogaster, 816.
Circaetus, 977, 979.
Circaetus cinerascens, 902.
Circaetus cinereus, 902.
Circaetus fasciolatus, 255, 303, 773, 775, 778, 861.
Circus maurus, 683.
Circus pygargus, 253.
Cissus, 6, 19.
Cissus quadrangularis, 190, 274, 526.
Cissus rotundifolia, 190.
Cisticola, 973.
Cisticola ayresii, 253.
Cisticola brunnescens, 683.
Cisticola hunteri, 829.
Cisticola hunteri masaba, 265.
Cisticola juncidis, 49.
Cisticola njombe, 374.
Cisticola restricta, 308.
Cisticola rufilata, 52, 253.
Citrullus colocynthis, 128.
Citrullus lanatus, 40, 47, 49.
Civettictis civetta, 92-4, 96, 105, 113, 118,
123-4, 130, 156, 167, 232, 239, 487, 496, 531, 533,
675, 678, 680, 685-7, 698.
Civettictis civetta schwarzi, 861.
Cladium, 509.
Cladium mariscus, 614.
Clarias, 274, 375, 439.
Clarias gariepinus, 39, 45, 452, 676, 678, 682,
685, 699, 979, 982, 988, 1001.
Clarias lazera, 480.
Clarotes, 274.
Cleistanthus schlechteri, 667, 729.
Cleistophelis patens, 495.
Clematis, 979.
Clematis hirsuta, 174.
Clematis simensis, 195.
Clerodendron, 346.
Clerodendrum glabrum, 669.
Cliffortia, 595, 765, 769.
Cliffortia arborea, 624.
Cliffortia linearifolia, 648.
Cliffortia micrantha, 622.
Cliffortia nitidula, 668.
Clivia caulescens, 675, 699.
Clupisudus niloticus, 480.
Clutia abyssinica, 174.
Clutia pulchella, 705.
Cocos nucifera, 407, 547, 556, 558.
Coenobita, 556.
Coenobita rugosus, 277.
Coffea, 413.
603, 606, 613, 634, 637,
-1015-
IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Coffea arabica, 189.
Coffea tsaratananae, 348.
Cola, 28, 482-3, 954.
Cola acuminata, 481.
Cola cordifolia, 157, 495.
Cola edulis, 91.
Cola laurifolia, 230, 465, 529.
Cola togoensis, 495.
Coleonema, 618.
Coleura seychellensis, 540, 551.
Coleus, 348.
Collocalia francica, 540.
Collocalia francica elaphra, 551.
Colobus, 98, 113, 195, 568, 911.
Colobus angolensis, 90, 258, 260, 265, 270, 949.
Colobus angolensis abyssinicus, 253.
Colobus angolensis palliatus, 865.
Colobus badius, 160, 163, 167, 216, 218-9, 226,
232, 239, 325, 565, 567, 826, 843, 863, 898, 914, 919.
Colobus badius gordonorum, 865.
Colobus badius preussi, 92, 96.
Colobus badius rufomitratus, 307.
Colobus badius temmincki, 521, 523, 529.
Colobus badius tephrosceles, 896.
Colobus guereza, 81, 104, 186, 192, 495, 800, 802,
804, 824, 834, 861, 889, 896, 898, 902, 914.
Colobus polykomos, 82, 156, 158, 163, 167, 226,
228, 230, 232-3, 239, 489, 565, 567, 837, 871.
Colobus polykomos abyssinicus, 229, 829.
Colobus polykomos angolensis, 919.
Colobus satanas, 92, 96.
Colobus verus, 164.
Colophospermum, 6, 15, 19, 432, 940, 955, 992.
Colophospermum mopane, 12, 16, 38, 45, 47, 371-2,
377, 380, 429, 433, 447, 584, 684, 691, 712, 936,
943-4, 948, 951, 955-6, 968-9, 971, 975-6, 985, 990,
993-4, 996-7.
Columba albinucha, 902.
Columba guinea, 534.
Combretum, 10, 15, 26, 59, 72, 80, 83, 88, 120,
122, 124, 126, 129, 157, 159, 161, 190, 193, 258, 263,
283, 289, 293, 312, 367, 371, 376, 379, 432, 433, 435,
447, 465-6, 494, 508, 584, 801, 834-5, 841, 843-4,
849, 852, 854, 882, 895, 922, 934, 941, 949, 952, 956,
970-1, 983, 985, 992.
Combretum apiculatum, 453, 649, 651, 655, 678, 680,
684, 686, 690-1, 695, 709, 711, 712, 727.
Combretum binderanum, 57.
Combretum caffrum, 766.
Combretum collinum, 466.
Combretum erythrophyllum, 43, 730.
Combretum glutinosum, 85, 128, 466, 468, 490, 531,
533.
Combretum greenwayi, 193.
Combretum hartmannianum, 798, 800.
Combretum hereroense, 43, 655.
Combretum imberbe, 43, 45, 584, 711, 817.
Combretum kraussii, 699, 776, 782-3, 785-6.
Combretum lamprocarpum, 57.
Combretum mechowianum, 45.
Combretum micranthum, 466.
Combretum molle, 43, 680, 690, 695, 705.
Combretum mossambicense, 983.
Combretum nigricans, 466, 490.
Combretum tanaensis, 307.
Combretum zeyheri, 649, 680, 690, 705.
Commiphora, 6, 15, 19, 255, 263, 274, 283, 285,
288-9, 295, 297, 299, 301, 306, 312, 341, 455, 712,
835, 838, 841, 849-50, 855, 969, 971, 992.
Commiphora africana, 846.
Commiphora marlothi, 727.
Commiphora mollis, 727.
Commiphora pyracanthoides, 686, 728.
Commiphora riparia, 307.
Connochaetes, 972, 988, 997.
Connochaetes gnou, 47, 318, 588, 593, 595, 602-3,
612-3, 617, 624, 637-8, 640-3, 648, 657, 659, 661,
666, 672, 676, 679, 689, 693, 696, 700-1, 714, 769,
814, 999,
Connochaetes taurinus, 5, 7, 17-8, 40-1, 49, 51,
205, 255, 268, 292, 429, 432, 434-5, 439, 447, 450,
454, 458, 585, 587, 637, 645, 651-2, 661, 667, 678,
680, 682, 685, 695, 711-2, 725, 728, 814, 816-7, 831,
834, 838, 846, 852, 858, 940-1, 1001.
Connochaetes taurinus cooksoni, 944-5, 951, 956.
Connochaetes taurinus johnstonii, 373, 436.
Conophytum turrigerum, 629.
Copaifera mopane, 205.
Copsychus sechellarum, 554.
Coracias abyssinica, 85, 88, 534.
Coracias spatulata, 836.
Coracina caesia, 270.
Coracopsis nigra barklyi, 551.
Corchorus olitorius, 128.
Cordia gharaf, 299.
Cordia millenii, 258, 483.
Cordia ovalis, 291.
Cordia sinensis, 128, 274, 470.
Cordia somalensis, 309.
Cordia subcordata, 556.
Cordyla, 377.
Cordyla africana, 533, 969.
Cordylus cataphractus, 609, 732, 737, 740.
Cordylus cordylus jonesii, 686.
Cordylus giganteus, 595.
Cordylus vittifer, 683.
Cordylus warreni breyeri, 680.
Cornulaca monacantha, 128, 394, 469.
Corvinella corvina, 901.
Corvus albicollis, 706, 954.
Corvus albus, 526, 534.
Corvus rhipidurus, 882.
Corynanthes pachyceras, 482.
Corythaeola cristata, 265, 270-1, 896.
Corythaixoides personata, 271.
Cosmopsarus regius, 263, 841.
Cossypha heinrichi, 924.
Cossypha heuglini, 982.
Cossypha humeralis, 1001.
Cossypha semirufa, 266.
Cotula plumosa, 707.
Coturnicops pulchra, 863.
Coua, 353.
Crassula, 595, 634, 636, 979.
Craterostigma, 922.
Craterostigma kundelungense, 915.
Crateva adansonii, 86.
Crateva religiosa, 529.
Crinifer piscator, 534.
Crinifer zonurus, 271.
Criniger calurus, 96.
Criniger olivaceus, 164, 568.
Crocidura maquassiensis, 689.
Crocodylus, 59, 67, 98, 190, 192-3, 197, 268, 282,
376, 849, 852, 958, 998-9.
Crocodylus cataphractus,
529, 919-20, 949.
Crocodylus niloticus, 10, 26, 28, 45, 52, 81, 85,
123, 155, 158, 217-8, 220, 230, 274, 286, 288, 295,
298, 300, 308, 312, 369, 373, 397, 431, 437, 465, 480,
487, 489-90, 492, 496, 498, 529, 532, 534, 567, 585,
645, 647, 649, 651, 654, 656, 667, 678, 682, 685, 690,
773, 800, 802, 827, 836, 885, 935, 943, 949, 951-2,
956, 977, 992.
Crocuta crocuta, 5-7, 9-10, 12, 14-5, 17-8, 40, 64,
81, 85, 104, 118, 120, 130, 139, 195, 197, 219, 230,
255, 288, 292, 303, 367, 371, 374, 455, 458, 465,
484-5, 487, 489-90, 495-6, 509, 511, 584, 587, 645,
651-2, 798, 839, 846, 858, 884, 890, 920, 945, 956,
977, 983.
Crossleyia xanthophrys, 360.
Crossopteryx, 865.
Crossopteryx febrifuga, 26, 57, 106, 219, 494.
Croton, 268, 270, 346.
Croton dichogamus, 260, 268, 291.
Croton macrostachyus, 830.
Croton megalobotrys, 969.
Croton menyhartii, 309.
Croton scarciessii, 529.
26, 155, 158, 230, 480,
-1016-
Croton sylvaticus, 682, 775-6, 786.
Croton zambesicus, 43.
Cryproprocta ferox, 337.
Cryptocarya liebertiana, 786.
Cryptocarya myrtifolia, 776.
Cryptolybia olivacea, 303, 861.
Cryptoprocta ferox, 334, 341, 343, 347, 354, 357.
Cryptosepalum, 958.
Cryptosepalum pseudotaxus, 958.
Cryptospiza, 892.
Cryptospiza jacksoni, 511.
Cryptospiza salvadorii, 270.
Cryptospiza shelleyi, 511.
Ctenium, 157.
Ctenium elegans, 466.
Ctenium newtonii, 57.
Cuchemia, 419.
Cunonia, 755, 760.
Cunonia capensis, 627, 630, 632, 751, 758.
Cursorius cursor, 294.
Curtisia dentata, 597, 620, 632, 720, 769, 779.
Cussonia, 346, 648.
Cussonia natalensis, 675.
Cussonia paniculata, 593, 595, 657.
Cussonia spicata, 599, 633, 699, 704, 720, 779,
782-3, 786.
Cyathea, 335, 829.
Cyathea deckeni, 253.
Cyathea dregei, 657.
Cyathea thomsoni, 915.
Cyathula cylindrica, 166, 238.
Cycloderma frenatum, 970.
Cyclopia, 628, 745, 748, 753.
Cyclopia subternata, 754.
Cymbopogon, 157, 595, 603, 606, 611, 613, 640,
642-3, 648, 676, 688, 693, 696, 713, 895, 898.
Cymbopogon afronardus, 508, 882, 896.
Cymbopogon citratus, 551.
Cymbopogon excavatus, 669, 680, 722-3, 776.
Cymbopogon giganteus, 57, 144.
Cymbopogon marginatus, 679.
Cymbopogon plurinodis, 43, 640, 643, 676, 687, 689,
695-7, 700, 713, 728.
Cymbopogon schoenanthus, 128.
Cymbopogon validus, 882.
Cymodocea ciliata, 277.
Cymodocea nodosa, 394.
Cymodocea rotundata, 277.
Cymodocea serrulata, 276.
Cymothoe herminia johnstoni, 258.
Cymothoe sangaris hobarti, 258.
Cynodon, 268, 798.
Cynodon dactylon, 45, 255, 299, 709, 814, 824, 830.
Cynodon hirsutus, 637.
Cynometra, 279, 287.
Cynometra alexandri, 896.
Cynometra hankei, 91.
Cynometra leonensis, 570.
Cynometra vogelii, 157, 529.
Cynthia cardui, 557.
Cyperus, 185, 188, 255, 263, 268, 283, 413, 669,
729, 914.
Cyperus baikiei, 529.
Cyperus difformis, 490.
Cyperus exaltatus, 490.
Cyperus laevigatus, 260.
Cyperus ligularis, 556.
Cyperus maritimus, 281.
Cyperus papyrus, 10, 45, 52, 72, 255, 509, 654-5,
773, 885, 896, 911, 934-5, 938, 949, 958, 983.
Cyperus podocarpus, 533.
Cyperus polyphyllus, 556.
Cyphastrea, 277.
Cyphostemma, 455.
Cyphosternmma juttae, 452.
Cypraea lynx, 411.
Cypraea moneta, 276.
Cypraea tigris, 277, 411.
Cyprinus carpio, 452, 692, 702.
Cyrtanthus thorncroftii, 705, 731.
Taxonomic Index
Cyrtodactylus serpensinsula, 415.
Dactyloctenium aegyptium, 469, 533.
Dalbergia, 335, 337, 341, 432, 841.
Dalbergia armata, 776.
Dalbergia melanoxylon, 128, 834.
Dalbergia saxatilis, 529.
Damaliscus dorcas, 722.
Damaliscus dorcas dorcas, 599, 601, 614, 617-9, 714.
Damaliscus dorcas phillipsi, 593, 595, 602, 624,
637, 640-2, 648, 657, 659, 661, 663, 666, 668, 672,
676, 679, 689, 693, 696, 700-1, 814, 816.
Damaliscus hunteri, 281-2.
Damaliscus lunatus, 7, 17-8, 26, 28-30, 39, 45, 59,
61, 82, 84-5, 88, 104, 107, 119-20, 123-4, 130, 190,
193, 197, 262, 272, 287, 292, 309, 429, 433, 447, 451,
458, 465, 467, 488, 492-3, 509, 585, 680, 685, 698,
798, 802, 804, 827, 839, 842, 846, 849, 854, 856, 884,
887, 890, 895, 898, 901, 922, 940, 955, 968, 975, 1001.
Daniellia, 14, 129, 479, 533, 565.
Daniellia oliveri, 59, 80, 157, 159, 161, 230, 479,
487, 494, 533.
Danthonia, 348, 814.
Dascyllus, 199.
Dasylepis integra, 861.
Dasylepis racemosa, 498.
Dasymys incomtus, 678-80.
Dasypeltis inornata, 692.
Dasypeltis scabra, 679, 683.
Daubentonia madagascariensis, 337, 343, 359-60.
Deckenia allaudi, 552.
Deckenia nobilis, 551.
Delichon urbica, 683.
Delonix, 351.
Delonix regia, 351.
Delosperma pageanum, 634.
Delphinus delphis, 395, 526-7, 532, 597.
Dendroaspis polyleptis, 43.
Dendroaspis viridis, 218, 534.
Dendrocygna arborea, 88.
Dendrocygna bicolor, 524.
Dendrocygna viduata, 217, 274, 524, 529.
Dendrohyrax arboreus, 161, 266, 768.
Dendrohyrax dorsalis, 93, 498.
Dendrohyrax validus, 829, 865.
Dendrohyrax validus terricola, 861.
Dendronephthya, 805.
Dendropicos namaquus, 45.
Dendrosenecio, 922.
Dermochelys coriacea, 210, 395, 437, 527.
Desmanthus virgatus, 407-8.
Detarium, 479, 495.
Detarium micranthum, 157.
Detarium microcarpum, 26, 57, 59, 80, 230, 479, 533.
Detarium senegalense, 521, 529, 533.
Diadema, 277.
Diadema setosum, 424.
Dialium, 565.
Dialium schlechteri, 729.
Diamphidium, 47.
Diascia macrophylla, 624.
Diascia nitans, 624.
Dicentrarchus punctatus, 397.
Diceros bicornis, 6, 17-9, 26, 80, 82, 84, 103-4,
106, 109-12, 129, 197, 253, 255, 260, 263, 266, 268,
270, 274, 288, 290, 292, 296, 312, 367, 377, 379, 432,
435, 439, 447, 457, 509, 585, 591, 645, 649, 651-2,
655, 665, 709, 829, 831, 834, 836-7, 839, 843, 846-7,
850, 852, 855, 858, 882, 885, 936, 943-5, 949, 951,
956, 968, 970, 972, 977, 980, 983, 990, 992-3.
Dichaetanthera, 348.
Dichanthium papillosum, 43, 695.
Dichrostachys, 10.
Dichrostachys cinerea, 49, 533, 584, 645.
Dicrurus adsimilis, 1001.
Dicrurus aldabranus, 549.
Dictyosperma album, 415.
Dictyosphaora, 276.
Dictyota bartayresiana, 276-7.
Didelotiaidae, 568.
Didierea, 337, 350.
=1017=
IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Digitaria, 43, 255, 268, 645, 728.
