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THE 

CHRISTIAN  MOVEMENT 

IN   THE 

JAPANESE  EMPIRE 

INCLUDING 

KOREA  AND  FORMOSA 
A  YEAR  BOOK  FOR 

1917 

FIFTEENTH  ANNUAL  ISSUE 


EDWIN  TAYLOR  IGLEHART 

EDITOR 
ASSOCIATE  EDITORS 

G.  W.  FULTON  J.  H.  PETTEE 

EDITOR  OF  KOREAN  SECTION 

W.  G.  CRAM 

JAPANESE  CONSULTING  EDITOR 

K.  MATSUNO 

STATISTICIAN 

E.  K.  McCoRD 

PUBLISHED   FOR   THE 

CONFERENCE   OF    FEDERATED   MISSIONS 
JAPAN 

1917 


THE  CHRISTIAN  MOVEMENT  IN  THE 
JAPANESE  EMPIRE 

Is  on  sale  as  follows  : — 
In  Japan  by 

Kyo  Bun  Kwan,  Ginza,  Tokyo. 
I:i  Korea  by 

Mr.  Gerald  Bomvick, 

Korean  Religious  Book  and  Tract  Society,  Seoul. 

In  China  by 

The  Mission  Book  Company, 

1 8  Peking  Road,  Shanghai. 
In  Great  Britain  by 

The  Religious  Tract  Society, 

St.  Paul's  Churchyard,  Ixmdon,  England. 
In  America  by 

The  Missionary  Education  Movement, 
156  Fifth  Ave.,  New  York. 


Printed  by  the  Fukuin  Printing  Co.,  Ltd.,  Tokyo,  Japan 


PREFACE 


For  the  first  time  in  six  years  the  name  of  John  Lincoln 
Dearing  fails  to  appear  on  the  title  page  of  this  book. 
Though  his  absence  on  furlough  would  have  prevented  his 
editing  this  year's  issue,  it  was  the  plan  of  the  present 
editor  to  have  Dr.  Bearing's  name  appear  as  an  associate 
editor,  in  order  not  to  break  the  continuity  of  his  service, 
and  in  order  that  he  might  the  more  naturally  take  up,  on 
his  return,  the  editorial  labors  which  all  recogni/ed  as 
belonging  peculiarly  to  him.  He  rests  from  his  labors, 
but  his  works  follow  him.  Not  the  least  of  these  is  the 
high  standard  which  this  book  reached  under  his  editorial 
guidance,  and  which  it  is  our  aspiration  to  sustain. 

It  is  impossible  to  give  fitting  credit  to  all  those  who 
have  contributed  to  the  production  of  this  issue  of  the 
CHRISTIAN  MOVEMENT.  One  has  but  to  undertake  a  com 
pilation  of  this  kind  to  realize  anew  the  readiness  of  a  large 
group  of  busy  men  "and  women  to  respond  to  new  calls 
willingly  and  promptly.  The  editor,  in  his  new  respon 
sibility,  has  met  quick  co  operation  on  every  hand. 

It  would  be  invidious  to  attempt  to  single  out  chapters 
of  special  importance  in  the  book.  It  was  at  Dr.  Dear- 
ing's  suggestion  that  special  articles  on  Medical  Work 
and  The  Woman  Movement  were  obtained.  We  believe 
that  part  IX  presents  the  most  comprehensive  and  able 
setting  forth  of  social  movements  in  Japan  that  has  yet 
appeared. 

We  regret  the  necessity  of  having  included  in  the   Ap 
pendix   some  items  that  should  have  been  in  the  body  of 
the   book.      Repeated  attempts  were   made   to  obtain  a 
report  from  the  Russian  Orthodox  Church,  but  without 
success. 

The  action  of  the  Conference  of  Federated  Mis 
sions  of  Japan  recently  in  appointing  a  Conference 


IV  PREFACE 

Statistician  seems  to  be  amply  justified  by  the  painstaking 
and  accurate  work  of  Rev.  E.  K.  McCord.  The  tables 
will  be  found  in  the  pocket  at  the  back. 

Rev.  YV.  G.  Cram,  who  edited  the  entire  Korean  section 
and  Mr.  Thomas  Hobbs  who  provided  the  Korean 
Directory  have  made  this  book  of  special  value  to  all 
friends  of  Korea. 

it  is  unnecessary  to  call  attention  to  the  fact  that  this 
book  is  written  fresh  from  title  page  'o  Index  each  year. 
There  is  no  hold  over  copy.  It  is  a  new  survey  of  a 
movement  that  is  moving  in  every  part.  We  venture  to 
think  that  it  fairly  depicts  the  newest  phase  of  all  that 
relates  to  Christian  work  in  the  Empire. 

EDWIN  T.  IGLEHART. 
Tokyo,  May  u,  1917. 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS 


PREFACE        PAGE 

TABLE  OK  CONTENTS PACK 


JAPAN 

PART  I.— GENERAL  REYIEW  OF  TIIK  YEAR 

PAGE 

CHAPTKK       I. — General  Survey,  The  Editor 3 

CHAPTER     II. — Religious  Survey,  The  Editor      i\ 

PART  II.— ORGANIZATIONS 

CHAPTER       I. — The  Eederated  Missions,  J.  II.  Pettee 23 

CHAPTER     II. — Federation  of  Churches  in  Japan,  K.  Matsuno 27 

CHAPTER  III. — The  Japan  Continuation  Committee,  G.  M.  Fisher    ...  30 

PART  III.— MISSIONS  AND  CIIURCHF.S 

CHAPTER       I. — Introduction,  G.  W.  Fulton 35 

CHAPTER     II. — The  Anglican  Group 

I. — The  Nippon  Seikokwai,  J.  T.  Imai     40 

II. — American  Episcopal  Mission '  42 

a.  District  of  Tokyo,  J.  A.  Welbourn     42 

b.  Diocese  of  Kyoto,  J.  Chapman    44 

III. — Church  Missionary  Society    46 

<7.  Hokkaido  Mission,  D.  M.  Lang 46 

l>.  Central  Japan  Mission,  T- C.  Mann      46 

c.  Kyush  i  Mission,  J.  Hind      48 

IV. — The   Missionary  Society    of    the  Church    of  England    in 

Canada,  Bishop  Hamilton        48 

V. — Society  for  the  Propagation  of  the  Gospel 50 

a.  South  Tokyo  Diocese,  Bishop  Cecil 50 

b.  Osaka  Diocese,  Bishop  Foss ^i 

CHAPTER   III. — The  Congregational  Group 

I. — The Kumiai  Churches, T.  Makino ;  ^ 

II. — The  American  Board  Mission,  J.  II.  Pettee 55 

CHAPTER    IV. — The  Methodist  Group 

I. — Japan  Methodist  Church,  Bishop  Iliraiwa    59 

II. — The  Japan    Mission    of    the    Mclhodist   Church,    Carada, 

E.  C.  Hennigar 60 

,  III. — The  Woman's  Missionary  Society  of  (he  Methodist  Church, 

Canada,  Miss  M.  A.  Robertson 63 


vj  CONTEXTS 

IV— East  Japan   Mission  of  the   Methodist    Episcopal  Church, 

G.  F.  Draper      •.     —     •;•     —     65 

V  —East  Tapan  Conference  of  the  Woman's  Foreign  Missionary 
Society    Methodist     Episcopal      Church,    Miss     E.  M. 

Taylor ,     «•      •••     6S 

VI— West  Japan   Mission  of  tlu  Methodist  Episcopal  Church, 

F.  N.  Scott 70 

VII  —West  Japan  Conference  of  the  Woman's  Foreign  Missionary 
Society   of  the   Methodist   Episcopal   Church,  Miss  M. 

Yo.mg 72 

VIII.— Japan  Mission  of  Hie  Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  South, 

W.  K  Matthews 74 

CiiAl'iK  R      V.— The  Presbyterian  Group 

I ._The  Tapan  Mission  of  th;  Presbyterian  Church  in  the  U.S.A., 

J/G.  Dunlop      78 

II. Southern  Presbyterian  Mission,  C.  A.  Logan      ...      ...      ...      82 

]j] The    Xorth  Ja  an  Mission  of   the    Reformed  Church  in 

America,  A.  Oltmans 86 

IV. The   South  Japan  Mission  of  the    Reformed  Church    in 

America,  II.  V.  S.  Peeke 87 

V  —Japan  Mission,  U.  S.  Reformed  Church,  J.  P.  Moore 89 

VI.— Woman's  Union  Missionary  Society,  Miss  C.  Alward        ...     92 
CHAVIKU    VI. — Other  Missions  and  Churches 

I. The  American  Baptist  Foreign  Missionary  Soc'ety,  R.  A. 

Thomson     94 

II. — The  Japan  Mission  of  the  Southern  Baptist   Convention, 

P.  P.  Medling     98 

III. — The  American  Christian  Convention,  A.  D.  Woodworth  ...     99 

IV. — The  Churche;  of  Christ  Mission,  T.  A.  Young 100 

V. — The  Christian  and  Missionary  Alliance,  II.  Lindstrom     ...    102 

VI. — The  Evangelical  Association,  P.  S.  Mayer 103 

•  VII. — Joint  Conference   of  Lutheran    Missions  Co-operating    in 

Japan,  L.  S.  G.  Miller       105 

VIII. — Japan  Evangelistic  Band,  R.  W.  Harris      108 

IX. — The    General   Evangelical   Protestant    Missionary    Society 

(German  Swiss),  E.  Schiller      no 

X. — Free  Methodist  Mission,  A.  Youngren in 

XI. — Friends  Mission,  Mrs.  H.  E.  Coleman 113 

XII. —  Hephzibah  Faith  Mission,  Miss  A.  Glenn 114 

XIII. — Methodist  Protestant  Mission,  I/.  Layman 115 

XIV. — Methodist  Protestant  Women's  Foreign  Missionary  Society, 

Miss  H.  E.  Steele       117 

XV. — Omi  Mission,  W.  M.  Vories 118 

XVI. — The  Oriental  Missionary  Society,  E.  A.  Kilbourne    120 

XVII. — The  Salvation  Army,  J.  W.  Beaumont        121 

XVIII. — Scandinavian  Japan  Alliance,  J.  Anderson 124 

XIX. — United  Brethren  Mission,  B.  F.  Shively      .".    125 

XX. — The  Universalist  Mission,  G.  I.  Keirn 126 

XXI. — The  Unitarian  Mission,  C.  MacCauley         127 

XXII. — Roman  Catholic  Missions,  C.  F.  Sweet        129 


CONTENTS   "  Vtl 

PART  IV.— OTHER  CHRISTIAN  ORGANIZATIONS  AND 
MOVEMENTS 

CHAPTER      I. — Young  Men's  Christian  Association 

I. — The  Japanese  Young  Men's  Christian  Associations,  G.  M. 

Fisher 135 

II. — Tokyo  Korean  Young  Men's  Christian  Association,  G.  M. 

Fisher i  jS 

III. — Chinese  Student  Young  Men's  Christian  Association,  C.  1). 

Hayes I -y 

CHAPTER    II. — The  Young  Women's  Christian   Association  of  japan, 

Miss  M.  L.  Matthew 142 

CHAITER  III.— Sunday  School  Work 
•  I. — Report  of  the  Sunday  School  Committee  of  the  Federated 

Missions,  D.  S.  Spencer    145 

II. — Report  of  the  Sunday  School  Specialist,  II.  E.  Coleman  ...    150 
III. — The    New    Interdenominational    Sunday    School    lesson 

System,  H.  E.  Coleman    154 

C'liAri'KR    IV. — The  Japan  Union  of  Christian  Endeavor,  J.  II.  1'etlee.   161 

CHAPTER     V. — The  Peace  Movement,  G.  Bowles        16^5 

CHAPTER    VI. — Temperance 167 

I. — The  National  Temperance  league,  II.  V.  Nicholson         ...    167 
II. — The  Woman's  Christian  Temperanca  Union  of  Japan,  Miss 

A.  G.  Lewis 1(9 

CHAPTER  VII. — The  Chinese  Student  Church  in  Tokyo,  P.  C.  Peng...    173 
CHAPTER  VIII. — The     International     Christian     Police      Association, 

J.  Cuthbertson     174 

CHAPTER    IX. — Union  Church    Work  among  Anglo-American  Com 
munities  in  Japan,  J.  M.  Davis 176 

CHAPTER      X. — Christian  Work  among  the  Japanese  in  Korea,  F.  H. 

Smi;h 181 

• 
PART  V.— EVANGELISM 

CHAPTER       I. — National  Evangelistic  Campaign,  D. R.  McKenzie   ...   191 

PART  VI.— EDUCATK )N 

CHAPTER       I. — Christian  Education,  D.  6.  Schjieder 201 

CHAPTER      II. — Schools  for  Foreign  Children,  E.  T.  Iglehart    213 

CHAPTER    III. — The  Japanese  Language  School,  G.  Bowles       215 

PART  VII.— LITERATURE 

CHAPTER        I. — Annual     Review     of     Religious    Literature,    S.  II. 

Wainright 223 

CHAPTER      II. — Christian   Literature  as   a  Mission  Agency  in  Japan, 

S.  II.  Wainright 234 

CHAPTER    III. — Bible  Societies 

I. — The  British  and  Foreign  Bible  Society,  F.  Parrott     239 

II. — The  American  Bible  Society,  K.  E.  Aurell 242 

CHAPTER     IV. — The   Revised  Version  of  the   New  Testament,  C.  S. 

Davison       245 


Vlll 


CONTENTS 


PART  VIII  —  MEDICAL  WORK 
CHAIMER        I. — Christian  Medical  Work  in  Japan,  S.  Ileaslett... 


253 


CHAPTER 

CHAPTER 

CHAI'TKR 

CHAPTER 
CHAPTER 


L- 

II.- 

III.- 

IV.- 

V.- 

VI.- 

VII.- 

VIII, 

IX 


PART  IX.— SOCIAL  PROBLEMS 

I. — The   Woman   Movement   in  Japan,  Miss  A.  C.  Mac- 
Donald        265 

II. — Industrial  Conditions  in  Japan,  J.  M.  Davis      279 

III. — The  Social  Evil  in  Japan,  W.  H.  Erskine 294 

IV. — The  Labor  Movement  in  Japan,  G.  M.  Fisher 314 

V. — Social  Service,  G.  Gleason 324 

PART  X.— OBITUARIES 

-Harriet  S.  Ailing 335' 

-Ella  Blackstock     336 

-William   Alexander  Flint  Campbell   and  Jean  Campbell, 

1).  R.  MacKenzie       337 

-Abby  Maria  Colby,  J- H.  Pettee 339 

-Herman  Henry  Cook,  H.  K.  Miller    336 

-John  Lincoln  Dearing,  W.  Axling       , 341 

-Man-  Eliza  Melton,  Miss  M.  Young     342 

— Crowder  B.  Mosely,  J.  C.  C.  Newton 344 

— Caroline  Waughop  Van  Petten,  Miss  G.  Baucus        346 

KOREA 

PART  L— MISSIONS 

CHAPTER      I. — Bible  Societies 

I. — The  American  Bible  Society,  S.  A.  Beck    ,     ... 

II.     British  and  Foreign  Bible  Society,  T.  Hobbs     

CHAPTER* II. — The  Korean  Religious  Book  and  Tract  Society,  J.  L. 

Gerdine       ...      

CHAPTER  III. — The  Methodist  Group 

I. — Methodist  Episcopal  Mission,  \V.  C.  Rufus , 

II. — Methodist  Episcopal  Church  South,  J.  W.  Hitch       

CHAPTER   IV. — The  Presbyterian  Group 

I. — Canadian  Presbyterian  Mission,  A.  F.  Robb       

II. — Presbyterian  Church  in  U.S.A.  Mission,  G.  H.  Winn 
III. — Southern  Presbyterian  Mission,  M.  L.  Swinehart       

PART  II.— MEDICAL  WORK 
CHAPTER      I. — Survey  of  Medical  Wcrk  in  Korea,  O.  R.  Avison 

FORMOSA 

PART  I.— MISSIONS 

CHAPTER  I. — North  Formosa  Mis  ion,  Canadian  Presbyterian 

Church,  D.  McLeod 415 

CHAPTER  II. — South  Formosa  Mission,  English  Presbyterian  Church, 

T.  Barclay 419 


35  * 
352 

354 

357 


379 
384 


393 


CONTENTS  IX 

APPENDICES 

ArrKNDix       I. —  The  Conference  of  Federated  Missions  in  Japan 

I.     Constitution  and  By-Laws    iii 

II. — Roll  of  Members viii 

III. — Officers  and  Committees,  1917     x 

IV. — Minutes  of  Sixteenth  Annual  Meeting xiii 

ArrKNDix       II. — Federation  of  Churches  of  Japan 

I. — Constitution xxii 

II. — Officers  and  Committees        xxiii 

AITKNDIX     III. — Members  of  the  Japan  Continuation  Committee      ...  xxiv 

AiTKNDix      IV". — The  Church  of  Christ  in  Japan        xxvi 

AITKNDIX       V. — Some  Roman  Catholic  Statistics        xxviii 

AITENDIX      VI. — Revised  Course  of  Study  in  the  Jnpane.-e  Language. .xxxii 

APl'KNDix    VII. — Some  General  Statistics     xxxvi 

AITKNDIX  VIII. — List  of  Christian  Periodicals     ...        xxxix 

AITKNDIX     IX. — Christian  Schools  in  Japan       xlvi 

AITKNDIX       X. — Federal  Council  of  Korea,  Officers  and  Committees.    Ixv 

DIRECTORIES 

JAPAN  MISSIONARY  DIRECTORY, 

List  of  Mission  Boards  and  Churches      Ixix 

Alphabetical  List       l\xi 

List  by  Mission xcvii 

List  by  Towns cxi 

KOREAN  MISSIONARY  DIRECTORY, 

Alphabetical  List       cxxvii 

List  by  Missions cxxxvi 

List  by  S'.ations cxliv 

GENERAL  INDEX        cli 

INDEX,  VOLUMES  1-14      clvi 

STATISTICAL  TABLES  AND  CHARTS,  JAPAN  AND  KOREA       In  Tucket 


J/VPAIN 


PART  I 
GENERAL  REVIEW  OF   THE  YEAR 


CHAPTER     I 

GENERAL  SURVEY 

BY  THE  EDITOR 

It  is  purposed  in  this  survey  to  glance  rapidly  over 
national  events  of  more  than  passing  importance.  Every 
thing  that  concerns  Japan  is  of  interest  to  those  who  are 
working  for  Christ  in  this  land,  and  to  her  multitude  of 
friends  in  other  lands  as  well.  The  Christian  movement  in 
Japan  is  not  detached  from  the  events  of  national  concern, 
be  they  political,  economic,  financial,  social  or  of  any  other 
so  called  secular  nature.  It  seems  wise,  therefore,  in  order 
to  have  a  background  for  the  Christian  activities  so  fully 
chronicled  throughout  the  following  chapters,  to  present 
here  a  resume  of  the  outstanding  events  and  movements  of 
the  year. 

Japan  has  enjoyed  a  year  of  tense  political  excitement, 
terminating  in  the  resignation  of  the  Okuma  ministry,  and 
the  formation  of  a  new  ministry  under  Count  Terauchi, 
the  nominee  of  the  Elder  Statesmen,  and  who  has  en 
deavored  to  rule  the  country  without  a  political  party 
behind  him.  This  has  brought  heated  discussion  in  the 
Japanese  press  and  in  political  circles  as  to  the  power  of 
the  Elder  Statesmen,  the  question  of  a  ministry  without 
parliamentary  support,  and  other  interesting  problems 
relating  to  comstitut'o  al  government.  But  we  are  antici 
pating  ;  for  reference  should  be  nnde  first  of  all  to  an  event 
that  stands  apart  from  all  political  controversy. 

On   Nov.    3,   the  birthday  of  the  late 
Proclamation  of  the    Emperor,  the  Proclamation  of  the  Crown 

Crown  Prince       Prince  occurred.    Hirohito  Michi-no-Miya 

was  born  April  29,  1901, and  has  had  such 

cueful  training  of  body  and  intellect  and  morals  as  should 


4  JAPAN 

fit  him  to  wisely  rule  over  the  Empire  over  which  he  has 
now  been  proclaimed  Heir  Apparent.  To  the  great  joy  of 
the  people  of  Japan  the  present  Imperial  family  is  blessed 
with  four  sons,  of  whom  Prince  Hirohito  is  the  eldest. 
The  ceremonies  of  installation  were  conducted  according 
to  the  old  Shinto  form,  in  the  privacy  of  the  court.  The 
proclamation  was  made  at  the  shrines  of  the  Imperial 
ancestors  both  in  Tokyo  and  at  Ise,  and  before  the 
mausolea  of  the  first  and  the  last  Emperor.  It  is  needless 
to  say  that  the  auspicious  occasion  was  celebrated  by  none 
more  heartily  than  by  the  Christians  of  the  Empire.  The 
question  of  Shinto  rites  and  the  duty  of  Christians  is  still  a 
matter  of  much  concern. 

Premier  Okuma  was  prominent  in  the 
Marquis  Okuma  public  eye  through  most  of  the  year.  On 
Jan.  12  an  attempt  was  made  to  assas 
sinate  him  with  a  bomb  while  returning  in  his  carriage 
from  a  function  at  the  palace.  Fortunately  the  Premier 
was  not  wounded.  It  will  be  remembered  that  nearly 
thirty  years  ago  he  was  crippled  for  life  by  a  fanatic  be 
cause  cf  his  liberal  policies.  The  perpetrators  of  the 
recent  crime  were  brought  to  justice,  and  considerable 
sensation  was  aroused  by  the  plea  of  their  counsel,  the 
well  known  Dr.  Egi,  who  claimed  that  under  certain  cir 
cumstances  assassination  might  be  justifiable.  The  publica 
tion  of  the  plea  caused  the  suppression  of  seven  Tokyo 
dailies,  and  considerable  agitation  over  the  muzzling  of  the 
press. 

The  last  constructive  act  of  the  Okuma 
Agreement  with     ministry  was  the  agreement  with  Russia. 
Russia  It    is     the     briefest     of     Japan's     inter 

national  treaties,  tran.-ferring  a  section 
of  the  Chinese  Eastern  Railway  to  Japan,  and  providing 
for  greater  freedom  of  activity  for  Japanese  commerce  and 
industry  in  Russian  territories.  Since  the  visit  of  the 
Russian  Grand  Duke  a  year  ago,  and  even  for  some  time 
before  that  Russia  and  Japan  have  been  drawing  closer 
together.  During  the  year  Prince  Kanin  visited  Petrograd 
and  was  received  with  great  cordiality.  A  unit  of  Red 
Cross  doctors  and  nurses  also  served  in  Russia.  Japan 


GENERAL   SURVEY  5 

has  been  devoting  all  her  spare  energies  to  the  manufacture 
of  munitions  for  the  Russian  armies,  to  Russia  a  welcome 
service,  and  to  Japan  a  source  of  unexampled  prosperity 
of  a  certain  kind.  It  remains  to  be  seen  what  the  effect  of 
the  new  Russo-Japanese  agreement  will  be  upon  the  enter 
prises  of  other  nations  in  China.  An  aftermath  of  the 
agreement  was  the  promotion  in  the  peerage  of  several 
statesmen  concerned  in  its  negotiations.  Count  Okuma 
earned  a  new  honor,  long  overdue,  and  is  hereafter  to  be 
called  Marquis  Okuma. 

In  the  mind  of  many  friends  of  Japan 
Relations  with  China  the  chief  weakness  of  the  Okuma  mini 
stry  was  in  its  handling  of  affairs  relating 
to  China.  No  doubt  Japan  feels  that  her  position  re 
quires  her  to  manifest  the  keenest  concern  in  matters  that 
affect  China  and  other  oriental  neighbors.  Her  reiterated 
purpose  has  been  to  preserve  the  peace  of  the  Far  East. 
She  has  not  hesitated  to  regard  China  openly  as  physically 
weak  and  unable  to  protect  herself.  And  in  her  advice 
and  sometimes  in  her  peremptory  demands,  she  has  aroused 
in  China  the  suspicion  that  she  has  something  more  in 
mind  than  the  preservation  of  the  integrity  of  China  and  the 
maintenance  of  the  peace  of  the  Far  East.  Many  of  Japan's 
best  friends  feel  that  she  has  not  been  above  censure  in  her 
failure  to  win  the  confidence  of  China.  The  sending  of  Baron 
Hayashi  as  Minister  to  Peking  in  July  gave  promise  of 
more  kindly  and  sympathetic  diplomatic  treatment.  But 
an  incident  at  Chinchiatun  in  Mongolia  in  July  threatened 
to  cause  a  new  rupture.  Reports  as  to  the  actual  hap 
penings  vary,  but  there  occurred  a  clash  between  Japanese 
police  and  Chinese  soldiers  in  which  a  number  on  both 
sides  lost  their  lives.  Japan  made  certain  demands  upon 
China,  which,  assuming  that  the  Chinese  were  the  aggres 
sors,  were  not  unreasonable.  They  were  later  met  by 
China  in  a  conciliatory  spirit,  and  the  incident  was  closed. 
Such  occurrences  are  the  natural  result  of  frontier  condi 
tions,  and  may  be  expected  to  break  out  at  times.  .  The 
only  real  cure  will  be  a  mutual  confidence  and  respect  be 
tween  the  two  peoples.  It  may  here  be  mentioned  that 
the  new  Terauchi  ministry  has  adopted  a  very  conciliatory 


6  JAPAN 

and  friendly  attitude  toward  China,  and  there  is 
every  reason  to  hope  that  better  mutual  understanding 
and  appreciation  will  prepare  the  way  for  mutual  help 
fulness. 

The  new  Factory  Law  went  into  effect 

New  Factory  Law  jn  September.  It  undertakes  to  limit 
hours  of  labor  and  place  such  safeguards 
as  shall  conserve  the  health  of  the  laborers.  It  is  better 
than  no  law,  but  still  is  far  behind  the  standard  of  factory 
laws  in  western  nations.  It  limits  the  hours  of  labor  for 
persons  under  fifteen  and  for  women,  to  twelve,  but  permits 
various  exceptions.  It  excludes  children  under  twelve 
from  shop-work.  But  here  again  it  admits  of  exceptions. 
The  law  was  passed  five  years  before  it  went  into  effect. 
Even  during  that  short  period  public  sentiment  has  vastly 
improved  in  its  attitude  toward  the  rights  of  labor.  It  is 
safe  to  prophesy  that  Japan  will  soon  realize  the  necessity 
of  more  strictly  conserving  the  strength  of  her  laborers, 
more  especially  her  female  and  youthful  workers.  In  this 
issue  of  the  CHRISTIAN  MOVEMENT  will  be  found  much  ex 
cellent  material  touching  upon  this  subject. 

On  Oct.  4  Marquis  Okunia  repaired  to 

New  Government  the  palace  and  tendered  his  resignation  as 
Premier  to  the  Emperor,  at  the  same  time 
recommending  the  appointment  of  Viscount  Kato  as  his 
successor.  The  Emperor  immediately  summoned  the 
Genro  or  Elder  Statesmen  of  whom  there  were  three  living 
at  that  time,  Prince  Yamagata,  Prince  Oyama,  since 
deceased,  and  Marquis  Matsukata.  He  also  summoned 
Marquis  Saionji,  who  has  lately  been  reckoned  in  the  group, 
though  not  officially  designated  a  Genro.  The  P:mperor 
asked  their  views  on  the  matter  of  the  new  ministry,  and 
they  retired  for  consultation.  They  summoned  Count 
Terauchi  and  inquired  if  he  was  prepared  to  form  a  mini 
stry.  On  his  replying  in  the  affirmative,  they  submitted 
their  reply  to  the  Emperor,  who  thereupon  summoned 
Terauchi  and  instructed  him  to  form  a  government.  After 
several  days  he  was  able  to  announce  the  personnel  of  his 
ministry.  While  it  contained  some  strong  men,  such  as 
Baron  Motono,  foreign  minister,  it  from  the  first  met  almost 


GENERAL   SURVEY  7 

the  united  opposition  of  the  press  of  the  country,  as  well 
as  of  most  of  the  political  parties.  What  was  regarded  as 
a  direct  snub  to  Marquis  Okuma  and  to  Viscount  Kato  who 
would  have  had  Parliament  behind  him,  was  also  regarded 
by  many  as  a  blow  to  political  progress.  The  hand  of  the 
Genro  in  the  selection  of  the  new  Premier  was  almost 
universally  regarded  as  a  reversal  to  an  old  tradition  that 
was  supposed  to  be  gradually  disappearing.  As  a  matter 
of  fact  the  Genro  have  no  constitutional  place  in  the  gov 
ernment  of  Japan,  but  neither  is  it  required  in  the  consti 
tution  that  the  premier  or  the  ministry  shall  represent  the 
dorhinant  party  in  Parliament.  Terauchi  was  regarded  as 
the  representative  of  bureaucracy,  and  when  his  ministry 
was  announced  it  was  noted  that  it  was  composed  mostly 
of  men  of  the  Choshu  clan  and  their  adherents.  It  was 
feared  also  that  with  a  military  man  in  the  place  of  power 
there  would  be  martinet  government,  and  possibly  mailed 
fist  diplomacy.  Happily  these  prophecies  have  not  found 
fulfilment,  and  bid  fair  never  to  be  fulfilled.  Count  Tera 
uchi,  as  Governor  General  of  Chosen,  commanded  the 
respect  of  Japanese,  Koreans  and  foreigners  in  the 
peninsula.  His  administration  was  military  in  the  nature 
of  the  case.  But  the  most  decided  friend  of  Korea  would 
speak  in  terms  of  praise  of  the  reforms  accomplished  there. 
Terauchi  carried  out  Japan's  annexation  policy  in  a  states 
manlike  way.  The  first  months  of  his  administration  of 
affairs  in  Japan  have  not  justified  the  fears  of  his  opponents. 
His  attitude  toward  China  has  been  decidedly  friendly,  and 
there  has  been  no  sign  of  military  swagger  in  his  govern 
ment.  Of  course  the  opposition  is  not  reconciled,  and  at 
the  resumption  of  Parliament  forced  an  issue  with  the  gov 
ernment,  whereupon  the  Premier  declared  the  dissolution 
of  Parliament.  The  elections  will  determine  whether  the 
ministry  can  survive,  but  meanwhile  the  government  can 
cairy  out  its  policies  without  interference.  It  is  an  interest 
ing  fact  that  the  Premier,  who  generally  wears  a  military 
uniform,  appeared  in  Parliament  and  addressed  it  in  the 
conventional  frock  coat  of  a  civilian. 


8  JAPAN 

The   appointment    of  the    Minister    of 

New  Minister  of     Education    in   the    new    Cabinet    was   a 

Education         matter   of  great    interest   in    missionary 

circles.     Mr.  R.  Okada,  the  new  minister 

had    been  an   official   in  the   Department,  and  had   been 

thought   to   be    not    specially    friendly    toward    mission 

schools.     Since  his  assumption  of  office,  however,  in  this 

important  branch   of  the   government,   he  has  expressed 

himself,  in  private  at  least,  as  being  not  at  all  unsympathetic 

toward  the  work  ot  mission  schools.     The  Christian  forces 

have  reason  to  believe  that  the  path  of  Christian  education 

is  to  be  beset  by  even  fewer  difficulties  in  the  future  than  in 

the  past. 

As  indicated  above,  the  '  interference  " 
The  Elder  Statesmen  of  the  Elder  Statesmen  in  the  political 
affairs  of  Japan  has  in  many  quarters 
been  resented,  before  the  fall  of  the  Okuma  ministry  the 
leaders  of  the  three  chief  political  parties  issued  a  manifesto 
containing  the  following  sentence,  "  No  Elder  Statesmen, 
not  being  responsible  under  the  constitution,  shall  be 
listened  to  under  any  circumstances,  so  that  the  working 
of  constitutional  government  may  be  given  full  play."  It 
is  at  the  least  an  interesting  fact  that  Baron  Kato,  one  of 
the  signers  of  this  statement,  was  the  one  whom  the  Elder 
Statesmen  waived  asidi  to  make  room  for  the  appointment 
of  Count  Tcrauchi.  The  Elder  Statesmen  doubtless 
thought  that  Terauchi  was  the  strongest  man  in  the 
Empire,  and  in  that  they  may  be  correct.;  But  their 
willingness  to  ignore  the  existence  of  political  parties  seems 
a  bit  reactionary  in  this  stage  of  Japan's  development.  It 
had  been  thought  that  their  power  was  on  the  wane,  but 
this  move  upon  the  part  of  the  three  aged  men  whose 
record  is  such  a  vital  part  of  the  story  of  modern  Japan 
shows  that  they  prefer  the  old  familiar  clan  system  to  that 
of  responsibility  to  Parliament.  There  are  now  but  two 
Elder  Statesmen  surviving,  Prince  Yamagata  is  seventy 
nine,  and  Marquis  Matsukata  seventy  seven.  It  had  been 
expected  that  Maiquis  Okuma  would  be  added  to  the 
venerable  group  of  Genro,  but  this  was  not  done. 


GENERAL    SURVEY  9 

When    Count    Terauchi    outlined    his 

New  Policy  toward   policies  before  Parliament,  he  laid  special 

China  emphasis  upon  relations  with  China.     He 

said,  '  The  Imperial  Government  is 
paying  particular  attention  to  our  relation  with  China,  and 
I  want  to  assure  you  that  the  Government  has  spared  no 
pains  to  cultivate  neighborly  relations  with  that  country. 
With  that  object  in  view  and  in  consideration  of  the 
general  situation  in  the  Far  East,  the  Government  is 
endeavoring  to  sweep  away  all  the  mists  and  clouds  that 
have  hitherto  darkened  the  path  between  the  two  nations 
and  to  establish  between  them  relations  of  mutual  trust  and 
confidence,  and  of  mutual  help  and  assistance."  Viscount 
Motono,  Foreign  Minister,  also  spoke  of  Japan's  earnest 
desire  for  the  friendship  of  China.  He  promised  that  the 
new  government  would  eschew  those  policies  which  in  the 
past  have  earned  the  suspicion  both  of  China  and  those 
powers  that  are  interested  in  China.  He  said,  "  Hence 
forth  Japan  will  not  meddle  in  party  strife  in  China,  but 
will  follow  a  course  that  should  make  China  realize  the 
sincerity  of  Japan  and  depend  on  her  help  and  guidance  in 
effecting  reforms  that  will  place  China  among  the  truly 
independent  and  progressive  nations  of  the  world."  Even 
should  the  Terauchi  ministry  be  short-lived,  this  attitude 
toward  China  would  be  to  its  everlasting  credit. 

The    life    of    Japan    was    considerably 
Financial  Conditions  affected  during  the  year  by  the  world  war, 

but  in  a  different  way  from  that  of  other 
belligerent  nations.  Japan  still  holds  Tsingtau,  and  there 
have  been  no  developments  in  that  quarter.  Her  chief 
contribution  during  the  year  has  been  in  the  matter  of 
production,  mainly  of  military  equipment  for  the  Russian 
armies.  Certain  forms  of  industry  have  had  unprecedented 
prosperity.  The  manufacture  of  arms  and  ammunition, 
and  of  clothing  and  other  provisions,  the  great  boom  in  the 
shipping  trade  that  still  continues,  are  building  up  some 
va^t  fortunes,  and  providing  abundant  work  for  every  one. 
It  has  naturally  cccasiontd  a  soaring  of  prices  that  has 
brought  inconvenience  and  suffering  to  many.  But  Japan 
is  paying  her  debts,  and  has  been  transformed  from  a 


TO  *    JAPAN 

debtor  to  a  creditor  nation.  In  many  branches  of  trade 
there  is  war  prosperity,  but  in  many  parts  of  the  empire 
there  is  war  adversity,  and  high  prices  of  commodities 
have  brought  hard  times.  The  acute  panic  which  seized 
the  Stock  Exchanges  at  the  mention  of  peace  indicated 
that  much  of  the  prosperity  represents  inflation  and  is  a 
temporary  phenomenon.  However  the  following  editorial 
from  the  fa  pan  Advertiser  of  Jan.  17,  1917  probably 
describes  the  true  situation :  "  Fundamentally,  financial 
and  economic  conditions  in  Japan  have  never  been 
sounder  than  at  present.  The  wealth  and  productive 
capacity  of  the  country  have  increased  enormously.  New 
markets  have  been  opened  up  and  many  articles  which 
were  formely  imported  into  Japan  are  now  being  suc 
cessfully  manufactured  here  and  are  being  exported.  It  is 
said  that  there  are  forty  chemicals  which  prior  to  the  war 
were  imported  and  which  are  now  manufactured  for  home 
consumption  and  export ;  and  the  same  condition  applies  in 
varying  degrees  to  many  other  lines.  Japan  as  a  belligerent 
has  also  benefitted  through  the  lapse  of  German  patent 
rights."  Since  the  war  began,  Japan  has  invested  in  bonds 
and  treasury  notes  issued  by  the  Entente  Powers  the  sum  of 
615,000,000  yen.  She  has  paid  163,000,000  yen  on  the 
principal  of  her  foreign  loans,  redeemed  30,000,000  yen  of 
foreign  bonds,  loaned  10,000,000  yen  to  China,  and  in 
creased  her  specie  holdings  about  300,000,000 yen.  These 
figures  reach  a  grand  total  of  1,118,531,000  yen.  This 
represents  only  a  part  of  the  prosperity  that  has  come  to 
Japan  during  recent  months.  The  present  government  is 
making  plans  to  ensure  commercial  prosperity  after  the 
war  stimulus  shall  have  disappeared.  A  new  economic 
body  has  been  appointed,  consisting  of  four  commissions  of 
inquiry.  These  commissions  represent  the  four  govern 
ment  departments  of  Foreign  Affairs,  Agriculture  and  Com 
merce,  Finance,  and  Communications.  The  Vice-Minister 
in  each  case  heads  the  commission,  and  many  secretaries 
and  scientists  wiil  be  associated  in  the  investigations. 

Eighteen  years  ago  a  Japanese  vessel 
of  8,000  tons  was  built  in  Japanese  docks, 
and  this  constituted  a  record.  In  Novcm- 


GENERAL  SURVEY  I  I 

ber  1916  the  battleship  Ise  with  a  displacement  of  31,260 
tons  was  launched  in  Kobe.  The  Ise  is  the  largest  battle 
ship  in  the  Japanese  navy,  and  everything  pertaining  to 
her  was  made  in  Japan.  This  is  a  cause  of  just  pride  to 
the  people  of  Japan. 

An  event  of  the  year  from  the  stand- 

Formasa  Exposition  point  of  Japan's   colonial   activities   was 

the  International  Exposition  which  was 

opened  in  Taihoku  on  April  10,  the  first  one  ever  held  in 

Formosa.     Japan  is  making  a  heroic  effoit  to  develop  this 

island.     The  exposition  was  pronounced  a  success. 

Aviation  has  been  in  great  favor  during 

Aviation          the  year.     The  visits  of  Niles,  Art  Smith 

and  Miss  Stinson  proved  to  be  triumphal 

journeys  through  the  empire.     Art  Smith,  in  particular, 

by  his  habits  and  speeches  did  much  to  commend  clean 

and  upright  living  to  the  people.      Some  progress  was 

miade  in  Japanese  aviation,  though  a  sad  event  occurred  in 

March,  when  two  naval  officers  fell  while  engaged  in  a 

flight  over  the  city  of  Tokyo.     They  crashed  to  the  roof 

of  a  house  and  both  were  killed. 

Japan  is  beginning  to  take  a  prominent 
Athletics  place  in  athletics.  She  has  quickly 
adopted  western  forms  of  sport.  The 
invasion  of  American  tennis  courts  by  Kumagae  was  one 
of  the  sensations  of  the  sporting  season.  His  gentlemanly 
and  modest  manner  as  well  as  his  remarkable  skill  com 
manded  the  admiration  of  his  foes.  American  and  Japanese 
college  Lase  ball  teams  also  invaded  one  another's  territory 
during  the  year.  The  Far  Eastern  Olympic  games  which 
are  to  be  held  in  Tokyo  in  May  will  doubtless  do  much 
to  bring  China,  Japan  and  the  Philippines  closer  together. 
Mr.  F.  H.  Brown  of  the  Y.M.C.A.  is  active  in  promoting 
these  games.  Their  influence  ought  to  be  wholesome  on 
the  youth  of  Japan. 

During  the  year  a  number  of  visitors  from  abroad 
received  a  hearty  welcome.  Perhaps  Sir  Rabindranath 
Tagore  was  the  best  known  of  these.  He  was  accorded  a 
most  cordial  reception  as  representing  the  best  of  Oriental 
philosophy  and  literature.  J  le  was  considerably  lionized, 


12  JAPAN 

and  his  addresses  commanded  great  attention.  But  when 
lie  unsparingly  condemned  modernism  in  Japan,  and 
lauded  her  past  rather  than  her  ambitious  and  hopeful 
present,  he  lost  his  position  as  prophet  of  the  times,  and 
criticism  of  his  attitude  was  quite  general  throughout  the 
press  of  the  country.  Baron  Shibusawa's  visit  to  America 
and  Judge  Gary  s  visit  to  Japan  were  the  occasion  of 
many  expressions  of  good  will  between  the  business  inter 
ests  of  the  two  nations.  The  Baron  lias  now  retired 
from  active  service  in  the  many  concerns  in  which  his 
name  has  been  a  synonym  for  sound  and  honest  business 
principles.  On  Nov.  1 8  Japan  and  America  were  brought 
still  more  closely  together  by  the  inauguration  of  a  wire 
less  telegraph  service  between  Japan  and  San  Francisco 
via  Hawaii.  It  was  the  occasion  of  congratulatory  mes 
sages  between  the  Emperor  of  Japan  and  President  Wilson. 
The  death  roll  of  the  year  included  two  of  the  most 
active  participants  in  the  Russo  Japanese  War,  Admiral 
Kamimura,  whose  fame  was  next  to  that  of  Togo,  and 
Marshal  Prince  Oyama,  who  was  in  command  of  all  the 
Japanese  armies  in  Manchuria,  and  later  admitted  to  the 
inner  circle  of  Elder  Statesmen. 

The  rice  crop  of  the  year  is  the  normal 
Prosperity  basis  of  prosperity.  The  crop  of  1916 
was  the  greatest  in  the  history  of  Japan. 
The  immense  increase  in  exports  also  is  an  indication  of 
the  comparative  prosperity  of  a  material  kind  which  Japan 
has  enjoyed.  Statistical  details  will  be  found  in  the  ap 
pendix.  Altogether  it  may  be  said  that  Japan  has  been 
developing  her  resources  and  finding  a  market  for  them 
in  a  remarkable  way.  The  large  private  gifts  made  to 
charity,  to  education  and  to  civic  institutions  of  many 
kinds  indicate  the  fact  that  much  of  Japan's  new-gotten 
prosperity  is  being  dedicated  to  service. 


CHAPTER     II 

RELIGIOUS  SURVEY 

BY  THE  EDITOR 

The  former  chapter  dealt  with  matters  concerning  Japan 
of  a  non  religious  character.  The  present  chapter  under 
takes  to  survey  the  religious  field  It  is  perhaps  not  neces 
sary  to  do  more  than  present  a  brief  review,  for  the  many 
chapters  following  tell  the  story  of  the  Gospel  in  Japan  in 
a  comprehensive  way,  and  with  the  authority  of  those  who 
know.  The  Editor  has  no  desire  to  anticipate  the  treasures 
that  others  have  provided  in  the  pages  that  follow.  But 
to  the  student  of  Missions  these  paragraphs  may  well  form 
an  introduction  to  the  main  articles  in  this  issue. 

The  past  year  has  been  a  year  of 
ShSbrinesd  religious  activity  in  Japan.  Our  thought 
mainly  concerns  the  progress  of  the 
Gospel  of  Christ,  but  in  Japan,  as  a  corollary  to  the  Christ 
ian  movement  there  must  be  mace  some  mention  of 
activity  in  the  circles  of  Shintoism  and  Buddhism.  As 
has  frequently  been  noted,  to  most  educated  people  in 
Japan  Shintoism  is  a  refined  form  of  patriotism,  and  the 
so-called  worship  of  ancestors  does  not  mean  much  more 
than  the  veneration  we  accord  to  the  memory  of  our  great 
dead  in  the  West.  To  a  multitude  of  the  people,  how 
ever,  Shintoism  is  a  religion,  and  the  spirits  of  the  dead  are 
deified.  The  Bureau  of  Shrines  in  the  Home  Department 
gave  out  recently  a  statement  which  is  in  part  as  follows  : 
"  Whatever  ideas  or  beliefs  the  r.eople  may  have,  the 
government  does  not  look  upon  the  shrines  as  being  religi 
ous  in  nature.  However  desirable  it  may  be  for  people 
gradually  to  return  to  the  former  ideas  and  interpretations 
regarding  the  shrines,  at  the  present  time  the  government 


14  JAPAN 

has  no  thought  ot  doing  anything  to  bring  this  about.  The 
government^ simply  encourages  respect  for  shrines  and 
believes  that  shrines  may  be  reverenced  and  supported  by 
those  who  have  faith  in  any  religion  without  conflict  or 
inconvenience.  Whatever  opinion  may  be  held  as  to  what 
should  be  done  regarding  the  religious  attitude  toward  the 
shrines  the  government  will  maintain  a  neutral  position,  on 
the  ground  that  religious  belief  should  be  free."  There 
has  seemed  to  be  in  recent  years  a  tendency  to  encourage 
visits  to  the  shrines  and  observance  of  Shinto  rites.  While 
the  Christian  leaders  of  Japan  have  not  declared  themselves 
officially  there  seems  to  be  a  general  opinion  that  Christ 
ians  may,  with  a  clear  conscience,  pay  respect  to  the 
spirits  of  the  past,  but  may  not  share  directly  in  Shinto 
rites. 

Buddhist  leaders  have  been  much 
Buddhism  agitated  by  the  increasingly  favorable 
official  attitude  toward  Shintoism.  They 
are  also  convinced  that  to  rival  the  wholesome  results  of 
Christian  evangelism  Buddhism  must  bestir  itself  and 
adopt  a  new  spirit  and  new  methods.  In  August  a  move 
ment  was  set  on  foot  to  unite  fifty  six  differents  sects  of 
Buddhism  in  Japan  in  an  organization  known  as  "  The 
Buddhist  Association  for  the  Protection  of  Japan."  The 
object  of  the  organization  was  stated  to  be  "  to  promulgate 
the  great  doctrine  of  respect  for  the  Imperial  house  and 
guardianship  of  the  nation,  to  seek  to  promote  the  spirit 
of  national  unity,  to  further  the  work  of  saving  souls  and 
benefiting  the  people,  and,  by  means  of  the  United  Bud 
dhists'  Association,  to  seek  within  the  nation  greater  living 
in  the  light  and  mercy  of  Buddha,  and  to  cause  the  beauty 
of  our  country  to  be  realized  among  all  people,  and  the 
glory  of  our  country  to  shine  forth  and  the  prestige  of  the 
Imperial  house  to  flourish."  In  view  of  Buddhist  concern 
over  the  special  recognition  of  Shintoism  by  the  govern 
ment  Christian  observers  are  probably  justified  in  believing 
that  this  new  organization  is  an  attempt  to  bring  Buddhism 
back  into  more  intimate  relation  to  the  state.  There  is  a 
strong  suspicion  that  it  is  an  association  for  the  protection 
of  Buddhism  rather  than  Japan.  Cue  of  its  set  purposes 


GENERAL   SURVEY  15 

is  the  establishment  of  a  Central  Tabernacle  in  Tokyo. 
Christianity  has  two  such  institutions  in  the  capital,  and 
here  again  we  see  Buddhist  imitation  of  Christian  methods. 
Perhaps  the  most  interesting  example  of  such  emulation  is 
to  be  seen  in  Buddhist  Sunday  Schools,  their  organization, 
methods,  literature,  hymns  and  propaganda,  borrowed 
without  blush  from  our  Sunday  School  work  in  Japan.  Un 
questionably  Buddhism  is  stirred  by  Shinto  revival  en  one 
hand  and  Christian  aggressiveness  and  success  on  the  other. 
Turning  to  Christian  activities  we  need 

"<*    tiesi>ass    UP°"    the    territory   Of  Dr. 
Fulton  in  his  introductory  chapter  in  the 

section  on  Missions  and  Churches  and  the  wealth  of  infor 
mation  he  has  gathered  into  that  section  or  on  that  of  Dr. 
McKenzie  in  the  chapter  on  the  United  Evangelistic  Cam 
paign.  It  has  been  a  year  of  aggressive  evangelism.  The 
three  year  campaign  is  closing  as  we  go  to  press,  and  in  many 
ways  may  be  said  to  have  surpassed  the  hopes  and  faith  of 
those  who  planned  it.  While  it  has  not  brought  a  great  tide 
of  believers  into  Christianity,  still  it  has  raised  up  inquirers 
by  the  thousands  in  many  places  Jt  has  created  a  spirit 
of  harmony  and  cooperation  among  the  various  churches. 
It  has  been  a  movement  directed  and  conducted  very  large 
ly  by  Japanese  leaders.  It  has  caused  many  of  our  conse 
crated  laymen  to  find  themselves,  and  devote  much  of  their 
time  to  evangelism.  It  has  brought  Christians  to  their 
knees  in  a  remarkable  way.  The  sunrise  prayer  meetings 
in  Tokyo  were  seasons  of  great  spiritual  power.*  The  plan 
of  newspaper  evangelism  presented  the  message  through 
the  daily  press  to  hundreds  of  thousands  who  would  other 
wise  have  no  definite  notion  of  the  message  of  the  Gospel. 
In  city  and  town  and  country  this  campaign  has  done 
much  to  remove  the  ancient  prejudice  against  Christianity 
and  the  present  prejudice  against  a  "  foreign  religion." 
The  campaign  leaves  a  heavy  burden  of  responsiblity  upon 
the  Churches,  for  the  gathering  and  raising  of  inquirers  by 
strong  preaching  is  only  the  beginning  of  the  work. 
Pastors  and  Churches  must  conserve  this  work,  and  nour 
ish  the  young  converts  in  working  out  their  salvation. 
The  Continuation  Comrnitee  is  concetred  that  the  good 


1 6  JAPAN 

results   of  the  campaign   should  be  conserved  and  built 
upon,  and  is  busy  in  plans  for  post  campaign  activity. 

While  no  one  can  affirm  that  one  form 
Evangelization  of  evangelistic  work  is  more  valuable  or 
of  the  Cities  necessary  than  another  the  relative  merits 
of  city  and  country  work  very  naturally 
become  objects  of  discussion.  While  each  has  its  advo 
cates  among  the  missionaries  all  agree  that  both  city  and 
country  must  be  evangel'zed  before  Japan  shall  be  won. 
Because  of  the  laws  of  extra-territoriality  Christian  missions 
began  in  the  large  cities,  and  most  of  their  work  was  done 
there  for  forty  years.  In  recent  years  however  there  has 
been  a  strong  impression  that  the  great  neglected  country 
districts  must  have  their  chance.  The  Committee  on 
Survey  and  Occupation  has  done  most  effective  work  year 
after  year  in  presenting  the  actual  conditions  and  needs  of 
the  rural  district.0,  comprising  perhaps  eighty  per  cent  of 
the  entire  population.  Missions  have  been  putting  forces 
into  these  rural  fields  with  gratifying  results,  and  there  is 
no  disposition  to  do  other  than  advance.  During  the 
past  year,  however,  special  interest  has  been  aroused  in 
the  evangelism  of  the  great  cities.  As  most  mission 
schools  are  in  the  large  cities  the  missionaries  engaged  in 
that  form  of  work  are  credited  to  the  cities,  but  as  a  matter 
of  fact  few  of  them  are  doing  what  is  really  city  evangelism. 
The  investigations  made  during  recent  months  by  Mr.  J. 
Merle  Davis  of  the  Tokyo  Y.  M.  C.  A.,  for  instance, 
indicate  that  while  the  city  of  Tokyo  seems  to  be  well 
provided  with  missionaries  the  great  eastern  section  of  the 
city  containing  960,000  people  has  no  resident  missionary 
and  only  twelve  Japanese  pastors.  In  connection  with 
city  evangelism  there  has  been  brought  to  the  front 
through  Mr.  Davis'  investigations  something  of  the  terrible 
social  needs  of  the  dense  mass  of  population  in  these 
congested  sections  of  the  great  city.  They  need  the 
gospel  message,  and  they  need  gospel  sympathy,  better 
homes,  better  social  environment.  Perhaps  nowhere  in  the 
empire  are  "  the  things  that  accompany  salvation "  so 
sorely  needed  as  in  these  seething  submerged  masses  jn  the 
great  industrial  centers. 


GENERAL   SURVEY  I/ 

The  work  of  the  Central  Baptist 
Institutional  Church  Tabernacle  in  Tokyo  is  one  of  the  bright 
pages  in  the  record  of  the  year. 
Dedicated  in  January  it  has  already  more  than  justified 
the  hopes  of  its  founders.  An  evangelistic,  educational 
and  social  program  is  being  carried  out  with  most 
heaitening  results.  Work  among  many  classes,  old 
and  young,  men  and  women,  helping  them  to  become: 
fit  members  of  a  renewed  social  order,  is  the  mission  of  a 
strong  corps  under  the  lead  of  Mr.  Axling.  The  great 
work  of  the  Salvation  Army  in  social  evangelism  con 
tinues,  and  many  other  churches  and  organizations  are 
having  success  in  certain  lines,  but  the  Central  Tabernacle 
may  lay  claim  to  being  the  first  institutional  church  in 
Japan.  We  are  certain  that  its  example  must  be  followed 
very  generally  throughout  Japan. 

In  many  ways  1916  may  be  regarded 
Education  as  a  banner  year  in  the  history  of 
educational  missions.  The  growth  and 
development  in  many  mission  schools  has  been  remarkable. 
The  gifts  to  educational  work  have  been  unusual.  The 
most  noteworthy  of  these  was  the  gift  of  a  co'lege  building 
to  the  Aoyama  Gakuin  by  one  of  its  alumni,  Mr.  Katsuta 
of  Osaka.  The  building  will  cost  nearly  two  hundred 
thousand  yen  when  completed.  Several  other  buildings 
are  being  erected  at  this  school  through  the  efforts  of 
friends  in  Japan  and  America.  A  new  Middle  School  was 
opened  in  April  in  Fukuoka  under  the  auspices  of  the 
Southern  Baptist  Mission.  There  seems  to  be  a  whole 
some  life  and  optimism  among  the  mission  schools,  and 
many  of  them  are  engaged  in  capaigns  of  expansion.  But 
perhaps  the  most  gratifying  achievement  of  the  year  was  the 
rescue  of  the  Union  Christian  University  plan  from  the  in 
active  state  into  which  it  had  seemed  to  have  lapsed.  The 
matter  has  been  seriously  taken  up  again,  both  in  Japan 
and  An-.eiio,  and  the  plan  bids  fair  to  find  actual  accom 
plishment  in  the  near  future.  At  the  recent  meeting  of  the 
Conference  of  Federated  Missions  hearty  support  was 
accorded  the  plan  on  the  part  of  the  delegates  present. 
The  Woman's  Chiistian  University  plan  also  reports  real 


I 8  JAPAN 

progress. 

Christian  Literature  is  more  and  more 
Christian  Literature    proving  its   right  to  a    high  place  in  the 

evangelization  of  Japan.  The  last  meeting 
of  the  New  Testament  revision  committee  was  held  re 
cently  and  the  new  revision  is  now  coming  from  the  press. 
It  is  the  product  of  nearly  seven  years  of  faithful  labor, 
and  will  give  a  new  strength  to  the  mission  of  the  Bible  in 
Japan.  The  wide  distribution  of  the  Bible  among  the 
many  thousands  in  the  prisons  of  Japan  is  told  in  a 
subsequent  chapter.  The  report  of  the  Executive  Secre 
tary  of  the  Christian  Literature  Society  at  the  January 
meeljng  was  one  of  continued  growth  and  development. 
The  Japanese  people  are  devouring  literature,  but  much 
of  it  is  of  the  baser  sort,  and  there  has  been  a  sad  paucity 
of  religious  literature.  The  Christian  Literature  Society  is 
doing  a  work  second  to  none  in  bringing  the  knowledge 
of  Christ  to  the  people.  Its  plan  is  to  translate  the  best 
books  that  command  the  unanimous  approval  of  the  Com 
mittee  and  to  encourage  the  production  of  original  books, 
chiefly  on  the  part  of  Japanese  writers.  The  publication 
of  forty  million  pages  during  the  year,  the  fourth  year  of 
its  existence,  indicates  a  strong  constitution  and  promises 
greater  things  to  come. 

The  relations  between  missionaries  and 

Relations  with      their  Japanese  fellow  workers  has  never 

Japanese  Brethren   been  more  cordial.     The  strength  of  our 

Japanese  co-workers  and  their  ability  to 
take  the  lead  in  matters  of  evangelism  and  education  is  a 
matter  of  great  pride  with  the  missionary  body.  While 
THE  CHRISTIAN  MOVEMENT  IN  THE  JAPANESE  EMPIRE  is 
the  organ  of  the  Conference  of  Federated  Missions,  and 
therefore  officially  the  record  of  missionary  activity,  it  has 
no  interests  that  are  divorced  from  the  Japanese  Christian 
community.  For  the  first  time  a  Japanese  consulting 
editor  has  been  added  to  the  staff.  Very  appropriately 
Mr.  Matsuno  the  secretary  of  the  Federation  of  Japanese 
Churches  was  asked  to  serve  in  this  capacity,  and  has 
kindly  done  so.  The  Federation  itself  in  January  of  this 
year  issued  the  first  number  of  a  Christian  Annual  in  the 


GENERAL  SURVEY  IQ 

Japanese  language.  It  does  not  undertake  to  cover  the 
ground  of  the  CHRISTIAN  MOVEMENT,  but  gives  a  helpful 
historical  sketch  of  each  mission  or  church,  and  many 
statistics  regarding  their  activities.  It  also  furnishes  a 
catalogue  of  all  the  Christian  churches  and  preachers,  as 
well  as  reproduces  the  missionary  list  from  the  pages  of 
the  CHRISTIAN  MOVEMENT. 

The  question  of  the  opening  of  a 
Tobita  Question  licensed  quarter  in  the  Tobita  section 
of  Osaka  to  replace  a  district  destroyed 
by  fire  has  given  opportunity  for  the  Christian  forces  to 
unite  upon  this  great  moral  issue,  and  to  prove  that  moral 
sentiment  may  be  aroused  by  Christian  influence.  The 
government  had  already  promised  the  license,  so  that  the 
inatter  of  preventing  the  opening  of  the  quarter  was 
complicated,  Mr.  George  Gleason  of  the  Osaka  Y.M.C.A. 
took  the  lead  in  opposing  the  establishment  of  the  licensed 
section.  The  great  daily  papers  of  Osaka  took  their  stand 
beside  him.  It  settled  down  to  a  contest  between  the 
newspapers,  the  Christian  forces,  and  the  better  moral 
element  of  the  community  on  one  side  and  the  politicians 
and  license  interests  on  the  other.  While  no  definite 
satisfaction  was  given  the  advocates  of  morality.still  the 
quarter  has  not  yet  been  established.  The  full  story 
appears  in  a  later  chapter. 

The  visits  of  Dr.  F.  E.  Clark  and 
Personals  Prof.  William  Adams  Brown  were  of 
special  interest  and  value  to  Christian 
wotk.  The  loss  of  such  strong  leaders  as  Dr.  Dearing 
and  Mrs.  Van  Petten  and  others  of  the  missionary  com 
munity  has  been  keenly  felt,  and  their  places  can  hardly 
be  filled.  Their  names  are  held  in  grateful  remembrance 
by  all,  and  their  works  do  follow  them.  The  murder  of 
Rev.  and  Mrs.  W.  A.  F.  Campbell  of  the  Canadian 
Methodist  Mission  in  Karuizawa  during  the  summer 
startled  the  country.  But  it  was  proved  to  be  the  work 
of  a  robber,  who  has  since  been  brought  to  justice.  And 
while  the  crime  cut  off  in  their  early  life  two  promising 
laborers  in  the  vineyard,  and  was  a  most  shocking  oc 
currence,  it  also  called  attention  to  the  fact  that  such  an 


2O  JAPAN 

event  is  of  the  very  rarest  occurrence  and  that  life  in 
Japan  is  most  safe  in  comparison  with  that  in  our  western 
countries.  There  have  been  substantial  additions  to  our 
religious  forces  during  the  year.  Dr.  Doremus  Scudder 
resigned  the  pastorate  of  the  Union  Church  Honolulu  to 
accept  the  pulpit  of  the  newly  organized  Union  Church  of 
Tokyo.  Bishop  Herbert  Welch  of  the  Methodist  Epis 
copal  Church  received  appointment  to  Japan  and  Korea. 
Both  of  these  bring  ripened  Christian  experience  and 
scholarship  to  the  service  of  Japan.  A  large  force  of  new 
missionaries  came  to  enlist  in  His  service  here,  still  to  win 
their  spurs  and  do  their  share  in  the  bringing  in  of  His 
Kingdom.  Surely  the  light  of  the  Gospel  shines  brighter 
and  in  many  more  hearts  and  homes  in  Japan  than  it  did 
a  year  ago. 


JAPAN 


PART  II 
ORGANIZATIONS 


CHAPTER  I 

THE  FEDERATED  MISSIONS 


BY  JAMKS  H.  PETTEE 

The  annual  meeting  of  the  Federated 
Growth  Since  I9J2     Missions  grows  year  by  year  in  interest 
and  importance.     Beginning  fifteen  years 
ago  in  a  small  and  largely  social  way  it  has  come  to  be  a 
yearly  clearing  house  of  missionary  programs  and  a  power 
house   of   union   activities.     Held   in   the  early  days   of 
January  it  serves  to  start  all  Christian  workers  on  the  New 
Year's  highway  with  broad  sympathies  and   far  reaching 
purposes.     Many  of  the  great  enterprises  of  mission  work 
are  reviewed  and  problems  discussed  from  different  stand 
points.     The  value  of  united  or  federated  effort  is  felt  by  all. 
To   quote    from    Dr.    J.  L.    Dearing's 
Dr.  Hearing's         comments  a  year  ago,  words  that  take  on 
Testimony  a   fuller   meaning  now  than    when   they 

were  written,  as  they  seem  to  be  his 
message  to  us  from  the  spirit  world,  "  The  whole  mission 
ary  enterprise  is  necessarily  becoming  more  complex  and 
interrelated.  Increased  efficiency  can  only  be  secured  at 
the  expense  of  larger  organization.  An  increasing 
number  of  men  of  spiritual  gifts  must  be  set  free  by  their 
individual  missions  to  serve  the  entire  body  and  thus 
duplication  of  agencies  will  gradually  give  way  before 
efficiency  of  organization."  Was  Dr.  Dearing  anticipating 
some  such  call  might  come  to  him  on  his  return  to  Japan? 
Certainly  it  was  in  the  thought  of  not  a  few  for  him. 

The  sessions   of  the  sixteenth  annual 
General  Survey      gathering  were  held  January  fourth  and 
fifth  of  the  present  year  in  Ginza  Method 
ist  Church  Tokyo   with    51    delegates  and   perhaps   100 


24  JAPAN 

others  in  attendance.  The  conduct  of  the  meeting  under 
Dr.  Oltmans  chairman  and  Messrs.  Bates  and  Walvoord, 
business  committee,  was  markedly  efficient,  the  more  than 
30  reports  and  addresses  were  on  a  high  level,  the 
speaking  from  the  floor  with  perhaps  a  single  exception 
was  both  forceful  and  courteous,  the  devotional  services 
conducted  by  the  chairman,  Dr.  Dotemus  Scudder  and 
Bishop  Welch  were  peculiarly  uplifting,  the  singing  of  the 
tnale  quartet  most  pleasing  and  the  general  spirit  of 
harmony  even  under  trying  conditions  sane  and  gratifying. 
There  were  tense  moments  when  it  was  feared  the  bond 
that  bound  the  brethren  together  might  break,  but  it  held 
fast,  and  a  way  was  found  as  has  been  done  many  times  in 
the  history  of  the  Church,  of  being  loyal  to  the  ancient 
past  and  yet  of  holding  oneself  free  to  learn  the  lessons  of 
the  recent  past  and  the  unknown  future. 

This  conference  not  being  an  eccle- 
The  Credal  Question  siastical  body  but  a  federation  of  churches 
of  various  beliefs  united  for  free  discus 
sion  and  purposes  of  practical  Christian  service  has  no 
creed  and  no  general  desire  to  form  one.  It  lays  greater 
stress  on  working  together  harmoniously  in  the  construc 
tive  enterprises  of  the  kingdom  than  seeking  for  verbal 
agreement  even  on  great  theological  doctrines.  It  is 
evangelical  in  spirit  and  intent,  using  that  term  in  its  most 
Christian  meaning  but  does  not  feel  that  its  mission  is 
one  of  attempting  to  pass  judgment  on  individual  interpreta 
tions  of  either  doctrinal  or  ecclesiastical  formularies.  In 
order  to  allay  suspicion  however  in  connection  with  an 
occurrence*  which  was  only  remotely  related  to  the 
Federated  Missions  and  never  ought  to  have  been  made  a 
test  of  its  soundness  of  faith,  and  to  hold  some  of  its  mem 
bers  who  contemplated  withdrawal  from  the  Federation,  the 
conference  consented  without  a  dissenting  voice  to  allow 
the  insertion  of  a  verse  of  Scripture,  Titus  II.  13,  as  a 
footnote  to  the  constitution.  It  is  earnestly  to  be  hoped 
that  this  disturbing  question  which  for  two  years  has 
threatened  to  disrupt  our  organization  has  been  disposed 
of  and  that  with  united  front  the  body  may  now  go  forward 
against  some  of  its  real  and  not  merely  imaginary  op.- 


THE    FEDERATED    MISSIONS  25 

ponents,  assured  anew  that  loyalty  and  charity  may  and 
should  walk  together  following  the  banner  of  our  divine 
Lord. 

Under  the  leadership  of  Dr.  Schneder 
University  through  his  strong  report  on  the  subject, 
ably  second  by  Dr.  Berry  and  others,  the 
matter  of  a  union  Christian  University  of  highest  grade 
received  full  attention  and  an  almost  unanimous  approval. 
There  was  no  dissent  as  to  the  value  and  need  of  higher 
education  under  Christian  auspices  but  there  was  some 
difference  of  opinion  as  to  whether  the  Conference  itself  or 
even  Mission  Boards  located  in  America  or  Europe  could 
successfully  assume  responsibility  for  the  establishment  and 
conduct  of  such  an  institution  in  Japan,  but  after  a  spirited 
discussion  which  resulted  in  an  interpretative  amendment 
calling  the  attention  of  supporters  abroad  to  the  desirability 
of  planning  to  pass  over  the  instruction,  administration  and 
support  of  the  institution  to  Japanese  as  rapidly  as  con 
ditions  here  permit,  the  two  resolutions,  one  addressed  to 
the  Missions  and  one  to  the  New  York  Joint  Committee 
of  Boards  on  this  matter,  in  favor  of  the  speedy  establish 
ment  of  a  union  Christian  University  were  adopted  with 
great  enthusiasm.  May  the  money  be  forthcoming  in  the 
near  future. 

One  of  the  most  vigorous  children  of 
Breaking  Records  the  Federated  Missions  in  Japan  is  its 
Christian  Literature  Society,  which  last 
year  surpassed  all  previous  records  by  publishing  forty 
million  piges  as  against  thirty  millions  the  preceding 
twelve-month.  The  only  thing  that  seems  to  stand  in  the 
way  of  further  greater  progress  especially  in  the  matter  of 
publishing  large  books  which  necessarily  lock  up  much 
capital  is  a  lack  of  funds,  but  it  is  encouraging  that  the 
society's  receipts  for  the  past  year  totalled  24,000  yen,  of 
which  nearly  one  half  came  from  sales  and  an  equal  amount 
from  Mission  grants  or  private  contributions,  these  last  from 
St.  Louis  friends  of  Secretary  Wainwright 

This  committee,  through  its  chairman 
Social  Welfare  Mr.  Gleason,  submitted  a  printed  com 
posite  report  supplemented  by  a  verbal 


26  JAPAN  =j 

one  which  was  well  nigh  ideal  in  its  grouping  of  interesting 
information  on  all  sorts  of  social  matters,  and  in  its 
stimulating  suggestions  along  nine  lines  of  activity  to  which 
Christians  should  address  themselves  for  the  betterment  of 
Japanese  mankind. 

The  conference  showed  a  well-balanced 
The  Even  Keel  mind  in  its  variety  of  subjects  discussed, 
its  attitude  toward  enlargement  and  pro 
gress,  its  decisions  reached  on  disputed  points  and  its  true 
brotherhood  of  spirit.  It  did  more  than  mark  time  and  re 
view  the  work  of  the  past  twelve  months.  It  showed  that 
the  Federated  Missions  are  alive  to  their  opportunities. 
They  do  not,  we  regret  to  admit,  include  all  of  the  forces 
interested  in  the  Christian  movement  in  Japan  but  they  are 
a  comprehensive  reflection  of  that  movement  and  show 
conclusively  that  "  the  King's  army  is  marching  on." 


CHAPTER     II 

FEDERATION  OF  CHURCHES  OF  JAPAN 


BY  K.  MATSUNO 

The    fifth     Annual      Meeting    of    the 

Annual  Meeting     Federation  of  Churches   was  held  at  the 

Y.   M.   C.  A.     Tokyo,  April  12,  1916. 

There  were  seventy  one  members  present,  and  it  was  a 

very    successful    meeting.       President    K.     Kozaki    was 

chairman   of  the   meeting.     Drs.    Oltmans   and   Dearing 

brought   greetings    from    the    Conference    of    Federated 

Missions.     The    reports  of  the  Secretary  and  Treasurer 

were  received,  and  various  items  of  business  considered. 

The  new  President  is  Rev.  K.  Ibuka, 
Officers  and        D.D.  of  Meiji  Gakuin.     The   Vice-Presi- 
Committees        dents  are  Rev.  K.  Kozaki  of  Reinanzaka 
Church,  and   Bishop   Y.  Hiraiwa  of  the 
Japan  Methodist  Church.     Two  Secretaries,  two  Treasur 
ers,  and  eleven  members  for  the    Executive    Committee 
were  also  chosen.     A  committee  of  seven  was  appointed 
to  consider  the  proposed  government  religious  regulations. 
Another   committee    of   five   was   chosen  to   prepare    an 
annual  report  of  Christian  work  in  Japan. 

Among  various  matters  discussed  were 
Discussions        the  United   Evangelistic   Campaign  soon 
to  come  to  a  close,  the  attitude  of  Christ 
ianity    toward    the    worship   of  ancestors    in   Japan,    the 
proposed  religious  regulations,  and  other  related  subjects. 
The  1917  annual  meeting  will  be  held  at  the  Y.  M.  C.  A. 
Tokyo,  on  April  loth. 

During   the   year   the   Federation    has 

Christian  Burial     been   active  in  several  lines,  besides  the 

regular  work  of  the  evangelistic  campaign. 


28  JAPAN 

The  matter  of  Christian  burial  in  Buddhist  cemeteries 
became  acute  in  some  places,  because  of  the  refusal  of 
priests  to  permit  the  interment  of  Christians  in  some  places 
where  there  was  no  other  available  burial  ground.  On 
June  15  Messrs.  Matsuno  and  Miyakoshi  as  a  committee 
visited  the  1  lome  Department  to  make  complaint.  The 
I  lome  Department  refused  to  interfere  in  the  matter,  but 
urged  that  an  understanding  be  reached  with  the  Buddhist 
authorities,  and  also  advised  that,  as  far  as  possible,  burial 
grounds  be  established  that  should  be  open  to  all. 

At  the  annual  meeting  a  resolution  was 
•The  Tobita        passed  condemning  the  setting  apart  of 
Question         the  Tobita  District  of  Osaka  as  a  licensed 
quarter,    as    being    contraiy    to    public 
morals   and    education.     On  June   28th   President  Ibuka 
visited  the  Premier,  Marquis  Okuma,  Minister  of  Educa 
tion  Takata,  and  Home  Minister  Ichiki,  and  informed  them 
of  the  resolution  passed. 

In  regard  to  the  proposed  regulations 
Religious  Regulations  of  the  government  regarding   religion,  Y. 
Saeki  was  appointed  to  investigate  such 
matters  in  foreign  countries,  as  well  as  in  Japan. 

On  Nov.   3,  the  day  of  the  Proclama- 
Proclamatlon  of  the  tion  of  the  Crown  Prince,  President  Ibuka 
Crown  Prince      went  to  the  Imperial  Household  Depart 
ment  to  represent  the  Federation.    On  the 
afternoon    of    the    same    day    a    public    congratulatory 
meeting    was   held    in   conjunction  with  the    Conference 
of  Federated  Missions,  in   Tokyo.    It  was   an  impressive 
and  well  attended  meeting. 

Secretary  Matsuno  was  sent  late  in  the 

Investigations la    year  in  the  interest  of  the  United  Evange- 
Korea  and  Manchuria  i-  .•     /-•  •  11,  •         ,•       T 

listic  Campaign  to  hold  services  for  Japan 
ese  in  Tientsin,  Tsingtau  and  Shanghai. 
On  the  \vay  he  was  commissioned  to  investigate  Japanese 
work    in    Korea,    Manchuria   and    China,  and  spent  one 
month  in  making  a  thorough  survey  of  the  situation. 


FEDERATION   OF    CHURCHES   OF    JAPAN  2Q 

In  Jan.  1917  appeared  the  first  CHRIST- 

Annual  Report      IAN  MOVEMENT  in  Japanese.     The  Conti- 

Pubiished         nuation  Commitee  contributed   300  Yen 

toward  the  expense  of  publication.     This 

was  about  half  the  total  expense.     A  committee  of  the 

Federation  of  Churches  published  it,  and  it  will  fill  a  felt 

want  in  Japan.     It  is  called  the  KIRISUTOKVO  NENKV/AN,  or 

CHRISTIAN  ANNUAL. 


CHAPTER  III 

THE  JAPAN  CONTINUATION  COMMITTEE 


BY  G.  M.  FISHER 

The  Continuation  Committee  has  quietly  and  steadily 
pursued  its  way. 

The  Annual  Meeting  held  October 
Annual  Meeting  20th  and  2ist  was  largely  attended  and 
was  distinguished  by  the  setting  apart  for 
the  first  time  of  periods  for  the  discussion  of  some  im 
portant  topic  and  for  united  devotions,  an  innovation 
which  was  heartily  approved  by  all.  The  topic  chosen 
for  discussion  was  "  After  the  Evangelistic  Campaign — 
What  ?  "  which  was  presented  by  Pastors  Uemura  and 
Miyagawa  and  Dr.  Wainright.  One  outgrowth  of  the 
discussion  was  the  creation  of  a  Committee  on  Cooperative 
Evangelism  which  will  attempt  to  conserve  the  results  of 
the  three  year  campaign  and  in  appropriate  ways  to 
stimulate  and  serve  cooperative  evangelism. 

The  Commission  on  Social  Conditions 
Commission  on     has  translated  Dr.  Simon  Flexner's  stand- 
Soda!  Conditions    ard    work,    "  Prostitution    in    Europe," 
toward  the  publication  of  which  the  Com 
mission  secured  $250  from  the  American  Bureau  of  Social 
Hygiene.     This  volume  by  a  scientific  authority  witt  give 
support  and  impetus  to  the  purity  campaign  now  in  pro 
gress  in  various  cities.     The  Commission  will  next  investi 
gate  the  condition  of  apprentices,  a  needy  class  who  have 
been  generally  overlooked.    In  cooperation  with  the  Haku- 
juji  Kai  (White  Cross  Society)   a  pamphlet  on  tuberculosis 
has  been  prepared  especially  lor  circulation  among  Christ 
ians  and  will  soon  be  published  by  that  Society. 

The  sub-committee  for  the  study  of  Mission  Finances 


THE   JAPAN   CONTINUATION    COMMITTEE  31 

presented  a  report  bristling  with  suggestions.  In  harmony 
with  its  policy  of  serving  existing  agencies  but  not  attempt 
ing  to  do  their  work,  this  report  will  be  referred  to  the 
Executive  of  the  Federated  Missions  for  such  further  study 
and  application  as  they  may  deem  best. 

Hitherto  the  Continuation  Committees 
Relations  with      in  China  and  Japan  have  had   no  direct 
China  Committe;    relations  ;  hence  the  decision  of  the  Japan 
Continuation  Committee  to  send  a  deputa 
tion  of  three  or  more  persons  to  the  annual  meeting  of  the 
China  Committee  next  April  is  significant.     It  is  a  strange 
and  humiliating  fact  that  although  the  political  and  com 
mercial   relations   between   Japan   and    China  have  been 
constantly  growing  more  intimate  and  important,  yet  the 
Christian  bodies  in  the  two  countries  have  hitherto  ignored 
one  another.     It  is  hoped  that  this  deputation  will  be  only 
the  first  step  in  knitting  together  the  Christians  of  the  two 
countries  in  bonds  of  mutual  respect  and  fellowship  and, 
where  possible,  actual  cooperation. 

The  Continuation  Committee  has  considered  it  an  honour 
to  be  able  to  aid  in  launching  the  recently  issued  Christian 
Year  Bock  by  a  grant  of  ¥300.  It  also  looks  forward 
with  pleasure  to  closer  cooperation  with  the  Federated 
Missions  by  virtue  of  sharing  an  office  with  them  in  the 
new  National  Y.M.C.A.  Office  Building  in  Misaki  Cho. 

The  completion  of  the  United  Evangel- 
Evangelistic        istic    Campaign,   which   was  initiated  by 
Campaign         t]ie  Japan    Continuation   Committee    and 
later  made  autonomous,  has  suggested  to 
some   the   question  whether  the  Continuation  Committee 
would  still  be  greatly  needed.     The  frank  discussion  of  this 
question  by  both  Japanese  and  missionary  leaders  has  made 
it  clear  that  so  long  as  there  is  no  other  body  which  unites 
both  missionaries  and  Japanese   on  equal  terms   and  co 
ordinates  the  Federated  churches  and  the  Federated  Mis 
sions,  so  long  will  the  Continuation  Committee  be  vital  to 
the  Christian  movement  in  the  Japanese  Empire. 


PART  III 
MISSIONS  AND  CHURCHES 


CHAPTER  I 

INTRODUCTION 


UY  G.  \V.  Fri.-roN 

It  is  again  a  pleasure  to  present  to  the  Christian  public 
the  reports  of  the  various  Churches  and  Missions.  While 
it  is  true  that  there  is  a  good  deal  of  sameness  about  such 
reports  from  year  to  year,  yet  all  living  work  means 
grow  th,  and  if  one  is  careful  to  seek  the  developments  of 
each  year,  they  will  be  found  along  certain  distinctive  lines, 
and  the  value  of  the  reports  largely  consists  in  their 
ability  to  reveal  the  distinctive  features  of  that  growth  for 
the  year  under  consideration.  It  is  expected  that  the 
different  bodies  present  to  their  own  constituencies,  through 
other  channels,  reports  of  their  work  in  very  much  greater 
detail,  while  the  aim  of  this  section  of  the  CHRISTIAN 
MOVEMENT  is  to  present  to  the  general  reader  merely  a 
bird's  eye  view  of  the  work  of  the  year  in  such  a  way  as 
to  convey  to  him  some  impression  of  what  has  really  been 
accomplished  for  the  Kingdom  of  God  by  the  different 
bodies  at  work  in  Japan. 

In  this  chapter  last  year,  the  writer  attempted  to  set 
forth  the  leading  features  of  the  work,  as  they  were  im 
pressed  upon  him  by  a  careful  perusal  of  all  the  reports. 
In  thus  noting  more  particularly  the  things  that  were 
most  commonly  emphasized,  or  what  appeared  mo^t 
striking,  he  hoped  to  aid  readers  to  a  more  intelligent  and 
sympathetic  knowledge  of  the  situation  in  Japan,  as  well 
as  prepare  them  for  reading  with  greater  interest  the 
reports  to  follow.  He  ventures  to  undertake  the  same 
course  again  this  year  with  an  identical  purpose  in  view. 


TAPAN 


1.  In  view  of  the   prolongation  oi  the 
Effect  of  War  times    war,  it  might  be  anticipated   that    some 

Missions  would  seriously  suffer  financially, 
and  considerable  retrenchment  would  be  necessary.  This 
has  not  been  the  case  apparently,  and  Missions  from  the 
countries  at  war  have  intimated  that  their  supporters  are 
loyally  standing  by  them,  in  some  instances  with  increased 
contributions.  At  the  same  time  many  of  the  American 
Missions  appear  to  have  been  able  to  strengthen  their  work 
with  improved  or  enlarged  material  equipment,  and  to  make 
some  advance  toward  new  undertakings. 

2.  It  is  rare  to  have  building  opera- 
Buik'injj            tions  spoken  of  so  frequently  as  lias  been 

Operations  the  case  in  this  year's  reports.  Either 
the  buildings  are  already  up,  or  are  in 
process,  or  the  appropriation  has  been  made  for  them. 
There  are  school  buildings,  dormitories,  kindergartens, 
residences,  churches,  hospitals.  The  churches  seem  to 
predominate,  and  apparently  a  new  clay  is  coming  to  the 
Japanese  Christians  in  this  respect.  It  is  gratifying  also  to 
note  that  the  Christians  themselves  in  a  number  of  places 
are  providing  their  own  houses  of  worship,  or  giving 
generously  toward  them.  Perhaps  at  this  stage  of  the 
work  no  greater  benefit  can  be  conferred  than  by  dotting 
the  country  over  with  ccnvenient  and  respectable  houses 
of  worship,  and  the  ideal  is  attained  where  the  Christians 
themselves  take  the  first  steps  and  give  to  their  utmost 
toward  this  object. 

3.  A  number  of  the  reports  also  refer 
Recognition  of       to  the  fact  that  Christians  are  coming  to 
Responsibility        a  nevv  recognition  of  their  responsibility 

for  evangelization.  Individuals  are  under 
taking  to  provide  places  for  aggressive  work,  or  the  funds 
for  conducting  the  same.  They  are  also  willing  themselves 
to  engage  in  such  work.  And  even  non- Christians,  re 
cognizing  the  value  of  different  forms  of  Christian  effort, 
are  beginning  to  give  freely  and  liberally  toward  it.  His 
Majesty  the  F.mperor  also  by  his  gift  of  50,000  yen  toward 
the  building  fund  of  St.  Luke's  Hospital  has  again  shown 


INTRODUCTION  37 

marked  favor   toward  a  special  department  of  Christian 
endeavor. 

4.  There  are  many  tokens  that  Sun- 
Sunday  Schools       day  School  work  is  at  last  coming  to  its 

own  in  Japan.  Very  large  numbers  of 
children  are  already  under  instruction  either  on  Sunday  or 
on  week  days  throughout  the  country.  Many  of  the 
pastors  and  churches  arc  waking  up  to  the  needs  of  this 
form  of  work,  and  the  institutes  and  courses  of  training 
carried  out  in  different  phces  promise  much  for  the  future. 
A  good  beginning  has  been  made  in  the  preparation  of 
graded  lessons,  which  are  to  be  completed  the  coming 
year,  enabling  Christian  workers  to  arrange  for  systematic 
and  progressive  work  for  the  Sunday  Schools  in  their 
charge.  The  remarkable  step  of  the  l>uu'dhists  in 
organizing  Sunday  Schools  the  pist  year  so  extensively 
will  be  an  inspiration  to  Christians  to  put  forth  redoubled 
efforts  to  save  the  children  of  Japan  for  Christ  and  Mis 
church. 

5.  Another  form  of  work  for  children 
Kindergart:ns         that   has    made    remarkable    progress    in 

Japan  in  recent  years  is  that  of  the 
kindergarten.  The  past  year  has  witnessed  its  reasonable 
share  of  development,  and  a  large  majority  of  the  repo'rts 
mention  this  work  very  favorably.  The  number  of 
children  registered  in  the  Christian  kindergartens  of  Japan 
will  total  at  least  8,000,  and  possibly  more  than  that 
number.  The  total  number  of  Christian  kindergartens 
given  in  the  report  of  the  Kindergarten  Union  is  167,  of 
which  number  15  came  into  existence  in  1916.  Besides 
there  are  probably  some  that  have  not  reported.  It  is  not 
difficult  to  imagine  the  bearing  of  this  rapidly  growing 
work,  together  with  all  the  lines  of  endeavor  associated 
with  it,  upon  the  future  Christianization  of  the  country. 

6.  Social,    industrial   and    benevolent 
Sodal  Welfare        operations     appear     frequently     in     the 

reports  of  the  year,  and  there  is  a 
great  deal  that  is  actually  known  to  the  writer  that  does 
not  appear.  Among  the  more  prominent  forms  of  effort 
may  be  mentioned  work  for  lepers,  orphans,  consumptives, 


3  3  JAPAN 

discharged  prisoners,  factory  employees,  rescued  pros 
titutes,  the  very  poor  etc.  Quite  a  number  of  hostels  are 
maintained  for  young  people  of  both  sexes,  and  much 
effort  is  being  put  forth  looking  toward  a  pure  and 
temperate  national  life.  In  particular  the  Christians  ot 
Osaka,  supported  by  their  fellows  throughout  Japan, 
have  waged  a  fierce  battle  against  the  establishing  ot 
a  new  prostitute  quarter  in  that  city,  the  issue  of  which 
is  as  yet  not  definitely  known. 

7.  In    the    field     of    secondary     and 
Education           higher  education,  the  standard  of  previous 

years  has  been  maintained,  and  in  a 
number  of  schools  surpassed.  The  reports  show  a 
growing  constituency  and  an  enlarged  attendance.  The 
schools  are  being  improved  in  equipment  and  grade. 
There  is  evident  a  growing  determination  to  keep  the 
schools  up  to  the  highest  standard  of  excellence,  thus 
overcoming  the  handicap  of  being  outside  the  government 
system,  as  most  of  them  are.  The  perfecting  of  plans  for 
the  establishing  of  a  union  Girls  College  is  one  of  the 
triumphs  of  the  year.  A  half  dozen  denonvnations  have 
united  in  the  institution,  and  doubtless  others  will  join. 
The  Trustees  are  already  at  work,  and  preparations  are 
being  made  for  a  tentative  beginning  from  the  coming 
April.  The  Men's  University  scheme  is  not  so  far 
advanced,  but  it  too  has  not  lost  hope,  and  is  one  of  the 
supreme  needs  of  the  educational  work  in  this  country. 

8.  In  the  realm  of  direct  evangelism, 
Evange  ism         the  results  are  apparently  very  gratifying. 

The  National  Campaign  has  continued  its 
third  year's  work  with  unchanging  success,  and  in  addition 
Evangelist  Kanamori  has  conducted  meetings  in  several 
sections  of  the  country  securing  results  perhaps  un 
paralleled  in  the  Christian  work  of  this  country.  Sapporo 
reports  above  1,200,  and  Nagano  1,800  decisions,  with 
large  numbers  of  baptisms  as  the  fiuit  of  this  work. 
Also  from  Loo  Choo,  Chosen  and  Manchuria  unprecedent 
ed  additions  to  the  churches  arc  reported.  The  Dairen 
church  alone  has  added  246  members  during  the  year, 
a  hithcr'.o  unattained  record  in  Japanese  work.  The 


INTRODUCTION  59 

increased  numbers  coming  into  the  churches  are  doubtless 
the  ingathering  of  the  special  efforts  of  the  past  tluee 
years,  and  the  good  work  will  go  on.  Several  of  the 
reports  mention  special  outdoor  work,  or  tent  evangelism, 
indicating  that  Christian  workers  are  becoming  more  and 
more  aggressive  in  their  attack  upon  the  strongholds  of 
indifference  and  opposition.  The  village  population  is 
being  reached  in  this  way.  Altogether  the  past  year  has 
witnessed  little  to  discourage,  and  much  to  encourage  us 
in  the  fulfilment  of  our  mission  to  make  disciples  of  the 
people  of  Japan, 


CHAPTER  II 

THE  ANGLICAN  GROUP 


I.— THE  NIPPON  SEIKOKWAI 
]?Y  J.  T.  IMAI 

A   matter    of  special   interest  for  the 

Triennial  Synod     Nippon  Sei  Kokwai  in   1917  will  be  the 

Twelfth  Tri  annual  General  Synod  which 

is  to  be  convened  in  Tokyo  during  the  first  week  in  May. 

It  is  too  early  yet  to  speculate  upon  any  of  the  results  of 

the  Convocation.     But  it  is  possible  that  it  will  have  to 

consider,  among  many  subjects  which  concern  the  peace 

and  the  progress  of  the  whole  Church  which  is  at  present 

divided  under  seven  missionary  Jurisdictions  each  with  its 

own  Bishop,  some  such  resolutions  as  follows  : — 

i .     THE  JAPANESE  EFISCOPACY 

The  Church  is  already  provided  with  a 
Japanese  Bishop  canon  on  this  subject  as  to  the  order  of 
procedure  of  electing  to  such  an  office 
when  any  portion  of  the  Church  is  qualified,  according  to 
the  same  canon,  to  establish  a  diocese  of  its  own,  The 
Church  is  slowly  but  steadily  adding  to  the  fund  to  meet 
the  stipend  of  a  Bishop  who  is  to  be  supported  by  the 
Church,  independent  of  foreign  help.  But  the  conditions 
required  are  such  as  to  place  the  date  of  the  realization  of 
this  object  at  some  considerable  distance.  And  it  is  felt 
by  many  that  the  Church  by  her  own  nature  cannot  be 
truly  Japanese  till  she  has  at  least  one  Japanese  Bishop, 
and  that  some  steps  should  be  taken  to  attain  the  object 
sooner,  and  if  possible  put  the  hopes  of  the  Church  on  a 
better  basis.  It  will  not  therefore  be  surprising  if  one  or 


THE    ANGLICAN   GROUP  4! 

more  changes  in  the  canon  should   be  proposed  at  the 
coming  General  S\ 


2.     THE  REVISION  OF  THE  RULES  OF  ORDER  OF 
THE  GEXFRAL  SYNOD 

It  is  hoped  that  the  rules  which  have 

Revision  of  Rules    remained  the  <ame  since  the  First  General 

Synod  will  be  revised.     Hitherto  Bishops 

have  sat  together  with  the  clerical  and  lay  delegates,  and 

all  were  one  body  except  in  voting,  the  Bishops  voting 

separate    from  the  rest.     They  will  be  asked  to  form  a 

separate  body  as  the  Upper  House  of  the  General  Synod. 

This  again  is  only  in  the  air  and  cannot  become  a  fact 

until  the  Synod  decides  in  favour  of  such  development. 

3.     THE  CHILDREN'S  HYMNAL 

The  Nippon  Set  Kokivai  is  provided 
New  Children's  with  an  official  hymnal  called  Kokin 
Hymnal  Seikashu  (Hymns  New  and  Old)  which 
contains  ico  hymns  in  common  with  the 
S.imbika  (The  Hymn  book  of  the  Free  Churches  in 
Japan).  But  the  last  two  General  Synods  considered  the 
need  of  a  special  hymnal  for  the  use  of  children,  and  the 
committee  elected  by  the  Synod  is  now  ready  to  present 
a  bor  k  with  about  100  hymns  for  children.  Some  of 
these  hymns  are  taken  from  the  Kokin  Seikasliu  but  there 
are  many  original  or  newly  translated  hymns  in  different 
grides  of  words  and  styles  to  meet  the  need  of  children  of 
Different  ages  for  use  in  Divine  Worship,  Sunday  Schools, 
and  on  other  occasions.  It  is  hoped  that  the  General 
Synod  will  accept  and  authorize  it  tis  the  official  hymnal 
for  the  children  of  the  Sei  Kokivai.  It  is  however  intended 
to  publish  the  book  even  in  case  of  its  not  being  accepted 
officially.  This  hymnal  it  is  hoped  will  satisfy  a  want 
which  is  felt  everywhere  in  the  Church. 

An  event  of  interest  in  the  past  year 

Taihoku  Church     was  the  building  and  opening  of  the  new 

Churcli  in  Taihoku.     The  missions  in  the 

Island   of  Taiwan   are   undertaken   by   the    Nippon   Sei 


42  JAPAN 

Kokivai  as  her  own  and  are  independent  of  the  foreign 
missionary  grants,  and  though  the  new  Church  in  Taihoku 
lias  still  some  debt  to  be  paid  off,  it  is  the  result  of  the 
united  efforts  of  the  Japanese  members  of  the  Church. 

Another  event  of  general  interest  is  the 
Red  Cross  Symbol  official  reply  given  to  the  Nippon  Set 
Kokivai  Central  .Executive  Board  (by  the 
Home  Office)  on  the  use  of  the  Red  Cross  as  a  Christian 
symbol  on  lanterns  etc  ;  etc.  An  act  of  March  /th  of  the 
Second  Year  of  Taisho  (1913)  prohibited  the  unlawful  use 
of  the  red  cross  on  a  white  ground.  This  caused  the  police 
authorities  in  sonic  parts  of  Japan  to  prohibit  the  use  of 
lanterns  with  the  Cross  printed  in  red  for  preaching  and 
other  Church  purposes.  But  after  official  consultations  of 
the  Home,  Army  and  Navy  Offices  it  was  agreed  that  the 
Latin  Cross  i.e.  the  cross  "  longer  in  the  lower  part  "  in 
red  is  not  included  in  the  edict.  This  official  reply  thus 
allows  the  Cross  of  this  particular  shape  in  red  to  be  used 
by  Christians  without  hindrance. 


II.— AMERICAN  EPISCOPAL  MISSION 

A. — DISTRICT  OF  TOKYO 

BY  J.  ARMISIEAD  WELUOUKN 

One  of  the  accomplishments  of  the 
Church  at  Nikko  year  1916  in  this  Mission  was  the  com 
pletion  of  the  Church  of  the  Transfigura 
tion  at  Nikko,  which  result  was  almost  entirely  due  to  the 
energy  of  ore  person,  Miss  Irene  P.  Mann.  The  church 
was  consecrated  August  6.  It  cost  for  land  and  building 
16,000  ytn,  is  built  of  store  from  the  neighbourhood,  fitted 
with  many  memorials,  and  ranks  as  one  of  the  most  beauti 
ful  churches  in  Japan.  The  church  will  worthily  testify  to 
the  Christian  faith  in  one  of  their  sacred  spots  much 
frequented  by  the  Japanese,  and  will  also  minister  to  the 
many  foreigners  who  go  to  Nikko. 


THE   ANGLICAN    GROUP  43 

During  September  there  were  special  evangelistic 
meetings  all  through  the  northern  districts  attended  by 
large  audiences. 

A  feature  of  the  last  few  years  has  been 

Retreats  the  SJtuyokivai  for  clergy  and  Catechists. 

It  meets  for  two  or  three  days    There  are 

religious  services  and  addresses,  and  the  men  in  lonely 

places   much   appreciate   the   fellowship,    as  well  as   the 

spiritual  and  intellectual  stimulus  afforded.     The  meeting 

last  year  was  he!d  at  Dzushi  with  an  attendance  of  fifty. 

The  fund  of  l,oro,COOj>Y7*   needed  for 
St.  Luke's  the  new  St.  Luke's  International  I  losp'tal 

Hospital  has  been  completed.     Of  this  sura    150,- 

oco  yen  was  subscribed  in  Japan,  50,000 
being  given  by  His  Majesty,  the  Emperor.  The  designs 
for  the  hospital  arc  now  in  the  hands  of  an  expert  hos 
pital  construction  firm  in  New  York  for  comment  and 
criticism.  Several  pieces  of  land  are  under  consideration 
for  the  site. 

The  hospital  has  njw  3  foreign  and  21  Japanese  doctors, 
50  nurses,  65  beds,  of  which  26  are  charity  and  :o  half- 
charity.  The  charity  clinic  has  1 50  patients  daily,  the  full 
capacity  of  the  present  institution. 

St.    Paul's  College    has    130   students, 

St.  Paul's  19  being  candidates  for  the  ministry,  and 

College  ic)  graduating  in  March,   1917.     In  the 

middle   school    there   are    570  boys,  90 

graduating  in  March.     There  are  50  boys  iii  the  dormitory 

and  60  to  70  Christians  in  the  school.      Religious  work 

continues  as  previously  reported. 

St.   Margaret's  School   has    252   girls 

St.  Margaret's        enrolled,     of      which     number    25     are 

'Ch0)l  Christians.     A    large  proportion    of  the 

teachers    arc    Christians,     17    out   of    a 

faculty  of  25. 

The  missionary  activities  of  the  school  are  numerous 
and  varied.  Once  a  week  practically  the  who'e  school 
attends  a  voluntary  religious  meeting  during  the  noon 
hour  when  Christian  talks  are  given  by  different 
speakers.  There  is  a  voluntary  Bible  class  for  teachers 


44. 

only,  organixed  at  the  request  of  the  non-Christian  members 
of  the  faculty.  Besides  the  weekly  religious  meetings 
mentioned  above,  weekly  Bible  classes  are  held  at  noon, 
which  are  wholly  voluntary  but  which  all  the  students 
attend.  There  are  1 1  of  these  classes. 

The  spirit  of  giving  which  is  inculcated  resulted  in  the 
sending  of  115  yen  from  the  students  to  the  Belgian  Child 
ren's  Christmas  Fund.  The  Junior  Auxiliary,  a  missionary 
organization,  meets  in  the  dormitory  once  a  week  "  to 
work  for  others."  Last  year  they  made  50  scarfs,  sent  to 
the  British  Red  Cross,  and  3  dozen  baby's  kimono  for  the 
Belgian  Relief  Fund. 

B. — DIOCKSE  OF  KYOTO 

BY  J.  J.  CHAVMAN 

There  have  been  no  great  changes  in 
General  Conditions  the  work  of  the  Diocese  during  the  year 
1916.  There  is  no  remarkable  progress 
in  any  one  direction  to  report,  nor  has  there,  on  the  other 
hand,  been  any  back-stepping  or  even  marking  time. 
There  is  a  progress,  slow  and  steady,  we  think,  in  all  lines 
of  work  ;  and  on  the  part  of  the  people  in  the  country 
districts  something  more  tl'an  a  tolerance,  even  a  real 
desire  to  know  and  maybe  try  Christianity.  The  members 
of  the  Church,  too,  as  they  get  trained  in  the  faith,  seem 
to  realize  their  responsibility  as  parts  of  a  whole,  members 
of  the  Body  of  Christ.  They  even  seem  to  realize  their 
responsibility  in  the  matter  of  self-support,  for  it  is  a  con 
stant  source  of  conferences  and  an  ever-present  problem  ; 
but  as  far  as  actual  realizations  are  concerned,  self  support 
seems  to  be  our  great  "  stone  of  stumbling."  '  Six  years 
ago  a  writer  in  the  CHRISTIAN  MOVEMENT  said  :  "  Some 
twenty  years  ago  the  writer  was  told  by  a  Japanese  that 
the  Nippon  Sei  Kokivai  had  been  likened  to  an  elephant — 
slow  and  heavy  in  movement,  but  in  its  onward  progress 
through  the  forest,  irresistible."  We  know  that  it  is  slow 
in  developing  self-support  and  we  hope  that  the  other  half 
of  the  simile  is  equally  as  true  in  that  respect. 


THE    ANGLICAN   GROUP  45 

The  Diocese  of  Kyoto  embraces  the 
Field  ard  Fcrces  prefectures  of  Toyania,  Ishikawa,  Fukui, 
Shiga,  Mie,  Nara,  Wakayama,  and  the 
urban  prefecture  of  Kyoto  and  part  of  that  of  Osaka. 
The  population  is  about  six  million.  \Ve  have  at  the 
present  time  on  the  field  a  foreign  force  of  five  clergymen, 
one  layman,  and  ten  single  ladies,  a  total  of  sixteen. 
Counting  wives,  absentees  in  Tokyo  studying  the  language, 
those  on  furlough  and  those  retired  from  active  service 
there  are  38  foreigners  connected  with  the  Diocese.  The 
native  force  includes  23  clergymen  (one  of  whom  is 
studying  in  America),  29  cntechi-ts  (three  studying  in 
America),  and  twenty-one  Bible-women, — a  total  of  73 
\vorkers. 

The  report  for  31  Dec.  1915  gave 
Strength  of  Church  Kyoto  as  having  30X6  members,  1/67  of 
whom  are  communicants,  or  "  full  mem 
bers  "  and  1319  are  "baptized  only."  Of  that  total  of 
1767  communicants  only  1196  had  communicated  that 
year.  Why  the  remaining  571  did  not  come  to  Holy 
Communion  during  the  year  is  a  question  for  the  priests-in- 
charge  to  answer,  and  reveals  a  state  of  affairs  that  needs 
to  be  remedied.  And  this  "  pas'.oring  the  flock  "  is 
gradually  getting  to  be  recognized  as  of  more  importance 
than  the  hasty  bringing  in  of  new  members  to  the  fold. 
This  last  figure,  the  1196  who  communicated  in  1915  id 
taken  as  the  index  of  the  actual  strength  of  the  Church 
and  is  used  in  apportioning  any  assessments  to  the  various 
congregations. 

The  total  contributions  for  all  purposes 
Contributions         that  year  were  lO./Sijjr/z.     The  Diocese 
disbursed  432  yen  to  the  Dcndo  Kyoku 
fi  r  the  missionary  work  of  the  Sei  Kokwai  in  the  Mission 
ary    I)  strict  of  Formosa.     In    1915    Kyoto  averaged    a 
contribution  of  9.06  yen  per  actual  communicant,  which 
Avas  a  higher  average  than  in  any  Diocese  except  Hokkai 
do.     Kyoto  has  always  stood  at  or  near  the  top  of  the  list 
of    the   Dioceses  of  the   Sei  Kofavai  in  the    matter     of 
proportionate  giving. 


46  JAPAN 

Bishop   Tucker    has   been    absent    in 

EIshopAbsrnt        America  since  June   1916,  attending  the 

General    Convention    which   met   at    St. 

Louis  in  October,  and  speaking  in  the  interests  of  Japan 

and   the   missionary    cause   of  the   East.     He   has  been 

successful  in  raising    funds   for   the    enlaigemcnt   of   the 

Heianjo  Gakko,  Kyoto,  and  this  school  will   hereafter  be 

able  to  take  the   position  it  ought  to  in  the  scheme  of 

Christian  education  in  the  Diocese. 

This  year,  25  March,  marks  the  fifth  anniversary  of  the 
elevation  of  Bishop  Tucker  to  the  Episcopate. 

We   have   added    the    following    new 

New  Missionaries      missionaries  to  the  staff  of  the  Diocese 

during  the  year  past : — Rev.  Frank  Dean 

Gifford,  Miss  Marietta  Ambler,  Miss  Dorothy  Norton,  and 

Miss  Mary  Matthews,  a'.l  of  whom  are  now  engaged  in  the 

study  of  the  language. 


III.- CHURCH  MISSIONARY  SOCIETY 
A. — HOKKAIDO  MISSION 

BY  D.  M.  LANG 

Conditions  have  not  changed  materially  during  the  year, 
and  the  reader  is  referred  to  the  report  contained  in  THE 
CHRISTIAN  MOVEMENT  for  1916. 

B. — CENTRAL  JAPAN  MISSION 
Bv  J.  C.  MANN 

As  regards  activities  and  sphere  of  work 
General  the  reports  made  for  the  past  two  issues 

of  THE  CHRISTIAN  MOVEMENT  hold  good, 
with  some  exceptions  for  the  year  1916. 

It   is    many    years    since   the  mission 

Changes  established      its      headquarters     in     the 

Concession  at  Osaka  but  the  growth  of 


THE    ANGLICAN   GROUP  47 

the  city  since  that  time  has  gradually  made  the  locality  less 
suitable  (or  missionary  work.  A  good  part  of  the 
original  property  has  already  been  sold  and  now  the 
time  has  come  for  the  Poole  Girls'  School,  long  housed  en 
the  Concession,  to  move  to  the  (present)  outskirts  of  the 
city.  It  is  hoped  that  the  move  may  affect  the  school 
only  in  the  way  of  increased  usefulness. 

Once  again  we  have  to  acknowledge 
Funds  the  good   hand  of    God  upon  us  in  the 

sufficiency  bestowt  d  for  the  year's  need. 
The  supporters  of  British  missionary  societies  seem  to  be 
resolved  that,  Gc  d  helping  them,  they  will  not  allow  the 
fin  mcial  claims  of  the  war  to  hinder  the  greater  warfare. 
The  latest  returns  show  an  actual  increase  in  the  total 
income  of  a'l  societies  as  compared  with  the  previous 
twelve  months.  The  C.  M.  S.  ended  its  financial  year 
with  a  balance  available  for  the  part  reduction  of  a 
previous  deficit.  In  the  mission  the  greatest  care  and 
economy  have  been  exercised,  but  little,  if  any  work  has 
been  abandoned  for  want  of  funds. 

The    war  has   affected  the  staff   more 
Missionary  Staff       seriously.     With    several    men    on   con 
tinued  military  service  as  chaplains,  the 
number  in  the  mission  remains  very  small,  and  a  heavy 
share   of  duties  falls  to   each   missionary.     At   the  same 
time   there   is   a    necessary    and    natural    development    of 
policy  in  the  direction  of  relegating  responsibility  to  Japan 
ese  fellow- workers,  with  mutually  happy  results. 

The  work  is  considerably  handicapped 

Japanese  Staff        by  the  lack  of  suitable  workers,  both  men 

and  women.     Marriage  has  claimed  some 

of  the  latter ;  death  and  retirement  several  of  the  former. 

A  more  vigorous  work  would,  doubtless,   produce  more 

workers  ;   but  workers  are  needed  for  the  vigorous  work. 

Is   tru-re  any  escape  from  this   "  vicious  circle "    except 

along  the  line  of  greater  eagerness,  devotion  and  trustfulness 

on  the  part  of  those  already  called  ? 


43  JAPAN 

C. — KIUSHIU  MISSK  N 

15v  JAMKS  HIND 

As  stated  in  the  Report  a  year  ago  the  C.M.S.  work 
in  Kiushiu  is  entirely  evangelistic,  and  the  results  do  not 
call  for  much  special  notice. 

The  encouraging  conditions  in   Kago- 

OpportunHies        shima  are  the  chief  feature  of  the  work 
in  1916. 

Improvement  has  been  seen  at  Nagasaki  and  an  unusual 
opportunity  for  new  work  has  presented  itself  at  Minatnata 
in  Kumamoto  Prefecture.  The  rapid  development  of 
factories  in  the  Kokura  district  and  consequent  growth  in 
population  in  the  congeries  of  towns  there  constitutes  a 
distinct  call  for  extra  effort.  With  Yawata  becoming  a  city 
(s/ti)  on  March  ist  there  will  be  a  unique  case  of  a  group 
of  four  cities  within  a  line  of  n  miles,  linked  up  by  an 
electric  tramway,  and  sni \ller  towns  in  between  and 
around. 

A  great  step  forward  has  been  made  in 

Self  Support         the  way  of  self  support,  three  churches  in 
the    Oita   and    Kokura    districts    having 
decided  to  pay  about  a  fifth  of  their  pastor's  salary,  and  it 
is  hoped  tint  one  or  two  more  may  do  so  imnisd  ately. 


IV.— THE  MISSIONARY  SOCIETY  OF  THE 
CHURCH  OF  ENGLAND  IN  CANADA 

I'v  RISIIOP  HAMILTON 

Our  Canadian  staff  was   increased,  war 

Staff  notwithstanding,  by  the  coming  to  Japan 

of  Rev.  P.  C.  Powles  and  Mrs.  Powles 

of  Montreal,   who  are   now  at  the  Language   School  in 

Tokyo,  our  Mission's  first  students  there.     Our  Japanese 

staff  has  kept  to  its  old  number,  and  its  increase  is  our  first 

need. 


THE    ANGLICAN   GROUP  49 

Material     equipment    was     improved 
Material  Equipment     during    the   year   by   the    addition,    by 

purchase  or  construction,  of  five  church 
buildings  so  that  most  of  our  congregations  have  now 
permanent  homes  of  their  own.  Sixteen  of  these  con 
gregations  pay  into  the  Diocesan  Pastorate  Fund,  and  one 
of  them,  St.  John's  Nagoya,  has  become  self  supporting 
with  a.  Japanese  pastor  in  full  orders. 

Statistics  at  the  end  of  the  year  show 
.Membership          very    little    change     in    the     aggregate 

number  of  Christians  and  Communicants 
even  though  more  than  one  hundred  were  baptized  during 
the  year  and  ninety-three  confirmed. 

Interest  in  Christianity  however  shows 
Increased  Interest      a  decided  increase  judging  by  an  addition 

of  more  than  six  hundred  to  our  Sunday 
School  enrolment,  and  by  the  much  larger  number  of 
listeners  and  inquirers,  more  especially  in  Shinshiu  and 
Echigo.  The  latter  province  is  a  hard  one  to  influence 
though  its  people  become  staunch  Christians  when  once 
really  converted  —  one  of  our  evangelists,  the  only 
Christian  worker  among  thirty  thousand  people  in  one  of 
the  corners  of  Echigo,  worked  zealously  for  more  than 
three  years  before  results  were  seen  in  baptisms  —  two 
young  farmers  were  baptized  in  his  field  in  November  ;  b,ut 
then,  as  so  often  happens  in  Japan,  he  was  soon  after  left 
alone  once  more  by  these  two  men  moving  to  Tokyo,  one 
to  join  the  Imperial  Guards  and  the  other  for  education. 

It    is    cheering    to    note   some    of  the 
Cheering  Evidences     evidences    that   Japanese    Christianity    is 

finding  itself  and  becoming  self-propa 
gating.  One  of  our  inquirers,  a  ship  owner  in  Niigata,  has 
given  the  Church  a  Mission  Hail  on  the  main  street  of 
of  that  city,  paying  the  rent  and  all  running  expenses  out  of 
his  own  pocket.  One  of  our  Christians,  a  newspaper  man, 
opened  a  Mission  Hall  in  the  busiest  part  of  Nagoya, 
raising  the  necessary  money  himself  by  personal  canvass, 
60  yen  a  month  being  needed.  Meetings  are  held  there 
every  night  in  the  week  by  the  promoter  and  the  Christian 
workers  of  the  city,  and  the  hall  is  filled  in  fine  weather. 


5O  JAPAN 

He  has  now  handed  over  the  work  to  the  Ministerial 
Association,  at  their  request,  but  the  idea  of  it  and  the 
establishing  of  it  were  entirely  his  own.  Another  of  our 
Christians,  a  busy  shopkeeper  in  Owari,  has  the  ability  and 
the  will,  and  makes  the  time,  to  shepherd  and  increase  a 
little  congregation  in  his  country  town,  leading  them  out 
into  evangelistic  work,  and  laboriously  teaching  something 
of  organ  and  violin  to  help  on  the  singing,  as  well  as 
using  his  voice  to  preach. 

"  Whom  when  they  saw  they  thanked  God  and  took 
courage." 


V.— SOCIETY  FOR  THE  PROPAGATION 
OF  THE  GOSPEL 

By  BISHOP  CECIL 

It  is  necessary  to  preface  any  Report  of  S  P.  G.  work 
by  reference  to  the  facts  explained  in  last  year's  issue  of 
THE  CHRISTIAN  MOVEMENT,  in  the  first  paragraph.  For 
similar  reasons  many  statistics  of  its  work  cannot  be  given 
or  examined,  being  inextricably  mixed  with  the  total  work 
of'the  Nippon  Sei  Kokwai  work  which  it  exists  to  aid. 

The  workers  whom  in  whole  or  in  part 

Total  Staff  it    supports    are  (this   year)  as    follows, 

not  including  a  considerable  number  of 
honorary  missionaries  who  work  in  connexion  with  the 
Society  : — Bishops,  2  :  priests,  (Japanese)  1 2  :  (foreign) 
14  ;  deacons  (Japanese)  8  :  Catechists  10  :  lady  missionaries 
(Japanese)  17;  (foreign)  18. 

A. — SOUTH  TOKYO   DIOCESE 

In    the    South     Tokyo    diocese,    the 

Changei  Bishop  was  absent  in   England   till    the 

autumn  ;   but  the  administration    of  the 

Mission  is  so  organised  as  (like  that  of  the  C.  M.  S.)  to 

carry    on    with   continuity.      As    regards   the   staff,    the 


THE    ANGLICAN    GROUP  51 

Mission  has  lost  one  Plngli^h  priest  by  retirement,  whose 
place  is  not  yet  filled,  and  two  ladies  by  retirement,  with 
one  new  addition,  besides  the  restoration  to  Japan,  after 
grave  illness,  of  Mrs.  Edward  Bickersteth.  Of  Japanese 
workers,  one  Deacon,  one  DcndosJii  and  two  Fitfin- 
dendoslii  have  been  added  to  the  staff.  The  first  represen 
tative  of  the  Australian  Board  of  Missions  (Rev.  E.  R. 
Harrison),  having  completed^his  training,  has  taken  charge 
of  an  S.  P.  G.  mission  station.  S.  Andrew's  Mission, 
Tokyo,  has  added  a  new  member,  who  was  already  in 
Japan.  One  of  its  members  and  a  Japanese  priest  have 
been  spared  by  the  Diocese,  in  spite  of  the  reduced  state  of 
the  staff,  to  strengthen  the  Japanese  work  in  Korea,  where 
the  need  and  opportunity  compared  with  Japan  are  urgent. 
The  mission  station  at  Hamamatsu, 
su  vacant  for  some  years,  has  been  reoc- 
cupied,  with  the  hearty  welcome  of  the 
resident  Canadian  Methodist  missionary.  A  kindergarten 
has  been  opened  at  Odawara.  There  are  no  new  buildings 
to  report.  The  Koran  fo  Gakko,  Tokyo,  (affiliated)  has 
made  marked  progress  during  the  past  year.  Otherwise 
the  year's  work  has  been  uneventful  in  its  material  aspects 
and  dimensions. 

R — OSAKA  DIOCESE 

BY  HI.SHOP  Foss 

We  have  to  report  a  year  of  steady 

Changes  and          and   encouraging  work,  though  without 

Progress  many  exciting  incidents.     The  Revs.  F. 

Keltlewell  and  M.    Kakuzen,   who  were 

reported  on  the  sick  list  last  year,  have  recovered  much  of 

their  former  vigour.     Two  Catcchists  have,  after  a  long 

time  of  loyal  service,  been  ordained  Deacons,  and  both  are 

doing  remarkably  well  in  new  spheres  of  work.     During 

the  year  there  have  been  many  changes  in  the  location  of 

workers,  and  in  each  case  it  has  been  to  the  advantage 

both  of  work  and  worker    Rev.   C.   Foxley  has  returned 

from    furlough,    and    has   been  placed   in   charge    of   the 


5  2  JAPAN 

country  work  in  West  Banshu,  as  well  as  of  Himeji.  One 
hundred  and  eight  persons  have  been  baptised,  and  49 
confirmed. 

There  are  1 1 1  pupils  in  the  Slioin 

School  and  Factory  Jo  Gakko,  (High  School  for  Girls  in 
Work  Kobe),  and  all  attend  the  Scripture 

Classes,  which  are  voluntary.  The 
kindergarten  in  West  Kobe  also  keeps  up  its  numbers 
well.  Miss  Smith  has  returned  from  furlough,  and  lias 
taken  up  her  duties  in  the  SJioin  Jo  Gakko,  and  Miss 
Hughes  and  Miss  Parker  have  gone  home  on  furlough. 
Addresses  have  been  given  by  the  lady  workers  during 
the  year  in  the  large  cotton  factories  in  Kobe  and  Awaji, 
and  seem  to  have  been  much  appreciated. 

During  the  Spring  the  Jubilee  of 
Jubilee  of  Women's  Women's  Work  in  connection  with  the 
Work  Society  was  warmly  observed,  and  in 

many  instances  new  work  was  inaugu 
rated  in  commemoration  of  the  same.  A  Bible-woman 
who  had  been  trained  by  our  earliest  lady  worker  in 
Japan  was  among  those  who  gave  an  address  at  the 
principal  meeting  held  in  connection  with  the  celebration. 

Active  work  is  reported  from  Formosa, 

Formosa  but  Mr.  Yates,  who  used  to  be  working 

there,    has   gone   home    for   a   while    to 

Canada,  Rev.  N.  Mucata  has  returned  to  Japan,  and  his 

successor    has   not    been   sent,    and    Rev.    S     Ushijima 

completes  his  term  of  service  in  March,  and  goes  back  to 

Kyushiu.     There  are  many  scattered  groups  of  Christians 

who  keep  up  Sunday  Services,  and  in  some  way  endeavour 

to  lead  on  their  neighbours  and  friends. 


CHAPTER    III 

THE  CONGREGATIONAL  GROUP 


I.— THE  KUMIAI  CHURCHES 

]>v  T.IKAJI  MAKINO 

The  Nippon  Kmniai  Kirisitto  Kyokii'ai 
Three  Fountain      lias     three     fountain      heads:       (i)  Dr. 
Heads  Neeshima,     the     founder     of     DosliisJia 

University,  and  Rev.  Sawayama,  the 
founder  of  the  first  self-supporting,  independent  church  in 
the  Empire.  The  former,  some  years  before,  and  the 
latter,  a  few  years  after  the  beginning  of  the  new  era  of 
Meiji,  went  to  the  United  States  of  America  in  search  of 
the  true  origin  of  western  civilization.  Both  came  back 
with  the  determination  to  propagate  Christianity  among 
their  countrymen  as  the  first  necessity  of  a  civilized  nation. 
(2)  The  beginning  of  Christian  work  in  Japan  by  the 
A.B.C.E.M.,  which  sent  its  first  missionaries,  Dr.  and  Mrs. 
D.C.Greene  in  1869,  followed  by  Drs.  Gulick,  Davis, 
Gordon,  DeEorest  and  ethers  in  the  next  few  years.  Most 
of  them  settled  in  Kobe,  Osaka  and  Kyoto.  (3)  The  rise 
of  the  Kuitiamoto  Band.  This  band,  under  the  leadership 
of  Captain  Janes,  a  teacher  in  Kinnamato  Yo  Gakko  which 
was  founded  by  the  Dainty o  of  the  district,  began  to  be 
interested  in  Bible  study,  and  finally  confessed  their  faith 
publicly  in  the  midst  of  a  hot  bed  of  conservative  opponents 
in  the  beginning  of  1876.  This  was  the  year  following  the 
founding  of  DosJusJia  in  Kyoto  by  Dr.  Neeshima,  and  the 
year  preceding  the  establishing  of  the  first  independent 
church  in  Osaka  by  Rev.  Sauayama. 


54  JAPAN 

The  streams  from  these  three  fountain 

First  Missionary      heads  meet  together  providentially  in  the 

Society  fjrst    part   of  their   history  in  DosJnsha, 

which   became  the  Alma  Mater  of   the 

Kumiai  Kirisnto  Kyokivai.     '1  he  little  group  of  churches 

organized  a  Home  Missionary  Society  as  early  as   1878, 

the  first  missionary  society  in  the  country,  which  has  since 

covered   the    whole    Empire  with    her   evangelistic    work 

during  forty  years  of  activity. 

The  first  National  Council  was  held  in  1886  at  Kyc  to. 
The  statistics  of  the  churches  then  were  as  follows : 
Churches  40,  preachers  43,  church  members  4,647,  S.S. 
pupils  3,599,  contributions  9.856  yen,  value  of  property 
22,358  yen. 

Up  to  1896  the  Home  Missionary 
Independence  Society  was  accustomed  to  receive  a 
subs:dy  from  the  A.B.C.F.M.  in  propor 
tion  to  the  amount  of  native  contributions,  but  the  National 
Council  of  1896  voted  to  decline  the  subsidy  as  the  first 
step  toward  self  support  of  the  Kitiniai  Kirisuto  Kyokivai. 
In  1905  the  further  and  final  s'ep  toward  self  support  was 
taken  by  receiving  about  thirty  churches  aided  more  or 
less  by  the  A.B.C.F.M.  into  the  Kumiai  Churches  with 
the  responsibility  to  bring  them  (o  independence  within 
three  years  under  a  special  arrangement. 

Since  1906  a  special  evangelistic  cam- 
Concentrated  Move-    paign,  called  a  Concentrated  Movement, 
ment  has    been    carried    on    by    the   Kumiai 

Churches,  which  swept  the  whole  country, 
growing  larger  and  stronger,  and  was  adopted  by  the 
Mott  Conference,  participated  in  by  all  denominations, 
under  the  larger  name  of  the  National  Evangelistic  Cam 
paign.  A  special  feature  of  the  movement  was  the  interest 
of  laymen  who  devoted  not  only  money  but  time  and  labor 
also  for  the  great  cause  of  Christianizing  the  country. 

The    native   work   in  the  peninsula  oi 

Work  for  Koreans     Chosen  was  started  in   1911,  with   Rev. 

Tsuneyoshi    Watase  at  the  head   ot  the 

wcrk.     This  work  has  flourished,  and  gradually  increased 

in  dimensions,  so  that  in  the  past  six  years  about  twenty 


THE    CONGREGATIONAL   GROUP  55 

thousand  Koreans  h^ve  been  received  as  members  of  the 
Kumiai  Churches.  More  than  fifty  men  and  women  are 
engaged  in  this  work  as  native  helpers.  The  work  has 
greatly  attracted  the  attention  of  the  Japanese  public  as  no 
other  Christian  work  has  done,  and  men  of  wealth  such  as 
Barons  Iwasaki  and  Morimura  and  Messrs.  Murai,  Kuhara 
and  others  have  subscribed  many  thousand  yen  for  the 
work.  During  1915  the  independent  church  in  Daircn, 
Manchuria,  united  with  the  Kmniai  body,  and  at  the 
beginning  of  1916  a  new  church  was  started  in  Chintau 
China  At  the  last  National  Council  it  was  voted  un 
animously  to  undertake  work  in  Manchuria,  and  last 
spring  a  representative  was  sent  to  the  South  Sea  Islands, 
which  were  recently  captured  by  our  navy  from  Germany, 
and  \\here  the  A.BCF.M.  has  been  working  for  many 
years. 

The  statistics  of  the  Kuiniai  Churches 
Statistics          at  the  end  of  1915  are  as  follows,  exclud 
ing  the   native  work  in  Chosen,  and  also 
the  musion  churches  in  connection  with  the  A.B.C.F.M. : 
Churches  104,  preachers  93,  church  members  17,667,  S.S. 
pupils  8,157,  contributions  i\g,\\j  ytnt  value  of  property 
474,443  yen. 


II.— THE  AMERICAN  BOARD  MISSON 
BY  JAMES  H.  TETTEE 

During    1916   this    Mission    has    been 

Persona!  Changes     privileged  to  welcome  to  its  ranks  Rev.  and 

Mrs.    Frank  Cary,  Rev.  and  Mrs.  James 

M.  Hess,  Rev.  and  Mrs.  S.  F.  Moran,  Miss  Agnes  Allchin, 

Mrs.  Florence  Newell  Beam  and  Miss  Ida  Harrison.     Also 

as  visitors  who  though  not  nominally  in  the  service  of  the 

Mission  have  devoted  not  a  little  of  their  time  and  strength 

to   aiding   its   work,   Miss  Pauline   Rowland,    Mrs.    Helen 

Francke  and  Miss  N.  G.  Golclwaithe.     If  babies  are  to  be 

included   Dorothy  Beam  and  Jack  Whitney  Hall  should 


56  JAPAN 

be  mentioned.  The  Mission  has  also  welcomed  back 
from  furlough  eight  members  in  exchange  for  eight  sent 
to  America  on  regular  furlough  or  special  health  trips. 

After  a  wasting  illness  extending  over  the  whole  year 
Mis?.  A.  M.  Colby  peacefully  fell  asleep  at  Osaka  on 
January  fifth  of  the  present  year.  The  death  in  September 
of  Rev.  S.  Murakami  the  oldest  Kumiai  pastor,  a  man 
long  and  loyally  associated  with  the  Mission  in  journalistic 
and  evangelistic  work,  breaks  one  of  the  bonds  that 
connects  present  day  activities  with  those  of  forty  or  more 
years  ago. 

In  February  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Pettee  moved  from  Okayama 
where  they  had  lived  since  1879  to  Homnura  Cho,  Azabu, 
Tokyo,  thus  reopening  for  work  other  than  language  study 
Tokyo  Station  which  had  been  closed  since  the  death  of 
Dr.  D.  C.  Greene  in  1913.  A  Sunday  School  and  chapel 
service  has  been  started  at  No.  41  Ippon-matsu  Cho, 
Azabu,  not  far  from  the  Mission  premises.  Miss  Fanning 
has  been  transferred  temporarily  from  Tokyo  to  Maebashi 
and  Misses  Coe  and  Waterhouse  to  Tottori,  the  former 
from  Kobe  and  the  latter  from  Tokyo. 

In  the  main  the  evangelistic   efforts  of 

Relation  with  the  Mission  are  so  closely  connected  with 
Kumiai  Churches  those  of  the  Kumiai  Churches  and  Sunday 
Schools  that  they  make  but  one  work. 
However  neither  party  assumes  responsibility  for  the 
other's  organizations.  The  two  are  closely  affiliated  and 
are  mutually  helpful.  Whenever  Mission  chapels  become 
self  supporting  churches  they  are  formally  received  into 
the  Kniniai  body  and  even  before  that  time  their  delegates 
rank  like  missionaries  as  visiting  or  non  voting  members 
of  the  Sokivai  (General  Conference  or  Council  of  the 
Kumiai  Churches).  This  body  includes  81  self-supporting 
and  19  dependent  churches.  A  union  church  for  Japanese 
in  Chintau  China  has  joined  the  Knmiai  body  and  work 
has  been  begun  in  the  Loo  Choo  Islands.  Also  at  Taiko 
(Taikyu)  in  Chosen  (Korea).  The  fourth  church  in  Kyoto 
has  dedicated  a  fine  new  building  and  Nishijin  church  in 
the  same  city  also  has  a  new  church  home  of  its  own. 
Much  touring,  has  been  done  all  over  the  field.  Especial 


1HE  CONGREGATIONAL    GROUP  57 

mention  may  be  made  of  that  of  the  Abe-Aoki-Kimura 
hand,  the  lecturer,  the  singer  and  the  evangelist.  Much 
enthusiasm  was  aroused  and  thousands  of  card  signa 
tures  secured  from  those  who  promised  to  study  further  the 
claims  of  Christ's  gospel.  The  separate  church  work  of 
the  Mission  centers  around  some  48  chapels  and  85 
Sunday  Schools. 

The  Mission    continues    to   assist    this 
Doshisha  grouP  of  efficient  schools  by  grants-in-aid 

to  the  theological  department  of  its 
university  and  to  its  girls'  school.  Also  by  furnishing 
teachers  for  them  and  other  departments,  while  three  of  its 
number  are  members  of  the  governing  board  of  trustees. 
The  United  Brethren  also  uses  and  aids  the  theological 
department.  The  total  number  of  students  in  Doshisha 
schools  is  1549,  the  largest  in  the  history  of  the  institution. 
Its  annual  budget  now  exceeds  90,000  ven.  One  new 
brick  building  has  been  erected.  Also  a  gymnasium  con 
structed  of  materials  used  in  one  of  the  buildings  prepared 
for  the  Imperial  Coronation  exercises  year  before  last  and 
contributed  to  Doshisha  by  the  government. 

Kobe    Girls    College  is   a    Mission   in- 
Other  Schools        stitution     although     on     its     board     of 
managers  are  several  Japanese  men  and 
women.     Last  year  there  were  thirty-seven   graduates,  of 
whom   five   were   from   the  college   department.     Present 
enrolment   is    300.     In   March    it   celebrated  the  fortieth 
anniversary    of    its    founding.     It   is    under    the   efficient 
management  of  Miss  C.  B.  DeForest,   principal,  and   an 
able  corps  of  American  and  Japanese  teachers. 

Alatsnyama  Girls  School  with  140  students  is  also  under 
Mission  direction,  Miss  C.  Judson  being  principal.  Some 
350  students  have  graduated  since  this  school  was  founded 
in  1886. 

Baikwa  Girls  School  in  G\-aka  and  Kyoai  Git  Is  School 
in  Maebashi  are  under  Japanese  control.  Members  of  the 
Mission  teach  in  them  but  no  direct  financial  aid  is  given. 

The  Women's  Evangelistic  School,  Rev.  T.  Tanaka 
principal,  and  Glory  Kindergarten  Training  School,  both 
in  Kobe,  continue  their  helpful  work  of  training  Bible 


58  JAPAN 

women  and  kindergarten  teachers.  They  together  with 
kindergartens  in  Kobe,  Kyoto  and  Miyazaki  are  Mission 
institutions.  So  also  practically  is  the  one  in  Tottori. 
Assistance  is  given  as  well  to  the  kindergarten  in 
Maebashi. 

The  return  to  Japan  in  improved  health 
Eleemosynary  work  of  Miss  Adams  has  made  possible  a  satis 
factory  advance  in  the  free-school,  hospital, 
and  dispensary  work  for  the  very  poor  of  Okayama.  The 
Alatsnyama  Night  school  under  Miss  Judson's  supervision 
and  the  Dojo  Kan  (Sympathy  Mouse)  for  working  girls  of 
the  same  city,  in  which  form  of  social  service  Miss  Par- 
melee  and  Mr.  Omoto  are  deeply  interested,  have  had  a 
good  year.  In  the  school  girls'  Home  at  Miyazaki  under 
Mrs.  Clark's  supervision  there  are  about  twenty-five 
dormitory  students  residing  who  daily  attend  the  public 
schools.  Okayama  Orphanage  with  its  farm  colony  in 
Hyuga  and  its  evening  school  and  day  nursery  in  Osaka, 
while  interdenominational  in  all  its  relations,  has  always 
been  more  closely  affiliated  with  the  American  Board  than 
with  any  other  mission.  About  440  children  are  under 
its  supervision  at  present,  one-halt  of  whom  are  self 
supporting.  There  were  thirty  six  baptisms  during  1915. 


CHAPTER  IV 

THE  METHODIST  GROUP 


I.— JAPAN  METHODIST  CHURCH 
BY  BISHOP  HIRAIWA 

The  year  1916  has  been  marked  by  the  erection  of 
Churches  in  our  Japan  Methodist  church.  In  the  spring, 
a  fine  and  substantial  church  was  built  in  Kofu  of  Yama- 
naslii  Ken,  costing  about  ten  thousand  yen,  a  very  large 
part  of  the  amount  being  given  by  the  members  of  the 
church  and  non  Christian  friends  in  the  city,  without  any 
help  from  the  Foreign  Missionary  Society,  though  some 
contributions  were  made  by  individual  Canadian  mission 
aries.  In  December,  another  equilly  fine  and  large 
church,  perhaps  the  finest  and  largest  of  all  the  churches 
now  existing  west  of  Kobe,  was  dedicated  in  Seoul,  Chosen, 
also  costing  about  ten  thousand  yen,  the  large  part  of  which 
was  given  by  the  Foreign  Missionary  Society  and  individual 
missionaries  of  the  American  Methodist  Episcopal  Church, 
though  members  of  the  church  gave  very  liberally  toward 
it.  In  the  intervening  months,  two  churches,  less  costly, 
were  built  by  the  members  themselves  with  some  help  of 
individual  Canadian  missionaries,  one  in  Hamamatsu  city 
and  another  in  the  town  of  Kega,  both  in  Enshiu  province 
of  Shizuoka  Ken.  The  evangelistic  work  in  these  places 
has  been  very  prosperous. 

We  had  a  large  increase  in  membership  too  throughout 
the  whole  connection,  but  specially  in  Hokkaido,  Kinki, 
and  Chosen  districts.  Three  churches  became  self  sup 
porting  during  the  year,  viz.,  Hakodate  Methodist  Church, 
Osaka  Eeibt  Methodist  Church  and  Kobe  Hirano  Methodist 
Church. 


6O  JAPAN 

II.— THE  JAPAN  MISSION  OF  THE  METHODIST 
CHURCH  CANADA 

BY  E.  C.  HENNIGAR 

In  spite  of  war  conditions  our  home 
Loyal  Support  church  continues  most  loyally  to  support 
her  mission  work.  The  receipts  of  our 
Board  last  year  were  over  $10,000  in  excess  of  the 
highest  figure  of  previous  years.  Our  regret  is  that, 
while  this  sustains  our  work  as  before  the  war,  it  admits  of 
no  expansion.  We  have  been  able  to  do  no  building,  and 
no  property  has  been  purchased.  The  only  building 
sanctioned  by  our  Board  for  the  ensuing  year  is  the 
extension  of  our  school  for  missionary  children  at  Kobe 
to  admit  of  the  extension  of  the  High  School  course. 

Our  staff  is  numerically  the  same  as  it 

Staff  was  a  year  ago.     We  have  welcomed  the 

Rev.  R.  W.  and  Mrs.  McWilliams  to  our 

work,    but    we    have  four    families   in    Canada,    Messrs. 

Norman,  Outerbridge  and  Saunby  on  regular  furlough  and 

Mr.   Patterson  who  returned   to  enlist,  and  who  holds  a 

commission  in  an  Ontario  regiment.     The  tragic  death  of 

Mr.   and   Mrs.  Campbell  leaves  a  vacancy  in  our    ranks 

which  it  will  be  difficult  to  fill. 

Our  Mission  engages  in  three  main  lines  of  work,  viz. 
Evangelistic,  Educational  and  Relief. 

Our  Relief  work  is  in  the  form  of  two 

Relief  Work          orphanages    situated    at    Shizuoka    and 

Kanazawa    icspectively.       There  are    52 

children  in  the  one  and  75  in  the  other.     These  orphanages 

are  organized  on  the  cottage  system   and  are  under  the 

direct  superintendence  of  the  missionary.     The  Shizuoka 

orphanage  is  partially  supported  by  the  people  of  that 

city. 

Our  aim  is  to  give  the  more  promising  children  the 
equivalent  of  a  Middle  School  education.  All  others  are 
put  out  as  apprentices  and  given  a  first  class  trade. 
Several  graduates  are  taking  Bible  woman's  training. 


THE    METHODIST   GROUP  6 1 

Kwansei   Gakuin    has    seen    a    large 

Kwansei  Gakuin     development     during     the     year.       Our 

Mission   sends  five  men  to  the  teaching 

staff  of  this    institution.      The    student    body    numbers 

almost    1000,    there   being  about  50  in    the    Theological 

School,  300  in  the   Higher  Department  and  600  in  the 

Middle   School.     A   strong    religious    influence    is    being 

exerted  over  all  these  students,   Rev.  R.  C.  Armstrong, 

Ph.    D.    has   been  appointed    Dean    of  the    College    and 

enters  on  his  duties  April  ist  of  this  year. 

Situated  just  in  the   rear  of  Kwansei  is 

School  for  Mission-     the  Canadian  Methodist  Academy  under 

ary  Children          the   efficient    direction    of    Mrs.     E.  W. 

Misener.     Over  50  children  representing 

a  number  of  missions  are  in  attendance.     A  High  School 

Department  has*  been  opened  during  the  year. 

Evangelistic.     At  the   Central    Taber- 

Tokyo  nacle    in    Hongo    our    missionary    is    in 

touch,  in  the  English  Department  alone, 

with  over  150  students  of  the  higher  schools  and  university. 

Services    in  Japanese  are  held  every  Sunday  evening  and 

special  lectures  from  time  to  time.     It  is  in  the  plan  of  the 

mission  to  reorganize  and   expand  this  work  in  the  very 

near  future. 

At  SJiisuoka  an   extensive  work    has 

Shizuoka  been  done    among    the    students.       Six 

Normal  School  boys  were  baptized.     In 

the    mission    preaching-place    nine    young    people    were 

received  into  membership.     Successful  tent  meetings  were 

held  in  connection  with  the  exhibition  at  Numadzu. 

At   Hainamatsu   the   activities   of  the 
Hamamatsu          year  have  been  of  a  very  varied  nature. 
The  local  press  welcomes  contributions ; 
our  missionary  has  had  more  than    one    opportunity   of 
speaking  to  the  educational  societies  of  the  District ;  and 
recently  invitations  have  come  for  meetings  in  two  mining 
towns  where  the  audiences  totaled  over  400.     After  one 
of  these  meetings  the  mine  manager  ordered   1 50  copies 
of  Heimin  no   Fukuin  for  distribution  among  his  work 
men. 


62  JAPAN 

Kofu    has    dedicated  a    new    church, 

Kofu  raising  the  money  by  local  efforts  entirely. 

The  Y.IVI.CA.  here  numbers  140  and  a 

band  of  20  young  men  are  ready  always  to  accompany 

the  missionary  or    evangelists    to  outlying   appointments. 

Special  meetings  were  held  by  Revs.  Kimura  and  Kanamori 

and   as  a  first   result  52  were  baptized  in  our  church  on 

Christmas  Sunday. 

In  Nagano  an  evangelistic    campaign 

Nagano  vvith  Rev.  Mr.   Ranamori  as  leader  was 

made  province-wide.    1 800  decisions  were 

secured.     One  town  reports  21  baptisms,  another  where 

formerly  there  was  but  one  Christian  now  has  28  candidates 

for  baptism,  still  another  reports  15  etc.   "  Best  of  all,  the 

whole   body   of   Christians    has   been    fired    with    a   new 

enthusiasm  ",  writes  our  missionary. 

Fnkui  has    had    a   year  of  substantial 
Fukui  progress.      A   series   of    special    lecture 

meetings  has  been  held  throughout  the 
province.  The  grant  made  by  our  mission  for  this  pur 
pose  has  been  doubled  by  the  givings  of  local  churches. 
In  the  city  two  series  of  meetings  lasting  a  week  in  either 
case  were  well  attended — one  series,  a  week  on  Comparative 
Religions — Buddhism  and  Christianity,  the  other  a  week 
of  straight  Bible  Study. 

Kanazawa    has    a    large    evangelistic 

Kanazawa          work  in  the  city  itself    and  reaches  out 

into  the  peninsula  of  Noto  where  work  is 

carried  on  in  9  or  10  different  towns.     Progress  is  evident 

at  almost  every  one  of  these  points.    Special  tent  meetings 

formed  a  feature  of  the  year's  work. 

Toyama  station  has  work  in   2   cities 
Toyama  and  13  towns  carried  on  by  one  mission-* 

ary  with  six  Japanese  assistants.  Kinder 
garten  work  is  being  developed  in  three  of  the  outside 
preaching  places.  An  encouraging  feature  of  the  year's 
work  has  been  the  development  of  regular  Bible  classes — 
with  ihe  principal  and  7  teachers  of  the  Middle  school  in 
one  town,  with  a  group  of  10  business  men  in  another  and 


Til 2    METHODIST   GROUP  63 

with  a  bunch  of  the  bes'  students  of  a  Chugakko  in  still 
another. 


III.— THE  WOMAN'S  MISSIONARY  SOCIETY 

OF  TflE  METHODIST  CHURCH 

CANADA 

BY  M.  A.  ROBERTSON 

The  Toyo  Eiiva  Jo   Gakko  located   in 
Azabu  School         A/abu,  Tokyo,  which  beginn  ng  with  the 

kindergarten  takes  the  student  through 
various  courses  to  graduation  from  a  well-equipped  college 
having  a  foreign  household  science  department,  is  the 
oldest  and  large.st  of  our  three  boarding  schools.  Well 
trained  helpers  ft  r  the  various  departments  of  the  work  are 
the  product  of  the  faithful  labors  of  this  school.  An 
orphanage  and  kindergarten  for  the  poor  are  no  mean  part 
of  the  work  uf  the  busy  institution. 

The  S/iiziioka'fo  Gakko  has  seen  many 
Shizuoka  School       vicissitudes  since  its  establishment  in  1887, 

but  steadily  holds  its  own,  undaunted 
by  the  many  rival  Jo  Gakko  surrounding  it.  Beginning 
with  the  36  pupil's  in  the  kindergarten,  65  in  the  primary 
and  68  in  the  academic  courses,  we  see  an  unbroken 
opportunity  for  grounding  these  future  wives  and  mothers 
in  spiritual  truths. 

The  Yamanashijo  Gakko  held  for  many 
Yamanashi  School     >  ears  the  monopoly  of  education  for  girls 

above  the  primary  grade  in  this  mountain- 
girt  province.  Even  with  the  government  Jo  Gakko  a 
close  rival,  the  attendance  has  steadily  increased,  150 
having  been  registered  the  past  year.  No  primary  connects 
its  flourishing  kindergarten  with  the  mother  school.  In 
19153  sewing  and  finishing  school  for  graduates  above  the 
primary  was  opened,  which  has  more  than  fulfilled  our 
desire  in  attendance. 


64  JAPAN 

In  Kanazawa  and  Toyama  an  industrial 
Hoknriku         school  and  six  kindergartens,  a  hostel  for 
high  school  girls  and  the  foreign  homes 
are  radii  running  in  many  directions  into  direct  evangel 
istic  work.     Many  and  varied  are   the  tempting  baits  laid 
to    bring    together    groups   of    girls    from    schools   and 
factories,  mothers,  and  even  fathers,  in  a  meeting  all  their 
own,  to  give  them  the  good  old  Message. 

A  large  and  well  equipped  kindergarten 
Shhshu         in    both    Nagano    and    Ueda   forms   the 
center,  with  the  foreign  home,  of  a  well 
extended  work  in  both  towns.     The  Kindergarten  Train 
ing  School  in  Ueda,«though  small,  is  a  necessary  part  of 
our  work  providing  as  it  do^s  the  teachers  to  run  our  18 
kindergaitens. 

In  every  station  educational  and  evan- 
Hand  in  Hand  geli.stic  work  go  hand  in  hand,  the  evan 
gelistic  worker  closely  following  up  the 
work  of  the  school  even  when  the  girls  have  entered  other 
homes.  In  Tokyo  a  home  for  factory  operatives  has  pro 
vided  a  means  of  help  and  blessing  for  girls  forced  to  earn 
a  livelihood  in  this  way  while  having  a  heart-hunger  for 
some  higher  from  of  living.  Weekly  Bible  Classes  for  high 
school  girls  aggregating  an  average  attendance  of  over 
fifty  is  no  small  item  in  scattering  seeds  of  truth  among 
these  government  students. 

The  25  missionaries,  23  Bible  women 
Staff  and  Work  and  66  teachers  of  the  various  depart 
ments  form  a  busy  band  of  workers 
reaching  out  into  1 5 1  cities,  towns  and  villages  with  their 
many  lines  of  work.  The  different  almunae ;  children's, 
woman's,  general,  factory  and  mothers'  meetings;  visiting 
from  house  to  house ;  caring  for  the  poor  and  sick — all 
show  a  wonderful  aggregate  of  expenditure  of  time  and 
energy  unselfishly,  unstintingly  given  no  less  by  the  efficient 
Japanese  helper  than  by  the  foreigner  upon  whom  most  of 
the  planning  and  directing  is  laid,  that  will  in  the  end 
quietly  but  surely  undermine  the  strongholds  of  Satan  and 
bring  this  land  within  the  radius  of  the  great  searchlight 
of  Truth  and  Righteousness. 


THE    METHODIST    GROUP  65 

IV.— EAST    JAPAN    MISSION    OF    THE 
METHODIST  EPISCOPAL  CHURCH 

BY  G.  F.  DRAPER 

While  there  have  been  no  astonishing  developments  at 
any  one  point  yet  the  work  has  moved  forward  quietly, 
and  the  close  of  the  year  1916  finds  this  mission  in  a  more 
hopeful  condition  and  with  better  prospects  for  more 
efficient  work  than  at  the  beginning. 

The  mission  has  three  outstanding  occurrences  to  mark 
this  year  as  a  memorable  one  in  its  history. 

At  the  quadrennial  General  Conference 

Bishop  Welch  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  held 
in  Saratoga  Springs,  N.  Y.  during  the 
month  of  May  our  beloved  Bishop  Haras  retired  from 
effective  service  as  Missionary  Bishop,  and  one  of  the 
General  Bishops  elected  at  that  session  was  assigned  to 
the  charge  of  the  work  of  our  Church  in  the  Japanese 
Empire.  Our  new  Bishop  was,  up  to  the  time  of  his 
election  to  this  important  office,  President  of  Ohio 
Wesley  an  University,  Rev.  Herbert  Welch,  LL.D.  In 
company  with  Mrs.  Welch  he  reached  the  field  in 
November,  prepared  to  make  their  home  in  Seoul,  and,  in 
close  cooperation  with  the  Japan  Methodist  Church,  to  do 
valiant  service  in  helping  to  develop  a  living  Christianity 
in  this  land.  Bishop  Harris  returned  at  the  same  time 
and  will  be  with  us  in  Tokyo,  in  a  very  active  retire 
ment,  assisting  the  new  Bishop  very  greatly  and  using 
his  extensive  influence  unstintedly  in  the  same  great 
cause. 

The    second  item   of   importance   was 

Union  of  Two         also  the  wofk  of  the  General  Conference 

Missions  which   sanctioned   the   union  of  the  two 

missions  of  our  Church  in  Japan  proper, 

so  that  after  1916  we  shall  "  know  no  east,  no  west  "  but 

one  united  mission.     This  union   has  seemed  wise  in  view 

of  the  changed  conditions  of  our  work  since  the  time  of  the 

separation  eighteen  years  ago. 


66  JAPAN 

The  third  item  is  the  remarkable  gift, 

Gift  of  College        made    by    one    of    the    alumni    of    the 

Building,  Aoyama    Oakum,    Mr.    Katsuta,    to    his 

alma  mater  ;  the  beginning,  as  we  firmly 

believe,    of   many  such  generous    gifts   to   our  work   of 

Christian  education  on    the  part  of  successful  Japanese. 

This    gift  takes   the  form   of  a    greatly   needed    College 

building  which  will  cost  about   180,000  yen.     In  addition 

to  this  there  have  been  smaller  but  notable  gifts  for  the 

erection   of  a    president's    residence    and   for   dormitory 

buildings. 

The  mission  has  continued  its  efforts  along  the  three 
general  lines  established  years  ago. 

Primarily  evangelism  has  been  the  aim 

Evangelism  of  the  Church  which  we  represent,  but 
circumstances  have  so  shaped  themselves 
that  our  distinctively  evangelistic  work  has  not  been 
carried  on  as  effectively  as  it  ought  to  have  been.  Of  the 
seven  or  eight  stations  where  we  plan  to  have  missionaries 
resident  and  giving  their  undivided  attention  to  the  work 
of  evangelism,  only  two  have  been  so  occupied  during  the 
most  of  the  year.  The  work  of  the  other  stations  has  been 
carried  on  as  well  as  possible  by  those  resident  elsewhere 
or  whose  primary  work  has  been  along  other  lines. 

We  can  but  pray  that  some  good  friends  at  home  may 
be  stirred  to  do  for  this  part  of  the  work  something  that 
will  be  as  much  of  a  stimulus  and  encouragement  as  the 
generous  gift  of  our  Japanese  friend  has  been  to  our 
educational  undertakings. 

In  connection  with  the  three  years  Evangelistic  Cam 
paign  and  Evangelist  Kimura's  earnest  efforts  our  churches 
have  received  no  small  benefit,  so  that  the  seed  sown  has 
borne  already  no  little  fruit. 

Worthy  of  special  note  is  the  acquisition 

Work  at  Sapporo      of   "  Wesley   Hall  "  as  a  very  desirable 

adjunct  to  the  work  that  is  being  done  by 

the  church  in  Sapporo.     This  is  to  form  a  social  center  for 

the    young    men,    especially   students,    in    that   northern 

capital.     This  has  been  due  to  the  earnest  work  of  Rev. 

F.  W.  Heckelman.     He  has  also  succeeded  in  obtaining  a 


THE    METHODIST   GROUP  6/ 

most  desirable  Ic cation  for  a  new  church  building  in  the 
important  port  of  Otaru. 

In  Tokyo  we  have  as  a  most  important 

Asakusa  center  for  seedsowing  a  Mission  Hall  in 

the  neighborhood  of  the  famous  Asakusa 

Temple.     Here  it  is  hoped  to  develop  a  social  center  that 

shall  prove  a  blessing  to  a  section   of  the  city  that  is  sadly 

in  need  of  such  help. 

The  educational  work  has  been  carried 
Aoyama  Qakula  on  with  increasing  efficiency  at  Aoyama. 
The  growth  of  the  institution  that  has 
been  hampered  by  lack  of  buildings  will  soon  have  better 
opportunity  to  manifest  itself  and  we  are  sure  th.it  each  of 
the  three  departments  will  respond  to  the  stimulus  of  these 
generous  gifts  for  the  equipment.  The  successful  Bible 
class  work  continues  to  make  itself  felt  as  a  very  important 
factor  in  the  religious  side  of  the  work.  An  example  of 
our  educational  evangelism  is  seen  in  the  fact  that  of  the 
82  graduates  of  the  Academy  in  March  1917,  54  were 
Christians,  24  having  been  baptized  during  the  past 
year. 

The  Publishing  House  has  done  a  quiet 

Kyo  Bun  Kwan        but    effective    work     and     is    in    better 

condition  than  ever  before  to  carry  on  its 

plans  for  the  "  spread   of  Christian  literature  throughout 

the  land."     We  are  very  thankful  to  be  able  to  report  the 

arrival  of  Mr.  G.  A.  Holliday  during  the  year,  who  is  to 

have   full    charge    of  the  work  there   and    will   make  it 

increasingly  a  power  for  good. 

The  changes  of  the  year  in  the  personnel  of  the  mission 
are  :  Dr.  B  Chappell  and  Rev.  and  Mrs.  C.  VV.  Iglehart 
returned  on  furlough  to  the  homeland. 

Miss  Vail  returned  from  furlough  to  become  the  wife  of 
Rev.  Charles  Bishop.  Rev.  and  Mrs.  G.  F.  Draper  also 
returned  to  the  field  and  are  located  in  Yokohama.  Rev. 
and  Mrs.  Blair  arrived  in  September  as  reinforcements  and 
are  students  in  the  Language  School  for  the  present.  It  is 
expected  that  before  summer  Prof,  and  Mrs.  A.  F.  Blanks 
of  Colgate  University  will  join  the  Mission  to  reenforce  the 
staff  of  Aoyama  G'kuin,  and  that  Rev.  and  Mrs.  Robert 


68  JAPAN 

S.  Spencer  will  return  to  Japan,  one  as  a  second  generation 
and  the  other  a  third  generation  missionary. 


V.— EAST  JAPAN  CONFERENCE  OF  THE 

WOMAN'S   FOREIGN    MISSIONARY 

SOCIETY  METHODIST  EPISCOPAL 

CHURCH 

BY  ERMA  M.  TAYLOR 

We  have  been  disappointed  because  all  the  desired 
advances  were  not  made  during  the  year,  and  saddened  be 
cause  of  the  death  of  Miss  Ailing,  Miss  Blackstcck  and 
Mrs.  Van  Petten  ;  but  we  have  been  encouraged  by  the 
increased  enrollment  of  pupils  in  our  schools  (now  totaling 
nearly  twenty  five  hundred),  and  especially  by  an  increased 
number  of  baptisms  and  of  adherents  to  our  churches,  due 
partly  to  the  Evangelistic  Campaign,  many  of  those  with 
whom  we  had  been  working  being  just  ready  to  decide 
when  the  special  meetings  were  held. 

Sapporo    work,    re  opened    in   the  fall 
Sapporo        of    1915,  has  among   its  Bible  classes  a 

very  successful  one  in  Japanese  at  the 
linen  factory  and  another  for  High  School  girls,  as  well  as 
one  in  English  for  girls  in  the  post  office  and  railroad 
offices.  A  Sunday  School  held  in  a  very  small  room  has 
had  one  hundred  and  fifty  children  in  attendance,  so  many 
being  accommodated  only  because  a  number  cf  the  child 
ren  were  "  two  stories  high,"  older  sisters  carrying  the 
little  ones  on  their  backs. 

In    lai  Jo    Gakko    twenty  eight   were 
Hakodate        baptized    and    forty  joined   the   church. 

During  the  year  one  of  the  happiest 
occasions  was  Miss  Hampton's  thirty  filth  anniversary. 
Two  new  Sunday  Schools  bring  the  total  in  connection 
with  the  school  up  to  seven.  Under  the  village  evangelistic 
work  one  new  women's  meeting  was  organized  in  a  hot 


THE   METHODIST   GROUP  69 

springs  resort  lai  Yochien  is  rejoicing  in  the  new 
playroom  and  new  organ.  The  new  kindergarten  opened 
in  1915  has  been  crowded  to  the  limit  and  the  Sunday 
School  there  reports  fifty  children. 

Hirosaki  Jo  Gakko  celebrated  its 
Hirosaki  thirtieth  anniversary  in  June,  and  the  at 
tendance  is  greater  despite  the  increase  of 
nearly  100  per  cent  in  the  tuition.  Nineteen  girls  and  one 
teacher  were  baptized,  and  fifteen  girls  and  one  teacher 
united  with  the  church.  The  two  kindergartens  are  grow 
ing,  and  during  the  year  eight  special  meetings  for  gra 
duates  were  held.  Ten  Sunday  Schools  are  held  weekly, 
and  bi-monthly  practice  meetings  are  conducted  by  the 
Sunday  School  teachers.  Woman's  work  has  been  open 
ed  in  two  new  places  in  this  district. 

Two  of  the  graduating  class  from  Joshi 

Sendai         Jijo  Gakkwan  entered  our  Bible  Training 

School,  and  a  third  is  preparing  to  teach 

kindergarten.       Thirteen    regular  children's  meetings  are 

held  here. 

In  Aoyaina  Jo  Gaknin  over  four  hund- 
Tokyo  red  girls  are  enrolled  and  a  class  of  sixty- 
one  was  graduated.  The  Missionary 
force  is  much  burdened  by  the  inability  to  come  into  close 
contact  with  the  large  student  body.  Over  five  hundred 
children  are  enrolled  in  the  day  schools  at  Asakusa  and 
Fukagawa,  and  the  fifty  graduates  had  all  been  baptized. 
One  of  the  interesting  items  from  the  district  evangelistic 
work  was  that  a  hotel-keeper  decided  to  become  a  Christ 
ian  and  made  it  public  the  next  day  through  the  news 
paper.  Under  the  auspices  of  the  Mothers'  Meetings,  two 
"  Better  Babies  "  contests  were  held. 

Though   Mrs.  Van  Petten's  ill  health 

Yokohama        compelled  her  to  return  to  the  States  in 

Febtuary,    the    work    was   uninterrupted 

and  the  Bible  Training  School  graduated  a  class  ot   seven 

Bible   woman,   all  of   whom   were   quickly    placed.     The 

Yokohama  Christian  Blind  School  is  happy  over  the  build 

ing  of  the  second  dormitory,  and   the  four  day  schools, 


/O  JAPAN 

two  kindergartens  and  day  nursery  in  Yokohama  city  and 
district  are  flourishing. 

The  new  kindergarten  started  last  year 

Nagoya  was  without  suitable  quarters,  but  in  the 

fall  its  new   building  was  erected.     The 

growth  during  the  year  of  Seiryu  Jo  Gakko  and  the  new 

kindergarten  has  been  most  gratifying. 

Forty  Bible  women  are  under  the  supervision  of  the 
evangelistic  missionaries  in  our  seven  stations,  and  their 
varied  and  faithful  activities  have  helped  to  bring  about 
results  that  cannot  be  tabulated. 


VI.— WEST    JAPAN    MISSION    OF    THE 
METHODIST  EPISCOPAL  CHURCH 

BY  F.  N.  SCOTT 

The  Rev.  J.  Ira  Jones  has  used  his  auto 

Fukuoka  for  Village  Evangelism,  of  which  he  is 

one   of  the   most   earnest   exponents   in 

Kyushu.     In  visiting  tli2   villages,  he  carries  two  helpers 

with  him.     Several    promising    churches  are  already    in 

evidence.     The  outstanding  feature  of  his  work  in   1916 

was  the  opening  of  a  preaching-place  in  Hakata,  where,  in 

spite  of  unusual  difficulties,  the  results  have  been  really 

remarkable. 

The  Rev.  F.  Herron  Smith  is  District 
Chosen  Superintendent  of  the  Chosen  District  of 

the  Japan  Methodist  Church.  He  opened 
two  new  preaching-places  during  the  year,  one  at  Koshu, 
and  one  at  Taikyu,  the  former  making  a  remarkable 
record,  which  however,  he  says,  can  be  duplicated  in  many 
places  in  Korea.  After  9  months  they  report  2$  members, 
and  a  budget  of  364.91  yen,  of  which  184  91  yen  was  raised 
by  themselves.  Our  Mission  supports  three  of  the  12 
Methodist  evangelists  now  in  Chosen.  At  Fusan,  where 
C.  Nakayama  is  doing  the  best  work  of  his  long  life, 
the  S.  S.  has  gained  127  members.  At  Chinnampo  the 


THE    METHODIST   GROUP  71 

congregation  is  well  accommodated  by  the  building 
formerly  used  by  the  Noko  Bank.  Net  gain  in  Chosen 
membership  for  the  year — 118;  baptisms— 116  Self- 
support  advanced  from  8,358 yen  to  13,1127^,  due  in 
part  to  the  contributions  to  the  Seoul  Church. 

The  notable  work  of  the  year  was  the  completion  of 
the  Seoul  Church.  The  land  cost  1 0,600  yen  and  the 
building,  including  furnishings,  together  with  the  parsonage, 
1 1,71 1  yen.  The  members  raised  all  but  10,000  yen  receiv 
ed  partly  from  the  Mission  Board,  and  partly  from  foreign 
friends,  including  2,000  yen  from  Bishop  Harris. 

The  Rev.  K.  R.  Bull  made  two  trips  to 

Okinawa  and          Okinawa,    and    reports    a    most    cordial 

Kagoshima  reception  everywhere,  the  schools  being 

especially  open  to  the  work.  He  and  his 
helpers  spoke  for  2 1  successive  nights,  using  the  stereop- 
ticon  extensively.  At  one  place  2,000  were  present.  Our 
work  there  is  carried  on  at  Naha,  Shun,  Yonabaru  and 
Sashiki,  Yontanzan,  and  Tokunoshima.  New  work  has 
been  opened  at  Tomari,  the  believers  paying  the  rent  and 
doing  some  of  the  preaching.  At  Kuba  50  residents  Inve 
been  baptized,  and  there  are  100  earnest  inquirers,  after 
six  months'  work.  This  was  largely  due  to  a  Bible 
Woman's  devotion.  The  work  on  the  islands  is  supervised 
by  the  very  earnest  and  faithful  Rev.  H.  Kihara. 
Baptisms — 1/9.  Increase  in  membership — 96. 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Bull  located  in  Kagoshima  in  November 
and  since  then  new  work  has  been  opened  at  Kurino, 
Miyanojo,  Okuchi,  and  Akune.  Work  in  connection  with 
the  J.  M.  C.  has  also  been  started  at  Kushikino.  Most 
important,  however,  is  the  opening  of  a  new  preaching- 
place  in  the  city  of  Kagoshima.  The  work  is  most 
encouraging,  and,  as  a  result  of  a  dcmto  trip  in  November 
there  are  TOO  inquirers. 

Quite  an  earnest  band  of  believers  are 

Nagasaki  attached  to  the  work  at   Akunoura,  close 

to  the  great  dockyards,  but  the  difficulty 

of  getting  a   site    delays    the   erection   of  the   Memorial 

Church,  for  which  a  large  part  of  the  money  is  in  hand. 

At  Haiki,  in   connection   with  the  J.  M.  C.  at  Snsebo,  a 


/2  JAPAN 

most  encouraging  work  is  going  on  with  very  little 
missionary  supervision.  Several  consecrated  laymen  assist 
the  Sasebo  pastor  and  Bible  Woman,  and  carry  on  a 
quite  remarkable  Sunday  School  work  in  three  places. 

Chinzci  Gakuin  has  had  another  good  year.  The  annual 
evangelistic  meetings  brought  in  an  unusually  large 
number  of  candidates  for  baptism.  The  number  of 
Christians  in  the  school  is  about  the  same  as  usual. 
Chinzei  Gakuin  is  making  the  experiment  of  entrance 
examinations.  The  result  has  been  satisfactory  in  every 
way,  the  number  of  deficient  students  being  reduced 
considerably  more  than  one -half.  The  school  is  now 
planning  the  biggest  expansion  in  its  history,  the  intention 
being  to  put  it  on  a  thoroughly  efficient  basis. 

The  Mission  is  rich  in  that  it  has  Bishop  Welch,  who  has 
won  all  hearts,  and  also  Bishop  Harris,  whose  optimistic 
evangelism  is  welcome  everywhere  and  at  any  time. 


VII.— WEST  JAPAN  CONFERENCE  OF  THE 

WOMAN'S  FOREIGN  MISSIONARY 

SOCIETY  OF  THE  METHODIST 

EPISCOPAL  CHURCH 

BY  MARIANA  Yorxc 

Fourteen    missionaries    of    the    West 
Persona]          Japan  WToman's  Conference  are  on  the 
field.        Four      of    these    are    language 
students,  Misses  Place  and  Peet  are  studying  in  the  Tokyo 
Language  School ;  Misses  Howey  and  Peckham  are  study 
ing  in  Kumamoto.     Misses  Ketchum,  Starkey  and  Teague 
are  on  furlough  in  America. 

Miss  Marian  Draper  with  eight  Bible 
Evangelistic  Work   women  is  in  charge  of  the  North  Kiushu 
district  with  residence  at  Fukuoka.     The 
village  work  is  most  fascinating  and  encouraging. 

Miss    Carrie    Poole    in    Kumamoto    and    Miss    Hettie 
Thomas,  Nagasaki   have   charge  of  the  Central   Kiushu 


THE    MKTHODIST    GROUP  73 

district,  with  twelve  B  ble  women  and  helpers.  The  new 
home  was  occupied  in  May,  and  plans  are  on  foot  to  build 
a  kindergarten  in  the  near  future. 

The  work  in  Nagasaki  Ken  under  Miss  Thomas  has 
many  encouraging  features.  The  work  is  largely  hand 
to  hand,  and  there  are  more  open  doors  than  there  are 
workers  to  enter  them.  Miss  Thomas  does  much  work 
among  the  Ku-assni  day  pupils. 

Miss  Finlay  with  eight  Bible  women  and  helpers  is 
superintendent  of  work  in  the  South  Kiusliu  district,  and 
the  Loo  Choo  Islands.  The  Sunday  School  work  is 
flourishing,  and  the  work  among  the  Kagoshima  women  is 
well  organized,  and  most  encouraging.  The  new  home  is 
finished  and  occupied. 

The  Christians  of  Loo  Choo  recently  purchased  a  sugar 
mill  to  avoid  working  on  Sunday.  Their  sugar  is  said  to 
be  the  best  in  Loo  Choo. 

Miss  Finlay  has  visited  Korea  two  or  three  times  with, 
much  joy.  The  evangelists  have  in  charge  forty  nine 
Sunday  Schools  with  an  average  attendance  of  one  thousand 
six  hundred  and  fifty-five. 

They  have  two  hundred  and  eighty  non- Christian  and 
two  hundred  and  twenty  one  Christian  women  under 
instruction  with  one  hundred  and  ninety  two  baptisms. 

Eiivajo  Gakko,  Fn  kit  oka,  with  eighty 
Educational  Work  students  in  the  Koto  Jo  Gakko  and 
Sewing  Departments,  has  had  a  flourish 
ing  year  under  Miss  Elizabeth  Lee,  Principal.  The  school 
has  nine  city  Sunday  Schools  with  an  average  attendance 
of  three  hundred  and  eighty  three.  Miss  Plimpton  a  new 
contract  teacher  has  recently  joined  the  teaching  force. 

Kii'assui  Jo  Gakko,  Nagasaki,  Miss  Mariana  Young, 
Principal,  has  had  a  good  year  with  an  enrollment  of 
four  hundred  and  eighteen  in  all  departments.  Of  these 
one  hundred  and  seventeen  are  in  the  three  kindergartens. 
Forty-one  students  graduated  from  College,  Biblical,  Koto 
/<?  Gakko  and  Industrial  Departments. 

In  the  death  of  Miss  Melton,  who  for  nearly  nineteen 
years  was  connected  with  the  Biblical  Department,  the 
school  and  conference  is  deeply  bereft,  and  mourns  the 


74  JAPAN 

too  early  translation  of  a  rare  friend,  and  a  saintly 
Christian,  whose  radiant  character  won  for  her  and  her 
Master  many  choice  souls. 

Kwassui  has  twenty  city  Sunday  Schools  with  an  aver 
age  attendance  of  seven  hundred  and  fifty.  Fifty-two 
students  and  teachers  are  in  charge.  There  were  thirty 
baptisms  and  many  inquirers. 

There  are  two  missionary  societies,  The  King's  Heralds 
who  aid  Korean  students,  and  the  Standard  Bearers  who 
help  the  work  in  Loo  Choo.  The  Students'  Federation 
is  growing  in  interest  and  influence,  the  Alumnae  have 
contributed  a  library  as  a  memorial  to  Miss  Russell,  the 
founder.  Miss  Matheson  is  the  new  contract  teacher. 

Kivassui  Dispensary  under  Dr.  Mary  A.  Suganuma  has 
ministered  to  two  thousand  seven  hundred  and  ninety- 
eight  patients. 

Kyuassid  Jo  En  at  Omura  has  a  college  graduate  for 
Principal  with  about  thirty  girls  under  the  care  of  a  matron 
and  three  teachers.  Miss  Elizabeth  Russell  is  general 
superintendent. 


VIII.— THE  JAPAN  MISSION  OF  THE  METHOD 
1ST  EPISCOPAL  CHURCH,  SOUTH 

BY  W.  K.  MATTHEWS 

Our  Mission  has  completed  thirty  years 

After  Thirty  Years      of  work  in  Japan  and  is  now  in  the  third 

of  the  three  stages  which  must  be  passed 

through  on  every  mission  field  in  the  development  of  a 

self-supporting  self-governing  native  church. 

For  the  first  five  years,  we  were  organized  only  as  a 
mission.  For  the  next  fifteen  years  we  were  in  addition 
organized  as  a  conference  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church,  South,  in  which  conference  many  of  our  Japanese 
co-workers  were  members.  On  the  organization  of  the 
Japan  Methodist  Church,  ten  years  ago,  all  of  our  evangel 
istic  work  became  a  part  of  that  church  and  we  continued 


THE    METHODIST    GROL'F  f$ 

as  a  Mission  cooperating  with  the  new  Church.  At  that 
time  the  Mission  Board  of  the  Japan  Methodist  Church 
took  over  the  entire  responsibility  for  16  of  the  organized 
congregations,  all  it  was  able  to  support.  The  Mission 
retained  the  remnant  under  its  direction. 

We  had  at  that  time  22  organized  churches  and  21 
chapels,  i  573  member?,  and  20  preachers  and  evangelists 
in  evangelistic  work.  Last  year  the  16  churches  re 
ported  1751  members,  while  the  part  under  the  direction 
of  the  Mission  has  at  present  33  organized  churches  and 
35  preaching  places,  1181  members,  33  Japanese  pastors 
and  evangelists  and  12  Bible  women. 

Our  Mission's  plan  of  cooperation  with 
Plan  of  Cooperation  the  Japan  Methodist  Church  is  proving 
mutually  satisfactory.  Our  ordained 
missionaries  are  associate  members  of  the  annual  con 
ference,  serve  as  pastors  of  mission  circuits  which  are  an 
integral  part  of  the  work  of  the  church,  and  are  vitally 
interested  in  the  work  of  the  church  as  a  whole. 

Our  evangelistic  field  is  the  group  of 
Field  provinces  around  the  Inland  Sea,  and  we 

have  in  addition  a  promising  work  for 
Japanese  in  that  part  of  Korea  extending  from  Gensan  to 
Seishin-Ranan  in  north-east  Korea.  We  have,  engaged  in 
direct  evangelistic  work,  16  men  and  5  lady  missionaries 
with  whom  arc  associated  Mr.  and  Mrs.  A.  I..  Dyer  of  the 
Japan  Evangelistic  Band,  33  Japanese  pastors  and  evangel 
ists  and  12  Bible  women. 

Notable  advance  has  been  made  this 

Advance          year   in   our  evangelistic   work.     In  the 

last  13  months  church  membership  has 

grown  25  °/o,  contributions  for  church  expenses  33^3  °b  and 

the  number  of  Sunday  School  pupils  33/^Jb. 

Dr.  S.  H.  Wainright,  who  is  set  apart 

Other  Forms  of     for  literary  work,  is  serving  as  Executive 

Work  Secretary    of    the    Christian    Literature 

Society. 

Six  men  missionaries  and  nine  single  ladies  are  engaged 
in  school  work.  Of  the  latter  four  are  not  under  appoint 
ment  as  missionaries  but  serve  as  missionary  workers. 


76  JAPAN 

We  have  five  schools  in  Kobe  and  Hiroshima  with  kinder 
gartens  both  theie  and  in  other  places. 

In    Kobe,   the  Paltnore  Institute,   80  r 

Schools  students,      12    teachers,     is     chiefly    an 

English  night  school  but  it  has  recently 

added  a  depaitment  of  typewriting  and  shorthand,  which 

has  day  classes  also.     It  has  a  strong  Christian  spirit  and 

is  a  center  of  evangelistic  work. 

The  Laml^nth  Memorial,  15  students,  16  teachers  and 
lecturers,  is  a  training  school  for  Bible  women.  It  is 
growing  in  usefulness  year  by  year. 

The  Ku'ansci  Gaknin,  10  missionary  and  40  Japanese 
teachers,  14  lecturers  and  998  students,  is  a  Union 
Methodist  College  for  young  men,  conducted  by  the 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church  South  and  tlu  Methodist 
Church  Canada.  It  is  continuing  to  grow.  Dr.  J.  C.  C. 
Newton  is  President,  Mr.  K.  Nonomura  is  Principal  of  the 
Middle  School,  Dr.  T.  H.  Haden  is  Dean  of  the  Theolo 
gical  Department  and  Rev.  R.  C.  Armstrong  Ph.D.  is 
Dean  of  the  College. 

In  Hiroshima,  Fmzcr  Institute,  50  students,  7  teachers, 
is  an  English  night  school  doing  a  valuable  work.  The 
Hiroshima  Girl's  School  has  8  American  and  37  Japanese 
teachers  and  844  students  in  the  following  departments  ; 
6  Kindergartens,  26$  ;  Primary,  271  ;  Domestic  Science, 
45;  High  School,  233;  and  Kindergarten  Normal,  30. 
Including  those  in  Hiroshima,  the  Mission  conducts  13 
Kindergartens  with  595  pupils  and  21  teachers. 

Rev.  and  Mrs.  T.  W.  13.  Demaree  have 

Personals         returned  from  furlough  and  are  stationed 

at  Oita.      Miss  Annie  Siler,   who   .spent 

several  years  at  Hiroshima  as  a  missionary  worker,  has 

come  back  as  a  regular  missionary  and  is  again  at  the 

Hiroshima  Girls'  School. 

Miss  Jessie  McDowell,  formerly  of  the  Kivassnijo  Gakfcj, 
has  temporarily  taken  the  place  of  Miss  M.  M  Cook,  who 
has  returned  to  America  on  account  of  ill  health.  Miss 
Maud  lionnell  has  also  gone  home  on  account  of  her 
health  and  her  j  lace  is  being  supplied  by  Mi  s  I.  L. 
Shannon  of  the  HirosJiitna  GM's  School.  Miss  Nellie 


THE    METHODIST   GROUP  JJ 

Bennett  and  Miss  A.  B.  Williams  are  absent  on  furlough. 

Rev.  C.  B.  Mosely,  one  of  our  pioneers,  \vlio  had  been 
in  poor  health  for  several  years  died  in  August  at  East 
Seattle,  Wash,  A  sketch  of  his  life  will  be  found  in  this 
volume. 

Miss  Belle  Bennett  and  Miss  Mabel  Head,  two  leaders 
in  the  Woman's  Work  of -our  church,  have  just  spent  six 
months  inspecting  our  mission  work  in  the  Orient.  A 
month  or  more  was  given  to  a  study  of  our  work  for 
women  and  children  in  Japan.  Large  plans  are  being 
made  for  an  advance  in  this  branch  of  work  here 


CHAPTER     V 

THE  PRESBYTERIAN  GROUP 


I.— THE  JAPAN  MISSION  OF  THE  PRES 
BYTERIAN    CHURCH    IN 
THE    U.S.A. 

BY  J.  G.  DUNI.OF 

This  Mission's  field  is  :      i.  Hokkaido  ; 

Field  2.  Tokyo  and  neighborhood  ;   3.   Hoku- 

rikudo  ;  4.  The  Kyoto-Osaka-Mie-Waka- 

yama  block  of  Central  Japan  ;   5.  The  Sanyo  provinces 

and  lyo  ;  6.  Korea  and  Manchuria. 

The  Mission  had  in   1916  a  total  force 
Workers          of  24  men,  20  wives,  and  35  single  wo 
men.       Reinforcements    this    year    have 
brought  the  mission   back   to  its  normal  strength  of  the 
past  25   years  as  regards  men,   and  touch  a  high  water 
mark   as  regards   women  workers.     On  the  evangelistic 
side  the  Mission  is  still  short.     It  stands  where  it  did  a 
quarter  of  a  century  ago, — and  nothing  else  does.     But  it 
has  prospects  of  yet  attaining  the  strength  it  should  have 
any  time  the  past  dozen  years. 

In  Hokkaido  Dr.  and  Mrs.  G.  P.  Pier- 
Work:  Evangelistic  son>  with  n  Japanese  evangelists,  carry 
on  a  widespread  work.  The  missionaries 
have  advanced  their  headquarters  with  the  advance  of  the 
railway  and  are  now  at  Nokkeushi  in  the  north  east  corner 
of  the  island.  For  the  present  Dr.  Pierson  is  the  only 
man  in  our  Hokkaido  work.  Me  prays  for  reinforcements 
to  supply  the  new  agricultural  areas  being  opened  up  all 
over  the  island.  "  Buddhism  has  come  in  massively. 


THE   PRESBYTERIAN   GROUP  79 

Temple  roofs  are  numerous  in  the  new  clearings.  It  is 
poor  consolation  to  reflect  that  there  is  one  Buddhist 
temple  to  every  Christian  in  Japan." 

Our  Tokyo  interests  are  mainly  but  not  wholly  educa 
tional.  Dr.  Thompson  and  Mr.  MacNair  rest  from  their 
labors,  and  Mr.  Johnson  brings  ripe  experience  gathered 
in  work  among  colonists  in  Hokkaido  to  a  similar  work  in 
Tokyo.  The  great  opportunity  in  Tokyo  is  among  colo 
nists  from  the  provinces,  many  of  whom  have  already 
come  under  Christian  influence  but  in  the  constrictive 
environment  of  their  home  province  have  not  had  the 
courage  to  declare  themselves  openly  Christian. 

Messrs.  Dunlop  and  Detweiler,  in  Kanazawa  and  Fukui 
respectively  as  centres,  are  having  encouraging  results  in 
trying  out  new  methods,  re- grouping  workers,  following 
up  special  classes,  and  aiming  at  an  ever  more  concentra- 
tive  effort  in  the  inspiring  task  of  their  three  prefectures. 

The  same  may  be  said  of  Kyoto,  where  Dr.  Broknw 
and  Mr.  Hannaford  are  taking  up  the  many  enterprises 
laid  down  a  year  ago  by  Dr.  Gorbold  when  called  from 
earthly  service.  Mr.  Hannaford  is  to  give  himself  es 
pecially  to  the  work  of  the  Yoshida  Student  Church. 

In  the  Osaka  field  Dr.  A.  D.  Hail  and  Mr.  Van  Horn 
report  a  cheering  increase  of  members,  while  Dr.  G.  VV. 
Fulton  continues  his  experiments  in  village  work.  Dr. 
Hail  emphasizes  the  need  of  an  aggressive  Mission  policy 
in  chapel  building,  saying  in  effect,  "  Do  it  now."  City 
land  values  are  far  beyond  the  capabilities  of  the  first 
groups  of  Christians,  and  the  values  double  in  some  places 
every  2  or  3  years.  • 

Dr.  and  Mrs.  Murray  at  Tsu,  Miss  Riker  at  Yamada, 
and  Miss  Morgan  at  Yokkaichi  have  an  unusually  well 
manned  and  equipped  field — 1 8  evangelists,  a  number  of 
Bible-women  and  kindergarteners,  and  the  means  to  carry 
on  successful  motor  car  touring,  newspaper  evangelism, 
factory  work,  and  kindergartens. 

In  Wakayama  prefecture  Dr.  and  Mrs.  J.  B.  I  lail  and 
Miss  Leavitt  continue  the  apostolic  labors  which  will  keep 
their  names  bright  for  all  time  in  the  church  annals  of  that 
part  of  Japan. 


8O  JAPAN 

Hiroshima  compares  with  Tsu  as  one  of  our  best  manned 
fields.  Mr.  Hereford  reports  progress  at  many  out-station? 
and  special  success  at  the  Union  Mission  Hall  in  Hiroshima 
city,  and  the  Fnknin  Gef>po  ("  Gospel  Messenger  ")  grow 
ing  in  circulation,  6500  copies  going  out  monthly  to  all 
parts  of  the  empire. 

Miss  Sherman  locally  and  Rev.  F.  S.  Curtis  in  visits 
from  Shimonoseki  have  charge  of  the  work  in  lyo.  Mr. 
Curtis,  who  travelled  through  the  whole  Mission  as  Out 
look  Committee,  says,  "  The  doors  of  opportunity  seem 
wider  open  and  the  results  more  encouraging  in  lyo  than 
in  any  other  field  I  have  seen  from  Chosen  to  Hokkaido." 

Mr.  Curtis  at  Shimonoseki  and  Mr.  VVhitener  at  Yama- 
guchi  report  an  earnest  Japanese  attempt  to  form  a  single 
union  church  at  Moji,  the  result  however  being  one  more 
church  than  before.  They  report  also  great  need  and 
opportunity  in  the  mining  and  manufacturing  country  of 
North  Kyushu, — growing  cities,  fine  means  of  communi 
cation,  but  few  to  carry  the  Word  of  Life  over  them. 