Digitaria eriantha, 591, 686.
Digitaria macroblephara, 838.
Digitaria monodactyla, 679.
Digitaria tricholaenoides, 683, 701.
Diheteropogon amplectens, 690.
Diheteropogon filifolius, 769.
Diheteropogon hagerupii, 466.
Dillenia ferruginea, 551.
Dimorphotheca polyptera, 608.
Dioscorea brownii, 771.
Dioscorea elephantipes, 602.
Diospyros, 28, 90, 163, 205, 284, 307, 346, 413,
482-3, 568, 595, 603, 606, 611, 613, 712, 943.
Diospyros abyssinica, 291, 293.
Diospyros crassiflora, 96.
Diospyros dichrophylla, 705.
Diospyros egrettarum, 405.
Diospyros elliotii, 529.
Diospyros lycioides, 43, 696, 699, 704.
Diospyros mannii, 163, 170.
Diospyros mespiliformis,
701, 725.
Diospyros microphylla, 682.
Diospyros natalensis, 773, 778.
Diospyros perrieri, 351.
Diospyros ramulosa, 609.
Diospyros whyteana, 614, 620, 675, 682, 699, 705,
779.
Diplorhynchus, 865.
Diplorhynchus condylocarpon, 678, 940.
Disparago kraussii, 614.
Dispholidus typus, 45, 597, 941.
Dissotis, 865, 920.
Distichodus mossambicus, 977, 998.
Distichodus schenga, 977, 982, 998.
Dobera, 307.
Dobera glabra, 193.
Dodonaea, 551.
Dodonaea viscosa, 551.
Dolabella, 423.
Dolichometra, 861.
Dolichos bianoensis, 915.
Dolichos nimbaensis, 166, 238.
Dombeya, 346, 348, 911.
Dombeya autumnalis, 675.
Dombeya rotundifolia, 675, 690.
Donax faba, 423.
Dovyalis rhamnoides, 751, 758.
Dovyalis zeyheri, 699.
Dracaena, 216.
Dracaenaconcinna, 404-5.
Dromas ardeola, 199.
Drosanthemum, 615, 622.
Drosanthemum delicatulum, 634.
Drosera affinis, 915.
Drosera katangensis, 915.
Drymaria, 163.
Drynaria, 335.
Dryocichloides lowei, 865.
Dryocichloides montanus, 861.
Dryolimnas cuvieri aldabranus, 549.
Drypetes, 90, 482-3.
Drypetes gerrardii, 836.
Dugong dugon, 199, 281, 287, 309, 431, 440.
Duosperma, 312.
Duosperma eremophilum, 312.
Duplidentitermes furcatidens, 231.
Dyscophus antongili, 359.
Eberlanzia, 602.
Eberlanzia ferox, 624.
Echinocarpus, 346.
Echinochloa, 10, 284, 529, 798, 956.
Echinochloa colonum, 85, 397.
Echinochloa haplacelada, 263, 283.
Echinochloa pyramidalis, 88.
Echinochloa stagnina, 88, 106, 941.
Echinometra mathaei, 276-7, 424.
Echinops hoehnelii, 264.
Echinops telfairi, 357.
230, 465, 467, 479, 529,
Echinostrephus molaris, 424.
Echinothrix, 277.
Echinothrix diadema, 424.
Egretta, 120, 467, 524, 998.
Egretta ardesiaca, 274.
Egretta garzetta, 193, 534.
Egretta gularis, 395, 532.
Egretta intermedia, 158, 534.
Egretta vinaceigula, 39, 45, 934, 940-1.
Ehretia rigida, 712, 728.
Ehrharta calycina, 599.
Eidolon helvum, 591, 593, 599, 678, 687.
Ekebergia pterophylla, 675, 699, 814.
Elaeis, 533.
Elaeis guineensis, 495, 533, 826.
Elaeodendron buchananii, 268.
Elanoides forficatus, 294.
Elanus caeruleus, 979
Elaphoglossum randii, 707.
Eleacarpus, 348.
Elegia, 618.
Eleocharis dregeana, 773.
Eleocharis geniculata, 521.
Eleocharis mutata, 521.
Eleusine, 253.
Elionurus, 157.
Elionurus argenteus, 668, 672, 687, 690, 697, 700-1.
Elionurus muticus, 709.
Elytropappus, 605.
Elytropappus rhinocerotis, 598, 605, 607, 622, 624,
634, 747, 754.
Encephalartos, 284, 722-3.
Encephalartos cupidus, 675.
Encephalartos eugene-maraisii, 731.
Encephalartos heenanii, 814.
Encephalartos humilis, 779-80.
Encephalartos inopinus, 675, 731.
Encephalartos laevifolius, 675, 779, 814.
Encephalartos natalensis, 662.
Encephalartos paucidentatus, 675, 814.
Encephalartos transvenosus, 705, 731.
Encephalartos trispinosus, 610.
Enchemia, 420.
Endonema lateriflora, 626.
Endonema retzioides, 626.
Englerodendron usambarense, 861.
Enneapogon, 447, 453, 678.
Enneapogon cenchroides, 686.
Enneapogon scoparius, 611.
Ensete ventricosa, 253.
Entada abyssinica, 158.
Entada africana, 59.
Entandrophragma, 161.
Entandrophragma angolense, 226, 258.
Entandrophragma cylindrium, 232-3.
Entandrophragma utile, 232-3.
Enteromorpha, 417, 420.
Enterospermum rhodesiacum, 705.
Entomorpha, 419.
Ephippiorhynchus senegalensis,
646, 872, 885, 949.
Epomophorus gambianus, 28.
Eptesicus zuluensis, 585.
Equus asinus somalicus, 196.
Equus burchelli, 5-6, 12, 18-20, 38, 41, 51, 190,
192, 197, 205, 255, 257, 262-3, 268, 272, 274, 292,
303, 306, 367, 369, 374, 379, 432, 435-6, 439, 509,
584, 595, 603, 613, 623, 637, 639-40, 642, 645, 651-2,
664, 678-80, 685, 687, 693, 695-7, 700-1, 711, 725,
728, 804, 814, 817, 827, 831, 834, 836, 839, 841, 843,
846, 849-50, 854, 856, 858, 882, 884, 895, 901, 915,
920, 934-5, 938, 940-1, 943, 945, 947, 949, 951-2,
958, 968, 972, 977, 983, 987-8, 993-4, 996-7, 999,
1001.
Equus burchelli antiquorum, 447.
Equus caballus, 205.
Equus grevyi, 187, 196, 263, 272, 282, 286, 298,
300-1, 312.
Equus zebra, 452, 605.
Equus zebra burchelli, 659, 661, 663, 666.
52, 85, 294, 467,
-1018-
Equus zebra hartmannae, 6, 19, 447, 449, 454, 456,
609, 618, 624, 633, 637, 640.
Equus zebra zebra, 588, 593, 601-2, 714, 750.
Eragrostis, 43, 106, 128, 274, 595, 602-3, 606,
610-1, 613, 660, 663, 666, 728, 889.
Eragrostis capensis, 675, 771, 776.
Eragrostis chalcantha, 771.
Eragrostis chloromelas, 640, 693, 701.
Eragrostis curvula, 676, 699, 713.
Eragrostis devoxii, 49.
Eragrostis gummiflua, 638.
Eragrostis lehmanniana, 587, 637-8, 641, 676, 689,
696.
Eragrostis obtusa, 676.
Eragrostis pilosa, 469.
Eragrostis plana, 713.
Eragrostis racemosa, 679, 699, 701.
Eragrostis rigidior, 43.
Eragrostis sclerantha, 675.
Eragrostis superba, 144, 193, 691, 696, 700.
Eragrostis tricophora, 676, 691.
Eremias lugubris, 686.
Eremitalpa granti, 455.
Eremomela turneri, 258.
Eremopterix signata, 272.
Eremospatha africana, 163.
Eremospatha macrocarpa, 170.
Eretmochelys imbricata, 199, 309, 395, 423, 527,
542, 544, 554, 556.
Erica, 188, 595, 614, 617, 632, 648, 657, 748, 769,
824, 865, 922.
Erica abietina, 620.
Erica annectens, 627.
Erica arborea, 194, 253, 264, 829, 861.
Erica aristata, 632.
Erica baccans, 620.
Erica blancheana, 618.
Erica capensis, 618.
Erica clavisepala, 618.
Erica densifolia, 762.
Erica drakensbergensis, 675.
Erica eburnea, 618.
Erica excelsa, 861.
Erica fastigiata, 632.
Erica foliacea, 632.
Erica fontana, 618.
Erica fourcadei, 614.
Erica hispidula, 620.
Erica imbricata, 614, 627.
Erica lanuginosa, 632.
Erica limosa, 627.
Erica paludicola, 627.
Erica pilulifera, 620.
Erica plukeneti, 620.
Erica sociorum, 627.
Erica urna-viridis, 627.
Erica uysii, 600.
Erica woodii, 706.
Erinaceus frontalis, 591, 593, 595, 675, 678-80,
686-7, 689, 696, 698-9.
Eriocephalus, 603, 606-7, 611, 613, 618, 624.
Eriocephalus africanus, 622.
Eriocephalus ericoides, 609, 634.
Eriocephalus spinescens, 588.
Eriochrysis brachypogon, 529.
Eriosema montanum, 498.
Erithacus gunningi, 439.
Erithacus sharpei, 861.
Erymnochelys madagascariensis, 357.
Erythrina, 911.
Erythrina caffra, 720.
Erythrina lysistemon, 706, 979.
Erythrocebus patas, 26, 28, 57, 61, 81-2, 85-6, 88,
97-8, 104, 123-4, 162, 218, 228-30, 387, 465, 467-8,
480, 484-5, 487, 490, 496, 529, 531, 533.
Erythrocebus senegalensis, 468.
Erythrocercus livingstonei, 977.
Erythrophleum, 106, 935, 966.
Erythrophleum guineensis, 495, 529.
Erythrophleum ivorense, 160.
Taxonomic Index
Erythrophysa transvaalensis, 709.
Erythroxylum corybosum, 348.
Estrilda erythronotos, 955.
Estrilda nigriloris, 920.
Ethmalosa fimbriata, 397.
Eualaena glacialis, 597.
Eucalyptus, 335, 337, 498, 692, 698, 705, 736.
Euclea, 291, 312, 682.
Euclea crispa, 637, 679.
Euclea divinorum, 651, 725, 861.
Euclea pseudebenus, 455.
Euclea racemosa, 599, 614.
Euclea schimperi, 649.
Euclea undulata, 591, 607, 610, 622, 634.
Eucomis bicolor, 595.
Eucomis vandermerwei, 683.
Eugenia, 279, 551.
Eugenia jambos, 343.
Eugenia lucida, 404.
Eugenia natalitia, 776.
Eulalia villosa, 692, 704.
Euphorbia, 10, 199, 284, 312, 455, 595, 841, 887.
Euphorbia avasmontana, 590.
Euphorbia balsamifera, 394, 397.
Euphorbia calycina, 922.
Euphorbia candelabrum, 260, 268, 704-5, 979.
Euphorbia clivicola, 697.
Euphorbia coerulescens, 757.
Euphorbia dawai, 922.
Euphorbia grandicornis, 190.
Euphorbia grandidens, 682, 754, 766.
Euphorbia ingens, 727, 814, 941.
Euphorbia mauritanica, 615, 622, 624.
Euphorbia pyrifolia, 553, 556.
Euphorbia restricta, 731.
Euphorbia robecchii, 274.
Euphorbia scoparia, 190.
Euphorbia waterbergensis, 690.
Euplectes, 974.
Euplectes hartlaubi psammocromius, 374.
Euplectes orix, 526.
Euplectes progne, 43.
Eupleres goudotii, 343, 354.
Eupoditis denhami stanleyi, 437.
Eupodotis, 49, 141.
Eupodotis caerulescens, 593.
Eupodotis virgorsii, 609.
Euryops, 318, 714.
Euryops arabicus, 174.
Euryops rehmannii, 622.
Eurystomus glaucurus, 775.
Eutriorchis astur, 346.
Eutropius depressirostris, 678, 690.
Excalfactoria adansonii, 292.
Exotheca abyssinica, 374.
Fagara capensis, 699.
Fagara davyi, 779.
Fagonia bruguieri, 469.
Falco ardosiaceus, 534.
Falco biarmicus, 195, 257, 265, 979.
Falco chicquera, 263, 455.
Falco concolor, 199.
Falco cuvierii, 265, 292.
Falco dickinsoni, 834, 836.
Falco eleanorae, 836.
Falco fasciinucha, 255, 948, 968, 982.
Falco peregrinus, 49, 257, 292, 294, 526, 673, 678,
687, 696, 735-7, 739-40, 742, 888, 979.
Falco rupicoloides, 955.
Falco subbuteo, 556.
Falco tinnunculus, 175, 195.
Faucherea ursii, 343.
Faurea, 814.
Faurea galpinii, 779.
Faurea saligna, 649, 675, 680, 690, 697, 705, 709,
727, 784, 882.
Faurea speciosa, 780, 784.
Felicia, 606, 610-1.
Felicia filifolia, 713.
Felicia fruticosa, 705.
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Felicia muricata, 642.
Felis aurata, 107, 164, 167, 226, 233, 239, 260,
265, 267, 498, 911.
Felis caracal, 40, 64, 80, 125, 192, 195, 288, 293,
429, 458, 465, 470, 480, 490, 605, 620, 627, 629,
732-3, 735, 737, 739-40, 742-3, 751, 758, 760-1, 766,
768, 772, 779-80, 782-3, 882.
Felis margarita, 395, 470.
Felis serval, 105, 120, 123, 189, 192, 195-7, 218,
253, 288, 367, 437, 465, 484, 487, 490, 496, 521, 645,
648, 651, 656, 661, 667, 732, 770, 772, 779-80, 783,
834, 858, 896.
Felis silvestris, 47, 49, 85, 106, 192, 195, 260,
288, 318, 395, 480, 531, 732.
Fennecus zerda, 395, 470.
Festuca, 648, 657, 683, 765, 769, 814.
Festuca pilgeri, 253, 264, 266.
Ficalhoa laurifolia, 861.
Ficinia, 614.
Ficus, 59, 83, 85-6, 97, 185, 219, 291, 307, 309,
369, 451, 455, 482, 508, 533, 553, 556, 730, 798,
834-5, 911.
Ficus avi-avis, 556.
Ficus capensis, 597, 649, 730.
Ficus capreifolia, 970.
Ficus craterostoma, 776.
Ficus eriocarpa, 268.
Ficus hippopotami, 654.
Ficus ingens, 529, 675, 779.
Ficus mantarum, 556.
Ficus sycomorus, 45, 193, 307, 651, 655, 685, 779,
830, 934.
Ficus trichopoda, 775.
Ficus vasta, 174.
Ficus verruculosa, 45.
Filicium decipiens, 966.
Fimbristylis, 556.
Fimbristylis complanata, 45.
Flacourtia indica, 406.
Fossa fossa, 337, 343.
Foudia madagascariensis, 556.
Foudia sechellarum, 556.
Francolinus, 49, 66, 141, 397, 465, 967, 972.
Francolinus afer, 699.
Francolinus bicalcaratus, 534.
Francolinus hartlaubi, 459.
Francolinus jacksoni, 253.
Francolinus levaillantii, 374.
Francolinus nahani, 922.
Francolinus nobilis, 511.
Francolinus ochropectus, 175.
Francolinus psilolaemus, 253, 266.
Francolinus sephaena, 371.
Francolinus squamatus, 253, 266.
Fregata ariel, 549, 553, 556.
Fregata minor, 549, 553, 556.
Freylinia tropica, 690.
Frithia pulcra, 687.
Fuirena, 773.
Fulica cristata, 696.
Funisciurus, 96.
Funtumia, 161.
Funtumia africana, 570.
Funtumia elastica, 482-3.
Gaertnera longifolia, 413.
Gagnabina pterocarpa, 415.
Galago, 96, 484.
Galago crassicaudatus,
686, 773, 775, 778.
Galago demidovii, 567.
Galago senegalensis, 98, 107, 167, 218, 239, 480,
490, 568, 675, 678, 680, 686-7, 695, 698, 861, 871,
882, 915.
Galago senegalensis zanzibaracus, 279.
Galagoides demidoff, 521, 915.
Galaxea, 277, 805.
Galenia africana, 609, 622, 624.
Galeocerdo cuvieri, 808.
Galerida cristata, 526.
Galidea elegans, 343, 347, 354.
279, 585, 675, 678, 680,
Galium spurium, 195.
Gallinago media, 253.
Gallinula chloropus seychellarum, 554.
Garcinia, 307.
Garcinia huillensis, 836.
Gardenia, 157, 348, 479, 486.
Gardenia lutea, 190.
Gastonia, 543.
Gastonia cutispongia, 405.
Gastropyxis smaragdina, 218.
Gagella, 66, 120, 397.
Gagelladama, 125, 128, 468, 470.
Garella dorcas, 125, 128, 395, 468, 470, 485.
Garella granti, 186, 190, 192, 255, 257, 263, 268,
272, 274, 301, 306, 312, 804, 836, 839, 846, 847, 850,
858, 900-1.
Gasella granti brighti, 882.
Gagella granti petersi, 293, 307.
Gasella leptoceros, 470.
Gasgella rufifrons, 26, 28, 88, 107-8, 119, 126,
128, 180, 465, 467-8, 484, 493, 531.
Gagzella soemmerringi, 187, 196, 199.
Gazella thomsoni, 257, 260, 268, 274, 292, 804,
839, 846, 858.
Gehyra mutilata, 544.
Gelochelidon nilotica, 395, 527, 532.
Genetta, 105, 113, 118, 123-4, 130, 197, 218, 288.
Genetta genetta, 85, 156, 233, 620, 779-80, 782-3.
Genetta genettoides, 232.
Genetta johnstoni, 167, 239.
Genetta maculata, 167, 239.
Genetta mossambica, 429.
Genetta servalina, 167, 239.
Genetta tigrina, 175, 193, 763, 772.
Genicanthus melanospilus, 808.
Genlisea africana, 529.
Geochelone gigantea, 543-4, 549, 556.
Geochelone pardalis, 635, 685.
Geochelone pardalis babcocki, 696.
Geochelone radiata, 350, 357-8, 361.
Geochelone sulcata, 534.
Geocolaptes olivaceus, 609.
Geogale aurita, 357.
Geograpsis lividus, 277.
Gephyroglanis gilli, 732.
Geranium arabicum, 195.
Geranium vagans, 266.
Gerbillurus vallinus, 590.
Geronticus calvus, $18, 585, 675, 683, 776, 814,
817.
Gerrhosaurus major, 675.
Gilbertiodendron, 926.
Gilbertiodendron dewevrei, 90.
Gilbertiodendron spendium, 163.
Giraffa camelopardalis, 12, 26, 28, 38, 41, 47, 82,
84, 88, 103-4, 106, 108-10, 120, 123, 130, 190, 193,
197, 257, 262, 274, 292, 303, 306-7, 387, 429, 433,
447, 450, 457-8, 468, 493, 495, 529, 584, 639-40, 645,
651-2, 661, 664, 680, 685-6, 695, 711-2, 714, 725,
728, 798, 801-2, 804, 816-7, 824, 831, 834, 837, 839,
844, 846-7, 852, 868, 890, 894, 900-1, 955, 972, 983,
999, 1001.
Giraffa camelopardalis congoensis, 911.
Giraffa camelopardalis reticulata,
300-1, 312.
Giraffa camelopardalis rothschildi, 260, 885.
Giraffa camelopardalis teppelskirchi, 268.
Giraffa camelopardalis thornicrofti, 956.
Giraffa camelopardalis tippelskirchi, 255.
Gladiolus, 595, 597.
Gladiolus calcaratus, 704.
Gladiolus pole-evansii, 678.
Gladiolus rufomarginatus, 699.
Gladiolus salteri, 609.
Gladiolus stephaniae, 636.
Gladiolus varius, 675.
Gladiolus vernus, 675.
Gladiolus vigilans, 618.
Glareola nuchalis, 885, 977.
Glaucidium tephronotum, 258.
263, 286, 294,
-1020-
Gloriosa simplex, 533.
Glossopteris, 645.
Glutatourtour, 335.
Gmelina, 483.
Gongylomorphus bojerii, 409, 410, 412.
Gorilla gorilla, 98, 98, 1839-40, 142, 146, 208,
498, 914.
Gorilla gorilla berengei, 510, 892, 904, 917, 922.
Gorilla gorilla gorilla, 90, 205, 210-1.
Gorsachius leuconotus, 43, 706.
Gossweilerodendron, 926.
Gracilaria, 417.
Grampus griseus, 395.
Granatina granatina, 49.
Graphium endochus, 335.
Graphiurus murinus, 164.
Graphiurus ocularis, 588, 5938, 599, 687, 732,
736-7, 745, 748, 750, 754.
Grapsis maculatus, 276-7.
Grevea eggelinga, 311.
Grewia, 47, 49, 187, 193, 289, 301, 587, 701, 712.
Grewia bicolor, 43, 533, 686.
Grewia coriacea, 483.
Grewia flava, 43, 700.
Grewia flavescens, 43, 686.
Grewia monticola, 43.
Grewia occidentalis, 588, 591, 640.
Grewia rogersii, 690.
Grewia tenax, 190, 470.
Grewia villosa, 190, 470.
Greyia, 648.
Greyia radkoferi, 699.
Greyia sutherlandii, 657, 661, 668.
Grubbia rosmarinifolia, 632.
Grus carunculatus, 189, 683.
Guaduella oblonga, 568.
Guettarda speciosa, 556.
Guibourtia, 10.
Guibourtia coleosperma, 16, 18, 971.
Guibourtia conjugata, 969.
Guibourtia ehie, 483.
Guiera senegalensis, 465-6, 468.
Gunnera perpensa, 683.
Guttera, 397.
Guttera edouardi, 292, 371.
Guttera edouardi kathleenae, 958.
Guttera edouardi sethsmithi, 265.
Guttera pucherani, 682, 691, 778, 861.
Gygis alba, 407-8, 543, 553, 556.
Gymnarchus niloticus, 480.
Gypaetus barbatus, 195, 255, 257, 294, 318, 595,
648, 657, 661, 668, 672-3, 829, 858.
Gypohierax angolensis, 51, 218, 534, 826, 831.
Gyps africanus, 534.
Gyps bengalensis, 972.
Gyps coprotheres, $18, 459, 585, 593, 599, 601,
657, 673, 675, 683, 726, 735-6, 739-40, 742, 772, 972.
Gyps riieppellii, 257.
Habenaria, 979.
Hagedashia hagedash, 193.
Hagenia, 188, 510, 914, 922.
Hagenia abyssinica, 188, 253, 264, 266, 374, 510,
824, 922.
Hagenia revolutum, 266.
Hakea, 756.
Hakea gibbosa, 742.
Hakea sericea, 626, 629, 631, 733, 736, 738-40,
742, 747, 754, 756, 760.
Hakea suaveolens, 736.
Halcyon albiventris, 263, 968.
Halcyon chelicuti, 271.
Halcyon leucocephala, 274.
Haliétor africanus, 52, 394.
Haliaeetus vocifer, 39, 45, 52, 85, 193, 217, 271,
274, 369, 449, 465, 509, 601, 607, 632, 678, 681, 690,
696, 736, 762, 778, 874, 885, 941, 968, 980, 983, 992,
998.
Haliaeetus vociferoides, 341.
Halichoeres kawarin, 423.
Halimeda opuntia, 276.
Taxonomic Index
Halleria lucida, 673, 675, 699.
Halodule uninervis, 423.
Halodule wrightii, 277, 394.
Hannonia, 144-6.
Hapalemur, 360.
Hapalemur griseus, 343, 347-8, 351, 354.
Harpephyllum caffrum, 775-6.
Harpochloa falx, 668, 672, 683, 814.
Hartogia schinoides, 620.
Heeria, 289.
Heeria mucronata, 309.
Heleophryne rosei, 620, 732, 736-7.
Helichrysum, 195, 264, 318, 339, 348, 354, 610,
618, 648, 657, 668, 713, 824, 829.
Helichrysum ericaefolium, 614.
Helichrysum kilimanjari, 266.
Helichrysum ngomense, 776.
Helichrysum splendidum, 188.
Helichrysum teretifolium, 614.
Helichrysum vestitum, 632.
Helictotrichon, 595.
Heliophila cinerea, 618.
Heliopora coerulea, 411.
Heliosciurus, 954.
Heliosciurus gambianus, 28, 218.
Heliotropium bacciferum, 394.
Hemachatus haemachatus, 449, 696.
Hemarthria altissima, 529.
Hemitragus jemlahicus, 621.
Hepsetus, 45.
Hepsetus odoe, 480.
Heritiera utilis, 156, 161, 568.
Hermannia disticha, 636.
Hernandia ovigera, 553.
Herpestes ichneumon, 772.
Herpestes pulverulentus, 605.
Herpestes sanguineus, 533.
Hesperantha hantamensis, 624.
Hesperantha karrooica, 624.
Hesperantha oligantha, 624.
Hesperantha quadrangula, 624.
Heterobranchus bidorsalis, 480.
Heterobranchus longifilis, 977, 980, 983, 998.
Heterocentrotus mammillatus, 424.
Heterocentrotus trigonarius, 424.
Heterohyrax brucei, 260, 952, 954.
Heteropogon, 10, 404.
Heteropogon contortus, 193, 602-3, 606, 613, 680,
696, 701, 769, 771, 902.
Heywoodia lucens, 722-3.
Hibiscus asper, 533.
Hibiscus calyphyllus, 458.
Hibiscus columnaris, 413.
Hibiscus lunariifolius, 193.
Hibiscus tiliaceus, 553.
Hibiscus waterbergensis, 690.
Hieraaetus dubius, 266, 270, 773, 778, 831.
Hieraaetus pennatus, 593, 605, 733, 735, 739, 742,
745, 748, 753.
Hieraaetus spilogaster, 52, 175, 454.
Hildegardia, 341.
Himantopus himantopus, 158, 272.
Hippobromus, 610.
Hippopotamus amphibius, 7, 9-10, 12, 14-5, 17-8,
26, 28-31, 45, 52, 59, 61, 67, 72, 80, 82, 84-5, 92, 98,
103-4, 107, 118, 121, 123-4, 130, 139, 141, 145-6,
158, 160-1, 168, 192, 217, 228-9, 255, 260, 263, 268,
274, 282, 288, 292, 295, 298, 307, 369, 373, 380, 387,
$97, 432, 435-7, 451, 465, 480, 490, 492, 495, 498,
509, 529, 565, 584, 614, 646, 652, 655, 675, 682, 685,
729, 773, 775, 800-2, 816, 824, 827, 831, 834, 837,
839, 843-4, 849, 852, 858, 872, 874, 884-5, 887, 889,
896, 898-9, 902, 911, 920, 922-5, 938, 943-4, 948-9,
951-2, 956, 958, 970, 972, 977, 980, 982-3, 999.
Hipposideros commersoni, 311.
Hipposideros megalotis, 260.
Hippotragus, 523.
Hippotragus equinus, 5, 7, 9-10, 12, 14-5, 17-8,
26, 28, 39, 45, 57, 59, 61-2, 72, 81, 84, 88, 104, 106,
119, 128, 130, 158, 197, 217, 220, 228-30, 262,
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
303, 367, 374, 379-80, 387, 429, 433, 447, 451, 458,
465, 467, 480, 484, 487-90, 496, 509, 529, 585, 680,
690, 695, 698, 798, 804, 827, 836-7, 843, 846, 849-50,
854, 872, 882, 884, 890, 900-1, 911, 915, 920, 934-5,
939-40, 943-5, 947, 952, 955-6, 968, 975, 980, 997.
Hippotragus niger, 39, 52, 367, 371, 373, 376-7,
379-80, 429, 432, 435-6, 439, 451, 458, 585, 678, 680,
685-7, 690-1, 725, 728, 816, 827, 834, 836, 843-4,
849-50, 852, 854, 863, 865, 895, 915, 920, 934, 939,
945, 947, 952, 955-6, 967, 972, 977, 980, 983, 988,
992, 995-7, 999, 1001-2.
Hippotragus niger niger, 17-8.
Hippotragus niger rooseveltii, 303.
Hippotragus niger variani, 9, 14.
Hirtella, 343.
Histurgops ruficauda, 839.
Holocentrus, 544.
Homalium, 495.
Homo habilis, 858.
Homoglossum merianellum, 618, 627.
Homopus signatus, 609.
Homoroselaps dorsalis, 701.
Homoroselaps lacteus, 679, 692, 701, 704.
Hoodia, 455.
Hoplophryne rogersi, 861.
Huernia, 455.
Hunteria umbellata, 482.
Hyaena brunnea,_ 6, 40, 47, 49, 429, 432, 457, 585,
587, 613, 645, 657, 678-80, 687, 690-1, 695, 699, 709,
712, 726.
Hyaena hyaena, 88, 108, 260, 288, 293, 395, 468,
470, 531, 798, 882.
Hydrocynus, 26.
Hydrocynus vittatus,
982-3, 998, 1001-2.
Hydroprogne caspia, 395, 527, 532, 696.
Hyemoschus aquaticus, 161, 164, 206, 208, 919.
Hygrophila odora, 529.
Hyliota australis, 1001.
Hylochoerus meinertzhageni, 139, 142, 146, 164,
226, 233, 253, 265-6, 887, 892, 896, 898, 902, 914,
922.
Hylochoerus meinertzhageni rimator, 325.
Hymenocardia, 141.
Hymenocardia acida, 494.
Hymenocardia assida, 144-6.
Hymenocardia ulmoides, 775.
Hyophorbe lagenicaulis, 415.
Hyparrhenia, 15, 63, 141, 144, 190, 230, 367, 479,
490-1, 508, 648, 664, 697, 771, 798, 814, 865, 885,
889, 895-6, 898, 911, 915, 920, 922.
Hyparrhenia amoena, 529.
Hyparrhenia cymbaria, 498, 699, 882.
Hyparrhenia dissoluta, 190, 882, 902.
Hyparrhenia glabriuscula, 57.
Hyparrhenia hirta, 59, 260, 771.
Hyparrhenia involucrata, 57, 466.
Hyparrhenia rufa, 57, 106, 157, 479, 882, 894.
Hyparrhenia smithiana, 57, 479.
Hyparrhenia subplumosa, 57.
Hypericum, 195, 253, 266, 510, 824, 892.
Hypericum oligandrum, 915.
Hypericum revolutum, 188, 704.
Hypericum ruwengoriense, 922.
Hyperolius horstockii, 751, 758.
Hyperolius tuberilinguis, 303.
Hyphaene, 263, 283, 302, 432.
Hyphaene coriacea, 274, 285, 288, 299, 301, 309.
Hyphaene crinita, 274.
Hyphaene natalensis, 729.
Hyphaene parvula, 309.
Hyphaene thebaica, 88, 798.
Hyphaene ventricosa, 45, 51, 373, 834.
Hypoxis, 595.
Hypsignathus monstrosus, 232, 258.
Hypsipetes crassirostris, 540, 543, 551, 558.
Hysterix cristata, 105.
Hystrix africaeaustralis, 43, 627, 629-30, 638,
715, 717-8, 763, 768-9, 775-6.
Hystrix cristata, 192, 531.
39, 45, 682, 970, 977, 980,
Hystrix cristata senegalica, 28.
Ibis ibis, 831.
Ichneumia albicauda, 104, 175, 192-3, 266.
Ictonyx striatus, 468, 531.
Ilex mitis, 630, 657, 699, 731, 751, 758.
Imerinia fischeri, 339.
Impatiens thomassetii, 540.
Imperata, 889, 898, 922.
Imperata cylindrica, 45, 94, 155, 896.
Indigofera cunensis, 457.
Indigofera hochstetteri, 128.
Indigofera natalensis, 776.
Indigofera peltata, 915.
Indigofera spinosa, 312.
Indriindri, 343, 354, 360.
Ipomoea, 301, 798.
Ipomoea pes-caprae, 281, 431, 527, 532.
Irvingia smithii, 911.
Ischaemum brachatherum, 190.
Ischaemum hirsutum, 230.
Isoberlinia, 28, 62, 80, 83, 103, 106, 109-12, 118,
126, 159, 161, 387, 479, 486-7, 827, 863, 920.
Isoberlinia angolensis, 956.
Isoberlinia dalzjellii, 80.
Isoberlinia doka, 57, 67, 80, 82, 104, 106, 157,
230, 479, 486, 801.
Isoberlinia tormentosa, 479, 486, 849.
Isometrus maculatus, 556.
Ispidina picta, 274, 311, 534.
Ixobrychus minutus, 43, 268, 695.
Ixobrychus sturmii, 695.
Jacaranda, 585, 698.
Jardinea congoensis, 106, 490.
Jasminum, 568.
Jasminum floribundum, 174.
Jatropha curcas, 526.
Julbernardia, 5, 12, 379, 863, 938-9, 944-6, 949,
952, 954, 956, 958, 968, 985.
Julbernardia globiflora, 367, 376, 849, 852, 956,
979, 988, 992, 1002.
Julbernardia paniculata, 9, 12, 14.
Jumellea fragrans, 413.
Juncus kraussii, 773, 775.
Juniperus, 188.
Juniperus procera,
824, 829, 861, 882.
Kalanchoe, 339, 348.
Kassina maculata, 303.
Kassina weali, 679, 683.
Katrumonus pelamus, 526.
Kerivoula argentata, 585.
Kerivoula lanosa, 591, 751, 758.
Khaya, 28, 129, 156, 205, 369.
Khaya anthotheca, 161.
Khaya grandifolia, 160-1, 495.