Mr.  Curtis  has  been  able  to  give  to  Korea  but  little 
attention  this  year, — 2  visits,  covering  7  weeks,  reaching 
23  places,  but  reporting  as  Outlook  Committee  he  says  : 
"  The  places  where  the  work  has  grown  most  raj  idly  are 
the  large  cities  of  Manchuria  and  Chosen North  Kyu 
shu,  Manchuria,  and  Chosen  seem  to  me  of  great  strategic 
importance  and  I  hope  some  adequate  provision  can  be 
made  for  them." 

Dr.  T.  C.  Winn  confirms  this  in  regard  to  Manchuria. 
The  Dairen  Church,  which  he  established  10  years  ago, 
now  independent,  "  made  a  record  which  perhaps  has 
never  been  surpassed  in  Japan.  It  received  246  additions 
in  the  year."  Japanese  friends  scattered  all  over  Man 
churia  have  built  a  beautiful  "  Memorial  Chapel  "  to  Mrs. 
Winn  at  Shakako,  near  Dairen. 

The  Mission  has  approved  the  Women's 
Work:  Educational    Union  Christian  College  scheme,  and  the 
Board   has  endorsed   and  made  initial  ap 
propriations  in  support. 

At  Meiji  Gakuin,  Tokyo,  the  Union  work  with  the 
Baptist  Mission  in  the  Higher  Department  has  been  dis- 


THE    PRESBYTERIAN    GROUP  8 1 

continued  and  Meiji  Girkuin  is  planning  expansion  of  its 
Higher  Department  independently,  including  the  establish 
ment  of  an  English  Normal  course  of  3  years.  The 
school  had  a  total  of  376  students,  as  follows  : — Middle 
School,  316;  Higher,  42  ;  Theological,  18.  There  were 
34  graduates  from  the  Middle  School  an  1  5  in  Theology. 
Two  new  buildings  adorn  the  campus,  the  Chapel  and 
Sandham  Hall. 

Mrs.  MacNair  and  Miss  West  continue  their  work  in  the 
Tokyo  Training  School  for  Women  Evangelists.  The  16 
students,  besides  pursuing  their  studies,  assisted  in  14 
Sunday  Schools  and  engaged  in  various  forms  of  work  for 
women  and  children. 

The  DosJdkwan  Theological  Training  School  at  Osaka 
graduated  a  class  of  5  in  March  and  began  the  new  school 
year  with  an  actual  attendance  of  15.  The  students  con 
ducted  over  170  meetings  in  street  chapels.  Students  also 
supplied  South  Church,  Osaka,  and  the  Sakai  church 
for  a  good  part  of  the  year. 

Hokusei  Girls'  School,  Sapporo,  is  taking  steps  to 
obtain  government  recognition,  securing  to  graduates  the 
privilege  of  taking  entrance  examinations  for  higher  schools 
and  for  high  school  teachers'  certificates.  The  total  en 
rollment  was  138;  graduates  12,  all  Christians;  at  the 
close  of  the  school  year  about  h  ilf  of  the  girls  Christians  ; 
new  class  in  April,  57. 

Joslii  Gakuin,  Tokyo,  is  al>o  taking  steps  to  secure 
"  recognition  "  for  ies  Lower  Department.  The  number 
of  girls  in  attendance  was  197, —  25  in  the  Higher  Depart 
ment.  Sixty  were  church  members,  7  baptized  during  the 
year.  Thirty-six  graduated,  9  of  them  having  completed 
the  whole  8  years'  course  Lower  and  Higher,  and  2  more 
the  8  years'  course  in  English  branches  alone. 

The  Hok  .riku  Girls'  School  at  Kanazawa  reports  im 
proved  equipment ;  15  giils  graduating,  6  of  them  baptiz:d 
Christians  and  several  others  only  awaking  parents'  con 
sent.  Tlu  school  had  io5  regular  and  a  few  special 
pupils. 

The  Wilmini  Girls'  School,  Osaka,  had  an  enrollment 
of  1 80.  There  were  76  new  entering  pupils  in  April. 


82  JAPAN 

The  school  report  draws  attention  to  the  fact  that  in  that 
immense  industrial  and  commercial  city  of  over  \*/2 
millions,  where  girls  are  being  more  and  more  employed 
in  business  positions,  there  is  no  place  for  the  most 
elementary  business  training  for  girls.  Wilmina  hopes  to 
be  able  to  start  at  least  a  year's  course  in  book-keeping, 
type-writing,  and  stenography. 

Baiko  Jo  Gakuin  at  Shimonoseki  reports  dormitory 
accommodation  insufficient,  so  that  a  building  outside  has 
been  rented  temporarily, — 68  boarders  altogether ;  the 
Day  of  Prayer  for  Schools  and  Colleges  earnestly  observed, 
with  the  result  that  sixteen  disciples  were  added  at  that 
time  and  a  new  spirit  of  unity  came  into  the  school.  Four 
teachers  were  baptized  and  every  teacher  is  now  a 
Christian. 

Faithful,  fruitful  work  has  been  done  in  two  primary 
schools  in  Tokyo  in  Mrs.  McCauley's  care,  and  in  the 
sixteen  kindergartens  of  the  Mission.  Only  four  of  our 
thirteen  stations  are  without  kindergartens. 


II.— SOUTHERN  PRESBYTERIAN  MISSION 

BY  CIIAS.  S.  LOGAN 

There  are  thirty  eight  members  of  the 

Personnel  mission.     Mrs.  L.  C.  M.  Smythe  was  the 

new    addition    during    the    year.       But 

word   has  been   received  that  Miss  Charlotte  Thompson 

has  been  married,  and  may  not  return  to  Japan.      Ten 

members  of  the  mission  were  at  home  on  -furlough.     One 

of  the  most  felicitous  celebrations  of  the  year  was  the 

25th  anniversary  of  the  arrival  of  Rev.  and  Mrs.  Wm. 

C.  Buchanan. 

There  are  eleven  independent  churches 

Independent          in  the  territory  we  are  working,  two  in 

Churches  Nagoya,  five  in  Kobe,  one  in  Takamatsu, 

one  in  Tokushima,  one  in  Kochi,  and  one 

in  Aid. 


THE    PBESBYTERIAN    CRDUP  83 

We  have  38  evangelists  associated  with 
Evangelistic  Work  us,  and  nine  Bible  women,  working  in 
connection  with  about  fifty  churches. 
The  reports  of  the  results  are  good.  Certainly  more 
children  have  been  taught  than  ever  before,  and  more  have 
been  received  into  the  churches.  Some  remarkable  con 
versions  are  reported.  . 

In    many    places    the    Christians    are 

Church  Buildings      working  to  get  church  buildings.     One  of 

the  independent  churches  in  our  territory 

has  erected  a  fine  new  building,  to  which  fund  one  of  the 

members  gave  6coo  yen.     Another  one  of  the  independent 

churches    has  plans  for  the   erection  of  a   new   church, 

although  the   present   building  has  been  in  use  only  six 

years.     Two  of  the  Mission  churches  in  Kagawa  province 

have  erected  buildings,  and  one  is  in  course  of  construction 

in  Tokushima  province. 

The  Sosai  church  in  Hyogo  attained  independence.  Its 
pastor,  Rev.  K.  Naito,  who  was  one  of  the  most  successful 
pastors  and  a  great  soul  winner,  was  called  to  his  reward 
on  the  last  day  of  the  year. 

Mr.  Krickson  conducts  meetings  for  the 

Leper  Work         lepers  in  the  hospital  on  an  island  off  from 

Takamatsu.     He  says,     "  The  Christians 

among  them  are  growing  in  grace.     One  of  them  is  a  real 

poet,  and  Mrs.  Krickson  has  translated  some  of  his  poems 

into  English.    Four  of  them  have  been  baptized  during  the 

year,  and  there  are  about  sixteen  earnest   inquirers.     The 

untainted    children   cf  the   lepers   have    been    cared   for 

through  the  efforts  of  the  missionary." 

In  Tokushima  a  new  evangelistic  hall 

Tokushima          has  been  secured  in  the  center  of  the  city 

where    meetings   are    held    five  nights  a 

week.     Mr.  and  Mrs.  Wilkinson  of  the  Japan  Evangelistic 

Bane!  anel  two  of  their  workers  assist  in  tlvs  work. 

The  tent  has  been  pitcheel  in  thirty  seven  towns,  where 
the  name  of  Christ  had  scarcely  been  named.  Meetings 
are  held  consecutively  for  three  nights  in  each  town,  tracts 
are  distributed,  and  inquirers  instructed.  The  Gospel 
Monthly  has  been  sent  to  all  the  Priirary  schools  in 


84  JAPAN 

Tokushima  province,  and  750  Christian  News  every  month 
to  those  who  are  interested  in  the  Gospel. 

Mr.  John   Moore    has    been    working 
Kochi  with  three  evangelists  in  Kochi  province, 

has  opened  one  new  out  station,  and 
preached  in  many  new  towns.  Mr.  Munroe  has  con 
tinued  his  work  in  Kochi  city,  and  the  Eastern  part  of  the 
province. 

Miss    Florence    Patton,    Miss    Annie 
Ladies'  Work        Patton,  Miss  Estelle  Lumpkin  and  Miss 

Mara  Atkinson  with  their  Bible  women 
conduct  meetings  for  women,  factory  girls  and  children. 
These  ladies  are  teaching  more  people  than  they  ever  have 
before.  If  we  desire  to  give  the  gospel  to  all  the  children 
of  Japan,  it  seems  that  it  must  be  done  in  work  of  this 
kind,  for  the  tendency  of  some  of  the  Church  Sunday 
schools  is  to  become  exclusive,  and  they  do  not  welcome 
the  great  crowds  of  children  that  are  found  in  the  chil 
dren's  meetings. 

The  Mission  has  four  schools. 
Educational  Work          I.     The     Kobe     Theological    School. 

The  entering  class  of  1916  was  very 
satisfactory.  The  increasing  influence  of  the  school  is 
evident  from  the  widely  separated  and  distant  districts 
from  which  the  students  come.  Through  the  kindness 
of  some  friends,  some  improvements  have  been  made  on 
the  premises,  and  the  adjoining  lot  has  been  purchased. 

2.     The  Kinjo  Girls'  School,  Nagoya. 
Girls  School        The  number  of  the  students  has  passed 

the  100  mark.  Evangelistic  meetings 
were  held  by  Dr.  Myers,  and  twenty  four  of  the  girls 
decided  for  Christ,  The  school  has  instituted  a  lecture 
course,  which  is  meeting  with  great  success,  and  also 
proving  a  good  advertisement  of  the  school.  Seme  of 
the  speakers  up  to  this  time  have  been  Dr.  Nitobe,  Dr. 
Ucmura,  Miss  Kawai  and  others. 

3.  Carrie  McMillan  Home,  Kochi.  There  were  68 
girls  in  the  home,  six  of  whom  recieved  baptism  during 
the  year.  The  spiritual  tone  is  gcod,  and  as  a  result  of 
the  girls  sending  home  their  Christian  literature  the  truth 


THE    PRESBYTERIAN    GROUP  85 

is  spreading  in  the  villages.  In  one  of  the  villages  an 
adult  prayer  meeting  and  Bible  class  is  conducted  in 
addition  to  the  Sunday  School. 

4.  The  Tokushima  English  Night  School.  The  Night 
School  is  taught  in  the  Second  story  of  the  Evangelistic 
Hall.  There  were  forty  students  in  attendance  during  the 
year. 

The  Mission  has  five  kindergartens. 

Kindergarten  Work  i.  The  Love-Your-Neighbour  Kinder 
garten  is  in  Okazaki,  and  Miss  Florence 
Patten  is  the  Superintendent.  On  account  of  the  death  of 
some  children,  the  school  met  with  some  opposition  from 
the  Buddhist  priests,  \vho  raided  the  cry,  "  If  you  want 
your  child  to  die,  just  send  it  to  that  Christian  Kinder 
garten,"  but  the  work  of  the  year  was  blessed,  and  all 
difficulties  were  overcome,  and  the  school  is  in  a  prosper 
ous  condition. 

2.  The   Morning  Star   Kindergarten,  Nagoya.     Miss 
Elsie  Buchanan  is  the  Superintendent,  and  Mrs.  Ichimura 
the  principal.     The  names  of  sixty   children  are   on  the 
roll,    and    other  applications    have  to    be   turned    down. 
The    children   are   taught   to   do  charity   work,   and   on 
Thanksgiving  day  loaded  down  three  tables  with  provisions 
for  the  poor,  which  they  distributed  themselves. 

3.  The  Nitnobiki  Kindergarten  of  which  Mrs.  Myers  of 
Kobe  is  the  Superintendent,  is  taught  in  the  Sunday  School 
room    of   the    Nitnob  ki  church.      About   thirty   are    in 
attendance.     Meetings  are  also  held  for  the  mothers. 

4.  Ninoiniya    Kindergarten,     Kobe,    of    which    Mr?. 
Walter  Buchanan  is  the   Superintendent,  has  government 
recognition.     Most  of  the   children  come  from  the  homes 
of  unbelievers,  and  thus  an  opening  to  the  way  of  salvation 
of  their  parents  is  made. 

5.  Takaiiiatsn  Kindergarten  is  the  new   school  of  the 
year,  and  is  under  the  superintendence  of  Miss  Atkinson. 
It  has  twenty  three  children  on  its  roll. 

Most   of  the    missionaries  engaged   in 

Work  in  Govern.       evangelistic  work  also  ttach  a   few  hours 

meat  Schools          a  Week  in  the  Middle  schools  of  the  places 

where  they- aie  located,  and  in  this  way 


86  JAPAN 

stand  before  the  students  as  representatives  of  the  Christian 
church. 


.III.— THE  NORTH  JAPAN  MISSION  OF  THE 
REFORMED  CHURCH    IN  AMERICA 

BY  A.  OLTMANS 

At  the  time  of  this  writing  the  "  North  Japan  Mission  " 
of  the  Reformed  Church  in  America  does  not  exist  any 
more.  After  a  mutually  agreed  upon  divorce  of  the 
North  and  South  Japan  Missions  of  said  Church  for 
twenty  eight  years,  they  were  happily  re-married  at  the 
beginning  of  this  new  year  under  the  name  of  the  "  Japan 
Mission  of  the  Reformed  Church  in  America  "  -and  are 
now  facing  the  future  again  as  one  united  force. 

The  absence  of  Rev.  and  Mrs.  E.  S. 

Foreign  Missionary    Booth  and  Prof,  and  Mrs.  W.  E.   Hoff- 

Staff  somrner  on  furlough,  and  the  unexpected 

return  of  Rev.  and  Mrs.  L.  J.  Shafer  to 

the  U.S.  on  account  of  Mrs.  Shafer's  illness,  has  considerably 

hampered  both  the  evangelistic  and  the  educational  work 

of  the  Mission  during  the  year.     The  latter  could  be  met 

to  some  extent  by  temporary  shifts  and  the  employment 

of  short-time  teachers,  but  the  former,  as  is  usually  the 

case,  had  to  suffer  the  full  loss  caused  by  these  absences. 

There  has  been  not  a  little  of  encour- 
Evangelistic  Work  agement  at  various  places  in  this  depart 
ment  of  the  work.  The  people  in  the 
various  out- stations  are  getting  a  clearer  conception  of 
their  own  duties  anJ  privileges  in  connection  with  the 
preaching  of  the  Gospel.  The  visit  of  Mr.  Kanamori,  the 
enthusiastic  evangelist,  to  several  places  has  aroused  a 
good  deal  of  interest  among  the  Christians  themselves  as 
well  as  brought  large  numbers  of  seekers  in  contact  with 
the  evangelists  and  believers.  This  much  at  least  can  be 
said  now,  and  we  wait  and  pray  for  larger  results  to  be 
gathered  in  the  future. 


THE   PRESBYTERIAN   GROUP  8/ 

In  the  Morioka-Aomori  district  a  very  encouraging 
beginning  in  newspaper  evangelism  has  been  made  by  the 
Rev.  H.  Kuyper,  and  the  very  important  question  now 
before  us  is  how  to  enlarge  and  follow  up  this  kind  ot 
work  so  as  to  reap  the  greatest  possible  harvest  from  it. 

Here  no  essential  changes  took  place 
Educational  Work  during  the  year,  but  plans  were  taken  in 
hand  to  make  some  changes  in  the  line 
of  development  and  addition  which  we  hope  will  mature 
in  the  near  future.  The  co-ordination  of  the  educational 
work  itself,  and  its  closer  co-operation  with  the  evangelistic 
work,  are  important  questions  that  at  present  engage  our 
attention  and  will  be  woiked  out,  as  far  as  possible,  from 
the  beginning  of  this  year.  One  of  these  developments  is 
the  addition  of  a  Teachers'  Training  Course  to  the  curri 
culum  of  the  Higher  Department  of  Jlleiji  Cakuin,  This 
has  already  received  the  sanction  of  the  co-operating 
Boards  and  will  be  put  into  effect  at  the  beginning  of  the 
new  school  year  this  spring. 

The  attempt  is  now  being  made  by  the 

Concentration  and   re-united   Mission  to  combine   these  two 

Expansion         elements  by  concentrating  the  evangelistic 

work  largely  in  the  Island  of  Kyushu, 

and  expanding  it  there  to  its  utmost  possibility. 

Negotiations  for  the  transfer  of  some  of  the  Noithern 
evangelistic  fields  to  some  other  bodies  working  within  the 
"  Church  of  Christ  in  Japan-"  are  now  in  progress  and 
may  mature  by  the  close  of  this  present  year.  In  this 
policy  "Concentration"  is  for  the  purpose  of  "Expan 
sion,"  and  not  the  other  way. 


IV.— THE  SOUTH  JAPAN  MISSION  OF  THE 
REFORMED  CHURCH  IX  AMERICA 

])V    II.    V.    S.    I'KKKF. 

The  work  of  this  mission  is  carried  on  within  the  bounds 
of  the  Island  of  Kyushu,  except  that  it  has  a  half  interest 
in  Stuiges  Seminary  for  girls  in  Shimonoteki. 


88  JAPAN 

Steele  Academy,  in  Nagasaki,  numbers  about  three 
hundred  and  fifty  boys  arrong  its  pupils,  employing  twenty 
one  teachers.  One  new  building  has  been  opened  for  use 
and  another  is  in  course  of  erection.  The  year  has  been 
passed  with  entire  satisfaction. 

The  total  enrollment  at  Sturges 
Sturges  Seminary  Seminary  was  one  hundred  and  sixty 
nine,  anl  the  year  closed  with  one 
hundred  and  forty  nine  in  attendance.  The  purpose  is  to 
enroll  two  hundred  students,  and  the  attendance  tends  to 
approach  that  figure  faster  than  proper  accommodations 
can  be  provided. 

The  evangelistic  work  of  the  mis -ion  is 
Evangelistic  Work  carried  on  in  three  fields.  The  one  com 
prises  the  southern  third  of  the  island, 
another  Olta  Ken  in  the  north  cast,  and  the  third  covers  a 
large  territory  in  the  center  cf  the  island.  Nineteen 
evangelists  are  employed. 

The  work  in  Oita  Ken,  in  addition  to  the  work  of  six 
evangelists  laboring  in  the  traditional  manner,  is  the  center 
of  Rev.  A.  Pietcrs'  unique  advertising  work.  Expositions 
of  Christian  truth  are  published  in  the  daily  papers,  tracts 
are  given  or  sold  to  applicants,  correspondence  on  re 
ligious  subjects  is  invited,  a  loan  library  is  maintained,  and 
an  effort  is  made  to  organize  bands  of  worshippers  in 
remote  districts.  Much  energy  and  money  are  put  into  the 
work,  but  the  results  seem  to  abundantly  warrant  it. 

The  large  central  and  southern  fields  have  been  in  the 
charge  of  but  a  single  missionary  till  late  in  the  fall,  when 
Rev.  S.  W.  Ryder  took  over  the  work  in  the  south.  The 
progress  has  not  been  unsatisfactory  considering  the  forces 
involved.  The  development  has  been  very  similar  to  that 
of  last  year. 

In   addition   to    the  educational    work 

Fn  Training  mentioned  above,  the  Mission  maintains 
six  or  seven  students  in  theological 
seminaries,  one  young  woman  in  a  l$ible  training  school, 
and  has  two  young  men  and  one  young  woman  in  schools 
in  Tokyo  training  for  positions  as  teachers  in  its  education 
al  institutions. 


THE   PRESBYTERIAN    GROUP  89 

This  is  the  last  report  that  will  be 
Union  of  Missions  made  for  the  South  Japan  Mission.  On 
Jan.  3rd  it  was  formally  united  with  the 
North  Japan  Mission  of  the  same  Bjaid.  The  expected 
outcome  is  that  the  evangelistic  work  of  the  North  Mission, 
carried  on  in  the  Tohoku  and  Shinshu  region<=,  will  be  in 
the  near  future  transferred  to  other  missions,  and  the 
evangelizing  force  of  the  church  largely  concentrated  in 
Kyushu.  This  union  and  the  return  of  Rev.  W.  G. 
Hoekje  has  made  it  possible  already  to  engage  three 
missionaries  on  the  wide  field  covered  for  six  years  by  Dr. 
Peeke.  It  is  expected  that  the  forces  engaged  in  Kyushu 
will  be  doubled  within  a  few  years.  When  the  great 
development  taking  place  in  the  Kyushu  industrial  world 
is  considered,  this  readjustment  of  forces  at  this  time  cannot 
but  be  regarded  as  most  fortunate  for  all  concerned. 


V.— REPORT  OF  THE  JAPAN  MISSION, 
U.  S.  REFORMED  CHURCH 

r.v  J.  P.  MOORE 

During  the  year  Mr.  Nicodemus  of  the 
Force  and  Field  Taihoku  CJiugakko,  Formosa,  with  his 
wife  joined  the  mission,  and  was  appointed 
teacher  of  English  of  North  Japan  College  (7'ohoku 
Gakuiii).  Two  short  term  teachers,  Miss  Lola  Lindsey 
and  Miss  Msie  Seymour,  joined  the  staff  of  the  Miyagi 
Girls'  School.  Miss  M.  Leader  after  serving  five  years  in 
this  school  resigned  her  position  and  returned  to  the  home 
land.  The  mission  was  made  glad  by  the  return  of  Rev. 
D.  B.  Schneder,  D.D.  in  restored  health,  and  of  Rev.  E 
H.  Zaugg  whom  we  now  delight  to  call  Dr.  Zaugg.  This 
new  title  was  the  result  of  a  two  years  post  graduate  course 
at  Chicago  University.  The  whole  number  of  Missionaries, 
not  including  wives,  is  twenty,  of  whom  twelve  are  in 
school  work,  seven  in  evangelistic  work,  the  other  one 
acting  as  treasurer  and  mission  secretary. 


go  JAPAN 

The  mission  field  consists  of  the  city  o!  Tokyo  with  the 
outlying  district  of  Saitama  Prefecture,  and  the  three 
prefectures  of  Miyagi,  Fukushima,  Yaniagata,  and  a  part 
of  Akita,  in  the  Tohoku  Chi/io  (North -East  district).  In 
this  field  there  are  the  four  stations  of  Tokyo,  Sendai, 
Yaniagata  and  Wakamatsu.  The  Japanese  regular  force 
consists  of  35  male  workers  and  2[  Bible  women. 

In  the  Tokyo  district  there  are  two 
Evangelistic  Work  organized  churches,  Kanda  and  Koishi- 
kawa,  and  a  preaching  place,  recently 
established,  in  Azabu  ward.  The  Koishikawa  congrega 
tion  is  making  good  progress  towards  self-support  which 
it  hopes  to  attain  in  the  year  1920.  The  country  work 
comprises  six  preaching  places.  The  work  is  difficult  and 
the  results  rather  meager. 

In  the  Miyagi  district  there  are  twenty- 

Miyagi  one    places    where    work    is    regularly 

carried  forward  ;  besides  there  are  eight 

places  where  Sunday  School  work  only  is  done.     There 

are    three    self-supporting    congregations    o     which    the 

Scndai  Nibancho  Church,  with  a  membership  of  over  six 

hundred,  and  seventy-six  baptisms  during  the  year,  is  the 

leading  one.     While  no  great  progress  has  been  made,  as 

regards   the   number    of   accessions,    contributions,    and 

general  interest,  the  work  has  more  than  held  its  own. 

Of  the  Fukushima  district,  under  the 
Fukushima  management  of  Dr.  C.  Noss,  it  is  said 
that  there  are  more  workers  of  the  NiJion 
Kirisuto  Kyokivai  (Church  of  Christ  in  Japan)  than  in  any 
other  prefecture  of  the  Empire.  Sixteen  pastors  and 
evangelists  and  ten  Bible  women  constitute  the  Japanese 
force.  In  the  city  of  Fukushima  is  a  growing  independent 
church.  A  rest  house  for  mill  hands  (girls)  at  Kavvamata, 
and  a  kindergarten  at  Miharu  are  the  beginnings  of  a 
social  work  which  the  mission  organized  and  hopes  to 
extend  in  the  future.  As  the  results  of  Rev.  T.  Kana 
mori's  efforts  in  this  district,  at  several  leading  places 
there  were  two  hundred  and  ninety-five  who  came  to  a 
decision,  of  whom  one  hundred  and  sixty -eight  chose  our 
mission  churches. 


THE    PRESBYTERIAN   GROUP  £1 

This  field  suffered  an  almost  irreparable 
Yamagata          loss  in  the  death  of  Rev.  H.  H.  Cook, 

who  after  thirteen  years  of  self-denying 
labors,  especially  in  rural  evange!istic  work,  passed  away 
in  the  spring  of  the  year.  His  successor,  Rev.  C.  D. 
Kricte,  assisted  by  Rev.  A.  Ankeney,  is,  however,  follow 
ing  up  this  country  work  with  commendable  energy  and 
success.  The  purchase  of  a  desirable  lot  in  the  city  of 
Akita  and  the  erection  of  a  parsonage  thereon  towards 
which  the  believers  paid  two  hundred  yen,  is  a  step  for 
ward.  The  work  as  a  whole  in  this  extensive  field  has  a 
hopeful  future. 

Miyagi    Girls     School.     The    Miyagi 
Educational  Work     Girls'  School  is    a  growing  institution, — 

outwardly  in  the  number  of  its  students, 
inwardly  in  the  completeness  of  its  organization.  The 
number  of  applicants  for  its  regular  koto-jogakko  grade,  at 
the  beginning  of  the  school  year,  was  sixty,  but  on  account 
of  the  lack  of  room,  only  forty  could  be  received.  The 
whole  number  of  students  is  over  two  hundred,  of  whom 
seventy  per  cent  are  baptized  Christians.  A  feature  of 
the  year  has  been  the  completion  of  the  organization 
of  the  four  higher  departments,  viz.  Bible  Study  and 
Teaching,  English,  Domestic  Science,  and  Music.  The 
fund  for  the  Second  Recitation  Hall  is  about  completed 
and  the  erection  of  it  will  be  begun  in  the  spring  of  1917. 
In  the  absence  of  Dr.  A.  K.  Faust  on  furlough,  Miss  Kate 
I.  Hansen  is  the  acting  Principal. 

ToJtoku  Gaknin.  The  mission  and  friends  of  the  school 
are  greatly  encouraged  by  the  fact  that  through  the  efforts 
of  Dr.  and  Mrs.  D.  V>.  Schneder,  while  in  the  home  land, 
enough  money  has  been  raised  for  the  purchase  of  grounds 
and  the  erection  of  buildings  for  the  higher  depaitment, 
one  of  the  most  urgent  needs  of  the  institution.  The  total 
number  of  students  cnolled  has  been  five  hundred  and 
thirty.  There  were  seventy-five  per  cent  more  applicants 
at  the  beginning  of  the  new  school  year  than  could  be 
admitted.  There  were  in  all  fifty -baptisms  during  the 
year,  and  the  religious  life  of  the  school  is  gaining  in 
momentum.  In  the  Theological  Department,  the  New 


92  JAPAN 

Testament  work  is  to  be  re-organized  and  put  on  a  more 
permanent  and  modern  basis. 

The  visit  of  the  Foreign  Board's  field  secretary — the 
Rev.  J.  H.  Rupp.  who  with  his  wife  spent  several  weeks 
travelling  over  the  field,  was  highly  appreciated,  and,  no 
doubt,  will  be  a  contributing  factor  towards  the  enlarge 
ment  and  better  equipment  of  the  work  of  the  mission. 


VI.— WOMAN'S  UNION  MISSIONARY 
SOCIETY 

BY  CLARA  AIAVARD 

The    mission   was    re-enforced  by  the 

Force  return    of   Miss  Loomis  in    March    and 

Miss  Pratt  in   September.     On  account 

of    illness    Miss    Tracy    was   obliged    to    take    an   early 

furlough,    returning  to  America   in   April,   accompanied 

by  Miss  Tappan  who    for   eight   months  had   helped  us 

most    effectively.       Miss    Cummings    and    Miss    Grace 

McCloy  have  been  regular  supply  teachers  of  English 

in   the  Girls'    school.      Miss   Crosby  continues  a    work 

of  intercession. 

The  Japanese  staff  continued  through 

Girls'  School         the  year.     The  out  going  class  was  small, 

so  with  the  entrance  of  a  large  class  the 

enrollment   was   raised   to    160.     Sixteen    students   have 

received  baptism  and  there  is  an  earnest,  aggressive  interest 

in  Christian  work. 

Five  were  delegates  to  the  Y.  W.  C.  A.  Conference 
held  in  Yokohama  and  many  more  attended.  Fifty  poor 
homes  were  gladdened  by  the  Thanksgiving  day  offerings, 
and  a  portion  of  tlrj  money  collected  was  sent  to  the 
Leper  hospital. 

The  neighborhood  Sunday  School  held  in  the  chapel, 
formerly  Miss  Tracy's  charge,  has  been  continued  by 
Japanese  teachers  and  students  with  good  attendance. 
About  200  a! tended  the  Christmas  meeting. 


THE    PRESBYTERIAN   GROUP  93 

The  vacancy  left  by  our  matron,  Moto 

Bible  School         Iwamura,  who  sci  vecl  so  long  and  so  well, 
has  been  acceptably  filled  by  a  former 
graduate  who  has   worked   successfully  eight  years  in  a 
country  station. 

The  regular  teaching  force  continues.  The  graduating 
class  of  7  is  outnumbered  by  the  entrance  class.  Of  the 
90  who  have  graduated  or  received  certificates  since  1902 
more  than  one  third  are  still  engaged  in  active  Christian 
work. 

The  meetings  of  the  Nat'l.  W.  C.  T.  U.  held  in  the 
chipel  during  the  spring  vacation  were  instructive  and 
inspiring  for  those  students  who  were  present.  At  the 
same  time  other  students  and  a  number  of  graduate 
workers  from  the  country  were  privileged  to  attend  the 
Evangelistic  conference  conducted  by  the  Japanese 
Woman's  Missionary  Society  in  Tokyo. 

The  annual  school  conference  was  held  in  September 
before  the  opening  of  the  fall  term. 

City     work     in     Churches,      Sunday 

Evangelistic  Schools,  institutions  and  homes  is  carried 
on  by  the  students  directed  by  teachers. 
Work  in  two  factoiics  has  continued  with  more  or  less 
success  though  hindered  by  some  irregularities  which  we 
trust  are  now  corrected  by  the  new  law.  A  new  work  in 
a  small  factory  has  also  been  started. 

In  the  country  one  factory  near  a  preaching  place  has 
been  opened  freely  for  Christian  work  and  men  as  well  as 
women  are  interested. 

The  chapel  in  Kasukabe  has  been  repaired  and  repainted 
at  considerable  expense,  more  than  one  third  of  which  was 
paid  by  the  Christians.  This  is  a  true  indication  of  the 
spiritual  health  they  enjoy. 

In  two  other  stations  a  daily  class  for  little  ones  has  been 
a  means  of  reaching  the  homes  in  the  immediate  neighbor 
hood.  Each  of  the  seven  out-stations  is  visited  regularly 
by  ministers,  borrowed  from  near  by  places,  and  there  is 
promise  of  even  better  things  for  the  future. 


CHAPTER     VI 

OTHER  MISSIONS  AND  CHURCHES 


I.— THE  AMERICAN  BAPTIST  FOREIGN 
MISSION  SOCIETY 

BY.  R.  A.  THOMSON 

The  Mission  was  favored  this  last  fall 

Educational  Work   wfth  a  visit  from    Dr.  J.   II.    Franklin, 

Foreign  Secretary  of  the  A . 13. F. M.S.  and 

Dr.  Anderson,  both  of  whom  were  cordially  welcomed  as 

an  Educational  Commission,  their  purpose  being  to  study 

nnd  report  to  the  Home  Board  on  this  phase  of  the  work 

in    Japan.   t  Their    time    was   fully  occupied  with   many 

conferences  during  their  short  stay  and  we  are  looking  for 

great  results  when  their  report  is  finally  acted  upon. 

One  important  result  has  already  been  acted  upon  both 
by  the  Board  and  the  Mission  in  the  decision  to  close  the 
present  Duncan  Academy  at  Tokyo  and  if  funds  permit 
re-open  a  large  Middle  School  in  another  section  of  the 
country  where  it  would  be  more  useful. 

During  the  past  year  plans  were  consummated  for  the 
removal  of  the  present  Union  Baptist  Seminary  from  its 
temporary  quarters  in  Koishikawa  Ku,  Tokyo,  to  a  perma 
nent  home  at  Ichigaya,  where  for  fifteen  years  the  Tokyo 
Gnknin  (Duncan  Academy)  has  been  located,  but  which 
site  is  now  becoming  vacant  by  the  plans  for  a  larger 
development  of  the  Academy  work. 

The  Faculty  was  strengthened  by  the  coming  of  Dr. 
Ukichi  Kawasaki,  a  graduate  of  Rochester  Theological 
Seminary  and  a  Ph.D.  of  the  University  of  Chicago,  where 
he  made  a  most  enviable  record.  He  comes  as  Professor 
of  Systematic  Theology.  Dr.  Kawaguchi  came  to  us 


OTHER   MISSIONS   AND  CHURCHES  9$ 

from  Hawaii  where  he  has  been  working  among  resident 
Japanese  with  conspicuous  success. 

The  Seminary  has  at  present  22  students,  of  whom 
seven  are  in  the  class  that  is  to  be  graduated  next  June. 

Since  the  completion  of  the  Ahsaki  C/io  Tabernacle  the 
students  of  the  Seminary  have  maintained  a  weekly 
evangelistic  service  under  the  general  supervision  of  Dr. 
Axling,  who  rot  only  gives  suggestions  to  the  men 
privately,  but  also  lectures  on  Evangelism. 

The  Girls'  schools  of  the  Mission  all 
Woman's  Work  sound  a  jubilant  note  of  attainment  or  of 
joyful  expectation  this  year.  None  have 
lost  ground  :  all  are  moving  forward.  The  fine  plant  at 
Kanagawa  reports  a  larger  enrollment  for  1916  than  ever 
before,  filling  the  capacity  of  dormitories,  class  rooms, 
practice  rooms,  and  tennis  courts.  The  Collegiate 
department  is  developing  finely.  The  school  faculty  has 
been  greatly  strengthened  this  fall  by  the  arrival  of  two 
experienced  teachers  representing  Boston  and  New  York 
respectively  —  the  coming  of  Miss  Helen  Munroe  and  of 
Miss  Margaret  Haven  to  the  Kanagawa  School  has  been 
of  much  practical  value  to  that  work. 

The  Himeji  School  has  not  ceased  to  rejoice  over  its 
fine  new  buildings  and  reports  that  in  spite  of  stricter 
requirements  it  had  an  entering  class  of  33  last  spring.  It 
has  made  many  new  friends  in  the  old  castle  town. 

Suruga  Dai  in  Tokyo  is  looking  forward  to  new 
equipment  that  will  biing  it  up  to  Government  requirements 
and  recognition. 

In  Sendai,  after  long  waiting  and  much  overcrowding  of 
the  old  buildings,  they  are  enjoying  the  ring  of  the  work 
men's  tools  that  speaks  cf  the  stately  Quadrangle  that  will 
boon  crown  their  beautiful  hill. 

From  these  four  schools  forty  graduates  went  out  to 
take  their  part  in  the  world's  work  this  spring.  And  from 
the  baptisms  in  these  schools  alone  over  fifty  members 
were  added  to  our  churches  and  over  a  dozen  to  churches 
of  other  denominations. 

The  Bible-Woman's  Training  School  at  Osaka  and  the 
Kindergarten  Training  School  at  Tokyo  furnished  a  good- 


96  JAPAN 

ly  quota  of  more  mature  workers  who  went  with  enthus 
iasm  to  fill  the  place  awaiting  them. 

The  Statistics  of  the  year  show  that  our  Mission  kinder 
gartens  are  laying  good  foundations  by  looking  after  the 
welfare  of  the  children.  We  have  eighteen  kindergartens 
with  over  a  thousand  pupils  and  that  means  many  more 
Sunday  school  pupils,  for  it  is  there  we  gather  in  the  gra 
duates  and  the  older  children. 

The  Tokyo  Misaki  Tabernacle  has  had 
Evangelistic  Work  a  steady  and  substantial  growth  during  the 
year.  The  night  school  has  enrolled  two 
hundred  students.  The  afternoon  school  for  girls  has  had 
an  enrollment  of  50.  The  kindergarten  has  been  humming 
with  over  90  little  tots.  The  day  nursery  for  the  wee 
children  of  working  mothers  has  had  40  little  ones.  1500 
children  have  taken  more  or  less  advantage  of  the  play 
gound  feature.  A  school  for  apprentices,  mother's  meet 
ings,  workingmen's  welfare  woik,  Saturday  evening 
lectures,  cooking  classes  and  Bible  classes  have  been 
carried  on  through  the  year.  A  visiting  nurse  visits 
nmong  the  poor  and  the  sick  of  our  neighbourhood. 
Week  night  and  special  evangelistic  meetings  have  given 
us'a  list  of  1 15  enquirers.  The  Tabernacle  auditorium  has 
been  the  rallying  center  for  union  meetings  for  prayer  and 
Christian  fellowship.  The  building  is  open  and  in  constant 
use  from  eight  in  the  morning  until  nine  and  ten  at  night 
every  day. 

The  work  on  the  Mito  field  has  only  been  fairly 
prosperous  this  year.  The  Evangelistic  Campaign  has 
not  benefited  that  field  as  much  as  it  has  other  places, 
although  they  had  their  share  of  success  in  1915.  The 
very  good  Literature  provided  by  the  Christian  Lierature 
Society  of  the  Federated  Missions  has  been  very  helpful 
and  a  great  deal  of  it  has  been  used  with  much  visible 
fruit. 

The   outstand  ng  encouraging  features 

Encouragements       of  the  work  in  Osaka  has  been  advance 

in     self-support,    aggressive    evangelistic 

effort,   consecration  on  the  part  of  the  church  members, 

zeal    and   efficiency    in    the    "follow    up"    wo;k    after 


OTHER    MISSIONS   AND   CHURCHES  97 

the  evangelistic  campaign  and  the  hearty  cooperation 
of  all  the  churches  and  chapels  with  the  other  churches  in 
the  three  year's  campaign. 

Attention  is  called  to  the  very  serious  need  of  something 
being  done  for  the  thousands  of  young  men  and  women 
employed  in  the  factories,  away  from  all  restraint  and  pro 
tection  of  homes,  and  subject  to  all  kinds  of  temptations. 
Also  to  the  alarming  increase  in  the  drink  habit  and  in 
immorality.  The  number  of  deaths  in  Osaka  yeai'y 
equals  the  number  of  births  and  accordingly  the  great 
increase  in  population  of  40,000  to  50,000  yearly  is  only 
possible  because  of  the  large  number  of  people  coming 
into  the  city. 

While  the  growth  on  the  Kobe  and 

Self  Support  Liu-Chiu  field  has  not  been  as  fruitful 
in  numbers  as  might  be  expected,  the 
financial  growth  has  been  better  this  year  than  ever 
before,  the  members  contributing  over  2200  yen  towards 
the  support  of  their  own  work.  There  is  an  awakened 
interest  in  the  matter  of  self-support  all  over  the  field  and 
it  is  hoped  that  within  the  "  Five  Year  Program  "  we  may 
see  many  of  our  churches  becoming  entirely  independent 
of  all  mission  help 

Our    Mission,    along   with  the    whole 

Dr.  Gearing  Mission  body,  has  been  ca'led  upon  to 
sustain  a  very  severe  loss  in  the  passing 
of  Dr.  J.  L.  Dearing.  He  had  a  very  large  part  in  all 
interdenominational  work  in  tin's  country.  His  place  will 
be  very  hard  to  fill  and  we  will  miss  him  greatly  because 
of  his  aciive  interest  in  everything  tending  to  the  building 
up  of  the  work  in  Japan 

We   rejoice  in  the  completion   of  tl:e 

Dr.  Harrington        Revision  of  the  Japanese  New  Testament. 

Dr.  C   K.  Harrington  of  our  Mission  has 

devoted  his  entire  time  during  the  past  six  years,  at  the 

expense  of  our  Society,  to  this  very  important  work  and 

when  he   returns  to   Japan  this   fall   from  a  well  earned 

vacation    he    will    in   all    probability    resume    his    much 

appreciated  work  in  the  Seminary. 


98  JAPAN 

II.— THE  JAPAN  MISSION  OF  THE  SOUTHERN 
BAPTIST   CONVENTION 

BY.  P.  P.  MEDI.ING 

Excepting  two  preaching  places,  two 

Field  Sunday  Schools,  and  two  kindergartens, 

the  work  of  this  Mission  is  confined  to 

Kyushu   and   the  Shimonoseki    district.     In  Kyushu  we 

have  work  at  Kagoshima,  Tarumizu,  Kumamoto,  Omuta, 

Kurume,  Fukuoka,  Nagasaki,  Omura,  Sasebo,  Kokura, 

Yawata,  Wakamatsu,  lizuka,  and  Moji.     The  work  across 

the  strait  is  at  Shimonoseki,  Chofu.  and  Asa. 

Missionary  force :  seven  families  on  the 
Forces  field  and  one  single  lady,  and  two  families 

on  furlough.  The  number  of  Japanese  workers  is  as 
follows :  ten  ordained  preachers,  seven  unordained  evan 
gelists,  and  seven  Bible  women. 

Our  Mission  is  twenty  six  years  old, 
Work  has  nine  organized  churches,  twelve  out- 

stations,  a  church-membership  of  756, 
twenty-four  Sunday  Schools,  with  an  enrollment  of  1618, 
and  total  contributions  for  the  year  were  $1350.53.  In 
crease  during  the  year  was  81  by  baptism,  and  15  by  letter. 
Besides  our  evangelistic  work,  we  have 
Schools  a  Boy's  Middle  School,  and  a  Night- 
School  in  Fukuoka ;  a  Gospel  Book-store 
in  Shimonoseki ;  three  Kindergartens ;  and  in  co-operation 
with  the  Northern  Baptist  Mission  this  Mission  is  conduct 
ing  a  Theological  Seminary  in  Tokyo.  The  trustees  have 
secured  the  Duncan  Academy  property  and  plan  to  locate 
the  Seminary  there  permanently.  The  Mission  supports 
and  directs  three  Kindergartens  with  an  enrollment  of 
in  ;  the  Night  School  has  an  enrollment  of  105  ;  and 
the  Middle  School  no,  making  a  total  of  326.  The 
number  of  Seminary  students  is  21. 

The  total  receipts  from  sales  through 

Gospel  Book  Store  the  Gospel  Book-store,  conducted  by  the 

Mission,  were  $3,810.58,  representing  an 


OTHER    MISSIONS   AND   CHURCHES  99 

increase  of  £1,406  23  over  the  previous  year.  This  enter 
prise  has  been  self-supporting  for  two  years.  During  the 
last  two  months  of  the  year  five  thousand  copies  of  the 
"Christian  Belief"  were  circulated. 


III.— THE  AM KRICAN  CHRISTIAN  CONVENTION 

Bv  A.  D.  WOODWORTH 

The  past  year  a  thriving  kindergarten 
Activity  has  been  established  at  Naka  Shibuya, 

Tokyo.  The  Azabu  Christian  Church 
each  year  gives  a  Christmas  dinner  to  the  poor.  The 
past  Christmas  three  hundred  and  fifty  people  from  Shin 
Ami  Cho,  Shiba,  one  of  the  poorest  districts  of  Tokyo, 
were  entertained  from  10  a.m.  to  3  p.m.  with  phonograph, 
speeches,  dinner  and  distribution  of  clothing.  This  church 
is  also  the  administrative  center  of  the  Hoonkwai  Con 
sumptive  Relief  Association)  whose  members,  now  number 
ing  1, 200,  give  ten  sen  a  month  as  a  sort  of  health  tax. 
The  amount  distributed  to  date  is  about  600  yen.  About 
250  have  received  help,  the  amount  given  being  from  one 
yen  a  month  up  to  ten.  About  twenty-five  are  now 
receiving  help,  the  others  having  died,  nearly  all  in  the 
Christian  faith.  The  work  is  entirely  undenominational ; 
consumptives  of  all  denominations  and  no  denomination 
have  been  helped  according  to  their  need  and  the  funds  in 
hand.  The  association  has  attained  government  recogni 
tion.  In  connection  with  the  Christian  work  of  the  Azabu 
Middle  School,  800  copies  of  the  Christian  News  and  500 
copies  of  the  Myojo  are  being  used  with  profitable  results. 
Mr.  Ebara  reports  \Q°/o  of  the  students  (800)  Christian. 
A  new  plan  is  being  tried  of  purchasing  fifty  copies  of  some 
suitable  book  like  "The  Life  of  Joseph,"  and  letting  the 
boys  read  it  class  by  class,  one  of  the  teachers  superintend 
ing  the  distribution  and  return  of  the  books.  The  Mission 
has  largely  curtailed  its  country  evangelistic  work  in 
Miyagi  and  Tochigi  Kens  owing  to  a  lack  of  funds. 


IOO  JAPAN 

IV.— THE  CHURCHES  OF  CHRIST  MISSION 
BY  T.  A.  YOUNG 

During  the  past  year  this  Mission  has 
Introduction  carried  on  its  varied  work  as  thoroughly 
as  possible  and  with  gratifying  success 
when  the  limited  funds  at  its  disposal  and  the  inadequate 
missionary  and  Japanese  working  forces  are  considered. 
However  the  completion  of  the  Million  Dollar  Campaign 
among  the  home  churches,  which  money  is  to  be  used  for 
equipment  in  the  various  Mission  fields,  and  the  great 
advance  already  made  in  the  Men  and  Millions  Movement, 
which  is  an  effort  to  provide  a  thousand  workers  and  six 
millions  of  dollars  for  the  various  departments  of  the  work 
of  the  Church  and  in  which  foreign  mission  work  shares 
very  generously,  give  definite  promise  of  adequate  funds 
for  the  present  work  as  well  as  of  enlargement  in  the  near 
future. 

The  work  carried  on  by  this  Mission 
Forms  of  Work       is    three     fold,     namely: — Evangelistic, 
Educational,  and  Benevolent.     The  evan 
gelistic  work  has  for  its  centers  the  great  cities  of  Osaka, 
Tokyo,  Sendai,  and  Akita — from  which  places  many  of  the 
surrounding  cities  and  towns  are  reached.     In  this  way 
cur  work  extends  practically  the  length  of  the  main  island. 
The  educational  work  centers  in  Takinogaaa,  Tokyo. 
Here  are  located  the  Bible  Colleges  for  men  and  women — 
the  C/iu    Gakko — the  Jo   Gakko — ihe  Home  Economics 
and  Music  Department  building  as  well  as  a  commodious 
kindergarten. 

The  benevolent  work  takes  the  form  of  Primary  School 
and  kindergarten  conducted  at  Matsu;  ae  Clio,  Koishikawa, 
Tokyo. 

During  the  year  our   Mission  force  has 

MJss  on  Force        been  increased  by  the  coming  of  Dr.  and 

Mrs.  F.  E.  Lee,  who  are  to  be  associated 

in  the  school  work,  and  Miss  Ada  Scott  who  will  have  the 

supervision   of  the  kindergarten  VkOrk  in  Tokyo.      Prof. 


OTHER    MISSIONS   AND   CHURCHES  IOI 

Zenda  Watanabe,  who  lias  returned  from  his  work  and 
study  in  America,  has  been  added  to  the  faculty  of  the 
Boy's  Bible  College.  The  following  missionaries  have 
returned  from  furlough  : — Miss  Edith  Parker  who  resumes 
her  work  as  the  head  of  the  Home  Economics  Department 
of  the  Joshi  Sei  Gaknin  :  Miss  Rose  Armbruster  who  has 
again  taken  up  her  evangelistic  work  in  Akita  :  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  C.  E.  Robinson  who,  having  been  transferred  from 
Sendai,  have  entered  upon  their  work  in  Osaka. 

Miss  Bertha  Clawson,  Miss  Kate  V.  Johnson,  and  Mr. 
and  Mrs.  C.  F.  McCall  leit  for  their  regular  furloughs  and 
are  now  absent  in  America. 

It  is  a  matter  of  great  encouragement 
Educational  Work     that  our   Home  Board  has  heartily  ap 
proved    the   Tokyo    Christian    Woman's 
College  as  well  as  the  University  to  be  established  for  men 
and  has  promised  co  operation  in  every  possible  way. 

All  schools  show  a  gratifying  increase  in  enrollment 
over  last  year — work  of  a  higher  grade  is  being  done — 
additions  have  been  made  to  the  curricula  and  the  teaching 
forces  have  been  strengthened.  The  Board  of  School 
Trustees  is  considering  adding  another  year  of  study  to 
the  course  of  the  Boys'  Bible  College — in  this  way  making 
a  two  year  preparatory  course  followed  by  a  three  year 
regular  course.  A  special  feature  of  the  work  in  both 
Bible  Colleges  this  last  year  has  been  the  course  of  lectures 
on  Sunday  School  work  provided  by  Mr.  H.  E.  Coleman 
and  his  assistants. 

The  English  Night  School  which  is  a  feature  of  the  work 
in  Osaka  is  very  flourishing — and  the  new  building  which 
is  now  being  erected  for  this  school  will  mean  much  in  the 
way  of  a  decided  and  permanent  growth. 

The  Kindergarten  work  in  Akita,  Tokyo,  and  Osaka  as 
we1!  as  the  Primary  School  in  Koishikawa,  Tokyo  are  all 
doing  splendid  work. 

Limited  funds  have  hindered  the  work 

Evangelistic  Work    of  the  past  year  yet  there  have  been  170 

persons  who  received  baptism.     The  roll 

books  of  all  churches  have  been  revised  and  the  actual 

working  membership  shown  to  be  but  about  20%  of  the 


IO2  JAPAN 

total  membership.  This  has  resulted  in  a  definite  move 
ment  for  the  revival  of  indiffeient  Christians  which  is  al 
ready  proving  effective,  as  well  as  the  consideration  of 
ways  and  means  for  the  conservation  of  those  uniting 
with  the  church.  The  outstanding  needs  of  the  evangelistic 
work  are,  first,  the  need  of  more  missionary  families,  and 
second,  a  more  adequate  financing  of  the  work  we  now 
have. 

The  Bible  School  work  is  being  more  largely  emphasized  ; 
a  number  of  schools  have  been  graded  and  the  growth 
of  the  number  of  adult  Bible  classes  is  very  noticeable. 
The  Bible  School  work  in  the  villages  is  proving  especially 
successful.  The  results  of  this  training  of  the  children  are 
now  being  seen  in  the  fact  that  among  those  receiving  bap 
tism  in  the  different  places  of  work  are  always  to  be  found 
some  from  the  older  classes  of  the  Bible  School. 

Our  force  now  numbers  twenty-seven, 

Summary        twenty  three  on  the  field,  with  four  home 

on    furlough.       There    are    ninety-eight 

Japanese  workers,  while  work  is  conducted  in  five  large 

centers  with  sixty-two  outstations.     The  sixty-four  Bible 

Schools  enroll  about  4,500  scholars. 


V.— THE  CHRISTIAN  AND  MISSIONARY 
ALLIANCE 

BY  H.  LINDSTROM 

From  the  time   our  new  chapel    was 

New  Chape!        dedicated  in  January  1916  the  audience 

has  been  steadily  increasing.     Our   last 

Christrms  celebration  was   attended   by   more   than   350 

adults  and  chi'dren. 

The  Gospel  hall  attached  to  the  chapel  proves  a  real 
success.  Many  decided  for  Christ  during  the  year  and  of 
these  so  far  50  believers  have  been  baptized. 

Last  year  the  believers  contiibutcd  4507*7*  towards  the 
work. 


OTHER   MISSIONS   AND   CHURCHES  IO3 

Pastor  Tatsuji  is  a  zealous  worker,  earnestly  following 
up  the  many  persons  who  yield  to  Christ  at  our  inquirers' 
meetings  at  the  Gospel  hall. 

The     "  Soten-kitokwai"     held     every 

Early  Morning      morning  at  6  o'clock   has  been  a  help 

Prayer  Mee  Ing      anci  inspiration  to  many.     These  prayer 

meetings,  mostly  attended  by  believers  of 

the  Presbyterian  and  Alliance  Churches,  were  begun  in  the 

middle  of  November   and  are   still  vigorously  kept  up. 

The  believers  have  decided  to  ask  God  for  greater  things, 

and  the  Lord  has  begun  to  work.     The  average  attendance 

at  these  prayer  meeting  is  about  30  persons,  but  as  many 

as  47  have  been  present. 

Mr.  Francis  accompanied  by  Japanese 

Touring          workers  made  a  number  of  evangelistic 

tours  in  Bigo  Kuni.     The  meetings    as 

a  rule  have  been  well  attended,  and  as  a  result  there  are 

many  inquirers. 

Our  workers  at  Onomichi  began  work  at  Fukuyama 
some  months  ago.  The  work  among  children  is  very 
encouraging,  especially  at  Onomichi. 


VI.— THE  EVANGELICAL  ASSOCIATION 
BY  P.  S.  MAYER 

Considerable  changes  have  taken  place 

Changes  during  the  year  in  the  distribution  of  our 

forces.     Dr.    S.  J.  Umbreit  and   family 

have  been  stationed  in   Tokyo  and  our  Kobe  Osaka  field 

is  at   present  without   a   male   missionary.     Miss  Susan 

Bauernfeind  sailed  for  America  in  April,  and  Rev.  A.  D. 

Stauffacher,    our    representative    on    the   faculty    of   the 

Aoyatna   Seminary,    was   compelled   to   leave   Japan   on 

account  of  the  serious  illness  of  his  wife.     His  place  lias 

been  filled  by  Rev.  B.  T.  Schwab. 


IO4  JAPAN 

The  year   1917  promises  to  be  one  of 

Building  Opera-       extensive      building     operations.        The 

(ions  Koishikawa   congregation   i;   to  have  a 

new    church    and     kindergarten     plant, 

costing  twenty  thousand  yen.     An  appropriation  of  twelve 

thousand  yen  has  also   been  made  by  the  Board  for  a 

church  and  kindergarten  building  to  be  erected  in  Hongo 

or  Shitaya.     Funds  are  also  on  hand  for  a  similiar  plant 

in  the  city  of  Kobe,  which  will  be  built  as  soon  as  a 

missionary  has  been   stationed  there.     In  Koriyama  a  lot 

has  been  secured  for  a  residence  for  Miss  Ranck,  and  it  is 

hoped  to  complete  this  building  within  the  year. 

Two  new  kindergartens  were  opened  during  the  year, 
making  a  total  of  ten,  with  an  enrollment  of  about  four 
hundred  children.  Only  three  of  the  kindergartens  are 
provided  with  adequate  buildings,  but  we  hope  to  erect 
two  new  kindergarten  buildings  during  the  corning  year. 

The  Bible  Woman's  Training  School 

Schools  has  an  enrollment  of  forty  five  girls,  who 

are  preparing  for  Christian  service.     In 

the  Theological  Seminary  at  Aoyama  we  have  eight  young 

men.     The  Night  School  at  Tsukiji  has  an  enrollment  of 

about  fifty  and  from  its  student    body    young   men    are 

constantly  being  led  into  the  church. 

Our  lady  missionaries  are  finding  an 

Factory  Work        increasing   field   of  opportunity    in    the 

work   among  the  factory  girls  of  Muko- 

jima  and  Honjo.     At  Mukojima  the  work  has  been  greatly 

facilitated   by   the  factory  authorities  in  setting  aside  a 

regular  evening   each   week  for  meetings  with  the  girls. 

In  the   Honjo  factory  permission  has  been  given  to  hold 

meetings  once  a  week   instead   of  once  a   month  as  was 

formerly  the  case. 

A  goodly  i.umber  of  peop'e  have  been 
Self  Support         secured    for   the    Kingdom    during    the 
year,   but  a   careful  pruning  of  the  dead 
material  has  prevented  any  large  increase  in  the  member 
ship   of  our    church.     Noteworthy   progress  was  made, 
however,  in  self,  support,  the  contributions  from  Japanese 
sources  increasing  from  2800  to  3500 yen. 


OTHER  MISSIONS  AND  CHURCHES  105 

BislTop    G.    Heinmiller    of    Cleveland, 

Visit  of  Bishop       Ohio,   is  making  an  extensive  visit  to  the 

Japan    and    China    missions.     We    hope 

that  this  visit  will  result  in   a  thorough   reorganization  of 

our  mission,  making  possible  a  larger  and  more  effective 

work. 


VII.— JOINT  CONFERENCE  OF  LUTHERAN 
MISSIONS  CO  OPERATING  IN  JAPAN 

BY  I..  S.  G.  MILT.KK 

The  year   1917  marks  a  quarter  of  a 
Growth  century  since  the  first  Lutheran  mission 

aries  came  to  Japan.  During  the  first 
half  of  this  period  there  \vere  never  more  than  four 
missionary  families  on  the  field  and  for  this  reason  our 
work  was  small  and  confined  to  Kyushu.  The  last  half, 
however,  has  shown  a  steady  growth  until  today  there  are 
twenty-eight  missionaries  and  forty  Japanese  evangelistic 
workers  (wives  and  kindergarten  teachers  included).  This 
increase  of  force  would  seem  to  justify  an  advance  into  a 
wider  territory  ;  and  with  this  in  view,  in  late  years,  work 
has  been  opened  up  in  Tokyo,  Shimonoseki  and  Nagoya. 
It  has  also  been  decided  to  locate  a  missiorary  and  Japan 
ese  evangelist  in  Osaka,  and  as  soon  as  practicable  other 
large  centers  will  be  entered. 

We  have  been  particularly  blessed  this 
New  Missionares  year  in  the  number  of  new  missionaries 
who  have  arrived  in  Japan.  Three  with 
their  wives  are  now  on  the  field  studying  the  language 
and  a  fourth  is  expected  in  the  fall  to  teach  in  Kyushu 
Oakum. 

During  the  past  year  a   new  church, 

New  Equipme  t       parsonage  and  mission  home  hive  been 

erected  at  Hakata-Fuku  >ka.    The  church 

is    of    brick    with    a    seating    capacity    of    250.     It    was 

dedicated  in  September  1916.     Another  important  addition 


IO6  JAPAN 

to  equipment  is  a  "  Ford,"  brought  out  for  use  in  growing 
country  work.  Also,  $50,000.00  has  been  approved  by 
one  of  our  Boards  and  is  now  being  collected  for  additional 
equipment  in  evangelistic  and  educational  work. 

The  evangelistic  work  of  our  Kyushu, 
Evangelistic          Tokyo   and    Nagoya    stations    has    been 

carried  on  during  the  year  with  encourag 
ing  results.  About  150  additions  have  been  reported  for 
the  year.  The  Tokyo  dormitory  for  students,  under 
supervision  of  Rev.  F.  D.  Smith,  has  been  enlarged  and 
work  among  these  students  has  been  very  satisfactory. 
At  Saga  a  dormitory  for  school  girls  is  being  opened  up 
by  Dr.  and  Mrs.  Lippard  with  prospects  for  doing  good 
work.  Good  attendance  at  Bible  classes  and  well  attended 
services  in  the  city  and  at  several  out  stations  are  also 
encouraging  features  in  the  Saga  field.  Rev.  E.  T.  Horn 
and  our  Nagoya  pastor  have  been  visiting  the  village 
schools  in  a  district  near  Nagoya  for  special  work  among 
the  teachers.  Some  very  good  meetings  have  been  held 
but  a  good  deal  of  opposition  is  reported.  Rev.  J.  P. 
Nielsen  with  the  aid  of  his  "  Ford  "  has  been  carrying  on 
a  very  successful  country  work  near  Kurume.  Work  has 
been  opened  up  in  four  new  villages  in  this  way  and  a  good 
deal  of  interest  has  been  shown.  At  Kurnamoto,  Revs.  J. 
M.  T.  Winther  and  A.  J.  Stirewalt  working  with  the 
Kumamoto  evangelists  and  Theological  students  of  Kyushu 
Gakuin  have  been  able  to  carry  on  quite  an  active 
evangelistic  campaign  by  street  preaching  in  the  city, 
and  country  evangelism  in  neighboring  villages.  Much 
interest  is  reported.  At  Omuta,  Rev.  C.  W.  Hepner 
reports  good  attendance  at  Sunday  Schools  and  public 
preaching  services.  Country  work,  also,  at  three  points 
in  Munagata  gun  lias  been  carried  on  with  very  encourag 
ing  results. 

The  woman's  work  of  our  Mission  has 
Woman's  Work       now  been  inaugurated  by  Misses   M.  B. 

Akarcl  and  M.  L.  Bowers  who  came  to 
Japan  three  years  ago.  After  a  year  and  half  of  study  in 
the  Tokyo  Language  School  they  removed  to  Kyushu 
and  have  been  doing  most  successful  work  at  Saga  and 


OTHER   MISSIONS   AND   CHURCHES  IO/ 

Hakata.     Two  new  ladies  are  expected  this  year  to  join  in 
this  work. 

Kindergaitens  are  conducted  at  Saga, 

Kindergarten  and      Kurume,  Hakata  and  Ogi  with  an  average 

Sunday  School        attendance  of  about  thirty-five.     Monthly 

Mothers'  Meetings  in  connection  with 
these  kindergartens  have  been  well  attended  during  the 
past  year. 

Sunday  School  work  has  been  advancing  during  the 

year.     A   half   dozen   or   more   new  schools  have  been 

opened,  and  there  are  now  about  2000  children  who  attend 

the  various  Sunday  Schools  with  comparative  regularity. 

Kyushu  Gaknin  has  been  blessed  with 

Education  another    year   of   fruitful    service.     The 

first  class  to  enter  when  the  institution 
was  opened,  graduated  in  March  1916.  There  were  forty- 
four  graduates  and  of  this  number  forty  per  cent  were 
baptized  Christians.  From  these  graduates,  twenty  five 
per  cent  of  those  who  tried  to  enter  higher  institutions  of 
learning,  succeeded  in  passing  the  required  entrance 
examinations.  Compared  with  the  record  of  the  other 
Middle  Schools  of  Kumamoto  this  was  a  very  good 
showing.  At  the  beginning  of  the  sixth  session  in  April 
1916,  out  of  242  applicants,  131  were  admitted.  This 
gives  a  total  enrolment  at  the  present  time  of  55 1.  During 
the  past  year  the  Educational  Department  of  the  Govern 
ment  gave  its  official  recognition  to  the  Theological 
Seminary  of  Kyushu  Gakuin,  thus  exempting  our  Theolo 
gical  students  from  military  service  while  in  the  Seminary. 
There  are  eight  students  in  this  department. 


IO8  JAPAN 

VIII.— JAPAN  EVANGELISTIC  BAND 

BY   R.   \V.   HARRIS 

We  are  thankful  to  record  that  during  1916  the  Mission 
has  on  the  whole  made  gradual  progress.  In  spite  of  war 
conditions  at  home  our  Foreign  Staff  has  been  increased 
by  three  new  lady  missionaries.  The  Japanese  Staff  has 
remained  about  the  same. 

During  the  year  invitations  have  come  from  all  parts  of 
the  country  asking  us  to  supply  them  willi  resident  evangel 
ists,  but  in  many  cases  we  have  had  to  refuse  through 
insufficient  workers.  Calls,  too,  have  come  for  the  services 
of  our  Special  Missioners,  and  Conventions  and  Missions 
have  been  carried  on  with  much  blessing  in  various  parts 
of  the  country. 

We  have  three  Mission   Halls,  in   the 

Kobe  city   of   Kobe,    all    doing   an   aggressive 

evangelistic    woik.       Over   one  hundred 

souls  have  been  baptised  Irom  our  Minatogawa  Hall  since 

it  was  opened  18  months  ago. 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Dyer  are  still  labouring 
Himejl  at    Himeji.     They   report   as  follows : — 

"  During  the  past  year  we  have  baptised 
twenty  new  converts  and  have  admitted  them  into  full 
membership  in  the  Methodist  Church.  We  have  been 
able  to  open  up  a  new  and  important  town  to  Gospel  work 
some  fifteen  miles  from  here  and  locate  an  evangelist  there. 
He  has  already  gathered  a  most  encouraging  number  of 
Christians  and  enquirers  together,  and  the  work  is  spread 
ing  from  that  centre  to  the  outlying  places  around.  We 
have  also  recently  been  invited  to  do  evangelistic  work  in 
two  large  cotton  spinning  factories,  where  there  are  some 
2,000  operatives  at  work.  We  are  given  every  facility  by 
the  management,  and  arrangements  have  been  made  for 
Bible  Classes  every  week,  besides  several  other  preaching 
services  monthly. 

The  Kyodo  Dendo  Christian  lectures  helped  to  break 
clown  much  of  the  opposition  to  Christianity,  and  we  felt 
that  those  meetings  ought  to  be  followed  by  some  direct 
and  aggressive  evangelistic  effort,  and  so  in  the  autumn  we 


OTHER    MISSIONS    AND   CHURCHES 

arranged  a  united  Convention  for  the  three  ken  of  Oka- 
yama,  Tottori  and  Hyogo  and  an  evangelistic  campaign, 
which  lasted  for  six  days.  Meetings  for  Christians  were 
held  each  morning  and  afternoon,  and  for  the  evening 
evangelistic  meetings  we  hired  one  of  the  largest  theatres  in 
the  city.  The  results  were  in  every  way  most  encouraging." 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Wilkinson  are  working 

Tokushima  with  the  Presbyterian  Church,  South,  at 
Tokushima.  Although  they  have  only 
been  working  there  six  months  they  are  beginning  to  see 
fruit.  A  large  Mission  Hall  in  the  centre  of  the  town  is 
opened  most  nights  in  the  week  for  evangelistic  meetings. 
Over  one  hundred  persons  have  given  in  their  names  at 
these  meetings. 

Miss  Cribb  with  one  Japanese  worker  is 

Class  work  still  working  in  Osaka  among  the  factoiy 
hands.  They  are  at  present  concentrat 
ing  most  of  their  time  and  energy  on  six  factories.  In  all 
these  factories  they  seem  lo  have  won  the  confidence  of 
the  managers  who  allow  them  free  access  at  any  time. 
Evangelistic  meetings  are  held  weekly  in  each  factory. 
During  the  year  seven  girls  and  two  adults  were  baptised. 

Miss  Penrod  has  seen  much  blessing  during  the  past 
year  at  the  Crittenden  Rescue  Home  in  Tokyo.  She  is 
much  crippled  by  the  lack  of  helpers. 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Cuthbertson  have  returned  from  furlough 
and  taken  up  their  work  again  amongst  the  policemen  in 
Tokyo.  The  acquisition  of  a  motor  car  has  made  it  pos 
sible  to  visit  and  hold  meetings  in  the  Police  Stations  in  the 
surrounding  districts.  Work  is  also  carried  on  in  Yoko 
hama,  Osaka  and  Kobe. 

Mrs.  Braithwaite,  with  two  workers,  is  still  working 
with  very  encouraging  results  among  the  patients  at  the 
Akasaka  Hospital  Tokyo. 

The  circulation  of  "  Christian  News  " 

Literature  has    increased    during   the   year.       Over 

20,000  copies  are  now  issued   monthly. 

The  "  Living   Bread,"  a  magazine  for  Christians  has  been 

much  used,  especially  by  pastors  in  lonely  places. 


no  JAPAN 

IX.- THE  GENERAL  EVANGELICAL  PRO- 

TES TANT  MISSIONARY  SOCIETY 

(GERMAN-SWISS) 

Bv  EMIL  SCHILLER 

Unfortunately,  the  year  1916  too  has 
War  Times  been  a  year  of  war.     That  meant  various 

hindrances  to  our  work,  though  they  did 
not  come  from  our  home  circles  which  rather  contributed 
more  eagerly  than  before.  Also  the  Government  and  the 
general  public  of  Japan  have  continued  their  broadminded 
attitude.  Nevertheless,  there  have  been  hindrances, 
among  which  only  one  may  be  mentioned,  that  the 
Gerimn  missionaries  among  us  have  been  obliged  to  do 
less  work  in  public,  than  they  wished,  and  than  they  used 
to  do  in  peace  times. 

But  in  spite  of  that,  we  can  report  good 
Field  and  Forms       progress  in  our  work  during  1916.     It  is 
of  Work  carried  on  in  Tokyo,  Chiba,  Toyohashi, 

Otsu,  Kyoto,  Osaka  and  the  surroundings 
of  these  cities,  so  that  we  have  20  places  altogether  in 
which  regular  evangelistic  work  for  the  Japanese  is  under 
taken.  During  the  year  under  review,  we  appointed  a 
second  Japanese  Pastor  for  Tokyo,  we  re-opened  a  second 
preaching  place  in  Kyoto  and  some  new  work  in  Okazaki 
and  Osaka.  The  work  altogether  is  rather  large  for  our 
small  staff  of  workers,  3  missionaries,  4  ordained  and  2 
unordained  Japanese  pastors  with  some  other  helpers. 
Besides  our  evangelistic  work  (sermons,  lectures,  Bible- 
instruction,  Sunday  Schools,  women's  meetings,  young 
men's  associations)  we  publish  a  monthly  magazine,  called 
Shinri,  and  undertake  some  educational  work  in  two 
German  Night  Schools  in  Tokyo,  and  Kyoto,  where  the 
interest  is  increasing  constantly,  in  a  students'  hostel  and  a 
kindergarten  in  Tokyo. 

The    missionaries    have    also    the    re- 
Work  for  Germans     ligious  care  of  the  German  speaking  Pro 
testant  communities  in  Tokyo,  Yokohama 


OTHFR    MISSIONS    AND   CHURCHES  III 

and  Kobe,  where  regular  preaching  services  are  held,  and 
the  religious  instruction  is  provided  for  the  children  in  the 
German  Schools  in  Kobe  and  Yokohama.  As  the  war 
has  continued,  we  have  had  to  go  on  with  our  religious  work 
among  the  Protestant  German  and  Austrian  war  prisoners 
who  are  scattered  over  n  places  of  detention. from  Kyu 
shu  to  the  Chiba  region  east  of  Tokyo.  We  managed  to 
hold  preaching  services  in  all  of  these  camps  once  a  month, 
if  possible,  and  also  at  the  Christmas  and  Easter  time. 
Besides  that,  services  were  held  by  some  interned  mission 
aries  and  also  by  some  officers.  A  similar  work  is  under 
taken  by  the  priests  of  the  Roman  Church. 

Looking  back  over  the  past  year,  we  have  good  reasons 
for  thankfulness.  Our  experience  is  that  of  Paul  the 
apostle  who  when  mentioning  the  troubles  he  had  met 
could  go  on  however  with  the  confident  statement,  "  But 
the  word  of  God  is  not  bound." 


X.— FREE  METHODIST  MISSION 

BY  A.  YOUNGREN 

As  in  previous  years  the  chief  aim  of 
Evangelistic  work  the  mission  has  been  to  evangelize,  not  as 
seed-sowing  merely,  but  with  the  definite 
object  of  getting  results.  Nor  have  we  been  wholly  dis 
appointed.  Leaving  out  minute  statistics,  suffice  it  to  say 
that  more  than  one  hundred  converts  have  been  baptized 
and  received  into  the  local  churches.  On  the  country 
districts  some  of  our  Japanese  evangelists  are  responsible 
for  several  towns  and  villages  each,  and  are  daily  conduct 
ing  meetings  or  dealing  with  inquirers.  Some  of  the 
evangelists  are  furnished  with  bicycles  and  thus  their 
efficiency  is  multiplied 

In  Osaka  the  evangelistic  work  is  being  pushed  at  three 
chapels,  in  one  of  which  meetings  are  held  every  night 
except  Monday. 

Many  interesting  and  striking  conversions  have  taken 


I  1 2  JAPAN 

place.  We  mention  only  one.  A  young  man  entered  one 
of  the  chapels  and  stole  a  Bible  from  the  pulpit,  and  then 
sold  it  at  a  second  hand  store.  Prayer  was  offered  that 
this  might  prove  the  means  of  his  conversion,  and  the 
following  Sabbat'n  he  came  to  the  morning  service,  got 
under  conviction,  confessed  to  the  theft,  went  and  secured 
the  Bible  \vheie  he  had  disposed  of  it  and  thus  having 
cleared  up  his  back  track  he  was  blessedly  saved. 

There  are  nine  Sunday  Schools  in  con- 
Sunday  Schools    nection  with  our  work  in  Osaka,  four  of 
which  are  conducted  in  believers'  homes. 
Special  prayer  meetings  for  the  children  have  also  been 
held  regularly  and  several  have  been  converted,  baptized 
and  received  into  the  church. 

Teacher  Training  classes  have   been   organized  at  two 

points  during  the  year  and  have  proved  a  stimulus  to  the 

Sunday    School    work.       Work    among   the    children    is 

receiving  special  attention  on  the  country  districts  as  well. 

Our  believers   at    Kakogawa   on    the 

Organized  Churches  Banshu  district  have  been  organized  into 

a  regular  society,  and  there  are  now  in 

all  seven   organized   churches  in   the    mission.     None  of 

these  is  wholly  se'f-supporting,  though  one  society  is  paying 

towards  other  enterprises  in  the  mission  an  amount  almost 

equal  to  self-support. 

At   Sumoto,   Awaji,  new  church   pro- 
New  Church       perty   has   been  secured    in  a  favorable 

location. 

The  cost  of  the  property  was  about  3, 300.00  yen,  one 
third  of  which  was  raised  by  the  local  congregation. 

The  annual  joint  conference  of  missionaries  and  Japanese 
was  held  at  Sumoto  in  May,  and  was  a  time  of  much 
manifestation  of  God's  presence,  and  a  source  of  inspiration 
to  the  local  work. 

It  has  been  the  custom  in  our  mission 
Special  Convention  for  several  years  to  conduct  a  Holiness 
Convention  during  the  first  week  in  Janu 
ary,  and  much  good   has  resulted   from   these  meetings. 
This  year  Rev.  B.  F.  Buxton,  and  Rev.  J.  B. 'Thornton 
of  the  J.  E.  B.  were  the  speakers.     Three  services  were 


OTHER   MISSIONS  AND   CHURCHES  113 

held  each  day,  those  in  the  evening  being  entirely  of  an 
evangelistic  nature. 

Our  entire  force  of  workers  and  many  of  the  believers 
also  attend  the  Holiness  Convention  held  in  Arima  each 
year.  This  gathering  has  never  failed  to  be  a  source  of 
blessing  and  a  means  of  kindling  watch  fires  throughout 
our  work.  This  was  especially  the  case  this  last  year 
when  Dr.  In  wood  of  England  was  the  speaker  at  the 
convention. 

The  training  school  has  carried  on  its 

Training  School  usual  activities  during  the  year.  The 
school  lias  been  transferred  to  a  better 
location  than  the  former  one,  and  some  other  material 
improvements  have  been  made,  which  have  considerably 
facilitated  its  work.  Several  new  students  have  been 
admitted,  and  one  has  gone  out  from  the  school  as  a  Bible 
Woman. 


XI.— FRIENDS  MISSION 
BY  MRS.  II.  E.  COLEMAN 

Two  gifts  of  money  will  make  possible 

New  Meeting         for  the  Friends   Mission  a  modern    well 

House  equipped  meeting  house  in  Tokyo,  and  a 

dormitory  for  young  men  with  institutional 

features  for  student  work.     Plans  for  both  are  being  made 

and  it  is  hoped  that  these  two  new  buildings  may   render 

possible  a  much  enlarged  work. 

The  Annuil  Meeting  at  Tsuchiura  took  the  necessary 
steps  to  establish  a  regular  Yearly  Meeting  which  is  a 
definite  step  in  advance  toward  the  Japanese  sharing 
responsibility. 

The  use   of  the  tent  in   the   country 

Tent  Work  work  has  proved  increasingly  helpful.     A 

definite  plan  for  a  week's  meetings  in  a 

place    with  suitable  meetings    for   men,   women,   children 

and  the  community  in  general,  aims  to  give  such  definite 


1 14  JAPAN 

instruction  in  Christian  fundamentals,  as  will  make  possible 
a  fairly  intelligent  idea  of  what  it  means  to  be  a  Christian. 

The  Friends  Girls  School  has  had  an 

Girls  School         increased    attendance,    while   the    return 

from  America  of  one  our  graduates,  with 

an  M.A.  from  Columbia  has  added  much  to  the  strength 

of  the  teaching  force. 

Peace,  temperance  and  the  Sunday  School  have  claimed 
a  large  share  of  the  time  of  our  workers. 


XII .— HEPHZIBAH  FAITH  MISSION  REPORT 

BY  ARNES  GLENN 

In  four  towns  evangelists  have  been 
Chiba  Ken  stationed,  where  they  carry  on  regular 
mission  work  and  also  hold  services  in 
cottages,  factories,  on  the  streets,  etc. 

A  special  evangelistic  trip  was  made  through  the  Ken 
in  October,  visiting  1 10  towns  and  villages,  in  which 
meetings  were  held  and  tracts  distributed.  Over  500 
inquirers  in  these  villages  were  provided  one  year's 
subscription  to  the  "  Christian  News.'1 

In  the  four  stations  some  200  have  professed  conversion, 
and  at  each  place  a  number  were  baptized  by  immersion. 

Thirteen  Sunday  Schools  were  carried  on,  each  having 
an  average  attendance  of  eighty  pupils. 

During  the  year  40,000  tracts  were  distributed.  The 
Gospel  was  preached  and  the  Bible  taught  to  the  teachers 
and  pupils  of  seven  Middle  Schools  in  Chiba  Ken. 

A  Holiness  Convention  was  held  near  Choshi  in  hotels 
on  the  sea  shore.  It  had  a  regular  attendance  of  more  than 
1 10,  and  as  a  direct  result  of  the  meeting  spiritual  blessing 
was  received  at  various  places,  and  especially  at  one  town. 
Here  a  revival  broke  out  and  numbers  were  saved.  The 
people  begged  for  a  missionary  to  come  and  preach,  and 
when  one  went,  hundreds  came  to  hear,  after  which  seventy 
bought  Testaments. 


OTHER    MISSIONS    AND   CHURCHES  11$ 

The  work  in  Yokohama  consists  of  one 
Yokohama  Central  Mission  Hall,  on  Theater  St., 

a  mission  in  the  poor  district,  and  ten 
Sabbath  Schools.  Gospel  meetings  are  held  nightly  at  t!  e 
mission  on  Theater  St.,  after  which  another  meeting  is  held 
for  inquirers,  and  a  Bible  class  for  the  Christians.  During 
the  year  700  out  of  1000  inquirers  professed  salvation.  Of 
these,  many  were  genuinely  converted,  as  their  lives  and 
testimonies  prove.  Some  who  had  contemplated  suicide, 
and  others  who  were  full  of  misery  and  sin  were  saved 
and  delivered  from  the  power  of  drink. 

From  200  to  300  calls  were  made  eacli  month  by 
workers  to  help  the  converts.  Several  thousand  tracts 
and  other  religious  papers  were  given  out. 

A  free  bath  where  an  average  of  more  than  fifty  children 
received  weekly  attention  was  kept  up  most  of  the  year; 
also  industrial  classes  for  children  and  meetings  for  the 
adults. 


XIII.— METHODIST  PROTESTANT  MISSION 
BY  LEIGH  LAYMAN 

There  is  much  of  a  sameness  to  these 

Organization         reports  from  year  to  year.      This  work  is 

divided  into  Mission  and  Conference.    The 

Mission,  consisting  of  missionaries  only,  has  charge  of  all 

chapels,  schools  and  finances.     The  Conference,  of  which 

mission  iries   are    members,   has  control  of  all  organized 

churches. 

This  Mission  has  three  distinct  policies. 
Poides  I.  A    maximum   Japanese    force.     2.  A 

minimum  missionary  force.  3.  Evangeli 
zation  first ;  education  second  ;  with  the  last,  the  additional 
policy  that  no  missionary  shall  give  his  whole  time  to 
educational  work.  Each  missionary  in  school  work 
shall  be  responsible  for  the  evangelization  of  some  given 
territory.  In  this  policy,  we  think  that  we  have  taken 


Il6  JAPAN 

a   step   foiward   in   the   solution   of  the  question  of  the 
increase  of  the  missionary  force. 

Our    work    extends    from  Tokyo   to 

Territory  Nagoya,    along     the    Tckaido,    and    in 

adjacent  territory.     We  are  assisting    in 

occupying   the    cities    of  Tokyo,   Yokohama,    Hiratsuka, 

Oyama,  Ejiri,   Shizuoka,  Hamamatsu,  Nagoya,  and  Yok- 

kaichi.     Most  of  our  chapel  work  is  in  the  country  adjacent 

to  these  cities. 

Two  missionary  families,    1 5   ordained 
Forces  pastors,  20  evangelists,   17  churches,  55 

chapels,  one  college,  four  night  schools, 
one  school  for  the  blind. 

Figures                Mission  Ordained  Evangel-      No.  No.  Appro,  for 

families  jmstors  isls  enquirers,  bapt.  evan-work 

1911     3             12  10  395  204  21,000x0 

1912     3            13  14  341  141  21,800x0 

1913     2            13  17  534  160  22,700.00 

1914     3             15  20  389  190  24,300x0 

1915     2            15  18  635  236  25,700x0 

1916     2             15  20  477  225  23,900x0 

The  above  is  a  comparative  statement  based  on  our 
Mission  year  which  ends  March  3ist. 

The  figures  for  the  three  quarters  ending  Dec.  3ist, 
1916  are  very  gratifying.  For  the  first  time  in  the  histoiy 
of  the  Conference,  we  are  having  a  Japanese  President. 
The  Japanese  are  trying  to  celebrate  this  event  by  making 
this  the  banner  year  of  our  work.  It  looks  as  though  they 
are  going  to  succeed. 

Comparisons  are  generally  obnoxious.  But  it  would  be 
interesting  if  some  one  would  be  brave  enough  to  compile 
a  set  of  statistics  along  the  line  suggested  above,  in  view  of 
the  practical  interest  in  the  increase  of  the  missionary 
force.  We  would  be  interested  to  know  what  results  and 
at  what  cost  any  other  Mission,  with  a  larger  missionary 
force,  but  the  same  or  less  Japanese  force,  is  securing. 


OTHER  MISSIONS   AND   CHURCHES  1 1/ 

XIV.— METHODIST  PROTESTANT  WOMEN'S 
FOREIGN  MISSIONARY  SOCIETY 

BY  HARRIET  E.  STKELE 

The  outstanding  feature  of  the  work  of 
Removal  Girls        the    woman's   society   of  the    Methodist 
School  Protestant  church  during  the  past  year  is 

the  removal  of  their  girls  school  at  Yoko 
hama,  from  the  cramped,  unsatisfactory  quarters  in  the 
foreign  settlement  on  the  Bluff  to  a  site  containing  more 
than  five  thousand  tsubo,  situated  in  the  suburbs  and  con 
venient  to  the  Japanese  part  of  the  city.  A  new  Japanese 
style  dormitory  to  accommodate  about  sixty  students  and 
teachers  has  been  built.  Also  a  domestic  science  building 
and  chapel  moved  from  the  old  site.  With  new  buildings, 
new  equipment  and  room  to  grow,  the  outlook  for  the 
school  is  very  bright.  In  addition  to  the  girls  high 
school,  the  society  has  a  kindergarten  and  primary  school 
•in  Hommoku,  a  kindergarten  in  Hamamatsu,  and  one  in 
Nagoya.  The  teachers  are  for  the  most  part  Christian, 
and  stress  is  laid  on  active  evangelistic  work  in  the  homes 
of  the  pupils,  and  under  the  direction  of  the  teachers  many 
Sunday  Schools  are  conducted. 

The  evangelistic  work  of  the  society 
Evangelistic  Work  has,  in  accordance  with  the  policy  of 
previous  years,  been  intensive  rather  than 
extensive  in  character.  Special  mention  should  be  made 
of  a  Bible  conference  continuing  three  days  which  is  held 
each  year  for  the  inspiration  and  instruction  of  our 
Christian  workers.  A  workers'  meeting  is  conducted  in 
each  district,  once  a  month,  by  the  missionary  in  charge. 
The  Bible  women  and  wives  of  our  pastors  and  evangelists 
attend  and  practical  evangelistic  problems  are  discussed 
and  a  feeling  of  unity  maintained. 

In  Tokyo  a  good  work  is  being  done 

Tokyo  among  the   blind  women  and  girls  who 

attend  the   Methodist    Protestant   School 

for  the  Blind.     Another  energetic  worker  has  a  group  of 


Il8  JAPAN 

factory  girls  to  whom  she  is  giving  systematic  religious 
instruction  and  befriending  in  every  way  possible.  Through 
the  use  of  a  circulating  library  Christian  ideals  may  touch 
lives  almost  barren  of  ennobling  influences.  On  holidays, 
instead  of  spending  the  time  on  the  street  or  at  a  cheap 
theatre,  these  girls  arc  taken  on  a  short  excursion  or  en 
couraged  to  spend  the  day  at  the  worker's  home,  reading, 
sewing,  or  in  friendly  intercourse. 

The  force  in  Nagoya  has  been  strength- 
Nagoya  ened    by    the   return   of   a  faithful   mis 

sionary,  who  is  devoting  her  time  to 
village  work  on  the  Chita  Gun  peninsula  with  encourag 
ing  results.  We  have  at  present  two  missionaries  and 
thirteen  Bible  women,  but  expect  to  increase  the  native 
force  soon. 


XV.— OMI  MISSION 
(Headquarters :     Hachiman,  Omi) 

BY  W.  M.  VORIES 

Founded  in  1905  by  one  independent  worker,  in  the 
Province  of  Omi  (where  no  missionary  had  ever  been 
stationed),  this  Mission  has  reached  in  1916-7  a  total,  of 
over  40  workers, — largely  self-supporting  through  its 
architectural  department. 

The   distinctive    features    are    its    ex- 
Distl-ctive  clusively   rural  objective  ;    its  equal  re- 

Features  sponsibility  between  Japanese  and  foreign 

co-workers ;  its  non-seciarian  basis ;  its 
self-support  features;  its  freedom  to  experiment  with  untried 
and  unconventional  methods  of  evangelization;  its  wide 
variety  of  activities,  and  its  unique  llatfortn,  which 
follows : — 

I.     To  preach  the  Gospel  of  Christ  in 

Platform  the    Province    of   Omi,    Japan,    without 

reference  to  denominations.     There  being 

no  "Omi  Mission  Church,"  conveits  to  be  organised  into 


OTHER    MISSIONS   AND   CHURCHES 

self-supporting  congregations  of  the  denomination  of  their 
own  choice. 

II.  To  practise  the  complete  unifying  of  the  work  and 
fellowship  of  Japanese  and  foreign  workers. 

III.  To   evangelize    communities    unoccupied    by  any 
Protestant  Mission,  and  under  no  circumstances  to  overlap 
with  the  work  of  such  Missions. 

IV.  To   evangelize  Rural  communities,  as  the   most 
conservative  element  of  the   nation,  and  the  most  probable 
source  of  leadership. 

V.  To  seek,  enlist,  and  train  leaders  and  workers. 

VI.  To  work  for  social  reforms,  including  temperance, 
social    purity,    marriage    customs,    physical   and   sanitary 
betterment,   and   definite   efforts    for    the   poor   and    the 
"  out-castes." 

VII.  To  study  and  experiment  with  new  methods  of 
evangelization. 

During  1916,  the  extensive  preaching 
Results  by  the  Galilee  Maru  staff  has  resulted  in 

three  intensive  centers  of  work  in  West 
Omi.  The  mission  force  has  increased  by  about  ten, 
including  a  new  denominational  representative,  which 
makes  seven  different  bases  united  here.  The  number  of 
workers  from  the  ranks  of  the  Buddhist  priesthood*  has 
increased  to  four,  with  more  prospects.  Number  of 
baptisms  less  than  in  1915,  but  inquirers  preparing  for 
baptism  greatly  increased,  and  including  all  ranks  of 
society.  The  experiment  in  democratic,  rural,  and  inter 
denominational  evangelization  is  increasingly  successful. 

Omi  Mission  in  1907  was  without  a  cent  of  resources, 
violently  opposed  locally,  and  supposed  to  be  a  failure 
afler  two  years'  efforts.  In  1916-17  the  Mission  is 
honored  where  it  was  despised.  No  Board  and  no 
individual  evolved  the  strategy;  God  planted  and  men 
could  not  uproot ! 


1 20  JAPAN 

XVI.— THE   ORIENTAL   MISSIONARY  SOCIETY 

BY  E.  A.  KILBOURNE 

God  continues  to  give  victoiy  in  the 

Bible  Training      school  and  a  number  of  students  were 

Institute          graduated    during   the   year.      Some   of 

these    were    trained    for    ether    missions, 

but  mostly  for  the  work  of  the  Society.     An  average  of 

about  thirty  students  were  in  training  during  1916. 

One  new  station  was  opened  at  Oka- 
New  Stations      yama   and   the   wrork   in    Izu    reopened. 
There  arc  now  30  stations,  and  over  40 
out-stations  regularly  visited. 

Books,  tracts,    and  other  publications 
Publications        to  the  number  of  1,656,250,  aggregating 
49,703,000  pages  were  issued  during  the 
year.     Most  of  the  above  were  tracts  and  Scripture  book 
lets  which  were  given  away.     Sales  aggregated  over  5000 
books  and  Bibles  of  our  own  publication. 

In  our  six  city  missions  in  Tokyo  more 
City  Missions      than  3000  services  were  held  besides  over 
600   open-air   meetings.     These    resulted 
in  2249  seekers,  (Kyudosha  and  Kesshinska.)     The  offer 
ings  in  these  six  missions  amounted  to  2151.66  yen   for 
the  year. 

Statistics  for  the  whole  work  of  the 

General  Society  show  that  over  12,500  meetings 

were  held.     (This  number  includes  those 

enumerated  under  City  Missions.)     These  resulted  in  over 

4000  seekers. 

The  workers  made  12,500  pastoral  visits  during  the  year, 
and  distributed  many  thousands  of  tracts  and  booklets. 

We  are  continuing  the  work  of  house- 
Tract  Distribution    lo  house  tiact  distribution  in  our  effort  to 
in  Villages         vjsjt  every  home  in  Japan.     The  follow 
ing    figures    will    show    what    has    been 
accomplished : 


OTHl'R    MISSIONS    AND   CHURCHES  121 

*  Number  of  houses  in  Japan io,ooo,oco 

Number  of  houses  reached 6,234,792 

Number  remaining  lo  be  visited  4,141,908 

28  provinces  are  finished  and  there  are  19  yet  to  do. 
We  are  expecting  to  finish  this  special  effort  during  the 
coming  year,  as  ten  new  missionaries  are  to  arrive  early  in 
1917  to  superintend  bands  of  Japanese  workers. 

This  work  has  occupied  about  four  years  and  cost  over 
100,000.00  yen.  About  50000.00  is  needed  to  finish, 
nearly  all  of  which  is  now  on  hand. 

Many  results  have  followed  this  visitation  work  which 
arc  not  included  in  the  statistics  of  the  regular  work. 
Many  hundreds  of  New  Testaments  have  been  sold  to 
those  who  received  a  portion  of  the  Word  and  about  6000 
people  have  been  dealt  with  about  their  soul's  salvation. 


XVII.— THE  SALVATION  ARMY 
BY  JOHN  \V.  BEAUMU.NT 

In   a   striking  degree  the  watch  word 
Commencing  1916      kai  Jici  jikyn  "  every  soldier  self  support  " 
lias    played    an    important    part    in   all 
branches  of  our  work. 

We  thank  God  for  the  increased  interest,  service,  and 
devotion  of  our  people  ;  and  feel  confident  that  as  the 
spirit  of  individual  effort  develops,  greater  results  will  be 
secured  in  the  coming  years. 

Encouraging  progress  is  reported  from 

Corps,  Institutions,     the  newly  opened  corps  at  Chiba,  Kofu, 

Officers  Nagano,     Numazu,      Imabaru,     Omuta, 

Nagasaki,  and  Nanzan  Dairen. 

The  present  Field  state  gives — 73  Corps,  20  Societies,  12 

Institutions.     Total  105.     Officers  and  Cadets :     Japanese 

235,  Foreign  12      Employees:     Japanese  36.     Total  283. 

The  transfer   of  Commissioner  Mapp, 

New  Leaders         on   account  of   Mrs.   Mapp's  health,  was 

greatly  regretted. 
Colonel  de  Groot,  after  a  very  succes-ful  command  of 


122  JAPAK 

the  Dutch  Indies,  has  been  heartily  received  as  the  new 
Territorial  Commander.  The  series  of  welcome  meetings 
were  characterized  by  crowded  halls,  and  large  numbers 
of  seekers. 

After   seventeen    years'    devoted    and 

Promotion  to  Glory    earnest    service    as    a    Salvation    Army 

Officer,  Mrs.  Lieut.  Colonel   Yamamuro 

the  wife  of  our  esteemed  Chief  Secretary,   received  the  call 

for  higher  service  on  July  I2th. 

In  her  quiet,  unobtrusive  manner,  she  seconded  and  in 
some  instances  initiated  work  for  the  uplifting  of  the 
women  of  Japan. 

The  crowded  gathering  at  the  funeral  in  the  Y.M.C.A. 
Tokyo,  attended  by  leaders  in  public  life — political, 
educational,  commercial,  religious,  was  an  eloquent 
tribute  to  the  noble  and  sincere  part  a  woman's  influence 
had  exercised  on  the  life  of  the  nation. 

The    average   number  of  seekers  per 

Soldiers,  Souls,       month  registered  465  ;  from  these  a  net 

Juniors  increase   of    1,275    new    members   we:e 

made.    The    total   membership   is    6,460 

in  addition  to  over  3,003  remaining  in  the  preliminary 

stage  as  converts,  and  1,453  accredited  Junior  members. 

"  Hard  Cash  "  when*  related  to  spiritual 

Finances  woik,  may  appear  to  some  as  sordid  and 

worldly — but  if  considered  as  indicating 

real  interest  and  unselfishness,  it  is  eloquent  in  illustrating 

the  spirit  of  the  individual. 

Collections  have  inci  eased  monthly,  34  yen.  Members' 
contributions,  86  yen.  Corps  Helpers,  72  yen.  Self  Denial, 
i,344^w.  Havest  Thanksgiving,  2,889 yen- 

As  a  result  of  the  visit  of  General  Willi- 

S^aforhfm  am  Booth  to  JaPan» the  Poor  People's  Hos 

pital  was  established  at  Shitaya,  Tokyo. 

To  commemorate  the  Founder  of  the  Salvation  Army, 
a  Sanatorium  for  tuberculosis  patients  has  been  erected  at 
Nakano,  Tokyo  Fu. 

The  opening  ceremony  took-  place  Nov.  23rd,  over  600 
people  attending.  The  buildings  stand  upon  4,000  tsubo 


OTHER    MISSIONS   AND   CHURCHES  12^ 

of  land,   with  accomodation   for   50  patients,  at  a  cost  of 
48,180  Yen. 

The  spoken  word  has  its  influence,   but 
Literature  the  writtt  n  message  silently  wins  its  way. 

The  "  Toki  no  koe"  War  Cry  sales  were 
17,500  per  issue.  To  celebrate  "Foundation  Day"  a 
special  edition  in  the  interests  of  Anti-Tuberculosis  had  a 
record  sale  of  100,000  copies.  31  new  tracts  by  Lieut. 
Colonel  Yamamuro  have  had  a  large  demand.  Common 
People's  Gospel  nearly  17,000  (io5th  thousand),  Life  of 
Mrs.  Yamamuro  8th  thousand.  Total  sales  of  books  and 
tracts  332,741.  These  figures  indicate  the  keen  interest 
of  the  people  for  plain,  vital  truths. 

The  Government  granted  400  yen  for 

Social  Work         Our    discharged    piisoners    work.      580 
men  received  during  the  year. 

280  women  entered  the  Rescue  Homes.  The  Tokyo 
Home  is  in  course  of  reconstruction  for  50  girls. 

4,318  patients  were  treated  at  the  Hospital,  with  a  total 
of  28,655  treatments. 

The  Workmen's  Home  and  Free  Shelter  registered 
34,478  beds. 

An  Aiiinkan  officer  (Poor  People's  Quarters)  buried  12 
persons — this  means  raising  the  funds  for  cremating  and 
burial.  Another  officer  in  6  months  visitation  had  49 
converts;  of  these  16  made  recruits,  8  died,  3  entered 
Workhouse,  2  transferred,  i  Social  Home. 

What  an  encouragement — but  what  a  need  to  literally 
carry  out  the  Saviour's  command,  Go — preach  the  gospel 
to  every  creature. 


124  JAPAN 

XVJ 1 1.— SCANDINAVIAN  JAPAN  ALLIANCE 

BY  JOKI,  ANDERSON 

Great   and   earnest  efforts  in  open  air 
Open  air  work        activities   and   Sunday    School  work    on 

the  part  of  the  Christians  should  be 
marked  clown  as  the  most  prominent  features  of  our 
mission  during  1916.  I  have  never  seen  anything  like  it 
in  Japan.  The  "  movement  "  began  in  the  latter  part  of 
June  when  half  a  dozen  young  converts,  in  Nakano, 
started  out  with  lanterns  and  drums  to  conduct  their  own 
service.  The  older  Christians  caught  the  zeal  of  the 
younger,  and  thus  the  Street  Meeting  Band  gradually 
increased  in  number  and  effectiveness.  Then  during  the 
whole  summer  and  autum  two  and  sometimes  three  open- 
air  services  were  held  every  week.  Literate  and  illiterate 
men  and  women  would  stand  with  boldness  before  great 
crowds  of  eager  listeners  and  testify  of  their  own  ex 
periences,  the  wonderful  change  of  heart  and  life,  and  the 
peace  and  joy  they  experienced  when  yielding  to  Christ  in 
faith.  Occasionally  the  meeting  would  continue  for  nearly 
three  hours  with  the  same  crowd  standing  motionless.  At 
the  close  some  man  or  woman  would  step  up  in  front  to 
hear  more,  or  to  buy  a  New  Testament.  And  it  even 
happened  that  people  were  converted  on  the  spot.  One 
young  man  confessed  his  faith  in  Christ  at  such  a  meeting 
and  a  week  later  he  too  was  preaching  on  the  street. 

Our   Sunday    Schools    are    in    better 
Sunday  Schools      shape  than  ever  before,  this  too,  due  to 

the  active  interest  in  this  work  taken  by 
the  Christians.  There  seems  to  be  a  general  awakening  to 
the  fact  that  if  this  nation  is  to  be  brought  to  the  feet  of 
Christ  the  work  among  the  children  must  be  extended  and 
the  Christians  themselves  must  try  to  shoulder  more  of  the 
responsibilities. 


OTHER    MISSIONS   AND   CHURCHES  125 

XIX.— THE  UNITED  BRETHREN  MISSION 
BY  B.  F.  SHIVEI.Y 

Early  in  the  year  1916  Rev.  Joseph 
Mission  Force        Cosand,  D.D.,  the  Superintendent  of  the 

mission,  returned  from  his  furlough  in 
America  and  resumed  the  work  temporarily  carried  on  by 
the  acting  superintendent,  Rev.  J.  Edgar  Knipp.  Miss 
Ellen  Moore  also  returned  to  her  work  in  company  with 
Dr.  Cosand.  In  September  Rev.  and  Mrs.  Warren  H. 
Hayes  came  to  Japan  to  join  the  mission  force.  They 
have  been  at  work  on  the  language  in  the  Tokyo 
Language  School,  in  preparation  for  evangelistic  work  in 
China  Ken.  Rev.  and  Mrs.  J.  Edgar  Knipp  have  had  a 
good  year  with  their  co-workers  in  the  Southern  part  of 
Omi.  Rev.  and  Mrs.  Shively  have  enjoyed  another  year 
in  Kyoto  where  their  chief  interest  is  in  helping  to  care  for 
the  Educational  work  of  the  Mission  in  connection  with 
Doshisha  University. 

The  Mission  has  made  a  fair  beginning 
Special  Emphasis      toward  occupying  the  long  neglected  field 

of  southern  Omi.  A  careful  study  of  the 
terrritory  has  been  made.  Among  the  work  now  being 
done  in  Zeze  is  a  well  organized  church  and  Sunday 
School.  A  successful  Kindergarten,  under  the  direction 
of  Mrs.  Knipp,  is  a  vital  part  of  the  enlarging  activities  of 
this  station.  During  the  year  work  has  been  opened  at 
Yasu,  Seta,  and  Moriyama. 

Our  pastors  and  people  are  coming  to 
Encouragement       take   an    increasing    responsibility  in  all 

forms  of  the  Church's  activities.  One 
form  which  this  spirit  of  responsibility  has  taken  during 
the  past  year  is  in  the  direction  of  building  churches. 
With  us  it  is  no  longer  to  be  the  responsibility  of  the 
Mission  alone.  Indeed,  two  of  our  congregations  have 
this  year  worked  out  the  problem  of  new  buildings  for 
themselves  and  another  has  its  plans  well  under  way. 


126 


XX.— THE  UN1VERSALIST  MISSION. 
BY  G.  I.  KEIRN 

During  the  year  we  have  ordained  one 

Ministers  and         Japanese   minister    and    settled    him    as 

Churches  pastor   of  the    Central  Church,    Tokyo. 

All  our  churches    repot t   progress    and 

some  of  them  have  never  been  in  so  good  a  condition  as 

now.     The  pastor    of    our    Nagoya   church   has    made 

evangelistic  trips  into  the  country  and  surrounding  cities 

nearly  every  week  with  good  results. 

The     long     continued     demand     for 
Literature  Universalist   literature    in    the    Japanese 

language  has  been  met.  The  super 
intendent  has  published  a  book  entitled  "  The  Essential 
Elements  of  A  Living  Religion."  A  third  edition  of  Dr. 
Allin's  "  Universalism  Asserted "  has  been  issued.  A 
book  for  beginners,  "  Short  Studies  in  the  Larger  Faith," 
by  Dr.  J.  Coleman  Adams  has  been  translated  and 
published.  Two  new  tracts  by  the  writer  of  this  report 
have  been  published,  making  numbers  14  and  15  in  a 
series  averaging  thirty  three  pages  each.  Of  this  series 
one  hundred  thousand  copies  have  been  printed  during  the 
year  and  placed  in  the  hands  of  readers. 

The  social  and  educational  side  of  our 
Socla!  and          work  has  prospered  also.     The  Blackmer 
Educational          Home  for  Girls  in  Tokyo  has  furnished  a 
Christian   home    for   more  than   twenty 
students  during  the  year.     The  Blackmer   Home  Kinder 
garten,  which,  is  a  charitable  institution  conducted  by  the 
Home,  has  been  full  to  the  entire  capacity  of  the  building. 
The  Shizuoka  Night  School  has  had  a  prosperous  year. 
In  the  majority  of  our  churches,  advance  has  been  made 
in  self-support.     Upon  the  whole,  the  year  has  been  one 
of  our  best. 


OTHER   MISSIONS  AND  CHURCHES  I2/ 

XXI.— THE  UNITARIAN  MISSION 
BY  CLAY  MACCAUI.EY 

The  Mission  of  the  American  Unitarian 
Purpose  of  the        Association  to  Japan,  as  is  well  known,  is 
Mission  not  engaged  in  the  establishment  of  a  dis 

tinctive  Unitarian  denomination  among 
Japanese  Christians.  It  is  rather  a  mission  of  sympathetic 
council  and  co-operation  with  all  Japanese  who  are  desirous 
of  a  Christian  fellowship  which  shall  seek  to  realize  in  life 
the  practical  religion  taught  by  Jesus  Christ.  The  work 
of  the  Mission,  however,  has  become  associated  with  several 
Japanese  organizations  which  are  devoted  to  religion, 
ethics  and  social  service  under  profession  of  aims  that  are 
in  accordance  with  the  spirit  of  Christianity  as  generally 
confessed  by  Unitarian  Christianr.. 

There  are  two  Unitarian  Churches  in 
Work  in  Tokyo        Tokyo ;   one    of  about   300   members  in 
Mita,  Shiba-ku,  holding  regular  religious 
services,   having   a   Sunday  School,  a  Unity    Club    and 
several    study   classes.     Another    Church    of  about    100 
members  has  a  kindred  organization,  and  is  doing  its  work, 
with  the  foslii  Ongakko  in  Kanda-ku  as  its  headquarters. 
These  churches  are  both  self-supporting  and  are  in  pro 
sperous  growth. . 

At  present  there  is  in  process  of  forma- 
Formlng  a  Zaidan  tion  a  Japan  Unitarian  Association  to  be 
a  "juridical  person "  under  the  name, 
'lo  itsu  Kirisuto  Kyokivai  Iji  Zaidan,  which  is  to  receive 
in  trust  the  present  property  of  the  American  Unitarian 
Mission  in  Mita,  under  the  legalized  purpose  of  "  diffusing 
the  knowledge  and  promoting  the  interests  of  religion, 
ethics  and  social  service  in  accordance  with  the  spirit  and 
practical  aims  of  the  Christian  religion  ;  holding  in  ac 
cordance  with  the  teaching  of  Jesus  that  practical  religion 
is  summed  up  in  love  to  God  and  love  to  man."  It  is  the 
hope  of  the  members  of  the  Zaidan  to  have  sufficient 
funds  in  the  near  future,  to  erect  a  commodious  central 


1 28  JAPAN 

building  somewhere  in  Tokyo,  which  shall  become  head 
quarters  for  an  extensive  movement  throughout  the  coun 
try,  in  the  service  of  its  three-fold  purpose. 

The    Yn-aikivai,     (Friendly    Society) 
The  Friendly  Society  though   not  organically   connected  with 

the  Unitarian  Mission,  or  Association, 
still  has  its  main  office  in  Unity  Mall,  and  is  seeking  to 
make  Christian  principles  practical  among  the  Japanese 
laboring  classes.  This  Society  has  now  more  than  25,000 
members,  divided  among  about  100  branches,  located 
throughout  the  empire.  Preparations  are  making  for  an 
iinpoitunt  celebration,  in  the  coming  spring,  of  the  fifth 
anniversary  since  the  founding  of  the  organization. 

Three    magazines   are    now    published 
Magazines          from    Unity    Hall.     The   Rikugo  Zasshi 

(Cosmos)  the  oldest  Christian  magazine 
in  Japan,  is  issued  monthly,  in  editions  of  about  2000. 
The  Rodo  oyoH  Sangyo  (Labor  and  Industry)  issues  about 
25,000  copies  monthly.  The  Yu-ai  Fujin  (The  Friendly 
Woman)  issues  about  3,000  copies.  These  periodicals 
report  the  Yu-aikwai  work.  Some  pamphlets  and  a  few 
books  devoted  to  Liberal  Christianity  are  occasional 
publications  from  the  mission  building. 

Much  more  work  centers  at  Unity  Mall  under  the 
hospitality  of  the  Unitarian  Mission,  but  I  will  not  extend 
this  report,  already  long  for  the  space  allowable  here. 


OTHER    MISSIONS   AND   CHURCHES  1 2Q 

XXII.— ROMAN  CATHOLIC  MISSIONS 

Bv  C.  F.  SWEET 

For  some  years  the  authorities  of  the  Roman  Catholic 
Mission  have  been  unwilling  to  furnish  information  for 
THE  CHRISTIAN  MOVEMENT  IN  JAPAN. 

This  is  an  unfortunate  state  c  f  affairs, 

Difficulties  of  Pr.-      because  the  simple  fact  is  that  the  publica- 

senting  Keport        tjon  js  designed  for  a  purpose  which  is  in 

no    degree   antagonistic   to    the    Roman 

Catholic  work.     Without  consideration  of  that  work   the 

greatest  single  item   in  the  grand  total  is  left  out  of  the 

reckoning,  and  all  statistical  tables  are  not  only  incomplete 

but  maimed. 

Full  and  complete  statements  of  that  work  can  be 
obtained,  for  it  is  all  most  carefully  reported  to  the 
Societe  des  Missions  Etrangcris  de  Paris,  yet  such  portions 
as  are  here  given  are  offered  with  much  diffidence,  and 
with  many  apologies. 

After  some   years  of  complete  silence 
General  it   may   be  as  well  to  say  something  re 

garding  the  \vork  of  these  Missions  in  a 
general  way,  because  THE  CHRISTIAN  MOVEMENT  IN  JAPAN 
will  come  into  the  hands  of  many  for  the  first  time,  and 
such  will  therefore  hear,  perhaps  with  surprise,  of  the  ex 
istence  of  these  Missions,  of  their  great  extent,  and  of  their 
solid  achievements. 

Practically  the   Roman   Catholic   Mis- 
Clergy  sions  of  Japan  are  in  the  hands  of  the 
French   clergy,   who  are  divided  into  the 
Archdiocese  of  Tokyo,  the  Dioceses  of  Nagasaki,  Osaka, 
and    Hakodate.      There    are   also    Apostolic    Prefectures 
served   by  the    German    Society   of  the    Word   of  God, 
Franciscans  from  Fulda,  and  Spanish  Dominicans. 

Historically  this  Mission  was  first  in  the  field  not  only  in 
the  early  missions  of  the  sixteenth  and  seventeenth  centuries 
but  also  in  the  mid  years  of  the  nineteenth. 


1 30  JAPAN 

The   French  Catholics,  with  the  ideal 
Beginning  devotion  so  characteristic  of  their  nation 

had  been  trying  for  years  and  years  to 
effect  an  entry  into  the  land  where  so  many  of  their  co 
religionists  had  borne  testimony  to  their  faith  in  Jesus 
Christ,  when  the  treaties  of  the  eighteen  fi  ties  all  at  once 
unbarred  the  long-closed  doors.  They  were  in  fact  ready, 
and  at  once  entered  and,  while  serving  such  of  their 
European  disciples  as  had  domicile  here,  began  the  work  of 
preparing  for  actual  work  among  the  Japanese. 

For  some  years  nothing  noteworthy 
Const  mcy  occurred,  when  all  at  once  Fere  Petit- 
jean  at  Nagasaki  was  made  aware  of 
the  existence  in  Japan  of  numerous  communities  ol 
Christians,  the  direct  descendants  of  the  persecuted  be 
lievers  of  three  hundred  years  before,  who  had  kept  their 
belief  and  their  baptism  during  those  centuries,  in  the  face 
of  constant  suspicion,  unrelaxing  vigilance,  and  ceaseless 
search  for  the  followers  of  the  "  corrupt  sect  of  Christians." 
In  fact  these  communities  were  found  all  over  the  islands 
of  southwest  Japan,  and  they  form  the  solid  nucleus  of  the 
work  which  has  been  steadily  carried  on,  almost  entirely 
by  French  clergy  and  religieuses,  until  a  few  years  ago. 

This  work  covers  the  whole  ground  of 

Work  missionary  enterprises,  direct  evangelizing, 

pastoral  work,  orphanages,  and  schools. 

There  are  also  theological  seminaries,  and  a  fairly  large 

number    of  Japanese  have  been   raised  to  the  sacerdotal 

order.     Of  course  the  Japanese  serve  as  lay  helpers  and 

catechists. 

Within   the    last  seven  years  also  the 

Jesuit  Fathers        Jesuit   Fathers   have   opened  a  House  of 

their  Society  in  Tokyo.     No  doubt  this 

corps  d?  elite  of  the  Roman  Church  will  mightily  strengthen 

the  work  of  the  general  Mission. 

The  war  caused  a  considerable  propor- 

The  War  tion  of  the  French  priests  to  nturn  home 

to  serve  in  the   French  army.     This  has 

hindered  the   work   of  the  Mission  and  has  thrown  heavy 

burdens   upon   the  shoulders  of  those  who  either  through 


OTHER    MISSIONS    AND   CHURCHES  131 

age  or  physical  condition  arc  incapable  of  military  service. 
Nevertheless  the  total  number  of  Japanese  Roman  Catho 
lics  is,  and  is  likely  to  remain,  much  greater  than  that  of 
any  other  group,  and  the  work  of  this  Mission  is  second!  to 
none  in  personal  consecration,  devotion,  high  training, 
practical  wisdom,  general  efficiency  and  energy,  as  well  as 
in  knowledge,  skill,  sympathy  and  power. 


JAPAN 


PART     IV 

OTHER  CHRISTIAN  ORGANIZ 
ATIONS  AND  MOVEMENTS 


CHAPTER     I 

YOUNG  MEN'S  CHRISTIAN  ASSOCIATION 


I.— THE  JAPANESE  YOUNG  MEN'S  CHRISTIAN 
ASSOCIATIONS 

BY  G.  M.  IMSHI-R 

In  the  work  among  young  men  the 
Effect  of  War  year  1916  has  moved  along  almost  as 
smoothly  as  though  we  were  not  living 
in  war  times.  Indeed,  the  effect  of  the  war  upon  their 
attitude  toward  Christianity  has  been  less  unfavorable 
than  we  had  reason  to  fear.  It  has  lessened  respect  for 
Western  civilization  but  intelligent  men  have  discriminated 
between  that  civilization  and  genuine  Christianity.  On  the 
other  hand,  their  consciousness  of  the  need  of  moral 
power  in  their  own  lives  and  in  society  at  large  1'as  turned 
not  a  few  of  them  toward  Christianity.  The  United 
Evangelistic  Campaign  has  led  hundreds  of  young  men, 
especially  students,  to  enter  the  Christian  life  and  has 
stimulated  the  demand  for  such  Biblical  studies  as 
Fosdick's  "  The  Manhood  of  the  Master "  and  "  The 
Meaning  of  Prayer,"  which  have  had  a  circulation  in 
Japan  almost  as  remarkable  as  in  America  and  England. 

Cumulative  religious  work  is  carried  on  by  the  City 
Associations  in  connection  with  the  educational  classes. 
In  all  cases  chapel  exercises  and  Bible  classes  are  held 
from  one  to  three  times  a  week.  It  is  a  thrilling  ex 
perience  to  stand  before  the  500  men  of  Osaka's  edu 
cational  classes  when  they  gather  twice  each  week  for  a 
religious  service.  The  Laymen's  Evangelistic  Band  at 
Osaka  has  continued  its  fruitful  service,  having  conducted 


136  JAPAN 

25  regular  meetings  and  addressed  26000  people  at  a  total 
expense  of  less  than  200  yen.  From  this  Band  four  men 
have  already  entered  theological  schools.  Evangelistic 
bands  sent  out  under  the  auspices  of  the  National  Com 
mittee  from  the  two  Imperial  University  Associations 
addressed  students  in  14  different  cities.  The  reflex 
benefit  to  the  students  themselves  was  even  greater  than 
the  influence  upon  their  auditors. 

The  total  membership  of  the  87  Associations  comprised 
in  the  National  Union  is  nearly  io,coo.  The  largest 
local  memjerships  are  in  Tokyo,  with  1240;  Yokohama 
with  1013,  and  Kobe  with  850.  The  Seoul  Korean 
Association  has  the  largest  Boys  Department  with  500 
members  and  a  weekly  attendance  of  one  thousand  in  each 
of  its  chief  departments,  ecfucational,  religipus  and 
physical. 

New   buildings   have   been  opened   at 
Buildings  Yokohama  and  at  Tokyo  Imperial  Uni 

versity.  During  the  ten  weeks  after  the 
opening  of  the  Yokohama  building  a  grand  total  of  30000 
people  had  entered  it.  They  were  divided  almost  equally 
between  educational  classes,  meetings  and  Bible  classes, 
and  the  social  and  physical  activities.  Despite  indifference 
toward  physical  education  on  the  part  of  the  average 
University  student,  the  gymnasium  at  the  Imperial  Univer 
sity  has  already  begun  to  present  a  lively  scene  three 
evenings  each  week.  The  dormitory  accommodations 
have  proved  quite  inadequate,  so  that  two  branch  hostels 
are  being  conducted.  In  addition  Doshikai  has  recently 
opened  its  new  Christian  hostel  where  20  University 
students  live.  The  demand  for  more  hostels  in  connection 
with  Government  institutions  has  led  the  National  Com 
mittee  to  begin  a  quiet  canvass  for  further  funds  Steady 
progress  has  been  made  on  the  enlargement  of  the  Tokyo 
City  Association  auditorium  and  the  erection  of  the 
gymnasium  and  swimming  pool,  and  the  National  Head 
quarters  Building  will  be  completed  during  the  spring. 

A  new  department  has  been  opened  during  the  year  for 
the  provi-ion  of  good  moving  pictures,  primarily  for  the 
sake  of  members  of  the  Associations  and  their  iamilies  and 


YOUNG   MKN  S   CHRISTIAN    ASSOCIATION  1 37 

friends,  but  also  for  other  young  men.  Fortunately  a 
talented  lecturer  has  been  secured  in  the  person  of  Rev. 
Toshio  Murayama.  In  the  intervals  between  exhibitions 
in  the  various  Association  buildings,  Mr.  Murayama  has 
been  given  numerous  opportunities  to  show  the  films  and 
to  lecture  in  factories,  mines  and  schools,  notably  in  the 
Kanegafuchi  Spinning  Mills  at  Kobe  and  Osaka.  During 
the  three  months  since  the  opening  of  this  department 
19,500  persons  have  attended  the  lectures. 

The    educational    department    of    the 

Education  City  Associations  has  grown   until  now 

the  15  City  Associations  including  Seoul 

Central,  enroll  3000  pupils.     Kobe  and  Osaka  have  made 

successes  of  their  Summer  Courses  and  Osaka's  thriving 

day  school  preparatory  to  the  Technical   Higher  Schools 

has  encouraged  Kobe  to  open  a  commercial  day  school  in 

April,    1917.       Osaka's    total   enrollment   last   year    was 

2301,    Kobe's     1351,    followed    successively    by    Seoul, 

Yokohama,  Kyoto,  Nagasaki  and  Tokyo. 

The  Conference  Plant  at  Gotemba  has  been  expanded 
by  the  erection  of  a  second  dormitory,  and  a  third 
dormitory  will  be  erected  in  time  for  use  in  July,  1917, 
and  will  be  equipped  with  beds  so  as  to  be  available  for 
missionary  conferences.  The  Plant  will  be  in  constant  use 
this  summer,  since  in  addition  to  the  two  Conferences  for 
older  and  younger  students  and  other  young  men,  it  will 
be  used  by  the  National  Conference  of  Christian  Workers 
under  the  auspices  of  the  United  Evangelistic  Campaign 
Committee,  by  the  Baptist  Mission,  and  by  the  Assembly 
of  the  Nilion  Kirisnto  Kyokai. 

The  completion  by  Mr.  S.  Niwa  of  a  quarter  century 
of  service  to  the  Japanese  Young  Men's  Christian  As 
sociation  calls  attention  to  the  fact  that  the  movement  in 
Japan  has  already  passed  its  majority.  Mr.  Nivva's  service 
in  Tokyo  and  Korea  during  all  these  years  has  been  a  fine 
example  of  talents  wholly  devoted  to  the  Kingdom  of  God 
among  young  men. 


1 38  JAPAN 

II.— TOKYO  KOREAN  Y.  M.  C.  A. 

By  G.  M.  FISHER 

This  Association  has  never  been  in 
Good  Condition  better  condition  than  at  present.  During 
the  year  the  pioneer  secretary  Mr.  Kim 
and  his  assistant,  Mr.  N.  C.  Paik,  resigned  and  returned 
to  Korea,  but  fortunately  two  seniors  in  Waseda 
University  have  been  secured  to  give  part  time  to  the 
Association,  and  the  members  have  rallied  to  their  support 
with  unprecedented  heartiness.  The  membership  has 
risen  to  125,  which  is  one-fourth  of  all  the  Korean  students 
in  Tokyo.  A  religious  meeting  and  two  Bible  Classes  are 
held  each  week,  and  once  a  month  educational  addresses 
are  given  by  eminent  men,  generally  Japanese.  There  are 
1 3  men  living  in  the  dormitory.  The  students  are  showing 
keener  interest  in  athletics  and  have  boating  and  foot  ball 
teams.  Relations  with  the  Japanese  Student  Associations 
in  the  city  have  become  more  intimate,  partly  through  the 
initiative  of  the  Imperial  University  Association  in  enter 
taining  a  number  of  Korean  and  Chinese  students. 

The  Board  of  Trustees  is  now  composed  of  Dr.  Nitobe, 
Bishop  Cecil,  Pastor  Yi,  two  Korean  students  and  Mr. 
G.  M.  Fisher. 

Since  last  autumn,  when  Pastor  Yi  came  to  take  charge 
of  the  Tokyo  Korean  Church,  relations  between  the 
students  and  the  Church  have  been  cordial ;  the  same  men 
are  the  pillars  in  both  the  Church  and  the  Association, 
which  of  course  is  as  it  should  be. 


YOUNG    MENS   CHRISTIAN    ASSOCIATION  139 

III.— CHINESE  STUDENT  YOUNG  MEN'S 
CHRISTIAN  ASSOCIATION 

BY  C.  P.  HAYES 

The  national  affairs  of  China  continue 

New  Arrivals         to  affect  the  number  of  Chinese  students 

Stimulate  Educa-      in  Japan.     Since  the  spring  of  19140116 

event  after  another  in  the  Middle  Flowery 

Republic  has  played  its  part  in  decreasing 

the  number  of  these  men.     In  the  year  1916  under  review, 

it  was  the  rebellion  against  Yuan  Shih  Kai  and  his  death 

that  were  the  chief  factors  in  further  reducing  the  number 

in  the  country  by  several  hundreds.     This  loss  was  fully 

compensated    for,   however,    by   the  fresh  influx  of  new 

students  in  the  fall,  the  largest  since   1913-14,  so  that  the 

total  remains  about  as  it  was  at  the  beginning  of  the  year, 

approximately  2,500  in  the  country,  300  of  these  outside 

of  Tokyo. 

The  arrival  of  these  new  men  created  a  demand  for  pre 
paratory  English  classes  and  thus  furnished  a  stimulus  to  our 
educational  work.  These  English  classes,  taught  entirely 
by  members  of  the  association  staff  and  with  time  allowed 
in  the  curriculum  for  Bible  study,  have  proved  an  effective 
means  of  leading  students  to  interest  in  Christianity. 

The    Sunday    evening    addresses,    for 

Conversions          which   we  depend   almost  entirely  upon 

Through  Religious     the  kind   co  operation  of  missionaries  in 

Tokyo,   continue  to   contribute  strongly 

to  the  success  of  the  religious  work  of 

the  Association.     Through  these   we  reach  the  class  of 

men  who  can  not  be  induced  to  attend  either  church  or 

Bible  class.     The  subjects  chosen  are  therefore  frequently 

not  directly  evangelistic  but  so  designed  as  to  overcome 

prejudice   and   arouse   interest  in    Christianity.     It   often 

happens  that   Chinese  students  who  become  Christians  in 

Tokyo   receive  their  first  impulse  in  that  direction  from 

such  addresses. 

These  meetings  were  supplemented  by  Bible  classes,  of 


I4O  JAPAN 

which  we  have  six  or  seven  meeting  weekly,  and  also  by 
personal  work.  A  good  proportion  of  the  score  of  men 
baptized  by  the  two  Chinese  student  churches  during  the 
year  were  influenced  in  some  measure  by  the  Association. 
Several  of  them  made  their  decisions  for  Christ  in  our 
Bible  classes.  The  spiritual  life  of  the  Christian  students 
was  greatly  deepened  by  the  visit  of  Rev.  Ding  Li  Mei,  of 
the  China  Student  Volunteer  Movement  for  the  Ministry. 
Pastor  Ping  was  with  us  several  weeks  in  May  and  June, 
in  August  a  three  day  conference  on  personal  work  with 
Rev.  Frank  Buchman  was  effective  in  crystallizing  the 
results  of  Pastor  Ding's  visit  into  decisions  for  service. 

It  continues  to  be  difficult  to  persuade 
Physical  Work       many  of  these  students  to  take  enough 
Gaining  Ground       time  from  their  studies  to  keep  in  physical 
condition,  but  we  have  had  a  measure  of 
success  during   the  year  in  proving  to  individuals  how 
radically  systematic  exercise  improves  their  efficiency  as 
students.     This  has  actually  resulted  in  a  small  but  grow 
ing  demand  for  body-building   work   in  addition    to  the 
various  games.     The  summer  camp  near  Enoshima  was 
thoroughly  enjoyed.     One  student,  who  was  baptized  in 
December,  was  first  interested  in  Christianity  through  the 
daily  Bible  study  there. 

For     financial     reasons     the     Waseda 
Dormitory  Over-       Dormitory,  which  has  been  a  center  for 
flowing  our  work   since  1906  was  given  up  and 

turned  over  to  the  Japan  National  Com 
mittee  for  the  use  of  Christian  Japanese  students  of  Waseda 
University.  The  demand  for  rooms  in  our  main  dormitory 
was  so  great  that  we  have  given  up  to  this  purpose  two 
rooms  formerly  reserved  for  special  guests.  The  thirty- 
five  now  in  the  dormitory  are  an  unusually  fine  group  of 
men. 

The  year's  work  was  especially  encour- 

Voianteer  Service     aging   in   its   social    features.     Entertain - 

by  Members         ments,  some  attended  by  as  many  as  500, 

and  social    meetings    for    small    groups 

proved  effective  means  of  attracting  men  to  the  building 

and  into  the  fellowship  of  the  As  ociation.     These  owed 


YOUXG    MEN  S   CHRIiTnN    ASSOCIATION  14! 

t\\dr  success  principally  to  the  active  participation  of 
volunteer  workers  among  the  members.  To  enthusiastic 
work  by  those  already  members  was  also  due  the  success » 
of  our  second  annual  membership  campaign  in  October, 
which  brought  in  125  men.  That  the  students  themselves 
have  come  more  and  more  to  view  this  Association 
as  their  own  and  to  take  increasing  pride  and  interest  in 
its  success  seems,  as  we  look  back  upon  it,  to  be  the  most 
significant  and  encouraging  feature  of  the  year. 


CHAPTER  II 

THE  YOUNG  WOMEN'S  CHRISTIAN 
ASSOCIATION  OF  JAPAN 


BY  MARGARET  L.  MAT  i  HEW 

The  most  important  event  of  the  past 

Return  of  year  has  been  the  return  of  Miss  Michi 

Miss  Kawal          Kawai  from  the  U.S.A.,   and  her  coming 

into  the  Y.W.C.A.  as  National  General 
Secretary,  for  full  time.  Miss  Kawai  went  to  America  at 
the  invitation  of  the  National  13oard  of  Y.W.C.A.  of  the 
U.S,A.,  to  attend  the  Biennial  Convention,  and  to  study 
the  condition  of  Japanese  women  on  the  Pacific  Coast. 
She  spent  two  summers  in  traveling  up  and  down  the  coast, 
visiting  towns,  cities  and  ranches  where  Japanese  women 
are  living,  consulting  with  the  Japanese  people  themselves, 
and  with  American  friends.  She  also  spent  a  winter  in 
New  York  City  at  the  National  Training  School  of  the 
Y.W.C.A.  Miss  Matthew  also  spent  six  months  in 
America  during  the  time  that  Miss  Kawai  was  there.  The 
results  of  these  combined  visits  have  so  far  been  these  ; 
the  starting  of  Immigration  work  at  Angel  Island  and 
Honolulu,  and  Yokohama,  the  completion  of  the  amount 
asked  for  from  the  U.S.A.  toward  the  Tokyo  Building 
I^und,  three  scholarships  in  America  for  Japanese  girl 
students,  the  organization  of  a  society  of  Christian  women 
in  and  about  San  Francisco,  called  the  "  American  Friends 
of  Japanese  Women,"  and  the  coming  of  three  new  Amer 
ican  secretaries  for  work  in  Japan. 

During  the  absence  of  Miss  Kawai  and 
Cabinet  Conference     Miss   Matthew,   Miss    Ruth    Ragan   was 

Acting  National  Secretary.     During  this 


THE  YOUNG  WOMEN'S  CHRISTIAN  ASSOCIATION  143 

time  besides  the  regular  National  Office  work  of  getting  out 
of  the  monthly  magazine,  and  keeping  in  touch  with  the 
local  branches,  the  Zaidan  took  over  the  property  left  to 
the  Y.W.C.A.  by  Mr.  Rothesay  Miller.  As  soon  as  this 
can  be  sold,  the  income  from  it  will  be  used  for  work  for 
girl  students  in  Tokyo.  A  cabinet  conference  was  held  in 
April  1916  for  officers  of  student  associations  in  Tokyo 
and  Yokohama.  The  summer  conference  was  held  in 
Ferris  Seminary  during  the  last  week  in  July ;  the 
attendance  was  278,  the  largest  in  our  history  so  far.  A 
special  effort  was  made  at  this  conference  to  interest  the 
girls  in  social  problems  in  Japan.  Printed  slips  of 
suggestions  for  work  in  their  country  home  towns  and 
villages,  were  given  to  all  the  girls  ;  addresses  on  prison 
work,  factory  conditions,  and  general  evangelistic  work 
for  women,  were  given,  and  several  of  the  girls  visited  a 
home  for  delinquent  girls  in  Hodogaya,  maintained  by 
Mr.  Shirosuke  Arima,  Governor  of  Kosugi  prison. 

In  September  1916  three  Japanese 
Personnel  girls  were  sent  to  America  on  scholarship  ; 

Miss  Hanako  Sakamoto,  to  Lilian  Massey 
Institute  for  Household  Science,  in  Toronto,  Miss  Hisa 
Onomi,  to  St.  Margaret's  College,  Toronto,  Miss  Tsugi 
Yokozawa,  to  Colorado  College.  During  the  same  month, 
Miss  Mamie  Gunter  came  from  America  to  take  Miss 
Ragan's  place  in  the  National  Office  as  Business  Secretary, 
Miss  Florence  Patterson  as  special  teacher  of  Household 
Science  for  the  Tokyo  Y.W.C.A.,  and  Miss  Clara  Hard 
and  Miss  Elsie  Greene  came  to  be  appointed  by  the 
National  Committee  of  Japan,  to  some  one  of  the  cities 
where  Association  work  is  soon  to  be  opened.  They  are 
now  in  the  Language  School. 

The  new  Tokyo  building  has  greatly 

Tokyo  enlarged  the  work  of  the  Tokyo  Y.W. 

C.A.     It  has  made   possible  the  holding 

of  many  more  classes,  meetings  and  social  gatherings  ot 

different    kinds,    including     meetings    of    other    outside 

organizations,   and    for    Chinese    Women    Students.     222 

girls  attend  the  weekly  classes  in  the  building.     Fourteen 

of    these    classes   are    for    Bible    Study ;    others   are    for 


144  JAPAN 

English,  French,  stenography,  flower  arrangement, 
gymnasium,  choral  singing,  bookkeeping,  cooking.  77 
girls  are  living  in  the  three  Y.  W.  C.  A.  dormitories.  45 
children  attend  the  neighborhood  Kindergarten,  where 
there  are  also  classes  and  meetings  for  the  older  brothers 
and  sisters  and  parents  of  these  children.  144  girls  have 
staid  at  least  over  night  at  the  Travelers'  Aid  House,  73 
have  been  given  positions,  66  have  been  sent  home  to 
their  families ;  six  of  these  girls  were  turned  over  to  the 
Y.  W.  C.  A.  by  the  police.  Five  Sunday  Schools  are 
taught  by  girls  connected  with  the  Tokyo  Y.  W.  C.  A.,  in 
dormitories  and  other  centers.  There  are  now  in  addition 
to  teachers,  twelve  secretaries  on  the  Tokyo  Y.  W.  C.  A. 
staff,  ten  of  whom  are  Japanese  women. 

The  Yokohama  Y.  W.  C.  A.  which 
Yokohama  had  been  carried  on  under  the  National 
Committee  until  that  time,  was  formally 
organized  under  a  strong  committee  of  Japanese  ladies  in 
Yokohama,  in  the  autumn  of  1916.  In  the  absence  01 
Miss  Laker,  Miss  Ragan  is  Acting  General  Secretary. 
Since  the  Association  moved  into  its  new  quarters  near 
Sakuragicho  Station,  its  membership  has  increased  by  fifty 
per  cent,  130  girls  have  entered  its  classes,  and  a  new 
department,  classes  and  a  dormitory  for  Japanese  girls 
going  to  America,  has  been  opened.  Work  for  Chinese 
girls  has  also  been  started  there  under  the  joint  care  of 
Mrs.  Forrester,  and  the  Y.  W.  C.  A.  There  are  also  a 
few  rooms  in  the  building  where  foreign  ladies  can  stay. 

The  National  Y.  W.  C.  A.  has  now  24 
General  school  associations,  and  two  city  associa 

tions  affiliated  with  it.  The  monthly 
magazine,  the  " JosJd  Scinen  Kwai "  has  a  circulation  of 
1400.  It  has  been  decided  to  hold  two  Summer  Con 
ferences  in  1917,  one  in  Kobe,  at  Kobe  College,  and  the 
other  in  Sendai,  if  possible  at  Miyagijogakko.  It  has  also 
been  decided  to  begin  Y.W.C.A.  work  in  Osaka  September 
1917,  and  Miss  Ruth  Emerson  has  been  appointed  to  that 
position. 


CHAPTER  III 

SUNDAY  SCHOOL  WORK 


I.— REPORT  OF  SUNDAY  SCHOOL  COMMITTEE 
OF  THE  FEDERATED  MISSIONS 

BY  D.  S.  SI-KNCER 

Your  Committee  on  Sunday  Schools  has  had  an 
interesting  year.  Immediately  after  the  appointment  of 
this  committee,  prominent  missionaries  expressed  the  wish 
that  we  do  something  to  bring  the  National  Sunday 
School  Association  and  the  missionary  body  together  lo 
promote  the  entire  Sunday  School  movement  of  the 
country. 

A  little  later  letters  were  received  from 
Union  Sought  the  representatives  of  large  Mission 
Sunday  School  interests,  seeking  to 
unite  missions  in  what,  as  it  seemed  to  us,  might  grow 
into  an  organization  which  would  compete  with,  if  not 
antagonize,  the  present  National  Sunday  School  Associa 
tion.  Feeling  that  a  movement  of  this  kind  should  not  be 
undertaken  until  another  earnest  effort  had  been  made  to 
secure  proper  recognition  of  the  missionary  element  in  the 
management  of  the  National  Association,  correspondence 
was  undertaken  and  journeys  made  to  secure  delay  in 
forming  another  Sunday  School  agency  until  the  leaders 
of  the  Association  could  be  consulted. 

A  sub-committee  waited  upon  Dr.  Kozaki,  the  President 
of  the  Association,  and  he  was  found  to  be  in  favor  of 
closer  co-operation. 


146  JAPAN 

The  case  was  next  presented  to  the 
Relation  to  National  Annual  Meeting  of  the  Association  at 
S.  S.  Association  Nagoya,  and  the  action  of  that  body  was 
favorable  to  the  proposition  for  uniting 
our  forces,  yet  with  the  apparent  thought  that  all  that  need 
be  done  was  for  the  missionaries  to  come  into  the  con 
vention  and  follow  the  provisions  of  the  present  constitution. 
That  this  view  of  the  case  did  not  seem  quite  satisfactory 
is  seen  from  the  following  facts  : — 

i. — The  National  Sunday  School  Association  is  from 
the  nature  of  its  constitution  a  close  corporation,  the  entire 
control  being  in  the  hands  of  a  few  men,  among  whom  the 
President  is  clothed  with  unusual  power. 

2. — Membership  in  the  Association  is  so  limited  as  to 
lessen  seriously  the  interest  taken  by  the  people  of  the 
schools  and  missions  in  the  work  of  the  Annual  Meeting, 
which  directs  the  Association. 

3. —  Correspondence  with  leading  missionaries  seems  to 
indicate  that  fully  half  the  schools  in  the  country  have  no 
vital  connection  with  the  National  Sunday  School 
Association.  These  schools  are  dependent  upon  the 
presence  of  the  missionary  for  their  existence,  and  would 
disappear  should  the  missionary  and  his  aid  be  withdrawn. 

4. — Out  of  a  total  of  3,020.37  yen  receipts  of  the 
Association  for  the  last  financial  year,  the  Sunday  Schools 
under  the  Association  contributed  235.16  yen.  Most  of  the 
money  of  the  Association  still  comes  from  foreign  sources. 

5. — Mr.  Frank  L.  Brown,  Sec.  of  the  World's  Sunday 
School  Association  has  informed  us  that  the  supporting 
Boards  of  the  home  lands  request  that  the  missions  co 
operating  in  this  work  on  the  field  have  adequate  re 
presentation  on  the  Board  of  Directors  of  the  National 
Sunday  School  Association,  and  urges  that  this  request  be 
granted  as  speedily  as  possible. 

By  arrangement  a  meeting  of  this  Committee  with  the 
Directors  of  the  Association  was  held  in  Tokyo  Sept. 
5th.  The  object  of  this  meeting  was  to  consider  whether 
any  basis  of  co  operation  with  the  Association  could  be 
found.  A  mobt  interesting  discussion  of  the  general 
question  took  place,  but  no  action  was  then  taken.  It  was 


SUNDAY   SCHOOL   WORK  147 

there  stated,  however,  that  the  Federation  of  Japanese 
Churches  had  also,  quite  independently  of  our  action, 
appointed  a  Committee  to  confer  with  the  Association  to 
see  if  closer  co-operation  of  that  body  with  the  Association 
was  not  possible,  and  it  happened  that  the  members  of 
that  Committee  were  also  present  in  our  meeting.  As  a 
result  of  that  meeting,  we  are  now  encouraged  to  expect 
that  adjustments  will  be  made  at  the  coming  annual 
meeting  of  the  National  Association  at  Kobe. 

Your  Committee  conducted  a  Sunday 

Karuizawa  School    Teacher    Training    Institute    at 

Institute  Karuizawa,    July    n    to    25th.     A   sub 

committee  was  appointed  to  have  the 
matter  in  hand,  and  Mr.  Coleman  was  asked  to  take  the 
lead  in  the  management  of  the  Institute,  which  he  did, 
assisted  by  the  other  members  of  the  sub-committee.  This 
involved  arranging  for  72  lecture  periods,  all  of  which 
were  carried  out.  The  program  included  daily  devotional 
periods  ;  studies  in  the  Prophets  and  the  Apostolic  Age ; 
five  lectures  on  Biblical  Institutions  and  Geography  ;  an 
excellent  course  on  Child  Psychology ;  three  courses  on 
Principles  and  Methods  of  Teaching, — Primary,  Junior, 
Intermediate.  There  were  also  general  lectures  on  Story 
telling;  on  Organization  and  Conduct  of  the  Sunday 
School ;  on  Present  Lesson  Material ;  How  to  Build  Up  a 
Sunday  School ;  Social  Service ;  The  Organized  Adult 
Bible  Class  ;  The  Pastor  and  the  Sunday  School ;  Hand 
Work,  &c,  &c.  The  total  registered  attendance  was  123, 
and  they  came  from  all  parts  of  the  empire,  even  from 
Hokkaido  and  Kyushu.  Information  then  and  since 
received  shows  that  the  Institute  was  an  immense  success. 
It  was  voted  to  hold  another  Institute  at  Karuizawa  next 
summ.r,  and  the  same  committee  has  been  appointed  to 
have  charge  of  the  arrangement  and  conduct  of  that  one. 
We  appeal  to  the  missionary  body  to  get  behind  this 
movement,  send  your  Sunday  school  workers  for  two 
weeks  to  Karuizawa,  and  let  us  make  this  an  effective 
agency  for  supplying  the  one  tiling  that  our  Sunday 
Schools  most  need, — trained  teachers. 

The    interest   awakened    is    manifest    in    the    increased 


148  JAPAN 

number  of  local  institutes  being  held,  and  increased  study 
of  the  subject  of  Sunday  Schools.  The  excellent  work  of 
Mr.  Coleman  and  others  in  Tokyo  is  An  instance.  More 
such  work  should  be  done  in  the  cities  of  the  empire. 

The    National    Association    asked    us, 

Interdenomi-         through  its  Secretary,  to  choose  6  per- 
nationai  Lessons      sons  to  represent  the  missionary  body  on 
an    interdenominational     Lessons    Com 
mittee.     We   chose   Dr.   J.   G.    Dunlop, 
Mr.  H.   E.   Coleman,  Miss   Anne  Howe,   Bishop   H.  J. 
Hamilton,  Dr.  H.  B.  Benninghof,  and  D.  S.  Spencer,  and 
submitted  their  names  to  the  Executive  Committee  of  this 
body,  by  whom  they  were  appointed. 

A  meeting  of  this  Lessons  Committee  was  held  Dec. 
1 3th  in  Tokyo.  It  consists  of  1 7  Japanese  and  6  foreign 
missionaries,  and  nearly  all  were  present.  The  subject  of 
a  system  of  lessons  was  discussed,  and  a  sub-committee 
was  appointed  to  outline  a  graded  course  covering  1 1 
years,  and  report  to  the  main  committee  for  final  approval. 

The  course  planned  covers  2  years  of  the  Yochika,  6 
years  of  the  Sho  Gakko,  and  3  years  of  the  Chu  Gakko, 
the  decision  being  made  in  harmony  with  the  Japanese 
school  system  rather  than  strictly  according  to  the  age  of 
the  pupils,  as  in  Western  lands.  The  work  of  outlining 
and  superintending  the  writing  of  the  course  has  been  so 
divided  that  a  Japanese  and  a  missionary  will  work  to 
gether  on  each  department,  thus  giving  six  missionaries 
an  important  part  in  planning  and  writing  the  course. 

It  is  the  plan  to  have  this  course  pub- 
Graded  Lessons       lished  and  ready  for  use  Jan.   I,   1918, 
and    at    prices    which    will    permit    all 
schools  to  avail  themselves  of  the  use  of  the  best  Sunday 
School  literature  to  be  had  in  the  land. 

Arrangements  have  been  made  by  the  National  Sunday 
School  Association  with  the  Kyo  Bun  Kwau  by  which  the 
latter  will  finance  the  undertaking,  and  become  the  pub 
lishers  and  distributors  of  these  Graded  Lessons. 

As  we  turn  to  our  statistics  in  an  attempt  to  measure 
the  progress  of  the  Sunday  School  movement  here,  we 
find  that  last  year  we  had  in  the  empire, — 


SUNDAY    SCHOOL   WORK  1 49 

2486  Sunday  Schools  with  148,333  scholars  in  them. 
The  year  before,  2007  schools  with  127,792  scholars  in 
them,  showing  a  gain  of  479  schools  with  20,541 
enrolled. 

These  statistics  however  do  not  tell  the  whole  story 
today.  The  year  1916  saw  many  schools  and  scholars 
added  ;  but  this  is  not  all.  The  greater  gain  is  in  better 
work,  and  awakening  interest  in  the  subject,  and  a 
deepening  determination  to  push  this  work  more  earnestly. 
For  this  your  committee  are  profoundly  thankful. 

13 ut,  brethren,  we  have  as  yet  barely 

Hope  Lies  in         made  a  beginning  on  these  lines.     What 
Children  are    1 50,000    scholars    in    these   schools 

compared  with  the  seven-and  one-half 
millions  of  the  children  in  the  Government  schools  ? 
ONLY  ONE  CHILD  IN  FIFTY  YF.T  CONNECTED  WITH  THE 
SUNDAY  SCHOOLS  !  !  And  that  after  60  years  of  mission 
work  ! !  The  annual  increase  of  the  people  by  births  is 
nearly  700,000 !  At  this  present  rate  of  Sunday  School 
progress  how  long  will  it  be  before  we  can  overtake  this 
natural  increase  of  the  children  by  our  Sunday  School 
enrollment?  It  must  be  clearly  evident  to  every  thought 
ful  person,  as  suggested  by  our  Chairman  in  his  stirring- 
address,  that  here  is  a  subject  demanding  our  most  pro 
found  thought  and  earnest  prayers.  The  hope  of  all  our 
mission  enterprises  lies  with  these  children.  Without  dis 
counting  any  of  the  other  many  forms  of  good  work,  if 
we  cannot  insure  the  conversion  of  these  children,  we 
shall  have  failed  in  one  of  the  greatest  opportunities  ever 
entrusted  to  men. 

What  then  are  the  steps  necessary  to  the  doing  of  really 
constructive  work  in  this  field  ? 

I. — A  thorough  and  satisfactory  union  of  the  forces 
directing  the  Sunday  Schools.  This  is  fundamental.  All 
the  Protestant  Sunday  School  interests  of  the  empire 
should  be. fairly  represented  in  the  directing  body  of  the 
National  Sunday  School  Association.  Nation-wide  co 
operation,  a  thing  we  should  doubtless  have  secured  years 
ago,-would  at  once  give  new  power  and  momentum  to 
this  movement. 


I 5O  JAPAN 

2. — Union  in  administration  would  lead  to  immediate 
improvement  in  lesson  helps,  for  we  should  then  have  all 
the  missions  and  churches  behind  the  movement,  using 
the  literature,  leading  to  improved  quality  and  cheapness 
in  price.  Competing  or  aimless  publications  would  soon 
be  eliminated,  present  scattering  issues  being  merged  in 
new  and  stronger  ones. 

3. — We  should  ask  the  individual  Mission  Boards  to  put 
much  more  money  than  at  present  into  the  Sunday  School 
buildings  and  equipment  and  in  teaching  force. 

4  — A  well-directed  appeal  to  missionaries  on  the  field 
should  be  made,  to  arouse  their  interest  and  awaken  them 
to  action  in  Sunday  School  work.  This  campaign  is 
much  more  needed  than  many  would  suppose.  It  should 
be  carried  on  till  some  of  our  missionaries,  who  now  pay 
no  attention  to  the  subject,  and  know  nothing  about  the 
Sunday  Schools  of  their  own  missions,  have  awakened  to 
the  need  of  this  work. 

Let  us  multiply  the  schools,  and  bring  in  the  children. 
If  we  could  double  schools  and  scholars  each  year  for  five 
years,  we  could  change  the  I  in  50  proportion  to  some 
thing  worthy  of  our  task,  and  could  hasten  mightily,  I 
believe,  the  coming  of  the  Kingdom  of  our  Lord  to  Japan. 


II.— REPORT  OF  THE  SUNDAY  SCHOOL 
SPECIALIST 

P.V   II.   E.   COLEMAN 

Probably  the  most  outstanding  feature 

Training  Schools      of  the  work  during  the  past  year  has  been 

the    planning    and    conducting    of    two 

training   schools  for  Sunday  School  workers.     First   the 

one  in  Tokyo  and  second  the  Summer  Training  School  at 

Karuizawa.     The  first  term  of  the  Tokyo  Training  School 

was  held  in  the  Spring  and  consisted  of  fifteen  weeks,  one 

evening    each    week    with    three    lecture    periods   during 

which   time   five  lectures  were   given.     The   school  was 


SUNDAY   SCHOOL   WORK  15  [ 

organized  on  the  basis  of  two  years  work  and  the  second 
term  has  been  held  this  autumn,  providing  four  courses 
during  the  three  hour  period.  The  two  years  course 
provides  for  one  hundred  and  eighty  hours  of  lectures  and 
requires  1 30  hours  work  for  graduation.  The  combined 
enrollment  for  the  two  terms  was  218  (159  for  the  first  and 
59  for  the  second  )  The  falling  off  as  far  as  we  can  learn 
was  not  due  to  the  nature  of  the  work  the  first  term  but  to 
other  circumstances  and  conditions.  The  lecturers  have 
done  their  woik  very  faithfully  as  a  rule  and  the  students 
have  been  on  the  whole  very  well  satisfied.  This  city 
training  school  is  managed  by  a  board  of  directors  of 
twelve,  representing  the  district  associations  of  Tokyo  with 
a  few  others  prominent  in  Sunday  School  work. 

Probably  the  best  Sunday  School  In- 
Institute  stitute    held    during   the   year    was    that 

arranged  by  our  Sunday  School  Com 
mittee  at  Kanazawa,  providing  for  three  days  with  seven 
lectures  each  day.  There  was  an  enrollment  of  about  90 
coming  from  the  three  districts  of  Toyama,  Fukui  and 
Kanazawa.  I  took  my  exhibit  and  also  gave  seven 
lectures  at  this  institute.  I  gave  two  lectures  at  a  two- day 
institute  at  Sendai  conducted  by  the  Branch  Sunday 
School  Association,  three  lectures  at  a  local  Institute 
arranged  by  Mr.  Jones  at  Tsuchiura,  Ibaraki,  and  three 
lectures  arranged  by  the  district  Sunday  School  Associa 
tion  at  Okayama.  I  also  attended  and  gave  lectures  at 
local  Institutes  at  Tsuyama  and  Takahashi,  and  later  at  a 
Methodist  conference  of  three  clays  at  Okayama  gave  three 
lectures,  and  two  lectures  at  a  kindergarten  convention  at 
Nagano. 

One    of  the   important   things  accom- 

Teacher  Training      ph'slied  during  the  year  was  the  planning 

Course  and    publication    of    a   standard    teacher 

training  course  for  Sunday  School 
workers.  This  provides  for  100  hours  recitation  work 
requiring  Bible  study,  child  psychology,  the  organization 
and  conduct  of  the  Sunday  School,  and  Methods  of  Teach 
ing,  also  includes  observation  work  ar.d  practical  teaching. 
The  outline  is  published  in  both  English  and  Japanese. 


1 5  2  JAPAN 

The  total  enrollment  at  training  schools,  institutes,  and 
training  classes  directly  promoted  by  your  specialist  in 
cooperation  with  the  Sunday  School  Committee  and  others 
has  been  550. 

I  find  that  I  have  given   101   lectures 

Work  of  S.  S.        during  the  year,  all  but  five  in  Japanese 

Specialist  These  have  been  given  to  six  theological 

schools,    two    girls'     schools,    institutes, 

training  schools,  the  Baptist  annual  mission  meeting,  the 

annual   meetings  of  the  Japanese   Disciples  and    Friends 

bodies,  also  two  Japanese  churches  and  the  Annual  Sunday 

School  Convention. 

The  principal  places  visited  for  this  work  besides  Karui- 
zawa  and  Tokyo  were  Sendai,  Toyama,  Nagano,  Oka- 
yarna,  Nagoya,  Hachiman,  Yokohama,  Kanazawa,  Kyoto, 
Osaka,  Kobe,  Tsuyama,  Takahashi  and  Arima.  This 
lecture  work  meant  the  preparation  of  29  different  lectures 
in  Japanese  from  35  minutes  to  one  hour  in  length,  required 
travel  of  about  5200  miles,  and  the  combined  audiences 
numbered  about  5000. 

Another  opportunity  which  I  have  prized  was  the 
planning  of  a  course  of  lectures  at  the  Joshi  Sei  Gakuin, 
Takinogawa,  Tokyo.  I  have  arranged  the  topics  and 
secured  the  speakers  for  two  hours  a  week  for  two  terms 
and  plans  are  being  made  for  the  third  term.  Miss  Lediard 
the  principal  has  spoken  with  real  appreciation  of  the  work 
that  has  been  done.  Ten  of  the  above  lectures  were  given 
at  the  Theological  Department  of  Kwansei  Gakuin,  and  I 
have  been  asked  to  assist  the  dean  and  the  President  in  out 
lining  an  ideal  modern  department  in  Religious  Education 
for  theological  students. 

At  the  beginning  of  the  year,  there  was 
Exhibit  the  task  of  finishing  the  preparation  of  the 

Sunday  School  exhibit.  It  now  contains 
69  cards  19  by  28  inches,  mounted  with  material  both 
English  and  Japanese.  The  Sunday  School  library  con 
tains  about  300  books  besides  one  set  each  of  the 
University  of  Chicago,  and  the  Scribners  graded  systems 
of  lessons,  and  two  editions  of  the  International  system  of 
lessons.  The  exhibit  and  most  of  the  library  were 


SUNDAY    SCHOOL    WORK.  153 

taken  to  Karuizawa  where,  in  an  improvised  office,  they 
were  available  both  for  missionaries  and  Japanese,  many 
of  whom  seemed  to  appreciate  the  opportunity  of  coming 
in  touch  with  the  best  modern  material  on  Sunday 
School  work.  I  have  recently  received  100  slides  on 
"  The  Sunday  School  the  World  Around,"  with  the  lecture 
on  the  same  by  Mr.  Frank  I,.  Brown,  General  Secretary 
of  the  World's  Sunday  School  Association,  and  to  these  I 
added  13  on  the  Japanese  work,  in  addition  to  the  Japanese 
slides  included  in  the  100.  This  lecture  will  soon  be  put 
into  Japanese  and  be  available  for  Sunday  School  lecture 
meetings. 

Another  task  has  been  the  preparing  of  articles  for  both 
English  and  Japanese  pages  of  the  Sunday  School  magazine 
and  a  few  articles  for  the  Japan  Evangelist. 

Last   month  the   first  meeting  of  the 
interdenomi-          Interdenominational    Lesson     Committee 
national  Lesson       was     held.       Representatives    had    been 
Committee  appointed  and  were  present  from  all  the 

denominations  except  one.  It  is  a  very 
representative  committee  and  includes  six  members  from 
the  Federated  Missions.  While  those  mission  re 
presentatives  cannot  officially  represent  the  individual 
missions  it  is  he  ped  that  this  conference  will  approve  of 
this  very  important  movement  and  that  the  missions  as 
such  will  decide  to  stand  behind  the  work  of  this  very 
important  committee,  and  cooperate  in  both  producing  and 
using  the  graded  system  of  lessons  which  it  is  proposed  to 
produce.  It  has  been  decided  to  have  a  graded  course 
covering  eleven  years,  beginning  with  two  years  for  the 
beginners'  Department,  and  the  hope  is  to  make  it  after 
the  plan  of  the  best  graded  systems  available.  It  has  been 
a  real  opportunity  to  make  out  with  the  other  members  of 
the  subcommittee  the  first  draft  of  the  course  for  the 
eleven  years.  This  has  been  adopted  by  the  subcommittee 
who  are  to  select  the  writers  for  the  different  years  of  the 
course.  It  is  hoped  to  have  the  course  worked  out  in 
detail  so  that  the  writers  may  begin  on  their  work  before 
the  end  of  January. 


154  JAPAN 

III.— THE  NEW  INTERDENOMINATIONAL 
SUNDAY  SCHOOL  LESSON  SYSTEM 

BY  H.  E.  COLKMAN 

The  foundation,  we  may  say,  ot  Sunday  School  work 
is  the  lesson  system. 

Japan  has  had  some  graded  systems, 
Graded  Lessons  but  it  has  been  felt  by  many  leaders  for 
some  time  that  there  was  need  for  a  new 
interdenominational  system  based  on  the  most  modern 
principles  followed  in  the  same  courses  abroad.  Such 
a  system  must  necessarily  be  expensive  and  it  was  known 
that  it  could  not  be  successful  in  the  proper  way  unless 
made  interdenominational.  The  work  of  revising  the 
present  graded  system  had  been  under  consideration  for 
several  years  but  this  was  found  to  be  too  difficult,  and 
had  never  progressed  to  any  extent. 

Many    conferences   were  held   toward 

New  Series          the    end    of  last   year   between    various 

Sunday    School    leaders,    among   whom 

were    members    of    the    Sunday     School   Committee    of 

the    Federated    Missions   and    officers    of    the   National 

Sunday    School    Association.     The    result   was   that   the 

National   Sunday  School  Association  decided  to  try  to 

create   an  interdenominational  lesson  committee   for   the 

purpose  of  making  a  new  series  of  lessons  for  Japan. 

The  various  denominations  were  asked  to  appoint 
representatives,  two  from  each  of  the  larger,  and  one  each 
from  the  smaller,  and  the  following  were  appointed  : 

Nihon  Kirisuto  Kyokai  (Presby.) 

Yushichi  Kumano, 
Kota  Hoshino. 

Kumiai  (Congregational.)        Yoshimichi  Hirata, 

Naokatsu  Kubushiio. 

MetlTbdist,  Yoshihiro  Tanaka, 

Kuninostike  Yamamoto. 

Baptist,  Sekijiro  Takagaki. 


SUNDAY   SCHOOL    WORK  155 

Christian.  Kiyoshi  Abe. 

Kirisuto  Kyokai,  Kakujiro  Ishikavva. 

Dobo,  (United  Brethren)        Joseph  Cosand. 
Friends,  Seiju  Hirakawa. 

Fukuin,  (Evang.  Assoc.)        Matanosuke  Tayama. 
Mifu,  (M.  P.)  lyota  Inanuma. 

The   executive    committee  of  the  Federated    Missions 
appointed  the  following  six  members,  after  their  nomination 
by  the  Sunday  School  Committee  : 
Rev.  J.  G.  Dunlop, 
Rev.  H.  B.  Benninghoff, 
Rev.  D.  S  Spencer, 
Bishop  Hamilton, 
H.  E.  Coleman. 

Of  course  it  is  understood  that  these  members  cannot 
officially  represent  the  missions  until  the  missions  vote 
for  them  to  do  so,  but  it  is  hoped  that  the  missions  will 
approve  of  this  movement,  and  since  it  is  a  very  re 
presentative  body,  it  is  hoped  that  they  will  give  their 
support  to  the  movement,  and  co-operate  as  missions  in 
using  the  lessons,  and  through  the  six  representatives,  in 
helping  to  produce  the  best  possible  system. 

The  Sunday  School  Association  appointed  the  following 
four  representatives  : 

Rev.  Kodo  Kozaki, 
Rev.  H.  Kawasumi, 
Dr.  Sakunoshin  Motoda, 
Rev.  K.  Mito. 

The  Episcopal  group  did  not  appoint  representatives, 
therefore  the  Sunday  School  Association  asked  Bishop 
Cecil  and  Dr.  A.  VV.  Cooke  to  act  individually  on  the 
committee  and  the  latter  has  been  very  active  in  the  initial 
work  of  the  sub-committees. 

An  agreement  has  been  made  by  the 

PubHcation          Directors  of  the  National  Sunday  School 

Association    with    Kyo    Bun   Kwan    by 

which  the  latter  provides  about  two  thousand  two  hundred 

yen  for  carrying  on  the  work  of  preparing  and  writing  the 

courses,  the  same  to  be  returned  from  the  profits  of  the 

publication  of  the  lessons. 


JAPAN 

The  first  meeting  was  called  on  the  thirteenth  of 
December,  and  seventeen  members  were  present  which 
was  very  good. 

The  work  was  taken  up  in  the  best  spirit,  and  with  a 
uniformity  of  desire  to  produce  a  system  of  Sunday  School 
Lessons  that  will  be  up  to  the  standard  of  those  now  being 
used  in  America.  It  had  been  decided  by  the  Directors 
of  the  National  Sunday  School  Association  to  undertake 
for  the  present  only  eleven  years,  and  this  committee 
agree  that  the  departments  be  arranged  as  follows  : 

The  Beginners,  Yochika,  for  those  from  four  years  of 
age  until  they  enter  school.  The  Primary,  SJioto  Ka, 
the  first  three  years  of  the  Graded  School.  The  Junior, 
Cluito  Ka,  the  last  three  years  of  the  Graded  School. 
The  Intermediate,  Koto  Ka,  the  first  three  years  of  the 
Middle  School. 

The  general  plan  of  conducting  the  work  was  discussed, 
and  the  standard  toward  which  we  should  aim.  It  was 
decided  that  we  should  produce  something  as  nearly  as 
possible  up  to  the  standard  international  Graded  system  so 
lar  as  lesson  helps  are  concerned,  and  that  the  courses 
should  not  be  exact  translations,  but  that  the  best  available 
material  be  used,  making  various  combinations  and 
adaptations  to  suit  the  needs  in  Japan. 

The  following  committee  were  appoint- 
Editorial  ed  to  make  the  plan  for  the  course,  and 

Committee  to  take  charge  of  editing,  and  selecting 

the  writers  of  the  various  year's  work, 

Rev.  Kota  Hoshino,  Chairman, 

Rev.  Yoshimichi  Hirata, 

Rev.  Matanosuke  Tayama, 

Rev.  Yoshihiio  Tanaka, 

Dr.  A.  W.  Cooke. 

and  the  following  persons  to  serve  as  ex  officio  members 
on  account  of  their  connection  with  the  Sunday  School 
Association;  Rev.  H.  Kozaki,  President;  Rev.  H.  Kawa- 
sumi,  General  Secretary ;  Rev.  K.  Mito,  Chairman  of 
Publication  Department,  and  H.  K.  Coleman,  Hon. 
Secretary. 


SUNDAY   SCHOOL   WORK  157 

This  Committee  met  at  once  to  consider  plans  of  work 
ing  and  the  people  available  and  best  suited  to  do  the 
editorial  work.  The  following  subcommittee  was  appoint 
ed  to  make  out  the  plan  for  the  eleven  years  to  be  decided 
upon  by  this  editorial  committee  and  reported  to  the 
general  committee  for  their  approval,  Rev.  K.  Mito,  Dr. 
A.  W.  Cooke,  and  H.  E.  Coleman.  This  Editorial  Com 
mittee  had  a  second  meeting  and  approved  the  general  plan 
as  reported  by  the  subcommittee. 

This  committee  had  divided  the  work,  making  each  of 
four  members  chairman  for  the  work  in  each  department 
as  follows : 

Beginners,  Rev.  Y.  Tanana, 

Primary,  Rev.  K.  Hoshino, 

Junior,  Rev.  Y.  Hirata, 

Intermediate,  Rev.  M.  Tayama, 

the  other  members  to  have  a  general  advisory  relation  to 
all  the  work  ;  and  one  missionary  was  appointed  to  work 
with  the  committee  in  each  department  as  an  advisory 
member:  Beginners,  Miss  I.  Shannon;  Primary,  Rev.  C. 
H.  Olds  ;  Junior,  Rev.  B.  F.  Shively  ;  Intermediate,  Rev. 
S.  A.  Stewart. 

A  detailed  outline  of  the  course  has  been  made,  and  is 
in  the  hands  of  the  lesson  writers. 

The  object  of  the  course  is  to  give  as 
Object  complete  a  religious  training  as  possible 

in  eleven  years,  allowing  two  years  for 
children  before  they  start  to  school.  The  Bible,  to  be 
sure,  is  the  main  source  of  the  material  that  is  presented, 
but  the  arrangement  of  topics  and  the  presentation  is  made 
entirely  with  the  child's  standpoint  in  mind.  The  idea  of 
the  whole  course  is  that,  in  the  hands  of  a  good  teacher, 
the  child  should  become  a  Christian  either  during  the 
eighth  year  or  the  tenth,  if  not  before,  and  that  he  should 
learn  clearly  and  practically  what  it  means  to  be  a  Christian, 
especially  during  the  last  year.  The  lessons  are  arranged 
to  harmonize  with  the  seasons  and  abundant  illustrative 
material  is  selected  from  the  sphere  of  the  child's  daily 
experience,  to  show  God's  power  as  revealed  in  Nature, 


158  JAPAN 

and  His  care  for  him  through  the  home  and  social  institu 
tions. 

The  fault  of  all  lesson  systems  in  Japan  up  to  the  present, 
is  that  they  have  not  provided  proper  lesson  helps  for  the 
children.  It  is  the  plan  of  this  system  however  to  provide 
suitable  lesson  helps  to  guide  and  stimulate  their  own  study 
from  the  first  year  to  the  last. 

With  the  Beginners'  two  years  course  will  be  a  two  page 
sheet  with  a  copy  of  the  lesson  picture,  an  outline  picture, 
or  letters  providing  hand  work,  a  memory  verse,  and  a 
brief  story,  to  be  read  to  the  child  at  home. 

The  Primary  (first  three  years  of  the  Common  School) 
is  to  have  a  four  pige  folder  each  Sunday  containing  a 
print  of  the  picture,  hand  work,  memory  verse  and  story. 

It  is  hoped  that  large  pictures  can  be  made  to  put  in 
the  hand  of  the  teacher  for  illustrating  each  lesson  similar 
to  those  now  being  used  with  the  International  Graded 
course. 

Beginning  with  the  Junior  department,  student's  text 
and  hand  work  books  are  to  be  provided  with  four  or  five 
pages  for  each  lesson,  and  in  the  Intermediate  department 
five  or  six  pages  per  lesson.  These  books  direct  the 
student  to  the  study  of  the  Biblical  material  and  provide 
explanatory  text  to  be  studied,  and  home  and  class  work 
suited  to  the  age  of  the  group. 

Outline  of  Course         The  outline  of  the  Course  is  as  follows  : 

I.     Beginners. 

1.  First  year.   God  the    Loving    Father  and  his 

Children. 

2.  Second  year.     God's  Loyal  Children. 

How    God   would  have  them  live  happily 
together  as  his  children  in  the  home,  and  at 
play. 
II.     Primary. 

1.  Jesus'  Way  of  Love  and  Service.     Stories  and 

lessons  from  the  Life  of  Jesus. 

2.  God  the  Creator  and  Father.     Here  the  teach 

ing  will  deal  with  fundamentals  adapted  to 
the  child's    understanding,    but  not   taking 


SUNDAY    SCHOOL    WORK  159 

so    much   for  granted  as  with  children  in 
Christian  lands. 

3.     Living  as  God's  Children.     Seeking  to  follow 
God's   leading.     How  Jesus  followed  God, 
The   disciples   doing    God's  will.     Ancient 
and  modern  disciples  doing  God's  will. 
III.     Junior. 

1.  Heroes   and   Heroines  of  the  Old  Testament. 

All  heroic  studies  that  appeal  especially  to 
this  age. 

2.  A  Story  Life  of  Jesus.    From  the  heroic  stand 

point,  concrete  and  descriptive. 

Includes  five  lessons  on  Modern  Disciples  of 

Jesus,  Carey,  Judson,  Morrison,  Livingston, 

Paton. 

3.  Kings   and  Prophets  of  old  Testament.     One 

term,  Christian  leaders,  Ancient  and  Modern. 
This   is    to   make    connection  between    the 
ancients  and  the  present  time. 
•IV.     Intermediate. 

1.  The  First  D.'sciple  and  the  Great  Pioneer  Paul. 

Also  one  practical  term. 

2.  The  Life  of  Christ. 

Treated   historically    and    His    mission    as 
Messiah  and  Savior. 

3.  The  Christian  Life,  or  What  it  means  to  be  a 

Christian. 

Kased  on  the  teachings  of  the  Christ  it  is 
planned  to  discuss  the  practical  phases  of 
the  Christian  life  in  the  home,  school  and 
society. 

Care  will  be  taken  not  simply  to  give  the  pupils  a 
knowledge  of  God's  ways  with  the  ancients,  often  left 
hazy  and  unreal,  but  through  supplementary  groups  of 
lessons  as  indicated  above  to  show  how  God  has  been 
working  through  other  worthy  disciples  from  that  time  to 
the  present,  and  to  lead  them  to  an  actual  realization  of 
the  power  of  the  Spiritual  Christ  in  their  own  lives  in 
present-day  society. 

Some  have  asked  whether  this  course  can  be  used  in  a 


I6O  JAPAN 

Sunday  School  where  all  eleven  years  cannot  be  used  at 
once,  or  even  at  all.  The  answer  is  that  they  surely  can. 
e.g.  the  first  third  and  fifth,  or  first,  third  and  fourth 
year  would  make  a  good  three  years  course,  to  which 
could  be  added  as  many  out  of  the  Junior  and  Intermediate 
departments  as  can  be  given  according  to  the  length  of  time 
the  pupils  can  be  helped.  We  feel  sure  too  that  a  much 
larger  per  cent  of  the  older  pupils  can  be  held  to  the  end 
of  this  course  after  courses  like  these  adapted  to  their 
desires  and  ability,  are  used. 

One  difficulty  that  will  have  to  be  met 
Pictures          is  that  of  securing  photographs  which  are 

to  be  copied  for  making  the  pictures  to  be 
used  by  the  teacher,  and  the  prints  to  be  included  in  the 
lesson  papers  and  note  books.  Plans  are  already  on  foot 
however  and  a  strong  effort  will  be  made  to  have  each 
year  amply  illustrated. 

The  studies  in  each  year's  course  are 
School  Year         planned  to  begin  with  the  first  of  April 

so  they  will  correspond  with  the  school 
year.  Therefore  out  of  the  the  Beginners  group  each 
year,  those  children  who  at  that  time  are  starting  to  school 
will  be  promoted  to  the  first  year  primary  and  compose  the 
first  year  class,  and  from  that  time  advance  each  year 
as  long  as  they  can  be  held. 

It  is  hoped  that  the  course  may  be  completed  so  that  it 
can  be  used  by  April  of  next  year,  but  our  first  concern  is 
to  make  it  meet  the  needs  in  Japan.  When  done  we  be 
speak  its  universal  use  by  all  Sunday  School  workers  in 
Japan. 


CHAPTER  IV 

THE  JAPAN  UNION  OF  CHRISTIAN 
ENDEAVOR 


BY  J.  II.  PETTEE 

There  are  on  th«:  rolls  at  present  t1  e 
A  Great  Advance  names  of  1 68  senior  and  47  junior  societies, 
in  all  215  active  organizations  as  against 
115  a  year  ago.  A  few  of  the  old  societies  have  either 
been  discontinued  or  have  failed  to  report,  so  that  really 
no  new  societies  have  been  organized  during  the  past 
year.  The  number  of  members  has  increased  in  about  the 
same  proportion  viz.  from  3256  to  more  than  6140. 
Moreover  the  contributions  of  Endeavorers  for  the  support 
of  both  their  own  churches  and  the  work  of  the  Japan 
C.  E.  Union  amounted  to  fully  twice  as  much  as  during  the 
previous  year. 

This  general  advance  movement  may  be  credited  largely 
to  three  causes.  The  visit  to  China  and  Japrm  hst 
spring  of  Dr.  and  Mrs.  Francis  E.  Clark  and  the  Double- 
your-Numbers  Campaign  inaugurated  at  that  time ;  the 
removal  of  the  society's  headquarters  from  Okayama  to 
Tokyo ;  and  the  Three  Years  Evangelistic  Campaign 
which  has  shown  the  need  of  such  organized  effort  to 
conserve  results  of  special -evangelistic  efforts. 

The   new  headquarters   of  the   Union 

Officers  and          are  at  12  Honmura  Cho,  Azabu,   Tokyo, 

Work  and  the  officers  are   Rev.  J.   II.  Pettee, 

president,  Rev.  Messrs.   G.   Fukuda,   K. 

Ishizaka  and  T.  Makino,  vice  presidents,   Mr.  T.  Sawaya 

general  secretary  and  Messrs.  Ishizaka  and  Pettee  acting 

treasurers. 


I 62  JAPAN 

Tour'ng  among  the  churches  has  been  extensively 
carried  on  during  the  past  year,  all  sections  of  Japan 
except  the  San  in- do  having  been  visited  by  representatives 
of  the  Japan  Union.  The  society  publishes  a  monthly 
magazine,  Kwas-sekai  (Endeavor  World),  price  80  sen, 
which  aims  increasingly  to  be  an  interdenominational  organ 
of  the  lay  element  in  the  churches. 

The   society    continues   to    receive   an 

Support  and          annual  grant-in-aid  of  one  thousand  dollars 
i-rosp.-cts  from    the    World's    Christian    Endeavor 

Union  whose  headquarters  are  in  Boston, 
Mass.,  while  the  collections  in  Japan  for  the  year  ending- 
March  31,  1917  will  total  over  seven  hundred  yen. 

Preparations  are  in  progress  as  this  goes  to  press  for  the 
Annual  Convention  which  is  to  be  held  in  the  Baptist 
Tabernacle,  Misaki  Cho,  Tokyo,  April  6 — 9.  Among  the 
speakers  engaged  are  President  Harada  of  Doslnsha 
University,  Lt  Col.  G.  Yamamuro  S.  A.,  Baron  I. 
Morimura  and  Hon.  N.  Nagao.  With  so  much  for  which 
to  be.  grateful  in  recent  accomplishments  and  so  many 
inviting  opportunities  still  unimproved  it  should  be  a 
stirring  convention  of  young  people. 


CHAPTER  V 
THE  PEACE  MOVEMENT 


BY  Gn.iiKKT  IJ<J\YU.S 

Instead    of    writing   a    review    of    the 
Co-j-se  of  t!:e         Peace  Movement   in   Japan   for  the  past 
Movement  year,   it  seems  better  to  present  extracts 

from  the  public  expression  of  representa 
tive  Japanese  thought  on  problems  of  the  future  peace  of 
the  work!.  There  are  two  reasons  for  this  decision.  The 
first  is  that  there  has  been  little  change  in  the  trend  of  the 
organized  peace  movement  in  Japan  since  the  review  was 
written  for  last  year's  issue  of  the  CHRISTIAN  MOVEMENT. 
The  second  reason  is  that  a  knowledge  of  the  trend  of 
Japanese  thought  concerirng  international  peace  and 
world  co-operation  after  the  war  is  of  more  immediate 
and  vital  importance  than  a  summary  of  facts  concerning 
the  limited  and  conservative  peace  movement  during  the 
time  japan  remains  one  of  the  belligerent  nations. 

Without  doubt  there  is  in  certain  cir- 

Geru-.T.!  Trend  oi       clcs  in  Japan  very  definite  sympathy  with 

Thought  the  German   ideals   of  Empire,  which  at 

present     give     little    encouragement    to 

movements   for  the  voluntary  co-operation  of  nations  on 

the  basis  of  equality  and  mutual  agreement.     There  have 

been   press  and  platform   appeals   for  a  "strong  policy  " 

toward  China,   and  sensitiveness  in  the  discussion  of  the 

Anti-Japanese   movement   in    America.       Appeals    for    a 

stronger  navy  and  the  manifest  interest  in  aviation  from 

the  military  point  of  view  are  natural  results  of  the  world 

situation,   influenced  to  some  extent  by  the  preparedness 

movement  in   America.     But  these  facts  do  not  give  any 

just    ground    for    questioning    the    conclusion    that    the 


164  JAPAN 

general  thought  trend  in  Japan  is  strongly  in  sympathy 
with  all  sane  movements  which  have  as  their  well  defined 
object  the  establishment  of  such  a  basis  for  international 
co-operation  as  will  guarantee  peace  and  protection  for  all 
nations  in  the  legitimate  pursuits  of  ordinary  life.  To 
illustrate  this  thought  trend,  a  number  of  representative 
extracts  are  taken  from  articles  and  addresses  by  influential 
men. 

The   following   extracts    are   from   an 

Internationa!          address  of  Baron  Y.  Sakatani,   ex-Mayor 
Morals  and  Peace      of  Tokyo,    ex-Minister    of  Finance,    de 
livered    at    a    public    meeting     of     the 
Association  Concordia  : 

"  In  the  development  of  civilization,  the  idea  of  the 
nation  is  as  far  as  most  people  have  gone.  The  next  step 
to  be  taken  is  to  grasp  the  idea  of  the  world.  Then  when 
one  nation  desires  the  best  things  for  itself  it  will  also  wish 
them  for  others.  '  Do  not  do  to  others  what  you  do  not 
wish  others  to  do  to  you.'  At  that  time  there  will  be  a 
code  of  international  morals  which  will  be  respected,  and 
true  peace  will  come  to  abide." 

"  In  international  relations  there  must  come  the  idea 
that  all  nations  are  free  and  equal -and  that  not  only  one's 
own  country,  but  all  countries  must  be  respected.  If 
one's  own  possessions  are  prized,  the  property  of  one's 
neighbors  must  be  respected.  If  the  lives  of  Japanese  are 
held  sacred,  the  lives  of  foreigners  must  also  be  held  sacred. 
I  do  not  mean  that  there  are  at  present  no  ideas  of  inter 
national  morals,  but  I  do  earnestly  desire  that  these  ideas 
should  be  clarified  and  that  nations  should  become  more 
civilized." 

The  following  paragraphs  are  from  an 

Problems  of         article   by  Baron   Shibusawa  in  the  Jifi 
Reconstruction         Shimpo  (Tokyo)  : 

"  If  a  nation  wishes  to  survive  among 
its  fellows,  it  must  always  advance  in  production  and  com 
merce.  It  seems  that  political  and  military  force  is 
employed  by  countries  because  of  over-anxiety  to  develop 
commerce.  So  long  as  separate  countries  exist  side 
by  side,  economic  competition  will  never  cease.  But  by  a 


THE    PEACE    MOVEMENT  1 63 

study  of  human  progress,  it  is  evident  that  the  efforts  to 
aid  in  this  struggle  by  military  power  must  be  abolished. 
The  time  will  come  when  governments  will  settle  their 
disputes  in  the  only  true  way  founded  on  '  Love.'  Com 
petition,  not  in  arms,  but  in  the  development  of  knowledge 
and  in  facilitating  production  is  to  be  the  struggle  of  the 
future.  Permanent  peace  will  be  established  and  wasteful 
wars  will  be  no  more  when  people  come  to  realize  that 
it  is  not  necessary  to  harm  others  to  advance  their  own 
interests." 

The    following    paragraphs    are    taken 

War  and  Racial       from  an  article  in  the  Tokyo  NicJii-Xichi 

Health  by    Dr.   Hisomu   Nagai  of  the    Medical 

College  of  the  Tokyo  Imperial  University, 

author  of  "  Medical  Science  and  Philosophy." 

"The  militarism  of  today  is  wielding  a  tyrannical  in 
fluence  over  society.  The  conscription  system  lays  its 
hands  upon  the  young  men,  who,  in  a  biological  sense, 
ought  to  form  the  choice  part  of  a  nation,  and  compels 
them  to  pay  the  blood  tax.  They  are  made  a  merciless 
sacrifice  to  modern  armaments.  The  loss  to  racial  develop 
ment  is  greater  than  one  can  imagine. 