Khaya ivorensis, 93, 483.
Khaya nyasica, 928.
Khaya senegalensis, 59, 80, 82, 86, 106, 479, 529,
533, 911.
Kigelia, 28, 432, 943.
Kigelia aethiopum, 230, 465.
Kigelia africana, 80, 830, 976.
Kigelia pinnata, 45.
Kiggelaria africana, 620, 633.
Kinixys belliana, 26.
Kinixys erosus, 211.
Kirkia, 969.
Kirkia acuminata, 685.
Kirkia wilmsii, 712.
Klainedoxa, 911.
Klainedoxa gabonensis, 568.
Kniphofia coralligemma, 731.
Kniphofia triangularis, 595.
Kobus ellipsiprymnus, 9, 14, 17-8, 26, 28, 39, 57,
59, 61, 72, 81-2, 84-5, 88, 94, 98, 104, 106, 109,
119-20, 123, 130, 140, 144-6, 148-50, 158, 160, 187,
190, 192, 197, 208, 217, 228-30, 260, 274, 303, 306-7,
367, 373, 376, 379-80, 387, 429, 434, 436, 439, 451,
465, 467, 480, 487, 489-90, 492, 495-6, 509, 584, 645,
652, 667, 680, 686, 691, 695, 697, 711-2, 725-6, 728,
174, 188, 253, 264, 266, 312,
-1022-
773, 798, 800-2, 817, 826, 834, 839, 844, 846, 849,
858, 872, 874, 887, 889, 891, 895, 898, 901-2, 911,
915, 920, 938-9, 943, 947-9, 952, 977, 980, 983,
987-8, 995, 1001.
Kobus ellipsiprymnus crayshawi, 936.
Kobus ellipsiprymnus defassa, 922.
Kobus ellipsiprymnus kondensis, 435.
Kobus kob, 26, 28-30, 59, 61-4, 81-2, 84-6, 88, 94,
98, 104, 106, 119, 123, 126, 130, 158, 160, 162,
228-30, 465, 467, 480, 487, 489, 495-6, 521, 800-2,
871-2, 874, 885, 887, 891, 901, 911, 922.
Kobus kob, 521.
Kobus kob leucotis, 197, 804.
Kobus kob thomasi, 882, 889-90, 896, 898, 902.
Kobus leche, 7, 14, 17-8, 45, 197, 451, 920, 928,
938.
Kobus leche kafuensis, 934, 941.
Kobus leche leche, 936, 940.
Kobus leche smithemani, 935.
Kobus vardoni, 14, 17-8, 39, 374, 380, 856, 936,
938, 949, 951-2, 956, 958.
Koeleria capensis, 814.
Koeleria cristata, 683.
Kogia breviceps, 597.
Kogia simus, 597.
Kruegeria, 174.
Kyllinga, 838.
Labeo altivelis, 979, 998, 1001.
Labeo capensis, 452.
Labeo gregori, 274.
Labeo ruddi, 685.
Labeo umbratus, 452.
Labourdonnaisia glauca, 413.
Lacerta australis, 735, 739.
Lagonosticta senegala, 534.
Lagresia madagascariensis, 556.
Lampranthus, 591.
Lamprophis aurora, 696.
Lamprophis fiskii, 735, 739.
Lamprophis swazicus, 699.
Lamprotornis australis, 955.
Lamprotornis caudatus, 85, 534.
Lamprotornis chalybaeus, 1001.
Landolphia, 205, 380.
Landolphia capensis, 687.
Landolphia dulcis, 529.
Laniarius aethiopicus, 175.
Laniarius atrococcineus, 454.
Laniarius liihderi, 892.
Lanioturdus torquatus, 454.
Lannea, 465, 495.
Lannea discolor, 690, 727.
Lannea edulis, 675.
Lannea humilis, 88.
Lannea stuhlmannii, 274, 309, 882.
Lantana, 302, 540, 585, 768.
Lantana camara, 406, 410.
Larus cirrhocephalus, 527, 532, 952.
Larus fuscus, 952.
Larus genei, 395, 527, 532.
Larus hemprichii, 277, 281, 309.
Lasiochloa longifolia, 599.
Lasiurus hirsutus, 469.
Latania, 404, 410.
Latania loddigesii, 404, 415.
Lates niloticus, 26.
Lavia frons, 217.
Lebeckia spinescens, 587.
Lecaniodiscus fraxinifolius, 371.
Leea guineense, 258.
Leersia, 928.
Leersia hexandra, 683.
Leiolopisma telfairii, 415.
Leipoldtia pauciflora, 609.
Lemniscomys striatus, 105.
Lemur catta, 334, 337, 340, 350, 357-8, 361.
Lemur coronatus, 335.
Lemur fulvus, 334-5, 341, 343, 345, 347-8, 351,
353-4, 356, 359-60.
Lemur fulvus rufus, 361.
Taxonomic Index
Lemur leucopus, 337.
Lemur macaco, 344, 348.
Lemur mongoz, 340-1.
Lemur mujstelinus, 337.
Lemur rubriventer, 348, 360.
Lepidochelys olivacea, 309, 523.
Lepidochora, 456.
Lepilemur, 341, 343, 348, 354, 360.
Lepilemur dorsalis, 345.
Lepilemur edwardsi, 351, 353.
Lepilemur flavifrons, 348.
Lepilemur leucopus, 350, 357.
Lepilemur microdon, 340.
Lepilemur mustelinus, 343, 354, 361.
Lepilemur septentrionalis, 335.
Leptadenia pyrotechnica, 469.
Leptaspis cochleata, 348.
Leptopelis flavomaculatus, 279, 303.
Leptoptilos crumeniferus, 45, 85, 107, 120, 467,
652, 872, 992.
Leptoscarus vaigiensis, 423.
Leptospermum laevigatum, 632.
Lepus capensis, 189, 487, 496, 640.
Lepus nigricollis, 404, 556.
Lepus whytei, 531, 533.
Lethrinus harak, 423.
Leucadendron, 598, 760.
Leucadendron argenteum, 620, 628-9.
Leucadendron coniferum, 618.
Leucadendron conocarpodendron, 627.
Leucadendron cuneiforme, 757.
Leucadendron dregei, 745.
Leucadendron eucalyptifolium, 756-7.
Leucadendron floridum, 618.
Leucadendron laureolum, 618, 626.
Leucadendron macowanii, 618.
Leucadendron microcephalum, 626, 632.
Leucadendron rubrum, 628, 630.
Leucadendron salignum, 620, 626, 757, 762.
Leucadendron spissifolium, 671.
Leucaena glauca, 406.
Leucosidea, 648, 657.
Leucosidea sericea, 318, 595, 648-9, 668, 673, 692.
Leucospermum, 618.
Leucospermum conocarpodendron, 630.
Leucospermum cuneiforme, 626.
Leucospermum gracile, 632.
Leucospermum grandiflorum, 629.
Leucospermum pluridens, 605.
Leucospermum secundifolium, 748.
Ligustrum robustum, 414.
Limeum viscosum, 128.
Limicola falcinellus, 394.
Limnothrissa miodon, 980, 998.
Limosa lapponica, 394.
Limosa limosa, 524.
Linkia laevigata, 277.
Linociera baltiscombei, 705.
Lioptilus gilberti, 498.
Lissotis melanogaster, 682.
Lithophaga, 277.
Lithops, 453, 455.
Lithops aucampiae, 40.
Litocranius walleri, 196, 255, 263, 274, 288, 301,
312, 855.
Liza falcipinnis, 397.
Lobelia, 264, 922.
Lobelia deckenii, 253, 829.
Lobelia gibberoa, 829.
Lobelia keniensis, 266.
Lobelia lanurensis, 510.
Lobelia rhynchopetalum, 189, 194.
Lobelia telekii, 253, 266.
Lobelia wollastonii, 510.
Lobodon carcinophagus, 597.
Lodoicea maldivica, 543, 551.
Lomatophyllum tormentorii, 404.
Lonchocarpus, 47, 882.
Lonchocarpus capassa, 45, 458.
Lonchocarpus laxiflorus, 885.
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Lonchocarpus nelsii, 49. Maerua crassifolia, 394, 469.
Lonchura, 973. Maerua oblongifolia, 190.
Lophaetus occipitalis, 775, 778, 1001. Maerua schingii, 455.
Lophira, 565-6. Maerua triphylla, 307.
Lophira alata, 91-3, 156, 568. Maesa, 954.
Lophira lanceolata, 80, 158, 161. Maesa lanceolata, 669, 731.
Lophira procera, 167, 239, 241. Maesopsis eminii, 258.
Lopholaena disticha, 675. Malacochersus tornieri, 288.
Lophotis ruficrista, 447, 468. Malacomys edwardsi, 164.
Lophuromys sikapusi, 164. Malacomys longipes, 226.
Loranthus, 263, 283. Malaconotus gladiator, 498.
Loudetia, 289, 889. Malagrion paenelimax, 347.
Loudetia arundinacea, 911. Malimbus ballmani, 568.
Loudetia kagerensis, 166, 238. Malimbus nitens, 96.
Loudetia simplex, 7, 59, 230, 374, 675, 678, 690, Malimbus racheliae, 96.
704, 776, 782-3. Malimbus rubricollis, 863.
Loudetia togoensis, 57, 59, 466. Malleastrum, 348.
Loudetiopsis scaettae, 230. Mammea usambarensis, 861.
Loudetiopsis thoroldii, 230. Mandingoa nitidula, 778.
Loxodonta africana, 5-6, 10, 12, 17-9, 26, 28-31, Mandrillus sphinx, 90, 92, 140, 211.
38, 45, 52, 57, 59, 61-3, 67, 80, 82, 84-5, 88, 90, 92-3, Mangifera indica, 551.
96, 98, 103-4, 106, 108-10, 112, 118, 120, 123, 126, Manilkara, 279, 284, 287, 302.
130, 139, 141, 145, 148-50, 155, 158, 160-2, 164, 168, Manilkara discolor, 775, 836.
190, 193, 197, 205, 208, 210-1, 229-30, 233, 241, 253, Manis, 90, 94, 98, 896.
255, 263, 265-6, 274, 281-2, 284, 286-8, 290, 292-3, Manis gigantea, 92, 104, 158, 161, 164, 205, 226,
295-6, 298, 300, 303-7, 309, 312, 367, 369, 373-4, 233, 480, 521, 919.
376, 379-80, 387, 397, 429, 432-3, 435-7, 439, 447, Manis temminckii, 585, 587, 649, 667, 675, 678,
457, 465, 467, 480, 483, 487-90, 493, 495-6, 498, 509, 686, 690, 709.
511, 529, 565, 584, 591, 725, 729, 751, 798, 800-2, Manis tetradactyla, 161, 164, 233, 919.
804, 824, 827, 829, 831, 834, 836-7, 839, 841, 843-4, Manis tricuspis, 92, 164, 167, 232-3, 239.
847, 849-50, 852, 854-56, 858, 865, 871-2, 874, 885, Mansonia altissima, 160.
887, 891-2, 894-6, 898-9, 902, 911, 914, 917, 920, Mantella aurantica, 360.
922-3, 925-6, 928, 935-6, 938-9, 943-5, 947-9, Mantidactylus acuticeps, 360.
951-2, 955-6, 958, 968, 970, 972, 977, 980, 983, 990, Mantidactylus bipunctatus, 339.
992-3, 997. Mantidactylus blanci, 339.
Loxodonta africana africana, 911, 919. Mantidactylus bourgati, 339.
Loxodonta africana cyclotis, 113, 142, 144, 146, Mantidactylus eiselti, 360.
226, 325, 568, 911, 919. Mantidactylus grandisonae, 337.
Lumnitzera, 543. Mantidactylus klemmeri, 347.
Lutra, 318, 896. Mantidactylus madecassus, 339.
Lutra maculicollis, 45, 187, 271, 683. Mantidactylus pseudoasper, 347.
Lybius bidentatus, 271. Mantipus guentherpetersi, 348.
Lybius guifsobalito, 271. Mantipus laevipes, 335.
Lybius torquatus, 998. Mantipus minutus, 347.
Lycaon pictus, 5-6, 9-10, 12, 14-5, 17-9, 26, 40, Mantipus serratopalpebrosus, 347.
45, 47, 49, 52, 104, 190, 193, 230, 260, 367, 480, 490, Mapania, 90, 163, 167, 239.
509, 529, 585, 587, 645, 685, 801-2, 834, 839, 846, Markhamia ganzibarica, 309.
852, 858, 920, 934, 943, 956, 972, 977, 993. Marquesia, 14.
Lycium, 455. Marquesia acuminata, 946.
Lycodonamorphus laevissimuo fitzsimonsi, 675. Marquesia macroura, 946.
Lycognathophis seychellensis, 552, 554. Marsilea, 490.
Lycognophus seychellensis, 540. Maurocenia, 618.
Lycophidion capense capense, 452. Maytenus, 479, 602.
Lycopodium, 413. Maytenus acuminata, 751, 758.
Lygodactylus capensis, 941. Maytenus buchananii, 259.
Lygodactylus chobiensis, 941. Maytenus heterophylla, 591, 593, 751, 758.
Lygodactylus conradti, 862. Maytenus oleoides, 628, 630.
Lygodactylus guibei, 360. Maytenus peduncularis, 751, 758.
Lygodactylus heterurus, 344. Maytenus senegalensis, 43, 59.
Lygodactylus ocellatus, 683. Maytenus undata, 712.
Mabuya sechellensis, 544, 552, 554, 556. Medinilla, 348.
Mabuya striata, 686, 941. Medusagyne oppositifolia, 540.
Mabuya varia, 686, 941. Megalops cyprinoides, 970.
Mabuya wrightii, 554, 556. Mehelya capensis capensis, 699.
Macaca, 413. Meizodon semiornatus, 942.
Macaranga capensis, 669. Melaenornis annamarulae, 164, 568.
Macaranga kilimandscharica, 309. Melia, 585.
Macowania conferta, 771. Melierax gabar, 465, 979.
Macrobacium lar, 552. Melignomon eisentrauti, 568.
Macrodipteryx longipennis, 88, 882. Melinis minutiflora, 498.
Macrolobium, 91. Mellivora capensis, 5-6, 10, 12, 17-8, 175, 226,
Macronyx ameliae, 858. 238, 395, 468, 480, 531, 585, 587-8, 593, 597, 599,
Macronyx aurantiigula, 306. 609, 616, 630, 675, 678, 680, 685-7, 695, 698, 732-3,
Macrotarsomys bastardi, 341. 736, 745, 747-8, 750-1, 754, 758, 760, 834, 839, 977.
Macrotarsomys ingens, 341. Memecylon, 284.
Madecassophryne truebae, 337. Memecylon afzelii, 568.
Madoqua, 459. Memecylon melindensis, 279.
Madoqua guentheri, 312, 882. Memecylon verruculosum, 279, 309.
Madoqua kirki, 6, 268, 447. Merops boehmi, 834.
Maerua, 728, 922. Merops breweri, 96, 107.
-1024-
Merops bullockoides, 208, 982.
Merops bulocki, 85.
Merops gularis, 888.
Merops muelleri, 258.
Merops nubicus, 39, 52, 85, 193, 451, 948, 956.
Merops pusillus, 998.
Merops revoilii, 294.
Merremia multisecta, 457.
Merxmuellera, 588, 593, 595, 602, 648, 657, 814.
Merxmuellera arundinacea, 624.
Merxmuellera disticha, 588, 599, 611.
Merxmuellera macowanii, 648.
Mesembrinibis cayennensis, 253, 266.
Mesembryanthemum, 455, 588.
Taxonomic Index
Mungos gambianus, 218.
Mungos mungo, 85, 105, 292.
Muraltia, 614.
Mus musculus, 554, 708.
Musa, 553.
Musa perrieri, 351.
Musanga, 483.
Muscicapa lendu, 258, 904.
Musophaga rossae, 292.
Musophaga violacea, 529.
Mycteria ibis, 45, 72, 272, 593, 647, 696, 919.
Mycteris thebaica, 601.
Myosorex polulus, 266.
Myotis lesueuri, 588, 733, 736.
Myotis tricolor, 601.
Mesitornis unicolor, 360.
Mesitornis variegata, 341. Myotis welwitschii, 585, 675, 699.
Mesoplodon densirostris, 597. Myrica, 346, 954.
Mestoklema, 602. Myrica salicifolia, 829.
Metalasia, 618. Myrothamnus flabellifolius, 455.
Metalasia muricata, 614, 618, 620. Myrsine, 765.
Microcebus, 360. Myrsine africana, 43.
Microcebus coquereli, 351. Mystacidium venosum, 730.
Microcebus murinus, 341, 345, 351, 353, 357. Nactus coindemirensis, 404.
Microcebus rufus, 335, 340, 343, 345, 347, 354, Nactus serpensinsula, 409.
359, 361. Naja, 45.
Microhyla palmata, 337. Najahaje, 43.
Micropotamogale lamottei, 167, 239. Naja melanoleuca, 218, 480.
Micropterus salmoides, 199, 452, 454, 697, 979, Naja nigricollis, 43, 113, 480, 521.
988, 999. Naja nigricollis woodii, 624.
Millepora, 277. Naja nivea, 676, 689, 700.
Millepora dichotoma, 557. Namibornis herero, 455.
Millepora platyphylla, 557. Nandinia binotata, 167, 218, 239, 954.
Millettia grandis, 669, 722-3. Nanonycteris veldkampi, 232.
Milvus migrans, 526, 534. Napoleona hendelotii, 568.
Milvus migrans parasitus, 888. Nasutitermes migricans, 556.
Mimetes fimbriifolius, 627. Nauclea, 141, 146.
Mimetes hirta, 618, 627. Nauclea diderrichii, 483.
Mimetes palustris, 632. Nauclea latifolia, 529.
Mimosa pigra, 529, 798. Necrosyrtes monachus, 52, 257, 634, 972.
Mimusops, 551. Nectarinia, 270, 745, 747-8, 750, 753, 756, 760,
Mimusops caffra, 722-3, 773, 778. 954.
Mimusops petiolaris, 413. Nectarinia chalybea, 939.
Mimusops zgeyheri, 675. Nectarinia congensis, 263.
Miniopterus schreibersi, 601. Nectarinia dussumieri, 540, 543, 551, 556, 558.
Miopithecus talapoin, 10, 90. Nectarinia famosa, 967.
Mirafra ruddi, 683. Nectarinia johnstoni, 266, 829.
Mirafra rufocinnamomea, 834. Nectarinia kilimensis, 986.
Mirounga leonina, 708. Nectarinia mediocris, 858.
Miscanthidium, 509, 648. Nectarinia pulchella, 274.
Mitragyna africana, 911. Nectarinia reichenowi, 858.
Mitragyna ciliata, 226. Nectarinia rockefelleri, 914.
Mitragyna inermis, 57, 82, 85, 88, 158, 465, 467, Nectarinia rufipennis, 865.
533. Nectarinia senegalensis, 52.
Mitragyna rubrostipulata, 896. Nectarinia veroxii, 371, 682.
Mitragyna stipulosa, 226. Nectaropetalum kaessneri, 279.
Modulatrix orostruthus, 861, 865. Nectophrynoides occidentalis, 167, 239.
Monachus monachus, 395. Nemesia chrysolopha, 624.
Monocymbium ceresiiforme, 672. Neoboutonia, 510.
Monodora myristica, 258. Neoboutonia macrocalyx, 896, 922.
Monodora tenuifolia, 230. Neocossyphus poensis, 96.
Monotes, 80, 118, 126, 479. Neocossyphus rufus, 311, 861.
Monotes kerstingii, 82, 106, 479. Neodypsis, 335.
Monticola bensoni, 334. Neodypsis decaryi, 337.
Monticola brevipes, 454. Neophron percnopterus, 585, 858.
Montipora, 411, 423. Neorosea andongensis, 705.
Moraea modesta, 683. Neotis cafra denhami, 529, 683, 941.
Moraea vallisavium, 632. Neotis cafra jacksoni, 374.
Morelia senegalensis, 85. Neotis heuglinii, 272, 274, 294.
Morellia, 28. Neotragus batesi, 210.
Morinda, 556. Neotragus moschatus, 253, 266, 293, 311, 377, 432,
Morinda citrifolia, 553, 556. 439, 585, 645, 651, 654-5, 667, 729, 837, 861, 970.
Moringa ovalifolia, 455. Neotragus moschatus livingstonianus, 371, 970.
Mormyrops deliciousus, 977, 998. Neotragus pygmaeus, 164, 226, 232-3.
Mormyrus longirostris, 998-9. Nepenthes pervillei, 540.
Morus bassanus, 526. Nephrolepis biserrata, 163.
Morus mesozygia, 160, 167, 239. Nephrosperma vanhoutteana, 551.
Mossia intervallaris, 679. Nerium oleander, 754.
Mugil cephalus, 417-20. Nesillas aldabranus, 549.
Mugil curema, 397. Nesogordonia papaverifera, 568.
Mugil sebeli, 417-20. Nesogordonia parviflora, 279.
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IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Nestina, 362.
Nettapus auritus, 982.
Newtonia, 268, 865.
Newtonia buchananii, 861.
Newtonia hildebrandtii, 651, 655, 667, 729.
Nicator, 977.
Nigrita bicolor, 258.
Nigrita fusconata, 258.
Noronhia, 348.
Northea seychellarum, 540, 543.
Nothobranchius, 970.
Nucras, 761.
Nucras intertexta, 686.
Nucras taeniolata ornata, 686, 696.
Numenius phaeopus, 277.
Numida meleagris, 85, 88, 488, 493, 941.
Nuxia, 954.
Nuxia congesta, 824.
Nuxia floribunda, 715, 779, 786.
Nycteris, 861.
Nycteris thebaica, 28.
Nycticorax nycticorax, 260, 397, 524.
Nymania capensis, 622.
Nymphaea, 490, 524, 655, 798, 941.
Nymphaea caerulea, 45.
Nymphaea capensis, 941.
Nymphaea micrantha, 533.
Nymphaea sulphurea, 915.
Ochna pulchra, 49, 695.
Ochorosia, 540.
Ochrocarpus, 346.
Ocotea, 346, 348, 359, 755, 760, 865.
Ocotea bullata, 597, 751, 758, 771-2.
Ocotea cupularis, 413.
Ocotea usambarensis, 253, 829, 861.
Octolobus, 483.
Octolobus angustatus, 482.
Ocypoda, 424, 556.
Ocypode ceratopthalma, 277.
Ocypode kuhlii, 276-7.
Odyssea, 6.
Oena capensis, 193, 534.
Oenanthe heuglini, 498.
Oeniella aphrodite, 405.
Okapia johnstoni, 917, 922.
Olax psittacorum, 413.
Oldenburgia arbuscula, 617.
Olea, 253, 270, 829, 865, 954.
Olea africana, 174, 268, 291, 312, 590, 593, 599,
640, 642, 701, 750, 836.
Olea capensis, 293, 597, 620, 717, 720-1, 751, 758,
776, 785-6.
Olea europaea africana, 628, 633.
Olea exasperata, 614, 618.
Olea hochstetteri, 260, 264, 824.
Olea laperrinei, 470.
Olea welwitschii, 259.
Olinia ventosa, 632, 751, 758, 762.
Oncostemum, 348.
Onychognathus morio, 986.
Onychognathus walleri, 498.
Onymacris unguicularis, 456.
Ophicoma crinaceus, 277.
Oplismenus, 348.
Oplismenus hirtellus, 479.
Opsaridium microleptis, 379.
Opuntia, 357, 554, 599, 679.
Opuntia aurantiaca, 610, 617, 754, 766.
Opuntia ficus-indica, 610, 706, 754, 766.
Opuntiatuna, 526.
Orcinus orca, 395.
Oreochromis mossambicus, 675, 685-6, 697, 982.
Oreodaimon quathlambae, 318.
Oreotragus, 760.
Oreotragus oreotragus, 6, 19, 175, 186, 189, 192,
195, 197, 257, 293, 369, 373-4, 432, 435-6, 449, 454,
456, 459, 585, 588, 590, 593, 601-2, 605, 607, 609,
616, 626, 630, 632, 634, 636, 645, 648, 651, 657, 661,
668, 675, 690, 699, 704-6, 711-2, 732-3, 735-7,
739-40, 742, 745, 747-8, 750, 753, 756, 761-2, 769,
779-80, 782-3, 882, 884, 915, 939, 945, 949, 952, 954,
958, 967, 970, 979, 988-9, 995.
Oriolus chlorocephalus, 303.
Oriolus nigripennis, 498.
Orycteropus afer, 43, 88, 105, 125-6, 130, 158,
205, 210, 217, 468, 480, 485, 487, 496, 531, 587, 590,
616, 623, 679-80, 685, 689, 697, 768, 871-2.
Oryx, 125.
Oryx dammah, 128, 468, 470.
Oryx gazella, 6, 19, 40, 47, 49, 51, 187, 193,
196-7, 286, 298, 300, 447, 452, 454, 456-7, 587-8,
609, 613, 615, 623-4, 637, 639-40, 642, 676, 686, 689,
714, 727-8, 804, 839, 855, 890, 900-1, 975.
Oryx gazella beisa, 190, 263, 272, 274, 293, 301,
312.
Oryx gazella callotis, 255.
Oryza, 928, 956.
Oryza barthii, 88.
Oryza brachiyantha, 529.
Oryza longistaminata, 57, 934, 941.
Osbeckia portersi, 167, 239.
Osmitopsis, 618.
Osmitopsis asteriscoides, 632.
Osteolaemus tetrapsis, 218, 567.
Osteolaemus tetraspis, 158, 529.
Osteospermum amplectens, 608.
Osteospermum elsieae, 600.
Osteospermum hyoseroides, 608.
Osteospermum sinuatum, 609, 634.
Ostracion cusicus, 411.
Otis arabs, 524, 531.
Otocyon megalotis, 41, 45, 47, 49, 187, 192, 255,
260, 455, 609, 686, 839, 882.
Otomys, 954.
Otostegia minucii, 195.
Otus insularis, 540.
Otus ireneae, 279.
Otus scops, 274.
Qubanguia alata, 95.
Ourebia ourebi, 5, 7, 14, 17-8, 26, 28, 39, 57, 61,
64, 81-2, 104, 106, 119-20, 123, 130, 158, 186, 197,
229-30, 318, 367, 373, 387, 435-6, 439, 465, 467, 480,
484, 487, 489-90, 496, 509, 585, 595, 648, 659, 661,
663, 666, 668-9, 671, 673, 678-9, 683, 687, 699, 704,
770, 779-80, 782-3, 798, 800, 814, 872, 884, 898, 901,
941, 958, 970, 975, 999, 1001.
Ourebia ourebi aequatoria, 890.
Oxytenanthera abyssinica, 529, 863.
Oxyura maccoa, 260, 824.
Ozoroa crassinervia, 453.
Pachnodus arnatus, 552.
Pachycoccyx audeberti, 685.
Pachydactylus, 682.
Pachydactylus capensis capensis, 696.
Pachydactylus capensis vansoni, 683.
Pachypanchax playfairi, 552.
Pachypodium, 337, 341.
Pachypodium bispinosum, 610.
Pachypodium rosulatum, 334.
Pachypodium saundersii, 970.
Pachypodium succulentum, 610.
Padanus, 404.
Padina commersonii, 276-7.
Palmatogecko rangei, 456.
Pan paniscus, 919.
Pan _ troglodytes, 90, 92, 94, 98, 113, 139-40,
155-6, 158, 160-1, 164, 167, 205, 210, 226, 232-3,
239, 495, 498, 529, 565, 567-8, 826, 837, 863, 871,
885, 891-2, 896, 911, 914, 922.
Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii, 898.
Pan troglodytes troglodytes, 211.
Pan troglodytes verus, 325, 570.
Pandanus, 146, 410, 413, 547, 551.
Pandanus balfouri, 556.
Pandanus borsigiana, 551.
Pandanus multispicatus, 556.
Pandanus vandermeerschii, 404, 405, 410, 415.
Pandion haliaetus, 199, 274, 292, 526-7, 532, 806.
Panicum, 15, 157, 307, 798, 911, 920.
Panicum anabaptistum, 529.
-1026-
Panicum coloratum, 43, 49, 645.
Panicum deustum, 591, 645.
Panicum kalaharense, 638.
Panicum laetum, 128, 469.
Panicum maximum, 43, 556, 584, 645, 655, 695, 712.
Panicum repens, 45, 941, 980, 998.
Panicum stapfianum, 676.
Panicum turgidum, 394, 468-9.
Panicum uvulatum, 348.
Panthera leo, 5-7, 10, 12, 14-5, 17-8, 26, 28,
39-41, 45, 47, 49, 51-2, 57, 59, 61, 63, 65, 72, 80, 82,
88, 103, 106, 108-9, 118, 120, 123-4, 130, 139, 142,
148, 150, 158, 167, 187, 190, 192-3, 197, 230, 239,
255, 263, 268, 272, 274, 288, 292-3, 301, 306-7, 312,
367, 373-4, 379-80, 387, 432, 435-6, 457, 465, 467,
480, 484, 487, 489-90, 495-6, 509, 529, 584, 587, 645,
652, 725, 798, 801-2, 827, 831, 834, 836, 839, 841,
846-7, 849-50, 858, 861, 863, 865, 885, 887, 890-1,
895, 898-902, 911, 920, 922, 936, 939, 943-4, 949,
951-2, 955, 968, 972-3, 977, 980, 982-3, 985, 990,
993-4.
Panthera pardus, 5-7, 9-10, 12, 14-5, 17-9, 26, 28,
39-40, 45, 47, 49, 59, 61, 63, 65, 80, 88, 90, 96, 103-4,
106, 113, 118, 120, 123-5, 130, 139, 158, 161, 164,
167, 175, 187, 189-90, 192-3, 195-7, 210, 226, 230,
239, 253, 255, 260, 262-3, 265-6, 268, 270-1, 274,
288, 292-3, 301, 303, 312, 325, 367, 369, 371, 373-4,
376, 379-80, 387, 432, 439, 447, 449-50, 456, 458,
480, 484, 487, 489-90, 496, 498, 509, 511, 521, 529,
565, 585, 587-8, 590, 597, 605, 630, 636, 645, 651-2,
654, 656, 671, 675, 678-80, 686-7, 691, 695, 698, 709,
712, 722-3, 726, 731-3, 735-7, 739, 740, 742, 745,
747-8, 750-1, 753-4, 756-8, 760, 762-3, 766, 770,
779-80, 782-6, 798, 801-2, 804, 824, 826-7, 829, 831,
834, 836, 839, 841, 846-7, 850, 852, 858, 861, 865,
872, 884-5, 887, 890, 892, 895, 898-902, 911, 916-7,
920, 939, 943, 947-9, 951-2, 956, 967-8, 972, 977,
979-80, 983, 985, 988-990, 992-4, 1001.
Paorphice-phalus obscuris, 480.
Papilio, 258.
Papilio antimachus, 139, 896.
Papilio bromius, 954.
Papilio grosesmithi, 341.
Papilio leucotaenia, 892, 904.
Papilio morondavana, 341.
Papilio phorcas, 954.
Papilio sjoestedti, 829, 858.
Papio, 86, 124, 162, 318, 449, 509, 826, 865, 884,
889, 949, 989, 992, 1001.
Papio anubis, 26, 28, 57, 59, 61, 65, 81-2, 88, 94,
97-8, 104, 106, 158, 160-1, 187, 189, 192, 228-30,
268, 293, 387, 465, 467, 480, 484, 487-90, 495-6, 498,
831, 872, 896, 911, 915.
Papio cynocephalus, 255, 274, 303, 307, 834, 915,
936.
Papio hamadryas, 175, 187, 195.
Papio leucophaeus, 96.
Papio papio, 216, 230, 529, 565.
Papio sphinx, 206.
Papio ursinus, 15, 45, 367, 369, 371, 440, 454,
456, 588, 590, 605, 609, 620, 630, 633-4, 636, 678,
732-3, 735-7, 739-40, 742, 748, 751, 754, 757-8,
760-1, 766, 769, 772, 776, 779-80, 782-3, 936, 948,
951, 956.
Pappea capensis, 43, 607, 609.
Paracontias brocchi, 335.
Paracophyla tuberculata, 360.
Paracynictus selousi, 437.
Parallelia torrida, 557.
Paramacrolobium, 302.
Paranomus reflexus, 761.
Paranomus roodebergensis, 753.
Paraxerus cepapi, 970.
Paraxerus lucifer, 954.
Paraxerus ochraceus, 308.
Paraxerus palliatus, 970.
Paraxerus palliatus tanae, 308.
Parhoplophryne usambaricus, 861.
Parinari, 565, 865, 954, 966.
Parinari chrysophylla, 163, 170.
Taxonomic Index
Parinari curatellifolia, 494, 675, 730.
Parinari excelsa, 166, 238, 521, 861.
Parinarium macrophyllum, 533.
Parkia, 928.
Parkia africana, 494.
Parkia bicolor, 167, 239.
Parkia biglobosa, 59, 80, 157, 219, 465, 533.
Parkia clappertoniana, 479, 481.
Parkinsonia aculeata, 397.
Parkinsonia africana, 623.
Parmelia hottentotta, 455.
Parmelia namaensis, 455.
Parus griseiventris, 1001.
Parus leucomelas, 955.
Paspalum, 920.
Paspalum arbiculare, 529.
Paspalum dilatatum, 595.
Paspalum vaginatum, 397, 521, 523.
Passerina, 618, 648, 657, 769.
Passerina obtusifolia, 622.
Passerina vulgaris, 614.
Passiflora suberosa, 556.
Pavetta edentula, 655.
Pavetta uniflora, 279.
Pavona, 423.
Peddiea involucrata, 348.