"  Young  men  of  good  health  and  vigor  are  taken  into  the 
barracks  and  deprived  of  the  privilege  of  becoming  fathers, 
while  men  biologically  inferior  are  left  and  placed  in  com 
paratively  favorable  economic  positions,  and  are  given  liber 
ty  to  reproduce  children.  It  is  impossible  to  estimate  the 
damage  done  to  a  nation  in  this  way  by  conscription." 

Baron  Sakatani,  in  the  Japan  Peace 
World  Co-operation  Movement  (January,  1917);  "A  league 
should  be  formed  including  Great  Britain, 
the  United  States,  France,  Italy  and  Japan,  guaranteeing 
the  peace  of  the  world.  These  powers  should  combine 
their  armies  and  navies  and  declare  to  the  world  that  all 
conflicts  arising  between  nations,  which  cannot  be  settled 
by  diplomatic  means,  should  be  submitted  for  judicial 
settlement  to  the  International  Court  at  the  Hague  or  to 
some  other  tribunal.  Any  nation  disobeying  this  declara 
tion  should  be  considered  as  unjust  and  should  be  punished 
by  the  combined  powers. 


1 66  JAPAN 

"  The  utmost  care  should  be  taken  to  avoid  misunder 
standings.  To  this  end  there  should  be  visits  and  frequent 
conferences  of  eminent  men  and  women  of  all  nations. 
The  causes  which  give  rise  to  conflicts,  such  as  policies  of 
immigration  and  emigration,  customs  duties,  navigation, 
concessions  and  undertakings  in  undeveloped  countries, 
should  be  investigated  by  some  form  of  international  com 
mission,  and  every  possible  means  should  be  adopted  to 
eliminate  causes  of  trouble  arising  from  these  sources." 

Mr.  T.  Miyaoka,  Legal  Adviser  to  the 
Force  and  Inter-       Tokyo  Chamber  of  Commerce,  for  twenty- 
national  Peace        five  years  in  the  Consular  and  Diplomatic 
service  of  Japan,  wrote  an  article  for  the 
Holland  Neivs,  in  reply  to  three  questions  previously  sent 
out  by  the  "  Central  Organization  of  Peace."     The  closing 
words  are  as  follows  : 

"  In  my  opinion  mankind  is  just  awakening  to  the  truth 
that  if  peace  is  to  be  preserved  among  men,  that  movement 
will  have  to  come  irorn  within,  not  from  without.  No 
amount  of  coercion  will  have  the  effect  of  putting  an  end 
to  the  progressive  development  of  armaments,  of  making 
war  obsolete,  or  of  ensuring  compliance  with  International 
Law.  I  am  thus  answering  all  your  three  questions  in  the 
negative,  and  yet  I  am  not  a  pessimist.  On  the  contrary, 
I  am  an  optimist.  By  the  time  this  war  is  over,  mankind 
u  ill  have  learnt  that  the  aim  of  a  State  can  no  more  than  that 
of  an  individual  be  attained  by  the  exercise  of  brute  force. 
Militarism  will  have  proved  itself  a  failure  even  viewed  as 
a  means  of  attaining  the  object  of  a  State.  It  will  have 
crushed  not  only  tlvj  boasted  '  Kultur  '  but  the  strength  of 
Militarism  itself. 

"  New  ideas  will  then  arise.  Human  thought  will  begin 
to  evolve  in  new  groove.-.  I  do  not  think  the  day  is  far 
distant  when  mankind  will  smile  at  how  the  nations  of  the 
earth  in  all  their  wisdom  once  sought  to  discover  in  a  series 
of  diplomatic  conferences  the  most  effectual  means  of 
preserving  peace  by  the  limitation  of  armaments." 


CHAPTER     VI 

TEMPERANCE 

I.— THE  NATIONAL  TEMPERANCE  LEAGUE 

UY  II.  V.  NICHOLSON 

While  the  past  year  has  had  no  special 
Growth  activities  similar  to  the  series  of  meetings 

at  the  time  of  the  Coronation,  year  before 
last,  yet  the  regular  work  has  been  going  on,  as  is  shown 
in  the  fact  that  the  membership  in  Japan  proper  has  in 
creased  by  about  a  thousand  and  the  monthly  organ  of  the 
league,  the  •'  Light  of  Our  Land  "  (Kimi  No  llikari)  has 
likewise  increased  from  about  7,000  to  8,000  copies  a 
month.  Five  new  branch  societies  have  joined  the  League 
during  the  year,  making  a  total  of  103  all  told. 

Regular  monthly  meetings  Ir.ve  been 

Meetings  held  by  the  branches  and  many  special 

lecture  meetings  have    been    conducted. 

The  Annual  Meeting  of  the  National  League  was  held  in 

Tokyo,   November   i3th  and    I4th,   1916.  with  delegates 

from   22   branch   societies    present.     Besides    the   regular 

business  and  reports  a  special  memorial  meeting  for  the 

late  Mrs.  Taro  Ando  was  held  at  this  time. 

A  number  of  resolutions  were  adopted 
Resolut'ons          at   the    Annual    Meeting,    including   one 
supporting  the  work  of  the  VV.  C.  T.  U. 
against  the  Tobita  quarters  in  Osaka  ;  another  requesting 
the    introduction    of  temperance   lessons    in   the  Sunday 
Schools ;  others  regarding  the  proper  control  of  public 
advertising    and    the    enforcement    of    the   juvenile    anti- 
smoking  law  ;  and  a  petition  asking  the  railroad  board  to 
make   the  electric  cars  between   Yokohama  and    Tokyo 


I 68  JAPAN 

"  non-smoking."  On  July  27th  President  Ando  of  the 
Temperance  League  sent  a  petition  to  the  Vice-Minister  of 
Home  Affairs  and  to  the  President  of  the  Commission  on 
Health  Conservation  saying  that  one  of  the  chief  causes  of 
the  high  death-rate  of  children  in  Japan  is  drinking  on  the 
part  of  the  parents. 

In  November  1916  there  was  a  serious 
Rtilway  Work  railroad  accident  in  the  north  of  Japan 
caused  by  an  assistant  station  master  be 
ing  under  the  influence  of  liquor  while  on  duty.  President 
Ando  called  upon  the  head  of  the  passenger  department 
and  through  him  addressed  a  petition  to  Baron  Goto, 
asking  that  a  strict  temperance  order  be  enforced  among 
all  railway  employees.  In  December  Baron  Goto,  Dr. 
Soyeda  and  others,  speaking  at  the  annual  meeting  of  the 
Rail  Road  Y.  M.  C.  A.,  referred  to  the  accident  of  a  few 
days  before  and  urged  the  men  to  become  total  abstainers. 
It  was  brought  out  that  in  Kyushu  over  half  the  railway 
men  had  joined  the  Reform  Society  and  that  this  should 
spread  throughout  the  country  to  prevent  such  accidents 
in  the  future. 

A  short  description  of  the  work  of  one 
Work  of  a  Branch     of  the   branch   societies  of  the  National 
Society  Temperance  League  will  show  the  nature 

of  the  work  throughout  the  country. 
Tsuchiura  is  a  town  of  about  10,000  people  nearly  forty 
miles  north  of  Tokyo.  There  are  a  few  Christians  there 
who  organized  a  temperance  society  about  eight  years  ago. 
They  now  have  nearly  a  hundred  members  and  are  a  force 
in  the  town.  At  festival  times  they  parade  with  lanterns 
and  prohibition  mottoes,  giving  temperance  talk  to  the 
people.  It  is  interesting  to  learn  that  men  arrested  for 
drunkenness  are  often  released  if  they  agree  to  join  the 
temperance  society.  One  of  the  worst  drunkards  in  the 
town  was  thus  reformed.  Regular  meetings  are  held  once 
a  month  and  there  are  occasional  large  meetings  with 
speakers  from  Tokyo  or  other  cities.  Representatives  are 
sent  to  the  Annual  Meetings  of  the  National  Temperance 
League  and  to  the  Prefectural  Federation.  This  Branch 
also  helps  hold  meetings  in  the  neighboring  villages.  At 


TEMPI1RANCE  1 69 

one  such  meeting,  several  miles  from  town,  there  were  200 

people  crowded  in  the  thatched  home  of  a  Christian  and 

many   were  turned   away.     Not  only    were    new    pledge 

signers  won,  but  several  became  interested  in  Christianity. 

The  latest  Government  figures  (Octo- 

Liquor  Statistics      ber  1915  to  September   1916)  show  that 

the  total  output  of  alcoholic  beverages  in 

Japan  for  the  year  was   183,862,000  gallons  and  that  this 

sold   for  about   200,000,000  yen.     Figures  for  the  same 

year  state  that  the  value  of  liquor  used  by  tho  army  and 

navy  amounted  to  280,608  yen. 


II.— THE  WOMAN'S  CHRISTIAN    TEMPERANCE 
UNION  OF  JAPAN 

BY  ALICE  G.  LEWIS 

The  year  1916  witnessed  exceptional 
New  Building  growth  and  strengthening  of  the  work  of 
this  organization.  A  commodious  and 
attractive  headquarters  building  was  erected  for  the 
National  W.  C.  T.  U.  at  46  Sanchome,  Shinrnachi, 
Akasaka,  Tokyo,  furnished  and  occupied  during  the  year. 
As  a  result  the  secretaries  have  been  able  to  define  and 
develop  their  departments  of  work  as  never  before.  Beside 
the  President,  Madame  Yajima,  who  in  spite  of  her  85 
years  remains  active  and  freely  gives  all  of  her  time,  there 
are  four  paid  secretaries,  and  two  or  three  paid  office 
assistants. 

Two  periodicals  are  published  monthly. 
Periodicals  The  Woman's  Herald,  (Fujin  SJiiinpo)  has 

a  circulation  of  2,000 ;  while  the  circula 
tion  of  the  children's  paper  (Shonen  Shimpo),  the  publica 
tion  of  which  was  resumed  in  August,  has  risen  from 
nothing  to  5,000.  Both  of  these  periodicals  are  education 
al  and  valuable. 

The  number  of  local  unions  has  risen 

Growth  from  45  to  49  during  the  year.     There 

are  also  ten  Y.  W.  C.  T.  Unions  and  39 


I 7O  JAPAN 

Loyal  Temperance  Legions  with  a  membership  of  8, 700 
who  have  signed  the  pledge.  The  merging  into  one  large 
one  in  some  places  has  lessened  the  number  of  Loyal 
Temperance  Legions. 

The  greatest  activity  of  the  year  has 
Purity  and  Rescue  been  along  Purity  and  Rescue  lines.  A 
Work  campaign  of  education  was  started  in 

April  by  means  of  envelopes  to  be  used 
in  soliciting  five  sen  contributions  for  purity  work.  These 
gave  an  occasion  for  speaking  of  the  movement  and  the 
great  need  for  it,  to  all  with  whom  those  interested  come  in 
contact.  Necessary  explanations  at  least  plant  the  seeds 
of  thought  on  this  subject.  Although  the  primary  purpose 
was  educational,  the  contributions  totaled  700  yen  by  the 
end  of  the  year.  Part  of  this  has  been  used  in  giving  40 
lectures  in  public  halls,  in  Churches  and  in  schools. 
Invitations  have  come  from  towns  where  there  is  no  local 
VV.  C.  T.  U.  A  group  of  speakers  of  ability  has  been 
formed  who  will  respond  when  invited  to  speak  on  this 
subject ;  literature  is  being  prepared ;  editors  of  many 
magazines  and  newspapers  have  shown  their  interest  and 
willingness  to  cooperate. 

Soon  after  this  campaign  was  launched, 
Tobita  the  Tobita  question  arose,  and  found  the 

leaders  of  the  W.  C.  T.  U.  ready  for 
action.  Miss  Ume  Hayashi  immediately  came  from  Osaka 
to  confer  with  the  National  officers  in  Tokyo  and  with 
voice  and  pen  they  together  raised  a  vigorous  protest 
which  did  not  cease  throi/ghout  the  rest  of  the  year,  as  side 
by  side  with  all  the  Christian  forces  they  have  fought  for 
the  right  of  the  women  of  Japan  to  live  in  purity.  Three 
times  letters  on  this  subject  have  been  addressed  by  the 
national  officers  to  every  church  in  Japan,  special  issues  of 
the  Fiijin  Shimpo  have  been  devoted  to  it,  and  200  yen 
forwarded  to  Osaka  to  assist  in  the  campaign. 

A  plan  for  wider  rescue  work  was  also 

Rescue  Union         made  and  an  organization  known  as  the 

Florence  Crittendon  Rescue  Union  of  the 

W.  C.  T.  U,    of  Japan  was  formed.     Its   purpose  is  to 

assist    in    the   establishment    and    maintenance    of  rescue 


TEMPERANCE  17! 

homes  in  the  various  laige  cities  of  Japan.  At  present 
there  is  but  one  under  its  care,  the  one  in  Okubo,  Tokyo, 
known  as  fa&Jiaikwan.  Hand  in  hand  with  the  campaign 
of  education  for  purity,  must  go  a  wider  work  of  rescuing 
the  unfortunate  victims  of  lust. 

The  Jiaikivan  (Rescue  Home)  had  an 

Rescue  Home         average  of  over  fifty  residents  during  the 

year,   beside    the   teachers.     Some    were 

married,  some  died,  some  were  sent  away  to  school,  some 

returned    home,    some    put   out   to    service    in    Christian 

homes — all  have  come  to  a  clearer  understanding  of  right 

living.     Over  4,000  yen  were  expended  in  running  expenses 

and  repairs,  beside  the  pin  money  earned  by  the  girls  in 

the  several  industries. 

1500  yen  are  in  hand  to  enlarge  the 

Support  building  of  the  Maternity  Department ;  of 

which,  500 yen  are  from  funds  donated  by 

the  Japanese  government  in  former  years  ;   nearly  '-,00  yen 

came  in  memory  of  Mrs.  J.  P.  Whitney  of  Yokohama  ;  and 

150  yen  from  the  Flower  Association  of  Tokyo.     About 

1600  yen  were   received   from  America  for  endowment. 

As  heretofore,  the  most  of  the   current  support  cam^  from 

the  generosity  of  the  missionary  body  and  others  in  Japan. 

Of  the  4500  yen  needed  for  1917,  the  Japanese  ladies  are 

attempting  to  raise  a  much  larger  share  than  ever  before. 

During    most  of  the  year  the  Super- 

The  intendent,    Miss    Christine    Penrod    was 

Superi  tendent        without  a  foreign  associate;  but  at  the 

close  of  the  year,  a  new  worker,  Miss  Irene 

Smith,    arrived  from   Ireland,  especially  to  assist  in  this 

work    after  she   shall    have   studied    the   language.     The 

Japan  Evangelistic  Band  give  Miss  Penrod,  Miss  Smith  and 

Miss  Alice  Coles,  (now  on  furlough),  freely  to  this  rescue 

work,    without   a  sen  of  expense  to  management.     For 

their  deep  interest  and  cooperation,  we  are  most  grateful. 

The  Home  Health  Department  of  the 

Home  Hearth  Work     \y.  C.  T.  U.    under    the  superintendency 

of  Dr.   (Mrs.)  Fujii  has  been  especially 

active  in  Tokyo.     Regular  classes  in  massage  have  been 

formed   and   instruction  in   home    hygiere  given.     There 


JAPAN 

have  been  eleven  graduates  and  a  good  interest  has  been 
aroused  among  higher  class  ladies.  The  department  also 
has  a  class  in  cooking. 

The  Foreign  Auxiliary  of  the  National 
Foreign  Auxiliary  \y.  C.  T.  U.  had  a  paid-up  membership 
for  the  year  of  140,  scattered  all  over 
Japan.  A  circle  of  40  of  these  in  Yokohama  have  done 
fine  local  work,  espec.ally  among  foreign  children.  A 
circle  of  eighteen  was  formed  in  Tokyo  at  the  end  of  the 
year  to  do  various  lines  of  work.  The  Executive  Com 
mittee  of  the  Foreign  Auxiliary  has  kept  in  close  touch 
with  all  the  work  of  the  National  and  has  cooperated  in 
many  ways.  Its  activities  include  furnishing  the  offices, 
ha. Is  and  dining  room  of  the  new  headquarters  building,  at 
a  cost  of  nearly  joe>yen\  holding  a  summer  conference, 
with  two  large  public  meetings  in  Karuizawa  ;  canvassing 
the  summer  communities  for  funds  in  support  of  the 
Rescue  Home  (Jiaikwan) ;  publishing  two  folders  in 
English  about  the  work  of  the  Rescue  Home  (Jiaikwan) 
and  its  needs ;  circulating  petitions  among  foreigners 
protesting  against  the  Tobita  proposition ;  through  the 
Superintendent  of  Purity  Department,  Mrs.  Gilbert  Bowles, 
investigating  the  daily  Japanese  press  and  periodicals  of  all 
kinds  to  find  the  Japanese  standard  of  morals  and  what 
the  people  are  writing  and  reading  ;  also  gathering  a  group 
of  women  writers  to  study  into  these  questions  and 
ultimately  to  write  on  common  evils. 

The  Foreign  Auxiliary  also  assisted  the  Federation  of 
Tokyo  W.  C.  T.  Us.  in  a  bazaar  at  Headquarters ;  and  have 
published  a  Bulletin  to  inform  their  scattered  members  of 
various  W.  C.  T.  U.  activities. 

Although  there  is  no  foreign  Secretary  of  the  W.  C.  T. 
U.  in  Japan,  it  is  very  evident  that  the  W.  C.  T.  U.  has 
sent  its  roots  deep  into  the  hearts  of  many  Japanese 
women,  as  the  forward  movements  are  all  now  on  their 
own  initiative  and  carried  out  by  them. 


CHAPTER  VII 
THE  CHINESE  STUDENT  CHURCH  IN  TOKYO 


BY  PETER  C.  FENG 

The  condition  of  the  church  has  been 

New  Pastor          very  encouraging   since  last   May  when 

after   some    months    without    a    regular 

pastor  one  was  sent  by  the  Peking  Conference  to  take 

charge  of  the  work  here.     The  time  of  the  pastor  and  his 

wife   has  been  largely   spent  in  outside  visitation  and  in 

social  meetings  in  their  home. 

The  attendance  at  the  regular  Sunday 
The  Work  afternoon  service  ranges  from  twenty-five 

to  sixty  persons.  Sacraments  are  ad 
ministered  quarterly.  On  Thursday  evening  a  Bible  clats 
is  held  regularly.  Recently  JBible  classes  have  been 
established  in  the  rooms  of  believers  to  serve  as  centers 
for  work  in  different  parts  of  the  city.  Hospital  visitation 
is  planned.  The  students  have  so  little  spare  time  that  a 
prayer  meeting  is  held  but  once  a  month  yet  through  this 
many  have"  learned  to  know  the  importance  of  prayer  arid 
the  joy  of  intercourse  with  their  Lord.  Occasional 
testimony  meetings  and  love-feasts  give  opportunity  for  the 
students  to  bear  earnest  witness  to  their  own  Chribtian  ex 
perience. 

Last  summer  four  men  were  baptized 

Ingathering          by  Rev.  Ding  Li  Mei,  traveling  secretaiy 

of  the  Student   Volunteer   Movement  in 

China.     At   Christmas  time  six  received  baptism  and  a 

happy    Christinas    celebration    was    enjoyed.     Many   yet 

remain  to  be  brought  to  Jesus  Christ.     Thanks  to  Him  we 

do  not  meet  with  any  strong  opposition.     We  have  only 

one  way  to  win  and  that  is  by  prayer. 


CHAPTER  VIII 

THE  INTERNATIONAL  CHRISTIAN  POLICE 
ASSOCIATION 

By  JAMES  CUTHBERTSON 

We  are  glad  to  be  able  to  report  progress  in  our  work 
amongst  the  Japanese  policemen.  The  methods  and  re 
sults  of  the  work  are  summarised  below. 

As  hitherto,  the  work  has  embraced 

Tokyo  Fu  English  teaching  at  the  Kcislticho,  each 

class  followed  by  a  Bible   Class,  to  which 

all  remain.     There  were  between  500  and  600  in  attendance. 

This  branch  of  the  work  has  proved  most  fruitful,  quite  a 

large  percentage  making  a  profession  of  Christianity. 

Bi-monthly  meetings  have  been  held  at  KyosJiujo,  (Police 
Training  School).     The  attendance  at  these  preaching  ser 
vices  is  quite  voluntary,  but  we  always  have  about  So  present. 
We  have  regular  preaching  services,   monthly,  at  one 
other  Tokyo  station,  and  occasional  services  at  others. 

Then  at  our  central  institute  in  Kanda,  we  have  a  prayer 
service  every  Wednesday  night,  a  meeting  for  policemen 
only  on  Thursday  afternoon,  a  meeting  on  Sunday  after 
noon,  and  also  women's  meetings  for  the  policemen's  wives. 
There  is  also  a  regular  Sunday  evening  service  in  Honjo, 
where  a  band  of  happy  Christians  gather,  together  with 
some  inquirers.  This  is  the  result  of  1915-1916  work. 

Every  week  a  cottage  meeting  is  held  in  the  house  of 
one  or  other  of  the  members.  This  has  proved  to  be  a 
splendid  means  of  getting  into  close  touch  with  the  family 
and  encouraging  their  spiritual  progress.  - 

We  have  conducted  regular  preaching 
Hachioji  services   here  at  the   Police   Station  for 

more  than  a  year.     Great  interest  in  the 
Gospel  has  resulted. 


INTERNATIONAL  CHRISTIAN  POLICE  ASSOCIATION         1/5 

A  permanent  evangelist  -an  ex-police- 
Ka  sai  District        man,  is  stationed  in  Kobe  and  has  fixed 
meetings  for  the  police  and  prison  officials 
in  Kobe,  Osaka  and  Sakai.     In  Kobe  there  is  a  remark 
able  work  going  on  amongst  the  Sunday  School   children 
(about    ico)   under  his  control.     Even  the  little  ones  of 
about  4  give  themselves  wholeheartedly  to  prayer.     The 
conditions  have  been  described  as  •'  revivalistic." 

A  good  work  is  going  on  in  Sakai,  the  members  there 
consisting  of  both  police  and  prison  officials.  The  prison 
governor  is  an  active  Christian  and  takes  a  personal  in 
terest  in  the  work. 

During  the  year  the  whole  work  yield- 
Results  ed    as    results    some    eighty      decisions. 
Each  one  of  these  definitely  repented  and 
confessed  to  putting  his  faith  in  the  Lord  Jesus  Christ. 
We   had   twenty  baptisms  in  the  year.     Considering  the 
circumscribed  nature  of  our  work,  we  feel    very  much 
encouraged  by  the  above  results. 

The   year  has  been  signalized  by  the 

Visitations          prese  t  of  a  small  motor  car  to  the  work, 

from  the  English  headquarters.     This  has 

proved  a  great  help.     Every  police  station  in   Tokyo  Fu 

(excluding  the  city),  and  a  number  in  Saitama,  Chiba  and 

Kanagavva  Kens,  have  been  visited.     In  each  case  we  have 

been  able  to  preach  the  Gcspel  to  the  chief,  or  the   one  in 

charge,  as  well  as  to  the  men  in  the  office.     Bibles  and 

o'.hcr  literature  have  also  been  distributed. 

This  has  resulted  in  quite  a  number  of  invitations  to 
viiit  the  stations  and  conduct  regular  preaching  services. 
We  hope  to  avail  ourselves  of  these  openings  during  the 
present  year. 

We  are  glad  to  note  that  several  chiefs  have  a  leaning 
towards  Christianity,  and  a  surprisingly  large  number  of 
the  inspectors  and  superintendents  are  reading  the  Bible. 

Also  we  are  glad  to  record  the  unfailing  courtesy  we 
have  met  with  in  our  personal  visit  from  these  officials, 
even  where  there  has  been  strong  antipathy  to  the  message 
we  carry. 


CHAPTER  IX 

UNION    CHURCH    WORK    AMONG    ANGLO- 
AMERICAN  COMMUNITIES  IN  JAPAN 


BY  J.  MERLE  DAVIS 

The  Anglo-American  population  of 
Anglo-Americans  the  large  cities  has  during  1916  not  only 
held  its  own  in  numbers  but  has  slightly 
increased.  This  is  in  marked  contrast  to  the  decrease  of 
the  previous  year  occasioned  by  the  war.  Especially  is 
this  the  case  in  the  capital  where  a  number  of  foreign 
firms  have  enlarged  their  staffs,  where  many  long  term 
visitors  have  taken  up  residence  and  where  the  number  of 
new  missionaries  connected  with  the  Japanese  Language 
School  has  markedly  increased.  There  are  to  day 
approximately  one  thousand  English  speaking  Anglo- 
Saxons  in  Tokyo  (including  children),  about  evenly 
divided  between  British  and  American  subjects,  the  latter 
slightly  predominating  in  number. 

The   Yokohama    Union    Church    was 

Yokohama  deprived  of  its  regular  pastor  for  seven 

months  of  last  year.      Rev.  Dr.  Martin 

because  of  increasing  eye  trouble  was  compelled  to  return 

to  America  for  treatment  during  the  spring  and  summer 

but  he  has  been  able  to  take  up  his  regular  work  with 

renewed    vigor    since    autumn.      During    Dr.    Martin's 

absence    Rtv.    Dr.    Schwartz   supplied  as  acting  pastor. 

The  Church  membership  and  contributions  were  slightly 

increased  during  the  year. 

This  year  terminated  the  five  years  of 

Kobe  service  of  Rev.  Stanley  Gutelius  in  the 

Kobe    Union     Church.      Though     Mr. 

Gutelius  came  in  a  succession  of  strong  ministers  there  is 


WORK  AMONG  ANGLO-AMERICAN  COMMUNITIES 

no  question  but  that  the  Kobe  Church,  under  his  leader 
ship,  has  enjoyed  an  unusual  period  of  prosperity.  Mr. 
Gutelius'  nrnistry  has  been  marked  by  a  catholicity  and 
breadth  of  thought,  intellectual  stimulus,  spiritual  depth 
and  a  very  unusual  pulpit  power.  Those  who  have 
listened  regularly  to  his  preaching  have  been  the  first  to 
commend  his  ministry  as  one  full  of  blessing,  inspiration  and 
uplift.  Not  only  the  Kobe  foreign  colony  but  the  entire 
foreign  community  of  Japan  is  indebted  to  Mr.  Gutelius 
for  his  earnest  ministry,  for  his  splendid  work  at  Karuizawa 
and  at  the  Federated  Missions  and  Y.  M.  C.  A.  gatherings, 
and  for  setting  such  a  high  standard  of  service  for  the 
Union  Churches  of  Japan. 

The  year  has  seen  the  reorganization  of 
Tokyo  the  Tokyo  Union  Church  upon  the  basis 

of  the  call  of  a  full  time  minister,  and  the 
widening  of  its  activities  to  more  adequately  serve  the 
spiritual  needs  of  the  large  lay  community  of  Anglo- 
Americans  which  has  been  imperfectly  effected  under  the 
old  system  of  volunteer  ministry  and  changing  pulpit 
supply. 

Upon  the  termination  in  March  of  the  seven  years  of 
faithful  service  as  acting  pastor  and  the  subsequent  furlough 
of  Rev.  Benjamin  Chappell,  I).  D.,  Rev.  S.  H.  Wainright, 
D.  D.,  Secretary  of  the  Christian  Literature  Society,  was 
appointed  to  temporarily  serve  until  a  permanent  pastor 
could  be  secured  for  the  Church.  Dr.  Wainright's  able 
ministry  of  nine  months  terminated  on  December  ist  with 
the  arrival  of  Rev.  Doremus  Scudder,  D.  D.,  of  Honolulu, 
who  assumed  the  full  pastorate  in  response  to  a  call  issued 
by  the  Church  in  June. 

The  history  of  the  movement  which  terminated  in  the 
call  of  Dr.  Scudder  is  worthy  of  mention  : 

Until    a    few    years   ago   the   foreign 

Early  Union          population      of      Tokyo      consisted      of 

Church  in  Tokyo       missionaries,     members      of     diplomatic 

corps  and  teachers  in  the  higher  schools 

and   universities.     Western   business   firms   had   not    yet 

invaded  the  capital,  but  were  still  strongly  entrenched  in 

the  big   port   city  of  Yokohama,  only  18   miles   away, 


1/8  JAPAN 

Under  these  conditions,  the  possibility  or  desirability  of 
building  up  an  independent  fully  organized  Union  Church 
was  out  of  the  question.  The  Union  Church  Service 
organized  in  1872  by  a  group  of  early  missionaries  and 
teachers,  for  more  than  a  generation  served  the  needs  of 
the  community  (in  conjunction  with  the  Anglican  and 
American  Episcopal  Churches)  very  adequately.  The 
Union  Church  of  Tokyo  owes  much  to  the  splendid  and 
gratuitous  services  of  Drs.  Imbrie,  Benninghoff  and 
Chappell,  who  have  devotedly  served  its  pulpit,  and  who 
in  conjunction  with  the  active  Sunday  School,  of  late  years 
so  admirably  organized  under  the  leadership  of  Rev.  Paul 
S.  Mayer,  have  succeeded  in  making  the  Church  a  spiritual 
home  of  lasting  value  to  the  generations  of  missionary  fami 
lies  and  others  who  have  supported  it  during  the  past  years. 
But  a  change,  at  first  imperceptible, 
Growth  of  Tokyo  anc]  latterly  of  extraordinary  swiftness, 
has  been  coming  over  the  life  of  Tokyo. 
Within  the  last  15  years  and  especially  since  the  war 
with  Russia,  the  old  official  and  educational  Tokyo 
has  become  a  vast  industrial  and  commercial  center. 
Banks,  commercial  houses  and  factories  of  the 
first  magnitude  have  increased  as  if  by  magic,  until 
to-day  Tokyo's  clearing  house  returns  (1916)  total  9 
billion  yen  out  of  a  national  total  of  20  billion.  With  the 
enormous  increase  in  foreign  trade,  western  business  firms 
have  increasingly  been  centering  in  Tokyo  as  a  base  of 
operations.  Many  companies  have  changed  their  head 
offices  from  Yokohama  to  Tokyo.  Others  have  opened 
branches  in  the  capital  until  to  day  over  one  hundred 
foreign  firms  are  doing  business  in  Tokyo. 

A  survey  of  the  business  directories  of  1908  and  1916 
indicates  that  the  foreign  lay  population  of  the  capital  city 
during  this  period  of  eight  years  exactly  doubled,  and  this 
in  spite  of  the  considerable  shrinkage  during  1914  and 
1915  due  to  the  war.  During  the  same  period  the 
missionary  population  had  increased  by  55?'o  and  now 
includes  a  large  and  growing  group  of  young  missionaries 
just  arrived  in  Japan  who  are  devoting  most  of  their  time 
and  strength  to  mastering  the  Japanese  language, 


WORK  AMONG  ANGLO-AMERICAN  COMMUNITIES          1 79 

The    Committee     appointed     by     the 
Why  a  Strong        Tokyo   Union   Church   in   the   Autumn 
Union  Church?       of    1915    to  secure   a   successor  to  Dr. 
Chappell,  further  found  that  the  business 
population  was  largely  made  up  of  young  men,  a  majority 
of  whom  were  not  included  in  the    constituency   of  the 
Episcopal  Churches  ;  furthermore  that  the  afternoon  hour 
of  service   of  the  church,    3:15,   was  an  extremely  in 
convenient  one  for  business  men  and  their  families,  and 
that  the  impression  was  current  in  the  lay  community  that 
the  Union  service  was  purely  a  missionary   organization 
and  one  in  which  laymen  would  not  feel  at  home. 

An  investigation  of  the  church  life  and  constituency  ot 
the  Union  Churches  of  Yokohama  and  Kobe,  moreover, 
showed  that  these  sister  organizations  were  being 
maintained  by  constituencies  no  stronger  numerically  or 
financially  than  those  available  for  the  Tokyo  Church. 
It  was  felt  that  a  church  with  a  changing  pulpit  supply,  an 
absence  of  pastoral  work,  of  supplementary  church  or 
ganizations  and  of  a  definite  church  life,  church  home  and 
membership,  could  not  measure  up  to  the  needs  of  the  hour 
in  the  capital  city  of  the  Empire.  These  were  the 
considerations  which  impelled  the  committee  to  draw  up 
a  recommendation  that  in  its  judgment  the  time  had  come 
when  the  Church  should  take  steps  looking  toward  the 
call  of  a  full  time  pastor  to  minister  to  the  spiritual  needs 
of  the  growing  Anglo-American  community  of  Tokyo. 

On  February  I3th,  1916,  the  Church 
First  Steps  enlarged  the  committee  and  authorized 
it  to  look  for  a  pastor  and  to  take  other 
measures  toward  widening  and  consolidating  the  life  of 
the  Church.  The  Church  Committee,  consisting  of  twenty 
men,  with  Dr.  William  Imbrie  as  Chairman,  framed  a 
tentative  budget  of  6000  yen,  secured  the  cooperation  of 
the  Interdenominational  Committee  for  assisting  Anglo- 
American  Communities  in  foreign  land?,  and  obtained 
pledges  covering  the  entire  budget  of  6000  yen,  one  third 
of  which  was  promised  by  the  New  York  Committee.  On 
June  1 3th  a  call  was  sent  to  Dr.  Doremus  Scudder,  of  the 
Central  Union  Church  of  Honolulu,  H.  T.,  to  become  its  first 


180  JAPAN 

full  time  pastor  for  a  period  oi  three  years.    This  call  was  ac 
cepted  by  Dr.  Scudder  in  September  and  as  soon  as  suitable 
preparation  for  the  change  could  be  made,  he  left  Hawaii 
and  arrived  with  Mrs.  Scudder  on  November  2/th,  1916. 
Dr.  and  Mrs.  Scudder  have  taken  up 

Dr.  Scudder  the  duties  of  their  new  field  with  admirable 
enthusiasm  and  grasp  of  the  needs  and 
opportunities  of  the  situation.  Dr.  Scudder  was  for 
several  years  a  missionary  of  the  American  Board  in 
Japan  and  this  experience  in  addition  to  the  large  and 
constructive  work  he  accomplished  in  Hawaii  as  an  inter 
preter  of  Japan  to  America  and  the  remarkable  pastorate 
in  a  church  uniting  representatives  of  40  denominations, 
has  fitted  him  in  a  very  unusual  way  for  the  difficult  and 
important  position  which  he  now  holds  in  the  capital  of  the 
Empire.  In  this  work  the  personal  charm  and  ability  of 
Mrs.  Scudder  will  find  a  large  place. 

On  November  2/th  the  Tokyo  Union 

Constitution  Church  adopted  a  new  constitution 
substantially  in  accord  with  the  original 
document  which  had  been  lost.  Three  kinds  of  members 
are  provided  for  :  those  already  belonging  to  the  original 
organization ;  those  joining  on  confession  of  their  faith, 
and  those  joining  as  associate  members  while  still  retaining 
their  connection  with  home  churches. 

The  constitution  also  states  that  the  principles  and 
practice  of  the  Church  are  the  same  as  those  prevailing  in 
the  great  Evangelical  Churches  throughout  the  world. 

At  the  annual  Church  Meeting  held  on 

Organization  January  25,  1917,  one  hundred  and 
twenty-two  out  of  a  total  of  one  hundred 
and  sixty-five  members  answered  the  roll  call.  At  this 
meeting  a  new  Board  oi  thirteen  Church  officers  was 
elected,  with  Prof.  D.  H.  Buchanan  as  Church  Clerk  and 
John  Struthers,  Esq.,  as  Treasurer. 

It  was  also  decided  to  take  immediate  steps  toward 
securing  a  permanent  church  site  in  a  convenient  location 
and  to  plan  for  the  immediate  erection  thereupon  of  a 
temporary  building  which  the  Church  may  use  as  a, 
center  for  its  expanding  activities. 


CHAPTER     X 

CHRISTIAN    WORK    AMONG    THE    JAPANESE 
IN  KOREA 


15 Y  F.  II.  SMITH 

The  year  under  review  has  witnessed 
General  great  changes  in  the  personnel  of  those 

having  to  do  with  Chosen.  General 
Terauchi,  by  his  uprightness,  his  impartiality  and  his 
ability  had  won  a  high  place  in  the  regard  of  all  living  and 
working  in  this  peninsula,  and  it  was  with  sincere  regret 
that  we  heard  he  had  been  appointed  Premier  and  would 
not  again  return  to  Chosen.  Our  grief  was  only  mitigated 
by  the  faith  that  as  Prime  Minister  he  would  still  be  the 
true  friend  of  Chosen  and  continue  to  work  for  her  best 
welfare.  In  December  General  Hasegawa  came  to  take 
the  office  of  Governor  General  and  at  once  announced  that 
he  would  follow  the  progressive  and  lenient  policy  of  his 
predecessors.  Although  many  officials  were  changed, 
the  Honorable  K.  U.^ami,  the  Minister  of  Home  Affairs, 
remains.  He  has  direct  charge  of  all  religious  and 
educational  matters  and  has  always  shown  a  deep  apprecia 
tion  of  our  problems  and  helpful  sympathy  in  their 
solution.  At  the  dedication  of  the  Seoul  Japanese 
Methodist  Church  he  expressed  his  idea  of  the  mission  of 
Christianity  as  follows  : 

"The  Christianity  that  is  face  to  face  with  such  con 
ditions  (as  prevail  in  Chosen)  has  an  extremely  important 
and  weighty  mission.  It  must  expel  the  superstitions  and 
fancies  from  the  hearts  of  the  Koreans  and  give  to  them  a 
strong  and  healthy  faith.  As  for  the  Japanese,  it  must 
satisfy  their  spiritual  longings  ;  it  must  train  men  of  noble 
character  and  enable  them  to  live  lives  of  happiness.  This 
I  believe  to  be  the  serious  duty  of  Christianity." 


I 82  JAPAN 

December     brought    another     strong 
Bishop  Welch        personality  to  Chosen  in  the  person  of 

Bishop  Herbert  Welch.  Although  the 
superintendent  of  the  Methodist  Church,  he  has  been  most 
heartily  welcomed  by  all  the  denominations  represented  in 
Seoul,  and  such  union  institutions  as  the  Christian  College 
and  the  Severance  Hospital  and  Medical  School  have 
already  availed  themselves  of  his  counsel.  Especially  at 
this  time  when  the  educational  policy  for  the  future  years 
is  being  fixed  and  the  institutions  reorganized,  the  presence 
of  such  an  experienced  educator  and  wise  counsellor  is 
most  fortunate.  Mrs.  Welch  is  with  the  bishop  and  by 
her  graciousness  and  tact  has  already  won  the  hearts  of 
all.  One  of  the  houses  on  the  Methodist  compound  in 
Seoul  is  being  repaired  for  them,  and  we  are  sure  that  they 
will  make  it  not  only  a  home,  but  also  a  center  of  great 
influence  in  everything  that  pertains  to  the  uplift  and 
advancement  of  this  peninsula  and  the  peoples  meeting  here. 
Our  joy  is  increased  by  the  fact  that 
Bishop  Harris  the  coming  of  Bishop  Welch  does  not 

mean  that  we  are  entirely  to  lose  Bishop 
Harris.  He  will  no  longer  make  his  home  in  Seoul,  but 
he  has  promised  to  circuit  Chosen  at  least  once  a  year  and 
give  us  the  assistance  that  he,  of  all  living  men  can  best 
give.  Although  tremendous  progress  was  made  along  all 
lines  in  Chosen  during  the  twelve  years  of  his  administra 
tion,  it  seems  to  us  that  his  greatest  accomplishment  was 
to  show  in  a  difficult  period  and  beyond  the  pcradventure 
of  a  doubt,  that  it  is  possible  to  love  both  the  Japanese 
and  the  Korean  supremely  and  to  be  loyal  to  both. 
Of  the  many  tributes  paid  to  him  during  the  past  year  that 
of  Mr.  Usami  was  perhaps  the  finest.  Among  many  other 
complimentary  things  he  said,  "  To  his  eyes  even  an 
enemy  looks  like  a  friend  and  to  his  ears  words  of  criticism 
'sound  like  paeans  of  praise."  The  impression  that 
Bishop  Harris  has  made  on  the  lives  of  many  will  last 
throughout  eternity. 

In  the  death  of  Dr.  H.  G.  Underwood, 
H.  Q  Underwood      Chosen  lost  her  greatest  missionary  and 

the  Japanese  work  a  loyal  friend  and  a 


CHRISTIAN  WORK  AMONG  THE  JAPANESE  IN  KOI<EA      I  83 

faithful  supporter.  Foremost  in  all  union  movements, 
deeply  concerned  for  the  welfare  of  the  Koreans,  apprecia 
tive  of  the  motives  of  the  Japanese  and  of  the  progress 
and  order  they  brought,  he  occupied  a  unique  position. 
Me  found  time  in  his  busy  life  for  an  interest  in  the  Japan 
ese  work,  and  again  and  again  the  weak  faith  of  the  writer 
was  rebuked,  as  he  told  of  praying  for  those  whom  we  be 
lieved  it  impossible  to  reach  with  the  gospel.  His  friend 
ship  and  encouragement  did  much  to  lighten  the  toil  of 
three  very  difficult  years. 

The  Three  Years  Union  Evangelistic 

Evangelistic          Campaign  brought   to    Chosen  in  June, 

Campaign  Rev.   Uemura    for   the    planning   of  the 

movement,  and  in  September,  the  Hon. 

S.    Ebara,    Dr.    Sasao    and   the   Reverends    Kugimiya, 

Tsuyumu  and  Miyp.zaki  for  its  execution.     All  the  chief 

centers  were  visited  and  some  great  meetings  held.     Many 

were  disappointed  because  Mr.  Kbara  was  able  to  visit  only 

Seoul    and     because    no     representative     business    man 

accompanied  the  party.     However  much  good  was  clone 

and  many  inquirers  were  enrolled. 

As  usual  the  Nihon  Kirisuto  Kyokwai 

Presbyterian         has  at  least  one  new  church  building  to 
Church  report.     This  year  it  is  at  Kunsan  in  the 

south,  where  they  have  erected  a  suitable 
house  of  worship.  They  have  now  six  church  buildings 
throughout  the  peninsula,  built  almost  entirely  by  their 
own  endeavors.  At  Pengyang,  by  joining  forces  with  the 
Korean  College,  the  little  group  of  Presbyterians  has  been 
able  to  form  an  organization  and  call  a  pastor.  Mr. 
Yoshitake,  formerly  in  Kokura,  was  the  man  chosen.  Me 
teaches  in  the  college  during  the  week  and  preaches  for 
the  newly  organized  congregalion  on  Sundays.  There  is 
a  tendency  on  the  part  of  the  Japanese  churches  to  take 
more  interest  in  the  Korean  people.  The  Seoul  congrega 
tion  is  now  supporting  two  Korean  students  in  Tokyo  and 
it  plans  this  year  to  employ  one  Korean  evangelist  as  its 
missionary  among  the  Korean  people.  The  church  has  a 
membership  of  310  and  a  budget  of  4000  yen  a  year  and 
employs  an  assistant  pastor  to  help  Mr.  Inoguchi  the  pastor, 


1 84  JAPAN 

who  as  Chairman  of  the  Presbytery,  has  many  outside 
duties. 

The  chief  event  in  Japanese  Methodist 
Methodist  Church  circles  was  the  dedication  of  the  Seoul 
church  which  took  place  December  nth. 
With  Bishops  Welch,  Harris  and  Hiraiwa,  Home  Minister 
Usami,  Governor  Matsunaga,  Mayor  Kanaya,  Judge 
Watanabe  and  many  other  Japanese,  Koreans  and 
foreigners  on  the  program,  it  was  probably  the  greatest 
service  ever  held  in  a  Japanese  church  in  Chosen.  When 
the  parsonage  is  completed  the  property  will  have  cost 
22,412  yen  of  which  10,000  yen  was  contributed  by  the 
Mission  Board  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  Bishop 
Harris  and  other  friends,  and  12,412  yen  by  the  devoted 
Methodists  of  Seoul.  The  church  is  well  located  in  the 
center  of  the  city  and  is  well  adapted  to  the  need  of  a 
modern  and  growing  congregation.  During  the  year 
under  review  new  preaching  places  were  opened  at  Taikyu 
and  Koshu.  The  latter  venture  is  proving  especially 
successful  and  with  21  members  is  already  more  than  half 
self-supporting.  As  the  appended  statistical  table  will 
show,  solid  growth  has  been  made  throughout  the  penin 
sula.  Especial  mention  should  be  made  of  the  Fusan 
Sunday  School  where  a  gain  of  124  has  been  registered. 

Bishop  Trollope  kindly  reports  for  the 
Anglican  Church       Seikokwai  as  follows  : 

"The  work  of  the  Seikokwai  has  been 
somewhat  hindered  by  the  absence  on  furlough  of  the 
Rev.  J.  B.  Simpson,  the  priest  in  charge.  His  place  has 
been  temporarily  filled  by  a  Japanese  priest,  the  Rev.  A.  ' 
R.  Isshiki,  who  has  been  kindly  lent  for  the  work  by  the 
Bishop  of  South  Tokyo.  The  work  at  Taikyu  has  been 
strengthened  by  the  appointment  of  a  resident  Japanese 
catechist.  Fusan  hopes  to  erect  a  permanent  church  dur 
ing  1917.  In  all  stations  the  progress  is  slow  but  steady." 

The  work  of  the  Kumiai  Church  among 

Congregational       both  the  Japanese  and  Koreans  continues 

Church  to   grow.      The   Japanese    members    at 

Taikyu    have  bought  a   large   Japanese 

house   and   converted  it  into  a  church.     Although  this 


CHRISTIAN  WORK  AMONG  THE  JAPANESE  IN  KOREA      185 

society  is  barely  a  year  old  it  contributed  i,ooojf«  for 
this  purpose,  besides  paying  a  large  share  of  the  pastor's 
salary  and  other  local  expenses.  In  the  Korean  work  an 
important  addition  has  been  made  to  the  force  in  the 
person  of  the  Rev.  T.  Yamamoto,  who  for  some  four 
years  past  has  been  serving  the  Seoul  Japanese  Church. 
He  has  resigned  from  his  pastorate  and  has  been  appointed 
Assistant  Superintendent  of  the  work  among  the  Koreans. 
Late  in  December  a  Central  Church  for  this  enterprise, 
containing  business  offices  for  the  administration  was 
dedicated  at  Seoul.  The  building  cost  about  6,000 yen 
and  the  site  4,000  yen.  because  of  its  bearing  on  the 
situation  in  Korea,  this  work  has  the  interest  and  support 
of  many  leading  men  in  Japan. 

The  Rev.  T.  C.  Winn,  D.D.  has  made  his  home  at 
Taikyu  during  the  past  year  and  in  addition  to  his  work  in 
Manchuria  has  aided  many  of  the  Presbyterian  churches  in 
Chosen. 

The  Rev.  and  Mrs.  F.  S.  Curtis  have  continued  their 
interest  in  Chosen  and  have  done  as  much  for  the  peninsula 
as  their  heavy  duties  at  Shimonoseki  would  permit. 

One  of  the  most  interesting  developments  in  Seoul  has 
been  a  Japanese  class  for  the  foreigners.  In  all  31  have 
been  in  the  class  for  longer  or  shorter  periods.  Of  these 
19  have  survived  the  first  term  and  bid  fair  to  add  a  good 
working  knowledge  of  Japanese  to  their  equipment.  This 
class  is  conducted  as  part  of  the  Night  School  of  the 
Methodist  Church. 

The  work  of  the  Y.M.C.A.  and  Salvation  Army  shows 
little  change.  Both  organizations  are  handicapped  because 
of  a  lack  of  proper  buildings.  The  Y.M.C.A.  has  a  unique 
field  among  the  thousands  of  young  business  men  here  and 
it  is  to  be  hoped  that  their  long  awaited  building  can  be 
soon  realized. 


1 86 


JAPAN 


STATISTICS  FOR  THE  JAPANESE  WORK  IN  CHOSEN 


Nihon         Kumiai 
Kirisuto        Kyokai. 
Kyokai.    (Congrega- 
( Presbyterian)  tionalist) 


Japanese  Preachers  ... 
Foreign  Missionaries.  . 
Church  Organizations. 
Church  Buildings  
Communicants  

8 

8 
6 
8co 

4 
4 
480 

II 

2 

8 

5 

C7? 

Catechumens  

IOO 

57  J 

JOC 

Total  Membership  ... 
Gain  for  one  year  
Contributions  ., 

850 
200 
¥26.200 

580 

So 

3,  HO 

73» 
118 

17,112 

Nihon 
Mesojisuto 
Kyokai. 
(Mefhodistj 

II 

2 

8 
5 
573 
I65 
73» 
118 
13,112 

Sei 
Kokwai. 
(Anglican)   Total. 
3               26 

5                7 
4               24 
4               18 
447           235° 
56             321 
5°3          2>67! 
142             540 
886       43,348 

LIST  OF  CHRISTIAN  WORKERS  AMONG  THE  JAPANESE 
IN  CHOSEN 


Inoguchi  Yasuo 
Horiuchi  Koshi 
Nakazawa  Toyobe 
Ito  Ilarukichi 
Takenouchi  Konari 
Suzuki  Takayuki 
Murakami  Osamu 
Yoshitake  Gou 
J.  B.  Simpson 
A.  R.  Isshiki 

E.  II.  Arnold 
Miss  Pooley 
Shiozaki  Nobuyoshi 
Miss  Elringlon 
Miss  Kurose  Fumi 
Miss  Grosjean 
Nishida  Akira 
Fujioka  Kiyosht 

F.  II.  Smith  and  Wife 
Nakayama  Chujo 
Suzuki  Kosei 

Sekila  Toranosuke 
Oishi  Mitsuji 
Nakamura  Kinsho 
Kosaka  Korin 
Okayasu  Keisuke 
Norisite  Kan 
Yonekura  Jikichi 
Okumura  Chutaro 


Nihon  Kirisuto  Kyokwai 


Sei  Kokwai 


Nihon  Meso  suto  Kyokwai 


Keijyo 

t> 

Fusan 

Ryuzan 

Mokpo 

Kunsan 

Shingishu 

Heijyo 

On  Furlough 

Keijyo 


Fusan 

>> 

Keijyo 
Taikyu 


Fusan 

Taikyu 

Jinsen 

Kaishu 

Koshu 

Heijyo 

Chinnampo 

Genzan. 

Kanko 

Ranan 


CHRISTIAN  WORK  AMONG  IHK  JAPANESE  IN  KOREA      I  S/ 


Koki  Keikichi 
\Yatanabe  Morishige 
Yonemoto  Jutaro 
Watase  Tsuneyoshi 
Yamamoto  Tadayoshi 
Takahashi  Takazo 
Niwa  Seitaro 
Watanabe  K. 
Miyata  K. 
Captain  Ishijima 


Kumiai  Kyokwai 


(Korean  Work) 


Y.M.C  A. 

U.K.  Y!M.C.A. 

Salvation  Army 


Chinnampo 
I  leijyo 
Taikyu 

Keijyo 

Ileijyo 
Keijyo 

Kyuzan 
Keijyo 


PART    V 
EVANGELISM 


CHAPTER     I 

NATIONAL  EVANGELISTIC  CAMPAIGN 


BY  D.  R.  McKr.NZiE 

The  great  three  years  National  Evan- 
End  of  the  gelistic  Campaign  which  had  its  genesis 
Campaign  jn  the  Mott  Conference  of  the  spring  of 
1913,  is  now  drawing  to  a  close.      A  few 
places  in  the  more  northerly  parts  of  the  Main  Island  are 
waiting  for  spring   to  open  before  they  hold  their  final 
series  of  meetings.      With  these  the  work  of  the  Campaign 
proper  will  end.     It  is  planned  to  follow  the  Campaign 
with  a  large  and  representative  conference  at  Gotemba  in 
the  month  of  July.     At  that  conference  a  full  report  of  the 
three   years  work   will   be  presented.     In  addition  to  re 
ceiving  the  report,  other  objects  of  this  conference  will  be, 

(1)  Thanksgiving  for  the  successful  completion  of  the  work  ; 

(2)  An  attempt  to  gather  up  the  lessons  of  the  Campaign  ; 
and   (3)  The  consideration  of  the   future  of  evangelistic 
work  in  Japan. 

Few,  it  is  believed,  will  dispute  the 
A  Great  Movement  statement  that  this  has  been  a  great 
campaign.  For  dnration,  extent  of 
territory  covered,  interdenominational  unity,  number  of 
persons  actively  engaged  as  speakers,  helpers,  and 
committee  men ;  for  zeal,  sacrifice  of  time,  contributions, 
number  of  meetings,  attendance,  number  of  inquirers, 
variety  of  methods,  and  classes  reached,  there  has  been 
nothing  to  compare  with  this  movement  in  the  sixty  years 
of  the  history  of  Protestant  missions  in  Japan. 

The  operations  of  the  Campaign  have 
Organization         been  in  charge  of  a  large  and  represent 
ative    com,raittee    of    Japanese   ministers 


192  JAPAN 

and  laymen  and  missionaries,  this  general  committee 
for  convenience  being  divided  into  two  sub  committees,  one 
for  the  Eastern  Section,  having  its  centre  at  Tokyo,  and 
the  other  for  the  Western  Section,  having  its  centre  at 
Osaka.  The  chairmen  of  the  two  sections  have  been  Rev. 
M.  Uemura  for  the  Eastern  Section,  and  Rev.  T.  Miya- 
gawa  for  the  Western,  pastors  respectively  of  the  largest 
Japanese  churches  in  the  two  greatest  cities  of  the  Empire. 
With  intervals  at  the  New  Year's 
Extent  season,  the  work  has  been  in  progress  in 

some  part  of  the  country  almost  con 
tinuously  since  the  spring  of  1914.  Practically  the  whole 
Empire  has  been  covered  in  the  Campaign ;  many  parts 
have  been  visited  twice,  and  some  oftener.  Deputations 
have  visited  distant  Christian  communities  in  sparsely 
settled  regions  of  the  Hokkaido  to  the  north ;  others  have 
visited  the  Loochoo  Islands  and  Formosa  to  the  south ; 
while  westward  the  Campaign  has  reached  the  Japanese 
settlements  in  Korea,  Manchuria,  and  China.  The  aim 
has  been,  as  far  as  possible  to  reach  and  strengthen  every 
Christian  community  in  the  Empire,  and  make  it  more 
effective  in  the  work  of  propagating  the  Gospel  among 
those  who  are  without. 

Missionaries  and  Japanese  Christian 
General  and  Volun-  leaders,  as  well  as  the  different  denomina- 
tary  Participation  tions  of  Christians,  have  been  brought 

into  close  fellowship  and  cooperation 
through  this  movement.  Probably  go°/o  of  the  Christian 
forces  have,  in  one  way  or  another,  taken  part  in  the 
Campaign.  Busy  men — pastors  of  large  churches,  laymen, 
and  missionaries — all  of  them  with  work  enough  of  their 
own  to  fill  all  their  available  time,  have  devoted  weeks, 
and  in  some  cases  months,  of  strenuous  effort  in  committee 
meetings  and  preaching  tours,  without  compensation,  in 
order  that  they  might  help  to  make  the  Campaign  a 
success.  There  has  been  very  little  paid  labor  in  con 
nection  with  the  movement,  practically  none,  except  in  the 
case  of  the  secretaries  for  the  Kastern  and  Western  Sections, 
and  the  leaders  of  the  Evangelistic  Bands,  who  have  been 
engaged  for  extended  periods,  and  this  all  told  is  a  very 


NATIONAL  EVANGELISTIC   CAMPAIGN  1 93 

small  percentage  of  the  total  cost  of  the  Campaign. 

Considering  the  amount  of  work  done — 
Moderate  Expemes  the  thousands  of  miles  of  travel  by  large 
numbers  of  speakers,  the  necessary 
advertising,  the  rent  of  halls,  the  expenses  of  entertainment, 
etc., — the  total  expenditure  in  connection  with  the  Cam 
paign  is  an  exceedingly  modest  amount.  It  amounts  all  told, 
to  only  a  little  over  50,000  yen  ($25,000).  This  will  com 
pare  favorably  with,  for  example,  a  Billy  Sunday  campaign 
of  six  weeks  in  a  single  American  city.  There  is  no 
question  that  the  work  has  been  financed  in  a  most 
economical  manner.  The  funds  for  the  Campaign,  ac 
cording  to  the  latest  available  returns,  have  been  provided 
as  follows : 

Received  through  Dr.  John  K.  Molt ¥18,928.87 

From  Japanese  Churches    through    the    Central 

Committee  5,653.11 

From  Missionaries  through  the  Central  Committee       8,018.58 
From  Japanese  Churches  and  missionaries  through 

.  local  committees 18,542.93 

Total ¥51,143.49 

Of  the  above  total  about  2,000  yen  is  still  in  the  hands 
of  the  treasurer?.  To  cover  the  expenses  of  the  few 
remaining  series  of  meetings  and  the  conference  in  July, 
the  balance  in  hand  and  the  contributions  which  may  be 
expected  during  the  next  few  months  will  hardly  be 
sufficient,  so  that  it  may  be  necessary  to  call  on  the 
missionary  and  Japanese  Christian  communities  for  a  small 
additional  contribution  in  order  to  complete  the  Campaign 
free  of  debt. 

The  statistics  of  the  meetings  held,  the 

Statistics  attendance,  and  the  number  of  inquirers 

as  collected  to  date,  will  be  found  below. 

The  returns  aie  still  incomplete  necessarily  so  in  regard  to 

the  meetings  still   to  be  held  in  the  Eastern  Section,  but 

also   because  certain  returns  have  not  been  yet   received 

from  the  Western  Section.      The  numbers  given  here  will, 

therefore,  be  increased  when  the  final  reports  are  in.     As 

received  to  date  they  are  as  follows  : 


IQ4  JAPAN 

Number  of  meetings  held 3>232 

Attendance 604,763 

Inquirers     21,136 

Among  the  newer  methods  used  in  the 
Methods  Campaign  may  be  singled  out  automobile 

teams  for  street  preaching,  and  the  use  of 
the  daily  newspaper  for  the  dissemination  of  Christian 
truth.  For  a  month  in  the  second  year  of  the  campaign 
and  for  two  weeks  in  the  third  year,  space  was  bought  in 
the  columns  of  the  leading  Tokyo  papers,  and  brief, 
pointed  articles  on  all  the  leading  doctrines  of  the  Christian 
faith  were  prepared  by  the  leaders  in  Christian  thought  in 
this  part  of  Japan.  A  similar  work  was  done  in  the  city 
of  Osaka.  Large  numbers  of  the  papers  containing  these 
articles  were  purchased  by  the  committtee  in  charge  of  this 
work,  and  distributed  widely  by  volunteer  workers. 
Parcels  of  these  papers  were  also  sent  to  outlying  districts 
for  distribution  there.  But  in  addition  to  the  numbers 
bought  and  circulated  by  the  Christians,  the  regular 
readers  of  these  various  papers  in  all  parts  of  the  Empire 
had  the  opportunity,  of  which  many  doubtless  availed 
themselves,  to  read  something  regarding  the  faith  and 
teachings  of  the  Christians.  Through  this  newspaper 
evangelism  the  Christian  message,  in  one  way  or  another, 
must  have  reached  millions  of  the  people  of  Japan.  In 
addition  to  the  Christian  message  sent  out  through  the 
newspapers,  large  use  has  been  made  of  Christian  literature 
throughout  the  Campaign. 

Two  special  efforts,  not  in  the  original 

Special  Efforts        programme  of  the  Campaign,  but  financed 

Tokyo  largely  by  Campaign  funds,  and   carried 

on  along  the  same  interdenominational 
lines  as  the  other  work  of  the  Campaign,  should  perhaps 
be  referred  to  in  this  report.  The  first  was  the  opening  of 
a  small  Mission  Hall  in  Tokyo  at  the  time  of  the  Tokyo 
Exhibition  in  1914.  The  figures  given  by  those  in  charge 
are  as  follows : 

Number  of  meetings    1,247 

Number  of  speakers    1,522 

Other  helpers  2,030 


NATIONAL   EVANGELISTIC   CAMPAIGN  1 9$ 

Attendance 123,628 

Inquirers 4,733 

Daily  average  attendance   965 

Tracts  distributed   i ,080,300 

Cost  incurred  ¥  1,998.91 

The  meetings  in  this  Hall  continued  almost  daily  for 
several  months — in  all  128  days — and  continuous  meetings 
were  held  from  about  noon  until  8  o'clock  in  the  evening. 
The  Evangelistic  Campaign  Committee  contributed  i.ooo 
yen  to  the  work,  the  balance,  almost  i&ooycn,  being 
provided  by  private  contributions. 

The  second  special  effort  referred  to 

Kyoto  above  was  a  series  of  meetings  held  in 

Kyoto   at    the    time   of  the    Coronation 

festivities.     The   work   covered  twenty-four  days.     There 

were  sixty-nine  distinct  meetings,  and  sixty-five  speakers 

took  part.     The  further  statistics  are  as  follows : 

Number  of  sermons  and  exhortations    219 

Number  of  people  present  9»935 

Numl^r  of  inquirers    1,202 

Expense  incurred ¥  3,424.61 

Of  the  inquirers  at  these  meetings,  978  were  natives  of 
Kyoto,  60  of  the  suburbs  of  Kyoto,  and  164  from  other 
parts  of  the  country.  Of  the  expenses,  1,000  yen  was  con 
tributed  by  the  Evangelistic  Campaign  Committee,  and  the 
balance  raised  by  private  subscriptions. 

A  third  special  effort,  financed  independently  of  Cam 
paign  funds,  but  an  integral  part  of  the  movement, 
deserves  at  least  a  passing  notice.  This  was  a  series  of 
twenty-one  Tent  Meetings  held  during  a  period  of  seven 
teen  days  in  the  spring  of  1915  in  the  Shiba  ward  of 
Tokyo.  The  meetings  were  in  charge  of  Evangelist 
Kimura,  who  was  supported  by  the  Churches  of  the  three 
neighboring  wards.  A  tent  was  erected  with  a  seating 
capacity  of  about  1500,  and  during  the  whole  series, 
through  fair  weather  and  foul,  the  average  attendance  was 
over  1000.  The  inquirers  for  the  seventeen  days  number 
ed  1300.  This  is  the  first  attempt  of  the  kind  on  such  a 
scale  in  Tokyo,  but  the  results  fully  justified  the  faith  of 
the  prime  mover,  Dr.  K.  Kozaki,  pastor  of  the  Reinanzaka 
Congregational  Church, 


196  JAPAN 

The  Campaign  has  stirred  the  Christian 
The  Church  Stirred     Church    in   Japan   to   new  life,   and   has 

brought  to  it  a  sense  of  its  unity  and 
power.  It  can  never  be  the  same  in  the  future  as  it  has 
been  in  the  past.  The  success  of  the  movement  of  the 
last  three  years  will  give  the  Church  faith  to  undertake 
similar  movements  in  the  future. 

Another  result  of  this  Campaign   has 

Evengeiical          been  an  improvement  in   the  quality  of 

Preaching          the  preaching.     As  one  of  the  leaders  put 

it :  "  The  preachers  used  to  preach 
about  Christianity :  now  they  preach  Christianity  itself." 
On  the  whole  the  preaching,  both  of  preachers  and  laymen, 
has  been  strongly  evangelical — a  direct  appeal  to  men's 
reasons  and  consciences.  It  is  generally  agreed  that  this 
is  the  kind  of  preaching  which  thinking  Japanese  want  at 
this  time. 

But  while  in  so  many  ways  the  Cam- 
Care  of  Inquirers      paign  has  been  a  cause  for  thankfulness 

and  satisfaction,  there  has  been  one  point 
at  which  it  has  not  measured  up  to  the  requirements, 
namely,  in  caring  for  the  inquirers.  Revivals  in  Chris 
tian  lands  are  followed  by  large  accessions  to  the  Churches. 
This  has  been  true  only  in  a  moderate  degree  in  this 
Campaign.  Far  too  large  a  number  of  those  who  have 
handed  in  their  names,  or  who  have  come  forward  to  the 
platform,  have  found  no  permanent  home  in  the  Churches. 
Probably  many  who  handed  in  their  names  did  not  realize 
that  in  so  doing  they  were  taking  a  serious  step,  and  con 
sequently  did  not  feel  the  responsibility  of  attaching  them 
selves  definitely  to  a  Christian  Church  for  instruction.  But 
it  was  also  apparent  in  many  of  the  gatherings  that  no 
effective  means  had  been  provided  for  getting  the  new 
inquirers  at  once  into  intimate  relations  with  the  pastors 
and  other  Christian  workers.  Consequently,  a  larger  pro 
portion  of  those  who  made  a  start  in  the  meetings  just 
drifted  sway,  and  when  later  on  they  were  invited  to  the 
churches  through  a  printed  notice,  or  searched  for  by 
visiting  committees  or  pastors,  they  did  not  respond  or 
could  not  be  found.  How  to  take  care  of  inquirers  is  one 


NATIONAL   EVANGELISTIC   CAMPAIGN  197 

of  the  questions  that  is  now  occupying  the  minds  of  the 
leaders,  and  will  no  doubt  be  a  subject  of  discussion  at  the 
coming  conference. 

In  spite,  however,  of  the  defect  just 
Cause  for  Gratitude  mentioned,  and  others  of  a  minor  nature 
which  may  doubtless  be  found,  the 
Campaign  on  the  whole  has  been  a  great  one — great  in  its 
influence  on  the  Church  and  on  the  nation  ;  great  in  its 
actual  results  and  in  its  promise  for  the  future — and  we  may 
well  be  thankful  for  what  we  have  seen  and  heard  during 
these  three  years  and  take  courage  as  we  look  forward 
into  the  future. 


PART  VI 
EDUCATION 


CHAPTER  I 

CHRISTIAN  EDUCATION 


BY  D.  B.  SCIINEDER 

A  review  of  the  year  1916  reveals  a 
Steady  Growth  steady  and  healthy  growth  in  Christian 
education  in  Japan.  The  material  equip 
ment  of  the  schools  is  improving  ;  the  student  body  is 
growing  and  becoming  steadier  ;  the  teaching  staffs  are 
more  efficient ;  the  discipline  is  stiffening  up  ;  the  ideals  are 
becoming  clearer  and  the  Christian  purpose  of  the  schools 
has  probably  never  received  better  attention.  The  whole 
situation  looks  hopeful.  Christian  education  has  won  a 
place  in  the  national  life,  and  its  future  seems  assured. 
More  than  ever  before  is  there  a  consciousness  of  a  great 
mission  to  fulfill,  and  a  determination  to  measure  up  to  the 
responsibility. 

KINDERGARTEN  WORK 

Next  to  the  college  grade  work  of 
Effective  Work  schools  for  young  men,  the  growth  of 
Kindergarten  work  has  been  most  marked 
in  recent  years.  It  has  now  reached  a  total  of  about  180 
schools  with  the  number  of  pupils  reaching  nearly  8,000. 
Of  this  number  of  schools  only  18  were  in  existence  at  the 
close  of  last  century,  and  over  80  came  into  existence 
during  the  past  five  years.  Everywhere  they  are  doing  a 
work  that  is  beautiful  and  well  accepted  by  the  people. 
In  addition  to  the  influencing  of  these  eight  thousand  in- 
pressionable  little  lives  in  the  direction  all  that  is  best,  each 
of  the  schools  is  a  center  from  which,  through  mothers' 
meetings  and  the  visiting  of  homes,  Christian  influence 
radiates  and  furthers  the  work  of  the  Kingdom.  Usually 


202  JAPAN 

the  work  is  done  in  plain  and  inexpensive  buildings. 
Through  the  gradual  increase  of  specially  trained  mis 
sionary  kindergartners  and  through  the  growing  number 
and  efficiency  of  the  Kindergartner  Training  Schools,  the 
work  is  also  keeping  well  abreast  with  the  times  so  far  as 
its  educational  quality  is  concerned.  The  annual  meeting 
of  the  Japan  Kindergarten  Union  is  a  healthful  stimulus 
to  the  work. 

PRIMARY  SCHOOLS 

Primary  school  work  has  never  been 
Not  Prominent  a  conspicuous  part  of  the  Christian  move 
ment  in  Japan,  the  main  reason  no  doubt 
being  the  fact  that  almost  from  the  beginning  of  missionary 
work  the  Japanese  government  has  fully  provided  for  the 
elementary  education  of  all  the  children  of  the  Empire.  It 
has  also  been  believed  that  for  the  sake  of  the  uniform 
instilling  of  national  ideals  the  government  prefers  to  retain 
the  work  of  primary  education  in  its  own  hands.  There 
are  at  present  about  20  primary  schools  in  the  Empire 
conducted  under  Christian  auspices,  numbering  about 
3000  pupils.  Of  these  half  are  attached  to  other  schools, 
and  serve  as  feeders  to  the  next  higher  grades,  a  number 
being  Roman  Catholic.  In  this  form  they  seem  to  be  ap 
preciated  by  the  public.  Often  thus  younger  and  older 
children  can  be  together  in  the  some  school.  There  is 
also  a  small  number  of  people  who  prefer  to  send  their 
children  to  private  schools.  The  ten  unattached  schools 
are  -nearly  all  in  Tokyo,  Yokohama  and  Okayama,  and  are 
in  the  main  for  the  poorer  part  of  the  population. 

NIGHT  SCHOOLS 

Night  school   work   is  considered   by 
Fruitful  Form  of       some  to  be  one  of  the  most  fruitful  forms 
Work  of    Christian    educational    work.      The 

pupils  are  mostly  young  men  whose  ex 
perience  in  real  life  has  made  them  eager  to  learn  and 
very  open  to  Christian  teaching.  The  classes  of  the 
Young  Men's  Christian  Association  held  in  a  dozen  of  the' 
leading  cities,  enroll  about  4000  young  men  in  the  course 


CHRISTIAN    EDUCATION 

of  a  year.  Beside  these  there  are  such  famous  night 
schools  as  the  Bluff  English  Night  School  in  Yokohama, 
the  Palmore  Institute  in  Kobe,  and  the  Fukuoka  Baptist 
Night  School.  The  religious  instruction  seems  usually 
most  successful  where  it  is  a  required  part  of  the  cur 
riculum,  the  enforced  regularity  of  attendance  resulting  in 
deeper  interest. 

INDUSTRIAL  SCHOOLS 

These  are  all  sizes  and  descriptions,  but 

Sewing  Schools        are  doing  much  good.     They  are  largely 

eleemosynary     in     their    character    and 

thus  in  a  special  way  show  the  love  of  Christ.     Some   are 

departments  of  other  schools  while  others  are  unattached. 

Sewing  schools  constitute  the  largest  number.     There  is  a 

considerable  number  of  blind  schools,  in  which  industries 

are  also  taught.     The  Roman  Catholic  Mission  has  several 

"  maternal  schools."     The  total  number  is  about  thirty. 

GIRLS'  SCHOOLS 

Just  about  half  a  hundred  is  now  the 
Obtain  Recognition  number  of  Christian  girls'  schools  in 
Japan, — that  is,  of  schools  whose  main 
course  is  substantially  of  the  grade  of  the  government  high 
schools  for  girls,  or  of  the  American  high  school.  In  most 
schools  the  course  covers  five  years,  running  from  the  age 
of  twelve  or  thirteen  to  seventeen  or  eighteen.  In  a  num 
ber  of  schools  higher  courses  in  such  subjects  as  English, 
Music  or  Domestic  Science,  or  sometimes  parallel  courses, 
are  added,  though  the  attendance  on  these  courses  is 
usually  not  large.  In  nine  of  the  schools  there  is  an  ap 
proach  to  what  may  be  called  proper  college  grade  work. 
However,  the  total  number  of  students  of  this  grade  re 
ported  is  on!y  something  over  300.  The  girls'  schools  as 
a  whole  are  gradually  obtaining  government  recognition, 
and  their  curricula,  equipment  and  teaching  staffs  are  con 
forming  more  and  more  fully  to  government  standards, 
but  without  curtailment  of  freedom  in  religious  teaching. 
Eleven  of  the  schools,  seven  of  them  Roman  Catholic, 
however,  have  full  government  recognition  as  high  schools 


204  JAPAN 

(Koto  Jo  Gakko*),  and  as  such  are  required  to  make  all 
their  religious  teaching  optional  and  place  it  outside  of  the 
regular  school  curriculum.  Of  the  schools  that  have 
recently  made  special  advance  in  numbers,  building  or 
equipment  may  be  mentioned  the  Kobe  College,  the 
DoshisJia  Girls'  School  and  the  Miyagi  Girls'  School. 
The  largest  schools  are  the  Futaba  Girls'  School  in  Tokyo, 
the  Ilirosliinia  Girls'  School  in  Hiroshima,  and  the 
Kwassui  Girls'  School  in  Nagasaki.  The  school  of  highest 
grade  is  the  JosJii  Ei  Gaku  Juku,  widely  known  as  Miss 
Tsuda's  School,  and  deservedly  celebrated  for  the  ex 
cellence  of  its  work.  But  the  whole  work  of  the  girls' 
schools  throughout  the  Empire  is  in  process  of  steady  and 
healthy  growth. 

SCHOOLS  FOR  YOUNG  MEN 

The  Christian  schools  for  young  men 

Roman  Catholic       in  Japan  now  number  eighteen,  one  north 

Schools  of  Tokyo,  seven  in  Tokyo,  five  between 

Tokyo  and  Shimonoseki,  and  five  in  Kyu 
shu.  The  number  includes  three  Roman  Catholic  Schools. 
One  of  these  is  the  Morning  Star  School  on  Kudan  Hill  in 
Tokyo.  This  school  in  its  Middle  School  Department  is 
a  marvel  of  discipline  and  efficiency  and  draws  its  students 
from  some  of  the  foremost  families  in  the  capital.  Another 
is  the  Bright  Star  School  in  Osaka,  which  is  a  commercial 
school  numbering  over  /co  students.  The  third  is  the 
Star  of  the  Sea  school  in  Nagasaki,  a  middle  school  that 
also  does  excellent  work. 

Included     in     the     fifteen     Protestant 
Protestant  Schools     schools    is    the    Azabu    Middle    School, 

numbering  some  Soo  students,  whose 
claim  to  be  called  Christian  consists  of  the  fact  that  its 
head,  the  Honorable  Soroku  Ebara,  and  ten  of  the 
teachers  are  Christians.  Daily  morning  Bible  talks  are  also 
given  and  it  is  reported  that  250  of  the  students  express  a 
preference  for  Christianity.  Of  the  fourteen  other  Protest 
ant  schools  eight  are  middle  schools  only.  The  remaining 
six,  which  are  usually  looked  upon  as  the  six  leading 
Christian  schools  in  Japan,  are  in  the  order  of  their  found- 


CHRISTIAN   EDUCATION  2O5 

ing  the  Rikkyo  Gakuin,  the  DoshisJta,  the  Mdji  Gakuin, 
the  Aoyania  Gakuin,  the  ToJiokn  Gakuin  and  the  Kwansei 
Gakuin.  All  of  these  institutions  carry  college  grade 
work  and  the  outstanding  feature  of  the  present  situation 
is  the  remarkable  development  of  the  college  and  university 
.grade  work  of  these  institutions.  For  years  this  woik  was 
kept  up  under  much  discouragement. 

But   to-day    the  encouragements  have 

Remarkable       become  such  that  there  is  a  great  forward 

Expansion        movement.      The   -Rikkyo    Gakuin    (St. 

Paul's  College)  is  securing  a  million  yen 

for  the  development  of  its  college  plant ;  the  DoshisJia  has 

added  several  buildings  for  its  university  work  ;  the  Jl/eifi 

Gakuin  has  a  new  college  building  ;  the  Aoyania   Gakuin 

has  several  hundred  thousand  yen  available  for  the  erection 

of  new  college  and  dormitory  buildings ;  the  ToJuku  Gaknin 

has  some  funds  for  the  same  purpose  ;  and  the  Kivansei 

Gakuin   has    been   growing  in    buildings,    equipment  and 

students  enrolled  at  a  phenomenal  rate. 

The  whole  work  of  the  eighteen  schools  for  young  men 
has  been  going  forward  in  a  remarkable  way  in  recent 
years.  Nearly  all  of  the  schools  are  full  to  overflowing, 
and  they  fill  a  distinct  place  in  the  educational  work  of  the 
nation. 

WOMEN'S  EVANGELISTIC  TRAINING  SCHOOLS 

There    are    some    fifteen    schools    or 
Mostly  Indirect       departments  of  schools  in  which  women 
Results  are    trained    for    evangelistic    or    Bible 

women's  work,  educating  about  200 
women.  It  is  a  work  that  is  perhaps  more  satisfactory  in 
its  indirect  results  than  in  immediate  help  to  the  work  of 
evangelization.  The  average  length  of  time  during  which 
graduates  of  these  schools  engage  in  direct  work  is  short. 
In  most  instances  before  enough  experience  has  been  gained 
to  make  the  worker  very  effective  the  time  of  marriage 
arrives  and  she  relinquishes  the  work.  However  even 
under  these  untoward  circumstances  the  help  of  these  work 
ers  is  practically  indispensable.  Among  the  well  known 
schools  of  this  kind  are  the  Kobe  Woman's  Evangelistic 


2O6  JAPAN 

School  established  as  early  as  1884,  and  the  two  schools 
in  Yokohama,  the  Higgins  Memorial  Bible  Training 
School,  also  established  in  1884,  and  the  Woman's  Theolo 
gical  School. 

THEOLOGICAL  SCHOOLS 

Of  these  there  are  now  about  twenty 
Affiliation  schools  or   departments  of  schools  with 

about  500  students  engaged  in  the  educa 
tion  of  a  Christian  ministry.  Among  them  there  is  one, 
the  largest,  belonging  to  the  Greek  Catholic  Church,  and 
another  to  the  Ron  an  Catholic  Church.  The  largest 
Protestant  school  is  the  Theological  Department  of  the 
DosJiisJia.  Fortunately  there  has  been  some  tendency  in 
recent  years  tov/ard  uniting  in  this  kind  of  work  on  the 
part  of  affiliated  bodies  and  the  consequent  lessening  of  the 
total  number  of  these  schools,  coupled  with  improved 
teaching  staffs.  As  yet  the  theological  work  of  Japan  is 
handicapped  by  the  lack  of  sufficient  reference  literature 
in  Japanese,  alihough  this  lack  is  being  gradually  made 
up.  The  tendency  is  toward  a  slight  increase  in  the 
student  body,  but  both  in  numbers  and  in  quality  much 
yet  remains  lo  be  desired.  The  chief  weakness  of  the 
Christian  movement  in  Japan  is  the  lack  of  an  adequate 
ministry.  However,  it  is  not  to  be  forgotten  that  the 
Japanese  Christian  ministry  is  adorned  by  a  limited  number 
of  men  who  would  adorn  the  ministry  of  any  land. 

THE  NATIONAL  CHRISTIAN  EDUCATIONAL  ASSOCIATION 

The  Protestant  men's  schools  of  middle 
Christian  Teachers'     school  grade  and  up  are  organized  into 
Bureau  what    is    called    the    National   Christian 

Educational  Association.  The  Associa 
tion  has  been  in  existence  for  a  number  of  years,  meets 
annually,  and  maintains  a  Christian  teacher's  bureau  of 
which  Dr.  M.  Ishizaka,  Aoyaina  Gakuin,  Tokyo,  is  in 
charge.  Hoth  School  authorities  and  teachers  seeking 
positions  may  apply  to  this  bureau.  At  the  last  annual 
meeting  a  careful  survey  of  schools  within  the  Association 


CHRISTIAN    EDUCATION  2O/ 

was  presented.  The  survey  is  of  nine  schools — Aoyama 
Gakuin,  Dos  his  ha,  Kivansei  Gaknin,  Jlleiji  Gaknin, 
Monwyama  Middle  School,  Nagoya  Middle  School,  Rikkyo 
Gaknin,  ToJioku  Gaknin  and  Tosan  Gakuin.  The  teaching 
staffs  of  these  nine  important  institutions  number  415 
persons,  and  the  total  enrolment  of  students  is  5832.  Two 
of  the  institutions,  the  Doshisha  and  the  Rikkyo  Gaknin 
have  authority  to  confer  the  gaknsld  degree.  Four  of  the 
institutions  report  endowments  ranging  from  about  3,000 
yen  to  the  5  27,000  yen  endowment  fund  of  the  Doshisha. 
The  highest  annual  income  from  tuition  and  fees  is  53,000 
yen.  The  highest  annual  Foreign  Mission  Board  subsidy 
is  46,000  yen.  The  total  estimated  property  valuation  is 
about  3,3000,000  yen.  Most  of  the  institutions  are 
managed  by  Boards  consisting  half  of  Japanese  and  half 
of  missionaries.  The  Middle  Schools  are  all  in  flourishing 
condition.  In  the  Higher  Departments  of  the  Kwansci 
Gaknin  and  the  University  Departments  of  the  Doshisha 
and  the  Rikkyo  Gaknin  the  commercial  and  economic 
courses  draw  by  far  the  largest  numbei  of  students.  The 
English  teachers  normal  course  in  Aoyama  Gaknin  is  very 
well  attended. 

As  to  the  remuneration  of  professors 
Teachers'  Salaries  and  teachers  it  was  reported  to  the  As 
sociation  that  in  the  Middle  School 
Department  the  average  monthly  salary  of  the  Japanese 
members  of  the  teaching  staffs  is  54  yen  ;  in  the  Higher 
Departments,  Theological  Departments  and  Universities, 
78  yen.  A  teachers'  pension  scheme  was  also  presented. 

THE  ATTITUDE  OF  THE  GOVERNMENT 

The  attitude  of  the  government  toward 
A  Settled  Friendly      Christian    education     remains    fair    and 
Policy  reasonable.  Christian  education  is  winning 

increasing  respect  and  confidence,  and  a 
tolerant  and  friendly  attitude  on  the  part  cf  the  govern 
ment  is  becoming  mere  and  more  settled  as  a  national 
policy.  The  revision  of  the  educational  system  of  the 
government,  which  has  been  under  consideration  for  a 


2O8  JAPAN 

long  time,  has  again  been  postponed.  The  commission 
appointed  to  frame  the  revision  is  still  at  work,  but  the 
proposition  is  now  to  study  the  whole  system  from  the 
elementary  schools  up.  It  is  therefore  probable  that  the 
revision,  if  made  at  all,  will  not  be  made  in  the  immediate 
future.  However,  while  the  draft  of  revision  proposed 
under  the  previous  cabinet  was  generally  considered 
favorable  to  the  prospects  of  Christian  education,  the 
continuance  of  the  existing  system  need  occasion  no 
anxiety.  The  system  in  itself  is  a  gocd  one.  Moreover 
past  history  has  shown  that  the  government  will  not 
permanently  withhold  from  Christian  schools  privileges 
that  are  really  merited. 

BUDDHIST  AMD  SHINTO  EDUCATION 

Eleven  universities  (daigakit)  are  being 
Courses  and         carried   on     by    the     several     sects    of 
Subjects  Buddhism.     Of  these  five  are  located  in 

Tokyo,  five  in  Kyoto,  and  one  in  Waka- 
yama  prefecture.  The  sects  maintaining  separate  institu 
tions  of  their  own  are  the  Tendai,  NicJiiren,  Sodo,  Rinzai, 
Shinshu  and  Shingon  sects.  The  courses  usually  consist 
of  a  one  year's  preparatory  course  and  a  three  years' 
regular  course.  The  subjects  taught  are  in  the  main 
Buddhist  theology,  philosophy  and  literature,  and  the  chief 
purpose  is  to  educate  young  men  for  the  priesthood. 
The  largest  of  the  institutions  is  the  undenominational 
Buddhist  University  in  Kyoto.  The  total  number  of 
students  in  the  eleven  institutions  is  1,097  anc^  the  ^as^ 
reported  total  annual  expenditure  is  148,383  yen.  In 
addition  to  the  universities  there  are  two  Buddhist  Special 
Schools  (Stnmongakko]  and  also  quite  a  number  of  Buddhtet 
middle  schools  which  do  not  confine  their  aim  to  education 
for  the  priesthood. 

The  two  chief  places  of  SJdnto  learning  are  the  Koku- 
gakuin  University  in  Tokyo  and  an  institution  (Jingu 
Kogakitiri)  connected  with  the  Ise  Shrines.  Jn  these 
institutions  the  Japanese  classic  literature  is  specially 
taught,  and  graduates  receive  withoqt  examination  the 


CHRISTIAN    EDUCATION  2Cp 

government   license    for    the    teaching   of  the    Japanese 
larguage  in  schools  of  middle  and  similar  grade. 

THE  WOMAN'S  UNION  COLLEGE 

The  movement  for  the  establishment  of 

Approaching         the   woman's    union    college,    under   the 

Consummation        name  of  "  The  Tokyo  Woman's  Christian 

College"  is  approaching  a  consummation. 

Last  November  a  revised  constitution  was  adopted,  one  of 

the  features  of  revision  being  that  of  the  article  stating  the 

character  and  purpose  of  the  institution.     The  article  on 

this  subject  now  reads  : 

"  The  purpose  of  the  College  shall  be  to  provide  under 
Christian  auspices  a  college  education  for  Japanese  women. 
The  institution  shall  always  be  positively  Christian.  The 
members  of  the  Board  of  Trustees,  the  officers  of  the 
college,  and,  as  far  as  possible,  the  entire  teaching  force 
shall  be  members  of  evangelical  Christian  churches.  The 
College  as  a  college  shall  hold  religious  services  statedly, 
and  the  study  of  the  Bible  shall  be  included  in  the 
curriculum." 

Sufficient  funds  are  available  to  make  a  beginning. 
Five  Foreign  Mission  Boards  have  entered  into  the 
arrangement  and  agreed  to  furnish  funds.  The  Promoting 
Committee  has  been  dissolved,  and  the  Board  of  Trustees 
is  appointed  and  is  making  plans  to  go  forward.  That  this 
movement  is  now  so  near  a  consummation  is  a  matter  for 
great  congratulation. 

THE  UNION  CHRISTIAN  UNIVERSITY 

The  movement  for  the  establishment  of 
Critical  Condition  a  Union  Christian  University  is  at  a 
critical  stage.  The  conviction  of  the 
need  of  Christian  education  of  the  highest  grade  has  been 
general  since  the  movement  began,  but  the  long  delay  in 
realizing  anything  concrete  in  the  way  of  an  actual 
beginning  has  discouraged  some.  Meanwhile,  impelled 
by  this  new  conviction  of  the  need  of  university  grade 
Christian  education,  impelled  also  by  the  new  opportunities 


2IO  JAPAN 

that  have  been  opening  up,  the  phenomenal  development 
of  higher  grade  work  on  the  part  of  a  number  of  the 
existing  institutions  mentioned  before  seems  to  threaten  to 
forstall  the  hope-for  union  effort. 

However,    Japan    and    the    Christian 
Need  of  a  Christian     movement    in    Japan     need    this    union 
University  institution    of    highest    grade.      Japan's 

intellectual  life  needs  it.  Her  people 
need  a  guiding  star  for  their  view  of  the  world  and  of 
human  life  and  destiny.  The  Christian  literature  move 
ment  now  so  happily  and  successfully  inaugurated  needs  a 
Christian  university  for  its  highest  achievements.  The 
social  mission  of  Christianity  in  Japan  needs  the  institution 
to  train  up  men  of  breadth  and  authority  for  this  great  task. 
The  movement  for  the  political  advancement  and  uplift  of 
Japan  needs  leaders  who  are  thoroughly  imbued  with 
Christian  truth  and  Christian  ideals.  The  business  world 
needs  university  trained  Christian  men.  Japan  needs  the 
institution.  Korea  needs  it.  The  Kingdom  of  God  in  the 
Orient  needs  it.  And  it  is  worth  while  to  make  one  more 
surpreme  effort. 

Fortunately  there  is  perhaps  more  real, 
New  Interest  In       serious    interest    in    the    movement     in 
America  America    now    than   ever    before.     Mis 

sionary  statesmen  like  Drs.  Speer,  Bur 
ton,  Goucher  and  Franklin  have  the  vision  of  the  need  and 
the  opportunity.  Dr.  John  R.  Mott  writes :  "  My  in 
terest  in  the  project  has  never  been  keener ;  never  did  I 
believe  in  it  more  ;  never  did  I  wish  that  I  had  more  lives 
to  spend  in  helping  to  give  effect  to  these  statesmanlike 
/neasures."  An  informal  conference  on  the  subject  was 
held  in  New  York  on  September  25th.  At  this  conference 
it  was  decided  to  request  the  Foreign  Mission  Boards  at 
once  to  appoint  a  Joint  Commission  to  take  up  the  matter 
for  consideration.  This  Joint  Commission  was  duly 
appointed  and  held  a  meeting  on  December  8th,  eleven 
Foreign  Mission  Boards  being  represented,  and  Dr.  Speer 
acting  as  chairman.  This  commission  took  the  following 
action  : 

I,    "  Resolved,  that  so  far  as  we  have  been  able  to 


CHRISTIAN   EDUCATION  211 

inform  ourselves,  it  is  our  judgment  that  one  Christian 
University  of  a  grade  of  the  Imperial  University  in  the 
departments  which  it  may  maintain,  is  essential  to  the 
future  of  Christianity  in  Japan." 

2.  "  Resolved,  that  \vc  hereby  recommend  that  each 
Missions  Board  engaged  in  advanced  educational  work  in 
the  Empire,  appoint  two  representatives  to  confer  together 
as  a  joint  committee  and  recommend  to  the  respective 
Boards  the  action  necessary  to  inaugurate  such  a 
University." 

Encouraged  by  this  action  the  Conference  of  Federated 
Missions  at  its  annual  meeting'  in  January  adopted  the 
following  recommendations  : 

1.  "  That  the  members  of  this  Conference  endeavor  to 
induce  their   respective  Missions  to  renew  their  overtures 
to  their  Boards  in  favor  of  the  speedy  establishment  of  a 
union  Christian  University,  and,  if  necessary,  reiterate  their 
overtures  until  the  end  is  accomplished." 

2.  "  That  the   following  memorial  to  the  Joint  Com 
mittee  of  Boards  be  adopted  by  this  Conference  : 

"  To  the  Joint  Committee  of  Foreign  Mission  Boards 
appointed  to  consider  the  establishment  of  a  Union  Christian 
University  in  Japan,  Brethren  : 

"  It  is  the  conviction  of  this  Conference 

Conference  of        °^  Federated  Missions  in  Japan  that  the 
Federated  highest  success  of  the   Christian    move- 

Missions  ment  in  Japan  imperatively   requires  the 

establishment  of  a  Christian  university  of 
highest  grade,  and  that  the  institution  should  be  establish 
ed  at  the  earliest  possible  date.  It  is  the  belief  of  this 
Conference  that  the  establishment  of  a  great  Christian 
university  will  be  an  act  of  strategic  significance  in  the 
Christianization  not  only  of  Japan  but  of  the  Far  East ; 
that  Christianity  with  such  a  university  will  be  able 
permanently  to  occupy  a  higher  plane  in  this  intelligent 
nation  and  command  a  more  dominating  influence  than  is 
otherwise  possible  ;  that  it  will  incarnate  and  strengthen 
the  unity  of  the  Christian  movement  in  the  Empire  as 
scarcely  anything  else  can  ;  that  it  is  a  matter  of  vital 
importance  not  only  directly  to  the  Christian  educational 


212  JAPAN 

work,  but  to  the  evangelistic,  literary,  social  and  all  other 
phases  of  the  Christian  movement  as  well ;  and  that  it  is 
the  call  of  God  that  this  institution  be  by  all  means 
established  at  this  important  and  critical  stage  of  Christian 
history  in  Japan.  This  Conference  therefore  respectfully 
begs  to  memorialize  your  Committee  to  put  forth  its 
utmost  efforts,  and  if  necessary  make  great  sacrifices  in 
order  to  insure  the  establishment  of  such  an  institution. 
We  believe  that  it  is  a  supreme  service  to  the  cause 
of  missions  in  the  Orient  that  your  Committee  will  thus 
render." 

To  this  action  was  appended  the  following  memo 
randum  : 

"  With  reference  to  the  relation  of  the 
Japanese  to  Have  Japanese  Christian  Church  to  the  pro- 
Large  Place  posed  university,  the  Conference  under 
stands  that  the  history  of  the  institution 
must  naturally  resemble  that  of  the  existing  Christian 
schools  of  lower  grade ;  in  the  maintenance,  instruction, 
and  administration  of  the  institution  Christian  Japanese  will 
gradually  take  an  increasingly  lirge  place.  This  is  a 
course  justified  by  the  growing  financial,  as  well  as  moral 
and  religious  ability  of  the  Japanese  constituency.  The 
Conference  understands,  therefore,  that  the  Constitution 
and  By-laws  of  the  proposed  university  are  framed  with 
this  fact  in  view." 

It  is  of  extreme  importance  that  the  favorable  attitude 
taken  by  the  Boards,  and  this  strong  stan  J  taken  by  the 
Conference  of  Federated  Missions,  be  now  followed  up 
courageously  and  persistently  until  the  great  end  is 
realized.  In  the  words  of  one  of  the  leaders  in  the 
Evangelistic  Woik  :  "  We  are  now  at  such  a  stage  in  the 
development  of  Christianity  in  Japan  that  we  are  all  but 
compelled  to  develop  our  Christian  educational  system  to 
the  highest  degree  of  thoroughness  in  order  to  maintain 
our  position  of  leadership  of  thought  and  belief.  No 
halfway  measures  will  suffice.  Nothing  but  an  institution 
that  will  command  the  respect  of  the  best  thought  cf  the 
Empire  will  do  what  is  needed  at  this  tme  or  at  least  in  the 
rear  future," 


CHAPTER  II 

SCHOOLS  FOR  FOREIGN  CHILDREN 


I!v  !•".  T.  IGI.EHART 

The  question  of  schooling  for  their  children  is  a  vital 
one  in  the  lives  of  missionaries.  Such  educTtional  facilities 
considerably  increase  the  years  spent  on  the  field,  es 
pecially  by  the  wives  who  would  otherwise  need  to  make 
a  home  for  the  children  in  the  home  land.  This  fact  is 
recognized  by  the  Boards  of  Foreign  Missions,  and  several 
of  them  are  generously  supporting  the  Tokyo  Grammar 
School.  Since  the  Canadian  Methodist  Academy  in  Kobe 
has  proven  so  successful  and  so  necessary  for  the  children  of 
West  Japan  appeal  is  being  made  for  other  Boards  to  help 
in  its  support.  The  Conference  of  Federated  Missions  re 
cognizes  both  these  schools.  It  appoints  trustees  to  the 
Tokyo  School  Board  and  visitors  to  the  Kobe  School. 

The  Tokyo  Grammar  School  has  been  having  a  very 
successful  year.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  T.  Neil  Johnson  came 
from  America  in  the  fall  of  1916  to  take  charge  of  the 
school,  Mr.  Johnson  as  principal  and  Mrs.  Johnson  as 
matron,  both  teaching  in  the  High  School  Department. 
Miss  Elliott  also  came  from  America  to  join  the  teaching 
staff.  There  are  five  regular  teachers  and  several  others 
giving  special  instruction.  The  mothers  of  the  Tokyo 
pupils  have  also  heartily  cooperated  with  the  trustees  in 
planning  for  the  welfare  and  comfort  of  the  students,  in 
providing  daily  warm  lunches  and  in  other  ways.  The 
beginnings  of  a  boarding  department  have  also  been 
successfully  made.  A  residence  in  Tsukiji  near  the  school 
property  has  been  rented  and  thoroughly  renovated  for 
the  use  of  the  principal  and  boarding  department.  The 
enrolment  has  been  close  to  eighty. 


214  JAPAN 

The  Kobe  School  has  thus  far  been  supported  by  the 
Canada  Methodist  Mission,  under  the  able  supervision  of 
Mrs.  Misener.  It  has  an  ideal  location,  on  grounds  near 
the  Kwansel  Gakitin.  It  is  hoped  that  since  the  benefits  of 
the  school  are  enjoyed  by  missionaries  of  many  other 
Boards  it  may  soon  gain  more  general  support.  It  has  a 
very  successful  boarding  department,  and  is  providing 
excellent  educational  advantages  for  the  foreign  children 
within  its  territory. 


CHAPTER  III 

THE  JAPANESE  LANGUAGE  SCHOOL 


BY  GILBKRT  BOWLES 

The  housing  of  the  Japanese  Language 

Housing  School    is    still    provided     for     by     the 

courtesy  of  the  Tokyo  School  of  Foreign 

Languages,    with   the    permission   of  the  Department  of 

Education  by   which  the  School  is  officially  recognized. 

The  details  of  the  School  finances  are  efficiently  cared  for 

by    the    Business    Secretary    of   the    Foreign   Language 

School,    under    the    personal    supervision    of    President 

Murakami.     Classes  for  forenoon  practice  have  been  held 

in  the  Tokyo  Y.M.C.A.  Rooms. 

The  experiences  of  the  past  three  years 

Principles  and        have  reassured  the  management  as  to  the 

Idea's  soundness   of  the   educational  principles 

outlined  in  the  first  circular  issued  by  the 

School  under  the  present  administration  :     "  Throughout 

the  course  of  instruction  the  student  is   urged  to  use  in 

practice  what  he  has  learned  in  the  class  room.     He  is 

therefore  drilled  in  the  use  of  the  common  expressions  of 

daily   life,   and  encouraged  to  put  himself  in  a  Japanese 

atmosphere  as  far  as  possible.     As  soon  as  the  student 

becomes  able  to  understand,  every  one  whom  he  hears 

becomes  his  teacher.     The  training  of  the  ear  is  the  first 

thing,  and  when  that  is  thoroughly  accomplished  correct 

speaking  will  follow  naturally." 

The  emphasis  is  still  placed  upon  giving  students  a  right 
start  during  the  first  year  in  Japan.  Although  the  first 
graduates  of  the  two  years'  course  have  had  but  one  year 
to  test  what  they  can  do,  the  evidence  at  hand  is  sufficient 
ly  encouraging  to  justify  the  management  in  courageously 


2  1 6  JAPAN 

going  forward  with  tbe  general  educational  policy  of  the 
past  three  years,  though  it  is  recognized  that  experience 
will  call  for  new  adjustments  and  farther  developments. 

The    report   of  the   Director   for   the 
1        school     year     ending    June     23,     1916 
included  the  following  facts  : 

For  1914-5  For  1915-6 

(for  comparison) 

New  Students  Enrolled   30  29 

Number  Remaining  till  end  of  year  26  21 

Times  at  which  new  students  entered     2  3 

Average  number  in  each  section —  6 

Number  2nd  year  students  at  end  of  year II  13 

Number  graduates  (2  years' course)    7  10 

Number  in  3rd  year  correspondence  course  ...  —  20 

For  the  Autumn  Term,  1916  : 

First  Year  Students 40 

Second  Year  and  Special  Students 13 

For  the  Winter  Term,  1917  : 

First  Year  Students 38 

Second  Year  Students 10 

At  the  meeting  of  the  Board  of  Directors 
Calendar  held  June  19,    1916,  the  following   term 

schedule  was  adopted  : 
Autumn  Term  Begins  Tuesday,  September  19  (Tuesday  nearest  2oth). 

(Changed  by  special  decision  for  1917  to  September  25th. 
Autumn  Term  Ends  Thursday,  December  21. 
Winter  Term  Begins  Monday,  January  8. 
Winter  Term  Ends  Wednesday,  March  28. 
Spring  Term  Begins  Monday,  April  9. 
Spring  Term  Ends  Friday,  June  22. 
Holidays:     All  National  Holidays. 

To   secure   for   the  Directors   of   the 
Committee  of         Language     School     some     authoritative 
Advisers  to          adviser    for   each    pupil    representing    a 
mission    or    other    organization,    and    to 
further  encourage  missionary  students  to 
enter  as  fully  as  possible  into  sympathetic  touch  with  their 
own  mission  and  associated  Japanese  churches,  the  Execu 
tive  Committee,  on  August  15  last,  adopted  the  following 
plan  for  organizing  a  Committee  of  Advisers  to  Students  : 

ORGANIZATION 

Upon  the  enrolment  of  new  students  each  of  the  bodies 
to  whom  they  are  responsible  shall  be  requested  to  appoint 


JAPANESE    LANGUAGE    SCHOOL  217 

one  representative  on  the  Committee  of  Advisers  to 
Students,  and  report  the  same  to  the  Secretary  of  the 
Board  of  Directors,  the  Committee  thus  formed  to  effect 
its  own  organization,  and  to  report  at  least  once  a  year  to 
the  Board  of  Directors  of  the  Language  School. 

DUTIES 

In  cooperation  with  the  Director  of  the  Language 
School,  the  Advisers  shall  be  expected  to  give  to  the 
students  under  under  their  charge  individual  advice  and 
assistance  in  connection  with  the  following  : 

1.  Personal    problems,     board     and     rooms,    health, 
social  engagements,  etc. 

2.  Work     outside    of    Language    School,    including 
picparation  of  lessons  for  the  School. 

3      Collateral  Reading  Courses. 

4.  Relation  to  Japanese — including  plans  for  conver 
sation  in  Japanese  and  contact  with  Japanese  people  under 
normal  conditions. 

FOR  MISSIONARY  STUDENTS 

5.  Contact  with  local  Japanese  churches  and  religious 
leaders. 

6.  Contact   (at  least  in  vacation  time)  with  country 
evangelistic  work. 

As  a  result  of  letters  sent  to  the  missions  having  students 
in  the  School  the  past  term,  twelve  missions  have  appointed 
members  of  the  Committee  of  Advisers  to  Students,  which 
will  be  ready  for  work  from  next  term. 

The  Executive  Committee  of  the  Japan 

Recognition  by        Continuation  Committee,  at  the  quarterly 

CohruinaaTon         meeting  held  February  22,1916,  adopted 

Committee  a    resolution    from   which    the    following 

paragraphs  arc  taken : 

RESOLUTIONS 

"  We  recognize  in  the  Japanese  Language  School  an 
institution  which,  in  giving  to  new  missionaries  the  best 


2l8  JAPAN 

available  facilities  for  the  earlier  stages  of  language  study, 
is  helping  to  realize  one  of  the  aspirations  of  the  Edinburgh 
Conference  and  the  Tokyo  Continuation  Conference " 

"  We  would,  therefore,  commend  to  the  favorable  con 
sideration  of  Mission  Boards  and  interested  individuals  any 
definite  appeals  which  may  be  presentsd  with  the  authority 
of  the  Directors  of  the  Language  School." 

The  pledges  of  outside  financial  assist- 

Finance  and          ance  which  made  possible  the  organiza- 

Tuition  Rates         tion  of  the  Japanese  Language  School  on 

the  present  basis  were  all  utilized  to  meet 

unavoidable  deficits  during  the   first  three   years.     Since 

from  the  beginning  of  the  present  school  year  there  was 

nothing  to  depend  upon  but  tuition  fees,  the  Board  of 

Directors  was  compelled  to  raise  the  tuition  to   200  yen  a 

year,  previous  notice  having  been  given  to  organizations 

responsible  for  sending  students. 

In  October,  1916,  the  Executive  Committee  decided  to 
grant  special  reduction,  as  follows,  to  missions  having  a 
large  number  of  students  in  school  throughout  the  year  : 

For  missions  or  other  organizations  having  seven  or 
more  students  who  remain  through  the  entire  school  year, 
a  reduction  of  \o°/o  on  the  year's  fees,  the  reduction  to  be 
obtainable  in  the  third  term ;  a  reduction  of  5  %  on  the 
whole  year's  fees  will  be  granted  to  bodies  having  at  least 
five  students  for  the  year. 

It  is  too  early  to  tell  how  the  school  finances  will  come 
out  on  the  present  basis,  but  the  management  has  no  way 
of  financing  the  school  except  to  depend  upon  the  con 
tinuance  of  the  cordial  cooperation  of  the  missions  sending 
students,  assuring  them  at  the  same  time  that  rates  will  be 
kept  as  low  as  possible  consistent  with  the  standard  of 
efficiency  which  must  be  maintained. 

The    Director    of    the    School,    Prof. 

Message  from  the      Frank  Muller,  asked  that  the  following 

Director  message  be  given  publicity  :     "  The  only 

point  to  emphasize  is  that  late  comers  (at 

the  opening  of  the  School  year  in  September)  may  find 

it  impossible  to  enter.     There  were  five   who   wanted  to 

enter  in  November  and  December,  1916,  but  no  teachers 


JAPANESE    IANGUAGE   SCHOOL  2IQ 

were  available.  The  late  comers  were  fewer  the  previous 
year.  Private  letters  from  those  who  know  that  new 
missionaiies  are  coming,  to  the  Boards  concerned,  would 
add  weight  to  the  official  request  of  the  Conference  of 
Federated  Missions." 

For  purposes  of  rest   and  health  re- 
Furlough  of          cuperation,  the  Director  of  the  School, 
Director  prof.    Frank    Muller,    accompanied    by 

Mrs.  Muller,  sailed  for  Seattle  on 
February  24,  1917,  for  a  six  months  furlough.  During 
his  absence  the  School  work  will  go  on  under  the  care  of 
the  Japanese  teachers,  with  the  supervision  of  Rev.  C.  S. 
Davison  of  Aoyama  Gakuin,  Tokyo,  who  has  consented 
to  serve  as  Acting  Director,  giving  part  time  to  the 
Language  School.  Prof.  Muller  plans  to  be  back  in  time 
for  the  opening  of  the  Autumn  Term  on  September  25. 


JAPAN 


PART  VII 
LITERATURE 


CHAPTER     I 

ANNUAL  REVIEW.  OF  RELIGIOUS 
LITERATURE 


BY  S.  II.  WAINRIGHT 

This  review  aims  to  give  a  general  account  of  the  pro 
gress  of  Christian  Literature,  though  some  space  will  be 
taken  for  a  reference  to  current  Buddhist  and  Shinto 
publications,  as  well  as  to  books  on  philosophical  and 
ethical  subjects,  in  which  there  may  be  discussions  of  inter 
est  to  those  who  are  engaged  in  the  work  of  spreading 
Christian  truth.  The  account  does  not  lay  claim  to 
exhaustivcness. 

BUDDHIST  LITERATURE 

A  characteristic  feature  of  Buddhist 
Republicatlons  publications  is  the  reproduction  of  older 
writings  in  far  greater  quantity  than  the 
publication  of  new  compositions.  Past  history  is  indeed 
the  pulpit  from  which  present  day  Buddhism  speaks. 
Buddhist  literature  may  be  said  to  be  in  a  state  of  transi 
tion  from  the  stage  of  block  printing  to  that  of  metal  type. 
The  writings  belonging  to  the  past,  all  of  which  were 
printed  with  block- type,  are  now  being  reproduced  by 
the  modern  method  of  lead  type  printing.  Christian  liter 
ature,  almost  without  exception,  has  been  given  the 
modern  form  as  regards  printing  and  book  binding. 

As  examples  of  this  kind  of  work,  at- 
Libraries  of         tcntion  may  be  called  to  the  Dai  Nippon 
U'.eratu.-e         Bnkkyo  ZcnsJio  (Library  of  Japanese  Bud 
dhist  Literature).     This  series  is  publish 
ed  by  the  Bnssho  Kwankokivai,  and  is  added  to  from  time 


224  JAPAN 

to  time.  About  seventy-five  volumes  under  this  title  were 
published  during  the  year,  all  of  which  were  reproductions 
of  Buddhist  literature  published  in  earlier  times. 

Similar  to  this  series  is  the  Dai  Nippon  Hozokyo,  pub 
lished  by  the  Nippon  Daizokyo  Hcnsankivai.  These  are 
canonical  writings,  Sastras  (Ron)  and  Sutras  (Kyo).  To 
this  series  about  one  hundred  volumes  were  added  during 
the  year. 

We  cannot  vouch  for  the  accuracy  of  the  above  reprints, 
as  we  have  not  examined  them.  Some  years  ago  the 
entire  Buddhist  canon  was  reproduced  through  the  use  of 
metal  types,  but  the  proof  reading  was  not  carefully  done. 
The  new  edition,  which  otherwise  would  have  been  very 
useful,  was  inferior  to  the  old  Issaikyo  (canon)  printed  by 
means  of  block  types 

A  third  series  to  which  attention  may  be  called  is  the 
S/iins/iu  Zensho  published  by  the  Zokyo  SJioin,  and  edited 
by  Mr.  M.  Tsumaki.  Eighty  six  volumes  under  this 
series  were  published  during  the  year  to  which  was 
appended  a  list  of  twenty  or  more  volumes  under  the  title 
of  Mokurokubu  (Catalogue  section). 

There  is  also  a  Nichirenshu  Zensho,  a  library  of  literature 
of  the  Nichiren  sect.  Apparently  only  one  volume  was 
added  to  this  series  during  the  year. 

In    original    productiveness,    it    is    a 

Zen  Sect  Prolific      curious   fact   that    the   Zen    sect    which 

condemns   the   transmission   of  truth  by 

means  of  the  written  symbol,  has  been   more   fruitful  in 

literary  productiveness  during  the  last  twelve  months  than 

any  other  sect  of  Buddhism.     This  is  probably  accounted 

for  by  the  fact  that  Zen  Buddhism   exercises  a  greater 

influence  than  the  other  sects  among  students   and  the 

intellectual  classes  generally. 

There  is  not  much  to  note  as  regards 
Nothing  Startling      single    volumes    published    on    Buddhist 
subjects  during  the   year.     There  are  to 
be  found  not  a  few  accounts  of  temples,  with  illustrations, 
as  well  as  biographies  of  well  known  priests,  among   cur 
rent  Buddhist  publications.     Apart  from  a  heavy    draft 
made  upon  the  past,  the  Buddhists  do  not  seem  to  be  doing 


ANNUAL  REVIEW  OF  RELIGIOUS  LITERATURE  22$ 

anything  particularly  noteworthy  in  the  promotion  of 
religious  literature.  Among  the  volumes  especially  ifftend- 
ed  to  strengthen  the  cause  of  Buddhist  propagandism, 
worthy  of  note  is  the  Fukyo  Daijitcn  (Propagandist  Dic 
tionary),  a  volume -containing  two  thousand  pages  and 
selling  for  Five  Yen.  It  is  published  by  the  Hozokwan  at 
Kyoto. 

Very  notable  is  the  first  published 
Introduction  to  instalment  of  Buddhist  research  work 
Study  of  Buddhism  conducted  by  Mr.  O.  Rosenberg,  of  the 
University  of  Petrograd.  This  was 
published  during  the  year  under  the  general  title  of  Buk- 
kyo  Kenkvu,  Meijishu  (Introduction  to  the  study  oi 
Buddhism).  Part  First,  which  was  published  during  the 
year,  and  is  for  sale  at  the  Kyobunkivan,  is  a  Vocabulary. 
It  contains  five  hundred  and  twenty-seven  pages,  besides 
an  index.  The  Introduction  to  tlie  Study  of  Buddhism  is 
based  upon  material  preserved  in  Japan  and  China.  The 
Vocabulary  is  a  survey  of  Buddhist  Terms  and  Names 
arranged  accordng  to  Radicals  with  Japanese  Readings  and 
Sanscrit  Equivalents.  It  has  a  supplement  of  Terms  and 
Names  relating  to  Shinto  and  Japanese  History. 

SHINTO  LITERATURE 

Shinto  publications  include  treatises  on 
Treatises  on          Gods,   on   Shrines,  on  Shintoism  and  on 
Shrines  Tenrikyo.     Under    Shinto    literature    the 

shrines  come  in  for  a  good  part  of  the 
discussion,  owing,  no  doubt,  to  the  practical  question  now 
before  the  nation  of  worship  at  the  shrines.  One  of  the 
most  important  of  these  treatises  on  shrines  is  an  illustrated 
edition  of  the  Official  Shrines  and  Local  Shrines  (/fcm//- 
f>cis1ia)  and  (KokuJieisJui}.  These  are  photographic  illu 
strations  and  the  price  of  the  book  is  ten  yen.  It  is 
published  in  crmmemoration  of  the  Coronation,  by  T. 
Maeda,  in  Osaka.  The  Koyosha  published  during  the 
year  the  Alci/i  J'wgn  Hobutsuden,  price  seventy  five  sen, 
in  which  are  given  the  plans,  specifications  and  diagrams 
of  the  shrine  now  being  constructed  in  memory  of  the  late 


226  JAPAN 

Emperor.  There  is  a  small  book  on  the  Ise  shrine 
under  the  title  of  Jingu  Shoran.  There  is  also  a  book 
entitled  fingu  Jaima  to  Kokuminsei,  in  which  the  national 
characteristics  are  discussed  in  relation  to  the  ATusa,  or 
paper  or  silk  pendant  in  the  Ise  shrine. 

Under    ritual    or    Worship    (saiki),  a 

Ritual  volume  has  been  published  entitled  Kokka 

no  Saiki ;  the  price  is  one  yen  fifty  sen 

and  the  publishers  are  the  Sltunyodo.      There   was   also 

published  a   collection  of  liturgic  formularies,   or   norito, 

the  price  of  which  is  one  yen  thirty  sen,  issued  in  Ogaki 

by  T.  Kawada. 

With  respect  to  Shinto,  attention  may 

Miracles  be  called  to  the  Shimpuki,  published  in 

the  series  called  Nippon  Kokusui  Zensho. 

This   is   an  ancient  writing    and  has    been    reissued    as 

a  volume  in    the   series   just    mentioned.      It   is   said   to 

contain  an   account  of  miracles  wrought  by   the   Shinto 

deities.     The  term  Shimpu  itself,  (literally,  divine  wind), 

is    interesting,    suggesting   as   it    does    the    tradition    of 

Pentecost. 

CHRISTIAN  PUBLICATIONS 

A    notable   contribution    to   a    better 
Bible  and  Bible        knowledge  of  the  Bible  was  made  through 
Study  the  publication  by  the  Christian  Literature 

Society  of  the  Annotated  Bible,  by 
Rev.  G.  P.  Pierson,  D.  D.  With  Dr.  Pierson  were 
associated  as  authors,  Rev.  T.  Miura  and  Mr.  Y. 
Izumi.  The  volume  contains  not  less  than  two  thousand 
three  hundred  and  sixty  four  pages,  and  is  provided 
with  maps,  charts,  illustrations  and  a  concordance.  The 
general  plan  followed  is  that  of  the  Schofield  Bible. 
As  a  contribution  made  by  a  foreign  missionary  to  the 
vernacular  literature,  this  work  is  a  notable  production,  as 
well  as  an  example  of  long  and  pains-taking  labor.  The 
Christian  Literature  Society  published  an  exposition  of 
The  Sermon  on  the  Mount,  by  Geo.  Gleason  and  T. 
Takemoto. 


ANNUAL  REVIEW  OF  KEUGIOUS. LITERATURE  22 J 

Studies  in  the  Minor  Prophets,  under 
Commentaries         the   authorship     of     B.    Horiguchi     and 

S.  Oya,  has  been  issued  by  the  Japan 
Book  and  Tract  Society.  And  by  the  same  Society  a 
commentary  was  published  on  the  Book  of  Acts  by  Rev. 
Barclay  F.  Buxton,  translated  by  T.  Yoneda.  Kanzo 
Uchimura  is  the  author  of  Ten  Years  Study  of  t/ie  Old 
Testament,  published  by  the  Bible  Study  Society.  T. 
Kuranaga  is  the  author  of  Fifty  Studies  in  the  Gospel  of 
fohn,  issued  by  the  Christian  Literature  Society  at 
Christmas  time. 

A  good   number  of  books   were  pro- 
Christ  duced   during   the   year    concerning    the 

life  and  teachings  of  Christ.  One  of  the 
most  notable  of  these  productions  was  the  Life  of  Christ 
written  by  a  layman  and  from  the  rationalistic  standpoint. 
In  literary  style  it  was  an  effort  to  create  something  after 
the  type  of  Renan'sy<?.>7/.y.  The  most  interesting  aspect  of 
this  enterprise  is  the  interest  shown  by  a  business  man  in 
the  subject.  K.  Kamizawa  is  the  author  of  this  Life  of 
Christ.  It  was  thought  that  the  volume  would  have  a 
good  sale,  but  it  has  attracted  very  little  notice.  An 
account  of  Jesus  written  from  the  naturalistic  standpoint  is 
a  subject  of  no  special  interest  to  the  Japanese.  Such  a 
book  produced  where  the  Christian  religion  prevails  and 
orthodoxy  is  in  the  ascendency  is  of  interest  because  of  its 
effort  to  set  aside  the  dominant  view.  But  a  publication 
written  from  this  standpoint  in  Japan  seeks  to  overthrow 
what  has  not  yet  been  established  in  the  popular  mind 
generally.  The  Rakuyodo  is  the  publisher  of  the  book. 
An  excellent  review  of  the  volume,  \vritten  by  Rev. 
Albertus  Pieters,  will  be  iound  in  \X\zJapan  Evangelist,  in 
the  department  of  the  Christian  Literature  Society. 
(June,  1916) 

The  Christian  Literature  Society    pub- 
Christl-o  lishcd  a  translation  of  The  Fact  of  Christ, 

Literature  by  p.  Carnegie    Simpson,   translated    by 

T.  Nakazawa.     This  Society  also  put  out 

this  year,  Prof.  Kashiwai's  translation  of 
The  Man  of  Nazarctii  by  F.  L.  Anderson,  D.  D.  Among 


228  JAPAN 

the  smaller  noteworthy  publications  of  this  Society  are 
The  Divinity  of  Clirist,  by  Albertus  Pieters  and  the 
Gospel  Story  of  Jesus,  by  Ichiro  Oi.  In  the  latter  volume 
the  accounts  of  Christ  in  the  four  different  Gospels  are 
woven  into  a  single  and  continuous  story.  Prof.  En 
Kashiwai  is  the  author  of  a  volume  entitled  Personal 
Teaching  of  Christ,  published  by  the  Hakubunkivan. 

Under  religious  biography,  The  Story 
Religious  of  JoscpJi  may  be  mentioned,    published 

Biographies          by  the  Christian  Literature  Society.     J. 

R.  Miller   is  the  author  and  S.  Ito  the 

translator.     This  book  has  had  a  wide  sale.     The  story  of 

optimism    and    conquest   over   temptation  in   the  life    of 

Joseph  has  appealed  with  peculiar  interest  to  the  Japanese. 

Among  other  religious  biographies  worthy  of  mention 
is  the  Life  of  Kieko  Yamamuro,  written  by  her  husband, 
Col.  Gumpei  Yamamuro.  There  is  a  gap  in  the  Christian 
literature  of  Japan  with  respect  to  religious  biography. 
We  have  no  life  of  Yoichi  Honda  or  Kenkichi  Kataoka, 
and  no  very  good  life  of  Neesima.  The  Nippon  Seiko- 
kuai  Shuppanslia  (Episcopal)  has  published  the  Life 
of  Bishop  Edward  BickcrstetJi,  written  by  Dr.  J.  Imai. 
The  Kyo  Bun  Kivan  (Methodist)  has  issued  the  Life  of 
D~vigJit  L.  Moody,  written  by  his  son  and  translated  by 
K.  Hirota.  An  interesting  account  of  Soroku  Ebara, 
written  by  Y.  Horikawa,  was  published  by  the  SJiubun- 
kivan. 

T.  Fujikawa  is  the  author  of  a  book  called  The  Story  of 
tlie  Hymns  (Sasnbika  Otogi  Hanashi).  H.  Yamazaki  is 
the  translator  of  the  Lires  of  Famous  Missionaries  which 
is  published  by  the  Japan  Book  and  Tract  Society.  The 
Japanese  title  is  Reikwai  Ijin  Kaikyo  Roku.  Under 
religious  biography,  mention,  may  be  made  of  Alice 
Cochran's  account  of  Famous  Women  which  was 
translated  by  S.  Hayashi  and  published  by  the  KeiseisJia, 
under  the  title  of  Fujin  Seisui. 

Under  Practical   Theology,   The  New 

Practical  Theology     Ufe  (Shinsei)  by  T.  Fujii,  a  layman,  may 

be    noted,    published    by    the    Iwanami 

Shoten ;  The  Faith   of   Christ  by  Bishop  Charles  Gore, 


ANNUAL  REVIEW  OF  RELIGIOUS  LITERATURE  229 

ranslated  by  S.  Fujumatsu  was  published  by  the  Nippon 
Seikokwai  Shitppansha  (Episcopal).  Religion  and  Human 
Life  (Shukyo  to  Jinsei)  by  R.  Hoashi,  was  published  by 
the  Rakuyodo  ;  Exhortations  to  Faith  (Shinkono  Susume), 
by  T.  Kanamori,  was  published  by  the  KeiseisJia  and  has 
a  wide  sale  ;  Preaching  and  Prayer,  by  K.  M.  Bounds, 
translated  by  S.  Kuzuhara,  was  published  by  the  Oriental 
Mission ;  1 lie  Meaning  of  Prayer,  by  H.  E.  Fosdick, 
translated  by  M.  Kurihara  under  the  title  of  Rcikorokn, 
was  published  by  the  Christian  Literature  Society 
and  has  sold  well.  My  Religion,  by  Leo  Tolstoy, 
translated  by  C.  Ikuta  was  published  by  the  Shinchosha, 
as  the  first  volume  in  the  "Tolstoy  Series."  From 
Darkness  to  Light  (Ankoku  yori  Komyc  ni),  published  by 
the  KciseisJia,  was  written  by  S.  Osaka.  The  Perfect  Life, 
by  S.  Sato,  was  published  by  the  Seibunkiuan.  A  transla 
tion  by  Prof.  En  Kashiwai  of  The  Facts  of  Life,  by  P. 
Carnegie  Sinison,  was  published  by  the  Christian  Literature 
Society. 

Quiet    Talks    on    Prayer    by    S.    1). 

Japan  Book  and      Gordon,  translated  by    Rev.  Z.   Hidaka. 

Tract  Society         xvas   published  by    the  Japan  Book  and 

Tract  Society.     Previously,  Dr.  Gordon's 

Quiet  Talks  on  Pcnver  had  been  published  in  Japanese  by 

this  Society,  and  his  Qniet  Talks  ivith  World  Winners  was 

published    two    years   ago    by    the    Christian    Literature 

Society.     The    Travelers'   Guide  From  Life  to  Death,    a 

book  translated  into  many  languages,  was  reproduced  in 

Japanese   and    published  during  the  year  by   the    Japan 

Book  and  Tract  Society. 

Col.  Gumpei  Yamamuro  of  the  Salva- 

Col.  Yamamuro       tion  Army,  whose  writings  have  been  so 

widely  read,  was  the  author  of  Apostolic 

Religion,  (Shitoteki    Shukyo),    Power  to  Save  from  Sin 

(Tsumi  yori  sukuu   Chikara),   The  Teaching-  of  the  Cro±s 

(Jujika  no  Oshie),  and  The  Influence  of  the  Bible  (Seisho 

no  Kankwaryoku),  all  of  which  were    published    by   the 

Salvation  Army. 


23O  JAPAN 

The    series    of   Evangelistic    Booklets 
Evangelistic  Book-     published    by    the    Christian    Literature 
!ets  Society  was  added  to  during  the  year  by 

the  publication  of  short  discussions  on 
such  important  subjects  as,  Why  I  am  a  Christian,  by 
Col.  T.  Oshima  ;  Tlie  Bean  Vender,  by  Rev.  I.  Oi  ;  Dis 
abled  in  Body,  Triumphant  in  Spirit,  by  K.  Hirota ; 
Hidden  Treasure,  by  T.  Kokita ;  T/ie  Divinity  of 
Christ,  by  A.  Pieters ;  My  Faith  and  Christianity  by 
Capt.  K.  Amagasa ;  and  The  School  of  Jesus,  by  M. 
Uemura. 

Both    the    KeiseisJia    and    Seikokzvai 
Ksiseisha  Book-       Shnppan  ha  have  adopted    the  plan   fol- 
lets  lowed      by      the      Christian      Literature 

Society  in  issuing  a  series  of  booklets. 
The  KeiseisJia  series  are  called  Taisho  Faith  Series  and 
Tnisho  Dendo  Series,  Taisho  being  the  name  of  the  pre 
sent  reign.  The  booklets  are  written  by  Japanese  pastors 
and  the  subjects  run  as  follows  :  The  Church  of  Christ, 
by  Rev.  K.  Hoshino  ;  The  Essence  of  the  Gospel  by  Rev.  K. 
Takemoto  ;  Creation,  Incarnation  and  Atonement,  by  Rev. 
G  Kashiwagi ;  Certainty  in  Christian  Experience,  by  Rev. 
Hoshino ;  One  Step  in  Spiritual  Culture,  by  Rev.  T. 
Miyagawa ;  Morality  and  Religion,  by  Rev.  Prof.  T. 
Yamada  ;  The  Christian  Heart,  by  Rev.  Dr.  S.  Motoda  ; 
Newness  of  Life,  by  Rev.  T.  Yamada ;  The  Christian 
Vieiu  of  God  and  Man,  by  Rev.  G.  Kashiwagi;  God  and 
Man,  by  Rev.  B.  Tsuyumu.  Theism  and  Human  Per 
sonality,  by  Rev.  Dr.  S.  Motoda ;  A  Message  to  the 
Weary,  by  Rev.  H.  Otani ;  The  Filial  Relation  Between 
God  and  Man,  by  Rev.  K.  Ishizaka  ;  The  Religion  of  Joy, 
by  Rev.  K.  Takemoto  ;  The  Greatness  of  the  Human  Soi4l, 
by  Rev.  K.  Takemoto  ;  The  Core  of  the  Gospel,  by  Rev. 
H.  Hirata;  The  Dawn  of  tJic  Spiritual  Life,  by  Rev.  Dr. 
Y.  Chiba,  and  Christianity  and  Human  Life,  by  Rev.  K. 
Hoshino. 

The  titles   of  the  series  published  by 

Seikokwal  the  Seikokivai  SJnippansJia  are  :     Prayers 

of    Children,    Prayers  for    Communion, 

Daily   Prayer,  Rules  for  Daily  Living,  Prayei  s  in  h  <  - 


ANNUAL  REVIEW  OF  RELIGIOUS  LITERATURE  23! 

partition  for    Communion   and    Parable    of    the    Electric 
Street  Car. 

A  volume  entitled  CJiarity  and  Friendship,  written  by 
H.  Ivvai  and  T.  Moriya,  was  published  by  the  Keiscisha. 
Rev.  U.  Bessho  is  the  author  of  a  book  called  Kiri  no 
Okoku  ye.  It  is  a  number  of  talks  given  by  him  in 
public.  It  was  published  by  the  KciseisJia.  Rev.  D. 
Ebina  is  the  author  of  an  interesting-  volume  entitled 
Senmin  no  Slutkyo  (Religion  of  a  Chosen  people). 

A  volume  of  sermons,  by  the  late  J.  H. 

Sermons  Brookes,  was  translated  into  Japanese   by 

Dr.    Y.    Chiba   and    published    by    the 

Christian   Literature   Society.     A   volume  of  Spurgeon's 

sermons  was  issued  by  the  Koyodo  and  was  translated  by 

M.  Kurihara  and  T.  Akai. 

The  existing  Sunday  School  literature 
Sunday  School  in  the  Japanese  vernacular  is  quite  in- 
Literature  adequate.  Some  steps  in  advance,  how 

ever,  have  been  taken  during  the  year. 
Our  Boy,  by  Bar  tow,  translated  by  S.  Akaboshi,  was 
published  during  the  year  by  the  Christian  Literature 
Society.  This  Society  also  issued  The  Teacher,  by  \V.  C. 
Barclay,  translated  by  S.  Iwamura.  The  Christian 
Literature  Society  also  issued  TJie  White  Gift  Programme 
in  Japanese,  prepared  by  H.  K  Coleman  ;  A  Christmas 
Cantata  prepared  by  Miss  Jeane  Noordhoff,  and  a  Christ 
mas  Booklet  prepared  by  Rev.  C.  B.  Olds,  were  also  issued 
by  this  Society. 

The  Keiscisha  issued  a  series  of  small  books,  in  which 
the  various  steps  in  graded  lessons  were  explained.  The 
authors  of  the  volumes  in  this  series  are  R.  Ebizawa,  K. 
Kawanaka  and  N.  Kato. 

Rev.  K.  Hoshino  wrote,  for  probationers,  a  book  called 
Higoto  no  "Os'iie,  which  is  published  by  the  Keiseisha. 
The  Christian  Literature  Society  issued  a  second  edition, 
revised,  of  the  True  Christian  by  T.  Kugimiya,  a  small 
volume  that  has  been  very  useful  in  Christian  work,  as  an 
aid  to  inquirers  and  probationers. 


2J2  JAPAN 

During    the    year,    Prof.    Borden    P. 

Philosophy  and       Bovvne's  T/icism  was  translated  by  Prof. 

Ethics  M.    Matsumoto    and    published    by    the 

Christian       Literature       Society.       This 

Society    had   already    issued    Prof.    Bowne's    TJiccry   of 

Thought  and  Knowledge,  translated  by  Prof.  Sogi. 

The  present  interest  in  mysticism  is  noteworthy.  One 
of  the  volumes  on  the  subject  issued  during  the  year  is  a 
book  entitled  Ideals  of  Mystics  and  Life.  The  author  is 
Prof.  K.  Yoshie.  This  is  the  tenth  volume  in  a  series 
called  Modern  TJiongJit. 

The  hold   Samuel   Smiles  has  on  the 

Self  Help  Books       modern    Japanese    is    remarkable.       His 

Self  Help  had  great  vogue  in  the  early 

Meiji  period.     That  his  influence  continues  is  shown   by 

the  translation  of  his  Human  Life  and  Energy,  translated 

by  Jujiro  Iseki  and   published   by   the   Sato    Shuppanbu. 

Lectures  on  Self  Htlp  by  Samuel  Smiles  were  published  by 

the  Joado.     The  author  of  the  lectures  is  K.  Kurihara. 

The  Iiuanami  SJioten  published  a 
Philosophy  philosophical  series,  similar  in  size  to  the 
Blackwood  Philosophical  Classics  and  the 
series  known  as  the  Griggs  Philosophical  Series.  Some  of 
the  authors  of  the  volumes  are  Christians.  The  subjects 
treated  in  the  various  volumes  are  as  follows  :  Episte- 
mology,  Fundamemal  Ethical  Problems,  Pliilosophy  of 
Religion,  Modtrn  Science,  Ancient  and  Mediaeval 
European  Philosophy  and  Outlines  of  Philosophy.  Prof. 
A.  Fukasa  of  the  Imperial  University  is  the  author  of 
Ethics  and  National  J/<3r<7/y|(Rinri  to  Kokurnin  Dotoku), 
published  by  the  Kyodokivan.  Volumes  on  similar  sub 
jects  have  been  written  by  various  authors  in  recent  year?. 
Last  year  Prof.  Tetsujiro  Inouye  brought  out  a  volume 
entitled  Outline  of  National  Morality  (Kokumin  Dotoku 
Gaironi.  This  volume  was  published  by  the  SansJiodo. 
Prof.  S.  Hotta  is  the  author  of  a  volume  entitled  Moral 
Training  of  the  People,  (Gendai  Kokumin  no  Shuyo), 
published  by  the  Kotki  TsiuJtinsJia.  The  Source  of  this 
kind  of  literature  is  the  Imperial  University,  and  the  object 


ANNUAL  REVIEW  OF  RELIGIOUS  LITERATURE  233 

the  authors  have  in  view  is  the  founding  of  morals  upon 
Japanese  patriotism. 

The    well    known    story    written    by 

Miscellaneous         Eleanor    H.    Porter,    entitled    Polly  anna. 

was  translated  by  Tsuchi  Hironaka  and 

published    by   the    Christian    Literature    Society.     Short 

stories  were  issued  by  the  Scikokivai  SJiuppansJia,  one  of 

which  was  written  by  Francis  Alexander  and  translated  by 

Matsuye  Morita.     The  title  of  this  in  Japanese  is  Kakure- 

taru  Shimobe.     Another  short  story  written  by  "  Adams" 

and  also  translated  by  Matsuye  Morita  was  issued  by  the 

same  publishing  concern  during  the  year. 

Together  with  these,  mention  may  be  made  of  fessicas 
First  Prayer  and  Jessica' s  Mot/ier,  both  by  Hesba  Stretton, 
and  both  of  which  were  translated  by  K.  Hirota,  which 
were  issued  by  the  Japan  Book  and  Tract  Society. 

U.    Matsumoto    translated    Ben   Hitr, 
Ben  Hur  which  was    published  by   the    Keiseisha 

under    the    Japanese  title  of  IlosJii    no 
Meate  ni. 


CHAPTER  II 

CHRISTIAN  LITERATURE  AS  A  MISSION 
AGENCY  IN  JAPAN 


BY  S.  H.  WATNRIGHT 


The   most    noteworthy    phase   in    the 

Growing  recent  development  of  missionary  activity 

Importance          js   the   growing   importance  attached   to 

Christian  literature  as  a  distinctive  agency 

in  the  furtherance  of  the  Christian  cause.     At  least  three 

reasons  may  be  given  in  explanation  of  this  new  attitude 

toward  Christian  literature. 

First,  the  organization  of  the  Christian 

Three  Reasons        Literature    Society,      as     an     enterprise 

conducted    under    the    auspices    of    the 

Conference   of    Federated    Missions,    and   the    successful 

beginning  of  its  work,  has  attracted  especial  attention  to 

literature  as  a  function  of  the  missionary  propaganda,  and 

has    stimulated    publishers    such    as    the    Kyolmnkivan, 

Keiseisha,  Japan  Boole  and  Tract  Society,    The  Salvation 

Army,  the  Seiko. (wai  Shuppansha,  to  renewed  energy. 

Secondly,  the  National  Evangelistic  Campaign,  carried 
on  for  three  years,  an  enterprise  in  which  the  missions  and 
churches  wrought  together,  has  done  much  to  awaken  a 
nation-wide  interest  in  Christianity,  and  to  quicken  a  desire 
to  know  more  fully  about  its  teachings.  The  wide  spread 
preaching  of  the  Gospel  in  this  campaign  has  done  much 
to  prepare  the  field  for  the  printed  page. 

In  the  third  place,  the  general  situation  has  been  more 
favorable  to  religious  propagandism,  owing  to  the  interest 
of  the  reading  public  in  books  of  a  more  serious  character, 


CHRISTIAN  LITERATURE  AS  A  MISSION  AGENCY          235 

such  for  example,  as  treat  of  moral  and  religious  problems 
and  deal  with  the  spiritual  aspect  of  human  life.  Broadly 
speaking,  the  trend  is  from- secularism  to  humanism  and 
from  naturalism  to  mysticism.  Thus  the  field  has  become 
more  favorable  to  the  dissemination  of  Christian  ideas, 
especially  among  those  who  have  not  yet  come  under  the 
more  immediate  influence  of  the  Gospel.  In  truth, 
conditions  seem  to  be  fuller  of  promise  for  the  spread  of 
Christian  truth  than  at  any  time  since  the  decade  following 
the  opening  of  modern  missions  in  Japan. 

II 

It  may  be  thought  that  the  question  is  still  an  open  one 
as  to  whether  these  favorable  conditions  are  to  be  re 
cognized  as  a  missionary  advantage  or  opportunity. 

In   order  to   remove  any    doubt  that 

Christian  perchance    may    be    felt    touching   this 

Literature  Society      point,   attention   may  be   called,  first,   to 

the    Christian    Literature    Society,   as    a 

witness  to  what  can  be  done  through  mission  organization. 

During  the  year  just  gone  by,  this  Society  issued  in  round 

numbers  forty  million  pages  of  literature. 

As  a  second  fact,  relevant  to  the  point  under  discussion, 
the  Annotated  Bible  may  be  cited,  the  author  of  which, 
Rev.  G.P.  Pierson,  D.D.,  is  a  missionary.  This  volume 
contains  two  thousand  three  hundred  and  sixty-four  pages 
and  its  publication  has  not  called  forth  any  adverse  criticism 
by  those  who  have  written  reviews  of  the  work  as  regards 
the  language  and  style  in  which  it  is  written.  The  Japanese 
find  it  to  be  a  most  useful  volume  in  the  study  of  the  Word 
of  God. 

In  the  third  place,  a  remarkable  witness 

Religious  Paper       to  what  faith  and  enterprise,  on  the  part 

in  Secular  of  missionaries,  are  capable  of  doing,  is  the 

publication  and  circulation   in  the  schools 

of   Japan    of   the    periodical    called    the 

RIyojo.     In  fact  something  akin  to  the  spirit  of  the  pioneer 

missionaries   has  been  the  animating  principle  sustaining 

this  movement.     The  Myofo  or  Day  Star  is  a  thorough- 


2  36  JAPAN 

going  Christian  periodical  and  is  edited  under  the  auspicse 
of  the  Christian  Literature  Society.  By  the  end  of  the 
year,  it  had  reached  a  circulation  of  fifty-seven  thousand 
copies,  sent  out  monthly  to  more  than  one  thousand  non- 
Christian  schools.  This  periodical  is  read  by  about  two 
hundred  thousand  students  in  the  Japanese  schools.  Its 
remarkable  circulation  is  an  illustration  that  affords 
inspiration  and  encouragement  to  the  Christian  forces 
from  abroad  now  at  work  in  this  country.  A  few 
foreign  teachers  in  the  Government  schools  and  a  small 
number  of  foreign  missionaries,  banded  together,  have 
promoted  the  circulation  of  the  Myojo.  They  have  been 
deeply  impressed  with  the  needs  of  Japanese  students,  and 
they  have  had  the  courage  of  faith  sufficient  to  overcome 
obstacles  that  seemed  almost  insuperable.  In  other  words, 
a  field  supposed  to  be  closed  has  been  found  to  be  open 
and  has  been  entered.  There  are  other  fields  which  might 
be  entered  if  the  work  of  the  Kyoto  Committee,  which 
has  charge  of  the  Myojo  enterprise,  should  become  a 
precedent,  stimulating  others  to  bold  enterprise  in  the 
Master's  name. 

Ill 

There  are  other  favoring  circumstances  which  should 
encourage  the  missionary  body  to  seize  upon  the  present 
opportunity. 

The    gradual    disappearance,    for    ex- 
East  and  West       ample,  of  the  gulf  that  at  first  separated 
Drawing  Nearer       the  foreigner  and  the  Japanese  public,  is 
another    reason    for    believing    that    the 
facilities  are  increasing  for  reaching  the  nation  by  means 
of  the  printed  page  as  a  form  of  missionary  work. 

The  Japanese  language,  for  instance,  is  undergoing  a 
transformation,  gradually  approaching  the  English 
language.  In  the  shortening  of  the  sentence,  in  the  greater 
directness  of  style,  and  in  the  various  idiomatic  changes 
taking  place,  the  Japanese  language  is  beginning  to  show 
the  effect  upon  its  structure  of  the  wide-spread  study  of 
English  in  this  country. 


CHRISTIAN  LITERATURE  AS  A  MISSION  AGENCY  237 

Not  only  the  language  of  the  people,  but  their  tastes  and 
ideas,  as  well,  are  becoming  increasingly  Western.  This 
is  not  surprising,  when  account  is  taken  of  the  national 
system  of  education  conducted  after  Western  models,  and 
when  it  is  considered  that  numerous  other  influences  from 
the  West  are  potent  in  national  life.  The  fact  that 
Western  ways  are  being  increasingly  adopted  by  the 
Japanese,  renders  the  task,  on  our  part,  of  approaching 
the  national  mind  a  far  easier  one. 

There  are  other  aspects  to  the  question 
Moral  Challenge  as  to  the  scope  and  extent  of  the  mission 
ary  opportunity.  The  challenge  cannot 
be  expressed  in  terms  of  population  alone.  Tc»  say  that 
eighty  per  cent  of  the  total  population  of  Japan  has  never 
been  reached  by  the  direct  preaching  of  the  Gospel,  is  to 
bring  to  attention  only  one  phase  of  the  situation.  This 
takes  no  account  of  the  moral  state  of  Japan.  A  state 
ment  of  numbers  conveys  no  knowledge  ot  what  one  might 
speak  of  as  the  qualitative  aspect  ot  the  field.  What,  for 
example,  is  the  state  of  mind  prevailing  among  the  vast 
numbers  who  have  not  been  reached  by  the  Gospel  ? 

On  the  other  hand,  we  fail  to  form  a  correct  estimate  of 
the  missionary  opportunity,  if  we  interpret  our  responsi 
bility  in  terms  of  philanthropy.  The  missionary  cannot 
discharge  his  full  obligation  by  showing  a  friendly  sym 
pathy  for  the  people  in  their  hardships  and  sufferings,  in 
the  difficulties  and  discouragements,  it  is  their  lot  to  endure. 

It  is  well  from  time  to  time  to  think  over  afresh  the 
terms  of  our  calling.  A  due  consideration  of  our  task 
will  convince  us  that  a  humane  sentiment,  however  -Christ- 
like  a  motive  of  this  kind  may  be,  fails  to  embrace  the  full 
scope  of  our  obligation.  For  example,  there  are  forces  at 
work  in  Japan  tending  toward  moral  decadence,  and  there 
is  a  widespread  confusion  of  ideas  with  regard  to  vital 
truths.  If  we  are  to  fulfil  the  mission  given  to  us,  we 
must  be  messengers  of  the  truth  and  power  of  God. 

In    spite    of  all  the  advance  made  in 

Lack  of  Know.       secular   civilization,   the  people  of  Japan 

ledge  are    perishing    for    lack    of    knowledge. 

Truths  vital  to  human  life  and  destiny  do 


238  JAPAN 

not  form  a  part  of  the  mental  equipment  of  the  average 
Japanese,  who  has  taken  advantage  of  the  enlightenment 
brought  to  the  nation  through  the  ordinary  channels  of 
secular  culture.  If  we  reflect  upon  this  aspect  of  the 
missionary  situation,  we  shall  feel  with  a  deepened  sense  of 
responsibility  the  importance  of  Christian  literature  as  a 
means  of  conveying  to  the  people  of  Japan  sound  ideas  of 
human  life,  its  relations,  its  purposes  and  obligations. 


CHAPTER  III 

BIBLE  SOCIETIES 


I.— THE  BRITISH  &    FOREIGN   BIBLE  SOCIETY 

BY  F.  PARROTT 

Above  times  tumult  the  Divine  Voice  clearly  speaks  : 
"  Heaven  and  earth  shall  pass  away  but  my  words  shall 
not  pass  away." 

To  publish  and  circulate  this  abiding  Gospel  among  all 
nations  is  the  high  calling  of  the  Bible  Society.  The  follow 
ing  concerns  its  work  in  Japan  during  1916 : 

Scriptures  Printed  New  editions  printed  in  1916  include  : 

Bibles.         New  Testaments.  Portions.  Total. 

1,000  25>5°°  188,000  214,500 

The    year's    issues    reach   a    total    of 
Scriptures  Issued        247,492    copies    which    total    was    made 
up  as  follows  : 

Bibles.         New  Testaments.         Portions.  Total. 

3'835  34,723  193.934  232,492 

In  addition  15,437  Books  were  shipped  to  London  and 
to  various  agencies. 

The  increase  in  the  cost  of  all  materials  for  printing  is  a 
heavy  one ;  yet,  in  spite  of  this,  the  Committee  in  London 
instruct  us  not  to  increase  the  price  of  the  cheap  editions. 
The  Books  are,  by  far,  the  cheapest  and  the  best  sold  in 
this  Empire.  Our  editions  of  the  four  Gospels,  which  we 
sell  at  one  sen,  cost  for  manufacture  alone  one  hundred  per 
cent  more  than  the  price  at  which  they  are  sold. 


24O  JAPAN 

The  total  circulation  in  1916  amounts 
Circulation  to   240,739  copies  comprising  Books  in 

seventeen  languages. 

The  distribution  of  the  Books  is  as  follows : 

Bibles.  New  Test.     Portions.          Total. 

Sales  by  Colporteurs 414         14,415         J65,934         180,763 

Depot  Sales    3,294         23>9°4  24>955  52,180 


Total  Sales 3,708         38,319         190,889         232,916 

Free  Grants    14  335  7>474  7>823 


Total   3,722         38,654         198,363         240,739 

During  the  year,   14  Bibles,  335  New 
Free  Grants          Testaments  and  7,474  Portions  were  dis 
tributed   as   gifts.     These    were    sent   to 
Churches,  Boys'  Reformatory,  Seamen's  Home,  Home  for 
indigent  old  ladies,  Tobacco  Monopoly  Bureau  factory,  and 
to  National  Evangelistic  Campaign  in  Kobe.    1,000  Gospels 
were  given  to  the  Salvation  Army  for  inserting  in  their 
comfort  bags  for  indigent  poor  at  Christmas. 

The   sales    by    our    colporteurs    sub- 

Colportage  sequent  to  the  establishment  of  the  Kobe 
headquarters  in  1904  are  20,030  Bibles ; 
268,529  New  Testaments  ;  1,835,626  Portions  ;  a  total  of 
2,124,185  copies. 

During  1916,  colporteurs  sold  414  Bibles  ;  14,415  New 
Testaments;  and  165,934  Portions;  a  total  of  180,763 
copies  ;  —  an  increase  over  last  year's  record  of  some 
thirty-eight  thousand  copies.  These  figures  show  that 
Colportage  accounts  for  over  75  %  of  our  total  circulation. 

During  1916,  thirty-three  men  worked  during  the  year  ; 
but  only  fifteen  men  worked  through  the  entire  twelve 
months. 

Mr.  Hattori  succeeded  in  attaining  the  maximum  sales 
of  the  year,  10,640  Books. 

Mr.  Lawrence  reports  his  work  as  follows  : 

"  I  was  able  to  undertake  only  one  Bible  selling  tour 
during  1916. 

This  was  to  the  Island  of  Formosa  in  company  with 
one  of  our  colporteurs,  Mr.  Suganuma. 


BIBLE    SOCIETIES  241 

A  commencement  was  made  with  the 
Work  in  Formosa  work  in  Taihoku,  the  capital  of  the  Island. 
Very  good  sales  were  made  to  the  local 
booksellers.  Taihoku  is  the  educational  centre  of  For 
mosa  and  thousands  of  students  from  all  parts  of  the  Island 
obt  iin  their  education  in  the  various  colleges  and  schools  of 
the  city.  In  these  schools,  Bible  selling  was  attempted  and 
most  satisfactory  results  obtained.  The  Middle  School  is 
the  largest  school  in  Formosa  and  contains  800  student?, 
of  whom  over  200  are  resident  students.  A  large  sale  of 
English  and  Japanese  Bibles  and  Testaments  was  secured 
at  this  school ;  the  popular  English- Japanese  Diglot  Testa 
ment  being  in  good  demand.  At  the  Medical  College  for 
Formosan  students,  over  60  Books  were  disposed  of ;  and 
at  the  High  School  for  Japanese  Girls  excellent  returns 
were  obtained.  At  the  Agricultural  School,  another  80 
copies  were  circulated  ;  and  at  the  Training  Institute  for 
members  of  the  Police  Force  a  number  of  copies  were  also 
disposed  of.  At  the  Industrial  School  for  Formosan  stu 
dents,  our  work  was  unusually  successful.  The  Principal 
kindly  sanctioned  Bible  selling  in  the  school  and  also  an 
address  to  the  students  on  the  work  of  the  Bible  Society. 
On  the  evening -appointed,  all  the  students,  with  the  excep 
tion  of  two  young  lads  who  happened  to  be  ill,  were 
assembled  in  one  of  the  class-rooms.  After  the  address 
had  been  given,  Bible  selling  commenced  and  so  eager 
were  the  students  for  the  Scriptures  that  no  less  than  163 
Testaments  were  disposed  of.  As  the  students  number  i/o, 
the  sale  was  remarkable,  for  almost  every  person  bought, 

During  the  tour,  I  met  many  of  the  Christians  and  the 
pastors  of  the  various  churches  in  different  parts  of  the 
Islands.  Some  of  them  were  in  need  of  Bibles.  They 
usually  purchased  expensively  bound  copies.  They  also 
assisted  me  by  supplying  me  with  cards  of  introdjction  to 
leading  officials  in  the  capital  and  in  the  provinces. 

My  sales  during  the  tour  amounted  to  89  Bibles,  1,704 
Testaments,  and  398  Parts  of  the  Scriptures,  making  a 
total  of  2,191  copies  valued  at  617.38  yen." 

We  thank  God  and  take  courage  in  facing  the  great  and 
growing  demand  for  Holy  Scripture  in  Japan. 


242  JAPAN 

II.— THE  AMERICAN  BIBLE  SOCIETY 

BY  K.  E.  AURELL 

There  are  two    outstanding  events  in 

Centennial  the  story   of  the  American  Bible  Society 

in  Japan  for    1916.     There    is   first,  the 

celebration  of  the  hundredth  anniversary  of  the  founding 

of  the  society  at  New  York.     In  compliance   with  the 

desire  of  the  home  board  that  we  should  commemorate 

this  event  in  a  fitting  way,  Dr.  Schwartz,  Agent,  arranged 

for  special  meetings  in  thirteen  of  the  largest  centers  in  the 

northern  half  of  the  Empire. 

The  meeting  at  Tokyo  which  was  prt" 
In  Tokyo  sided   over    by    His    Excellency   George 

W.  Guthrie,  Ambassador  of  the  United 
States,  surpassed  any  of  its  kind  held  there  for  many  years, 
both  as  regards  attendance  and  enthusiasm.  And  the 
excellent  accounts  which  the  Tokyo  press  had  previously 
given  of  our  centennial,  when  followed  by  the  reports  they 
gave  of  this  meeting,  left  a  very  wide  and  profound  im 
pression  of  the  power  and  incalculable  worth  of  the  Bible, 
and  its  deep  and  far  reaching  influence  on  the  history  of 
the  world. 

The   Book  of  Books,   as  one   of  the 

Widely  Read         Japanese  speakers  remarked,  is  no  longer 

a  foreign  Bible  but  has  become  the  Bible 

of  the  Japanese.     It  is  already  true  in  Japan  that,  year  by 

year  the  circulation  of  the  Bible  exceeds  the  circulation  of 

the  most  popular  book  of  this  nation  of  readers.     In  the 

steadily   increasing   demand  for  better  bound  and   more 

expensive  copies  of  the  Bible  we  also  discover  additional 

evidence  that  the  Book  is  coming  to  be  more  and  more 

appreciated. 

The  second  note- worthy  event  was  the 

Kofu  Prison          presentation    of  New  Testaments  to    the 

inmates  of  all   the  jails  in  the  northern 

half  of  Japan.      The  circumstance  that  gave  rise  to  this 

undertaking  is  thrilling.     One  of  our  colporteurs  had  been 


BIBLE   SOCIETIES  243 

asked  to  take  up  Bible  work  in  the  Prefecture  of  Yamana- 
shi  in  June,  and  arrived  at  the  city  of  Kofu  for  the  first 
time  on  a  Saturday  evening.  He  spent  Sunday  there. 
On  Sunday  afternoon  he  took  a  walk  through  the  city, 
and  finally  found  himself  at  the  ruins  of  an  old  castle  upon 
a  certain  hill,  from  which  he  had  a  good  view  of  the  city. 
Looking  out  over  the  city  and  its  surroundings  he  was 
especially  attracted  by  some  large  buildings  encircled  by  a 
massive  brick  wall.  Enquiring  of  a  by-stander  he  learned 
it  was  the  Kofu  prison.  On  hearing  that,  a  voice  seemed 
to  say  to  him,  "To-morrow  you  go  there  with  your  Bibles.'* 
His  heart  was  greatly  stirred  within  him  as  he  pondered 
upon  the  condition  of  those  hundreds  of  convicts  now 
shut  in  there  —  sinners  for  whom  Christ  died.  What 
must  at  that  moment  be  the  pitiable  condition  of  their 
hearts.  Then  came  the  thought :  "  If  I  had  not  been 
saved  about  four  years  ago  by  Jesus  Christ  what  might 
not  have  been  my  condition  by  this  time."  He  praised 
God  for  Salvation  and  determined  that  he  would  take  his 
Bibles  to  the  prisoners  of  that  jail. 

Space   will   not   allow   a  full   account 
Bible  to  the          of  the   steps    taken    on    that    Monday. 
Prisoners  Suffice  it  to  say  that  after  hours  of  con 

ference,  first  with  the  gate-keeper,  and 
later  with  different  officials  at  the  office,  our  persistent 
representative  came  away  towards  evening  with  a  promise 
that  if  he  could  give  the  inmates  each  a.  copy  without  price 
he  would  he  allowed  to  do  so.  Taking  advantage  of  this 
permission,  he  decided  to  solicit  contributions  from  the 
Christians  in  the  city  towards  the  purchase  of  the  800 
copies  required.  On  approaching  the  first  one,  a  pro 
sperous  merchant,  he  was  most  agreeably  surprised  by  his 
offer  to  take  care  of  the  whole  expense  alone.  An  order 
for  the  800  copies  was  forwarded  at  once  to  the  Yokohama 
Bible  House,  and  within  a  week  our  happy  colporteur 
took  six  or  seven  cases  of  New  Testaments  to  that  prison. 
The  officials  were  startled,  since  they  never  expected  that 
he  could  be  able  to  carry  through  such  a  large  pro 
position.  However  the  Bibles  were  accepted  and  dis 
tributed  as  promised.  When  this  was  accomplished  the 


244  JAPAN 

prison  keeper  called  our  worker  into  his  office  and  enquired 
the  reasons  for  his  unbafflcd  determination  to  put  the  Bible 
into  the  hands  of  such  an  unworthy  class  of  men  as  these 
prisoners.  The  opportunity  was  improved  and  the  prison 
keeper  listened  for  an  hour  or  more  to  his  testimony  about 
experimental  salvation  of  a  unique  personal  sort,  and 
finally  with  tears  in  his  eyes  bowed  saying,  "  Thank  you, 
I  am  deeply  impressed  with  what  you  have  said,  and  very 
much  appreciate  what  you  have  done  for  this  prison." 

Dr.  Schwartz  immediately  set  to  work 

All  Prisons  in  to  have  this  same  thing  done  for  all  the 
Northern  Japan  jajis  jn  our  part  of  Japan,  and  in  a  few 
weeks  the  scheme  was  approved  by  the 
high  officials.  Appeals  for  contributions  were  made  to 
both  Japanese  and  foreigners  and  met  with  immediate 
encouragement.  26,000  copies  were  required.  A  special 
edition  was  ordered  to  be  printed  at  once  in  order  that  we 
might  get  them  to  the  different  prisons  by  the  Christmas 
season.  1 8,022  copies  were  forwarded  to  the  jails  during 
the  holidays,  and  the  balance  will  go  out  as  soon  as 
possible. 

What  may  not  this  effort  yield  ?  Could  there  be  a 
more  fitting  close  to  this  our  centennial  year  than  that  of 
giving  these  unfortunate  prisoners  the  Word  of  God  that 
brings  light,  life  and  liberty  to  the  soul  ? 

Dr.  Schwartz  has  been  compelled  to  return  to  America 
for  health  reasons.  During  his  absence  the  work  is  being 
carried  on  by  Rev.  K.  E.  Aurell  the  sub-agent. 


CHAPTER     IV 

THE  REVISED  VERSION  OF  THE 
NEW  TESTAMENT 


BY  C.  S.  DAVISON 

On  Eeb.  24th  of  this  year  the  revision 
The  Revision         of  the  New  Testament  was  finally  com- 
Completed  pleted.     The   main    work    of   translation 

was  finished  last  December  but  there 
remained  the  task  of  verifying  the  final  form  by  comparing 
the  manuscripts  in  the  hands  of  the  several  members  of 
the  committee  and,  in  case  of  variation,  of  determining  the 
true  reading.  This  process  of  going  over  the  text  with  a 
fine  tooth  comb,  so  to  speak,  to  detect  errors  in  the  use  of 
kana  and  Chinese  characters  and  to  be  on  the  lookout  for 
possible  instances  of  faulty  construction  and  inadequate 
translation  (the  latter  could  not  be  entirely  eradicated, 
unfortunately)  was  in  the  nature  of  the  case  a  tedious 
process,  and  it  was  with  a  sigh  of  relief  that  tl  e  last  page 
of  Revelation  was  read  and  passed  up.  In  spite  of  the 
care  exercised  mistakes  doubtless  remain  and  will  be 
discovered  by  critical  readers. 

The    first    definite     steps    towards    a 

The  Revision         revision  of  the  current  Japanese  version 

Committee          of  the   New  Testament  were  taken  at  a 

meeting  of  the  Permanent  Committee  on 

the  Translation,  Revision,  Publication  and  Preservation  of 

the  Text  of  the  I  loly  Scriptures,  as  its  full  title  reads,  held 

in  Tokyo,  June  I2th,  1906.     But  it  was  not  until  January, 

1910  that  the  Permanent  Committee  proceeded  to  organize 

the  Revision  Committee  and  begin  the  work.     The  delay 

was  due  to  the  fact  that  the  original  plan  of  having  the 

Revision  Committee   be    the   joint    lepresentativc   of  the 


246  JAPAN 

Permanent  Committee  and  of  the  Evangelical  Alliance  of 
Japan  had  been  upset  by  the  disbanding  of  the  Alliance  to 
make  way  for  the  Federation  of  Churches.  The  final 
approval  of  the  Federation  by  all  the  participating  Churches 
required  so  much  time  that  the  former  members  of  the 
Executive  Board  of  the  Evangelical  Alliance  proposed 
that  the  Permanent  Committee  should  proceed  with  the 
work.  Acting  upon  this  suggestion,  the  Committee 
appointed  four  missionaries  and  four  Japanese  for  the 
work  of  revising  the  Japanese  translation  of  the  Scriptures. 
The  Revising  Committee  as  finally  constituted,  con 
sisted  of  the  following  persons  :  — 

Rev.  Umenosuke  Bessho, 

Rev.  C.  S.  Davison,  B.D., 

Right  Rev.  H.  J.  Foss,  D.D., 

Prof.  Toraichi  Fujii, 

Rev.  D.  Crosby  Greene,  D.D., 

Rev.  C,  K.  Harrington,  D.D., 

Rev.  Masue  Kawazoe,  B.D., 

Rev.  Takayoshi  Matsuyama. 

Of  these  gentlemen,   Dr.   Greene  and 
Personnel  Mr.   Matsuyama   had  been  members  of 

the  committee  which  translated  the 
current  version  of  the  Scriptures.  Dr.  Greene  was 
chosen  as  Chairman  and  Messrs.  Bessho  and  Harrington, 
Secretaries.  After  two  years,  Mr.  Fujii  resigned  from 
the  Committee  for  private  reasons  and  no  one  was  elected 
in  his  place.  When  Dr.  Greene  passed  away  Dr,  Learned 
of  DosJdsha  University,  Kyoto,  was  elected  to  take  his 
place.  There  have  been  no  other  changes  in  the 
personnel. 

Work  was  begun  in  April,  1910,  in  the  study  of  Dr. 
Kozaki,  pastor  of  the  Reinanzaka  Church,  but  very  soon 
the  Committee  secured  a  room  ia  the  Theological  School 
building  of  Aoyaina  Gakuin,  where  the  work  has  been 
carried  on  since  then  without  interruption. 

The    preparatory   work    was   done    in 

How  They  Worked     sub  committees,  a  small  group  preparing 

the  preliminary  draft  of  a  given   book, 


THE  REVISED  VERSION  OF  THE  NEW  TESTAMENT       247 

copies  of  which  were  sent  to  all  the  members  of  the  com 
mittee.  These  were  gone  over  in  meetings  of  the  sub 
committees,  who  made  such  changes  as  were  deemed 
proper  and  sent  the  amended  translations  on  to  the  other 
groups.  In  this  way  all  the  corrections  which  met  with 
general  approval  were  adopted  without  question.  Points  on 
which  there  was  difference  of  opinion  were  reserved  for  meet 
ings  of  the  full  committee,  which  were  held  several  times  a 
year.  In  these  meetings  the  hardest  work  of  debate  and 
study  of  knotty  points  took  place,  and  sometimes  hours 
were  consumed  in  hammering  out  a  rendering  that  would 
be  acceptable  to  all.  Of  course  there  were  times  when 
first  one  and  then  another  wou'd  not  be  entirely  satisfied, 
but  it  has  been  a  matter  of  satisfaction  that  all  accepted 
the  result  of  a  majority  vote  iji  good  spirit.  After  seven 
years  of  working  together  one  gets  to  know  his  colleagues, 
and  it  is  a  pleasure  to  be  able  to  say  that  throughout  there 
has  been  a  harmonious  spirit  of  fair-mindedness. 

The  following  rules  for  the  guidance  of  the  committee 
were  adopted  : 

(i)     The  Committee   shall   appoint  a 
Rules  Chairman,  two  Secretaries  and  a  Trea 

surer. 

(2)  The  Chairman  shall  preside  at  the  meetings  of  the 
Committee,  and  the   Secretaries,   one   of  whom   shall  be 
chosen  from  among  the  Japanese   members  of  the  Com 
mittee,  and  one  from  among  the  foreign  members,   shall 
keep  a  due  record  of  the  proceedings  of  the  Committee, 
including  all  votes  actually  taken,  a  register  of  the  work 
accomplished,  and  such  other  matters  as  the  Committee 
may    direct.      The   Treasurer   shall    perform    the    duties 
common  to  his  office. 

(3)  In  the  revision  of  the  current  Japanese  version  of 
the  Scriptures,  the  Committee  shall  be  governed  by  the 
text  of  Dr.  Nestle,  as  published  by  the  British  and  Foreign 
Bible   Society,    it    being    understood,    however,    that    in 
specific  passages  th*  text  underlying  the  Revised   Version 
of    the    English    New    Testament    may    be    substituted, 
provided  two-thirds  of  the  Greek-reading  members  of  the 
Committee  so  decide. 


248  JAPAN 

(4)  The  Committee  shall  be  further  governed  by  the 
exegesis  underlying  the  Revised  Version  of  the  English 
New  Testament ;  unless  by  a  two-thirds  vote,  in  the  light 
of  more  recent  scholarship,  the  Committee  shall  adopt  a 
different  interpretation. 

(5)  Two   members   of  each   of  the   divisions   of  the 
Committee,  that  is,  two  Japanese  and  two  foreign  members, 
shall  be  necessary  for  a  quorum. 

(6)  All  decisions,  excepting  in  the  cases  specified  in 
Rules  3,  4,  and  7,  shall  be  by  majority  vote,  it  being 
understood  that,  should  the  Committee  be  equally   divided 
for  and  against  a  proposed  change  in  the  current  Japanese 
version,  the  decision  shall  be  in  favor  of  that  version. 

(7)  These   Rules   may   be   amended   at   any    regular 
meeting  by  a  two-thirds  vote,  subject  to  the  approval  of 
the  Permanent  Committee,  provided   not   less   than   two 
weeks'  notice  of  the  proposed  amendment  has  been  given 
to  the  members  of  this  Revising  Committee. 

While  this  is  a  revision,  in  many 
A  New  Translation  respects  it  is  a  new  translation.  At  any 
rate,  the  ground  was  gone  over 
thoroughly,  and  the  work  done  as  carefully  as  if  there 
were  no  other  versions  in  existence.  It  is  interesting  to 
note  that  in  not  a  few  cases,  after  considering  various 
proposed  renderings  of  certain  passages,  we  came  back  to 
the  form  of  the  current  version  as  being  on  the  whole  the 
most  acceptable. 

The  text  which  has  been  chosen  as  the 
Text  basis  of  this  revision  is,  as  has  been  said, 

that  of  Dr.  Nestle,  recently  published  by 
the  British  and  Foreign  Bible  Society,  although  the  text 
of  Wcstcott  and  Ilort  has  been  constantly  referred  to.  It 
will  be  remembered  that  it  is  only  within  a  few  years  that 
those  engaged  in  translation  under  the  auspices  of  the 
great  Bible  Societies  have  been  allowed  to  depart  materially 
from  the  Textus  Receptus.  That  this  rule  should  have 
been  relaxed  and  a  text  so  widely  approved  by  competent 
scholars  been  provided  is  another  cause  for.  congratulation, 
Kxcept  in  a  few  cases  this  text  has  been  adhered  to. 


THE  REVISED  VERSION  OF  THE  NEW  TESTAMENT       249 

Doubtless  after  the  new  version  has  been  put  in  the 
hands  of  the  reading  public  there  will  be  reviews  and 
criticisms  of  it.  Some  member  of  the  committee  may 
find  occasion  later  to  write  a  d'ssertation  upon  the  result  of 
the  committee's  work,  with  more  detailed  and  technical 
references  than  are  desirable  here.  But  this  much  has 
been  written  that  the  completion  of  the  work  may  have  a 
place  in  the  record  of  Christian  work  accomplished  in 
1917. 


JAPAN 


PART  VIII 
MEDICAL  WORK 


CHAPTER  I 

CHRISTIAN  MEDICAL  WORK  IN  JAPAN 


BY  S.  HEASI.ETT 

"Hospitals   and   orphan   asylums were   practically 

unknown    in   Japan   until  the  advent  of  Christianity." — 
Griffis.    Religions  of  Japan. 

Since  the  days   in  which  the  duty  of 
The  Gospel  of        preaching  the  Gospel  was  coupled  with 
Healing  the  command  to  heal  the  sick,  beginning 

with  "  the  beloved  physician  "  who  oc 
cupied  a  high  place  in  the  Early  Church,  and  who  by  his 
scientific  researches  laid  all  subsequent  Church  historians 
under  an  abiding  obligation,  one  of  the  characteristic 
activities  of  the  Christian  Church  has  been  its  mission  of 
healing  the  bodies  of  men  with  a  view  to  a  deeper  healing 
of  their  souls  in  accordance  with  Our  Lord's  example  and 
precept. 

It  is  therefore  interesting  to  note  that 
Medical  work         during  the  century  of  foreign  intercourse 
of  Jesuits          (1542-1651)  whice  was  also  a  century  of 
Christian  enterprise,  the  Jesuits  founded 
several  hospitals  in  Japan.     One  of  the  Jesuits,  Almeyda 
by  name,  was  a  Portuguese  trader  "  not  particularly  pro 
ficient  in  theology,  but  with  no  mean  skill  in  surgery  and 
medicine."     Mr.  Murdoch  in  his  "  History  of  Japan  "  says 
that  "  he  was  exceedingly  energetic  and  a  man  of  rare  tact ; 
down  to  his  death  in  1582  he  was  to  render  the  best  service 
as  a  pioneer  in  breaking  new  ground  and  as  the  ordinary 
emissary  in  missions  of  extreme  difficulty  and  hardship." 
He  founded  two  hospitals  in  Bungo  (Oita),  one  for  shame 
ful   contagious  diseases,  and  one  for  infa;.ts  rescued  from 
the  barbarous  death  that  threatened  them  if  their  parents 


254  JAPAN 

could  not  rear  them,  on  account  of  poverty.  The  first 
Christians  were  gathered  from  those  treated  in  the  hospital, 
and  in  one  sense  this  hindered  the  spread  of  Christianity 
as  the  name  Christian  at  first  was  almost  a  synonym  for 
one  who  had  been  cured  of  a  low  disease  at  the  hospital. 
Doubtless  in  the  end  the  spirit  that  prompted  a  hospital  for 
such  people  compelled  admiration  and  assisted  in  the  good 
opinion  of  the  Jesuits'  work,  but  at  first  Christianity  suffered 
— and  not  for  the  first  time  in  its  history — from  association 
with  the  sick  and  poor  of  low  condition.  The  other 
hospital,  for  rescued  infants,  in  time  produced  zealous 
Japanese  propagators  of  the  new  faith.  With  the  public 
suppression  of  Christianity  the  hospitals  and  all  that  they 
stood  for  came  to  an  end. 

THE  FOUNDING  OF  DISPENSARIES  AND  THE  ITINERATING 
PERIOD  OF  MEDICAL  MISSIONS 

Among  the  company  of  missionaries 
Modern  Period  that  arrived  from  the  U.S.A.  in  1859 
there  \vas  a  physician  who  had  spent 
years  in  China  as  a  medical  missionary,  and  who,  after  14 
years  of  work  in  New  York  City,  gave  up  a  wide  and 
growing  practice  in  answer- to  a  request  from  the  Presby 
terian  Board  of  Missions  for  a  medical  missionary  of 
mature  years  for  work  in  newly  opened  Japan.  At  first  he 
resided  in  Kanagawa,  and  while  there  attempted  to  open  a 
dispensary  ;  but  as  soon  as  the  Japanese  began  to  come  to 
it  they  were  warned  by  the  police  and  all  attendance 
ceased.  But  when  Yokohama  was  opened  to  foreign  re 
sidence  he  moved  there  and  built  for  himself  a  house  with 
a  dispensary  attached.  That  dispensary  was  continued  by 
Dr.  Hepburn  from  1862  until  1878.  It  was  open  for  the 
treatment  of  the  sick  and  suffering  for  several  hours  in  the 
morning,  and  sometimes  more  than  a  hundred  assembled. 
Besides  treating  the  patients  a  religious  meeting  was  always 
held  at  which  Dr.  Hepburn  endeavoured  to  minister  to  the 
spiritual  needs  of  the  people.  During  these  early  years 
there  was  in  Japan  only  a  very  meagre  knowledge  of 
medical  science  as  understood  in  the  West,  and  it  was  not 


CHRISTIAN   MEDICAL   WORK  2$ 5 

very  difficult  for  a  physician  like  Dr.  Hepburn  to  bring 
great  relief  to  many  by  what  to  him  were  very  simple 
means.  The  fame  of  his  skill  in  healing  diseases  of  the  eye 
spread  far  and  wide  and  many  came  from  very  distant  places 
for  relief.  One  blind  man  walked  two  hundred  miles  to 
get  help,  and  Ur.  Hepburn  has  left  it  on  record  that  some 
of  the  saddest  moments  of  his  life  were  those  in  which  he 
had  to  tell  the  blind  that  there  was  no  hope  for  them. 

Dr.  Hepburn's  reasons  for  closing  the  dispensary  were 
two.  He  thought  that  the  work  of  the  medical  missionary 
was  no  longer  needed  to  pave  the  way  for  the  entrance  of 
Christianity  into  Japan  ;  and  also  that  there  had  come  to  be 
— especially  in  the  larger  cities— many  Japanese  physicians 
quite  qualified  to  do  the  work  that  he  was  doing  in  the 
dispensary. 

During  this  same  period  there  arrived  in  Japan  a  group 
of  medical  men  whose  names  will  ever  be  associated  with 
the  history  of  medicine  in  Japan,  especially  in  the  Kwansai 
District.  Three  of  these  were  connected  with  the  Ame 
rican  Board  Mission.  Their  names  were  Dr.  J.  C.  Berry 
(1872),  Dr.  Adams  (1875),  Dr.  Taylor  (1873).  The  style 
of  work  that  they  did  was  in  most  respects  the  same  as 
that  which  Dr.  Hepburn  had  done  in  Yokohama,  but  they 
also  made  itineraries  into  the  surrounding  districts  of 
Kobe,  Kyoto,  Osaka,  and  Okayama.  The  services  that 
these  physicians  rendered  in  the  opening  up  and  holding 
of  places  for  general  evangelistic  work  were  of  signal 
and  vital  importance  at  that  time.  In  the  early  days  of 
missionary  work  medical  tours,  during  which  large 
numbers  of  patients  were  seen  in  the  interior  towns, 
afforded  an  opportunity  for  overcoming  opposition,  for 
removing  prejudices,  and  for  demonstrating  to  the  people 
at  large  the  general  purpose  of  missionary  work.  It 
showed  the  people  that  its  advocates  sought  not 
aggrandizement  but  the  good  of  the  people,  spiritual  and 
physical.  The  opposition  that  was  silenced,  the  tacit 
acquiescence  that  was  secured,  and  in  many  instances,  the 
active  cooperation  that  was  enlisted  on  behalf  of  general 
missionary  work,  at  a  time  when  such  influences  were 
much  needed,  were  results  of  no  mean  proportions.  Anc} 


256  JAPAN 

as  time  passed  on  the  large  numbers  who  were  physically 
benefited  and  in  many  instances  led  to  accept  the  consolations 
of  the  Gospel  of  Christ,  must  be  credited  as  among  the 
results  of  the  pioneer  medical  work.  This  touring  work 
soon  introduced  the  missionary  to  a  large  number  through 
out  a  wide  extent  of  country,  and  his  aid  was  sought 
where  he  resided,  so  that  as  time  passed  on  he  saw  a  larger 
number  of  patients  by  remaining  in  one  place  than  by 
touring.  Hospitals  were  then  established  and  touring 
largely  given  up  and  finally  dropped.  Here  is  an  illustra 
tion  of  the  work  and  its  effects  given  by  Dr.  Taylor.  "  I 
well  recollect  our  first  going  into  Himeji ;  how  we  were 
scrupulously  shut  up  in  our  jinrikisha  from  view  for  miles 
before  we  reached  the  place,  hurriedly  run  into  a  large 
samurai  yashiki  and  the  huge  gate  immediately  shut  and 
barred  behind  us.  We  were  prisoners  and  carefully 
watched,  not  that  we  might  not  get  out,  but  that  no  one 
should  get  in  and  harm  us.  Here  we  were  kept  and  not 
allowed  out,  but  patients  were  brought  in  to  us.  After  a 
few  visits  when  our  patients  had  made  known  what  we 
were  and  the  character  of  our  work,  we  were  allowed 
out  on  the  street,  but  only  within  certain  limits  and 
always  accompanied  by  a  guard  whose  vigilance  we 
could  not  evade.  By  and  by  the  people  became  some 
what  accustomed  to  us,  our  restraints  were  removed, 
and  the  lay  missionary  accompanied  us  on  our  medical 
tours." 

HOSPITAI.S  AND  SANATORIUMS  FOR  SPECIAL  DISEASES 

"  The  time  for  medical  work  has  not  passed  in  Japan. 
Its  sphere  has  however  changed.  To  day  its  sphere  is 
practical  humanity  and  direct  work  for  souls  :  and  so  long 
as  men  sin  and  suffer,  so  long  will  the  hospital,  consecrated 
to  Christ,  remain  a  potent  agency  through  which  to  pieach 
the  Gospel  " — Dr.  Herry. 

"  Sending  a  man  to  the  hospital  to  have  a  cataract 
removed  from  his  eyes  is  imitating  Christ  who  opened  the 
eyes  of  the  blind.  Doing  it  from  sympathy,  and  with 
love  to  Christ  is  the  truest  Christianity  " — J.  Ishii. 


CHRISTIAN   MEDICAL   WORK  257 

Present  day  medical  work  has  developed  from  the  ex 
perience  of  the  past.  There  are  many  who  deplore  the 
tendency  to  abandon  this  type  of  work,  and  there  is  some 
sign  that  along  special  lines  it  may  revive.  The  special 
lines  along  which  this  development  is  proceeding  are, 
chanty  hospitals  in  the  slums  of  the  great  cities,  and 
special  hospitals  for  lepers  and  consumptives.  Below  we 
give  a  brief  outline  of  the  history  and  present  position  of 
the  Christian  institutions  that  are  now  working  in  Japan. 
We  have  not  made  any  attempt  to  make  the  list  ex 
haustive,  but  rather  to  make  it  representative.  Some  institu 
tions  may  therefore  be  omitted  and  some  may  be  some 
what  summarily  treated.  The  limits  and  the  purpose  of 
the  paper  must  decide  what  can  be  written. 

GENERAL  HOSPITAIS 

First  both  in  date  and  influence  must 
St.  Barnabas'  come  St.  Barnabas'  hospital,  Osaka.  This 
was  founded  by  the  late  Dr.  H.  Laning 
under  the  mission  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church  in 
U.S.A.  and  was  his  care  and  sphere  of  work  until  his 
death  in  1916.  Thus  for  a  period  of  years  this  hospital 
was  a  distinct  factor  in  the  lives  of  the  citizens  of  Osaka. 
Medical  advice  and  medicine  were  given  free  to  all  who 
needed  if,  and  the  hospital  was  open  to  receive  those  who 
could  not  be  healed  without.  In  the  waiting  room  a 
Bible  woman  talked  to  the  patients  daily,  and  services  were 
held  on  Sundays.  In  addition  to  this  labour  Dr.  Laning 
rendered  good  service  to  the  missionary  community  gladly 
and  willingly.  Since  his  death  the  hospital  has  been 
under  the  control  of  his  son  Dr.  G.  Laning. 

In  connection  with  the  same  mission 

St.  Luke's  St.  Luke's  hospital  in  Tokyo  occupies  a 

prominent  place  in  present  day  medical 

mission  work.     The  history  of  the  hospital  in  its  present 

form  is  bound  up  with  the  work  of  Dr.  R.  B.  Teusler,  who 

came  to  Japan  in   1900.     Dr.  Teuslcr's  fame  as  a  surgeon 

has  raised  the  reputation  of  this  hospital  until  Japanese  and 

foreign  residents  in  the  East  come  from  all  parts  to  get 


2$8  JAPAN 

advice  and  treatment.  The  buildings  have  been  enlarged 
once  in  the  past  17  years,  and  so  great  is  the  demand  that 
plans  are  now  being  taken  in  hand  for  the  erection  of  a 
much  larger  hospital  to  be  called  '  The  International 
Hospital.'  For  the  expense  of  this  both  Japanese  sympa 
thisers  and  friends  in  America  have  given  liberally,  and  as 
soon  as  the  question  of  a  site  can  be  settled  work  will  be 
begun  on  the  largest  and  most  up-to-date  mission  hospital 
in  the  Far  East. 

The  Akasaka  Hospital,  Tokyo.     This 
Akasaka  hospital    was    founded    by   Dr.    W.   N. 

Whitney  in  memory  of  his  mother,  who 
was  a  missionary  in  Japan  from  1872-1883.  In  1886  a 
small  beginning  was  made  with  but  two  rooms,  the  success 
of  the  work  was  assured  from  the  very  first,  and  the 
hospital  has  been  enlarged  several  times  since.  Paying 
patients  can  be  received  into  the  hospital,  first,  second  and 
third  class.  So  far  as  funds  permit  those  unable  to  pay 
are  treated  free  of  charge.  Dr.  W.  R.  Watson,  F.R.C.S. 
of  Dublin,  has  been  in  charge  since  the  return  home  of 
Dr.  Whitney.  Though  the  hospital  is  under  the  control 
of  an  interdenominational  committee  in  Japan,  the  Society 
of  Friends  in  Britain  and  Japan  is  very  much  interested 
in  the  financial  and  general  management  of  the  work. 
This  hospital  has  been  singularly  blessed  in  the  spiritual 
work  that  is  carried  on  in  it,  and  a  Japanese  evangelist  as 
well  as  a  bible  woman  give  their  whole  time  to  this  side  of 
the  work. 