Pedetes capensis, 49, 260, 433.
Pelea capreolus, 318, 585, 588, 593, 595, 599, 601,
605, 607, 616, 619, 624, 626-7, 629-30, 632, 634, 636,
648, 657, 661, 668, 673, 683, 699, 704, 714, 732-3,
735-7, 739-40, 742, 745, 747-8, 750, 753-4, 757, 766,
769, 772.
Pelecanoides urinatrix, 708.
Pelecanus, 107, 120, 144, 287, 432, 922.
Pelecanus onocrotalus, 51-2, 72, 185, 205, 260,
394-5, 397, 439, 467, 485, 524, 527, 532, 646, 667,
696, 773, 831, 941, 949.
Pelecanus roseus, 199.
Pelecanus rufescens,
696, 773, 941.
Pelomedusa subrufa, 480.
Peltophorum africanum, 43, 979.
Pelusios adansoni, 480.
Pelusios sinuatus, 686.
Pelusios subniger, 556, 558.
Pemphis, 405.
Pemphis acidula, 549.
Penaeus duorarum, 397.
Pennisetum, 263, 283, 291, 889, 922.
Pennisetum clandestinum, 824.
Pennisetum mezianum, 193, 263, 283.
Pennisetum purpureum, 94, 894, 896.
Pennisetum violaceum, 469.
Pentaclethra macrophylla, 570.
Pentaschistis, 648.
Pentzia, 602-3, 606, 611, 613.
Pentzia globosa, 591, 637, 641.
Pentziaincana, 615, 622, 624, 634.
Pentzia spinescens, 588.
Peperomia, 346, 348.
Peponium sublitorale, 549.
Pereskia aculeata, 729.
Pergularia tomentosa, 394.
Pericopsis, 843, 865.
Pericopsis africana, 529.
Pericopsis angolensis, 935, 952.
Pericopsis laxiflora, 82.
Peripatopsis alba, 620.
Peripatopsis leonina, 620.
Perodicticus potto, 10, 96-7, 113, 167, 239, 271,
567-8, 872.
Perotis patens, 725.
Petalidium giessii, 457.
Petrodromus tetradactylus, 675.
Petrodromus tetradactylus sultan, 279.
Petrolisthes, 277.
Petromus typicus, 590.
Phacochoerus aethiopicus, 5, 9-10, 14-5, 26, 28,
43, 57, 59, 61-2, 72, 81, 84-6, 88, 90, 94, 104, 106,
110, 119-20, 123, 126, 130, 141, 158, 161-2, 167, 175,
199, 217, 523, 527, 585, 646,
-1027-
IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
187, 189, 192-3, 196-7, 205, 216, 219, 229, 239, 253, Piptadeniastrum, 97.
303, 367, 371, 374, 387, 397, 435-6, 439, 459, 465, Piptadeniastrum africanum, 161, 167, 239, 570.
467, 480, 483-5, 487, 489-90, 496, 509, 524, 531, 584, Pisonia, 258, 407, 556.
645, 651-2, 667, 685, 722, 800, 816, 839, 846, 854, Pisonia grandis, 407-8, 553, 556.
863, 871-2, 874, 884, 887, 891, 896, 898, 902, 911, Pistia stratiotes, 490.
920, 922, 935, 938, 945, 947-8, 968, 972, 977, 982-3, Pithecelobium dulce, 361.
992-3, 995, 999, 1001. Pithecolobium altissimum, 521.
Phaenocoma prolifera, 632. Pitta angolensis, 279.
Phaethon aethereus mesonauta, 526. Pittosporum viridiflorum, 174, 692.
Phaethon lepturus, 404, 412, 415, 540, 549, 556. Platalea alba, 260, 397.
Phaethon rubricauda, 199, 412, 415, 549. Platalea leucorodia, 524.
Phaethon rubricauda rubricauda, 404. Platalea leucorodia balsaci, 394.
Phaeton lepturus, 553. Platalea leucorodia leucorodia, 394.
Phaeton rubricauda, 553. Platycerium, 163, 335.
Phaius, 413. Platyhyla alticola, 348.
Phalacrocorax, 980, 982, 988, 1001. Platyhyla tsaratananaensis, 348.
Phalacrocorax africanus, 260. Platylophus trifoliatus, 597, 751, 758.
Phalacrocorax capensis, 456. Platypelis milloti, 344.
Phalacrocorax carbo, 260, 397, 452, 524, 526, 831. Platypterocarpus tanganyikensis, 861.
Phalacrocorax lucidus, 185, 369, 524. Platysaurus guttatus minor, 690.
Phaner furcifer, 335, 337, 348, 351. Platysteira blissetti, 258.
Phelsuma astriata, 540, 544, 552, 554, 556. Platysteira castanea, 258.
Phelsuma flavigularis, 360. Platysteira concreta, 258.
Phelsuma guentheri, 415. Platysteira peltata, 778.
Phelsuma longisulae, 540. Plectranthusus, 312.
Phelsuma ornata, 404-5, 410, 412, 415. Plectropterus gambensis, 217, 485, 524, 529, 696,
Phelsuma sunbergi, 544. 934, 941.
Phelsuma sundbergi, 552. Plegadis falcinellus, 272, 274, 874, 934.
Philippia, 188, 346, 348, 354, 413, 648, 769, 861, Plethodontohyla coudreaui, 343.
922. Ploceus alienus, 511.
Philippia trimera, 264, 829. Ploceus bannermani, 498.
Philodendron, 552. Ploceus batesi, 90.
Philomachus pugnax, 524. Ploceus castaneiceps, 255.
Philothamnus semivariegatus, 706. Ploceus golandi, 279.
Philoxerus vermicularis, 521, 523. Ploceus nicolli, 861, 865.
Phocoena phocoena, 395. Ploceus nigrimentum, 141.
Phoeniconaias minor, 260, 289, 350, 696, 824, 839, Pluvialis squatarola, 277, 394.
858, 899, 949. Poa cookii, 707.
Phoenicophorium, 547. Pobeguinea, 208.
Phoenicophorium borsigianum, 551. Pocillopora, 277, 544, 557, 805.
Phoenicopterus, 51. Podica senegalensis, 263, 268.
Phoenicopterus minor, 523, 831. Podiceps nigricollis, 689.
Phoenicopterus ruber, 260, 289, 350, 395, 439, Podocarpus, 253, 264, 266, 270, 346, 717, 755, 760,
523-4, 696, 824, 831, 949. 769, 771, 828, 954.
Phoenicopterus ruber roseus, 447. Podocarpus atifolius, 648.
Phoeniculus, 968. Podocarpus elongatus, 598-9.
Phoeniculus damarensis, 263. Podocarpus falcatus, 597, 633, 715-21, 751, 758,
Phoenix, 432, 889. 762, 771, 775, 785.
Phoenix reclinata, 45, 52, 72, 155, 533, 645, 669, Podocarpus gracilior, 189, 264, 824, 882.
830. Podocarpus henkelii, 771.
Phragmites, 45, 52, 185, 614, 773, 775, 896, 928, Podocarpus latifolius, 498, 597, 617, 620, 627,
935, 938, 949. 657, 673, 675, 715-23, 751, 758, 762, 769, 771, 776,
Phragmites australis, 614, 683, 701, 778. 782-3, 785-6, 865.
Phragmites communis, 646, 654, 669. Podocarpus madagascariensis, 348.
Phragmites mauritianus, 645, 687, 729. Podocarpus milanjianus, 266, 922.
Phylica, 413, 614. Podocarpus rostratus, 348.
Phylica buxifolia, 627. Poecilogale albinucha, 395, 593, 648, 651, 657,
Phyllanthus kirkianus, 279. 661, 671, 675, 678-9, 681, 686, 696, 754.
Phyllanthus stolzianus, 279. Poecilostachys tsaratananensis, 348.
Phyllastrephus tenebrosus, 360. Poelagus marjorita, 104.
Phyllodactylus, 731. Pogonarthria squarrosa, 43.
Phyllodactylus inexpectatus, 554, 556. Pogoniulus duchaillui, 902.
Phyllodactylus microlepidotus, 732. Pogoniulus simplex, 303, 861.
Phylloscopus umbrovirens, 175. Pogonocichla stellata, 253.
Picathartes gymnocephalus, 568, 871. Pogonocichla swynnertoni, 865, 986.
Picathartes oreas, 90, 93, 96, 498. Pogostemon cablin, 552.
Picoides obsoletus, 263. Poiana richardsoni, 160.
Pilea, 348. Poicephalus meyeri, 968.
Piliostigma, 379-80, 432. Polemaetus bellicosus, 455, 465, 529, 678, 681,
Piliostigma reticulatum, 57, 59, 85, 465, 533. 685, 687, 690-1, 698-9, 735, 739, 742, 745, 748, 753,
Piliostigma thonningii, 57, 190, 219, 494, 529. 776.
Pilostigma reticulata, 85. Polemannia montana, 318.
Pinctada margaritifera, 277. Polihierax semitorquatus, 585, 590, 882.
Pinna kraussi, 423. Pollia, 258.
Pinus, 618, 675, 699, 733, 739-40, 770. Polyboroides typus, 39, 193, 979.
Pinus caribaea, 303. Polygala bracteolata, 622.
Pinus patula, 770. Polygonum lapathifolium, 683.
Pinus pinaster, 626, 629, 631-2, 736, 738, 747, Polysphaeria orbuscula, 479.
756, 760-1. Polystachya, 730.
Pinus radiata, 738. Polystichum marionense, 707.
-1028-
Pomatomus saltatrix, 526.
Populus ilicifolia, 288.
Porites, 199, 276-7, 423, 542, 545, 557, 805.
Porphyrio porphyrio, 43.
Portulaca, 409.
Portulaca oleracea,
Portulacaria afra,
754.
Porgana flavirostra, 218.
Porzana pusilla, 695.
Potamochoerus porcus, 5, 7, 9-10, 12, 14-5, 93-4,
96, 107, 139-40, 144, 146-7, 155, 158, 164, 167, 197,
206, 219, 226, 229, 239, 308, 307, 367, 369, 371, 439,
489, 492, 565, 597, 614, 633, 655, 675, 705, 715,
717-8, 722, 751, 758, 763, 766, 768, 773, 775-6,
785-6, 861, 865, 896, 911, 920, 924, 944, 958, 977,
986, 993.
Potamogale velox,
Potamogeton, 655.
Potamogeton pectinatus,
Potbergensis, 600.
Praomys natalensis,
Praomys verreauxii,
750, 753-4.
Prastinia cooperii,
Premna resinosa,
Primula verticillata,
Pringlea antiscorbutica,
Prinia robertsi, 986.
Pristis microdon, 970.
Procavia capensis, 43, 94, 97, 158, 257, 449, 454,
456, 459, 498, 594, 597, 605, 609, 620, 629-30, 635-6,
705, 737.
Procavia capensis capillosu,
Procavia johnstoni mackinderi,
Procellaria cinerea, 708.
Procolobus badius, 570.
Procolobus verus, 226, 233.
Profelis auratus, 211.
Promerops cafer, 632, 745, 747-8, 750, 753.
Promerops gurneyi, 683, 699, 776.
Pronolagus randensis, 979.
Pronolagus rupestris, 939.
Propithecus, 337.
Propithecus diadema,
360.
Propithecus verreauxi,
357-8, 361.
Prosopis africana, 80, 82, 219, 465, 494, 529, 533.
Protea, $18, 648, 657, 661, 668, 673, 745, 748,
750, 784, 814, 920.
Protea angolensis, 166, 238.
Protea aurea, 600.
Protea burchellii, 628.
Protea caffra, 649, 675, 680, 687, 690, 699, 703-4.
Protea compacta, 632.
Protea coronata, 626.
Protea cynaroides, 626, 632, 756, 761-2.
Protea elliotii, 158, 494.
Protea eximia, 761.
Protea gaguedi, 882.
Protea laetans, 675.
Protea laurifolia, 630.
Protea lepidocarpodendron,
Protea longifolia, 632.
Protea lorifolia, 626, 636.
Protea montana, 745.
Protea multibracteata,
Protea mundii, 756.
Protea neriifolia, 626, 756-7, 761-2.
Protea nitida, 618, 620, 626, 628, 630, 636.
Protea nubigena, 657.
Protea pruinosa, 748.
Protea repens, 626, 628, 630, 636, 761.
Protea roupelliae, 595, 657, 668, 673, 675, 699,
704-6, 779, 814.
Protea rubropilosa, 675.
Protea subvestita, 633.
Protea venusta, 745.
Protea welwitschii, 706.
556.
591, 602, 605, 607, 610, 622,
258.
614, 694, 696.
105.
599, 732-3, 735-7, 745, 747-8,
540.
274.
195.
707.
189.
266.
335, 337, 340, 343, 347, 354,
334, 337, 341, 350-1, 353,
618, 620.
657, 673.
Taxonomic Index
Proteles cristatus, 6, 19, 41, 187, 293, 437,
588,
590, 599, 607, 609, 645, 648, 651, 656-7, 661, 678-80,
687, 695, 725, 732-3, 754, 882.
Protomegabaria stapfiana, 568.
Protopterus annectens, 970, 977.
Protoreaster lincki, 276.
Protorhus longifolia, 669, 776.
Protoxerus stangeri, 226, 233, 271.
Prunus africana, 786.
Psalidoprocne fuliginosa, 498.
Psalidoprocne petiti, 498.
Psammobates geometricus, 733, 735, 737, 739.
Psammobates oculifer, 676, 680, 689, 695-6, 700.
Psammobates tentorius, 624.
Psammophis angolensis, 678, 695.
Psammophis crucifer, 679, 683.
Psammophis jallae, 690.
Psammophis sibilans, 218.
Psammophylax tritaeniatus,
Pseudaspis cana, 686.
Pseudocalyptomena graueri, 904, 914.
Pseudocedrela kotschyi, 106.
Pseudocordylus microlepidotus, 636.
Pseudocordylus microlepidotus melanotus,
Pseudocrenilabrus philander, 687.
Pseudospondias, 565.
Pseudospondias microcarpa,
Pseudoxyrhopus ambreensis,
Psiadia, 346.
Psiadia arabica,
Psiadia trinervia,
Psidium, 540.
Psidium cattleianum, 413-4, 552.
Psittacula krameri, 414, 534, 874.
Psittacus erithacus, 113, 258, 896.
Psoralea, 618.
Psorospermum febrifugum, 928.
Psychotria mushiticola, 915.
Ptaeroxylon obliquum, 591, 675, 722-3.
Pteleopsis, 10, 970.
Pteleopsis anisoptera,
Pteleopsis habeensis, 490.
Pteleopsis myrtifolia, 651, 729.
Ptenopus gugarrulus, 691.
Pteridium, 865.
Pteridium aquilinum,
Pteris catoptera, 915.
941.
896.
335.
174, 260, 268.
412.
946, 952.
669.
Pterocarpus, 10, 15, 93, 432, 479, 533, 935,
983.
Pterocarpus angolensis, 371, 649, 780, 784,
852, 971.
Pterocarpus antunesii, 371.
Pterocarpus erinaceus,
465, 479, 494, 529, 531, 533.
Pterocarpus rotundifolius, 684.
Pterocelastrus echinatus, 769.
Pterocelastrus tricuspidatus, 591, 597, 614,
758.
Pterocles, 185.
Pterocles exustus, 272, 534.
Pterocles lichtensteinii, 272.
Pterodroma arminjoniana, 415.
Pterodroma macroptera, 708.
Pterodroma mollis, 708.
Pterolobium exosum, 979.
Pteronetta hartlaubii, 113.
Pteronia incana, 622, 624.
Pteronia pallens, 622.
Pteropus rufus, 361.
Pteropus seychellensis, 540, 551, 556.
Pterygodium connivens, 618.
Pterygota macrocarpa, 495.
Ptilopachus petrosus, 882.
Ptilostomus afer, 882.
Ptychadena mossambica, 942.
Ptychadena porosissima, 683.
Ptyonoprogne fuligula, 175.
Puffinus iherminieri, 553.
Puffinus pacificus, 415, 553, 556.
Puffinus pacificus chlororynchus, 404.
-1029-
679, 683.
970,
814,
26, 59, 157, 159, 161, 219,
751,
IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Puffinus therminiera, 556.
Pycnanthus angolensis, 205, 495.
Pycnanthus kombo, 160.
Pycnonotus jocosus, 414.
Pycreus, 683.
Pygomeles petteri, 341.
Pyrenestes minor, 986.
Pyrethrum, 510.
Python, 205.
Python regius, 81, 480, 521.
Python sebae, 26, 81, 86, 218, 480, 521, 534, 675,
678.
Python sebae natalensis, 649, 669, 681-2, 686-7,
689-90, 695, 698-9, 704, 773.
Pyxicephalus, 942.
Pyxicephalus adspersus, 698.
Pyxis arachnoides, 350.
Quelea, 1001.
Quelea erythrops, 292.
Ramphotyphlops braminus, 540, 544, 552.
Rana fluscigula, 698.