Salvation  Army  Hospital,  Tokyo. 
Salvation  Array  This  is  one  of  the  most  modern  hospitals. 
It  was  opened  in  June  1912,  in  one  of  the 
most  needy  parts  of  Tokyo.  At  the  opening  ceremony, 
Count  Okuma,  Baron  Shibusawa,  and  The  Hon.  Y. 
Ozaki,  Mayor  of  Tokyo,  were  the  principal  speakers. 
The  work  done  in  connection  with  this  hospital  in  all 
branches  is  very  thorough.  The  inception  of  the  scheme 
dates  back  to  1907  when  General  Booth  visited  Japan. 
An  English  lady  had  offered  him  a  sum  of  money  for 
some  special  form  of  philanthrophic  work  in  Japan  just 
before  his  proposed  visit.  This  with  a  similar  sum  sub- 


CHRISTIAN    MEDICAL   WORK  259 

scribed  by  the  Japanese  formed  the  capital  with  which 
the  hospital  was  built.  The  hospital  is  open  morning 
and  evening.  The  number  of  attendances  in  1915  was 
32,577,  about  io°/o  of  whom  were  treated  free  of  charge, 
the  rest  contributed  from  3  sen  up  to  8  sen  according  to 
their  ability.  The  staff  is  entirely  Japanese,  and  they  are 
assisted  by  an  advisory  staff  of  professors  and  specialists. 
Much  emphasis  is  laid  on  the  preaching  of  the  Gospel, 
and  as  an  outcome  of  the  work  two  S.  A.  corps  have  been 
founded  in  the  district.  In  addition  to  the  regular  hospital 
work  slum  workers  visit  the  poor  in  their  hcmes  and  re 
port  sick  cases,  whose  treatment  is  arranged  for  by 
doctors  and  nurses. 

HOSPITALS  AND  SANATORIUMS  FOR  SPECIAL  DISEASES 

The  two  great  scourges  of  Japan  are  leprosy  and 
tuberculosis,  and  Christian  effort  finds  a  noble  field  in 
combatting  these. 

It  is  said  that   130,000  people  die  of 

Tuberculosis         tuberculosis  yearly  in    Japan.     Japanese 

physicians  are  paying  close  attention  to 

the  scientific  treatment  of  the  disease,  but  theie  is  ample 

room  for  all  that  the  Christian  Church  can  do  to  assist 

special  classes  or  the  poor  in  their  distress. 

The  Salvation  Army  has  a  Sanitorium  in  the  outskirts 
of  Tokyo  for  the  treatment  of  poor  consumptive  patients, 
called  the  "  William  Booth  Sanatorium." 

The  Omi  Mission  has  put  up  a  modern 

Omi  Mission         building  on   its  Mission  property   where 

tuberculosis  is  to  be  fought  in  the  most 

approved   method.      The  reasons   given   are,   that   it   is 

an  unmet  need,  nobody  else  is  doing  such  a  work  ;  that 

such  work   offers  a  peculiar  opportunity  for  evangelistic 

work  ;  that  such  a  sanitorium  is  much  needed  for  Christian 

workers. 

At  Hojo  in  Bo.shu,  Mrs.  Colbourne,  widow  of  the  late 
Dr.  W.  R.  Colbourne,  who  carried  on  successful  medical 
mission  work  in  Hakodate  between  the  years  1888  and 
1904,  has  a  small  sanitorium  where  she  has  had  much 


26O  JAPAN 

encouragement  both  on  account  ol  the  good  cures  as  well 
as  on  account  of  the  spiritual  results  among  the  truly 
grateful  patients. 

There  are  at  least  four  Leper  Hospitals 
Leper  Hospitals  under  Christian  management,  two  being 
attached  to  the  work  of  the  Roman 
Catholic  Church,  one  being  associated  with  the  English 
Church — but  independent  of  any  Mission, — and  one  being 
interdenominational,  but  closely  connected  with  the 
Presbyterian  Mission.  Of  those  under  the  Roman  Church 
it  Is  almost  impossible  to  get  any  information,  though 
appeals  are  occasionally  made  in  the  local  press  for 
support.  They  are  situated,  one  near  Gotemba,  and  one  at 
Biwasaki,  Kiushiu.  Without  doubt  they  provide  a  peace 
ful  haven  for  the  inmates  who  are  all  suffering  from  the 
dread  disease,  and  the  devoted  Fathers  who  look  after 
them  are  worthy  of  the  highest  honour. 

The  best  known  hospital  in  Japan  and 
Kumamoto  one  that  is  a  model  for  all  others  is  that 
associated  with  the  name  of  Miss  H. 
Riddell  in  Kumamoto.  Miss  Riddell  has  given  her  life  to 
this  work  and  has  succeeded  in  alleviating  the  sufferings  of 
many  since  the  hospital  was  opened  in  1895.  The 
hospital  accommodates  about  70  inpatients.  who  are  from 
all  classes  of  society.  The  religious  work  is  carefully 
maintained.  There  are  a  resident  Chaplain,  an  English 
man,  and  several  Japanese  helpers.  In  addition  to  the 
work  at  Kumamoto  regular  visits  are  made  to  the  leper 
colony  at  Kusatsu  by  the  staff.  In  this  connection  it 
may  be  recorded  that  Miss  Cornwall-Leigh,  an  English 
lady  has  taken  up  her  residence  in  Kusatsu  for  the  sake  of 
the  leper  work  and  Christian  ministrations  are  brought  to 
the  lepers  by  the  clergy  of  the  American  Episcopal  Church. 
The  other  Leper  hospital  is  called  the  Meguro  Leper 
hospital  and  was  founded  in  1890  chiefly  through  the 
efforts  of  the  late  Miss  K.  Youngman.  The  management 
of  the  hospital  is  under  a  company  of  Japanese  Christian 
men  and  women,  who  hold  the  property.  At  present 
there  are  about  70  patients.  Since  the  foundation  nearly 


CHRISTIAN   MEDICAL   WORK  26 1 

TOO  patients  have  been  baptised,  and  there  is  a  flourishing 
Christian  work  carried  on. 

This  brief  review  of  the  history  of 
The  Medical  medical  work  in  Japan  as  far  as  it  has 
Missionary  been  connected  with  missionary  enter 
prise,  will  show  that  certain  tangible 
results  have  accrued  to  the  Church  from  this  form  ot 
work.  In  the  first  place  the  medical  missionary  was  able 
to  secure  and  hold  a  place  for  evangelistic  work  when  this 
was  difficult  to  the  ordinary  worker.  The  desire  of  the 
Japanese  to  acquire  some  knowledge  of  Western  medicine 
made  it  comparatively  easy  to  organise  a  band  of  doctors 
who  would  have  a  meeting  place,  and  when  the  motive  of 
the  missionary  was  made  clear  the  way  would  be  opened 
for  the  preacher.  In  the  second  place  besides  giving  the 
evangelist  a  place  and  opportunity  for  work,  medical 
work  broke  down  the  prejudice  and  opposition  of  the 
people.  Relief  was  brought  to  suffering  humanity,  the 
work  was  a  tangible  sign  of  the  good  will  of  the  Christians, 
and  so  tolerance  was  secured  for  the  preaching  of  the 
Gospel.  In  the  third  place,  doctors  and  nurses  were 
trained  in  the  medical  ways  of  America  and  England. 
The  Japanese  medical  world  looks  to  Germany  for  its 
inspiration  and  many  of  the  foremost  medical  men  in 
Japan  to  day  have  been  trained  in  Germany.  Without  in 
any  way  thinking  less  of  the  medical  science  of  the  German 
people  it  has  been  a  good  thing  for  the  Japanese  people  to 
see  and  be  helped  by  the  methods  prevalent  in  other 
countries.  Last  but  not  least,  must  be  mentioned  the 
enormous  benefits  that  the  mission  hospitals  have  con 
ferred  on  the  missionary  community  throughout  the 
Empire. 

In    view    of   the    evolution    that    has 

In  New  Japan        taken   p'ace  in   medical   work   since  the 

commencement    of  missionary    effort   in 

Japan,    the   conclusion   must  be  arrived   at  that  medical 

mission  work  as  an  auxiliary  of  general  missionary  effort 

no   longer  occupies  the  important  position  it  once  did. 

But  its  usefulness  has  no  more  died  out  than  that  of  the 


262  JAPAN 


many  charitable  institutions  that  mark  Christian  effort  all 
over  the  world.  It  still  exerts  a  beneficial  influence  as  a 
benevolent  work  for  the  aid  and  comfort  of  the  poor,  and 
brings  physical  and  spiritual  blessings  to  many  classes, 
especially  to  the  victims  of  those  terrible  diseases  that  rob 
the  sufferers  of  all  earthly  hope. 


JAPAN 


PART    IX 
SOCIAL  PROBLEMS 


CHAPTER     I 
THE  WOMAN  MOVEMENT  IN  JAPAN 


BY   MlSS  A.   C.   MACDONALD 

I^ast  year  two  women  graduated  from 

At  the  Door  of  the      the  Tohoku  Imperial  University  with  the 

Universities          degree  of  Bachelor  of  Science.     Without 

any  excitement  or  clamor  or  opposition 
they  were  permitted  to  enter,  because  Dr.  Sawayanagi, 
the  President  of  the  University  when  they  entered,  was 
broad  minded  enough  to  believe  in  women's  higher 
education.  They  passed  with  distinction,  and  it  is  said 
that  the  men  students  in  the  science  department  studied 
with  special  zest  and  vim  because  they  did  not  wish  to  be 
outdone  by  women.  So  much  by  way  of  a  by-product  of 
women's  higher  education  !  The  two  women  are  now 
doing  post  graduate  work  in  the  same  department.  It  is 
said  on  the  best  authority  that  hundreds  of  women  have 
applied  to  enter  the  Literature  Department  of  the  Imperial 
University  in  Tokyo,  but  the  powers  that  be  in  the  capital, 
unlike  the  broad  minded  men  of  the  north,  fear  the  stampede, 
and  have  not  allowed  the  women  to  enter.  But  the  very 
fact  that  women  in  such  numbers  are  knocking  at  the  doors 
of  higher  learning  bespeaks  victory  sooner  or  later. 

At  the  recent  government  examination 

The  Medical          to  grant  medical  licenses,  out  of  sixty  six 

Profession  candidates,  forty  eight  were  women,  all 

graduates  of  the  Women's  Medical 
School  in  Tokyo.  This  of  course  by  no  means  represents 
the  proportion  of  men  and  women  who  are  becoming 
doctors,  as  the  graduates  of  the  Imperial  Universities  do 
not  require  the  additional  certificate,  but  it  does  show  that 
women  are  advancing  in  this  profession  year  by  year. 


266  JAPAN 

The  plans  for  the  Woman's  Christian 
Woman's  Christian     College  in  Tokyo  are  being  supported  by 
College  the  Missions  interested  in  a  very  generous 

way.  These  Boards,  at  the  present  time 
five  in  number,  have  pledged  for  the  annual  current 
expenses  of  the  College  24,000  yen,  and  1 50,000  yen  as  an 
initial  fund  for  land  and  buildings.  A  Board  of  Trustees 
of  both  Japanese  and  foreigners  has  been  formed  in  Japan, 
and  already  steps  are  being  taken  to  standardize  the 
various  schools  of  Koto  Jogakko  grade  in  the  Missions 
specially  interested. 

Miss  Tsuda's  School  is  looking  forward 
Miss  Tsuda's        to  enlargement.     A  piece  of  land  adjoin- 
Schoo!  ing  the  present  property  has  been  bought 

recently,  and  plans  will  be  made  to  en 
large  the  scope  of  the  whole  work  and  make  a  complete 
college  with  several  departments.  The  school  is  growing 
in  numbers  away  beyond  its  present  capacit}',  and  the  need 
is  being  more  and  more  felt  for  departments  beyond  that 
of  language  alone. 

Last  year  sometime,   Osaka's  leading 
Woman's  Day  in      daily,  the  AsaJd  SJiimbun,  on  the  occasion 
Osaka  of  the  opening  of  its  new  building,   an 

nounced  a  women's  day,  and  invited  a 
number  of  prominent  Japanese  women  from  different  parts 
of  the  country  to  take  part  in  the  program.  It  is  said 
that  thousands  of  men  and  women  gathered  together  on 
that  day  to  hear  these  women  speak.  This  paper,  a  most 
progressive  one  be  it  said,  advertises  from  time  to  time 
expeditions  to  conduct  women  to  banks,  newspaper  offices 
and  other  places  of  business  to  explain  business  methods 
and  the  practical  working  of  various  enterprises.  So 
many  applications  have  been  received  when  these  offers 
have  been  made  that  it  has  been  necessary  to  divide  these 
women  into  a  number  of  groups  and  spend  several  days 
instead  of  a  few  hours  in  conducting  them  about. 

The  Kinjo   Girls'    School   in  Nagoya 

Nagoya  last   year   arranged    a    series   of    lecture 

meetings  for  the  women  of  that  city  and 

invited  well  known  women  such  as  Miss  Tetsu  Yasui  of 


THE   WOMAN    MOVEMENT   IN   JAPAN  267 

the  Women's  Higher  Normal  School  in  Tokyo  and  Michi 

Kavvai  of  the  Y.W.C.A.  to  speak.      It  is  said  that  at  one 

meeting  as  many  as  2,000  women  were  gathered  together. 

In   spite   of  the  fact  that  there  is  no 

Tlie  Coming         suffrage   movement   in    Japan    nor    any 

Election  likelihood  of  there  being  one  for  sometime 

to  come,  and  also  in  spite  of  the  fact  that 
according  to  law  women  are  not  allowed  even  to  attend 
political  meetings,  dozens  of  women  are  actively  and 
industriously  electioneering  for  the  coming  election,  going 
from  house  to  house,  bespeaking  the  good  offices  of  the 
electors  for  their  husbands,  brothers  or  sons  as  the  case 
may  be.  As  an  example  of  the  activity  of  some  women 
in  politics,  the  case  of  Mrs.  Yone  Suzuki,  the  self  made 
millionaire  of  Kobe  might  be  cited.  When  Prince  Katsura 
was  forming  his  new  party,  the  Dosldkai,  a  few  years  ago, 
this  woman  gave  the  Prince  100,000  yen  for  his  campaign 
in  the  interests  of  his  party.  One  or  two  women  at  least, 
in  Tokyo,  have  actually  the  light  to  vote  as  being  among 
the  five  or  six  heaviest  taxpayers  in  the  country. 

The  past  year  has  seen   considerable 
Women  Emigrants     progress    made    in    grappling    with    the 

problem  of  the  Japanese  woman  emigrant 
to  the  United  States.  The  Y.W.C.A.  in  California  has 
taken  upon  its  staff,  Miss  Sarah  Ellis,  formerly  of  the 
Friends'  Mission,  Tokyo,  and  Miss  Helen  Topping, 
formerly  of  the  American  Baptist  Mission,  Morioka,  as 
specialists  to  work  among  the  Japanese  women  in  Cali 
fornia  :  Miss  Ellis  working  at  Angel  Island,  where  she 
has  every  facility  for  meeting  the  women  when  they  first 
arrive  ;  and  Miss  Topping  going  up  and  down  throughout 
the  state,  visiting  the  women  in  their  homes,  and  co  operat 
ing  with  some  American  and  Japanese  ladies  who  are 
banded  together  in  a  society  called  the  Yn-ai  kivai  or  the 
You  i  kai  according  to  one's  nationality.  Besides  these 
two  workers,  another  American,  Miss  Chickering,  Miss 
Hide  ljuin,  who  has  taught  in  the  Friends'  School  and  in 
Kobe  College,  and  one  more  Japanese  woman  are  co 
operating  in  various  ways.  In  Japan,  the  Yokohama 
Y.W.C.A.  has  greatly  enlarged  its  borders  to  include 


268  JAPAN 

adequate  equipment  for  giving  prospective  women 
emigrants  training  in  western  ideals  and  customs.  A 
Japanese  woman  who  herself  has  spent  ten  years  in  Amer 
ica,  has  special  oversight  of  the  work,  and  has  been  given 
free  access  to  the  prefectural  office  to  distribute  literature 
and  talk  to  young  women  while  they  are  waiting  for  their 
physical  examination  :  and  to  the  steerage  of  the  ships 
after  the  women  go  aboard.  Recently  Miss  Kawai,  the 
National  secretary,  toured  through  Hiroshima  ken  where 
most  of  the  emigrants  come  from,  and  spoke  in  schools,  in 
other  public  buildings,  and  in  one  instance  in  a  Buddhist 
temple,  to  large  bodies  of  people  on  the  emigration  pro 
blem.  She  was  given  all  the  necessary  introductions  by 
the  Governor  of  the  ken,  and  was  accorded  every  facility 
by  the  heads  of  towns  and  counties  to  speak  on  this  special 
question.  In  some  schools  where  she  spoke,  she  asked 
the  children  who  had  relatives  abroad  to  indicate  the  fact 
by  holding  up  their  hands,  and  in  some  places  as  many  as 
35  out  of  50  children  were  found  to  have  relatives  in 
America.  It  is  said  that  as  much  as  4  million  yen  a  year 
are  sent  back  from  America  to  this  prefecture  alone  from 
relatives  who  are  abroad  :  and  it  is  quite  true  that  the  ken 
has  an  astonishingly  prosperous  appearance.  There  seems 
to  be  no  apprehension  among  the  people  of  this  ken  about 
going  to  a  foreign  land.  Have  not  their  friends  and 
relatives  been  going  for  years?  Are  they  not  pro 
sperous?  They  seem  to  be  little  concerned  as  to 
whether  they  know  English  and  the  way  and  manners  of 
Americans  or  not.  Their  relatives  in  the  past  went  out 
not  knowing  whither  they  went  and  why  should  not  they  ? 
They  have  made  money  and  the  fact  that  they  have  made 
international  complications  at  the  same  time,  bothers  them 
not  a  whit.  This  attitude  is  found  also  among  the  young 
women  at  the  prefectural  office  at  Yokohama  and  at  the 
boats.  Worse  than  this,  many  of  them  not  only  know  no 
English,  but  they  cannot  even  read  the  very  simple  litera 
ture  that  the  Y.W.C.A.  has  prepared  for  them  in  their 
own  language.  These  things  all  constitute  problems  which 
the  Association  is  attempting  to  face  both  in  Japan  and 
America. 


THE   WOMAN   MOVEMENT    IN   JAPAN  269 

During  the  past  year  the  long  looked 

Factory  Law         for  factory  law,  which  had   been  on  the 
statute  books  for  years,   but  which  had 
been  watting  for  the  sanction  of  the  Emperor  to  be  put 
into  force,  went  into  effect. 

The  first  factory  law  to  be  passed  in  Japanese  was  en 
acted  in  1911,  and  put  into  force  on  September  1st.  1916. 
Generally  speaking,  the  law  operates  within  the  following 
limits :  —  factories  in  which  at  least  1 5  operatives  are 
regularly  employed  ;  factories  in  which  the  work  is  of  a 
dangerous  character,  or  is  considered  injurious  to  health. 

With  reference  to  the  women  and  chil- 
Regarding  Women     dren  the  following  limits  are  prescribed : — 

and  Children  children  under  twelve  must  not  be  em 
ployed  hereafter ;  children  under  1 5  and 
women  must  not  be  employed  for  more  than  12  hours  a 
day  ;  children  under  15  and  women  must  not  be  employed 
between  the  hours  of  ten  in  the  evening  and  four  in  the 
morning  ;  children  under  1 5  and  women  shall  be  allowed 
at  least  two  holidays  a  month,  and  four  holidays,  when 
they  are  employed  alternately  in  day  and  night  work, 
a  rest  time  of  at  least  thirty  minutes  within  the  first  six 
hours  of  work,  and  one  hour  when  the  work  exceeds 
ten  hours. 

If  the  working  out  of  the  factory  law  were  in  accordance 
with  the  regulations  as  above  given,  one  might  hope  that 
the  conditions  among  the  women  and  children  would 
materially  improve,  and  would  make  way  for  further  en 
actments  that  would  in  time  get  the  hours  of  labor  down 
to  a  reasonable  length.  To  all  of  the  above  enactments, 
however,  there  are  appended  exceptions  which  practically 
nullify  the  force  of  almost  every  article.  "  The  administ 
rative  authorities  may,"  "  a  competent  minister  of  state 
may  "  except  factories  from  the  operation  of  the  law,  allow 
children  under  twelve  and  already  working  to  continue  to 
do  so,  allow  women  and  children  to  work  up  to  14  hours 
a  day,  allow  them  to  be  worked  at  night,  and  may  permit 
the  holidays  to  be  suspended. 

The  following  regulations  seem  to  involve  no  vitiating 
exceptions  : — operatives  shall  not  work  for  more  than  ten 


2/O  JAPAN 

nights  in  succession  ;  women  and  children  are  not  permitted 
to  engage  in  dangerous  work  or  to  be  employed  where 
poisonous  gases  or  other  injurious  substances  are  generated 
or  manufactured. 

The  law  also  provides  for  factory  inspectors,  appointed 
by  the  local  government  authorities.  The  Department  of 
Agriculture  and  Commerce  has  established  a  Factory 
Bureau  which  will  supervise  the  operation  of  the  law. 

Out  of  some  948,000  factory  hands  in 
Sweating  Systems  Japan,  567,000  are  engaged  in  the  textile 
industries,  and  of  this  number,  486,000 
are  women,  and  111,000  are  children.  These  belong  to 
the  ranks  of  unskilled  labor,  for  investigation  shows  that  a 
great  deal  of  the  skilled  labor  done  by  women  is  done  in 
the  homes,  or  in  establishments  employing  less  than  15 
hands,  and  which  therefore  do  not  come  under  the  opera 
tion  of  the  act.  This  fact  leaves  the  way  open  for  the 
sweating  system  to  operate  among  the  skilled  workers. 
For  example,  an  employer,  by  scattering  his  skilled 
workers,  or  by  employing  them  in  their  homes,  so  that  no 
more  than  1 5  shall  be  engaged  in  work  at  any  one  place, 
may  carry  on  a  large  and  flourishing  business  outside  the 
operation  of  the  law. 

Meagre  as  the  effect  of  the  law  seems  to  be,  the  mere 
regulation  of  the  hours  of  labor  is  an  improvement  on  the 
absolute  license  of  the  days  when  there  were  no  restrictions 
whatever  to  the  owners'  rapacity.  It  is  not  to  be  expected 
that  drastic  changes  will  take  place  at  once,  but  the  law 
does  provide  for  the  gradual  adjustment  of  the  factories  to 
new  requirements.  Up  to  the  present  time  sixteen  hours 
have  been  a  not  uncommon  day  in  the  silk  factories. 

A  relief  fund,  provided  by  the  factories  themselves, 
is  to  be  available  for  cases  of  accident  or  illness.  In 
cases  of  complete  disability  an  allowance  of  170 
times  the  amount  of  the  daily  wage  is  to  be  paid. 
Where  the  disability  is  not  complete  the  amount 
is  150  times  the  daily  wage.  Women  who  are  dis 
figured  and  not  able  to  work  again,  are  given  100  times 
the  daily  wage  as  a  compensation.  In  case  of  slight 
injuries  30  times  the  amount  of  the  daily  wage  is  given, 


THE   WOMAN   MOVEMENT   IN   JAPAN  2/1 

and  in  case  of  death,  an  amount  equal  to  170  times  the 
daily  wage  must  be  paid  to  the  family  of  the  deceased. 

The  hope  that  eventually  adequate 
Some  Law  Better  laws  will  be  enacted  for  the  protection  of 
Than  None  the  factory  workers,  lies,  not  in  the  actual 
regulations  that  have  been  already  made, 
but  in  the  fact  that  at  last  a  law  of  some  kind  is  on  the 
statute  books.  Certain  rights,  meagre  in  the  extreme,  it  is 
true,  and  largely  vitiated  by  curious  exceptions,  have 
nevertheless  been  accorded  to  factory  workers.  In  the 
meantime  factory  workers  must  be  helped  to  realize  their 
own  worth,  and  must  be  educated  in  such  a  way  that  they 
will  put  a  higher  valuation  on  themselves.  The  Press  of 
the  country  has  recently  been  contributing  much  to 
educate  public  opinion  on  this  subject,  and  it,  as  well  as 
individual  and  concerted  effort  on  the  part  of  all  those  who 
do  not  believe  in  the  trafficing  of  the  life  of  some  for  the 
gain  of  others,  will  need  to  see  to  it  that  more  and  more, 
factory  hands  in  general,  and  women  and  children  in 
particular,  are  made  to  conserve  and  not  destroy  the  vital 
resources  of  the  nation. 

One  of  the  outstanding  achievements  of 
C  eaning  Up  last  year  so  far  as  the  woman  problem  is 
concerned  was  the  work  done  by  the 
Metropolitan  Police  Bureau  in  abolishing  a  large  number 
of  unlicensed  houses  of  prostitution  in  various  parts  of 
Tokyo.  A  campaign  which  included  the  whole  city  was 
carried  on  and  whatever  may  have  been  the  ultimate 
result  so  far  as  the  final  disposition  of  the  girls  was 
concerned,  the  fact  remains  that  the  long  standing  illegal 
business  was  taken  hold  of  by  the  authorities  and  dealt 
with  in  such  a  manner  that  in  the  moral  cesspool  of 
Asakusa  alone,  the  number  of  women  of  illegal  houses  was 
reduced  by  about  one  half.  The  newspapers  reported 
when  the  housecleaning  was  going  on  that  the  houses  in 
Kameido>  and  Shibuya  were  all  wiped  out.*  May  this 

*Since  writing  the  above  an  article  has  appeared  in  a  Japanese  newspaper 
saying  that  the  owners  of  the  unlicensed  houses  in  Asakusa  have  formed  an 
Association  to  oppose  the  efforts  the  police  arc  making  to  stamp  out  un 
licensed  prostitution,  and  that  they  have  raised  40,000  yen  to  l>egin  their 


2/2  JAPAN 

campaign  be  a  prelude  to  the  prosecution  of  a  comprehen 
sive  warfare  against  the  far  more  nefarious  legal  traffic, 
and  against  what  to  a  great  many  people  who  are  in  direct 
touch  with  the  social  problems  of  the  nation,  is  even  a 
more  sinister  evil,  namely,  the  traffic  in  geisha. 

"  In  any  talk  about  the  woman's 
The  Geisha  movement  in  Japan,"  said  a  Japanese  man 
recently,  "  the  subject  of  geisha  must  not 
be  omitted.  They  are  increasing  in  numbers  all  the  time 
and  they  are  influencing  society  more  than  all  the  educated 
women  put  together."  They  are  more  of  a  menace  than 
the  prostitute  for  they  are  more  accessible  to  the  rank  and 
file  than  those  who  are  segregated,  the  stigma  of  geisha 
entertainments  is  thought  little  of,  and  respectable  people 
give  countenance  to  the  abomination  by  allowing  them 
selves  to  be  entertained  by  any  of  their  ilk.  Their 
influence  is  not  confined  to  Japan  alone.  The  geisha  and 
her  twin  sister  the  prostitute  form  a  black  chain  clear 
around  the  world  and  Japan's  reputation  is  besmirched 
wherever  they  go.  They  are  in  Singapore  and  in 
Hongkong,  they  are  in  Shanghai  and  in  the  interior  cities 
of  China,  some  have  found  their  way  to  the  port  cities  of 
the  United  States  and  have  even  penetrated  into  Europe. 
One  wonders  sometimes  how  they  get  their  passports  !  It 
was  stated  in  the  Japanese  papers  last  year,  when  a  moral 
housecleaning  was  going  on  in  Singapore,  which  house- 
cleaning  it  would  appear  was  sadly  needed,  that  out  of 
i  ,000  Japanese  women  living  in  Singapore,  800  were  pro 
stitutes  The  statistics  of  about  five  years  ago  stated  that 
at  that  time  there  were  23,362  Japanese  women  living 
abroad  as  prostitutes.  Wherever  these  women  go  they 
prostitute  the  name  of  their  nation  ;  and  until  this  stain  on 
the  name  of  Japan  is  officially  and  forcibly  wiped  out,  the 
world  at  large  will  not  believe  that  high  moral  principles 
dominate  the  heart  of  Japan. 

There  is  greatly  needed  in  Japan  a  movement  of  some 

campaign.  Two  ex-members  of  parliament,  it  was  said  in  the  newspaper, 
were  giving  their  assistance  to  this  organized  eftort  to  defeat  the  work  of  the 
Metropolitan  Police  Bureau. 


THE   WOMAN    MOVEMENT   IN   JAPAN  2/3 

kind  among  respectable  women  to  stand  for  the  dignity 
and  worth  of  their  own  sex,  to  refuse  to  be  misrepresented 
in  the  eyes  of  the  world  as  they  so  often  arc  by  the  pro 
fessional  entertainer :  and  still  more  need  for  a  similar 
movement  among  men  who  will  see  to  it  that  the  women 
of  their  nation  are  not  parodied  by  a  section  which  brings 
nothing  but  ignominy  and  disgrace  upon  the  name  of  this 
brave  struggling  nation  of  the  Far  East. 

An    interesting    discussion  took  place 
Marriage  recently  and  continued  through  several 

numbers  of  a  certain  woman's  magazine, 
between  Dr.  Yamawaki  a  member  of  the  House  of  Peers, 
and  Mrs.  Hatoyama  a  prominent  woman  in  educational 
and  public  affairs,  on  the  much  vexed  subject  of  freedom 
of  choice  in  marriage.  Dr.  Yamawaki  held  to  the 
opinion  that  a  larger  freedom  of  choice  in  marriage  and  in 
social  intercourse  among  young  people  were  necessary. 
Mrs.  Hatoyama  held  in  her  discussions  to  the  conservative 
and  time  honored  customs.  Whatever  differences  of 
opinion  there  may  be  at  the  present  moment  about  the 
attitude  to  take  towards  the  growing  freedom  of  inter 
course  among  young  people,  one  thing  is  certain,  that  the 
future  will  see  not  less  but  more  freedom  in  these  relation 
ships.  Whether  the  results  will  be  for  a  time  morally  dis 
astrous  or  not,  constitutes  an  entirely  different  problem 
and  in  no  wise  alters  the  fact  that  freedom  in  a  larger  way 
is  coming  and  is  coming  to  stay.  Neither  young  men  nor 
young-  women  will  much  longer  tolerate  the  most  im 
portant  affairs  in  life  being  settled  without  any  reference  to 
themselves.  However,  some  changes  are  coming  natural 
ly,  as  the  following  quotation  from  a  recent  article  of  Miss 
Tsuda's  will  show.  "  All  our  girls  desire  acquaintance 
with  the  men  they  are  to  marry  and  they  are  encouraged 
to  demand  it  and  to  take  the  stand  that  between  the  en 
gagement  and  marriage  they  should  be  allowed  not  only 
to  correspond  with  their  fiance  but  also  to  see  a  good  deal 
of  him.  This  gives  the  chance  also  to  break  off  the 
engagement  if  either  one  finds  the  other  undesirable. 
Social  intercourse  before  an  engagement  is  almost  im 
possible  under  present  conditions  and  it  does  not  seem 


2/4  JAPAN 

wise  to  encourage  it  except  when  it 
Gradually  comes  naturally  through  intercourse  with 

Changing  the  respective  families  or  mutual  friends, 

or  perhaps  through  business  relations  or 
similarity  of  occupation.  However,  even  although  mar 
riages  must  be  made  with  the  consent  of  and  primarily 
through  the  choice  of  paients,  no  girl  now  need  marry 
without  knowing  the  man  well,  and  being  sure  both  of 
him  and  of  herself  before  marriage.  Even  in  conservative 
families,  there  is  now  a  good  deal  of  natural  intercourse 
between  the  engagement  and  marriage,  and  this  is  be 
coming  more  and  more  the  custom.  Correspondence 
between  engaged  people  is  coming  to  be  quite  a  matter  of 
course  among  progressive  people,  and  is  even  being  ac 
cepted  in  conservative  families  also.  The  world  of  Japan 
is  becoming  more  and  more  accustomed  to  the  idea  of  real 
love  marriages  and  it  is  becoming  easier  year  by  year  for 
young  people  to  get  to  know  one  another  in  natural  ways." 
Speaking  of  marriage,  a  curious  side- 
Pursuiug  the  light  was  thrown  on  the  canvas  recently 
Go-Between  when  the  writer  was  told  by  a  Japanese 

friend  of  the  stampede  among  certain 
mothers  of  eligible  daughters,  when  to  put  it  broadly,  a 
likely  man  is  known  to  be  on  the  market.  The  go-between 
is  besieged  with  photographs  of  good  looking  and  accom 
plished  girls,  some  unusually  promising  men  being  the 
recipients  of  as  many  as  twenty  or  thirty.  These  girls  are 
educated  according  to  the  standards  set  for  the  average 
young  lady  of  today,  and  it  is  not  much  to  be  wondered  at 
that  their  parents  should  look  forward  to  what  the  world 
calls  a  good  match.  Unfortunately  however  for  these  am 
bitious  parents,  educated  men  are  not  marrying  as  early  as 
they  did  a  decade  ago,  as  witness  the  fact  in  the  photo 
graphs  of  brides  and  grooms  to  be  seen  in  the  daily  news 
papers.  One  notices  very  often  a  disparity  of  ten  or  more 
years  in  the  ages  of  the  two,  a  thing  almost  unheard  of  up 
to  very  recent  times.  The  fact  that  young  men  are  more 
and  more  drifting  away  from  the  parental  home  and 
obliged  to  cut  out  their  own  fortunes,  prevents  them  from 
marrying  until  they  can  make  suitable  provision  for  their 


THE  WOMAN   MOVEMENT   IN   JAPAN  2/5 

own  homes.  In  theory  this  new  slate  of  affairs  is  without 
doubt  a  tremendous  advance,  but  the  situation  is  in  practice 
fraught  with  many  dangers  at  the  present  time. 

A  professor  of  VVaseda  University  was 
Freedom  recently  asked  what  he  considered  to  be 

the  dominant  note  in  the  longings  and 
aspirations  of  the  young  people  of  today.  Without  a 
moment's  hesitation  he  replied  "Freedom."  "Freedom  is 
the  word  they  use,"  he  continued,  "but  as  a  rule  they  do 
not  know  the  meaning  of  the  word."  In  their  failure  to 
discriminate  between  freedom  and  license  many  are  shaking 
off  all  restraints  and  the  wildest  notions  are  being  scattered 
about.  A  few  years  ago,  a  Blue  Stocking  Society  was 
formed  to  herald  the  coming  freedom  of  women,  and  in 
opposition  to  the  particular  views  of  this  organization,  but 
with  others  just  as  far  removed  from  rational  thinking, 
another  called  the  Real  New  Woman  was  likewise  orga 
nized.  Both  movements  have  died  a  natural  death  so  far 
as  organization  is  concerned,  but  many  of  the  women  are 
still  writing  arrant  nonsense  for  the  multifarious  magazines 
that  seem  willing  to  publish  any  sort  of  trash.  In  more 
than  one  tragic  and  pathetic  case  some  of  these  women 
have  been  logical  enough  to  make  attempts  to  live  out 
their  theories,  but  most  of  them  are  willing  to  remain 
theorists  and  simply  give  advice  which  some  of  the 
weaker  sisters  follow  in  practice.  So  called  freedom 
without  a  standard  whereby  to  measure  or  define  its  value 
is  bound  to  run  into  all  sorts  of  excrescences  even  at  best 
and  at  worst  into  license  of  the  wildest  sort. 

One  has  heard  the  statement  made 
Is  Immorality  recently  by  more  than  one  sober  edu- 
Increasing?  cationalist  that  immorality  is  increasing 

among  both  men  and  women  students. 
Whether  the  statement  just  as  it  stands  can  be  actually 
proved  or  disproved  by  statistics  is  a  question,  but  the  fact 
remains  that  serious  minded  people  who  are  closest  in 
touch  with  these  problems  are  greatly  distressed  at  the 
present  day  laxity  that  is  found  in  the  student  body.  Life 
is  freer,  the  restraints  of  old  time  custom  have  loosened, 
pernicious  literature  is  being  scattered  broadcast,  and 


2/6  JAPAN 

there  is  no  corresponding  tightening  up  of  the  moral  fibre 
to  meet  the  exigencies  of  the  situation.  The  education  of 
the  schools  is  not  making  for  a  keener  moral  sense. 
Girls  are  lectured  about  being  good  wives  and  wise 
mothers,  until  in  sheer  desperation  they  go  off  on  the 
rebound  into  the  wildest  excesses ;  boys,  who  might  do 
well  to  listen  to  a  few  lectures  on  the  duty  of  being  good 
husbands  and  wise  fathers,  are  taught  nothing  which  even 
remotely  approaches  the  attitude  men  ought  to  take 
towards  women,  not  even  towards  their  mothers,  sisters 
or  wives.  What  can  we  expect  of  an  educational  system 
which  emphasizes  "  ad  nauseam  "  the  social  duties  of  one 
half  of  society  and  forgets  entirely  that  there  are  any  cor 
responding  duties  whatever  on  the  other  side.  It  is  not  to 
be  expected  that  the  ordinary  boy  will  grow  up  with  any 
innate  respect  for  women,  the  more  so  as  he  goes  out  later 
into  a  society  which  is  honey- combed  by  a  system  which 
deliberately  and  with  official  sanction  is  polluting  the  fresh 
blood  of  the  nation  at  its  source.  We  speak  often  of  the 
Christian  work  which  is  being  done  among  students  and 
indeed  much  is  being  done  in  one  way  and  another ;  but  in 
comparison  with  the  inroads  of  vice,  the  pollution  of  a 
vicious  environment,  and  its  whole  sinister  effect  on  the 
foundations  of  the  life  of  the  nation,  it  must  be  confessed 
with  shame  that  we  are  simply  playing  upon  the  surface 
of  things,  and  are  for  the  most  part  refusing  to  recognize 
what  are  the  issues  of  life.  What  do  most  of  us  know 
about  the  real  problems  of  the  apparently  innocent  looking 
young  people  with  whom  we  come  in  contact  in  one  way 
or  another  every  day,  in  Bible  classes  or  at  social  gather 
ings  ?  Who  knows  where  half  of  them  are  living,  how 
they  are  getting  their  livelihood,  what  books  they  are 
reading,  where  they  go  in  their  leisure  hours,  what  they 
see  at  the  moving  picture  shows  ?  And  as  a  matter  of  fact 
when  we  come  down  to  rock  bottom  who 
Do  We  Really  cares  particularly  ?  When  we  do  talk  to 
Know  Them  ?  them  it  is  often  in  a  language  that  they 
know  no  more  than  a  fragment  of  at  best, 
and  through  whose  medium  they  cannot  and  will  not  even 
try  to  express  their  own  thoughts  and  longings.  When 


THE   WOMAN    MOVKMKNT    IN   JAPAN  2/7 

shall  we  begin  to  get  down  to  really  fundamental  things? 
When  shall  we  begin  to  understand  that  to  save  a  man  or 
woman  or  boy  or  girl,  we  must  save  the  whole  environ 
ment  which  surrounds  them  before  we  can  call  a  halt  in 
our  fight  with  the  forces  of  evil  ?  When  shall  we  begin  to 
fight  directly  and  unitedly  and  consistently  the  systems 
which  prevail  in  this  land  which  to  some  people  consists 
merely  of  cherry  blossoms  and  ravishing  scenery,  systems 
which  in  their  effect  on  the  future  will  inevitably  lower  the 
whole  moral  tone  and  stamina  of  succeeding  generations  ? 

There  are  in  Japan  women's  societies 
Women's  Societies  galore,  and  they  multiply  in  numbers 
over  night.  Everyone  who  is  in  need  of 
some  outlet  for  superfluous  energy  or  bottled  up  wrath 
starts  forthwith  a  women's  magazine.  Some  associations 
and  magazines  are  doing  excellent  work  along  certain 
circumscribed  lines,  but  apart  from  the  distinctly  Christian 
ones  they  do  not  for  the  most  part  stand  for  any  particular 
vital  principle  nor  for  the  righting  of  any  special  wrong  of 
society.  There  are  patriotic  societies  which  give  practical 
help  to  the  families  of  disabled  soldiers  and  others  who 
come  within  their  sphere,  there  is  the  Red  Cross  society 
with  its  genuine  practical  helpfulness  along  its  own  particu 
lar  lines,  there  are  educational  societies  which  for  the  most 
part  are  not  run  by  educationalists  at  all.  There  is  as  yet 
in  Japan  however  no  concerted  effort  among  women  in 
general,  to  tackle  any  specific  and  outstanding  problem  in 
a  scientific  and  comprehensive  way.  "  There  is  no  woman 
movement  in  Japan  "  said  a  Japanese  woman  recently,  a 
woman  who  graduated  a  half  dozen  years  ago  from  a  very 
well  known  American  women's  college.  She  apparently 
meant  just  what  we  have  said,  that  there  is  no  planned  and 
concerted  movement  for  any  reason  whatsoever.  There 
is  no  comprehensive  movement  for  the  betterment  of 
society,  for  child  welfare,  for  the  advancement  of  women's 
education,  nor  for  any  other  definite  and  specifically  large 
aim  It  is  true  that  here  and  there  magnificent  bits  of 
work  are  being  done  in  education  and  in  social  and  re 
ligious  lines ;  but  there  is  no  movement,  concerted  and 
thought  out  which  if  it  gained  the  momentum  of  numbers 


278  JAPAN 

and  spiritual  force  would  eradicate  evil  at  its  source,  and 
substitute  clean  thinking  and  high  living  among  any  con 
siderable  portion  of  the  community.  In  a  word  the  women 
of  Japan  have  not  yet  got  down  to  fundamentals.  The 
whole  betterment  work  is  at  best  but  piecework.  Few  of 
us  are  thinking  comprehensively  about  the  real  problems 
of  the  nation,  few  of  us  are  in  close  touch  with  the  nation's 
heart  throbs,  and  the  troubles  that  will  not  away  by 
palliatives  but  only  by  death  and  destruction. 

What  after  all  is  the  crux  of  the  woman 
A  Human  Problem  problem  ?  It  is  at  bottom  a  human 
problem,  old  as  the  world  and  as  wide, 
recurring  again  and  again  under  various  aspects  wherever 
wrongs  are  done  to  men  or  to  women,  and  where  men  and 
women  do  not  understand  that  they  are  meant  to  be 
children  of  God  and  brothers  and  sisters  one  of  another. 
Is  the  work  we  are  one  and  all  doing  comprehensive 
enough  even  in  its  thought  for  us  to  look  the  whole 
problem  honestly  in  the  face,  and  in  our  own  special 
spheres  to  acknowledge  that  our  vision  had  not  been  broad 
enough,  that  our  meagre  conception  of  God  has  hampered 
Him  in  His  working,  that  our  material  equipment  even  is 
futile  because  of  our  lack  of  faith  and  vision  ;  and  then  if 
need  be  to  begin  all  over  again  in  thought  and  conception 
wide  enough  and  deep  enough  and  high  enough  to  give 
scope  to  the  genius  of  the  God  we  profess  to  serve. 

When  the  day  comes  that  we  do  these  things  we  shall 
have  a  woman's  movement  whether  definitely  organized  or 
not  will  be  of  little  consequence,  which  will  be  irresistible 
in  its  power  to  transform  the  life  of  this  nation  with  the 
purity  of  Him  who  promised  that  the  pure  should  see  God. 


CHAPTER  II 

INDUSTRIAL  CONDITIONS  IN  JAPAN 


BY  J.  MERLE  DAVIS 

Industrialism  in  Japan  is  following  the  development  of 
modern  industrial  history  the  world  over. 

The  arguments  by  which  one  hundred 
Industry  years  ago  John  Bright  in  England,   Stein 

in  Germany  and  Cavour  in  Italy  awoke 
their  Governments  to  the  paramount  need  of  transforming 
their  respective  nations  from  the  agricultural  to  the  in 
dustrial  basis,  have,  since  the  middle  of  the  Meiji  era, 
taken  a  commanding  place  in  the  Councils  of  Japanese 
statesmen.  Since  her  victorious  wars  with  China  and 
Russia  with  the  enormous  markets  then  opening  to  her, 
Japan  has  been  passing  through  a  similar  transformation. 
Although  still  an  agricultural  nation,  she  has  successfully 
changed  the  emphasis  of  her  development  from  agricul 
ture  to  industry  and  commerce.  What  has  taken  the 
great  Western  powers  from  75  to  ico  years  to  bring  about, 
Japan  has  accomplished  within  the  memory  of  her  young 
men. 

However,  the  very  success  and  phenomenal  speed  with 
which  she  has  turned  the  life  currents  of  her  people  has 
brought  upon  her  yet  more  intensive  and  acute  problems 
than  those  attending  the  growth  of  industrialism  among 
her  sister  nations  of  the  West. 

As  in  Europe  and  America  so  in  Japan, 

Popu'ation          a  dominant  characteristic  of  the  growth 

of  industrialism  is  the  trend  of  population 

from  country  to  city.     The  city  is  the  sphere  of  modern 

industry  and   the  growth  of  urban  population  is  almost 

revolutionary  in  its  effect  upon  society. 


28O  JAPAN 

In  studying  the  growth  of  the  five  largest  industrial 
cities  of  Japan  we  find  that  between  1880  and  1916,  the 
population  of  Tokyo  increased  from  857,780  to  2,225,000; 
Osaka's  population  increased  in  the  same  period  from 
500,000  to  1,500,000  ;  Nagoya  from  200,000  to  450,000 ; 
Yokohama  from  100,000  to  400,000,  and  Kobe  from 
100,000  to  450,000. 

In  comparing  the  growth  of  the  Empire 
Growth  as  a  whole  (25%)  with  that  of  these  five 

largest  industrial  and  commercial  centers 
(325%)  we  see  that  these  centers  have  increased  thirteen 
times  as  rapidly  as  the  nation  at  large.  In  studying  the 
growth  of  the  great  center  of  Tokyo,  during  a  period 
of  thiiteen  years,  1903  to  1916,  still  more  striking  results 
are  found.  During  these  thirteen  years  the  growth  of  the 
official  city  was  29^6,  but  the  ratio  of  growth  of  its  in 
dustrial  suburbs,  built  up  in  a  compact  circle  around  three 
sides  of  the  city,  reached  the  phenomenal  mark  of  415^6. 

The  expansion  of  the  industrial  popula- 
Tokyo  tion  of  the  great  centers  is  comparable 

only  to  the  experience  of  some  Western 
cities  in  North  America.  Great  areas  adjoining  the  city 
limits  of  Tokyo  on  the  South,  North  and  East,  which 
ten  years  ago  were  planted  to  rice  and  vegetables  or 
were  marshes,  swept  by  the  tides,  have  been  reclaimed 
and  are  now  built  up  in  solid  blocks  of  factories  and 
tenements.  Property  values  in  the  same  period  have 
kept  pace  with  the  general  trend  and  in  many  sections 
have  increased  by  500  and  iooo°/o.  Tokyo's  experience 
can  be  matched  by  Osaka,  Kobe  or  Yokohama.  These 
cities  are  focal  points  in  the  metamorphosis  of  a  nation 
from  the  feudal,  agricultural  stage  to  the  regime  of  iron 
and  electricity,  steel  and  steam. 

This  phenomenal  growth  is  neither 
Industrial  Expan-  accidental  nor  temporary.  Placed  in  re 
s'011  lation  to  the  Continent  of  Asia  much  as 
England  is  placed  on  the  edge  of  Europe, 
Japan  occupies  a  place  of  marvellous  commercial  advan 
tage.  She  can  move  her  products  in  her  own  ships  at 
the  lowest  rates  to  any  part  of  the  huge  China  seacoast 


INDUSTRIAL   CONDITIONS   IN   JAPAN  28 1 

and  far  into  the  interior  by  China's  waterways.  Having 
neither  extensive  mines  nor  a  surplus  of  other  natural  re 
sources,  she  early  found  in  her  contact  with  modern  nations 
that  to  keep  an  even  balance  of  trade  she  must  vastly 
increase  her  power  of  industrial  production.  Further  and 
further  has  she  been  drawn  into  the  race  for  industrial 
supremacy  until  today  her  system  is  nation-wide  and,  in 
conjunction  with  her  large  merchant  marine,  is  placing 
Japan-made  products  in  every  part  of  the  civilized  world. 
There  is  no  question  but  that  the  future  of  this  Empire  as 
a  world  power  of  the  first  class  depends  directly  upon  her 
ability  to  hold  and  increase  the  markets  which  she  has 
won.  Japan  has  entered  upon  a  path  in  which  she  cannot 
turn  back.  For  her  the  question  of  her  industrial  expan 
sion  is  not  an  academic  but  a  life  and  death  question. 
Today  it  is  not  upon  the  shoulders  of  her  political  leaders, 
her  scholars  or  her  business  men  that  the  brunt  of  the 
nation's  struggle  is  being  borne,  but  upon  the  shoulders  of 
her  factory  workers.  Thus,  far  from  being  a  limitless  and 
valueless  field  for  exploitation,  these  workers  form  a  vast 
national  asset,  the  conservation  and  uplift  of  which  are  of 
incomparable  importance  to  the  Empire. 


With  this  as  a  starting  point,  let  us  notice  certain  serious 
aspects  of  the  industrial  situation  in  this  country  : 

i.  Modern  Japan  with  its  wonderful 
New  City  Life  leap  from  feudalism  into  the  Twentieth 
Century  is  the  Japan  of  cities.  The 
country  and  village  life  is  comparatively  little  changed. 
There  is  a  gulf  between  the  life  and  environment  of  the 
peasant  or  small  villager  and  the  denizen  of  a  great  port  or 
commercial  center.  The  300,000  and  upwards  of  workers 
of  country  blood  who  pour  each  year  into  the  great  cities 
suddenly  awake  over  night  to  a  new  world.  At  one  stroke 
the  restraints  religious,  moral,  social,  political  are  re 
moved,  and  the  incentives  which  heretofore  steadied  and 
moulded  this  man  from  the  small  village  are  destroyed. 
He  finds  himself  suddenly  unattached  in  an  environment 


282  JAPAN 

where  iron  and  steam  and  electricity  are  the  dominating 
forces  and  where  capital  and  greed  hold  the  whip  hand. 
He  must  merge  himself  into  this  mighty  materialistic 
engine  of  production  or  be  crushed  by  it. 

The  worker  finds  his  power  to  understand  the  new 
environment  or  to  adjust  himself  to  the  new  social  order 
extremely  limited  ;  he  straightway  becomes  a  unit  in  an 
order  which  he  comprehended!  not,  an  order  in  which  the 
human  equation  is  assessed  at  leys  value  than  the  material 
product. 

2.  The  feudalism  out  of  which  Japan  is  removed  by  a 
space  of  only  60  years  has  poorly  equipped  society  for 
the  impending  change. 

With  the  break-up  of  the  feudal  system 
New  Social  with  its  interdependence  of  lord  and  vassal 
Conditions  anc[  the  transition  to  an  era  of  industrialism 

came  a  dissolving  of  social  ties  and  a 
herding  of  great  masses  of  country  population  in  the  big 
cities  under  conditions  which  spelled  social  and  economic 
demoralization.  In  a  period  of  such  transition  a  nation's 
social  liabilities  are  always  greater  than  its  assets.  The 
great  cities  already  burdened  with  their  own  poor  and 
harrassed  with  complex  civic  problems  are  not  able  with 
their  already  established  public  and  social  forces,  to  assimi 
late  or  care  for  the  newcomers. 

Time  is  needed  for  the  necessary  adjustments,  to  allow 
the  immigrant  from  the  rural  district  to  find  himself  socially 
and  economically.  Time  is  needed  to  educate  the  upper 
classes  to  the  real  conditions  and  needs  of  this  new  popu 
lation  which  has  invaded  the  cities ;  a  population  to  which 
they  are  unaccustomed  and  for  which  they  feel  little 
interest  and  no  responsibility.  Time  is  needed  to  arouse  a 
public  conscience,  to  enable  men  to  see  the  close  connec 
tion  between  the  uplift  and  conservation  of  this  class  and 
the  permanence  of  the  industrial  power  of  their  country. 
Time  is  also  needed  to  convince  factory  owners  and  capi- 
tali-ts  that  men  as  well  as  horses  respond  to  human  treat 
ment  and  that  there  is  a  direct  relation  between  the  care  of 
the  human  machine  and  its  working  output. 


INDUSTRIAL  CONDITIONS   IN   JAPAN  283 

3.     From  the  physical  standpoint  there 

Physical  DeJer!o-     is  a  steady  process  of  deterioration  going 

ration  on-     Most  of  the  workers  come  from  the 

health-giving  air  and  surroundings  of  the 

country  and  mountain  life,  a  life  of  physical  freedom  and 

development.     In  the  city  they  find  bad  air  in  homes  and 

factories  ;  food  poorly  cooked  and  of  inferior  quality  ;  low, 

damp  floors  in  nouses  situated  on  flats  which  are  flooded 

with    every    heavy    storm ;    unsanitary    conditions    which 

breed  contagion  and  dangerous  sickness ;   long  hours  of 

work,    standing    from    twelve    to    sixteen    hours   at   high 

powered    machines ;    unhygienic  factory   conditions,  with 

dust   and    chemicals  ladening  the   air ;   overcrowding   of 

dormitories  ;  night  work  for  women  and  girls  ;  child  labor, 

with  the  stunting  of  growth. 

The  approximately  half  million  workers 
Strain  on  Women     recruited  annually  from  the  best  blood 
Workers  of  the  country  is  like  a  pure  mountain 

stream  polluting  itself  as  it  steadily  pours 
into  the  muddy  and  stagnant  waters  of  the  swamp.  It  is  a 
stream,  however,  which  flows  only  in  one  direction,  for  the 
backward  ebb  of  the  tide  is  small.  Though  serious  enough 
for  all  classes  of  workers,  it  is  in  its  bearing  upon  female 
and  child  labor  that  there  is  the  greatest  cause  for  national 
alarm.  A  medical  authority,  after  a  full  investigation  of 
female  labor  conditions,  says  :  "  Female  workers  in 
Japanese  factories  number  500,000,  of  whom  300,000  are 
under  twenty  years  of  age.  Out  of  this  army,  400,000  are 
engaged  in  the  spinning,  weaving  and  dyeing  industries. 
Seventy  percent  of  these  women  live  in  factory  quarters, 
which  means  a  sort  of  confinement.  Work  in  the  raw  silk 
factories  lasts  from  thirteen  to  fourteen  hours  a  day  on  the 
average,  and  that  in  weaving  mills  fourteen  to  sixteen 
hours.  It  is  not  surprising  that  the  health  of  these  girls  is 
seriously  injured  by  such  conditions.  In  the  spinning 
mills  the  women  are  put  to  night  work  every  other  week. 
This  affects  the  workers'  health  so  severely  that  at  the  end 
of  a  week  they  lose  considerable  weight.  Though  this 
loss  be  partly  recovered  during  the  next  week  on  the  day 
shift,  the  night  work  ultimately  wrecks  the  health  of  the 


284  JAPAN 

workers.  Few  can  stand  the  strain  for  more  than  one  year, 
when  death,  sickness  or  desertion  is  the  outcome.  Thus 
eighty  percent  of  the  workers  leave  the  mills  every  year 
through  various  causes,  their  places  being  immediately 

taken  by  new  hands The  women  on  the  day  and  night 

shifts  are  obliged  to  share  the  same  bed,  which  is  neither 
aired  nor  dusted,  and  never  exposed  to  the  sun,  since  as 
soon  as  one  leaves  it  another  takes  her  place,  consequently 
consumption  and  other  epidemics  make  terrible  havoc  of 
the  workers.  The  number  of  women  recruited  as  factory 
workers  each  year  reaches  200,000  but  of  these  1 20,000 
do  not  return  to  the  parental  roof.  Either  they  become 
birds  of  passage,  moving  from  one  factory  to  another,  or 
go  as  maids  in  dubious  tea  houses  or  as  illicit  prostitutes. 
Among  the  80,000  who  return  home,  13,000  are  found  to 
be  sick,  25  percent  having  contracted  consumption."  (The 
Japan  Chronicle,  March  1914.) 

4.     The  moral  and  spiritual  influences 
Housing  of   the    city    industrial    quarters    are,    if 

possible,  even  worse.  Housing  con 
ditions  are  extremely  bad  and  lead  to  moral  as  well  as 
physical  degeneration.  A  study  of  the  homes  of  eleven 
hundred  households  among  the  very  poor  of  Honjo  Ward 
in  Tokyo,  reveals  the  fact  that  33.9  per  cent  are  living  in 
homes  whose  total  area  consists  of  between  one  and  three 
mats  and  that  66.4  per  cent  are  living  in  homes  of  four 
and  one  half  mats  or  less.  The  average  family  consists  of 
five  persons,  but  in  very  many  cases  two  or  more  families 
occupy  the  same  room.  In  addition,  very  many  laborers 
board  in  such  homes  and  sleep  indiscriminately  with  the 
family. 

The  moral  conditions  of  the  dormitories  for  girl  workers 
in  some  factories,  especially  certain  spinning  mills,  are 
extremely  bad.  Unscrupulous  overseers  and  wardens,  in 
some  cases,  are  known  to  hold  the  girls  in  virtual  moral 
slavery.  One  expert  in  factory  conditions  states  that  it  is 
not  uncommon  for  one  half  of  the  girls  employed  in  certain 
mills  to  lose  their  virtue  within  a  year  after  entering  the 
mill. 


INDUSTRIAL   CONDITIONS   IN   JAPAN  285 

Again  long  working  hours  and  ex- 
Moral  Conditlo  s  treine  fatigue  induce  unheal-thful  excite 
ment  and  vicious  pleasures.  After  work 
ing  hours  the  laborer  finds  it  easy  to  spend  his  spare  time 
in  heavy  drinking,  gambling  and  in  other  forms  of  vice. 
The  "  Kichin  Yado "  or  cheap  workingmen's  boarding 
houses  in  which  thousands  throng,  give  little  else  but 
bestial  or  degrading  amusements  for  their  inmates.  The 
wretched  women  of  the  neighborhood  are  at  hand  to  sell 
themselves  for  five  sen  or  more,  while  gambling  and  heavy 
drinking  and  venereal  diseases,  take  a  terrible  toll  of  the 
stalwart  workers  of  the  district.  The  "  Yose  "  and  the 
cheap  and  sensational  moving  picture  show  are  the  only 
possible  variations  to  the  above  program. 

When  the  worker  leaves  his  village,  the 

Leaving  the  God       influence    of    the   local    ancestral    shrine 

Behind  which  he  has  been  trained  to  reverence 

is  cut  off;  the  local  festivals  and  customs, 

and  the  gods  of  his  trade  or  guild  are  left  behind,  and  as  a 

rule   no   new    religious  ties  are   substituted.     The  world 

which  he  now  enters  is  one  whose  gods  are  steam  and 

electricity,  whose  religion  is  materialism,  and  whose  shrines 

shelter  untold   power  and   wealth.     The  country  lad  now 

begins  the  uneven  contest  of  matching  his  vitality  against 

the  tireless  machine  which  he  tends ;  he  becomes  a  mere 

atom  in  a  universe  where  selfishness  and   privilege  and 

capital  predominate. 

5.     The  industrial  life  of  the  nation  is 
Machinery  also  passing  through  the  further  strain  of 

transition  from  the  system  of  home  in 
dustries  to  high  powered  factories  where  hands  are  counted 
by  the  thousand.  Not  only  is  this  disintegrating  the  life 
of  the  home  but  it  is  stunting  the  individual  capacity  of  the 
workman  and  limiting  his  possibility  of  development.  He 
no  longer  works  by  hand  under  the  direct  supervision  of 
a  master  artisan  with  the  hope  of  ultimately  attaining  an 
independent  position  as  a  master  himself,  but  he  tends  a 
machine,  ceaselessly  performing  a  few  mechanical  move 
ments.  In  addition  to  limiting  development  in  his  trade, 
this  kind  of  labor  has  a  benumbing  effect  on  body,  mind 


286  JAPAN 

and  soul.  Unless  this  is  offset  by  some  counteracting 
physical,  social  and  intellectual  stimulus  the  deterioration 
is  rapid  and  sure.  Few,  if  any,  factories  are  providing 
such  supplementary  stimulus  and  training  to  their 
employees. 

Furthermore,  the  frequent  breakdown 
Labor  Shifting        of  health,  the  cancelling  of  contracts  and 

the  hard  conditions  under  which  the 
work  is  performed  result  in  a  continual  shifting  or  "  turn 
ing  over  "  of  labor,  such  as  would  be  considered  ruinous 
in  Western  factories.  It  also  produces  the  conspicuous 
absence  of  a  large  group  of  highly  skilled  labor.  In  fact, 
a  definite  policy  of  thwarting  any  effort  of  the  workman  to 
become  too  versed  in  skilled  processes  may  be  seen  in 
some  factories  in  the  periodic  shifting  of  men  from  depart 
ment  to  department. 

6.     From   the  standpoint   of  political 
Political  Rights       and  social  rights,  the  Japanese  laborer  is 

in  a  helpless  and  almost  hopeless  con 
dition.  He  is  utterly  without  power  to  control  the  con 
ditions  under  which  he  must  work  and  live.  All  laborers 
are  automatically  excluded  from  the  franchise.  They 
must  accept  the  decisions  of  their  employers  relating  to 
hours,  safety  devices,  health  provisions,  wages  and  other 
details  of  their  work.  Of  the  twelve  million  males  in  Japan 
of  voting  age,  less  than  i  and  one  half  million,  or  %°/o 
have  the  electoral  right.  Of  this  number  only  153,768 
live  in  the  cities  of  the  Empire. 

The  working  man  has  no  chance  to  form  or  influence 
public  opening  regarding  conditions  of  industry  in  his 
country.  His  lack  of  higher  education,  his  isolation  from 
the  world  of  letters  and  culture,  his  inability  to  unite  with 
his  fellows,  and  the  difficulty  of  rising  from  the  ranks  give 
him  no  access  to  the  public  ear  or  the  public  conscience. 
Unless  some  champion  of  his  rights  appears  from  the 
privileged  classes  his  lot  is  indeed  pitiful. 

Increased    cost    of   living    and    taxes 
Cost  of  Living        bear   most    heavily    upon    this   class    of 

society,  without  its  hav'ng  a  word  in 
the  determination  of  such  laws.  The  Tokyo  municipality 


INDUSTRIAL   CONDITIONS   IN    JAPAN  28/ 

recently  increased  the  cost  of  the  workingmen's  return  trip 
on  the  city  tram  lines  from  five  to  seven  sen,  at  the  same 
lime  reducing  the  hours  during  which  this  special  rate  is 
available.  This  ruling  has  imposed  a  heavy  burden  on 
thousands  of  workers,  since  it  is  a  virtual  cut  in  wages,  and 
necessitates  either  walking  to  their  work,  or  in  many  cases, 
the  taking  of  the  tram  an  hour  earlier  than  usual  in  order 
to  avail  themselves  of  the  reduced  fare.  This  is  an  instance 
of  many  of  the  privations  which  the  worker  has  to  bear  in 
silence.  The  modern  industrial  worker  in  Japan  is  as 
helpless  to  better  his  lot  as  the  machine  which  he  operates, 
though  the  machine  has  this  avantage,  —  that  when  broken 
or  out  of  order  it  may  be  overhauled  and  repaired,  while 
the  human  machine,  when  rendered  inefficient  through 
accident,  disease  or  overwork  is  "  scrapped  "  at  once,  and 
goes  down  and  out  to  add  to  the  nation's  unemployed, 
pauper  or  criminal  class. 

An  added  factor  in  the  situation  which, 
Education  like  a  match  set  to  powder  may  furnish 

the  occasion  of  industrial  and  social 
explosion,  is  the  factor  of  education.  Were  the  Japanese 
laboring  class  an  illiterate,  unintelligent  mass  there  would 
be  little  danger  in  its  systematic  exploitation  by  the  privi 
leged  classes.  But  what  are  the  facts  ?  The  great  majority 
of  these  people  are  possessed,  in  whole  or  in  part,  of  a  Sho 
Gakko  education.  83.9  percent  of  the  heads  of  noo 
households  of  the  "Himnin'  or  very  poor  of  Honjo  Ward, 
Tokyo,  can  read  and  write.  Over  90  percent  of  their 
children  are  for  longer  or  shorter  periods  in  school.  The 
sources  of  national  and  world  progress  and  knowledge  are 
open  to  these  workers.  They  not  only  read  the  news 
papers  and  magazines,  but  are  able  to  think  and  discuss  the 
public  and  sccial  issues  of  the  day.  The  Government  is 
supplying  in  its  thorough  educational  system  the  means  by 
which  the  masses  are  having  their  eyes  opened  to  the  heavy 
conditions  and  inequalities  imposed  upon  them  through 
lack  of  adequate  industrial  regulation  and  social  remedial 
agencies.  This  state  of  society  cannot  last  indefinitely  with 
out  a  great  awakening.  The  workers  of  the  nation  will 
not  permanently  be  content  to  create  the  nation's  wealth 


288  JAPAN 

and  power  without  receiving  a  larger  share  of  opportunity 
and  the  benefits  of  civilization.  Intelligence  without  op 
portunity  when  applied  to  men  is  like  the  generating  of 
steam  in  a  sealed  flask — a  dangerous  experiment. 

II.     OCCUPATION  OF  THE  FIELD 

There  are  no  labor  unions  in  Japan. 
No  Labor  Unions      The     Yuai  Kwai,    "  Laborer's  Friendly 

Society,"  is  the  only  adequate  Japanese 
organization  that  is  trying  to  improve  the  welfare  of  the 
workingmen.  Founded  four  years  ago,  this  Society  has  a 
membership  of  over  25,000,  half  of  which  is  in  Tokyo. 
For  a  monthly  fee  of  10  sen,  members  receive  legal  and 
medical  advice,  hear  lectures  on  social  and  personal 
hygiene,  domestic  economy,  etc.,  secure  participation  in  a 
cooperative  supply  union,  and  through  the  leader,  Mr.  B. 
Suzuki,  a  graduate  of  the  Imperial  University,  have  a 
chance  to  reach  the  public  ear  with  their  grievances. 

The  Social  Settlement  is  almost  as  con- 
Few  Social  Settle-      spicuous   for   its   absence   as  the  Labor 
ments  Union.       However,    at   least   three    real 

Social  Settlements  exist.  The  Okayama 
"Hakuai  Kwai"  founded  in  1891  by  Miss  Alice  P.  Adams 
of  the  American  Board  Mission,  for  the  uplift  and  evangeli 
zation  of  the  lowest  industrial  classes  of  that  city,  is  the 
pioneer  settlement  in  Japan.  It  operates,  in  addition  to  a 
Sunday  School,  Church  Services  and  Bible  Classes,  a 
a  women's  club,  a  primary  school,  sewing  school  with  day 
and  evening  classes,  a  day  nursery  for  children  of  working 
mothers  and  a  dispensary,  treating  80  cases  a  day.  Miss 
Adams'  work  is  proof  that  a  Christian  Social  Settlement 
may  become  an  indigenous  and  regenerative  force  in  a 
Japanese  city.  The  government  partially  supports  this 
work. 

The  "  Yurin  En"  or  "  House  of  the 
Mrs.  Omori's  Work     Friendly  Neighbor  "  is  the  outgrowth  of 

a  neighborhood  welfare  work  for  children 
opened  seven  years  ago  by  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Hyozo  Omori  in 
Yodobashi,  a  suburb  of  Tokyo.  Upon  her  husband's 


INDUSTRIAL   CONDITIONS   IN   JAPAN  289 

death,  Mrs.  Omori,  who  is  an  American,  extended  the 
work  to  include  various  settlement  features,  and  in  Novem 
ber  opened  the  present  attractive  House.  The  "  YJI>  in 
En"  now  includes  kindergarten,  various  boys  and  girls 
clubs,  sewing  classes,  neighborhood  lectures,  concerts, 
etc.  A  similar  neigborhood  house  is  conducted  by  the 
Y.W.C.A.  in  Tokyo. 

Institutional  church  work  is  at  present 

Institutional         very  undeveloped.       By    far   the    most 

Church  complete     and     best     equipped     is    the 

Baptist     Misaki     Tabernacle     work     in 

Kanda,  Tokyo,  opened  last  year  by  Rev.  William  Axling. 

This   is   a   model    plant  with  activities  for   the    working 

classes  and  families  of  the  district  occupying  practically 

every  hour  of  every  day.     The  voluntary  co-operation  of 

the  Church  in  these  practical  activities  is  a  most  important 

feature  of  the  plan. 

Several  of  the  Protestant  missions  conduct  work  for 
factory  girls,  notably  the  German  Evangelical  Association 
and  the  Canadian  Methodists  in  Tokyo,  the  Church  Mis 
sionary  Society  in  Osaka  and  the  American  Board  in 
Matsuyama.  This  type  of  work  consists  of  a  home  or 
hostel  close  to  the  factory  quarters,  meetings  held  for 
the  employees  in  the  factory,  and  general  neighborhood 
work  for  the  families  of  the  district.  The  Salvation  Army 
through  its  slum  corps  is  doing  a  valuable  work  in  the 
large  cities  for  the  destitute,  sick,  profligate  and  un 
employed.  Its  sick  visitation,  dispensaries,  hospitals, 
employment  bureaus  and  rescue  homes  are  doing  efficient 
salvage  work  for  the  wreckage  of  society. 

III. — CONCLUSIONS 

Adequate   advances   in  this  field   will 

New  Methods        necessitate    certain     radical     departures 

Required  from    accepted   methods    of    missionary 

work.     To    limit   ourselves   to   methods 

of  work  which  grew  out  of  conditions  that  have  largely 

passed,  and  to  shut  our  eyes  to  the  needs  of  the  new 

order   oi  society  that  has  sprung  up   around  us  would 


2QO  JAPAN 

be   unworthy   of   the   Master    in    whose   name    we  are 
working. 

We  believe  that  no  community  can  be 

"Occupation"        said  to   be  adequately   occupied' by  the 

Christian  forces  until  every  possible  point 

of  contact  has  been  made  with  the  lile  of  the  community  ; 

that  to  limit  the  work  "  occupation  "  to  the  preaching  or 

teaching   of  the   Gospel   when   there    is   a   multitude   of 

beautifully    helpful    and    legitimate   ways   in   which   the 

Christian  Spirit  can  be  interpreted  to  a  community  by  a 

church  or  paster  is  to  lose  the  entire  social  significance  of 

Christ's  life  and  message. 

A  Japanese  social  worker  in  an  industrial  suburb  ol 
Tokyo  who  rises  each  morning  in  the  year  at  4 :  30  to  get 
ready  for  the  day  nursery  and  Kindergarten  children  of 
working  parents,  who  arrive  at  his  home  at  5  :  30,  and 
many  of  whom  stay  till  8  p.m.,  in  speaking  of  the  one 
Christian  church  of  the  city  said :  "  Why  does  not  that 
pastor,  with  a  large  house,  a  church,  a  fine  playground 
and  a  good  salary,  utilize  such  unusual  facilities  for  gather 
ing  the  needy  children  of  the  neighborhood  and  training 
them  for  usefulness  ?  It  would  give  him  an  influence  and 
points  of  contact  in  this  community  which  two  sermons  a 
week  and  a  Sunday  School  alone  can  never  get  for  him  or 
his  church." 

This  man  has  put  his  finger  on  a  weak 
Opportunity  of  the     spot  of  the   Christian  Church  of  Japan. 
Church  The  2,000  churches  of  the  Empire  could 

become  2,000  centers  of  community 
betterment  as  well  as  of  personal  evangelism  ii  their 
pastors  caught  the  possibilities  of  the  marvellous  opport 
unity  going  to  waste  around  them.  We  believe  that  until 
the  Christian  churches  of  Japan  reach  out  to  touch  their 
communities  in  the  many-sided  activities  which  are  the 
natural  expression  of  the  Spirit  of  Christ,  Japan  will  not  be 
regenerated,  because  Japan  will  not  understand  the  real 
meaning  of  Christianity. 

The  institutional  church,  the  social  settlement,  the 
dormitory,  the  night  school,  kindergarten,  the  day 


INDUSTRIAL  CONDITIONS   IN   JAPAN 

nursery,  boys  and  girls  clubs,  the  adult  entertainments, 
the  outdoor  playground  and  the  dispensary  are  all  methods 
which  have  vital  power  to  interpret  the  spirit  of  Christ 
ianity  in  ways  which  will  be  understood  by  all,  and  which 
will  break  up  much  hard  ground  and  prepare  it  for  the 
seed  sowing  of  direct  evangelism. 

First  steps  toward  a  solution  of  the  problem  are  the 
following : — 

First :  Acquaintance  with  the  outstanding  social,  moral 
and  economic  conditions  of  one's  city  and  especially  of  the 
neighborhood  in  which  one  lives. 

Second :     A   study   of  the   forms    of 
Qet  Acquainted       social  welfare  already  being  carried  on  in 
each  city. 

Third  :     A  council  of  occupation  and 

Form  a  Council       survey  formed  for  each  of  the  large  cities 

and    its    suburbs   should    be    constantly 

studying  the  problem  of  the  wise  and  adequate  occupation 

of  the  city  and  the  question   of  entering   new  fields  and 

forms  of  work  for  special  classes  and  districts.     To  this 

council  all  missions  and  individuals  should  refer  plans  for 

expansion,  thus  avoiding  overlapping  and  applying  energy 

where  not  needed. 

Fourth :       Courses     in     Civics     and 

Theological          Philanthropy,  in  Charities  and  the  practi- 

Currkuia  cai  theory  of  Social  work  could  profitably 

be    included     in     the    curricula    of    all 

Theological    and   Mission   Schools.       Furthermore,    the 

Christian   Movement  in   Japan   may   well,    look    to    the 

founding  in  the  near  future  of  a  School  of  Civics  and 

Philanthropy  in  order  to  equip  specialists  in  this  field. 

Fifth  :     A   specialist  should  be  event- 
Specialist  ually    appointed    by     the     Missions     in 
cooperation,  to  have  charge  of  the  field 
of  Christian   Social   Welfare  and   to  cooperate   with  all 
secular  activities  of  a   similar  nature.     Such  a  specialist 
would  have  the  combined  backing  of  the  principal  missions 
represented  in  the  Empire. 


292  JAPAN 

Sixth  :     The  Japanese  Churches  should 

Stimulate  the         be  stimulated  in  every  possible  way  to 

Churches  enter  this  field,  and  to  take  up  the  serious 

study   of  the  amelioration  of  their  own 

social  conditions.     Large  churches  should  not  be  content 

without   their   own  settlements   or  institutional   branches 

located  in  the  neediest  districts. 

Seventh :     There   should    be   a  more 

Economy  economical  use  of  the  invested  capital  of 

churches.       From     the     standpoint     of 

modern  business  efficiency  and  of  performing  the  largest 

Christian  service  to  the  community,  it  is  a  serious  matter 

to   tie   up   hundreds   of  thousands   of  yen    in    land  and 

buildings  which  are  used  but  one  or  two  days  in  the  week, 

when  they  could  be  made  to  yield  rich  returns  on  the 

seven  day  basis. 

Eighth  :     A  systematic  education  of  a 
Educate  the         Japanese  lay  constituency  for  the  support 
Layman  of  all  forms  of  social  welfare  work  should 

be  begun.  The  upper  classes  of  society 
should  be  stimulated  to  give  of  their  time  and  money  for 
the  practical  carrying  on  of  this  work.  The  better  class 
members  of  churches  could  be  introduced  to  slum  and 
welfare  work  in  ways  to  greatly  stimulate  their  intelligence 
and  sympathy  and  efficiency  as  practical  and  real  Christ 
ians,  Japanese  society  as  a  whole  could  be  humanized  and 
brought  to  something  of  an  understanding  of  its  ills  and  to 
a  desire  to  minister  to  them,  and  could  obtain,  as  well,  a 
knowledge  of  what  methods  to  employ. 

From    the     standpoint    of    Christian 
The  Church  and       Statesmanship,    the    importance    of   this 
Industry  uncultivated     industrial     field     is     over 

whelming.  Quite  apart  from  the  value 
of  the  individuals  saved  is  the  need  of  the  Church  during 
its  formative  period  to  occupy  this  field  in  force,  for  only 
thus  can  it  give  its  largest  service  to  the  nation.  The 
experience  of  the  Church  in  the  West  in  relation  to  the 
employed  classes  need  not  and  should  not  be  repeated  in 
the  Far  East.  In  America  and  in  England  and  in  the 
Continent  of  Europe  through  the  inadequate  occupation  of 


INDUSTRIAL   CONDITIONS   IN   JAPAN  293 

the  industrial  field  by  the  Christian  forces  in  the  early 
stages  of  development,  there  has  grown  a  deep  and  almost 
uncrossable  gulf  between  the  laboring  man  and  the  Church 
of  Christ.  The  impression  has  been  fixed  among  the 
working  classes  that  the  Church  is  the  property  and  the 
privilege  of  invested  capital  and  of  the  employer  class ; 
that  Christianity  as  expressed  in  the  great  city  Churches 
and  their  varied  institutions  has  nothing  to  do  with  the 
man  who  works.  A  part  of  the  American  Church  awoke 
a  generation  ago  to  the  danger  of  the  situation  and  is 
working  heroically  to  overcome  this  handicap.  This 
has  not  only  put  the  working  man  in  a  large  measure,  out 
of  reach  of  organized  Christianity,  but  has  helped  to  widen 
the  breach  and  embitter  the  warfare  between  labor  and 
capital.  Socialism  and  not  Christianity  is  swaying  the 
working  classes  of  the  world  today. 

The  Industrial  World  in  Japan  is  still  in  its  infancy  : 
habits  are  forming  ;  a  point  of  view  is  coming  ;  tendencies 
are  in  the  making,  but  not-  one  of  these  is  yet  fixed. 

If  the   Japanese   Christian  Church   is 

The  Future  fully  awake  to  its  opportunity  and 
responsibility,  it  may  yet  step  into  the 
arena  as  the  champion  of  the  working  man  and  become  a 
potent  leavening  factor  in  the  industrial  situation  in  Japan, 
helping  to  solve  the  inevitable  problems  which  must  arise 
between  labor  and  capital  by  the  emblem  of  the  Cross 
instead  of  the  Sword. 


CHAPTER     III 

THE  SOCIAL  EVIL  IN  JAPAN 


BY  W.  H.  ERSKINE 

"  Christianity  with  its  teaching  of  monogamy  is  revolu 
tionizing  the  Japanese  social  standards,  and  by  its  introduc 
tion  of  personal  purity  for  both  sexes,  a  new  Japan  and  a 
new  home  and  a  new  social  environment  are  fast  being 
developed,"  says  Madam  Hirooka.  Commercialized  vice 
goes  back  as  far  as  the  fifteenth  century,  but  the  vice 
itself  has  existed  since  the  earliest  days  of  authentic  history 
and  no  doubt  was  in  Japan  long  before  that.  One  news 
paper  has  said  that  it  has  existed  since  the  stone  age. 

Personal  purity  has  had  three  distinct 
Three  Stages  stages  in  the  history  of  Japan.  The  first 
was  that  when  neither  men  nor  women 
were  pure.  Descriptions  of  these  days  of  about  700  A.D. 
can  be  found  in  the  Kojiki,  Niliongi  and  the  Manyoshu. 
The  second  period  was  that  of  the  feudal  days  when  women 
were  commanded  to  keep  themselves  pure,  and  were  forced 
into  public  prostitution  if  found  guilty  or  suspected  of 
guilt.  During  these  days  ideas  of  personal  purity  did  not 
touch  men,  except  as  he  of  the  higher  classes  sought  to  keep 
above  the  common  prostitute  for  his  own  concubine  or 
substitute.  The  third  stage  is  the  attitude  of  the  present 
time,  beginning  with  the  introduction  of  social  standards 
from  the  west  and  the  teaching  of  monogamy.  The 
present  Emperor  at  his  wedding  agreed  to  dispense  with  an 
Imperial  harem  allowed  him  by  law.  It  is  from  this  day 
that  we  see  the  personal  purity  of  men  emphasised. 

From    another    angle   prostitution    in 

Another  Angle        Japan  may  be  divided  into  three  different 

kinds.     In  the  first   days   there   existed 


±HE   SOCIAL    EVIL    IN   JAPAN  295 

religious  prostitution,  when  women  gave  themselves  to  the 
upper  classes,  thinking  thereby  to  be  serving  the  country 
and  gods,  and  many  gave  themselves  to  religious  workers 
as  mistresses.  The  second  period  is  known  as  the  enter 
tainment  period,  when  daughters,  sisters,  and  maid  servants 
were  given  to  guests  as  long  as  they  stayed  in  the  house. 
Both  of  the  above  existed  long  ago,  and  while  the  former 
no  longer  exists,  the  latter  is  seen  in  very  remote  parts. 
It  is  against  the  third,  commercialized  vice,  that  we  are 
working  today  and  slowly  making  progress. 

Reflection    upon   the    history  of  pro- 
Public  Attitude       stitution  in  Japan  shows  the  attitude  of 

the  public  to  be  of  the  following  four 
kinds :  First,  the  laisscz  faire  or  let  alone  policy,  thinking 
it  a  necessary  evil  to  be  endured.  The  second  is  that 
period  when  the  public  recognizes  it,  licenses,  taxes,  and 
orders  the  medical  examination,  hoping  thereby  to  lessen 
the  evil  and  overcome  the  worst  effects  of  the  now  legalized 
and  regulated  trade  of  commercial  vice.  The  third  is  that 
time  when  the  public  does  not  license  it,  but  recognizes  it 
and  insists  on  medical  examinations  for  the  partial  safety  of 
society  from  vcneral  diseases.  This  is  done  in  some  cities 
in  America,  and  is  now  in  practice  in  Gumma  Prefecture. 
The  fourth  is  the  stage  we  hope  for  in  Japan,  when  public 
opinion  shall  be  so  aroused  that  no  form  of  the  social  evil 
shall  be  allowed  to  exist,  when  prostitute  quarters  shall  be 
done  away  with,  and  the  house  owner  and  land  owner 
shall  be  fined  for  allowing  their  property  to  be  used  for 
evil  purposes,  as  was  done  in  Japan  years  ago  in  the  case 
of  clandestine  prostitution  only. 

From  the  business  point  of  view  we 

An  ••  Honorable  "      find  that,  today,  prostitution  has  the  same 

Business  standing  as  any  other  business,  is  liable  to 

taxation,  is  free  to  advertise  itself.  It  is 
considered  an  honorable  trade  and  a  brothel  keeper  can 
be  a  member  of  the  local  assembly  :  a  stockholder  in 
prostitution  can  hold  the  chairmanship  of  the  Chamber  of 
Commerce,  as  is  the  case  in  Osaka  today;  or  he  can 
become  a  representative  in  Parliament  as  was  the  case  of 
the  member  from  Aomori.  It  is  a  common  thing  for  the 


JAPAN 

mayor  of  a  town  or  the  Head  of  a  village  to  be  a  brothel 
keeper.  On  the  backs  of  maps  of  any  city  sold  at  news 
stands  throughout  the  country,  you  will  find  the  prostitute 
quarters  advertised  as  the  great  attractions  of  the  city. 
The  stock  for  the  Tobita  Quarter  was  offered  for  sale  and 
advertised  in  the  daily  papers,  yes,  even  by  the  very 
papers  whose  editors  were  helping  us  in  the  campaign 
against  Tobita.  The  Governor  of  Osaka,  a  Yale  graduate, 
offered  as  his  excuse  for  granting  the  license  for  the  new 
quarters  that  he  was  seeking  to  rescue  the  26  business 
men,  i.e.  the  26  brothel  keepers  burnt  out  four  years  ago. 
But  we  are  working  for  the  time  when  the  Governor  and 
others  will  seek  to  lead  these  men  into  a  more  honorable 
business.  A  strong  public  opinion  is  at  last  aroused  and 
the  time  is  not  far  distant  when  these  keepers  and  their 
kind  shall  be  banished  from  public  offices  of  trust. 

There  have  always  been  entertainers  in  Japan,  one  class 
arising  to  take  the  place  of  another  which  through  pro 
stitution  had  fallen  from  public  favor. 

HISTORY  OF  PROSTITUTION  IN  JAPAN 

The  following  very  greatly  condensed  history  of  pro 
stitution  in  Japan  is  given  to  enable  those  interested  in  the 
subject  to  turn  to  the  books  and  study  for  themselves. 
The  Japanese  Encyclopaedia,  the  works  of  Col.  Yamamuro, 
the  book  on  the  Tobita  Problem  and  the  Monthly  magazine 
called  the  Kakusei  (especially  the  articles  by  Hon.  Shima- 
da,  and  Prof.  Abe)  are  the  sources  of  this  material. 

EARLIEST  DAYS    741  to  1500 

These  days  are  described  in  the  Manyo- 

Entertainers          shu,  or  book  of  ancient  songs,  and  tell  us 

of    the    first    prostitutes.      One    famous 

Kojimva  singer,  is  painted  by  artist  priests.     Following 

that  period  we  have  the  different  entertainers  lise  one  after 

another  and  for  a  time  keep  above  suspicion  but  after 

some  war  fall  into  prostitution.     This  period   gives   the 

nkareme,  the  yokojofut  the  shirabyoshit  the  kakaeonna,  (he 


THE    SOCIAL   EVIL   IN   JAPAN 

kugutsu,  the  yuna  etc.  It  is  not  until  1 194  that  there  is 
any  attempt  at  regulation,  when  one  Sato  Nakanajazaemon 
seeks  to  establish  a  retreat.  In  1191  a  retreat  was  found 
in  the  soldier's  barracks. 


POLICIC  REGULATION  DAYS     1500  to  1590 

The  few  attempts  at  regulation  seemed 

Regulation          to  succeed  in  the  control  of  the  registered 

girls  but  it  was  not  possible  to  handle  the 

clandestine  prostitutes.     In  the  Ashikaga  period  we  see  the 

first  police  regulation,  with  the  first  tax  on  the  girls  and 

keepers,  and  the  terms  miuri,  iniukc,  and  the  term  teraniin- 

betui  or  selling  temple  registration.     We  read  also  of  the 

zagen  or  legalized  procurers.     Also  of  the  increase  in  the 

number  of  suicides  and  double  deaths. 


QUARTERED  PROSTITUTION     1590  to  1751 
EARLIEST  ATTEMPTS 

The  first  real  quarter  was  established 
Quarters  Estab.      at  Yanagi  Machi,  Kyoto.     Osaka,  Nara, 
lished  Fushimi    and    Tsuruga    soon    followed. 

Women  guilty  of  clandestine  prostitution 
were  forced  into  the  quarters.  In  161 3  at  Tokyo  a  quarter 
is  requested  as  a  means  of  overcoming  clandestine  pro 
stitution  and  three  years  later  permission  is  granted  to  one 
Shoji  of  Odawara  to  open  the  world  famous  Yoshivvara  in 
the  "  reed  fields,"  now  as  "  famous  as  the  Pyramids  of 
Egypt  to  travellers  "  says  Col.  Yamamuro.  For  a  short 
time  a  trial  at  self  government  was  made,  the  keepers  were 
to  organize  as  a  village,  and  in  return  for  the  privilege  of 
self-government  they  were  to  furnish  the  city  with  the 
complement  of  girls  for  the  various  Shrine  Festivals,  and 
also  to  spy  out  the  clandestine  prostitutes.  Needless  to 
say,  they  did  this  last  and  soon  deprived  them  of  their 
rights,  for  in  lieu  of  suing  only  the  girls  who  were  actually 
practicing  prostitution  without  a  license,  they  seized  them 
and  also  many  innocent  persons  and  thus  furnished  the 
quarters  with  girls.  During  the  year  1655  we  read  of  the 


298  JAPAN 

first  seizure  of  the  bath  house  girls  and  forcing  them  into 
prostitution  and  compelling  them  to  serve  in  the  cheapest 

houses  in  the  quarters,     In  1657  we  have 

Old  Yoshiwara       the  burning  of  the  old  Yoshiwara  quarters 

Burns  and  the  rebuilding,  with  the  new  laws  and 

regulations.  The  bath  house  girls  are 
now  prohibited  within  the  quarters  and  women  over  forty 
are  commanded  to  serve  in  the  baths.  In  1661  we  have 
the  first  dancing  girls,  odoriko,  at  first  of  good  reputation. 
They  were  seen  first  in  Osaka  but  soon  found  in  other 
cities.  In  1681  a  group  of  the  Kyoto  girls  was  taken  to 
Tokyo.  These  are  dancers  and  not  the  geisha  of  today. 
In  168084  we  have  the  government  aroused  and  300 
girls  seized  and  sentenced  to  five  years  service  as  public 

prostitutes.  The  keepers  now  use  the 
Dancing  Girls  dancing  girls  and  some  of  them  are  found 

guilty  and  forced  to  serve  as  prostitutes. 
About  this  time  the  kckorobasJd  girls  are  seen.  From 
1690  on  we  find  the  measures  very  strict  and  new  groups 
arising,  in  Osaka  the  soka,  in  Kyoto  the  tsujigimi,  in 
Tokyo  \\\Q  yotaka,  all  new  names,  but  the  work  the  same. 
The  government  is  aroused  again  over  the  number  of 
suicides  and  double  deaths,  and  denies  funeral  to  suicides, 
and  orders  the  men  to  become  beggars  who  attempt  to 
take  their  life  with  a  prostitute.  Agaiti  in  1750  at  Kyoto 
1300  girls  are  seized  and  sent  to  the  Shimabara  Quarters. 

THE  MIDDLE  STAGE  OF  PUBLIC  PROSTITUTION 
1751  TO  1868 

The  entertainers  now  take  the  place  of 

Geisha  the  taikomochi,  or  men  entertainers  in  the 

quarters,  and  we  have  quarter  entertainers 

and  city  entertainers  among  the  new  class  of  entertainers 

known  today  as  the  geisha.    This  was  in  1 764.     Soon  the 

city  geisha  at  Fukagawa  become  popular  and  are  called 

haori  but  they  shortly  fall  into  prostitution.     In  1781  there 

is  a  movement  toward  reform  and  improvement  of  the 

geisha  and  many  good  families  send  their  daughters  to  learn 

the  arts  of  singing  and  dancing.     But  as  is  always  the  case 


THE    SOCIAL    EVIL    IN   JAPAN  299 

some  girls  wanted  to  make  more  money  and  brought  dis- 
reputed  on  the  whole  class.  In  1789  the  Government  had 
its  periodical  purity  movement  and  made  a  study  of  public 
and  clandestine  prostitutes.  A  few  years  later  new  quarters 
are  allowed  for  four  places  in  Kyoto,  at  Gion,  Nijo, 
Shichijo  and  Kitano.  In  1 790  the  funainanju  girls  arise. 
The  clandestine  prostities  are  scarce,  for  the  Shogun  has 
banished  the  girls  and  their  keepers,  and  fined  heavily  the 
house  and  land  owners  for  permitting  their  property  to 

be  used  for  prostitution.  This  is  the 
Severity  Dest  and  most  severe  law  of  any,  but  it 

misses  the  point,  for  it  permits  public 
prostitution.  In  1800  the  present  shaknfu  (waitress) 
girls  come  on  the  scene  and  are  first  mentioned  in 
connection  with  the  Sonezaki  shrine  festival  and  the  Osaka 
rice  exchange.  (Religion  in  connection  with  prostitution 
would  be  a  good  subject  for  a  thesis,  for  every  quarter 
has  its  shrine  and  festivals.)  In  1825  the  shakuju,  geisha 
and  public  prostitutes  are  thought  to  be  on  the  same  level, 
with  the  geisha  worse  if  possible,  for  there  are  no  laws  to 

govern  them,  so  that  in  1839  there  is 
Geisha  and  made  a  law  to  banish  the  geisha  altoge- 
ProstUution  ther  ;  but  in  a  few  years  we  have  a  law 

declaring  it  right  for  a  girl  in  order  to 
help  support  her  aged  pi  rents  or  sick  elder  brother  to  act 
as  a  geisha,  but  she  must  not  become  a  prostitute.  Each 
tea  house  is  allowed  only  one  woman,  be  she  daugther, 
sister  or  maidservant.  Anything  like  slavery  is  prohibited. 
In  1848  we  read  that  the  geisha  are  numerous  and  the  life 
of  prostitution  is  forced  on  them. 

THE  MEIJI  PERIOD,  FOREIGN  INFLUENCED  PUBLIC 
PROSIITUTION     1868  TO  1900 

We  turn  our  backs  on  Old  Japan  and 
Western  Influence  study  New  Japan  as  she  comes  into  con 
tact  with  western  civilization.  It  is 
fortunate  that  the  western  prostitution  within  her  borders 
is  very  small  and  is  not  for  her  own  people  but  for  the 
stranger  within  her  gates,  and  therefore  does  not  make 


3OO  JAPAN 

much  of  a  problem  for  her,  since  most  of  the  foreigners 
who  live  the  double  life  are  satisfied  for  economical  reasons 
to  have  Japanese  women.  The  first  thing  western  to  effect 
the  Japanese  system  is  the  German  Medical  examinations 
of  Public  Prostitutes.  The  local  prefectures  are  to  decide 
as  to  the  need  of  other  examinations ;  for  instance  one  pre 
fecture  demands  that  the  geisha  be  examined  once  a  month, 
and  the  shakiifu  three  times  a  month. 

THE  PERUVIAN  CASE 

A  boat  load  of  Chinese  cpolies  were 
Real  Slavery         being  taken  to  Peru  as  slaves  from  China, 

and  stopped  on  the  way  at  Yokohama  in 
1873.  One  coolie  jumped  overboard  and  notified  the 
British  Consul,  who  brought  the  matter  to  the  attention  of 
the  Japanese.  The  coolies  were  released  and  sent  back  to 
China.  The  Peruvian  Government  sued  Japan  and  the 
Czar  of  Russia  was  appointed  the  arbitrator.  He  gave 
his  decision  in  favor  of  Japan,  but  the  matter  did  not  end 
there,  as  the  words  of  the  Peruvian  lawyer  were  brought 
back  to  Japan.  He,  in  his  speech,  said  that  Japan  ought 
to  free  her  own  slaves,  referring  to  the  geisha  and 
prostitutes,  before  trying  to  take  the  mote  out  of  the 
brother's  eye.  This  aroused  the  Japanese,  and  a  law  for 
the  "  Freedom  of  the  Slaves  "  was  promulgated  October 
2nd,  1873.  The  girls  were  kept  in  the  quarters  but 
released  from  back  debts,  and  the  geisha  were  given  their 
freedom.  This  lasted  for  one  week,  for  a  new  law  said 
that  they  could  renew  the  trade  by  making  proper 
application. 

The  open  performance  of  the  geisha 
Apprentices         were  objected  to  again  in  1880  and  rules 

for  their  control  were  given  out.  In  1899 
the  law  No.  90  of  the  Civil  Code  was  emphasized,  "An 
act  contrary  to  public  morals  shall  be  declared  null  and 
void."  Some  think  that  this  was  aimed  at  the  age  limit  of 
the  three  classes  of  prostitutes.  The  geisha  may  begin  at 
full  12,  the  shakufu  at  full  16  and  the  public  girls  at  full 
1 8.  Others  think  it  was  aimed  at  the  minarae  or  under- 


THE    SOCIAL   EVIL   IN    JAPAN  3OI 

aged  girls  studying  public  prostitution  within  the  quarters. 
Both  were  live  questions.  One  such  learner  was  anxious 
to  be  freed  from  the  life,  but  the  police  because  of  the 
money  obligation  encouraged  her  to  return  to  her 
keeper. 

KINDS  OF  PROSTITUTES  TODAY 

The  kosho  or  public  prostitutes  are  the  girls  kept  within 
the  quarters  and  not  allowed  out  except  on  permission 
of  the  police.  The  term  of  service  varies  from  five  to 
seven  years.  The  supply  conies  from  the  factories  and 
farms. 

The   sliakufu,   or   waitresses,   are    the 

Three  Classes  girls  serving  in  teahouses  around  amuse 
ment  parks  or  resorts.  They  are  not 
registered  as  prostitites  but  are  recognized  as  prostitites 
and  commanded  to  take  the  medical  examinations.  Many 
innocent  girls  are  deceived  and  led  into  the  life  of  pro 
stitution  through  this  work. 

The  geisha  or  entertainers,  i.  They  are  not  all 
promiscuous  prostitutes,  but  in  a  majority  of  cases  are 
clandestine  prostitutes.  Each  has  at  least  a  supporter  who 
provides  her  with  luxuries.  Not  to  have  a  supporter  is  as 
bad  as  having  too  many  and  would  result  in  being  cast 
out  of  the  group. 

2.  The  geisha  are  taken  for  training  under  advanced 
money  and  must  do  the  bidding  of  the  master.    Faithfulness 
to  master  (chugi)  and  sacrifice  for  parents  (koko)  are  the 
incentives  which  enable  her  to  endure  the  life. 

3.  There  are  four  classes  of  the  geisJia,  the  jinme  or 
independent    girl,   the   wake    or    half-dividing    girl,    the 
shield  san  or  seven-three  girl,  who  gets  only  three  tenths  of 
the  proceeds,  the  inanikakae  or  nenkikakae,  the  girl  who 
is  completely  employed  or  hired  for  a  term  of  years,  who 
does  not  get  any  of  the  profits,  and  only  a  small  per  cent 
of  the  tips  of  the  guests.     The  latter  are  the  most  numerous. 
In  addition  to  these  there  is  the  hangyoku  or  learner  on 
half  pay. 


3O2  JAPAN 

A   study   of  the   tables   showing   the 

Proportionate         number  of  prostitutes  in  Japan  for  1910 

Decrease  and   1914  will  show  that  there  has  been 

an  increase  in  the  number,  but  not  in 

proportion  to  the  increase  in  population.     The  population 

of  Japan  increased  for  the  same  period  one  to  every  twelve 

persons  but  the  prostitutes  increased  one  to  every  fourteen. 

Also   a  careful  comparison  of  the  tables  will  show  that 

there   is  a  decrease  in  such  large  centers  as  Hokkaido, 

Tokyo,    Osaka,    Kanagawa,    Yamanashi,    Shiga,    Iwate, 

Aomori  and  Akita. 

The  geisha  for  the  same  time  increased 
Increase  in  Geisha  7,431  as  against  an  increase  of  326 
among  public  prostitutes.  The  shakufu 
increased  10,243  f°r  tne  same  period.  Thus  the  re 
cognized  clandestine  prostitutes  number,  geisha  44,469, 
shakufu  44,199,  or  total  of  89,668.  This  has  so  alarmed 
the  police  that  the  places  around  Yoshiwara  have  been 
raided.  This  was  on  the  discovery  that  while  there  were 
2,500  girls  in  the  licensed  quarter  there  were  over  three 
thousand  without.  This  discovery  was  one  result  of  the 
Tobita  agitation. 

The  writer  is  unable  to  get  any  estimate 
Statistics  of  the  clandestine  prostitutes  in  Japan  but 

gives  here   for   basis   of  study  what  is 
found  in  Osaka. 

Public  registered  prostitutes 6,348 

Clandestine  prostitutes 

Geisha , 3,558 

Shakufu 420 

High  class  girls  200 

Low  class  girls  300 

Girls  as  concubines,  a  sort    of  re 
spectable  prostitution  3,000     Hoanka  Cho's  estimate. 

Bath  house  girls loo 

Total  clandestine  7>5?8 

Total  public   6,348 

Grand  total 13*926     More     clandestine     by 

the  most  conservative 
estimate. 


THE    SOCIAL   EVIL   IN   JAPAN  303 

The   number   of  registered   legitimate 
Illegitimate          children  for  1915  was  18,897  of  which  at 
Children  least  897  were  illegitimate  but  adopted. 

The  number  registered  as  s/tisri,  "  my 
child,"  illegitimate  5,458. 

Thus  it  appears  that  one  fourth  of  the  children  born  in 
Osaka  are  illegitimate. 

MEDICAL  EXAMINATIONS 

,   Ever   since   the   days   of    Augustine's 
The  Wrong          advice,    men    have    been    insisting    that 
Method  medical  examinations  are  the  safeguard  of 

society,  but  the  record  of  Japan  and  of 
European  countries  is  fast  showing  this  theory  to  be  false. 
Dr.  Matsuura  of  the  Kyoto  Imperial  University  has  made 
a  thorough  study  of  this  question.  Dr.  Fukugavva  a 
specialist  in  Tokyo,  and  many  other  doctors  who  have 
assisted  us  in  the  various  campaign  are  united  in  saying 
"  the  facts  are  against  the  medical  examination  being  an 
insurance  against  infection,"  and  are  loud  in  proclaiming 
it  "  on  the  contrary  an  assurance  of  infection."  The 
medical  examinations  of  the  soldiers  gives  the  average  of 
venereal  diseases  for  the  whole  country  to  be  25.25  to 
the  thousand,  greatest  in  those  prefectures  where  public 
prostitution  is  permitted.  That  Germany  has  lost  faith  in 
her  own  medical  system  is  helping  the  cause  in  Japan. 

ATTEMPTS  AT  ANTI-PROSTITUTION 

At   Kishu   and    the    country    around 
An  Example         Wakayama  all  kinds  of  prostitution  and 
even    the    use    of   the    samisen     (three 
stringed  instrument  used  by  the  geisha)  were  forbidden  in 
April    1870,  on  the  return  from  America  of  a   certain 
Japanese.     Five  years  later,  in  1875,  the  geisha  were  allow 
ed,  on  condition  that  they  should  be  quartered  and  should 
not  practice  prostitution.     For  thirty-one  years  this  had 
been  tiied  and  was  successful,  and  the  towns  did  not  want 
it  changed,  but  owing  to  political  influences  three  seaport 


304  JAPAN 

towns  were  granted  government  license  to  open  public 
prostitute  quarters.  This  was  in  1906  when  there  were 
only  45  known  clandestine  women  in  these  towns.  Now 
there  are  169  registered  women  and  96  known  and  many 
others  suspected  by  the  police,  a  total  estimate  of  991. 
"  Those  towns  are  known  for  their  low  state  of  morals,  and 
the  other  towns  do  not  want  to  follow  their  example," 
says  a  writer  on  the  subject  in  the  Official  History  of 
Wakayama  Prefecture. 

Count  Okuma  is  very  found  of  referring 

Sa8a  to  the  province  of  Saga,  his  birth  place, 

where  the  high  moral  standards  of  the 

feudal  lord  kept  the  place  free  from  public  women.     The 

facts  about  the  morals  of  the  place  and  .the  small  per  cent 

of  soldiers  with  venereal  diseases  are  strong  arguments  for 

anti-prostitution. 

The  agitation  in  Nagoya  and  the  laws 
U.  G.  Murphy  resulting  therefrom  are  of  first  im 
portance  to  our  cause.  In  this  campaign 
Rev.  U.  G.  Murphy  a  missionary  did  a  monumental  piece 
of  work  in  behalf  of  Japan  and  the  enslaved  women.  The 
work  is  spendidly  written  up  in  a  booklet  on  the  matter. 
His  work  is  greatly  appreciated  by  Christian  and  non- 
Christian  Japanese.  Count  Okuma  spoke  to  our  Com 
mittee  on  the  Tobita  problem  concerning  it.  The  Laws  of 
Meiji  33  or  1901  are  the  outgrowth  of  this  agitation. 
Japanese  copies  of  these  laws  can  be  found  in  any  book  on 
this  subject. 

It  was  about  this  time  that  the  right  o( 
Adopted  Children  parents  or  guardians  to  force  their  adopt 
ed  children  into  prostitution  was  fought 
and  carried  to  the  Supreme  Court.  That  Court  held  that 
while  parents  were  responsible  for  the  education  of  their 
children  they  must  not  abuse  this  right  for  evil  purposes, 
and  that  the  right  ceased  when  abused.  And  again  that 
"  where  no  blood  relation  existed,  merely  a  business 
relation,  the  parents  socalled  in  the  eyes  of  the  law  had  no 
rights  and  could  not  force  any  child  "  into  prostitution. 
This  decision  has  done  much  to  aid  us  in  our  campaign 
against  the  adopting  of  daughters  and  using  them  as  geisha, 


THE   SOCIAL   EVIL   IN   JAPAN  305 

waitresses,  etc.  and  thus  forcing  them  into  prostitution  as 
their  daughters.  Col.  Yamamuro  in  his  excellent  book 
gives  many  illustrations.  Others  may  be  found  in  the 
Tobita  Campaign  book  or  the  Kaku  Sei  Magazine,  to 
which  the  reader  is  referred. 

In  point  of  time  the  united  effort  in 
Progress  Gumma  is  the  first  work  of  any  Christian 

community  in  this  fight.  Hon.  Saburo 
Shimada,  a  strong  Christian  and  President  of  the  Lower 
House  of  Parliament  led  in  this,  as  he  does  in  all  the 
Christian  campaigns  against  vice.  The  result  was  the 
abolishing  of  the  public  prostitutes  and  as  a  temporary 
substitute,  the  shakufn  or  waitress,  (however  then  existing 
as  a  clandestine  prostitute  system)  was  allowed  to  remain. 
The  number  was  limited  however  and  to  be  gradually 
decreased.  The  geisJia  were  allowed  to  continue  as  enter 
tainers.  It  is  not  an  ideal  situation  but  a  great  step  in  the 
right  direction,  and  satisfactory  as  a  first  victory.  Gumma 
is  a  strong  Christian  center  and  the  home  of  the  famous 
Christian  Joseph  Niishima. 

The   first    Osaka    campaign   was   con- 

A  Christian          ducted  after  the  fire  in  the  North  Ward, 

Victory  when  Sone2aki,  Osaka's  first  and  oldest 

quarter,  was  burned  out.  Miss  Hayashi, 
our  Jane  Addams,  led  the  Christian  forces,  backed  by  the 
pastors,  in  a  vigorous  forty  days  campaign.  Count  Okuma 
and  Bishop  Harris  came  from  Tokyo  and  spoke  at  the 
public  meetings.  Later,  Governor  Takasaki  issued  an 
order  forbidding  the  opening  of  the  quarters.  This  was 

a  great  Christian  victory,  for  the  work 
Christian  Vfclory  was  done  by  the  Christians  without  other 

assistance.  Every  inch  in  the  news 
papers  was  paid  for,  for  at  that  time  to  side  with  the 
anti  prostitution  movement  was  to  «ide  with  Christianity  ; 
to  be  pure  was  to  be  a  Christian.  In  this  campaign  the 
Christians  contributed  i,59S.O7  yen  of  which  the  native 
Christians  gave  about  800  yen.  Mr.  Warren,  Dr.  Hail 
and  Mr.  Gleason  are  mentioned  as  having  worked  faith 
fully  in  this  campaign,  which  resulted  in  the  decrease  in 


3O6  JAPAN 

quarters,  girls  and  vice  in  Osaka,  and  in  removing  this  old 
landmark  of  vice. 

The  second  campaign  was  carried  on  when  the  Namba 
or  South  Ward  quarters  were  burnt  out.  It  happened 
that  just  at  this  time  Mr.  Gregory  of  international  fame  on 

this   question  was   in   Japan.     He  came 
More  Progress        to   Osaka   and    helped   in  the  campaign 

and  in  20  days  the  Governor  issued  his 
order  refusing  permission  to  rebuild.  This  fight  was 
strenuous,  and  aroused  the  Christian  conscience  on  the 
question  of  public  prostitution.  The  material  results  were 
the  lessening  of  the  number  of  prostitutes  in  Osaka,  the 
sending  forth  of  the  Kakusei  Magazine  on  its  way,  and  the 
organization  of  the  Anti-prostitution  League  in  Japan. 

The  question  of  assisting  girls  to  gain 
Salvation  Army  their  freedom  under  the  law  of  1 873  has 
•  been  agitated  time  and  again,  and  new 
laws  regarding  assisting  or  interfering  have  been  pro 
mulgated,  with  a  heavy  fine  for  their  violation.  Any  one 
acquainted  with  the  work  in  Japan  knows  that  the  police 
have  had  many  cases  where  girls  have  been  released  or 
bought  by  would-be  husbands  and  then  deserted.  This 
experience  so  often  repeated  has  discouraged  the  police  in 
helping  girls,  though  some  are  sincere  in  their  desire  to 
break  away  from  the  life.  Salvation  Army  Officers  risk 
their  lives  every  time  they  enter  the  prostitute  quarters  to 
help  any  girl  in  answer  to  her  letter,  because  of  the  danger 
of  attack  from  the  toughs  of  the  quarters.  All  this  is  well 
set  forth  in  many  illustrations  given  in  the  Kakusei 
Magazine  every  month.  The  late  Mrs.  Yamamuro  was 
used  much  in  this  work  of  rescuing  girls  in  the  quarters, 
and  was  very  successful. 

'  The  firemen  stand  around  waiting  for  a  fire,  the  life 
savers  watch  the  seashore  for  wrecked  steamers  or  drown 
ing  persons,  but  no  one  pays  any  attention  to  the  lost  girls 
in  the  quarters.  Even  the  prisoners  have  religious  services. 
Why  not  have  some  work  whereby  these  girls  may  know 
that  the  government  desires  them  to  have  their  liberty, 
and  whereby  they  can  make  their  peace  with  God  and 
man?  " 


THE   SOCIAL  EVIL  IN   JAPAN  3O/ 

In  Tokyo  and  in  various  other  parts  of 
League  Work        the   country   lectures   and    meetings   on 

anti-prostitution  have  been  conducted 
under  the  auspices  of  the  League  in  Japan.  Hon,  S. 
Shimada,  Col.  Yamamuro,  and  Mr.  Masutomi  are  frequent 
speakers  in  helping  the  women  of  the  movement,  Mrs. 
Yajima  of  Tokyo,  86  years  old,  Miss  Hayashi  of  Osaka 
and  others.  But  the  burning  of  the  Yoshivvara  quarters 
gave  the  Christians  a  definite  point  of  attack.  In  spite  of 
the  long  and  hard  fight  the  quarters  were  erected  again. 
But  other  good  things  have  resulted  from  the  campaign. 
The  five  sen  membership  league  to  drive  out  public 
prostitution  in  the  six  years  before  1920  was  inaugurated. 
This  movement  against  Yoshivvara  and  the  use  made  of 
the  name  as  meaning  prostitute  quarters  by  many 
nations  has  given  it  unenviable  notoriety,  and  this  will 
help  drive  the  system  from  Japan.  "  Public  Prostitu 
tion  must  go,  it  is  a  relic  of  barbarism  and  not  consistent 
with  the  civilization  of  the  twentieth  century,"  says 
the  editor  of  the  Osaka  MainicJd  the  largest  daily 
in  Japan. 

Too   much   can  not  be  said  in  praise 
Japanese  Uaders     of  the  brave  Christian   Japanese   leaders 

in  these  various  campaigns.  Hon.  S. 
Shimada,  the  over  worked  chairman  of  the  Lower  House 
of  Parliament,  has  given  freely  of  his  time.  He  is  a  very 
fluent  and  forceful  speaker  who  is  always  popular.  Col. 
Yamamuro,  the  busy  and  energetic  leader  of  the  Salvation 
Army  in  Japan,  has  travelled  and  lectured  in  all  parts  of 
the  Empire  in  behalf  of  purity.  Mr.  Masutomi  of  Tokyo, 
of  strong  Christian  personality  who  while  a  single  man 
made  a  fine  record  for  the  Tairen  Rescue  Home  and  has 
traveled  and  lectured  for  the  cause.  Mrs.  Yajima  the 
86  year  old  woman  leader  continues  her  activity  in 
the  work  of  rescuing  and  making  life  easier  and  better 
for  her  sisters.  Miss  Hayashi  of  Osaka,  and  the  many 
pastors'  wives  and  other  active  Christian  women  interest 
ed  in  this  problem  have  given  liberally  of  their  time 
and  means. 


308  JAPAN 

JAPANESE  PROSTITUTES  ABROAD 

Col.    Yamamuro  in  his  Book  on  the 
An  Army  Social    Evil    treats   this    subject    in    one 

chapter  and  shows  .that  there  are  22,362 
girls,  a  host  larger  than  an  army  division,  representating 
Japan  abroad  in  this  life  of  shame.  On  a  trip  around  the 
world  he  had  many  adventures  in  his  efforts  to  help  these 
unfortunate  girls.  He  claims  that  they  could  all  be 
brought  home  for  the  price  of  one  dreadnought,  and  that 
it  would  help  Japan's  prestige  abroad  more  than  many 
dreadnoughts.  He  urges  the  Japanese  to  join  the  other 
nation  of  the  world  in  bringing  back  their  daughters  found 
in  prostitution  abroad. 

PROCURERS  AND  EMPLOYMENT  OFFICES 

There  have  always  been  men  who  made 
An  Old  Story  it  a  business  to  visit  the  country  places 
and  get  in  touch  with  those  financially 
distressed  especially  where  available  daughters  are  found 
in  the  family.  This  has  been  prohibited  time  and  again, 
but  the  practice  still  continues.  The  employment  offices 
have  been  divided  into  two  classes,  those  which  openly  ply 
this  trade  of  procuring  and  those  which  do  not.  Only 
last  week  a  new  order  went  forth  to  the  police  commanding 
them  to  keep  stricter  watch  on  the  employment  offices,  as 
some  are  deceiving  girls,  sending  them  abroad,  or  into  the 
quarters  or  into  clandestine  prostitution  with  some  man  ; 
this  while  they  think  they  are  going  to  work  as  maids 
in  respectable  homes, 

DIFFERENT  FORMS  OF  RESCUE  WORK 

The  organized  Christian  efforts  to  meet  girls  coming  to 
the  capital  has  been  welcomed  by  parents,  girls  and 
officials,  and  saved  many  girls  from  being  led  into 
prostitution.  The  efforts  made  by  the  Salvation  Army 
lassies  have  resulted  in  112  girls  being  helped  and  given 
proper  work. 


THE   SOCIAL   EVIL   IN   JAPAN  $09 

The  efforts  to  save  the  large  number  of 
Y.  M.  C.  A.          girls   being   sent   to   China,   Korea,   and 

Formosa  are  succeeding,  and  the  police 
are  appreciative  of  Christian  help  in  this  work.  In  Tairen, 
Mr.  Masutomi  of  the  Y.  M.  C.  A.  worked  along  with  the 
police  in  the  rescue  of  the  Japanese  girls  that  were  being 
sent  into  Manchuria  for  evil  purposes.  In  six  months  the 
number  of  girls  rescued  was  sixty.  This  is  an  unusual 
record,  but  that  is  due  to  the  unique  personality  of  Mr. 
Masutomi.  Altogether  in  ten  years,  at  the  Tairen  Home, 
680  women  have  been  rescued,  and  of  these  only  38  have 
fallen  back  into  the  old  life. 

The  work  of  the  Salvation  Army  has 
Salvation  Army       many    braches    in   Japan,    and    none    of 

greater  importance  than  the  anti-Vice 
department.  During  the  year  1915  164  girls  were 
assisted  from  vice.  Of  these  118  came  from  public 
prostitute  quarters,  4  from  the  geisha,  21  sJiakufu  and  21 
from  coerced  clandestine  resorts.  It  is  too  early  to 
tabulate  the  results  but  for  the  first  half  of  the  year  1916, 
97  cases  handled  showed  only  8  who  left  before  work  was 
found  or  who  drifted  back  into  the  old  life.  Another 
record  shows  that  from  the  five  quarters  in  Tokyo,  in  one 
year,  26  girls  were  rescued  from  Yoshiwara,  48  from 
Suzaki,  5  from  Shinjuku,  3  from  Itabashi  and  3  from 
Shinagawa.  Nineteen  other  girls  from  these  quarters  were 
started  on  their  way  to  liberty  under  the  new  laws,  but  for 
fear  of  the  parents  being  forced  to  return  in  spite  of  the 
law  the  price  received  for  the  girls,  or  because  of  the 
glamour  of  the  life,  they  ran  away  and  went  back  to 
their  evil  life.  Four  fifths  of  the  cases  handled  were 
successful. 

The  Rescue  Home  work  in  Osaka,  Tokyo,  Yoko 
hama,  Hiroshima,  Hokkaido  and  other  centers  are 
worthy  of  mention.  These  places  are  strictly  Christian 
and  while  administering  to  the  body  in  finding  suitable 
employment,  also  work  for  the  saving  of  the  souls  of 
the  girls. 


3  tO  JAPAN 

CRIME  AND  PROSTITUTION 

In  America  murders  and  other  crimes 
One  Month's  Toll  are  laid  at  the  door  of  the  liquor 
traffic,  but  in  Japan  they  are  without 
doubt  to  be  laid  at  the  door  of  the  prostitution  system ; 
and  yet  the  police  think  that  the  system  helps  them  to 
control  criminals!  During  the  month  of  January  1913, 
a  Tokyo  newspaper  was  studied  with  the  idea  of  deter 
mining  the  number  of  crimes  traceable  to  prostitution. 
Here  is  the  list.  10  suicides,  I  forced  to  commit  suicide, 
13  murders,  5  attempted  murders,  2  double  deaths  (a 
very  low  record  for  that  month),  3  using  master's  money 
in  prostitution,  3  killed  their  illegitimate  children,  2  forgers, 
9  thieves  (others  but  no  connection  with  prostitution)  4 
adultery  and  theft,  2  fled  because  taken  in  adultery.  In 
one  month  54  crimes  due  to  prostitution,  almost  two  a  day  t 

THE  COST  OF  PROSTITUTION 

The  cost  of  d restitution  to  Japan  is  so 
Enormous  Figures  enormous  that  one  can  hardly  believe 
the  figures.  For  all  Kyoto  in  one  year 
3,186,177.905  yen  or  $[,593,08895  are  spent  For 
Yoshiwara  alone,  for  one  year  it  amounts  to  2,120  673.00 
yen.  For  the  whole  Empire  a  tax  was  collected  to  the 
amount  of  15,961,071.00 yen.  This  does  not  include  the 
liquor  bill  in  the  quarters,  of  9,410,638  co  yen  nor  the 
amount  spent  on  the  geisha,  of  5,661,875.00  yen.  Thus 
the  government  received  taxes  on  the  magnificent  sum  of 
31,033,584.00  yen.  Which  means  that  as  not  all  the 
money  spent  in  the  quarters  was  reported  it  is  safe  to  say 
that  over  forty  million  yen  was  spent  in  prostitution  in  one 
year  by  the  guests,  numbering  16,212,669.  Who  knows 
how  much  was  spent  in  clandestine  prostitution  ? 

DEBT  SLAVERY  IN  JAPAN 

In    spite    of  the    many   laws    against 

Examples          slavery   there   still    exists   the   traffic   in 

the  souls  of  women  under  debt  contract. 


THE   SOCIAL  EVIL  IN   JAPAN  311 

To  examine  the  record  of  any  of  the  girls  freed  from 
the  life  is  to  be  convinced.  Here  are  a  few  items  from 
nine  cases  at  hand.  No.  I,  under  contract  for  3  and  ^ 
years,  had  three  months  to  serve  but  still  had  a  debt  of 
184.37  )'en-  No.  2  had  a  debt  of  407.15  yen.  No.  3  had 
a  debt  of  260.08  yen.  No.  4  had  a  debt  of  500.1 1  and  2 
rin.  No.  5  had  22  months  yet  to  serve  with  a  debt  of 
1 20.67  yen.  No.  6  had  five  years  and  5  months  to  serve 
yet,  with  a  debt  of  502.00  yen.  No  7  a  debt  of  420.04 
yen.  No.  8  had  a  debt  of  1 14.00 yen  and  No.  9  had  four 
years  and  5  months  yet  to  serve,  with  a  debt  of  636.36 yen. 
From  the  supply  side,  it  is  noteworthy 
Supply  that  for  olie  year  in  Kyoto  while  the 

increase  was  only  250  the  number  of 
fiesh  girls  to  enter  the  trade  was  1617.  In  Japan  very 
immoral  girls  are  registered,  and  it  is  only  those  who  are 
sold  into  this  slavery  who  are  in  the  public  prostitute 
quaiters.  The  girls  do  not  like  to  be  imprisoned  and 
would  sooner  run  the  risk  of  being  arrested  occasionally 
than  enter  the  quarters.  The  beautiful  Japanese  word  has 
so  often  been  changed  from  Koko  (filial  piety)  to  kosJio 
(public  prostitute).  Nearly  every  missionary  has  had  the 
experience  of  girls  being  taken  from  the  Sunday  School 
and  sold  into  this  life.  Distasteful  as  it  is  we  cannot  refrain 
from  helping  our  Japanese  Christians  in  dealing  with  this 
most  dreadful  curse  of  the  nation. 

THE  TOBITA  CAMPAIGN 

The  third  Osaka  campaign  is  the  re- 
A  Shock  surrection    of    the    dead   bones    of    the 

Namba  fire.  The  shock  to  the  city,  on 
hearing  that  permission  had  been  granted  for  the  26 
brothel  keepers  and  their  friends  to  rebuild  at  Tobita  just 
outside  the  city,  and  across  from  the  beautiful  westernized 
Park  and  playground,  surrounded  by  trams  and  steam 
cars  on  all  four  sides,  near  so  many  schools  etc  ,  and  just 
when  we  were  happy  over  the  many  new  laws  which  were 
helping  us  in  our  campaign,  can  not  be  described.  The 
newspapers,  and  many  non-Christians  have  assisted  in  the 


312  JAPAN 

opposition  and  we  see  the  awakening  of  conscience  on  the 
social  evil.  The  Buddhists  and  Shintoists  were  approached 
and  asked  to  join  in  the  effort  to  clean  up  the  city,  but 
refused  to  have  any  part  in  the  movement. 

The  Shintoists  consecrated  the  ground.  The  unclean 
life  of  many  of  the  Buddhist  priests  would  not  permit  them 
to  come  out  boldly  and  help.  Members  of  the  Local 
Assembly  assisted  and  did  their  part  to  win  the  fight.  In 
the  Assembly  when  the  matter  was  up  for  vote  our 
opposition  had  at  one  time  a  majority  vote,  and  we  had 
hoped  to  win  the  fight  early  in  the  campaign,  but  at  the 
final  vote  the  Matsushima  brothel  keeper,  member  of  the 
assembly,  changed  his  vote  -and  took  three  others  with 
him,  so  that  the  final  vote  was  14  against  and  17  for 
Tobita.  That  municipal  bodies  can  be  made  to  see  the 
moral  issue  at  stake  and  take  sides  on  the  question  from  a 
moral  point  of  view  shows  the  leavening  influence  of 
Christianity  in  Japan.  The  fight  is  still  being  carried  on 
and  a  petition  is  being  circulated  to  be  presented  to 
the  two  houses  ot  Parliament.  It  is  expected  that  the 
Christian  statesman  and  member  of  the  Upper  House,  the 
Hon.  S.  Ebara,  will  do  some  good  work  in  behalf  of  the 
cause. 

The   educational    work   in  connection 
Education  Cam-       with  the  Tobita  campaign  has  been  an 
pal?"  extensive  one,  and  newspapers  in  all  parts 

of  the  Empire  have  copied  messages  and 
editorials  on  the  subject  from  the  Osaka  Papers.  Much 
literature  has  been  printed  and  scattered.  Many  have 
been  brought  to  face  the  question  of  ippu  ippu,  or  mono 
gamy,  as  never  before.  One  pastor,  Rev.  Naide,  when 
asked  why  we  wanted  to  send  the  petition  to  the  Upper 
House,  replied  that  we  wanted  to  educate  them  on  the 
question  of  monogamy.  Over  two  thousand  yen  has  been 
contributed.  The  problem  has  been  made  a  national  one 
and  thus  the  nation  is  moving  toward  the  day  when  the 
whole  licensed  system  will  be  overthrown.  Miss  Hayashi 
has  led  in  this  movement.  Hon.  S.  Shimada,  Hon.  S. 
Ebara,  and  Col.  Yamamuro  have  given  freely  of  their 
time  in  speaking  and  in  producing  literature  on  the  subject. 


THE   SOCIAL   EVIL   IN   JAPAN  313 

Mr.  G.  Gleason,  Dr.  G.  W.  Fulton,  Rev.  W.  R.  Weakley, 
Rev.  G.  Allchin  and  Rev.  VV.  H.  Erskine  have  represented 
the  foreign  community. 

Mr.  Gleason  has  written  up  the  Tobita 
Governor  Okubo       Campaign,  so  well  and  so  fully  in  the  July 

Number  (19 1 6)  of  the /^/w/  Evangelist, 
that  the  matter  can  be  only  referred  to  here  and  attention 
called  to  that  valuable  article.  The  campaign  is  not  over ; 
we  are  still  in  the  midst  of  the  fight.  Governor  Okubo 
has  had  in  mind  the  removal  from  the  center  of  the  city, 
of  such  quarters  as  Shinmachi,  Matsushima,  and  Horic, 
which  are  so  conspicuous.  His  ambition  to  take 
them  from  the  city  is  good,  but  a  better  ambition 
for  Osaka  and  for  Japan  would  be  to  do  away  with  the 
licensed  quarters  altogether.  We  are  still  of  the  opinion 
that  Tobita  is  a  most  unsuitable  place  for  prostitute  quar 
ters,  be  there  one  or  many  groups.  The  historical  institu 
tion  of  black  slavery  had  to  go  when  Abraham  Lincoln 
signed  the  Proclamation.  The  age-long  habit  of  drinking 
of  intoxicant  liquors  is  fast  losing  ground  all  over  the 
world.  So  the  Japanese  historical  institution  of  licensed 

vice  and  debt-slavery  will   have  to   go. 
When  ?  When  ?     When  public  opinion  has  been 

aroused  sufficiently  to  enforce  the  exist 
ing  laws  of  Japan  on  the  subject.  The  Christian  com 
munity,  though  small  in  numbers,  is  powerful  in  influence, 
and  each  day  sees  the  influence  of  the  lowly  Nazarene 
changing  public  opinion  on  the  great  moral  issues.  To 
the  Christian  there  is  but  one  standard  and  that,  personal 
purity  for  both  sexes.  God  hasten  the  day  when  this  shall 
permeate  all  Japanese  life. 


CHAPTER  IV 

THE  LABOR  MOVEMENT  IN  JAPAN 


BY  GALEN  M.  FISHER 

The  history  of  the  Labor  Movement  in  Japan  is  a  record 
marked  by  mingled  light  and  shadow.  It  may  be  divided 
roughly  into  three  periods :  First,  the  diffusion  of  liberal 
ideas  regarding  the  value  of  man  and  the  relations  between 
classes.  Second,  the  organization  of  labor  unions  after  the 
pattern  of  America  and  England  Third,  the  development 
of  a  more  indigenous  labor  movement. 

The  first  period  extended  from  1879  to 

Early  Period  ^SS.  Leaders  like  Count  Itagaki,  who 
were  saturated  with  the  social  and  politi 
cal  doctrines  of  the  French  Revolution,  devoted  them 
selves  to  their  propagation  in  Japan.  Novels  and  essays 
reflecting  these  ideas  had  a  phenomenal  circulation. 
Count  Itagaki  himself,  though  a  noble,  bred  under  the 
old  regime,  was  willing  to  give  life  itself,  if  necessary, 
for  the  liberal  cause,  and  when  he  was  assailed  by  a  fanatic, 
he  cried  out  with  dramatic  fervor :  "  Itagaki  may  die  but 
Liberty  will  live."  While  this  liberal  propaganda  had 
only  a  slight  connection  with  the  laboring  class  as  such, 
nevertheless  it  focused  public  attention  upon  the  social  and 
industrial  maladjustments  of  the  times,  especially  as  they 
affected  the  common  people,  and  thus  paved  the  way  for 
the  later  organization  of  labor. 

The  second  period  extended  from  1888 

Second  Period        to    1904.     It  took   its  keynote  from  the 

organized  social  movements  of  America 

and  England.     Among  its  leaders  were  :  Mr.  Sen  Kata- 

yama,  Prof.  Isoh  Abe,  Mr.  Karl  Kiyoshi  Kawakami,  Mr. 

Kojiro   Nishikawa    and   Mr.   Naoe  Kinoshita.     Most  of 


TtiE    LABOR    MOVEMENT    IN   JAPAN  315 

these  men  had  s'.udied  in  America  or  England,  and  upon 
their  return  they  started  a  crusade  for  the  reform  of  Japan 
ese  labor  conditions,  including  the  formation  of  labor 
Unions  in  the  Western  sense.  Books  like  Bellamy's 
"  Looking  Backward,"  the  Life  of  Arnold  Toynbee, 
George's  "  Progress  and  Poverty,"  and  General  Booth's 
"  Darkest  England  "  were  frequently  quoted  by  them. 
One  who  reads  the  record  of  their  activities  and  writings 
today  must  admire  their  zeal  but  regret  their  attempt  to 
engraft  Occidental  institutions  bodily  into  the  radically 
different  Japanese  social  body. 

Fortunately  we  have  a  single  volume 
A  History  of  the       which    gives    a   summary  of  the   Labor 
Movement  Movement  in  Japan  from  the  beginning 

up  to  1901.  Quite  suggestively  it  is 
bound  in  a  red  cover,  after  the  fashion  of  radical  and 
anarchistic  literature  in  Europe.  Possibly  this  was  not 
intentional  on  the  part  of  the  authors,  although  the  ideas 
they  advocate  undoubtedly  seemed  to  the  conservatives  of 
twenty  years  ago  dangerously  near  to  anarchism.  On  the 
cover  in  the  center  is  printed  the  title  :  "  The  Labor 
Movement  of  Japan,"  and  on  either  side  are  the  legends  : 
"  In  union  there  is  strength,"  and  "  Labor  is  sacred." 
Among  the  illustrations  are  the  portraits  of  the  leaders  of 
the  labor  movement  in  Japan,  among  whom  strangely 
enough  we  find  Viscount  Kaneko,  and  the  proprietor  of 
the  Shuyeisha  Printing  Works,  Mr.  Sakuma.  One  is  not 
surprised  to  find  a  picture  of  Mr.  Shimada  who  has  always 
been  one  of  the  most  eloquent  advocates  of  progressive 
ideas.  It  is  interesting  to  note  that  Kotoku,  who  was 
charged  with  conspiring  against  the  life  of  the  Emperor 
and  was  executed  in  1910,  was  in  the  early  days  an  active 
writer  and  worker  in  the  labor  movement.  It  is  clear  that 
from  the  first  there  were  present  two  groups,  one  of  which 
might  be  called  revolutionary  ;  the  other  evolutionary. 
Of  the  latter  were  Prof.  I.  Abe,  of  Wasedi  and  Prof. 
Murai.  Of  the  former  were  Mr.  Sen  Katayama,  and 
Mr.  Kotoku. 


3l6  JAPAN 

The  story  of  the  rapid  organization  ot 
Early  Labor  labor  unions  and  their  equally  rapid  dis 
unions  integration  or  abolition  is  a  pitiful  tale. 
In  1888  Mr.  Katayama  returned  from 
America  and  soon  after  erected  Kingsley  Hall,  the  first 
social  settlement  in  Japan,  but  besides  making  it  a  center 
for  neighborhood  welfare  by  means  of  a  kindergarten, 
mothers'  club  and  employment  agency,  he  also  made  it  the 
headquarters  for  the  promotion  of  labor  unions.  His 
efforts  were  heartily  seconded  by  the  group  of  men  already 
mentioned  and  by  Mr.  Takano  and  Mr.  Otoiwa,  now  a 
professor  of  the  Law  College  of  the  Imperial  University. 
Magazines  were  started  to  extend  their  ideas.  Within  a 
few  years  of  Mr.  Katayama's  return,  unions  had  been 
organized  by  iron  workers,  typographers,  street  car 
drivers,  boat  builders,  miners,  railway  men  and  even  by 
the  foreign  cooks  of  Tokyo.  Strikes  followed  in  rapid 
succession,  the  first  strike  being  declared  at  the  Takashima 
Coal  Mines  near  Nagasaki  in  1888.  Shortly  afterward 
another  strike  occurred  among  the  tea-curing  laborers  at 
Yokohama.  In  1891  the  Boot  Makers  Union  made  a 
futile  protest  against  the  taking  over  of  Army  boot- making 
by  the  Army  itself.  The  typographers  of  the  Shuyeisha, 
whose  proprietor  was  entirely  sympathetic  with  labor, 
made  two  attempts  to  form  a  Union  but  encountered  such 
violent  opposition  among  their  own  number  that  the 
organization  came  to  naught.  However,  a  year  later  a 
mass  meeting  of  1500  typographers  formed  a  Union  under 
the  name  of  '  Ddskikai"  but  within  a  few  weeks  the  lax 
management  of  its  funds  aroused  such  a  storm  of  criticism 
that  it  also  had  to  be  dissolved.  Similar  irregularities  in 
the  management  of  the  funds  of  the  Iron  Workers  and 
other  later  unions  resulted  in  their  disbanding. 

The  decade  from   1891   to    1900  wit- 
Attempts  at         nessed  the  publication  of  a  long  series  of 
Reform  schemes   and   bills   looking    toward    the 

improvement  of  conditions  among  labor 
ers  and  the  poor  in  general.  In  1892  Bellamy's  "  Looking 
Backward  "  was  translated  and  published  serially  in  the 
organ,  "  Skin  Toyo"  Captain  Garst,  a  missionary,  stirred 


THE   LABOR   MOVEMENT   IN  JAPAN  317 

up  considerable  interest  in  the  Single  Tax  and  prepared 
the  way  for  the  formation  of  a  society  intended  to  relieve 
the  small  tenant  farmers.  Many  articles  on  labor  questions 
were  published  in  sympathetic  newspapers  like  the 
Yorodzu,  frlainicJii,  and  Niroku.  The  agitation  for  a 
Factory  Law  was  so  persistent  that  by  1 897  the  officials 
of  the  Central  Government  had  been  stirred  and  a  draft 
law  was  approved  in  1898  by  the  Counsellors  of  the 
Department  of  Agriculture  and  Commerce.  Still  other 
bills  modeled  after  American  and  European  precedents 
were  advocated,  providing  for  the  organization  of  co 
operative  industrial  societies,  for  manhood  suffrage  without 
a  property  qualification,  for  building  and  loan  associations 
and  for  housing  reform.  Viscount  Kaneko  went  so  far  as 
to  declare  publicly  that  laborers  ought  to  have  a  represen 
tative  in  Parliament. 

Parallel  with  these  efforts  for  political  and  economic 
reforms  the  labor  leaders  were  doing  all  in  their  power  to 
foster  a  spirit  of  brotherhood  and  mutual  aid  among 
laborers  themselves.  Labor  clubs  were  opened  at  Omiya 
and  at  two  other  centers  among  railwaymen,  and  were 
maintained  for  several  years.  At  the  same  time  among 
the  educated  class  a  number  of  societies  were  formed  for 
the  systematic  study  of  social  problems. 

The  climax  of  the  labor  union  move- 
Climax  ment  in  Japan  came  about  1899.  The 
Engineers  and  Firemen's  Union,  compos 
ed  of  employees  on  the  Japan  Railway  Co.  running  north 
from  Tokyo,  had  steadily  grown  until  it  numbered  1000 
members  and  possessed  a  fund  of  48  ooo  yen.  Among  its 
leaders  were  an  unusual  number  of  Christians,  one  fruit 
of  whose  labors  was  a  flourishing  Temperance  Railway 
Society.  In  every  respect  it  was  a  model  union.  But  in 
1898  it  felt  compelled  to  present  to  the  officials  of  the 
Company  a  number  of  requests  which  were  coolly  received. 
After  fruitless  negotiations,  a  strike  was  declared.  Traffic 
was  seriously  crippled,  the  newspapers  published  sensation 
al  articles;  strikes  in  other  companies  followed.  Naturally 
the  Railway  and  Government  officials  alike  took  alarm, 
and  resolved  to  take  stringent  measures  either  to  destroy 


3 1 8  JAPAN 

the  power  of  the  unions  or  to  abolish  them  altogether. 
The  result  was  that  within  five  or  six  years  most  of  the 
labor  leaders  had  been  silenced  and  the  unions  had  either 
been  voluntarily  dissolved  or  been  officially  abolished. 
This  attitude  on  the  part  of  the  authorities  drove  the 
radical  agitators  to  make  vehement  attacks  upon  the 
Government  and  upon  the  capitalist  class.  The  dissolution 

of  the  unions  was  hastened  by  the  out- 
Dissolution          break    of    schisms    among   the    laborers 

themselves.  Intelligent,  unselfish  leaders 
were  few.  Funds  were  frequently  misused  and  as  a  result 
the  members  gradually  refused  to  pay  their  dues  so 
that  one  by  one  the  unions  died.  Mr.  Katayama, 
who  had  been  the  heart  and  soul  of  the  unions,  found 
his  activities  narrowly  circumscribed.  Once  again  in 
1912  he  came  to  the  front  in  connection  with  a  strike  on 
the  Tokyo  Tramways,  and  although  he  was  not  re 
sponsible  for  the  strike  he  was  sentenced  to  several 
months  imprisonment.  On  being  released  he  felt  that  he 
must  go  back  to  America  where  he  could  breathe  a  freer 
atmosphere. 

The  third  period  extends  from  1 904  to 

Period  of  the  present  day.     It  may  be  called    the 

Reconstruction        period  of  reconstruction  on  the  basis  of 

moderate  principles  adapted  to  Japanese 
conditions.  The  only  recognized  societies  which  bear  a 
close  resemblance  to  labor  unions  in  the  West  are  the 
Seamen's  Union  of  Yokohama,  which  has  3000  members, 
and  the  Yuai  Kwai  or  Laborer's  Friendly  Society,  which 
was  organized  in  191 2  by  Mr.  Bunji  Suzuki,  a  Christian 
and  a  graduate  in  law  of  the  Tokyo  Imperial  University. 
From  the  first,  Mr.  Suzuki's  object  has  been  to  help 
laborers  to  help  themselves,  by  mutual  financial  protection, 
by  supplementary  education  and  by  legal  and  medical 
counsel  bureaus.  He  has  carefully  refrained  from 
attempting  to  align  laborers  against  employers,  as  the 
earlier  labor  unions  did.  Indeed,  among  his  staunchest 
backers  are  capitalists  like  Baron  Shibusawa  and  Dr. 
Soyeda.  On  the  other  hand  he  has  consistently  refused  to 
receive  financial  assistance  from  employers.  The  Society 


THE   LABOR   MOVEMENT    IN    JAPAN  319 

is  entirely  self-supporting  and  Mr.  Suzuki  has  given  his 
•  services  as  an  honorary  worker.     A  sketch  of  the  Society, 
based   upon  Mr.  Suzuki's  own  words,  will  more  clearly 
show  its  aims  and  methods. 

"When  I  organized  the  Yuai  Kwai,  in  1912  there  were 
no  other  labor  unions  anywhere  in  Japan.  From  the  first 
our  Society  has  prospered  wonderfully.  Our  motto  has 
been  :  '  By  the  People  and  for  the  People.'  Our  aim  has 
been  to  arouse  self- consciousness  among  laborers  and  to 
mediate  between  laborers  and  employers,  but  never  to 
truckle  to  capitalists  and  officials. 

"  We   have  a   monthly   organ    called 
A  Labor  Magazine     "  Labor  and  Production."     In  publishing 

this  we  have  several  times  come  face  to 
face  with  seemingly  insuperable  financial  difficulties.  At 
one  time  our  treasury  was  empty  and  we  feared  we  should 
have  to  suspend  publication,  when  quite  unexpectedly  a 
working  man  came  to  see  me  and  told  this  story  : 
'  Thirteen  years  ago  I  abandoned  myself  to  a  profligate 
life  but  after  a  few  years  I  was  brought  to  repentance  and 
became  a  Christian.  Gradually  my  disease-riddled  body 
was  built  up  again,  and  I  developed  a  successful  business 
in  mat  making.  Upon  learning  of  your  noble  work  on 
behalf  of  laborers  I  felt  you  had  been  raised  up  as  our 
deliverer,  and  that  I  must  do  all  in  my  power  to  help  you, 
so  I  have  brought  my  little  savings  for  you  to  use  as  you 
think  best.'  Thereupon  he  drew  from  his  bosom  1 5  yen. 
I  was  profoundly  moved  and  taking  his  hand,  broke  into  a 
prayer  of  thanksgiving.  Then  I  said :  '  No,  I  cannot 
take  all  of  your  money,  but  I  will  accept  5  yen  and  to  it  I 
will  add  5  yen  of  my  own  and  thus  we  shall  be  able  to 
continue  the  magazine.' 

"  The  membership  of  our  Ynai  Kwai 
The  Yuai  Kwai       has  grown  by  leaps  and  bounds  until  now 

there  are  30,000  members  divided  into 
i oo  branches  in  all  parts  of  the  country  and  applications 
for  membership  and  for  new  branches  are  coming  in 
almost  daily.  The  work  of  the  Society  is  divided  into  five 
departments,  namely :  Publication,  Lecture,  Legal 
Counsel,  Health,  Mutual  Aid.  The  Lecture  Department 


32O  JAPAN 

arranges  lectures  in  various  places  and  gives  the  members 
themselves  an  opportunity  to  make  five  minute  addresses. 
After  the  lectures  and  talks  we  often  show  lantern  slides 
and  have  music.  Dr.  Soyeda,  now  the  head  of  the  Tokyo 
Chamber  of  Commerce,  and  Marquis  Tokugawa  have  been 
among  our  speakers.  Our  Legal  Counsel  Bureau  has 
many  times  rescued  laborers  from  the  clutches  of  money 
lenders  and  fake  banks.  I  have  often  had  to  give  money 
lenders  a  verbal  thrashing  before  I  could  recover  the 
laborer's  money.  The  Health  Department  has  enlisted 
the  voluntary  services  of  physicians  in  giving  our  members 
and  their  families  diagnoses  and  counsel  regarding  health. 
The  Mutual  Aid  Department  lays  by  10  sen  a  month  from 
each  member  as  a  relief  fund. 

"In  1915  and  again  in  1916  it  was  my  privilege  to  go  to 
America  as  a  representative  of  Japanese  labor  and  to  be 
given  the  honor  of  sitting  in  the  Conventions  of  the 
American  Federation  of  Labor  as  a  fraternal  delegate.  I 
was  also  able  to  confer  with  leaders  of  the  American  labor 
unions  and  to  disabuse  the  minds  of  Pacific  Coast  repre 
sentatives  of  mistaken  ideas  regarding  the  aims  of  Japanese 
labor.  Thus  our  Laborers  Friendly  Society  has  not  only 
been  a  blessing  to  laborers  in  Japan  but  has  become  the 
means  of  a  friendly  understanding  with  organized  labor  in 
the  United  States." 

In  a  recent  conversation  Mr.  Su/.uki  gave  the  following 
additional  comments  on  labor  problems  in  Japan  : 

Labor  organizations  here  must  be  less  democratic  than 
in  the  Occident  Our  laborers  have  less  education  and 
less  training  in  self-government.  Compulsory  public  educa 
tion,  however,  is  remarkably  effective  so  that  today  few 
young  laborers  are  illiterate.  Besides,  many  factories  and 
firms  conduct  their  own  apprentice  schools  and  night 
schools. 

The  attitude  of  capitalists  toward  the 
Attitude  oi           Yiuri  Kwai  throws  an  interesting  side  light 
Capitalists          upon  present  conditions.     They  may  be 
divided   into    three    classes :     The   con 
servatives,   who  are  still  numerous,  oppose  all  laborers' 
societies.     They  hold  tenaciously  to  the  feudal  conception 


THE    LAHOK    MOVKMKNT    IN    JAPAN  321 

of  employer  and  employee.  They  believe  they  have  a  right 
to  force  their  will  on  the  laborers  without  conference  and 
that  the  recognition  of  the  laborers  would  be  both  trouble 
some  and  unprofitable.  The  second  clas?,  the  moderates, 
object  mildly  to  labor  organizations  as  being  a  nuisance, 
but  they  consider  them  inevitable  and  therefore  to  be 
conciliated  by  compromise.  The  third  class  are  the 
enlightened  employers  who  are  eager  to  promote  the 
happiness  and  efficiency  of  laborers.  Fortunately  this 
third  class  is  gradually  absorbing  men  from  the  other  two. 
When  asked  regarding  differences  be- 

Disputes  tween  laborers  and  employers,  Mr.  Suzuki 

Increasing  said   that  disputes  and  strikes  had  been 

increasingly  common  during  the  last  few 
months.  He  attributed  this  to  three  causes :  First,  the 
awakening  of  labor  on  account  of  better  education, 
newspaper  reading,  popular  lectures,  the  liberal 
political  tendencies  of  the  day,  and  the  enactment  of  the 
Factory  Law  and  the  Government  Simple  Insurance 
Act,  which  have  been  widely  discussed  among  laborers. 
Second,  while  the  price  of  living  lias  risen  on  account  of 
the  war,  wages  have  not  been  correspondingly  raised. 
The  bonuses  for  overtime  and  the  few  increases  of  wages 
have  affected  the  workers  only  in  a  few  industries  directly 
connected  with  the  war,  while  the  vast  majority  of  laborers 
get  the  same  wages  as  before.  Third,  capitalists  and 
superintendents  have  not  progressed  in  their  ideals  as  fast 
as  laborers.  They  are  still  living  in  the  feudal  age  and 
they  brand  all  their  laborers'  demands  as  insubordination 
and  disloyalty. 

During  the  last  year  there  have  been  strikes  in  the 
following  industries :  steel,  iron,  ship-building,  rubber, 
spinning  and  weaving.  In  March  1917,  Mr.  Suzuki  was 
called  upon  to  arbitrate  in  the  strike  at  the  Anglo-Japanese 
Steel  Works  at  Muroran. 

Factory  engineers  and  superintendents 

Lack  of  rarely  understand  and  sympathize   with 

Understanding        their  laborers.     But  gradually   they  are 

being   influenced    by    Christian    ideas    of 

labor  and  of  their  responsibility  as  guides  and  protectors 


322  JAPAN 

of  their  employees.  In  the  Universities  there  are  several 
professors  who  champion  progressive  ideas,  but  educators, 
as  a  whole,  have  little  contact  with  practical  social 
problems.  Indeed,  in  the  Imperial  Universities,  the 
courses  in  sociology  include  practically  no  field  investi 
gation,  but  are  confined  for  the  most  part  to  reproducing 
the  investigations  of  Western  scholars  and  to  considering 
the  economic  rather  than  the  human  aspect  of  labor  and 
other  social  questions  in  Japan.  The  most  encouraging 
official  effort  for  the  improvement  of  the  conditions  of 
laborers  has  been  made  by  the  Local  Affairs  Bureau  of  the 
Home  Department.  Good  work  has  also  been  done  by 
the  Sociological  Society  of  Osaka  under  the  guidance  of  a 
provincial  social  expert.  It  is  more  than  a  coincidence 
that  several  of  the  specialists  in  the  Local  Affairs  Bureau 
are  Christians,  among  whom  are  Rev.  K.  Tomeoka  and 
Mr.  T.  Namae ;  and  that  the  Chief  Inspector  of  Factories 
in  Tokyo  is  a  Christian  graduate  of  Tokyo  Imperial 
University. 

What  course  the  labor  movement  will  take  and  ought  to 
take  in  Japan  in  the  next  generation  no  one  can  accurately 
ioresee ;  but  there  are  several  factors  already  known 
which  will  help  one  to  plot  the  curve : 

i.  Government  opposition  to  the 
SomeObs.-rvations  organization  and  effective  operation  of 
labor  unions  is  still  as  determined  as 
ever.  As  one  Japanese  professer  recently  said  :  "  The 
Government  is  stupidly  shortsighted  in  keeping  the  laborers 
crippled  by  refusing  to  let  them  organize  and  trying  to 
make  amends  by  giving  them  crutches  in  the  form  of 
insurance  and  factory  laws. 

2.  The  apprentice  system  is  deep  rooted  and  will  for 
many  years  to  come  exercise  a  deterrent  influence  upon 
the  development  of  regular  labor  unions  ;  but  with  rising 
intelligence  the  apprentice  class  are  sure  to  awaken  to  their 
pitiful  condition  and  under  the  leadership  of  older  men,  to 
insist  upon  some  sort  of  organization. 

3.  The  fact  that  over  6o°/o  of  the  factory  laborers  are 
women   and   that   they   are    constantly    shifting    militates 
against  strong  labor  unions  on  a  democratic  basis. 


THE  LABOR  MOVEMENT  IN  JAPAN          323 

4.  The    relatively    large   number   of  working    people 
employed   by  Government  bureaus  and   monopolies  will 
narrow  the  field  of  trade  unions. 

5.  The  faculty  of  Japanese  officials  and  intelligent  men 
of  affairs  for  profiting  by  the  failures  of  the  West  and  for 
arriving  at  compromise  solutions  of  threatened  crises  will 
help  to  prevent  serious  trouble  between  capital  and  labor. 

6  Laborers  are  becoming  slowly  but  steadily  more 
intelligent  and  more  self  conscious.  They  will  not  much 
longer  accept  stones  for  bread.  They  are  being  affected 
by  the  uniest  and  the  self  assertion  of  Occidental  laborers. 
Unless  the  employers  and  officials  are  large-minded  and 
willing  to  meet  rightful  demands,  and  unless  the  laborers 
are  inspired  by  other  than  economic  motives,  conflicts  are 
practically  certain  to  break  out. 

7.  Remedial  legislation  has  already  been  adopted  ; 
imperfect  and  belated,  to  be  sure,  but  still  in  the  right 
direction. 

The    Factory    Law    was    actually    put 

A  Christian          into  operation  only  in  September  1916,50 
Obligation  that  it  is  too  early  to  .'-ay  just  how  it  will 

affect  the  labor  movement.  Likewise,  the 
Simple  Insurance  Act  is  tco  new  to  have  had  any  effect. 
But  it  may  be  said  that  both  these  laws,  though  confessed 
ly  compromise  measures,  are  apparently  the  entering 
wedge  of  legislation  which  will  remedy  the  glaring  evils  of 
Japan's  working  people  and  may  make  it  unnecessary  for 
organized  labor  in  Japan  to  reenact  the  bloody  struggle 
which  has  stained  Western  lands.  But  the  situation  cannot 
be  met  by  the  Government  or  by  organized  labor  alone. 
There  is  an  insistent  call  for  Christian  men  and  Christian 
organizations  to  add  the  salt  of  the  Kingdom,  which  alone 
can  save  laws  from  being  mechanical  and  can  lead  both 
laborers  and  employers  to  seek  not  their  own  advantage 
but  each  other's  good. 


CHAPTER  V 

SOCIAL  SERVICE 


BY  GEORGE  GLEASON  AND  OTHERS 

Summary  of  the  Report  of  the  Social  Welfare  Com 
mittee  to  the  Federated  Missions,  Jan.  5th,  1917. 

The   Social  Welfare   Committee  in  its 

Purpose  report    has    aimed    to    remind    Christian 

workers   in    Japan    of   social    conditions 

needing  attention,  to  report  social  work  being  done,  and 

to  make  suggestions  regarding  the  most  pressing  activities 

which  should  be  undertaken.     The  subjects  of  Industrial 

Conditions  and  the  New  Factory  Law  have  been  fully 

treated  in  former  chapters. 

THE  OSAKA  PURITY  CAMPAIGN 

The    striking    social    activity    of    the 
Newspapers         past  year  in  Japan  has  been  the  nation 
wide  campaign  for  purity  carried  on  in 
connection   with  the    Osaka   anti-prostitution  fight.     The 
most  far-reaching  part  of  the  campaign  was  the  newspaper 
propaganda   of  the  Mainichi  and  Asahi  papers  of  Osaka. 
As  these  dailies  go  all  over  the  world  wherever  Japanese 
are  found,  the  articles  in  the  three  hundred  feet  of  column 
space  published   by  these  papers   have  exerted  a  world 
wide  influence. 

A    number   of  public    men    by    their 
Activities  many  visits  to   Tokyo  and  by  their  un 

ceasing  attacks  against  the  prefectural 
authorities  have  stirred  the  government  circles  of  the 
Empire.  And  the  Christians,  by  nine  crowded  public 
lectures,  by  seventeen  smaller  church  meetings,  by 


SOCfAL   SERVICE  325 

numerous  calls  by  Tokyo  and  Osaka  leaders  on  members 
of  the  two  Cabinets,  by  sending  over  the  Empire  many 
thousand  small  publications  and  3,000  copies  of  a  140 
page  ably  edited  book  on  prostitution  in  general  and  the 
Tobita  problem  in  particular,  and  by  numerous  other 
efficient  activities,  have  in  nine  months  broken  all  Japan 
social  warfare  records.  Of  the  2,500  yen  raised  by  the 
Osaka  committee  only  1,000  yen  was  contributed  by 
foreign  friends. 

The  real  estate  company  organized  to  promote  the 
Tobita  licensed  quarter  is  filling  in  the  land,  laying  out 
streets  and  has  applied  for  permission  to  build  fifteen  two 
storey  houses.  This  permission  has  not  Teen  granted  yet. 
A  final  effort  is  being  made  by  the  Osaka  workers  who 
are  preparing  a  monster  petition  which  will  be  presented 
to  the  Diet. 

The  advance  made  in   public   opinion 

Nation-wide          leads  your  chairman  to  suggest  that  the 

Campaign  time    has    come    for     all    Christians    in 

Japan  to  cooperate  with  the  Kakuseikai 

(Abolition  Society)  on  a  nation-wide  campaign  to  wipe  out 

the   whole   vicious,   money-making,    government    licensed 

white  slave  traffic  from  this  great  progressive  Kmpire. 

PLAYGROUNDS 

The  pioneer  in  the  public  playground 

Tokyo  movement   in    Japan   is    Mrs.    Omori  of 

Tokyo.       By     her    efforts    the     Tokyo 

Playground  Association  has  been  formed,  several  hundred 

yen  raised,  a   few  children's  corners  fitted  up  and  a  small 

playground  opened  in  connection  with  her  social  settlement 

called  the  Yurin  En. 

The  city  of  Nagoya  four  years  ago  set 

Nagoya  aside  for  playgrounds  sixty-one  and  a  half 

acres  of  land  which  the  city  is  improving 

at  a  cost  of  20,000  yen  a  year  to  continue  for  six  years 

more.     For  up-keep,    10,000  yen  more  is  being  expended 

annually.     The    open    spaces   and    base-ball    ground    are 

loaned   free  of  charge  to  schools  for  athletic  meets  and 


326  JAPAN7 

games,  but  a  small  fee  is  received  when  used  by  clubs  and 
business  companies.  Another  source  of  income  is  the 
rental  paid  by  the  tea  houses  which  have  been  permitted 
to  build  their  neat  little  resting  places  on  the  grounds. 

The  city  of  Kyoto  has  also  set  aside  a 
Kyoto  play  park  of  5*4    acres  on  tJhe  eastern 

edge  of  the  city  near  the  Miyako  Hotel. 
Two  base  ball  fields,  two  tennis  courts  and  a  little  play 
apparatus  have  been  installed.  On  the  Crown  Prince's 
holiday  in  November  thousands  of  primary  school  children 
gathered  here  for  athletic  games  and  races. 

The  City  of  Yokohama  has  taken  over 
Yokohama  the  Cricket  Ground  formerly  used  by  the 

foreign   community  and  allows  base  ball 
and  football  teams  to  use  it  under  somewhat  difficult  re 
strictions.     In  one  corner  is  a  little  apparatus  for  children. 
Osaka  leads  Japan  in  supervised  public 
Osaka  play  activities.     There  was  opened  during 

Coronation  Week  in  November  1915,  a 
centrally  located  four  acre  playground  equipped  with  slide, 
swings,  teters,  sand  boxes  and  a  wading  pool  for  little 
children ;  a  tennis  court,  volley-ball  court,  swings  and 
giant  stride  for  older  girls;  three  tennis  courts  and  volley 
ball  court,  jumping  pit,  wrestling  ring,  slides  and  apparatus 
for  older  boys  and  men,  and  a  running  track  and  skating 
rink.  The  City  Office  spent  18,304  yen  in  hying  out  the 
grounds,  is  spending  some  2,000 yen  a  year  in  improving 
the  shrubbery  and  in  the  general  up- keep  :  and  the  Physical 
Culture  Society  furnishes  two  play- ground  directors  and 
the  movable  athletic  equipment.  Osaka  has  appropriated 
200,000  yen  more  for  laying  out  seven  small  play  parks 
in  different  sections  of  the  city  and  for  an  extension  of  the 
present  playground.  An  addition  of  more  than  seven 
acres  will  be  made  during  the  next  two  years. 

The  time    is    rips    for    a    nation-wide 
Athletic  Interest       physical    culture    campaign.       The    Far 

Kastern  Olympic  Meet  in  Tokyo  the 
coming  May  is  attracting  the  attention  of  aspiring  young 
athletes  all  over  the  Empire.  The  two  big  Osaka  dailies 
have  secured  well-equipped  athletic  fields  near  the  city, 


SOCIAL    SKKVICE  337 

where  frequent  practice  meets  are  being  held.  Base  ball 
is  rapidly  becoming  the  national  game.  To  Christianize 
the  rising  tide  of  interest  in  athletic  sport  is  a  pressing  call 
to  the  religious  workers  of  the  nation.  Cannot  the 
younger  missionaries  meet  this  call  by  offering  their 
services  as  coaches,  by  attending  athletic  meets,  by 
making  friends  with  athletic  leaders  all  over  the  country, 
and  by  helping  to  develop  public  playgrounds  both  in  the 
cities  and  in  country  towns  ? 

BOY  SCOUTS 

Eight   years  ago  in   Kobe,  Mr.   Eto, 

Beginnings  then  a  primary  school  teacher  and  now 

the  director  of  physical  culture  at  Kican- 

sei  d'aktiin,  started  the  Nippon  Slwnen  Jisscn  Dan   (Boys 

Put-into- Practice  Association).     Promotion  of  loyalty,  filial 

piety,   purity  and  the  practical  doing  of  one  s  duty  were 

the  aims.     The  number  of  boy  members   has  varied  from 

150  to  7. 

The  first  genuine  Boy  Scout  group  was  started  for  foreign 
boys  in  Yokohama  in  Dec.  1911  by  Mr.  Griffin,  and  is 
still  a  flourishing  troop.  In  Kobe  Mr.  Walker  started  a 
similar  group  in  March,  1912,  for  English  and  American 
boys,  which  is  also  a  going  society.  A  council  was  last 
October  organized  and  troop  formed  in  Tokyo.  G.  M. 
Eisher  is  President  of  the  Council  and  G.  A.  Hoiliday 
and  J.  H.  Vogel  are  Scout  Commissioners.  There  are 
American,  English  and  Japanese  boys  in  the  troop. 

Two  Christian  Japanese  Boy  Scout  groups  are  known. 
The  Salvation  Army  Pand  enrolls  boys  belonging  to  mem 
bers  of  the  Army  in  Tokyo.  It  is  modelled  on  the  Eng 
lish  Life  Saving  Scouts,  and  they  meet  on  Saturdays  from 
two  to  four  in  the  afternoon.  The  Osaka  Young  Men's 
Christian  Association  Boy  Scout  group  was  started  in 
May,  1914.  The  group  has  now  thirty- five  members. 
This  is  a  genuine  attempt  to  adapt  to  Japanese  boys  the 
American  and  English  scout  idea.  Badges,  note  books, 
handbooks  in  Japanese,  suits  and  ether  equipment  have 
baen  worked  out. 


328  JAPAN 

A  national  organization  is  now   being 

National  Organ!-      formed  by  the  Dai  Nippon  SJumen  Dan, 

zation  promoted   by    Mr.    Koshiba    Hiroshi,    a 

writer    for    the  "  Yubcn  "  and   "  Shonen 

Club  "  magazines.    Already  twelve  branches  led  by  school 

teachers  and  Army  officers  have  been  formed  in  Tokyo, 

Hokkaido,  Akita  Ken,  Iwate  Ken,  Sendai,  Oita,  Numazu, 

and    Kumamoto    Ken.     Besides   aiming   to    promote  the 

usual  patriotism,  filial  loyalty,  health,  etiquette  and  frugality, 

the  society  emphasizes  the  duty  of  members  to  their  home 

town,  and  teaches  boys  to  practice  cheerfully  what  they 

have  learned  at  school.      One  of  the  Tokyo  branches  led 

by  Army  officers  meets  twice  a  month  and  has  304  boys 

enrolled.       Special   suits  are  not   worn ;    only   a    badge, 

ivaraji,  tabi  and  a  staff  ate  required. 

The  Shizuoka  Shorten  Gundan  led  by  Mr.  Fukao  of  the 
Shisuoka  SJiimpo  newspaper  is  very  active.  A  three 
years'  course  has  been  prepared  and  204  scouts  were 
enrolled  in  April  of  last  year.  The  Asahigawa  Shonen 
Dan  which  claims  a  membership  of  1 390  is  an  effort  to 
impart  wholesale  the  Scout  idea  to  school  boys.  By 
gymnastics,  military  drills,  mountain  climbs,  camping,  par 
ties,  visits  to  famous  temples  and  historical  places,  and  by 
lectures,  army  men  are  cooperating  with  the  city  authori 
ties.  The  Kanazawa  Shonen  Giyudan  is  a  similar 
movement  with  a  stiff  organization.  Out  of  135  boys  who 
applied  for  membership  only  93  were  admitted.  This 
organization  claims  86  directors,  advisers  and  committee 
men  with  Col.  Okumura  as  Scout  Master.  The  boys  are 
required  to  wear  suits.  Besides  the  usual  activities  they 
practise  jiujiitsu  and  sword  fencing,  learn  to  swim,  study 
first  aid,  visit  factories,  and  go  to  "  worship  "  at  temples. 
Already  financial  help  has  been  received  from  the  pre- 
fec'ure,  the  city,  and  from  private  persons. 

Other  organizations  have  been  formed  in  Formosa  with 
300  members,  at  Fukuyama  near  Hiroshima  with  30 
members,  at  Amanishi,  Okayama  Ken,  with  100  members, 
in  Fukuoka  Ken  with  204  members  and  at  Kyoto. 

These  twenty  or  more  patrols  scattered  from  the  Hok 
kaido  to  Formosa,  and  enrolling  thousands  of  members, 


SOCIAL   SERVICE  329 

show  that  the  nation  is  trying  to  discover  a  suitable  boys' 
society  which  shall  be  to  the  youth  of  Japan  what  the 
thousands  of  Young  Men's  Societies  are  to  the  young  men 
of  the  country.  Why  cannot  the  Christian  force  develop 
a  national  Christian  Boy  Scout  organization  and  lead  the 
movement  at  its  inception  ? 

JAPANESE   BIBLIOGRAPHY 

I.     Magazine :     Giyudan  (monthly) 

Published  by  Tokyo  Teikoku  Giyudan. 
II.     Books  :     SJionendan  to  Seincndan,  by  I.  Morishita. 

2.  Shonen  Shis/tin,  by  Tokyo  Shoncndan. 

3.  Shonen  Gnndan  KyoJian,  by  A.  Fukao. 

4.  Eikoku  Shonen  Giyudan  no  SosJiiki  to  sono 

Kyoi  if,  by  K.  Imanishi. 

5.  Osaka  Y.M.C.A.  Scout  Handbooks,  3  small 

volumes,  by  Y.  Takenaka. 

SOME  NOTEWORTHY  GIFTS  OF  THE  YEAR 

We  begin  v  it  i  those  of  the  Emperor 

For  Relief  ancj    Empress    to     the     Sailors'     Relief 

Society,  to  flood  sufferers  in  Chosen  and 

to  Japanese  whose  homes  were   destroyed   by  the   great 

storm  in  Fukushima  Ken  last  spring,  the  sufferers  Irom 

the  fire  in  Hakodate  and  the  typhoon  in  Kagoshima,  and 

a  gift  to  Miss  Riddell's  Leper  Asylum. 

The  accumulated  funds  in  all  the///  and  ken  government 
fffices  of  Japan  available  for  relief  in  case  of  natural 
calamities,  now  amount  to  over  52  million  yen.  Except  in 
rare  cases  the  principal  is  not  drawn  upon  and  the  fund 
which  is  called  Risai  Kyujo  Kikin  increases  year  by  year. 

Another  great  relief  fund,  that  for  the  sick  poor,  in  the 
hands  of  the  Saisei  Kwai  now  amounts  to  over  26  million 
yen.  From  this  55o,coojjr»  have  been  spent  during  1916. 
Fully  another  half  million  has  been  used  by  the  Red  Cross, 
the  Japan  Patriotic  Society  and  other  similar  organizations 
including  those  that  have  raised  and  sent  contributions  to 
the  various  relief  funds  called  out  by  the  European  war. 


330  JAPAN- 

INDIVIDUAL  GIFTS 

1,000,000  yen  for  a  physical  laboratory  for  the  Osaka 
Medical  University  by  the  late  Mr.  Shiomi  of  Osaka. 

i  ,ooo,coo  yen  for  buildings  and  endowment  of  a  school 
in  Osaka  for  training  mechanics,  by  Baron  Sumitomo  of 
Osaka.  The  school  was  opened  last  April. 

i,coo,ooo  yen  endowment  for  Keio  University. 

500,000  yen  for  a  laboratory  in  Osaka  for  studying 
tuberculosis,  by  Mr.  Takeo,  an  Osaka  citizen. 

300,000  yen  for  a  physical  and  chemical  laboratory  in 
connection  with  the  Imperial  University  in  Tokyo  by  Mr. 
Rokuro  Hara  of  Shinagawa. 

200,000  yen  to  Aoyania  Gakirin,  Tokyo,  (Methodist)  by 
Ginjiro  Katsuta,  a  graduate  of  the  school.  This  is  a 
record  gift  by  a  Japanese  to  a  Christian  institution. 

5o,oco  yen  to  the  Osaka  branch  of  the  Okayama 
Orphanage  by  Mr.  Ohara  of  Okayama  Prefecture. 

10,000  yen  for  a  home  for  unfortunate  women  by  the 
same  Mr.  Ohara. 

20,000  yen  to  the  Sailors  Relief  Association  (which  now 
has  an  endowment  of  400,000  yen }  by  Mr.  Ryohei 
Toy  oka  wa  head  of  the  Nippon  Yuscn  Kais/ia  who  received 
this  amount  as  a  special  bonus. 

10,000  yen  to  Tokyo  charities  by  Mr.  Kichibei  Murai 
as  a  memorial  to  his  late  wife. 

10000  yen  to  various  charities  by  Mr.  Kono  of  Tokyo 
on  his  seventy  fourth  birthday. 

io,oco  yen  to  A^.yama  Gakuin  by  Mr.  U.  Yoneyama. 

10,000  yen  to  be  given  yearly  to  charities  by  a  family 
in  Kyushu. 

9,128  yen  to  well-known  charities  by  the  Kobayashi 
Dentifrice  Co,  In  the  past  fifteen  years  this  company  has 
given  nearly  a  quarter  of  a  million  yen  in  connection  with 
its  combination  advertising  and  philanthropy  scheme. 

THE  NEED  FOR  TEMPERANCE  PROPAGANDA 

The  Japanese  government  receives  from 

Japanese  Liquor       the  sake  tax  a  yearly  income  of  nearly 

100,000,000  yen,    and   over   50,000,000 


SOCIAL   SERVICE  331 

yen  more  from  the  tobacco  monopoly.  Japan's  oppor 
tunity  to  increase  her  liquor  trade  has  been  made  possible 
by  the  European  War.  At  the  present  moment,  Japanese 
Beer  companies  supply  almost  the  entire  beer  trade  of 
India,  China  and  the  Straits'  Settlements.  Before  the 
War  Japan  was  sending  600  gallons  of  beer  a  month 
to  India.  She  now  supplies  more  than  ten  times  that 
amount. 

The  Osaka  Higher  Technical  School 
Training  Brewers  has  a  special  course  to  train  young  men 
to  be  expert  brewers,  which  means  that 
one  of  the  higher  schools  of  Japan  is  deliberatively  training 
young  men  to  go  out  to  engage  in  a  business  which  is 
destroying  the  life  of  the  nation. 

It  has  been  ascertained  that  the  height 

Waste  and  average  weight  of  the  Japanese  youth 

are  decreasing.     Dr.    Baron  Takagi  has 

said  that  although  the  average  age  of  men  thirty  years  ago 

was  a  little  more  than  39,  and  that  of  women  nearly  38,  it 

has  now  sunk  to  31   for  the  men,  and  to  31  *_>  for  women. 

The    Yamato  Shivibun  has  pointed  out  that  in   1915  sei/ce 

was  manufactured  to  the  amount  of  460,000,000  yen  and 

that  in   this   manufacture  48,000,000  yen's  worth  of  rice 

was  wasted. 

It  is  said  that  an  ordinary  working  man,  with  an  income 
of  not  more  18  or  20  yen  a  month,  will  spend  3  yen  a  month 
for  sake,  and  50  sen  for  tobacco. 

An  educational  campaign  is  needed  not 
Education  Needed  Only  among  the  common  people,  but 
even  more  among  educators,  officials, 
merchants,  parents,  and  particularly  among  young  people 
of  all  classes.  If  information  a.s  to  the  evils  and  follies  of 
alcoholism  could  be  scattered  broadcast  by  means  of 
literature,  if  the  real  causes  of  crime,  poverty,  moral 
degradation,  the  present  physical  decline  of  the  nation, 
could  be  inculcated  in  the  minds  of  the  rising  generation, 
and  could  reach  the  general  public  through  newspapers 
and  magazines,  a  change  of  sentiment  could  be  brought 
about,  and  the  drink  evil  greatly  diminished. 


332  JAPAN 

PRACTICAL   SUGGESTIONS 

The  Committee  makes  nine  recommendations  —  four 
negative  and  five  positive  : 

I.  Negative  or  destructive  work.      That   attacks    be 
made  on  the  following  social  evils  : 

1.  Licensed  Prostitution. 

2.  The    Geisha  System. 

3.  The  Liquor  Traffic. 

4.  The  evil  of  the  Industrial  System,  especially  the 

overwork  of  women  and  children. 

II.  Positive  or  constructive  undertakings: 

1.  Promote  playgrounds  and  athletics. 

2.  Industrial  Church    work — study   especially  the 

experiment  being  made  at  the  Misaki  Taber 
nacle  in  Tokyo. 

3.  Undertake  some  definite  social  work. 

4.  Seek    for    gifts   from    non-Christians   for    social 

service  undertakings. 

5.  Develop  public  opinion  —  encourage    the  news 

papers  and  supply  them  with   material    from 
abroad. 

If  each  Christian  worker  in  Japan  would  undertake 
some  definite  piece  of  social  service  the  total  volume  would 
be  tremendous.  Such  work  must  be  done  if  the  Kingdom 
of  God  is  really  to  be  established  in  this  virile,  modern 
Empire. 


PART  X 
OBITUARIES 


I.— HARRIET  S.  ALLING 

Harriet  S.  Ailing  was  born  at  Lexington.  New  York,  in 
the  Catskill  Mountains,  Dec.  19,  1862  and  died  at 
Lake  Bluff,  Illinois,  Feb.  11,  1916.  Her  education 
was  received  in  the  New  York  State  Normal  and  Training 
Schcol,  situated  at  Oswego,  from  which  she  was  graduated 
in  1 883.  In  1 894  she  studied  at  the  University  of  Chicago. 
As  a  child  she  dreamed  of  foreign  mission  work  and  later 
in  one  of  life's  crises  came  the  definite  call,  obeying  which 
she  offered  herself  to  the  Board  of  Foreign  Missions  of  the 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church  and  arrived  in  Japan  Septem 
ber  1 887.  For  five  years  she  taught  in  the  Aoyania 
Gaktdn  but  after  furlough  returned  to  Japan  under  the 
Woman's  Foreign  Missionary  Society  and  with  the  excep 
tion  of  two  years  spent  in  Nagoya  was  connected  there 
after  with  the  Aoyania  /<?  Gakidn. 

Miss  Ailing  was  one  of  those  great  hearted,  self  sacri 
ficing,  enthusiastic,  energetic  personalities  whose  virtues 
stand  out  most  clearly  in  perspective.  A  lover  of  children, 
a  born  teacher,  she  was  never  happier  than  when 
surrounded  by  pupils  whether  in  the  class  room  or  in  the 
out-of-doors,  which  afforded  her  not  only  recreation  but 
opportunity  for  discovery. 

She  left  Japan  in  February  1912  to  care  for  her  aged 
mother.  The  way  soon  opened  lor  her  to  become  one  of 
the  Society's  field  secretaries,  in  which  capacity  she  served 
with  marked  success.  She  was  an  ardent  lover  of  Japan 
and  not  until  within  a  few  weeks  of  her  death  would  she 
abandon  hope  of  returning.  However  as  the  home  going 
drew  near  she  remarked  to  a  friend,  "  The  impressions  of 
heaven  are  far  sweeter  than  memories  of  Japan." 

So  much  did  Miss  Ailing  impress  herself  upon  her 
Japanese  students  and  friends  that  they  have  asked  the 
privilege  of  erecting  a  memorial  stone  to  mark  her  grave 
in  one  of  Chicago's  beautiful  cemet cries.  Of  her  it  may 
be  truly  sajd  she  lived  to  love  and  serve. 


336  JAPAN 


II.— ELLA  BLACKSTOCK 

Miss  Ella  Blackstock,  of  Lafayette,  Indiana,  was  the 
daughter  of  an  itinerant  Methodist  minister  of  Scotch 
ancestry  and  her  early  home  was  on  the  frontiers  of  both 
New  York  state  and  Canada. 

Responding  to  the  call  for  a  teacher  of  industrial  work, 
for  the  establishment  of  which  Mrs.  Flora  Best  Harris  had 
been  untiring  in  her  efforts,  Miss  Blackstock  came  to  Japan 
in  December,  1889,  and  taught  drawing  and  other 
branches,  first  in  Tsukiji,  later  in  a  private  school  in  Azabu, 
and  finally  in  Aoyama,  where  the  Harrison  Memorial 
Industrial  School  was  opened  September  13,  1893. 
Under  her  efficient  supervision  popular  industrial  courses 
were  successfully  taught  as  well  as  the  ordinary  High 
School  studies.  Superior  work  in  embroidery  won  a 
silver  medal  at  one  of  the  annual  exhibitions  of  the  Ladies 
Fine  Arts  Society  in  Tokyo.  The  building  up  of  Christian 
character  was  strongly  emphasized  ;  A  King's  Daughters' 
Circle  was  formed  which  did  much  benevolent  work. 
Miss  Blackstock's  devotion  to  her  pupils  and  their  interests 
was  unbounded  and  the  annual  reunions  of  the  graduates 
were  seasons  of  great  delight  to  her.  Taking  but  two 
furloughs  in  her  twenty-four  years  of  service  Miss 
Blackstock  gave  herself  wholly  to  her  work  and  could  not 
be  persuaded  to  mingle  in  social  enjoyment  outside  of  her 
immediate  missionary  circle.  For  many  years  she  was  the 
housekeeper  of  the  Aoyama  fo  Gakuin  family  ;  her  artistic 
sense  and  exquisite  taste  in  floral  decoration  were  a  joy  and 
pleasure  to  all.  Returning  to  the  homeland  in  April  1913, 
her  health  gradually  failed  until  the  end  came  peacefully 
on  May  13,  1916.  Tenderly  was  she  ministered  to  by 
loving  hands,  and  precious  will  be  her  memory  in  the 
hearts  ol  her  former  pupils  and  friends  in  both  Japan  and 
America. 


OBITUARIES  337 

III.— WILLIAM  ALEXANDER  FLINT  CAMPBELL 
AND  HIS  WIFE  JEAN  CAMPBELL 

BY  D.  R.  MCKENZIE 

Rev.  W.  A.  F.  Campbell  and  Mrs.  Campbell  were 
members  of  the  Canadian  Methodist  Mission.  Both  were 
born  in  the  same  year,  1883,  in  the  Province  of  Ontario, 
Canada.  His  life  from  childhood  was  one  of  struggle. 
Long  before  he  finished  his  primary  school  education  his 
parents  died  and  he  was  forced  out  into  the  world  to  earn 
his  living.  The  place  of  his  parents  was  taken  by  his  elder 
sister,  Mrs.  T.  H.  Pearse,  to  whom  he  owed  much.  He 
did  not  accept  his  handicap  in  life  however  because  ambi 
tion  stirred  in  his  heart  and  he  determined  to  acquire  an 
education.  It  was  this  ambition  and  calm  determination, 
coupled  with  a  sunny  disposition  and  a  strong  sense  of 
humor  which  enabled  him  to  overcome  his  initial  handicap. 
It  was  while  a  member  of  Agnes  St.  Church,  Toronto 
that  he  first  met  Jean  Collinson  who  was  to  be  his  wife. 
At  that  time  his  face  was  already  set  toward  the  ministry 
and  it  was  there  that  they  plighted  themselves  to  each 
other  and  to  the  great  work  of  the  Lord.  For  a  time  their 
lines  of  life  separated  again.  He  went  out  on  circuit  and 
later  to  Albert  College  while  she,  a  beautiful  contralto 
singer  took  up  her  work  as  soloist  in  Avenue  Road 
Presbyterian  Church.  Later  he  returned  to  Victoria 
Theological  College  and  she  took  a  course  in  the  Deaconess 
Training  School.  While  at  College  his  tall  strong  frame, 
his  flcetness  of  foot  and  fearless  disposition  made  him  the 
idol  of  the  lovers  of  Rugby  and  gave  him  a  great  influence 
over  the  men  of  the  College.  This  led  to  the  missionary 
leaders  of  the  College  giving  him  special  attention  and  it 
was  not  long  before  he  decided  to  give  his  life  to  China. 
During  his  term  at  College  he  acted  as  Assistant  pastor  in 
a  church  in  the  slum  area  in  Toronto  and  did  very  faithful 
work,  especially  among  the  boys,  with  whom  he  was  a 
universal  favorite. 

It  seems  they  were  not  destined  to  go  to  China  because, 


338  JAPAN 

acting  on  the  advice  of  the  General  Secretary  after  spend 
ing  a  year  on  circuit  they  decided  to  go  to  Japan.  They 
arrived  in  the  fall  of  1914  and  spent  two  years  at  the 
language  school  in  Tokyo.  During  these  two  years  Mr. 
Campbell  did  a  great  deal  of  work  among  the  students  of 
the  higher  grade  schools  and  since  the  spring  of  1916  had 
complete  charge  of  all  English  work  in  the  Central 
Tabernacle,  Tokyo.  Mrs.  Campbell's  gift  as  a  singer 
soon  made  her  well  known  in  Tokyo  musical  circles. 
Notwithstanding  her  home  duties  and  many  calls  upon 
her  time  she  was  one  of  the  few  married  women  to 
complete  the  two  years  course  at  the  language 
school. 

After  school  closed  in  June  they  went  to  Karuizawa  and 
lived  in  the  "  Grove  "  at  No.  563.  Shortly  after  midnight 
Sunday  July  i6th,  they  met  death  at  the  hands  of  a  robber. 
There  would  seem  little  to  relieve  the  darkness  of  what 
seems  to  our  human  eyes  an  untimely  end,  but  yet  there 
was  much.  There  was  the  unfaltering  faithfulness  of  the 
servant  under  the  severest  trial,  the  spontaneous  sympathy 
of  the  people  in  Karuizawa  and  the  towns  through  which 
the  funeral  train  passed  and  the  unstinted  kindness  of  the 
police  and  railway  officials.  In  Tokyo  there  was  the 
gathering  of  the  students  whom  their  lives  had  touched  to 
pay  their  last  tribute  at  the  graves  of  the  departed.  To 
those  who  witnessed  the  funeral  service  at  Karuizawa  it 
will  long  stand  out  as  a  day  when  God  came  near  to  his 
people.  His  beautiful  wild  flowers,  which  no  art  but 
his  own  had  shaped  mellowed  our  sorrow  and  enabled 
us  to  feel  God's  presence.  For  that  day  at  least  the 
foreign  community  was  one  great  family  gathered  about 
the  biers  of  two  of  its  most  promising  children.  On 
Tuesday  July  i8th.,  1916  the  bodies  were  laid  to  rest 
in  Aoyama  Cemetery,  Tokyo.  They  "  were  lovely 
and  pleasant  in  their  lives  and  in  death  they  were  not 
divided." 


OBITUARIES  339 

IV.— ABBY  MARIA  COLBY 
BY  J.  II.  PKTTEE 

On  January  fifth  of  the  present  year,  the  closing  day  of 
the  annual  conference  of  Federated  Missions,  Miss  Colby 
quietly  fell  asleep  at  the  Teachers'  Home,  Baikwa  Girls' 
School,  Osaka. 

Born  July  9,  1847  in  New  England  of  Puritan  stock  she 
came  to  Japan  in  1879  in  response  to  Dr.  Neesima's  appeal 
for  helpers.  Trained  as  a  nurse  and  skilful  in  the  sickroom 
her  services  were  much  in  demand  in  those  days  when 
there  were  no  Japanese  nurses.  She  was  a  woman  of 
strong  convictions,  a  pronounced  radical  in  matters  of  sex 
rights  and  of  justice  between  individuals  of  different  social 
layers  and  nations  of  various  racial  types. 

It  was  a  tradition  in  her  mission  that  no  one  could  do 
Miss  Colby  a  favor  but  that  every  one  was  indebted  to  her 
for  many  kindnesses.  She  never  thought  of  herself  until 
compelled  to  do  so  by  ill  health  caused  by  service  for 
others.  For  a  third  of  a  century  she  labored  devotedly 
for  Plum -Blossom  Girls'  School,  Osaka,  in  which  she 
helpfully  served  hundreds  as  teacher,  personal  friend  and 
Christian  counsellor. 


V.— HERMAN  HENRY  COOK 
BY  H.  K.  MILLER 

This  very  active  missionary  of  the  Reformed  Church  in 
the  United  States,  located  at  Yamagata,  died  in  Tokyo, 
April  /th,  1916  of  paralysis  of  the  heart.  On  an  evan 
gelistic  trip  Mr.  Cook  caught  a  severe  cold,  which  rapidly 
developed  into  pneumonia,  and,  in  spite  of  all  medical  aid 
and  careful  nursing,  the  patient's  heart  gave  out. 

Mr.  Cook  was  born  in  New  Knoxville,  Ohio,  U.S.A., 
Sept.  20,  1878,  where  he  attended  the  public  schools.  He 
then  went  to  the  Mission  House,  a  Reformed  college  and 


34°  JAPAN 

theological  seminary,  at  Sheboygan,  Wisconsin,  from 
which  he  graduated  in  1902.  The  same  year  he  was 
appointed  a  missionary  to  Japan,  married  Miss  Emma 
Matilda  Fledderjohn,  and  was  ordained  to  the  Gospel 
minis^y.  Before  going  to  their  new  field  of  labor,  both 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Cook  spent  a  short  time  at  the  Moody 
Bible  Institute  in  Chicago.  They  first  settled  in  Sendai, 
where  Mr.  Cook  taught  English  and  German  in  Tohoku 
Gakuin  (North  Japan  College),  at  the  same  time  erecting 
a  neat  missionary  residence  for  the  use  of  himself  and 
family  and  a  handsome  church  building  for  the  Kita 
YobancJio  (North  Fourth  Street)  congregation.  Con 
siderable  financial  ability  and  resourcefulness,  architectural 
skill  and  no  little  self-denial  were  shown  in  carrying  out 
these  two  enterprises.  Not  content  with  teaching  English 
and  German,  Mr.  Cook  took  vigorous  hold  on  the 
Japanese  language,  often  burning  the  midnight  oil  studying 
the  same,  so  that  he  became  quite  proficient  in  both  the 
spoken  and  written  forms.  He  later  rroved  to  Yama- 
gata  where  he  lived  a  most  active  life.  Beside  other 
activities  he  itinerated  a  great  deal  in  Ryo-u  (Yamagata 
and  Akita  prefectures),  visiting  many  places  never  before 
reached  by  any  missionary.  He  kept  in  touch  with  the 
numerous  inquirers  secured  on  his  trips  by  sending  them 
the  little  paper  Ryo-u  no  Hikari  ("  Light  of  Ryo-u "), 
which  he  and  his  helper  issued.  In  his  evangelistic  work 
Mr.  Cook  used  various  expedients.  Sometimes  he  took 
with  him  his  violin,  sometimes  his  phonograph,  sometimes 
a  tent,  sometimes  a  magic  lantern.  Recently  a  classmate 
in  America,  learning  that  he  desired  to  have  a  motorcycle 
with  side-car,  collected  the  money  for  one,  so  that  Mr. 
Cook  and  his  helper  were  able  to  go  the  rounds  more 
easily. 

The  deceased  missionary  was  retiring  in "  disposition, 
but  persevering  and  of  a  practical  turn  of  mind.  Evan 
gelistic  work  became  a  ruling  passion  with  him,  which 
showed  itself  even  in  death,  for  in  his  delirious  moments  he 
imagined  himself  on  his  tours  and  preaching  to  the  people. 


OBlTUARtES  341 

VI.— JOHN  LINCOLN  BEARING 

BY  \VII.I.IAM  AXI.ING 

Dr.  Bearing  was  born  in  Webster,  Maine,  on  Bee.  10, 
1858.  His  death  took  place  at  the  Clifton  Springs 
Sanitarium,  Clifton  Springs,  N.Y.  He  sprang  from  good 
old  New  England  stock  and  inherited  many  of  its  finer 
qualities.  He  was  educated  at  Colby  College,  Waterville, 
Maine,  and  took  his  theological  training  at  Newton 
Theological  Institution.  His  Alma  Mater  conferred  upon 
him  the  honorary  degree  of  Boctcr  of  Bivinity. 

He  landed  in  Japan  in  1889  as  a  missionary  of  the 
American  Baptist  Foreign  Mission  Society  and  for  twenty- 
seven  years  he  poured  out  his  life  in  behalf  of  the  Christian 
cause  in  this  Empire.  In  1891  he  married  Miss  Mary 
Lyons  Hinckley,  the  daughter  of  a  Baptist  clergyman, 
and  her  charming  personality  and  many  rich  gifts  con 
tributed  much  toward  making  Br.  Bearing's  life  and  work 
the  signal  success  that  it  was. 

Br.  Bearing  lived  in  Yokohama  during  the  entire  time 
of  his  service.  For  fourtceen  years  he  was  president  of 
the  Baptist  Theological  Seminary.  Buring  his  presidency 
he  made  this  a  modern  up  to-date  institution  with  new 
buildings,  an  adequate  curriculum,  and  an  efficient  faculty. 
In  the  Baptist  Mission  he  was  an  out  standing  figure  and 
often  his  ideas  and  plans  were  far  in  advance  of  those  of 
his  colleagues.  lie  was  essentially  an  administrator  and 
his  advanced  ideas  along  these  lines  did  much  to  bring 
about  a  more  efficient  field  organization  and  administration 
in  the  Baptist  ranks.  He  was  easily  the  most  representa 
tive  Baptist  that  has  labored  under  the  banner  of  that 
denomination  in  this  Empire. 

But  Br.  Bearing  was  not  a  denominationalist.  He  was 
a  missionary  of  the  best  type.  He  thought  and  planned 
in  terms  of  the  Kingdom.  His  was  the  larger  outlook, 
the  broader  horizon.  And  in  a  peculiar  way  he  won  the 
confidence  of  the  entire  missionary  community  of  this 
nation.  The  result  was  that  it  laid  heavy  responsibilities 


342  JAPAN 

upon  his  shoulders.  As  editor  of  THE  CHRISTIAN 
MOVEMENT,  as  secretary  of  the  Conference  of  Federated 
Missions,  as  treasurer  and  foreign  secretary  of  the  Three 
Year  Union  Evangelistic  Movement,  as  secretary  of 
the  Japan  Continuation  Committee  his  splendid  abilities 
were  exercised  in  a  far-reaching  service  and  he  proved 
himself  equal  to  the  opportunities  that  confronted  him. 
He  was  an  indefatigable  worker.  He  put  his  whole 
soul  into  every  task  which  he  undertook,  and  left  his 
moulding  touch  upon  every  movement  with  which  he  was 
connected. 

Dr.  Dearing  was  not  only  large  in  brain  and  in  mind 
but  he  was  large  in  heart.  He  loved  folks.  He  had  a 
genius  for  friendship.  He  was  happiest  when  helping 
others.  Multitudes  of  people  have  found  the  skein  of  life 
more  easily  untangled  because  of  his  help.  His  whole- 
souled  helpfulness  lifted  the  burden  from  many  a  heart. 
He  also  had  a  genius  for  hospitality.  The  Dearing  home 
was  everyone's  home.  Here  numberless  men  and  women 
found  the  elixir  of  unselfish  friendship,  and  went  forth  to 
face  life  and  its  problems  with  new  courage  and  a  larger 
hope.  Both  Dr.  and  Mrs.  Dearing  were  happiest  when 
their  home  was  full  of  friends. 

Because  we  see  his  face  no  more  our  hearts  are  op 
pressed  by  a  keen  sense  of  loneliness.  But  his  influence 
and  life  have  gone  into  the  warp  and  woof  of  an  untold 
number  of  other  lives  and  the  world  has  more  of  the 
Christ  in  it  because  he  lived  and  labored  here  for  a 
season. 


VII.— MARY  ELIZA  MELTON 

By  MARIANA  YOUNG 

Miss  Mary  E.  Melton  was  born  in  Jacksonville, 
Illinois,  March  19,  1873.  Reared  in  a  cultured  home, 
surrounded  by  every  comfort  love  could  bestow, 
educated  in  the  public  schools  and  College  of  her  own 
city,  she  grew  to  young  womanhood  in  a  center  of  great 


OBITUARIES  343 

spiritual  power,  as  Jacksonville  then  was.  At  eighteen  she 
made  complete  surrender  to  her  Lord.  Henceforth  His 
will  and  way  were  hers.  God  became  more  real  to  her 
than  people.  She  walked  with  Him,  and  the  halo  of 
Divine  grace  was  ever  reflected  in  her  radiant  smile,  and 
gracious  manner,  "  that  in  every  thing  Jesus  might  have 
the  preeminence." 

God  had  large  plans  for  one  so  well  prepared  to  serve 
Him,  and  when  He  said  the  "foreign  field,"  her  will  was 
His. 

Arriving  in  Nagasaki  in  December  1897,  s^ie  to°k  charge 
of  the  Biblical  department  and  city  work  connected  with 
Kwassuijo  Gakko,  and  held  this  position,  except  when  on 
furlough,  until  the  day  of  her  translation.  A  graduate  of 
the  Chicago  Training  School,  a  student  of  Moody's 
Institute,  she  was  ably  prepared  for  this  work.  During 
her  years  of  service,  she  kept  in  touch  with  great  Bible 
teachers,  enlarged  her  library  with  the  best  spiritual  help?, 
and  when  home  on  furlough  further  refreshed  her  mind 
with  study  at  Moody's  and  at  Dr.  White's  Bible  School  in 
New  York  City. 

Possessing  a  remarkable  capacity  for  friendship  and  rare 
ability  in  touching  lives,  her  life  work  was  a  ministry  for 
others,  and  a  multitude  of  friends  in  many  lands  testified  in 
various  ways  to  the  loss  of  "  my  best  friend."  She  disliked 
crowds,  but  loved  people. 

Although  she  rarely  appeared  in  public,  yet  her  counsel 
and  influence  were  felt  in  every  line  of  school  or  conference 
activity.  For  nineteen  years  she  poured  herself  out  in  a 
ministry  of  service  but  little  realized  by  those  about  her  but 
more  fully  revealed  in  her  sickness  and  death  in  manifold 
ways,  as  friend  after  friend,  by  a  profusion  of  floral  offerings 
and  other  expressions  of  loving  regard  manifested  their 
grief  and  personal  loss. 

The  joy  of  the  years  of  fellowship  with  her  and  the  halo 
of  her  radiant  life  will  remain  forever  with  all  whom  she 
touched,  as  an  inspiration  to  give  their  best  to  the  Matter's 
service. 


344  JAPAN 


VIII.— CROWDER  B.  MOSELY 
BY  J.  C.  C.  NEWTON 

The  Reverend  Crowder  B.  Mosely,  A.  B.,  D.  D.,  was 
born  in  1860  in  the  state  of  Arkansas,  U.  S.  A.,  and  died 
in  peace  in  the  city  of  Seattle,  Aug.  17,  1916.  His  widow 
and  six  children  survive  him  to  mourn  their  great  loss. 

Mr.  Moseley's  education  began  with  the  local  schools 
of  his  community,  was  continued  in  Quitman  College  in 
his  native  state,  and  then  was  further  pursued  in  Vanderbilt 
University.  In  later  years,  he  pursued  special  studies  in 
the  University  of  Chicago. 

After  a  brief  period  of  ministerial  service  in  the  Arkansas 
Annual  Conference  of  the  Methodist  Episcop.il  Church, 
South,  he  was  accepted  and  sent  to  Japan  by  the  Foreign 
Mission  Board  of  his  church,  in  the  year  1887.  The 
Japan  Mission  of  that  church  had  been  opened  only  the 
year  before,  in  the  regions  of  the  Inland  S^a.  He  was 
fortunate  in  being  associated  in  the  beginning  of  his 
missionary  career  with  the  two  great  founders  of  the 
Southen  Methodist  Mission  in  Japan,  the  late  Dr.  James 
W.  Lambuth  and  his  son  (now)  Bishop  W.  R.  Lambuth. 

Mr.  Moseley's  first  experience  was  as  a  teacher  in 
government  schools.  At  Wakayama  and  then  at  Matsu- 
yama  he  was  engaged  in  teaching  in  middle  schools ; 
meanwhile  he  was  studying  the  Japanese  language,  and 
had  charge  of  chapels  quite  recently  opened  in  those 
cities.  In  these  chapels  he  had  to  preach  regularly 
through  an  interpreter.  Those  were  truly  strenuous  days 
for  the  young  missionary  of  his  Mission. 

After  three  or  four  years,  Mr.  Moseley  was  transferred 
to  Kobe  where  he  became  the  pastor  of  the  Methodist 
Church,  at  the  same  time  teaching  in  the  Biblical  Depart 
ment  of  the  Kivamei  Gakuin.  Later  still,  he  became 
the  Presiding  Elder  of  the  Kobe  District,  and  at  the 
same  time  Preacher  in  Charge  of  the  Kobe  Circuit. 
These  responsible  positions  he  held  for  several  years  in 
succession. 


OBITUARIES  345 

After  many  years  of  faithful  service  at  Kobe,  he  was 
transferred  to  Osaka  and  after  that  to  Yamiguchi. 

Finally,  he  was  transferred  back  to  Kobe,  and  became 
the  Principal  of  the  Palmore  Institute,  an  English  Night 
School  well  known  in  that  growing  city.  Mis  administra 
tion  of  this  school  was  successful  and  with  others  who 
went  before  him  prepared  the  way  for  larger  things  that 
came  afterwards. 

In  all  these  varied  and  numerous  branches  of  service, 
one  thing  he  persistently  and  patiently  pursued  was  the 
study  of  the  Japanese  language.  His  knowledge  of 
grammar  and  of  the  written  characters  was  remarkable 
considering  the  other  numerous  duties  performed. 

One  contribution  made  by  him  was  a  small  Theological 
Dictionary.  It  was  revised  by  him  before  his  death,  and 
the  writer  can  testify  to  its  usefulness. 

Returning  to  America  because  of  ill  health  he  resided 
with  his  family  until  his  death  in  the  city  of  Seattle. 

The  striking  qualities  of  his  character  and  work  were 
perseverance,  courage,  strong  convictions,  loyalty  to  his 
friends  both  missionary  and  Japanese,  especially  in  times 
of  trouble  or  need.  Though  quiet  in  manner,  in  the 
social  circle  he  was  cordial  and  courteous. 

October  15,  1890,  he  was  married  to  Miss  Ada  A. 
Reagan,  herself  a  minister's  daughter  and  a  missionary 
who  had  had  a  short  period  of  service  in  Chim.  Of  this 
happy  union,  were  born  six  children.  It  was  in  his  home 
life  as  an  affectionate  husband  and  a  considerate  father  that 
he  was  highly  blessed. 

Blessed  indeed  is  every  harmonious  well  regulated 
missionary  home.  Assured  of  the  tender  care  of  his 
children  toward  their  widowed  mother,  he  passed  away  in 
faith  and  peace. 

To  our  colleague  who  had  toiled  faithfully  and  suffered 
much,  requiescat  in  pace. 


346  JAPAN 

IX.— CAROLINE  WAUGHOP  VAN  PETTEN 

BY  GEORGIANA  BAUCUS 

Born  in  Washington,  111.  May  31,  1854 
Died  in  Santa  Monica,  Cal.  Oct.  24,  1916 

Reared  in  the  country  with  brothers  for  play- mates, 
Caroline  Waughop  naturally  formed  the  "  habit  of  health  " 
which  remained  unbroken  until  within  two  years  of  her 
death,  and  which  made  her  very  patient  with  the  tyrannies 
and  exactions  which  Disease  finally  laid  upon  her.  "  After 
sixty  years  of  health  I  cannot  complain  of  sixty  days  in 
hospital,"  she  wrote. 

A  graduate  of  Northwestern  University,  her  intellectual 
equipment  was  in  keeping  with  her  superb  physical 
capacity  for  work.  And  as  she  lived  the  life  of  faith 
from  childhood,  a  rapid  succession  of  sorrows  culminating 
in  the  death  of  her  husband  after  only  five  months  of 
married  life,  made  her  spiritual  preparation  for  the  Mission 
field  complete. 

Coming  to  Japan  under  the  auspices  of  the  Woman's 
Foreign  Missionary  Society  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church  in  Sept.  1881,  if  she  could  have  remained  at  work 
a  few  months  longer,-  there  would  have  been  a  joyful 
thirty-fifth  anniversary  to  celebrate.  Most  of  those  years 
were  spent  in  the  port  of  arrival,  and,  though  her  annual 
appointment  read  only  "  Principal  of  Bible  Training 
School,  Yokohama,"  she  had  a  message  to  this  cosmopolitan 
community  which  made  her  abundant  in  labors  far  beyond 
the  bounds  of  her  Conference  appointment. 

We  called  her  the  "  Sunshine  Lady."  The  name  fitted 
her  perfectly.  There  was  such  a  cheerful  radiance  and 
delightful  optimism  in  her  presence,  it  was  like  basking  in 
the  sunshine  to  be  with  her. 

Her  power  of  sympathy  was  marvelous.  Whatever  the 
character  of  the  suffering  or  need,  it  appealed  to  her  instant 
ly,  and  at  once  she  responded,  not  with  idle  tears,  but  with 
active  plans  for  relief.  It  would  be  impossible  for  even  her 
most  intimate  friends  to  make  a  complete  record  of  all  the 


OBITUARIES  347 

sufferers  she  has  aided,  either  through  her  own  benevolence 
or  that  which  she  so  quietly  and  unobtrusively  engendered 
in  her  wide  circle  of  friends  and  acquaintances.  All  who 
knew  her  knew  that  funds  for  the  poor  and  afflicted  were 
absolutely  safe  in  her  hands  and  that  they  would  be,  not 
merely  wisely,  but  miraculously  used  with  that  power  of 
multiplication  which  our  Saviour  still  bestows  on  Mis  dis 
ciples  whose  loaves  and  fishes  are  too  few.  How  else  can 
we  account  for  the  wonders  that  she  wrought !  For  the 
hungry  who  were  fed,  for  the  naked  who  were  clothed, 
for  the  homeless  who  were  given  shelter,  for  the  blind  who 
were  befriended,  for  the  crippled  and  lame  who  were  made 
to  rejoice,  for  the  children  who  were  rescued,  educated 
and  trained  to  lives  of  usefulness,  for  the  sick  who  received 
medical  care  and  nursing,  for  the  dead  who  were  tenderly 
buried  1  And  all  the  time  as  her  heart  and  hands  were 
going  out  in  this  active,  sympathetic  service,  she  was  also 
busy  as  the  busiest  with  all  the  regular  tasks  of  other 
missionaries  in  the  way  of  teaching,  ca'ling,  writing,  hold 
ing  meetings,  committee  work,  etc. 

Humility  was  one  of  her  splendid  sunshine  virtues.  She 
was  willing  to  shine  anywhere,  on  the  sweetest  child  or  the 
most  repulsive  leper,  in  the  large  assembly  or  the  servants' 
prayer-meeting,  in  the  brilliant  social  gathering  or  by  the 
side  of  the  sick  and  dying.  Honors  came  to  her  quite 
unsought,  and  any  of  them  would  have  been  gladly  and 
readily  renounced  in  favor  of  increased  aid  for  any  of  her 
numerous  beneficiaries.  The  most  signal  honor  accorded 
to  her  by  the  Japanese  was  the  recognition  by  the  local 
Government  of  her  manifold  works  of  charity  in  this  Ken. 
At  a  special  gathering  convened  for  the  purpose,  she  was 
one  of  four,  all  the  others  Japanese,  to  receive  a  handsome 
bronze  vase  and  testimonial  as  tokens  of  appreciation. 
When  congratulated  upon  ihe  honor,  she  naively  replied  : 
"  I  was  quite  disappointed  when  1  found  what  it  was  all 
about,  1  thought  I  was  going  to  receive  a  contribution  to 
the  work." 

Among  the  permanent  institutions  which  she  helped  to 
establish  and  always  befriended  are  the  Yokohama  Charity 
Hospital,  the  Yokohama  Blind  School  and  the  Aizawa 


348  JAPAN 

Day  Nursery.  Her  hand,  also,  laid  the  corner  stone  of 
the  beautiful  new  Union  Church  on  the  Bluff. 

Though  obedient  for  many  years  to  the  summons  of  a 
school-bell  and  faithful  in  all  her  class-room  routine,  the 
only  badge  of  that  service  she  carried  with  her  was  a 
methodical  regard  for  time  and  a  careful  division  of  her 
hours  even  in  her  fatal  illness.  During  those  last  weeks 
of  waning-  strength  after  her  hospital  experience,  she  had 
a  regular  hour  for  teaching  English  to  a  young  Japanese 
women  who  had  come  to  be  a  tenant  of  her  sister  in  Santa 
Monica.  She  had,  also,  an  hour  for  letter-writing,  and 
many  were  the  sweet,  loving  messages  of  comfort  and 
hope  which  went  from  her  couch  to  a  host  of  friends  far 
and  near.  Even  on  her  last  day  when  paralysis  had  so 
far  advanced  that  her  pen  must  be  fixed  between  the 
stiffened  fingers,  she  wrote  two  postal  cards  and  began  a 
letter  which  she  hoped  to  "  finish  on  the  morrow." 

Memorial  services  were  held  in  the  Training  School  of 
which  she  was  principal,  in  Union  Church  and  in  the 
Japanese  Church  with  which  she  was  especially  connected. 
The  last  cf  these  was  a  large,  representative  gathering 
attended  by  the  Governor  of  the  Ken  and  the  President 
of  the  Chamber  of  Commerce,  both  of  whom  took  part 
in  the  service.  The  Mayor,  also,  sent  a  message  of 
condolence. 

The  passing  of  the  Sunshine  Lady  has  left  a  heavy 
shadow  of  loss  and  loneliness  on  many  hearts,  but  it  has 
illuminated  the  path  to  Heaven  and  opened  the  door  a 
little  wider  for  us  to  see  the  joy  and  love  and  glory  which 
awaited  her.  H» 


KORBA 


PART  I 
MISSIONS 


CHAPTER  I 

BIBLE  SOCIETIES 


I.— THE  AMERICAN  BIBLE  SOCIETY 

BY  S.  A.  BKCK 

Our   work   has    been   carried   on    as 

Reduced  Force        usual    during     1916,     except      that     a 

considerable  reduction    in    the    force   of 

colporteurs   necessarily  reduced   our  circulation  for   the 

year,    and    we    can    already    forecast    a    much    greater 

decrease   for  the   year  1917    because   of  a   still    greater 

reduction    in    the    funds    available    for    the   support    of 

colporteurs. 

From  the  printers  we  have  received  a  total  of  343,250 
volumes,  95,000  volumes  having  been  produced  in 
Seoul. 

At  one  point  last  summer  a  disastrous  flood  destroyed 
the  home  of  the  Bible  Woman  and  the  colporteur,  as  well 
as  very  many  of  the  homes  of  the  people  among  whom 
they  labored. 

Two  colporteurs  and  two  Bible  Women,  after  years  of 
faithful  service,  were  called  to  their  reward. 

The  Centennial  celebration  throughout  Korea  of  the 
organization  of  the  American  Bible  Society  was  fittingly 
observed  on  Bible  Society  Sunday  in  May. 

While  our  force  of  workers  has  been 
Good  Sales          smaller,  the  general  average  of  monthly 
sales   for   each   worker  has   slightly  in 
creased,  to  369  volumes. 


352 


KOREA 


ClRCCLATIOX 


Sales  by  Correspondents 
Sales  by  Colporteurs  

Bibles 
&O.T. 

•••  235 

New 
Test. 

2J39 

Portions 
2,185 

Total 
1916 

4.559 
422,368 

Total 
1915 

5,101 

•17  r  776 

Donations  at  Depot   

••> 

10 

27 

AO 

Sales  at  Depository    

^8 

2QC 

7OO 

CI7 

33 

Totals    806       9,297       417,497       427,600      481,431 


II.— BRITISH  AND  FOREIGN  BIBLE 
SOCIETY 

BY  THOMAS  HOURS 

In  spite  of  difficulties  occasioned  by 
Circulation  the  European  war  the  work  of  the  agency 
has  not  slackened.  The  circulation  by 
colportage,  which  is  the  chief  means  of  distribution,  was  a 
little  below  that  of  last  year.  This  is  accounted  for  by 
floods  in  the  southern  counties  which  hindered  many  of  the 
colporteurs  from  working  full  time,  and  the  visitation  of 
cholera,  which  necessitated  extreme  care  in  the  infected 
areas,  thereby  preventing  many  men  from  doing  their  usual 
amount  of  work.  The  total  circulation  was  801,968 
volumes,  a  decrease  of  24,667  from  that  of  1915.  Of 
these  9,493  were  in  Japanese,  1,381  in  Chinese,  and  the 
remainder  in  Mixed  Script  and  Eunmun.  An  average  of 
156  colporteurs  and  25  Biblewomen  were  supported,  who 
visited,  not  only  the  busy  centres,  but  also  the  lonely 
hamlets  that  lie  hidden  among  the  mountains.  From  many 
quarters  we  hear  of  conversions  through  the  efforts  of  these 
faithful  workers.  Were  it  not  for  their  labours  many 
would  not  as  yet  have  heard  the  story  of  Jesus.  One 
missionary,  in  writing  of  his  own  field  states : 

"  We  are  very  grateful  for  the  work  of  the  man  you  sent 
us.  In  the  Myong  Chon  northern  villages  where  about 
six  thousand  copies  of  the  Gospel?  were  sold,  no  regular 
worker  of  the  church  has  ever  been,  and  were  it  not  for 


BIBLE   SOCIETIES  353 

thework  of  the  Bible  Society  ten  thousand  persons  or  more 
in  that  district  would  never  as  yet  have  heard  the  Gospel." 

From  another  missionary  who  has  colporteurs  under 
his  care  we  have  the  following  testimony  :— 

"  It  is  an  increasing  joy  to  us  to  note  the  energy,  patience, 
and  politeness  being  manifested  by  our  colporteurs.  They 
have  become  more  skilful  and  acceptable  in  treating  with 
the  people.  The  book  agent  is  never  very  popular  in  any 
land  but  he  certainly  has  been  better  received  here  this 
past  year  than  ever  before." 

TABLE  OK  CIRCULATION 

Bibles    New    „    ..          Totals    Totals     Totals 
Channels  c  .,.  ,.,  ...    .     Portions 

&OT.  lests.  1916       1915        1914 

Colporlage  Sales 558  6,816  676,978  684,352  707,470  661,493 

Com.  Sellers  Sales  ...       78  792  1,470       2,340     20,081  9,094 

Biblewomen's  Sales...       38  246  36,050     36,334     38,589  41,277 

Depot  Sales 1,178  19,195  57,703     78,076     59,839  41,664 

l-'ree  Grants 43  472  351          866          656  1,852 

Total    1,895  27>521  772-552  801,968  826,635  755,380 

PUBLICATIONS 

We  published  15,000  New  Testaments  in  5  type; 
3,000  New  Testaments,  2,000  New  Testaments  Mixed 
Script  in  6  type;  100,000  Proverbs,  100,000  Matthew, 
100,000  Mark,  100,000  Luke,  100,000  John  and  50,000 
Acts  in  5  type,  a  total  of  570,000  volumes. 


CHAPTER  II 

THE  KOREAN  RELIGIOUS  BOOK  AND 
TRACT  SOCIETY 


BY  J.  L,  GERDINE 

Offices The  Tract  House,  Seoul,  Korea. 

President Rev.  J.  L.  Gerdine. 

Vice  President O.  R.  Avison,  M.  U. 

Recording  Secretary... Rev.  E.  M.  Koons. 

Treasurer Mr.  Thos.  Hobbs. 

General  Secretary  Mr.  Gerald  Bonwick. 

The  name  of  the  Society  has  been 
Change  of  Name  changed  by  the  insertion  of  the  word 
"  Boole."  The  new  name — "  The  Korean 
Religious  Book  and  Tract  Society " — more  properly 
indicates  the  scope  of  the  society's  field.  Unlike  most  of 
the  mission  fields  we  have  no  separate  society  for  the 
production  of  Christian  literature.  Our  society  is  now 
earnestly  endeavoring  to  provide  for  the  preparation,  out 
put  and  distribution  of  the  books  and  literature  needed  for 
the  furtherance  of  the  Kingdom  of  Christ  in  Korea.  To 
do  so  will  necessitate  the  procuring  of  a  much  larger 
annual  income  than  we  have  at  present.  It  is  to  this  end 
that  the  society  is  directing  its  best  efforts. 

The  General  Secretary  Mr.    Bonwick 

Better  Support        left  On  furlough  last  July  and  is  doing 

good    work    for    the    Society    both    in 

England  and  America.     During  his  visit  to  America  he 

had  a  conference  with  the  Secretaries  of  several  of  the 

Mission  Boards  that  have  work  in  Korea,  regarding  ways 

and  means  for  securing  a  larger  income  for  the  Society. 

The  Board  Secretaries  are  thoroughly  alive  to  the  need  for 

Christian  literature  for  Korea  and  recognize  our  society  as 


THE  KOREAN  RELIGIOUS  BOOK  AND  TRACT  SOCIETY     355 

the  best  agency  for  its  production.  At  their  suggestion 
the  missions  will  be  asked  to  make  their  annual  grants  to 
the  society  larger  than  at  present  and  also  to  set  aside  one 
or  two  men  to  devote  themselves  to  literary  work.  This 
seems  more  feasible  than  to  attempt  to  raise  an  endowment 
fund  sufficient  to  produce  an  annual  income»that  will 
provide  for  this  enlarged  work.  This  would  be  in 
accordance  with  what  is  already  being  done  by  the 
missions  in  Japan  and  China,  except  that  in  those  fields  the 
Literature  Society  is  not  the  Tract  Society. 

During  Mr.  Bomvick's  absence  his  office  duties  have 
been  apportioned  among  members  of  the  Executive 
Committee  of  the  Society  and  others  who  have  kindly 
agreed  to  share  the  burden.  Mr.  Hobbs  is  carrying  the 
largest  responsibility  and  devoting  the  greatest  amount  of 
time  to  this  work.  Much  credit  is  due  to  the  Korean 
office  staff,  which  having  been  trained  by  Mr.  Bomvick  is 
able  to  keep  the  accounts,  stock  and  general  run  of  work 
in  good  shape.  While  the  society's  work  has  gone  on 
well  since  Mr.  Bonwick's  departure  all  parties  interested  will 
be  greatly  relieved  when  his  experienced  hand  is  again  at 
the  helm. 

During  the  past  year  the  Society  has 
Coiporlage  made  its  first  experiment  in  the  employ 
ment  of  a  regular  travelling  colporteur. 
His  work  has  been  confined  to  the  province  of  which 
Seoul  is  the  center.  He  has  visited  210  churches  and 
sold  1535  religious  books  and  tracts.  The  receipts  from 
sales-  amount  to  240.00  yen  while  the  expense  including 
commission  totals  246.00  yen.  It  was  not  expected  that 
this  method  of  distribution  could  be  self  supporting.  The 
experiment  has  proved  of  value  to  the  churches,  but 
expensive  to  the  Society.  We  will  only  ba  able  to  do 
such  colportage  work  to  any  considerable  extent  by 
securing  a  special  income  for  that  purpose.  We  feel  that 
this  would  be  desirable. 

The   union    newspaper  has    just  com- 

Chrlstlan  pleted  its  first  volume.     During  the  year 

Messenger  j{s  subscription   list  has   grown  to  2952. 

In  December  1915  4500  copies  per  week 


356  KOREA 

were  issued  and  distributed  free  in  the  effort  to  obtain 
subscribers  in  launching  the  enterprise.  Tin's,  ot  course, 
involved  a  considerable  outlay,  without  direct  return. 
Including  this  item  the  paper  shows  a  loss  during  13 
months  of  625.21  yen.  During  the  last  half  of  1916  the 
paper  hai  been  practically  self-supporting.  It  is  difficult 
to  determine  yet  as  to  whether  or  not  the  paper  will 
reach  a  safe  self-supporting  basis.  This  will  depend 
upon  our  success  in  obtaining  renewals  and  new  sub 
scriptions. 

Another  item  of  general  interest  is  the 
Sunday  School        distribution  of  Sunday  School  literature. 
These  items  for  1916  are  as  follows:— 

Annual  Adult  Manuals  on  Acts  of  I  he  Apostles  20,500 

„        Children's  Lesson  Pads  on  Acts 4,718 

„        Sets  of  Reward  Cards         „         3>412 

Total    28,630 

The  General  Statistics  with  which  we 
General  Statistics  close  our  report  indicate  that  the  society 
is  running  on  a  safe  financial  basis  and 
gradually  doing  an  enlarged  work.  It  is  far  from  meeting 
the  need  of  the  field  in  the  production  of  literature,  but 
represents  about  all  we  can  do  on  our  present  income. 
We  hope  for  a  larger  income  and  as  a  consequence  larger 
results  in  the  near  future. 

STATISTICS  FOR  YEAR  ENDING 
December  1916 

Copies  Distributed 1,218,145 

Copies  Published  889949 

Pages         „        4,626,940 

New  lilies  and  Editions 45 

Income  from  Sales    yen  17,212 

Net  Value  K  R.B.T.S.  Stock  4,548 


Total  Income    

Total  Expenditure    

Reserve  and  Cash  in  hand 

Total  Assets 

Total  Liabilities   

Capital  ., 


30,600 
3°>535 

3-353 
27,030 

8,178 
18,852 


CHAPTER  lit 

THE   METHODIST  GROUP 


I.—  METHODIST  EPISCOPAL  MISSION 
UY  W.  C.  Rui'- 


After  a  lifetime  of  devoted  missionary 
Bishop  Harris  service  in  Japan  and  Korea  and  twelve 
years  of  episcopal  supervision,  Bishop 
Harris  requested  the  General  Conference  of  1916  to  relieve 
him  from  official  duties.  Resolutions  were  passed  by  the 
Mission,  Annual  Conference,  and  other  organizations,  and 
many  loving  tributes  were  extended  in  recognition  of  the 
valuable  service  rendered.  The  unanimous  desire  is  that 
he  shall  continue  to  reside  on  the  field  to  assist  in  drawing 
together  in  Christ  the  two  races  that  dwell  together  in  his 
heart. 

The  announcement  of  the  appointment 

Bishop  Welch         of  Bishop  Herbert  Welch  to   Korea  and 

Japan,  the  first  candidate  for  bishop  elect 

ed  by  the  General  Conference  of  1916,  brought  joy   and 

thanksgiving  to  the  members  and  friends  of  the  Mission. 

His  arrival  in  December  to  assume  his  duties  marks  a  new 

era  in  the  history  of  the  Mission.     The  act  of  giving  the 

first  choice   of  the    church    to    the    Korea    Mission    is  a 

significant  feature  of  the   present  year  and  a  substantial 

promise  of  the  years  to  come. 

The    death    of  the    Rev.    Wilbur    C. 

W.  C.  Swearer        Swearer,    D.  D.,    removed    one    of    the 

pillars  of  the  church  in  Korea.     Arriving 

on  the  field  in  1898,  when  woikers  were  few  and  tasks 

were  many,  he  devoted  all  his  strength  to  the  duties  placed 

upon  him.     Although  in  poor  health  during  the  past  few 


358  KOREA 

years  his  zeal  and  courage  did  not  falter.  Last  February 
he  was  called  to  America  on  account  of  the  serious  illness 
of  Mrs.  Swearer's  mother.  In  a  farewell  message  to  the 
Conference  his  earnestness  and  fidelity  may  be  seen  in  his 
words  of  exhortation  :  "  We  must  pray  more  and  receive 
more  powerfully  than  ever  the  enduement  of  the  Holy 
Spirit,  and  labor  more  earnestly  than  ever  for  the  salvation 
of  our  fellowmen."  He  also  expressed  his  desire  to  return 
"  to  live  and  die  in  Chosen."  But  the  Master  said,  "  It  is 
enough."  His  last  hour  of  service  in  America  was  an 
evening  address  in  behalf  of  the  Korean  church,  after 
which  he  retired  to  his  last  sleep. 

EVANGELISTIC  WORK 

The  one  outstanding  feature  of  the  work  of  our  church 
in  Korea  is  the  evident  deepening  of  spiritual  life  and  un 
selfish  devotion  to  the  service  of  Jesus  Christ. 

Duiing  the  past  year  special  attention 
The  Forward         has  been  given  to  the  organization  and 
Movement  development  of  the  Forward  Movement, 

which  was  inaugurated  for  a  double 
purpose,  to  enlarge  the  spiritual  activity  and  to  develop 
the  financial  resources  of  the  church.  Special  consecra 
tion  meetings  were  held  in  all  the  churches  during  a  week 
in  April.  The  program  adopted  by  the  Annual  Con 
ference  for  that  period  was  the  one  announced  in  the 
"  Methodist  Forward  Movement  "  under  the  presidency 
of  Bishop  T.  S.  Henderson. 

Immediately  on  the  close  of  the  special 

The  Plan  of          meetings  in  preparation    for   the    larger 

Campaign  service,     the    work    was     organized     as 

follows : 

Hold  Bible  Classes  on  all  the  work  so  that  every  man, 
woman  and  child  within  the  church  may  have  the 
privilege  of  Bible  study. 

Conduct  special  revival  meetings  at  all  centers  so  that 
the  church  workers  may  be  uplifted  and  inspired  to  take 
a  larger  part  in  the  salvation  of  the  people. 


THE   METHODIST    GROUP  359 

Create  Sunday  Schools  wherever  possible,  especially 
among  the  non- Christian  children  and  thus  lay  foundations 
for  new  church  organizations. 

Bring  all  the  church  membership  into  active  personal 
work. 

Finally,  correlate  these  forces  with  the  object  of  doub 
ling  our  church  constituency  before  the  close  of  the 
campaign,  which  will  follow  a  period  similar  to  that 
inaugurated  in  America,  China,  and  other  parts  of  the 
world. 

The  financial  move  is  for  the  develop- 

Financial  Aim         ment  and  equipment  of  our  churches  and 

the   support    of    the    educational    work 

which  the  church  has  been  carrying.     The  aim  is  to  raise 

25,000.00  yen    for   these    purposes,    above   the    regular 

amount  contributed  by  the  churches  and   to  accomplish 

this   enterprise    within    the    conference   year.     The   total 

result  of  this  activity  on  the  part  of  the  churches  is  not 

before   us,   but  there  have  been  long  strides  of  advance 

along  all  these  lines. 

To  accomplish  these  ends  all  the 
Sunday  Schools  different  departments  of  the  work  have 
been  more  closely  unified  and  correlated. 
Last  year  the  special  work  for  the  Sunday  Schools  was 
mainly  educational,  pressing  home  upon  the  people  the 
great  need  of  thorough  Sunday  School  organizations  and 
the  necessity  of  their  development.  This  year  the  theories 
of  last  year  are  being  put  into  practise  and  many  schools 
organized.  As  a  testimony  to  the  appreciation  of  the 
local  church  of  the  new  move  in  Sunday  School  develop 
ment,  the  official  members  of  one  church  are  quoted  as 
saying,  "  Had  we  known  the  effectiveness  of  a  thoroughly 
organized  Sunday  School  we  would  not  have  worried  so 
over  the  loss  of  our  day  school."  This  particular  day 
school  had  been  closed  for  the  lack  of  funds. 

The  whole  work  has  been  strengthened 

Bible  Classes         anc]  more  unified  by  the  arrangement  of 

all  our  Bible    Institute   and    Bible  Class 

work  under  a  new  course  of  study  which  is  also  so  adjusted 


360  KOREA 

as  to  include  the  courses  of  study  assigned  to  the  Class 
Leaders,  Exhorters,  and  Local  Preachers.  These  courses 
were  worked  out  by  cooperative  effort  on  the  part  of  a 
Committee  fro:n  our  own  Conference  and  one  from  the 
Methodist  Episcopal  Mission,  South.  One  object  has 
been  that  all  the  members  of  the  local  church, 
both  the  lay  listener  and  student  and  also  the  lay 
teacher  and  preacher  shall  be  studying  and  contemplating 
the  same  Scriptural  truths  at  the  same  time  and  all  the 
time  and  that  all  our  churches  should  do  the  same,  thus 
making  the  family  worship,  the  appeal  from  the  pulpit,  and 
the  work  of  the  special  evangelist  more  intelligent  and  a 
greater  power  to  stir  the  believer  to  deeper  piety  and 
more  fruitful  living. 

In  one  country  group  where  the  special 
Immediate  Results  revival  work  was  being  held  330  new 
names  were  added  to  the  list  of  believers. 
This  is  a  higher  number  than  the  average  results  of  such 
efforts,  but  it  is  a  suggestion  of  the  thorough  work  done 
and  the  response  that  the  forward  movement  is  receiving. 
The  campaign  has  established  the  nuclei  of  new  Christian 
groups  even  in  the  most  inaccessible  sections  of  our  work. 
Some  of  the  churches  have  already  reported  more  than 
their  full  portion  of  the  financial  advance  under  the 
movement  which  was,  in  detail,  to  secure  from  each 
church. one  yen  for  eveiy  church  member. 

At    the    last    Annual    Conference    a 

Other  Korean     District      Superintendent     was 

Advancement         appointed  to  the  work  on  the  east  coast, 

which   makes   the   fourth    Korean    who 

how  shares  these  larger  responsibilities.     The  appointment 

of  better    trained    Exhorters    and    Local    Preachers   to 

assist  the  Pastors  in  their  work   has  been  a  noteworthy 

feature  of  the  year.     These  men  are  volunteer  workers 

and  receive  no  salary  cither  from  mission  funds   or  from 

the  local  churches.      Self-support    has    had    a    notable 

advance,  the    Pyeng  Yang  District  reports   an   advance 

of  2<->°/o   over  last  year  and   io°/o    is  for  the  preachers' 

salaries. 


THE    METHODIST   GROUP 


The  statistics  of  the  Church  are  as  follows  :  — 

Full  memljers    .................................  12,124 

I'robat  loners  ....................................  8,45  5 

Baptised  Children  ..............................  3>33^ 

Seekers  ..........................................  19,504 


Total 43,419 

Total  number  of  bap!  isms    1 ,630 

Number  of  Sunday  Schools 327 

Officers  and  teachers    1,827 

Number  of  scholars  25>°3I 

Cradle  Roll   2,240 

Total  enrollment  29,098 

Average  attendance  2I>3^5 

Number  of  Churches    49! 

Estima'ed  value  of  Churches  ¥148,510.00 

III  addition  to  the  number  of  Churches  there  are    158 
groups  who  worship  in  private  homes. 


MEDICAL  WORK 

The  mission  has  been  operating  three  hospitals  during 
this  year  ;  at  Wonju,  in  charge  of  Dr.  Anderson,  at  Pyeng 
Yang  in  charge  of  Dr.  Foil  well  and  at  Haiju  in  *charge  of 
Dr.  Norton.  The  work  has  been  uninterrupted  and  suc 
cessful  in  all  three  places,  with  a  general  tendency  toward 
growth,  although  in  no  place  has  the  growth  been 
phenomenal.  There  has  been  no  medical  work  in  Kongju 
and  little  or  none  in  Yeng  Byen  the  past  year. 

In  Pyeng  Yang  the  opening  of  the  new 

Pyeng  Yang.         hospital  has  been  the  event  of  the  year. 

It  is  a  beautiful  three-story  biick  building 

standing  near  the  West  Gate,  in  a  busy  part  of  the  city. 

A  training  school  for  nurses  has  been  opened  with  four 

pupils    and    with     Miss    Bessie    Kim,    the   accomplished 

Korean   Graduate  Nurse,  in  charge.     Dr.  Chang,  a  very 

competent  graduate  of  Severance  Union  Medical  College, 

assists  in  the  dispensary  and  has  won  many  friends  for  the 

institution. 

In   Wonju  the  last  station  opened  by 
Wonju  t]lc  Mission,  the  hospital  is  the  qnly  in 

stitution  of  its  kind,    native  or  foreign, 


362        .  KOREA 

within  200  li.  The  efficiency  of  the  work  has  been  in 
creased  this  year  by  securing  the  services  of  Dr.  Woo,  a 
graduate  of  the  government  medical  school,  as  assistant 
physician.  No  interruptions  now  occur  when  the  foreign 
doctor  is  necessarily  absent.  Native  prejudice  and  super 
stition  are  gradually  disappearing  and  confidence  is  being 
established.  The  local  receipts  have  incresed  yo°/o  the 
past  year. 

In  Haiju  the  work  has  been  slowly 
Haiju  recovering  from  the  effects  of  the 

Doctor's  furlough.  The  year  has  seen  the 
beginning  of  the  Nurse's  Training  School  with  a  regular 
schedule  of  study.  Native  nurses  were  employed  formerly 
but  without  any  adequate  course  of  study  being  arranged 
pending  the  arrival  of  the  trained  nurse  from  America. 
Miss  Battles  arrived  in  November,  1915,  and  the  work  was 
begun  with  the  new  year.  There  have  been  ups  and 
downs  but  the  prospects  are  now  brighter  than  formerly. 
The  low  esteem  in  which  the  natives  regard  the  occupation 
of  nursing  makes  it  difficult  to  secure  proper  candidates. 
Those  who  are  qualified  by  previous  schooling  do  not 
want  to  begin  the  training,  as  it  very  obviously  involves  a 
good  deal  of  hard  work  and  a  good  deal  that  is  dis 
agreeable.  Then  too,  sad  to  say,  the  Korean  women 
share  the  idea  of  many  Korean  men  that  one  who  has  a 
little  education  is  demeaned  by  manual  work,  which  finds 
a  large  place  in  the  duties  of  a  nurse.  It  is  hoped, 
however,  that  that  sentiment  which  now  regards  a  nurse 
as  a  mere  servant  to  the  sick  will  come  to  regard  her  work 
as  a  worthy  profession. 

All  the  doctors  realize  more  this  year 

Greater  Efficiency     than  ever  before  the  need  for  more  and 

better  trained  assistants  in  order  the  better 

to    carry    out   laboratory    diagnostic    examinations    and 

special    treatments    which  must    be    done    progressively 

better    year    by  year.      The    advance  already    made   in 

this  direction  is  reflected  in  better  collection  of  fees  than 

formerly,  which  means  that  patients  are  as  a  rule  willing  to 

pay    for    better   and    more    satisfactory   treatment.     The 

compensation  we  thus  receive  from  the  more  discriminating 


THE   MliTHODIST   GROUP  363 

and  financially  able  will  in  a  measure  enable  us  to  minister 
more  widely  to  those  who  can  not  pay  ;  and  the  thing 
which  attracts  the  former  class  is  the  likelihood  of  first 
class  treatment  which  they  can  expect  from  a  properly 
staffed  and  equipped  hospital.  A  lesson  which,  though 
not  new,  has  been  emphasized  during  the  year  is,  that  a 
hospital  adequately  equipped  with  apparatus  and  assistants, 
radiating  sympathy  through  an  atmosphere  of  Christian 
love  and  compassion,  is  a  great  asset  and  adjunct  to  the 
evangelistic  work  of  the  mission. 

The  mission's  representative  in   Sever- 

Union  Medical        ance  Union  Medical    College,    Dr.    Van 

School  Buskirk,   returned  from  his   furlough  in 

America    the    last    of  August    and    has 

been  at  his  duties  since  the  opening  of  the  fall  term. 

EDUCATIONAL  WORK 

The  Mission  has  practised  systematic 
Primary  Schools  giving  to  foster  primary  education  and 
to  encourage  native  effort  to  provide 
Christian  elementary  schools.  At  the  beginning  of  1916, 
it  became  necessary  to  cut  off  $c°.b  of  the  amount  annual 
ly  provided  for  this  purpose.  The  Koreans  have  heroically 
.shouldered  the  additional  burden,  so  only  a  few  schools 
have  been  closed,  while  the  number  of  students  has  con 
tinued  to  increase.  Concentration  at  places  where  special 
need  and  oppoitunity  exist  has  been  advocated  and  this 
principle  has  been  applied  wherever  it  appeared  to  be 
practicable.  Effort  has  also  been  directed  to  raise  the 
standard  of  teaching,  buildings,  and  equipment  ;  not 
merely  to  meet  the  Government  icquirernent,  but  to 
reach  the  highest  possible  point  of  efficiency.  Among 
the  schools  most  successful  along  this  line  are  the  Sang 
Dong  school,  Seoul,  and  the  Kwang  Sung  school,  Pyeng 
Yang.  The  Koreans  give  40  yen  per  month  for  the 
first,  and  60 yen  for  the  second,  in  addition  to  gratuitous 
service. 


364  KOREA 

The  union  primary  school  of  Seoul,  in 
Union  which  the    Presbyterian  Mission   North, 

Primary  Scool  an(j  the  two  Methodist  Missions  are  par 
ticipating,  has  enrolled  450  pupils.  The 
amount  of  native  support  has  increased,  which  indicates 
the  Korean  attitude  toward  the  institution.  Plans  for  new 
buildings  have  been  approved  by  two  of  the  missions,  and 
the  development  of  a  recognized  model  Common  School 
under  Christian  auspices  in  the  capital  is  considered  highly 
desirable. 

Pai  Chai,  the  oldest  mission  school  in 
Pai  Chai  Korea,  has  had  an  eventful  year.     Two 

new  buildings  have  been  erected,  one  for 
offices,  classrooms  and  general  school  purposes,  the  other 
ior  student  dormitories.  The  old  buildings  have  been 
repaired  and  remodelled  to  meet  the  new  conditions. 
Early  in  the  year  application  was  made  for  government 
recognition  as  a  Higher  Common  School.  This  was 
granted  and  a  new  charter  given  for  the  part  of  the  school 
conducted  in  the  new  building ;  \\hile  the  rights  and 
privileges  of  the  old  charter  where  retained  for  the  other 
part  of  the  school.  The  first  application  by  a  mission 
school  for  recognition  under  the  new  government  re- 
gu'ations  separating  religion  and  education  gave  oc 
casion  for  much  discussion  pro  and  con  ;  and  some  mis 
understanding  arose  among  the  missionaries,  which  was 
quite  largely  removed  by  a  stitemrnt  presented  at  the 
time  of  the  fall  meeting  of  the  Federal  Council  setting  forth 
the  relation  of  the  two  schools,  the  old  Pai  Chai  and  the 
new.  One  of  the  first  results  of  government  recognition 
was  the  increased  member  of  applicants  for  admission, 
over  700  candidates  presenting  themselves  in  April  at  the 
beginning  of  the  school  year,  of  whom  208  were  admitted. 

The  Pyeng  Yang  and  Kongju  Ko-tung 
PyeniYangaad       schools  have  adopted  the  Higher  Com- 
Kongju  nion  school  curriculum  and  effort  is  being 

made  to  meet  all  the  educational  require 
ments  of  the  government,  although  application  has  not  yet 
been  made  in  either  place  for  government  recognition. 


THE   METHODIST   GROUP  365 

The  sickness  of  Dr.  Underwood,  which 
Dr.  Underwood  necessitated  his  return  to  the  United 
States  at  the  time  negotiations  were  in 
progress  to  obtain  a  charter  for  the  Chosen  Christian 
College,  and  his  death  just  at  the  time  a  successful  end 
seemed  to  be  in  view,  are  a  severe  loss  to  the  institution. 
The  remarkable  provisions  of  the  proposed  charter,  which 
appear  to  guarantee  completely  the  Christian  character  of 
the  institution,  were  undoubtedly  due  in  a  large  measure 
to  the  cordial  relations  and  confidence  that  existed  between 
the  government  officials  and  himself. 

This   institution   has   enjoyed    a    suc- 
Union  Methodist       cessful      year.        In     order     to     supply 
Theological          additional     information    and    inspiration 
for  the  pastor  in  active  work,  a  graduate 
course    has    been    provided,    which     is 
specially  adapted  to   the  need  of  the  pulpit.     Advanced 
undergraduate  courses,  some  of  which  are  offered  through 
the  English  language,  have  also  been  added  to  the  cur 
riculum,  so   that  college  graduates  desiring  a  theological 
training  including  higher  subjects  may  remain  in   Korea, 
instead  of  going  to  Japan  or  America.     In  this   way  it  is 
hoped  to  develop  a  ministry  combining  evangelistic  fervor 
with  mental  training,  workmen  that  need  not  be  ashamed, 
thoroughly  furnished  for  all  good  work*. 

In  all  departments  of  mission  work  sub- 
Summary  stantial  progress  has  been  made,  although 
no  extraordinary  results  are  visible. 
The  inspirational  value  of  the  Forward  Movement,  the 
devoted  service  of  the  medical  staff,  and  the  daily  grind  of 
the  teaching  force,  during  the  past  year  have  added  new 
material  to  the  spiritual  structure  of  the  church.  Building 
on  the  sure  foundation  already  laid,  which  is  Jesus  Christ, 
using  gold,  silver,  costly  stones,  wood,  hay,  stubble,  we 
trust  that  the  building  shall  abide  through  storm  and  fire, 
and  God  himself  shall  be  pleased  to  dwell  therein. 


366  KOREA. 

II.— THE  METHODIST  EPISCOPAL  CHURCH, 
SOUTH,  KOREA  MISSION 

BY  J.  W.  HITCH 

Although  there  seems  no  attempt  to  cover  up  or 
conceal,  but  rather  a  frank  and  open  facing  of  adverse 
facts,  the  reports  to  the  Annual  Meeting  indicate  that 
the  Mission  has  had  a  good  year. 

A  few  of  the  things  mentioned  as  cause 

Cause  for  for    special    thanksgiving   and    gratitude 

Gratitude  are :  an  increase  in  the  number  of  revivals, 

better   attended   Bible   study  classes  for 

both   men  and  women,  more  efficient  work  and  larger 

attendance  in  the  Mission  schools,  and  special  extension 

work  on  the  part  of  the  medical  workers,  producing  most 

gratifying  results. 

In  evangelistic  effort  the  whole  mission 
Fruit  force  has  been  earnestly  at  work.     The 

schools  and  hospitals  have  put  special 
emphasis  on  this  feature  of  their  work  and  have  had  the 
joy  of  seeing  their  efforts  richly  rewarded.  Witness  the 
following  notes,  taken  almost  at  random  from  the  reports 
of  the  hospital  and  school  workers  :  "  Our  efforts  have 
not  been  without  fruit,  for  God  has  owned  our  labors,  so 
we  can  report:  thirty-one  confessions  of  faith  from  among 
inpatients,  twenty-six  from  the  dispensaries,  and  three 
among  visitors,  making  a  total  of  sixty  confessions  of 
faith  among  patients  and  visitors  during  the  year.  Sixty- 
three  Gospels  were  sold  and  one  thousand  seven  hundred 
and  thirteen  tracts  were  distributed."  Again,  "  Our 
hearts  were  filled  with  thankfulness  when  we  found  that  a 
student  prayer  circle  had  been  formed  by  two  of  the  lower 
grades.  They  met  every  day  and  the  interest  grew  and 
we  were  surprised  on  the  last  day  of  school  to  receive  a 
collection  taken  by  that  prayer  circle." 

The  following  was  gleaned  from  the  reports  of  those 
engaged  in  direct  evangelistic  work  in  the  different 
districts. 


THE   METHODIST    GROUP  367 

"  I  have  spent  many  weeks  assisting  in 
Evangelistic  Work  Bible  study  classes  and  revival  meetings, 
with  the  result  that  nearly  all  the  churches 
in  both  circuits  have  had  good  revivals  and  the  members 
have  been  much  strengthened  in  Christian  life  and  ex 
perience." 

"  The  Annual  Bible  Study  Class  was,  I  arn  informed, 
the  best  in  point  of  attendance  that  has  been  held  on  the 
District  in  years.  The  revival  meeting  held  in  connection 
with  the  Bible  Class  was  a  revival  of  real  power,  and  one 
who  was  in  the  great  revival  of  a  few  years  ago  was  heard 
to  remark  that  it  reminded  him  more  of  that  time  than 
any  he  had  seen  since  then." 

"  The  interest  which  many  of  our  people  are  manifest 
ing  in  the  subject  of  tithing,  their  interest  in  the  study  of 
God's  Word,  and  their  faithfulness  in  preaching  the  Good 
News  to  the  heathen  are  indications  of  substantial  advance 
in  their  spiritual  life  and  experience." 
•  "  Four  young  men  have  been  definitely  called  to  the 
ministry  during  the  year  and  have  already  begun  their 
studies." 

"  Of  the  forty-one  congregations  reported  to  the  Gov 
ernment,  fifteen  have  shown  special  revival  or  growth 
during  the  year." 

"  During  the    winter   and    spring    we 

Revivals  held  more  than  twenty  Bible  classes  and 

revival  services  throughout  the  District, 

and  in  many  places  we  had  very  gracious  revivals  indeed. 

In  most  of  these   places   practically   the   whole   church 

arose  about  four  o'clock   in    the  morning  and  went  out 

to    the    church  for  prayer.     Notwithstanding  the   bilter 

cold  most  of  them  remained  prostrated  before  the  Lord 

in  prayer  and  supplication  for  two  or  three  hours  every 

morning." 

That  the  evangelistic  women  workers' 

Women  Workers       have  been  engaged  in  labors  abundant  is 

apparent   from    the    following    extract : 

"  We  as  mini-ters  of  God   in   behalf  of  the  women  and 

children  throughout  the  cities  and  villages  of  Seoul,  Songdo, 


368  KOREA 

Wonsan,  Choon  Chun,  and  Chul  Won  territory  have  not 
received  the  grace  of  God  in  vain,  for  in  surveying  the 
field  we  find  that  more  mothers  are  caring  properly  for 
their  children  through  the  Better  Baby  Movement:  more 
women  are  studying  the  Bible  Course  through  the  visits 
and  classes  of  the  itinerators  ;  more  Christian  women  have 
been  interested  in  Missions  through  the  beginning  of 
Missionary  Societies ;  more  children  are  being  taught  in 
Sunday  Schools  on  Sunday  afternoon  ;  more  young  people 
are  singing  the  praises  of  God  through  the  splendid  choirs 
started  in  the  churches,  and  more  efficient  work  has  been 
done  in  the  self-help  departments  and  mother's  clubs  in 
the  Girls'  Schools  than  the  year  before  and  for  this  we  are 
grateful  to  God." 

The  Schools,  although  far  from  ideal, 
Schools  are     in     better    condition    from     every 

standpoint  than  ever  before  in  their 
history.  The  school  workers  are  making  honest 
and  consistent  efforts  to  bring  them  up  to  Govern 
ment  standards  in  the  branches  wherein  they  have 
hitherto  been  deficient.  The  native  teachers  have  pro 
ven  loyal  and  the  principals  have  expressed  themselves 
as  satisfied  with  the  progress  of  the  students.  Notable 
advance  has  been  made  in  the  development  of  self-help 
departments  for  the  students  in  some  of  the  schools.  The 
statistics  show  that  there  are  2388  primary  school  pupils 
in  our  schools  this  year  against  1785  last  year,  and  the 
Anglo-Korean  School  reports  a  gain  of  150  over  the 
corresponding  month  of  last  year. 

The  following  interesting  item  is  from 

Anglo-Korean         the  report  of  the  Anglo  Korean  School : 

School  <«  At  different  times  during  the  year  the 

school    inspectors    and    higher    officials 

have  made  favorable  mention  of  the  school.     Among  the 

new   students   received    into   the     High   School    at    the 

beginning  of  the  school  year  in  April  were  forty  students 

from  the  government  schools.     Some  of  them  stated  that 

they  had  been  advised  by  their  Japanese  teachers  to  come 

to  this  school.     Four  of  them  had  graduated  from  the 


THE   METHODIST   GROUP  369 

government  schools  with  first  honors.  These  facts  go  to 
show  that  the  authorities  will  permit  the  government 
common  schools  to  become  feeders  of  this  school  if  we  are 
properly  prepared  to  co-operate  with  them." 

The  medical  workers  have  treated 
Medical  Work  23,173  patients  during  the  year.  This  of 
course  includes  the  work  done  by  the 
Wonsan  Union  Christian  Hospital,  which  is  carried  on  in 
union  with  the  Canadian  Presbyterian  Mission.  Besides 
the  regular  work,  two  of  the  hospitals  have  enterprised 
extension  work  in  the  country.  One  doctor  has  gone  out 
holding  clinics  in  places  where  the  people  would  have 
otherwise  received  no  medical  attention.  Most  of  these 
clinics  were  held  in  connection  with  evangelistic  campaigns. 
This  doctor  in  speaking  of  this  work  said  :  "  The  crowds 
of  people  who  came  to  these  clinics,  and  the  neediness  of 
many  of  the  cases,  testify  to  the  wisdom  of  the  plan." 
The  other  hospital  has  carried  on  it's  extension  work  by 
means  of  medical  posts  set  up  in  the  country  at  different 
points  where  two  native  doctors  meet  the  patients  at  stated 
times  each  month.  The  simpler  cases  are  treated  at  once, 
and  the  more  difficult  ones  are  advised  to  go  into  the 
hospital,  where  they  can  be  given  adequate  treatment. 
This  work  is  great ;  both  in  the  human  suffering  it  relieves, 
and  in  the  large  opportunity  it  offers  for  evangelistic 
effort. 

An  enterprise  begun  this  year,  worthy 

New  Magazine        of    special     notice,    is    the    Theological 

World,    a    magazine    published    by    the 

faculty  of  the  Union   Methodist  Theological    Seminary. 

It  has  a  subscription  list  of  seven  hundred  and  fifty  (all 

paid  up),  and  is  making  a  worthy  effort  to  provide  the 

Korean  preachers  with  proper  reading  matter. 

The   problem   of   making   the    native 
Self-Support         church    entirely   self-supporting   has    re 
ceived  considerable  attention,  and  some 
progress   has   been    made.     The    mission   grant   for   the 
support  of  the   ministry  has  been    reduced  ten  per    cent 
each  year  for  the  past  two  years,  and  the  native  church, 


3/O  KOREA 

in  nearly  every  case,  has  made  up  the  deficit  caused  by 
this  reduction,  and  in  some  places  advanced  much  beyond 
this  amount. 

We  have  our  problems  and  our  cares,  but  we  recognize 
that  Jesus  Christ  is  bigger  than  any  problem  and  equal  to 
any  combination  of  cares,  and  in  Him  is  all  our  hope  and 
expectation,  so  we  take  it  that  our  prospects  for  the 
future  are  as  bright  as  the  promises  of  God. 


CHAPTER     IV 

THE  PRESBYTERIAN  GROUP 


I.— CANADIAN  PRESBYTERIAN  MISSION 

BY  A.  F.  Koi;;; 

The    share    of    unevangelized    Korea 
Territory  committed  to  the  Canadian  Presbyterian 

Mission  at  its  inception  in  1858,  lay 
along  the  eastern  coast  north  and  south  of  Wonsan. 
Later,  by  decision  of  the  Federal  Council  of  Korea,  the 
boundary  lines  were  more  clearly  defined  and  readjust 
ments  made  that  placed  in  its  care  the  whole  of  the  coast 
along  the  Sea  of  Japan  from  Wonsan  to  the  Tuman  River 
and  an  inland  strip  of  country  in  Manchuria,  with  over 
sight  of  Korean  work  in  Vladivostock. 

There  are  said  to  be  half  a  million  Koreans  in  East 
Russia  with  25  small  groups  of  Christians  who  profess  to 
adhere  to  the  Presbyterian  Church ;  and  these,  with 
200,000  or  more  in  Manchuria,  wait  for  evangelization 
and  shepherding  at  the  hands  of  the  Canadian  Presbyterian 
Mission. 

When  first  founded,  only  the  Foreign 
Home  Mission   Board   of  Eastern   Canada    was 

Administration  represented  by  our  Mission,  but  among 

many  foreign  interests  the  magnetic  and 
appealing  claim  of  this  fruitful  field  was  so  irresistibly  felt 
that  the  Presbyterians  of  Western  Canada  were  alike  drawn 
to  share  in  its  evangelization,  until  in  their  mutual  desire 
for  investment  in  non-Christian  Chosen,  the  two  Foreign 
Mission  Boards  of  our  Church  in  Canada,  East  and  West, 
from  Atlantic  to  Pacific  became  welded  into  one.  Of  the 
15  millions  of  heathendom  committed  to  them  by  the 


3/2  KOREA 

Edinburgh  Conference,  one  and   a  half  millions   are    in 
this  eastern  coastland  of  Korea. 

The  original  staff  of  five  who  came  to 

Early  Days  the  field  in  1898  was  but  slowly  enlarged, 

only  ten  men  and  women  being  added  in 
the  following  ten  years  ;  and  the  three  stations  of  Wonsan, 
Ham  Heung  and  Song  Chin,  which  were  opened  within 
the  first  five  years,  remained  as  the  only  centres  until 
1912.  The  whole  field,  more  sparsely  populated  than 
other  portions  of  the  country  and  accessible  only  by  hard 
overland  travel,  was  reconnoitered  during  this  interval  and 
the  burden  of  its  evangelization  the  more  keenly  felt,  while 
at  home  the  rapid  development  of  the  native  Church, 
and  its  ready  response  to  the  Gospel  was  making  its  own 
plea. 

The  year  1910  brought  a  change  and 

Expansion  hope  that  we  might  reach  farther  toward 

the  proper  accomplishment  of  our  task, 
as  Western  Canada  sent  its  first  consignment  of  represent 
atives,  who  in  1912  went  to  plant  a  new  station  at  Hoi 
Ryung  a  northern  frontier  town  on  the  Tuman  River, 
with  the  hills  of  Chinese  Manchuria  facing  it  from  the 
farther  side. 

The  next  year  saw  another  centre  opened  on  Chinese 
soil  in  the  town  of  Yong  Jung  in  Manchuria  or  Kando, 
nearly  forty  miles  to  the  northwest  of  Hoi  Ryung.  Here 
a  tide  of  Korean  life  had  been  flowing  in  since  the  year  of 
annexation,  bearing  in  its  current  many  a  restless  and 
ambitious  spirit,  longing  for  that  which  old  Korea  and 
Buddhism  could  never  give.  From  the  hill  in  Yong 
Jung,  selected  as  a  Mission  House  site,  the  smoke  of  100 
Korean  villages  could  be  seen,  a  constant  reminder  of  our 
task  to  follow  all  the  way  to  Russia  these  scattered 
colonies  of  Korean  immigrants,  both  Christian  and  non- 
Christian.  To  our  joy,  the  Church  in  Canada  rose  to  her 
high  privilege  and  pushed  out  workers  more  rapidly,  till 
the  number  sent  out  to  our  Mission  has  now  reached  45. 
Only  two  of  these  have  been  invalided  home  in  all  the 
history  of  the  Mission.  Ordained  clerical  men  are  12  with 
their  wives,  medical  men,  all  married,  3,  and  single  women 


THE    PRESBYTERIAN    GROUP  3/3 

13,  one  of  whom  is  a  physician  and  three  are  trained 
nurses.  This  staff  is  now  placed  with  six  or  seven  on  each 
station,  exclusive  of  those  on  furlough. 

Organization  of  work  is  being  more  fully  completed  and 
as  railway  lines  are  being  opened,  facilities  for  travel 
greatly  aid  in  the  expansion  and  oversight  of  work  at  long 
distances.  Each  clerical  missionary  has  an  average  of 
125,000  of  a  population  in  his  care,  which  gives  a  many- 
sided  work. 

On  his  central  station  he  strives  to  develop  a  strong 
local  Church,  with  its  Sunday  and  mid-week  congregation 
al  services,  its  Sunday  Schools,  both  for  Christians, 
children  and  adults,  and  for  non-Christian  children.  Me 
also  holds  annual  Bible  study  classes  at  the  centre,  for 
his  native  Church  leaders,  evangelists,  colporteurs  and 
other  helpers  as  well  as  one  for  the  general  Christian 
membership  among  the  men. 

These  classes  will  usually  occupy 
Pastoral  Work  about  ten  days  each.  Where  conditions 
permit,  he  may  find  it  necessary  also  to 
establish  a  Bible  Institute,  with  a  month's  session  for 
native  Christian  men,  where  Bible  study  can  be  conducted 
more  systematically,  and  in.  greater  detail,  several  con 
secutive  years  of  such  study  being  a  substitute  for  the 
thorough  Theological  course  carried  on  at  Pyeng  Yang 
for  preachers  entering  the  ministry,  to  which  the  lay- 
preachers  cannot  hope  to  attain.  T\vo  of  our  stations 
have  entered  upon  this  work.  From  these  sources,  our 
clerical  meh  are  gradually  evolving  a  staff  of  strong  native 
evangelists  for  the  more  remote  parts  of  their  fields  who 
may  soon  rival  them  in  zeal  if  not  in  attainment. 

Then,  as  is  the  case  at  present  throughout  our  Mission, 
the  clerical  man  must  also  supervise  the  boy's  school  or 
academy  or  probably  both  at  his  station,  and  in  addition 
oversee  night  school  for  young  men.  The  last  plan  has 
been  adopted  on  two  of  our  stations.  These  schools  all 
present  such  an  attractive  recruiting-ground  for  preachers, 
that  he  could  with  profit  spend  much  time  and  care 
thereon. 


374  KOREA 

Academy  students  are  trained  to  do 

Local  Schools         Evangelistic  work  through  the  preaching 

society  of  the  local  church,  which  directs 

their  effort  in  the  adjacent  towns  and  villages  and   also 

stimulates  their  gifts  for  such  purposes. 

Students'  ability  is  also  utilized  on  every  station  in 
the  conducting  of  Sunday  Schools  for  non-Christian 
children.  In  some  cases  these  schools  have  been 
successfully  carried  on  solely  by  a  native  staff  of  day- 
school  teachers  and  their  oldest  students,  and  have  proved 
a  means  of  bringing  Gospel  light  into  darkened  heathen 
homes. 

Our  clerical  missionaries  without  excep- 
mnerating  tion  spend  months  of  the  year  itinerating 

in  the  districts  attached  to  their  stations, 
finding  a  Herculean  task  in  the  oversight  of  the  Churches 
already  there  established,  to  say  nothing  of  the  vast 
stretches  of  heathendom  on  every  side.  From  70  to  90 
Churches  are  included  in  each  station,  with,  at  the  most, 
only  two  men  to  shepherd  them.  To  give  these  adequate 
care  whereby  enquirers  may  be  admitted  to  classes  pre 
paring  for  baptism,  and  the  baptismal  class  passed  on  to 
Church  membership  by  careful  examination,  beside  the 
time  involved  in  overseeing  the  regular  working  of  the 
Church,  means  more  than  ordinary  strength  can  ac 
complish. 

The  missionaries  have  both  invented 
Self-Propagation  anc]  adapted  plans  for  a  self-propagating 
Church.  In  the  case  of  the  Song  Chin 
field  where  two  missionaries  attempt  to  care  for  seven 
counties,  2870  days  of  preaching  to  the  heathen  \vere 
promised  by  about  fifty  Christians  attending  a  class — a 
promi.se  that  had  speedy  fulfillment.  In  another  country 
of  the  same  field,  seventy-five  yen  was  raised  at  a  similar 
class  for  the  support  of  a  native  evangelist  in  the  district, 
while  two  other  counties  provided  funds  enough  for  a 
native  pastor's  salary.  It  is  almost  needless  to  say  that 
in  these  cases  there  has  been  splendid  growth  in  the 
Churches  contributing. 


THE    PRESBYTERIAN    GROUP  375 

The  Manchurian  feld  (North  Kando)  reported  four  new 
groups  of  believers,  numbering  from  ten  to  forty  each, 
within  six  months,  in  the  district  along  its  Russian  border, 
and  occasionally  a  village  announces  its  intention  of  be 
coming  Christian.  There  are  now  105  Churches  in  North 
Kando.  About  one  thousand  li  north  of  Yong  Jung  along 
the  Siberian  Railway  where  a.  native  pastor  travelled 
visting  the  Christian  communities,  the  people  pay  in  full 
the  salary  of  an  evangelist.  In  another  section,  they 
support  a  Korean  pastor.  From  Wonsan  to  Kando  there 
are  now  eight  Korean  pastors. 

There  are  but  few  discouraged  tones  in  the  reports  from 
any  of  our  five  fields,  but  everywhere  is  seen  great  op 
portunity,  and  faith  and  hope  are  strong. 

The  task  of  women  missionaries  varies  according  to  the 
needs  on  their  several  stations.  Married  women  chiefly 
undertake  responsibilities  in  the  local  Church,  such  as 
Superintendents  of  Women's  Sunday  Schools,  weekly 
Bible  classes  for  women,  night  schools  for  young  women, 
Missionary  Society  meetings,  Annual  Station  classes  for 
women  and  the  care  of  a  Girls'  School. 

The     unmarried     women     are     given 

Women's  Local       special  lines  of  work,  where  the  number 

Work  Of  the  <taff  permits,  so  that  v\e  have  an 

educational    woman,   a    doctor,    a    nurse 

and    an    evangelistic   worker  among    the    women  of  one 

station  ;  another  station  devotes  a  nurse  to  hospital  work, 

two  have  each  a  woman  giving  her  time  to  itinerating,  and 

another  has  two  women  fcr  Bible  Institute  and  class  woik. 

\Vc  are  not  yet  sufficiently  staffed  to  meet  all  requirements 

but  must  resort  to  borrowing  an  evangelistic  specialist  for 

school    supervision   or   vice   versa,    and  also   exchanging 

helpers  between  stations  when  special  classes  are  in  session. 

Itinerating  trips  have  been  fruitful    in 

Women's  Bible       multiplying  the  companies  of  believers  as 

Institute  Jn  adding  strength  to  weak  and  scattered 

groups  of   Christians.     Out  of  this  has 

grown  the  Bible  Institute  plan  fcr  the  training  of  capable 

native  women  to   publish  the  glad  tidings  and  to  teach 


3/6  KOREA 

ignorant  Christians.  The  plan  initiated  in  classes  of  a 
month's  duration,  to  which  the  more  promising  women, 
eligible  for  use  in  the  Churches,  were  admitted.  The  suc 
cess  of  this  idea  resulted  in  a  more  thorough  training- 
school  with  a  three-months  session,  covering  a  course  of 
five  years  from  which  Bible  Women  are  being  graduated 
for  reponsible  tasks  such  as  Bible  study  classes  in  country 
Churches,  Sunday  School  teaching,  night  schools  for 
young  women  and  in  some  cases,  the  care  of  women's 
work  in  a  whole  country  circuit. 

These  duties  they  undertake  under  the  supervision  of 
the  missionary,  but  often  without  her  aid.  Such  women 
are  a  tower  cf  strength  to  the  newly  arrived  missionary 
and  by  the  qualifications  they  exhibit  are  gradually  raising 
the  standards  and  status  of  our  Christian  women,  winning 
a  place  of  respect  for  themselves  among  the  men  of  the 
native  Church,  and  opening  a  door  of  hope  to  thousands 
of  their  fellow  country  women  in  whom  may  lie  dormant 
like  capabilities.  A  happy  change  was  made  in  the  train 
ing  school  last  winter,  when  by  its  removal  to  Wonsan 
with  its  workers  it  became  possible  to  unite  with  a  similar 
school  being  carried  on  there  by  the  Mission  of  the 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  South. 

Schools,  after  the  panic  of  eagerness  for  their  institution 
had  calmed  into  zealous  quietude,  became  a  real  forward 
movement  in  our  Chuiches.  We  have  primary  schools 
for  boys  and  for  girls  on  each  of  our  five  stations,  and  a 
number  in  country  towns,  though  these  are  few.  We 
have  two  active  and  fairly  strong  academies  for  our 
Christian  boys  in  the  oldest  stations  of  Wonsan  and  Ham 
Heung — the  former  in  union  with  that  of  the  Methodist 
Mission,  South  and  the  latter  with  Song  Chin  station. 
These  are  graduating  every  year  classes  of  young  men 
who  pass  on  to  colleges,  either  of  Korea  or  Japan,  or 
perhaps  to  Theological  College.  Others 
Education  may  immediately  find  positions  as  teachers 

in  our  Primary  Schools,  or  as  language 
teachers  for  new  Missionaries.  There  are  few  openings 
for  them  in  business  life. 

Although   we   have    Middle    School    grades   for    girls, 


THE    PRESBYTERIAN    GROUP  377 

preparatory  to  Academy,  our  Mission  has  not  yet  reached 
the  height  of  an  established  Girls'  Academy  and  must  pass 
on  its  advanced  girl  students  to  the  care  of  Missions  better 
equipped  who  generously  supply  our  lack. 

In    four   of  our  five  stations,   medical 

Medical  Work  work  is  being  vigorously  and  successfully 
prosecuted.  Beginning  at  the  North,  we 
are  grateful  to  record  that  Kando  (Kanto)  has  at  last 
secured  the  service  of  a  physician,  Dr.  S.  H.  Martin,  who 
opened  a  Dispensary  in  Yong  Jung  in  the  early  part  of 
1916.  From  its  inception  the  work  was  most  promising, 
the  daily  clinic  being  very  well  attended.  At  the  first,  the 
lack  of  accommodations,  instruments  and  medicines  made 
the  doctor's  task  an  arduous  one,  but,  by  clever  makeshifts 
he  was  able  to  do  something  toward  helping  all  who 
applied.  At  present,  a  good  dispensary  has  been  built 
and  occupied  and  it  is  hoped  that  very  shortly  the  building 
will  be  enlarged  so  as  io  accommodate  about  20  in- 
patients. 

In  Hoi  Ryung,  medical  work  was  opened  formally 
about  Jan.  i,  1915  under  the  care  of  Dr.  T.  D.  Mansfield, 
but  after  about  six  months  of  experimentation  the  Mission 
decided  to  close  this  work  on  account  of  the  small  attendance 
at  clinics  and  the  greater  need  for  a  doctor's  services  else 
where.  The  dispensary  building  in  Hoi  Ryung  is  now 
being  used  as  a  girl's  school. 

For    many    years,    Dr.    Grierson    had 
Song  Chin  conducted  a    dispensary  work    in    Song 

Chin,  but  with  the  amalgamation  of  the 
Western  and  Eastern  Hoards  of  Missions  in  Canada, 
a  grant  was  made  for  the  erection  of  a  hospital.  This 
hospital  is  now  almost  completed.  It  will  accommodate 
about  32  in  patients  and  will  have  all  the  accessories  in  the 
way  ot  light,  heat,  sewage  disposal  and  running  water  that 
characterize  a  well  equipped  hospital.  Dr.  Grierson, 
assisted  by  Dr.  Kim,  who  is  a  graduate  of  Severance 
Medical  College  has  been  conducting  a  dispensary  and 
limited  in-patient  department  in  the  former  quarters.  The 
dispensary  work  has  greatly  increased  since  the  doctor's 
return  from  furlough  and  there  is  promise  that  a  very 


3/8  KOREA 

satisfactory  work  will  be  carried  on  when  the  new  hospital 
is  ready  for  occupation.  Miss  Maud  McKinnon,  a 
graduate  nurse  is  to  take  charge  of  the  nursing  department. 

Dr.  Kate  McMillan  of  Ham  Heung 
Ham  Heung  Station  is  at  present  on  furlough,  but  in 
her  absence,  the  work  is  being  directed  by 
Miss  J.  H.  Kirk  a  graduate  nurse,  assisted  by  two  Korean 
physicians.  Until  quite  recently  the  work  in  Ham  Heung 
was  hampered  by  lack  of  suitable  accommodation  for  in- 
patients,  but  within  the  last  two  years  a  brick  hospital 
building  of  about  40  bed  capacity  has  been  completed. 
Besides  a  successful  clinic  and  in-patient  work,  Ham  Heung 
Hospital  has  a  training  school  for  nurses,  organized  by 
Miss  Kirk.  One  of  the  Korean  physicians  is  an  elder  in 
the  Church,  and  under  his  leading,  the  working  force  of 
the  hospital  has  undertaken  to  conduct  Church  service 
weekly  in  a  near-by  village.  A  clinic  for  the  benefit  of  the 
sick  of  the  village  usually  precedes  the  services  and  is  a 
strong  drawing  card  for  the  evangelistic  work. 

In  Wonsan  Station,  a  union  for  medical 
VVonsan  work  his  been  agreed  upon  between  the 

Canadian  Presbyterian  Mission  and  the 
Mission  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  South  The 
first  year  of  work  under  this  agreement  has  just  been  com 
pleted  and  progress  has  been  so  satisfactory  that  the 
success  of  the  union  seems  assured.  A  dispensary  work 
had  previously  been  successfully  conducted  in  Wcnsan  by 
Dr.  J.  B.  Ross  who  ndw  represents  the  M.  E.  Church 
South  Mission  in  the  union  work.  But  it  was  only  in 
June  1916  that  in-patient  work  was  begun  on  any  large 
scale.  Phis  has  grown  with  great  rapidity  until  it  bids 
fair  to  out-grow  the  present  building  in  a  very  short 
time.  There  are  now  accommodations  for  about  30 
in-patients.  The  attendance  at  the  dispensary  has  grown 
to  about  double  its  former  figures.  The  hospital  also  con 
ducts  weekly  clinics  in  four  villages  along  the  railroad, 
keeping  one  Korean  doctor  and  an  assistant  constantly 
busy  in  this  work.  Settlement  work  in  the  city  of  Wonsan 
having  to  do  chiefly  with  the  instruction  of  mothers  in  the 


THE    PRESBYTERIAN    GROUP 

care  of  their  babies  is  also  being  conducted  by  Mrs.  Mans 
field  with  the  aid  of  hospital  nurses. 

STATISTICAL  SUMMARY 

Population  of  field 1,500,000 

Churches  or  groups 269 

Communicants 3.046 

Catechumens  or  probationers 2»772 

Total  adherents       13,068 

Adul's  baptised  during  year 566 

Net  gain  this  year,  total  adherents        1>S°2 

Ordained  Korean  Pastors        7 

Unordnined  preachers     15 

Total  Korean  Evangelistic  Workers      115 

Schools     35 

Pupils       l>392 

College  and  Theological  Students 27 

Korean  contribulions       $7,425.00 


II.— PRESBYTERIAN  CHURCH  IN 
U.  S.  A.  MISSION 

Bv  G.  II.  WINN- 

The  church  is  one  step  in  advance  of 

Lights  and  where  she  was  last  year.     The  progress 

Shadows  jn  many  places  seems  very  slow,  in  some 

none  at  all,  or  even  retrogression  is  seen. 

In  other  places  the  work  has  advanced  more  rapidly — by 

steady  growth  or  by  leaps  and  bounds.     So  that  the  work 

considered   as   a    whole   shows   signs  of  encouragement, 

though  at  times  there  arc  discouraging  elements.     Let  us 

review  briefly  some  of  these  discouraging  features  of  the 

work  before  proceeding  to  the  brighter  side. 

Tiie  Koreans  as  a  race  are  a  religious 

Apathy  people  and  are  prone  to   things  spiritual, 

but  material  progress  has  had  a  tendency 

to   bring  about  a   materialistic   spirit  among   the  people. 

So  that  we  now  have   to   recognize   this  as  an   obstacle 

against   which   we   must  contend.     This  spirit  perhaps  is 

responsible    for    the    indifference    to    the    gospel    that    we 


38O  KOREA 

find  everywhere.  Opposition  has  turned  into  apathy. 
Formerly  preaching  and  singing  attracted  great  crowds. 
The  curiosity  is  satisfied  and  the  novelty  of  preaching 
which  formerly  swelled  the  attendance  has  gone  and  in 
many  places  the  neighboring  territory  has  been  well 
canvassed.  So  that  the  Christians  in  turn  have  gotten 
indifferent  to  their  task  of  spreading  the  "  good  news," 
and  are  doing  it  only  fitfully,  or  have  ceased  altogether. 

Materialism  has  also  entered  into  the 

Love  of  the          church,  and  been  the  means  of  ensnaring 
World  many.     In  proportion  as  the  love  for  the 

world  increases  the  love  and  zeal  for  the 
Kingdom  of  God  decreases.  The  desire  for  gain  has 
brought  about  for  some  a  laxity  of  Sabbath  observance, 
for  which  the  church  has  taken  a  firm  stand  ;  for  one 
breaking  down  at  this  point  is  considered  a  backslider  as 
much  as  one  who  returns  to  gambling  or  drinking.  The 
year  has  been  one  of  sifting — a  process  not  seen  solely 
at  this  time,  but  one  which  has  been  in  progress  for  the 
last  5  years  or  so.  This  sifting  is  not  peculiar  to  any  one 
section  of  the  country  but  is  the  complaint  from  all  parts 
of  the  work,  and  largely  accounts  for  the  small  increase 
seen  in  the  statistics,  the  increase  of  new  believers  being 
barely  in  excess  of  those  who  have  gone  out. 

But  there  are  many  things  to  encourage 

The  Faiihful  an(j  we  rejoice  that  they  out-balance  dis 
couragements.  Though  thousands  catne 
into  the  church  from  false  hopes  or  ulterior  motives,  and 
thousands  have  turned  away  disappointed,  yet  there  re 
main  the  thousands  who  had  the  eyes  of  their  under 
standing  enlightened  and  have  become  sincere  followers. 
Through  this  period  of  testing  they  have  stood  firm,  often 
in  the  midst  of  most  trying  circumstances,  and  have  come 
out  as  gold  tried  in  the  fire.  They  are  the  backbone  of  a 
future  ir.ore  glorious  and  firmly  established  church.  In 
reference  to  giving,  the  church  is  learning  more  of  the 
blessing  of  giving.  Never  has  ready  money  been  scarcer 
and  prices  higher,  but  never  have  finances  been  in  such 
good  shape,  writes  one  station.  The  principle  of  self- 
support  has  been  maintained  and  more  than  ever  extended. 


THE    PKESBYTKRIAN    GROUP  38! 

Systematic  benevolence  has  been  tried  and  shows  that  it 
enables  the  churches  to  pay  their  just  dues  much  more 
easily  than  formerly.  Also  a  perceptible  increase  in 
missionary  interest  has  resulted  in  liberal  giving  towards 
the  support  of  both  foreign  and  home  missions. 

Another     encouraging     sign     is     the 
Preaching  awakening  of  the  church  in  many  places, 

Societies  to    the    need    of  preaching    the    gospel. 

They  realize  that  it  is  a  matter  of  life  and 
death,  and  the  church  has  taken  on  new  life  in  con 
sequence.  So  many  churches  in  the  south  have  banded 
themselves  together  into  great  "  preaching  societies." 
All  members  of  churches  belonging  to  this  society  report 
regularly,  the  number  of  people  preached  to,  the  number 
of  scripture  portions  sold,  and  number  of  new  believers. 
The  definite  goal  given  is  that,  ist,  each  person  should 
preach  to  at  last  one  person  a  day,  2nd,  sell  at  least  two 
gospels  a  month,  3rd,  bring;  in  at  least  one  unbeliever  a 
year.  These  goals  are  high,  but  each  year  there  are 
churches  that  attain  to  them. 

The  result  is  that  thousands  of  portions  of  the  Scripture 
have  been  sold,  dead  churches  have  been  revived,  the 
attendance  increased  by  the  hundreds  of  new  believers 
and  several  new  churches  established.  Also  from  the 
north  comes  the  report  that  in  certain  places  never  has  the 
attendance  been  so  large.  In  some  districts,  there  has 
been  a  decided  forward  movement,  where  every  church 
has  made  a  marked  advance,  one  having  more  than 
doubled  its  membership. 

This    year's    reports     show    tha'c    tile 
Bible  and  Prayer     attendance  at  both  Bible  class  and  Insti 
tute  work  has   been   larger   than   usual. 
The  work  done  has  been  of  a  higher  order.    But  the  great 
est  blessing  has  been  the  spirit  of  prayer  manifested.     For 
the  whole  term  this  winter  in  one  station  the  men  rose 
every  morning  at  5.30  for  day  break  prayer  meeting,  last 
ing  for  about  an  hour  and  a  half.     Some  always  lingered 
after  the  service.     Surely  the  Lord  will  bless  with  a  great 
outpouring  of  His  Spirit  and  revive  His  work. 


382  KOREA 

The  primary  schools  have  always  been 
Schools  in    the    hands    of  the    church.     But  the 

higher  .schools  have  been  maintained  by 
the  mission,  not  with  the  idea  of  making  education  an 
evangelistic  agency,  but  always  with  the  object  of  primarily 
training  leaders  for  the  church.  1  he  leaders  of  the  church 
today  are  those  whose  qualifications  are  principally  long 
years  of  service  and  devotion,  whether  specially  educated 
or  not.  But  the  new  generation  in  Korea  is  demanding 
educated  and  Spirit  filled  men  of  large  vision,  able  to  cope 
with  the  many  difficulties  of  present  day  problems. 

To  this  end,  the  mission  has  established  academies  for 
boys  and  girls  in  its  principal  stations.  The  attendance  has 
been  in  advance  of  previous  years,  and  the  general 
religious  atmosphere  is  healthy.  Only  Christian  teachers 
are  employed  and  not  more  than  ten  per  cent  at  most  of 
the  student  body  are  non-Christian.  The  principal  if  not 
the  only  society  found  in  these  schools  is  the  missionary 
society.  The  student  body  have  their  own  missionary  at 
work  among  the  non-Christians. 

In  the  medical  work  that  of  Seoul 
Medical  Work  station,  with  its  magnificent  Severance 
Medical  College  and  hospital,  and  splen 
did  equipment  surpasses  all  the  other  stations.  Every  year 
this  plant  saves  the  missions  hundreds  of  yen,  by  treating 
missionaries  who  otherwise  would  have  to  take  an  expen 
sive  trip  to  the  States  for  help.  The  number  of  those  who 
are  coming  for  treatment  from  Japan  is  increasing.  The 
hospital  has  a  reputation  of  many  years'  standing,  and 
from  the  surrounding  country  between  thirty  and  forty 
thousand  come  yearly  for  medical  aid. 

The  smaller  hospitals  also  have  been  carrying  on  their 
work  in  the  out-stations  with  increasing  efficiency  and 
results.  The  purpose  of  the  hospital  is  the  healing  of 
men's  bodies  in  order  to  heal  their  souls,  and  the 
hospitals  have  all  maintained  a  thorough  evangelistic 
spirit,  employing  only  active  Christians  and  evangelists  of 
known  ability  to  preach  to  the  patients  in  the  waiting 
rooms  and  instruct  in  the  wards.  The  medical  work 
always  has  been  a  vital  factor  in  breaking  down  opposi- 


THE   PRESBYTERIAN   GROUP  383 

tion  and  antipathy,  and  preparing  the  soil  for  the  future 
reception  of  the  seed.  The  sick  can  not  fail  to  be  im 
pressed  by  the  loving  and  tender  care  which  they  receive 
from  the  doctor,  and  nurse  in  His  name,  and  many  are 
thus  converted  and  join  the  church  and  in  some  instances 
going  back  to  their  villages  have  become  the  center  around 
which  new  groups  of  believers  have  sprung,  eventually 
forming  new  churches. 

But  too  often  the  new  convert,  after 
Conserving  Results    leaving   the  Christian  influences    he   has 

O 

been  in,  on  returning  to  his  old  associa 
tions  forgets  all  his  good  intentions,  and  though  he  may 
have  had  true  faith  had  not  sufficient  strength,  and  so  he  is 
lost  to  the  cause.  There  arc  thousands  of  such  cases,  and 
they  are  all  susceptible,  and  willing  to  follow  if  some  one 
will  lead.  The  conservation  of  results  is  the  problem 
before  the  hospitals  and  renewed  efforts  have  been  made 
this  year,  by  informing  the  nearest  church  about  those 
professing  conversion  to  leave  the  hospital  or  by  having 
a  colporteur  or  helper  visit  him,  or  by  employing  a  special 
evangelist  to  keep  in  touch  with  him  and  instruct  and 
encourage  him  in  his  new  faith,  until  he  is  well  established 
in  it. 

The  review  of  the  work  shows  that  it  has  been  a  year  of 
testing,  but  also  a  year  of  encouragement  and  hopeful 
signs,  for  which  we  raise  our  meed  of  praise.  We  are 
grateful  for  reenforcements  sent  out  in  these  times  of  un 
certainty  when  other  missions  are  retrenching. 

But   the    closing    days    of    the    year 

Dr.  Underwood        brought   an    unexpected    cloud    to    the 

whole    mission    in     the    heavy    loss    it 

sustained   in  the    death  of  Dr.   Underwood,   its  founder. 

He  was  a  man  of  indefatigable  energy,  broad  vision  and 

love  for  all.     He  was  esteemed  and  respected  by  all  who 

knew  him  whether  he  be  official  of  the  court  or   coolie 

who  carried  his  load.     The  large  share  he  had  in  planting 

the  church  in  this  land,  and  his  great  zeal  in  the  cause  for 

which  he  laid  down  his  life,  can  never  be  forgotten.     The 

impress  of  his  life  and  work  are  indelibly  stamped  upon 

.the  church  of  Christ  in  Chosen,  his  enduring  monument. 


384  KOREA 

III.— SOUTHERN  PRESBYTERIAN  MISSION 

BY  M.  L.  SWIXEHART 

Among    the     mission     fields    of    the 
Unique  Field          world    Korea   is    unique   in    several    re 
spects.     It  is  unique  geographically.     As 
the  Holy  Land  was  a  highway  for  larger  and  stronger 
nations  than  she,  which  used  her  to  pass  through  to  reach 
one  another,  or  as  a  sort  of  neutral  ground   upon  which 
to  battle,  so  Korea  lies  between  three  of  the  great  nations 
of  the    earth,   Russia  and  China  to  the  north  and  west 
and  Japan  to  the  south. 

Israel,  when  she  failed  to  do  the  will 
Modern  Israel  of  Jehovah  of  hosts  was  delivered  over  to 
Syria  or  Babylonia ;  so  Korea  has  been 
the  checker  board  for  these  greater  nations  to  play  their 
game  on.  From  time  immemorial  she  has  been  under  the 
influence  and  control  of  first  one  and  then  the  other.  She 
has  been  like  Israel  too — a  means  of  communication  in 
fluencing  and  in  turn  being  influenced  by  the  surrounding 
nations.  Whether  she  will  play  a  part  among  the  mighty 
nations  of  the  East  commensurate  with  the  pait  played  by 
Israel  among  the  nations  that  lay  alongside  her,  only 
the  future  can  show. 

Korea    is    unique    again    among   the 
Bible  mission  fields  of  the  world  in  her  affinity 

for  the  Word  of  God.  Korea  has  re 
ceived  Christianity  more  rapidly  than  any  other  Oriental 
nation.  It  has  not  been  in  any  mass  movements  such  as 
have  taken  place  in  India,  nor  yet  the  accepting  of  Christ 
ianity  by  thousands  and  a  falling  away  later  as  in  some 
of  the  other  nations,  but  a  steady  one,  by  the  one  method 
of  gathering  in  those  who  are  being  saved.  Perhaps  in  no 
other  nation  of  the  earth  has  the  study  of  the  Bible  come 
so  naturally  as  to  the  Korean  people.  The  Korean  loves 
education  above  all  other  things.  No  greater  compliment 
can  be  paid  a  man  than  to  say  that  he  is  learned  in  the 
wisdom  of  the  ancients — especially  the  wisdom  of  China. 


THE    FRESBYTKRIAN    GROUP  385 

So  when  the  foreign  missionary  came  to  Korea  with 
something  to  teach  he  was  received,  at  least  with  curiosity, 
everywhere.  And  as  the  study  of  the  Book  proceeded, 
the  Korean  put  the  maxims  of  Confucius  alongside  those 
of  Jesus  Christ,  the  best  of  the  wisdom  of  Confucius  with 
the  Sermon  on  the  Mount.  By  the  side  of  the  mystic 
hope  of  the  Buddha  he  laid  the  sunshine  of  His  day  who 
said,  "  He  that  believeth  on  Me  shall  never  d  e." 

The  Korean  found  in  the  Bible  the  book 
The  Bible  Class  that  his  nature  and  traditions  call  for. 
Perhaps  one  reason  why  the  Bible  appeals 
so  effectively  to  the  Korean  mind  is  its  clear  teaching  about 
death  and  future  existence.  In  no  other  one  thing  docs 
the  Korean  have  so  live  and  abiding  an  interest  as  in  those 
of  his  ancestors  who  have  crossed  into  the  land  of  the 
spirit.  He  does  not  use  the  word  death.  He  has  for  that 
word  as  reverential  a  fear  as  the  ancient  Jew  had  for  the 
name  of  Jehovah.  Speaking  of  those  who  have  died  he 
merely  says  "  They  have  crossed  over."  Therefore  that 
Book  that  does  not  surmise  or  negate,  as  did  his  old 
teachers,  but  plainly  speaks  to  him  of  these  great  subjects, 
meets  him  at  the  point  of  his  greatest  need  and  furnishes 
ceaseless  study  and  joyful  discovery.  There  is  not  a 
parallel  in  all  the  world  to  the  Korean  Bible  Class.  Year 
by  year  with  continuously  increasing  numbers,  earnestness 
and  intelligence,  thousands  upon  thousands  leave  home  and 
work,  pay  their  own  way  and  study  day  after  day — the 
only  great  hope  of  the  race — God's  Book. 

They  do  not  doubt  it.  There  is  no  need  for  long 
discussions  as  to  one  or  two  Isaiahs,  who  wrote  the 
Pentetauch  and  so  on.  To  the  Korean  mind  the  Book 
is  self  evidencing.  It  finds  him  at  depths  no  other  book 
can  or  will  find  him.  It  answers  the  great  questions, 
"  Who  am  I  ?  Where  did  I  come  from  ?  Whither  do  I 
go  ?  "  And  in  its  study  he  finds  constant  and  abiding  joy. 
The  Korean  church  shows  every  sign  of  rapidly  becoming 
the  true  custodian  of  that  faith  which  was  once  for  all 
delivered  to  the  saints.  Just  as  the  ancient  Waldcnsians  in 
their  mountain  fastnesses  kept  through  the  centuries  the 
laith  without  spot,  so  today  when  doubt  and  questioning 


386  KOREA 

are  on  every  hand,  the  church  in  Korea  stands  ready  to 
be  the  repository  of  the  faith — complete  and  unerring — the 
Word  of  God. 

Another  element  of  great  value  in  work 
Indigenous  among  the  Koreans  has  been  that  the 
Resources  early  missionaries  profited  by  the  lessons 

learned  on  other  Mission  Fields,  and  the 
mistakes  made  in  those  fields  were  not  repeated  here. 
Perhaps  the  chief  of  these  mistakes  was  that  of  more  or 
less  subsidizing  the  native  church.  The  use  of  too  much 
money  has  often  been  a  source  of  weakness  rather  than 
strength.  Few  churches  have  been  built  in  Korea  with 
foreign  money.  In  Stations  where  foreign  missionaries 
attend  and  large  Bible  Classes  are  held,  some  help  has 
been  given,  but  outside  that  small  aid  they  have  from  the 
beginning  built  their  own  churches  and  paid  for  them 
themselves.  In  the  matter  of  schools,  too,  this  has  been 
the  rule.  Here  it  has  seemed  wise  to  help  them  in  their 
efforts  to  raise  up  an  educated  and  trained  leadership. 
The  Southern  "Presbyterian  Mission  makes  a  rule  of  giving 
one  half  of  the  salaries  of  the  teachers  only.  The  church 
furnishes  the  building — in  most  cases  separate  from  the 
church,  pays  all  the  running  expenses  and  the  other  half 
of  the  teacher's  salaries. 

Then  in  the  vital  matter  of  their  leaders.  They  have 
from  the  first  paid  a  good  share  of  the  support.  More 
and  more  every  year  they  take  this  burden  from  the 
missionaries  and  support  them  of  their  means.  These 
three ; — native  money  for  erecting  churches,  caring  for 
and  training  a  native  leadership  and  support  of  native 
Pastors  and  Helpers,  are  the  bed  rock  upon  which  an 
enduring  church  is  being  built.  The  church  in  Korea  is 
strong,  because  from  infancy  it  has  been  fed  on  the  Word 
and  according  to  the  plans  followed  by  St.  Paul  when  he 
first  established  churches  in  Asia. 

The  churches  in   the   Southern  Pres- 

A  Living  Church       byterian   Mission   in  Korea  are   rapidly 

meeting  the  supreme  tests  of  a  living  and 

growing   church.      The   end   of  all   mission    work,    by 

foreigners,  is  the  establishment  of    a  church  among  the 


THE    PRESBVTERIAN    GROUP  387 

native  people  that  will  be,  first  of  all,  self-supporting,  then 
self- propagating  and  last  of  all  self  governing.  These 
three  things  accomplished,  the  living  seed  is  planted  and 
given  time  will  bear  its  fruitage,  rich  and  full.  When 
these  three  things  are  done  the  foreign  missionaries'  ta-k  is 
finished  and  he  may,  like  John  the  Baptist,  sink  out  of 
sight  while  the  work  of  his  hands  is  established  over  him  in 
the  lives  of  the  people  for  whom  he  has  laid  down  his  life. 

Judged  by  this  supreme  three  fold  test 
Three  Fold  Test  the  church  in  Korea  is  a  real  church  and 
is  rapidly  moving  toward  the  goal  of 
many  years  of  labor.  She  has  all  along  been  a  self- 
supporting  church  in  a  large  measure.  She  is  yearly 
becoming  more  and  more  so.  Each  year  sees  more  and 
more  native  pastors  supported  by  their  own  people  and 
more  helpers  of  ail  sorts  cared  for,  not  by  foreign  money, 
but  by  the  hardly  spared  pennies  and  dollars  of  the  people 
themselves.  He  whose  faith  is  worth  so  little  that  he  is 
not  compelled  from  within  to  propagate  it,  has  no  faith 
worth  propagating.  By  this  acid  test  the  Korean  church 
is  a  living  church.  It  is  not  beyond  the  truth  to  say  that 
no  man  is  received  into  the  church  in  Korea  who  has  not 
made  effort  to  propagate  his  faith.  The  number  of  people 
won  to  Christ  by  the  mouth  of  the  foreigner  is  negligible. 
He  stands  back  and  directs  like  a  skilful  general,  but  the 
Koreans  themselves  propagate  the  faith. 

The  Southern  Presbyterian  Mission   in 
Beginnings  Korea   was   opened   in    1892.     The  first 

missionaries  who  came  out  for  this  work 
are  still  at  work  in  Korea.  They  are  among  the  youngest 
in  spirit  and  activity.  The  beloved  Davis  and  Junkin 
sleep,  but  the  others  labor.  Chunju  and  Kunsan  Stations 
were  opened  in  1892.  There  were  only  seven  mission 
aries  all  told  in  the  two  stations.  Today  Chunju  has  a 
foreign  force  of  eighteen  and  Kunsan  of  fourteen.  In  the 
year  1898  Mokpo,  in  the  extreme  southern  part  of  Korea, 
was  opened  with  three  missionaries.  It  now  has  a  force 
of  eleven.  Kwangju,  opened  in  1899,  now  has  a  force  of 
twenty.  Soonchun  was  the  last  of  the  Southern  Pres 
byterian  Mission  Stations  to  be  opened.  It  was  opened 


388  KOREA 

with  eleven  foreigners  in   1913,  making  a  total  of  seventy 
four  missionaries  at  work  today. 

Seven  years  is  a  fair  test  for  any  organi- 
Growth  zation.      If  there  is  life  it  will  begin  to  be 

evident.  If  stagnation,  it  will  appear. 
Within  this  period  came  the  great  awakening  of  the 
church  in  Korea,  when  she  realized  that  there  was  no  hope 
of  the  foreigner  invoking  his  Government's  aid  to  save 
their  country  to  them.  Many  had  entered  the  church  for 
this  cause.  That  chaff  has  now  all  been  sifted  out.  Then 
came  the  time  of  persecution  when  it  was  unpopular  to  be 
connected  with  the  church.  The  eaters  of  loaves  and 
fishes  went  back.  These  have  therefore  been  years  of 
testing  and  may  be  fairly  taken  as  a  test  of  real  life.  In 
the  seven  years  from  1908  to  1915  the  number  of 
ordained  Deacons  grew  from  none  so  far  as  known  to  24. 
The  number  of  ordained  Elders  from  14  to  50.  The 
total  number  of  churches  from  231  to  283.  The  total 
church  membership  in  1908  was  4508,  which  in  1915  had 
increased  to  7792.  The  total  number  of  Sunday  Schools, 
though  not  known  was  very  small.  Now  there  are  235 
such  organizations  with  an  enrollment  of  8502.  The 
native  contributions  in  1915  \\ereyen  15,889.00. 

The  final  test,  however,    of   a    living 
Presbytery  church  is  self-government.      "  Lay  hands 

hastily  on  no  man "  was  said  with 
reference  to  government.  Self-government  is  the  last  in 
a  natural  order  of  development.  The  church  in  Korea  is 
coming  into  that  period  now.  The  Southern  Presbyterian 
Mission's  territory  (two  states)  forms  one  Presbytery  in 
the  Presbyterian  Church  in  Korea.  The  Korean  church 
is  composed  of  the  Presbyteries  from  the  Missions  of  the 
Australian  church,  the  Canadian  Church,  and  the  Northern 
and  Southern  Presbyterian.  In  1915  for  the  first  time 
both  Presbytery  and  General  Assembly  elected  Moderator 
and  Stated  Clerk  from  among  the  native  brethren.  The 
work  was  done  with  an  order  and  despatch  worthy  the 
best  traditions  of  Presbyterians.  Then  the  number  of 
churches  having  their  own  sessions  and  pastors  is  yearly 
increasing. 


THE    PRESBYTERIAN   GROUP  389 

Of  the  nations  that  were  a  hundred 
Comity  and  years  ago  called  heathen,  Korea  shows 
Co-operation  every  evidence  of  being  the  first  to 
establish  into  its  life  the  church  of 
Christ.  She  has  blazed  the  xvay,  both  for  the  churches 
among  heathen,  and  too,  among  the  so-called  Christian 
nations,  for  comity  and  co-operation.  These  two  are  as 
near  complete  in  Korea  as  would  appear  possible  any 
where  in  the  world.  There  is  no  overlapping  of  territory. 
There  is  co-operation  on  all  hands.  She  stands  today  in 
this  matter  the  glory  and  despair  of  the  church  in  all 
lands.  The  glory,  because  co-operation  between  Chri.stian 
bodies  on  a  large  scale  has  been  carried  out  in  a  practical 
way  for  many  years.  The  despair,  because  both  at  home 
and  on  most  other  fields  the  same  looks  to  be  far  in  the 
future.  "  A  little  child  shall  lead  them." 

She  is  showing  the  way  to  enduring 
Final  Develop-        peace  by  practising  in  her  Christian  life  a 
ment  comity  and  a  co-operation  worthy   of  all 

emulation.  Those  who  labor  in  Korea 
see  her  entering  her  third  and  final  course  of  development. 
They  wait  and  work  with  no  uncertain  aims.  For  the 
completion  of  self-support  and  self-propagation  and  self- 
government  they  are  working  and  watching  AS  those  who 
must  give  account.  They  entered  a  Hermit  nation,  shut 
away  from  the  races  of  men.  They  labored,  many  of  them 
where  not  but  once  in  a  year  did  they  come  out  to  meet 
their  few  co  laborers.  Here  and  there  from  one  corner  of 
the  land  to  the  other  the  fires  have  been  lit.  They  are 
burning  today.  Quietly  and  unseen,  but  burning.  As  a 
keen,  farsighted  captain  of  industry  wrote  a  few  days  ago, 
"  The  work  you  are  doing  will  stand  long  after  our  little 
business  shall  have  vanished  like  a  footprint  in  sand — when 
the  curtain  rises  on  the  next  act  the  lonesome  missionary 
will  be  the  ruler  of  a  kingdom." 

As  an  investment  /or  life  or  treasure  Korea  presents 
today  an  opportunity  unparalleled. 

There  was  earnest  consideration  in  the  last  meeting  of 
the  Presbytery  covered  by  the  S.P.  Mission,  of  dividing 


39O  KOREA 

the  Presbytery  into  two.     The  step   was  not  taken,    but 
will  doubtless  be  done  in  a  few  years. 

In  the  General  Assembly  and  in  all  matters  of  self- 
government  the  Korean  Elders,  both  ruling  and  teaching 
ones,  are  taking  a  more  and  more  prominent  part.  Not 
suddenly  or  with  violence  or  desire  for  prominence  but 
surely  and  steadily  the  native  church  in  Korea  is  meeting 
the  supreme  test  of  a  living  church  self-government. 


KOREA 


CHAPTER    I 

SURVEY  OF  MEDICAL  WORK  IN  KOREA 


BY  o.  R.  AVISON 

The  Missions  working  in  Korea  are 
Loving  Service  awakening  to  the  value  of  medical  work 
not  only  as  a  christianizing  agency  but 
as  an  exponent  of  Christianity.  They  are  beginning  to 
realize  that  it  not  only  appeals  to  the  non-Christian  com 
munities  as  an  evidence  of  the  real  spirit  of  love  in  the 
Christian  Church  of  which  Christ  was  the  great  Exemplar 
but  that  it  is  educating  the  Christian  communities  in  a 
practical  method  of  following  Christ  in  loving  service.  It 
is  scarcely  possible  to  think  of  an  individual  Christian  or 
of  a  community  of  Christians  taking  no  thought  for  the 
sufferings  of  their  neighbors,  so  that  a  practical  way  of 
helping  to  relieve  the  suffering  is  most  desirable  and  this 
opportunity  is  given  by  these  institutions. 

The  number  and  location  of  medical 
Statistics  plants    (large    and    small)  established    in 

Korea  so  far  by  the  various  Missions  can 
be  seen  in  the  following  table  : 


394 


KOREA 


—    ^  . 

0 


&.1L 


c  . 

c 

'i       I 


-       . 


d,  fr 

r  'c 

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3   .          < 

3-1      = 

< 

•* 

.3 

c 

6 

= 

&j 

C 

0           c 

3 

U 

'               C 

o 

SURVEY  OF  MEDICAL  WORK  IN  KORKA 


395 


a  a  .s  : 


.2  -2 


«-1  a  8  I 


s'i-J    s  . 

c  -   •_»      ,c  s 
s»  H  tf    .  t:  i 


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CJ 

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!j  O  <         •< 


KOREA 


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and  N. 


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ed  soon 
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xpect 
n  n 


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t-1  £ 


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SURVF.Y  OF  MEDICAL  WORK  IN  KORF.A 

"5  *• 

•IM  £ 

'£  -s  -, 


SK 

!JS 


I  I 


397 


398  KOREA 

It  is  to  be  noted  that  six  of  the  Missions 

Severance  Union      working   in    Korea    have    united   in  the 

Institution  establishment    of   a    Medical    School    in 

Seoul,    known  as  the  Severance  Union 

Medical  College,  Hospital  and  Nurses'  Training  School. 

This  Institution  is  up  to  date  in  its  buildings  and  equipment 

and  has  already  a  staff  larger  than  was  at  one  time  thought 

possible  for  a  Mission  plant,  although  further  growth  in 

this  direction  is  fully  expected. 

It  is  not  only  carrying  on  teaching  in  Medicine,  Nursing, 
Dentistry  and  Pharmacy  but  also  has  already  done  com 
mendable  work  in  various  lines  of  research,  for  which 
department  special  funds  have  been  recently  donated  by 
Mr.  J.  L.  Severance  and  his  sister,  Mrs.  D.  P.  Allen  of 
Cleveland,  Ohio.  The  scope  of  this  department  is  set 
forth  in  the  following  letter  which  has  recently  emanated 
from  the  Executive  Committee  which  directs  this  part  of 
the  work : 

"  We  hope  to  do  a  quality  of  work  that  will  commend 
itself  to  critics  and  yet  will  be  primarily  in  the  interest  of 
the  people  in  the  Orient  to  whom  we  have  come  with  a 
message  of  helpfulness.  Great  as  this  desire  is,  the  method 
must  be  of  necessity  somewhat  different  from  that  pursued 
in  similar  departments  elsewhere. 

"A  recent  Cleveland  visitor  with  whom  I  was  talking 
remarked  that  we  could  not  hope  to  compete  with  other 
research  departments  in  the  homeland  because  of  the 
heavy  endowment  and  the  number  of  specialists  that  were 
at  their  disposal.  My  answer  was  that  there  was  no 
necessity  for  this  competition  and  that  this  extended  to 
other  research  bodies  as  well  as  to  individuals  and  races. 
An  instance  was  then  cited  in  which  we  are  now  supplying 
the  University  of  Chicago  with  material  for  the  examination 
of  one  phase  of  tuberculosis  that  is  absolutely  unobtainable 
by  them  and  there  will  doubtless  be  other  opportunities 
for  similar  cooperation. 

"  Limited  men  and  means  will  prevent 

Fundamental         us  from  pushing  far  beyond   the  horizon 

Problems  of  present  knowledge  and  spending  years 

on    problems    that    at    most    would    be 


SURVEY  OF  MEDICAL  WORK  IN  KOREA  399 

brought  to  the  attention  of  only  a  few  specialists  in  that 
particular  field.  This  is  well  enough  in  itself  and  for 
certain  individuals,  but  we  are  not  called  upon  as  mission 
aries  to  compete  with  these  people  in  the  discovery  of 
something  new.  The  medical  conditions  in  Korea  have 
never  been  examined  at  all  critically  by  any  one  and 
hence  the  fundamental  problems  are  as  yet  untouched. 
The  physiological  standards  that  are  used  as  the  basis  by 
which  to  judge  the  pathological  have  never  been  worked 
out  here.  There  is  reason  to  believe  that  in  many 
respects  these  differ  materially  from  the  Ameiican  or 
Continental  figures  which  we  must  teach  our  students  until 
we  can  substitute  for  them  the  Korean  and  Japanese 
standards.  The  difference  in  the  diet,  nervous  make  up, 
customs,  diseases,  etc.  are  of  undoubted  importance  in  the 
altering  of  these  bases  of  comparison.  The  common 
diseases  here  have  never  been  touched,  except  in  so  far  as 
the  observations  and  experiments  made  elsewhere  apply 
locally,  and  even  then  we  are  sometimes  at  a  loss  to  know 
how  iar  they  can  be  safely  applied.  This  brings  us  to  the 
inevitable  conclusion  that  the  first  problems  to  be  attacked 
must  be  the  fundamental  ones  which  have  been  fairly  well 
worked  over  so  far  as  they  apply  to  other  nationalities  and 
with  constant  attention  to  differences,  no  matter  how  small, 
that  would  throw  light  upon  any  phase  of  the  subject  as 
yet  unsettled.  Surely  several  years  will  be  devoted  to 
this  digging  and  refining  of  the  placer  gold  before  any 
real  digging  is  contemplated.  Work  of  this  sort  will 
really  attract  more  attention  from  more  people  than  would 
be  the  case  if  we  paid  strict  attention  to  minor  problems 
that  are  absolutely  new.  The  value  of  the  broader 
investigation  is  of  course  much  greater  to  the  people  and 
the  native  doctors  who  will  be  treating  them  and  who  are 
now  under  our  leadership. 

"  This  of  course  does  not  mean  that  we  will  not  be  ever 
on  the  alert  for  new  facts  in  diagnosis  and  treatment  of 
disease  and  especially  for  the  undetermined  causes  of 
diseases  peculiar  to  the  Orient." 


4OO  KOREA 

The  Pharmacy  is  not  only  dispensing 

Pharmacy  the  prescriptions  of  the  physicians  but  is 

manufacturing    pharmaceuticals    for    its 

own    use   and    supplying   nearly   all    the  other    Medical 

Missionary  Institutions  with  whatever  they  need  in  this 

line. 

A  Doctor  of  Pharmacy  is  to  join  the  staff  this  spring 
and  no  doubt  this  department  will  become  a  much  more 
effective  helper  of  all  the  medical  plants  of  the  country, 
saving  them  from  the  necessity  of  keeping  large  stocks  on 
hand  and  guaranteeing  them  drugs  that  are  up  to 
standard. 

The  Department  of  Bacteriology  has 
Bacteriology        recently  been  provided  with  a  thoroughly 
qualified  head  and  we  are  able  to  prepare 
nearly  all  the  vaccines  which  have  become  so  essential  a 
part  of  medical  practice.     These  we  can  also  supply  to 
the  other  Mission  hospitals  and  so  assure  to  them  a  con 
stant  stock  of  fresh  products.     This  department  can  also 
make  all  necessary  diagnostic  tests  which   recent  develop 
ments  in  bacteriology  have  made  a  necessary  part  of  the 
routine  of  diagnosis. 

The  Pathological  Department,  working 
Pathology          m  conjunction  with  this,  places  us  in  a 
position   favorable  to   the   doing   of  ac 
curate  work — a  position  to  which  we   have  been   long 
aspiring,  not  only  for  the  sake  of  the  work  of  this  hospital 
but  for  the  help  it  may  give  to  all,  and  the  training  in 
scientific  methods  we  may  give  our  students. 

The  new  Biochemical  Laboratory  which  supports  and 
rounds  out  the  work  of  the  other  departments  will  greatly 
aid  the  proper  solution  of  many  as  yet  unsolved  problems. 

This  school  is  now  in  process  of  being 

Government         converted  into  a   Special   School  (Sem- 

Standards          mon  Gakko)  under  the  new  Educational 

Ordinance  of  the  Government  General,  so 

that  it  will  be  in  line  with  all  government  standards  and 

future  developments. 

The   statistics   are   as   follows :     Previously    graduated 


SURVEY  OF  MEDICAL  WO  RK  IN  KOREA  401 

physicians  53,  Nurses  13,  Pharmacists  i,  to  be  graduated 
this  year,  Physicians  8,  Nurses  4. 

Number  of  students  in  coming  school  year  :  Senior 
Class  13,  Junior  Class  15,  Sophomoie  Class  14,  Freshman 
Class  20  or  25,  Total  62.  Pupil  Nurses  30,  Dental  Dept. 
2,  Pharmaceutical  Dept.  13,  Pathological  and  Bacterio 
logical  special  studenls  4. 

Total  number  under  instruction  iif. 

The  aim  of  the  institution  is  to  turn  out  an  average  of 
20  physicians  and  10  nurses  per  year — all  Christian  and 
all  ready  and  anxious  to  work  for  Christ  by  helping  those 
who  are  suffering. 

The  aim  and  the  outlook  of  rredical  missions  in  Korea 
can  be  gathered  by  a  reading  of  the  following  extracts 
from  letters  and  reports  of  those  doing  the  work  : — 

Dr.  Avison's  statement. — "  The  general 
New  Situation  medical  situation  in  Chosen  is  very 
different  from  what  it  formerly  was.  In 
the  first  years  of  work  in  Korea  it  was  needed  to  win 
a  way  to  a  sympathetic  hearing  for  the  gospel,  and  the 
absolute  absence  of  anything  like  hospitals  or  dispensaries 
or  surgeons  made  the  poorest  of  our  medical  plants  seem 
like  great  benevolent  institutions  and  the  simplest  of  our 
surgical  work  appear  miraculous  ;  but  those  days  have 
passed  to  a  large  extent.  The  people  have  grown  ac 
customed  to  the  marvellous,  the  government  has  installed 
hospitals  better  than  ours,  with  larger  staffs  of  doctors  and 
nurses  and  with  more  modern  equipment  for  diagnosis  and 
treatment,  and  the  wonder  of  it  has  largely  disappeared. 

"  It  is  time  now  to  carefully  reconsider  the  whole  ques 
tion  of  medical  mission  work  in  Korea  and  decide  rational 
ly  as  to  what  the  Missions  should  attempt  to  do  and  the 
reasons  for  doing  it,  for  it  must  be  now  understood  that 
whatever  is  undertaken  must  be  carried  through  in  a 
thorough  way  and  no  more  should  be  planned  for  than 
can  be  maintained  at  a  satisfactory  degree  of  excellence. 

"  In  the  opinion  of  all  the  doctors  of  all 

Proper  Staff          the    Missions  the   feeling   is   strong   that 

every   medical  plant  must  have  at  least 


4O2  KOREA 

two  foreign  physicians  on  its  staff  and  at  least  one  foreign 
nurse,  besides  the  native  helpers  of  whom  at  least  one 
doctor  and  one  nurse  should  be  well  trained  graduates. 
Then  the  equipment  must  be  sufficient  to  enable  modern 
methods  of  diagnosis  to  be  used  and  the  most  advanced 
means  of  treatment  followed.  This  opinion  is  now  shared 
by  a  large  majority  of  the  other  missionaries  also. 

"  This  will  mean  a  large  increase  in  the  number  of 
medical  workers  (bo'h  doctors  and  nurses)  increased 
expenditure  for  buildings  and  equipment,  and  an  enlarged 
annual  budget,  although  it  is  practically  certain  that  a  good 
deal  of  this  increased  budget  can  be  met  out  of  local 
receipts  after  the  improved  methods  have  had  time  to 
become  known  and  appreciated. 

"  One   may    reasonably  ask  why   the 

Why  Medical  Missions  should  expend  the  time  and 
Missions  ?  money  required  to  do  this  medical  work 
when  the  government  is  already  doing  so 
much.  The  answer  is  that  the  church  of  Christ  must 
follow  Christ's  teaching  and  example  and  exemplify  His 
spirit  if  it  is  to  build  up  real  followers  of  Christ ;  that 
wherever  the  Church  of  Christ  exists  it  must  care  for 
the  sick  and  the  needy,  and  this  is  the  most  easily 
understood  and  most  valuable  philanthropy  in  which 
Missions  can  engage.  Is  the  care  of  the  sick  to  be  left 
entirely  to  the  government  ?  Shall  the  followers  of  the 
Christ  stand  on  one  side  and  do  nothing  for  the  suffering 
that  exists  all  around  them  ?  Christians  must  have  some 
form  of  exercise  in  loving  ministrations  if  they  are  them 
selves  to  be  saved  from  selfishness  and  hardness.  This 
demand  is  imperative  and  medical  Missions  constitute  the 
answer  to  it.  And  further,  a  Mission  with  successful 
medical  work  lovingly  carried  on  will  make  a  stronger 
appeal  to  the  non-  Christian  communities  than  will  one  of 
preaching  only. 

"All  the  above  constitute  a  reason  for 

Training  medical    work    in  the   Stations  ;  but  the 

Native  Doctors        medical  work  we  foreigners  can  do  in  the 

Stations-  is  but  temporary  and   can  last 

only  as  long  as  we  keep  up  supplying  foreign  doctors  to 


SURVEY  OF  MEDICAL  WORK  IN  KOREA  403 

man  those  plants,  and  it  cannot  be  more  extensive  than  can 
be  covered  by  that  small  force  in  those  few  places.  A 
much  more  far  reaching  and  permanent  work  can  be  done 
by  training  a  corps  of  native  physicians  who  may  do  for 
the  whole  Christian  Church  in  Korea  what  our  few  station 
plants  are  doing  for  their  localities,  while  at  the  same  time 
we  shall  be  making  it  possible  for  the  Church  to  get  a 
permanent  supply  of  Christian  physicians  if  we  not  only 
train  a  large  body  of  such  physicians  but  in  addition  train 
competent  teachers  and  research  workers  out  of  the  best  of 
the  graduates. 

"  For  those  reasons  it  miy  be  easily  seen  that,  while  our 
hospitals  in  the  stations  are  very  desirable  for  the  present 
and  will  be  for  many  years  to  come  and  it  should  be  our 
policy  to  set  them  up  and  maintain  them  at  a  high  standard, 
it  is  still  more  important  that  all  the  Missions  join  forces  in 
providing  a  completely  equipped  medical  school  for  the 
accomplishment  of  the  greater  task  and  of  providing  for 
the  permanency  of  the  work.  In  time  we  shall  turn  over 
the  station  plants  to  our  Korean  graduates,  though  it  is  far 
too  early  yet  for  that ;  but  even  after  that  has  been  done 
the  medical  school  must  be  maintained  still  longer,  yet  with 
the  recognition  ot  the  fact  that  it  too  must  ultimately  be 
relinquished  to  the  men  who  we  trust  will  make  worthy 
successors  to  ourselves." 

Dr.  Stewart's  report :     "  The  progress 

Growth  of  our  hospital  work  is  very  encouraging. 

We  have  worked  for  two  years  with   a 

hard  pull  up  stream,  on  account  of  the  unsettled  problems 

of  our  work.     Yet  have  we  gained  158  inpatients  ever  last 

year,  368  in  all,  with  an  income  of  1,388. 48  yen  almost 

double  our  last  year's  income  from  patients." 

"  At  the  dispensary  we  did  more  free  work  this  year 
than  last,  the  receipts  of  837.32  yen  coming  almost  wholly 
from  our  gynecological  patients.  Dispensary  was  held 
256  days,  with  an  average  ot  37  patients  a  day. 

"  Because  of  lack  of  time  we  have  made  fewer  outcalls 
than  formerly.  If  the  doctor  had  a  flying  machine  or  an 
automobile  we  could  do  more,  but  we  can  not  take  the 


404  KOREA 

time    to    go    long    distances  by  slow  travel   so  only   72 
outcalls  were  made. 

"  The  hospital  Bible  woman  reports  visiting  209  homes 
of  hospital  patients.  As  a  result  of  these  visits  43  persons 
decided  to  believe,  19  have  come  into  the  church.  Many 
others  also,  who  were  not  patients,  but  connected  with  the 
families  of  patients,  have  decided  to  believe.  Mabel,  the 
dispensary  Bible  woman,  in  her  follow  up  work,  made 
358  calls.  There  have  been  enrolled  27  new  members  in 
the  church,  as  a  direct  result  of  her  efforts." 

Dr.    Taylor's    report :       "  Dispensary 

Dispensary          work  and  outside  visitation   I  have  found 

Work  to  be  a  success  in  our  district  in  reaching 

non-Christians.     Some  of  our  adherents 

have    been    brought    in    through    these    efforts.     I    am 

appointing  a  trained  nurse  to  attend  patients  in  their  homes 

and  at  the  same  time  to  deal  with  them  spiritually. 

"  A  Gospel  address  is  given  each  day  in  the  waiting 
room  before  treatment  is  started.  This  kind  of  work  has 
certainly  broken  down  great  opposition  and  I  am  able  to 
enter  homes  that  would  be  otherwise  barred  against  the 
gospel." 

Dr.  Laws'  Report :     "  We  have  been 
Work  Not  told    that   the    day   of    Mission    medical 

Finished  work  in  Korea  is  over.     I   don't  believe 

it.     At  least  not  in  this  province. 

"  I  find  that  there  is  less  prejudice  against  the  attendance 
of  a  western  medical  man  in  the  case  of  difficult  confine 
ments  than  was  the  case  in  the  old  days.  Unfortunately 
they  only  send  for  them  when  the  case  has  been  in  labor 
some  days." 

"  In  these  hard  times  we  hear  of  medical  work  being  cut 
down.  There  was  never  a  greater  mistake.  The  medical 
missionary  is  able  to  give  practical  object  lessons  oi 
Christian  loye,  and  so  he  gets  at  the  understandings  of 
those  he  works  amongst.  He  also  destroys  the  power  of 
the  charlatan  and  belief  in  the  power  of  malignant  spirits 
to  cause  disease. 

"  Since  the  initiation  of  compulsory  vaccination  I  have 
not  seen  a  case  of  small  pox. 


SURVEY  OF  MEDICAL  WORK  IN  KOREA  405 

"  I  have  tried  by  personal  dealings  with  sick  folk,  (for 
all  cases  are  personally  seen  by  myself  and  not  left  to 
.Korean  subordinates)  to  carry  out  the  methods  of  the 
greatest  of  medical  missionaries,  the  Lord  Jesus  Christ 
himself." 

Dr.    Anderson     of    Wonju     reports : 

Prejudice  Gone  "  Recently  a  man  came  to  the  hospital 
for  operation  on  diseased  bone  in  the 
leg.  Me  had  been  very  hostile  to  Christianity  and  had 
persistently  refused  to  listen  to  the  exhortation  of  a  relative 
to  become  a  Christian,  but  his  prejudice  was  broken  when 
he  had  been  with  us  a  day  or  two  and  received  Christian 
care  and  treatment,  and  he  was  willing  to  read  the  book  of 
Proverbs  at  our  request.  This  interested  him  very  much 
and  he  asked  for  more.  Now  he  is  reading  the  Bible 
nearly  all  day  long  and  says  that  he  and  his  household  are 
going  to  be  Christians.  In  this  way  we  help  to  spread 
the  gospel  to  the  village  where  the  man  lives.  Further 
more,  he  will  help  us.  He  will  not  only  tell  the  gospel 
story,  but  he  will  tell  his  friends  and  prove  by  his  own 
experience  that  an  anaesthetic  will  not  shorten  one's  life  to 
two  or  three  years,  as  many  ignorant  ones  believe,  neither 
dees  anaesthetic  mean  that  one  is  put  to  death  for  a  time 
and  brought  back  to  life  again,  another  superstitious  belief 
that  is  current  among  the  people.  He  will  thus  encourage 
his  friends  to  come  for  treatment  and  by  increasing  our 
clinic  will  increase  our  influence.  So,  one  might  say  that 
our  future  depends  largely  on  the  enlightening  influence  of 
the  gospel  on  the  people." 

Dr.  Mansfield's  report :   "  BEFORE- 

Before  and  After  a  huddled  ma.ss  of  rags  and  filth  and 
running  sores,  neglected  by  the  family  to 
whom  he  had  become  an  unbearable  burden,  passing 
joyless  days  and  nights  of  anguish  in  a  filthy  mud  hut, 
utterly  wretched  and  helpless  ;  AFTER — a  clean  patient  in 
a  clean  bed  in  our  men's  ward,  with  clean  clothes,  cleansed 
wounds,  pain  relieved,  enjoying  good  food,  sleeping  at 
night  and  spending  the  days  in  singing  the  hymns  ;  such  is 
the  contrast  that  Union  Christian  Hospital  has  brought 
about  in  the  life  of  P.ik  Chaegyungi  who,  though  a 


4O6  KOREA 

hopeless  cripple,  is  hippy  and  fairly  free  from  p.iin,  pro 
bably  the  first  time  since  the  dreadful  white  plague  struck 
him  down.  Again,  Mr.  Kim,  the  head  of  a  family  of  five, 
was  carried  to  our  hospital,  suffering  from  a  liver  abscess 
which  had  brought  him  almost  to  death's  door.  An 
operation  turned  the  scale  and  started  him  on  a  convales 
cence  which,  though  slow,  finally  ended  in  his  complete 
recovery.  His  wile  stood  by  him  in  these  trying  days 
of  convalescence  with  a  patience  and  untiring  devotion, 
especially  beautiful  to  see  in  this  land  of  loveless  marriages. 
Now  the  whole  family  of  five  are  regular  attendants  at 
church  and  are  constantly  advertising  our  hospital  for  us. 
A  little  mother  came  in  her  day  of  trial,  who  but  for  the 
operation  that  we  hastily  performed,  would  have  fallen  a 
victim  to  the  grim  reaper.  Now  she  carries  a  fine  black- 
eyed  boy  on  her  back  as  she  goes  to  church.  She  had 
been  a  Christian  and  a  church  attendant  in  Seoul  but  had 
slipped  away  from  her  allegiance,  now  she  wants  our 
"  hospital  baby  "  to  learn  to  know  and  to  love  the  Christ, 
to  whom  she  had  once  more  given  herself. 

"In  a  city  such  as  Wonsan,  of  only 
Outclinics  30,000  inhabitants,   the  limits  of  growth 

of  medical  work  are  very  soon  reached. 
We  can  never  hope,  locally  at  least,  to  treat  the  thousands 
that  attend  the  clinics  in  China.  But  the  country  about 
our  city  is  filled  with  small  villages,  to  many  of  which  the 
news  of  the  establishment  of  a  Christian  Hospital  has  not 
yet  penetrated.  With  a  view  of  reaching  the  sick  in  these 
villages,  we  have  established  outclinics  at  four  points 
along  the  railroad,  which  are  each  visited  once  every  week 
by  a  Korean  physician  and  his  assistant.  Members  of 
churches  in  these  villages  have  welcomed  the  doctors  into 
their  homes,  giving  their  best  rooms  for  the  doctor's  use 
in  his  clinics.  They  themselves  help  him  in  his  clinical 
work  but  are  especially  active  in  preaching  to  the  people 
who  gather  for  treatment.  These  clinics  have  been  very 
effective  as  an  advertising  agency  for  our  main  hospital. 
In  them,  too  we  have  treated  on  an  average  over  one 
hundred  patients  per  week. 


SURVF.Y  OF  MEDICAL  WORK  IN  KOREA  407 

•  "  A   hundred  babies  decked  in  all   the 

Baby  Show  colors  of  the  rainbow,  escorted  and 
waited  on  adoringly  by  a  hundred  proud 
mothers, — of  course  the  show  was  a  howling  success. 
The  babies  were  weighed,  examined  by  the  doctors, 
graded  and  tagged,  and  a  record  kept  for  each.  The 
mother's  methods  of  car  ng  for  them  were  carefully  gone 
into  and  approved  or  amendments  suggested.  Since  then 
an  attempt  has  been  made  to  follow  up  this  work  by 
monthly  visits  to  the  homes  of  the  children.  One  of  the 
foreign  ladies  accompanied  by  a  hospital  nurse  and  a  Bible 
woman  has  been  doing  this  work.  We  soon  found  that 
there  are  big  possibilities  in  the  development  of  thin  line  of 
work,  for  interest  in  the  babies  will  unlock  many  doors 
that  would  otherwise  be  barred  to  us.  Under  the  direc 
tion  of  a  settlement  nurse,  the  unhygienic  conditions  in 
many  homes  could  be  corrected.  Many  of  the  Koreans 
are  anxious  to  learn  the  new  ideas  and  are  ready  to  adopt 
them  in  so  far  as  they  can.  So  the  annual  baby  show 
with  follow  up  work  has  come  to  remain  as  a  very 
important  department  of  our  hospital  activities." 

Dr.  Wilson's  report :      "Its  a  joy  to 
Lepers  have  the   privilege  of  helping  the   poor 

and  it  has  been  a  special  privilege  to  be 
able  to  do  something  for  the  180  lepers  in  our  leper 
homes,  especially  as  we  have  seen  such  great  improve 
ment  in  their  physical  condition.  Miss  Martin  of  Mokpo 
furnished  the  money  for  a  new  home  in  which  we  have  40 
male  lepers. 

"  Dr.  Reiser  of  the  Rockfeller  foundation,  who  by  the 
way  has  a  big  place  in  his  heart  for  the  lepers,  visited  our 
plant  recently  and  he  remarked  that  with  the  exception  of 
that  at  Manila  we  are  getting  the  best  results  he  has  seen. 

"  We  have  24  cases  that  have  entirely  healed  with  the 
exception  of  a  few  anaesthetic  spots  and  Dr.  Heiser  says 
these  will  disappear  after  another  ',  ear's  treatment. 

"  Our  lepers  give  their  own  treatment  with  the  hypo 
dermic  needle  and  there  is  rarely  an  abscess  or  any 
trouble.  The  medicine  is  given  once  a  week  by  a  deep 
injection  into  the  muscles.  Of  course  in  many  cases  no 


408  KOREA 

improvement  is  seen  but  a  great  many  of  the  early  cases 
improve  very  rapidly,  their  ulcers  disappear,  eye  brows 
return  and  the  distressing  dead  sensation  of  the  skin 
regains  its  vigor. 

"  The  spiritual  side  of  the  work  with 
Spiritual  Side        the  lepers  is  the  brightest,  for  mostly  all 

our  lepers  are  Christians.  We  very 
often  hear  this  remark.  "  My  disease  is  a  blessing  to  me 
for  on  account  of  it  I  came  into  this  home  and  became 
a  Christian."  Seventy-six  in  the  home  have  been  baptized 
and  this  summer  an  elder  and  two  deacons  were  elected 
and  they  now  have  their  own  organized  church.  Dr. 
Clark  of  Seoul  remarked  that  "  These  lepers  are  remark 
able  Bible  students  "  and  some  of  their  answers  were  a 
great  surprise  to  him. 

"  The  last  field  day  was  a  great  treat 
Field  Day  to  all  the  lepers.      About  75  took  part  in 

the  events  and  the  rest  formed  the 
audience,  judges  and  managers.  It  was  indeed  a  good 
show  to  see  these  cripples  entering  with  all  their  might 
into  the  great  variety  of  races  and  contests.  Many  shed 
tears  on  losing  an  event.  A  large  box  of  supplies  such 
as  pencils,  safety  pins,  bandana  handkerchiefs,  dolls  and 
such  had  just  arrived,  having  been  sent  by  various  friends 
and  societies  from  the  homeland  and  with  these  we  gave 
out  over  400  prizes." 

"  When  I  started  my  work  here  9  years  ago  I  picked 
up  a  little  1 5  year  old  boy  from  the  village  and  put  him 
to  pressing  ulcers.  He  did  his  work  well  and  was 
anxious  to  learn,  went  to  school  in  the  afternoons  and  at 
night  and  continued  to  improve.  Four  years  ago  we  sent 
him  to  the  Severance  Union  Medical  School  and  this 
spring  he  graduated  with  first  honors  in  his  class  in 
medicine  and  is  now  with  us  in  the  hospital.  He  is  a 
dandy  boy  and  a  great  joy  and  help  to  me  here  in  the 
hospital.  He  surprises  me  almost  every  day  with  some  of 
the  diagnoses  he  makes.  He  is  an  earnest  Christian  and 
preaches  often  at  the  church  as  well  as  doing  quiet 
personal  work  with  the  patients  at  the  hospital.  It  is 
certainly  a  joy  to  see  the  Koreans  now  doing  medical 


SURVEY  OF  MKDICAL  WORK  IN  KOREA  409 

\vork  for  their  own  people  in  the  proper  way  instead  of 
using  the  horrible  old  heathen  methods  which  cause  far 
more  injurious  results  than  the  good  they  do.  We  have 
some  very  good  nurses  and  I  can  go  off  for  a  stay  and 
leave  the  entire  work  in  their  care  without  any  anxiety." 

Dr.    Tipton's    report :       "  At  another 

Restored  place  the  leader  of  the  church  and  several 

members   had    become   discouraged   and 

quit  believing.     A  relative  was  taken  suddenly  ill  and  after 

using   Korean  medicine,  needles,  etc.  they  brought  her  to 

the  hospital.     She  returned  home  well  and  the  church  was 

restored  again  through  this  influence." 

Dr.  Whiting's  report :  "  The  new 
Evangelists  feature  of  the  work  has  been  along  the 
line  of  training  evangelists.  I  have  had 
three  men  under  training  this  fall  and  expect  to  keep 
on  in  this  work.  The  plan  is  to  get  some  earnest  Christians 
in  from  a  country  church  and  keep  them  two  or  three 
months  in  the  dispensary  and  hospital  where  they  have 
a  fine  chance  to  get  experience  in  soul  winning.  Then 
they  are  sent  out  to  follow  up  those  who  have  said  they 
would  believe.  In  this  way  Sin  Chyun,  An  Ak  and  Chai 
Ryung  counties  have  been  partially  gone  over  and  I  hope 
this  spring  to  have  them  visit  every  village  where  patients 
have  come  to  the  hospital.  New  believers;  men  291, 
women  159. 

"The  municipal  hospital  is  running  in  full  blast  but  it 
does  not  seem  to  make  any  difference  to  my  work.  There 
are  trained  physicians  at  all  the  country  seats  and  in  some, 
two  or  three.  There  have  been  four  Japanese  physicians 
here  but  now  there  is  only  the  one  who  is  in  charge  of 
the  municipal  hospital. 

"  My  work  is  something  like  it  was  in  the  city  of  Chicago 
where  I  ran  a  dispensary  within  a  few  blocks  of  one  of  the 
largest  hospitals  in  that  city,  but  that  did  not  make  any 
difference  for  I  had  all  I  could  do.  Have  faith  to  believe 
that  the  work  here  will  go  on  and  there  will  be  a.  place  for 
this  kind  ot  work  as  long  as  we  are  permitted  to  live  in 
Korea." 


4  I O  KOREA 

Dr.    Robertson's    report: — "  What    is 
More  Consecrated      the    chief    need?     Is    it    money?     Well, 
Men  money    helps   with   most   things,    but   if 

we  were  turned  loose  with  no  limits  on 
our  money,  of  course  no  mistakes  would  be  made  by  you 
older  men  but  some  of  us  would  build  some  things  that  we 
think  now  are  essential,  and  within  a  year  or  so  tear  them 
down.  Yes,  money  would  help,  but  the  biggest  need  as  I 
see  it,  is  the  need  for  men  that  are  willing  to  die  daily  for 
the  cause  of  Christ  in  the  medical  work.  I  have  found 
that  there  are  many  things  that  come  in  our  work,  which 
requires  sacrifice  to  the  job.  To  merely  come  to  Korea 
and  let  the  job  drift  is  not  sufficient.  I  do  not  mean  to  say 
that  we  haven't  enough,  and  some  on  the  field  have  an 
inclination  to  rest  on  their  oars  and  let  the  boat  float  One 
resides  in  Chunju,  and  it  takes  prayer  to  keep  from  taking 
the  course  of  least  resistance,  in  many  lines.  But  after  all 
aren't  we  here  to  overcome  the  difficult,  and  to  teach  men 
to  do  so.  Let  us  pray  daily  for  more  consecration,  and 
also  for  more  volunteers." 

Dr.    Fletcher's    report : — "  It    is    im- 
Benefits  of  possible  to  state  all  the  benefits  that  come 

Hospital  from    a    well    managed    hospital    to    the 

Mission  work  in  general.  The  fruits  of 
the  hospital  are  reaped  in  every  department  of  the  work. 
The  schools  receive  untold  benefit  -in  the  prevention  of  the 
spread  of  contagious  diseases  among  the  students  and  the 
prompt  treatment  of  other  ills,  thus  allowing  them  to  be  in 
constant  attendance  at  their  studies.  The  church  as  an 
organization  also  profits  in  having  the  health  of  its  leaders 
properly  protected  and  that  of  its  members  cared  for. 
The  hospital,  however,  is  an  evangelistic  agency  constantly 
producing  results  that  cannot  be  estimated.  Its  influence 
constantly  radiates  out  in  all  directions  penetrating  into 
the  most  remote  and  difficult  parts  of  the  territory.  Just 
as  Medical  Missions  is  often  the  opening  wedge  in  intro 
ducing  the  gospel  into  a  country,  so  it  frequently  opens  the 
coors  of  distant  country  villages.  For  example,  a  patient 
by  the  name  of  Son  Sung  Soo  came  to  our  hospital.  He 
was  treated  and  cured.  He  became  a  Christian,  went  to 


SURVEY  OK  MEDICAL  WORK  IX  KOREA  41  I 

his  heathen  village  and  by  living  and  preaching  the  gospel 
was  the  means  of  converting  1 5  others.  Another  instance 
of  the  evangelistic  influence  of  medical  work  can  be  seen 
in  a  little  church  three  miles  in  the  country.  When  we 
made  our  first  visits  there  to  treat  the  sick  there  was  not  a 
Christian  in  the  village.  Now  there  is  a  small  congrega 
tion  and  a  Sunday  School  of  one  hundred. 

"  Not  only  are  we  able  to  report  very  encouraging 
results  from  our  work  up  to  this  time  but  the  future  is 
very  promising,  even  more  so  than  the  past,  provided  our 
institutions  are  sufficiently  well  constructed,  equipped, 
manned  and  supported  to  enable  us,  with  a  fair  degree  of 
success,  to  maintain  the  same  standards  of  cleanliness  and 
sanitation,  and  accomplish  the  same  results  as  are  obtained 
in  well  managed  hospitals  at  home.  The  reason  our  work 
is  if  anything  more  promising  than  ever  before  is  that  the 
people  are  coming  to  appreciate  modern  medicine  and 
methods  and  the  old  fashioned  so-called  doctor  with  his 
crude  herbs  and  rusty  lance  will  soon  become  a  thing  of 
the  past." 

Dr.    Norton's    report :- — "  As   to    the 

General  Eifects  general  effect  on  Mission  work,  it  is  hard 
to  make  definite  statements.  The  most 
encouraging  thing  to  me  was  the  fact  that  the  brethren 
irorn  Kongju  made  one  of  their  strongest  pleas  for  doctor 
and  hospital  in  their  station  on  the  ground  of  their  indis- 
pensabihty  to  the  evangelistic  work.  At  the  meeting  we 
recently  had  in  Seoul,  I  heard  more  favourable  comment 
on  medical  work  from  the  workers  in  other  lines  than 
I  had  heard  in  many  a  day  before.  I  think  this  perhaps 
speaks  something  for  the  general  effect  on  Mission  work. 
It  seems  to  be  pretty  generally  admitted  that  medical 
work  is  a  legitimate  activity  of  the  church  and  as  such  is 
also  a  great  asset." 

Dr.    Hall   reports  concerning   medical 

\\ omen's  Work       work   for    women    by    women:        "For 
general  effect  (on  general  Mission  work), 
future   prospects,   chief  needs,   etc.      I    refer  you  to  the 
article  on  the  work  prepared  by  myself  in  THE  CHRIST 
IAN   MOVEMFNT    for    1915,  I    think    it    was.     Since  then 


4 1 2  KOREA 

things  have  not  advanced  as  they  should  with  us,  on 
account  of  that  hasty  movement  that  originated  on  the 
field  some  three  years  ago  to  close  our  woman's  medical 
work.  Our  Board  ladies  have  been  slow  in  investigating 
this  movement,  and  during  that  time  have  not  appropriated 
for  advances,  which  of  course  has  been  rather  suicidal. 
But  things  are  looking  up  again  now,  and  no  doubt  we 
shall  soon  be  alloived  a  normal  growth  again. 

"The  three  young  women  students^ccntinue  to  pursue 
their  medical  studies  at  the  Government  School,  and 
others  are  seeking  admission  there  this  year.  I  was 
pleased  to  find  five  Korean  young  women  among  the 
students  in  the  Tokyo  Woman's  Medical  School,  when  I 
visited  it  last  summer,  and  I  know  of  three  more  wishing 
to  enter  there  this  spring.  The  needs  of  the  work  demand 
many  more  Christian  young  women  to  be  qualifying  them 
selves  as  physicians. 

The  greatest  needs  of  the  work  are  (i)  More  women 
physicians,  (2)  More  medical  scholarships  for  Korean 
women." 


FORMOSA 


PART  I 
MISSIONS 


CHAPTER  I 

NORTH  FORMOSA  MISSION 
CANADIAN  PRESBYTERIAN  CHURCH 


BY  DUNCAN  McLroo 

During  1916  all  our  missionaries,  with  the  exception  of 
one  lady  evangelist  who  returned  to  Canada  in  early 
summer,  were  present  on  the  field.  Consequently  few 
years  have  been  more  encouraging,  especially  in  aggressive 
evangelistic  work. 

In  the  month  of  February   a   Union 
Missionary  Conference,  consisting  of  all  the  members 

Conference  of  the  South  and  North  Missions  met  in 
Taihoku.  Three  full  days  were  spent  in 
profitable  discussions  about  the  present  condition  and 
needs  of  our  work,  as  well  as  a  survey  of  our  future 
programme.  Space  does  not  permit  to  refer  to  the  im 
portant  phases  of  the  work  discussed  in  conference.  One 
far-reaching  result  was  the  decision  to  avail  ourselves  of 
the  opportunity  of  preaching  the  Gospel  to  the  visitors  at 
the  coming  exhibition  in  the  city  of  Taihoku. 

In  conjunction  with  Presbyteries,  pre- 
Exhibition  Month  parations  were  made  to  build  preaching 
tents  in  the  neighbourhood  of  the  Exhibi 
tion  grounds.  A  choice  spot  was  granted  us,  free  of  cost, 
by  a  leading  Japanese  official.  On  this  plot  of  ground  four 
tents  were  built.  We  erected  three,  one  for  women,  one  for 
an  emergency  hospital,  with  a  book  stall  attached,  and  a  large 
tent  for  men.  The  fourth  was  erected  by  the  Buddhists, 
who  found  the  task  of  securing  sufficient  speakers  a  rather 
uncomfortable  one.  In  every  thing  they  tried  to  imitate 
Christian  methods.  They  preached  only  in  the  evenings, 
while  the  other  three  tents  carried  on  their  work  all  day, 


4 1 6  FORMOSA 

sometimes  till  almost  midnight.  An  average  of  about  a 
thousand  people  heard  the  gospel  every  day.  In  the  five 
weeks  of  meetings  probably  over  forty  thousand  people 
heard  the  gospel  message,  the  great  majority  of  whom 
heard  for  the  first  time.  Over  sixty  thousand  tracts  were 
distributed,  and  some  were  sold.  Thus  the  seed  was  sown 
broadcast  into  every  corner  of  the  island.  Definite  results 
have  already  been  realised,  and  no  doubt  it  will  bring 
forth  fi  uit  in  the  years  to  come. 

In  the  early  spring  Presbytery  under- 
Special  Evangelistic   took  to  bear  the  expenses  of  a  series  of 
Meetings  meetings   in   ten  ol   the    most  important 

centres  in  North  Formosa.  Several 
congregations  held  similar  meeting  at  their  own  expense. 
Thousands  have  heard  through  these  special  means,  who 
would  never  have  heard  through  the  ordinary  means  of 
grace,  and  on  this  account  aggressive  evangelism  has 
come  as  a  permanent  factor  in  the  future  life  of  the 
Church.  In  one  centre  where  in  former  years  a  deep 
prejudice  existed,  the  leading  men  of  the  place  gave 
permission  to  hold  a  week  of  meetings  in  the  best  patronized 
and  the  largest  temple  in  the  town.  A  week  after  these 
meetings  were  over,  the  leading  men  in  the  heathen 
community  asked  to  have  the  services  repeated,  the  town- 
elder  offering  to  give  30.00  yen  to  help  with  the  expenses. 

In  the  spring  a  new  Girl's  High  School 

Educational          building    was    completed    and    formally 

opened.     Several  of  the  leading  officials 

took  part  in  the  opening  exercises.      There  were  about  70 

students  in  attendance.     There  were  fourteen  women  in  the 

Women's   Bible  School.     Some  of  the  lady  missionaries 

held  classes  for  Christian  women  in  the  out-stations. 

The  Middle  School  is  doing  good  work  and  is  giving 
promise  of  becoming  a  very  important  factor  in  the  winning 
of  the  students  for  the  service  of  the  Church  in  the  years 
to  come.  There  were  about  70  students  in  attendance. 
Steps  are  being  already  taken  to  begin  planning  for  the 
erection  of  a  new  Middle  School,  which  will  ultimately 
accommodate  about  200  students. 


CANADIAN    PRESBYTERIAN   CHURCH  417 

Steps  also  have  been  taken  to  begin  the  erection  of  the 
New  Theological  College.  It  is  hoped  that  it  will  be  com 
pleted  by  the  end  of  1917. 

The  MacKay  Memorial   Hospital  has 
Medical  had   another  busy  year.     Thousands  of 

people  have  been  cared  for  both  physically 
and  spiritually.  There  are  good  prospects  of  opening  a 
new  medical  centre  in  the  city  of  Giran  on  the  East  Coast 
next  spring.  The  hope  is  entertained  that  a  great  impetus 
will  be  given  to  the  evangelistic  side  of  the  work  I  y  the 
opening  of  a  medical  department  there. 

This  department  of  Christian  work  has 
YM.C.A.  been  established  in  the  city  of  Taihoku, 

the  capital  of  Formosa.  Mr.  K.  W. 
Dowie  one  of  our  missionaries  has  been  appointed  as 
honorary  secretary  of  the  Association.  The  policy 
adopted  is  to  attempt  to  amalgamate  the  two  races  in  one 
association.  It  is  earnestly  hoped  that  this  very  delicate 
task  will  be  a  success,  and  that  the  influence  of  a  truly 
Christian  atmosphere  will  break  down  the  barrier  of  race 
prejudice  which  inevitably  exists  in  all  such  acquired 
territories.  There  are  a  good  many  Christian  officials 
interested  in  this  new  undertaking  on  the  part  of  the 
Y.M.C.A.  organization.  The  Canadian  Presbyterian 
Church  is  responsible  for  the  salary  of  the  Honorary 
Secretary.  He  has  already  aquired  a  working  knowledge 
of  the  Japanese  and  Chinese  languages,  \\hich  accomplish 
ment  is  indispensable  for  his  future  task. 

It   is    important   that   our    fellow-mis 

Fonnosan  Students    sionaries    in    Japan    should    know    that 

in  Japan  there  are  a    great   many  students  from 

Formosa  in  Japan.  Our  Noith  Formosa 
Mission  Council  have  sent  several  students  to  Kyoto  and 
Tokyo  to  prosecute  their  studies  with  a  view  to  their 
future  help  in  educational  work.  The  Fonnosan 
young  men,  both  Christian  and  non  Christian  are  open 
to  severe  temptations  in  a  strange  land.  A  Union  Con 
ference  of  North  and  South  Formosa  missionaries  have 
petitioned  the  Presbyteiy  of  the  Church  of  Christ  in  Japan, 
assembled  last  October  in  Tokyo,  to  consider  what  steps 


41 8  FORMOSA 

eould  be  taken  to  meet  the  moral  and  spiritual  needs  of 
these  young  students,  In  the  meantime  we  are  looking 
out  for  a  man  specially  qualified  for  this  very  important 
work.  There  may  be  some  missionaries  who  have  not 
thought  of  this  matter  till  brought  to  their  notice  in  this 
Report. 

The  Church  Year  in  North  Formosa 
Statistics  evidently  does  not  correspond  with  that 

in  Japan.  On  this  account  we  cannot 
give  the  statistics  for  1916.  In  1915  the  total  contribu 
tions  of  the  native  Church  amounted  to  21,995. 40  yen  but 
9,000.00  yen  of  this  amount  was  contributed  by  Mr.  Li 
Chun  Seng,  one  of  our  wealthy  elders  at  Taihoku. 
There  are  about  1400  pupils  in  Sunday  Schools,  including 
the  teachers.  The  number  of  members  in  good  standing 
is  about  2000,  with  as  many  more  adherents.  There  are 
several  self-supporting  congregations,  six  of  which  have 
settled  pastors. 

We  wish  at  the  close  to  express  our  sense  of  gratitude 
for  the  several  visits  paid  to  Formosa  in  1916  by  some  of 
our  noted  Japanese  and  foreign  ministers  and  education 
alists.  It  might  be  worth  considering  how  to  establish  a 
more  practical  fraternity  between  the  Christians  in  Formosa 
and  Japan.  The  sense  of  separation  from  the  brethren  on 
the  mainland  of  Japan  and  China  is  a  very  keen  one, 
especially  on  the  part  of  the  missionaries. 

Another  sense  of  gratitude  is  a  merited  one.  The 
officials  of  the  Formosan  Government  in  their  several 
ranks  and  callings  have  manifested  their  sympathies  with 
our  work  on  behalf  of  the  people  of  Formosa.  In  fact  they 
in  their  official  capacity  have  passed  some  most  important 
measures  for  the  benefit  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  of 
North  Formosa.  There  is  full  liberty  for  carrying  on  any 
kind  of  Christian  work  for  the  uplift  of  the  people. 
Furthermore  there  is  much  sympathy  on  the  part  of  the 
public  press  for  our  special  services.  We  hope  that  in  the 
near  future  Newspaper  Evangelism  may  become  a  new 
phase  of  gospel  propagation.  Brethren  pray  for  us. 


CHAPTER  II 

SOUTH  FORMOSA  MISSION 
ENGLISH  PRESBYTERIAN  CHURCH- 


BY  THOMAS  BARCLAY 

The  statistics  for  the  year  are  as  follows  : — 

COMMUNICANTS  ON  TIIK  Rou.  AT  3151'  OCT.  1915            43°3 
Additions : — • 

Adults  baptised 389 

Baptised  in  infancy,  received  to  Communion.  65 

Restored  from  suspension 6 

Come  from  elsewhere  So 

Total  Additions  540 

Deductions : — 

Deaths 151 

Suspensions -32 

Gone  elsewhere 91 


Total  Deductions  274 

Net  increase  in  number  of  Communicants  ..  2(6 


COMMUNICANTS  ON  THK  ROM.  AT  3isr  OCT.   1916  45^9 

Members  under  Suspension   246 

Children  on  Roll  at  3 1st  Oct.  1915 43J3 

Baptised  during  year  -580 

Total  Baptised  children 4580 


TOTAL  CHURCH  MEMBERSHIP  AT    3isr  OCT.    1916  9395 

Native  Ministers,  5  ;  Elders,  156;  Deacons,  189. 

Foreign  Missionaries:  Men,  9,  Women,  7. 
Native  Church  Givings  during  1911;,  $2,0352.33. 

The  figures  we  consider  fairly  encouraging.  The  net 
increase  is  the  largest  we  have  had  for  many  years.  An 
especially  gratifying  feature  is  the  number  of  those 
baptised  in  infancy  and  now  received  to  Communion,  pro 
bably  the  largest  in  the  history  of  the  Mission. 


42O  FORMOSA 

The  Rev.  D.  P.  Jones  arrived  in  December  to  take  the 
place  of  Mr.  Moncrieff  who  resigned  last  year.     A  little 
later  Miss  S.  Macintosh  arrived  as  an  addition  to  the  staff. 
The  most  outstanding  incident  in  the 
New  Middle  School     history  of  the  year  was  the  opening  of 
Buildings  the  new  Middle  School  buildings.      This 

school  has  been  carried  on  under  varying 
circumstances  for  nearly  30  years.  The  unsuitableness  of 
the  old  buildings  had  long  been  felt.  With  the  help  of 
the  Formosan  Christians  a  handsome  and  very  suitable 
new  set  of  buildings  has  been  erected  on  a  fine  site  of  1 2 
or  13  (English)  acres  just  outside  the  East  gate  of  Tainan. 
Our  wish  is  to  raise  the  standard  to  the  level  of  a  Japanese 
Middle  School,  so  far  as  that  is  possible  on  the  basis  of 
the  somewhat  imperfect  Government  Elementary  School 
education.  This  will  to  some  extent  obviate  the  necessity 
of  boys  going  to  Japan  for  their  education ;  the  costs  will  be 
less  than  half,  and  there  will  be  other  advantages.  The 
now  buildings  cost  43,000  yen,  of  which  nearly  half  was 
contributed  by  the  Formosan  Christians. 

In  this  connection    we  were   glad   to 

Imperial  University      welcome    back     to     Formosa    Mr.    Lim 

Graduate  ]^o  Seng,  the  first  Formosan  graduate  of 

the    Imperial    University,    Tokyo.       His 

assistance   will   be   valuable   in   working  up   the  school. 

His  father  is  a  Chinese  graduate,  now  a  highly  esteemed 

minister  of  our  church. 

The  evangelistic    work  still  continues 

Special  Evangel-      to    be    a    very    hopeful   feature.       Our 

istic  Meetings         Presbytery   gave   instructions   that  such 

meetings  should  be  held  at  each  station 

at  least  once  a  year  ;  at  the  larger  stations  they  are  held 

more    frequently.      The   general    good    feeling    towards 

Christianity   shown   throughout   the   Island    is   doubtless 

partly  due  to  these  meetings. 

The  growing  attention  shown  to  Sabbath 

S.  S.  Work          School    work    is    also    gratifying.      No 

doubt    the   teaching   given   at  many   of 

the  classes  leaves  a  good  deal  to  be  desired,  but  there  can 

be  no  doubt  but  that  much  good  is  being  done. 


ENGLISH    PRESBYTERIAN    CHURCH  421 

In  November  we  had  a  visit  from  the 
Mr.  lowood's  Vi«it  Rev.  Charles  Inwood,  who  held  a  con 
vention  for  four  days,  the  first  of  the  kind 
in  the  50  years  of  our  Mission  history.  Most  of  our 
ministers,  preachers  and  students  were  present,  along  with 
a  number  of  others  from  the  city  and  the  country.  There 
was  an  attendance  of  400  500  at  each  meeting  morning 
and  afternoon.  Though  there  were  no  outward  manifesta 
tions  there  was  a  profound  impression  made,  leading  to 
much  self  examination  and  renewed  consecration,  the  fruit 
of  which  we  hope  to  see  in  the  coming  years. 

The  new  translation  of  the  New  Testa- 
Romanized  New      ment   into    Romanized    vernacular    was 
Testament  issued  during  the  year.     The  first  con 

signment   arrived    in   the   end   of  May : 
already  more  than  1700  copies  have  been  sold. 

One   feature  of  our  work  in  which  it 

Attendance          seems  to  differ  from  the  work  in  Japan 

proper  is  the  ratio  of  church  attendance 

to  irembership.     We  have  a  membership  of  over  4500 

and  an  attendance  at  our  100  stations  (including  children) 

of  about  10,000,  rather  more  than  double.     It  might  be 

interesting  to  consider  the  reason. 

On  10  December  our  senior  Missionary, 

Dr.  Campbell         Rev.    Wm.    Campbell,     D.D.,    F.R.G.S. 

Retires  completed  his  45  years  of  service  in  the 

Island.     He    has    now    resigned,    and    is 

arranging   to    leave    Formosa   finally   in   February    1917. 

Perhaps  next  year  space  may  be  found  for  some  notice  of 

his  work. 


APPENDICES 


APPENDIX    I 

THE   CONFERENCE   OF    FEDERATED 
MISSIONS   IN   JAPAN 

I.— CONSTITUTION  AND  BY-LAWS 

ARTICLE  I. — NAME 

This   Conference   shall   be   called    the    Conference    of 
Federated  Missions  in  Japan. 

ARTICLE  II. — FUNCTIONS 

1.  This  Conference  shall  serve  as  a  general  medium  of 
reference,  communication  and  effort  for  the  co-operating 
missions  in  matters  of  common  interest  and  in  co-operative 
enterprises.     On   application  of  interested  parties,  and  in 
cases  of  urgent  importance  on  its  own  initiative,  the  Con 
ference  may  give  counsel : 

(a)  With    regard    to    the    distribution    of    forces    for 
evangelistic,  educational  and  eleemosynary  work,  especially 
where  enlargement  is  contemplated  ; 

(b)  With  regard  to  plans  for  union  or  co  operation  on 
the   part  of  two  or  more  missions  for  any  or  all  of  the 
above  forms  of  missionary  work,  and  in  general 

(c)  With  a  view  to  the  prevention  of  misunderstandings 
and  the  promotion  of  harmony  of  spirit  and  uniformity  of 
method  among  the  co-operating  missions. 

2.  The  work  of  this  Conference  may  include  : 

(a)  The  formation  of  plans  calculated  to  stimulate  the 
production  and  circulation  of  Christian  literature  ; 

(b)  The  arranging  for  special  evangelistic  campaigns, 
for  the  services  of  visitors  from  abroad  as  preachers  or 
lecturers,  and  for  other  forms  of  co-operative  evangelistic 
effort,  and 


IV  JAPAN 

(c)  In  securing  joint  action  to  meet  emergencies  affect 
ing  the  common  interests  of  the  co  operating  missions. 

3.  In  serving  as  a  means  of  communication  between 
the  co-operating  missions  the  Conference  shall  be  author 
ized  to  publish  at  least  once  a  year  a  record  of  social  and 
religious  conditions  and  progress. 

ARTICLE  III. — BASIS  OF  REPRESENTATION 

I.  This  Conference  shall  be  composed  of  representa 
tives  of  as  many  of  the  *evangelical  Christian  missions  in 
Japan  as  may  choose  to  co-operate  with  it  on  the  basis  set 
forth  below : 

(a)  Five  missionaries  (including  wives)  shall  represent 
one  Unit. 

(b)  All  missions  having  one  or  more  Units  shall  be 
entitled  to  full  membership. 

(c)  Missions  having  from  one  to  three  Units  shall  be 
entitled  to  one  representative. 

(d)  Missions  having  from  four  to  eight  Units  shall  be 
entitled  to  two  representatives. 

(e)  Missions  having  nine  or  more  Units  shall  be  entitled 
to  three  representatives. 

(f)  Unless  a  vote  by  Units  is  called  for  by  at  least  two 
representatives,  voting  shall  be  by  the  ordinary  method. 

(g)  When  a  vote  by  Units  is  called  for  by  two  or 
more  representatives,  the  vote  of  each  representative  shall 
count  in  ratio  to  the  number  of  Units  represented  in  his 
Mission. 

(h)  Missions  having  less  than  one  Unit  may  be  re 
presented  by  one  corresponding  member  who  shall  possess 
all  the  rights  of  a  full  member  except  that  of  voting. 

2.  Two  or  more  missions  without  regard  to  their  size 
may  at  their  discretion  combine  to  form  a  group.  In 
such  cases  each  group  shall,  so  far  as  the  purposes  of  this 

*  The  term  "  evangelical  "  as  used  in  this  article  includes,  by  common 
consent,  those  outstanding  doctrines  of  the  Christian  faith  that  are  held 
by  the  Churches  to  which  the  Ixjdies  holding  membership  in  this  Con 
ference  severally  belong — the  doctrines  comprehended  in  St.  Paul's  words 
found  in  Titus  2  :  ij  (R.  V.)  "  Our  great  God  and  Saviour  Jesus  Christ." 


APPENDIX   I  V 

Committee  are  concerned,  be  counted  as  a  mission,  and 
shall  be  entitled  to  representation  accordingly. 

3.  The  full  members  and  the  corresponding  members 
shall   be  the  media  of  communication  between  the  Con 
ference   and  the  missions,  or  groups  of  missions,  which 
they  respectively  represent. 

4.  The  members  of  this  Conference  shall  be  chosen  by 
the  missions,  or  groups  of  missions,  which  they  respective 
ly  represent,   or  shall  be  appointed  by  the  proper  authori 
ties  in  their  respective  missions   or   groups,  to  serve  for 
such  terms  as  said  missions  or  groups   may  individually 
determine. 

5.  Each  of  the  Bible  Societies  and  the  Book  and  Tract 
Society    shall    be    entitled  to   representation    in  the   Con 
ference,  irrespective  of  the  number  of  their  representatives 
on  the  field. 

ARTICLE  IV. — WITHDRAWAL 

A  mission  may  at  any  time  withdraw  from  co  operation 
with  the  Conference  by  notifying  the  secretary  in  writing 
of  its  decision  to  do  so. 

ARTICLE  V.— OFFICERS 

The  officers  of  this  Conference  shall  be  a  chairman,  a 
vice-chairman,  a  secretary  and  a  treasurer,  who  shall  hold 
office  for  one  year,  or  until  their  successors  are  elected. 
They  shall  be  chosen  by  ballot. 

ARTICLE  VI. — MEETINGS 

1.  Regular  meetings  of  the  Conference  shall  be  held 
annually  at  such  times  and  places  as  the  Conference  shall 
determine.     Special  meetings  may  be  held  at  any  time  at 
the  call  of  the  chairman,   or,   if  he  be  unable  to  act,  the 
vice  chairman,   in   case  five  or    more    full    members,    re 
presenting  at  least  three  missions  or  groups  of  missions, 
shall  so  desire. 

2.  A   quorum    for   the  transaction    of  business    shall 
include   representatives   from   at  least   two-thirds   of  the 


VI  JAPAN 

co-operating  missions,  or  groups  of  missions,  having  full 
members. 

ARTICLE  VJI. — EXPENSES 

1.  The  ordinary  expenses  of  this  Conference,  including 
the  cost  of  attendance  of  full  members  at  its  meetings  shall 
be   met  by  an  annual  levy  upon  the  several  co-operating 
missions  of  ¥30  for  each  full  member  of  the  Committee.* 

2.  Extraordinary   expenses  shall  be   incurred  only  as 
special   provision  may  be  made  by  the  missions  or  other 
wise  for  meeting  them. 

ARTICLE  VIII. — AMENDMENTS 

Amendments  to  this  Constitution  may  be  proposed  at 
any  time  either  by  the  Conference  or  by  any  one  of  the 
co  operating  missions,  and  said  amendments  shall  take 
effect  \vhen  the  missions,  represented  by  not  less  than 
three  fourths  of  the  full  members  of  the  Conference  shall 
have  given  notice  to  the  secretary  of  their  consent. 


BY-LAWS 

1.  All    meetings    shall    be   opened   ard  closed   with 
devotional  exercises. 

2.  All  resolutions  shall  be  submitted  in  writing. 

3.  Questions    of    parliamentary    procedure    shall    be 
decided  in  accordance  with  Roberts'   Rules  of  Order. 

4.  The    following    Committees    shall    constitute    the 
Standing  Committees  of  the  Conference. 

1.  Executive  Committee. 

2.  Continuation  Committee. 


*  II  is  understood  that  traveling  expenses  to  the  annual  meeting  shall 
be  interpreted  as  including  second  class  rail  fare  with  sleeper  when  neces 
sary.  In  the  case  of  sub-commitlees  the  chairman  or  whoever  may  be 
appointed  to  report  for  the  committee  at  the  annual  meeting  shall,  if  not  a 
member  of  the  Conference,  be  eligible  to  receive  travel  expenses. 


APPENDIX    I  Vii 

3.  Christian  Literature  Society. 

4.  Board  of  the  Evangelist. 

5.  CHRISTIAN  MOVEMENT. 

6.  Social  Welfare  Committee. 

7.  Christian  Education  Committee. 

8.  Survey  and  Occupation  Committee. 

9.  Sunday  School  Committee. 

10.  Sunday  School  Specialist. 

11.  International  Peace  Committee. 

12.  Statistician. 

13.  Publicity  Committee. 

14.  Board  of  Examiners  Japanese  Language. 

15.  Representative     Board     of      Directors      Japanese 

language  School. 

16.  School  for  Foreign  Children. 

17.  Necrologist. 

It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  first  named  committee  to 
authorize  the  disbursement  of  funds  to  provide  for  the  next 
annual  meeting,  to  appoint  a  special  business  committee 
for  each  annual  meeting,  and  attend  to  all  other  ad  interim 
business  not  otherwise  provided  for. 

5.  A  call  for  a  special  meeting  shall  be  issued  at  least 
one  month  in  advance  of  the  meeting,  and  except  by  the 
unanimous  consent  of  those  present,  the  business  shall  be 
limited  to  that  stated  in  the  call. 

6.  The  secretary  shall   furnish  each   member  of  the 
Conference  with  copies  of  the  proceedings  of  each  meeting 
of  the  Conference. 

7.  These   by-laws  may   be  amended   by  a  two-thirds 
vote  at  any  regular  meeting. 


viii  JAPAN 

II.  -ROLL  OF  MEMBERS  OF  THE  CONFERENCE 
OF  FEDERATED  MISSIONS— 1917 

B  API  IST  GROUP 
American  Baptist  foreign  Missiona.y  Society 

Capt.  Luke  W.  Bickel  Rev.  Wm.  Wynd 

Rev.  F.  C.  Briggs 

Southern  Baptist  Convention 
Rev.  C.  T.  Willingham 

EPISCOPAL  GROUP 

Church  Missionaty  Society 

Mr.  J.  Gurney  Barclay  Miss  R.  D.  Howard 

Rev.  J.  C.  Mann 

Canadian  C.  M.  S. 

Rev.  J.  Cooper  Robinson  Rtv.  C.  H.  Shortt 

METHODIST  GROUP 

East  Japan  Mission  Cozmcil  M.  E.  Chunk 

Rev.  A.  D.  Berry,  D.D.  Rev.  F.  W.  Heckehnan 

Womans  Board 

Miss  Winifred  Draper  Miss  Rel^ecca  J.  Watson 

West  Japan  Mission  of  the  M.  E.  Chinch 

Rev.  J.  C.  Davison,  D.D. 
Woman's  Board 

Miss  A.  M.  Ashbaugh 
Japan  Mission  of  the  M.  E.  Church,  South 

Rev.  S.  A.  Stewart  Rev.  .S.  H.  Wainright,  D.D. 

Miss  Ida  L.  Shannon 

Japan  Mission  of  the  MetJicdist  Chzirch  of  Canada 

Rev.  R.  C.  Armstrong,  Ph.  D.  Rev  A.  T.  Wilkinson 

Woman's  Board 

Miss  M.  A.  Robertson 

PRESBYTERIAN  AND  REFORMED  GROUP 

Japan  Mission  of  the  Pres,  Church  in  U.S.A. 

Rev.  A.  D.  Hail,  D.D.  Miss  Janet  M.  Johnstone 

Rev.  H.  C.  Whitener 

Japan  Mission  of  the  Pres.  Chiirch  in  LJ.^.A.,  South 

Rev.  R.  E.  McAlpine,  D,D,  Rev.  S.  M.  Ericksan 


APPENDIX    I 


IX 


Afissicn  of  the  Reformed  Chwch  in  America 

Rev.  A.  Oltmans,  D.D.  Mr.  A.  Walvoord 

Mission  of  the  Reformed  Church  in  U.S.,  German 

Rev.  I).  B.  Schneder,  D.D.  Rev.  \V.  G.  Seiple,  Ph.  D. 

Iranian's  Union  Missionary  Society  (J  America 

Miss  Clara  Alward 


OTHER  MISSIONS 


Ameiican  Board  of  Commissioners  of  Foreign 


Rev.  C.  B.  Olds 

Rev.  G.  M.  Rowland,  D.D. 

American  Christian  Convention 

Rev.  E.  K.  McCord 
American  Bible  Society 

Rev.  K.  E.  Aurell 
British  and  Foreign  Bible  Society 

Mr.  Fred  Parrutt 
dmiches  of  Christ 

Rev.  T.  A.  Yimii£ 
Evangelical  Association 

Rev.  S.  J.  Umbreit,  D.D. 
Evangelical  Ltilhetan  Mission 

Rev.  C.  K.  Lippard,  D.I>. 
Methodist  Protestant 

Rev.  E.  I.  01>ee 
Oini  Mission 

Mr.  W.  M.  Vories 
Scciety  of  Friends 

Mr.  II.  E.  Coleman 
United  Brethren 

Rev.  Joseph  Cosand,  D.D. 
Y.M.C.A. 

Mr.  G.  M.  Eisher 
>'.  li'.C.A. 

Miss  Margaret  L.  Matthew 


Rev.  J.  H.  Pettee,  D.D. 