Rana grayi, 683.
Randia lancifolia, 551.
Randia sericea, 540.
Ranunculus keniensis,
Ranunculus moseleyi,
Rapanea, 865, 954.
Rapanea melanophloeos,
751, 758, 762, 782-3.
Rapanea pellucidostriata, 922.
Raphia, 10, 155, 241, 263, 283, 566, 570.
Raphia gigantea, 226.
Raphia sudanica, 529.
Raphia vinifera, 226.
Raphicerus campestris, 5-6, 17-8, 43, 45, 49, 257,
447, 454, 459, 585, 587-8, 593, 601, 603, 607, 609,
616, 619, 622-4, 633-4, 637, 645, 651, 659, 661,
685-6, 691, 697, 702, 711, 714, 732, 736, 743-5,
747-8, 753, 816-7, 955, 970, 977, 989, 997, 999, 1001.
Raphicerus melanotis, 435-6, 591, 601, 614, 616,
619-20, 626-7, 629-30, 632, 634, 636, 732-3, 735-7,
739-40, 742-5, 747-8, 753, 756, 762-3, 970, 977, 988,
997.
Raphicerus sharpei,
690-1, 938, 949, 952.
Rattus rattus, 404.
Rauvolfia caffra, 655, 669, 776, 858.
Ravenala, 359.
Ravenala madagascariensis,
Ravenea glauca, 339.
Ravenearivularis, 334.
Ravensara, 346, 348.
Redunca, 303, 437.
Redunca arundinum, 5, 7, 9-10, 14-5, 17-8, 45, 144,
149, 160, 230, 306, 367, 373-4, 376-7, 379-80, 451,
509, 584, 648, 651, 654-5, 659, 661, 667-8, 672-3,
687, 695, 722, 725, 729, 769, 772-3, 775, 798, 846,
935-6, 939, 947, 949, 952, 954, 999, 1001.
Redunca fulvorufula, 186, 192, 260, 318, 584, 588,
593, 595, 602-3, 606, 613, 617, 637, 640-1, 645, 648,
651, 657, 661, 663, 666, 668, 673, 675, 678, 683, 687,
699, 704, 706, 709, 711, 714, 723, 754, 757, 769,
779-80, 782-3, 839, 858, 890, 901.
Redunca fulvorufula chanleri, 882.
Redunca redunca, 26, 28, 57, 59, 64, 81, 85, 104,
107, 145, 257, 260, 429, 432, 434-6, 439; 465, 467,
480, 490, 800, 802, 804, 834, 836, 839, 850, 872, 884,
890, 902, 915, 995.
Redunca redunca wardi, 895.
Relhania squarrosa, 599, 622.
Remiz caroli, 268.
Rendlia, 657.
Rendlia altera, 648, 683, 782-3.
Renealmia, 258.
Restio, 617, 628, 748.
Restio communis, 627.
Restio dodii, 618.
Restio eleocharis, 614.
Restio fruticosus, 622.
Restio madagascariensis,
264.
707.
620, 627, 632, 675, 715-23,
367, 371, 373, 432, 585, 599,
343.
339.
Retzia capensis, 632.
Rhabdomys pumilio,
Rhamnus prinoides,
Rhampholeon nchisiensis, 954.
Rhaptopetalum belingensis, 206.
Rhigozum obovatum, 607, 622.
Rhigozum trichotomum, 587, 590, 623.
Rhinolophus capensis, 601.
Rhinolophus clivosus, 601.
Rhinoptilus cinctus, 263.
Rhipsalis, 337, 348.
Rhizophora, 10, 13, 199, 545.
Rhizophora harrisonii, 523.
Rhizophora mangle, 521, 523.
Rhizophora mucronata, 277, 281, 287, 543.
Rhizophora racemosa, 155, 397, 521, 523.
Rhodognaphalon schumannianum, 309.
Rhoicissus digitata, 591, 614.
Rhoicissus tridentata, 679.
Rhopalocarpus, 343.
Rhus,
701.
Rhus chirindensis,
Rhus ciliata, 642.
Rhus dentata, 699.
Rhus erosa, 588, 637, 640-1, 713.
Rhus incisa, 591.
Rhus lancea, 588, 590, 624, 676, 689, 693, 696-7.
Rhus legati, 675. ,
Rhus longispina, 588.
Rhus lucida, 599, 622.
Rhus natalensis, 268, 291.
Rhus pyroides, 679, 696, 699.
Rhus quartiniaria, 307.
Rhus tripartita, 470.
Rhus undulata, 609, 615.
Rhus viminalis, 590.
Rhynchelytrum repens, 43, 693, 709.
Rhynchelytrum setifolium, 595.
Rhynchocyon cirnei chrysopygus,
Rhynchogale melleri, 585, 675.
Rhynchops flavirostris, 274, 885, 952.
Rhyncogale melleri, 731.
Rhyncops flavirostris, 272.
Rhytachne, 566.
Ricinodendron, 5, 12, 495.
Ricinodendron heudelotii,
Ricinodendron rautanenii,
Ricinus communis, 556.
Rinorea angustifolia, 776.
Riocreuxia aberrans, 683.
Ritchiea albersii, 498.
Rocheria melanochaetes,
Romulea keniensis, 264.
Roridula gorgonias, 632.
Rosa abyssinica, 194.
Rostratula benghalensis,
Rothmania annae, 553.
Rotula aquatica, 529.
Rousettus aegyptiacus,
Rubus, 772, 777.
Rubus alcaefolius, 413-4.
Rubus cuneifolius, 770.
Rubus ludwigii, 318.
Ruellia megachlamys,
Rumex nervosus, 195.
Rumohra adiantiformis, 751, 758.
Ruschia, 591, 615, 622, 634.
Ruschia muricata, 624.
Ruschia promontorii, 618.
Ruschia robusta, 609.
Sacoglottis gabonensis, 91, 568.
Sagittarius serpentarius, 49, 260, 432,
686, 871, 901, 940-1, 954, 967, 979.
Saintpaulia ionantha, 865.
Salamis temora, 896.
Salaxis, 618.
Salicornia, 524.
Salix woodii, 657.
Salmo, 772.
954.
699, 704.
751, 758, 776.
279.
229.
16, 18.
540.
902.
311.
831.
-1030-
318, 593, 595, 602-3, 606, 611, 613-4, 673,
467, 485,
Salmo gairdneri, 189, 974.
Salmo trutta, 189, 974.
Salpornis spilonotus, 585, 1001.
Salsola, 455, 457, 588.
Salsola baryosma, 397.
Salsola dendroides, 299.
Salvadora, 6, 19, 285, 299, 301, 307.
Salvadora persica, 190, 255, 455, 469.
Salvia aegyptiaca, 470.
Salvinia, 585.
Salvinia molesta, 992, 998.
Sambucus adnata, 253, 264.
Sandoricum ratiatum, 540.
Sansevieria, 190, 920.
Santalum album, 404.
Sarcocaulon, 455.
Sarcostemma viminale, 591.
Sargassum, 199, 423, 547.
Sargochromis condringtoni, 982.
Sarkidiornis melanotos, 217, 485, 852, 972, 988.
Sarotherodon, 454, 710.
Sarothrura watersi, 360.
Satyrium foliosum, 620.
Scadoxus puniceus, 766.
Scaevola, 405, 412.
Scaevola plumieri,
Scaevola taccata,
Scaevola thunbergii,
431, 614.
556.
722-3.
Scaphiostreptus madcassus, 556.
Scelores gardineri, 554.
Scelotes bojerii, 404, 415.
Scelotes braueri, 552.
Scelotes brevipes, 682.
Scelotes eggeli, 862.
Scelotes gardineri, 544, 552, 556.
Schefflera, 97.
Schefflera umbellifera, 705, 775-6, 786.
Schismatoclada, 348.
Schizochilus gerrardii, 776.
Schizodium longipetalum, 629.
Schmidtia, 6, 15, 19.
Schmidtia pappophoroides, 49.
Schoenefeldia gracilis, 57,59, 397.
Schotia afra, 590-1.
Schotia brachypetala, 655, 997.
Schotia latifolia, 617.
Schoutedenapus myioptilus,
Schouwia thebaica, 470.
Scirpus, 188, 618, 683.
Scirpus inclinatus, 45.
Scirpus littoralis, 521, 614.
Sclerocarya, 88, 376, 432, 865.
Sclerocarya birrea, 59, 82, 85, 88, 468, 533.
Sclerocarya caffra, 429, 584, 655, 675, 682, 686,
691, 705, 711, 727, 814, 834.
Scolopia mundii, 692.
Scopus umbretta, 158, 218, 449.
Scorodophloeus fischeri, 861.
Scotopelia peli, 45, 217, 263, 292, 437, 585, 836.
Scotopelia ussheri, 568.
Scottellia coriacea, 482-3.
Scutia myrtina, 404, 617, 751, 758.
Scylla serrata, 418-20.
Sehima nervosa, 193, 263, 283.
Selago, 610.
Selago albida, 588.
Selago corymbosa, 599.
Senecio, 346, 348, 713, 824, 989.
Senecio barbatipes, 264.
266.
Senecio battescombei, 266.
Senecio brassica, 266.
Senecio cottonii, 829.
Senecio elgonensis, 264.
Senecio erici-rosenii, 510.
Senecio keniodendron, 266.
Serinus, 972.
Serinus artrogularis, 175.
Serinus canicollis, 253.
Serinus leucopterus, 732-3, 735-7, 739-40, 742,
745, 747-8, 750, 753, 760.
Taxonomic Index
Serranochromis, 45.
Serranochromis robustus,
Serruria zeyheri, 630.
Sesbania, 585, 768.
Sesbania pachycarpa,
Sesuvium ayresii, 407.
Sesuvium portulacastrum,
982.
88, 533.
521, 523, 527.
Setaria, 6, 10, 15, 19, 43, 284, 765, 814.
Setaria anceps, 106.
Setaria avettae, 934.
701.
193, 882.
Setaria flabellata,
Setaria incrassata,
Setaria sphacelata, 45, 934, 941.
Setaria triniveria, 190.
Setaria woodii, 695, 725.
Setifer setosus, 341, 357.
Sheppardia gunningi, 279.
Sideroxylon, 343, 618.
Sideroxylon boutonianum, 405.
Sideroxylon buxifolium, 174.
Sideroxylon dispyroides, 309.
Sideroxylon ferrugineum, 551.
Sideroxylon grandiflorum, 413.
Sideroxylon inerme, 591, 597, 599, 614, 762.
Siganus, 423.
Silurus, 241.
Simulium, 158, 481.
Sitala brancsiki, 344.
Sitala filomarginata, 344.
Smilorhis leucotis, 775.
Smithornis capensis, 303, 824.
Solanum, 194.
Solanum incanum, 43, 174.
Solanum mauritianum, 777.
Sonderothamnus speciosus,
Sonneratia, 543.
Sorghum, 798.
Sorghum brevicarinatum, 193.
Sorindeia madagascariensis, 861.
Sorindeia obtusifoliolata, 307.
Sousa teuszii, 395, 523.
Spartina maritima, 394.
Spermophaga ruficapilla,
Sphagnum, 413.
Sphenoeacus pycnopygius,
Sphyrna, 808.
Sphyrnaena, 808.
Spiloxene, 609.
Spirostachys africana,
632.
861.
454.
649, 655, 682, 725.
Spizocorys personata, 294.
Spondianthus preussii, 483.
Spondias, 565.
Sporobolus, 6, 190, 255, 291, 307, 645, 922.
Sporobolus festivus, 57.
Sporobolus fimbriatus, 193.
Sporobolus helvolus, 128.
Sporobolus ioclados, 49, 688.
Sporobolus marginatus, 838.
Sporobolus pyramidalis, 57, 902.
Sporobolus robustus, 397.
Sporobolus spicatus,
532, 831.
Sporobolus subtilis,
Sporulina platensis,
Spreo fischeri, 274.
Spreo superbus, 834.
Staavia dodii, 618.
Staavia dregeana, 620.
Staavia glutinosa, 620.
Staavia radiata, 632.
Stachytarpheta jamaicensis,
Stapelia, 455.
Statice, 199.
Steatomys, 695.
Steatomys pratensis, 735.
Stenella coeruleoalba, 526.
Steno bredanensis, 395, 526.
Stenotaphrum dimidiatum, 556.
Stenotaphrum secundatum, 722-3.
773.
260.
407-8.
-1031-
45, 260, 285, 289, 301, 527,
IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Stephanoaetus coronatus, 265, 521, 675, 682, 699, Sutera stenopetola, 624.
768, 775, 778, 968. Swietenia, 551.
Sterculia, 10, 229, 284, 307, 369. Swietenia macrophylla, 540.
Sterculia africana, 309. Sylvicapra grimmia, 5, 9-10, 12, 14-5, 26, 28, 49,
Sterculia appendiculata, 834. 57, 59, 61, 81-2, 85, 93-4, 97-8, 104, 106, 119, 123,
Sterculia rhinopetala, 483. 130, 141, 144, 189-90, 195, 219, 228-9, 253, 367, 369,
Sterculia setigera, 80, 529, 533. 371, 373-4, 437, 439, 465, 467, 480, 485, 487, 489,
Sterculia tomentosa, 59. 496, 509, 531, 585, 587-8, 591, 593, 601-2, 606-7,
Stereospermum kunthianum, 190. 609-10, 616-7, 622, 624, 634, 645, 648, 651-2, 655,
Sterna, 395. 659, 661, 668, 671-2, 686, 692, 702, 706, 711-2,
Sterna albifrons, 527. 715-9, 721, 729, 731-2, 743-5, 747-8, 753, 766, 769,
Sterna anaethetus, 277, 281, 526, 553, 556. 772, 776, 784-6, 802, 816-7, 872, 896, 939, 948, 970,
Sterna balaenarum, 457, 763. 1001.
Sterna dougallii, 276-7, 281, 309, 408, 553. Sylvicapra grimmia altivallis, 266.
Sterna fuscata, 276, 309, 527, 553. Symmeria paniculata, 529.
Sterna fuscata nubilosa, 409. Symphonia, 337.
Sterna repressa, 281, 309. Symphonia globulifera, 896.
Sterna saundersii, 277. Synapta, 423.
Sterna vittata, 708. Syncerus caffer, 14, 26, 28-31, 38, 45, 57, 59, 61,
Sterna vittata vittata, 708. 63, 67, 72, 80, 82, 84, 90, 93-4, 98, 104, 106, 108-10,
Stiburus conrathii, 683. 119-21, 123, 130, 140-1, 144-5, 147-9, 160-2, 164,
Stichopus chloronotus, 411. 190, 192-3. 197, 205-6, 208, 210-1, 228-30, 253, 255,
Stilbe rupestris, 632. 262, 265, 269-70, 274, 282, 284, 292, 295, 303, 306,
Stipa trichotoma, 633. 371, 380, 389, 432, 435-6, 439, 458, 465, 467, 480,
Stipagrostis, 453. 484, 487, 489-90, 495-6, 498, 509, 511, 521, 529, 584,
Stipagrostis ciliata, 587, 623. 591, 610, 617, 640, 645, 652, 664, 678, 697, 714, 722,
Stipagrostis obtusa, 587, 623. 725, 773, 798, 802, 804, 814, 816, 824, 826-7, 829,
Stipagrostis plumosa, 469. 831, 834, 836, 839, 841, 846-7, 849-50, 852, 854, 856,
Stipagrostis pungens, 394. 858, 861, 865, 871-2, 874, 884-5, 887, 891-2, 894-5,
Stipagrostis ramulosa, 457. 896, 898-9, 901-2, 911, 917, 920, 922-4, 935-6, 938,
Stipagrostis uniplumis, 49, 638. 940, 943-45, 947-9, 951-2, 955-6, 958, 968, 972, 980,
Stipagrostis vulnerans, 469. 985, 992-4, 996, 999, 1001.
Stochomys defua, 164. Syncerus caffer aequinoctialis, 158.
Stoebe vulgaris, 595. Syncerus caffer caffer, 5, 15, 17-8.
Stompneustes variolaris, 424. Syncerus caffer nanus, 10, 139, 142, 146, 150, 155,
Strelitzia alba, 751, 758. 167, 226, 239, 325, 565, 919.
Strelitzia nicolai, 778. Syringodium, 277.
Strelitzia reginae, 766. Syringodium isoetifolium, 276, 423.
Streptocarpus davyi, 814. Syzygium, 28, 302, 865.
Streptocarpus denticulatus, 814. Syzygium cordatum, 654, 669, 730, 773, 775.
Streptocarpus dunnii, 814. Syzygium gerrardii, 776, 782-3, 786.
Streptocarpus eytesii, 979. Syzygium guineense, 529, 645, 655, 685.
Streptocarpus johannis, 771. Tabebuia pallida, 551.
Streptocarpus latens, 683. Tabernaemontana usambarensis, 830.
Streptopelia capicola, 49. Tachybaptus pelzelnii, 341.
Streptopelia picturata rostrata, 556. Tachybaptus ruficollis, 253, 294.