Rev.  P.  A.  Davey 


Rev.  J.  P.  Nielsen 


Mi-s  A.  L.  C\>ates 


Mr.  J.  Merle  Davis 


CORRESPONDING  MEMBER 


Yotsuya  Mission 

Rev.  J.  F.  Messenger 


X  JAPAN 

III.— OFFICERS  AND  COMMITTEES— 1917 

OFFICERS 

Chairman  :  A.  D.  Berry 

Vice-Chairman :  R.  E.  McAlpine 

Secretary  :  D.  R.  McKenzie 

Treasurer  :  II.  K.  Miller 

EXECUTIVE  COMMITTEE 

A.  D.  Berry  R.  E.  McAlpine 

D.  R.  McKenzie  (ex-off.)  II.  K.  Miller  (ex-off.) 

A.  Oltmans  G.  M.  Fisher 

J.  C.  Robinson  S.  H.  Wainright 

P.  A.  Davey  Miss  M.  L.  Matthew 

CONTINUATION  COMMITTEE 

Term  Expiring  igi8 

C.  I,.  Brown  Olive  I.  Hodges 
W.  C.  Buchanan  Wm.  Imbrie 

S.  Heaslett 

7erm  Expiring  1919 

Win.  Axling  R.  D.  McCoy 

G.  M.  Fisher  G.  M.  Rowland 

Bishop  II.  J.  Hamilton 

Tenn  Expiring  1920 

G.  W.  Fulton  D.  R.  McKenzie 

J.  C.  Mann  Miss  M.  A.  Robertson 

Bishop  H.  Welch 

CHRISTIAN  LITERATURE  SOCIETY 

Term  Expiring  1918 

A.  D.  Berry  J.  C.  C.  Newton 

D.  B.  Schneder  Miss  C.  A.  Converse 

Term  Expiring  1919 

Wm.  Imbrie  S.  Heaslett 

G.  M.  Fisher  Miss  A.  C.  Bosanquet 

Jenn  Expiring  1920 

E.  N.  Walne  Frank  Muller 

J.  H.  Pettee  Miss  E.  Campbell 

Co-opted  Members 

A.  Oltmans  R.  D.  McCoy 

Miss  A.  C.  Macdonald 

EXECUTIVE  SECRETARY  OF  THE  CHRISTIAN  LITERATURE  SOCIETY 
S.  H.  Wainright 


APPENDIX   I  J$l 

BOARD  OF  EDITORS  OF  "JAPAN  EVANGELIST" 

G.  W.  Bouldin  D.  C.  Holtom 

G.  A.  Holliday  J.  II.  Pettee 

E.  T.  Iglehart  Miss  A.  C.  lk>sanquet 

A.  K.  Reischauer 

(Also  two  member;  to  be  appointed  by  the  Executive.) 

BOARD  OK  EDITORS  OK  "CHRISTIAN  MOVKMENT  " 

E.  T.  Iglehart  J.  II.  Pettee 

W.  G.  Cram  (Korea)  G.  W.  Fulton 

SOCIAL  WELFARE  COMMITTEE 

G.  Gleason  Miss  M.  L.  Matthew 

A.I).  Hail  C.  B.  Olds 

L.  \V.  nickel  Miss  A.  G.  Lewis 

\V.  M.  \'ories  W.  Axling 

Miss  A.  C.  Macclonald  Miss  A.  P.  Adam* 

T.  Merle  Davis  P.  G.  Price 

J.  II.  Pettee 

CHRISTIAN  EDUCATION  COMMITTEE 

D.  B.  Schneder  A.  Walvoord 

K.  C.  Armstrong  Miss  K.Tristram 

A.  K.  keischauer  Miss  I.  L.  Shannon 

A.  D.  Kerry  Miss  M.  A.  Rober;so:i 

E.  S.  Cobb  II.  I).  Benninghoff 

COMMITTEE  ON  SURVEY  AND  OCCUPATION 

G.  W.  Fulton  C.  B.  Olds 

L.  W.  Hickel  T.  A.  Young 

1).  R.  McKenzie  J.  C.  Robinson 

J.  T.  Meyers  J.  C.  Davison 

f.  C.  Mann  C.  K.  Lippard 

F.  W.  I  leckelman  S.  M.  Erickson 

SUNDAY  SCHOOL  COMMIT  TICK 

D.  S.  Spencer  E.  C.  Ilennigar 

Miss  L.  S.  Ilalsey  W.  J.  Callahan 

IL  F.  Shively  C.  B.  Olds 

j\ms  R.  D.  Howard  S.  J.  Umbreit 

Miss  M.  A.  Whitman  J.  G.  Dunlop 

SUNDAY  SCHOOL  LITERATURE  COMMITTEE 

J.  G.  Dunlop  II.  B.  Benninghoff 

II.  E.  Coleman  Bishop  II.  J.  Hamilton 

D.  S.  Spencer  Miss  A.  L.  Howe 

SUNDAY  SCHOOL  SPECIALIST 
II.  E.  Coleman 


Xll  JAPAN 

INTERNATIONAL  PEACE  COMMITTEE 

Bishop  M.  C.  Harris  F.  S.  Curtis 

Miss  C.  Alward  K.  E.  Aurell 

W.  G.  Seiple  F.  C.  Briggs 

J.  H.  Pet  tee  H.  V.  Nicholson 

CONFERENCE  STATISTICIAN 
E.  K.  McCord 

PUBLICITY  COMMITTEE 

S.  H.  Wainright  J.  E.  Knipp 

Miss  R.  J.  Watson  Miss  M.  L.  Matthew 

A.  T.  Wilkinson  C.  H.  Shortt 

BOARD  OF  EXAMINERS  IN  JAPANESE  LANGUAGE 

G.  M.  Rowland  C.  S.  Davison 

H.  H.  Coates  Miss  A.  C.  Bosanquet 

W.  G.  Seiple  W.  A.  Wilson 

J.  Hind  II.  W.  Myers 

SCHOOL  FOR  FOREIGN  CHILDREN,  TOKYO 

E.  T.  Iglehart  P.  A.  Davey 

H.  B.  Benninghoff 

VISITORS  TO  METHODIST  ACADEMY,  KOBE 

W.  A.  Wilson  D.  A.  Murray 

M.  D.  Dunning 

DIRECTORS  OF  JAPANESE  LANGUAGE  SCHOOL 

Term  Expiring  1918 

II.  H.  Coales  W.  Axling 

Term  Expiring  iqig 

C.  S.  Davison 
Term  Expiring  1920 

A.  Oltmans  W.  P.  Buncombe 

NECROLOGIST 
H.  Topping 

DELEGATE  TO  FEDERAL  COUNCIL,  KOREA 
}.  C.  Robinson ;  Alternate,  G.  W.  Fulton 


APPENDIX   I  Xiil 

IV.— THE   SIXTEENTH    ANNUAL  MEETING  OF 

THE  CONFERENCE  OF  FEDERATED 

MISSIONS  IN  JAPAN 

The  Sixteenth  Annual  Meeting  of  the  Conference  of  Federated  Mis 
sions  in  Japan  was  held  in  the  (linza  Methodist  Church,  Tokyo,  January 
4th  and  5th,  1917. 

The  first  session  was  called  to  order  by  the  Chairman,  Rev.  A. 
Chilians,  D.I).,  at  9.30  a.m.  on  Thursday,  Jan.  4th. 

The  Chairman  conducted  the  opening  devotional  exercises.  The 
hymn  "Crown  Him  with  many  crowns"  was  sung,  and  I  Cor.  XII  read, 
followed  ty  prayer  by  the  Vice-Chairman,  Rev.  A.  I),  Berry,  D.I).,  the 
Conference  joining  in  the  lord's  Prayer  at  I  he  close. 

The  roll  call  was  responded  to  by  fifty  full  members 

Roll-call  and  one  corresponding  niemlxjr.     The  roll  of   mem 

bers   will    l>e    found  appended  to  the  Minutes  of  the 

Conference.  A  communication  was  read  from  Rev.  Albertus  Pieters, 
Secretary  of  the  Japan  Mission  of  the  Reformed  Church  in  America, 
announcing  the  union  of  the  former  North  and  South  Japan  Missions  of 
that  Ixxly  into  the  "Japan  Mission  of  the  Reformed  Church  in  America," 
and  intimating  that  Rev.  A.  Oilman^,  D.I),  and  Mr.  A.  \Valvoord  would 
l)e  the  representatives  of  that  Mission  for  the  year  1917. 

A  communication  was  read  from  Rev.  \Y.  G.  Cram,  Secretary  of  the 
Federal  Council  of  Missions  in  Korea,  giving  the  credentials  of  Rev.  1).  A. 
Bunker  as  Fraternal  Delegate  from  that  Ixxly  to  the  Conference  of 
Federated  Missions  in  Japan. 

The  Agenda  for  the  Conference  was  presented  by  the 
Agenda  Secretary,  Rev.   I).   R.  McKenzie,  D.D.,  and  adopted 

without  amendment.  The  Business  Committee,  through 

its  Chairman,  Rev.  C.  J.  L.  Bates,  presented  a  brief  report  with  various 
suggestions  as  to  the  business  of  the  Conference. 

The  Conference  Secretary,   Dr.  McKenzie,  presented 
Report  of  Secretary     his  report  for  the  year  1916,  together  with  the  report 

of  the    Executive    Committee,    the    latter    including 
various  recommendations. 

At  10.20  a.m.  the  Vice-Chairman,  Rev.  A.  D.  Berry, 
Chairman's  Address    D.D.,  took  the  chair,  while  the  Chairman,  Rev.  A. 

Cltmans,  D.D.,  delivered  the  Annual  Address  of  the 

Conference,  in  the  course  of  which  he  discussed  the  work  of  the  Con 
ference,  and'the  principles  and  motives  which  should  underlie  and  govern 
that  work. 

Following  the  address,  Rev.  A.  D.  Hail,  D.D.,  led  in  prayer. 
Both  Dr.  McKenzie  and  Dr.  Cltmans  in  the  re|x>rt  and  address  made 
brief  reference  to  the  life  and  labors  of  Rev.  J.  1..  I  tearing,  D.D.,  former 
Secretary  of  this  Conference. 

At  this  point  the   following  guests  were    introduced 
Introductions  to    the    Conference:      Bishop    M.    C.   Harris,  of  the 

Methodist   Episcopal  Church;  Bishop  Herlxirt  Welch, 

of  the  same  Church,  Bishop  for  Japan  and  Korea;  Bishop  Ileinmiller,  of 
the  Evangelical  Association;  Bishop  V.  Hiraiwa,  of  the  Japan  Methodist 
Church;  Misses  Bennett  and  Head,  President  and  Secretary  respectively  of 


XIV  JAPAN 

the  Woman's  Council  of  (he  Mission  Board  ^of  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church,  South;  and  Rev.  S.  F.  Gutelius,  Pastor  of  the  Union  Church  at 
Kol>e.  • 

The  Devotional  Period,  from  II  to  11.30  a.m.,  was 
Devotional  Period  in  charge  of  Rev.  Doremus  Scudder,  D.D.,  Pastor  of 

the  Union  Church,  Tokyo,  who  took  for  his  theme 

"  The  Worth  of  the  Church  as  expressed  in  its  Essential  Teachings,"  basing 
his  address  on  passages  from  the  4th  and  5th  chapters  of  Ephesians. 

From  11. -.p  to  12.30  a.m.,  the  Fraternal  Delegates 
Fraternal  Delegates  from  the  Federal  Council  of  Korea  and  the  Federation 

of  Churches  in  Japan  were  received  and  addressed 

the  Conference.  The  greetings  of  the  Federal  Council  were  brought  by 
Rev.  D.  A.  Bunker,  and  those  of  the  Federation  of  Churches  by  the  Pre 
sident  of  that  body,  Rev.  K.  Ibuka,  D.D.,  and  the  Secretary,  Rev.  K. 
Matsuno.  The  Chairman,  Dr.  Oltmans,  responded  to  the  addresses  of 
the  three  Fraternal  Delegates. 

The  morning  session  was  closed  with  the  benediction  by  Bishop 
lleinmiller. 

AFTERNOON  SESSION 

January  4th 

The  afternoon  session  opened  at  2  o'clock  with  the  Chairman,  Dr. 
Oltmans,  presiding. 

The  hymn  "  Glorious  things  of  thee  are  spoken  "  was  sung,  followed 
by  prayer  by  Rev.  J.  Cooper  Robinson,  after  which  a  quartette  was  rendered 
by  Revs.  Kriete,  Iglehart,  Davison,  and  Smith. 

Dr.  A.  D.  Hail  presented  his  report  as  Fraternal  Delegate  to  the 
Council  of  Missions  in  Korea  in  September,  1916. 

Rev.  II.  K.  Miller,  Treasurer  of  the  Conference,  pre- 

Report  of  Treasurer    sented  his  report,  showing  total  receipts  for  the  year 
of    ¥10,234.82,    and     expenditures    of    ¥9,638.47, 

leaving  a  balance  on  hand  of  ¥596.35.  The  Treasurer's  accounts  had 
been  audited  and  found  correct  by  Dr.  Wainright,  who  had  been  appointed 
auditor  by  the  Executive  Committee.  The  Treasurer's  report  was  adopted. 

The  Treasurer  requested  the  Conference  to  indicate  its  will  in  regard 
to  the  disposition  of  the  sum  of  ¥41  received  from  the  Kwansai  Bible  Con 
ference  Committee.  It  was  voted  that  this  sum  be  regarded  as  a  contribu 
tion  by  the  Kwansai  District  to  the  treasury  of  the  Conference  of 
Federated  Missions. 

The    report  of  the  Christian  Literature  Society  was 

Christian  Literature     presented  by  Rev.  S.  H.  Wainright,  D.D.,  Executive 

Society  Secretary   of  the   Society.     The  report  showed  that 

there  had  been  a  gratifying  increase  in  the  output  of 

the  Society  from  year  to  year  since  its  organization,  and  that  the  future 
prospects  were  bright. 

Miss  A.  C.  Bosanquet,  who  has  recently  joined  the  staff,  to  take  charge 
of  the  work  for  women  and  children,  was  introduced  to  the  Conference. 

Dr.  Walne,  formerly  Field  Secretary  of  the  Society,  was  called  to  the 
platform,  and  told  of  the  work  he  is  still  doing  in  the  distribution  of 
the  Society's  publications  through  his  book-store,  the  Fukuin  Shoten,  in 
Shimonoseki. 


APPENDIX   I  XV 

The  Necrologist's  rejiort  was   presented  by  Rev.  II. 

Repoit  of  Necrologist  Topping.     It   indicated   that   during   the   past    year 

death    had   claimed    Ihc    following    memlx;rs   of  the 

Japan  Missionary  body,  three  of  whom  had  already  retired  from  active 
service :  Miss  Harriet  S.  Ailing,  Miss  Klla  Hlackstock,  Miss  Mary  E. 
Melton,  Mrs.  Caroline  Van  Petten,  Rev.  and  Mrs.  W.  A.  F.  Campl>el],  Dr. 
C.  B.  Moseley,  Mrs.  J.  P.  Whitney,  Mrs.  C.  Klingman,  Mrs.  Charles 
Nettleship,  Rev.  II.  II.  Cook,  and  Dr.  J.  L.  Dearing. 

The  hymn  "For  all  the  saints  who  from  their  labors  rest"  was  then 
sung,  and  prayer  was  offered  by  Dr.  G.  M.  Rowland. 

The    rejx>rt  of   I  he    Excutive    Committee  on   the  re- 

Basls  of  vision  of  the  Basis  of  Organi/at ion  of  the  Conference 

Organization  was  Prcsenled  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Conference,  Dr. 

McKenzie.      The    Executive    recommended    that    no 
change  be  made. 

An  amendment  was  offered  by  Rev.  J.  C.  Robinson,  representing  his 
Mission,  providing  that  the  Constitution  be  so  amended  as  to  include  in 
Scripture  language  a  definition  of  the  word  "evangelical."  After  some  dis 
cussion  a  committee  consisting  of  Dr.  A.  1).  Hail,  Rev.  Wm.  \Yynd  and 
Rev.  T.  C.  Robinson,  was  appointed  to  take  into  consideration  the  report  of 
the  Executive  and  the  suggestions  that  had  been  made  during  the  discussion 
in  the  'Conference,  and  bring  in  a  report  on  (he  same  the  following  day. 

Continuation  The  report  of  the  Continuation  Committee  was  pit- 
Committee  sented  by  Mr.  Galen  M.  Fisher. 

International  ^ne   relxir':  °f  lne   International    Peace    Committee 

Peace  Committee  },™  presented  by  Dr.  J.  II.  Pel  tee. 

,  Ch  .  ,.  Ihc    report  of  the  Editor    of  the  "Christian    Move- 

Movement1"  mcnt  "  Wns  Presented  h>'  Kcv-  K  T>  ^'hart. 

Tlie    report    of    the    Committee    on    the     Japanese 

Japanese  Language  Language  School  was  presented  by  Mr."  Gilbert 
School  Bowles. 

The  meeting  adjourned  at  5  p.m.  after  a  quartette  by  Revs.  Igl'hart, 
Shively,  Davison,  and  Smith,  and  prayer  by  Dr.  McKenzie. 

MOKNIN  ;   Snssiox 
Jam  ary  5th 

The  morning  session  of  the  Second  Day  opciud  at  9.10  o'clock,  the 
Chairman,  Dr.  ( (limans,  occupying  Ihc  chnir. 

The  hymn  "Come  Thou  Almighty  King"  was  su;.'g,  after  which 
Dr.  S.  J.  Umbreit  led  'he  Confererce  in  piayer. 

Rev.    T-    C.    Robinson    rc[>ortcd    for     the    committee 

Basis  of  appointed    to    consider  the  question    of    the  revision 

Organization  "^    '^c    Constitution.    The   committee   recommended 

that  Article  III.  Sec.  I.  be  amended  to  read  as  follows: 

This  Conference  shall  be  composed  of  as  many  evangelical  Christian 

Missions  in  Japin  as  may  chose  to  co-operate  with  it  on  the  basis  set  forth 

below. 

'1  he  term  "  evangelical  "  as  used  in  this  Article  includes,  by  common 
consent,  those  outstanding  doctrines  of  ihe  Christian  faith  that  are  held  by 
the  Churches  to  which  the  bodies  holding  meml  er>hip  in  this  Conference 


XVI  JAPAN 

severally  belong — the  doctrines  comprehended  in  St.  Paul's  words  found  in 
Titus  II ;  13  (R.  V.),  "  our  great  God  and  Saviour  Jesus  Christ." 

After  discussion  it  was  voted  that  the  above  sentence,  beginning 
with  "The  term  'evangelical'"  and  ending  with  "our  great  God  and 
Saviour  Jesus  Christ,"  be  inserted  as  a  foot-note  of  explanation  on  Article 
III  of  the  Constitution,  and  not  considered  as  an  amendment  to  the 
Constitution. 

The  financial  report  of  the  "  Japan  Evangelist  "  was 
"  Japan  Evangelist "  presented  by  Mr.  G.  A.  Ilolliday,  Manager  of  the 

Kyobunkwan,  and  the  editorial  report  by  Mr.  Galen 

M.  Fisher.  A  recommendation  was  made  to  increase  the  price  of  the 
magazine  for  the  year  1917.  This  was  referred  to  the  Executive  Com 
mittee  with  power  to  act. 

The  Devotional  Period,  from  II  to  11.30  o'clock,  was 
Devotional  Period  in  charge  of  Bishop  Welch,  who  took  as  the  subject 

of  his  address  the  fourth  chapter  of  Philippian«,  with 

special  reference  to  the  thirteenth  verse:  "I  can  do  all  things  in  Him 
that  strengthened!  me."  At  the  close  of  the  Devotional  Period  the 
quartette  sang  "  Just  as  I  am." 

At  this  point  the  Order  of  Business  was  suspended  to 

Time  and  Place  of  entertain  a  motion  from  Mr.  A.  Walvoord  concerning 
Next  Meeting  l':e  *'me  anc'  p'ace  °f  'he  next  Annual  Meeting  of 

the  Conference.  The  motion  was  as  follows:  That 

the  next  Annual  Conference  of  Ihe  Federated  Missions  in  Japan  be  held 
at  Karuizawa  during  the  summer  of  1918,  the  exact  date  and  place  of 
meeting  to  be  left  to  the  incoming  officers  of  the  Conference. 

A  substitute  motion  was  presented  by  Dr.  Armstrong  as  follows: 
Resolved,  that  the  next  meeting  of  this  Conference  be  held  during  the 
spring  vacation  in  1918  in  the  Kwansai  District,  the  exact  place  and  date 
to  be  determined  by  the  Executive  Committee. 

On  motion  the  decision  of  this  question  was  deferred  until  the  after 
noon  session. 

The  report  of  the  Tokyo  Grammar  School  was  pre- 

Schools  for  Foreign  sen(ed  by  Rev  K  T  Igkhart,  and  that  of  the 
Children  Canadian  Methodist  Academy  at  Kolx;  by  Rev.  A.  D. 

Hail,  D.D. 

The  report  on  Christian  Education  was  presented  by 
Christian  Education  Rev.  D.  B.  Schneder,  D.D.  Discussion  on  this 

report  was  in  progress  when  the  time  for  adjournment, 

12.30,  arrived.  Before  adjournment,  Mrs.  K.  Yajima,  head  of  the  Japan 
W.  C.  T.  U.,  was  introduced  to  the  Conference,  after  which  the  morning 
session  was  closed  with  prayer  by  the  Chairman. 

AFTKRNOOX  SESSION 

January  jth 

The   afternoon   session   was  begun  at   2   o'clock  with  prayer  by  Mr. 

Galen   M.  Fisher  and  singing  by  the  quartette. 

The  discussion  on  the  report  on  Christian  Education 

Christian  Education    was  resumed.     On   motion,   the  report   and   the   re 
commendations  were  taken  up  separately. 


APPENDIX    I 

The  Committee  brought  in  two  recommendation?,  in  substance  as 
follows : 

1.  That    the  memlxrs  of  this  Conference  endeavor  to    induce    their 
resjxictive    Missions  to  renew   their  overtures   to  their  Boards    in    favor  of 
the  speedy  establishment  of  a  Christian  University  in  Japan. 

2.  That    a  memorial,  prepared   by    the    Educational    Committee,  l>c 
adopted    by    this    Conference  and    forwarded  to   the  joint   Committee  of 
Foreign  Mission  Boards  appointed  to  consider  the  establishment  of  a  union 
Christian  University  in  Japan,  urging  upon  that  Committee  the  necessity  of 
taking  prompt  action  on  this  question. 

Discussion  followed,  participated  in  by  Messrs.  Berry,  Shortt,  Stewart, 
Schneder,  Armstrong,  Oltmans,  Wainright,  Fisher,  and  by  the  following 
gentlemen,  not  members  of  the  Conference,  on  invitation  of  the  Chair: 
Dr.  Ihuka,  Chairman  of  the  Christian  University  Promoting  Committee, 
Mr.  Landis,  Dr.  Benninghoff,  Bishop  Harris,  and  Dr.  A.  W.  Cooke. 
Both  of  the  above  recommendations  were  adopted. 

The  question  having  been  raised  as  to  the  relation  of  the  Japanese 
Church  to  the  proposed  university,  it  was  voted  that  the  Chair  appoint  a 
committee  of  three  to  draw  up  an  explanatory  resolution  to  accompany  the 
report  of  the  Christian  Educational  Committee,  said  resolution  to  be 
presented  at  a  later  session  of  the  Conference.  The  Chair  appointed  as 
this  Committee  Dr.  Wainright,  Dr.  Schneder,  and  Mr.  G.  M.  Fisher. 

Dr.  Schneder  introduced  a  substitute  motion  to  take 

Time  and  Place  the   place   of    Dr.    Armstrong's   substitute    for    Mr. 

of  next  Meeting  Walvoord's  motion,  namely,  That  the  time  and  place 

of  the    next  Annual    Meeting  of  this  Conference    be 

referred  to  the  incoming  Executive  Committee  with  power  to  act.  The 
ayes  and  noes  being  called  for,  Dr.  Schneder's  substitute  prevailed,  with 
21  votes  for  and  20  against. 

The  report  of  the  Committee  on  Survey  and  Occupa- 

Survey  and  tion  was   presented    by   Rev.  G.  YV.   Fulton,    D.D. 

Occupation  Three  questions  were  emphasized  in  the  report:     (i) 

The  leakage  in  church  membership;  (2)  The    proper 

work  of  the  cvangelislic  missionary  ;  (3)  The  need  of  a  new  missionary  map. 
The  re[x>rt  indicated  that  a    numljer  of  papers   dealing  with  the  first 
and  second  questions  would  be  prepared   for  publication!     In   regard  to  a 
new  missionary  map  the  following  action  was  taken: 

Resolved)  that  the  Conference  of  Federated  Missions  approve  of  the 
preparation  of  a  new  missionary  map  of  japan,  such  as  has  l>een  suggested 
by  the  Committee  on  Survey  and  Occupation,  in  an  edition  of  500  copies; 
and  that  the  matter  of  financing  the  publication  and  sale  of  the  map  be 
referred  to  the  incoming  Committee  on  Survey  and  Occupation,  with  power 
to  act. 

The  above  resolution  was  adopted  with  the  addition  of  the  words, 
"upon  the  approval  of  the  Executive  Committee." 

Sunday  School  ^  '1C   n-'l)orl  of  the    Sunday   School  Committee  was 

Committee  presented  by  Dr.  D.  S.  Spencer. 

c     j       CHI  ^r'   ^'  ^"'  Coleman,  Sunday  School  Specialist,  pres- 

Sec'af  t  Cnled  lhc  report  °f  his  W°rk  <luri"«  lhc  l>ast  >'ean 

The  report  of  the  Board  of  Examiner^  in  the  Japanese 

Board  of  Language  -was  presented  by  Dr.  Otis  Cary.  The  re - 

Examiners  port  indicated  that  sixteen  different  persons  had  taken 

examinations  during  the  past  year,  in  the  main  with  very  satisfactory  results. 


XV  hi  JAPAN 

The  Board  of  Examiners  recommend  certain  changes  in  the  present 
Course  of  Study,  the  most  important  being  the  following:  (i)  That 
somewhat  less  time  be  given  to  the  Chinese  ideographs;  (2)  That  Asion's 
Grammar  of  the  Japanese  Written  Language  be  replaced  by  the  chapter  on 
that  subject  contained  in  the  Alofino  Shirnbe ;  (3)  That  liinge's  Grammar, 
in  the  early  terms,  be  replaced  by  Chamberlain's  "  Handbook  of  Colloquial 
Japanese,"  Lange's  Gramirar  to  be  used  in  later  terms  for  review  and 
fuller  instruction.  m 

The  report  with  the  recommendations  was  adopted. 

The  report  of  the  Social  Welfare  Connnillee  was 
Social  Welfare  presented  in  printed  form  and  amplified  orally  by 

Mr.  George  Glcason,  who  stated  that  ¥900  had  been 

contributed  by  missionaries  for  the  Tobita  Anti-Vice  Campaign;  that  Yoko 
hama  had  established  a  public  playground;  that  a  number  of  wealthy 
Japanese  gentlemen  had  made  large  contributions  during  the  year  for 
educational  and  philanthropic  purposes,  special  mention  being  made  of  a 
gift  of  ¥5,000  by  Mr.  Shimada  Eitaro,  a  crippled  jinrikisha  man,  toward 
the  establishment  of  a  tuberculosis  hospital.  Air.  J.  Merle  Davis  explained 
a  number  of  excellent  wall-charts  illustrating  the  Christian  occupation  of 
Tokyo. 

The  Session  adjourned  at  5.10  p.m.  with  prayer  by  Rev.  E.  I.  Obee. 

EVENING  SESSION 

January  5th 

The  evening  session  began  at  7  o'clock  with  the  singing  of  a  hymn 
followed  by  prayer  by  Rev.  C.  B.  Olds. 

The  report  of  the  Statistical  Committee  was  presented 

Statistical  by  Rev.  D.  S.  Spencer,  D.  D.  The  Committee  pointed 

Committee  ou'  ^1C  difficulty  of  obtaining  satisfaciory  statistical 

returns,  and  in  order  to  improve  upon  past  methods 
made  the  following  recommendations  : 

1.  That  the  Edinburgh  questionaire  be  made  the  basis  of  our  statistics, 
as  is  being  done  in  China  and  elsewhere. 

2.  That  the  time  for  closing  the  statistical  year  be  June  30! h. 

3.  That  the   work  of  compiling  the  statistics  be  placed  in  the  hands 
of  a  small  committee,  say  of  one  or  two  persons. 

4.  That   each   Mission    be  asked  to   appoint  a  Statistical   Secretary 
to  furnish  information  to  the  Statistical  Committee. 

The  first  recommendation  was  adopted. 

The  second  was  replaced  by  a  substitute  providing  that  the  statistics 
be  collected  up  to  the  end  of  the  calendar  year. 

The  third  was  referred  to  the  Nominating  Committee. 
The  fourth  was  adopted. 

The  report  of  the  Publicity  Committee  was  presented 

Publicity  Committee     by  Rev.    S.  H.  Wainright,  D.  D.,  and  contained  the 
following  recommendations : 

i.  That  funds  l>e  given  to  this  Committee  with  which  to  cover 
traveling  expenses,  in  order  that  the  Committee  may  hold  meetings  during 
the  yeai  for  the  study  of  the  questions  referred  to  it. 


APPENDIX    I  Xix 

2.  That  a  report    by  this  Committee  on  Newspaper  Evangelism    be 
prepared  and  given  to  the  public  through  the  columns  of  the  "  Evangelist  " 
and  other  Mission  publications. 

3.  That  the  question  referred  to  the  Conference  by  the  Mission  of  ih» 
i^l  Church  of  Canada  with  regard  to  the  dissemination  of  informa 
tion  among  visitors  to  Japan  be  referred  to  the  Conference  of  Mission  Hoard 
Secretaries  at  the  home  base,  and  that  that  Conference  be  requested  to  take 
up  the  study  of  the  problem  wilh  a  view  to  its  solution. 

4.  That   your    Publicity  Committee  Ix:  given  power  to  investigate  Ihe 
question  here  in  Japan,  and  to  make  recommendations  at  the  next  meeting 
of  the   Conference  of  Federated  Missions. 

Following  the  report  of  the  Publicity  Committee,  Dr.  Albcrtus  Picters 
addressed  the  Conference  on  his  methods  of  newspaper  evangelism  at  Oita. 

The  recommendations  as  given  above  were  taken  up  seriatim. 

The  first  recommendation  was  referred  to  the  incoming  Executive 
Committee  with  power  to  act. 

The  second  and   third  recommendations  were  adopted. 

The  fourth  was  amended  to  read,  that  the  rejwrt  might  Ix:  made 
to  the  Executive  Committee  at  any  time  during  the  year,  the  Executive 
being  given  power  to  act. 

The    following    recommendations    of   the    Executive 

Recommendations        Committee    were   presented   by   the    Secretary,    Dr. 
of  Executive  McKenzie 

.  I.      Ihe     Executive     recommended     that      the 

Committee  Nominating  Committee   for  the   Conference  of  1918 

lie  appointed  at  the  beginning  of  the  Session  of  iliat 
year  instead  of  at  the  end  of  the  present  Session. 

2.  That    the    Conference    decide    on  the  disposition   of  the   balance 
received   by    the  Treasurer  from   the  Committee  of  the   Karuixawa  School 
for  Missionaries  held  in  1915- 

3.  That  action  Ix;  taken  on  the  memorial  from  the  Canadian  Methodist 
Mission  in  regard  to  enlarging  the  Christian  Literature  Society. 

The  first  recommendation  was  adopted. 

In  regard  to  the  second  recommendation  it  was  voted  to  place  the 
amount  at  the  disposal  of  the  incoming  Executive  Committee,  to  l>e  used 
by  it  along  with  other  funds  for  the  work  of  the  Committees  of  this 
Conference. 

In  regard  to  the  third  recommendation,  it  was  agreed,  with  the 
approval  of  the  Christian  Literature  Socieiy,  to  increase  the  membership 
of  that  body  to  at  least  fifteen,  three  of  whom  may  be  women. 

It  was  voted  that  for  the  present  year  twelve  of  the  members  of  the 
Christian  Literature  Society  be  elected  by  this  Conference  and  that  the 
remaining  three  Ix;  co-opted. 

It  was  voted  that  in  regard  to  the  publication  of  the 

Publicati  n  of  reports  presented  to  the  Conference,  t lie  precedent 

Reoorts  °^  'ns*  vear  ^>e  f°^owe(^>  namely,  that  the  Secretary, 

the  Editor  of  the  "Evangelist,"  and  the  Editor  of 
(he  "  Christian  Movement"  Ix;  a  committee  to  take  charge  of  this  matter. 

It  was  voted  that  in  the  reprinting  of  the  Constitution 

Printing  of  the  of  the  Conference,  the  foot-note  to  Art.  Ill,  I,  in 

Constitution  explanation  of  the  word  "evangelical,"'  and  the 

change  re.juiredby  the  action  of  a  year  ago  relating 
to  the  representatives  of  the  Bible  Socieiy  and  other  similar  bodies,  be 


XX  JAPAN 

referred  to  the  Executive  Committee  with  authority  to  make  any  changes 
in  the  form  of  words  which  may  he  necessitated  by  the  action  of  this 
Conference. 

The  report  of  the  Committee  of  three  on  an  ex- 
Christian  Education  planatory  resolution  to  accompany  the  report  of  the 

Christian  Education  Committee,  was  presented  by 
Dr.  S.  II.  \Vainright,  and  is  as  follows: 

With  reference  to  the  relation  of  the  Japanese  Christian  Church 
to  the  proposed  University,  the  Conference  understands  that  the  history 
of  the  institution  must  naturally  resemble  that  of  the  existing  Christian 
sc'iools  of  lower  grade  ;  in  the  maintenance,  instruction,  and  administration 
of  the  institution  Christian  Japanese  will  gradually  take  an  increasingly 
large  place.  This  is,  of  course,  justified  by  the  growing  financial,  as  well  as 
moral  and  religious  ability  of  the  Japanese  constituency.  The  Conference 
understands,  therefore,  that  the  constitution  and  by-laws  of  the  proposed 
University  are  framed  with  this  fact  in  view. 
The  report  was  adopted. 

It  was  voled  that  we  request  the  Executive  Corn- 
Work  of  Publicity  miltee  of  the  Conference  to  reconsider  the  allotment 
Committee  °^  '^c  vvor''c  heretofore  done  by  the  Publicity  Com 

mittee,  and  to  confer  with  that  Committee  regarding 
ways  and  means  of  carrying  out  their  functions. 

A   vote    of    thanks    was    tendered    to    the    Minute 

Vote  of  Thanks  Secretary,   Dr.  Seiple,   to    the   Business   Committee, 

Messrs.    Bates  and  Walvoord,  and  to  the  Conference 

Reporter,  Mr.  Mayer,  for  their  services  in  connection  with  the  present 
Conference. 

Conference  ^'ie   reatan§   anc^  approval  of  the    minutes   of  the 

Minutes  Conference  were  referred  to  the  Executive  Committee. 

.       .  The  report  of   the    Nominating   Committee  on    the 

ISommating  Com-  officers  and  committees  of  the  Conference  for  the 
mittees  Report  year  I9i7  was -presented  by  Cap'.  Luke  W.  Bickel, 

and  will  be  found  preceding  these  minutes. 

The  Nominating  Committee  presented  the  following  recommendation: 
That  the  Executive  Committee  be  given  power  to  appoint  two  additional 
members  to  serve  on  the  Board  of  Editors  of  the  "  Evangelist,"  such 
members  not  necessarily  belonging  to  any  of  the  Missions  represented  in 
the  Federation.  The  above  report  together  with  the  recommendation  was 
adopted. 

It  was  voted  to   instruct  the  Editorial  Board  of  the 

"Christian^  «  Christian  Movement "  to  add  to   the   staff  of  that 

Movement  Con-  publication  by  co-option  a  Japanese  Consulting 
suiting  Editor  g^. 

.  It  was  voted  that  the  incoming  Executive  Committee 

y?cre°se  j'  be  instructed  to  consider  the  advisability  of  a  revision 

Membership  of  Of  the    Constitution    with   a    view    to  enlarging   the 

Conference  membership  of  the  Conference. 

A  ...  .  It    was   voted    that    Dr.  S.  II.  Wainright   and   Miss 

Margaret  L.  Matthew  lye  added  to  the  Executive 
Executive  Committee. 

It  was  voted  that  the  necessary  traveling  expenses  for 

Traveling  Expenses  members  attending  the  meeting  of  the  Executive 
to  executive  Committee  be  guaranteed  by  this  Conference. 


APPENDIX   t  XXI 

The  Conference  adjourned  at  10.18  p.m.  after  a 
Adjournment  closing  prayer  by  Dr.  Newton,  Ihe  singing  of  Ihc 

long  meter  Doxology,  and  the  IJenediction  by  the 
Chairman  of  the  Conference,  Dr.  A.  Oltmans. 


APPENDIX  III 

MEMBERS  OF  THE  JAPAN  CONTINUATION 
COMMITTEE 

I.     ELECTED  BY  THE   FEDERATED  MISSIONS 

TERM  EXPIRING  IN  1917 

Bowles,  Mr.  Gilbert,  Friends'  Mission,  Tokyo. 
Fulton,  Rev.  G.  \V.,  D.D.,  Presbyterian  Mission,  Osaka. 
McKenzie,  Rev.  D.  R.,  D.D.,  Canadian  Methodist  Mission,  Tokyo. 
Robertson,  Miss  M.  A.,  Canadian  Methodist  Mission,  Kofu- 
Welch,  Rev.  Bishop  Herbert,  D.D.,  Methodist  Episcopal,  Tokyo. 

TERM  EXPIRING  IN  1918 

Brown,  Rev.  C.  L.,  D.D.,  Lutheran  Mission,  Kumamoto. 

Buchanan,  Rev.  W.  C.,  Presbyterian  Church  in  U.S.A.     (South)  Mission, 

Nagoya. 

Heaslett,  Rev.  S.,  Church  Missionary  Society,  Tokyo. 
Hodges,  Miss  Olive  I.,  Methodist  Protestant  Mission,  Yokohama. 
Inibrie,  Rev.  William,  D.D.,  Presbyterian  Mission,  Tokyo. 

TERM  EXPIRING  IN  1919 

Axling,  Rev.  Win.,  American  Baptist  Foreign  Mission  Society,  Tokyo. 

Fisher,  Mr.  G.  M.,  Young  Men's  Christian  Association,  Tokyo. 

Hamilton,  Rt.  Rev.  Bishop  H.  J.,  D.D.,  Missionary  Society  of  Church  of 

England  in  Canada,  Nagoya. 

McCoy,  Rev.  R.  D.,  Churches  of  Christ  Mission,  Tokyo. 
Rowland,  Rev.  G.  M.,  D.D.,  American  Board  C.F.M.,  Sapporo. 

2.     ELECTED  BY  THE  FEDERATION  OF  CHURCHES 
TERM  EXPIRING  IN  1917 

Okazaki,  Rev.  Y.,  United  Brethren  in  Christ,  Tokyo. 
Tada,  Rev.  S.,  Nihon  Kirisuto  Kyokai,  Tokyo. 
Takagi,  Rev.  M.,  D.D.,  Nihon  Methodist  Kyokai,  Tokyo. 
Tayama,  Rev.  M.,  Evangelical  Association,  Tokyo. 
Uemura,  Rev.  M.,  Nihon  Kirisuto  Kyokai,  Tokyo. 

TERM  EXPIRING  IN  1918 

Chiba,  Rev.  Y.,  LL.D.,  Baptist  Kyokai,  Tokyo. 
Harada,  Rev,  T.,  D.D.,  Kumiai  Kyokai,  Kyoto, 


APPFNDIX    III  XXV 

Hiraiwa,  Rev.  Bishop  Y.,  D.D.,  Nihon  Methodist  Kyokai,  Tokyo. 
Ihuka,  Rev.  K.,  D.D.,  Nihon  Kirisuto  Kyokai,  Tokyo. 
Inanuma,  Rev.  I.  Methodist  Protestant  Kyokai,  Yokohama. 

TKRM  EXPIRING  IN  1919 

Ishikawa,  Rev.  K.,  Churches  of  Christ,  Tokyo. 

Kaifu,  Mr.  ('.,  Friends'  Meeting,  Tokyo. 

Kozaki,  Rev.  II.,  Kumiai  Kyokai,  Tokyo. 

Miyagawa,  Rev.  T.,  Kumiai  Kyokai,  ( >saka. 

Ogata,  Rev.  S.,  I  >.!>.,  Nihon  Methodist  Kyokai,  Tokyo. 

3.     CO-OPTED  MEMBERS 
TKRM  EXPIRING  IN  1917 

Nakamura,  Mr.  Ileualmro,  Nihon  Methodist  Kyokai,  Kol^e. 

Ozawa,  Mr.  Tokutaro,  Kumiai  Kyokai,  Kyoto. 

Schneder,  Rev.  D.  B.,  D.D  ,  Reformed  Church  in  U.S.  Mission,  Sendai. 

Wainright,  Rev.  S.  II.,  I). I).,  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  South  Mission, 

Tokyo. 
Yamamuro,  Col.  (1.,  Salvation  Army,  Tokyo. 

TKRM  EXPIRING  IN  1918 

Cooke,  Rev.  A.  \V.,  Ph.  D.,  American  Episcopal  Mission,  Tokyo. 

Kawai,  Miss  Michi,  Nihon  Kirisuto  Kyokai,  Tokyo. 

Motoda,  Rev.  S.,  Ph.  I).,  Nihon  Sei  Kokai,  Tokyo. 

Takagi,  Mr.  S.,  Kumiai  Kyokai,  ( >saka. 

Uzawa,  lion.  E.,  Nihon  Kirisuto  Kyokai,  Tokyo. 

TKRM  EXPIRING  IN  1919 

Ebara,  Hon.  S.,  Nihon  Methodist  Kyokai,  Tokyo. 
Imai,  Rev.  II.,  D.I).,  Nihon  Sei  Kokai,  Tokyo. 
Macdonald,  Miss  A.  Caroline,  Tokyo. 
Matsuno,  Rev.  K.,  Christian  Kyokai,  Tokyo. 
Naide,  Rev.  T.,  Nihon  Sei  Kokai,  <  >saka. 


APPENDIX  IV 

THE  CHURCH  OF  CHRIST  IN  JAPAN* 


YAKICHI  SASAKURA 

Mr.  K.  Kiyama  gave  a  very  interesting  report  to  our 
thirtieth  Synod  which  was  held  in  Kobe,  October,  1916. 
It  was  as  follows : 

10  years  ago  5  years  ago  at  the  end 
of  last  year 

Churches 35  64  73 

Mission  Churches    155  181  244 

Members  I.'5>I3O  21,219  28,599 

Communicants 8,524  1°<7^S  *4>474 

S.  S.  Children 8,914  13,286  19>S72 

S.  S.  Teachers "...              666  1.056  I>316 

Ordained  Ministers 86  132  162 

Licentiates   88  142  156 

Contributions  yen  58,445  108,003  126,823 

This  table  tells  us  about  our  church's  gradual,  but 
steady  development.  He  reported  again  about  pastors' 
salaries,  taken  from  the  seventy  self-supporting  churches  : 

Salary  Church 

250 — 300  I 

loo — 150  3 

80 — loo  i 

7°—  80  3 

60 —  70  2 

50 60  12 

40 —  50  8 

30—  40  21 

2C 30  IO 

ic —  20  9 

T/ie  Zcnkoku  Jnnkivai  Dendo,  which  is  special  country 
evangelical  work,  was  the  motto  of  our  denomination, 


*The  Editor  regrets  that  this  report  was  received  too  late  to  take  its  pro 
per  place  in  the  Presbyterian  Group  on  page  78. 


APPENDIX  XXvii 

during  last  year  ;  and  we  spent  two  hundred  and  sixty  two 
days  with  twenty-three  speakers  for  that  purpose.  We 
had  three  hundred  and  eighty  eight  public  meetings  in  one 
hundred  and  thirty-five  places.  It  has  produced  a  very 
good  influence  both  in  and  out  of  the  churches. 

A  special  evangelical  movement  in  Niigata  Prefecture 
was  continued  through  the  same  year.  It  was  supported 
by  the  Christians  who  live  in  the  locality  and  the  Christians 
who  have  come  from  there,  It  was  a  very  good  plan. 

Our  Churches  have  received  three  thousand  and  ninety- 
four  including  three  hundred  and  eighty  children,  by 
baptism,  during  1915.  We  expect  to  get  five  thousand 
new  members  during  1916;  but  do  not  yet  know  the 
exact  number. 

The  Sonnikyoku  publishes  "  The  Year  Book  of  the 
Church  of  Christ  in  Japan "  and  "  The  Calendar  for 
Family  Worship." 

"The  Women's  Missionary  Society"  continues  the 
work  in  Sado  Island.  They  have  two  workers  there,  and 
they  built  a  new  church  building,  on  the  twenty-third  of 
August,  1916.  It  is  the  first  sanctuary  of  our  Lord  in 
the  Island.  They  began  their  new  preaching  place  in 
•Shin  machi,  Tokyo. 

The  Sunday  School  Alliance  of  our  church  is  going 
pretty  well.  It  is  a  very  interesting  fact  that  the  public 
Schools  and  the  Christian  churches  are  coming  nearer 
nearer  year  by  year. 


APPENDIX  V 

SOME  ROMAN  CATHOLIC  STATISTICS 


As  was  noted  by  Rev.  C.  F.  Sweet  on  page  1 29  it  has 
been  found  very  difficult  to  obtain  authentic  information 
regarding  Roman  Catholic  Missions  in  Japan.  The 
following  figures  do  not  represent  the  whole  of  Roman 
Catholic  work.  But  including  the  activities  in  the  great 
centers,  Tokyo  and  Nagasaki,  they  give  some  idea  of  the 
work  done  by  that  church.  They  have  been  obtained 
and -tabulated  by  Mr.  Sweet. 

ARCHDIOCESE  OF  TOKYO    (to  Aug.  i,  1916) 

Extent:  The  12  prefectures  of  central  Japan,  comprising  a  total 
population  census  of  1914)  of  17,160,335,  and  a  Catholic  population  of 

I0>359- 

Stuff :  Archbishop  i  ;  Foreign  Mission  Priests  26  (of  whom  10  are  at 
present  under  the  French  colors; ;  Japanese  Priests,  2  ;  Catechists,  26. 

Auxiliaries,  engaged  in  education  and  charitable  works :  Marianists ; 
Foreign  Priests,  5  ;  Brothers,  27  (of  whom  4  are  serving  under  the  colors} ; 
Jesuit  Fathers,  Foreign  Priests,  7  ;  Japanese,  I  ;  Dames  de  St.  Maur ;  Re 
ligious  Foreign"!  37  ;  Japanese,  9 ;  Postulants,  5.  Sisters  of  St.  Paul  de 
Chatre;,  Religious  (Foreign,  17;  Japanese,  4.  Ladies  of  the  Sacred 
Heart,  33. 

Establishments  : 

Posts  or  Districts 27 

Local  Congregations    51 

Churches  or  Chapels  29 

Oratories  18 

Seminary i;     Pupils     16 

Orphanage  for  Boys    „          50 

Leper  Hospital  vGolemba) Sick        57 

Baptisms:    Adults 661 

Children r>223 

Dissenters  5 

Confirmations  301 

Communions :     Pa?chal  4,088  (individuals) 

Ofdevotion    138,461 

Marriages   96 

D,:atlis  Kticnuii 880 


APPENDIX  XXIX 

SCHOOL  STATISTICS 

MAUL-VMS'!^ 

Tokyo  j 

Schools  of  The  Morning  Slar 

I   Superior  School — Pupils 517 

I  Primary  ,,     418 

935 
Yokohama : 

I  Commercial  School — Pupils   161 

JKSUT  FATHKRS 

I   Superior  School — Pupils 69 

i   Boarding  School        „     42 

DA.MKS  DK  ST.  MAUR 
Tokyo : 

I   Girls'  Superior  School  ("High  School";  Pupils  374 

I   Primary  School                                                      „       253 

I   Ma'ernal  School                                                  „       97 

I   Young  Ladies'  Course                                        „       298 

1,022 
Yokohama  : 

i   European  Boarding  School — Pupils  

I   Girls'  High  School  „        

I    Primary  „  „        

I  Maternal 


469 

Workshop                                       ,,       60 

Orphanage    1 43 

Dispensary  (cases  helped)   M45 

Shizuoka : 

Girls'  High  School— Pupils   218 

„     Primary    „             „        , 154 

Maternal             ,,             „        49 

Young  Ladies'  Course     „       4 

425 
SISTKRS  OF  ST.  PAUL 

i  Girls'  High  School — Pupils  221 

I  Primary             ,,             „  125 

i  Maternal           „             „  54 

1  Young  Ladies  Course     „  97 

497 

I  Orphanage     25 

I   I  )i>pensary  (cases  helped)   , 8,063 


XXX  JAPAN 

LADIES  OF  THE  SACRED  HEART 

I   Girls' High  School — Pupils    76 

I   Primary              ,,              „          65 

I   Maternal            „             „         20 

i  Young  Ladies'  Course 106 


267 
I   Sunday  School 42 

NAGASAKI  MISSION  (to  Aug.  15,  1916) 

Extent  and  Population  •  The  Mission  Comprises  Kyushu  and  all  the 
dependent  groups  of  islands. 

Population  (census  of  1914) 8,250,000 

Cat  holic 5  2,9 1 4 

Staff :  Bishop;  Missionary  priests,  31  (12  are  now  serving  under  the 
colours  ;  Diocesan  priests,  31.  Japanese  catechisls,  men  and  women  work 
ing  for  the  conversion  of  unbelievers)  35  ;  Japanese  catechists  (men  and 
women  giving  religious  instruction  in  old  Christian  parishes)  435;  itinerant 
women  baptiser?,  20. 

AUXILIARIES,  EDUCATION  AND  CHARITY 

Marianlsts :  Foreign  priests,  2;  Brothers,  7;  Japanese,  Brothers  12, 
Novices  4. 

Religions  of  the  Holy  Child  Jesus:  Europeans,  13,  Japanese  (women 
professed  5,  novices  3)  8. 

Franciscan  Missionary  Women  of  Jl/aiy  :     European  18,  Japanese  4. 

Sisters  of  St.  Paul  of  Chattres  :  Europeans  5  ;  Japanese  3,  Eleven  Com 
munities  of  Japanese  dedicated  virgins,  with  members  numbering  198. 

Establishments  : 

Posts  or  Districts    51 

Secondary   34 

Congregations 158 

Churches  or  Chapels 73 

Oratories    51 

Seminary  containing  pupils -5     (in  theology) 

„  „     23     ("  Latinists ") 

Catechetical  School  containing  pupils...  23     (men) 

„  „  „  „  25     (women) 

Farms  employing   47 

Orphanages  8,  wit  h    231 

Refuge  Homes    ,,      232 

SCHOOLS  AND  HOSPITALS,  ETC. 

MARIANIST 

Ecole  apostolique,  Novices '. 4 

Apostolique    62 


66 
Academy — pupils 380 


APPENDIX  XXXI 

SISTKRS  OK  HUI.Y  CHILD  JESUS 

2  High  Schools — pupils 174 

I  Primary    „           „         93 

1  Maternal  „           , 52 

2  Orphanages — orphans  and  staff  323 

i  Hospital — sick  received    449 

1  Dispensary — cases  aided  8,741 

Visits  in  homes 40,6 

2  Workshops — staff 55 

FRANCISCAN  MISSIONARY  WOMEN  OK  MARY  BIWA/.AKI 

I>eper  Hospital — patients    50 

Dispensary — cases  aided 7>°&7 

Visits  of  the  poor  at  home  676 

Orphanages — children 27 

Old  men  cared  for I 

Workshop — stafl 37 

Itinerant  Baptisers  (women)    3 

Kurume  : 

I  [ospil al — sick  received  1 1 

Dispensary   „     aided   3,000 

I>epers  treated  20 

Workshop — st  a»T  6 

Hitoyoshi : 

Dispensary — sick  cases  helped    ^96 

visits  at  home 500 

Shelter  45 

Workshop 56 

Itinerant  Baptisers  (women j    3 

SISTERS  OK  ST.  PAUL  OF  CHARTRES 

I.    Boarding  School — pupils  146 

Ilospi'al — sick  received  32 

Ix-pers  treated  54 

Dispensary — sick  cases  helped    i ,950 

ot  her  cases  of  care 1 2,634 

Orphanage — children  33 

Workshop — st  aff  20 

Baptisms — adult  457 

dissenters    I 

children    2»^37 

Coniirmat  ions   908 

Communions — Paschal    29,942 

of  devotion 272,815 

Marriages  blessed 397 

Deaths  known  886 

Christians  who  have  definitely  left  the  Mission 459 

Increase 1 ,369 


APPENDIX  VI 

REVISED  COURSE  OF  STUDY  IN  THE 
JAPANESE    LANGUAGE 


ADOPTED  BY  THE  CONFERENCE  OF 
FEDERATED  MISSIONS 

FIRST  YEAR-First  Term 

1.  GRAMMAR.  —  Chamberlain's    Handbook,    Chapters 
I-IV. 

2.  CONVERSATION. — Matsuda's  Text  Book  of  Japanese 
Conversation,  I  and  II  (20  lessons),  also  free  conversation. 

3.  READING  AND  TRANSLATION. — Jinjo  Shogakko  Toku- 
hon  I  and  II. 

4.  WRITING  AND  DICTATION. — Katakana  and  Hiragana 
from  Matsuda's  Text  Book  of  Japanese  Conversation  and 
Tokuhon,  following  Shuji  Tehon. 

FIRST  YEAR— Second  Term 

1.  GRAMMAR — Chamberlain's    Handbook,     Chapters 
V-VI1I. 

2.  CONVERSATION.— Matsuda's  Text  Book  of  Japanese 
Conversation,  Lessons  21-40,  also  free  conversation  with 
teacher  and  others  on  the  above. 

3.  READING  AND  TRANSLATION. — Jinjo  Shogakko  Toku 
hon  III  and  IV. 

4.  WRITING  AND  DICTATION — Kana  and  Character  in 
Tokuhon,  following  Shuji  Tehon. 

5.  MEMORIZING. — The    Lord's    Prayer;    Mat.    1:21; 
John    1:29,    3:16-17  and    14:6. 

FIRST  YEAR— Third  Term 

I.     GRAMMAR. — Chamberlain's    Hand-book,    Chapters 
IX  XII. 


APPENDIX  XXXlH 

2.  CONVERSATION. — Free  conversation  under  guidance 
of  teacher  on  affairs  of  daily  life,  social  calls,   congratula 
tions  and  condolences. 

3.  READING     AND     TRANSLATION.  —  Jinjo    Shogakko 
Tokuhon  V  and  VI,  also  Iwaya's  Mukashibanashi  (Shita 
Kiri  Suzume). 

4.  WRITING    AND    DICTATION.  —  Kana    and    Chinese 
Characters  in  Tokuhon,  following  the  Shuji  Tehon. 

5.  COMPOSITION.— Simple  sentences  in  colloquial. 

6.  MEMORIZING. — Connected    paragraphs    from    Shita 
Kiri    Suzume,    about    150  words;  Acts   4:12;   Romans 
2  :  23,  6:  23  ;  I  Timothy  1:5;!  John  4:  16. 

SECOND  YEAR— First  Term 

1.  GRAMMAR. — Moji     no     Shirube    on    the    Written 
Language,  Section    II.    Lange's    Text    Book,    Chapters 
I-XX.  Pay  special  attention  to  notes.     Ability  to  translate 
is  essential ;  much  committing  to  memory  is  desirable. 

2.  CONVERSATION. — Affairs  of  daily  life  and  elementary 
religious  topics. 

3.  READING  AND  TRANSLATION. — Jinjo  Shogakko  Toku 
hon  VII.  Peeke's  Reader,  pages  1-74. 

4.  WRITING     AND     DICTATION.  —  Moji    no    Shirube, 
Section    IV.       Peeke's    Suggestions    for    the    Study    of 
Characters  (Ref.) 

5.  COMPOSITION. — Complex  sentences  in  colloquial. 

6.  STORY   TELLING    EXERCISES.  —  Ability    to   tell    to 
children  the  story  of  the  following  six  parables  :      The 
Unmerciful  Servant ;  The  Sower  ;  The  Ten  Virgins  ;  The 
Prodigal  Son  ;  The  Rich  Man  and  Lazarus ;  The  Gcod 
Samaritan. 

7.  MEMORIZING. — Proverbs  and  Short  Phrases  in  Con 
stant  Use,  Chamberlain's  Handbook. 

SECOND  YEAR— Second  Term 

1.  GRAMMAR. — Lange's  Text  Book,  Chapters  XXI-LX. 

2.  CONVERSATION. — Free    conversation    with    teacher 
and  others  on  daily  life  and  general  religious  topics. 

3.  READING  AND  TRANSLATION. — Jinjo  Shogakko  Toku 
hon  VIII.     Heimin  no  Fukuin,  Chapter  I  (27  pages). 


XXxiV  JAPAN 

4.  WRITING    AND    DICTATION,  —  Moji     no     Shirube, 
Section  V — First  half. 

5.  COMPOSITION — Complex  and  compound  sentences 
in  colloquial.     Short  essay  on  subject  assigned  at  time  of 
examination. 

6.  STORY  TELLING  EXERCISES. — Ability  to  tell  the  con 
tents  of  any  of  the  following  miracles  :     Water  Turned 
into  Wine  ;  Raising  of  Jairus'  Daughter  ;  Healing  of  Cen 
turion's  Servant ;  Feeding  of  Five  Thousand  ;  Healing  of 
Paralytic  ;  Healing  of  Syro  Phenician's  Daughter. 

7.  MEMORIZING. — Selection  to  be  chosen  by  the  student 
from  the  anecdotes  in  Lnnge  (about  1 50  words). 

SECOND  YEAR— Third  Term 

1.  GRAMMAR. — Lange's  Text  Book,  Chapters  LXI  to 
end. 

2.  CONVERSATION. — On  current  event?,  both  religious 
and  secular. 

3.  READING  AND  TRANSLATION. — Jinjo  Shogakko  Toku- 
hon  IX.  Fukuo  Jiden,  first  three  chapters.    Three  sermons 
from  present  day  Japanese  preachers,  selected  by  Board 
of  Examiners. 

4.  WRITING  AND  DICTATION. — Moji  no  Shirube,  Section 
V,  second  half. 

5.  COMPOSITION.  —  Short  sermons  and   addresses  on 
subjects  previously  assigned  by  the  examiner. 

6.  STORY  TELLING  — Narratives  from  Genesis,  Chapters 
Mil,  VI- VIII  and  XII. 

7.  MEMORIZING. — At  least  two  passages  of  100  words 
each  from  the  three  sermons  studied. 

THIRD  YEAR— First  Term 

1 .  READING  AND  TRANSLATION. — Jinjo  Shogakko  Toku  • 
hon  X  and  XI.     Yo  wa  Ikani  Shite  Kakushin  wo  Eshi 
Ya,  70  pages.     Moji  no  Shirube,  Sections  VI  and  VII. 
Ability  to  read  text  and  recognize  characters  apart  from 
the  context. 

2.  COMPOSITION. —  Prayers,  the  objects  of  prayer  to  be 
given  by  examiner  at  lime  of  examination.      (Peeke's  I  low 
to  Pray  in  Japanese  gives  good  models).     Preparation  for 


APPENDIX  XXXV 

the  chairmanship  of  a  meeting,  introducing  speaker,  etc. 
A  letter  in  colloquial  to  one's  secretary. 

3.  BIBLE  CLASS  EXPOSITION. — Simple  explanation  for 
Bible  Classes  of  the  following  Psalms  :  Mil,  XVI,  XXI 1 1, 
XXVII,  LI,  XC  and  CX.  John's  Gospel,  Chapters  I-1V, 
VI,  X,  XI I  and  XVII. 

THIRD  YEAR— Second  Term 

1 .  READING  AND  TRANSLA1  ION. Jinjo  SllOgakko  Tol<U- 

hon  XII.  Omoi-ide  no  Ki,  Parts  I  and  II.  Moji  no 
Shirubc,  Section  VIII.  Ability  to  read  text  and  re 
cognize  characters  apart  from  context. 

2.  COMPOSITION. — Short  sermon  or  address  written  on 
a  topic  assigned  by  the  examiner  at  the  examination. 

3.  TRANSLATION  INTO  JAPANESE. —  Stalker's  Life  of  Paul, 
Chapters  I  and  II. 

4.  BIBLE  CLASS  EXPOSITION. — Simple  explanation  for 
Bible  C'asses  of  the  following  :  Isaiah,  Chapters  XI :  i-io, 
XL,  XLII-LIII,  LV,  LX  and  James,  Chapters  I-1V. 

THIRD  Y£AR— Third  Term 

1.  READING    AND    TRANSLATION.  —  Shogakko    Nihon 
Rekishi  I  and  II.     Fukuo  Hyakuwa,  Ch.   1-30.     Moji  no 
Shirube,  Sections  IX  and  X.     Ability  to   read  text  and 
recognize  characters  apart  from  context. 

2.  COMPOSITION. — An  extempore  sermon   or  address 
on  a  subject  assigned  by  the  examiner  at  time  of  examina 
tion. 

3.  TRANSLATE.  —  Lamb's   Shakespeare,    Merchant   of 
Venice,  First  half. 

4.  BIBLE    CLASS    EXPOSITION. — Proverbs,    Ch.    I-IV, 
XXXI;  Rom.  Ch.  HI,   VIII,  XII. 


APPENDIX  VII 

SOME  GENERAL  STATISTICS 


In  April  1917  the  following  statement  of  Japan's  trade 
conditions  was  made  by  Viscount  Mishima,  Governor  of 
the  Bank  of  Japan  : — 

"  Except  for  the  first  six  months  which  followed  the 
outbreak  of  the  war,  during  which  Japan  sustained  a  blow, 
we  have  constantly  been  prosperous.  Trade  returns  have 
been  high.  The  total  value  of  exports  and  imports  for 
last  year  was  1,880, 000,000 yen,  an  increase  of  640,000,000 
yen  over  the  previous  year.  The  balance  of  370,000,000 
yen  for  that  year  was  in  favor  of  exports.  In  addition, 
unusual  prosperity  in  the  country's  shipping  business 
brought  a  large  sum  of  capital  into  this  country  from 
abroad,  with  favorable  results  in  the  economic  world. 
The  value  of  foreign  trade  for  the  first  three  months  of 
this  year  has  been  543,000,000  yen,  an  increase  of  about 
1 50,000,000  yen  over  the  corresponding  period  last  year. 
The  excess  of  exports  over  imports  in  these  three  months  has 
been  about  90,000,000  yen,  which  is  more  than  double  the 
4,2,000,000 yen  of  the  corresponding  period  of  last  year." 

CAPITALIZATION  OF  BUSINESS  CONCERNS  DURING  1916 

Capital  for  new  undertakings,  and  money  expended  for 
the  expansion  of  old  ones  in  1916  total  up  as  follows : 

Manufacturing    245,050,000 

Electric        75,309,000 

Spinning     67,460,000 

Mining         66,350,000 

Maritime      59,300,000 

Commercial         SS^SS.000 

Banking      39,338,000 

Insurance    25,000,000 

Railroad      23,155,000 

Marine  product 3,100,000 


APPENDIX  xxxvii 

Compared  with  1915  there  is  an  increase  of  176,412,000 
ven  for  the  capital  of  new  concerns  and  188,800,000;^;; 
for  the  expansion  of  old  ones. 

TRADE  WITH  CHINA  IN  1916 

The  trade  with  China  during  1916  amounted  to  172, 
701,000  yen  in  exports  and  93,319,000  yen  in  imports,  the 
balance  in  favour  of  exports  being  79,382,000^^.  Com 
pared  with  1915,  the  figures  show  an  increase  of  45,830,000 
yen  in  exports  and  24,392,000  yen  in  imports. 

RICE  HARVESTS  OF  THE  PAST  TEN  YEAKS 

Year  Koku  Year  Kckit 


1907  .. 

1908  .. 

1909  .. 

1910  .. 

1911  .. 


49,052,065                 1912 50,222,509 

5I'933'293                J9!3 5°>255.267 

52,437,662                1914 57>°°6,54i 

46.633,376                I9X5 55'924,59° 

51,712,433                1916 58,301,680 

Average     52,110,494 

I  Koku*=  about  5  bushels 


Postal  savings  in  January  1917  amounted  to  301  819,032 
yen  representing  14,974,576  persons,  an  increase  during 
the  year  1916  of  more  than  77  million  yen  and  one  million 
persons. 

80  new  steamers  above  loco  tons,  totalling  350,000 
tons  will  be  launched  in  Japan  during  the  year  1917. 

JAPANESE  RESIDENTS  ABROAD 

On  June  30,1916  the  number  of  Japanese  residing 
abroad  was  reported  by  the  Foreign  Office  to  be  as 
follows  :— 

Manchuria 309,981 

China  Proper     27,770 

South  Asia  and  Australia 26,732 

North  and  South  America        238,169 

Euroj)e  and  Siberia 6,216 

Under  Naval  and  Military  Administration     lz>7%3 

Total 621,652 


XXXV111  JAPAN 

PROSTITUTION 

In  connection  with   Mr.  Erskine's  article  on  page  294 
the  following  figures  are  interesting  : 

IN  JAVAN  PKOI'KR 

FtibVc  Prostitutes  Ge:sha  }Vaitresses 

1910  1914  1910  1914  1910  1914 

48,769          52,097          37>°38          44.469        33'956        44.199 

JAPAN'S  LARGEST  CITIES 

A  recent  census  of  the  six  largest  cities  in  Japan  was 
reported  in  Apiil  1917  as  follows  : 

City                                                               ,  Population 

Tokyo      2,281,421 

Osaka      1,508,677 

Kyoto      549,770 

Kobe       5*9,865 

Yokohama      444,018 

Nagoya 404,154 


APPENDIX   VIII 

LIST  OF  CHRISTIAN  PERIODICALS 

COMPILED  I;Y  F.  Mi  LI.F.R 

In  the  following  lists  we  have  endeavoured  (o  include  all  the  periodicals 
the  chief  object  of  which  is  the  spread  of  Christian  trulh. 

When  an  English  title  is  given  in  the  periodical  that  title  is  marked  in 
this  list  with  quotation  marks.  In  the  o'.her  cases  a  more  or  less  literal 
translation  is  given. 

The  size  of  the  page  is  usually  9  inches  by  12.  The  letter  /after  '.he 
number  of  pages  signifies  that  the  sheet  is  larger  than  this;  and  the 
letter  s  that  the  sheet  is  about  6  inches  by  9  in  size. 

The  place  of  publication  is  Tokyo  unless  otherwise  staled.  The  ab 
breviations  are  as  in  the  Missionary  Directory,  and  K.  stands  for  the 
Kumiai  or  Congregational  churches. 

The  date  of  establishment  of  the  paper,  as  indicated  by  ihi  date  of 
registry  as  a  newspaper,  or  otherwise,  is  given  at  the  end  of  the  entry. 

It  was  impossible  to  get  copies  of  all  the  publications,  and  ad 
ditional  information  is  requested,  especially  with  regard  to  periodicals  in 
Formosa  and  Korea.  Communications  may  be  sent  to  I'.  Muller,  946 
Ka-hiwagi,  Tokyo  Fu. 

The  papers  with  the  following  numbers  have  been  added  to  the  list  (but 
some  are  new  publications  : — 

Xos.  15,  1 8,  47,  48,  51,  54,  62,  83. 

Weekly  Publications 

1  Fukuin  Shimpo,  The  Evangelist,  pp.  16,  M.  Uemura.     X.K.K.   1890. 

2  Gokyo,  The  Advocate,  pp.  16,  Lr.  Bessho.     N.M.K.  1892. 

3  Ilonoo  no  Shita,  "  Tongues  of  Fire,"  pp.  8,  J.  Xakada.     ( '.M.S.  rSgg. 

4  Kirisutokyo  Kyoho,  The  Christian  Recorder,   pp.    12,   S.   Takagaki, 

Baptist.     1907. 

5  Kirisutokyo  Sekai,  "  The  Christian  World,"  pp.  16,  K.  O^aka.   1892. 

6  Kirisulokyo   Shuho,  The   Christian   Weekly,   pp.    16,   s.  S.  Motoda. 

N.S.K.     1900. 

Semi-monthly  Publications 

7  Chiisaki  Otozure,  "  Little   Tidings,"    Mrs.   T.  M.  MacXair.     X.K.K. 

1894. 

8  Seikyo  Jiho,  Orthodox  Church  Report,  Ishikawa.     R.<  >.C.  1912. 

9  Toki  no  Koe,  "  The  War  Cry,"  pp.  8,  S.A.  1901. 

10     Vako,  Light  in  Darknes<,  pp.  8,  s.  J.  (I.  Dunlop.     X  K.K.  Kanazawa. 
n     Vorokobi  no  Otozure,  "  Glad  Tidings,"  pp.  8,  s.  Mrs.  T.  M.  MacNair. 
X.K.K.     iSSu 


Xl  JAPAN 

Monthly  Publications 

12  Ai  no  Tomo,  "The  Japanese  Friend,"  S.  F.  1907, 

13  Aidzu  Kyodan,  The  Aidzu  Pulpit,  pp.  8,  C.  Noss.  N.K.K.  Waka- 

matsu.     1912. 

14  Akebono,  Dawn,  A.  W.  Cooke.     N-S.K.  Sendai, 

15  Ama  no  Ami,  "  Fisherman's  Net,"  St.  Thomas  Church,  Wakamatsu. 

A.E.C. 

16  Bummei   Ilyoron,    Review    of  Civilization,    pp.     100,   T.    Tanaka. 

N.K.K.     1914. 

17  Dendo,  Evangelism,  pp.  8.* Z.  Hidaka.     N.K.K.   Kyoto.      1912. 

18  Dendo  Hochi,   "  Evangelistic  Report,"  General  Secretary's  Bureau, 

Tokyo,  N.K.K. 

19  Denrei,  "  Evangelii  Sandebud,"  pp.  4,  J.  Ander-;on.     S.J.A.     1900. 

20  Denshi,  "  The  Electric  Messenger,"  pp.  32,  s.  O.M.S.     1907. 

21  Domei  Geppo,  Associa'ion  Monthly,  S.S,  Union.     Yokohama. 

22  Fujin  Shimpo,  "  The  Woman's  Herald,"  pp.  32,  s.  W.C.T.U.     1896. 

23  Fukuin  Geppo,  "The  Gospel  Message,"  pp.  18.  II.  Brokaw.    N.K.K. 

Kure.     1900. 

24  Fukuin  Jiho,  The  Gospel  Report,  pp.  8,  Asada,  Plymouth  Brethren. 

1912. 

25  Fukuin  no  Tsukai,  The  Evangelical  Messenger,  pp.  8,  E.  A.  1892. 

26  llakuai  no  Tomo,  The  Garden  of  Humanity,  pp.  8,  Utako  Hayashi, 

Osaka,  1902. 

27  Ileiwa  Jiho,  "Japan  Peace  Movement,"  Peace  Societies,  1912. 

28  Hikari,  Light,  pp.  4,  1.  S.  Tsuruhara,  Moji.     1911. 

29  Hokkai  no  Hikari,  "Hokkaido  Diocesan  Magazine,"  pp.  30,  s.  W. 

Andrews.     N.S.K.     1893. 

•50     Hokko,  The  Light  of  the  North,  pp.  6,  R.  Ebizawa,  K.,  Sapporo. 
1914. 

31  Jindo,  "  Humanity,"  pp.  16,  K.  Tomeoka.     1905. 

32  Jomo  Kyokai  Geppo,  The  Jomo  District  Monthly,  pp.  8,  G.   Kashi- 

wagi.     K.,  Takasaki. 

33  Joshi   Seinen   Kai,   "  The    Young   Women    of  Japan,"    pp.   32,   s. 

Y.W.C.A. 

34  Jun  Fukuin,  "The  Pure  Gospel,"  pp.  12,  A.  U.  Yajima.     1907. 

35  Kaitakusha,  "  The  Pioneer,"  pp.  64,  s.  T.  Komatsu.  Y.M.C.A.    1905. 

36  Kakusei,  Social  Reform,  pp.  40.  s.  M.  Masutomi.     1911. 

37  Kenko,  Health,  pp.  4.  K.  Matsuno.     C.C.     1910. 

38  Ki-on,  Gospel,  pp.  8,  Kugimiya.     N.M.K.  Osaka.     1900. 

39  Kirisutokyo  Shimbun,  "  The  Christian  News,"  pp.  8,  1,  J.E.B.  1905. 

40  Kirisuto  no  To,  The  Christian  Band,  pp.  16.  T.  Tominaga.     1913. 

41  Koen,  Light  and  Salt,  S.  Shinozuka.     N.S.K.     Nagoya. 

42  Kohan  no   Koe,  The  Voice  by  the  Lake-side,  pp.  8.  E.  V.  Yoshida, 

Omi  Mission,  Hachiman,  Omi,     1913- 

43  Kodomo   no   Tomo,   "  The   Children's   Companion,"    pp.   4,   s.   N. 

Tamura.     1912. 

44  Koe,  The  Voice,  Roman  Catholic. 

45  Kuni  no  Hikari,  "  The  Light  of  the   Land,"  pp.  48,  Temperance. 

1893. 

46  Kwassekai,  "  Christian  Endeavor  World,''  pp.  28,  s.  Kyoto.   1893, 

47  Kwassen,  "  Living  Fountain,"  Kanazawa,  A.E.C. 

48  Kusatsu  Kyoyu,  "  Kusatsu  Friends,"  Yadosawa,  Kusatsu. 

4_9     Kyokko,  Mornmg  Light,  pp.  4,  1.  A.  W.  Stanford,  K.  Kobe.      1895. 


APPENDIX  xli 

50  Kyokwai  Jiho,  Church  Report,  II.  St.  G.  Tucker.    N.S.K.    Kyoto. 

51  Kyomuin  Kyoho,  "  Official  Report,"  Tokyo,  C.  of  E. 

52  Kyoyu,  Tke  Friend  of  Religion,  pp.  2,  s.  Ninomiya.     K,     Osaka. 

53  Kyushu  Kyoho,  "  Kyushu    Diocesan   Magazine,"    A.    I^ea.     N.S.K. 

Fukuoka. 

54  Manshu  Kyoho,  "  Manchurian  Religious  News,"  N.K.K.,  Dairen. 

55  Megumi  no  Otozure,  The  Gospel  of  Grace.     N.S.K.     Osaka. 

56  Megumi  to   Makoto,  Grace  and  Truth,  pp.  56,  s.  Asada,  Plymouth 

Brethren.     1910. 

57  Michi  no  Hikari,  The  Light  of  the  Word,  S.  I  logo.     N.S.K. 

58  Michi  no  Tane,  The  Seed  of  the  Word,  N.K.K.     Kameyama,  Ise. 

59  Minnmi    Tokyo  Chi hobu   Koho,  "  The   South  Tokyo  Gazette,"  P.T. 

Tsuji.     N.S.K.     1905. 

60  Myojo,  The  Morning  S  ar,  pp.  4,  Hikaru.     N.K.K.     Igif- 

61  Myojo,  The  Morning  Star,  pp.  4,  1.  Christian  Literature  Soc.     1914. 

62  Nankai  Kyoho,  "  Southern  Religious  News,'1  Kochi,  N.K.K. 

63  Nankai  no  Hikari,  The  South  Sea  Light,  K.  Imabari,  lyo.     1907. 

64  Nichiyo  Gakko,  "  The  Sunday  School,"  S.S.  Association.      1913. 

65  Nichiyo  Sekai,  "  The  Sunday  World."     F.M.     Osaka. 

66  Oncho,  Grace,  C.  II.  Evans.     N.S.K.     Akita. 

67  Osaka  Kodan,  The  Osaka  I'ulpit,  T.  Miyagawa.     K.     Osaka. 

68  Osanago,  "  The  Children,"  pp.  16,  s.  Osaka.     1911. 

69  Oshie  no  Sono,  The  Garden  of  Doctrine  (for  children).  R.  C. 

70  (  hvari  no  Fukuin,  The  Gospel  for  the  Last  Days,  pp.  26,  s.  S.D.A.  1899. 

71  Reicho,  Spiritual  Currents,  pp.  40,  s.  U.  Takahashi,  K.     1913. 

72  Reiko,  Spiritual  Light,  I.  II.  Correl!.     N.S.K.     Tsu,  Ise, 

73  Rei  no  Kate,  "  Living  Bread,"  pp.  48,  s.  J.E.R     1911. 

74  Rikkokwai  Zasshi,  Magazine  of  the  Rikko  Society,  N.K.K. 

75  Rikugo  Za^shi,  "  The  Cosmos,"  pp.  120,  s.  L:nitarian,     1892. 

76  Ruteru,  Luther,  p.p.  8,  Takimoto,  Luth.,  Kurume.     1902. 

77  Ryou   no  Hikari,   The    Light   of  U/en  and  Ugo,  4,  pp.  I.  N.K.K. 

Vamngaia.     1915- 

78  Sakae,  Glory,  Yamada.     N.S.K. 

79  Sambi  no  Tomo,  "  The  Friend  of  Song,"  pp.  12,  s.  S.  Sakai.      1905. 

80  Seisho  no  Kenkyu,  "Biblical  Study,"  pp.  52,  K.  I'chimura. 

81  Seisho  r.o  Michi,  The  Bible  Way,  pp.  8,  Hasegawa.     C.C.     1911. 

82  Seisho  no  Tomo,  "  Scripture   Union   Monthly,"  pp.  50,  s.  Scripture 

Union.     1892. 

83  Seito,  "  Disciples,"  Fukushima,  A. E.G. 

84  Seikyo  Yo\va,  The  Orthodox  Church  Essentials,  pp.  16,  s.  Ishikawa, 

R.O.C.     1901. 

85  Shidosha,  The  Guide,  R.  W.  Andrews,  N.S.K.     Maebashi. 

86  Shimei,  The  Commission,  pp.  4,  A. C.C.     Sendai.     1905. 

87  Shimei,  The  Commission,  S.  Suganuma.     N.S.K.     Kobe. 

88  Shinjin,  The  New  Man,  pp.  100,  s,  I).  Ebina,  K.     1900. 

89  Shinjo  Kai,  The  New  Woman's  World,  pp.  70  s.  J.  Yasui,  K.  1909. 

90  Shinko   no  Tomo,  The   Companion  of  Faith,  P.  A.  Smith.     N.S.K. 

Fukui.     1915. 

91  Shin  Seimei,  The  Now  Life,  pp.  8,  K.  Ito.     N.K.K.     Tanabe,  Kii. 

1906. 

92  Shoheishi,  The  Little  Soldier,  Izumo. 

93  Shokoshi,  "  Childen  of  Light,"  pp.  16,  s.  S.  Nol^echi,  O.M.S.     1912, 

94  Shonen  Shimpo,  The  Children's  News,  pp.  4,  W.C.T.U.     1911. 


xlii 


JAPAN 


9;     Shunko,  Spring  Light,  N.M.K.     Mikage,  Settsu. 

96  Sukui  no  Akashi,  The   Witness  of  Salvation,  Luth.,  pp.  12,  s.  V. 

Savolainen,  Shimo  Suwa.     1907. 

97  Taiwan   Kirisuto   Kyoho,   Formosan   Christian   Record,   pp.    6,   If. 

Otani,  N.K.K.  Taihoku.     1904. 

98  Tohoku  Kyokwai  Jiho,    Report  of  the  Tohoku   Churches,  N.K.K. 

Sendai. 

99  Tokiwa,  "  A  Magazine  for  Women/'  pp.  38.  s.  Yokohama.     1898. 

100  Tokyo  Kyoho,  The  Tokyo  Record,  A.  Malsushima.     N.S.K. 

101  Tsukiji  no  Sono,  The  Tsukiji  Garden,  S.  Motoda.     N.S.K. 

102  Yo  no  Hikari,  "The  Light  of  the  World,"  pp.  4  1.     N.S.K.     Ama- 

gasaki.     1901. 

103  Yuden  Kirisutokyo  Kyoho,  "  Post  and  Telegraph  Christian  News," 

pp.  8,  F.S.  Curtis.     N.K.K.     Taiden,  Chosen.     1913. 

Every  Other  Month 

104  Shingaku  no  Kenkyu,  Theological  Study,  pp.  120,  s.  J.  H.  Kobayashi 

N.S.K.     Tokyo.     1909 

Quarterly 

105  Shingaku  Hyoron,  Theological  Review,  pp.  160.     N.M.K.     1914. 

SUNDAY  SCHOOL  LESSONS  PUBLISHED  BY  THE  KYOBUNKWAN. 

1  Primary  S.S.  Scholar's  Companion.     3  years.     3  annual  vols. 

2  Junior  S.S.  Scholar's  Companion.     3  years.     3  annual  vols. 

3  Senior  S.S.  Scholar's  Companion.     3  years.     3  annual  vols. 

4  Kindergarten  Teacher's  Manual.     2  years.     8  quarterly  vols. 

5  Primary  Teacher's  Manual.     3  years.      12  quarterly  vols. 

6  Junior  Teacher's  Manual.     3  years.     12  quarterly  vols. 

7  Senior  Teacher's  Manual.     3  years.     12  quarterly  vols. 

8  Kindergarten  Roll.     2  years.     8  rolls. 

9  Primary  Picture  Roll.     2  years.     8  rolls. 

10  Lesson  Cards  to  accompany  No.  8.     2  years. 

11  International  S.S.  Magazine.     Quarterly,  pp.  60. 

12  ,,  „      Lesson  Leaflet.     Weekly,  pp.  4,  for  Primary  and 
Junior  Grades. 

Periodicals  Published  in  Formosa 

Taiwan  Kau-hoe-po,  Formosan  Church  News,  (Romanized  Chinese).     T» 
Barclay,  English  and  Canadian  Presbyterian.     Tainan.     1885. 

'      PERIODICALS  IN  EUROPEAN  LANGUAGES 


Electric  Messages,  O.  M.  S. 
Monthly. 

From  Far  Japan,  Southern 
Presbyterian.  Quarterly. 

Gleanings,  Bapiist.    Bi-montly. 

Japan-Bret".    S.J.A.     Quarterly. 

Japan  Evangelist,  Inte  deno 
minational.  Monthly. 

Japan  Quarterly,  C.M  S. 

Messenger,    Presbyterian.     Six 


times  a  year. 

Mission  News.  Congregational. 
Ten  times  a  year. 

Onii  Mustard  Seed.  Omi 
Mission.  Ten  times  a  year. 

South  Tokyo  Diocesan  Maga 
zine,  S.P.G.  3  numbers  a 
year. 

Tokyo  Christian,  W.  D.  Cun 
ningham.  Monthly. 


AITI-INDIX  xliii 

JAPANESE  TITLES  AND  PUBLISHERS 

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37 
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JAPAN 


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47 
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51 
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106 


APPENDIX  IX 

CHRISTIAN  SCHOOLS  IN  JAPAN 


PREPAKKD  BY  E.  K.  McCoRD 

N.  B. — The  order  followed  is — Name  of  city  or  town  ; — Name  of  School ; — 
Denominational  Affiliation,  indicated  by  abbreviations  corresponding 
to  those  of  the  Missionary  Direc'ory; — Location  of  the  school  (within 
the  given  city  or  town) ; — Name  of  the  person  to  whom  application 
for  information  may  be  made  (in  the  case  of  names  of  missionaries 
reference  should  be  made  to  the  Missionary  Directory  for  the  address 
which  is  generally  quite  different  froin  the  address  of  the  school 
itself.);  —  Date  of  founda'ion  of  the  school; — Enrolment  of  the 
school.  Superior  figure  "  I  "  means  that  no  report  was  received  and 
last  year's  enrolment  is  given. 


KINDERGARTENS 
• 

Hokkaido 

Hakodate  Ku,  Charity  Yochien  (M.E.C.)  Kaigan  Cho,  Miss 

W.  F.  Draper 1916  35 

Hakodate  Ku,  lai  Yochien  (M.E.C.)  53  Moto  Machi,  Miss 

W.  F.  Draper 1913  80 

Otaru  Ku,  Rose  Yochien  (P.C.U.S.A.)  Miss  C.  H.  McCrory..     1897       50 

Hondo 

Akita  Shi,  Akita  Yochien  (C.C.)  16  Nakanaga  Machi,  Miss  G. 

Garst  1906  58 

Akita  Shi,  Gaylord  Hart  Mitchell  Memorial  Yochien  (A.E.C.) 

60  Hodono,  Atago  Cho,  Miss  E.  Verbeck J9O4  50 

Akita  Shi,  Narayama  Yochien  (fi.C.}  Narayama,  Sister  Pia...  1908  55 
Aoinori  Shi,  St.  Mary's  Yochien  (A.E.C.}  Miss  F.  M.  Bristowe  1908  43 
Ashikaga  Machi,  Tochigi  Ken,  Yuai  Yochien  ^K.)  Mr. 

Teisuke  Harada  1902  66 

IvJosaki  Machi,  Ibaraki  Ken,  Edosaki  Yochien  (E.A.)  Miss 

N.  Berner  1916  55 

Fukui  Shi,  Fukui  Eikwan  Yochien  (M.C.C.}  Mrs.  C.  P. 

Holmes 1910  36 

Gifu  Shi,  Meido  Yochien  (MS.C.C.}  Miss  H.  M.  Robinson...  1915  28 
Hachinohe  Machi,  Iwate  Ken,  Hachinohe  Yochikai  (A.E.C.) 

Shimo  Bancho,  Miss  F.  M.  Bristowe    1910       40 


APPENDIX  xlvH 

Ilamamatsu  Machi,  Shizuoka  Ken,  Tokiwa  Yochien  (Jlf.F.C.) 

Miss  A.  L.  Coales 1916       46 

llarada,  Ilyogo  Ken,  Shojin  Yochien  ( Jy.Zf.C.6'.)  Rev.  S.  E. 

Hager,  D.I) 1904       75 

llaraichi  Machi,  Gumma  Ken,  Sekishin  Yochien  (K.)  2429 

1  laraichi I9J4       '<) 

Hirosaki  Shi,  Aiko  Yochien  (AI.E.C.}  Miss  (i.  Preston 1908       50 

II  rosaki  Shi,  Alexander  Memorial  Yochien  (Jlf./-.'.C.)  Miss  G. 

Preston iSyS       47 

Hiroshima  Shi,  Hiroshima  Girls'  School  {M.E.C.S.)  Miss  M. 
.  M.  Cook, 

Fuzoku  Yochien,  No.  I i8yi       yS 

Frazer  Yochien,  Fuzoku  Xo.  2     1896       45 

Mattoha  Yochien,  Fuzoku  Xo.  3 1910       47 

Koi  Cho  Yochien,  Fuzoku  Xo.  4 'V°7       2O 

Grace  Whitney  IIofFFree  Yochien,  Fuzoku  Xc>.  5     ...      1912        ^6 
iida     Machi,     Xagano      Ken,     lida    Yochien     (F.    I.uth.) 

Higashino,  Miss  R.  Hytonen        1<)13      4° 

Kamakura    Machi,    Kanagawa     Ken,    Kamakura    Yochien 

(M.E.C3  (Flora  Best  Harris  Memorial)  Miss  R.  J.  Watson,  njcxj  35 
Kanazawa  Shi,  Baba  Yochien  (J/.CC.j  Miss  I.  Govenlock  ...  1904  74 
Kanazawa  Shi,  Futaba  Yochien  (A.E.C.)  7  Shimo  Ishihiki  Cho  1912  45' 
Knnazawa  Shi,  Hokuriku  Jo  Gakko  (P.C.i'.S.A.}  Fu/oku 

Yochien,  No.  I,  Honda  Machi,  Miss  J.  M.  Johnstone        ...     1885       K^1 
Kana/.awa     Shi,     Kawakami     Yochien     (JIJ.C.C.^    Miss    I. 

Govenlock       itjoo       41 

Kanazawa     Shirokanc     Cho     Yochien     (A/.C.C.)     Mi>s     T. 

Govenlock       *')l$       (>l 

Kawagoe  Machi,  Sai'ama  Ken,  Ilalsukari  Yochien  (A.E.C.] 

Rev.  S.  Tai      1901        50 

Kol>e  Shi,  1-ambuth  Memorial  Yochien  (Af./^.C.S.}  23   Ki'a 

Xagasa  Dori,  4  chome,  Miss  .  I, .  Shannon "I9°4       y 

Kobe  Shi,  Ninomiya  Yochien  (P.C.S.,  Xinomiya  Cho,  Mrs. 

W.  M.  Buchanan 1910       46 

Kobe  Shi,  Xunobiki  Yochien  (P.C.S.)  Kano  Cho,  Mr-.  W.  H. 

Myers       1910        50 

Kobe  Shi,  Sei  Kazoku  Yochien  (K.C.]  Shimo  Yamate  1  >ori,  8 

C'home     I9O'?     '57 

Kobe  Shi,  Shoei  Yochien  , Glory  Kindergarten)  (A. B. C.I-.M.} 

Xakayamate  Dori,  Miss  A.  L.  Howe 1889       64 

Kol>e  Shi,   Shoten  Yochien  (^V..S.  A'.)  456  Shimo  G  ion  Cho, 

Miss  A.  Parker       1910       34 

Kol>e  Shi,  Zenrin  Yochien  (A.B.F.AJ.S.)  II  Azuma  Dori,  5 

chome,  Ono,  Mrs.  R.  A.  Thompson     i8<)4     no 

Fuzoku  Yochien  (Free) 1911        70 

Kofu    Shi,    Yamanashi    Eiwa   Jo    ( iakko,   Fuzoku   Yochien 

(MC.C.)  324  Hyakkoku  Machi,  Miss  Staples     1911        61 

Komoro  Machi,  Xagano  Ken,  Komoro  Yochien  (J/.CC.)  Miss 

K.I.Drake     1908       42 

Koriyama   Machi,   Xara   Ken,  St.   John's  Yochien  (A./Z.C.) 

Miss  C.  J.  Tracy 1913       30 

Kumagaya  Machi,  Saitama  Ken,  Kumagaya  Yochren  (A.J?.C.\ 

Rev.  R.  W.  Andrews     —       50' 


xlviii  JAPAN 

Kyoto  Shi,  Holy  Trinity  Vochien  (A.E.C.}  Karasumaru  Dori, 

Shimo  Tachi  Uri-agaru,  Miss  G.  Suthon     I9I5       30 

Kyoto  Shi,  Imadegawa   Yochien   (A.B.C.F.Af.)  Imadegawa 

Dori,  Tera  Machi,  Nishi  Iru,  Mrs.  D.  \V.  Learned    1897       6°* 

Kyoto  Shi,  Muromachi  (Margeurite  Ayres)  Yochien  (P.C.I'. 

S.A.)  Mrs.  R.  P.  Gorbold      1892       50 

Kyoto  Shi,  Nishijin  Yochien  (P.C.U.S.A.}  Mrs.  R.  P.  Gor 
bold 1891       45 

Kyoto  Shi,  Soai  Yochien  (A.B.C.F.M.}  Shin  Sakae  Machi, 

Nyomon  Sagaru,  Mrs.  N.  F.  Gordon 1892       45 

Kyoto  Shi,    St.  John's   Yochien  (A. E.G.)  Gojo,   Shin  Tera 

Machi,  Miss  C.  J.  Tracy         1910       $2 

Kyoto  Shi,  St.  Mary's  Yochien  (A  E.C)  Maruta  Machi,  Hiro- 

michi  Kado,  Miss  "C.  J.  Tracy      1911       30 

Kyoto  Fu,  Maizuru  Machi,  Maizuru  Yochien  (A.E.C.)  Shin 

Maizuru  Shijo  Kaigan,  Rev.  W.  Murata      —       60 

Maebashi  Shi,   Seishin   Yochien   (A.B.C.F.M.']   Miss   F.   E. 

Griswold 1895       6° 

Matsutnoto  Shi,  Holy  Cross  Yochien   M.S.C.C. '  Daimyo  Cho, 

Miss  F.  Hamilton I9I3       26 

Miharu  Machi,   Fukushima  Ken  Miharu  Yochien  (N.K.K.) 

Rev.  Y.  Yoshida,  Koriyama  Machi,  Fukushima  Ken         ...      1915       70 
Mikage,  Hyogo  Ken,  Gunge  Yochien  (M.E.C.S.)  Rev.  S.  E. 

Hager,  D.I.) 1913       45 

Morioka  Shi,  Morioka  Yochien  (A.B.F.M.S.')  Mrs.  H.  Topping  1907  60- 
Morioka  Shi,  Nio  Yochien  (A.E.C.)  33  Nio  Koji,  Miss  E.  M. 

Dixon      1911       25 

Nagano  Shi,  Asahi  Yochien  (M.C.C.)  Miss  C.  E.  Hart 1891       50 

Nagano  Shi,  Serita  Yochien  (M.C.C.)  Miss  C.  E.  Hart 1915       23 

Nagoya  Shi,  Kakiwa  Yochien  (AI.P.C.)  10  Minami  Kajiya 

Cho,  Miss  E.  Dawson     1898       65 

Nagoya  Shi,  Myojo  Yochien  (P.C.S.)  Miss  L.  G.  Kirtland  ...  1913  5or 
Nagoya  Shi,  Ryujo  Yochien  (M.S.C.C.)  Miss  M.  M.  Young...  1899  45 

Habashita  Branch I9°9       42 

Oike  Cho  Branch J9'4       31 

Nagoya  Shi,  Seiryu  Jo   Gakko,  Yochien  Fuzoku  (M.E.C.} 

Chikusa,  Miss  L.K.Curtice 1915       45 

Nanao  Machi,  Ishikawa  Ken,  Nanao  Yochien  (M.C.C.)  Rev. 

P.  G.  Price      1916       41 

Okayama  Shi,  Seishin  Koto  Jo  Gakko,  Yochien  Fuzoku  (R.C.\  1891;  60 
Okazaki  Shi,  Airin  Yochien  (P.C.S.)  Miss  F.  D.  Patton  ...  1914  45. 
Omiya  Machi,  Saitama  Ken,  Aishi  Yochien  (A.E.C.)  Miss 

Koyoshi  Takeda     1916       35 

Osaka   Shi,  Chikko   Fukuin   Kyokwai  Yochien  (E.A.)  Miss 

F.  E.  Erffrneyer      1913       54 

•  Osaka  Shi,  Momoyama  (A.E.C.)  Tennoii,  Saikudani  Machi, 

Miss  C.  J.  Tracy 1916       35 

Osaka   Shi,  Osaka  Baptist   Kyokwai  Yochien  (A.B.F.M.S.} 

Mrs.  J.  A.  Fuote     1916       30 

Osaka  Shi,  Shinon  Yochien  (E.A.  Miss  E.  L.  Erftmeyer  ...  1915  45 
Osaka  Shi,  Tamatsukuri  Yochien  (R.C.)  Kinokuni  Cho, 

Higashiku       1909       85* 


APPENDIX  Xlix 

Osaka  Shi,  Tjnnoji  Vochien  (C.C.)  Minanii  Kawahori  Cho, 

Mrs.  \V.  11.  Erskine       1913       67 

Osaka  Fu,  I  lakuaisha  Vochien  (A.E.C.)  Kozu  Mura,  Nishinari 

Gun,  J.  Kobashi      1916       40 

Osaka  Fu,  Kaikwa  Yochien  (P.C. U.S.A.)  Tamade,  Mrs.  G.W. 

Fulton     I9!4       38 

Osaka  Fu,   Kizugawa  Vochika   (C.C.)  Sakuragawa,  Namba, 

Mrs.  C.  E.  Robinson       1914       67 

Osaka  Fu,  Osaka  Bible  Woman's  Training  School,  Yochien 

Fuzoku  (A.J-t.F.Af.S.}  Imasalo,  Kamitsu  Mura,  Nishinari 

Gun.  Miss  I,.  Mead         1916       41 

Otsu   Shi,  Seishin  Yochien  [A.E.C.)  Kami   Kyo  Machi,  Miss 

C.J.Tracy      1912       34 

Sakurai,  Nara  Ken,  Ikusci  Yochien  (.-l.E.C.)  Miss  C.  J.  Tracy  1915  50 
Sendai  Shi,  Aoba  Jo  Gakuin  Yochien  (A.E.C.)  il  Higashi 

Ichiban  Cho,  Miss  E.  II.  Correll '9°9       3° 

Yochien  Fuzoku,  No.  I 1912       20 

Yochien  Fuzoku,  No.  2 1916       35 

Shimodate  Machi,  Ibaraki  Ken,  Shiinodate  Yonen-en  fA^^.A'.) 

774  Higashi  Kudari,  Kev.  K.  Ban        1912       30 

Shizuoka  Shi,  Fuji  Koto  Jo  Gakko,  Maternal  Branch    J\.C.) 

Dames  de  St.  Maur        —       62 

Shizuoka  Shi,  Futaba  Yochien  (JIJ.C.C.)  Mrs.  A.  M.  Pinscnt  1912  90 
Shi/uoka  Shi,  Shizuhata  Yochien  (Al.C.C.)  Mrs.  A.  M.  Pinsent  1912  45 
Shizuoka  Shi,  Shizuoka  Eiwa  Jo  (lakko,  Yochien  Fuzoku 

(MC.C.} i  Mrs.  A.  M.  Pinsent 1903       35 

Takaoka  Shi,  Ilokuriku  Jo  Gakko,  Fuzoku   Yochien,  No.  3 

(P.C.L'.S.A.)  Sakashita  Clio,  Miss  J.  M.  Johnstone     1913       45 

Tanabe  Machi,  Tanabc  Yochien  (.V.K.K.)  Rev.  K.  Ito 1907       85' 

Tokyo    Shi,    Aikn    Yochien    (E.A.)    34    Hikawashita   Cho, 

Koishikawa,  Miss  N.  Berner 1911       1° 

Tokyo  Shi,  Aisei  Yochien  (E.A.~)  84  Sangaya  Cho,  Koishi 
kawa,  Miss  N.  Berncr    I9l$       27 

Tokyo  Shi,  Asahi  Yochien  [E.A.}  28  Kogai  Cho,  Azabu,  Miss 

N.  Berner        1911       45 

Tokyo   Shi,   Fukagawa    Clirisiian   Yochien    [A.B.F.M.S.)  9 

Higashi  Moto  Machi,  Miss  A.  R.  Crosby     1913        >5 

Tokyo  Shi,  Fulaba  Koto  Jo  Ciakko,  Maternal   Branch  (1?-C.) 

Yotsuya  Milsuke     —       97 

Tokyo  Shi,  Futsu  Eiwa   Koto  Jo  Gakko,  Maternal  Branch 

(R.C.)  8  Sarugaku  Cho,  Kanda    —       54 

Tokyo    Shi,    Immanuel    Church    Yochien    (A.ff.F.Af.S)    27 

Esashi  Cho,  Koishikawa,  Miss  M.  A.  Whitman 1914       fo 

Tokyo   Shi,   Kameido   Yochien   (E.A.)    Kameido,    Miss    N. 

Berner     '9'S       4^ 

Tokyo  Shi,  KamitomLzaka  Yochien  (G.E.Af.)  23  Kamitomi- 

zaka  Cho,  Koishikawa,  Mrs.  E.  Schroeder 1911        27* 

Tokyo  Shi,  Koishikawa  Baptist  Yochien  (S.ff.C.)  3  Sugamo 

Machi,  i  Choine,  Mrs.  Geo.  Bouldin 1916       20 

Tokyo    Shi,  Koishikawa  Shoei    Yochien    [A.B.F.A/.S.)  101 

Hara  Machi,  Miss  A.  K.  Crosby 1897       40 

Tokyo  Shi,   Koyuen  {Y.ll'.C.A.)  57  Kanatomi  Cho,  Koishi 
kawa,  Miss  M.  Page       1914       45 


1  JAPAN 

Tokyo   Shi,   Matsugae  Cho  Yochien  (C.C.)  Koishikawa,  Miss 

K.V.Johnson        !9°7       42* 

Tokyo  Shi,  Midori  Yochien  (Univ.}  50  Takata  Oimatsu  Cho, 

Rev.  G.  I.  Keirn    1908       80 

Tokyo    Shi,    Misaki    Ai-no-Sono    Yochien    (A.B.F.M.S.)    4 

Misaki  Cho,  I  Chome,  Mrs.  Win.  Axling 1912       So 

Tokyo  Shi,  Nezu,  Yochien  (E.A.)  7  Suga  Cho,  Kongo,  Miss 

N.  Berner        I9I5        H 

Tokyo  Shi,  Seiko  Yochien  (A.H.F.Al.S.)  91  Tosaki  Machi, 

Koishikawa,  Miss  M.  A.  Whitman       1912       83 

Tokyo  Shi,  Seishin  Gakuin,  Maternal  Branch  (R.C.~)  Sanko 

Cho,  Shiba      1912       16 

Tokyo  Shi,  Shiba  Keimo  Yochien  (P.C.U.S.A.)  Mrs.  J.  K. 

McCauley        I9°4     150 

Tokyo   Shi,  Shimototsuka  Machi  Yochien  (C.C.)  Ushigome, 

Miss  L.  Oldham     1908       35! 

Tokyo  Shi,  Shinai  Yochien  (A.E.C.)  39  Shimo  Kurumazaka, 

Shitaya,  Mr.  Goto *9~7       So 

Tokyo  Shi,  Toyo  Eiwa  Jo  Gakko,  Yochien  Fuzoku  (M.C.C.)  8 

Toriizaka,  Azabu,  Miss  E.  Campbell    *9I4       22 

Nagasaka  Branch  Yochien,  50  Nagasaka  Cho,  Azabu..     1909       35 
Tokyo   Shi,  Tsukiji  Keimo  Yochien  (P.C.U.S.A.)  Mrs.  J.  K. 

McCauley I9I3     Io° 

Tokyo  Shi,  Tsukiji  ma  Yochien  (A.B.F.M.S.\  II  Nishi  Kaigan 

Dori,  Tsukijima,  Kyobashi,  Miss  A.  R.  Crosby 1914       73 

Tokyo  Fu,  Heiwa  Yochien  ^E.A.)  Mejiro,  Ochiai  Mura,  Miss 

N.  Berner        1916         7 

Tokyo   Fu,   Joshi   Sei   Gakuin,  Yochien   Fuzoku  (C.C.)  354 

Nakazato,  Takinogawa,  Miss  W.  Brown     1912       32 

Tokyo  Fu,  Hachioji  Yochien  (A.E.C.)  Hachioji  Machi,  Miss 

B.  McKim       1912       30 

Tokyo  Fu,  Kanegafuchi  Yochien  (E.A.)  Mukojima,   Sumida 

Mura,  Miss  N.  Berner I9I3       75 

Tokyo  Fu,  Koin  Yochien  (A. C.C.)  603  Xaka  Shibuya,  Rev. 

C.P.  Garman 1916       38 

Tokyo  Fu,  Okubo  Yochien  (A.E.C.}  Okubo,  Miss  B.  McKim.  1913  52 
Tokyo  Fu,  Senju  Hoiku-en  (N.S.K.)  Minami  Senju,  Mr. 

Shintaro  Yamaguchi      1916       50 

Tokyo  Fu,  Shibuya  Yochien  (U.fi.)  Shimo  Shibuya,  Miss  E. 

Mcore      1912        35 

Tottori  Shi,  Aishin  Yochien  (A.B.C.F.M.}  Miss  E.  L.  Coe  ...  1906  60 
Toyama  Shi,  Aoba  Yochien  (M.C.C.)  Miss  M.  E.  Armstrong..  1911  60 
Toyama  Shi,  Hokuriku  Jo  Gakko,  Fuzoku  Yochien,  No.  2, 

(P.C.U.S.A.)  53  Sano  Cho,  Miss  J.  M.  Johnstone       1911        32 

Tsu  Shi,  Miller  Yochien  (P.C.U.S.A.)  Tamaki  Cho,  Mrs.  D. 

A.  Murray       1910       79 

Bezai  Machi  Branch       1916       43 

Tsu  Shi,  St.  James  Yochien   A.E.C.)  Marunouchi,  Rev.  I.  H. 

Correll,  D.D 1911       41' 

Ueda  Machi,  Nagano  Ken,   Baikwa   Yochien    (M.C.C.~)  Miss 

K.  I.  Drake    1900       66 

Ueda  Machi,  Nagano    Ken,  Tokida  Yochien  (Jl/.C.C.)  Miss 

K.  I.  Drake     1907       40 


APPENDIX  If 

Ueno  Machi,  Mie  Ken,  Seiko  Yochien  (A.E.C.)  Naka  Machi, 

Rev.  I.  II.  Correll,  D.D I9i4       60' 

Urawa  Maclii,  Saitama  Ken,  Urawa  Vochien  (A.E.C.)  Miss 

N.  McKim      1910       56 

Utsunomiya   Shi,  Ulsunomiya    Christian    Yochien   (/tta1.  but 

affiliated  luith  A.C.C.)  Mrs.  S.  V.  Fry 19I3        >9 

Wakamatsu    Shi,    Sei    Ai    Yochien    (AT.S  A'.)    St.    Thomas 

Mission,  Rev.  J.  C.  McKim,  M.A.,  B.D.,  priest  in  charge...  1907  56 
Yamacla,  Ise,  Tokiwa  Yochien  (P.C.U.S.A.)  Miss  Jessie  Riker.  1914  50 
Yamagata  Shi,  Chitose  Yochien  (A'.C. 6'..V.)  Mrs.  C'.  I).  Kriete.  1916  in 
Yamagata  Shi,  Kasumi  Yochien  (A.J^.C.)  Miss  Bessie  Mead..  1912  28 
Yamagucht  Machi,  Yamaguchi  Ken,  Myojo  Yochien 

(P.C.U.S.A.)  12  Noda,  Miss  L.  A.    \Velis   '     1894       48 

Yokohama    Shi,    Aizawa,    Creche    and    Yochien    (M.E.C.) 

Aizawa,  Negishi  Machi,  Miss  R.  J.  Watson     I9°5       55 

Yokohama    Shi,    Kanagawa    Yochien    (.U.A'.C.)    Kirihatake, 

Kanagawa  Machi,  Miss  R.  J.  Watson i^<;4      75 

Yokohama    Shi,    Maternal    School    (A'.c.)    83   Yamate   Clio, 

Dames  de  St.  Maur        —       60 

Yokohama  Shi,  Sanaye  Yochien  (J/./'.C.)  Kitagata,  Mi>-s  II. 

K.  Steele 1908       50 

Yokohama    Shi,    Soshin    Jo    ( iakko,    Yochien   (. •/./?./-.  J/.S.) 

Kanagawa,  Miss  C.  A.  Converse *913       72 

Yonago  Machi,  Tottori  Ken,  Kyo/en  Yochien  (C./1/..S.)  Ni<lii 

Cho,  Mrs.  A.  E.  Mann 19°5       54 

Yumoto  Mura,  Fukushima   Ken,  Yumoto  \"ochien  (.  I. /:'.€.) 

Rev.  J.  Chappell    i<X>7       33 

Zeze   Machi,   Sliiga  Ken,  Seiai  Yochien   (L'.B.)  Mrs.  J.  E. 

Knipp     1916       30 

Kyushu 

I'eppu   Maclii,  Oita  Ken,  Sliinai   Yochien   (^/./:'.C..S.)    Miss 

A.  B.  Williams       1915       i;1 

1'ukuoka   Shi,  Shinonome   Y<x:hien   (fiu/.   but   affiliated  with 

N.S.  A'.)  Yoka  no  Cho,  Mrs.  F.  \V.  Rowlands    1913       30 

Hakata,  Fukuoka  Ken,  Maizuru  Ycx:hien  (.S./y.c".)  257  Araia 

Machi,  5  chome,  Mrs.  C.  K.  Dozier     I9I3       47 

Hakata,   Fukuoka   Ken,  Nampaku  Yochien  (J~v<nt.  Lti/h.}  8 

Daijojimae  Machi,  Miss  M.  B.  Akard 1913       50 

Kobayashi   Mura,  Miyazaki    Ken,   Kolxaynshi   Yochien  ( ^'.) 

Mrs.  Xohuko  Sugiura    I9I5       3° 

Kurumc  Shi   Yochien  (D.  Lut/'i.)  Mrs.  J.  P.  Nielson    1913       40' 

Miyazaki  Machi,  Miyazaki  Ken,  Kyoai  Yochien  (A. B.C. f-. At.) 

Mrs.  C.  M.  Warren        1909       34 

Nagasaki  Shi,  Kwassui  lo  Ciakko  (AI.I-'.C.)  Miss  M.  Young, 

Kwassui  Fuzoku  Yochien      Ii^95      33 

Sei-ai  Fuzoku  Yochien '9°9       3- 

Tamanoye  Fuzoku  Yochien 1908       52 

Nagasaki    Shi,    Seishin  Jo    ( iakko.    Maternal  Branch  (K.C.) 

16  Minami  Yamate         «S2 

Ogi   Machi,   Saga     Ken,   ( >gi   Y<x:hien   (Eran    I.iith.}    Mrs. 

C.  K.  Lippard        ion       30 


Hi  JAI'AN 

Oita  Oita  Ken,  Airin  Yochien  (M.E.C.S.)  83  Niage  Machi, 

Miss  E.  M.  Worth 1908  45* 

Saga  Shi,  Saga  Yochien  (JEvan.  Lttth.)  Hanabusa  Koji,  Mrs. 

C.  K.  Lippard 1902  60 

Yamaga,  Kyushu,  Yamaga  Yochien  (M.E.C.)  Miss  A.  Fiday.     1914       35.* 

Shikoku 

Matsuyama  Shi,  Dojokan  Ya  Gakko,  Yochika  (A.R.C.F.M.) 

Mr.  Shinjiro  Omoto  I9IS  $° 

Matsuyama  Shi,  Hoiku-en  (M.E.C.S.)  10  Ichiban  Cho,  Rev.  R. 

S.  Stewart  1904  40 

Sakano  Mura,  Naka  Gun,  Tokushima  Ken,  Shiritsu  Shirayuri 

Yochien  (/?.£.)  Tenshu  Kyokwai  nai,  Rev.  Fr.  Alvarez  ...  1914  85 
Takamatsu  Shi,  Mikuni  Yochien  (W.K.K.)  Ichiban  Cho, 

Mrs.  M.  J.  Atkinson       1916       24 

Liuchu 

Okinawa,    Naha,  Zenrin   Aika   (A.B.F.A1.S.)    Mrs.    R.    A. 

Thompson      19°7       43 


KINDERGARTEN  TEACHER  TRAINING  SCHOOLS 

Hondo 

Hiroshima  Shi,  Hiroshima  Jo  Gakko,  Kindergarten  Training 

Dep't.  (M.E.C.S.)  Miss  N.  B.  Gaines 1896  30 

Kobe  Shi,  Hobo  Denshujo  (Glory  Kindergarten  Training 

School)  (A.B.C.F.frj.}  Nakayamate-dori,  Miss  A.  L.  Howe  1889  31 
Nagoya  Shi,  Ryujo  Kindergarten  Training  School  (Ai.S.C.C.) 

5  Shirakabe  Cho,  Miss  M.  M.  Young 1909  5 

Sendai  Shi,  Aoba  TO  Gaku-in,  Kindergarten  Training  Dep't. 

(A.E.C.)  II  Higashi  Ichiban  Cho,  Miss  E.  Correll  1913  19 

Tokyo  Shi,  Tokyo  Kindergarien  Training  School  (A.B.f. 

M.S.)  101  Haramachi,  Koishikawa,  Miss  A.  R.  Crosby  ...  1911  l& 
Ueda  Machi,  Nagano  Ken,  Ueda  Kindergarten  Training 

School  (M.C.C.}  Miss  K.  I.  Drake       .'.     1905       13 

Kyushu 

Nagasaki    Shi,    Kwassui   Jo    Gakko,    Kindergarien    Normal 

Dep't.  {M.E.C.}  13  Higashi  Yamate,  Miss  M.  Young        ...     1904         6 

PRIMARY- SCHOOLS 

Hondo 

Hiroshima  Shi,  Hiroshima  Jo  Gakko,  Primary  Dep't.  (M.E. 

C.S.)  Miss  N.  B.  Gaines        1890     258 

Matsue  Shi,  Matsue  Orphanage  School  (_Ar.  S.  K.  Private) 

Kita  Tamachi,  Mr.  Heiji  Fukucla         1896       36 


ApptNDix  liii 

Xanukahara,    Katta    Gun,   Miyagi    Ken,    Nanukaiiara    Sho 

Gakko  (A'.C.)  Togata  Onsen 1^09       20 

( >kayama  Shi,  Okayama  Ilakuaikai  Sho  Gakko  (A.B.C.F.M.) 

37  Hanahatake,  Miss  A.  P.  Adams       1896       84 

Osaka  Fu,  Hakuaisha  Sho  Gakko  (A.E.C.)  Kozu  Mura,  XNhi- 

nari  Gun,  J.  Kobxshi     1916       70 

Sendai  Shi,  Moto  Terakoji  Sho  Gakko  (A'.C.)  Moto  Terakoji     1882       60 
Sendai  Shi,  Sendai  Christian  Ikujiin,  Fuzoku  Shogakko  (./W.) 

160  Kita  Voban  Cho,  Miss  L.  Imhof 1906       6»> 

Sliizuoka  Shi,  Fuji  Koto  Jo  Gakko,  Primary  Dep't.  (A'.C.) 

Dames  de  St.  Maur       128 

Shizuoka    Shi,    Shizuoka    Eiwa   Jo  Gakko,    Primary    Dcp't. 

(Al.C.C.)  Xishi  Kusabuka  Machi,  Miss  M.  A.  Veazey        ...      1909       66 
Tokyo  Shi,  Futaba  Koto  Jo  Gakko,  Primary  Dep't.  (A'.C.) 

Yotsuya  Mitsuke,  Dames  de  St.  Maur •     250 

Tokyo  Shi,  FutMi  Eiwa  Koto  Jo  Gakko,  Primary  Dep't.  (A'.C.) 

8  Sarugaku  Cho,  Kanda,  Sisters  of  St.  Paul       —     125 

Tokyo  Shi,  Gyosei  Gakko,  Primary   Dep't.  (A'.C.)   32   lida 

Machi,  3  Chome,  Kojimachi,  Mr.  A.  Henry        —     420 

Tokyo  Shi,  Kion  Sho  Gakko  (/)/.A'.C.)   58  Tomioka  Monzen 

Cho,  Fukagawa,  Miss  M.  A.  Spencer '^S     2l& 

Tokyo  Shi,  Mtimi  Sho  Gakko  (M.E.C.)  24  Shintani  Machi, 

Asakusa,  Miss  M.  A.  Spencer       1886 

Tokyo  Shi,  Matsugae  Cho  Sho  Gakko  (C.C.)  Matsugae  Cho, 

Koishikawa,  Miss  K.  V.  Johnson •••      '^y? 

Tokyo  Shi,  Seishin  Gaku-in,   Primary  Dep't.   (A'.C.)   Sanko 

Cho,  Shiba,  Dames  de  Sacre  Coeur      —       70 

Tokyo  Shi,  Shiba  Kehno  Sho  Gakko   (P.C.L'.S.A.)  14  Atago 

Cho,  2  Chome,  Mrs.  J.  K.  McCauley 1880     n<; 

Tokyo  Shi,  Toyo  Eiwa  Jo  Gakko,  Primary  Dcp't.  (  Al.C.C.)  8 

Toriizaka,  Azabu,  Miss  E.  Campbell    1900       61 

Tokyo  Shi,  Tsukiji  Keiino  Sho  (iakko  ( P.C.C.S..I.]  4  Shin- 

sakae  Cho,  5  Chome,  Mrs.  J.  K.  McCauley 1877      113 

Yokohama  Shi,  Dai. Ichi  Seikei  Sho  Gakko  (M.E.C.)  Yama- 

buki  Cho,  I  Chome,  Miss  R.  J.  Watson      1880     167 

Yokohama  Shi,  Dai  Ni  Sho  Gakko  (AU-'.C.}  Aizawa,  Xegishi 

Machi,  Miss  K.  J.  Watson     18^2     150 

Yokohama  Shi,  Eiwa  Jo  Gakko,  Sho  Gakko  Dep't.  (M.P.C.] 

124  Malta  Machi,  Miss  IT.  E.  Steele    i8So       80 

Yokohama  Shi,  Ilachitnanyato  Poor  School   (Al.I-'.C.)   1289 

Nakamura  Cho,  Miss  K.  f.  Watson      1901       47 

Yokohama  Shi,  Sumire  Sho  Gakko  (A'.C.)  83  Yamate  Cho. 

Dames  de  St.  Maur        IT{* 

Kyushu 

Chausubara,  Miyazaki  Ken,  Chausubara  Sho  Gakko  (A'., 

Oknyaniti  Orphans]  Mr.  K.  Matsumoto  1912  1 23 

Nagasaki  Shi,  Seishin  Jo  Gakko,  Sho  Gakko  Dep't.  (A'.C.)  K> 

Minami  Yamate,  Sr.  St.  Elie  93 


Hv  JAPAN 

INDUSTRIAL  AND  ART  SCHOOLS  (GIRLS) 

Hondo 

Akita  Shi,  Seirei  Gakuin,  Shokugyo  Jo  Gakko   (R.C.)  Nara- 

yama,  Sister  Pia     I9°9       60 

Aomori  Shi,  Aomori  Sewing  School  (A. E.G.)  E.  M.  Bristovve.     1895       60 
llirosaki  Shi,  Hirosaki  Saiho  Gakkan  (A.E.C)  7  •Yaniamichi 

Cho,  Miss  V.  D.  Carlsen       I9°4       i2* 

Hiroshima    Shi,    Hiroshima   Jo    Gakko,    Industrial    Dep't. 

( ME.C.S.)  Miss  N.  B.  Gaines      —       45 

Kaiiazawa  Shi,  Kawakami  Industrial  (J/.C.C.)  Miss  A.  O. 

McLeod 1892       24 

Kanazawa  Shi,  St.  Elizabeth's  School  of  Needle-work  (A. E.G.) 

7  Shimo  Ichihan  Cho    1901        13' 

Kofu  Shi,  Cartmell  Jojika  (Sewing)  (Af.C.C.~)  324  Hyakkoku 

Machi,  Miss  Staples       I9I5       35 

Kofu  Shi,  Yamanashi  Eiwa  Jo  Gakko,  Sewing  Dep't  (Al.C.C.) 

Miss  M.  A.  Robertson 1889       20 

Kyoto  Shi,   Heian  Ko'o  Jo  Gakko,  Saiho    Dep't.   (A. EC.) 

Shimo    Tacliiuri-dori,    Karasumaru,    Nishiye     Iru,    Rev. 

Kishii'o  Hayakawa 1892       58 

Kyoto  Shi,  Joshi  Wayo  Gigei  Gakko  (/v'.C.)   Kawara  Machi, 

Sanjo  Agaru,  Mr.  Shinsaburo  Iga\va, 
Senka. — Japanese  Dress-Making 

Ilonka. — Japanese  and  Foreign  Dress-Making      I    ...      1902     165 
Kekkwa. — Cooking,  Music  and  French  (Elective)) 
Kyoto    Shi,  Nishijin  Sewing  School  (A. E.G.)  Nishijin,    Miss 

G.  Suthon        19*4       Io 

<  )kayama  Shi,  Okayama  Hakuai  Sewing  School  (A.B.C.F.M.) 

37  Hanabatake,  Miss  A.  P.  Adams       1902       28 

Sendai  Shi,  Joshi  Jijo  Gakkwan  (Al.E.C.}  2  Higashi  Samban 

Cho,  Miss  E.  J.  Hewitt 1897       48 

Tokyo,  Aoyama  Jo  Gakuin,  Shugei  Bu  (Industrial)   (Jf.E.C.) 

Aoyama,  Miss  A.  B.  Sprowles       1889     117 

Tokyo    Shi,   St.   Hilda's  Embroidery    School    (AT.S.A'.)  358 

Sanko  Cho,  Shiba,  Miss  G.  (i.  I/.  Neville —       I21 

Kyushu 

Fukuoka  Shi,  Eiwa  Jo  Gakko,  Jikka  Dep't.  (Sewing)  (M.E.C.} 

Tenjin  Cho,  Miss  E.  M.  I,ee ...  1897  8 

Nagasaki  Shi,  Kwassui  Jo  Gakko,  Industrial  Dep't.  (M.E.C.} 

13  Higashi  Yamate,  Miss  M.  Young  1881  48 

Shikoku 

Kochi  Shi,   Kochi   Jo  Gakkai   (Carrie    McMillan    Industrial 
Home)  (P.C.S.)  180  Taka  Jo  Machi,  Miss  A.  Dowd,  —       68 

Bible  Training  Dep't.  (Listed  Elsewhere) 


APPKNDIX  iv 


ENGLISH  AM)  NIGHT  SCHOOLS 


Hondo 

Fukui  Shi,  Fukui  English  School  (A.E.C.)  19  Edo  Shimo 

Cho,  Rev.  P.  A.  Smith 1503       39 

Iliratsuka    Machi,    Kanagawa    Ken,    Hiratsuka    School    of 

English  (M.P.C.)  Rev.  L.  Layman     1912        iS 

Kana/awa  Shi,  Shirokane  Cho  English  Night  School  (J/.C.f.) 

Rev.  P.  G.  Price     1914       17 

Kol>e    Shi,   Palmore   Institute  (Boy's  English  Night  School) 

{M.E.C.)  Mr.  J.  S.  Oxford    ."     1886     32.. 

(Includes  School  of  shorthand  and  typewriting  which 

admits  both  young  men  and  young  women) 
Kolx:   Shi,   Y.M.C.A.    English   Night  School,  Mr.  Takayuki 

Naito       Ir,o2     350 

Kyoto    Shi,    Y.M.C.A.    English    Night    School,    Mr.    Shoji 
Murakami. 

English 1904      ^70 

Erench     1916       60 

German 1<}1S       4° 

This  School  conducts  early  morning  sessions  during 
August  of  each  year  which  includes  English  and 
German  for  students,  and  gymnasium  work  for 
clerks — as  follows  : 

English  and  German     '9'5      !-° 

Gymnasium  Work 130 

Nara    Shi,    Nara    English    Night    School    (A.E.C.)   Higashi 

Muki,  Minami  Cho,  Rev.  J.  J.  Chapman     30' 

Okayama  Shi,  Okayama  Eigo  Kenkyukwai  (.M.E.C.S.)  Rev. 

W.A.Wilson ., 1911        87 

O>aka  Fu,  Airin  Ya  Gakko  (A.E.C.)  Kozu  Mura,   Nishinari 

Gun,  J.  Kobashi     1916     120 

Airin  Bunko 1916       20 

Osaka  Shi,  Fukkatsu  English  Night  School  (C. M.S.)  8  Uehon 

Machi,  2  chome,  Miss  R.  D.  Howard 1902       35 

O-aka  Shi,  Osaka  Eigo  Gakko  (C.C.)  West  Gate,  Tennojidera, 

Rev.  W.  II.  Erskine       1914       80 

Osaka  Shi,  Y.M.C.A.  School,  Tosabori,   2  chome,  Mr.  Geo. 
Gleason, 

English  School       1902   1090 

Summer  Classes     1908     549 

School  of  Science       1912     562 

Shizuoka  Shi,  Choyo  Gakko  (Night  School)  (Univ.)  Baba  no 

Cho,  Ura  Ichiban  Cho,  Rev.  N.  I>.  Lobdell 1902       53 

Shizuoka  Shi,  Young  Men's  Night  School  (AI.C.C.)  Rev.  A. 

T.  Wilkinson 50 

Tokyo  Fu,  Koin  Eigo  Ya  Gakko  (A. C.C.)  603  Naka  Shilniya, 

Rev.  C.  P.  Garman         1916       14 

Tokyo   Shi,  Misaki  Eigo  Gakko  (A.B.F.J1.S.)  4  Misaki  Cho, 

I  chome,  Kanda,  Rev.  Win.  Axling    1909     202 


Ivi  JAPAN 

Tokyo  Shi,  St.  Andrew's  English  Club  Night  Class  (5.P.G.) 

1 1  Sakae  Cho,  Shiba,  Rev.  W.  C.  Gemmill 1889      22 

Tokyo  Shi,  Y..M.C.A. English  Night  School,  Mito  Shiro  Cho, 
3  chome,  Kancla,  ].  M.  Davis, 

Night  School 95 

German  Course 20 

Tsu  Shi,  St.  James  Night  School  (A.E.C].  Marunouchi,  Rev. 

I.  H.  Correll,  D.D 1911        151 

Yokohama  Shi,  Bluff  English  Night    School    (A.B.F.M.S.} 

75  Yamate  Cho,  Mr.  R.  II.  Fisher       1911      107 

Yokohama  Shi,   Yokohama   School    of  English  (Jlf.P.C.)  83 
Hinode  Cho,  3  chome,  Rev.  L.  layman, 

Night  School, Men .'     1898       80 

Day  School,  Hoys 1912       30 

Yokohama  Shi,   Yokohama   Eigo  Gakko  (Y.M.C.A.')  Ko-en 
Mae,  Tokiwa  Cho,  Masura  Omura, 

Night  English  School    1900     290 

Unigraph  Shorthand  Class 1916         7 

Kyushu 

Fukuoka  Shi,  Fukuoka  Baptist  Night  .School  (-S./5.C.)  105 

Daimyo  Cho,  Rev.  C.  K.  Dozier 1911  105 

Nagasaki  Shi,  Jitsuyo  Eigo  Gakko  ( Y.M.C.A.]  9  Fukuro 

Machi,  G.  E.  Trueman 1902  5O1 

Shikoku 

Matsuyama  Shi,  Dojokan  Ya  Gakko  (A.B.C.F.A1.}  -Kasaya 

Cho,  Mr.  Shinjiro  Omoto      1901        13 

Matsuyama  Shi,  Matsuyama  Night  School  (A.B.C.F.JIL)  Miss 
C.  Judson, 

Preparatory     1891       43 

High  School  and  Post  Graduate 1906       51 

Serving —         4 

Tokushima  Shi,  Tokushima  Eigo  Ya  Gakko  (P.C.S.)  Nishi 

Shin  Machi,  I  chome,  Rev.  C.  A.  Logan,  D.D 1913       39 

SUNDRY  UNCLASSIFIED 
Hokkaido 

Hakodate  Ku,  Hakodate  Moa-in  (M.E.C.)  31  Shiomi  Cho, 
Seiji  Shimoxaki, 

Blind       —       15 

Deaf         —        13 

Hondo 

Akita  Shi,  Seirei  Gakuin,  Ikujibu  (Nursing)  Dep't.  (R.C.) 

Narayama,  Sister  Pia  1911  31 

Gifu  Shi,  Gifu  Kummon-in  (Blind)  (M.S.C.C.)  Rev.  J.  C. 

Robinson  1892  50 


AITI.NDIX  Ivil 

Hiroshima  Shi,  Hiroshima  Jo  Gakko,  Day  Nursery  Dep't. 

( M.E.C.S.)  Miss  N.  B.  Gaines      1913       12 

Ikuno  Machi,  Hyogo  Ken,  Ikuno  Yogi-en  (A.B.F.M.S.)  Mrs. 

F.  C.  Briggs 1912       28 

Kobe   Shi,   Kobe  Blind  School  (K.)  Futatabi  Suji,  Miss  G. 

Cozad      1905       25 

Tokyo   Shi,   Doai    Kummo-in   (3I.P.C.)    71    Kinsuke   Cho, 

Hongo,  Rev.  Molo  Ogimi     '904       43 

Tokyo  Shi,  Misaki  Totei  Kyosho  (Apprentices  School)  (A.B. 

F.M.S.)  4  Misaki  Cho,  I  Chome,  Kanda,  Rev.  Wm.  Axling     1916       25 
Tokyo  Fu,  Takinogawa  Gaku-en  (Ind.  but  affiliated  with  JV. 

.Y.A'.)  126  Koshinzuka,  Sugamo,  R.  Ishii    1891 

Training  School   for  teachers  and  nurses    for  feeble 

minded  children         —         8 

School  for  Feeble  Minded  Children     —        50 

Yokohama  Shi,  Yokohama  Christian  Blind  School  (J/.  .£".£.) 

3414  Xegishi  Machi,  Miss  E.  M.  I>ee 

Kyushu 

Chausubara,  Miyazaki   Ken,  Chausubara  Farm  School  (Oka- 

yama  Orphans)  (K.)  Mr.  K.  Matsumoto      I9I5       32 

(After    gradual  ing    from    the    <  )rphanage     Koto    Sho 
Gakko  the  children  have  two  years  of  actual  farm 

work  before  entering  this  school.)     

Miyazaki  Machi,  Miyazaki  Ken,   Hyuga  Kummo-in  (Blind) 

(K.)  Shinbata  Cho,  Mr.  Kenji  Sekimoto     1910       10 


GIRLS'  SCHOOLS 

Hokkaido 

Hakodate  Ku,  lai  Jo  Gakko  ( J/./T.C.)  Yunokawa-dori,  Miss 

A.  Dickerson 1882     176 

Hakodate  Ku,  Koto  Jo  Gakko  (R.C.)      84 

Sapporo  Ku,  Hokusei  Jo  Gakko  (P.C.U.S.A.)  Kifa  Shijo, 
Xishi,  I  Chome,  Miss  A.  Monk — 65  in  dormitory ;  23 
Joined  Church  1887  138 

Hondo 

Himeji  Shi,  llinomoto  Jo  Gakko  (A.B. P. M.S.)  50  Shimotera 

Machi,  Miss  E.  F.  W'ilcox     1892       90 

Ilirosaki  Shi,  Hirosaki   Jo  Gakko  (Jj./:'.C.)  Sakamoto  Cho, 

Miss  M.  II.  Russell      ' 1886       61 

Hiroshima    Shi,    Hiroshima    TO    Gakko    (M.E.C.S.)    Kami 

Nagare  Kawa  Cho,  Miss  N.  B.  Gaines — High  School       ...      1887     230 

(Five  other  departments  listed  elsewhere) 
Kanazawa  Shi,  Hokuriku  Jo  Gakko  (P.C.U.S.A.)  10  Kaki- 

noki-Batake,  Miss  I.  R.  Luther    1885      100 

Kobe  Shi,  Kobe  Jo  Gakuin-in  (A. B.C. I-'. 31.)  60  Yamamoto- 

dori,  4  Chome,  Miss  C.  B.  Deforest 

College 1891       32 


Iviii  JAPAN 

Academy         1875       245 

Music  (Includes  Music  Normal) * I9°5          I'i 

Kobe  Shi,  Shoin  Koto  Jo  Gakko  (N.S.A'.)    15  Xakayamate- 

dori,  6  Chome,  Miss  A.  Smith      1892     108 

Kofu  Shi,  Yamanashi  Eiwa  Jo  Gakko  (J./.C.C.)  Miss  M.  A. 

Robertson        1889     130 

(Sewing  Dep't.  listed  elsewhere.) 
Kyoto  Shi,    Doshisha    Koto   Jo    Gakko    (A'.)    Rev.    Ta>uku 

Ilarada,  D.D.,  L.L.D.,  College    1912       29- 

Academy         1<v>77     2°4 

Domestic  Science I9°5       33- 

Kyoto  Shi,  Ileian  Koto  Jo  Gakko  (A.E.C.)  Shimo  Tachiuri- 

dori,  Karasumaru,  Nishiye  Iru,  Rev.  Kishiro  Hayakawa  ...      1892       69 

(Sewing  Dep't.  listed  elsewhere) 
Kyoto  Shi,  Seikyu  Jo  Gakko  (R.O.C.)  Kami  Kyoku,  Vanagi 

no  Bamba,  Nijo  Agaru I9°3       29* 

Maebashi  Shi,  Kyoai  Jo  Gakko  (K.)  131  Iwagami  Machi,  Mr. 

Shimbei  Aoyagi 1888     105 

Morioka  Shi,  Tohoku  Koto  Jo  Gakko   (K.C.)  Hikage  Mon 
Soto    Koji,    Mr.    Naotada   Tanika'.va,    (Includes    2    years 

needle  work)       —     280 

Nagoya  Shi,  Kinjo  Girls'  School  (P.C.S.)  Sh'rakabe  Cho,  4 

Chome,  Miss  L.  G.  Kirtland         1889     106 

Nagoya  Shi,  Seiryu  Jo  Gakko  (M.E.C.}  Chikusa,  Miss  A.  P. 

Atkinson 1888       61 

Nikko  Machi,  Tochigi   Ken,  Iren   Gaku-in  (A.E.C?)  Shiken 

Cho,  Miss  I.  P.  Mann    I9I3       45 

Okayama  Shi,  Seishin    Koto  Jo   Gakko   (K.C.)  Rev.   Sister 

Marie  Lea,  (Includes  Primary  Dep't.) 1886     100 

Osaka  Shi,  Baikwa  Koto  Jo  Gakko  (JT.)  Kitano,  John  Kikujiro 

Iba 1912     275 

Jo  Gakko  Dep't 1878         5 

Osaka  Shi,  Bishop  Poole  Girls'  School  (C.MS.)  12  Kawa- 

guchi,  Miss  K.  Tristram        1889     176* 

Osaka  Shi,  Shinai  Koto  Jo  Gakko  (R.C.)  Kawaguchi  Cho, 

Sr.  Bernadine     —     23°l 

Osaka  Shi,  Wilmina  Girls'  School  (P.C.U.S.A.)  Xiemon  Cho, 
Tamatsukuri,  Mrs.  R.  P.  Gorbold 

Academy 1884     201 

Domestic  Art/. I9°9       *5 

Sendai  Shi,  Miyagi  Jo  Gakko  (R.C.U.S.)  Higashi  Sanban  Cho, 
Miss  K.  I.  Hansen 

Academy 1885     160 

(English     \ 
^Iu?lc"    .".•     "•     —     >  1916       32 
Bible  Training  (2  years) ( 
Domestic  Science       „       / 

Special  (Music  and  Flower  Arrangement) — 

Sendai   Shi,   Sendai  Koto  Jo  Gakko  (ft.C.)   Kakkyoen-dori, 

Sister  Ste.  Aimee  Deboissy ^93 

Sendai  Shi,  Shokei  Jo  Gakko  (A.B.F.M.S.)  Miss  A.  S.  Buzzell, 

Honka     1892 

Kaseika 


APPENDIX  ll'x 

Shimonoseki   Shi,   Baiko   Jo   Gakuin   (P.C.U.S.A.,   R.C.A.) 
1854  Maruyama  Machi,  Miss  G.  Bigelow 

Academy 1914     125 

Special  Dep't.         35 

Shizuoka  Shi,  Fuji  Koto  Jo  Gakko  (J?.C.)  Dames  de  St.  Maur  •     200 

(Primary  Dep't.  listed  elsewhere) 
Shizuoka    Shi,    Shizuoka    Eiwa   Jo    Gakko   (M.C.C.)    Nishi 

Kusabuka  Machi,  Miss  M.  A.  Veazey 1887       70 

(Primary  Dep't.  listed  elsewhere) 

Tokyo  Shi,  Aoyama  Jo  Gakuin  (M.E.C.)  Aoyama,  Miss  A.  15. 
Sprowles, 

Semmonka  (Special)      1902       47 

Koto  Jo  Gaku-hu 1874     272 

Shugei-bu  (listed  Elsewhere)        1889 

Tokyo  Shi,   Furendo  Jo  Gakko  (S-F-)  130  Koun  Cho,  Mita, 
Shiba,  Miss  A.  L.  Graves, 

Seuiaonka      !9O4         8 

Koto  To  Gakko       1887       82 

Tokyo  Shi,  rutaba  Koto  Jo  Gakko  (K.C.)  Yotsuya  Mitsuke, 

Dames  de  St.  Maur        365 

(Primary  Dep't.  listed  elsewhere) 
Tokyo  Shi,  Futabakai,  Cours  pour  demoiselles  (K.C.)  Yotsuya 

Mitsuke —     270 

Tokyo  Shi,  Futsu  Eiwa  Koto  Jo   Gakko   (R.C.)   8  Sarugaku 

Cho,  Kanda,  Sisters  of  St.  Paul •     227 

Cours  pour  demoiselles —       96 

(Primary  Dep't.  listed  elsewhere) 

Tokyo  Shi,  Joshi  Ei  Gaku-Juku  (Undenoin.}  16  Goban  Cho, 
Koiimachi,  Miss  Ume  Tsuda, 

Preparatory     1900       54 

Higher  English      —       94 

Special  (practical) 27 

(Graduates  of  the  full  course  get  Gov't  license  to  teach 
Eng.  in  Middle  Schools  and  Girls'  High  Schools; 
all  in  Prep,  and  Higher  courses  are  graduates  of  high 
schools.) 

Tokyo  Shi,  Joshi  Gakuin  (P.C.U.S.A.~)  33  Kami  Xiban  Clio, 
Kojimachi,  Miss  L.  Halsey, 

College 1890       24 

Iligb  School 183 

Tokyo  Fu,  Joshi  Sei-Gakuin   (C.C.)  354  Xakazato,  Takino- 
gawa,  Miss  B.  Clawson, 

Jo  Gakko         1908 

Kaseika I9I3     Io2 

Music       1914       — 

(Bible  Training  School  listed  elsewhere)  l(J°$ 

Tokyo  Shi,  Koran  Jo  Gakko  (5. P.G. S. H.M.}  360  Sanko  Cho, 

Shirokane,  Shiba,  Miss  E.  G.  Philipps iSSS     141 

Tokyo  Shi,  Misaki  Joshi  Ei  Gakusha  (A.B.F.M.S.}  4  Misaki 

Cho,  I  chome,  Kanda,  Mrs.  Win.  Axling 1912       65 

Tokyo  Shi,  Rikkyo  Koto  Jo  Gakko  (St.  Margarets')    (A.F.C.) 

26  Akashi  Cho,  Kyobashi,  Miss  C.  T.  Ileywood        1877     252 


IX  JAPAN 

Tokyo  Shi,  Seishin  Gakuin  (R.C.)  Sanko  Cho,  Shiba,  Dames 
de  Sacre  Coeur, 

High  School —       73 

Cours  pur  demoiselles —      40 

(lo  Gakko       —       80 

(Primary  Dep't.  listed  elsewhere) 
Tokyo  Shi,  Shuntai  Eiwa  Jo  Gakko  (A.JS.F.Jf.S.)  lo  Fukuro- 

machi,  Surugadai,  Kanda,  Miss  M.  A.  Whitman        1884       53 

Tokyo  Shi,Toyo  Eiwa  Jo  Gakko  (M.C.C.)  8  Toriizaka,  Azabu, 
Miss  E.  Campbell, 

Collegiate        1889       10 

Academic        1884     117 

(Primary  listed  elsewhere)  1900 

Utsunomiya    Shi,    Iren    Gakuin  (A.E.C.)    Nishihara   Machi, 

Tomatsuri-Taka,  Miss  I.  P.  Mann         I9I3       25 

Utsunomiya   Shi,  Utsunomiya  Christian  Jo  Gakko  (Imi.  but 
affiiated  ivitk  A.C.C.),  Mrs.   S.  V.  Fry,  (Includes   Bible 

Course) I9°7       34 

Yokohama  Shi,  Airin  Jo  Gakko  (M.E.C.)  221  Bluff,  Miss  R. 

J.  Watson        1894     180 

(Includes  3  Years  Domestic  Science) 
Yokohama  Shi,  Ferris  Seminary  (Jt.C.A.)  178  Bluff,  Miss  J. 

M.  Kuyper,     1870 

Kotoka 1908       16 

Honka     *&99     I4I 

Yobika    I9I3       4° 

Bekkwa 1903       18 

Yokohama    Shi,    Koran  Jo    Gakko  (fi.C.)  83    Yamate  Cho,  * 

Dames  de  St.  Maur        —     f53 

Yokohama  Shi,  Kyoritsu  Jo  Gakko  (  W.U.M.)  212  Bluff,  Miss 
C.  D.  I^oomis, 

Koto  (I  year; 1912         5 

Honka   5  years)     ...     1871     120 

Yoka(iyearN 1871       34 

Yokohama    Shi,    Soshin   Jo    Gakko    (Mary    Colby    School) 
(A.ff.F.M.S.}  3131  Kanagawa  Machi,  Miss  C.  A.  Converse, 

Higher  Department       1910       16 

Koto  Jo  Gakko      1886     124 

Yokohama  Shi,  Yokohama  Eiwa  Jo  Gakko  (M.P.C.)   124 

Malta  Machi,  Miss  H.  E.  Steele 1880       88 

(Sho  Gakko  Dep't.  listed  elsewher"  > 

Kyushu 

Fukuoka  Shi,  Eiwa  Jo  Gakko  (M.E.C.}  Tenjin  Cho,  Miss  E. 

M.  Ix:e    1885       74 

(Jikka  [Sewing]  listed  Elsewhere)  '897       — 

Naga-aki    Shi,    Kwassui    Jo    Gakko    (M.E.C.}     13    Higashi 
Yamate,  Miss  M.  Young, 

College  (5  yrs.  above  Koto  Jo  Gakko) 1889       2( 

Koto  Jo  Gakko       1912     199 

Music  Dep't.  (includes  normal)    1888       74 

(Three  other  Dep'ts.  listed  elsewhere) 


APPENDIX 

Nagasaki  Shi,  Seishin  Jo  Gakko  (R.C.)  16  Minami  Yamate, 


Sr.  St.  Elie 


(Sho  Gakko  Dep't  listed  elsewhere) 
Shikoku 


—      74 


Matsuyama    Shi,    Matsuyama    Girls'    School    (A.B.C.I-.Af.) 

Niban  Cho,  Miss  C.  Judson 1886     114 


BOYS'  SCHOOLS 
Hondo 

Kobe   Shi,   Kwansei   Gakuin   (.If.E.C.S.,   M.C.C.,  N.M.K.} 
Rev.  J.  C.  C.  Newton,  D.D. 

College 1910     270 

Academy ^99     66 1 

(Theological  lifted  elsewhere) 
Kyoto  Shi,  Doshisha  (A'.)  Rev.  Tasuku  Harada,  D.D.,  LL.l). 

Economics  and  Literature     1912     444 

Academy l$75     658 

(Theological  and  Girls'  School  Dep'ts.  listed  elsewhere) 
Nagoya  Shi,  Nagoya  Gakuin,  Chu  Gakko  (M.P.C.)  Rev.  E. 

I.  Obee     1906     402 

Osaka  Shi,   Kawaguchi   Shogyo   Gakko  (A.E.C.~)  21  Kawa 
guchi,  Rev.  Y.  Naide     1916       70 

Osaka  Shi,  Meisei  Shogyo  Gakko   (R.C.)  16  Esashi  Machi, 

Sanadayama,  Higaslii  Ku,  (Educ.  Soc.  of  Ufary)  Mr.  J.Wolft      1899     750 
Osaka  Shi,   Sei   Yohane   Gaku-en  (A.E.C.)  5489  Saikudani 

Cho,  Tennoji,  T.  Yamaguchi        

Osaka  1'u,  Momoyama  Chu   Gakko  (C.Af.S.)  Tanahe   Cho, 

Iligashinari  Gun,  Rev.  (i.  M.  Rawlings,  il.  A 1890     646 

Sendai  Shi,  Tohoku  Gakuin  (R.C. U.S.)  Higashi  Niban  Cho, 
Rev.  D.  H.  Sdmedcr,  D.D. 

Middle  School        1895     447 

Lilerary  l)eprl 1892       ^9 

(Theological  Dep't.  listed  elsewhere) 
Tokyo,  Aoyama  Gakuin  (M.E.C.,  E.A.,  N.M.K.}  Aoyama, 

Rev.  M.  Takagi,  D.D 1883 

College — M.  Ishizaka,  Ph.D •     192 

Academy  ,,  —     587 

(Theological  School  listed  elsewhere) 

Tokyo  Shi,  Gyosei  Gakko  (R.C.)  32  lida  Machi,  3  Chome, 
Kojimachi,  Mr.  A.  Henry 

Middle  School        1888     540 

(Primary  Dep't.  listed  elsewhere) 
Tokyo   Shi,   Jochi    Daigaku    (R.C.)    Koi    Cho,    Kojimachi, 

Herman  Hoffman I9I3       ^° 

Tokyo   Shi,   Meiji   Gakuin   (P.C.U.S.A.,    R.C. A.,   N.K.K.) 
Shirokane,  Shiba,  Rev.  K.  Ibuka,  D.D. 

Koto-Gaku-bu,  Rev.  A.K.  Reischauer  D.D.,       1880       40 

Chu-Gakubu 1875     385 

(Theological  Dep't.  listed  elsewhere) 1877 


Ixii  JAPAN 

Tokyo    Shi,    Rikkyo    Gakuin    (S*.    Paul's)    (A.E.C.)    58-60 

Tsukiji,  Rev.  C.  F.  Reifsnider      1874       — 

College 1907     130 

Middle  School        1898     600 

Tokyo  Shi,  Tokyo  Gakuin  (Duncan  Academy)   (A.fi.F.M.S.) 

29  Sanai  Cho,  Ushigome,  J.  F.  Gressitt       I:*95       97 

Tokyo  Fu,  Sei  Gakuin  (C.C.)  Takinogawa,  Rev.  R.  D.  McCoy 

Middle  School        1906     132 

(Bible  School  listed  elsewhere^ 

Yokohama  Shi,  St.  Joseph's  College    A'.C.)  85  Yamate  Cho, 
Mr.  J.  H.  Gaschy 

English,  French  and  German  branches       1901      180 

Kyushu 

Fukuoka  Shi,  Shi  Ritsu  Chu  Gaku  Seinan  Gakuin  (S..R.C.) 
105  Daimyo  Machi,  Rev.  C.  K.  Dozier, 

Middle  School — First  year 1916     Io8 

(This  school   was  organized  in  1916  with  first  year  class 
only,   and    will   add   one   class  each  year  until  the 
full  course  is  in  operation) 
Kumamoto  Shi,  Kyushu  Gakuin,  Middle  School  (Lulh.)  Rev. 

A.J.  Stirewalt 1911     524 

Nagasaki  Shi,  Chinzei  Gakuin  (M.E.C.)  6  Higashi  Yamate, 

Rev.  F.  N.  Scott     1881     435 

Nagasaki   Shi,  Kaisei  Chugakko  (/C.C.)   I    Higashi  Yamate, 

M.  C.  Coutret        —     291 

Nagasaki  Shi,   Tozan   Gakuin   (Steele  Academy)  (A.C.A.)  9 

Higashi  Yamate,  Mr.  A  Walvoord       1887     386 


BIBLE  WOMAN'S  TRAINING  SCHOOLS 

Hondo 

Ashiya,   Hyogo  Ken,  Seishi  Jo  Gakuin  (C.M.S.)  Miss  II.  J. 

Worthingion 1905  13 

Kobe  Shi,  Kobe  Woman's  Evangelistic  School  {A.fi.C.F.M.') 

59  Naka  Yamate-dori,  6  chome,  Miss  G.  Cozad 1880  21 

Kobe  Shi,  Lambuth  Memorial  Bible  Woman's  Training 

School  (M.E.C.S.)  35  Naka  Yamate-dori,  4  chome,  Miss  I. 

L.  Shannon  1900  16 

Osaka  Fu,  Baptist  Joshi  ^hingakko  (A.B.F.M.S.)  Imazato, 

Kamitsu  Mura,  Nislynari  Gun,  Miss  L.  Mead  I9°9  *7 

Sendai  Shi,  Aoba  Gakuin  (A.E.C.)  II  Higashi  Ichiban  Cho, 

Deaconess   A.    L.    Ranson,    Dep'l.    for    training    Mission- 

Women ,  1900  7 

Sendai  Shi,  Miyagi  Jo  Gakko,  Bible  Training  Dep't. 

(R.C.U.S.)    Higashi    Sanban    Cho,    Miss    K.    I.    Hansen, 

(listed  elsewhere) —  — 

Tokyo  Shi,  Dendo  Jo  Gakko  (E.A.)  84  Sasugaya  Cho, 

Koishikawa,  Miss.  S.  Bauernfeind I9°4      45 


AI'PKM  IX  \\lil 

Tokyo    Fu,   Joshi    Sei  Gakuin,  Bible  Training  Dep't.    C.C.) 

354  Nakazalo,  Takinogawa,  Miss  B.  Clawson     '905         & 

Tokyo  Shi,  Joshi  Shin  Gakko  (Jf.O.C.)  13  Kita  Koga  Cho, 

•  Surugadai        1872       80 

Tokyo  Shi,  Joshi  Shin  Gaku  Semmon  Gakko   A'.-S.A". )  358 

Sanko  Cho,  Shirokane,  Shiba,  Miss  L.  K.  Tanner     1911        81 

Tokyo    Shi,    Kyusei   Gun    Shikan    Gakko,   Woman's  Dep't. 

(S.A.)  Ushigome,  Brig.  Sven  Wiberg 1906       18 

Tokyo  Shi,  Tokyo  Shingakusha,  Woman's  Dep't.   (A'.A'.A'.) 

27  lida  Machi  Kojimachi,  Rev.  Kyoo  Ilonma 1904         8 

Yokohama  Shi,  Kyoritsu  Joshi  Shin  Gakko  {(V.U.M.)  212 

Bluff,  Miss  S.  A.  Pratt 1900       40 

Yokohat a  Shi,  Seikei  Seisho  Joshi  Dendo  Gakko  (M.E.C.) 

221  Bluff,  Miss  R.  J.  Watson        1884       22 

Kyushu 

Nagasaki  Shi,  Kwassui  Jo  Gakko,  Biblical  Dept.  (Af.E.C.)  13 

Higashi  Yamate,  Miss  M.  Young 1886       12 

Shikoku 

Kochi  Shi,  Kochi  Jo  Gakko,   Bible  School  Dep't.  (P.C.S.) 

180  Takajo  Machi,  Miss  A.  Do wd 4 

THEOLOGICAL  AND  BIBLE  SCHOOLS  (MEN) 

Hondo 

Kobe  Shi,  Bible  School  (J.E.B.}  8  of  89  Fukuhara,  Minato 

Gawa,  Rev.  S.  Takeda 1912       10 

Kobe  Shi,  Kobe  Theological  School  (P.C.S.)  2116  Kumochi, 

Fukiai  Machi,  Rev.  S.  P.  Fulton,  D.D 19°7       2O 

Kobe  Shi,  Kwansei   Gakuin   (M.E.C.S.,   M.C.C.,  N.M.K.) 

Rev.  J.  C.  C.  Newton,  D.D,  Theological  Dep't 1889       56 

Kyoto  Shi,  Doshisha  Theological  School  (A".)  Rev.  Tasuku 

Harada  D.D.,  LL.D 1878       53 

Osaka  Shi,  Doshi  Shingakkan.    P.C.U.S.A.)  22  Kawaguchi 

Cho,  Rev.  G.  W.  Fulton,  D.D 1903       51 

Osaka    Shi,   Osaka    Dendo    Gakkan   (P.M.)  2324  Shitadera 

Machi,  4  chome,  Minami  Ku,  Rev.  A.  Youngren       19°S       '4 

Sendai    Shi,   Tohoku    Gakuin    (A'.C.L7.S. )     Higashi    Niban 

Cho,  Rev.  D.  B.  Schneder  D.D.,  Theological  Dep't 1886       15 

Tokyo,  Aoyama  Gakuin  (M.E.C.,  E.A.,  N.M.K.}  Rev.  A.  D. 

Berry,  D.D.,  Theological  School 1883       22 

Tokyo  Shi,  Japan  Baptist  Theological  Seminary  (A.B.f*.M.S., 

S.£.C.)  109  Omote  Cho,  Koishikawa,  Rev.  C.  B.  Tenny  ...      1884       22 
Tokyo  Shi,  Kyusei  Gun  Shikan  Gakko  (S.A.)   13   Honmura 

Cho,  LTshigome,  Brig.  Sven  Wiberg,  Men's  Dep't 1906       24 

i  Women's  Dep't.  listed  elsewhere) 
Tokyo   Shi,   Meiji   Gakuin   (P.C.U.S.A.,   K.C.A.,    N.K.K.) 

Shirokane,  Shiba,  Rev.  K.  Ibuka,  D.D.,  Theological  Dep't.     1877       20 


JAPAN 

Tokyo  Fu,   Sei  Gakuin  (C.C.)  Nakazato,  Takinogawa,  Rev. 

R.  D.  McCoy,  Bible  College 1903       15 

Tokyo    Fu,    bei    Kokwai    .-  hin    Gakuin    (Ind.)   Ikebukuro, 

Sugamo  Mura,  Rev.  J.  T.  Imai     1911        12 

Tokyo  Fu,  Seisho  Gakuin  (O.M.S}  Nhimo  Yodobashi   Cho, 

Kashiwagi,  Rev.  E.  A.  Kilbourne  (Includes  Women)        ...      1901       35 
Tokyo   Shi,  Tokyo   Shingakusha  (A*.  A".  A'.)  27  lida  Machi, 
Kojimachi,  Rev.  Kyoo  Honma, 

Regular 1904       Jo 

Special     —         6 

.    Preparatory     ...      ...      ...  • -    -  iifc'.  .;-.v^' 

(Women's  Dep't.  listed  elsewhere) 

Kyushu 

Fukuoka  Shi,  The  Bishop's  Hostel  (C.flf.S.)  (for  Divinity 

Students)  The  Rt.  Rev.  Bishop  Lea,  D.D !9T3  5 

Kumamoto  Shi,  Lutheran  Theological  Seminary  (Luth.)  Rev. 

A.  J.  Stirewalt...  ...•  I9°9  7 

Urakami,  Nagasaki  Ken,  Sei  Maria  Gakuin  (Shito  Gakko) 

(A\C)  Yamazato-Tera  no  Go,  Rev.  Fr.  A.  Rusch  1910  55 

Shikoku 

Kochi    Shi,   Sei   Dominic   Dendo   Gakko   (R.C.}   Rev.   Fr. 

Thomas 1914         8 


SUMMARY 

No.  of  Enrol  I- 

Schools  ment 

Kindergartens       167  8184 

Kindergarten  Teacher  Training  Schools  ...  7  122 

Primary  Schools 26  3531 

Industrial  and  Art  Schools 18  831 

English  and  Night  Schools 27  5327 

Sundry  Unclassified     12  358 

Girls'  Schools       56  8704 

Boys' Schools        21  9094 

Bible  Womans'  Training  Schools       16  319 

Theological  and  Bible  Schools  (Men)       ...  19  433 


APPENDIX  X 

FEDERAL  COUNCIL.  OF  KOREA 

OFFICERS 

Chairman    W.  C.  Rufus. 

Vice-Chairman I,.  L.  Young. 

Secretary     W.  G.  Cram. 

Treasurer    F.  M.  Brockman. 

Statistician J.  U.  S.  Toms. 


COMMITTEES 

EXECUTIVE: — \V.  C.  Rufus,  J.  E.  Adams,  J.  N.  McKenzie,  J.  Z.  Moore, 
R.  A.  Hardie,  L.  L.  Young,  L/B.  Tale. 

ARRANGEMENTS  : — J.  R.  Mooso,  E.  \Y.  Koons,  T.  Hobbs. 
RULES  AND  BY-L.\\vs  : — 

1917.  Convin  Taylor,  '\Ym.  Scott. 

1918.  R.  E.  Winn.  J.  L.  Gerdine. 

1919.  J.  S.  Nisbett,  G.  Engel. 

PUBLICATIONS  : — 

1917.  ^Y.  G.  Cram,  C.  S.  Deming. 

1918.  Robt.  Grierson,  D.  M.  Lyall. 

1919.  \V.  1).  Reynolds,  J.  S.  Gale. 

UNION  HYMN  BOOK  : — 

G.  Engel.  P.  L.  Grove. 

S.  K.  bodson.  I).  A.  Bunker. 

A.  Pieters.  M.  B.  Stokes. 
L.  I..  Young. 

LEGAL  : — 

1917.  D.  A.  Bunker,  L.  O.  McCutchen. 

1918.  J.  L.  Gerdine,  A.  F.  Robb. 

1919.  O.  R.  Avison,  S.  A.  Moffett. 
AUDIT  : — F.  M.  Brockman. 

FRATERNAL   DELEGATE   TO    CONFERENCE   OF   FEDERATED   MISSIONS, 
JAPAN  : — D.  A.  Bunker. 


1XV1  KOREA 

BUSINESS  MANAGER  OF  PUBLICATIONS  : — T.  Hobbs. 

EDITOR  OF  KOREA  MISSION  FIELD  : — A.  F.  DeCamp. 

EDITOR  OF  PRAYER  CALENDAR  : — E.  W.  Koons. 

ASSOCIATE  EDITOR  "  CHRISTIAN  MOVEMENT  "  : — W.  G.  Cram. 

COUNCIL'S  REPRESENTATIVE  ON  THE  EXECUTIVE  COMMITTEE  OF  THE 
SUNDAY  SCHOOL  ASSOCIATION  : — T.  Hobbs. 

COMMITTEE  ON  EXHIBIT  : — J.  Y.  Crothers,  E.  J.  O.  Fraser,  C.  T. 
Collyer,  A.  L.  Becker,  J.  N.  McKenzie,  J.  C.  Crane. 

EDITORIAL  BOARD  UNION  NEWSPAPER  : — W.  M.  Baird,  M.  L.  Swinehart, 
J.  L.  Gerdine,  T.  Hobbs,  E.  M.  Cable,  Robt  Grierson,  F.  L.  Macrae,  W. 
G.  Cram. 

NEW  YEAR'S  BIBLE  CONFERENCE  COMMITTEE  : — W.  L.  Swallen,  R.  D. 
Watson,  D.  A.  McDonald,  J.  W.  Hitch,  J.  Z.  Moore,  R.  T.  Coit. 


JAPAN  MISSIONARY  DIRECTORY 
May  1917 

Compiled  by  C.  P.  CARMAN,  Tokyo 


AJ1  communications  concerning  the  Directory  should  be  addressed  to  the 
Editor  of  Directory,  Kyo  Bun  Kwan,  Ginza,  Tokyo,  Japan. 


LIST  OF  MISSION  BOARDS  AND 
CHURCHES 


With  names  of  Secretaries  on  the  Field 
JAPAN 

I. — A.B.F.M.S.  — American   Baptist    Foreign    Mission    Society,    K.    A. 

Thomson. 
2. — A.B.C.F.M.  — -American  Board  of  Commissioners  for  Foreign  Missions, 

Otis  Gary. 

3. —     A.B.M.     — Australian  Board  of  Missions,  (Anglican). 
4. —     A.C.C.      — American  Christian  Convention,  E.  C.  Fry. 
5. —     A.E.C.     — Episcopal  Church  U.S.A. 

North  Tokyo  Diocese,  Bishop  McKim. 

Kyoto  Diocese,  Bishop  Tucker. 
6. —       B.S.        — Bible  Societies. 

A.B.S.      — American  Bible  Society,  Dr.  II.  W.  Schwartz. 

T>  T>  c      f — British  and  Foreign  Bible  Society)  ,.    ,, 
B.H.S.    <-»-.•       i  r,.,,     <••     •  i      c     .1     j?F.  rarrott, 

( — .National  Bible  Society,  Scotland) 

7. —       C.C.        —Church  of  Christ  (Disciples),  T.  A.  Young. 
8. —    C.  of  E.    — Church  of  England,  (No  Mission  Board). 
9. —     C.M.A.     — Christian  Missionary  Alliance. 

10. —     C.M.S.      — Church  Missionary  Society  : — 

Hokkaido  Mission,  D.  M.  Lang.   - 
Central  Japan  Mission,  S.  Heaslcti. 
Kyushu  Mission,  J.  Hind. 

II. —       E.A.       --Evangelical  Association,  Paul  S.  Mayer. 

12.—     F.M.C.     — Free  Methodist  Church,  Miss  Minnie  K.  Ilesskr. 

13. —  G.E.P.M.  — General  Evangelical  Protestant  Missionary  Society, 
(German  and  Swiss),  E.  Schroeder. 

14. —     II.F.M.     — Hepzibah  Faith  Mission,  Miss  A.  Glenn. 

15. —      J.E.I5.      — -Japan  Evangelistic  Band,  R.  W.  Harris. 

16. —    J.B.T.S.    — Japan  Book  and  Tract  Society,  Geo.  Braithwaite. 

17. —         K.         — Kumiai  Kyokai. 

18. —  L.uth.  (A.)  — Joint  Conference  of  Lutheran  Missions  Cooperating  in 
Japan,  (i)  Evangelical  Lutheran  Church,  United 
Synod,  South  (U.S.A.);  (2)  United  Danish  Evan 
gelical  Lutheran  Church  of  America  ;  (3)  General 
Council  (U.S.A.),  E.  T.  Horn. 

(B.) — Furnish  Lutheran    Gospel  Association   of   Finland,    D. 
Minkkinen. 

19.—     M.C.C.      —Methodist  Church  of  Canada.  M.  M.  Whiting. 

20. —     M.E.C.     — Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  G.  F.  Draper. 

21. —  M.E.C.S.    — Melhodist  Episcopal  Church,  South,  \V.  K.  Matthews. 

22.—     M.P.C.      — Methodist  Protest'anl  Church,  E.  I.  Obee. 


1XX  JAPAN 

23. — M.S.C.E.C.  — Missionary    Society    of   Church    of  England,    Canada' 

Bishop  H.  J.  Hamilton. 

24. —       X.C.       — Xazarene  Church,  Miss  C.  G.  Snider 
25- —     X.K.K.    — Nippon  Kirisuto  Kyokwai ;  (P.C.U.S.A.,  P.C.S.,  R.C.A., 

R.C.U.S.A.,  W.U.M.),  K.  Mori. 
26.—    X.M.K.     — Xihon  Methodist  Kyokwai  (M.C.C.,  M.E.C.,  M.E-C.S.), 

Bishop  Hiraiwa. 
27.—     X.S.K.     — Xippon  Sei  Kokwai   (A.E.C.,  CM  S.,  S.P.G.,  C.  of  E., 

A.B.M.) 

28.—      O.M.       — Omi  Mission,  E.  V.  Yoshida. 
29. —     O.M.S.      — Oriental  Missionary  Society,  E.  A.  Kilbourne. 
30. —  P.C.U.S.A.  —Presbyterian  Church  in  the  United  States  of  America, 

G.  W.  Fulton. 

31.—     P.C.S.      — Presbyterian  Church,  U.S.A.,  South,   S.  M.  Erickson. 
32. —       R.C.       — Roman  Catholic  Church,  F.  Evrard. 
33. —     R.C.A.     — Reformed  Churches  in  America,  (Dutch). 

Albsrtus  Pieters. 
34.— R.C.U.S.A.  —Reformed     Church    in    the    U.S.,    (German)    E.    H. 

Guinther. 

35. —     R.O.C.     — Russian  Orthodox  Church,  Bishop  Sergie. 
36. —       S  A.         —Salvation  Army,  J.  W.  Beaumon'. 
37. —     S.B.C.       — Southern  Baptist  Convention,  C.  T.  Willingham. 
38.—     S.D.A.      —Seventh  Day  Adventists,  A.  B.  Cole. 
39. —       S.F.        — Society  of  Friends,  Mrs.  H.  E.  Coleman. 
40. —      S.A11.      — Scandinavian  Japan  Alliance,  Joel  Anderson. 
41. —     S.P.G.      • — Society  for  the  Propagation  of  the  Gospel. 

S.  Tokyo  Diocese,  Ven.  A.  King. 

Osaka  Diocese,  Rev.  F.  Kettlewell. 

42. —       Unc.       — Unconnected  with  any  Mission  Board. 
43.—    U.B.C.     —United  Brethren  in  Christ,  B.  F.  Shively. 
44. —      Unit.       — Unitarian  Mission,  Clay  MacCauley. 
45. —  Univ.  M.    — Universalist  Mission,  N.  L.  Lobdell. 
46. —    W.U.M     — Woman's  Union  Mission,  Miss  G.  J.  McCloy. 
47. —  Y.M.C.A.  — Young  Men's  Christian   Association,   (American  Inter 
national  Committee),  G.  M.  Fisher. 

48. — Y.M.C.A.T. — Young  Men's  Christian  Association  Teachers. 
49. —  Y.W.C.A.  — Young  Women's  Christian  Association. 

FORMOSA 

50. —       C.  P.       — Canadian  Presbyterian. 
51. —       E.  P.      • — English  Presbyterian. 


ALPHABETICAL   LIST 

A 

Abel,  Mr.  Fred,  &  \V.,  1913,  Fukaya  Machi,  Saitama  Ken. 

Acock,  Miss  Amy  A.,  1905,  A.B.F.M.S.,  43  Uchimaru,  Morioka. 

Adair,  Miss  Lily,  1913,  C.P.,  Taihoku,  Formosa. 

Adams,  Miss  Alice  P.,  1891,  A.B-C.F.M.,  Kadola-yashiki,  Okayama. 

Adams,  Mr.  Roy,  &  \V.  1916,  H.F.,  Choshi,  Shimosa. 

Ague,  Miss  Pearl  E.,  1902,  C.M.A.,  22  Shimanaka,  Hiroshima. 

Ainsworth,  Kev.  Fred  &  W.  1915,  M.C.C.,  23  Kamitomizaka,  Koishikawa, 

Tokyo, 

Akard,  Miss  Martha  B.,  1914,  Evang.  Luth.,  Fukuoka. 
Aldrich,  Miss  Martha,    1888,   A.E.C.,  (retired)    Bishamon   Cho,  Tonodan, 

Imadegawa,  Kyoto. 

Alexander,  Miss  S.,  1894,  P.C. U.S.A.,  Wilmina  Jo  Gakko,  Osaka. 
Alexander,  Miss  Bessie,  1899,  M.ILC.,  Sapporo. 
Alexander,  Kev.   K.P.,  Si  \\\  1X93,  M.E.C.,  2  Aoyaina  Gakuin,  Tokyo. 

(F.C.Tokyo  13,81!. 

Allchin,  Rev.  Geo.,  &  W.,  1882,  .-\.I5.C.F.M.,  31,  Kawaguchi  Cho,  Osaka. 
Allchin,  Miss  Agnes  M.,  A.B.C.F.M.,  31  Kawaguchi  Cho,  Osaka. 
Allen,  Miss  A.W.,  1905,  M.C.C.,  Methodist  Mission  Rooms  Toronto. 
Allen,  Miss  Thoinasine,   1915,  A.B.F.M.S.,    10  Fukuro  Machi,  Surugadai, 

Tokyo. 

Alvares,  Prefet  Apostolique,  R.C.,  Tokushima. 
Alward,  Miss  C.,  W.U.M.,  212  Bluff,  Yokohama. 
Ambler,   Rev.   J.C.,    (&   \V.,  A.)    1889,   A.E.C.,   Shimbori,    Minami    Cho, 

\Yakayama. 

Ambler,  Miss  Marietta,  A.E.C.,  1916  c/o  Bishop  Tucker,  Kyoto. 
Anchen,  L'Abbe  P.,  1903,  R.C.,  Hakodate. 

Anderson,  Mr.  A.N.,  &  \\'.,  S.D.A.,  99  Kokutaiji  Machi,  Hiroshima. 
Anderson,  Rev.  Joel.  &  \V.,  1900,  S.  All.,  920  Nakano,  Tokyo  Fu. 
Andrews,  Rev.  R.W.,  &  W.,  1899,  A.E.C.,  Maebashi.     (A). 
Andrews,  Rev.  E.I..,  1913,  C.  of  E.     (AN. 
Andrews,  Rt.  Rev.  Bishop  W.,  D.D,  &  \V.,  1878,  C.M.S.,  43  Vachigashira 

Machi,  Hakodate. 

Andrews,  Miss  Sarah,  1916,  Unc.,  68  Zoshig.iya,  Tokyo. 
Andrieu,  L'Abbe,  1911,  R.C.,  Shizuoka  Ken. 
Ankeney,  Rev.  Alfred,  1914,  R.C.U.S.A.,  Vamagata. 
Arbury,  Miss  Katherine,  1916,  P.C.U.S.A.,  Tokyo. 
Archer,  Miss  A.L.,  1899,  M.S.C.E.C.,  Ichinomiya,  Owari.     (A). 
Argall,  Mr.  C.B.K.,  &  W.,  J.E.B.,  Okayama. 
Arinbruster,  Miss  Rose  T.,  1903,  C.C.,  Akita. 

Armstrong,  Miss  M.E.,  1903,  M.C.C.,  Methodist  Mission  Rooms,  Toronto. 
Armstrong,    Rev.    R.C.,    Ph.D.,  &    W.,    1903,    M.C.C.,   Kwansei   Gakuin, 

Kobe. 

Ashbaugh,  Miss  A.M.,  1908,  M.E.C,  Kwassui  Jo  Gakko,  Nagasaki. 
A>bury,  Miss  Jessie  J.,  1901,  C.C.,  69  Kozenjidori,  Sendai. 


Ixxii  JAPAN 

Ashmore,  Mrs.  Wm.,  1873,  A.B.F.M.S.,  211  Bluff,  Yokohama. 

Atkinson,  Miss  Anna  P.,  M.E.C.,  Nagoya. 

Atkinson,  Rev.  R.  &  W.  1905,  Unc.,  10  Wakinohamacho,  Itchome,  Kobe. 

Atkinson,  Miss  M. -J.,  1899,  P.C.S.,  Takamatsu. 

Aurell,  Rev.  K.  E.,  &  W.,  1899,  A.B.S.,  15-3  Akashicho  Tsukiji,  Tokyo. 

Aurientis,  L'Abbe  P.,  Vicar  Gen.,  1878.  R.C.,  Kyoto. 

Austen,  Rev.  W.  T.,  &  W.,  1873,  C.  of  E.,  6oc  Bluff,  Yokohama. 

Axling,  Rev.  William,  &  W.,   1901,  A.B.F.M.S.,  10  Rokuchome  Fujimi 

Cho,  Kojimachi,  Tokyo. 
Ayres,  Rev.  J.B.,  D.D.,  &  W.,  1888,  P.C.U.S.A.,  Maruyama  Cho,  Shimo- 

noseki  (F.C.  Osaka  21,  950)  (A). 


Bal>cock,  Miss  B.R.,  1897,  A.E.C.,  Hirosaki. 

Bach,  Rev.,  &  \V.,  Luth,  1916,  Kuruine. 

Baker,  Miss  Mollie,  1913,  Y.W.C.A.,  84  Rokuchome,  Honchodori,  Yoko- 

hamr.. 

Baldwin,  Rev.  J.M.,  &  W.,  1899,  M.S.C.E.C.,  Nagoya. 
Balette,  L'Abbe  Justin,  1877,  R.C.,  Tokyo. 

Ballagh,  Mr.  J.C.,  &  W.,  1875,  P.C.U.S.A.,  Meiji  Gakuin,  Tokyo. 
Ballagh,  Rev.  J.H.,  D.D.,  1861,  R.C.A.,  48c  Bluff,  Yokohama. 
Band,  Rev.  E.,  1912,  E.P.,  Tainan,  Formosa. 

Bangs,  Miss  Louise,  1911,  M.E.C.,  Kwassui  Jo  Gakko,  Nagasaki  (A). 
Barclay,  Mr.  J.  Gurney,  &  W.,  1907,  C.M.S.,  Matsue. 
Barclay,  Rev.  T.,  1875,  E.P.,  Tainan,  Formosa. 
Barnett,  Miss  Margaret,  1888,  E.P.,  Tainan,  Formosa. 
Barrows,  Miss  M.L.,  1876,  A.B.C.F.M.,  59  Rokuchome,  Nakayamate  Dori, 

Kobe. 
Batchelor,  Ven.  Archdeacon  J.,  D.D.,  F.R.G.S.,  &  W.,  1879,  C.M.S.  I  Kita 

Sanjo,  Nishi  Shichichome,  Sapporo. 
Ba  es,  Rev.  C.J.L.,  &  W.,  1902,  M.C.C.,  (A). 
Baucus,  Miss  Georgiana,  1890,  M.E.C.,  37  Bluff,  Yokohama. 
Bauernicind,   Miss    Susan    M.,  1900,    E.A.,  84  Sasugayacho,  Koishikawa, 

Tokyo. 
Beaumont,  Brigadier  John    W.,   &  W.,  1909,  S.A.,  618    Shimo   Shibuya, 

Tokyo  Fu. 

Bennett,  Miss  Nellie,  lojo.M.E.C.S.,  (A].  Blackstone,  Va.  U.S.A. 
Bennett,  Rev.  H.J.,  &  W.,  1901,  A.B.C.F.M.,  Higashi  Cho,  Tottori. 
Benninghoff,  Rev.  H.B.,  D.D.,  &  W.,  1907,  A.B.F.M.S.,  91  Benten  Cho, 

Ushigome,  Tokyo. 
Benson,  Rev.  H.F.,  &  W.,  1906  S.D.A.,   169-171   Amanuma,   Suginami 

Mura,  Toyotama  Gun,  Tokyo. 
Berlioz,  Rt.  Rev.  Bishop,  1875,  R.C.,  Sendai. 
Bernauer,  Mrs.  Estella  A.,  Assembly  of  God,  43  Oyama  Machi,   Kanda, 

Tokyo. 

Berner,  Miss  Natalia,  1912,  E.A.,  84  Sasugaya  Cho,  Koishikawa,  Tokyo. 
Berry,  Rev.  Arthur  U.,  D.D.,  1902,  M.E.C.,  9  Aoyama  Gakuin,  Tokyo. 
Bert  rand,  L'Abbe  Fr.,  1890,  R.  C,  Kokura. 

Biannic,  L'Abbe  Jean.  1897.  R.  C.,  Sambongi  Machi,  Aomori  Ken. 
Bickel,   Capt.  Luke   W.,  &  W.,  1898,  A.B.F.M.S.,   120  Goken  Yashiki, 

Ilimeji. 


ALPHABETICAL    LIST 

Bickers'e'.h,  Mrs.  Edw.,  1893,  S.P.G.,  358  Sanko  Cho,  Shirokane,  Tokyo. 

Bigelow,  Miss  G.  S.,  1886,  I'.C.U.S.A.,  Shimonoseki. 

Billing,  L'Abbe,  L.,  1895,  R.C,  Numazu  (A). 

Binford,  Mr.  Gurney,  &  \V.,  1899,  S.I''.,  26  Bizen  Machi,  Mito. 

Binsted,  Rev.  N.S.,  1915,  A.E.C.,  Tsukij ,  Tokyo. 

Bird,  Miss  F.,  M.C.C.,  Ueda,  Shinshiu  (A). 

Birraux,  L'Abbe,  J.,  1890,  R.C.,  Tsu,  Ise. 

Bishoj),  Rev.  Charles,  &  W.,  1878,  M.E.C.,  Aoyama  Gakuin,  Tokyo. 

Bixby,  Miss  Alice,  1914,  A.B.F.M.  S.,  Poultneyville,  Vt. 

Blackmore,  Miss  I.S.,  1889,  M.C.C.,  8  Torii  Zaka,  Azabu,  Tokyo  (A). 

Blair,  Rev.  F.H.  &  W.,  1916,  M.E.C.,  Aoyama  Gakuin,  Tokyo. 

Blanks,  Mr.  A.F.,  &  W.,  1917,  M.E.C.,  Aoyama  Gakuin,  Tokyo. 

Bleby,  Rev.  II.  L.  &  W.,  C.M.S.,  Tokyo. 

Bodley,  Miss  E.,  1915,  M.E.C.,  Hakodate. 

Boehrer,  L'Abbe  J.  F.,  R.C.,  Fukuoka. 

Bois,  Rev.  J.  B.,  1900,  R.C.,  Hibosashi  Mura,  Hirado,  Nagasaki  Ken. 

Bois,  L'Abbe  F.  L.  J.,  R.C.,  Nagasaki. 

Bonnell,  Miss  Maud,  1899,  M.P.C.,  810  Broadway,  Nashville,  Tenn.  U.S.A. 

Bonnet,  Rev.  F.,  1893,  R.C.,  Oshima,  Kagoshima  Ken. 

Booth,  Miss  Alma,  1915,  U.E.C.,  Kanazawa. 

Booth    Rev.  E.  S.,  &  W.,  1879,  R.C.A.,  178  Bluff,  Yokohama,  25  E.  22nd 

St.  N.Y. 

Bopes,  Mr.  Chas.  F.,  1915,  Y.M.C.A.T.,  Tengachaya,  5340  Tennoji,  Osaka. 
Bosanquet,  Miss  A.  C.,  1892,  CM  S.,  Tokyo. 
Bosanquet,   Miss   N.   M.,  19^8,   S.P.G.,  c/o  S.P.G.  House,    Westminster, 

London. 
Bouldin,    Rev.    G.    \V.,    &    W.,    1906,   S.B.C.,    93    Sanchome,    Kobinata 

Dai  Machi,  Koishikawa,  Tokyo. 

Bouige,  Rev.  L   H.,  1894,  R.C.,  Oshima,  Kagoshima  Ken. 
Boulton,  Miss  P.  D.,  1883,  C.M.S.,  6  Chome  Uehon  Machi,  Osaka. 
Bousquct,  L'Ahbe  M.  J.,  R.C.,  Osaka  (A). 
Boulflower,    Rf.  Rev.  C.  H.,  D.I).,  (Bishop   Cecil),  1909,  8  Sakae  Cho, 

Shiba,  Tokyo. 

Boutfl  ;wer,  Miss  M.  M.,  1909,  C.  of  E.,  8  Sakae  Cho,  Shiba,  Tokyo. 
Bower,  Mr.  C.  W.,  Y.M.C.A.T.,  Dairen. 
Bowers,  Miss  Mary.  1914,  Evang.  Luth.,  Fukuoka. 
Bowles,  Mr.  Gilbert,  &  W.,  1901,  1893,  S.F.,  30  Koun  Machi,  Mita,  Shiba 

Tokyo. 

Bowman,  Miss  N.  F.  J.,  1907,  M.S.C.E.C.,  Arigasaki,  Matsumoto. 
Boyd,  Miss  H.,   1912,  S.P.G.,   16,  Hirakawacho,  Rokuchome,  Kojimachi, 

Tokyo. 
Boyd,   Miss   L.    II.,    1902,  A.E.C.,    21    lidamachi,  6  Chome,  Kojimachi, 

Tokyo. 

Bradshaw,  Miss  A.  H.,  1889,  A.B.C.F.M.,  6  Minami  Rokken  Cho,  Sendai. 
Braithwaite,   Mr.   Geo.,  &    \V.,   1886,  J.B.T.S.,   5  Hikawa  Cho,  Akasaka, 

Tokyo. 
Brand,    Mr.    Herbert   G.,   &   W.,    Unconnected,    22  Naka  Rokuban  Cho, 

Kojimachi,  Tokyo  (A). 
Brand,  Rev.  J.  C.,    1890,  A.B.F.M.S.,  46  Wakamatsu  Machi,   Ushigome, 

Tokyo. 

Br^nguier,  Rev.  L.,  1894,  R.C.,  Hi'oyoshi,  Kumamoto  Ken. 
Breton,  Rev.  M.  J.,  1899,  R.C.,  Kuroshima,  Nagasaki  Ken. 
Brick,  Miss  Ollie  A.,  1911,  R.C.U.S.A.,  Miyagi  Jo  Gakko,  Sendai  (A). 


JAPAN 

Briggs,  Rev.  F.C.,  &  W.,  1895,  A.B.F.M.S.,  120  Goken  Yashiki,  Himeji. 

(F.C.  Osaka  16,722) 
Briggs,  Mr.  Fred  G.,  1913,  O.M.S.,  Kashiwagi,  Yodobashi  Machi,  Tokyo 

Fu. 

Bristowe,  Miss  L.  M.,  1899,  A.E.C.,  Aomori. 
Brokavv,  Rev.  Harvey,  D.D.,  &,  W.,  1896,  P.C.U.S.A.,  Kyoto. 
Brooking,  Miss  Josephine,  1916,  A. E.G.,  Kanazawa. 
Brown,  Rev.  C.L.,  D.D.,  &  W.,  1898,  Evang.  Lu'h.,  (A). 
Brown,  Mr.  F.K.,  &  W.,  1913,  Y.M.C.A.,  6  Ura  Saru  Gaku  Cho,  Kanda, 

Tokyo. 
Brown,  Miss  Wirmifred,    1913,  C.C.,  354   Nakazato,  Takinogawa  Mura, 

Tokyo  Fu. 

Bryan,  Rev.  J.I.,  Unc.  Tokyo. 
Bryant,  Miss  E.  M.,  Piratori,  Hidaka. 

Buchanan,  Miss  Elizabeth  O.,  P.C.S.,  64  Shirakabe  Cho,  Itchome,  Nagoya. 
Buchanan,  Rev.  W.C.,  &  W.,   1891,  P.C.S.,  64  Shirakabe  Cho,  Itchome, 

Nagoya. 

Buchanan,  Rev.  W.  McS.,  D.D.,  &  AV.,  1895,  P.C.S.  Ikuta  Cho,  Kobe. 
Buchanan,  Mr.  D.C.,  1914,  Y.M.C.A.T.,  Noda,  Yamaguchi. 
Bull,  Rev.  Earl  R.,  &  W.,  1911,  M.E.C.,  70  Ike  no  Ue  Cho,  Kagoshima. 
Bull,  Miss  Leila,  1888,  A.E.C.,  SJ  Kawaguchi,  Osaka. 
Bullis,  Miss  Edith  M.,  Unc.,  Yamamoto  Dori,  Kobe. 
Bullock,  Miss,  J.E.B.,  Fukuyama. 

Buncombe,  Rev.  W.P.,  &  W.,  1888,  C.M.S.,  52  Tsukiji,  Tokyo. 
Burden,  Rev.  W.D.,  &  W.,  1898,  846  Sendagaya,  Toyotama  Gun,  Tokyo 

Fu. 

Burton,  Miss  Mary  E.,  1916,  A.B.C.F.M.,  Doshisha  Girls'  School,  Kyoto. 
Buxton,  Rev.  B.F.,  &  W.,  J.E.B.,  112  Shichome,  Yamamoto  Dori,  Kobe. 
Buzzell,  Miss  A.S.,  1892,  A.B.F.M.S.,  2  Nakajima  Cho,  Sendai. 


Cadilhac,  L'Abbe  H.  Vicar  Gen'l,  1882,  R.C.,  13  Matsugamine,  Utsunomiya. 

Callahan,  Rev.  W.J.,  (&  W.,  absent)  1891,  M.E.C.S.,  Uwajima,  lyo. 

Caloin,  Rev.  E.,  1897,  R.C.,  Kofu,  Yamanashi  Ken  (A). 

Camp,  Miss  Evalyn,  1916,  A.B.F.M.S.,  10  Fukuro  Machi,  Surugadai,  Tokyo. 

Campbell,  Miss  Edith,  1909,  M.C.C.,  Toriizaka  Eiwa  Jo  Gakko,  Tokyo. 

Carlsen,  Miss  V.D.,  1909,  A.E.C.,  Maebashi.  .    \". ". 

Carlson,  Rev.  C.E.,  &  W.,  S.  All.,  Ito,  Izu.    * 

Carlyle,    Miss    E.A.,    C.M.S.    c/o    C.M.S.    House,     Salisbury     Square, 

London. 

Carpenter,  Miss  M.  M.,  1895,  A.B.F.M.S.,  1303  Genessee  St.  Trenton,  N.Y. 
Cary,  Miss  Alice  E.,  1915,  A.B.C.F.M.,  Karasumaru  Dori,  Ichijo  Sagaru, 

Kyoto. 
Cary,  Rev.  Otis,  D.D.,  &  W.,  1878,  A.B.C.F.M.,  Karasumaru  Dori,  Ichijo 

Sagaru,  Kyoto. 

Cary,  Rev.  Frank  &  W.  1916,  202  Hayashi  Cho,  Sendagi,  Hongo,  Tokyo. 
Case,  Miss  D.,  1916,  S,P.G.  15  Nakayamate  Dori,  6  Chome,  Kobe. 
C'astanier,  L'Abbe  B.,  1899,  R.C.,  Osaka. 
Cavaignac,  L'Abbe  Ed.,  1901,  R.C.,  Kagoshima. 
Cesca,  Rev.  Fa'her,  R.C.,  Niigata. 
Cesselin,  L'Abbe  C.,  1907,  R.C.,  Kesennuma  Machi,  Miyagi  Ken  (A). 


ALPHABETICAL   LIST  IxXV 

Cesselin,  L'Abh>6  G.,  1894,  R.C.,  8  Kita  Fukashi,  Matsumoto,  Shinshiu  (A). 

Cetfour,  L'Abbe  J.,  1885,  R.C.,  Yamaguchi. 

Chabagno,  I,' Abbe  J.,  1906,  R.C-,  9  \Vakaba  Clio,  Yokohama  (A). 

Chamlx)n,  L'Abbe  J.  A.,  1900,  R.C.,  Hakodate. 

Chandler,  Miss  A.B.,  1899,  LTnc.,  5  Jodori,  10  Chome,  Asahigawa. 

Chapdelaine,  L'Abbe,  R.C.,  (A). 

Chapman,  Rev.  G.  &  W.,  1884,  C.M.S.  (A). 

Chapman,  Rev.  J.  J.,  &  W.,   1899,  A.E.C.,  82  Hiromichi,  Okazaki  Cho, 

Kyoto  (F.C.  Osaka  27734). 

Chappell,  Rev.  J.,  &  W.,  1895,  A.E.C.,  Naka  Machi,  Mito. 
Chappell,  Rev.  B.,  D.D.,  1890,  M.E.C.,  (A). 

Chappell,  Miss  Constance  S.,  1912,  M.C.C.,  8  Torii  Zaka,  Azabu,  Tokyo. 
Chappell,  Miss   Mary   H.,  1912,  M.K.C.,   Aoyama  Jo  Gakuin,   Aoyama, 

Tokyo. 

Charron,  L'Abbe  T.,  1891,  R.C.,  Himeji. 
Chatron,  Rt.  Rev.  P.ishop  J.,  1873,  R.C.,  Osaka. 
Chase,  Miss  Laura,  1915,  M.E.C..  Aoyama  Jo  Gakuin,  Tokyo. 
Chelault,  Rev.  J.  A.,  &  W.,  N.C.,  (A). 

Cheney,  Miss  Alice,  1915,  M.E.C.,  Aoyama  Jo  Gakuin,  Tokyo. 
Cherel,  Rev.  J.  M.,  1892,  R.C.,  Sarugaku  Cho,  Kanda,  Tokyo. 
Chiles,  Miss  C.H.,  1915,  S.B.C.,  93  Sanchome,  Kobinata  Dai  Machi,  Koishi- 

kawa,  Tokyo. 

Cholmondeley,  Rev.  L.B.,  1887,  S.P.G.,  25  Iwate  Cho,  Ushigome,  Tokyo. 
Chope,  Miss  1).,  1917,  S.P.G.,  108  Zoshigaya  Machi,  Koishikawa  Tokyo. 
Clagett,  Miss  M.  A.,  1887,  A.B.F.M.S.,  Litchfield,  Kentucky  U.S.A. 
Clark,  Rev.  C.  A.,  &  W.,  1887,  A.B.C.F.M.,  Miya'.aki. 
Clarke,  Mr.  Chas.,  1912,  O.M.S.,  Kashiwagi,  Ycdobashi,  Tokyo  Fu. 
Clark,  Miss  Sarah  F.,  1915,  P.C.U.S.A.,  Kanazawa. 
C'arke,  Rev.  W.  H.,  &  W.,  1899,  S.B.C.,  135  Kyomachi,  Kumamoto. 
Clawson,   Miss  Bertha,  1898,   C.C.,  Joshi  Sei  Gakuin,  Takinogawa,  Tokyo 

Fu-ka  (A). 

Clazie,  Miss  Mabel,  C.P.,  Tamsui,  Formosa. 

Coales,  Rev.  H.  H.,  D.D.,  (&  W.,  absent)  1890,  M.C.C.,  Hamamafsu. 
Coates,  Miss  A.  L.,  1895,  M.P.C.,  lo  Motoshiro  Cho,  Hamamatsu. 
Cobb,  Rev.  E.  S.,  &  W.,   1904,  A.B.C-F.M.,  Karasumaru  Dori,   Imadegawa 

Agaru,  Kyoto. 

Cockram,  Miss  S.  H.,  1893,  C.M.S.,  Kushiwara  Machi,  Kurume. 
Coe,  Miss  Estelle,  1911,  A.B.C.F.M.,  Tottori. 
Colborne,  Mrs.,  1897,  C.  of  E.,  Hojo,  Boshu. 
Cole,  Rex,  Y.M.C.A.T.,  14  Kawaguchi,  Osaka. 
Cole,  Mr.  A.  B.,  &   W.,  S.D.A.,   171  Amanuma,  Suginami   Mura,   Tokyo 

Fu. 

Coleman,  Mr.  H.  E.,  &  \V.,  1907,  S.F.,  53  Isarago  Cho,  Shiba,  Tokyo. 
Coles,  Miss  A.  M.,  1910,  J.  E.B.,  Tokyo  (A). 
Collen,  Miss  M.B.,  7  Shindaiku  Machi,  Nagasaki. 
Combaz,  Rt.  Rev.  J.  C.,  18%,  R.C.,  Nagasaki. 
Connell,  Miss  Hannah,  1905,  C.P.,  Tamsui,  Formosa. 
Converse,  Miss  C.A.,  1889,  A.B.F.M.S.,  3931  Aoki  Cho,  Kanagawa  Machi, 

Yokohama. 

Converse,  Mr.  G.  C.,  1915  Y.M.C.A.,  3  Mitoshiro  Cho,  Kanda. 
Cook,  Miss  M.M.,  1905,  M.E.C.S.,  8 to  Broadway,  Nashville,  Tenn. 
Cooke,  Rev.  A.  W.,  Ph. }').,  &  W.,  1899,  A.E.C.,'  977  Naka  Shibuya  Tokyo. 
Cooke,  Miss  M.  S.,  1913,  M.S.C.E.C.,  Shirakabe  Cho,  Nagoya. 


JAPAN 

Cooper,  Rev.  S.  E.,  &  W.,  1906,  F.M.C.  (A). 

Copp,  Mr.  C.  W.,  Y.M.C.A,T.,  Iwakuni,  Yamaguchi  Ken. 

Cornier,  L'Abbe  A.,  1900,  R.C.,  Koriyama  (A). 

Corgier,  L'Abbe  E.,  1897,  R.C.,  Wakainatsu  (A). 

Cornwall-Leigh,  Miss  M.  II.,  A.E.C.,  Kusatsu,  Joshu. 

Correll,  Rev.  I.  II.,  D.D.,  &  W.,  1873,  A.E.C.,  211  Alago  Cho,  Tsu,  Ise. 

C'orrell,  Miss  Ethel,  1908,  A.E.C.,  II  Higashi  Ichiban  Cho,  Sendai. 

Cosand,  Rev.  Joseph,  1885,  U.B.C.,  1929  Shimo  Shibuya,  Tokyo  Fu. 

Cotrel,  L'Abbe,  1902,  R.C.,  Nakalsu,  Oila  Ken. 

Couch,  Miss  S.  M.,  1892,  R.C.A.,  Slurges  Seminary,  Nagasaki  (A).  25  E. 

22nd  St.  N.V. 

Couch,  Miss  Helen,  1916,  M.E.C.,  Aoyaina  Gakuin,  Tokyo. 
Coulter,  Mr.  Sam.  II.,  Y.M.C.A.T.,  Kami  Nobori  Cho,  Hiroshima. 
Courtice,  Miss  Lois  K.,  1914,  M.E.C.,  Nagoya. 
Cowl,  Mr.  John  &  W.,  C.M.S.,  Tokyo. 
Cowman,  Rev.  C.  E.,  &  W.,  1901,  O.M.S.,  Kashiwagi,  Yodobashi  Machi, 

Tokyo  Fu. 

Cox,  Miss  A.  M.,  1900,  C.M.S.,  Ashiya  Mura,  Muko  Gun,  Hyogo  Ken. 
Cozad,  Miss  Gertrude,   1888,  A.B.C.F.M.,  59  Rokuchome,  Naka  Yamate 

Dori,  Kobe. 

Cragg,  Rev.  W.  J.  M.,  &  W.,  1911,  M.C.C.,  Kwansei  Gakuin,  Kobe. 
Craig,  Mr.  E.  B.,  &  W.,  Unc.,  Kalase,  Kanagawa  Ken. 
Craig,  Miss  M.,  1903,  M.C.C.,  8  Torii  Zaka,  Azabu,  Tokyo  (A). 
Cribb,  Miss  E.  R.,  J.E.B.,  37  Denbo  Cho,  Kila  Nichome,  Nishinari    Gun, 

Osaka  Fu. 

Cronise,  Miss  Florence,  1913,  M.P.C.,  Shirakabe  Cho,  Nagoya. 
Crosby,  Miss  Amy  R  ,   1913,  A.B.F.M.S.,  101  Hara  Machi,  Koishikawa, 

Tokyo. 

Crosby,  Miss  Julia  N.,  Emeritus,  W.U.M.,  212  Bluff,  Yokohama. 
Gumming,  Rev.  C.  K.,  (&  W.,  absent),  1889,  P.C.S.,  Toyohashi. 
Cunningham,  Rev.  W.  D.,  &  W.,  Unc.,  6  Naka  Cho,  Yotsuya,  Tokyo  (A). 
Curd,  Miss  Lillian,  1912,  P.C.S.,  Tera  Machi,  Tokushima. 
Curtis,  Miss  Ediih,  1912,  A.B.C.F.M.,  Niigata  (A). 
Curtis,  Rev.  F.  S.,  &  W.,  P.C.U.S.A.,  Shimonoseki. 
Curtis,  Rev.  W.  L.,  &  W.  A.B.C.F.M.,  Imadegawa  dori,  Teramachi  Nishi, 

Kyoto. 
Cuthbertson,  Mr.  James,  &  W.,  1905,  J.E.B.,  9  Fukuro  Machi,  Surnga  Dai, 

Kanda,  Tokyo. 

D 

Dalidert,  L'Abbe  Desire,  1884  R.C.,  Yamagata. 

Damson,  Mr.  W.  J.,  1906,  S.M.,  Nagasaki. 

Daniel,  Miss  N.  Margaret,  M.E.C.,  Aoyaina  Jo  Gakuin,  Tokyo. 

Danielson,  Miss  Mary,  1902,  A.B.F.M.S.,  II  Kami  Dori,  Shichome,  Minjuni 

Horie,  Nishi  Ku,  Osaka. 
Daridon,  Rev.  H.,  1 886,  R.C.,  Tottori. 
Daughaday,  Miss  M.  A.,  1883,  A.B.C.F.M.,  Kita  Sanjo,  Nishi  15  chome, 

Sapporo. 

Daugherty,  Miss  I^na  G.,  1915,  P.C.U.S.A.,  Tokyo. 
Davey,  Rev.  P,  A.,  &  W.,  1899,  C.C.,  72  Myogacfcm  Machi,  Koislvkawa, 


ALPHABETICAL    LIST  Ixxvii 

Davidson,  Miss  F.  E.,  P.C.U.S.A.,  Olaru,  Hokkaido. 

Davis,  Mrs.  J.  D.,  1883,  A.B.C.F.M.',  Kolx-  College,  Kol>e. 

Davis,  Mr.  J.   Merle,  &  W.,   1905,   V.M.C.A.,  22  Fuji  mi  Cho,  Gochome, 

Kojimachi,  Tokyo. 
Davis,  Rev.  \V.  A.,  (&  W.,  (A).)  1891,  M.E.C.S.,  2  of  135  Shichom;,  Kilano 

Cho,  Kobe. 

Davison,  Rev.  J.  C,  D.D.,  1873,  M.E.C.,  435  Furushinya-shiki,  Kumamoto. 
Davison,  Rev.  C.  S.  &  W.,  M.E.C.  3  Aoyama  Gakuin,  Aoyama  Tokyo. 
Dawson,  Miss  Elizabeth,  M.l'.C.  330  U?a  Monzen  Cho,  Nagoya. 
Dcftrenes,  Rev.  Jos.  1892,  R.C.,  Fukushima. 
DeForest,  Miss  C.  B.,  1903,  A.B.C.F.M.,  Kobe  College  Kobe. 
deGroot,    Col.    J.    W.    &    W.     1916,    S.  A.     18    Akashi,    Clio    Tsukiji, 

Tokyo. 

Delahaye,  L'Abl.e,    906,  R..C,  Shizuoka. 
Demangelle,  Rev.  A.  II.,  1892,  R.C.,  19  Sekiguchi  Daimachi,  Koishilawa, 

Tokyo. 

Demaree,  Rev.  T.  W.  1?.,  &  W.,  1889,  M.E.C.S.,  ()i!a,  Oila  Ken. 
Demarest,  Mis  May  1?.,  1912,  R.C.C.  (A). 
Denton,    Miss   Mary    F.,    1888,    A.B.C.F.M.    Doshisha   Jo    Gakko,    Kyo  o 

(A). 

Deruy,  L'Abbe,  1909,  R.C  .,  Malsuye. 
Detweiler,    Rev.    ].    E.,    &:   W.,    1910,   P.  C.  U.  S.  A.,   51    Hoeikaini    Cho, 

Fukii. 

Devenisli-Meares,  Miss  F.S.  1915,  C.M.S.  89  Harajuku,  Aoyama,  Tokyo. 
De    Vinney,    Rev.    F.    H.,    S.  L).  A.,     171     Amanuma,    Suginanii    Mura, 

Tokyo  Fu. 

De  Wolfe,  Miss  II.  E.,  1904,  M.C.C.,  14  Shinlari  zaka,  Kanazawa  (A). 
Dickerson,  Miss  Augusta,  1888,  M.E.C.,  lai  Jo  Gakko,  Hakodate. 
Dickinson,  Miss  Emma  E.,  1897,  M.E.C. ,  37  Bluff,  Yokohama.  (F.C.  Tokyo 

'  5,403). 
Dithridgc,  Miss  II.  L.,  1910,  A.B.F.M.S.  c/o  A.B.F.M.S.  Ford  Bldg.,  Boston, 

Mass.' 

Dixon,  Miss  E.M.,  1906,  A.E.C.,  Morioka. 
Dooman,  Rev.  Isaac,  &  W.,  1887,  A.E.C.  Yamada,  Ise. 
Dosker,  Rev.  R.  J.,  1915,  P.C.U.S.A.,  Tokyo. 
Dossier,  L'Abbe  R.,  1901,  R.C.  Morioka. 
Dowd,  Miss  Annie,  i8S8,  P.C.S.,  180,  Takajo  Machi,  Kochi. 
Dowie,  Mr.  Kenneth  \V.,  &  \Y.,  1913,  C.I'..  Tamsui,  Formosa. 
Dozier,  Rev.  C.  K.,  &  \Y.,  1906,  S.B.C.  105  Daimyo  Machi,  Fukuoka. 
Drake,  Miss  Kalherine  I.,  1909,  M.C.C.,  Uyeda,  Shinshu. 
Draix;r,  Rev.  (/.  F.,  S.T.I).,  &  \Y.,  1880,  M.E.C.  Yokohama. 
Drajier,  Miss  Marian,  M.E.C.  Yokohama  (A.) 

Drajxir,  Miss  Winifred  F.,  1912,  M.E.C.,  53  Moto  Machi,  Hokodate. 
Drouart    de    Lczey,    L'Abbe    F.  L.    1873,   R.C.,    19   Daimachi,   Sekiguchi, 

Koishikawa,  Tokyo. 
Drouet,  L'Abbe,  1910,  R.C.  Nagasaki. 
Duke,  Rev.  M.  O.  M.,  C.M.S.  Inari  Machi,  Oila. 
Dunlop,  Rev.  J.  G.  D.D.  &  W.,  1887,  P.C.U.S.A.,  Kanazawa. 
Dunning,  Rev.  M.  D.,  <S;  W.,   1902,    A.B.C.F.M.,  Karasumarudori,  Ichi  Jo 

Agaru,  Kyoto. 

Durand,  Rev.  J.  E.,  1885,  R.C.,  Iwojima,  Nagasaki  Ken. 
Duthu,  L'Abbe  J.  B.,  1885,  R.C.  Okayama. 
Dyer,  Mr.  A.  L.,  &  W.,  1905,  J.E.B./58  Goken  Yashiki,  Himeji, 


Ixxviii  JAPAN 


Edmeades,  Miss  E.,  1904,  J.E.B.,  31  Bankburn  Road,  The  Brook,  Liverpool 

(A). 

Elhot,  Miss  Isabel,  1913,  C.P.,  Taihoku,  Formosa. 
Ellis,  Mrs.  Charles,  1913,  P.C.S.,  180  Takajo  Machi,  Kochi. 
Ellis,  Miss  Nina  P.,  P.C-,  U.S.A.,  Tokyo. 
Elwin,   Rev.  W.  II.,  &  \V.,   1907,  C.M.S.,  7  Sasugaya  Clio,  Koishikawa, 

Tokyo. 

Emery,  Lloyd  I'.,  Y.M.C.A.T.,  Milajiri,  Yamaguchi  Ken. 
Emerson,  Miss  Ru!h,  19 '5,  Y.W.C.A.,  Osaka. 

Erffmeyer,  Miss  Edna,  1906,  E.A.,  14  Yojo  Dori,  2  Chome,  Nishiku,  Osaka. 
Erftmeyer,  Miss  Elorence,  1911,  E.A.,  Alibene,  Kansas. 
Erickson,  Rev.  S.M.,  &  W.,  1905,  P.C.S.  127  Hamano  Cho,  Takamatsu. 
Erskine,   Rev.   W.   H.,  &   W.,    1904,   C.C.,   2395  Minami  Kawahori  Cho, 

Minami  Ku,  Osaka. 

Evans,  Miss  A.,  1901,  C.M.S.,  Hope  Cottage,  Llanfallteg,  South  Wales,  (A). 
Evans,  Rev.  Chas.  H.,  &  W.,  1 894,  A.E.C..  Hodono  Naka  Cho,  Akita  (A). 
Evans,  Miss  E.,  1913,  P.C.U.S.A.,  Sapporo. 
Evans,  Miss  Sala,  1893,  P.C.S.,  Kagoshima. 

Evrard,  I,' Abbe  E.,  Vicar  Gen.,  1867,  R.C.,  44  Bluff,  Yokohama. 
Ewing,  Miss  A.  M.,  1915,  Unc.,  3  of  82  Kogai  Cho,  Azabu,  Tokyo. 


Fage,  L'Abbe  F.,  1883,  R.C.,  Kob». 

Fanning,  Miss  K.  F.,  1914,  A.B.C.E.M.,  22  Nakayamate  IXri,  Rokuchome, 

Kobe. 
Fausf,  Rev.  A.  K.,  Ph.D.,  &  \V.,  I9:.r,  R.C.U.S.A.,  162  Higashi  Samban 

Cho,  S-ndai  (A.\ 

Ferguson,  Rev.  D.,  &  \V.,  1889,  E.P.,  Tainan,  Formosa. 
Ferguson,  Rev.  J.  Y.,  M.D.,  &  \V.,  1905,  C.P.,  Taihoku,  Formosa. 
Ferric,  Rev.  J.  B.,  R.C.  (A}. 

Finla",  Miss  L.  Alice,  1905,  M.E.C.,  224  Yamashiia  Cho,  Kagoshima. 
Fisher,   Rev.  C.   II.  D.,  &  W.,     882,  A.B.F.M.S.,   58  Bluff,  Yokohama 

(F.C.,  Tokyo,  27744). 
Fisher,  Mr.  Galen  M.,  &  W.,  1898,  Y.M.C.A.,   22  Gochome,  Fujimi  Cho, 

Kojimachi  Ku,  Tokyo. 

Fisher,  Mr.  R.  H.,  cS:  W.,  1914,  A.B.F.M.S.,  75  Bluff,  Yokohama. 
Flaujac,  L'Abbe,  1909,  R.C.,  Tsukiji  Ca'hedral,  Tokyo. 
Foote,  Rev.  ].  A.,  &   W.,   1912,  A.B.F.M.S.,  Rokuinantai  Cho,  Tennoji, 

Osaka. 
Forester,   Rev.   and   Hon.    O.   St.   M.,   &   W.,   C.  of  E.,   2112    Negishi, 

Yokohama. 

Foss,  Rt.  Rev.  H.  J.,  D.D.,  &  W.,  1876,  C.  of  E.,  Shi  no  Miya,  Kobe. 
Foster,  Mr.  Godfrey,  J.E.B.,  Kobe. 

Foxley,  Rev.  C.  &  W.,  1909,  S.P.G.,  37  Goban  Yashiki  Ilimeji. 
France,  Rev.  W.  F.,  1909,  S.P.G.,  11  Sakae  Cho,  Shiba,  Tokyo. 
Francis,  Miss  R.  M.,  C.M.A.,  Onomichi. 

Francis,  Rev.  T.  R.,  &  W.,  1913,  C.M.A.,  Shiobara,  Hiroshima,  Ken. 
Frank,  Rev.  J.  W.,  &  W.,  M.E.C.S.,  Nakatsu,  Buzen. 
Freeih,  Miss  F.  M.,  1896,  C.M.S.,  Motoyama  Mura,  Kumamoto, 


ALPHABETICAL   LIST  Ixxix 

French,  Miss  R.  D.,  igir,  A.B  F.M.S.,  Milford,  New  Hampshire. 

Fressenon,  I/' Abbe  M.,  1903,  R.C.,  Oshima,  Kagoshima  Ken. 

Fry,  Rev.  E.  C,  &  W.,  1894,  A.C.C.,  No.  7  Nijo  Machi,  Utsunomiya. 

Fryer,  Rev.  W.  O.,  &  W.,  191 1,  M.C.C.,  319  Hvakkoku  Machi,  Kofu  (A). 

Fryklund,  Capt.  Marie,  1914,  S.A.,  II  Ginza,  Nichome,  Tokyo. 

Fugill,  Miss  E.  M.,  1893,  C.M.S.,  Yonago,  Hoki. 

Fullon,  Miss  Marion  II.,  191  c,  P.C.U.S.A.,  Osaka, 

Fulton,  Rev.  G.  W.,  D.D.,  &  W.,  1889,  P.C.U.S.A.,  22  Kawaguchi  Machi, 

Osaka.     (F.C.  Osaka  13,828). 

Fulton,  Miss  Jane,  1912,  M.E.C.S.,  Hiroshima  Girls'  School,  Hiroshima. 
Fulton,  Rev.  S.  P.,  D.D.,  &  W.,  1888,  P.C.S.,  135  Sanchome,  Ki'ano  Clio, 

Kobe. 


Gaines,  Miss  N.  B.,  1887,  M.E.C.S.,  Hiroshima  Girls'  School,  Hiroshima. 

Gaines,  Mi*s  Rachel,  M.E.C.S.,  Hiroshima  Girls'  Shool,  Hiroshima. 

Gale,  Rev.  W.  H.,  19  2,  M.S.C.E.C.,  Shinta  Cho,  Ma'sumoto  (A). 

Galgey,  Miss  L.  A.,  1899,  C.M.S.,  Fukuyama. 

Gardener,  Miss  P\,  1907,  C.M.S.,  Tokushima. 

Gardiner,  Mr.  J.  M.,  &  \V.,    1880,  A.E.C.,  (retired)   32  Dote  Samban  did, 

Kojimachi,  Tokyo. 

Gardiner,  Miss  Ernestine  W.,  1916,  A. E.G.,  Heian  Jo  Gakko,  Kyoto. 
Gargnier,  Rev.  L.  F.,  1885,  H.C.,  Sakitsu,  Amakusa,  Nagasaki  Ken. 
Garman,  Rev.  C.  P.,  &  \V.,  1906,  A.C.C.,  902  Sendagaya,  Tokyo.  (F.C. 

Tokyo  10598) 

Garst,  Miss  Gretchen,  1912,  C.C.,  Akila. 
Garviii,  Miss  A.  E.,  1882,  P.C.U.S.A.,  Kure. 
Gauld,  Rev.  William,  £  W.,  C.P.,  Taihoku,  Formosa. 
Geley,  Rev.  J.  B.,  1895,  R.C.,  Wakayama. 

Gemmill,  Rev.  W.  C.,  1895,  S.P.G.,  u  Sakae  Cho,  Shiba,  Tokyo. 
Gerhard,  Miss  Mary  E.,  R.C.U.S.A.,  160  Kila  Yoban  Cho,  Sendai  (A). 
Gerhard,  Prof.  Paul  I-.,  &  W.,  1897,  R.C.U.S.A.,  60  Kwozenji  Dori,  Sendai. 
Gifford,  Miss  Alice  C.,  1911,  S.F.,  (A). 

Gifford,  Rev.  Frank  D.,  1911,  A.E.C.,  c/o  Bishop  Tucker,  Kyoto. 
Gillespy,  Miss  J.  C.,  1902,  C.M.S.,  108  Nobori  Cho,  Kure  (A). 
Gillett,  Miss  E.  R.,   1896,  Unc.,   125   Kashiwagi,  Vodobashi  Machi,   Tokyo 

Fu. 

Giraudia?,  I /Abbe,  1903,  R.C.,  Odawara,  Kanagawa  Ken  (A). 
Gist,  Miss  Annette,  1915,  M.E.C.  S.,  35  Shichome,  Nakayamaic  Dori,  Kobe. 
Gleason,  Mr.  Geo.,  &  W.,  1901,  Y.M.C.A.,  Sumiyoslii,  Hyogo  Ken. 
Glenn,  Miss  Agnes,  1901,  II. F.,  105  Take  Cho,  Koya,  Choshi,  Shimo=a. 
(ioodwin,  Miss  Ix>ra  C.,  1914,  M.E.C.,  Sapporo. 
Gorbold,  Mrs.  R.  P.,  1892,   P.C.U.S.A.,  Ichijo  Dori,  Muro  Machi,  Nishi  ye 

Iru,  Kyoto. 
Gordon,  Mrs.  M.  L.,  1872,  A.B.C.F.M.,  Tera  Machi  Dori,  Nashinoki  Cho, 

Kyoto. 

Govenlock,  Miss  Isabel,  M.C.C.,  14  Shirilari/aka,  Kanazavva  (A). 
Gracy,  L'Abbii  I, ,  1897,  R.C.,  Nagasaki. 

Graf 'on,  Mr.  H.  H.  &  W.,  I9i6,  Y.M.C.A.,  12  Shinryudo  Cho,  Awbu. 
Grafton,  Paul  A.,  Y.M.C.A.T.,  Tokumaya,  Yamaguchi  Ken. 
Graham,  Daniel  F.,  Y.M.C.A.T.,  Hagi,  Yamaguchi  Ken. 
Grant,  Mr.  J.  P.,  1913,  Y.M.C.A.T.,  Nakagawara,  Yamnguchi  Ken. 


Ixxx  JAPAN 

Gray,  A.  A.,  M.D.,  &  W.,  1913,  C.P.,  Taihoku,  Formosa. 

Gray,  Mr.  F.  II.,  &  W.,  Assembly  of  God,  897  Nakano,  Tokyo  Fu. 

Greene,  Elsie,  1916,  Y.W.C.A.,  14  Kita  Jimbo  Cho,  Kanda  Tokyo. 

Gregson,  Miss  D.,  S.P.G.,  Okayama. 

Gressitt,  Mr.  J.  F.,  &  W.,  1907,  A.B.F.M.S.,  30  Tsukiji,  Tokyo. 

Grey,  Rev.  Wm.  T.,  &  W.,  1905,  S.P.G.,  (A)  c/o  S.P.G.  House.  Westminster, 

London. 

Grinand,  L'Abbe,  A.,  1902,  R.C.,  Kyoto. 

Griswold,  Miss  Fannie  E.,  1889,  A.B.C.F.M.,  132  IwagiamiMura,  Maebashi. 
Grover,  Mr.  Dana  I.,  &  W.,  1904,  A.B.C.F.M.,  Karasumaru  Dori,  Imade- 

gawa  Sagaru,  Kyoto  (A). 
Guinther,   Rev.   E.   H.,  &   W.,    1914,    R.C.U.S.A.,    6l    Kwonzenji    Dori, 

Sendai. 

Gulick,  Rev.  Sidney  L.,  D.D.,  &  W.,  1888,  A.B.C.F.M.,  (A). 
Gundert,  Rev.  W.,  1906,  Unc.,  Daigo  Koto  Gakko,  Kumamoto. 
Gunter,  Mamie  E.,  Y.W.C.A.,  14  Kila  Jimbocho,  Kanda,  Tokyo. 
Gushue-Taylor,  Dr.  G.,  &  W.,  1911,  E.P.,  Tainan,  Formosa. 


H 

Iladen,  Rev.  T.  II.,  1896,  M.E.C.S.,  Kwansei  Gakuin,  Kobe. 

Hager,  Rev.  8.  E.,  D.D.,  &  \Y.,M.E.C.S.,  2  of  135  Shichome,  Kitano  Cho, 

Kobe. 
Ilagin,  Rev.  F.  E.,  &  W.,  1900,  C.C.,  65  Miyashita  Cho,  Sugamo,  Koishi- 

kawa,  Tokyo  (A). 

Hail,  Rev.  A.D.,  1878,  P.C.U.S.A.,  33  Kawaguchi  Cho,  Osaka. 
Hail,  Rev.  J.  B.,  D.D.,  &  W.,  1877,  P.C.U.S.A.,  Wakayama. 
Hail,  Mrs.  J.  E.,  P.C.U.S.A.,  33  Kawaguchi  Cho,  Osaka. 
Haines,  Mr.  Paul,  O  M.S.,  Kashiwagi,  Yodobashi  Machi,  Tokyo  Fu. 
Halbout,  Rev.  A.,  1888,  R.C.,  Akaogi  Mura,  Oshima,  Kagoshima  Ken. 
Hall,  Rev.  Marion  E.,  &:  W.,  1915,  A.B.C.F.M.,  839  Shimo  Shibuya,  Tokyo 

Fu. 

Hahey,  Miss  L.  S.,  1904,  P.C.U.S.A.,  Joshi  Gakuin,  Kojimachi,  Tokyo. 
Hamilton,  Rt.  Rev.  Bishop  II.  J-,  D.D.,  &  W.,  1892,  M.S.C.E.C.,  Iligashi 

Katahacho,  Nagoya. 

Hamilton,  Miss  F.,  M.S.C.E.C.,  Matsumoto. 
Hampton,  Miss  Mary  S..  iSSr,  M.E.C.,  (A). 
Hannaford,  Rev.  Howard  I).,  1915,  P.C.U.S.A.,  Kyoto. 
Hansee,  Miss  Martha  L.,  1907,  Unc.,  Aoyama  Gakuin,  Tokyo. 
Hansen,  Miss  Kate  I.,  1907,  R.C.U.S.A.,  Miyagi  Jo  Gakko,  Sendai. 
Hanson,  II.  J.,  Y.M.C.  A.  T.,  100  Yamashila  Cho,  Yokohama. 
Hard,  Clara  Taylor,  Y.W.C.A.,  14  Kila  Jimbo  Cho,  Kanda,  Tokyo. 
Harrington,  Rev.   C.  K.,  D.D.,  &  W.,  1886,  A.B.F.M.S.,  29  Sanai  Clio, 

Ushigome,  Tokyo  (A). 

Harris,  Miss  Bertha  L.,  1913,  R.C.U.S.A.,  Kanazawa. 
Harris,  Rt.  Rev.  Bishop  M.  C.,  D.D.,  L.L.D.,  M.E.C.,  Aoyama  Gakuin, 

Tokyo. 
Harris,  Mr.  Richard  W..  &  W.,  1909,  J.E.B.,   157  Yoshi  Hira  Yabe  Cho, 

Kobe. 

Harrison,  Miss  Ida,  W.,  1916,  A.B.C.F.M.,  Kob:  College,  Kobe. 
Harrison,  Rev.  E.  R.,  &  \V.,  1914,  A.B  M.,  Sankawa,  Chiba. 
Hart,  Miss  C.  E.,  1889,  M.C.C.,  Uyeda,  Shinshu  (A). 


ALPHABETICAL   LIST 

Hartshorne,  Miss  A.  C,  1893,  Unc.,  Gobancho,  Kojimachi,  Tokyo. 

Hassell,  Rev.  Woodrow,  &  \V.,  P.C.S.,  Takamatsu. 

Hassell,  Rev.  A.  P.,  &  W.,  P.C.S.,  Takamatsu. 

Hathaway,  Miss  M.    R.  A.,    1905,   Univ.  M.,    50  Takata   Oima'su  Cho, 

Koishikaw.i,  Tokyo. 

Haven,  Miss  Margaret  3131  Aoki  Cho,  Kanagawa  Machi,  Yokohama. 
Hayes,  Rev.  W.  II.  &  \V.,  1916,  U.H.,  lqi2  Shimo  Shibuya,  Tokyo  Fu. 
Hayes,  Mr.   C.   I).,  &   W.,   1914,  Y.M.C.A.,  6  Ura  Sarugakucho  Kanda, 

Tokyo. 

Ilea-delt,  Rev.  S.,  &  W.,  1900,  C.M.S.,  Shin  Gakuin,  Ikebukuro,  Tokyo. 
Heaton,  Miss  C.  A.,  1893,  M.E.C.,  2  Samban  Cho,  Sendai. 
Heckelman,  Rev.  F.\Y.  &  \Y.,  1906,  M.E.C.,  Sapporo. 
Hennigar,  Rev.  E.  C.,  &  ^V.,  1905,  M.C.C.,  216  Sengoku  Machi,  Toyama. 
Henty,  Miss  A.  M.,  1905,  C.M.S.,  Kyomachi,  Gifu. 
Hepner,  Rev.  C.  \\'.,  &.  \\~.,  1912,  Evang.  Luth.,  Osaka. 
Herbef,  L'Abbe  E.  J.,  R.C.,  Shimonoseki. 
Herbolizheimer,    Mr.    J.    X.,    &    W.,    S.D.A.,    2180    Minanii    Ola    Machi, 

Yokohama. 
Hereford,    Rev.    \V.    !•'.,   &   W.,    1902,    P.C.U.S.A.,    189    Kokutaiji   Mura, 

Hiroshima. 

I  lermann.  Rev.  Father,  R.C.,  Toyama. 
Ilerlzler,   Miss  Verna   S,    1912,   ().M.S.,   Yodobashi    Machi,    Kashiwagi, 

Tokyo  Fu. 

Herve,  L'Abbe,  1897,  R.C.,  Ichinoseki,  Iwate  Ken. 
Hess,  Rev.  James  M.,  oc   \V ,  1916,  A.B.C.F.M.,  Karasumaru-dori,  Ichijo 

Sagaru,  Kyoto. 

Hessler,  Miss  Minnie,  K.,  1907,  F.M.C.,  1921  Ilidein  Cho,  Tennoji,  Osaka. 
Hcuzet,  Rev.  A.  E.,  1895,  R.C.,  Kirinoura,  Goto,  Nagasaki  Ken. 
Hey  wood,  Miss  G.,  1904,  A.E.C.,  Rikkyo  |o  Gakko,  29  Tsukiji,  Tokyo. 
Hewett,  Miss  E.  ].,  1884,  M.E.C.,  2  Samban  Cho,  Sem'ai. 
Hibbard,  Mr.  C.  V.,  &  \Y.,  1902,  Y.M.C.A.,  Dairen,   124  E.    281)1  St.  New 

York. 

I  licks,  C.  R.,  Y.M.C.A.  T.,  Matsubara,  Sembon,  Kyolo. 
Hiles,  Mr.  L.C.,  O.M.S.,  Kashiwagi,  Yodobashi  Machi,  Tokyo  Fu. 
Hill,  Alfred  \V.,  Y.M.C.A.  T.,  Aoki  Yama,  Honcho  3  chome,  Shimonoseki. 
Hind,    Rev.   J.,    &    \\'.,    1890,   C.M.S.,    107   Hi  gash  i   Kajimachi,    Kc>kura, 

(F.C.  Fukuoka,  5,899). 
Hodges,  Miss  Olive  I.,  1902,  M.P.C.,  (A). 

Hoekje,  Rev.  \V.  G.,  &  \V.,  19^7,  K.C.A.,  Nishi  llori  IJata,  Saga. 
Hoffman,    Rev.    15.  1'.,    &    \Y.,   S.I). A.,    171    Amanuma,   Suginami   Mura, 

Toyotama-gun,  Tokyo  Fu. 
Hoffsommer,  Rev.  W.  E.,  &  \V.,  1907,  R.C.A.,   3228    171!!    St.,   Hamburg, 

Penn.,  U.S.A. 
Ilogan,  Miss   F.   M.   F.,  1892,  S.P.G.,   358  Sanko  Cho,  Shirctkane,  Shiba> 

Tokyo. 

Holland,  Miss  J.  M.,  1888,  C.  of  E.,  Ind.,  Chikko,  Osaka. 
Holland,  Miss  Charlie,  M.E.C.S.,  Oifa.  Oi:a  Ken. 
Holliday,  Mr.  George  A.,  1916,  M.E.C.,  Aoyama  Gakuin,  Tokyo. 
Holmes,  Rev.  C.  P.,  &  W.,  ic,c6,  M.C.C.,  Fukui. 
Holmes,  Rev.  Jerome  C.,  &  W.,  1913,  A.B.C.F.M.,  Olaru. 
Holmes,  Miss  M.,  1916,  S.P.G.,  456  Shimo  Gion  Clio,  Kol>j. 
Holtom,  Rev.  D.  C.,  &  \\.,   1910,  A.H.F.M.S,  c/o  A.B.F.M.S.,  Box  4!, 

Ford  Bldg.j  Bob'.on  Mass. 


JAPAN 

Horn,  Rev.  E.  T.,  &  W.,  1911,  Evang.  Luth.,  2  Tsurumae  Clio,  Naka  Ku. 

Nagoya 

Home,  Miss  A.  C.  J.,  1906,  C.M.S.,  Kokura  (A). 

Hospers,  Miss  Hendrine,  1913,  R.C.A.,  45  Shimo  Ta'suo  Cho,  Kagoshima. 
Howard,  Miss  E.,  S.F.G.,  5  Sanchome,  Nakayamale  Dori,  Kobe. 
Howard,  Miss  R.  D.,  1891,  C.M.S.,  Shinonome  Cho,  Nichome,  Osaka. 
Howe,  Miss  Annie  L.,  1887,  A.B.C.F.M.,  Nakayamate   Dori,    22   Roku- 

chome,  Kobe. 

Howey,  Miss  Harriet,  19:6,  M.E.O.,  Kumamoto. 
Hoyt,  Miss  O.  S.,  1902,  A.B.C.K.M.,  Kobe  College,  Kobe. 
Hughes,  Miss  A.  M.,  1897,  C.M.S.,  Usu.  (A). 

Hughes,  Miss  E.,  S.P.G.,  1 5  Rokuchome,  Nakayamate  Dori,  Kobe. 
Hughes,  Miss  E.  E.,  C.M.S.,  (A). 
Humphrey,  Rev.   L.  II.,  &  W.,   1915,  N.C.,  Sosui  llama,  Hiro  Machi, 

Kyoto. 

Humphreys,  Miss  M.,  1915,  A.E.C.,  Tsu,  Ise. 
Hunziker,   Pfarrer  Jakob,  &  W.,   G.E.P.M.S.,  23   Kamiiomi-zaka,  Koishi- 

kawa,  Tokyo. 

Kurd,  Miss  Helen  R.,  1911,  M.C.C.,  Kofu  (A). 
Hutchings,  Miss  A.  M.,  iqoS,  Unc.,  Nikko. 
Hu'chinson,  Ven.    Archdeacon  A.B.,    &   W.,    1881,    C.M.S.,    9  Deshima, 

Nagasaki. 
HuJchinson,  Rev.  A.  C.,  &  W.,  1909,  C.M.S.,  95  Yamanoguchi  Machi, 

Kagoshima, 

Hu'chinson,  Rev.  E.  G.,  1916,  C.M.S.,  Yonago. 
Ilutt,  L'Abbe  Alfred,  1898,  R.C.,  Hakodate. 
Hytoenen,  Miss  R.,  1912,  Luth.,  lida  Machi,  Shinshu. 


Iglehart,  Rev.  C.  W.,  &  W.,  1909,  M.E.C.,  Sendai. 

Iglehart,  Rev.  E.  T.,  &  W.,  1904,  M.E.C.,  4  Aoyama  Gakuin,  Tokyo. 

Imbrie,  Rev.  Wm.,  D.D.,  &  W.,  1875,  P.C.U.S.A.,  Meiji    Gakuin,  Shiro- 

kane,  Shiba,  Tokyo. 
Imhof,  Miss  Louisa,  1889,  M.E.C.,  Ikuji-In,  160  Kita  Yoban  Cho,  Sendai. 


Jack,  Rev.  Milton,  &  W.,  C.P.,  Taihoku,  Formosa. 

Jacques,  S.  G.,  &  W.,  1916,  S.D.A.,  180  Sanya,  Yoyogi,  Tokyo. 

Jacquet,  L'Abbe,  Vicar  Gen'l.  R.C.,  1887,  Shimizu  Koji,  Sendai. 

Jacobson,  E.  L.,  Y.M.C.A.T.,  Shimo  Yama'e,  Kobe. 

Jesse,  Miss  M.  D.,  1911,  A.B.F.M.S.,  c/o  A.B.F.M.S.,  Ford  Bldg.,  Boston, 

Mass. 

Jex-Blake,  Miss  M.  B.,  1898,  C.M.S.,  Hon  Machi,  Muroran,  Hokkaido  (A). 
Johan,  Rev.  Father,  R.  C.,  Ma(suyama. 
Johnson,   Miss   Kale  V.,    1886,   C.C.,   262    Hayashi    Cho,   Dangozaka-ue, 

Sendagi,  Hongo,  Tokyo  (A). 

Johnson,  Rev.  \V.  T.,  &  W.,  1902,  P.C.U.S.A.,  Tsukiji,  Tokyo. 
Johnstone,  Miss  J.  M.,  1905,  P.C.U.S.A.,  Kanazawa. 
Joly,  Rev.  E.  C.,  1885,  R.C.,  Miyazaki,  Miyazaki  Ken. 


ALPHABETICAL   LIST 

Jones,  Rev.  E.  IT.,  &  W.,  1884,  A.B.F.M.S.,  462  Minami  Machi,  Milo. 

Jones,  Miss  Mabel,  A.  B.  F.  M.  S.,  101  Hara  Machi,  Koishikawa  Ku, 
Tokyo. 

Jones,  Kev.  H.  P.,  &  W.,  M.E.C.S.,  53  Kami  Nagarekawa  Cho,  Hiro 
shima. 

Jones,  Thomas,  M.,  &  W.,  1917,  S.F.,  30  Koun  Cho,  Miia,  Shibn,  Tokyo. 

Jones,  Kev.  D.  P.,  1916,  E.P.,  Formosa. 

Jones,  Kev.  J.  I.,  &  \Y.,  1909,  M.E.C.,  (A). 

Jorgensen,  Mr.  Arthur,  &  W.,  1912,  Y.  M.  C.  A.,  124  E.  28  St.  New 
York. 

Jost  Miss  II.  J.,  1908,  M.C.C.,  14  Shiritari  Zaka,  Kana^awa. 

Judson,  Miss  Cornelia,  1887,  A.I5.C.F.M.,  Niban  Cho,  Matsuyama. 

Juergensen,  Mr.  C.  F.,  &  Y\'.,  Assembly  of  (rod,  55  Morikawacho,  Hongn, 
Tokyo. 

Julius,  Miss  O.,  C  of  E.,  Incl.,  12  Kawaguchi  Cho,  Osaka. 


K 

Kaufman,  Miss  Emma  T.,    1913,   YAY.C.A.,    14  Kita  Jimlx>  Cho,  Kanda, 

Tokyo. 

Keagey,  Miss  M.  I).,  1908,  M.C.C.,  8  Torii  Zaka,  Azabu,  Tokyo. 
Keen,  Miss  E.  M.,  1896,  C.M.S.,  7,  Shindaiku  Machi,  Nagasaki. 
Keirn,  Kev.  (•.  I.,  D.D.,  cSc  W.,  1899,  Univ.  M.,  15  Dote  Samban  Cho, 

Kojimachi,  Tokyo  (A). 

Kelly,  Kev.  H.  1913,  S.S.M.,  Shingakuin,  Ikebukuro,  Tokyo. 
Kennion  Miss  O,  1917,  C  of  E.  358  Sanko  Cho,  Shirokane,  Shiba,  Tokyo. 
Kent,  Miss  K.  A.  E  ,  1913,  A.E.C.,  Fukushima. 
Kenyon,  Harrison  M.,  Y.M.C.A.T.,  Oiaru. 
Ketchum.  Miss  Edith  L.,  M.E.C.,  (A). 

Kettlewell,  Kev.  E.,  &  \V.,  1905,  S.I'.fl.,  21  of  1752  Fukiai  Cho,  Kobe. 
Kidwell,  Miss  L.  M.,  1894,  M.E.C.,  Nagasaki. 
Killxjurne,  Kev.  E.  A,  &  W.,  1902,  O.M.S.,  Kashiwagi,  Yodobashi  Machi, 

Tokyo  Fu. 
Kilbourne,  Kev.  E.  L.,  1912,  O.M.S.,  Kashiwagi,  Yodobashi  Machi,  Tokyo 

Fu. 

Killam,  Miss  Ada  B.,  1902,  M.C.C.,  (A). 
King,    Yen    Archdeacon    A.F.,     1888,    S.l'.G ,     II    Sakae     Cho,      Shiba, 

Tokyo. 
Kingsbury,  Rev.  W.  de  L.,  &  YV.,  1907,  Unc.,  Tsukimi  Zaka,   Akatsuka- 

Kyoku,  Nagoya. 

Kinney,  Miss  J.  M.,  1905,  C.P.,  Tamsui,  Formosa. 
Kipps,  Kev.  cSc  NY.  1916,  Luih.,  Tokyo. 
Kirlland,  Miss  Leila,  1910,  P.C.S.,  Kinjo  Jo  Gakk'->,  Shichome,  Shirakatie 

Cho,  Nagoya  (A). 

Klein,  Miss  Louise,  Univ.  M  ,  50  'Jaca'a,  Oimatsu  Cho,  Tokyo. 
Knight,  Kev.  O.  II.,  &  W.,  1899,  C.M.S-,  Kapkyns,  Horsham,  England. 
Knipp,  Rev.   J.    Edgar,   &   \Y.,   U.H.C'.,    18  Miyano-Y\~aki,  Okazaki   Clio, 

Kyoto. 
Kriete,  Kev.  C.  D.,  &  \Y.,  1912,  R.C.U.S.A.,   1016  Muyuka  Machi,  Yama- 

ga'a. 

Kuyjx:r,  Rev.  Hul>eri,  1911,  K.C.A.,  71  ( »sa\vaka\vara  Koji,  Morfoka. 
Kuyper,  Miss  je  inie  M.,  1905,  R.C.A.,  178  Hluft",  Yokohama. 


JAPAN 


Lafon,  L'Abbe  II.,  1881,  R.C.,  Fukushima. 

Laisne,  L'Abbe  T.,  R.C.,  (A). 

Lake,  Rev.  L.C.,  &  W.,  1916,  P.C.U.S.A.,  Meiji  Gakuin,  Tokyo. 

Landis,  Rev.  H.  M.,  &  W.,  1888,  P.C.U.S.A.,  Meiji  Gakuin,  Tokyo. 

Landsborough,  D.,  M.D.  &  W.,  189,,  E.  P.,  Shoka,  Formosa,  (A). 

Lane,  Miss  E.  A.,  1912.  C.M.S.,  45  Yamanouchi  Cho,  Kagoshima. 

Lang,  Rev.  D.  M.,  &  W.,  1880,  C.M.S.,  55  Moto  Machi,  Hakodate. 

Langlais,  Rev.  J.,  R.  C.,  (A). 

Langley,  Mr.  Hubert,  Y.M.CA.T.,  Mikage,  Hyogo  Ken. 

Langman,  Mr.  P.  J.,  Y.M.C.A.T.,  Moto  Machi,  Hakodate. 

Laning,  George,   M.D.,   &    W.,    1910,    A.E.C.,   Cedar   Park  Ave.,   Chevy 

Chase  Md.  U.S.A. 

Laning,  Miss  Mary  E.,  1908,  A.E.C.,  Nara. 
Lansing,  Miss  H.  M.,  1893,  R.C.A.,  25  East  22nd  St.  N.Y. 
Lasseu,  Mr.  L.,  O.M.S  ,  Kashiwagi,  Yodobashi  Machi,  Tokyo  Fu. 
Lawrence,  Mr.  A.,  &  W.,  B.B.S.,  95  Yodo  Machi.  Kobe. 
Layman,  Rev.  L.,  D.D.,  &  W.,  1895,  M.P.C.,  83  Hinode  Cho,  Yokohama. 
Lea,  Rt.  Rev.  A.,  D.D.,  &  W.,  1897,  C.M.S.,  Fukuoka. 
Learned,  Rev.  1).  W.,  D.D.,  cS;:  W.,  1875,  A  B.C.F.M.,  Imadegawa  Dori, 

Kyo!o. 
Leavitr,   Miss  Julia,   1881,  P.C.U.S  A.,  Tanabe,  Wakayama  Ken.     (F.C. 

Osaka,  11,034). 
I^barbey,  L'Abbe,  R.C.,  (A). 

Lebel,  Rev.  E.,  1892,  R.C.,  Shimaxaki  Mura,  Kumamoto  Shi-gai. 
Lediard,   Miss   Mary   F.,   1906,   C.C.,  Joshi   Sei   Gakuin,  354  Nakazato, 

Takinogawa,  Tokyo  Fu. 
Lediard,  Miss  £.1916,  M.C.C.,  Uyeda.     . 
Lee,  Miss  Bessie  M.,  1914,  M.E.C.,  Fukuoka. 
Lee,  Miss  Edna,  1913,  M.E.C.,  Yokohama. 

Lee,  Rev.  F.  E.,  Ph.D.,  &  W.,  1917,  354  Nakazalo,  Takinogawa,  Tokyo  Fu. 
I>ee,  Miss  Mabel,  1903,  M.E.C.,  (A) 

Lemarie,  Rev.  F.  P.  M.,  1898,  R.C.,  Yatsushiro,  Kumamoto  Ken. 
Ix:rooine,  Rev.  J.  C.,  1894,  R.C.,  Nagoya,  (A\ 
Lennox,  Miss  E.  G.,  M.S.C.E.C.,  Niigata. 

I>ewis,  Miss  Alice  G.,  1905,  S.F.,  30  Koun  Cho,  Mi  a  Shiba,  Tokyo. 
Lindgren,  Rev.  R.  &  W.,  1917,  Finn.  Luth.,  Tokyo. 
Lindsay,  Miss  O.  C.,  M.C.C.,  Eiwa  Jo  Gakko,  Shizuoka  (A). 
Lindsey,  Miss  Lydia  A.,  1907,  R.C.U.S.A.,  Migagi  Jo  Gakko,  Sendai. 
Lindstrom,  Rev.  H.,  &  W.,    189',  C.M.A.,  24  Shimonaka  Machi,  Hiro 
shima. 
Linn,  Rev.  J.  K.,  &  W.,  1915  Evang.  Lulh.,  144  Haramachi,  Hongo  Ku, 

Tokyo. 

Lippard,  Rev.  C.  K.,  D.D.,  &  W.,  1900,  Evang.  Luth.,  Saga,  Kyushu. 
Lissarrague,  L'Abbe,  1901,  R.C.,  (A). 
Livings  on,  Miss  A.A.,  1913,  E.P.,  Shoka,  Formosa. 
Lloyd,  Miss  J.,  1913,  E.P.,  Tainan,  Formosa. 
Lloyd,  Rev.  J.  H.,  &  W.,  1908,  c/o  281,  41  h  Ave.,  New  York. 
Lobdell,   Rev.    N.   L.,   &   W.,  1905,  Univ.  M.,  32  Nichome,  Higashi  Kusa- 

buka  Cho  Shizuoka. 
Logan,  Rev.  C.  A.,   D.D.,  &  W.,   1902,  P.C.S.,  Tokushima.  (F.C.  Osaka 

22>937) 


ALPHABETICAL   LIST  IxXXV 

Jxmibard,  Rev.  F.  A.,  &  W.,  1900,  A.B.C.F.M.,  Muro  Machi  L)ori,  Ima- 

degawa  Agaru,  Kyofo. 
I/ondon,  Miss  M.  II.,  1907,  P.C.U.S.A.,  Joshi  Gakuin,  33  Kami  Niban  Cho, 

Kojimachi,  Tokyo. 

Loomis,  Miss  C.  D.,  1901,  W.U.M.,  223  Bluff,  Yokohama. 
Lcomis  Rev.H,,  &  W.,  1872,  Unc.,  Yokohama,  (A). 
Lum[)kin,  Mis-;  Estclle,  1911,  P.C.S.,  Tokushima. 
Luther,  Mks  I.  R.,  1898,  P.C.U.S.A.,  Ilokuriku  Jo  Gakko,  Kanaxawa. 


M 

MacCauley,  Rev.  Clay,  D.D.,  Unit.,  2  Shikoku,  Mita,  Shiba,  Tokyo. 

Macdonald,  Miss  A.  C.,  1904  Unc.,  12  Tamachi,  Snnchome,  Ushigome, 
Tokyo. 

Maclntire,  Miss  Frances  W.,  1916,  M.E.C..  Hakodate. 

MacKay,  Mr.  G.  W.,  &  W.,  C.I'.,  Tamsui,  Formosa. 

Mackintosh,  Miss  Sabine.  I''..,  1916,  E.I'.,  Formosa. 

MacLeod,  Rev.  D.  &  \V.,  1907,  CM'.,  Tamsui,  Formosa. 

MacXair,  Mrs.  T.  M.,  1883,  I'.C'.U.S.A.,  2  Nishi  Machi,  Nihon-enoki, 
Shiba,  Tokyo. 

Madeley,  Rev.  W.  F.,  &  \V  ,  1889,  A.K.C.,  9  Motokaji  Cho,  Sendai  (A). 

Makeham,  Miss  S.  E  ,  1908,  M.S.C.E.C.,  Nagano. 

Mann,  Miss  Irene.  P.,  1895,  A.E.C.,  Utsunomiya. 

Mann,  Rev.  J.  C.,  cS;  W.,  C.M.S  ,  Matsuye. 

Marie,  L'Abbe  L.  C.,  1888,  R.C.,  Hiroshima. 

Marion,  L'Abbe  P.,  R.C.,  1895,  Fukushima. 

Marmonier,  L'Abbe  P.  C.  II.,  1900,  R.C.,  Tamalsukuri,  Osaka. 

Martin,  Mr.  J.  V.,  iv:  W.,  1914,  M  E.C.,  Aoyama  Gakuin,  Tokyo. 

Manin,  Rev.  Win.,  &  \Y.,  1914,  Union  Church,  67  Bluff,  Yokohama. 

Marl  in,  L'Abbe,  1910,  R.C.,  Miyazaki. 

Matheson,  Miss  Margaret  S.A.,  M.E.C.,  Nagasaki. 

Mathon,  L'Abbe,  Remy,  R.C.,  (A). 

Matrat,  Rev.  J.  Fr.,  1881,  R.C.,  Hirosashi,  Ilirado,  Nagasaki  Ken. 

Matthew,  Miss  Margaret  L.,  1908,  Y.W.C.A.,  14  Kita  Jimbo  Cho,  Kanch, 
Tokyo. 

Matthews,  Rev.  W.  K.,  &  W.,  1902,  M.E.C.S.,  Kwansci  Gakuin,  Kobe. 

Matthews,  Miss  Mary,  1916,  A.E.C.,  Heian  Jo  Gakko,  Kyoto. 

Mauk,  Miss  Laura,  E.A.,  84  Sasugaya  Cho,  Koishikawa,  Tokyo. 

Maxwell,  Rev.  J.  L  ,  M.D.,  &  W.,  1901,  E.P.,  Formosa  (A). 

Mayer,  Rev.  P.  S.,  &  \V.,  1909,  E.A.,  (A)  Paynesville.  Minnesota. 

May  rand,  Rev.  P.  A.,  1889,  R.C.,  Ilachioji. 

McAlpine,  Rev.  R.  E.,  D.D.,  cS:  W.,  1885,  P.C.S.,  64  Shirakabe  Cho, 
Ilchome,  Nagoya. 

McCaleb,  J.  M.,  (&  W.,  absent)  1892,  Unc.,  68  Zoshigaya  Mura,  Koishi 
kawa,  Tokyo. 

McCall,  Rev.  C.  F.,  &  W.,  1908,  C.C.,  (A). 

McCauley,  Mrs.  J.  K.,  1880,  P.C.U.S.A.,  Tokyo. 

McCloy,  Miss  G.  T-,  NV.U.M.,  Yokohama. 

McCord,  Rev.  E/K.,  ,V  \\  .,  1900,  A.C.C.,  41  Karahori  Cho,  (F.C.Tokyo 
l8,cxD7)  Sendai. 

McCoy,  Rev.  R.  D  ,  &  \V.,  1904,  C.C.,  Sei  Gakuin,  Takinogawa,  Tokyo  Fu. 

McCrory,  Miss  Carrie  II.,  1912,  P.C.U.S.A.,  Otaru. 


1XXXV1  JAPAN 

McT3onald,  Miss  M.  D.,  1912,  P.C.U.S.A.,  Joshi  Gakuin,  33  Kami  Niban 
Cho,  Kojiinachi,  Tokyo  (A). 

McDowell,    Miss     Jessie,     1912,    M.  E.  C.  S.,    Hiroshima    Girls'     School, 
Hiroshima. 

Mclhvfune,  Rev.  W.  B.,  &  W.,  1889,  P.C.S.,  1 88  Sanchome,  Tori  Cho,  Kochi. 

McKenzie,  Rev.  D.  R.,  D.D.,  (&  W.  (A).),  1891,  M.C.C.,  23  Kamitomizaka, 
Koishikawa,  Tokyo,  (F.C.,  Tokyo,  24,908). 

McKim,  Rt.  Rev.  John,  D.D.,  1880,  A.E.C.,  38  Tsukiji,  Tokyo. 

Me  Kim,  Miss  Bessie,  1905,  A.E.C  ,  472  Nishi  Okubo,  Tokyo  Fu. 

McKim,  Miss  Nellie,  1914,  A.EC.,  38  Tsukiji,  Tokyo. 

McKim,  Rev.  J.  Cole,  &  W.,  1912,  A.E.C.,  Wakamatsu. 

McKinnon,  D.  Brooke,  1917,  Y.M.C.A.T,.  Oiaru. 

McKowan,  Miss  Amy  E.,  1911,  A.B.C.F.M.,  Baikwa  Jo  Gakko,  Osaka. 

Mclxiod,  Miss  Anna,  1910,  M.C.C.,  Kanazawa. 

McWilliams,  Rev.  W.  R.,  &  W.,  1916,  M.C.C.,  23  Kamitomizaka,  Koishi 
kawa,  Tokyo. 

Mead,  Miss  Bessie,  1904,  A.E.C.,  Yamagafa. 

Mead,  Miss  I-avinia,  1887,  A.B.FM.S.,  Imasato,  Kamitsu  Mura,  Nishinari 
Gun,  Osaka. 

Medling,  Rev.  P.  P.,  &  W.,  1907,  S.B.C.,  79  Yamashita  Cho,  Kagoshima. 

Melton,  Miss,  M.C.C.,  Toriizaka  Eiwa  Jo  Gakko,  Azabu,  Tokyo. 

Menteth,  Miss  L.  Stuart,  1916,  S.P.G.,  358  Sanko  Cho,  Shirokane,  Shiba, 
Tokyo. 

Meredith,  Rev.  F.  C.,  1912,  A.E.C.,  Maebashi. 

Messenger,  Rev.  J.  F.,  &  W.,  1916,  Unc.,  6  Naka  Cho,  Yotsuya,  Tokyo. 

Meyers,  Rev.  J.  T.,  &  W.,  1893,  M.E.C.S.,   133  Kami  Nobori  Cho,  Hiro 
shima. 

Milan,  Rev.  Father,  R.C.,  Uwajima. 

Miles,  Rev.  B.  N.,  &  W.,  1909,  S.P-G.,  Dzushi. 

Miller,  Rev.  II.  K-,  &  W.,  1892,  R.C.U.S.A.,  9-B.  Tsukiji,  Tokyo.  (F.C, 
Tokyo  20,029). 

Miller,  Miss  Alice,  1896,  Unc.,  789  Sendagaya,  Tokyo. 

Miller,  Rev.   I,.  S,  G.,  &  W.,   1907,  Evang.  Lath.,  15  Gokurakuji  Cho, 
Fukuoka. 

Miller,  Colwell,  1917,  Y.M.C.A.T.,  Meiji  Gakuin,  Shiba,  Tokyo. 

Miller,  Miss  Janet,  M.E.C.S.,  Hiroshima,  Girl's  School,  Hiroshima. 

Miller,  Mr.  W.  F.,  O.M.S.,  Kashiwagi  Yodobashi  Machi,  Tokyo  Fu. 

Millican,  Rev.  R.  W.,  1911,  F.M.C.,  Sumoto,  Awaji. 

Milliken,  Miss  E.  P.,  1884,  P.C.U.S.A.,  Joshi  Gakuin,  33  Kami  Niban 
Cho,  Kojimachi,  Tokyo. 

Millman,  Rev.  R.  M.,  &  W.,  1909,  M.S.C.E.C.,  Toyohashi. 

Mills,  Mr.  E.  O.,  &   W.,   1908,  S.B.C.,  Box  359.  R.F.D.,  Route  9.  Los 
Angeles,  Calif.,  U.S.A. 

Minkkinen,  Rev.  D.,  &  W.,  1905,  Finn.  Luth.,  Kami  Suwa,  Shinshu. 

Misener,  Mrs.  E.  W.,  M.C.C.,  Kwansei  Gakuin,  Kobe.  (A). 

Mohr,  Rev.  Father,  R.C.,  Yamaga'a. 

Monk,  Miss  A.  M.,  1904,  P.C  U.S.A.,  llokusei  Jo  Gakko,  Sapporo. 

Montagu,  L'Abbe  I,.,  1902,  R.C.,  Sendai. 

Montgomery,  Rev.  W.  E.,  &  W.,  1909,  E.P. 

Montieth,  Miss  L.  S.,  1915,  S.l'.G.,  Tokyo. 

Moody,  Rev.  Campbell  N.,  E.P.,  Formosa.  (A). 

Moon,  Miss  Mira,  Unc.,  Aoyama  Gakuin,  Tokyo. 

Moore,  Rev.  B.  S.,  &  W.,  1915,  Unc.,  Motomachi,  Yokohama. 


ALPHABETICAL   LIST 

Moore.  Miss  Ellen,  1900,  U.  B.,  1929  Shimo  Shibuya,  Tokyo  Fti. 

Moore,  Rev.  J.  P.,  D.I).,  &  W.,   1883,  R.C.U.S.A.,   112  Kila  Nibancho, 

Sendai.  . 

Moore,  Rev.  J.  W.,  &  \\'.,  1890,  P.C.S.,  Susaki  Ma-hi,  Kochi  Ken. 
Moore,  Rev.  I).  II.,  &  W.,  1914,  C.  of  E.,  1833  Shimo  Shibuya,  Tokyo  Fu. 
Moigaii,  Miss  A.  E.,  1889,  P.C.U.S.A.,  Yokkaichi,  Ise. 
Moulton,  Miss  Julia,  1891,  R.C.A.,  178  Bluff,  Yokohama. 
Moran,  Rev.  S.  F.,  &   W.,  1916,  A.B.C.F.M.,    12   Ilonmura  Clio,  A^abu, 

Tokyo. 

Mozley,  Miss  G.,  1916,  J.E.B.,  Tokyo. 

Munroe,  Rev.  II.  II.,  &  W.,  1906,  P.C.S.,  602  Eikokuji  Machi,  Kochi. 
Munroe,  Miss  Helen,  3131  Aoki  Cho,  Kanagawa  Machi,  Yokohama. 
Murray,  Rev.  D.  A.,  D.I).  &  \Y.,  (A).  1888,  P.C.U.S.A.,  Tsu. 
Myers,  Rev.  II.  W.,  1  >.!>.,  &  \V.,  1897,  P.C.S.,  YamamoJo  Dori,  Kobe. 
Mylander,  Miss  Ku!h,   1910,  F.M.C.,    1921   Ilidein  Clio,  Tennoji,  Osaka. 

(A). 

N 

Nash,  Miss  E.,  1891,  C.M.S.,  Matsuye. 

Necly,  Miss  Clara  J.,  1899,  A.E.C.,  Portsmouth,  Va.,  U.S.A. 

Nevile,  Miss  C.  L.,  19:  5,  S.P.G.,  c/o  S.P.G.  House,  'Weslminster,  London. 

Newbold,  Miss  E.  G.,  19  ,7,  A.E.C.,  Koriyama. 

Newcomb,  Miss  E  hel,  1913,  M.E.C.S.,  ()i  a,  Oita  Ken. 

Newell,  Rev.   H.   1).,  D.D.,  &  W.,  1887,  A.B.C.F.M.,  Niban  Cho,  Matsu- 

yama. 
Newton,   Rev.   J.   C.   C.,   D  D.,   &   \V .,    1888,  M.E.C.S.,  Kwansei  Gakuin, 

Kobe. 
Nichols   Rev.  S.  II.,  £  \Y.,   1911,  A.E.C.,   127  Azabashi  inoto  Uramachi, 

Aomcri. 
Nicholson,   Mr.    Herbert   U.,    1915,    S.F.,   30    Koun  Machi,  Mila,   Shiba, 

Tokyo. 

Nicodemus,  Prof.  F.  B.  &  W.  Sendai,  (A). 
Nielson,  Rev.  A.  B.,  1895,  E.P.,  Tainan,  Formosa. 
Nielson,    Rev.   J.    P.,    &    W  ,    1909,    l.u'h.,    53   Nichome,    Iliyoshi    Cho, 

Kurume. 
Noailles,  L'Abbe  Olivier  de,   1883,   R.C.,  80   Ilonmura,   Yamashiia  Cho, 

Yokohama. 
N.iordhoff,    Miss   Jeane,    R.C.A.,    Maruyama    Machi,    Baiko    Jo    Gakuin, 

Shimonoseki. 

Norman,  Rev.  I).,  &  W.,  1897,  M.C.C  ,  12  Agata  Machi,  Nagano,  (A). 
Norman,  Miss  L.,  1913,  M.C.C.,  Kwansei  Gakuin,  Kobj.  (A'. 
Norton,  Miss  E.  L.  B.,  1900,  C.M.S.,  Sapporo. 
Norton,  Miss  Dorothy,  1916,  A.E.C.,  c/o  Bishop  Tucker,  Kyoto. 
Noss,  Rev.  Christopher,  D  D.,  &  \V  ,  1895,  R.C.U.S.A ,  Wakama'su,  (A\ 
Nott,  Miss  F.  L,  1916,  CM.S.,  Nagasaki. 
Nylund,  Miss  J.,  Lu  h.  Finn.,  Shinslm,  lida. 


Obe?,  Rev.  E.  I ,  &  W.,  1904,  M  P.C.,  Tamanoi  Cho,  A»su!a,  Nagoya. 
Ogburn,  Rev.  N.  S.,   1912,  M.E.C  S.,  Tokuya'iia,  Yainaguchi  Ken. 
Oidham,  MUs  Lavinia,  1892,  C.C.,  35  Nakano  Cho,  Ichigaya,  Tokyo. 


Ixxxviii  JAPAN 

Olds,  Rev.  C.  B.,  &  W.,  1903,  A.B.C.F.M.,  Nichome  Gakko  Clio,  Niiga'a. 

Oliphant,  Rev.  I,.  D.,  &  W.,  1914,  C  C.,  Aki  a. 

Oltmans,   Rev.    A.,   D.D.,   &   \Y.,,R.C.A.,  Meiji  Gakuin,  Shirokane,  Shiba, 

Tokyo. 

Oltmans,  Miss  C.  J.,  1914,  R.C.A.,  178  Bluff,  Yokohama. 
Or  mans,  Miss  F.  E.,  1914,  R.C.A.,  178  Bluff,  Yokohama. 
Oney,  Rev.  Edward,  O.M  S.,  Kashiwagi,  Yodobashi,  Tokyo  Fu, 
Orknery,  Mr.  John.  O  M.S.,  Kashivvagi,  Yodobashi,  Tokyo  Fu. 
Ostrom,  Rev.  H.  C,  &  W.,  1911,  P.C.S.,  Tokushima. 
Outerb  idge,  Rev.  II.  \\.,  &  W.,  1910,  M.C.C.,  (A). 
Oxford,  Mr.  J.  S.,  &  W.,  1910,  M-E.C.S.,  23  Shichome,  Kila  Nagasa  Dori, 

Kobe. 


Page,  Miss  Mary,  1912,  Y.W.C.A.,  14  Kita  Jimbo  Cho,  Kanda,  Tokyo. 

Painter,  Rev.  S.,  &  \V.,  1896,  C.M.S.,  Omuta,  Fukuoka  Ken. 

Parker,  Miss  A.,  1901,  S.P.G.,  337  Okuhirano  Mura,  Kol)e  (A). 

Parker,  Miss  Edith,  1909,  C.C.,  354  Nakazalo,  Takinogav.a,  Tokyo  Fu. 

Parker,  Miss  Mary  M.,  1916,  M.C.C.,  Nagano,  Shinshu. 

Parmelee,  Miss  H.  F.,  1877,  A  B.C.F.M.,  15  Teppo  Cho,  Matsuyama. 

Parrott,  Mr.  Fred.,    &  W.,  1890,    B.BS.,  Bible    House,  95  Yedo    Machi, 

Kobe. 

Pasley,  Miss  M.  L.,  1903,  C.M.S.,  Hainada. 
Patterson,  Rev.  G.  S.,  &  W.,  1912,  M.C.C.,  Toronto. 
Patton,  Miss  A.  V.,  1900,  P.C.S.,  Okazaki,  Mikawa. 
Patton,  Miss  F.  D.,  1895,  P.C.S.,  Okazaki,  Mikawa. 

Pawley,  Miss  Anabelle,  19^,5,  A.B.F.M.S.,  47  Shimo  Tera  Machi,  Himeji. 
Payr.e,  Miss  E.  C.,  1892,  C.M.S.,  Otaru. 
Payne,  Miss  Ada,  M.,  M.C.C.,  Toyama. 

Pearce,  Miss  E.  A.,  1908,  O.M.S.,  Kashiwagi,  Yodobashi,  Tokyo  Fu. 
Peatross,  Rev.  L.  A.,  1913,  A. E.G.,  53  Tsakiji,  Tokyo. 
Peck,  Miss  Sally  P.,  1901,  A.E.C.,  Yoshida  Machi,  Kami  Kyoku,  Kyoto. 
Peckham,  Miss  Carrie,  M.E.C.,  1915,  Kwassui  Jo  Gakko,  Nagasaki. 
Pedley,   Rev.   Hilton,  &  W.,   1889,   A.  B.  C.  F.  M.,    132    Iwagami   Mura, 

Maebashi  (A). 
Peeke,  Rev.  H.  V.  S.,  D.D.,  &  W.,  1888,  R.C.A.,  (F.C.  Fukuoka,  810)  25 

East  22nd  St.  New  York  City. 
Peet,  Miss  Azalia,  1916,  M.E.C.,  Fukuoka. 
Pelu,  Rev.  A.C.A.,  1872,  R.C.,  Do  a'ti,  Goto,  Nagasaki  Ken. 
Pennick,   Capt.   Henry   R.,  &   W.,   1913,  S.A.,  4  Hikawa  Cho,  Akasaka, 

Tokyo. 
Penrod,  Miss  C.  T.,  1892,  J.E.B.,   356  Naka  Hyakunin  Machi,  Okubo, 

Tokyo  Fu. 

Perrin,  Rev.  H.  O.,  1884,  R.C.,  Kobe. 
Peterson,  Miss  A.  J.,  1891,  S.  All.,  Chiba,  Shimosa. 
Peto,  Mr.  H.,  C.M.S.,  Yonago. 
Pettee,  Rev.  J.  H.,  D.D.,   &  W.,  1878,  A.B.C.F.M.,   12  Honmura  Cho, 

Azabu,  Tokyo  (F.C.,  Tokyo,  32418). 
Petiier,  L'Abbe  A.  E.,  1868,  R.C.,  44'  Bluff,  Yokohama. 
Phelps,  Mr.  G.  S.,  &  W.,   1902,  Y.M.C.A.,  22  Fujimi   Cho,  Gochome, 

Kojimachi,  Tokyo  (A), 


ALPHABETICAL    LIST 

Philips,   Miss  E.  G.,   1901,    S.P.G.,    108  -  Zoshigaya  Machi,    Koishikawa, 

Tokyo. 

Pickard-Cambridgc,  Rev.  C.  O.,  M.A.,  &  W.,  C.M.S.,  i  Tonoo  Cho,  Saseho. 
Pider,  Miss  Myrllc  Z.,  1911,  M.E.C.,  Sapporo,  (A). 
Pierson,  Rev.  G.  P.,  1  >.D.,  &  W.,  P.C.U.S.A.,  Nokkeushi,  Hokkaido. 
Pieters,  Rev.  Albertus  &  W.,  1891,  K.C.A.,  1697,  Nishi  Shimmachi,  Oila, 

(F.C.,  Fukuoka  3322). 
Pielers,  Miss  Johanna  A.,  1904,  R.C.A.,  Maruyama  Machi,  Baiko  Jo  Gakuin, 

Shimonoseki. 
Pifer,  Miss  B.  Catherine,  1901,  R.C.U.S.A ,  6  Maruyama  Cho,  Koishikawa, 

Tokyo  (A). 

Pinsenl,  Mrs.  A.  M.,  1905,  M.C.C.,  Shidzuoka. 

Piper,  Miss  Margaret  F.  1914,  Unc.,  195  Uneon  Machi,  Itchome,  Kobe. 
Place,  Miss  Pauline,  1916,  M.E.C.,  Kumamoto. 
Plimpton,  Miss  Margaret,  1916,  M  F-.C.,  Fukuoka. 
Poc,  Mr.  R.,  O.M  S.,  Kashiwagi,  Yodobashi,  Tokyo  Fu. 
Pollock,  Chauncy,  Y.M.C.A.T.,  Kagoshiina. 
Poole,  Miss  Carrie  M.,  1914,  M.E.C.,  Kuinainoto. 
Pool,  Miss  Lillian,  1906,  N.C.,  Sosui  Hama.  Iliromachi,  Kyoto. 
Porter,  Miss  F.  E.,  P.C.U.S.A..   1010  \"amamura   Machi,  Fukakusa  Mura, 

Kyoto  Fu. 

Pougct,  L'Abbe  A.,  1893,  R.C.,  Morioka. 
Powles,   Rev.  P.  S.  C.,  &  \V.,   1916,  M.S  C.E.C.,  Jap.   Language   School, 

Tokyo. 

Pratt,  Miss  S.  A.,  1892,  W.U.M.,  212  BlufV,  Yokohama. 
Preston,  Miss  E.  I).,  1908,  C.M.S.,  Tokushima. 
Preston,  Mis  Grace  S.,  1913,  M.E.C.,  Hirosaki. 

Price,  Rev.  P.  G.,  &  W.,  1912,  M.C.C.,  14  Nakatakajo  Machi,  Kanazawa. 
Pringle,  Miss  F.  C'.,  1900,  S.P.G.,  Juji  Machi,  Odawara. 
Puissani,  Rev.  M.,  iS88,  K.C.,  Kishiwada,  Osaka  Fu. 
Purinton,  Mr.  R.  E.,  &  \\'.,  Y.M.C.A.T.,  19  Kawaguchi  Machi,  Osaki. 


R 

Ragan,  Miss  Ruth,  YAY.C.A.,  (A). 

Raguct,  L'Abbe  E.,  R.C.,  Urakami,  Nagasaki  Ken. 

Ranck,  Miss  Elmina,  1906,  E.A.,  4  Otsuzumi,  K  oriyama,  Fukushiina  Ken. 

Ransom,  Miss  Mary  1L,  1901,  P.C. U.S.A.,  Wilmina  Jo  Gakko,  Osaka. 

Ranson,  Miss  A.  1..,  1904,  A.E.C.,  II  Higashi  Ichibancho,  Sendai. 

Raoult,  Rev.  C.  E.,  1896,  R.C.,  Hitoyoshi,  Kuinainoto  Ken. 

Rawlings,  Rev.  G.  \\.,  &  \\.,  1900,  C.M.S.,  Osaka. 

Ray,  Rev.  J.  F.,  &  \Y.,  1904,  S.B.C.,  \Yalnut,  Miss.,  U.S.A. 

Rces,  Miss  Sarah  J.,  A.E.C.,  II  Higashi  Ichibancho,  Sendai. 

Reifsnider,  Rev.  C.S.,  L.H.D.,  &  \V.,  1901,  A.E.C.  56  Tsukiji,  Tokyo. 

Reifsnider,  Mr.  John,  &  \V.,  1902,  A.E.C'.,  6  Tsukiji,  Tokyo. 

Reiners,  Prefet  Apostlique,  R.C  .,  Kanazawa. 

Reischauer,  Rev.  A.K.,  D.D..&  \Y.,  1905,  P.C.U.S.A., Meiji  Gakuin,  Tokyo, 

Reive,  Miss  A.  I).,  E.P.,  1913,  Tainan,  Formosa. 

Relave,  L'Abbe  T.  L.,  1885,  I\.C'.,  Miyazu,  Tango. 

Rey,  Rt.  Rev.  Archbishop,  J.P.,  1882,  R.C'.,  Tsukiji  Cathedral,  Tokyo. 

Rey,  A'bbe  A.,  1889,  K.C.,  Tamashima,  Okayarna  Ken. 

Reynaud,  L'Abb<i  Jules,  1896,  R.C.,  Sendai, 


XC  JAPAN 

Richards,  Rev.  W.  A.,  S.P.G.,  Odawara. 

Richardson,  Rev.  C.  F.,  13  Higashi  Yamate,  Nagasaki. 

Richardson,  Miss  C.  M.,  1911,  C.M.S.,  (A). 

Riddell,  Miss  IL,  1890,  C.  of  E.,  436  Furu  Shin  Yashiki,  Kumamoto. 

Ridley,  Miss  A.  C.,  One.,  3  of  20,  Shichome,  Yamamoto  Dori,  Kobe. 

Riker,  Miss  Jessie,  1903,  P.C.U.S.A.,  Yamada,  Ise. 

Roberts,  Miss  A.,  1897,  C-M.S.,  89  Harajuku,  Tokyo  (A). 

Robertson,  Miss  M.  A.,  1891,  M.C.C.,  Kofu. 

Robinson,  Rev.  C.  E.,  &  \V.,  1907,  C.C.,  Sumiyoshi,  Osaka. 

Robinson,  Rev.  J.  C.,  &  W.,  1888,  M.S.C.E.C.,  6  Shirakabe  Oho,  Nagoya. 

Robinson,  Miss  Hilda  M.,  1913,  M.S.C.E.C.,  Gifu. 

Roll  st  in,  Mr.  W.  P.,  Unc.,  Osaka  (A). 

Ross,  Rev.  C.  H.,  &  W.,  1910,  A.B.F.M.S.  95  Columbia  St.  Pasadena,  Cal. 

Rowe,  Rev.  J.  II.,  &  W.,  1906,  S.B.C.,  29  Sakura  Baba,  Nagasaki. 

Rowland,  Rev.  G.  M.,  D.D.,  &  W.,  A.B.C.F.M.,  Kiia  Sanjo,  Higashi  Shi 

chome,  Sapporo. 

Rowland,  Prof.  Paul,  Unc.,  Sapporo. 
Rowland,   Miss  E.  M.,    1906,  S.P.G.,    II    Kami    Waka   Dori,   Sanchome, 

Kobe. 

Rowlands,  Rev.  F.  W.,  &  W.,  C.  of  E.,  42  Yohano  Cho,  Fukuoka. 
Ruigh,  Rev.  D.  C.,  &  W.,  1905,  R.C.A.,  450  Sanko  Cho,  Shirokane,  Shiba, 

Tokyo,  (T.C.,  Tokyo  15,367). 

Rupert,  Miss  N.  L.,  1913,  A.B.C.F.M.,  Kobe  College,  Kobe. 
Russell,  Miss  E.,  1878,  M.E.C.,  Kwassui  Jo  Gakko,  Nagasaki. 
Russell,  Miss  M.  Helen,  M.E.C.,  Hirosaki. 
Russell,  Miss  May,  1911,  M.E.C.,  Kwassui  Jo  Gakko,  Nagasaki. 
Ryan,  Miss  Esther,  1913,  M.C.C.,  Kofu. 
Ryan,  Mr.  W.  Scott.  &  W.  1917,  Y.M.C.A.  3  Sanchome,  Mitoshiro  Cho, 

Kanda,  Tokyo. 
Ryder,  Rev.  Stephen  W.,  &  W.,    1913,  R.C.A.,  45    Shimo    Tatsuo    Cho, 

Kagoshima.  (F.C.  Tokyo,  29,009). 

Ryder,  Miss  G.  E.  1908,  A.B.F.M.S.,  51  Tenma  Cho,  Yotsuya,  Tokyo. 
Ryerson,  Rev.  G.  E.,  &  W.,   1905,  S.P.G.,  12  Yamamoto  Dori  4  chome, 

Kobe. 


Salisbury,  Laurence,  1917,  Y.M.C.A.T.,  Fukuchiyama. 

Salmon,  Right  Rev.  M.  A.,  Vic.  Gen.,  1868,  R.C.,  Nagasaki. 

Sander,  Miss  M.,  1890,  C.M.S.,  Tokyo. 

Sanders,  Mr.  T.  II.,  &  \V.,  1912,  Unc.,  Yamaguchi. 

Saunby,  Rev.  J.  W.,  &  W.,   1910,  M.C.C.,   14  Nakatakaio  Machi,  Knna- 

zawa  (Ai 

Sauret,  Rev.  M.,  1870,  R.  C.,  Kuruine. 
Savolainen,  Mr.  V.,  &  W.,  1907,  Evang.  Luth.,  Kila  13  Jo  Nishi  3  chome, 

Sapporo. 

Schaffn:r,  Rev.  P.  F.,  &  W.,  1915,  R.C.U.S.A.,  Wakamatsu,  Inawashiro. 
Schereschewsky,  Miss  C.  E.,  1910,  A.E.C.,  36  Kami  Rokuban  Cho  Koji- 

machi,  Tokyo. 
Schiller,   Supt.  Dr.   Emil,   &   W.,    1895,   G.E.P.M.S.,    10   Shogoin   Cho, 

Noboribata,  Kyoto. 
Schlegelmilch,   Miss  Ponr.a,    1909,  M.P.C.,  Eiwa  Jo  Gakko,  Maita  Cho, 

Yokohama. 


ALPHABETICAL   LIST  XC1 

Schneder.  Rev.  D.  B.,  D.D.,  &  W.,  1887,  R.C.U.S.A.,  164  Higashi  Samban 

Cho,  Sendai. 
Schroeder,   Pfarrer   E.,   &  W.,    1908,  G.E.P.M.S.,   23  Kami  Tomi  Zaka 

Machi,  Koishikawa,  Tokyo. 

Schwab,  Rev.  B.T.,  &  W.,  1914,  E.A.,  500  Ochiai  Mura,  Tokyo  Fu. 
Schwartz,  Rev.  II.  W.,  M.D.  &  W.,  1885,  A.B.S.,  222  Bluff,  Yokohama  (A). 
Schwartz,  Rev.  II.  B.,  D.U.,  &  W.,  M.E.C.,  (A). 

Schweitzer,  Miss  Edna,  1912,  E.A.,  84  Sasugaya  Cho,  Koishikawa,  Tokyo. 
Scott,  Miss  Ada,  35  Nakano  Cha,  Ichigaya,  Tokyo. 
Scott,  Mr.  C.  J.,  Y.M.C.A.T.,  Fukuchiyama. 
Scott,    Rev.    V.    N.,    &    W.,    1904,   M.E.C.,  6  Higashi   Yamate,  Nagasaki 

(F.C.,  Fukuoka,  4060). 
Scott,  Rcv.^.  H.,  &  W,,  1892,  A.B.F.M.S.,  27  Gojodori,  Nichome  Chikko, 

Nishi  Ku,  Osaka,  f  F.C.,  Osaka,  15,202). 
Scott,  Rev.  J.  J.,  &  W.,  1911,  C.M.S.,  Kure. 
Scott,  Miss  Mary,  1911,  M.C.C.  (A). 
Scudder,  Rev.    Doremus,  M.D.,  D.D.,  &   W.,   Unc.,  23   Kami   Tomizaka 

Cho,  Koishikawa,  Tokyo. 
Searle,  Miss  S.  A.,  1883,  A.B.C.F.M.,  Kobe  College,  60   Shichome,   Yama- 

mo'.o  Dori,  Kobe. 
Seiple,   Rev.   W.   G.,  Ph.D.,   &   \V.,    1905,    R.C.U.S.A.,   125   Tsuchidoi, 

Sendai. 

Sells,  Miss  E.  A.  P.,  1893,  C.M.S.,  45  Yamanouchi  Cho,  Kagoshima. 
Sergie,  Archbishop,    1908,    R.O.C.,    6   Iligashi    Kobai   Cho,  Suruga   Dai, 

Tokyo. 
Shafer^  Rev.  L.  J.,  &  \Y.,  1912,  R.C.A.,  155  Elmendorf  St.,  Kingston,  N.Y., 

U.S.A. 
Shannon,   Miss    Katherinc,     1908,    M.E.C.S.,    Hiroshima    Girls'    School, 

Hiroshima. 
Shannon,  Miss   I.    L.,    1904,   M.E.C.S.,   35  Shichome,  Nakayamatc,  !>>ri, 

Kobe. 

Sharpies?,  Miss  F.,  1910,  S.F.,  Mito. 

Shaw,  Miss  L.,  M.S.C.E.C.,  12  Kawaguchi  Cho,  Osaka  (A). 
Shaw,  Rev.  R.  D.,  &  W.,  1901,  S.P.G.,  Shidzuoka. 
Shaw,  Glenn,  &  \V.,  Y.M.C.A.T.,  Tengachaya,  Tennoji,  Osaka. 
Shepherd,  Miss  E.  M.,  1910,  S.P.G.,  Tokyo,  (A). 
Sherman,  Miss  M.  B.,  1902,  P.C.U.S.A.,  Matsuyama. 
Sheppard,  Miss  E.,  Unc.,  3  of  20,  Shichome,  Yamamoto  Dori,  Kolje. 
Shively,  Rev.  B.  F.,  &  \Y.,  1907,  U.B.C.,  Xashinoki  Cho,  Kyoto. 
Shorty  Rev.  C.  H.,  1900,  M.S.C.E.C.,  Niigata. 
Sifton,  Miss  I.  A.,  1897,  Unc.  (A). 

Siler,  Miss  Annice,  1916,  M.E.C.S.,  Hiroshima  Girl's  School,  Hiroshima. 
Silhol,  L'Abbe  L.  J.,  R.C.,  Osaka. 
Simeon,  Miss  R.,  1915,  S.P.G.,  Shizuoka. 
Simpson,  Rev.  J.  B.,  1910,  S.P.G.,  (A). 

Sims,  Mr.  J.  G.,  &  W.,  1914,  M.E.C.S.,  Kwansei  Gakuin,  Kobe. 
Singer,  Miss  Florence  E.,  1894,  M.E.C.,  lai  Jo  Gakko,  Hakodate. 
Slate,  Miss  Anna  B.,  1902,  M.E.C.,  (A). 

Smelser,  Mr.  F.  L.,  &  W.,  1895,  H.F.,  2092  Minami  Otamachi,  Yokohama. 
Smith,  Rev.  Frisby  D.,  &  W.,  1908,  Luth.,  139  Iligashi  Ka!a  Machi,  Hongo 

Ku,  Tokyo. 

Smith,  Rev.  F.  II.,  &  W.,  1905,  M.E.C.,  Nandaimon,  Seoul,  Chosen. 
Smith,  Mr.  Lloyd  M.,  &  W.,  A.E.C.,  1915,  Nara. 


xcii  JAPAN 

Smith,  Rev.  P.  A.,  &  W.,  1903,  A.E.C.,  Fukui. 

Smith,   Mr.   Roy,  &  W.,    1908,   Y.M.C.A.T.,    Higher   Commercial   School 

Kobe. 

Smith,  Miss  S.  C.,  1880,  P.C.U.S.A.,  Sapporo. 
Smith,  Miss  A.,  S.P.G.,  15  Nakayamate  Dori,  6  Chome,  Kobe. 
Smith,  Miss  I.  W.,  1917,  J.E.B.,  356  Hyakunin  Machi,  Okubo,  Tokyo. 
Smyser,  Rev.  M.  M.,  &  W.,  1903,  Unc.,  Yokote,  Akita  Ken. 
Smyth,  Adjutant  Annie,  1905,  S.A.,  II  Ginza  Nichome,  Tokyo. 
Smythe,  Rev.  L.  C.  M.,  1913,  P.C.S.,  Toyohashi. 
Sneyd,  Mr.  U.S.,  &  W.,  1913,  Y.M.C.A.,  223-3  Bluff,  Yokohama. 
Snider,  Miss  Cora  G.,  1912,  N.C.,  Fukuchiyama. 
Soal,  Miss  A.,  1916,  J.E.B.,  Tokyo. 

Somervell,  Miss  M.  Geldard,  C.  of  E.,  Kyomachi,  Gifu.  . 

Spackman,  Rev.  M.C.  &  W.,  C.  of  E.,  Ikebukuro,  Tokyo. 
Spencer,  Rev.  D.  S.,  D.D.,  &  W.,  1883,  M.E.C.,  6  Hisaya  Cho,  Hatchome, 

Nagoya. 

Spencer,  Miss  Florence  A.,  1913,  M.S.C.E.C.,  Niigata. 
Spencer,  Miss  M.  A.,  1878,  M.E.C.,  Aoyama  Jo  Gakuin,  Tokyo. 
Spencer,  Rev.  R.  S.,  &  W.,  1917,  M.E.C.,  Chinzei  Gakuin,  Nagasaki. 
Spencer,  Rev.  V.  C.,  1913,  M.S.C.E.C.  Matsumoto. 
Sprowles,  Miss  Alberta  B.,  1905,  M.E.C.,  Aoyama  Jo  Gakuin,  Tokyo. 
Stacey,  Mr.  II.,  &  W.,   S.D.A.,  169-171  Amanuma,  Suginami  Mura,  Toyo- 

tama  Gun,  Tokyo. 
Stanford,  Rev.  A.  W.,  &  W.,  1886,  A.B.C.F.M.,  53  Gochome,  Yamamoto 

Dori,  Kobe. 

Stanley,  Mr.  V.,  O.M.S.,  Kashiwagi,  Yodobashi,  Tokyo  Fu. 
Staples,  Miss  Marie  W.,  M.C.C.,  Kofu. 

Staples,  Mr.  I.  B.,  &  W.,  1915,  N.C.,  207,  Komatsubara,  Kumamoto. 
Starkey,  Miss  Bertha,  1910,  M.E.C.,  (A) 

Stauffacher,  Rev.  A.  U.,  &  W.,  1912,  E.A.,  Monroe  Wisconsin. 
Steadman,  Rev.  F.  W.,  &  W.,  1901,  A.B.F.M.S.,  38  Uchimaru,  Morioka. 
Steele,  Rev.  H.  T.,  &  W.,  1906,  S.P.G.,  6  Goban  Cho,  Okayama. 
Steele  Miss  Harriett,  1914,  M.P.C.,  Eiwa  Jo  Gakko,  Maita  Cho,  Yokohama. 
Steichen,  L'Abbe  Michel,  1886,  R.C.,  35  Tsukiji,  Tokyo. 
Stevenson,  Miss  G,  S.,  1898,  C.M.S.,  Hanazono  Cho,  Otaru. 
Stewart,  Miss  M.,  Unc.,  3  of  182,  Kogai  Cho,  Azabu,  Tokyo. 
Stewart,  Rev.  R.  S.,  &  W.,  1915,  M.E.C.S.,  Matsuyama,  lyo. 
Stewart,  Rev.  S.  A.,  &  W.,  1906,  M  E  C.S.,  Sosui  Hama,  Hiromichi  Nishi, 

Kyoto. 
Slier,  Mr.  W.  R.  F.  &  W.,   1917,  Y.M.C.A.,  25  Fujimi  Cho,  Gochome, 

Kojimachi,  Tokyo. 
Stirewalt,  Rev.  A.  J.,  &  W-,   1906,  Evang.   Luth.,   388  Furu-Shinyashiki, 

Kumamoto. 
Stowe,  Miss  Grace  II.,  1908,  A.B.C.F.M.,  Kobe  College,  60  Yamamoto 

Dori,  Shichome,  Kobe. 
Stowe,  Miss  Mary  E.,  1908,  A.B.C.F.M.,  Kobe  College,    60  Yamamoto 

Dori,  Shichome,  Kobe. 

Strothard  Miss  Alice,  1914,  M.C.C.,  Eiwa  Jo  Gakko,  Kofu. 
Stuart,  Miss  J.,  1885,  E.P.,  Shoka,  Formosa. 

Suthon,  Miss  G.,  1889,  A. E.G.,  Shimo  Tachiuri  Machi  Kado,  Kyoto. 
Swan,  Mr.  Geo.  D.,  &  W.,  Y.M.C.A.,  7  of  97  Yamamoto  Dori,  Shichome, 

Kobe. 
Sweet,  Rev.  C.  F.,  &  W.,  1898,  A.E.C.,  54  Tsukiji,  Tokyo. 


ALPHABETICAL   LIST 


Tammio,  Rev.  K.,  &  W.,  Finn.  Luth.,  Shimo  Suwa,  Shinshu  (A). 

Tanner,  Miss  K.,  S.P.G.,  358  Sanko  Cho,  Shirokanc,  Shiba,  Tokyo. 

Tapson.  Miss  A.  M.,  1888,  C.M.S.,  Odawara. 

Tate,  Miss,  M.C.C.,  Toriizaka  Eiwa  Jo  Gakko,  Azabu,  Tokyo. 

Tate,  Miss  Lillian,  Taihoku  Formosa. 

Taylor,  Miss  Erma  M.,  1913,  M.E.C.,  Hirosaki,  Aomori  Ken. 

Taylor,  Miss  Minnie,  1909,  R.C.A.,  16  Oura,  Higashiyamate,  Nagasaki. 

Taylor,  Mr.   \Vm.  T.,  &    W.,    1905,   Pentecostal   Miss.   Union,  10  of  24 

Yamamoto  Dori,  4  Chome,  Kobe. 

Teague,  Miss  C'arolyn,  1912,  M.E.C.,  Kwassui  Jo  Gakko,  Nagasaki. 
Tenny,   Rev.   C.  B.,  &  W.,   1900,  A.B.F.M.S.,  29   Sanai  Machi,  Ichigaya, 

Ushigome  Ku,  Tokyo  (A). 
Tetlow,  Miss  H.  L  ,  1908,  A.E.C.,  Tsu,  Ise. 
Teusler,  R.  B.,  M.D.,  &  W.,  1900,  A. E.G.,  27  Tsukiji,  Tokyo. 
Thiele,  Mr.  W.  E.,  O.M.S.,  Kashiwagi,  Yodobashi  Machi,  Tokyo  Fu. 
Thiry,  L'Abbe  F.  T.,  R.G.,  Nagasaki. 
Thomas,  Rev.  Father,  R.C.,  Kochi. 
Thomas,  Miss  Hettie  A.,  1904,  M.E.C.,  Nagasaki. 
Thompson,    Mrs.   David,    1863,    P.C.U.S.A.,  Tsunohazu,   Toyotama    Gun, 

Tokyo  Fu. 

Thompson,  Miss  F.  L.,  1906.  C.M.S.,  45  Yamanouchi  Cho,  Kagoshima. 
Thompson,  Rev.  J.  W.,  <S:  W.,   1913,   Unc.,  249   Naka   Sanchome,   Kami 

Fukushima,  Osaka. 
Thomson,    Rev.  R.    A.,  D.D.,    F.R.G.S.,    &   W.,    iSS8,  A.B.F.M.S.,    39 

Nichome,  Kitano  Cho,  Kobe. 

Thorlaksson,  Rev.  S.  O.,  &  W.,  1916,  Luth.,  Tokyo. 
Thornton,  Rev.  Jesse  B.,  &  W.,  J.E.B.,  Waki  no  llama,  Kobe. 
Todd,  Miss  Ethel  N.,  1913,  P.G.U.S.A.,  Tokyo. 

Topping,  Rev.  Henry,  &  \Y.,  1895,  A.B.F.M.S.,  43  Uchimara,  Morioka. 
Topping,  Miss  Helen,  1911,  A.B.F.M.S.,  1120  Gough  St.,  San  Francisco, 

Cal.  U.S.A. 

Tracy,  Miss  C.  J.,  1915,  A.E.C.,  Shintera  Machi,  Gojo  Sagaru,  Kyoto. 
Tracy,  Miss  Mary  E.,  1903,  W.U.M.,  212  Bluff,  Yokohama  (A). 
Trent,  Miss  E.  M.,  1894,  M.S.C.E.C.,  Nagoya. 
Trieschman,    Miss   Katherine,    1912,    M.E.S..    Hiroshima    Girls'    School, 

Hiroshima. 

Tristram,  Miss  K.,  1888,  C.M.S.,  12  Kawaguchi  Cho,  Osaka. 
Trott,  Miss  D.,  1910,  S.P.G.,  Hirakawa  Cho,  Kojimachi,  Tokyo  (A\ 
True,  Miss  Alice,  1898,  A.C.C.,  Amesbury,  Mass,  (A). 
Trueman,  Mr.  G.  E.,  &  \V.,  1910,  Y.M.C.A.,  |  A). 
Tucker,  Right  Rev.   H.  St.  G.,  D.D.,  <Sc    \V.  1899,  A.E.C.,  Karasumaru 

Dori,  Okakuen  Machi,  Kyoto. 

Tulpin,  Rev.  E.  A.,  1877,  R.C.,  21  Kasumi  Cho,  Azabu,  Tokyo. 
Tweedie,  Miss  E.  G.,  1903,  M.C.C.,  Kofu. 

U 

Unsitalo,  Miss  S.,   1903,  Luth.  Finnish,  438  Sendagaya  Machi,  Akasaka, 

Tokyo.  (A). 

Umbreit,  Rev.  S.  J.,  &  W.,  1905,  E.  A.,  9  Tsukiji.  Tokyo. 
Upton,  Miss  E.  F.,  A.E.C.,  (A). 


XC1V  JAPAN 


Vagner,  L'Abbe  A.,  1890,  R.C.,  Nara. 

Van  Bronkhorst,  Rev.  A.  &  W.,  R.C.A.,  Nagasaki. 

Van  Dyke,  Rev.  E.  H.,  D.D.,  &  W.,  M.P.C.,  47  Chokuji  Cho,  Nagoya  (A). 

Van  Horn,  Rev.  G.  W.,  &  W.,  1888,  F.C.U.S.A.,  32  Kawaguchi  Cho, 

Osaka.     (F.C.,  Osaka  11,072). 

Van  Strien,  Rev.  D.,  1912,  R.C.A.,  Kurume,  Fukuoka  Ken. 
Veazey,  Miss  M.  A.,  1892,  M.C.C.,  Eiwa  Jo  Gakko,  Shizuoka. 
Veillon,  Rev.,  1908,  R.C.,  Miyazaki. 
Verbeck,  Miss  Eleanor,  1913,  A.E.C.,  Akita. 
Villion,  Rev.  A.,   1871,  R.C.,  Hagi,  Yamaguchi  Ken. 
Vincent,   Rev.    C.  G.,  &  W.,  1911,  Unc.,  73  Myogadani  Machi,  Koishi- 

kawa,  Tokyo  (A). 
Vogel,  Mr.  J.  H.,  &  W.,  1913,  O.M.,  c/o  F.  Hollister,  Hanover,  Licking 

Co.,  Ohio.  U.S.A. 

Vories,  Mr.  John,  &  W.,  1914,  O.M.,  Hachiman,  Omi. 
Vories,  Mr.  W.  M.,  1905,  O.M.,  Hachiman,  Omi,  (F.C.,  Osaka  17158). 
Voules,  Miss  J.  E.,  1913,  S.P.G.,  456  Shimo  Gion  Cho,  Kobe. 


W 

Wagner,  Miss  D.  M.,  1913.  M.E.C.,  Hakodate. 

Wainwright,  Miss  M.  E.,  "1887,  A.B.C.F.M.,  141  Tomita  Cho,  Okayama. 
Wainright,  Rev.  S.  H.,  D.D.,  &  W.,  M.E.C.S.,  8  Tsukiji,  Tokyo. 
Walke,    Rev.    R.    A.,    &   W.,  1904,  A.E.C.,  Marutamachi,  Okazaki  Cho, 

Kyolo. 

Walker,  Owen  &  W.,  Y.M.C.A.T.,  Himeji. 
Wralker,  Mr.  F.  B.,  &  W.,  1903,  S.P.G.,  5  Sanchomc,  Naka  Yamate  Dori, 

Kobe. 

Walker,  Rev.  H.  E.,  &  W.,  1911,  M.C.C.,  Kwansei  Gakuin,  Kobe. 
Wallace,  Rev.  Geo.,  D.I).,  &  W.,  1899,  A.E.C.,  40  Tsukiji,  Tokyo. 
Waller,  Rev.  J.  G.,  &  W.,  1890,  M.S.C.E.C.,  Nagano. 

Walne,  Rev.  E.  N.,  D.D.,  &  W.,  1892,  S.B.C.,  Tanaka  Machi,  Shimonoseki. 
Wralser,  Rev.  T.  D.,  &  W.,   1916,  P.C.U.S.A.,  2  Hinoki  Cho,  Akasaka, 

Tokyo. 

Walsh,  Rev.  G.,  &  W.,  C.M.S.,  Suketo-o  Machi,  Tokushima. 
Wra!ton,   Rev.    H.   B.,   &   W.,    1906,   S.P.G.,   2082   Minami   Ota   Machi, 

Yokohama. 

\Valton,  Rev.  M.  H.  W.,  &  W.,  C.M.S.,  Hiroshima. 
Walvoord,  Mr.  Anthony,  &  W.,  1905,  R.C.A.,  16  Oura  Higashiyamate, 

Nagasaki. 

Ward,  Miss  Elizabeth,  1905,  A.B.C.F.M.,  Baikwa  Jo  Gakko,  Osaka  Fu. 
Ward,  Miss  I.  M.,  1901,  P.C.U.S.A.,  Joshi  Gakuin,  33  Kami  Niban  Cho, 

Kojimachi,  Tokyo. 
Ward,  Rev.  J.  T.,  D.D.,  Unc.,  Osaka. 
Warren,  Rev.  C.  M.,  &  W.,  1899,  A.B.C.F.M.,  Miyazaki. 
Wrassereau,  L'Abbe,  1911,  R.C.,  Tokyo. 
Waterhouse,  Miss  M.  C.,  1915,  A.B.C.F.M.,  Tottori. 
Waterhouse,  Rev.  Paul  B.,  &  W.,  1912,  O.M.,  Hachiman,  Omi. 
Watson,  Dr.  Wm.  R.,  &  W.,  1913,  Uuc.,  Akasaka  Hospital,  17  Hikawa 

Cho,  Akasaka,  Tokyo. 


ALPHABETICAL   LIST  XCV 

Wa'son,  Miss  Rebecca  J.,  1883,  M.E.C.,  221  Bluff,  Yokohama. 

Weakley,  Rev.  W.  R.,  &  W.,  1895,  M.E.C.S.,  14  Kawaguchi  Cho,  Osaka. 

(F.C.,  Osaka  12,122). 
Weaver,   Miss   Georgiana,    1902,    M.E.C.,    15    Sanchome,    Takaoka    Cho, 

Nagoya. 

Webb,  Rev.  A.  E.,  1894,  S.P.G.,  2082  Minami  Ota  Machi,  Vokohnmn. 
Webljer,  Mr.  1*.  A.,  &  W.,  1913,  S.D.A.,  No.  2  of  198  Makura  Cho,  jigyo, 

Higashi  Machi,  Fukuoka. 

Welbourn,  Rev.  j.  A.,  &  W.,  1899,  A.E.C.,  3  Vayoi  Cho,  Hongo,  Tokyo. 
Welch,  Rev.  liishop  II.  &  W.,  LL.D.,  1916,  M.E.C.,  Seoul,  Chosen. 
'Wells,  Miss  Lillian  A.,  1900,  P.C.U.S.A.,  12  Xoda,  Vamaguchi. 
West,  Miss  A.  Ii.,   1885,  P.C.U.S.A.,  2  Nishi  Machi,  Nihonenoki,  Shiba, 

Tokyo. 
Wcston,  Miss  M.   D.,    1895,    S.P.C.,    (A)   c/o    S.P.G.,   Tuft  on    St.,   West- 

minster,  Eng. 

Wharton,  Mrs.  R.  G.,  Ur.c.,  19  Ippon  Matsu  Machi,  Azabu,  Tokyo. 
Wheeler,  Mr.  II.  A.,  &  W.,  10.10.  M.E.C.,  Aoynma  Gakuin,  Tokyo  (A '•. 
White,  Miss  Anna  I..,  1911,  M.E.C.,  (A). 
White,   Rev.   S.   S.,    1890,   i&   W.,   absent)  A.H.C.F.M.,   Tsuyama   Machi, 

Awazato-machi,  28,  Towada  Gun,  (  >kayama  Ken. 
Whitcner,    Rev.     II.    C.,    >.V    W.,     1912,     I'.C.U.S.A.,     Shiir.o     Tatehoji, 

Yamaguchi. 

Whiting,  Rev.  M.  M.,  &  W.,  1912,  M.C.C.,  Nagano. 
Whitman,  Miss  M.  A.,   1883,  A.H.F.M.S.,   10   Jr'ukuro  Machi,  Xanda   Ku, 

Tokyo. 

Whitney,  Mr.  J.  P.,  Ur.c.,  107  Yamashita  C'ho,  Yokoliama. 
Wiberg,    P>rig.    Sven.,  &    \\ .,    1914,   S.A.,    1 1    Honmura   Cho,   Ushigome, 

Tokyo. 

Wilcox,  Miss  V..  V.,  1904,  A.15.F.M.S.,  47  Shimotera  Machi,  Ilimeji. 
Wilkes,  Mr.  Paget..  »S:  \\'.,  T.E.I5.,  CA>. 
Wilkinson,  Mr.  Cecil  S.,  ,\:"\V.,  J.K.i;.,  Tokushima. 
Wilkinscjn,  Rev.  A.  T.,  &  \V..  K-O;,  M.C.C.,  Nishi  Ku-abuka  C'ho,  Shi. 
Wilkinson,   Dr.   J.    R.,   iV   \\".,   1914,   A.E.C.,    46    Minami    Cho,    Itcr.o-.ne, 

Aoyama,  Tokyo. 

\\11lfnms,  Miss  A.  P..,  1910,  M.E.S.,  152  Spring  St.,  Charleston,  S.C. 
Williams,  Miss  A.  C'.  1917,  C.M.S.,  <  >s:ika. 
Williams,  Miss  Hallie  R.,  1916,  A.E.C.,  2(1  Tsukiji,  Tokyo. 
Williams,  Miss  Mary  E.,  1880,  M.P.C.,  33  Ura  Monzen  Cho,  Nagoya. 
Williams,  Miss  T.,  S.P.G.,  369  Sanko  Cho,  Shirokanc,  Tokyo. 
Williams,  Miss  I.ula,  1911,  Sosui  llama,  lliromnchi,  Kyoto. 
Williamson,  Mr.  E.,  CXM.S,,  Kasliiwagi  N'odobashi  Machi,  Tokyo  Fu. 
Willingham,  Rev.  C\  T.,  &  \\  .,  1902,  S.P..C.,  141  Koya  Machi,  Kokura. 
Wilson,  Staff  Captain  T.,  iv.  \\ .,  1900,  S.A.,  ^i  Fujimi  Cho,  A'/.abu,  Tokyo. 
Wilson,  Rev.  \V.  A.,  &  W.,  1880,  M.E.C.S.,  ( )kayama. 
Winn,  Rev.  Merle  C'.  >\:  \N  .,  1915,  P.C'.U.S.A.,  \\akayama. 
Winn,  Miss  M.  L.,  i8Si,  K.C.A..  Sanchome,  Omachi,  Aomori. 
Winn,  Rev.  T.  C.,  D.I).,  &  W.,  1878,  P.C.U.S.A.,  Taikyu,  Chosen. 
Whither,  Kcv.  J.  M.  T.,  &  \\".,  1898,  l.utli.,  412  Shinyashiki,  Kumamo'o. 
Woods,  Kev.  II.  F.,  O  M.S.,  Kashiwagi  Yodol)ashi  Machi,  Tokyo  Fu. 
Woodsworth,  Rev.   II.   F..  &  \V.,   lyii,  M.C.C.,  7  of  97  Shichome,  Yama- 

moto  Dori,  Kobe. 
Woodworth,    1^'cv.  A.    D.,   I ).!).,   ,\:   \V.,    1892,    A.C.C.,    26   Kasumi  Cho, 

Azabu,  Tokyo. 


XCV1  JAPAN 

Woolley,  Miss  K.,  S.P.G.,  Hirakawa  Clio,  Koiimachi,  Tokyo. 
Worth,  Miss  Ida  M.,  1895,  M.E.C.S.,  83  Niage  Machi,  Oita,  Oila  Ken. 
Worthington,  Miss  II.  J.,  1898,  C.M.S.,  Ashiya  Mura,  Muko  Gun,  Hyogo 

Ken. 

\\rright,  Miss  Ada  H.,  1897,  A.E.C.,  Mho. 
Wright,  Rev.  A.  S.,  S.P.G.,  II  Sakae  Cho,  Shiba,  Tokyo. 
Wyckoff,  Mrs.  M.  N.,  1871,  R.C.A.,  886  Toijiri  Cho,  Matsumoto,  Shinshu. 
Wylie,  Miss  M.  L.,  1905,  CM.A.,  Onomichi. 
\Vynd,  Rev.  William,  &  W.,  1894,  A.B  F.M.S.,  c/o  A.B.F.M.S  ,  Ford  Bldg., 

Boston,  Mass. 
Wythe,  Miss  K.  Grace,  1909,  M.E.C.,  Nagoya. 


Young,  Miss  Mariana,  1907,  M.E.C.,  Kwassui  Jo  Gakko,  Nagasaki. 
Young,  Miss  M.  M  ,  189;,  K.S.C.E.C.,  5  Shirakabe  Cho,  Itchome,  Nagoya. 
Young,  Rev.  T.  A.,  &  W.,  1912,  C.C.,  24  Onkura  Machi,  Fukushima. 
Youngren,  Rev.  August,  &  W.,  1903,  F.M.C.,   1912  Hiclein  Cho,  Tennoji, 
Osaka. 


Zaugg,  Rev.  E.  II.,  Th.D.,  &  W.,  1906,  R.C.U.S  A ,  162  Iligashi  Nibancho, 
Sendai. 


LIST  BY  MISSIONS* 


1.  American  Baptist  Foreign 
Missionary  Society 

Acock,  Miss  Amy  A.,  Morioka. 

Allen,  Miss  Thomasine,  Tokyo. 

Ashmore,  Mrs.  YVm.,  Yokohama. 

Axling,  Rev.  Win.,  D.I),  &  \\'., 
Tokyo. 

Benninghoff,  Rev.  II.  I).,  D.D.,  & 
YV.  Tokyo. 

Bickel,  Capt.  L.  \Y.,  &  YV.  Ilimeji. 

Bixby,  Miss  Alice,  <A>. 

Brand,  Rev.  J.  C.,  Tokyo. 

Briggs,  Rev.  F.  C.,  &  \V.  Ilimeji. 

I'uzzell,  Miss  A.  S.,  Sendai. 

Camp,  MI.-.S  Evalyn,  Tokyo. 

Car]>enter,  Miss  M.  M.,  (A). 

Clagctt,  Miss  M.  A.,  (A).  ' 

Converse,  Miss  C.  A.,  Yokohama. 

Crosby,  Miss  Amy  R.,  Tokyo. 

Danieison,  Miss  Mary,  Osaka. 

Dithridge,  Miss  II.  E.,  (A). 

Fisher,  Rev.  C.  H.  I  >.,  &  \Y., 
Yokohama. 

Fisher,  Rev.  R.  II.,  &  \Y.,  Yoko 
hama. 

Foo'e,  Rev.  J.  A.,  &  YV.,  Osaka. 

French,  Miss  Ruth  D.,  •  \\ 

Gressit!,  Rev.  J.  F.,  &  \\".,  Tokyo. 

Harrington,  Rev.  C.  K.,  D.I).,  &  YV., 
Tokyo. 

Haven,  Miss  Margaret,  Yokohama. 

Holtom,  Rev.  D/C.,  &  YV.  (A). 

Jesse,  Miss  Mary  D.,  f  A '. 

Jones,  Rev.  E.  II.,  &  YV.,  Mito. 

Jones,  Miss  Mabd,  Tokyo. 

Munroe,  Miss  Helen,  Yokohama. 

Mead,  Miss  Lavinia,  Osaka. 

Pawley,  Miss  Annabe'le,  Ilimeji. 

Ross,  Rev.  C.  H.,  &  \Y.  ,'A  . 

Ryder,  Miss  G.  E.,  Tokyo. 


Scott,  Rev.  J.  II.,  &  \Y.,  Osaka. 
Steadman,    Rev.     F.     \\ .,    &     \V., 

Morioka. 

Tenny,  Rev.  C.  B.,  &  YV.,  (A). 
Thomson,  Rev.  R.  A.,  D.D.  &  \V., 

Kolic. 

Topping,  Rev.  II.,  &  W.,  Morioka. 
Topping,  Miss  Helen,  (A). 
Whitman,  Miss  M.  A.,  Tokyo. 
YVilcox,  MissK.  F.,  ILimeii. 
Wynd,  Rev.  \Ym.,  ,K:  \Y.  ;  A). 

2.  American  Board  Commissioners 
for  Foreign  Missions 

Adams,  Miss  Alice  1'.,  Okayama. 
Allchin,  Rev.  C.eo.,  &  \Y.,  Osaka. 
A  lehin,  Miss  Agues,  Osaka. 
Barrows,  Miss  M.  L.,  Kobe. 
Beimet?,  Rev.  II.  J.,  &  YV.,  Tottori. 
Bradshaw,  Miss  A'.  II.,  Sendai. 
liurion.  Miss  Mary  E.,  Kyoto. 
Cary,  Miss  Alice  E.,  Kyoto. 
Gary,     Rev.     OlU,     D.D,    &    YV., 

Kyoto. 

Cary,  Rev.  Frank  &  YV.,  Tokyo. 
Clark,  Rev.  C.  A.,  &  \Y.,  Miyazaki. 
Cobb,  Rev.  E.  S.,  &  \Y.,  Kyoto. 
Coe,  Miss  Estelle,  Tottori. 
Cozad,  Miss  (Jcrlrude,  Kobe. 
C'urtis,  Miss  Edith,  Niiga'a.  (A) 
Cunis,  Rev.  \Y.  L.,  is:  \\  .,  Kyoto. 
Daugharliy,  Miss  M.  A.,  Sapporo. 
Davis,  Mrs.  J.  D.,  Kobe. 
DiiFores',  Miss  C.  B.,  Kolx.-. 
Denton,  Miss  Mary  F.  (A) 
Dunning,  Rev.  M.  D.,  &  \Y.,  Kyolo. 
Fanning,  Miss  K.  F.,  Kobj. 
(lordoii,  Mrs.  M.  L.,  Kyoto. 
Griswold,  Miss  Fannie  E.,  Maebashi. 


*For  full  address  see  alphabetical  list. 


XCV1I1 


JAPAN 


Grover,  Mr.  Dana  I.,  &  W.,  Kyoto. 

(A). 
Gulick,  Rev.  Sidney  L.,  D.D.,  &  W., 

(A). 

Hall,  Rev.  Marion  E.,  &  W.,  Tokyo. 
Harrison,  Miss  Ida  W.,  Kobe. 
I  less,  Rev.  James  M.,  &  W.,  Kyo'o. 
Holmes,   Rev.   Jerome    C,   &   W., 

Olaru. 

]  lowe,  Miss  Annie  L.,  Kobe. 
Hoyt,  Miss  O.  S.,  Kobe, 
judson,  Miss  Cornelia,  Matsuyama. 
Learned,  Rev.  D.  W.,  D.D.,   &  W., 

Kyoto. 

Lombard,  Rev.  F.  A.,  &  W.,  Kyoto. 
McKowan,  Miss  Amy  E.,  Osaka. 
Moran,  Rev.  S.  F.,  &  W.,  Tokyo. 
Newell,  Rev.  II.  B.,  D.D.,  &  W., 

Matsuyama. 

Olds,  Rev.  C.  B.,  &  W.,  Niigata. 
1'armelee,  Miss  H.  F.,  Matsuyama. 
Pedley,  Rev.  Hilton,  &  W.,  Mae 
bashi.  (A). 
Pet  ee,    Rev.   J.    II.,   D.D.,    &  W., 

Tokyo. 
Rowland,  Rev.  G.  M.,  D.D.,  &  W., 

Sapporo. 

Rupert,  Miss  N.  L.,  Kobe. 
Searlc,  Miss  S.A.,  Kobe. 
S'anford,  Rev.  A.  W.,  &  W.,  Kobe. 
Stowe,  Miss  Grace  H.,  Kobe. 
Stowc,  Miss  Mary  E.,  Kobe. 
Wainwright,  Miss  M.  E.,  Okayama. 
Ward,  Miss  Elizabeth,  Osaka. 
Warren,  Rev.  C.  M.,  &  W.,  Miya- 

zaki. 

Waterhouse,  Miss  M.  C.,  Tottori. 
White,  Rev.  S.S.,  &  W.,  (Wife  A.) 

Tsuyama. 

3.  Australian  Board  of  Missions 

Harrison,    Rev.    E.    R.,    Sankawa, 
Chiba. 

4.  American  Christian  Convention 

Fry,  Rev.  E.  C.,  &  W.,  Utsunomiya. 
Garman,  Rev.  C.  P.,  &  W.,  Tokyo. 
McCord,  Rev.  E.  K.,  cSc  W.,  Sendai. 
True,  Miss  Al  ice,  (A). 
Woodwonh,    Rev.   A.D.,    D.D..   & 
W.,  Tokyo. 


5.  Assembly  of  God 

Bernauer,  Mrs.  Estella  A.,  Tokyo. 
Gray,  Mr.  F.  H.,  &  W.,  Tokyo. 
Tuergensen,  Mr.  C.  F.,  &  W.,  Tokyo. 
Taylor,  Mr.  Win.  T.,  &  W.,  Kobe. 

6.  American  Episcopal  Church 

Aldrich,  Miss  Martha,  Kyoto. 
Ambler,  Rev.  J.  C.,  (&  W.,  A) 

Wakayama. 

Ambler,  Miss  Marietta,  Kyoto. 
Andrews,  Rev.  R.  W.,  &  W.,  (A\ 
Babcock,  Miss  B.  R.,  Hirosaki. 
Bins'ed,  Rev.  N.  S.,  Tokyo. 
P-oyd,  Miss  L.  H.,  Tokyo. 
Bristowe,  Miss  L.  M.,  Aomori. 
Brooking,    Miss    Josephine,    Kana- 

zawa. 

Bull,  Miss  Leila,  Osaka. 
Carlsen,  Miss  V.  D.,  Maebashi. 
Chapman.  Rev.  J.  J.,  &  W.,  Kyoto. 
Chappell,  Rev.  J.,  &  W.,  Mito. 
Cooke,  Rev.  A/W.,  &  W.,  Tokyo. 
Cornwall-Leigh,  Miss  M.  H.,  Yoko- 

CorrellVRev.  I.  H.,  D.D.,  &  W.,  Ise. 
Correll,  Miss  Ethel,  Sendai. 
Dixon,  Miss  E.  M.,  Morioka. 
Dooman,  Rev.  Issac,  &  W.,  Yamada. 
Evans,  Rev.  Chas.  H.,  &  W.,  (A). 
Gardiner,  Miss  Ernestine  W.,  Kyoto. 
Gifford,  Rev.  Frank  D.,  Kyoto. 
Hey  wood,  Miss  G.,  Tokyo. 
Humphreys,  Miss  M.,  Ise. 
Kent,  Miss  K.  A.  E.,  Fukushima. 
Laning,  George,  M.  D.,  &  W.,  (A). 
Laning,  Miss  Mary  E..  Nara. 
Lloyd,  Rev.  J.  H.,  &  W.,  f  A). 
Madeley,  Rev.  W.  F.,  &  W.,  (A). 
Mann,  Miss  Irene  P.,  Utsunomiya. 
Matthews,  Miss  Mary,  Kyoto. 
McKim,     Rt.     Rev.     John,     D.D., 

Tokyo. 

McKim,  Miss  Bessie,  Tokyo. 
McKim,  Miss  Nellie,  Tokyo. 
McKim,  Rev.  J.  Cole,  &  W., 

Wakamatsu. 

Mead,  Miss  Bessie,  Yamagata. 
Meredith,  Rev.  F.  C.,  Maebashi. 
Neely,  Miss  C.  J.,  (A). 
Newbold,  Miss  E.  G.,  Koriyama. 


LIST    CY   MISSIONS 


XCIX 


Nichol*,  Rev.  S.  II.,  &  W.,  Aomori. 
Norton,  Miss  Dorothy,  Kyoto. 
Peatross,  Rev.  L.  A.,  Tokyo. 
Peck,  Miss  Sally  P.,  Kyoto. 
Ranson,  Miss  A.  L.,  Sendai. 
Rees,  Miss  Sarah  J-,  Sendai. 
Reifsnider,  Rev.  C.  S.,  L.H.D.,  & 

W.,  Tokyo. 

Reifsnider,  Mr.  John,  &  W.,  Tokyo. 
Schereschewsky,  Miss  C.  E.,  Tokyo. 
Smi  h,  Mr.  L.  M.,  &  \V.,  Nara. 
Smith,  Rev.  P.  A.,  &  \V.,  Fukui. 
Suthon,  Miss  G.,  Kyoto. 
Sweet,  Rev.  C.  F.,  &  W.,  Tokyo. 
Teusler,  R.  B.,  M.D.,  &  W.,  Tokyo. 
Tetlow,  Miss,  Tsu. 
Tracy,  Miss  E.  J.,  Kyoto. 
Tucker,  Rt.  Rev.  H/St.  G.,  D.I).,  & 

W.,  Kyoto. 

Upton,  Miss  E.  F.,  (A). 
Ycrbeck,  Miss  Eleanor,  Akita. 
Walke,  Rev.  R.  A.,  &  W.,  Kyoto. 
A  Vail  ace.  Rev.  Gco.,  &  W.,  Tokyo. 
Welbourn,  Rev.  J.  A.,  &  W.,  (A). 
Wilkinson,  Dr.  J.  R.,  &  W.,  Tokyo. 
"William?,  Miss  Ilallie  R.,  Tokyo. 
Wright,  Miss  Ada  11.,  Miio. 

7.  Bible  Societies 

Aurell,  Mr.  K.  E.,  &  W.,  Tokyo. 
Lawrence,  Mr.  A.,  &  W.,  Kobe. 
Parrott,  Mr.  Fred,  &  W.,  Kobe. 
Schwartz,  Rev.  II.  W.,  M.D.,  &  W., 

Yokohama,  (A). 

8.  Churches  of  Christ 

Armbruster,  Miss  Rose  T.,  Akita. 
Asbury,  Miss  Jessie  J.,  Sendai. 
Brown,  Miss  Winifred,  Tokyo. 
Clawson,    Miss    Bertha    F.,    Tokyo. 

(A). 

Davey,  Rev.  P.A.,  &  W.,  Tokyo. 
Erskine,    Rev.    Wm.    II.,    &    W., 

Osaka. 

Garst,  Miss  Gretchen,  Aki.a. 
Hagin,   Rev.   F.   E.   &  W.,  Tokyo. 

(A). 
Johnson,    Miss    Ka'e    V.,    Tokyo, 

(A). 
Lediard,  Miss  Mary  F.,  Tokyo. 


Lee,   Rev.    F.  E  ,    Ph.D.,    &    W., 

Tokyo. 
McCall,  Rev.  C.  F.,  &  \V.,  Akita, 

(A). 

McCoy,  Rev.  R.  I.).,  &  W.,  Tokyo. 
Oldham,  Miss  lavinia,  Tokyo. 
Oliphant,  Rev.  L.  D.,  &  W.,  Akita. 
Parker,  Miss  Edith,  Tokyo. 
Robinson,  Rev.  C.  E.,  &  \V.,  Osaka. 
Scott,  Miss  Ada,  Tokyo. 
Young,   Rev.   T.   A.,  &  W.,  Fuku- 

shima. 

9.  Church  of  England 


is   list   includes  only   those   not 

listed  under  ('.M.S.,  and  S.P.G.) 
Andrews,  Rev.  E.  L.,  (A). 
Austen,   Rev.   W.  T.,  &  W.,  Yoko 

hama. 
Boutllowcr,  Rt.   Rev.   C.  II.,  D.D., 

Tokyo. 

Boutflower,  Miss  M.  M  ,  Tokyo. 
Colborne,  Mrs.,  Boshu. 
Forester,   Rev.  the  Hon.  O.  St.  M., 

&  \V.,  Yokohama. 
Foss,  Rt.  Rev.  II.  J.,  D.D.,  &  W., 

Kobe. 

Hamilton,  Miss  L.  C,  (A). 
Holland,  Miss  J.  M.,  Osaka. 
Kelly,  Rev.  H.',  S.S.M.,  Tokyo. 
Kennion,  Miss  C).,  Tokyo. 
Moore,  Rev.  I).  II.,  &  W.,  Tokyo. 
Riddel!,  Miss  II.,  Kumamoto. 
Rowlands     Rev.    F.    \\'.,    &    W., 

Fukuoka. 

Somervcll,  Miss  M.  Geldard,  Gifu. 
Spackman,     Rev.     M.   ('.,    .S:    W., 

Tokyo. 

10   Christian  and  Missionary 
Alliance 

Francis,  T.  R.,  &  W.,  Shobara. 
Francis,  Miss  R.  M.,  Onomichi. 
Lindstrom,  Rev.  II.,  &  W.,  Hiro 

shima. 
Wylie,  Miss  M.  L.,  Onomiclii. 

II.  Church  Missionary  Society 

Andrews,  Rt.  Rev.  W.,  D.D.,  &  W., 
Hakodate.  (.V. 


JAPAN 


Barclay,    Mr.    J.    Gurney,    &    W., 

Matsue. 
Batchelor,     Ven.     Archdeacon,     J., 

D.D.,  F.K.G.S.,  &  W.,  Sapporo. 
Bleby,  Rev.  H.  L.,  &  W.,  Tokyo. 
Bosanquet,  Miss  A   C  ,  Tokyo. 
Boullon,  Miss  E.  B.,  (A) 
Bryant,  Miss  E.  M.,  Piralori. 
Buncombe,  Rev.  W.  P.,  &  W.,  (A). 
Carlyle,  Miss  E.  A.,  ( A). 
Chapman,  Rev.  G.,  &  W.,  (A). 
Cockram,  Miss  S.  II.,  Kurume. 
Collen,  Miss  M.  B.,  Nagasaki. 
Cowl,  Mr.  J.,  &  W.,  Tokyo. 
Cox,  Miss  A.  M.,  Hyogo. 
Devenish-Meares,     Miss    F.    8.    I , 

Tokyo. 

Duke,  Rev.  M.  O.  M.,  Oil  a. 
Elwin,  Rev.  W.  H.,  &  W.,  Tokyo. 
Evan?,  Miss  A  ,  (A). 
Freeth,  Miss  F.  M-,  Kumamoto. 
Fugill,  Miss  E.  M.,  Hold. 
Galgey,  Miss  L.  A.,  Fukuyama. 
Gardener,  MKs  F.,  Tokushiina. 
GilIespy,'Miss  T-  C  ,  ( A). 
Ileaslett,  Rev.  S.,  &  W.,  Tokyo. 
Henty,  Miss  A.  M.,  Gifu. 
Hind,  Rev.  J.,  &  W.,  Kokura. 
Home,  Miss  A.  C.  T->  Kokura. 
Howard,  Miss  R.  D.,  Osaka. 
Hughes,  Miss  A.  M.,  (A). 
Hughes,  Miss  E.  E.,  (A). 
Hutchinson,   Ven.   Archdeacon,   A. 

B.,  &  W.,  Kagoshima. 
Hulchinson',  Rev.  E.  G.,  Yonagc. 
Hutchinson,  Rev.  A.  C.,  &  W.,  (A). 
Jex-Blake,  Miss  M.  B.,  (A  . 
Keen,  Miss  E.  M.,  Nagasaki. 
Knight,  Rev.  O.  H.,  &  W.,  (A). 
Lane,  Mi=s  E.  A.,  Kagoshima. 
Lang,  Rev.  L).  M  ,  Hakodate. 
Lea,  Rt.  Rev.  A.,  &  W.,  Fukuoka. 
Mann,  Rev.  J.  C.,  &  W.,  Matsue. 
Nash,  Miss  E.,  Matsue. 
Norton,  Miss  E.  L.  B.,  Sapporo. 
Nott,  Miss  L.  F.,  Nagasaki. 
Painter,  Rev.  S.,  &  W.,  Omuta. 
Payne,  Miss  E.  C.,  Otaru. 
Pasley,  Miss  M.,  Ilamada. 
Peto,  Mr.  H.,  Yonago. 
Pickard-Cambridge,    Rev.   C.  O.,  & 

W.,  Saseho. 
Preston,  Miss  E.  D.,  Tokushima. 


Rawlings,     Rev.    G.    W.,    &    W 

Osaka. 

Richardson,  Miss  C.  M.,  (A). 
Roberts,  Miss  A.,  (A). 
Sander,  Miss  M.,  Tokyo. 
Scott,  Rev.  J.  T-,  &  W.,  Kure. 
Sells,  Miss  E.  A.  P.,  Kagoshima. 
Stevenson,  Miss  G.  S.,  Olaru. 
Tapson,  Miss  A.  M  ,  Odawara. 
Thompson,  Miss  F.  L.,  Kagoshima. 
!    Tristram,  Miss  K.,  Osaka. 
Walsh,  Rev.  G.,  &  W.,  Tokushima. 
Walton,    Rev.    M.    H.    W.,   &   W., 

Hiroshima. 

Williams,  Miss  A.  C.,  Osaka. 
\Vorlhington,  Miss  H.  J.,  Hyogo. 

12.  Evangelical  Association 

i    Bauernfeind,  Miss  Susan  M  ,  Tokyo. 
|    Berner,  Miss  Natalia,  Tokyo. 
I    Erffmeyer,  Miss  Edna,  Osaka. 
I    Erffmeyer,  Miss  Florence,  (A). 
I   Mauk,  Miss  Laura,  Tokyo. 

Mayer,  Rev.  P.  S.,  &  W.,  (A). 

Ranck,  Miss  Elmina,  Koriyama. 

Schwab,  Rev.  B.  T.,  &  W.,  Tokyo. 

Schweitzer,  Miss  Edna,  Tokyo. 

Stauffacher,  Rev.  A.  D.,  &  W.,  (A). 

Umbreit,  Rev.  S.  J.,  &  W.,  Tokyo. 

13   Free  Methodist  Church 

Cooper,  Rev.  S.  C.,  &  W.,  (A). 
Hessler,  Miss  Minnie  K.,  Osaka. 
Millican,  Rev.  R.  W.  &  W.,  Sumoto, 

Awaji. 

Mylander,  Miss  Ruth,  Osaka. 
j   Yonngren,    Rev.    Augus',    &     W., 
Osaka. 

14.  General  Evangelical  Protestant 
Missionary  Society 

Hunziker,    Pfarrer    Jakob,    &    W, 

Tokyo. 
Schiller,  Supt.  Dr.  Emil,  &  W, 

Kyoto. 
Schroeder,  Pfarrer  E.,  &  W.,  Tokyo. 

15    Hepz  bah  Faith  Mission 

Adams,    Mr.    R.,    &    W.,    Choshi, 
Shimosa. 


LIST    BY    MISSIONS 


Glenn,  Miss  Agnes,  Choshi,  Shimosa. 
Smelser,  Mr.   F.   L.,   &  W.,   Yoko 
hama. 

16.  Japan  Evangelistic  Band 

Argall,  Mr.  C.  B.  K.,  &  W.,  Oka- 

yama. 

Braithwaite,  Mrs.,  Tokyo. 
Buxton,  Rev.  B.  F.,  &  W.,  Kobe. 
Bullock,  Miss,  Fukuyama. 
Coles,  Miss  A.  M-,  (A). 
Cribb,  Miss  E.  K.,  Osaka. 
Cuthb;rtson,     Mr.    James,    &    W., 

Tokyo. 

Dyer,  Mr.  A.  L,,  &  W.,  Himeji. 
Kdmeacles,  Miss  E.,  (A). 
Foster,  Mr.  Godfrey,  Kobe. 
Harris,    Mr.    Richard    \\  .,    &    W., 

Kobe. 

Mozley,  Miss  G.,  Tokyo. 
Penrod,  Miss  C.  T.,  Tokyo. 
Smith,  Miss  I.  \\.,  Tokyo. 
Soal,  Miss  A.,  Tokyo. 
Thornton,    Rev.   Jesse    B.,    &    W., 

Kobe. 

Wilkes,  Mr.  Paget,  &  W.,  (A). 
Wilkinson,    Mr.    Cecil    S.,   &    W., 

Tokushima. 

17.  Jopan  Book  and  Tract  Society 

Braithwaite,  Mr.  Geo.,  &  W.,  Tokyo. 
18.  Lutheran  Mission 

Akard,  Miss  Martha  B.,  Fukuoka. 

Bach,  Rev.,  &  W.,  Kurume. 

Bowers,  Miss  Mary  L.,  Fukuoka. 

Brown,  Rev.  C. 'L.,  D.D.,  &  W., 
(A). 

Hepner,  Rev.  G.  \V.,  &  W.,  Osaka. 

Horn,  Rev.  V..  T.,  &  \V.,  Nagoya. 

Hytonen,  Miss  K.,  Shinshu.,  (A). 

Kipps,  Rev.  M.  M.,  &  W.,  Tokyo. 

Lindgren,  Rev.  K.,  &  W.,  Tokyo. 

Linn,  Rev.  J.  K.,  &  W.,  Tokyo. 

Lippard,  Rev.  C.  K.,  D.D.,  &  W., 
Saga. 

Miller,  Rev.  L.  S.  G.,  &  W.,  Fuku 
oka. 

Minkkinen,  Rev.  D.,&  W.,  Shinshu. 

Nielsen,  Rev.  J.  P.,  &  W.,  Kurume. 


Nylund,  Miss  J.,  (A). 

Savolainen,  Mr.  V.,  &  W.,  Sapporo. 

Smith,    Rev.    Frisby     I).,    &    W., 

Tokyo. 
Stirewalt,  Rev.  A.  J.,  &  W.,  Kuma- 

moto. 
Tammio,  Rev.  K.,  6c  W.,  Shinshu. 

(A). 
Thorlaksson,    Rev.    S.    O.,    &    W., 

Tokyo. 

Unsitalo,  Mias  Siiri,  (A\ 
Winther,   Rev.   J.    M.    T.,    &     W., 

Kumamoto. 

19.  Methodist  Church,  Canada 

Ainsworth,  Rev.  Fred,  Tokyo. 
Allen,  Miss  A.  W.,  (A). 
Armstrong,  Miss  M.  E.,  'A). 
Armstrong,      Rev.    K.    C.,    &    W., 

Kobe. 

Bates,  Rev.  C.  J.  L.,  &  W.,  (A). 
Bird,  Miss  E.,  (A). 
Blackmore,  .Miss  I.  S.,  .'A). 
Campbell,  Miss  Edith,  Tokyo. 
Chapj>ell,  Miss  Constance,  Tokyo. 
Coates,  Rev.  II.    H.,   D.I).,  (W.,  A) 

Hamamatsu. 

Cragg,  Rev.  \V.  I.  M.,  S:  \V.,  Kol>e. 
Craig,  Miss  M.,  (A). 
De Wolfe,  Miss  Ff.'E.,  (A). 
Drake,  Miss  Katharine  I.,  Uyeda. 
Fryer,  Rev.  W.  ( ).,  &  W.,  (A). 
Govenlock,  Miss  Isalielle,  i^A). 
Hart,  Miss  C.  E  ,  (A). 
Ilennigar,     Rev.     E.     C.     v'v:     W., 

Toy  a  ma. 

Holmes,  Rev.  C.  P.  &  W.,  Fukui. 
llurd,  Miss  Helen  K.,  (A). 
Josf,  Miss  II.  ].,  Kana/awa. 
Keagey,  Miss  M.  D.,  Tokyo. 
Killain,  Miss  Ada  B.,  (A). 
Lediard,  Miss  E.,  Uyeda. 
Lindsay,  Miss  O.  C.,  (A\ 
McKenzie,  Rev.  D.  R.,  D.D.,  &  W. 

(Wife  A\  Tokyo. 
Mcl^eod,  Miss  Anna,  Kanazawa. 
McWilliams,    Rev.    \V.    K.,   &   W., 

Tokyo. 

Melton,  Miss,  Tokvo. 
Misener,  Mrs.  E.  \V.,  ''A). 
Norman,  Rev.  1).,  &  W.,    A). 
Norman,  Miss  K.,  (A). 


CM 


JAPAN 


Ou'erbridge,    Rev.  H.   W.,  &  W., 

(A). 

Patterson,  Rev.  G.  S.  &  W.,  (A). 
Parker,  Miss  Mary,  M.,  Nagano. 
Payne,  Miss  Ada  M.,  Toyama. 
Pinsent,  Mrs.  A.  M.,  Shizuoka. 
Price,  Rev.  P.  G.,  &  W.,  Kanazawa. 
Robertson,  Miss  M.  A.,  Kofu. 
Ryan,  Miss  Esther,  Kofu. 
Siunby,  Rev.  J.  W.,  &  W.,  (A). 
Scott,  Miss  Mary,  (A). 
Staples,  Miss  Marie,  W.,  Kofu. 
Strothard,  Miss  Alice,  Kofu. 
Tate,  Miss,  Tokyo. 
Tweedie,  Miss  E.  G.,  Kofu. 
Veazey,  Miss  M.  A.,  Shizuoka. 
Walker,  Rev.  H.  E.,  &  W.,  Kobs. 
Whiting,     Rev.     M.     M.,     &    W., 

Nagano. 
"Wilkinson,     Rev.    A.    T.,    &    W., 

Shizuoka. 
Woodsworth,   Rev.    IT.    F.   &    W., 

Kobe. 

20.  Methodist  Episcopal  Church 

A.  JAPAN  MISSION  COUNCIL 

Alexander,     Rev.    R.    P.,    &    W., 

Tokyo. 

Kerry,  Rev.  A.  D.,  D.D.,  Tokyo. 
Bishop,  Rev.  C.,  &  W.,  Tokyo. 
Blair,  Rev.  F.  H.,  &  W.,  Tokyo. 
Blanks,  Mr.  A.  F.,  &  W.,  Tokyo. 
P>ull,  Rev.  E.  R.,  &  W.,  Kagoshima. 
Chappell,  Rev.  B.,  D.D.,  (A). 
Davison,  Rev.  C.  S.,  &  W.,  Tokyo. 
Davison,  Rev.  J.  C.,  D.D.,  Kuma- 

moto. 
Draper,  Rev.  G.  F.,  S.T.D.,  &  W., 

Yokohama. 

Harris,  Bishop  M.  C.,  D.D.,  Tokyo. 
He:kelman,    Kev.    P.    W.,    &    W., 

Sapporo. 

Holliday,  Mr.  G.  A.,  Tokyo. 
Iglehart,  Rev.  C.  W.  &  W.,  Sendai. 
Iglehart,  Rev.  E.  T.,  &  W.,  Tokyo. 
Jones,  Rev.  J.  I.  &  W.,  (A). 
Martin,  Mr.  J.  V.,  &  W.   Tokyo. 
Schwartz,  Rev.  H.  W.,  M.  D.,  &  W., 

(A). 

Scott,  Rev.  F.  N.  &  W.,  Nagasaki. 
Smith,  Rev.  F.  H.,  &  W.,  Seoul. 


Spencer,  Rev.  D.  S.,  D.D.,  &  W., 

Nagoya. 

Spencer,  Rev.  R.  S.,  &  W.,  Nagasaki. 
Wheeler,  Mr.  H.  A.,  &  W.,  (A). 

B.  EAST  JAPAN  MISSION,  WOMAN'S 
FOREIGN  MISSIONARY  SOCIETY 

Alexander,  Miss  Bessie,  Sapporo. 

Atkinson,  Miss  Anna  P.,  Nagoya. 

Baucus.  Miss  Georgiana,  Yokohama. 

Bodley,  Miss  E.,  Hakodate. 

Chappell,  Miss  Mary  H.,  Tokyo. 

Chase,  Miss  Laura,  Tokyo. 

Cheney,  Miss  Alice,  Tokyo. 

Couch,  Miss  Helen,  Tokyo. 

Courtice,  Miss  Lois  K.,  Nagoya. 

Daniel,  Miss  Margaret,  Tokyo. 

Dickerson,  Miss  Augusta,  Hakodate. 

Dickinson,  Miss  Emma  E.,  Yoko 
hama. 

Draper,  Miss  Winifred  F.,  Hako 
date. 

Goodwin,  Miss  Lora  C.,  Sapporo. 

I  lampton,  Miss  Mary  S.,  (A). 

Heaton,  Miss  C.  A.,  Sendai. 

Hevvett,  Miss  E.  J.,  Sendai. 

Imhoff,  Miss  Louise,  Sendai. 

Lee,  Miss  Edna,  Yokohama. 

J^e,  Miss  Mabel,  (A). 

Maclntire,  Miss  Frances  W.,  Hako 
date. 

Pider,  Miss  Myr;le  Z..  (A). 

Preston,  Miss  Grace,  S.,  Hirosaki. 

Russell,  Miss  M.  Helen,  Hirosaki. 

Slate,  Miss  Anna  B.,  (A). 

Spencer,  Miss  M.  A.,  Tokyo. 

Sprowles,  Miss  Alberta  B.,  Tokyo. 

Taylor,  Miss  Erina  M.,  Hirosaki. 

Wagner,  Miss  D.  M.,  Hakodate. 

Watson,  Miss  Rebecca  J.,  Yoko 
hama. 

White,  Miss  Anna  L.,  (A). 

Wythe,  Miss  K.,  Grace  Nagoya. 

C.  WEST  JAPAN  MISSION,  \VOMAN'S 
FOREIGN  MISSIONARY  SOCIETY 

Ashbaugh,  Miss  A.  M.,  Nagasaki. 
Bangs,  Miss  Louise,  Nagasaki. 
Draper,  Miss  Marion  R.,  Fukuoka. 
Finlay,  Miss  L.  Alice,  Kr.goshima. 
Ilowey,  Miss  Harriet,  Kumamoto. 


LIST    BY    MISSIONS 


ciii 


Ketchum,  Miss  Edith  L.,  (A). 

Kidwell,  Miss  L.  M.,  Nagasaki. 

Lee,  Miss  Bessie  M.,  Fukuoka. 

Ma'heson,  Miss  Margaret  L.  A., 
Nagasaki. 

Pcckham,  Miss  Caroline  S.,  Naga 
saki. 

Poole,  Miss  Carrie  M.,  Kumamoto. 

1'eet,  Miss  Azalia,  Fukuoka. 

Place,  Miss  Pauline,  Kumamoto. 

Plimptor,  Miss  Margaret,  Fukuoka. 

Russell,  Miss  E.,  Nagasaki. 

Russell,  Miss  May,  Nagasaki; 

Starkey,  Miss  Bertha,  (A). 

Tcague,  Miss  Carolyn  (A). 

Thomas,  Miss  Hetlic  A.,  Nagasaki. 

Young,  Miss  Mariana,  Nagasaki. 

21.  Methodist  Episcopal  Church 
South 

Bennett,  Miss  Nellie,  (A). 

IJonnell,  Miss  Maud,  (A). 

Callahan,  Rev.  W.  J.  &  \V.,  (\Vife 
A).,  lyo. 

Cook,  Miss  M.  M.,  (A). 

Davis,  Rev.  W.  A.,  &  \V.,  (Wife  A), 
Kobe. 

Demaree,  Rev.  T.  W.  B.,  &  W., 
Oita. 

Frank,  Rev.  J.  W.,  &  W.,  Nakatsu. 

Fulton,  Miss  Jane,  Hiroshima. 

Gaines  Miss  Kachel,  Hiroshima. 

Gaines,  Miss  N.  B.,  Hiroshima. 

Gist,  Miss  Annette,  Kobe. 

I  laden,   Rev.   T.   H.,  U.D.,  Kobe. 

llajjer,  Rev.  S.E.,  U.D.,  &  W. 
(Wife  A).,  Kobe. 

Holland,  Miss  Charlie,  Oita. 

Jones,  Rev.  H.  P.  &  W.,  Hiroshima. 

"McDowell,  Miss  Jessie,  Hiroshima. 

Mai  thews,  Rev.  W.  K.,  &  W.,  Kol>e. 

Meyers,  Rev.  J.  T.,  &  W.,  Hiro 
shima. 

Miller,  Miss  Janet,  Hiroshima. 

Newcomb,  Miss  Ethel,  Oita. 

Newton,  Rev.  J.  C.  C.,  D.D.,  &  W., 
Kobe. 

Ogburn,  I\ev.  N.  S.  Jr.,  Yamaguch'. 

Oxford,  Mr.  Jas.  S.,  &  W.,  Kobe. 

Shannon,  Miss  Ida,  Kobe. 

Shannon,  Miss  Katherine,  Hiro 
shima. 


Siler  Miss  Annice,  Hiroshima. 

Sims,  Mr.  J.  G.,  &  W.,  Kobe. 

Stewart,  Rev.  R.  S.,  iv;  W.,  lyo. 

Stewart,  Rev.  S.  A.,  .S:  W.,  Kyoto. 

Trieschmann,  Miss  Catherine,  Hiro 
shima. 

Wainnght,  Rev.  S.  II.,  D.D.,  &  W., 
Tokyo. 

Weakley,  Rev.  W.  R.,  &  W.,  Osaka. 

Williams,  Miss  A.   B.,  (A). 

Wilson,  Rev.  W.  A.,  cS:  W.,  Oka 
yama. 

Worth,  Miss  Ida,  Oila. 

22.  Methodist  Protestant 

Coates,  Miss  A.  L.,  Ilamamatsu. 

Cronise,  Miss  Florence,  Nagoya. 

Dawson,  Miss  Eli/.abeth,  Nafoya. 

Hodges,  Miss  Olive  L,  (A). 

Layman,  Rev.  L.,  D.D  .  &  W., 
Yokohama. 

Olx;c,  Rev.  E.  I.,  &  W.,  Nagoya 

Schlegelmilch,  Miss  Donnn,  Yoko 
hama. 

Steele,  Miss  Harriet,  Yokohama. 

Yan  Dyke,  Rev.  E.  H.,  D.D.,  &  W., 
(A). 

\\  illiams,  Miss  Mary  E.,  Nagoya. 

23.  Missionary  Society  Church  of 
Eogland  in  Canada 

Archer,  Miss  A.  L.,  (A). 

Baldwin,  Rev.  J.  M.,  &  W.,  Nr.gnya. 

Bowman,    Miss    N.    F.    II.,    Matsu- 

moto. 

Cooke,  Miss  M.  S.,  Nagoya. 
Gale,  Rev.  W.  H.,  (A). 
Hamilton,   Rt.  Rev.   H.   J.,   &  W., 

Nagoya. 

I  iamilton,  Miss  F.,  Matsumoto. 
Ixumox,  Miss  E.  G.,  Niigata. 
Makeham,  Miss  S/E.,  Nagoya. 
Millman,  Rev.  R.  M.,  .S:  W.,  Toyo- 

hashi. 

Powles,  Rev.  P.  S.  C.,  &  W.,  Tokyo. 
Robinson,  Rev.  J.  C.,  &  W.,  Nagoya. 
Robinson,  Miss  Hilda  M.,  Gifu. 
Shaw,  Miss  L.,  (A). 
Shortt,  Rev.  C.  H.,  Niigata. 
Spencer,  Rev.  V.  C.,  Ma'.sumoto. 
Spencer,  Miss  Florence,  Niigata. 


CIV 


JAPAN 


Trent,  Miss  E.  M.,  Nagoya. 
Waller,  Rev.  J.  G.,  &  W.,  Nagano. 
Young,  Miss  M.  M  ,  Nagoya. 

24.  Omi  .Mission 

Vogel,  Mr.  J.  H.  &  W.,  (A). 
Vories,  Mr.  John,  &  W.,  Ilachiman, 

Omi. 

Vories,  W.  M.,  Hachiman,  Omi. 
Waterhouse,  Kev.  Paul  B.,  &  W., 

Hachiman,  Omi. 

25.  Oriental  Missionary  Society 

Briggs,  Mr.  F.  J.,  &:  W.,  Tokyo. 
Clarke,  Mr.  Chas.,  Tokyo. 
Cowman,  Kev.  C.  E  ,  &  W.,  Tokyo 
Haines,  Mr.  Paul,  Tokyo. 
Herzler,  Miss  Verna  S.,  Tokyo. 
Hiles,  Mr.  L.  C.,  Tokyo. 
Kilbourne,    Kev.     E.    A.,    &    W., 

Tokyo. 
Kilbourne,     Rev.    E.    L.,    £    \V., 

Tokyo. 

Lassen,  Mr.  L.,  Tokyo. 
Miller,  Mr.  \V.  F.,  Tokyo.       - 
Oney,  Kev.  Edw.,  Tokyo. 
Orkney,  Mr.  John,  Tokyo. 
Pearce,  Miss  E.  A.,  Tokyo. 
Poe,  Mr.  K.,  Tokyo. 
Stanley,  Mr.  V.,  Tokyo. 
Thick,  Mr.  W.  E.,  Tokyo. 
\Villiamson,  Mr.  E.,  Tokyo. 
Woods,  Kev.  H.  F.,  Tokyo. 

26.  Pentecost  Bands  of  the  World 

Abel,    Mr.    Fred    £  W.,   Fukaya, 
Saitama. 

27.  Presbyterian  Church  in  U.S.A. 

Alexander,  Miss  S.,  Osaka. 
Arbury,  Miss  Katharine,  Tokyo. 
Ayres,    Rev.   J.   B.,    D.D.,   &   W., 

(A.) 

Rallagh,  Mr.  J.  C.,  &  W.,  Tokyo. 
Bigelow,  Miss  F.  J.,  Shimonoseki. 
Bigelow,  Miss  G.  S.,  Shimonoseki. 
Brokaw,  Rev.  Harvey,  D.D.,  &  W., 

Kyoto. 
Clark,  Miss  Sarah  F.,  Kanazawa. 


Curtis,  Kev ,  F.  S.  &  W.,  Shimono 
seki. 

Daugherty,  Miss  Lena  G ,  Tokyo. 
Davidson,  Miss  F.  E  ,  Otaru. 
Detweiler,  Rev  J.  E.,  &  W.,  Fukui. 
Dosker,  Kev  K  J.,  Tokyo. 
Dunlop,  Kev.  J.  G,   D.D.,  £  W., 

Kanazawa. 

Ellis,  Miss  Nina  P.,  Tokyo. 
Evans,  Miss  E.,  Sapporo 
Fulton,   Kev.  G.  W.,  D.D.,  £  W., 

Osaka. 

Fulton,  Miss  Marion  H.,  Osaka. 
Garvin,  Miss  A.  E  ,  Kure. 
Gorbold,  Mrs.  R.  P.,  Kyoto. 
Hail,  Rev.  A.  D  ,  D.D  ,  Osaka. 
Hail,    Rev.    J.    B.,    D.D.,   &    W., 

\Yakavama. 

Hail,  Mrs  J.  E  ,  Osaka. 
Halsey,  Miss  L.  S.,  Tokyo. 
Hannaford,  Rev.  H.  D.,  Kyoto. 
Harris,  Miss  Bertha  L  ,  Kanazawa. 
Hereford,     Rev.     W.    F,    £    W., 

Hiroshima. 
Imbrie,  Rev.   Win.,    D  D.,   £   W., 

Tokyo. 

Johnson,  Rev.  W.  T.,  &  W  ,  Tokyo, 
johnstone,  Miss  T-  M  ,  Kanazawa. 
Lake,  Rev.  L  C ,  £  W.,  Tokyo. 
Landis,  Rev.  H.  M.,  &  W.,  Tokyo. 
Leavitt,  Miss  Julia,  Tanabe. 
London,  Miss  M.  H.,  Tokyo. 
Luther,  Miss  I.  R  ,  Kanazawa. 
MacNair,  yrs.  T.  M  ,  Tokyo. 
McCauley,  Mrs.  J.  K  ,  Tokyo. 
McCrory,  Miss  Carrie  H.,  Otaru. 
McDonald,  Miss  M.  D.,  'i  okyo. 
Milliken,  Miss  E.  P.,  Tokyo. 
Monk,  Miss  A-  M.,  Sapporo. 
Morgan,  Miss  A.  E.,  Yokkaichi. 
Murray,  Rev.  D.  A.,  D.D.,  £  W., 

Tsu. 
Pierson, 'Rev.  G.  P.,   D.D.,  £  W., 

Nokkeushi,  Hokkaido. 
Porter,  Miss  F.  E  ,  Kyoto. 
Ransom,  Miss  Mary  H.,  Osaka. 
Reischauer,   Rev.  A.  K.,    D.D.,  & 

W.,  Tokyo. 

Riker,  Miss  Jessie,  Yamada,  Ise» 
Sherman,  Miss  M.,  Matsuyama. 
Smith,  Miss  S.  C.,  Sapporo. 
Thompson,  Mrs.  D.,  Tokyo. 
Todd,  Miss  Ethel  N.,  Tokyo. 


LIST    BY    MISSIONS 


cv 


Van    Horn,    Rev.  G.    W.,   &   W., 

Osaka. 

Walser,  Kev.  T.  D ,  &  W.,  Tokyo. 
Ward,  Miss  I.  M.,  Tokyo. 
Wells,  Miss  Lillian  A.,  Yainaguchi. 
West,  Miss  A.  B  ,  Tokyo. 
Whitener,  Rev.  II  C  ,  &  W.,  Yama- 

guchi. 
Winn,  Rev.  Merle  C.,  &  W.,  Waka-. 

yamn. 
Winn,  Rev.  T.  C.,  D.D.,  Taikyu, 

Chosen. 

28.  Presbyterian  Church,  South, 

U.S.A. 

Atkinson,  Miss  M.  J->  Takamatsu. 

Buchanan,  Rev.  W.  McS.,  D.D.,  & 
W.,  Kobe. 

Buchanan,  Rev.  W.  C.,  &  W., 
Nagoya. 

Camming,  Kev.  C.  K.,  &  W.,  (A). 

Curd,  Miss  Lillian,  Tokushima. 

Dowd,  Mis/  Annie,  Kochi. 

Ellis,  Mrs.  Charles,  Kochi. 

Erickson,  Rev.  S.  M.,  &  W.,  Taka 
matsu. 

Fulton,  Rev.  S.  P.,  D.I).,  &  W., 
Kobe. 

Hassell,  Rev.  Woodrow,  &  W., 
Takamatsu. 

Hassell,  Rev.  A.  P.,  &  W.,  Taka 
matsu. 

Kirtland,  Miss  Leila,  Nagoya,  (A). 

Logan,  Rev.  C.  A.,  D.D.,  &  W., 
Tokushima. 

Lumpkin,  Miss  Estelle,  Tokushima. 

McAlpine,  Rev.  R.  E  ,  D.D.,  &  W., 
Nagoya. 

Mcllwaine,  Rev.  W.  B.,  &  W., 
Kochi. 

Moore,  Rev.  J.  W.,  &  W.,  Kochi. 

Munroe,  Rev.  H.  H.,  &  W  ,  Kochi. 

Myers,  Rev.  II.  W.,  D.D.,  &  W., 
Kobe. 

Ostrom,  Rev.  II.  C,  &  W.,  Toku 
shima. 

Patton,  Miss  A.  V.,  Okazaki, 
Mikavva. 

Patton,  Miss  F.  D.,  Okazaki, 
Mikawa. 

Smythe,  Rev.  L.  C.  M.,  &  W., 
Toyohashi. 


29.  Roman  Catholic  Church 

Alvares,  Prefet  Apostolique,  Toku 
shima. 

Anchen,  L'AbbS  P.,  Hakodate. 

Andrieu,  L'Abbe,  Shizuoka. 

Aurientis,  L'Abbe  P.,  Vicar  Gen., 
Kyoto. 

Ralette,  L'Abbe  Justin,  Tokyo. 

Berlioz,  Rt.  Rev.,  Senclai. 

Bertrand,  L'Abbe  Fr.,  Kokura. 

Biannic,  L'Abbe  lean,  Aomori. 

Billing,  L'Abbe  L,  (A). 

Birraux,  L'Abbe  J.,  Ise. 

Boehrer,  L'Abbe  J.  F.,  Fukuoka. 

Bois,  Rev.  J.  F  ,  Nagasaki. 

Bois,  L'Abbe  F.  L.  J.,  Nagasaki. 

Bonnet,  Kev.  F.,  Kagoshima. 

Bouige,  Rev.  L.  H.,  Kagoshima. 

Bousquet,  L'Abbe  M.  ].,  (A). 

Brenguir,  Rev.  L. .  Kumamoto. 

Breton,  Rev.  M.  J.   Nagasaki. 

Cadilhac,  L'Abbe  H.,  Vi;cr  Gen'l., 
Uisunjmiy.t. 

Caloin,  Rev.'  E.,  (A). 

Castanier,  L'Abbe  B.,  Osaka. 

Cavaignac,  L'Abbe  Ed..  Kagoshima. 

Ceica,  Rev.  Father  Niigata. 

Cesselin,  L'Abbe  C.,  Mivagi. 

Cesseli  i,  L'Abbe  G.,  (A). 

Cittour,  L'Abbe  J.,  Yainaguchi. 

Chabagm,  L'Abbe  J.,  (A). 

Chambon,  L'Abb6  J.  A.,  Hakadate. 

Chapdelaine,  L'Abbe,  (A). 

Charron,  L'Abbe  T.,  Himeji. 

Chatron,  Rt.  Rev.  J.,  ()  aka. 

Cherel,  Rev.  J.  M..  Tokyo. 

Cornier,  L'Abbe  A.,  Koriyama.  (A). 

Combiz,  Rt.  Rev.  J.  C.,  Nagasaki 

Corgisr,  L'Abbe  F.,  (A). 

Cotrel,  L'Abbe,  Oita. 

Dalidert,  L'Abbe  De=ir£,  Yamagata. 

Daridon,  Rev.  H.,  Tottori. 

Djflrenes,  Rev.  Jos.,  Fukushima. 

Delahave,  L'Abbe,  Shizuoka. 

Demangdle,  Rev.  A.  H.,  Tokyo. 

Deruy,  L'Abbe,  Matsuye. 

Dossier,  L'Abb6  R.,  Morioka. 

Drouart,  de  L?zey,  L'Abbe  F.  L., 
Tokyo. 

Drouet,  1  <'Abb£,  Nagasaki. 

Durand,  Rev.  J.  E.,  Nagasaki. 

Duthu,  L'AbW  J.  B.,  Okayama. 


CV1 


JAPAN 


Evrard,  L'Abbe  F.,  Vicar  Gen'l., 
Yokohama. 

Page,  L'Abbe  F.,  Kobe. 

Ferrie,  Rev.  J.  B..  (A). 

Flaujac,  L'Abbe,  Tokyo. 

Fressenon,  L'Abbe  M.,  Kagcshimi. 

Gargnier,  Rev.  L.  F.,  Nagasaki. 

Geley,  Rev.  J.  B.,  Wakayaina. 

Giraudias,  L'Abbe,  (A). 

Gracy,  L'Abbe  L.,  Nagasaki. 

Grinar.d,  J^'Abbe  A.,  Kyoto. 

Halbout,  Rev.  A..  Kagoshima. 

Ilerbet,  L'Abbe  E.  J.,  Shimoucseki. 

Hermann,  Rev.  Father,  Toyama. 

Herve,  L'Abbe,  Iwate. 

Heuzet,  Rev.  A.  E.,  Nagasaki. 

Hutt,  L'Abbe  Alf.ed,  Hakodate. 

Jacquet,  L'Abbe,  Vicar  Gen'l.  C., 
Sendai. 

Johan,  Rev.  Father,  Matsuyama. 

Joly,  Rev.  E.  C.,  Miyazaki. 

Lafoc,  L'Abbe  H.,  Fukushima. 

Laisne,  L'Abbe  T.,  (A). 

Langlais,  Rev.  J.,  (A). 

Lebarbey,  L'Abbe,  (A). 

Lebel,  Rev.  E.,  Kumamoto. 

Lemarie,  Rev.  F.  P.  M.,  Kumamoto. 

I.emoine,  Rev.  J.  C.,  Nagoya,  (A). 

Lissarrague,  L'Abbe,  (A). 

Marie,  L'Abbe  L.  C.,  Hiroshima. 

Marion,  L'Abbe  P.,  Fukushima. 

Marmonier,  L'Abbe  P.  C.  H.,  Osaka. 

Martin,  L'Abbe,  Miyazaki. 

Mathon,  L'Abbe  Remy,  (A). 

Matrat,  Rev.  J.  F.,  Nagasaki. 

Mayrand,  Rev.  P.  A.,  Ha  hioji. 

Milan,  Rev.  Father,  Uwajima. 

Mohr,  Rev.  Father,  Yamagata. 

Montagu,  L'Abbe  L.,  Sendai. 

Noailles,  L'Abbe  Olivier,  de,  Yoko 
hama. 

Pelu,  Rev.  A.  C.  A.,  Nagasaki. 

Perrin,  Rev.  H.,  Kobe. 

Pettier,  L'Abbe  A.  E.,  Yokohama. 

Pouget,  L'Abbe  A.,  Morioka. 

Puissant,  Rev.  M.,  Osaka. 

Reoult,  Rev.  G.  E.,  Kumamoto. 

Reiner?,  Prefet  Apostoliqtie,  Kar.a- 
zawa. 

Relave,  L'Abbe  T.  L.,  Miyazu, 
Tango. 

Rev,  Rt.  Rev.  Archbishop  J.  P., 
Tokyo. 


Rey,  L'Abbe  A.,  Okayama. 
Reynaud,  L'Abbe  Jules,  Sendai,  (A). 
Salmon,  Rt.  Rev.  M.  A.,  Vic.  Gen., 

Nagasaki. 

Sauret,  Rev.  M.,  Kurums. 
Silhol,  L'Abbe  L.  J.,  Osaka. 
Steichen,  L'Abbe  Michel,  Tokyo. 
Thiry,  L'Abbe  F.  T.,  Nagasaki. 
Thomas,  Rev.  Father,  Kochi. 
Tulpin,  Rev.  E.  A.,  Tokyo. 
Vagner,  L'Abbe  A.,  Nara. 
Veillon,  Rev.,  Miyazaki. 
Villion,  Rev.  A.,  Yamaguchi. 
Wassereau,  L'Abbe,  Tokyo. 

30.  Reformed  Church  in  America 

Ballagh,  Rev.  Jas.  H.,  D.D.,  Yoko 
hama. 

Booth,  Rev.  E.  S.,  &  W.,  (A). 

Couch,  Miss  Sara  M.,  (A). 

Demarest,  Miss  May  B.,  (A). 

Hoekje,  Rev.  Will  s  G.,  &  W.,  Saga. 

Hoffsommtr,  Mr.  W.  E.,  &  W.,  (A). 

Hospers,  Miss  Hendrine,  E.,  Kago 
shima. 

Kuyper,  Rev.  Hubert,  Morioka. 

Kuyper,  Miss  Jennie  M.,  Yokohama. 

Lansing,  Miss  Harriet  M.,  (A). 

Moulton,  Miss  Julia,  Yokohama. 

Noordhoff,  Miss  Jeane  M.,  Shimono- 
scki. 

Oltmans,  Rev.  Albert,  D.D.,  &  W., 
Tokyo. 

Oltmans,  Miss  C.  J.,  Yokohama. 

Oltmans,  Miss  E.  F.,  Yokohama. 

Peeke,  Rev.  H.  V.  S.,  D.D.,  &  W., 
(A). 

Pieters,  Rev.  Albertus  &  W.,  Oita. 

Pieters,  Miss  Johanna  A.,  Shimono- 
seki. 

Ruigh,  Rev.  D.  C.,  &  W.,  Tokyo. 

Ryder,  Rev.  S.  W.,  &  W.,  Kago. 
shima. 

Shafer,  Rev.  Luman  J.,  &  W.,  (A). 

Taylor,  Miss  Minnie,  Nagasaki. 

Van  Bronkhorst,  Rev.  Alexander, 
&  W.,  Nagasaki. 

Van   Strien,   Rev.  David,  Kurume. 

Walvooid,  Mr.  Anthony,  &  W. 
Nagasaki. 

W  nn,  Mi  s  M.  Leila,  Aomori. 

Wyckoff,  Mrs.  M.  N.,  Matsumoto. 


LIST    DY    MISSIONS 


evil 


3\.  Reformed  Church  In  U.S. 
(German) 

Ankeney,  Rev.  Alfred,  Yamagata. 
Brick,  Miss  OIlie  A.,  Sendai  (A). 
Faust,  Rev.  A.  K.,  Ph.D.,  &  \V., 

Sendai  (A). 

Gerhard,  Miss  Mary  E.,  Sendai. 
Gerhard,    Prof.    Paul    L.,    &    W., 

Sendai. 

Guinther,  Rev.  E.  H.,  &  W.,  S'endai. 
Hansen,  Miss  Kate  I.,  Sendai. 
Kriete,  Rev.  C.  D.,  £  \V.,  Yama 
gata. 

Lindsey,  Miss  Lydia  A.,  Sendai. 
Moore,    Rev.   J.    P.,    D.D.,    &    W., 

Sendai. 

Miller,  Rev.  H.  K.,  &  W.,  Tokyo. 
Nicodemu?,    Prof.    V.    B.,    &    W., 

Sendai,  (A). 
Noss,  Rev.  Christopher  D.D.,  £  W., 

Wakamatsu,  (A). 

Pifer,  Miss  B.  Catherine,  Tokyo,  (A). 
Schaffner,  Rev.  P.  F.,  &  W.,  Tokyo. 
Sc'meder,  Rev.  D.  B.,  D.D.,  &  W., 

Sendai. 
Seiple,  Rev.  W.  G.,  Ph.  I).,  &  W., 

Sendai. 
Zaugg,  Rev.  E.  II.,  £  W.,  Sendai. 

32.  Russian  Orthodox  Christian 
Church 

Scrgie,  Archbishop,  Tokyo. 
33.  Salvation  Army 

Beaumont,   Brigadier  John   W.,  £ 

W.,  Tokyo. 
de   Groot,   Colonel  J.   W.,   &  W., 

Tokyo. 

Eryklund,  Capt.  Marie,  Tokyo. 
Pennick,    Capt.    Henry    R.,    &  \Y., 

Tokyo. 

Smyth,  Adjutant  Annie,  Tokyo. 
Wiberg,  Brig.  Sven,  &  \V.,  Tokyo. 
Wilson,     Staff    Capt.    T.,    £    W., 

Tokyo. 

34.  Southern  Baptist  Convention 

Bouldin,  R«.v.  G.  \\.,  £  W.,  Tokyo. 
Chiles,  Miss  C.  Hooker,  Tokyo. 


Clarke,  Rev.  W.  H.,  &  W.,  Kuma. 

moto. 

Dozier,  Rev.  C.  K.,  £  W.,  Fukuoka. 
Medling,  Rev.   P.P.,  &   W.,   Kago- 

shima. 

Mills,  Mr.  E.  O.,  &  W.,  (A). 
Ray,  Rev.  T-  F.,  £  W.,  (A). 
Ro.vr,  Rev.  J.  H.,  &  W.,  Nagasaki. 
Walne,  Rev.  E.  N.,  D.D.,  '£  \V., 

Shimqnoseki. 
Wil!ingham,    Rev.    C.    T.,    &    W., 

Kokura. 

35.  Seventh  Day  Adventist 

Anderson,  Mr.  A.  N.,  &  \V.,  Hiro 
shima. 

Benson,  Mr.  H.  F.,  &  W.,  Tokyo. 

Cole,  Mr.  A.  B.,  &  W.,  Tokyo. 

DeVinney,  Rev.  F.  II.,  &  W., 
Tokyo. 

Herboltzheimer,  Mr.  J.  N.,  &  \V., 
Yokohama. 

Hqfjman,  Rev.  B.  P.,  &  W.,  Tokyo. 

Jacques,  S.  G.,  £  W.,  Tokyj. 

S'acey,  Mr.  H.,  £  W.,  Tokyo. 

\Vebber,  Mr.  P.  A.,  &  \Y.,  Fukuoka. 

36.  Society  of  Friends 

Binford,  Mr.  Gurney,  &  \V.,  Mito. 
Bowles,  Mr.  Gilb.-rt,  &  \V.,  Tokyo. 
Colenv.n,  Mr.  II.  E.,  &  W.,  Tokyo. 
Giflbrd,  Miss  Alice  C.,  (A). 
Lewis,  Miss  Alice  G.,  Tokyo. 
Nicholson,  Mr.  Herbert  V.,  Tokyo. 
Sharpless,  Miss  Edith  F.,  Mito. 
Jones,  Mr.  Thomas  M.,  &  \V.,  Tokyo. 

37.  Seand'navian  Al  iance 

Anderson,  Rev.  Jo:l,  &  \V.,  Tokyo. 
Carlson,  Rev.  C.  E.,  &  W.,  Izu. 
Peterson,  Miss  A.  J.,  Chiba. 

3&.  Society  for  the  Propagation  of 
the  Gospel 

A.  SOUTH  TOKYO  DIOCESE 

Bickersleth,  Mr?.  Edward,  Tokyo. 
Bosanquet,  Miss  N.  M.,  (A). 
Boyd,  Miss  H.,  Tokyo. 


cviii 


JAPAN 


Cholmondeley,  Rev.  L.  B.,  Tokyo. 
Chope,  Mi.ss  D.  M.,  Tokyo. 
France,  Rev.  W.  F.,  Odawara. 
GemmUl,  R--.V.  Wni.  C.,  Tokyo. 
Grey,  Rev.  W.  T.,  &  W.,  (A). 
Hogan,  Miss  F.  M.  F.,  Tokyo. 
King,     Yen.     Archdeacon     A.    F., 

T.  kyo. 

Men'eth,  M'ss  L.  Stuart,  Tokyo. 
Miles,  Rev.  B.  N.,  &  W.,  Tokyo., 
Nevile,  Miss  C.  L.,  (A\ 
Philip;  s,  Mis;  E.  G.,  Tokyo. 
Pringle,  Miss  F.  C.,  Odawara. 
Richards,     Rev.     W.    A.,    &    W., 

Hamamatsu. 
Shaw,  Rev.  R.  D.  M.,  &  W.,  Shiz> 

oka. 

Shepherd  Miss  K.  M.,  Tokyo. 
Simeon,  Miss  R.,  S.iizuoka. 
Sinr.son,  Rev.  J.  B.,  (A). 
Tanner,  Miss  L.  K.,  Tokyo. 
Tro  t,  Miss  D.,  Tokyo. 
Webb,  Rev.  A.  E.,  Yok  hama. 
Williams,  Miss  T.  C.,  Tokyo. 
Woo  ley,  Miss  K.,  Tokyo. 
Wright,  Rev.  A.  S.,  Tokyo. 

B.  OSAKA  DIOCESE 

Case,  Miss  D.,  Kobe. 
Foxley,  Rev.  C.,  &  W.,  Himeji. 
Gregson,  Miss  D.,  Okayama. 
Holmes,  Miss  M.  M.,  Kobe. 
Howard,  Miss  E.,  Kobe. 
Kettlewell,  Rev.  F.,  Kobe. 
Parker,  Miss  A.,  (A). 
Rowland,  Miss  E.  M.,  Kobe. 
Smith,  Miss  A.,  Kobe. 
Steele,  Rev.  H.  T.,  &  W.,  Okayama. 
Voules,  Miss  J.  E.,  Kobe. 
Walker,  Mr.  F.  B.,  &  W.,  Kobe. 
\Veston,  Rev.  F.,  &  W.,  (A\ 

39.  United  Brethren  in  Christ 

Cosand,  Rev.  Joseph,  Tokyo. 
Hayes,  Rev.  W.  H.,  &  W.,  Tokyo. 
Knipp,  Rev.  J.  Edgar,  &  W.,  Kyoto. 
Moore,  Miss  Ellen,  Tokyo. 
Shively,  Rev.  B.  F.,  &  W.,  Kyoto. 

40.  Unitarian  Mission 
MwCwtfcy,  Rev.  Clay,  D,D,,  Tokyo, 


41.  Universalist  Mission 

Ilalhaway,  Miss  M.  A.,  Tokyo. 
Keirn,    Rev.    G.    I.,    U.D.,  &    W., 

Tokyo. 