Streptopelia semitorquata, 534. Tachyoryctes macrocephalus, 189.
Streptopelia senegalensis, 534, 967. Tachyoryctes splendens, 266.
Strix varia, 45. Tachyphasis milloti, 339.
Strombosia, 865. Tadarida midas, 585.
Strombosia glaucocense, 226. Tamarindus, 361-2.
Strombosia pustulata, 482-3. Tamarindus indica, 85, 193, 337, 357, 465, 467,
Struthio camelus, 17-9, 40, 51, 66, 88, 103, 108, 533, 798, 835, 983.
123-5, 128, 187, 190, 193, 196, 262, 294, 306, 312, Tamarix, 455.
429, 433, 447, 452, 454-5, 468, 470, 488, 531, 588, Tamarix senegalensis, 397, 524, 533.
591, 609, 619, 623, 637, 639-43, 686, 727-8, 744, 798, Tambourissa, 337, 354.
800, 802, 839, 858, 882, 901, 955, 999, 1001. Tambourissa sieberi, 413.
Struthio camelus massaicus, 268. Tapura fischeri, 775.
Struthio camelus molybdophanes, 263. Tarchonanthus camphoratus, 174, 260, 627, 676, 689.
Strychnos, 10, 568, 970. Tarchonanthus trilobus, 671.
Strychnos decussata, 775. Tarrietia, 156.
Strychnos madagascariensis, 775. Tarrietia utilis, 167, 239.
Strychnos mitis, 279. Tatera afra, 732, 736-7.
Strychnos spinosa, 230. Tatera kempi, 28.
Stumpffia grandis, 347. Tatera valida, 105.
Stumpffia roseifemoralis, 347. Tatsia bijuga, 553.
Stumpffia tridactyla, 347. Tauraco andersoni, 982.
Stylodonta studeriana, 552. Tauraco corythaix, 982.
Stylophora, 557. Tauraco fischeri, 861.
Suaeda, 199, 281. Tauraco hartlaubi, 253, 270.
Suaeda monoica, 255, 274. Tauraco johnstoni, 511, 892.
Sula dactylatra, 549. Tauraco macrochir, 982.
Sula dactylatra melanops, 409. Tauraco persa, 218.
Sula leucogaster, 199, 526, 549. Tauraco porphyreolophus, 675, 836, 967.
Sula sula, 549. Taurotragus derbianus, 26, 28, 81-2, 84, 104, 106,
Suncus madagascariensis, 357. 110-2, 118, 123, 129, 387, 389, 529.
Suriana, 405, 412. Taurotragus oryx, 5-6, 10, 12, 14-5, 17-8, 40, 109,
Suriana maritima, 556. 193, 253, 257, 265, 268, 274, 306, 318, 367, 374, 376,
Sus scrofa, 205. 379-80, 387, 432, 435-6, 439, 447, 452, 454, 458, 509,
Sutera divaricata, 624. 584, 587, 591, 593, 595, 613-4, 617-8, 622-3, 637,
-1032-
639-40, 642, 648, 661, 664, 666, 672-3, 676, 679, 687,
689, 693, 712, 714, 722, 727-8, 769, 816, 824, 827,
829, 834, 839, 841, 844, 846, 858, 884, 890, 895,
900-1, 915, 920, 935, 938, 943-5, 947, 949, 951-2,
958, 967, 977, 980, 987, 990, 992, 997, 999, 1001.
Taurotragus oryx livingstonii, 882.
Tayassu, 205.
Tchagra australis, 49.
Tchagracruenta, 841.
Teclea, 293.
Teclea nobilis, 174.
Tectona grandis, 226, 971.
Telacanthura melanopygia, 226.
Tenrec ecaudatus, 334, 341, 357, 552.
Tephrosia, 281.
Terathopius ecaudatus,
834, 852, 888, 972.
Terminalia, 15, 47, 72, 80, 88, 104, 106, 120, 122,
126, 157, 159, 161, 190, 263, 283, 307, 367, 376, 379,
429, 435, 479, 487, 834, 882, 885, 934, 970.
Terminalia altissima, 241.
Terminalia avicennioides,
479, 486.
Terminalia brevipes, 307.
Terminalia brownii, 801.
Terminalia catappa, 558.
Terminalia glaucescens, 479.
Terminalia ivorensis, 167, 226, 239, 241.
Terminalia laxiflora, 57,67, 82, 106, 494.
Terminalia macroptera, 80, 106, 219, 230, 479-80,
533.
Terminalia mantali, 335.
Terminalia prunioides, 686, 712.
Terminalia sericea, 45, 49, 584, 587, 650-1, 654-5,
680, 684, 686, 695, 711, 725, 956, 971.
Terminalia spinosa, 193, 852.
Terminalia superba, 144-5, 150, 160-1, 205, 226,
482, 483, 926.
Terpsiphone corvina, 558.
Terpsiphone viridis, 175, 459.
Tessmannia, 10.
Testudo sulcata, 531.
Tetrapleura tetraptera, 495.
Tetraria, 614.
Tetraria cuspidata, 614.
Thalasseus bengalensis, 277.
Thalasseus maximus, 527, 532.
Thalassia hemprichii, 277, 547.
Thalliurus chlorurus, 423.
Thaminophyllum latifolium, 632.
Thamnochortus, 600.
Thamnochortus dichotomus, 620, 627.
Thamnochortus erectus, 618.
Thamnochortus nutans, 620.
Thelotornis, 45.
Themeda, 268, 595, 640, 642-3, 648, 657, 661,
663-4, 666, 676, 688, 696, 713, 765, 769, 771, 895,
922.
Themeda triandra, 190, 291, 374, 508, 584, 587,
591, 598, 602-3, 606, 610-1, 613, 638, 640, 642-3,
645, 648-9, 651, 657, 661, 668-9, 672-3, 675, 678-80,
682, 687, 689, 692-3, 696-7, 699-701, 704, 713,
722-3, 725, 728, 731, 769, 771, 773, 776, 782-3, 798,
831, 896, 902.
Theropithecus gelada, 195.
Thespesia populnea, 408.
Threskiornis aethiopicus,
272, 274, 824.
Thryonomys, 105.
Thryonomys gregorianus, 94, 97.
Thryonomys swinderianus, 167, 218, 239.
Thunbergia alata, 824.
Thymus, 195.
Tieghemella heckelii, 226, 568.
Tilapia, 39, 45, 439, 452, 970, 977, 979-80, 983,
988, 998-9, 1001-2.
Tilapia grahami, 260.
Tilapia rendalli, 675, 678, 680, 685.
Tilapia sparrmanii, 687, 699.
Tilapia spilurus, 274.
41, 51, 88, 306, 529, 531,
57, 59, 85, 158, 465-6,
45, 185, 193, 217, 263,
Taxonomic Index
Tillaea moschata, 707.
Tockus bradfieldi, 459, 955.
Tockus erythrorhynchus, 288, 534, 941.
Tockus fasciatus, 902.
Tockus flavirostris, 175, 288, 294.
Tockus hartlaubi, 534.
Tockus hemprichii, 175.
Tockus monteiri, 454.
Tockus pallidirostris, 836.
Torgos tracheliotus, 49, 451, 455, 885, 972.
Tournefortia, 412.
Tournefortia argentea, 553. ,
Toxocarpus schimperianus, 540, 543, 551.
Trachyphonus darnaudii, 274.
Trachyphonus purpuratus, 892.
Trachypogon, 141, 143, 765.
Trachypogon capensis, 771.
Trachypogon spicatus, 679, 695, 699, 704, 709.
Tragelaphus angasi, 371, 377, 434, 437, 439, 584,
645, 651-2, 654-5, 667, 678, 682, 712, 775, 970, 977,
999.
Tragelaphus buxtoni, 189.
Tragelaphus euryceros, 90, 93, 98, 139, 142, 148,
150, 158, 160, 164, 205-6, 226, 253, 325, 567, 919,
922, 925.
Tragelaphus imberbis, 187, 190, 193, 196, 263, 274,
281-2, 287, 295-6, 584, 591, 593, 602, 607, 610,
651-2, 661, 678, 680, 685, 690-1, 711-2, 714, 725,
727-8, 754, 766, 836, 841, 847, 850, 855, 882.
Tragelaphus oryx, 601.
Tragelaphus scriptus, 5, 9-10, 14-5, 26, 28, 43,
57, 59, 61, 64, 72, 81-2, 85, 94, 97-8, 104, 106, 123-4,
126, 150, 156, 158, 160, 167, 195, 197, 217-9, 226,
228-30, 239, 253, 265, 268, 270, 369, 371, 373-4, 379,
435-7, 439, 465, 467, 480, 484, 489, 495, 511, 533,
565, 584, 591, 597, 614, 617, 633, 640, 645, 648, 652,
655, 662, 671, 673, 682, 699, 711-2, 715-23, 731, 740,
743, 751, 754, 757-8, 762-3, 765-6, 768-9, 772,
775-6, 778-80, 782-6, 798, 800, 802, 814, 826, 829,
831, 834, 836-7, 839, 850, 861, 874, 887, 889, 892,
896, 898, 915, 919, 934-5, 938, 941, 947-9, 954, 977,
980, 986, 989, 990, 992, 994, 999.
Tragelaphus scriptus meneliki, 189.
Tragelaphus spekei, 7, 9, 14, 18, 45, 72, 90, 92-3,
96, 98, 139-42, 148-50, 158, 205-6, 218, 271, 509,
800, 802, 837, 839, 843, 849, 884, 919, 925, 938, 949,
958.
Tragelaphus spekei gratus, 217.
Tragelaphus strepsiceros, 5-6, 15, 17-9, 43, 45,
49, 121, 123-4, 129, 186-7, 190, 192-3, 196, 289, 293,
305, 312, 367, 369, 371, 373-4, 376-7, 379-80, 435-6,
439, 447, 450, 452, 454, 456, 459, 584, 588, 591, 593,
602, 607, 610, 637, 640, 645, 652, 661, 678, 680, 685,
690-1, 702, 711-2, 714, 725-8, 754, 766, 798, 816-7,
834, 836, 850, 854, 882, 915, 934, 941, 943, 951,
955-6, 972, 977, 980, 988-90, 992, 994, 996, 999,
1001-2.
Tragelaphus trepsiceros, 651.
Tragus berteronianus, 686.
Treculia africana, 521, 896.
Trema orientalis, 174, 669, 776.
Treron australis, 989.
Treron calva, 534.
Treron waalia, 175.
Trianodan obesus, 808.
Triaspis glaucophylla, 678, 690.
Trichastoma rufipennis, 861.
Trichechus senegalensis, 6, 10, 92, 140, 155, 210,
217, 219, 397, 480, 492, 498, 521, 523-4, 532.
Trichilia, 432, 970.
Trichilia dregeana, 731, 775-6, 786.
Trichilia emetica, 654-5, 682, 730, 976.
Trichilia patens, 568.
Trichilia roka, 830, 952.
Trichocladus crinitus, 720.
Trichocladus grandiflorus, 776.
Tricholaena, 920.
Trichoneura grandiglumis, 43, 693.
Tridacna squamosa, 277.
Trifolium, 195.
-1033-
IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas
Trigonoceps occipitalis, 972.
Trionyx triunguis, 6, 10.
Triplochiton, 226, 232-3.
Triplochiton scleroxylon, 160-1, 166-7, 229, 232-3,
238-9, 241.
Tripneustes gratilla, 424.
Tristachya, 765.
Tristachya hispida, 668, 672, 692, 771, 814.
Tristachya leucothrix, 769, 771, 776.
Tristachya rehmannii, 693, 695.
Trochetia, 413.
Tropidophora felicis, 344.
Turbinaria, 423, 542, 545.
Turdoides squamulatus, 263.
Turdus fischeri, 279, 311, 920.
Turdus kibalensis, 896.
Turdus oberlaenderi, 922.
Turraeanthus africanus, 156.
Tursiops truncatus, 395, 597.
Tylophora, 410.
Typha, 185, 524, 614, 928.
Typha angustifolia, 830.
Typha capensis, 10, 614, 701, 729.
Typha domingensis, 43.
Typha latifolia, 43.
Typhleotris madagascariensis, 350.
Typhlops madagascariensis, 344.
Typhlops reuteri, 344.
Tyto alba, 556.
Tyto alba affinis, 551.
Tyto capensis, 253.
Tyto soumagnei, 360.
Uapaca, 346.
Uapaca bojeri, 334.
Uapaca detarium, 80.
Uapaca guineensis, 570.
Uapaca palludosa, 865.
Uapaca somon, 158-9.
Uapaca thouarsii, 343.
Uapaca togoensis, 161, 479, 494.
Udotea indica, 276-7.
Ulva, 419.
Ulva cuchemia, 417.
Ulva lactuca, 276, 420.
Umtiza listerana, 768.
Uncaria africana, 258.
Upupaepops, 534.
Urelytrum squarrosum, 638, 814.
Urelytrum thyrsoides, 911.
Urochloa mosambicensis, 645, 686.
Urochloa trichopus, 43.
Uroplatus alluaudi, 335.
Urtica, 195.
Usnea, 195.
Uvaria, 483.
Uvariopsis congensis, 258.
Vanellus coronatus, 834.
Vanellus senegallus, 941.
Vanellus spinosus, 534.
Vangueria infausta, 690, 697, 705.
Varanus exanthematicus, 231, 480.
Varanus exanthematicus albigularis,
678, 681, 685, 687, 695, 699, 773.
Varanus niloticus,
831, 888, 928.
Varecia variegata, 340, 343, 354, 359-60.
Vateria seychellarum, 540.
Vepris lanceolata, 669.
Vepris undulata, 717, 720.
Vernonia, 302, 346, 348.
Vernonia subuligera, 824.
Verschaffeltia splendida, 551.
Vetiveria, 10, 528.
Vetiveria nigritana, 88, 397, 529, 934.
Vidua fischeri, 834.
Virgilia oroboides, 620, 751, 758, 762.
Viscum, 348.
Vitellaria paradoxa, 59.
Vitex, 346, 865.
45, 593, 675,
26, 28, 43, 45, 81,
369, 480, 534, 595, 675, 678, 681, 695, 699, 754, 773,
Vitex chrysocarpa, 467.
Vitex chrysoclada, 465.
Vitex doniana, 80.
Vitex mombassae, 706.
Viverra civetta, 193, 218, 565.
Voacanga, 258-9.
Voacanga thouarsii,
Vossia, 928.
775.
Vossia cuspidata, 106, 941.
Vulpes chama, 40, 47, 609.
Vulpes pallida, 85, 468, 531.
Vulpes riippelli, 395, 470.
Warburgia salutaris,
259.
Warburgia ugandensis, 291, 861.
Watsonia, 597.
Watsonia transvaalensis, 675, 699.
Watsonia wilmsii, 699.
Weinmannia, 346, 348.
Weissmannia, 354.
Welwitschia, 6.
Welwitschia bainesii,
6, 19, 455.
Widdringtonia, 648, 769.
Widdringtonia whytei, 973.
Wissmannia carinens!
is, 174.
Witsenia maura, 618, 627.
Xanothon marmaritus, 423.
Xanthocercis zambesiaca, 712, 969, 997.
Xenia, 805.
Xenocalamus bicolor
australis, 695.
Xenocalamus transvaalensis, 691.
Xenopirostris damii,
341.
Xenopirostris polleni, 346, 360.
Xenopus gilli, 619.
Xenopus laevis, 697.
Xeroderris, 970.
Xerus erythropus, 85, 105, 218, 533.
Ximenia caffra, 697.
Xylocarpus, 543, 545.
Xylopia aethiopica,
Xymalos monospora,
482.
715, 720-1, 731, 776, 782-3, 786.
Zalusianskya nemesioides, 624.
Zantedeschia oculata
Zanthoxylum davyi,
, 595.
776.
Zanthoxylum leprieurii, 258.
Zanthoxylum mildbraedii, 258.
Zelotomys woosnami, 587.
Ziziphus, 80, 82, 85-6, 882.
Ziziphus abyssinica,
Ziziphus amphibia,
Ziziphus mauritiana,
Ziziphus mucronata,
983.
798.
529.
309.
43, 529, 676, 682, 704, 773,
Ziziphus spina-christi, 469.
Zoothera gurneyi, 986.
Zostera, 281.
Zostera nana, 646.
Zostera noltii, 394.
Zosterops abyssinica,
Zosterops modestus,
175.
540.
Zosterops poliogaster kulalensis, 312.
Zoutpansbergia caerulea, 705.
Zoysia, 404.
Zygophyllum, 199, 588.
Zygophyllum morgsana, 622.
Zygophyllum retrofractum, 609.
Zygophyllum simplex, 455, 457, 469.
Zygophyllum stapfii,
-1034-
455, 457.
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Prepared by IUCN in collaboration with the
United Nations Environment Programme.
A contribution to GEMS — the Global Environment
Monitoring System.
UN +
This book is part of
THE IUCN CONSERVATION LIBRARY
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