Klein,  Miss  Louise.  Tokyo. 
Lobdell,  Rev.  N.  L.,  &  W.,  Shizu- 

oka. 

42.  Woman's  Union  Mission 

Alward,  Miss  C.,  Yokohama. 
Crosby,    Miss   Julia    N.,    Emeritus, 

Yokohama. 

Loomis,  Miss  C.  D.,  Yokohama. 
McCloy,  Miss  G.  J.,  Yokohama. 
Pratt,  Mis;  S.  A.,  Yokohama. 
Tracy,    Miss    Mary    E.,  Yokohama, 

(A). 

43.  Young  Men's  Christian 

Association 

Barnhart,  Mr.  B.  P.,  &  W.,  Seoul. 
Brockman,    Mr.    Frank   M.,  &   W,, 

Seoul. 

Brown,  Mr.  Frank  II.,  &  W.,  Tokyo. 
Converse,  Mr.  G.  C.,  Tokyo. 
Davis,  Mr.  J.  Merle,  &  W.,  Tokyo. 
Fisher,  Mr.  Galen  M.,  &  W.,  Tokyo. 
Gleason,  Mr.  Geo.,  &  W.,  Hyogo. 
Grafton,  Mr.  H.  H.,  &  W.,  Tokyo. 
Gregg,  Mr.  Geo.  E.,  Seoul. 
Hayes,  Mr.  C.  D.,  &  W.,  Tokyo, 
Hibbard,  Mr.  C.  V.,  &  W.,  (A> 
Jorgensen,  Mr.  Arthur,  &  W.,  (A). 
Phelps,-  Mr.  G.  S.,  &  W.,  (A). 
Ryan,  Mr.  W.  S.,  &  W.,  Tokyo. 
Stier,  Mr.  W.  R.  F.,  &  W.,  Tokyo. 
Sneyd,  Mr.  H.  S.,  &  W.,  Yokohoma. 
Trueman,    Mr.   G.   Ernest,    &   W., 

Nagasaki. 

43.  Young  Men's  Christian  As 
sociation  Teachers 

Bopes,  Mr.  C.  F.,  Osaka. 
Bower,  Mr.  C.  W.,  Dairen. 
Buchanan,  Mr.  Daniel,  Yamaguchi. 
Cole,  Mr.  Rex,  Osaka. 
Copp,  Mr.  C.  W.,  Iwakuni,  Yama 
guchi. 
Coulter,  Mr,  S,  H ,  Hiroshima* 


LIST    BY    MISSIONS 


CIX 


Emery,  Mr.  L.  B.,  Yamaguchi. 
Graham,  Mr.  I).  F.,  Yamaguchi. 
Grafton,  Mr.  P.  A.,  Yamaguchi. 
Cirant,  Mr.  J.  Percy,  Yamaguchi. 
Hicks  Mr.  C.  R.,  Kyoto. 
Hanson,  Mr.  II.  T.,  Yokohama. 
Hill,   Mr.  Alfred  W.,  Shimonoseki. 
I.angley,      Mr.      llul>ert,      Mikage, 

Hyogo. 

I.angman,Mr.  P.J..&  W.,  Hakodate. 
Kenyon,  Mr.  Harrison  M.,  Otaru. 
Jacobson,  Mr.  E.  L.,  Kol>e. 
McKinnon,  Mr.  1).  Brooke,  Otaru. 
Miller,  Mr.  Colwell,  Tokyo. 
Pollock,  Mr.  C.,  Kagoshima. 
Scott,  Mr.  J.  C'arey,  Fukuchiyama. 
Salisbury,     Mr.    Laurence,     Chofu, 

Yamaguchi. 

Shaw,  Mr.  Glenn,  &  W.,  Osaka. 
Smith,  Mr.  Roy,  &  W.,  Kobe. 
Walker,  Mr.  Owen,  &  \Y.,  Himeji. 

45.   Young  Woman's  Christian 
Association 

Baker,  Miss  Mollie,  Yokohama. 
Emerson,  Miss  Ruth,  Osaka. 
Greene,  Miss  Elsie,  Tokyo. 
Gunter,  Miss  Mamie  E.,  Tokyo. 
Hard,  Miss  Clara  Taylor,  Tokyo. 
Kaufman,  Miss  Emma,  Tokyo. 
Matihew,  Miss  Margaret  L.,  Tokyo. 
Page,  Miss  Mary,  Tokyo. 
Ragan,  Miss  Ruth,  (A). 

46.  Canadian  Presbyterian 

Adair,  Miss  I.ily,  Formosa. 

Clazie,  Miss  Mabel,  Formosa. 

Connel,  Miss  Hannah,  Formosa. 

Dowie,  Mr.  Kenneth  W.,  &  W., 
Formosa. 

Elliot,  Miss  Isal>el,  Formosa. 

Ferguson,  Rev.,  J.  Y.,  M.  IX,  &  \\., 
Formosa. 

Gauld,  Rev.  William,  &  W., 
Formosa. 

Gray,  Mr.  A.  A.,  M.  D.,  &  W.,  For 
mosa. 

Jack,  Rev.  Milton,  &  W.,  Formosa. 

Kinney,  Miss  J.  M.,  Formosa. 

MacKay,  Mr.  G.  W.,  &  '  W., 
Formosa. 


McLeod,     Rev.     D.     W.,    &    W., 

Formosa. 
Tate,  Miss  Lillian,  Formosa. 

47.  English  Presbyterian 

Rand,  Rev.  E.,  Formosa. 
Barclay,  Rev.  T.,  Formosa. 
Barnetl,  Miss  Margaret,  Formosa. 
Butler,  Miss  A.  E.,  (A). 
Ferguson,  Rev.  1).,  &   W.,  Formosa. 
Gushue  Taylor,     Dr.     ('..,    &     W., 

Formosa. 

Jones,  l-'ev.  D.  P.,  Formosa. 
Landsborough,  D.,  M.  1) ,  &  W.,  A). 
Livingston,  Miss  A.  A  ,  Formosa. 
Lloyd,  Miss  J.,  Formosa. 
Mackintosh,      Miss       Sabine       E., 

Formosa. 

Maxwell,  J.  L.,  M.  IX,  &  \\  .,  (A>. 
Montgomery,    Rev.    W.    E.,   >S;    W., 

Formosa. 

Moody,  Rev.  Campbell  N.,  (A). 
Nielson,  Rev.  A.  B.,  Formosa. 
Reive,  Miss  A.  D.,  Formosa. 
Stuart,  Miss  J.,  Formosa. 

48    Unconnected  with  any  Mission 

Andrews,  Miss  Sarah,  Tokyo 
Atchin>-on.  Rev.  R.  &  W.,  Kobe. 
Brand,    Mr.     Herbert     G.    &     W., 

Tokyo  (A). 

Bullis,  Miss  E.  M.,  Kol>e. 
Chandler,  Miss  Ada  B.,  Asahigawa. 
Cunningham,    Rev.   \V.    I).,   &   W., 

.  (A)' 
Ewing,  Miss  A.  M.,  lokyo. 

Gilletl,  Miss  E.  T.,  Tokyo. 
Guilder!,  Rev.  W.,&  W.,  Kumamoto. 
Hansee,  Miss  Marl  ha,  L.  Tokyo. 
Hartshorne,  Miss  A.  C'.,  Tokyo. 
Hutchings,  Miss  A.  M.,  Nikko. 
Kingsbury,  Rev.  W.  del  .,  Xagoya. 
Ixxnnis,  Rev.  II.  &  W.,  Yokohama. 
McCaleb,  Mr.  J.  M.   (&  W.  ab,ent) 

Tokyo. 

MacDonald,  Miss  A.  C.,  Tokyo. 
Messenger,  Rev.  J.  F.,  &  W.,  Tokyo. 
Miller,  Miss  Alice,  Tokyo. 
Moon,  Miss  Myra  B.,  Tokyo. 
Moore,  Rev.  B.  S.  &  W.,  Yokohama. 
Piper,  Miss  Margaret  F.,  Osaka, 


ex 


Rollstin,  Mr.  W.  P.,  Okayama. 
Scudder,     Rev.     Doremus    &     W. 

Tokyo. 

Sheppard,  Miss  E.,  Kobe. 
Smyser,  Rev.  M.,  &  W.,  Yokole. 
Stewart,  Miss  M.,  Tokyo, 


Taylor,  Rev.  Wm.  T.  &  W.,  Kobe. 
Thompson,  J.  M.,  &  W.,  Osaka. 
Vincent,  C.  G.,  &  W.,  Tokyo  (A). 
Watson,  Wm.  R.,  M.D.,  Tokyo. 
Wharton,  Mrs.  R.  G.,  Tokyo. 
Whitney,  Mr.  J.  P.,  Yokohama 


LIST    BY    TOWNS 


Aklta 

Armbruster,  Miss  Rose,  T.,  C.  C. 
Garst,  Miss  Gretchen,  C.  C. 
Oliphant,  Rev.  L.  I).  &  W.,  C.  C. 
Verbeck,  Miss  Eleanor,  A.  E.  C. 

Amakusa 

Gargnier,  Rev.  I..  F.,  R.C. 
Aomori 

Bristowe,  Miss  L.  M.,  A.E.C. 
Nichols,  Rev.  S.  II.,  &  W.,  A.E.C. 
Winn,  Miss  M.  L.,  R.C. A. 

Asahigawa 

Chandler,  Miss  A.  B.,  Unc. 
Ashiya,  Hyogo 

Cox,  Miss  A.  M.,  C.M.S. 
Worthington,  Miss  II.  J.,  C.M.S. 

Chiba 

Peterson,  Miss  A.  J.,  S.  All. 
Chofu,  Vamaguchi  Ken 

Salisbury,  Lawrence,  V.  M.  C.A.T. 
Choshi 

Adams,  Mr.  Roy,  &  W.,  II.F.M. 
Glenn,  Miss  Agnes,  II.F.M. 

Dzushi 

Miles  Rev.  B.  N.  &  W.,  S.P.G. 


Fukaya,  Saitama  Ken 
Abel,  Mr.  Fred,  &  W.,  P.B.W. 
Fukuchiyama 

Scott,  Mr.  C.  J.,  Y.M.C.A.T. 
Snider,  Miss  Cora  G. 

Fukul 

Detweiler,  Rev.  J.  E.,  &  W.,  P.C. 

U  S.A. 
Holmes,  Rev.  C.  P.  &  W., 

M.C.C. 
Smith,  Rev.  P.  A.,  &  \V.,  A.E.C. 

Fukuoka 

Akard,  Miss  Martha  B.,  Luth. 
Boehrer,  L'Abbe,  J.  F.,  R.C. 
Bovvers,  Miss  Mary  I/.,  I/u!h. 
Dozier,  Rev.  C.  K.,  &  W.,  S.B.C. 
Draj>er,  Miss  Marion  R.,  M.E.C. 
Ix:a,  Rt.  Rev.  A.,  D.  1).   &   W., 

C.M.S. 

I^e,  Miss  Bessie  M.,  M.E.C. 
Miller,  Rev.  L.  S.  G.,  Luth. 
Peef,  Miss  Azalia,  M.E.C. 
Plimpton,  iliss  Margaret,  M.E.C. 
Rowlands,    Rev.    F!    W.,    &    W., 

C.  of  E. 
Weblxjr,  Mr.  P.  A.,  &  W.,  S.V.A. 

Fukushima 

Dcffrencs,  Rev.  Jo?.,  R.C. 
Kent,  Miss  K.  A.  E.,  A.E.C. 
T,afon,  I/Abbe  II.,  R.C. 
Marion,  L'Abbe  P.,  R.C. 
Young,  Rev.  T.  A.,  &  W.,  C.C. 


cxii 


JAPAN 


Fukuyama 

Bullock,  Miss,  J.  E.  B. 
Galgey,  Miss  L.  A.,  C.M.S. 

Gifu 

Henty,  Miss  A.  M.,  C.M.S. 
Robinson,  Miss  Hilda  M.,  M.S.C. 

E.G. 
Somervell,   Miss   M.    Geldard,    C. 

of  E. 

Goto 

Henzet,  Rev.  A.  E.,  R.C. 
Pelu,  Rev.  A.  C.  A.,  R.C. 

Hachiman,  Omi 

Vories,  Mr.  John,  &  W.,  O.M. 
Vories,  Mr.  W.  M.,  O.M. 
Waterhouse,  Rev.  Paul  B.,  &  W., 
O.M. 

Hachioji 

Mayrand,  Rev.  P.  A.,  R.C. 
Hagl 

Graham,  Daniel  F.,  Y.M.C.A.T. 
Villion,  Rev.  A. 

Hakodate 

Anchen,  I,' Abbe,  P.  R.C. 
Andrews,  Rt.  Rev.  W.,  D.D.  &  W. 
Bodley,  Miss  E.,  M.E.C. 
Chambon,  L'Abbe  J.  A.,  R.C. 
Dickerson,  Miss  Augusta,  M.E.C. 
Draper,  Miss  Winifred  F.,  M.E.C. 
Hull,  L'Abbe  Alfred,  R.C. 
Lang,  Rev.  D.  M.,  &  W.,  C.M.S. 
Langman,  Mr.  P.  J.,  Y.M.C.A.T. 
Maclntire,     Miss      Frances      W., 

M.E.C. 

Singer,  Miss  Florence  E.,  M.E.C. 
Wagner,  Miss  D.  M.,  M.E.C. 

Hamada 
Pasley,  Miss  M.  L, 


Hamamatsu 

Coates,  Rev.  H.  H.,  D.  D.,  &  (W. 

A.),  M.C.C. 
Coates,  Miss  A.  L.,  M.P.C. 

Himeji 

Bickel,   Capt.    Luke   W.,    &   W., 

A.B.F.M.S. 
Briggs,    Rev.    F.C.,    &    W.,   A.B. 

F.M.S. 

Charron,  L'Abbe  T.,  R.C. 
Dyer,  Mr.  A.  L.,  &  W.,  J.E.B. 
Foxley,  Rev.  C,  &  W.,  S.P.G. 
Pawley,  Miss  Anabelle,  A.B.F.M.S. 
Walker,  Owen,  cS:  W.,  Y.M.C.A.T. 
Wilcox,  Miss  E.  F.,  A.B.F.M.S. 

Hirado 

Bois,  Rev.  J.  B.,  R.C. 
Matrat,  Rev.  J.  Fr.,  R.C. 

Hlrosaki 

Babcock,  Miss  B.  R.,  A.E.C. 
Preston,  Miss  Grace  S.,  M.E.C. 
Russell,  Miss  M.  Helen,  M.E.C. 
Taylor,  Miss  Erma  M.,  M.E.C. 

Hiroshima 

Ague,  Miss  Pearl  E. 
Anderson,  Mr.  A.  N.,  &  W.,  S.V.A. 
Coulter,  Mr.  Sam.  H.,  Y.M.C.A.T. 
Fulton,  Miss  Jane,  M.E.C.S. 
Gaines,  Miss  N.  B.,  M.E.C.S. 
Gaines,  Miss  Rachel,  M.E.C.S. 
Hereford,    Rev.    W.    F.,    &    W., 

P  C  U  S  A 

Jones,  Rev.  H.  P.,  &  W.,  M.E.C.S. 
Lindstrom,  Rev.  II.,  &  W.,  C.M.A. 
Marie,  L'Abbe  I  .  C.,  R.C. 
McDowell,  Miss  Jessie,  M.E.C.S. 
Meyers,  Rev.  J.  T.,  &  W.,  M.E.C.S. 
Miller,  Miss  Janet,  M.E.C.S. 
Shannon,  Miss  Katherine,  M.E.C.S. 
Siler,  Miss  Annice,  M.E.C.S. 
Trieschman,  MUs  Katherine,  M.E. 

CS. 
Walton,  Rev.  M.   H.    W.,  &  W., 

C.M.S. 


LIST    BY    TOWNS 


cxiii 


Hitoyoshi,  Kumamoto 

Brengnier,  Rev.  L.,  R.C. 
Raoult,  Rev.  C.  E.,  R.C. 

Kojo,  Boshu 

Colborne,  Mrs.,  C.  of  E. 
Ichinoseki 

Ilervc,  I /Abbe,  R.C. 
llda 

Nylund,  Mi;-s  J. 
Ito 

Carlson,  Rev.  C.  E.,  &  W.,  S.  All. 
Iwakuoi 

Copp,  Mr.  C.  W.,  Y.M.C.A.T. 
Iwajima,  Nagasaki 

Durand,  Rev.  J.  E.,  R.C. 
Kagoshima 

Bull,  Rev.  Earl  R.,  &  W.,  M.E.C. 
Cavaignac,  L'Abbe  Ed.,  R.C. 
Evans,  Miss  Sara. 
Finlay,  Miss  L.  Alice,  M.E.C. 
Hospurs,  Miss  Her.drine    R.C. A. 
Ilutchinson,   Rev.    A.    C.,    &    \V., 

C.M.S. 

I~ine,  Miss  E.  A.,  C.M.S. 
Medling,  Rev.  P.  P.,  &  W.,  S.B.C. 
Pollock,  Chauncey,  Y.M.C.A.T. 
Ryder,   Rev.    S'.cphcn  \Y.,  &  W., 

R.C.  A. 

Sells,  Miss  E.  A.  P.,  C.M.S. 
Thompson  Miss  F.  L.,  C.M.S. 

Kamisuwa 

Minkkinen,  Rev.  I).,  &  \V.,  Luth. 
Kanagawa 
Craig,  Mr.  E.  B.,  &  W. 


Kanazawa 

Booth,  Miss  Alma. 
Brooking,  Miss  Josephine,  A.E.C. 
Clark,  Miss  Sarah  F.,  P.C.,  U.S.A. 
Dunlop,  Rev.  J.  G.,  D.D.,  &  W., 

P.C..  U.S.A. 
Harris,     Miss     Bertha     L.,      P.C. 

U.S.A. 

Johnstone,  Miss  |.  M.,  P.C.  U.S.A. 
Jost,  Miss  H.J.,  "M.C.C. 
Luther,  Miss  I.  R.,  P.C.  U.S.A. 
McLeod,  Miss  Arna. 
Price,  Rev.  P.  G.,  &  W.,  M.C.C. 
Reincrs,  Prefet  Apostoliquc,  R.C. 

Kobe 

Armstrong,  Rev.  R.  C.,  Ph.D.,  & 

W.,  M.C.C. 

Atchinson   Rev.  R.  &  \V.,  Unc. 
Barrows,  Miss  M.  L.,  A.B.C.F.M. 
Buchanan,  Rev.  W.  Me.  S.,  D.D.,  & 

W.,  P.C.S. 

Bullis,  Miss  Edith  M.,  Unc. 
Buxton,  Rev.  B.  F.,  ,Sc  W.,  J.E.B, 
Case,  Miss  IX,  S.P.G. 
Cozad,  Miss  Gertrude,  A.B.C.F.M. 
Cragcr,    Rev.    \V.    J.    M.,   &   W., 

M.C.C. 

Davis,  Mrs.  J.  D.,  A.B.C.F.M. 
Davis,     Rev.     \V.    A.    (£    W.A.) 

M.E.C.S. 

DC  Forest,  Miss  C.  P.,  A.B.C.F.M. 
Fage,  I /Abbe  F.,  R.C. 
Fanning,  Miss  K.  F.,  A.B.C.F.M, 
Foss,  Rt.  Rev.  II.  J.,  D.I).,  &  W. 
Foster,  Mr.  Godfrey,  J.E.B. 
Fulton,   Rev.  S.   P./D.D.,  &  W., 

P.C.S. 

Gist.  Miss  Annette,  M.E.C.S. 
I  laden,  Rev.  T.  II.,  M.E.C.S. 
I  lager,  Rev.  S.  E.,  D.D.,  &  W., 

M.E.C.S. 
Harris,    Mr.    Richard  W.,    &   W., 

J.E.B. 

Harrison,  Miss  Ida  W.,  A.B.C.F.M. 
Holmes,  Miss  M.,. S.P.G. 
Howard,  Miss  E.,  S.P.G. 
Howe,  Miss  Annie  I...  A.B.C.F.M. 
Hoyt,  Miss  ().  S.,  A.B.C.F.M. 
Hughe?,  Miss  E. 
Tacobson,  E.  L.,  Y.M.C.A.T. 


cxiv 


JAPAN 


Kelt  Jewell,  Rev.  F.,  &  W.,  S.P.G. 
Lawrence,  Mr.  A.,  &  W.,  B.S. 
Matthews,    Rev.    W.    K.,   &   W., 

M.E\C.S. 
Myers,  Rev.  H.  W.,  D.D.,  &  W., 

P.C.S. 
Newton,  Rev.  J.C.C.,  D.D.,  &  W., 

M.E.C.S. 

Oxford,  Mr.  J.  S.  &  W.,  M.E.C.S. 
Parrott,  Mr.  Fred,  &.  W.,  B.S. 
Perrin,  Rev.  H.  O.,  R.C. 
Piper,  Miss  Margaret  F. 
Ridley,  Miss  A.  C. 
Rowland,  Miss  E.  M.,  S.P.G. 
Rupert,  Miss  M.  L.,  A.B.C.F.M. 
Ryerson,  Rev.  G.  E.,  &  W. 
Searle,  Miss  S.  A.,  A.B.C.F.M. 
Shannon,  Miss  Ida,  M.E.C.S. 
Sheppard,  Miss  E.,  Unc. 
Sims,  Mr.  J.  G.,  &  W.,  M.E.C.S. 
Smith,    Mr.    Roy,     &   W.,    Y.M. 

CAT 

Smith,  Miss  A.,  S.P.G. 
Sanford,    Rev.    A.     W.,    &    W., 

A.B.C.F.M. 

Stowe,  Miss  Grace  H.,  A.B.C.F.M. 
Stowe,  Miss  Mary  E.,  A.B.C.F.M. 
Swan,  Mr.  Geo.  I).,  &  W., 

Y.M.C.A. 

Taylor,  Mr.  Win.  T.,   &  W.,  As 
sembly  of  God. 
Thomson,  Rev.  R.  A.,  D.D.,  F.R. 

G.S.,  &  W.,  A.B.F.M.S. 
Thornton,    Rev.  Jesse    B.    &   W., 

J.E.B. 

Voules,  Miss  J.  E.,  S.P.G. 
Walker,  Mr.  F.  B.,  &  W.,  S.P.G. 
Wralker,  Rev.  H.  E.,  &  W.,  M.C.C. 
Woodsworth,  Rev.  H.  F.,  &  W., 

M.C.C. 

Kochi 

Dowd,  Miss  Annie,  P.C.S. 
Ellis,  Mrs.  Charles,  P.C.S. 
Mcllwaine,  Rev.  W.  B,,  &  W., 

P.C  S. 

Munroe,'Rev.  II.  H.,  &  W.,  P.C.S. 
Thomas,  Rev.  Father,  R.C. 

Kofu 

Caloin,  Rev.  E.  (A). 


Robertson,  Miss  M.  A.,  M.C.C. 
Ryan,  Miss  Es  her,  M.    .C. 
Staples,  Miss  Marie  W.,  M.C.C. 
Slrothard,  Miss  Alice,  M.C.C. 
Tvveedie,  Miss  E.  G.,  M.C.C. 

Kokura 

Bertrand,  L'Abbe  Fr.,  R.C. 
Hind,  Rev.  J.,  &  W.,  C.M.S. 
Willingham,  Rev.   C.   T.,   &   W., 
S.B.C. 

Koriyama 

Corn'er,  L'Abbe  A., 
Newbold,  Mi<s  E.  G.,  A.E.C. 
Ranck,  Miss  Elmina,  E.A. 

Kumamoto 

Clarke,  Rev.  W.  H,.  &  W.,  S.B.C. 
Davison,  Rev.  J.  C.,  D.D.,  M.E.C. 
Freeth,  Mis;  F.  M.,  C.M.S. 
Gundert,  Rev.  W.,  &  W.,  Unc. 
Howey,  Miss  Harriet,  M.E.C. 
Lebel,  Rev.  E.,  R.C. 
Place,  Miss  Pauline,  M.E.C. 
Poole,  Miss  Carrie  M.,  M.E.C. 
Riddell,  Miss  H.,  C.ofE. 
Staples,  Mr.  I.  B.,  &  W. 
Stirewalt,  Rev.  A.  J.,  &  W.,  Luth. 
Winther,  Rev.  J.  M.  T.,  &  W.,  Luth. 

Kure 

Garvin,  Miss  A.E.,  P.C.U.S.A. 
Scott,  Rev.  J.  J.,  &  W.  C.M.S. 

Kurosliiim 
Breton,  Rev.  M.  J.,  R.C. 

Kurume 

Bach,  Rev.,  £  W:,  Luth. 
Cockram,  Miss  S.  H.,  C.M.S. 
Nielson,  Rev.  J.  P.,  &  W.  Luth. 
Sauret,  Rev.  M.,  R.C. 
Van  Strien,  Rev.  D.,  R.C.A. 

Kycto 

Aldrich,  Miss  Mar! ha,  A.E.C. 


LIST    BY   TOWNS 


cxv 


Ambler,  Miss  Marietta,  A.E.C. 
Amientis,  L'Abbe  P.,  Vicar  Gen., 

R.C. 
Brokaw,  Rev.  Harvey,  D.D.,  &  \V., 

P.C.U.S.A- 
Burton,    Miss     Mary    E.,    A.B.C. 

F.M. 

Cary,  Miss  Alice  E.,  A.B.C.F.M. 
Gary,    Rev.    Oiis,    D.D.,    &    W., 

A.B.C.F.M. 
Chapman,     Rev.     J.     J.,     &     \V., 

A.E.C. 
Cobb,  Rev.  E.  S.,  &   W.,  A.B.C. 

F.M. 
Curtis,  Rev.  W.  L.,  &  \V.,  A.B.C. 

F.M. 
Dunning,    Rev.    M.    D.,    &     \V., 

A.B.C.F.M. 
Gardiner,      Miss      Ernestine     W., 

A.E.C. 

Giflford,  Rev.  Frank  D.,  A.E.C. 
Gorlxald,  Mrs.  R.  P.,  P.C.U.S.A. 
Gordon,  Mrs.  M.  I  .,  A.B.C.F.M. 
Grmaucl,  L'Abbe  A.,  R.C. 
Ilannnford,    Rev.   Howard  D.,  P. 

C.U.S.A. 
Hess,  Rev.  James  M.,  &  W.,  A.B. 

C.F.M. 

Hicks,  Mr.  C.  R.,  V.M.C.A.T. 
Humphrey,  Rev.  L.  H.,  &  \V. 
Knipp,  Rev.  J.  Edgar,  &  W., 

U.B.C. 
Learned,  Rev.  D.  W.,  D.D.,  &  W., 

A.B.C.  F.M. 
Lombard,     Rev.     F.     A.    &    W., 

A.B.C.F.M. 

Matthews,  Miss  Mary,  A.E.C. 
Norton,  Miss  Dorothy,  A.E.C. 
Peck,  Miss  Sally  P. 
Pool,  Miss  Lillian,  A.E.C. 
Porter,  Miss  F.  E. 
Schiller,    Supt.    Dr.    En.il,    &    W. 

G.F.M.P. 
Shively,     Rev.     B.     F.,     &     \V., 

U.B.C. 
Stewart,  Rev.  S.  A.,  &  W.,  M.E. 

C.S. 

Suthon,  Miss  G.,  A.E.C. 
Tracy,  Miss  C.  J.,  A.E.C. 
Tucker,  Rt.  Rev.  H.  St.  G.,  D.D., 

cS:  W.,  A.E.C. 

Walke,  Rev.  R.  A.,  &  W.,  A.E.C 
\Villiams,  Miss  Lula. 


Maebashl 

Andrews  Rev.  R.  W.,  &  W.,  (A). 
Carlsen,  Miss  V.  D.,  A.E.C. 
Griswold,  Miss  Fannie,  A.B.C.F.M. 
Meredith,  Rev.  F.  C.,  A.E.C 

Matsue 

Barclay,    Mr.    J.    Gurney,    &    W., 

C.M.S. 

Derny,  L'Abbe,  R.C. 
Mann,  Rev.  J.  C.,  &  W.,  C.M.S. 
Nash,  Miss  E.,  C.M.S. 

Matsumoto 

Bowman,  Miss  N.  F.  J.,  M.S.C.E.C. 
Cesselin,  L'Abbe  G.,  R.C. 
Hamilton,  Miss  F.,  M.S.C.E.C. 
Spencer,  Rev.  V.  C.,  M.S.C.E.C. 
Wyckoff,  Mrs.  M.N.,  R.C.A. 

Matsuyama 

Johan,  Rev.  Father,  R.C. 

Judson,  Miss  Cornelia,  A.B.C.F.M. 

Newell,  Rev.  H.  B.,  1).  1).,  &  W., 

A.B.C.F.M. 

Parmelee,  Miss  II.  F.,  A.B.C.F.M. 
Sherman,  Miss  M.  B.,  P.C.U.S.A. 
Stewart,  Rev.  R.  S.  &.  W.,  M.E.C.S. 

Mitajiri,  Yamaguchi  Ken 
Emery,  Mr.  L.  B.,  Y.M.C.A.T. 

Mikage,  Hyogo 
Langley,  Mr.  Hubert,  Y.M.C.A.T. 

Mlto 

Binford,  Mr.  Gurney,  &  \V.,  S.F. 
Chappell,  Rev.  J.,  &  \V.,  A.E.C. 
Jones,  Rev.  E.  I L  &  W.,  A.B.C.F.M. 
Sharpless,  Miss  E.,  S.F. 
Wright,  Miss  Ad*,  H.,  A.E.C. 

Miyazaki 

Clark,   Rev.  C.  A.,  &  W.,  A.B.C. 
F.M. 


CXV1 


JAPAN 


Joly,  Rev.  E.  C.,  R.C. 
"Martin,  L'Abbe,  R.C. 
Veillon,  Rev.  A.,  R.C. 
Warren,  Rev.  C.  M-,  &  W.,  A.B.C. 
F.M. 

Miyazu 

Relave,  L'Abbe  T.  I, ,  R.C. 
Morioka 

Acock,  Miss  Amy  A.,  A.B.F.M.S. 
Dixon,  Miss  E.  M.,  A.E.C. 
Dossier,  L'Abbe  R  ,  R.C. 
Kuyper,  Rev.  Hubert,  R.C.A. 
Pouget,  L'Abbe  A.  R.C. 
Steadman,  Rev.  F.  W.,  &  W.,  A.B. 

F.M.S. 
Topping,  Rev.  Henry  &  W.,  A.B. 

F.M.S. 

Nagano 

Parker,  Miss  Mary  M.,  M.C.C. 
Waller,  Rev.  J.,   G.    &  W.,  M.S. 

C.E.C. 
Whiting,    Rev.    M.    M.,     &    W.,. 

M.C.C. 

Nagasaki 

Ashbaugh,  Miss  A.  M.,  M.E.C. 
Bangs,  Miss  Louise,  M.E.C.  (A\ 
Bois,  L'Abbe  F.L.J.,  R.C. 
Collen,  Miss  M.  B.,  C.M.S. 
Combaz,  Rt.  Rev.  J.  C.,  R.C. 
Couch,  Miss  S.  M.,  (A). 
Damson,  Mr.  W.  J. 
Drouet,  L'Abbe,  R.C. 
Gracy,  L'Abbe  L.,  R.C. 
Ilutchinson,    Veil.  Archdeacon  A. 

B.,  &  W. 

Keen,  Miss  E.  M.,  C.M.S. 
Kidwell,  Miss  L.  M.,  M.E  C. 
Maiheson,   Miss   Margaret    L.   A., 

M.E.C. 

Nott,  Miss  F.  L.,  C.M.S. 
Peckham,  Miss  Carrie  S.,  M.E.C. 
Richardson,  Rev.  C.  F. 
Rowe,  Rev.  J.  II.  &  W.,  S.B.C. 
Russell,  Miss  E.,  M.E.C. 
Russell,  Miss  May,  M.E.C. 


Salmon,  Rt.  Rev.  M.  A.,  Vic-Gen., 

R.C. 

Scott,  Rev.  F.  N.,  &  \V.,  M.E.C. 
Spencer,     Rev.     R.   'S.     &     W., 

M.E.C. 

Taylor,  Miss  Minnie,  R.C.A. 
Teague,  Miss  Carolyn,  M.E.C.,  (A). 
Thiry,  L'Abbe  F.  T.,  R.C. 
Thomas,  Miss  Hettie  A.,  M.E.C. 
Van   Bronkhorst,   Rev.    A.  &  W., 

R.C.A. 
Walvoord,   Mr.    Anthony    &    W., 

R.C.A. 
Young,  Miss  Mariana,  M.E.C. 

Nagoja 

Atkinson,  Miss  Anna  P.,  M.E.C. 
Baldwin,  Rev.  J.  M.,  &  W.,  M.S.C. 

E.C. 
Buchanan,      Miss     Elizabeth      O., 

P.C.S. 
Buchanan,    Rev.    W.    C.,    &    Wr., 

P.C.S. 

Cooke,  Miss  M.  S.,  M.S.C.E.C. 
Courtice,  Miss  Ix>is  K.,  M.E.C. 
Cronise,  Miss  Florence,  M.P.C. 
Dawson,  Miss  Elizabeth,  M.P.C. 
Hamilton,  Rt.  Rev.  H.  J.,  D.  D.  & 

W.,  M.S.C.E.C. 

Horn,  Rev.  E.  T.,  &  W.,  Luth. 
Kingsbury,  Rev.  W.  de  L.,  &  W., 

Unc. 

Makeham,  Miss  S.  E.,  M.S.C.E.C. 
McAlpine,  Rev.  R.  E.,  D.D.,  &  W., 

P.C.S. 

Obee,  Rev.  E.  I.,  cS:  W.,  M.P.C. 
Robinson,  Rev.  J.  C.,  cS;  W.,  M.S.C. 

E.C. 
Spencer,  Rev.  D.  S.,  D.D.,  &  W., 

M.E.C. 

Trent,  Miss  E.  M.,  M.S.C.E.C. 
Williams,  Miss  Mary  E.,  M.P.C. 
Wythe,  Miss  K.  Grace,  M.E.C. 
Young,  Miss  M.  M.,  M.S.C.E.C. 

Nakagawara,  Yamaguchi 
Grant,  Mr.  J.  P.,  Y.M.C.A.T. 

Nakatsu,  Oila 
Cotrel,  L'Abbe,  R.C. 


LFST    BY   TOWNS 


CXVM 


Frank,    Rev.   J.    W.,  &  W.,  M.E. 
C.S. 

Nara 

leaning,  Miss  Mary  E.,  A.E.C. 
Smith,  Lloyd  M.,  &  W.,  A.E.C. 
Vagner,  L'Abbe  A.,  R.C. 

Niigata 

Cesca,  Rev.  Father,  R.C. 
I-ennox.  Miss  E.  G.,  M.S.C.E.C. 
Olds,  Rev.  C.  B.,  &    W.,  A.B.C. 

F.M. 

Shorlt,  Rev.  C.  II.,  M.S.C.E.C. 
Spencer,    Miss   Florence    A.,    M.S. 

C.E.C. 

Mkko 

Ilulchings,  Miss  A.  M.,  Unc. 
Nod  a,  Vamaguchi 

Wells,  Miss  Lillian  A.,  P.C.U.S.A. 
Nokkeushi,  Hokkaido 

Pierson,  Rev.  G.  P.,  D.  D.,  &  W., 
P.C.U.S.A. 

Numazu 

Billing,  L'Abbe  L.,  (A). 
Odawara 

France,  Rev.  W.  F.,  S. !'.(',. 
Pringle,  Miss  F.  C.,  S.P.G. 
Richards,  Rev.  W.  A.,  &  W.,  S.P.G. 
Tapson,  Miss  A.  M.,  C.M.S. 

Cita 

Demaree,   Rev.  T.  W.   1!.,   &   W., 

M.E.C.S. 

Duke,  Rev.  M.  O.  M.,  C.M.S. 
Holland,  Miss  Charlie,  M.E.C.S. 
Newcoinh,  Miss  Ethel,  M  E.C'.S. 
Pieters,     Rev.    Albertus,     &     W., 

R.C.A. 
Worth,  Miss  Ida  M.,  M.E.C.S. 


Okazakl 

Patton,  Miss  A.  V.,  P.C.S. 
Fatten,  Miss  F.  D.,  P.C.S. 

Okayama 

Adams,  Miss  Alice  P.,  A.B.C.F.M. 
Argall,  Mr.  C.  B.  K.,  &  W.,  J.E.B. 
Duthu,  L'Abbe  J.  B.,  R.C. 
Gregson,  Miss  D.,  S.P.G. 
Steele,  Rev.  1 1.  T.,  &  \Y. 
Wainwright,  Miss  M.E..A.B.C.F.M. 
Wilson,  Rev.  W.  A.,  &  W.,M.E.C.S. 

Omuta 

Painfer,  Rev.  S.,  &  W.,  C.M.S. 
Onomichi 

Frances,  Miss  R.  M.,  C.M.A. 
Wylie,  Miss  M.  L.,  C.M.A. 

Osaka 

Alexander,  Miss  S.,  P.C.U.S.A. 
Allchin,  Rev.  Geo.,  &  W.,  A.B.C. 

F.M. 
Allchin,   Miss    Agnes    M.,   A.B.C. 

F.M. 

Amott,  C.  Ralph. 
Bopes,  Mr.  Chas.  F.,  Y.M.C.A.T. 
Boulton,  Miss  P.  D. 
Bousquct,  L'Abbe  M.  J.,  (A). 
Bull,  Miss  Leila,  A.E.C. 
Castanier,  L'Abbe  B.,  R.C. 
Chatron,  Rt.  Rev.  J.,  R.C. 
Cole,  Rex,  V.  M.C.A.T. 
Cribb,  Miss  E.  R.,  J.E.B. 
Danielson,  Miss  Mary,  A.B.F.M.S. 
Emerson,  Miss  Ruth,  Y.W.C.A. 
Erffmcyer,  Miss  Edna,  E.A. 
Erskine,  Rev.  W.  1 1   &  W.,  C.C. 
Foote,  Rev.  T.  A.  &  W.,  A.B.F.M.S. 
Fulton,  Miss  Marion  H.,  P.C.U.S.A. 
Fulton,   Rev.  G.  W.,  D.I).,  &  \V., 

P.C.L'.S.A. 

Hail,  Rev.  A.  D.,  P.C.U.S.A. 
Hail,  Mrs.  J.  E.,  P.C.U.S.A. 
Hepner,  Rev.  C.  W.  &  W.,  Lulh. 
Hessler,  Miss  Minnie  K.,  F.M.C. 
Holland,  Miss  J.  M.,  C.  of  E. 


cxvin 


JAPAN 


Howard,  Miss  R.  D.,  C.M.S. 
Julius,  Mi  s  O.,  C.  of  E. 
Lee,  La  Fayetle  C.,  &  W. 
Marmonler,  L'Abbe  P.C.H.,  R.C. 
McKowan,  Miss  Amy.   E.,  A.B.C. 

P.M. 

Mead,  Miss  Lavinia,  A.B.F.M.S. 
Mylunder,  Miss  Rulh,  F.M.C. 
Olphin,  A.  Ray. 
Puissant,  Rev.  M..  R.C. 
Purinton,  Mr.  R.  E.,  &  W. 
Rawlings,    Rev.    G.    W.,   &    W., 

C.M.S. 

Robinson,  Rev.  C.  E.,  &  W.,  C.C. 
Scott,  Rev.  J.  H.,&  W.,  A.B.F.M.S. 
Shaw,  Glenn,  &  W.,  Y.M.C  A.T. 
Silhol,  L'Abbe  L.  J.,  R.C. 
Thompson,    Rev.    J.    W.,    &    W., 

Unc. 

Tristram,  Miss  K.,  C.M.S. 
Tulpin,  Rev.  E.  A. 
Van  Horn,  Rev.  G.  W.,  &  W.,  P.C. 

U.S.A. 

Ward,  Miss  Elizabeth. 
Ward,  Rev.  J.  T., D.U.,  A.B.C.F.M. 
Weakley,  Rev.  W.  R.,  &  W.,  M.E. 

C.S. 

Williams,  Miss  A.  C.,  C.M.S. 
Youngren,  Rev.  August,  &  W.,  F. 

M.C, 

Oshitna 

Bonnet,  Rev.  F.,  R.C. 
Bouige,  Rev.  L.  II.,  R.C. 
Fressenon,  L'Abbe  M.,  R.C. 
Halbout,  Rev.  A.,  R.C. 

Otaru 

Davidson,  Miss"  F.E.,  P.C.U.S.A. 
Holmes,   Rev.  Jerome   C.,  &   W., 

A.B.C.  F.M. 

Kenyon,  Harrison  M.,  Y.M.C. A.T. 
McCrory,  Miss  Carrie  H.,  P.C.U. 

S.A.  ' 

McKinnon,  D.  Brooke,  Y.M.C.A.T. 
Payne,  Miss  E.  C.,  C.M.S. 
Stevenson,  Miss  G.  S.,  C.M.S. 

Piratori,  Hidaka 
Bryant,  Miss  E.  M.,  C.M.S. 


Saga 

Hoekje,  Rev.  W.  G.,  &  W.,  R.C.A. 
Lippard,  Rev.  C.  K.,  D.  D.  &  W., 
Luth. 

Sambongi,  Aomori 
Biannie,  L'Abbe  Jean,  R.C. 

Samukawa,  Chiba 
Harrison,  Rev.  E.  R.,  &  W.,  A.B.M. 
Sapporo 

Alexander,  Miss  V.E.,  M.E.C. 
Batchelor,  Ven  Archdeacon,  C.M.S. 
Daughaday,  Miss  M.  A.,  A.B.C.F.M. 
Evans,  Miss  E.,  P.C.U.S.A. 
Goodwin,  Miss  Lora  C.,  M.E.C. 
Heckelman,  Rev.  F.    W.,    &   W., 

M.E.C. 

Monk,  Miss  A.  M.,  P.C.U.S.A. 
Norton,  Miss  E.  L.  B.,  C.M.S. 
Pider,  Miss  Myrtle  Z.,  M.E.C, '(A). 
Rowland,  Rev.  G.  M.,  D.  D.,  &  W., 

A.B.C.F.M. 
Rowland,  Prof.  Paul. 
Savolainen,  Mr.  V.  &  W.,  Luth. 
Smith,  Miss  S.  C,  P.C.U.S.A. 

Saseho 

Pickard-Cambridge,  Rev.  C.  M.  D., 
&  W.,  C.M.S. 

Sendai 

Asbury,  Miss  Jessie  J.,  C.C. 
Berlioz,  Rt.  Rev.,  R.C. 
Bradshaw,  Miss  A.  II.,  A.B.C.F.M. 
Brick,  Miss  Ollie  A. 
Buzzell,  Miss  A.  S.,  A.B.F.M.S. 
Correll,  Miss  Ethel,  A.E.C. 
Gerhard,  Miss  Mary  E.,  R.C.U.S.A. 
Gerhard,    Prof.    Paul    L.     &    W., 

R.C.U.S.A. 
Guinlher,  Rev.  E.  H.,  &  \V.,  R.C. 

U.S.A. 

TIansen,  Miss  Kate  I.,  R.C.U.S.A. 
Hcaton,  Miss  C.  A.,  M.E.C. 
Hewett,  Miss  E.  J.,  M.E.C. 
Imhof,  Miss  Louisa,  M.E.C. 


LIST    BV   TOWNS 


CXIX 


Jacquet,     L'Abbe     Vicar     (ien'l., 

R.C. 
Lindsey,    Miss    Lydia     A.,     K.C. 

U.S.A. 

McCord,  Kev.  E.  K.,  A.CC. 
Montagu,  L'Abbe  L.,  R.C. 
Moore.    Kev.  J.  P.,  D.  D.    &  W., 

K.C.U.S.A. 

Hanson,  Miss  A.  L.,  A.E.C. 
Kees,  Miss  Sarah  J.,  A.E.C. 
Keynand,  L'Abbe  Jules. 
Schneder,  Kev.  D/B.,  D.D.,  &  \V., 

R.C.U.S.A. 
Seiple,  Kev.  \V.  G.,  Ph.  I).,  &  \V., 

K.C.U.S.A. 
Zaugg,  Kev.  E.  II.,  Ph.D.,  &  \Y.,  K. 

C,  U.S.A. 

Shidzuoka 

Andrieu,  L'Abbe,  R.C. 

Delahoye,  L'Abbe,  R-C. 

Lcbdell,  Kev.  N.  L.,  &  W.,  Univ. 

M. 

Pinscn',  Mrs.  A.  M.,  M.C.C. 
Shaw,  Rev.  R.  D.,  &  W.,  S.P.G. 
Simeon,  Miss  R.,  S.P.G. 
Veazey,  Miss  M.  A.,  M.C.C. 
Wilkinson,  Kev.  A.  T.,  &  W.,  M. 

C.C. 

Shimonoseki 

Ayres,  Kev.  J.  B.,  I).  D.  &  W.,  (A). 
Bigelow,  Miss  G.  S.,  P.C.U.S.A. 
Bigelow,  Miss  F.  J.,  P.C.U.S.A. 
Curtis,    Kev.    F.    S.,   &   W.,    P.C. 

U.S.A. 

Herbet,  L'Abbe  E.  J.,  K.C. 
Hill,  Mr.  Alfred  W..  Y.M.C.A.T. 
Noordhoff,  Miss  Jeane,  K.C. A. 
Pieters,  Miss  Johanna  A.,  K.A.C. 
Walne,  Rev.  E.  N.,  U.D.&.  W., 

S.B.C. 

Shobara,  Hiroshima 
Francis,  Rev.  T.  R.,  &  W.,  C.M.A. 
Shoka 

Livingston,  Miss  A.  A.,  E.P. 
Sluart,  Miss  J^  E.P. 


Sumiyoshi.  Hyogo 

•  Gleason,  Mr.  Geo.,  &  W.,  Y.M.C.A. 

Sumoto,  Awaji 

Millican,  Kev.  R.  W.,  F.M.C. 
Susakl,  Kochi  Ken 

Moore,  Rev.  J.  W.,  &  \V.,  P.C.S. 
Taihoko 

Adair,  Miss  Lily,  C.P. 
Ellio!,  Miss  Isabel,  C.P. 
Ferguson,  Rev.  J.  V.,  M.  D.  &  W 

C.P. 

Gauld,  Rev.  W.,  &  \V.,  C.P. 
(iray,  A.  A.,  M.  1).,  &  \V.,  C.P. 
Jack,  Milton,  &  W.,  C.P. 
Tate,  Miss  Lillian,  C.P. 

Tainan 

Band,  Rev.  E.,  E.P. 
Barclay,  Rev.  T.,  E.P. 
Barnett,  Mi:s  Mar^are',  E.P. 
Clazie,  Miss  Mabel,  C.P. 
FergusoM,  Rev.  D.,  &  W.,  E.P. 
Gushue-Taylor,     Dr.    ( r.,    cV     W., 

E.P. 

Lloyd,  Miss  J.,  E.P. 
Mackintosh,  Aliss  Sabine,  E.,  E.P. 
Nielson,  Kev.  A.  B.,  E.P. 
Reive,  Miss  A.  D.,  E.P. 

Takamatsu 

Atkinson,  Miss  M.  J.,  P.C.S. 
Erickson,  Kev.  S.  M.,  &  W.,  P.C.S. 
Hassell,    Kev.    Woodrow,    iv:    \\"., 

P.C.S. 
Hasse'l,  Kev.  A.  P.,  &  W.,  P.C.S. 

Tnmashima,  Okayama 
Key,  L'Abbe  A.,  R.C. 
Tamsul 

Claizie,  Miss  Mabel  G.,  C.P. 
Connell,  Miss.  Hannah,  C.P, 


cxx 


JAPAN 


Dowie,  Mr.   Kenneth  \V.,  &  \V., 

C.P. 

Jones,  Rev.  D.  P.,  E.P. 
Kinney,  Miss  J.  M.,  C.P. 
MacKay,  Mr.  G.  W.,  &  W.,  C.P. 
MacLeod,  Rev.  D.  D.,  &  W.,  C.P. 

Tanabe,  Wakayama 

Leavitt,  Miss  Julia,  P.C.,  U.S.A. 
Tokuyatna 

Grafton,  Paul  A.,  Y.M.C.A.T. 
Ogburn,  Rev.  N.  S.,  M.E.C.S. 

Tokushima 

Alvares,  Prefet  Apostolique,  R.C. 
Curd,  Miss  Lillian. 
Gardener,  Miss  F.,  C.M.S. 
Logan,  Rev.  C.  A.,  D.D.,  &  W., 

P.C.S. 

Lumpkin,  Miss  E<;lelle.  P.C.S. 
Ostrom,  Rev.  H.C.,  &  W.,  P.C.S. 
Pre  ton,  Miss  E.  D.,  C.M.S. 
Walsh,  Rev.  G.,  &  W.,  C.M.S. 
Wilkinson,    Mr.   Cecil    S.,    &    W., 

J.E.B. 

Tokyo 

Ainsworth,  Rev.  Fred  &  W.,  M.C.C. 
Alexander,    Rev.    R.    P.,   &    W., 

M.E.C. 
Allen,    Miss    Thomasine,     A.B.F. 

M.S. 

Anderson,  Rev.  Joel,  &  W.,  S.  All. 
Andrews,  Miss  Sarah,  Unc. 
Arbury,     Miss     Katherine,     P.C., 

U.S.A. 

Aurell,  Rev.  K.  E.,  &  W.,  B.S. 
Axling,    Rev.     William,     &     W., 

A.B.F.M.S. 

Balelte,  L'Ahbe  Justih,  R.C. 
Ball  gh,    Mr.  J.    C.,   &    W.    P.C., 

U.S.A. 

Bauernfeind,  Miss  Susan  M.,  E.A. 
Beaumont,   Brigadier  John  \V.,  & 

W.,  S.A. 
Benninghoff,  Rev.  H.  B.,  D.D.,  & 

W.,  A.B.F.M.S. 
Benson,  Rev,  H,  F.,  &  W.,  S.V.A, 


Bernaucr,  Mrs.  F^stella  A.,  As 
sembly  of  God. 

Berner,  Miss  Natalia,  E.A. 

Berry,  Rev.  Arthur  D.,  D.D., 
M.E.C. 

Bickersteth,  Mrs.  Edw.,  S.P.G. 

Binsted,  Rev.  N.  S.,  A.E.C. 

Bishop,  Rev.  Charles,  &  W.,  M.E.C 

Blackmore,  Miss  I.  S.,  M.C.C. 

B'air,  Rev.  F.  H.,  &  W.,  M.E.C. 

Bleby,  Rev.  H.  L.  &  W.,  C.M.S. 

Bosanquet,  Miss  A.  C. 

Bouldin,  Rev.  G.  W.,  &  W.,  S.B.C. 

Boutflower,  Rt.  Rev.  C.  H.,  D.D. 

Boulflovver,  Miss  M.M.,  C.  of  E. 

Bowles,  Mr.  Gilbert,  &  W.,  S.F. 

Boyd,  Miss  H.,  A.E.C. 

Boyd,  Miss  L.  H.,  S.P.G. 

Braithwaite,  Mr.  Geo.,  J.B.T.S. 

Braithwaite,  Mrs.  Geo.,  J.E.B. 

Brand,  Mr.  Herbert  G.,  &  W.  (A). 

Brand,  Rev.  J.  C.,  A.B.F.M.S. 

Briggs,  Mr.  Fred  G ,  O.M.S. 

Brown,  Mr.  F.  K.,  &  W.,  Y.M.C.A. 

Brown,  Miss  Winnifred,  C.  C. 

Buncombe,  Rev.  W.  P.,  &  W. 

Burden,  Rev.  W.  D.,  &  W. 

Camp,  Miss  Evalyn,  A.B.F.MS. 

Campbell,  Edith,  M.C.C. 

Cary,  Rev.  Frank,  &  W.,  A.B. 
C.F.M. 

Chappell,  Miss  Constance,  M.C.C. 

Chappell,  Miss  Mary  H.,  M.E.C. 

Chase,  Miss  Laura,  M.E.C. 

Cheney,  Miss  Alice,  M.E.C. 

Cherel,  Rev.  J.  M.,  R.C. 

Chiles,  Miss  C.  H.,  S.B.C. 

Cholmondeley,  Rev.  L.  B.,  S.P.G. 

Chope,  Miss  D.,  S.P.G. 

Clarke,  Mr.  Chas.,  O.M.S. 

Clawson,  Miss  Bertha, 

Cole,  Mr.  A.  B.  &  W.,  S.V.A. 

Coleman,  Mr.  H.  E.,  &  W.,  S.F. 

Coles,  Miss  A.  M.  (A). 

Converse,  Mr.  J.  C.,  Y.M.C.A. 

Cooke,  Rev.  A.  W.,  Ph.D.,  &  W., 
A.E.C. 

Cornish,  Miss  Etta. 

Cosand,  Rev.  Joseph,  U.B.C. 

Couch,  Miss  Helen,  M.E.C. 

Cowl,  Mr.  John,  &  W.,  C.M.S. 

Cowman,  Rev.  C.  E.,  &  W., 

Craig,  Miss  M.  M.C.C.,  (A). 


LIST    BY   TOWNS 


CXX1 


Crosby,  Miss  Amy  R.,  A.B.F.M.S. 
Cunningham,  Rev.  W.  IX,  &   W. 

(A). 
Cuthbcrlson,    Mr.    James,    &    W., 

J.E.B. 

Daniel,  Miss  N.  Margaret,  M.E.C. 
Daugherty,    Miss    I^ena,  G*.,  P.C., 

U.S.A. 

D-ivey,  Rev.  I'.  A.,  &  W.,  C.C. 
Davis,     Mr.     J.     Merle,     &     W., 

Y.M.C.A. 

Dnvison,  Rev.  C  S.,  &  W.,  M.K.C. 
deGroot,  Col.  J.  W.,  &  W.,  S.A. 
Demangelle,  Rev.  A.  II.,  R.C. 
Devenish-Meares,  Miss  F.  S.,  C.M.S. 
DeVinney,  Rev.  F.  II.,  S.V.A. 
Dosker,  Rev.  R.  J.,  P.C.U.S.A. 
Drouart  de  I.e/ey,  1/Ablxi   F.  L., 

R.C. 

Ellis,  Miss  Nina  P.,  P.C.U.S.A. 
Klwin,  Rev.  W.  II.,  &  W.,  C.M.S. 
Ewing,  Miss  A.  M.,  Unc. 
Fisher,    Mr.    Galen    M.,    &     W., 

Y.M.C.A. 

Flanjac,  L'Abbe,  R.C. 
Fryklund,  Capt.  Marie,  S.A. 
Gardiner,  Mr.  J.  M.,  &  \V.,  A.E.C. 
Garman,   Rev.  C'.   P.  <X:  \\".,  A. C.C. 
Gemmil],  Rev.  W.  C.,  S.P.G. 
Gillett,  Miss  E.  R.,  Unc. 
Graf  ton,  Mr.  II.  II.,  &  W.,  Y.M. 

C  A 
Gray,  Mr.  F.  II.,  &  W.,   Assembly 

of  God. 

Greene,  Miss  Elsie,  Y.NV.C.A. 
Gressitt,  Mr.  J.,  &  W.,  A.B.F.M.S. 
Gunter,  Miss  Mamie  E.,  Y.W.C.A. 
Ha'nes,  Miss  Paul.,  O.M.S. 
Hall,  Rev.  Marion  E.,  &  W.,  A.B. 

C.F.M. 

Halsey,  Miss  L.  S.,  P.C.U.S.A. 
Ilansee,  Miss  Martha  L.,  Unc. 
I  lard,  Miss  Clara  Taylor,  Y.W.C.A. 
Margrave,  Miss  I   M.,  M.E.C. 
Harris,    Rt.    Rev.    M.    C,    D.D., 

L.L.D.,  M.E.C. 
Hartshorne,  Miss  A'.  C.,  Unc. 
Hathaway,  Miss  M.   R.  A.,  Univ. 

M. 

Hayes,  Rev.  \V.  H.,  &  \V.,  U.B.C. 
Hayes,  Mr.  C.  D.,  &  W.,  Y.M.C.A. 
Heaslrflt,  Rev.  S.,  &  W.,  C.M.S. 
H.ertzler,  Miss  Verna  S.,  O.M.S. 


Hey  wood,  Miss  G.,  A.E.C. 
Hies,  Mr.  L.  C,  O.M.S. 
Hoffman,  Rev.  B.  P.,  &  W.,  S.V.A. 
Hogan,  MissF.  M.  F.,  S.P.G. 
Holli  'ay,  Mr.  George  A.,  M.E.C. 
Hun/.iker,    Pfarrer    Jakob    &    W., 

G.E.M.P. 

Iglehart,  Rev.  E.  T.,  &  W.,  M.E.C. 
Imbrie,   Rev.   Win.,    D.D.,  &  W., 

P.C.U.S.A. 

Jacques,  S.  ( ;.,  &  W.,  S.V.A. 
Johnson,    Rev.  W.  T.,  &  W.,   P.C. 

U.S.A. 

Jones  Miss  Mabel,  A.B.F.M.S. 
Jones  -Mr.  Thomas  M.&  W.,  S.F. 
Juergenson,  Mr.  C.  &  W.,  Assembly 

of  God. 
Kaufman,   Miss    Emma   T.,   Y.W. 

C.A. 

Keagey,  Miss  M.  D.,  M.C.C. 
Kelly,  Rev.  H.,  C.  of  E. 
Reunion,  Miss  ( ).,  C.  of  E. 
Kilbourne,    Rev.     E.    A.,    &    W., 

( >.M.S. 

Kilboume,  Rev.  E.  I,,  O.M.S. 
King,    Yen    Archdeacon,    A.    F., 

S.P.G. 

Kipps,  Rev.  M.  M.,  &  W.,  Luth. 
Klein,  Miss  Ixmise,  Univ.  M. 
Lake,  Rev.  L.  C.,  &  W.,  P.C.U.S.A. 
Landis,   Rev.   H.  M.,  &   W..   P.C. 

U.S.A. 

lessen,  Mr.  L.,  O.M.S. 
Lediard,  Miss  Mary  F.,  C.C. 
Ix:e,  Rev.  F.  E.,  Ph.D.,  &  W.,  C.C. 
Lewis,  Miss  Alice  G.,  S.F. 
Lindgren,  Rev.  R.,  &  W.,  Luth. 
Linn,  Rev.  J.  K.,  &  W.,  Luth. 
Ixindon,  Miss  M.  H.,  P.C.U.S.A. 
MatCauley,  Rev.  Clay,  D.D.,  Unit. 
Macdonald,  Miss  A.  C.,  Unc. 
MacXair,  Mrs.  P.  M.,  P.C.U.S.A. 
Martin,  Mr.  J.  V.,  &  W.,  M.E.C. 
Matthew,  Miss  Margaret  L.,  Y.W. 

C.A. 

Mauk,  Miss  Laura,  E.A. 
McCaleb,  J.  M.,  (&  W.  A.) 
McCauley,  Mrs.  J.  K.,  P.C.U.S.A. 
McCoy,  Rev.  R.'l).,  ,\;  W.,  C.C. 
McKe'nzie,   Rev.    I  >.   K.,   D.D.,  (&. 

W.  A.)  M.C.C. 
McKiin,  Miss  Bessie,  A.E.C. 
McKim,  Miss  Nellie,  A.E.C. 


CXX11 


JAPAN 


McKim,  Rt.  Rev.  John,  D.D.,  A. 

E.C. 
McWilliams,  Rev.  W.   R.,  &  W., 

M.C.C. 

Menteth,  Miss  L.  Stuart,  S.P.G. 
Melton,  Miss  M.,  M.C.C. 
Messenger,    Rev.    J.     F.,    &    W., 

Unc. 
Miller,   Rev.   H.  K.,  &    W.,  R.C. 

U.S.A. 

Miller,  Miss  Alice,  Unc. 
Miller,  Mr.  Colwell,  Y.M.C.A.T. 
Miller,  Mr.  W.  F.,  O.M.S. 
Milliken,  Miss  E.  P..  P.C.U.S.A. 
Montieth,  Miss  L.  S. 
Moon,  Miss  M.,  Unc. 
Moore,  Miss  Ellen,  U.B.C. 
Moore,  Rev.  D.  H.,  &  W.,  C.  of  E. 
Moran,  Rev.  S.   F.,  &    W.,   A.  B. 

C.F.M. 

Mozley,  Miss  G.,  J.E.B. 
Nicholson,  Mr.  Herbert  U.,  S.F. 
Oldham,  Miss  Lavinia,  C.C. 
Oltmans,   Rev.   A.,   D.  D.,   &   W., 

R.C.A. 

Oney,  Rev.  Edward,  O.M.S. 
Orknev,  Mr.  John,  O.M.S. 
Page,  Mis;  Mary,  Y.W.C.A. 
Parker,  Miss  Edith,  C.C. 
Pearce,  Miss  E.  A.,  O.M.S. 
Peatross,  Rev.  L.  A.,  A.E.C. 
Pennick,  Capt.   Henry   R.,  &  W., 

S.A. 

Penrod,  Miss  C.  T.,  J.E.B. 
Pettee,  Rev  J.  H.,  D.  D.,  &  W., 

A.B.C.F.M. 

Philips,  Miss  E.  G.,  S.P.G. 
Poe,  Mr.  R.,  O.M.S. 
Powles,  Rev.  P.  S.  C.,  &  W.,  M.  S. 

C.E.C. 
Reifsnider,  Rev.  C.  S.,  L.U.D.,  & 

W.,  A.E.C. 
Reifsnider,     Rev.     John,    &    W., 

AE.C. 
Reischauer,  Rev.  A.  K.,  D.  D.,  & 

w.,  PX;.U.S.A. 

Rey,  Rt.  Rev.  Archbishop,  J.  P., 

R.C. 

Ruigh,  Rev.  D.  C.,  &  W.,  R.C.A. 
Ryan,    Mr.    W.    Scott,   &    W.,  Y. 

M.C.A. 

Ryder,  Miss  G.  E.,  A.B.F.M.S. 
Sander,  Miss  M.,  C.M.S,. 


Schaffner,  Rev.  P.  F.,  &  W.,  R.C. 

U.S.A. 

Schereschewsky,  Miss  C.  E.,  A.E.C. 
Schroeder,  Pfarrer  E.,  &  W.,  G.E. 

M.P. 

Schwab,  Rev.  B.  T.,  &  W.,  E.A. 
Schweitzer,  Miss  Edna,  E.A. 
Scott,  Miss  Ada,  C.C. 
Scudder,  Rev.  Doremus  M.  D.,  D. 

D.  &  W.,  Unc. 
Sergie,  Archbishop,  R.O.C. 
Smith,  Rev.  Frisby  D.,  &  W.,  Luth. 
Smith,  Miss  J.  W.,  J.E.B. 
Smyth,  Adjutant  Annie,  S.A. 
Soal,  Miss  A.,  J.E.B. 
Spencer,  Miss  M.  A.,  M.E.C. 
Spackman,  Rev.  M.  C.,  &  W.,  C. 

of  E. 

Sprowles,  Miss  Alberla  B.,  M.E.C. 
Stacey,  Mr.  H.,  &  W.,  S.V.A. 
Stanley,  Mr.  V.,  O.M.S. 
Steichen,  L'Abbe  Michel,  R.C. 
Stewart,  Miss  M.,  Unc. 
Stier,  Mr.  W.  R.  F.,  &  W.  Y.M.C.A. 
Sweet,  Rev.  C.  F.,  &  W.,  A.E.C. 
Tanner,  Miss  K.,  S.P.G. 
Tate,  Miss,  M.C.C. 
Tenny,   Rev.  C.    B.,   &    W.,  A.B. 

F.M.S. 

Teusler,  R.  B.  M.  D.,  &  W.,  A.E.C. 
Thiele,  Mr.  W.  E.,  O.M.S. 
Thompson.      Mrs.      Dovid,     P.C., 

U.S.A. 

Thorlaksson,  Rev.  O.S.,&  W.,Lulh. 
'J  odd,  Miss  Ethel  N.,  P.C.U.S.A. 
Tulpin,  Rev.  E.  A.,  R.C. 
Umbreit,  Rev.  S.  J.,  &  W.,  E.A. 
Wainright,  Rev.    S.  H.,  D.U.,  & 

W.,  M.E.C.S. 
Wallace,  Rev.  Geo.,  D.D.,  &  W., 

A.E.C. 
Wals:r,    Rev.  T.   D.,  &  W.,  P.C., 

USA 

Ward,' Miss  L.  M.,  P.C.U.S.A. 
\Vassereau,  L'Abbe,  R.C. 
Watson,  Dr.  Wm.  R. 
Welbourn,  Rev.  J.  A.,  £  W.  A.E.C, 
West,  Miss  A.  B.,  P.C.,  U.S  A. 
Wharton.  Mrs.  R.  G..  Unc. 
Wheeler,  Mr.  H.  A.,  &  W.,  M.E.C. 
Whitman,  Miss  M.  A.,  A.B.F.M.S. 
Wiberg,  Brig  Sven,  &  W.,  f.A. 
Wilkinson,  Dr.  J.  R.,  &  W.,  A.E.C. 


LIST    BV   TOWNS 


CXX11I 


Williau-.?.  Miss  Hallie  R.,  A.E.C. 
Williams,  Miss  T.  C.,  :5.r',G. 
Williamson.  Mr.  E.,  O.M.S. 
Wilson,  Staff  Captain.  T.,  &  W., 

S.A. 

Woods,  Rev.  H.  F.,  O.M.S. 
Wood  worth,    Rev.    A.    D.,   D.D., 

&  W.,  A.C.C. 
Woolley,  Miss  K.,  S.P.G. 
Wright,  Rev.  T.  S.,  S.P.G. 

Toltorl 

Bennett,   Rev.    II.  J.,  &  W.,   A.I5. 

C.F.M. 

Coe,  Miss  Estelle,  A.B.C.F.M. 
Daridon,  Rev.  II.,  R.C. 
Waterhouse,   Miss   M.    C,  A.B.C. 

M.F. 

Toyama 

Ilennigar,  Rev.  E.  C.  &  W.,  M.C.C. 
Herman,  Rev.  Father,  R.C. 
Payne,  Miss  Ada  W.,  M.C.O 

Toyohashi 

Cummings,  Rev.  C.  K.  (&  W.A.) 

Daridon,  Rev.  II. 

Millman,  Rev.  R.  M.,  &  \V.,  M  S. 

C.E.C. 
Smythe,  Rev.  L.  C.  M.,  P.C.S. 

Tsu 

Birraux,  L'Abbe  J.,  R.C. 

Correll,  Rev.   I.  II.,  D.I.').,  &  W., 

A.E.C. 

Humphreys,  Miss  M.,  A.E.C. 
Murray,  Rev.  D.A.,  D.D..  &  W., 

P.C.U.S.A.  (A). 
Tetlow,  Miss  II.  L.,  A.E.C. 

Tsuyama 

White,  Rev.  S.  S.  (&  \V.  A.)  A.B. 
C.F.M. 

fed  a 

Bird,  Miss  F.,  M.C.C. 

Drake,  Miss  Kntherin?  I.,  M.C.C. 


Lediard,  Miss  E.,  M.C.C. 
UrakamJ,  Nagasaki 

Raguet,  L'Abbe  E.,  R.C. 
L'tsu  omiya 

Cadilhac,  L'Abbe  II.,  Vicar  Gen'l., 

R.C. 

Fry,  Rev.  E.  C.,  &  W.,  A.C.C. 
Mann,  Miss  Irei.c  P.,  A.E.C. 

Uwajima 

Callahan,   Rev.   W.  J.,  (&  W.A.) 

M.E.C.S. 
Milan,  Rev.  Father,  R.C. 

Wakamatsj 

Corgier,  L'Abbe  E.,  (A). 

Me  Kim,  Rev.  J.  Cole,  &  \V  ,  A.E.C. 

Noss,  Rev.  C.,  D.D.,  &  W.,  (A) 

Wakayama 

Ambler,  Rev.  J.  C.  (W.  A)  A.E.C. 
Geley,  Rev.  J.  15.,  R.C. 
Hail',  Rev.  J."  13.,  P.C.   U.S.A. 
VVinn,     Rev.    Merle    C,    &     W., 
P.C.U.S.A. 

Yamada 

Dooman,  Rev.  Isaac,  &  W.,  A.E.C. 
Riker,  Miss  Jessie,  P.C.U.S.A. 

Yamagata 

Ankeney,      Rev.       Alfred,       R.C. 

U.S.A. 

Dalidert,  L'Abbe  Desire,  R.C. 
Kriete,    Rev.   C.  D,  cS:  \V.,    R.C. 

U.S.  A. 

Mead,  Miss  Bessie,  A.E.C. 
Mohr,  Rev.  Father,  R.C. 

YJ  maguchl 

Buchanan,  Mr.  D.  C.,  Y.M.C.A.T. 
Cettour,  L'Abbe  J,  R.C. 


CXXIV 


JAPAN 


Sanders,  Mr.  T.  II.  &  W. 
Whitener,  Rev.  H.  C.,  &  W.,  P.C. 

U.S.A. 

Yatsushiro, 

IxMiiarie,  Rev.  F.  P.  M.,  R.C. 
Yokkaichi,  Ise 

Morgan,  Miss  A.  1-:.,  F.C.,  U.S.A. 
Yokohama 

Ahvard,  Miss  C,  W.U.M. 
Ashmore,  Mrs.  Wm.,  A.B.F.M.S. 
Austen,  Rev.  W.  T.,  &  W.,  C.  of 

E. 

Baker,  Miss  Mollie,  Y.W.C.A. 
Ballagh,  Rev.  J.  II.,  D.D.,  R.C.A. 
Baucus,  Miss  Georgiana,  M.E.C. 
Chabagno,  L'Abbe  J.,  (A). 
Converse,  Miss  C.  A.,  A.B.F.M.S. 
Coriiwall-Legh,  Miss  M.  H.,  A.E.C. 
Crosby,  Miss  Julia  N.,  W.U.M. 
Dickinson,  Miss  Emma  E.,  M.E.C. 
Draper,  Rev.  G.  F.,  S.  T.  D.,  &  W., 

M.E.C. 
Evrard,    L'Abbe  F.,   Vicar    Gen., 

R.C. 
Fisher,  Mr.    R.    II.,   &   W.,   A.B. 

F.M.S. 
Fisher,  Rev.  C.  II.  D.,  &  W.,  A.B. 

F.M.S. 
Forester,  Rev.  and  lion.  O.  St.  M., 

&  W.,  C.  of  E. 

Hanson,  Mr.  H.  T.,  Y.M.C.A.T. 
Haven,     Miss     Margarel,     A.B.F. 

M.S. 


Herboltzheimer,  Mr.  J.  N.  &  W., 

S.V.A. 

Kuyper,  Miss  Jennie  M.,  R.C.A. 
Layman,   Rev.   L.,  D.  D.,   &   W., 

M.P.C. 

Lee,  Miss  Edna,  M.E.C. 
Loomis,  Miss  C.  D.,  W.U.M. 
Loomis,  Rev.  H.,  &  W.,  Unc. 
Marl  in,  Rev.  Wm.,  &  W. 
McCloy,  Miss  G.  J.,  W.U.M. 
Moore,  Rev.  B.  S.,  &  W.,  Unc. 
Moulton,  Miss  Julia,  R.C.A. 
Munroe,  Miss  Helen,  A.B.F.M.S. 
Noailles,  L'Abbe  Olivier  de,  R.C. 
Oltmans,  Miss  C.  J.,  R.C.A. 
Oil  mans,  Miss  F.  E.,  R.C.A. 
Pettier,  L'Abbe  A.  E.,  R.C. 
Pratt,  Miss  S.  A.,  W.U.M. 
Schlcgelmilch,  Miss  Donna,  M.P.C. 
Schwariz,    Rev.    II.   W.,   M.D.,  & 

W,  (A). 

Smelser,  Mr.  F.  L.,  &  W.,  H.F.M. 
Sneyd,  Mr.  H.  S.,  &  W.,  Y.M.C.A. 
Steele,  Miss  Harriett,  M.P.C. 
Tracy,  Miss  Mary  E.,  W.U.M. 
Walton,  Rev.  H.  B.,  &  W. 
Wratson,  Miss  Rebecca  J.,  M.E.C. 
Webb,  Rev.  A.  E.,  S.P.'G. 
Whitney,  Mr.  J.  P. 

Yokote,  Akita 

Smyser,  Rev.  M.  M.,  &  W.,  Unc. 
Yon a go 

Fugill,  Miss  E.  M.,  C.M.S. 
Hutchinson,  Rev.  E.  G.,  C.M.S. 
Peto,  Mr.  H.,  C.M.S. 


KOREAN   MISSIONARY  DIRECTORY 


ABBREVIATIONS 


A.B.S. — American  Bible  Society. 

A.P. — Presbyterian  Church  in  Australia. 

B.F.B.S. — British  and  Foreign  Bible  Society. 

C.P. — Canadian  Presbyterian  Church. 

E.C.M. — English  Church  Mission. 

K.R.B.T.S.— Korean  Religious  Book  &  Tract  Society. 

M.N. — Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  North. 

M.S. — Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  South. 

O.M.S. — Oriental  Missionary  Society. 

P.N. — Presbyterian  Church  in  I  he  U.S.A. 

P.S.— Presbyterian  Church  in  the  U.S. 

S.A. — Salvation  Army. 

Y.M.C.A. — Young  Men's  Christian  Association 


ALPHABETICAL  LIST 


Adams,  Rev.  J.  K.,  D.D.,  &  W.,  1894,  P.X.,  Taiku. 
Akerholm,  Cap1.  K.,  1914,  S.A.,  Songdo. 
Alljerlson,  Mis  M.M.,  1907,  M.X.  Seoul. 
Alexander,  MissM.L.,  1911,  A.P.,  Eusanchin  (A). 
Allen,  Rev.  A.  W.,  1913,  A.P.,  Chinju. 
Anderson,  A.G.,  M.I).,  &  W.,  1911,  M.N.,  Wonju. 
Anderson,  E.,  M.D.,  &  \V.,  1914,  M.S.,  Choon  Chun. 
Anderson,  Rev.  L.  1'.,  &  \V.,  1914,  M.S.,  Songdo. 
Appen/eller,  Miss  A.,  1915,  M.X.,  Seoul. 
Arnold,  Rev.  E.IL,  1915,  E.C.M.,  Seoul. 
Austin,  Miss  Lillian,  1912,  PS.,  Chunju. 
Avison,  O.K.,  M.I).,  &  W.,  1893,  P.N.,  Seoul. 


Badcock,  Rev.  J.  S.,  1896,  E.C.M.,  Seoul: 

Bainbridgc,  Captain  (Miss),  1915,  S.A.,  Yoo  Koo. 

Bair,  Miss  15.,  1913,  M.N.,  Kongju. 

Baird,  Rev.  W.M.,  I).  I).,  1890,  P.X  ,  Pycng  Vang 

Barbara,  Lay-sister,  1911,  E.C.M.,  Stiwon- 

Barker,  Rev.  A.  II.,  ^  W.,  1911,  C.P.,  Vong  Jung. 

Barlow,  Miss  Jane,  1912,  M.X.,  Haiju. 

Barnhard',  Mr.  B.  P.,  &  \V.,  1916,  Y.M.C.A.,  Seoul. 

Battles,  Miss  D.M.,  1916,  M.N.,  Haiju. 

Beck,  Rev.  S.A.,  &  W.,  1899,  A.B.S.,  Seoul. 

Becker,  Rev.  A.L.,  (S;  \V.,  1903,  M.N.,  Seoul. 

Beiler,  Miss  Mary,  1910,  M  N.,  Ycng  Bycn  (A). 

Bekins,  Miss  E.,  1915,  P.X.,  Taiku. 

Bell,  Rev.  Eugene,  &  \Y.,  1895,  P.S.,  Kwangju. 

Bergman,  Miss  G.  ().,  1915,  N. P.,  Taiku. 

Bernheisel,  Rev.  C.I'".,  &  W.,  1900,  P.N.,  Pycng  Yang. 

Bcrnsten,  Capt.  A.,  S.A.,  1915,  Haiju. 

Best,  Miss  Margaret,  1897,  I'.X.,  Pyeng  Yang. 

Biggnr,  Miss  M.L.,  1910,  P.S.,  Soonchun. 

Bigger,  J.D.,  M.D.,  &  W.,  191 1,  P.X.,  Kangkei    A). 

Billings,  l<cv.  B.  W.,  &  W.,  1908,  M.X.,  Seoul. 

Blair,  Rev.  II.E.,&  W.,  1904,  P.X.,  Taiku. 

Blair,  Rev.  W.X.,  &  \\.,  1901,  P.X.,  Pyeng  Yang. 

Bonwick,  Mr.  (',.,  &  \\.,  1908,  K.R.B.T.S.,  Seoul. 

Borrow,  Miss  X.,  M.I).,  1911,  E.C.M.,  Chcmul|K>. 

Borr<.)Wman,  Miss  E-,  1910,  E.C.M.,  Kanghwa. 


CXXV111  KOREA 

Brannan,  Rev.  L.  C.,  &  W.,  1910,  M.S.,  Wonsan. 
Bridle,  Rev.  G.  A.,  1897,  E.C.M.,  Suwon. 
Brockman,  Mr.  F.  M.,  &  W.,  1905,  Y.M.C.A.,  Seoul. 
Brownlee,  Miss  Charlotte,  1914,  M.N.,  Seoul. 
Brownlee,  Mi=s  R.  B.,  1911,  P.N.,  Seoul. 
Bruen,  Rev.  II.  M.,  &  \Y.,  1899,  P.N.,  Taiku  (A). 
Buckland,  Miss  Sadie,  <qoS,  P.S.,  Chunju. 
Buie,  Miss  Ilallie,  1909,  M.S.,  Wonsan. 
Bull,  Rev.  W.  F.,  &  W.,  1899,  P.S.,  Kunsan  (A). 
Bunker,  Rev.  D.  A.,  &  W.,  1885,  M.N.,  Seoul. 
Burdick,  Rev.  G.  M.,  1903,  M.N.,  Seoul. 
Bulterfleld,  Pastor  C.,  &  W.,  1908,  S.D.A.,  Seoul. 


G 

Cable,  Rev.  E.  M.,  &  W.,  1899,  M.X.,  Seoul. 

Cameron,  Miss  C.,  1905,  Seoul. 

Campbell,  Rev,  A.  A.,  &  W.,  1916,  P.N..  Kangkai. 

Campbell,  Miss  A.  M.,  1911,  A.P.,  C'hinju  (A). 

Campbell,  Mr.  E.,  &  W.,  1914,  P.N.,  Syen  Chun. 

Campbell,  Mrs.  J.  P.,  1897,  M.S.,  Seoul. 

Carswell,  Miss  L.  F.,  1913,  E.C.M.,  Chemulpo. 

Cass,  Miss  S.  A.,  1916,  C.P.,  Hoiryung. 

Cecil,  Sister,  1907,  E.C.M.,  Seoul. 

Chaffm,  Mrs.  A.  B.,  1013,  M.  N.,  Seoul. 

Chambers,  Rev.  C.,  1912,  E.C.M.,  Seoul. 

Chew,  Rev.  N.  D.,  &  W.,  1903,  M.N.,  Haiju  (A). 

Church,  Miss  M.  E.,  1915,  M.N.,  Seoul. 

Clark,  Rev.  C.  A.,  D.D.,  &  W.,  1902,  P.N.,  Seoul. 

Clark,  Rev.  W.  M.,  &  W.,  1909,  P.S.,  Chunju  (A). 

Clela-'.d,  Miss  F.,  1916,  P.N.,  Pyeng  Yang. 

Clerke,  Miss  F.  L.,  1910,  A.P.,  Chinju. 

Coit,  Rev.  R.  T.,  &  W.,  1909,  P.S.,  Soon  Chun. 

Collyer,  Rev.  C.  T.,  &  W.,  1896,  M.S.,  Wonsan. 

Colton,  Miss  S.  A.,  1911,  P.S.,  Chunju. 

Constance,  Irene,  Sis'er,  1908,  E.C.M.,  Seoul. 

Cook,  Rev.  W.  T.,  &  W.,  1908,  P.N.,  Chungji  (A). 

Cooper,  Rev.  A.  C.,  1908,  E.C.M.,  Chun-An. 

Cooper,  Miss  K.,  1908,  M.S.,  Wonsan. 

Cram,  Rev.  W.  G.,  &  W.,  1902,  M.S.,  Songdo. 

Crane,  Miss  G.,  1916,  Pyeng  Yang. 

Crane,  Rev.  J.  C.,  &  W.,  1913,  P.S.,  Soon  Chun. 

Crothers,  Rev.  J.  Y.,  &  W.,  1909,  P.N.,  Andong. 

Cunningham,  Rev.  F.  W.,  1913,  A.P.,  Chunju. 

Cutler,  Miss  M.  M.,  M.D.,  1892,  M.X.,  Pyeng  Yang  (A). 


D 

Daniel,  T.  II.,  M.D.,  &  W.,  1904,  P.S.,  Seoul. 
Davies,  Miss  M.  S.,  1910,  A. P.,  Fusanchin. 
Deal,  Rev.  C.  H.,  &  W.,  1910,  M.S.,  Songdo. 


ALPHABETICAL   LIST  CXXl'x 


Dean,  Miss  L.,  1916,  P.  N.,  Seoul. 

De  Camp,  Rev.  A.  F.,  &  W.,  1910,  P.N.,  Seoul. 

Deming,  Rev,  C.  S.,  S.T.D.,  &  W.,  1905,  M.N.,  Seoul. 

Dillingham,  Miss  Grace,  1911,  M.N.,  Pycng  Vang  (A). 

Dodson,  Miss  Mary,  1912,  P.S.,  Kwangju. 

Dodson,  Rev.  S.K.,  1912,  P.S  ,  Kwangju. 

Doriss,  Miss  A.  S.,  1908,  P.N.,  Pyeng  Vang. 

Drake,  Rev.  II.  J.,  1897,  E.C.M.,  Chemulpo. 

Dupuy,  Miss  L.,  1912,  P.S.,  Kuiisaii. 

Dysart,  Miss  Julia,  1907,  P.S.,  Kunsan. 


Ebery,  Miss  E.  M.,  1914,  A.  P.,  Kuchang. 
Edith  Helena,  Sister,  1907,  E.C.M.,  Seoul. 
Edwards,  Miss  Laura,  1909,  M.S.,  Songdo. 
Elrington,  Miss  B.,  1907,  E.C.M.,  Fusan. 
Engel,  Rev.  G.,  &  W.,  igco,  A. P.,  Fusanchin. 
Erdman,  Rev.  W.  C.,  D.D.,  &  W.,  1906,  P.N.,  Taiku. 
Ericksson,  Capt.  (Miss)  L,  1914,  S.A.,  Seoul. 
Erwin,  Miss  Cordelia,  1905,  M.S.,  Choonchun. 
Esteb,  Miss  K.,  1915,  P.N.,  Seoul. 
Estey,  Miss  E.  M.,  1900,  M  X.,  Veng  Byen. 
Eversole,  Rev.  F.  M.,  &  W.,  1912,  P.S.,  Chunju. 


Fenwick,  Rev.  M.  C.,  &  W.,  Church  of  Christ,  Wonsan. 
Few,  Miss  C.,  1914,  N.P.,  Kangkei. 
Fletcher,  A.  G.,  M.D.,  &  W.,  1909,  P.N.,  Taiku. 
Follwell,  E.  D.,  M.D.,  &  W.,  1895,  M.N.,  Pycng  Vang. 
Foote,  Rev.  W.  R.,  &  W.,  1898,  C.P.,  Yong  Jung  (A). 
Eraser,  Rev.  E.J.O.,  &  W.,  1914,  C.P.,  Hoiryung. 
French,  Col.  G.  &  W.,  1916,  S.  A.,  Seoul. 
Frey,  Miss  L.  E.,  1893,  M.N.,  Seoul. 


G 

Gale,  Rev.  T.  S.,  D.D.,  &  W.,  1892,  P.X.,  Seoul, 
Gay,  Adj  .  II.  J.,  &  W.,  1910,  S.A.,  Taiku. 
Genso,  Mr.  J.  F.,  &  W.,  1908,  P.X.,  Seoul  (A). 
Gerdine,  Rev.  J.  I,.,  &  \\.,  1902,  M.S.,  Seoul. 
Gillies,  Mr.  A.  W.,  &  W.,  1913,  P.X.,  Pycng  Vang. 
Graham,  Miss  A.  E.,  1913,  M.S.,  Songdo. 
Graham,  Miss  Ella,  1907,  P.S.,  Kwangju. 
GravyMiss  E.,  1916,  M.  S.,  Seoul. 
Greene,  Rev.  E.  A.,  1915,  E.C.M.,  Kanghwa. 
Gregg,  Mr.  G.  A.,  1906,  V.M.C.A.,  Seoul  (A). 
Grierson,  Rev.  R.,  M.D.,  &  W.,  1898,  C.P.,  Songjin. 
Grosjean,  Miss  Violet,  1907,  E.C.M.,  Taiku. 


CXXX  KOREA 

Grove,  Rev.  P.L.,  &  W.,  191 I,  M.N.,  Haiju. 
Gurney,  Rev.  W.  N.,  1903,  E.C  M.,  Kanghwa. 

H 

llacnig,  Miss  II.  A.,  1910,  M.N.,  Seoul. 

Hall,  Mrs.  R.  S.,  M.D.,  1890,  M.N.,  Pyeng  Yang. 

Ilankins,  Miss  Ida,  1911,  M.S.,  Seoul  (A). 

Hardie,  Miss  Bessie,  1913,  M.S.,  Choonchun. 

Ilardie,  Miss  Eva,  1913,  M.S.,  Wonsan. 

Ilardie,  Miss  Gertrude,  1916,  Seoul. 

Uardie,  Rev.  R.  A.,  M.U.,  &  W.,  1898,  M.S.,  Seoul. 

Harris,  Miss  Gilberla,  1910,  MS.,  Songdo  (A\ 

Harris,  Bishop  M.  C.,  D.D.,  L.L.D.,  1873,  M.N.,  Seoul. 

Harrison,  Rev.  W.  B.,  cSc  W.,  1896,  P.S.,  Kunsan. 

Harlness,  Miss  M.,  1915,  Pyeng  Yang. 

Havenstein,  Capt.  (Miss)  II.,  1914,  S.A.,  Seoul. 

Haynes,  Miss  E.  I.,  1906,  M.N.,  Pyeng  Yang. 

Helslrom,  Miss  Hilda,  1909,  P.N.,  Syen  Chun  (A). 

Heslof,  Rev.  &  W.,  1916,  O.M.S.,  Seoul. 

Hess,  Miss  Margaret,  1913,  M.N.,  Chemulpo. 

Hewlett,  Rev.  G.  E.,  1909,  E.C.M.,  Chinchun. 

Hill,  Adjt,  A.,  &  W.,  1910,  S.A.,  Yoo  Koo. 

Hill,  Rev.  P.  B.,  &  W.,  1912,  P.S.,  Kwangju. 

Hillman,  Miss  M.  R.,  1900,  M.N.,  Wonju. 

Hirst,  J.  W.,  M.D.,  &  W.,  1904,  P.  S.,  Seo  ;1. 

Hitch,  Rev.  J.  W.,  &  W.,  1907,  M.S.,  Seoul. 

Hobhs,  Mr.  T.,  &  W.,  1910,  B.F.B.S.,  Seoul.  ' 

Hocking,  Miss  D.,  1915,  A.P.,  Fusanchin. 

Hodges,  Rev.  Cecil,  1911,  E.C.M.,  Kanghwa  (A). 

Hoffman,  Rev.  C.  S.,  &  W.,  1910,  P.N.,  Kangkei. 

Holdcroft,  Rev.  J.  G.,  &  W,,  1909,  P.N.,  Pyeng  Yang. 

Home,  Major  W.  B.,  &  W.,  1915,  S.A.,  Seoul. 

Hopkins,  Miss  Sue,  1916,  Seoul. 

Hughes,  Miss  E.,  1916,  C.P.,  Wonsan. 

Hulbert,  Miss  J.,  1914,  M.N.,  Seoul. 

Hunt,  Rev.  C.,  1916,  E.C.M.,  Chinchun. 

Hunt,  Rev.  W.  B.,  &  W.,  1897,  P.N.,  Chairyung. 

Hylton,  Mrs.  H.,  1914,  C.P.,  Yong  Jung. 

I 

Ingerson,  Miss  V.  F.,  1916,  P.N.,  Syenchun. 
Isabel,  Sister,  1901,  E.C.M.,  Seoul. 

J 

Jonsson,  Capt.  (Miss)  E.,  1914,  S.A.,  Songdo. 

K 

Kagir.,  Rev.  E.,  &  W.,  1907,  P.N.,  Chungju. 


ALPHABETICAL  LIST  cxxxi 


Kelly,  Rev.  J.  T.,  &  W.,  1912,  A.P.,  Kuchang. 
Kerr,  Rev.  W.  C,  &  W.,  1908,  P.N.,  Chairyung. 
Kestler,  Miss  E.  E.,  1905,  P.S.,  Chunju. 
Kirk,  Miss  J.  H.,  1913,  C.P.,  Hamheung. 
Knox,  Rev.  Robert,  &  \V.,  1907,  P.S.,  Kwangju. 
Koons,  Rev.  E.  W.,  1903,  P.N.,  Seoul. 


Laing,  Miss  C.  J.,  1913,  A. P.,  Chinju. 

Lampe,  Rev.  II.  W.,  1903,  P.N.,  Syen  Chun. 

lathrop,  Miss  L.  ().,  1912,  P.S.,  Mokpo. 

Laurence,  Rev.  G.,  1915,  E.C.M.,  Seoul. 

Laws,  A.  F.,  M.D.,  &  W.,  1897,  E.C.M.,  Chin  Chun. 

I^wton,  Rev.  B.  R.,  &  W.,  1909,  M.N.,  Chemulpo  (A). 

Leadingham,  R.  S.,  M.D.,  &  W.,  1912,  P.S.,  Mokpo 

I^ewis,  Miss  M.  L.,  1910,  P.N.,  Seoul. 

Lindqiiisf,  Capt.  (Miss)  E.,  1914,  S.A.,  Yoo  Koo. 

Linton,  Mr.  VV.  A.,  1912,  P.S.,  Kunsan. 

Ix)gan,  Mrs.  J.  V.,  1910,  P.N.,  Chungju. 

Lord,  Capt.  II.,  &  W.,  1910,  S.A.,  Chunju. 

I./owder.  Miss,  1916,  M.S.,  Songdo. 

Lucas,  Rev.  E.  A.,  &  W.,  1915,  V.M.C.A.,  Seoul. 

Ludlow,  A.  I.,  M.I).,  &  W.,  1911,  P.N.,  Seoul. 

Lyall,  Rev.  D.  M.,  &  W.,  1909,  A.P.,  Masanpo. 


M 

Macrae,  Rev.  F.  J.  L.,  &  W.,  1910,  A.P.,  Masanpo. 

Mansfield,  T.  D.,  M.I).,  &  W.,  1910,  C.P.,  Wonsan. 

Marker,  Miss  J.  B.,  1905,  M.N.,  Seoul. 

Martin,  S.  II.,'  M.I).,  &  W  ,  1915,  CM'.,  Yong  Jung. 

Martin,  Miss  J.  A.,  1908,  P.S.,  Mokpo. 

Matthews,  Miss  E.,  1916,  P.S.,  Kwangiu. 

McCallie,  Rev.  II.  I).,  &  \V.,  1907,  P.S.,  Mokpo. 

McCully,  Miss  E.  A.,  1909,  C.P.,  Wonsan. 

McCully,  Miss  L.  II..  1900,  C.l'.,  Wonsan. 

McCune,  Rev.  G.  S.,  D.D.,  &  W.,  1905,  P.N*.,  Sycn  Cliui. 

McCune,  Miss  K.,  1908,  P.X.,  Chairyung. 

McCutchen,  Rev.  L.  C3.,  &  W.,  1902^  P.S.,  Chunju. 

McDonald,  Rev.  D.  A.,  &  W.,  1912,  C.P.,  Hoi  Ryunq. 

McDonald,  Rev.  D.  W.,  &  W.,  1914,  C.P.,  Hamheung. 

McEachren,  Miss  E.,  1913,  C.P.,  Haniheung. 

McEachern,  Rev.  Jno.,  in!2,  P.S.,  Kunsan. 

McFarland,  Rev.  E.  F.,  &  W.,  1904,  P.N.,  Taiku. 

McKee,  Miss  A.  M.,  1909,  P.N.,  Chairyung. 

McKenzie,  Rev.  J.  N.,  &  W.,  1910,  A.P.,  Fusanchin. 

McKinnon,  Miss  M.,  1914,  C.P.,  Songiin. 

McLaren,  Rev.  C.  L,  M.I).,  &  W.,  1911,  A.P.,  ("liiniu. 

McT^llan,  Miss  E.,  1913,  C.P.,  Hoi  Ryung. 

McMurphy,  Miss  Ada,  1912,  P.S.,  Mokpo. 


CXXX11  KOREA 

McMurlrie,  Mr.  R.  M.,  1907,  P.N.,  Pyeng  Yang  (A). 

McQueen,  Miss  Anna,  1910,  P.S.,  Kwangiu. 

McRae,  Rev.,  D.  M.,  &  W.,  1898,  C.P.,  Hamheung. 

Menzies,  Miss  13.,  1891,  A.P.,  Fusanchin. 

Miller,  Rev.  E.  II.,  ct  W.,  1901,  P.N.,  Seoul  (A). 

Miller,  Rev.  F.  S.,  &  W.,  1892,  P.N.,  Chungiu. 

Miller,  Mr.  Hugh  &  W.,  1899,  B.F.B.S.,  Seoul  (A). 

Miller,  Miss  L.  A.,  1901,  M.N,,  Chemulpo. 

Mills,  R.  G.,  M.D.,  cSc  W.,  1908,  P.N.,  Seoul. 

Moffett,  Rev.  S.  A.,  D.D.,  &  W.,  1889,  P.N.,  Pyeng  Yang. 

Moore,  Miss  E.  S  ,  1892,  A.P.,  Tong  Yeng. 

Moore,  Rev.  J.  Z.,  &  W.,  1903,  M.N.,  Pyeng  Yang. 

Moose,  Rev.  J.  R.,  &  W.,  1899,  M.S.,  Seoul. 

Morris,  Rev.  C.  U.,  &  W.,  1900,  M.N.,  Pyeng  Yang  (A). 

Mowry,  Rev.  E.  M.,  &  W.,  1909,  P.N.,  Pyeng  Yang. 

Myers,  Miss  Mamie,  1906,  M.S.,  Seoul. 


fN 

Napier,  Miss  G.,  1912,  A. P.,  Masanpo. 

Newland,  Rev.  I,.  T.,  &  W.,  1911,  P.S.,  Mokpo. 

Nichols,  Miss  L.  E.,  1906,  M.S.,  Songdo. 

Nisbct,  Rev.  J.  S.,  &  W.,  1907,  P.S.,  Mokpo. 

Noble,  Rev.  W.  A.,  D.  I).,  &  W.,  1892,  M.N.,  Seoul. 

Nora,  Sister,  1892,  E.C.M.,  Suwon. 

Norton,  A.  H.,  M.D.,  &  W.,  1908,  M.  N.,  Haiju. 


Oakes,  Miss  A.,  1912,  O.M.S.,  Seoul. 

Oberg,  Pastor,  H.  A.,  &  W.,  1910,  S.D.A.,  Soonan. 

Oliver,  Miss  13.  O.,  1912,  M.S.,  Seoul. 

Olsson,  Capt.  (Miss)  V.,  1911,  S.A.,  Seoul. 

Owen,  Mr.  B.  R.,  &  W.,  1915,  S.D.A.,  Seoul. 

Owen,  Mrs.  G.,  M.D.,  1895,  P.S.,  Kwangju. 


Packer,  Miss  E.  C.,  1912,  E.C.M.,  Kanghwa. 

Palethorpe,  Miss  E.,  1916,  C.  P.,  Wonsan. 

Palmer,  Acljt.  G.,  &  W.,  1913,  S.A.,  Seoul. 

Parker,  Mr.  W.  P.,  £  W.,  1912,  P.S.,  Mokpo. 

Patterson,  J.  B.,  M.D.,  &  W.,  1910,  P.S.,  Kunsan. 

Pearce,  Miss  A.,  1914,  M.S.,  Songdo. 

Phillips,  Rev.  C.  L.,  &  W.,  19:0,  P.N.,  Pyeng  Yang. 

Pierpont,  Miss  O.,  1913,  Taiku. 

Pie'ers,  Rev.  A.  A.,  &  W.,  1902,  P.N.,  Chairyung. 

Pollard,  Miss  II.  E.,  1911,  P.N.,  Taiku. 

Pooley,  Miss  A.,  1902,  E.C.M.,  Seoul. 

Powell,  Rev.  B.  A.,  &  W.,  1913, M.S.,  Sondog  (A). 


ALPHABETICAL   LIST  CXXXili 


Pratt,  Rev.  C.  H.,  &  W.,  1912,  P.S.,  Soonchun  (A). 
Preston,  Rev.  J.  F.,  &  \V.,  1903,  P.S.,  .Soonchun. 
Proctor,  Rev.  S.  T-,  &  W.,  191  >>  C.P.,  Songjin. 
Pye,  Miss  O.  F.,  1911,  M.X.,  Seoul. 


R 

Raab>,  Miss  R.  M.,  1916,  M.X.,  Chemulpo. 

Reed,  Miss  I,.  M.,  1911,  M.S.,  Songdo  (A). 

Reid,  W.  T.,  M.D.,  &  \V.,  1907,  M.S.,  Songdo. 

Reiner,  Mr.  R.  O.,  &  \V.,  1908,  P.X.,  Pyeng  Vang. 

Reynolds,  Boiling,  1915,  I'veng  Vang. 

Reynolds,  Rev.  \V.  D.,  D.D.,  &  W.,  1892,  P.S.,  Chunju. 

Rhodes,  Rev.  II.  A.,  &  \V.,  1908,  P.X.,  Syenchun. 

Robh,  Rev.  A.  F.,  &  W.,  1901,  C.I'.,  Wonsan. 

Rohh,  M'ss  J.  B.,  1903,  C.I'.,  I  lamheung. 

Robbins,  Miss  II.  P.,  1902,  M.X.,  I'yeng  Vang. 

Roberts  Rev.  S.  L.,  &  W.,  1907,  I'.X.,  Sycn  Chun. 

Robertson,  M.  ().,  M.D.,  &  W.,  1915,  S.  P.,  Chunju. 

Rogers,  Miss  M.  M.,  1909,  C.P.,  Songjin. 

Rosalie,  Sisier,  1892,  K.C.M.,  Seoul. 

Ross,  Rev.  A.  R.,  &  W.,  1907,  C.I'.,  Snngjin  (A). 

Ross,  Rev.  Cyril,  D.D.,  &  W.,  1897,  P.X.,  Syeng  Chun. 

Ross,  J.  B.,  M.D  ,  &  W.,  1901,  M.S.,  Wonsan. 

Rufu.s  Rev.  W.  C.,  Ph.  1).,  &  W.,  1907,  M.X.,  Seoul. 

Russell,  R.,  M.D.,  &  W.,  1908,  S.D.A.,  Soonan. 


Salisbury,  En.-ign  II.,  191  },  S.A.,  Vong  Dong. 

Sailing,  Cnpt.  (Miss)  M.,  1914,  S  A.,  Seoul. 

Salmon,  Miss  B.,  191=;,  M.X.,  Pycng  Vang. 

Sarauel,  Miss  Tane,  1902,  P.X".,  Syen  Chun. 

Scharffenberg,  Miss  M.,  1906,  S.IXA.,  S.-oul. 

Scharpff,  Mi-s  Ilanna,  1910,  M.X.,  Chemulpo. 

Scheitley,  Dr.  ^V.  J.,  &  \V.,  1915,  Seoul. 

Schole?,  Miss  X.  R.,  1907,  A.P.,  Chinju. 

Scofield,  F.  W.,  M.D.,  &  W.,  1916,  C.  1'.,  Seoul. 

Sco'.t,  Miss  II.  M.,  1 908,  S.D.A.,  Soonan. 

Sco  t,  Mis^  S.  M.,  1915,  A. P.,  Ivuchang. 

Scott,  Rev.  \V.,  &  W.,  1914,  C.P  ,  Song'in. 

Sharp,  Rev.  C.  E.,  &  \V.,  1900,  P.X.,  Chuirvun^. 

Sharp,  Mrs.  R.  A.,  1900,  M.X.,  Kongju. 

Sharrocks,  A.  M-,  M.D.,  &  W.,  1899,  P.M.,  Sycn  Chun. 

Shopping,  Miss  E.  J.,  1912,  P.S.,  Kunsan. 

Shields, "Miss  E.  L.',  1899,  P.X.,  Seoul. 

Simpson,  Rev.  I.  }'>.,  1915,  E.C..M  ,  Seoul. 

Skinner,  Miss  A.  Cr.,  1^14,  A. P.,  Masairpo. 

Smith,  Miss  B.  A.,  1910,  M.S.,  Seoul. 

Smith,  Rev.  F.  II.,  &  \V.,  1905,  M.X.,  Scon!. 

Smith,  R.  K  ,  M.D.,  &  W  ,  iyii,  P.X  ,  Au.l ,;,-. 


cxxxiV  KOREA 

Smith,  Rev.  S.  T.,  1912,  E.C.M.,  Seoul. 

Smith,  Rev.  W.  E.,  &  W.,  1902,  P.N.,  Pycng  Vang. 

Smith,  Pastor,  W.  R.,  cSc  W.,  1905,  S.D.A.,  Kyonsan. 

Suavely,  Miss  G.  E.,  1906,  M.N.,  Haiju. 

Snook,  Miss  V.  L.,  1900,  P.N.,  Pyeng  Yang. 

Snyder,  Mr.  L.  II.,  &  W.,  1907,  Y.M.C.A.,  Seoul  (A). 

Sollau,  Rev.  T.  S.,  &    W.,  1914,  P.  N.,  Syen  Chun. 

Stevens,  Miss  B.  I.,  1911,  P.N.,  Syeng  Chun. 

Stewart,  Mrs.  M.  S.,  M.D.,  1911,  M.N.,  Seoul. 

Stokes,  Rev.  M.  B.,  &  W.,  1907,  M.S.,  Choonchun. 

Swallen,  Miss  O.  R.,  1915,  M.N.,  Pyeng  Yang. 

Swallen,  Rev.  W.  L.,  D.D.,  &  W.,  1892,  P.N.,  Pyeng  Yang. 

Swearer,  Mrs.  W.  C.,  1913,  M.N.,  Kongju  (A). 

Swinehart,  Mr.  M.  I..,  &  W.,  1911,  P.S.,  Kwangju. 

Swilzer,  Miss  Martha,  191 1,  P.N.,  Taiku. 

Sylvester,  Capt.  C.,  &  W.,  1910,  S.A.,  Seoul. 


Talmage,  Rev.  J.  V.  N.,  &  W.,  1910.  P.S.,  Kwangju. 

Tate,  Rev.  L.  B.,  &  W.,  1892,  P.S.,  Chunju. 

Tate,  Miss  M.  S.,  1892,  P.S.,  Chunju  (A). 

Taylor,  Rev.  Corwin,  &  W.,.i9O7,  M.N.,  Kongju. 

Taylor,  Rev.  W.,  M.  D.,  &  W.,  1913,  A.P.,  Tong  Yeng, 

Thomas,  Rev.  F.  J.,  &  W.,  1915,  A.P.,  Kuchang. 

Thomas,  Rev.  J.  &  W.,  1910,  O.M.S.,  Seoul  (A). 

Thomas,  Miss  M.,  1916,  O.M.S.,  Seoul. 

Timmons,  H.  L.,  M.D.,  &  W.,  1912,  P.S.,  Soonchun. 

Tinsley,  Miss  Hortense,  1911,  M.S.,  Songdo    A). 

Tipton,  S.  P.,  M.D.,&  W.,  1914,  P.N.,  Chungju. 

Toms,  Rev.  J.  U.  S.,  &  W.,  1908,  P.N.,  Seoul. 

Trissel,  Miss  M.  V.,  1914,  M.N.,  Pyeng  Yang. 

Trollope,  Right  Rev.  Bishop,  M.N.,  D.D.,  1891,  E.C.M.,  Seoul. 

Tucker,  Miss  Bertha,  1911,  M.S.,  Choonchun. 

Turner,  Rev.  V.  R.,  &  W.,  1912,  M.S.,  Songdo. 

Tuttle,  Miss  O.  M.,  1908,  M.N.,  Seoul. 

U 

Underwood,  Mrs.  L.  II.,  M.  D.,  1887,  P.M.  Seoul. 
Underwood,  Mr.  II.,  &  \V.,  1912,  P.N.,  Seoul. 
Urquehart,  E.  I.,  &  W.,  1916,  S.D.A.,  Kyonsnn. 


Van  Buskirk,  Rev.  J.  D.,  M.D.,  &  W.,  1908,  M.N.,  Seoul. 
Venahle,  Mr.  W.  A.,  &  W.,  1908,  P.S.,  Kunsan  (A). 
Vesey,  Rev.  F.  G.,  &  W.,  1908,  M.S.,  Choonchun. 

W 

Wachs,  Rev.  V.  II.,  &  W.,  1911,  M.N.,  Yeng  Byen. 


ALPHABETICAL   LIST  CXXXV 

Wagner,  Miss  Ellasue,  1904,  M.S.,  Songdo. 

Walters,  Miss  A.  J.,  1911,  M.N.,  Seoul. 

Wambold,  Miss  Kaiherinc,  1896,  P.N.,  Seoul. 

Wangerin,  Pastor  R.  C.,  &  \V.,  1910,  S.D.A.,  Kyung  San. 

Ward,  Adjt.  (Miss)  1908,  S.A.,  Seoul. 

Wasson,  Rev.  A.  W.,  &  W.,  1905,  M.S.,  Songdo. 

Watson,  Rev.  R.  D.,  &  W.,  1910,  A.P.,  Tong  Veng. 

Weems,  Rev.  C.  N.,  &  W.,  1909,  M.S.,  Songdo  (A)- 

Weir,  H.  H.,  M.B.,  &  W  ,  1904,  E.C.M.,  Chemulpo  (A). 

Welbon,  Kev.  A.  G.,  &  W.,  1900,  P.N.,  Pyeng  Vang. 

Welch,  Hishop,  H.,  U.  D.,  L.  L.  D.,  &  W.,  1916,  M.N.,  Seoul. 

Weller,  Mr.  O.  A.,  &  W.,  1911,  MN,  Seoul. 

Westling,  Capt.  F.,  1914,  S.A.,  Ilaiju. 

Whiting,  Rev.  II.  C,  M.D.,  &  W.,  1903,  P.X.,  Chairyung. 

Whittemore,  Rev.  N.  C.,  &  W.,  1896,  P.X.,  Syen  Chun  (A). 

Williams,  Rev.  F.  E.G.,  &  W.,  1906,  M  X.,  Kongju. 

Wilson,  Rev.  F.,  1905,  E.C.M.,  Paik  Chun. 

Wilson,  R.  M.,  M.D.,  &  W.,  looS,  P.S.,  Kwangju. 

Wilson,  Rey.  T.  E.,  1915,  P.  S.,  Kwangju. 

Winn,  Miss  E.  A.,  1912,  P.S.,  Chunju. 

Winn,  Rev.  O.  II.,  &  W.,  1908,  P.X.,  Taiku. 

Winn,  Rev.  R.  E.,  &  W.,  1909,  P.X.,  Andong. 

Winn,  Rev.  S.  D.,  I  (,12,  P.S.,  Chunju. 

Wood,  Miss  L.,  1914,  M.X.,  Seoul. 

Wright,  Rev.  A.  C.,  &  W.,  1912,  A. P.,  Fusanchin. 


Young,  Rev.  L.  L.,  &  W.,  1906,  C.P.,  Ilamheung. 
Yun,  Hon.  T.  II.  &  W.,  Y.  M.C.A.,  Seoul. 


LIST  BY  MISSIONS 


American  Bib'e  Society 

Beck,   Rev.    S.   A.,   &   W.,    Seoul, 
Agent. 

Mission  of  the  Presbyterian 
Church  in  Australia 

Alexander,  Miss  M.  L.,  Fusanchin, 

Eva. 

Allen,  Rev.  A  W.,  Chinju,  Eva. 
Campbell,     Miss     A.    M.,     Chinju, 

Edu. 

Clerke,  Miss  F.  L.,  Chinju. 
Cunningham,  Rev.  F.    W.,    Chinju, 

Eva. 

Davies,  Miss  M.  S.,  Fusanchin,  Edu. 
Ebery,  Miss  E.  M.,  Kuchang,  Eva. 
Engel,  Rev.  G.  &  W.,  Fusanchin, 

Eva. 
Hocking,      Miss     D.,      Fusanchin, 

Eva. 
Kelly,  Rev.  J.  T.  &  W.,  Kuchang, 

Eva. 

Laing,  Miss  C.  J.,  Chinju,  Eva. 
Lyall,  Rev.  I).  'M.,  &  W..  Masanpo, 

Eva. 

McKenzie,  Rev.  J.  X.,  &  \V.,  Fusan 
chin,  Eva. 
McLaren,  Rev.  C.  I.,  M.  D..  &  W., 

Chinju,  Med.  &  Eva. 
Macrae,     Rev.    F.    J.    I,.,    &    W., 

Masanjx),  Eva. 

Menzies,  Miss  B.  Fusanchin,  Eva. 
Moore,  Miss  E.  S.  Tong  Yeng,  Eva. 
Napier,   Miss  G.,  Masanpo,  Nurse, 

&  Eva. 

Scholes,  Miss  N.  R.,  Chinju,  Eva. 
Scott,  Miss  S.  M  ,  Kuchang,  Eva. 
Skinner,  Miss  A.  G.  M.,  Masanpo, 

Edu. 


Taylor,  Rev.  W.,  M.D.,  &  W.,  Tong 
Yeng,  Med.  &  Eva. 

Thomas,  Rev.  F.  J.  &  W.,  Kuchang, 
Eva. 

Watson,  Rev.  R.  D.,  &  W.,  Tong 
Yeng,  Eva. 

Wright,  Rev.  A.  C.,  &  W.  Fusan 
chin,  Eva. 

British  and  Foreign  Bible  Society 

Hobbs,  Mr.  T.  &  W.,  Seoul,  Sub- 
Agent. 

Miller,  Mr.  Hugh.  &  W.,  S:oul, 
Agent  (A). 

Mission  of  the  Canadian 
Presbyterian  Church 

Barker,  Rev.  A.   II.,  &  W.,  Yong 

Jung,  Eva.  &  Edu. 
Cass,  Miss  G.  A.,  Hoi  Ryung,  Eva. 
Foote,    Rev.   W.  R.,  &  W.,  Yong 

Jung,  Eva. 
Eraser,  Rev.  E.  J.  O.,  &  W.,  Hoi 

Ryung,  Eva. 
Grierson,   Rev.    R.,  M.   D.,  &  W., 

Songjin,  Med. 

Hughes,  Miss  E.  Wonsan,  Nurse. 
Hylton,  Mrs.  II.,  Yong  Jung,  Eva. 
Kirk,  Miss  J.  II.,  Ilamhcung,  Nurse. 
McCully,  Miss  E.  A.,  Wonsan,  Eva. 
McCully,  Miss  I,.  II.,  Wonsan,  Edu. 

&  Eva. 
McDonald,  Rev.  D.  A.,  &  W.,  Hoi 

Ryung,  Eva. 
McDonald,    Rev.    D.    W.,   &    W., 

llamheung,  Eva. 
McEachern,    Miss    E.,    llamheung, 

Edu. 
McKinnon,  Miss  M.,  Songjin,  Nurse- 


LIST    BY    MISSIONS 


CXXXVil 


McLellan,    Miss    E.,    Hoi    Ryung, 

Eva. 
McKac,  Rev.   D.  M.,  &  W.,  Ilam- 

heung,  Eva. 
Mansfield,   T.    I).,    M.  D.,   &    W., 

Wonsan,  Med. 
Martin,   S.  II.,  M.D.,  &  W.,  Yong 

Jung,  Med. 

I'alethorpe,  Miss  E.,  Wonsan,  Eva. 
Proctor,  Rev.  S.  J.,  &  W.,  Songjin, 

Eva. 
Robb,  Rev.  A.  E.,  &  \V.,  \Yonsan, 

Edu.  &  Eva. 

Robb,  Miss  J.  I!.,  Hamheung,  Eva. 
Rogers,  Miss  M.  M.,  Songjin,  Eva. 
Ross,  Rev.  A.  R.,  &  W.,  .Songjin, 

Edu.  &  EVP. 
Scondd,  F.  \V.,  &  \Y.,  X.I).,  Seoul, 

Mod. 

Scott,  Rev.  W.,  &  W.,  Songjin,  Eva. 
Young,    Rev.    L.    I..,   &    \\'.,    llain- 

heung,  Eva. 

English  Church  Miss'on 

Arnold,  Rev.  E.  II.,  Seoul,  Deacon. 
Barbara,  Lay -sister,  Suwon,  ( Irphan- 

age  Work. 
Borrow,  Miss  X".,  M.B.,  CTtcmulpo, 

Med. 

Boirowman,  Miss  E.,  Kanghwa. 
Bridle,  Rev.  G.  A.,  Siuvon,  Priest. 
Cant,  Miss  E.  E.,  Chemulpo. 
Carswcll,    Miss    L.    i'.,    Chemulpo, 

Nurse. 

Cecil,  Sister,  Seoul. 
Chambers,  Rev.  C.,   Seoul,  Bishop's 

Chaplain. 

Constance  Irene,  Sister,  Seoul. 
Cooper,  Rev.  A.  ('.,  Chun-an. 
Drake,     Rev.     11.     ].,     C'hcmulpo, 

Vicar-Genera!. 
Edith  Helena,  Sister,  Seoul. 
Elrington,  Miss  B.,  Eusan,  Japanese 

Work. 
Greene,     Rev.     E.    A.,    Kanghwa, 

Priest. 

Grosjcan,  Miss  Violet,  Taiku,  Japan 
ese  Work. 
Gurney,    Rev.    \V.    X.,     Kanghwa, 

Priest. 
Ilewlet',   Rev.    G.    E.,   Chin    Chun, 

Priest. 


Hodges,  Rev.  Cecil,  Kanghwa,  Edu. 

(A). 

Ilunl,  Rev.  C.,  Kanghwa,  Deacon. 
Isabel,  Sister,  Seoul. 
Laurence,     Rev.    G.,    Paik     Chun, 

Deacon. 
Laws,    A.    E.,    M.D.,    &    W.,    Chin 

Chun,  Med. 
X'ora,  Sister,  Suwon. 
Packer,  Miss  E.  C.,  Kanghwa. 
Pooler,    Miss    A.,    Seoul,    Jananese 

Work. 

Rosalie,  Sifter,  Seoul. 
Simpson,  Rev.  J.  B.,  Seoul,  Japanese 

Work. 
Smith,      Rev.     S.     T.,     Kanghwa, 

Priest. 
Trollope,  Right   Rev.  Bishop  M.X., 

D.I).,  Seoul. 
Wilson,  Rev.  !•'.,  Paik  Chun,  Priest. 

Korean  Religious  Book  and  Tract 
Society 

Bonwick,  Mr.  G.,  &  W.,  Seoul,  Gen. 
Secretary  (A). 

Mission  of   the  Methodist 
Episcopal  Church 

Alberlson,  Miss  M.  M.,  Seoul,  Bible 

School. 
Anderson,    A.    G.,    M.  D.,    &    W., 

Wonju,  Med. 

Appenzeller,  Miss  A.,  Seoul,  Edu. 
P.air,  Miss  Blanche,  Kor.gju,  Edu. 
Barlow,  Miss  T-,  Ilaiju,  Eva. 
Battle,  Miss  D.  M.,  Ilaiju,  Xursc. 
Becker,   Rev.    A.    L.,  .S;  W.,  Seoul, 

Edu. 
Beiler,    Miss    Marv,    Vo:ig    Bycr.g, 

Eva.  (A). 
Billings,  Rev.  B.   W.,  &  W.,  Seoul, 

Edu.  &  Eva. 
Brownlee,    Miss    Charlotte,     Seoul, 

Edu. 
Bunker,  Rev.  D.  A.,  &  W.,  Seoul, 

Eva. 

Burdick,  Rev.  G.  M.,  Seoul,  Eva. 
Cable,   Rev.   E.    M.,   &   W.,   Seoul, 

Theo. 
Chaltin,    Mrs.    A.    1'..,    M.X.,   Seoul 

Eva. 


CKXXV111 


KOREA 


Chew,   Rev.   N.    D.,  &  W.,  Ilaiju, 

Eva.  (A). 

Church,  Miss  M.  E.,  Seoul,  Edu. 
Cutler,  Miss  M.    M.,  M.D.,  Pyeng 

Yang,  Med.  (A). 
Deming,  Rev.  C.  S.,  S.T.D.,  &  W., 

Seoul,  Eva. 
Dillingham,     Miss     Grace,     Pyeng 

Vang,  Edu.  &  Eva.  (A). 
Estey,   Miss   E.    M-,    Yeng    Byen, 

Eva. 
Follwell,  E.  D.,  M.D.,  &  W.,  Pyeng 

Yang,  Med. 

Frey,  Miss  Luly  E.,  Seoul,  Edu. 
Grove,  Rev.    P.    L.,  &  W.,  Haiju, 

Eva.  &  Edu. 
Haenig,   Miss   H.  A.,  Seoul,  Edu. 

(A). 
Hall,    Mrs.    R.    S.,    M.D.,    Pyerg 

Yang,  Med. 
Harris,   Rev.    Bishop   M.C.,    D.D., 

LL.D.,  Seoul  (A). 
Haynes,  Miss  E.   I.,    Pvcng  Yang, 

Edu. 
Hess,    Miss    Margaret,    Chemulpo, 

Eva. 

Hillman,  Miss  M.  R.,  \Vonju,  Eva. 
Hulbert,  Miss  J.,  Seoul,  Edu. 
Lawton,   Rev.    B.    R.,  &  W.,  Che 
mulpo,  Eva.  (A). 
Marker,  Miss  J.  B.,  Seoul,  Eva. 
Miller,  Miss  L.  A.,  Chemulpo,  Eva. 
Moore,   Rev.   J.    Z.,   D.D.,   &    W., 

Pyeng  Yang,  Eva. 
Morris,   Rev.  C.  D.,  &  W.,   Pyeng 

Yang,  Eva.  (A). 
Noble,  Rev.  W.  A.,  Ph.D.,  &  W., 

Seoul,  Eva. 
Norton,  A.  II.,  M.  D.,  &  W..  Ilaiju, 

Med. 

Pye,  Miss  O.  F.,  Seoul,  Edu. 
Raabe,  Miss,  Chemulpo,  Eva. 
Robbins,  Miss  H.  P.,  Pyeng  Yang, 

Eva. 
Rufus,  Rev.  W.  C.,  Ph.D.,  &  W , 

Seoul,  Edu. 
Salmon,    Miss    B.,     Pyeng     Yang, 

Eva. 
Scharpff,    Miss  Ilanna,    Chemulpo, 

Eva.  (A) 

Sharp,  Mrs.  R.  A.,  Kong  Ju,  Eva. 
Smith,   Rev.    F.    II  ,   &    \V.,  Seoul, 

Japanese  Work. 


Snavely,  Miss  G.  E.,  Ilaiju,  Eva. 
Stewart,   Mrs.   M.  S,  M'.D.,  Seoul, 

Med. 
Taylor.  Rev.  Corwin,  &  W.,  Kong- 

ju,  Eva. 
Trissel,   Miss  M.  V.,  Pyeng  Yang, 

Edu. 

Tuttle,  Miss  O.  M.,  Seoul,  Eva. 
Van  Buskirk,  Rev.  J.  D.,  M.D.,  & 

W.,  Seoul,  Med.  &  Edu. 
Wachs,  Rev.  V.   H.,  &  W.,  Yeng 

Bye:1,  Eva. 

Walter,  Miss  A.  J.,  Seoul,  Edu. 
Welch,   Bishop  II.,    D.D.,  L.L.D., 

&  W.,  M.N.,  Seoul. 
Weller,   Mr.   O.   A.,  &  W.,  Seoul, 

Treasurer. 
Williams,   Rev.    F.   E.    C.,   &   W., 

Kongju,  Edu. 
Wood,  Miss  L.,  Seoul,  Edu. 

Mission  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church,  South 

Anderson,    E.    W.,    M.D.,   &    W., 

Choon  Chun,  Med. 
Anderson,     Rev.,    L.    P.,    &     W., 

Songdo,  Eva. 
Brannan,  Rev.  L.  C.,  &  W.,  Won- 

san  Eva. 

Buie,  Miss  H.,  Wonsan,  Edu. 
Campbell,  Mrs.  J.  P.,  Seoul,  Eva. 
Collyer,  Rev.  C.  T.,  &   W.,  Won- 

san,  Eva. 

Cooper,  Miss  S.  K.,  Won5an,  Eva. 
Cram,  Rev.  W.  G.,  &  W.,  Songdo, 

Edu  .  &  Eva. 
Deal,  Rev.  C.  H.,  &  W.,  Songdo, 

Ed". 

Edwards,  Miss  Laura,  Songdo,  Eva. 
Erwin,  Miss  Cordelia,  Choon  Chun, 

Eva. 
Gerdine,  Rev.  G.  L.,  &  W.,  Seoul, 

Eva. 

Graham,  Miss  A.  E.,  Songdo,  Eva. 
Gray,  Miss  E.,  Seoul,  Ed  . 
Ilankins,    Miss    Ida,    Seoul,    Edu, 

(A). 
Hardie,    Miss    Bessie,    Choonchun, 

Edu. 

Ilardie,  Miss  Eva,  Wonsan,  Edu. 
Hardie,   Rev.  R.  A.,   M.D.,  &  W., 

Seoul,  Theological,  Eva. 


LIST    RY    MISSION'S 


CX. XXIX 


Harris,  Miss  Gilberta,  Songdo,  Grad. 

Nurse  (A\ 
Hilcli,   Rev.    J.   W.,   &  W.,  Seoul, 

Eva. 
Jackson,  Miss  C.  U.,  Cl.oon  Chun, 

Edu.  &  Eva.  (A). 
I/ywder,  Miss,  Songdo. 
Moose,   Kev.   J.   K.,   &  W.,  Seoul, 

Eva. 

Myers,  Miss  Mary,  Seoul,  Eva. 
Nichols,  Miss  L.  E.,  Songdo,  Edu. 
Noyes,  Miss  A.  I).,  Wonsan,  Eva. 
Oliver,  Miss  B.  C).,  Seoul,  Eva. 
Pearce,  Miss  A.,  Songdo,  Eva. 
Powell,  Kev.  B.  A.,  &  W.,  Songdo, 

(A\ 

Reed,  Miss  L.  M.,  Songdo,  Edu.  (A). 

Reid,  W.  T.,  M.I).,  &  \V.,  Songdo, 
Med. 

Ross,  J.  B.,  M.D.,  &  W.,  Wonsan 
Med.  (A). 

Smith,  M'ss  B.  A.,  Seoul,  Edu. 

Slokes,  Rev.  M.  B.,  &  W.,  Choon 
Chun,  Eva. 

Tins'ey,  Miss  Horlense,  Songdo, 
Eva. 

Tucker,  Miss  Bertha,  Choon  Chun, 
Eva. 

Turner,  Rev.  V.R.,  &  W.,  Songdo, 
Eva. 

Vesey,  Rev.  F.  G.,  &  W.,  Choon 
Chun.  Eva. 

Wagner,  Miss  Ellasue,  Songdo,  Edu. 

Wasson,  Rev.  A.  \V.,  &  W.,  Song- 
do,  Edu.  &  Eva. 

V/eems,  Rev.  C.  II.,  &  W.,  Song- 
do,  Eva.  &  Edu. 

Oriental  Missionary  Society 

Heslop,  Rev.,  &  W.,  Seoul,  Eva. 
Oakes,  Miss  A.,  Seoul,  Eva. 
Thonias,  Rev.  J.,  &  \\  .,  Seoul,  Edu. 

&  Eva.  (A). ' 
Thonias,  Miss  M.  Seou',  Eva. 

Mission  of  the  Presbyterian  Church 
in  the  U.S.A. 

Adams,    Rev.    J.    E.,    D.D.,  &   W., 

Taiku,  Edu.  &  Eva. 
Avison,  O.  R.,  M.D.,  &  W.,  Seoul, 

Med. 


Baird,   Rev.    W.  M.,    D.D,    Pyeng 

Vang,  Edu. 

Bekins,  Miss  E.  Taiku,  Nurse. 
Bergman,  Miss  G.  (.).,  '1  aiku.  Evn. 
Bernh  isel,     Rev.     C.    F.,    &    \V. 

Pyeng  Vang,  Edu.  &  Eva. 
Best,  Miss  Margarel,  Pyeng   Vang, 

Eva. 
Bigger,  J.  IX,  M.D.,  &  W.,  Kang- 

kei,  M"  d.  (A). 
Blair,   Rev.    II.    E.,   &    \V.,    Taiku, 

Ex  a. 
Blair,   Rev.   \V.    N.,  &    \V.,    Pyeng 

Vang,  Eva. 
Brownlee,  Miss  R.   B.,  Seoul,  Edu. 

&  Eva. 
Bruen,  Rev.    II.  M.,  &  \\"  Taiku, 

Eva. 
Campbell,  Rev.  A.  A.,  &  \V.,  Kong- 

kai,  Eva. 
Campbell,    Mr.    E.,    &    \V.,    Syen 

Chun,  I,ar,g. 
Clark,    Rev.    C.    A.,    D.D.,    &    \V., 

Seoul,  Eva. 

Cleland,  Miss  F.,  Pyeng  Vang,  Edu. 
Cook,  Rev.  W.  T.,  &  \\  .,  Ciiungju, 

Eva.  (A). 
Crolhers,    Rev.    J.    V.,    &   W.,   An- 

dong,  Eva. 

Dean,  Miss  L.  Seoul,  Edu. 
DeCamp,  Jiev.  A.   F.,  &  W.,  Seoul, 

Eva. 
Doriss,    Miss    A.    S.,    Pveng    Vang, 

Eva. 
Erdman,  Rev.  W.  C.,  1 ).!).,  &  W., 

Taiku,  Eva. 

Esleb,  Miss  K.,  Seoul,  Nurse. 
Few,  Miss  C.,  Kangkei,  Eva. 
Fletcher,  A.  < '..,  M.'l  >.,  Taiku,  Med. 
Gale,  Rev.  J.  S.,  D.I).,  &  \V.,  Seoul, 

Eva. 
Genso,  Mr.  J.  F.,  &  W.,  Seoul,   Eva. 

&  Treas.  (A). 
Gillis,    Mr.    A.   W.,   &    W.,    Pyeng 

Varg,  Edu. 
Greenfield,    Rev.    M.     W.,    Taiku, 

Eva.  (A). 
llclstrom,  Miss  Hilda,  Sven  Chun, 

Eva.    A). 
Hirst,  J.   W.,   M.D,   &   \V.,   Seoul, 

Med. 

Hoffman,  Rev.  C.  S.,  &  W.,  Kang 
kei,  Eva. 


cxl 


KOREA 


Holdcroft,  Rev.  J.  G.,  &  W.,  Pyeng       Sharp,  Rev.  C.  E.,  &  W.,  Chairyung, 

Yang,  Eva. 
Hunt,  Rev.  W.  B.,  &  W.,  Chairyung, 

Eva. 

Jngerson,  Miss  V.  Syen  Chun,  Nurse. 
Kagin,   Rev.    E.,  &    W.,  Chungjii, 

Eva. 
Kerr,  Rev.  W.  C.,  &  W.,  Chairyung, 

Eva. 
Koons,  Rev.  E.  W.,  &  W.,  Seoul, 

Edu. 
Lampe,  Rev.  H.  W.,  &  W.,  Syen 

Chun,  Edu.  &  Eva. 
I-ewis,  Miss  M.  L.,  Seoul,  Edu. 
Logan,  Mrs.  J.  V.,  Chungju,  Eva. 
Ludlow,  A.  I.,  M.D.,  £  W.,  Seoul, 

Med.  ' 
McCune,  Rev.  G.  S.,  D.D.,  &  W., 

Syen  Chun,  Edu. 

McCune,  Miss  K.,  Chairyung,  Eva. 
McFarland,    Rev.    E.    I-'.,    &    W., 

Taiku,  Eva. 
McKee,  Miss  Anna  M-,  Chairyung, 

Eva. 
McMurlrie,  Mr.  R.  M.,  Pyeng  Yang, 

Edu.  (A). 
Miller,  Kev.  E.  II.,  &  W.,  Seoul, 

Edu.  (A). 


Eva. 
Sharrocks,  A.  M.,  M.D.,  &  W.,  Syen 

Chun,  Med. 
Shields,   Miss  E.   L.,  Seoul,    Grad. 

Nurse. 
Sini  h,  R.  K.,  M.D.,  &  W.,  Andong, 

Med. 
Smith,   Rev.   W.  E.,  &  W.,  Pyeng 

Yang,  Edu.  &  Eva. 
Snook,    Miss   V.   L.,    Pyeng   Yang, 

Edu. 
Soltau,  Rev.  T.,  &  W.,  Syen  Chun, 

Eva. 
Stevens,   Miss    B.    I.,    Syen    Chun, 

Edu. 
Swallen,  Miss  O.  R.,  Pyeng  Yang, 

Edu. 
Swallen,  Rev.  W.  I,,  D.D.,  &  W., 

Pyeng  Yang,  Eva. 
Swilzer,  Miss  Martha,  Taiku,  Eva. 
Tip! on,  S.  P.,  M.D.,  &  W.,  Chungiu, 

Med. 
Toms,  Rev.  J.  U.  S.,  &  W.,  Seoul, 

Eva. 

Underwood,  Mrs.  T.  H.,  Seoul,  Eva. 
Underwood,    >  r.     II.    H.,    &    \V., 

Seoul,  Edu. 


Miller,  Rev.  E.  S.,  &  W.,  Chungju,    i    Wambold,  Miss  K.,  Seoul,  Eva. 


Eva. 
Mills,  R.  G.,  M.D.,  &  W.,  Seoul, 

Med. 
Moffett,   Rev.    S.  A.,  D.D.,  &  W., 

Pyeng  Yang,  Eva. 
Mowry,  Rev.  E.  M.,  &  W.,  Pyeng 

Yang,  Edu. 
Phillips,  Rev.  C.  L.,   £  W..  Pyeng 

Yang,  Eva. 

Pieters,  Rev.    A.   A.,  &    W.,   Chai 
ryung,  Eva. 

Pollard,  Miss  II.  E.,  Taiku,  Edu. 
Reiner,   Mr.   R»   O.,   &    W.,   Pyeng 

Yang,  Edu. 
Rhodes,  Rev.  H.  A.,  &  W.,  Syen 

Chun,  Eva.  (A). 
Roberts,  Rev.   S.  L.,  &    W.,  Syen 

Chun,  Eva. 
Ross,  Rev.  Cyril,  D.  D.,  &  W.,  Syen 

Chun,  Eva. 
Samuel,    Miss    June,    Syen    Chun, 

Eva. 
Scheidev,  Dr.  W.  J.,  &  W.,  Seoul, 

Dental, 


Welbon,  Rev.  A.  G.,  &  W.,  Pyeng 

Yang,  Eva.  (A). 
Whiting,  Rev.  H.  C.,  M.D.,  &  W., 

Chairyung,  Med. 
Whittemore,   Rev.   N.    C.,    &    W., 

Syen  Chun,  Eva.  (A). 
Winn,  Rev.   G.    H.,  &   W.,  Taiku, 

Eva. 
Winn,  Rev.  R.  E.,  &  W.,  Andong, 

Eva. 

Mission  of  the  Presbyterian 
Church,  South 

Austin,  Miss  Lillian,  Chunju,  Eva. 
Bell,  Rev.  Eugene,  &  W.,  Kwangju, 

Eva. 

Biggar,  Miss  M.  L.,  Soonchun,  Eva. 
Buckland,  Miss  Sadie,  Kunsan,  Edu. 

&  Eva. 
Bull,  Rev.  W.  F.,  &  W.,  Kunsan, 

Eva.  (A'. 
Clark,  Rev.  W.  R.,  &  W.,  Chunju. 

Eva.  (A). 


LIST    BY    MIS=IONS 


cx!i 


Coit,  Rev.  R.  T.,  &   W.,  Soonchun, 

Edu.  &  Eva. 

Collon,  Miss  S.  A.,  Chunju,  lulu. 
Crane,   Rev.  J.  C,  &  \V.,  Mokpo, 

Edu. 
Daniel,  T.  II.,  M.D.,  &  W  ,  Seoul, 

Med. 

Dodson,  M'ss  Marv,  Kwangju,  Eva. 
Dodson,  Rev.  S.  K.,  Kwangju,  Eva. 
Dupuy,  Miss  L.,  Kunsan,  Edu. 
Dysart,  Miss  Julia,  Kunsan,  Eva. 
Eversole,  Rev.  E.  M.,  &  W.,  Chunju, 

Edu. 

Graham,  Miss  Ella,  Kwangju,  Eva. 
Greer,  Miss  A.  L.,  Soonchun,  Gracl. 

Nur.-e. 

Harrison,  Rev.  \V.  1!  ,  it   \V.,  Kun 
san,  Eva. 
Hill,   Rev.  P.  P.,  &   \V..   Kwaniyu, 

Eva. 
Kestler,  MKs  E.  E.,  Cliunju,  Grail. 

Nurse. 
Knox,    Rev.    R.    &    \Y.,    Kwangju, 

Eva. 
Lathrop,  Miss   L.  O.,  .Mokpo,  Grad. 

Nurse. 
Leadingham,   R.    S.,   .M.I).,   &    W., 

Mokpo,  Med. 

Linion,  Mr.  W.  A.,  Kunr-.an,  Edu. 
McCallie,     Rev.     II.     I).,     &.    \V., 

Mok]x>,  Eva. 
McCutchen,    Rev.     L.    ().,    &    W., 

Chunju,  Eva. 

McEachern,  Rev.  Tno.,  Kunsan,  Eva. 
McMurphy,  Miss  Ada,  Mokpo,  Eva. 
McQueen,  Miss  Anna,  Kwangju, 

Edu. 

Martin,  Miss  J.  A.,  Mokpo,  Eva. 
Matthews,  Miss  E.,  Kwangju,  Nurse. 
Newland,  Rev.  E.  T.,  &  W.,  Mokpo, 

Eva. 
Nisbet,   Rev.  J.  S.,  &  W.,  Mokpo, 

Edu.  &  Eva! 
Owen,    Mr;.    G.,    M.  D.,    Kwangju, 

Eva. 
Parker,  Mr.  W.  P.,  &  W.,  Mokpo, 

Edu. 
Patterson,    J.    T,.,     M.  D.,    &     W., 

Kunsan,  Med. 
Pratt,  Rev.  C.  II.,  &  W.,  Soonchun, 

Eva.  (A). 
Preston,   J.    1'.,   &    \\ .,    Soonchun, 

Eva. 


Reynolds,  Rev.  \V.  D.,  D.D.,  &  W., 

Chunju,  Eva. 
Rol>ertson,   M.    ().   M,   D.,   &    \V., 

Chunju,  Med. 
Shopping,  MLss  E.  J.,  Kunsan,  Grad. 

Nurse. 
Swineharl,     Mr.     M.     I..,     &     \V., 

Kwangju,  Mission  Treas. 
Talmnge,    Rev.    J.    V.    N.,    &     W., 

Kwangju,  Edu.  &  Eva. 
Tale,   Rev.    L.    \> ,  &    W.,    Chunju. 

Eva. 
Tate,    Miss    M.    S.,    Ci.uniu,    Eva. 

(A). 
Timmons,    II.    I..,    M.  1).,    &    Y\  , 

Soonchun,  Med. 
Venable,  Mr.  \V.  A.,  &  \V.,  Kim  an, 

Edu.  (A). 
\Vilsnn,     R.     M.,     M.1X,     &     \V., 

Kwangju,  Med. 

Wilson,  Rev.  T.  E.,  Kwangju,  Eva. 
\Vinn,  Miss  E.  A.,  Chunju,  Eva. 
Winn,  Rev.  S.  1).,  Chunju,  Eva. 

Roman  Catholic  Church 

EKK.NCII  MISSION,  (I.A  S,  .CIKIK  DKS 

MlSSION-Es'l'KANCJKKKS) 

Eerniond,     IVre     f.     M.,     Masar.po, 

South  Kyoung  Sang. 
Bodin,  Pere  J.,  Pyeng  \\'on,  South 

Pyeng  An. 
Bouillon,    Pere     C.,    Eum    Chook, 

Kyung  Keui. 
Ikmyssou,    Pere    P.    J.,    ^'i    Chu  , 

Kung  \\On. 
Cadars,    Per;    J.    E.    Naju,    South 

Chulla  (A). 
Canelle,   Pere   M.  J.,  Mokpo,  South 

Chulla  (A). 
Chabot,  IVre  J.  E.  G  ,  Anak,  Whang 

llai  (A  . 
Chargehoef,  Pere  E.,  Tai':u,    North 

Kyung  Sang. 
Chizallet,    Pere     P.,    \Vonju,    Kang 

Won. 
Curlier,  Pere  J.   J.   I-.,  Vong  Jung, 

Kando. 
Demange,     Rt.      Rev.     Bi.-h'ip     E., 

Taiku,  North  Kyun;^  Sang. 
Dencux,    Pere   E.  A.  J.,  Chemulpo, 

Kyung  Iv.-ui. 


cxlii 


KOREA 


Devise,   Pere   E.  .P.,  Ahsan,  Soulh 

Choong  Chong. 
Devred,     Pere     E.      J.,     Yongsan, 

Kyung  Keui  (A). 
Doucef,  Pere  C.  E.,  Seoul,  Kyung 

Keui. 
Ferrand,  Pere  P.  C.,  Fi;san,  North 

Kyung  Sang. 
Gombert,     Pere      A.    1).,    Ansung, 

Kyung  Keui. 
Gombert,  Pere  J.  M.  E.,  Ilongsan, 

South  Choong  Chong. 
Guillot,   Pere  J.,  Yongsan,    Kyung 

Keui  (A). 
Guinand,     Pere     P.     J.,     Yongsan, 

Kyung  Keui. 
Jaugey,    Pere    J.    M.    A.,    Wonju, 

Kang  Won  (A). 
Julien,    Pere    M.C.,    Taiku,    North 

Kyang  Sang. 
Kleimpeter  Pere,  J.,  Seoul,  Kyung 

Keui. 
Kremaff,  Pere  II.  J.  M.,  Tangchin, 

South  Choong  Chong  (A). 
Lacrouts,    Pere    M-,    Chunju    South 

Chulla. 
Larribeau,  Pere  A.  J.,  Yong  Jung, 

Kando. 
Le   Gendre    Pere    L.    G.,    Songdo, 

Kyung  Keui. 
Le    Merre,     Pere     L.     B.,     Poeng 

Yang,  South  Pyeng  An. 
I>ereide,  Pere  J.  A.,  Chung  Nampo, 

South  Pyeng  An  (A). 
Lucas,    Pere    F.    M.  A.,    An   Byen, 

South  Ham  Kyung. 
Lucas,     Pere    L.    M.    B.,    Chunju, 

North  Chulla. 
Melizan,  Pere  P.  M.  D.,  Chair  ung, 

Whang  Hai. 
Meng,    Pere    J.    M.,    Chang    Sung, 

Norlh  Pyeng  An  'A). 
Mialon,    Pere    J.    L.,    Chung    Eup 

North  Chulla. 
Mousser,    Pere    J.    F.    G.,    Taiku 

North  Kyung  Sang. 
Mulel,    Rt.    Rev.    Bishop    G.     C., 

Seoul,  Kyung  Keui. 
Perrin,  Pere  P.  F.  L.,  Kwa  Chun, 

Kyung  Keui  (A). 
Peschel,  Pere  R.  F.  G.,  Fusan,  S.ti 

Kyung  Sang. 


Peynet,  Pere  J.  C.,  Kim  elm,  North 

Chulla  (A). 
Poisnel,  Pere  V.  L.,   Seoul,  Kyung 

Keui. 
Polly,  Pere  D.  J.  B.  M.,  Kyul  Sung, 

South  Choong  Chong  (A). 
Poyaud,  Pere  G.  G.,  Wonsan,  South 

Ham  Kyung. 
Robert,   Pere   A.    P.,    Taiku,  North 

Kyung  Sang. 
Rouvelet,  Pere  H.  P.,  Kongj  i,  South 

Choong  Chong  (A). 
Saucet,    Pere    II.    J.,  Taiku,   North 

Kyung  Sang. 
Taquet,  Pere   E.    J-,   Chaju,  South 

Chulla. 
Tourneux      Pere    V.    L.,    Chilkok, 

North  Kyung  San  '. 
Vermorel,    P^re    J.,    Kang    Kyeng 

Yi,  South  Choong  Chong. 
Villemot,    Pere    M.    P.    P.,    Seoul, 

Kyung  Keui. 

GERMAN  MISSION. 
(BENEDICTINES). 

Baur,  Bro.  C.  Seoul 

D'Avernas,  Rev.  L.  „ 

Eckhardt,  Rev.  A.  „ 

Fangauer,  Bro.  P.  ,, 

Flotzinger,  Bro.  I.  „ 

Gernert,  Bro.  P.  „ 

Grahamer,  Bro.  J.  „ 

Hiemer,  Rev.  C.  „ 

Hoiss,  B  os.  II.  „ 

Kugelgen,  Re/.  C.  „ 

Metzger,  Bros.  M.  „ 

Niebauer,  Rev.  C.  „ 

Ostermeier,  Bro.  E.  „ 

Romer,  Rev.  A.  „ 

Sauer,  Rev.  Abbot  B.  ,, 

^chnell,  Rev.  S.  „ 

Schrotter,  Bro.  J.  „ 

Vierhaus,  Rev.  C.  „ 

The  Salvation  Army 

Akerholm,  Capt.  E.,  Songdo  Eva. 
|    Bainbridge,  Capt.  (Miss),  Yoo  Koo, 

Eva. 

Ber  sten,  Capt.  A.,  Haiju,  Eva. 
Ericksson,   Capt.   (Miss)  I.,    Seoul, 


LIST    nv    MISSIONS 


cxli'i 


French,  Col.  G.,  &  W..  Seoul. 
Gay,    Adjt.   II.  J.,   &   \V.,   Taiku, 
Eva. 

Havenstein,  Capt.  (Miss)  II.,  Seoul, 

Eva. 
Hill,  Adjt.  A.,  &    W.,   Yoo  Kco, 

Eva. 
Home,  Maj.  W.  B.,  &  W.,   Seoul, 

Eva. 
Jonsson,   Capf.    (Miss)    E.,  Sorgdo, 

Eva. 
Lindquist     Capt.     (Miss)    E.,    Yoo 

Koo,  Eva. 

Lord,  Cap'.  II.,  &  W.,  Chun  u. 
Olsso  -,    Capt.    (Miss)     V.,     Seoul, 

Eva. 
Palmer,    Adjt.    G.    &    W,    Seoul, 

Cashier. 
Salisbury  Ensign  II.,  Young  Dong, 

Eva.  ' 
Sailing,    Ca  t.    (Miss)    M.,    Seoul, 

Eva. 
Sylvester,   Capt.    C.,    &  W.,    Seoul 

Eva. 

Ward,  Adjt.  (Miss)  E.,  Seoul,  Eva. 
\Vestling,  Capt.  T'.  Ha  ju,  Eva. 

Seventh  Day  Adveitist 

But'erfield,  Pastor,  C.,  &  W.,  Seoul. 
Oberg,     Pastor,     II.     A.,     &     W., 

Soonan. 

Owen,  Mr.  B.  R.,  cSc  W.,  Seoul. 
Russell,  R.,  M.I).,  &  W.,  Soonan. 
Scharffenberg,  Miss.M.,  Soona  5. 


Scott,  Miss  H.M.,  Soonan. 

Smith,  Pas'or  \V.  R.,  &  W.,  Kyong 

San. 
Urquehart,    E.   I.,    &    W.,    Kyong 

San. 
Wangerin,  Mr.  R.  C.,  &  W.,  Kyung 

San. 

Young  Men's  Christian  Association 

Barnhardt,  Mr.  B.  P.  &  W.,  Director 
Junior  &  Physical  Dept.,  Seoul. 

Brockman,  Mr.  F.  M.,  &  W.,  Seoul, 
Hon.  Gei.  Secretary. 

Gregg,  Mr.  G.  A.,  Seoul,  Industrial 
Department,  Director  (A). 

Lucas,  Rev.  E.  A  ,  &  W.,  Industrial 
Department,  Seoul. 

Snyder,  Mr.  L.  II.,  &  W.,  Seoul, 
Associate  Secretary  (A). 

Yun,  Rev.  T.  II.,  &  W.,  Gen  Sec- 
re' ary,  Seoul. 

Unattached 

Cameron,  Miss  C.,  Seoul,  Nurse. 
Crane,    Miss    G.    Teach  r,    Pye  ig 

Ya':g. 
Fenwick,  Rev.  M.  C.,  &  W.,  Church 

of  Christ,  Wonsan. 
Ilardie,  Miss  G.,  Teacher,  Seoul. 
Hartness,  Miss  M.,  Pyeng  Yang. 
Reynolds,   M.    B.,   Teacher,  Pyeng 

Yang. 


LIST   BY   STATIONS 


Andong 

Crother,  Rev.  J.  Y.,  &  W.,  P.N. 
Smith,  K.  K./M.D.,  &  W.,  P.N. 
\\iim,  Rev.  R.  E.,  &  W.,  P.N. 

Chairyrng 

Hunt,  Rev.  W.  B.,  &  W.,  P.N. 
Kerr,  Rev.  W.  C.,  cS:  W.,  P.N. 
McCune,  Miss  K.,  P.N. 
McK.ee,  Miss  A.  M.,  P.N. 
Pieters,  Rev.  A.  A.,  &  W.,  P.N. 
Sharp,  Rev.  C.  E.,  &  W.,  P.N. 
Whiting,  Rev.  H.  C,  M.D.,  &  W., 
P.N. 

Chemulpo 

Borrow,  Miss  M.,  M.D.,  E.C.M. 
Carswell,  Miss  I,.  F.,  E.C.M. 
Drake,  Rev.  H.  ].,  E.C.M. 
Hess,  Miss  Margaret,  M.N. 
Lawlon,  Rev.  B.  R.,  &   W.,  M.N. 

(A). 

Miller,  Miss  I,.  A.,  M.N. 
Raabe,  Miss,  M.  N. 
Scharpff,  Miss  II.,  M.N.  (A). 

Chin  Chun 

Hewlett,  Rev.  G.  E.,  E.C.M. 

Hunt,  Rev.  C.,  E.C.M. 

Laws,  A.  F.,  M.D.,  &  W.,  E.C.M. 

Chinju 

Allen,  Rev.  A.  W.,  A.P. 
Campbell,  Miss  A.  M.,  A.P.  (A). 
Clerke,  Miss  F.  L.,  A.P. 
Cunningham.  Rev.  F   W ,  A.P. 
Laing,  Miss  C.  J.,  A.P. 


McLaren,  Rev.  C.  J.,  M.D.,  &  W., 

A.P. 
Scholes,  Miss  N.  R.,  A.P. 

Choon  Chun 

Anderson,  E.,  M.D.,  &  W.,  M.S. 

Erwin,  Mi^s  C.,  M.S. 

Ilardie,  Miss  B.,  M.S. 

Stokes,  Rev.  M.  B  ,  &  W.,  M.S. 

Tucker,  Miss  B.,  M.S. 

Vesey,  Rev.  F.  G.,  &  W.,  M.S. 

Chun-An 

Cooper,  Rev.  A.  C.,  E  C.M. 
Chunju 

Austin,  Miss  L.,  P.S. 

Buckland,  Miss  S.,  P.S. 

Clark,  Rev.  W.  M.,  &   W.,   P.S., 

(A). 

Colton,  Miss  S.  A.,  P.S. 
Eversole,  Rev.  F.  M.,  &  W.,  P.S. 
Kestler,  Miss  E.  E.,  P.S. 
lord,  Capt.  H.,  &  W.,  S.A. 
McCutchen,   Rev.    L.   O.,   &    W., 

P.S.  (A). 
Reynolds,   Rev.   W.    D.,   D.D.,   & 

W.,  P.S. 
Robertson,  M.  O.,  M.  D.,   &   W., 

P.S 

Tale,  Rev.  L.  B.,  &  W.,  P.S. 
Tate,  Miss  M.  S.,  P.S.  (A). 
Winn,  Miss  E.  A.,  P.S. 
Winn,  Rev.  S.  D.,  P.S. 

Chunaju 

Cook,  Rev.  W.  T.,  &  W..P.N.  (A). 
Kagin,  Rev.  E.,  &  W.,  P.N. 


LIST   HY  STATIONS 


cxlv 


Logan,  Mrs.  J.  V.,  F.N. 
Miller,  Kev.  F.  S.,  &  W.,  P.N. 
Tipton,  S.  P.,  M.D.,  &  W.,  P.N. 

Fusan 

Elringion,  Miss  B.,  E.C.M. 
Fusanchin 

Alexander,  Miss  M.  L.,  A.P.,  (A). 
Davies,  Miss  M.  S.,  A. P. 
Engel,  Rev.  G.,  &  W.,  A.P. 
Hocking,  Miss  I).,  A.P. 
McKenzie,  Kev.  J.  X.,  &  \\~.,  A.P. 
Menzies,  Miss  B.,  A.P. 
Wright,  Rev.  A.  C.,  &  \Y.,  A.P. 

llaiju 

IJarlow,  Miss  Jane,  M.X. 
Battles,  Miss  L).  M.,  M.X. 
Bernsten,  Capt.  A.,  S.A. 
Chew,  Rev.   X,  D.,  &  W,  M.X. 

(A>. 

Grove,  Rev.  P.  L  ,  &  W.,  M.X. 
Xorton,  A.  II.,  MI).,  &  W.,  M.X. 
Snavely,  Miss  G.  E.,  M.X. 
Wcstling,  Capt.  I-'.,  S.A. 

Hamlieung 

Kirk,  Miss  J.  II.,  C.P. 

McDonald,    Rev.    1).    W.,    &    W., 

C.P. 

McEcachern,  Miss  E.B.,  C.P. 
McRae,  Rev.  D.  M  ,  &  \V.,  C.P. 
Rohl),  Miss  J.  B.,  C.P. 
Young,  Rev.  L.  L.,  &  W.,  C.P. 

Hoi  Ryung 

Cass,  Miss  G.,  A.C  P. 

Eraser,  Rev.  E.  J.,  &  W.,  C.P. 

McDonald,    Rev.    D.    A.,    &    W., 

CP 
McLellan,  Miss  E.,  C.P. 

Kanghwa 

Borrowman,  Miss  E.,  E  C.M. 
Greene,  Rev.  E.  A.,  F,  C.M. 
Gurncy,  Rev.  \V.  X.,  E.C.M. 


Hodges,  Rev.  Cecil,  E.C.M.  (A). 
Hum,  Rev.  C,  E.C.M. 
Packer,  Miss  E  C  ,  E.C.M. 
Smith,  Rev.  S.  T.,  E.C.M. 

Kangke! 

Bigger,  J.  D.,  M.I).,  &  W.,  P.N. 

.    (A)- 

Campbell,  Rev.  A.  A.,  &  W.,  P.X. 

Few,  Miss  C.,  P.X. 

Hoffman,  Rev.  C.  S.,  &  W.,  P.X. 

Kong  Ju 

Bair,  Miss  Blanche,  M.X. 
Sharp,  Mrs.  R.  A.,  M.X. 
Swearer,  Mrs.  W.  C.,  M.X.  (A). 
Taylor,  Rev.  C.,  &  W.,  .V.X. 
Williams,  Rev.  F.   E.  C.,  <S:  W., 
M.X. 

Kuchang 

Ebcry,  Miss  E.  M.,  A.P 
Kelly,  Rev.  J.  T.,  cS:  W.,  A.P. 
Scott,  Miss  S.  M.,  A.P. 
Thomas,  Rev.  F.  J.,  &  W.,  A.P. 

Kunson 

Bui',  Rev.  \V.  F.,  X  W.,  P.S.  ,'A). 
Dupuy,  Miss  I,.,  P.S 
Dysart,  Miss  Julia,  P.S. 
Harrison,  Rev.  \V.  I!.,  Ov  W.,  P.S 
Linton,  Mr.  W.  A.,  P.S. 
McEachern,  Rev.,  Tn<>.,  P.S. 
Patterson,  J.  B.,  M'.D..  £  W.,  P.S. 
Shepping,  Miss  E.  J.,  P.S. 
Vcnable,   Mr.   W.  A.,  &   W.,  P.S. 
(A). 

Kyong  San 

Smith,  Paslor,  W.  R.,  &  W.,  S.D.A. 
Urquehart,  Yr.  E.  L,  &  \V.,  S.D.A. 
Wangerin,  Mr.  R.  C,  &  W.,  S  D.A. 

Kwangju 

Bell,  Rev.  Eugene,  cSc  W ,  P.S. 
Dodson,  Miss  Mary,  P.S. 
Dodson,  Rev.  S.  K.,  P.S. 


cxlvi 


KOREA 


Graham,  Miss  Ella,  P.S. 
Hill,  Rev.  P.  B.,  &  W.,  P.S. 
Knox,  Rev.  Robert  &  W.,  P.S. 
Matthews,  Miss  E.,  P.S. 
McQueen,  Miss  Anna,  P.S. 
Owen,  Mrs.  G.,  M.D.,  P.S. 
Svunehart,  Mr.  M.  L .  &  W.,  P.S. 
Talmage,  Rev.  J.  V.  N.,  &  W.,  P.S. 
Wilson,  K.  M.,  M.D.,  &  W.,  P.S. 
Wilson,  Rev.  T.  E.,  P.S. 

Masanpo 

Lyall,  Rev.  I).  M.,  &  W.,  A.P.  (A). 
Macrae,  Rev.  F.  J.  L.,  &  W.,  A.P. 
Napier,  MissG.,  A.P. 
Skinner,  Miss  A.  G.,  A.P. 

Mokpo 

Crane,  Rev.  J.  C.,  &  W.,  P.S. 
Lathrop,  Miss  L  O.,  P.S. 
Leadingham,  R.  S.,  M  I).,  &  W., 

P.S. 

McCallie,  Rev.  H.  1).,  &  W.,  P.S. 
McMurphy,  Miss  Ada,  P.S. 
Marl  in,  Miss  J.  A.,  P.S. 
Newland,  Rev.  L.  T.,  &  W.,  P.S. 
Nisbet,  Rev.  J.  S.,  &  W.,  P.S. 
Parker,  Mr.  W.  P.,  &  W.,  P.S. 
Paik  Chun 
Wilson,  Rev.  F.,  E.C.M. 

Pyeng  Yang 

Baird,  Rev.  W.  M.,  D.U ,  &  W., 

P.N. 

Bernheisel,  Rev.  C.  F.,  &  W.,  P.N. 
Best,  Miss  Margaret,  P.N. 
Blair,  Rev.  W.  N.,  &  W.,  P.N. 
Butts,  Miss  A.  M.,  P.N.,  (A). 
Cleland,  Miss  F.,  P.N. 
Crane,  Miss  G. 
Cutler,  Miss   M.  M.,  T\I.D.,  M.N., 

(A). 

Dillingham,  Miss  G.  L.,  M.N.,  (A). 
Doriss,  Miss  A.  S.,  P.N. 
Follwcll,  E.  D.,  M.D.,  &  W.,  M.N. 
Gillis,  Mr.  A.  W.,  &  W.,  P.N. 
Hall,  Mrs.  R.  S.,  M.D.,  M.N. 
Harlness,  Miss  M. 
Haynes,  Miss  E.  I.,  M.N. 
Holdcroft,  Rev.  J.  G.,  &  W.,  P.N. 


McMurtrie,  Mr.  R.  M.,  P.N.  (A). 
Moftett,  Rev.  S.  A.,  D.I) ,  P.N. 
Moore,  Rev.  J.  Z  ,  £  W.,  M.N. 
Morris,   Rev."  C.   D.,  &  W.,  M  N. 

(A). 

Mowry,  Rev.  E.  M.,  &  W.,  P.N. 
Phillips,  Rev.  C.  I  .,  &  W.,P.N. 
Reiner,  Mr.  R.  O.,  &  W.,  P.N. 
Reynolds,  Mr.  B. 
Robbins,  Miss  II.  P.,  M.N. 
Salmon,  Miss  B.,  M.N. 
Smith,  Rev.  W.  E.,  cS:  W.,  P.N. 
Snook,  Miss  V.  L.,  P.N. 
Swallen,  Miss  O.  R.,  P  N. 
Swallen,  Rev.  W.  L.,  D.U.,  &  W., 

P.N. 

Trissel,  Miss  M.  V.,  M.N. 
Wrelbon,  Rev.  A.  G.,  &  W.,  P.N. 

Seoul 

Albertson,  Miss  M.M.,  M.N. 
Appenzeller,  Miss  A.,  M.N. 
Arnold,  Rev.  E.  H.,  E.C.M. 
Aviso  ,  O.  R.,  M.I).,  &  W.,  P.N. 
Barnhardt,  Mr.  B.  P.,  &  W.,  Y.M. 

C.A. 

Beck,  Rev.  S.  A  ,  &  W.,  A-B.S. 
Becke  ,  Rev.  A.  L.,  &  W.,  M.N. 
Bil  ings,  Rev.  B.  W.,  cSc  W.,  M.N. 
Bonwick,    Mr.  G.,   &  W.,  K.R.B. 

T.S.  (A). 

Bowman,  N.  H.,  M.D.,  M.S. 
Brockman,    Mr.    F.    M.,    &    W., 

Y.M.C.A. 

Brownlee,  Miss  Charlotte,  M.N. 
Brownlee,  Miss  R.  B  ,  P.N. 
Bunker,  Rev.  D.  A.,  &  W.,  M.N. 
Burdick.  Rev.  G.  M.,  M.N. 
Bulterfield,     Elder      C.,     &     W., 

S.D.A. 

Cable,  Rev.  E.  M.,  &  W.,  M.N. 
Cameron,  Miss  C. 
Campbell,  Mrs.  J.  P.,  M.S. 
Cecil,  Sister,  E.C.M. 
Chaffin,  Mrs.  A.  B.,  M.N. 
Chambers,  Rev.  C.,  E.C.M. 
Church,  Miss  M.  E.,  M.N. 
Clark,   Rev.  C.  A.,  D.D.,  &  W  , 

P.N. 

Constance  Irene,  Sister,  E.C.M. 
Daniel,  T.  H.,  M.D.,  &  W.,  P.S. 
Dean,  Miss  L.,  P.  N. 


LIST    RY    STATIONS 


cxlvii 


De   Camp,    Rev.    A.    F.,    &     \V., 
P.N. 

Darning,  Rev.C.  S.,  S.T.I).,  &  \V., 
M.N. 

Edith  Helena,  Sister,  E.C.M. 

Eriksson,  Capf.  (Miss  I)  S.  A. 

Esteb,  Miss  K.,  P.N. 

F  ench,  Col.  G.  &  \V.,  S.A. 

Frey,  Miss  L.  E.,  M.N. 

Gale,    Rev.    J.    S.,   Dl).,   &    \V., 

P.N. 

Genso,  Mr.  J.  F.,  &  W.,  P  X.  (A). 
Gerdine,  Rev.  J.  I. ,  &  W.,  MS. 
Gray,  M  ss  E.,  M.  S. 
Gregg,  Mr.  G.  A.,  Y.M.C.A.  (A*. 
Haening,  Miss  II.  A.,  M.N.  (A). 
Ilankings,  Miss  Ida,  M.S.  (A). 
Ilardie,  Miss  Gertrude,  M.S. 
Hardie,   Rev.  R.  A.,  M.D.,  &  W.. 

M.S. 
Harris,   Rev.    Bishop  M.C.,    D.D., 

LL.D.,  M.N.  (A). 
Ilavenstein,  Capt.  (Miss)  H.,  S.A. 
Hirst,}.  W.,  M.D.,  &  \V.,  I'.N. 
Hitch,  Rev.  J.,  &  W.,  M.S. 
Hobbs,  Mr.  T.,  &  W.,  B.F.B.S. 
Horn?,  Maj.  W.  15 ,  &  \\ .,  S.A. 
Hull>ert,  Miss  J.,  M.N. 
Isabel,  Sister.  E.C.M. 
Koons,  Rev.  E.  W .,  &  W.,  I'.N. 
Laurence,  Rev.  G.^E.C.M. 
I.e\vis,  MissM.  L.,  I'.N. 
Lucas,  Rev.  E.  A.,  &  W.,  Y.M.C.A. 
Ludlow,  A.  I.,  M.I).,  &  \V.,  P.N. 
Marker,  Miss  J.  15.,  M.N. 
Miller,    Rev.   E.    II.,  &  W.,    P.N. 

(A). 

Miller,  Mr.  II.,  &  W.,  I5.F.B.S.  (A). 
Mills,  R.  G.,  M.I).,  &  W.,  P.N. 
Moose,  Rev.  J.  R.,  &  W.,  M.S. 
Myers,  Miss  Mary,  M.S. 
Noble,  Rev.  \V.'  A.,  Ph.D.,  &  \Y., 

M.N. 

Oakes,  Miss  A.,  O.M.S. 
Oberg,  Pastor  II.  A.,  &  W.,  S.D.A. 
Oliver,  Miss  B.  O.,  S.M. 
Olsson,  Ca-:t.  (Miss  V.)  S.  A. 
Ow,>n,Mr.  B.  R.,  &  \V.,  S.D.A. 
Palmer,  Adjt.  G.,  &  W.,  S.A. 
Pash,  Miss  Ellen,  B.E.M. 
Pea-t,  Miss  L.  G.,  B.E.M. 
Pooley,  Miss  A.,  E.C.M. 
Pye,  Mis;  O.  F.,  M.N. 


Rol>erls,  Miss,  M.N. 

Rosalie,  Sister  Sujx:rior,  E.C.M. 

Kufus,  Rev.  \V.  C.,  Ph.D.,  &  W., 

M.N. 

Sailing,  Capt.  (Miss  M.)  S.  A. 
Scheifley,  Dr.  W.  J.,  &'\V.,  P.N". 
Scharfienberg,  Miss  M..  S.D.A. 
Scofield,  F.  W.,  &  W.,  CP. 
Shields,  Miss  E.  L.,  P.N.  (A). 
Simpson,  Rev.  J-  B.,  E.C.M. 
Smith,  Miss  B.,  M.  S. 
Smith,  Rev.  F.  II.,  &  W.,  M.N. 
Smith,  Rev.  S.  T.,  E.C.M. 
Snyder,  Mr.  L.  II.,  &  W.,  Y-M.C.A. 

(A). 

Stewart,  Mrs.  M.  S,  M.D.,  M.N. 
Sylvester,  Capt.  C.,  &  W.,  S  A. 
Taylor,  Rev.  II.  C.,  &  \V.,  M.N. 


T-, 


W.,   O.M.S. 


Thomas,    Rev. 

(A). 

Thomas,  Miss  M.,  O.M.S. 
Thorns,    Rev.    |.     I".    S.,    &     \V.  , 

P.N. 
Troilope,      Kig'.t      Rev.      Bishop, 

M.N.,   D-D.',  EC.M. 
Tuttle,  Miss  O.  .\f.,  M.N. 
Underwood,  Mrs.  L.  1  1  ,  P.N. 
Underwood,    Mr.    II.    H.,    ,\;    \V. 

P.N. 
Van    Buskirk,    Rev.    ].    1  .).,  M.D., 

&  \V.,  M.N. 

\\"alter,  Miss  Jeannetlc,  M.N. 
Wambold,  Miss  Katherine,   P.N". 
Ward,  Adjt.  (Mi-s)  E.,  S.A. 
We'ch,   Bishop    ![.,    1)  D.,  I.I,.  I)., 

&  \V.,  M.N. 

Weller,  Mr.  <  >.  A.,  ,S:  \V.,  M.N. 
Wood,  Miss  L.,  M.N. 
Yun,  lion  T.  II.,  &  W.,  Y.M.C..\ 

Songdo 

Akcrholn,  Capt.  E.,  &  W.,  S.A. 
Anderson,  Rev.  L  P.,  &  \V.,  M.S. 
Cram,  Rev.  \V.  (  ',.,  &  \V.,  M.S. 
Deal,  Rev.  C.  II.,  &  W.,  M.S. 
Edwards,  Miss  L,  M.S. 
Graham,  Miss,  A.  E.,  M.S. 
Harris,  Miss  Gilbcrla,  M.S.  (A). 
Jonsson,  Capt.  (Miss)  E.,  S.A. 
Ix.wder,  Miss,  M.S. 
Nichols,  Miss  L.  E.,  M.S 
Pearce,  Miss  A.,  M.S 


cxlviii 


KORHA 


Powell,  Rev.  B.  A,  &  W ,  M.S. 

(A). 

Reed,  Miss  L.  M.,  M.S.  (A). 
Reid,  \V.  T.,  M.D.,  &  W.,  M.S. 
Tinsley,  Miss  Horiense,  M.S.  (A). 
Turner,  Rev.  V.  R.,  &  W.,  M.S. 
Wagner,  Miss  Kllasue,  M.S. 
Wasson,  Rev.  A.  W.,  &  W.,  M.S. 
Weems,  Rev.  C.  N.,  &  W.,  M.S. 

(A). 

Songjin 

Grierson,   Rev.   R.,   M.D.,    &    W., 

C.P. 

McKinnon,  Miss  M.,  C.P. 
Proctor,  Rev.  S.  J.,  &  W.,  C.P. 
Rogers,  Miss  M.  M.,  C.P. 
Ross,  Rev.  A.  R.,  &  W.,  C.P.  (A). 
Scott,  Rev.  W.,  &  W.,  C.P. 

Soonan 

Oberg,  Pastor  II.  &  W.,  S.I). A. 
Russell,  R.,  M.D.,  &  W.,  S.D.A. 
Scott,  Miss  H.  M.,  S.D.A. 

Soon  Chun 

Biggar,  Miss  M.  L.,  P.S. 
Out,  Rev.  R.  T.,  &  W.,  P.S. 
Crane,  Rev.  J.  C.,  &  W.,  P.S. 
Pratt,   Rev.   C.    II.,    &    W.,    P.S. 

(A). 

Preston,  Rev.  J.  F.,  &  W.,  P.S. 
Timmons,  H.  L.,  M.D.,  &  W.,  P.S. 

Suwon 

Barbara,  Lay-sister,  E.C.M. 
Bridle,  Rev.  G.  A.,  E.C.M. 
Nora,  Sister,  E.C.M. 

Syen  Chun 

Campbell,  Mr.  E.,  &  W.,  P.N. 
Ilelstrom,  Miss  Hilda,  P.N.  (A). 
Ingerson,  Miss  V.,  P.N. 
Lmnpe,  Rev.  H.  W.,  &  W.,  P.N. 
McCune,  Rev.  G.  S.,  D.D.,  &  W., 

P.N. 

Rhodes,  Rev.  H.  A.,  &  W.,  P.N. 
Roberts,  Rev.  S.  L.,  &  W.,  P.N. 


Ross,    Rev.    Cyril.,    D.D.,    &    W., 

PN. 

Samuel,  Miss  Jane,  P.N. 
Sharrocte,    A.    M.,    M.D.,   &    W., 

P.N.  (A). 

Soltau,  Rev.  T.,  &  W.,  P.N. 
Stevens,  Miss  B.  L,  P.N 
Whittemore,    Rev.   N.C.,    &    W., 

P.N.  (A). 

Taiku 

Adams,  Rev.  J.  E.,  D.U.,  &  W., 

P.N. 

Bekins,  Miss  E.,  P.N. 
Bergman,  Miss  G.  ().,  P.N. 
Blair,  Rev.  H.  E.,  &  W.,  P.N. 
Bruen,  Rev.  H.  M.,  &   W.,  P.N. 

(A). 
Erdman,  Rev.  W.  C.,  D.D.,  &  W., 

P.N. 

Fletcher,  A.  G.,  M.  D.,  &  W.,  P.N. 
Gay,  Adjt.  H.  J.,  &  W.,  S.A. 
Grosjean,  Miss  V.  C.,  E.C.M. 
McFarland,   Rev.   E.  F.,  and  W., 

P.N. 

Pollard,  Miss  H.  E.,  P.N. 
Switzer,  Miss  Mariha,  P.N. 
Winn,  Rev.  G.  II.,  &  W.,  P.N. 

long  Yeng       * 

Moore,  Miss  B.,  A.P. 

Taylor,   Rev.   \V.,    M.  D.,   &   W., 

A.P. 
Wa'son,  Rev.  R.  D.,  &  W.,  A.P. 

Wonju 

Andei-son,   A.   G.,   M.  I).,    &    W., 

M.N. 
Hillman,  Miss  M.  R.,  M.N. 

Wonsan 

Brannan,  Rev.  L.  C,  &  W.,  M.S. 
Buie,  Miss  Hallie,  M.S. 
Collyer,  Rev.  C.  T.,  &  W.,  M.S. 
Cooper,  Miss  K.,  M.S. 
Femvick,  Rev.  M.  C.,  &  W. 
Hardie,  Miss  E.,  M.S. 
Hughes,  Miss  E.,  C.P. 
McCulh-,  Miss  E.  A.,  C.P. 


LIST    BY    STATIONS 


cxlix 


McCully,  Miss  L.  II.,  C.P. 
Mansfield,  T.  D.,  M.D.,  &  W.,  C.P, 
Noycs,  Miss  A.  D.,  M.S. 
Palclhorpe,  Miss  E.,  C.P. 
Robb,  Rev.  A.  ¥.,  &  W.,  C.P. 
Ross,  J.  B.,  M.D.,  &  W.,  M.S. 

% 
Yeng  Byen 

Beiler,  Miss  M.,  M.X.  (A). 
Esley,  Miss  E.  M.,  M.X. 
\Vachs,  Rev.  V.  II.,  &  \V ,  M.N. 

Yung  Dong 
Salisbury,  Ensign,  II.,  S.A. 


Yong  Jung 

Barker,  Rev.  All.,  &  W.,  C  P. 
Foote,    Rev.  W.   R.,  &    W.,  C.P. 

(A). 

Ilylton,  Mrs.  II.,  C.P. 
Martin,  J.,  M.D.,  &  W.,  C.P. 

Yoo  Koo 

Bainbridge,      Capt.       (Miss      E.) 

S.A. 

Hill,  Arlji.,  A.,  &  W.,  SA. 
Linguist,  Capt.  (Miss)  E.,  S.A. 


I  N  DEX 


PAGE 

Abroad,  Japanese  Residing X  X  XVII 

Agreement  with  Ku  sia   4 

AkasakaHospit.il     258 

Ailing,  Miss  H.  S 335 

American  Baptist  i".  M.  S 94 

American  Boa  d  Mission 55 

American  Christ  ian  Convent  ion.     99 
American  Episcopal  Mission  ...     42 

Anglican  Churches 40,184 

Anglo-American  Communities..   176 

.Anglo-Korean  School 368 

Aoyama  Gakuin  66,  67 

Asakusa    67 

A'hletics u,  140 

Aviation    II 

Azabu  Middle  School 204 

Baby  show  in  Korea    407 

Baiko  Jo  Gakko  82 

Baptist  Tal>ernacle    17,  96 

Bible  in  Korea,  The    384 

Bible  Classes  in  Korea 359, 

373-  3*1.  385 
Bible,  Revision  of  Japanese    ...   245 

Bible  Schools 93,  95 

Bible  Societies,  Japan   239,  242 

-   Korea 351 

Bible  Women  T  aining  Schools  205 

Blackstock,  Miss  Ella 336 

Boy  Scouts   327 

Buddhism     14 

Buddhist  Educatio  i     208 

Literature 223 

Buildirgs    36,  104,  105,  136 

Burial,  Christian  27 

Campbell,  Rev.  &  Mrs.  W.AF.. 

Il>  357 
Canadian  Presb.  Ch.,  Formosa..  415 

Mission,  Korea...   317 

Capitalist  Attitude  toward  Labor  320 
Chiba  Ken   ,., 114 


TARE 

Children's  Hymnal 41 

China  Continuation  Committee.     31 

China,  Relations  with. 5,  9 

Chinese  Y.M.C.A .' 159 

Chinese  Student  Church,  Tokyo   1 7  ^ 

Chinzei  Gakuin    72 

Chiistian    and    Missionary    Al 
liance    102 

Christian  Burial  27 

Christian  Duty  toward  Lalxar...   32^ 
Christian  Education  Associat  on  206 

Attitude  of 

Gov't  toward    207 

Christian  Endeavor  Union 161 

Christian  Literature 18,  25, 

So,  99,  log,  1 20,  123,  126, 
128,  154   169,  223,  226,  234 

Society  of  Japan. .227,  235 

Christian  Messenge       355 

Chiistian  University 17,  25, 

'  209,  XVII,  XX 

Church  Buildings    83 

Church  of  Christ  in  Japan 

loo,  XXVI 

Church  Missionary  Society 46 

City  Evangelization 16 

— Problems  281 

Colby,  Miss  A.  M 339 

Coleman,  Mr.  II.  E 150 

Colportage 240,  351,  355 

Conference  of   Federated   Mis 
sion?,  Japan 

Constitution     I,  III 

— Members  VIII 

— Officers  and  Committees  ..       X 

1 6th  Annual  Meeting XIII 

Congregational  Churches 53,  56 

Consumptives  Relief  Assoc.    ...     <j) 
Continuation  Committee,  Japan 

30,  XXIV 

!   Cook,  Rev.  H.  II 91,  399 

|   Cooperation  with  Japanese  ...18,95 


clii 


INDEX 


I'AGE 

Coordination  in  Work     .........     87 

Cost  of  Living  .....................    286 

Credal  Question  ..................      24 

Crime  and  Prostitution    .........   310 

Crown  Prince,  Installation  of...-,  28 

Dairen  Church  .....................     80 

Davis,  J.  M  ................  16,  176,  279 

Dearing,  Rev.  J.  L.  ...97,  341  XIII, 

Debt  Slavery    .....................  310 

de  Groor,  Col  ......................   121 

Directory,  Japan  Missionary.  LX  VIII 

—  Korean  Missionary  .........  CXI 

Doshisha    ........................  53,  57 

Education    ...............  17,  287,  XX 

—  Anti-Vice  .....................  312 

—  1'uddhist  and  Shinto  ......   2oS 

—  New  Minister  of  ............       8 

Educational   Work,    Christian, 

Formosa   .....................  416 

—Japan...  36,  43,  52,67,73, 

76,  80,  84,  87,  88,  91,  94, 

98,  101  ,104,  106,  107, 

"7>  J37.  J39>  201 

-  Korea    ............  363,  368,  376 

Elder  Statesmen  ..................       8 

Eleemosynary  Work   ............     5^ 

Emigrants,  Women  ..............   267 

Eng.Presb.  Church,  So.  Formosa  419 
Entertainers,  Professional  ......   296 

Erskine,  Rev.  W.  H  .............   294 

Evangelical  Association  .........   103 

"Evangelical"  Footnote  in  Fed. 

Missions  Constitution  .........  XV 

Evangelistic  Campaign...^,  31,   191 
—Hall  ...........................     83 

-  -  Work,  Japan  .........  38,  66, 

71,  72,  79,  £o,  83,  86,  88, 
90,  93,  96,  101,  in,  117, 

120,   125,  183,    19! 

—Korea    .........  ;v35y>  367>  4°9 

Evangelization  of  Cities  .........     16 


Factory  Law  .....................  6,  269 

-  Work  .....................  104,  \O) 

-  Workers    .....................     97 

Far  Eastern  Olympics  ............      n 

Federal  Council  of  Korea  ......  LXV 

Federation  of  Churches,  Japan. 

27,  XXII 
Financial  Conditions,  Japan  ...       9 


PAGE 

Fisher,  G.  M 30,  135,  314 

Formosa  52,  414 

— Bible  in    241 

— Exposition    n,  415 

-Statistics    418,  419 


Formosan  Students  in  Japan  ...  417 

Free  Methodist  Mission  111 

Friends  Mission  113 

Fukui    62 

Fukuoka  70 

Fukushima  90 

Fulton,  Rev.  G.  W 35 

Galilee  Mam    119 

Geisha  272,  298,  299 

German  Swiss  Mission  Work...   no 

Germans,  W7ork  among  no 

Gifts,  Noteworthy  66,  329 

Gleason,  George  19,  25,  324 

Gospel  Book  Store  98 

Graded  S.  S.  Lessons    148,  158 

Growth  in  Korea 388 

Haiju    360 

Hakodate    368 

Hamamatsu 61 

Ham  Heung    378 

Harrington,  Rev.  C.  K 97 

Harris,  Bishop  M.C 182,  357 

Harvests,  Rice XXXVII 

Heaslett,  Rev.  S 253 

Heinmiller,  Bishcp  G 105 

Hepburn,  Dr 254 

Hephzibah  Faith  Mission   114 

Himeji  108 

Hindrances  in  Korea  380 

Hirosaki   69 

History    of  Labor   Movement, 

Japan    341 

Med'cal  Work,  Japan 253 

Hokkaido 78 

Holiness  Conventio  s   112,  114 

Home  Health  Work   171 

Hospital  \Vork,  Japan 256,  7 

—  Korea,  Benefits  of.  4  o 
Housing  Conditions    284 

Immorality  275 

Independent  Churches 59,  82 

Industrial  Conditions 279 

— Schools 203 

Industry,  The  Church  and......  292 


INDEX 


cliii 


PAGE 
Inquirers,  Care  of    ...............   196 

Institutional  Work-  ......  17,  96,  289 

Interdenom.  S.S.  Lesson  System  154 
International    Christian   Police 
Assoc  ............................   174 

Itinerating  in  Korea    .........  ...   374 


Japan  Book  and  Tract  Society.. 

— Continuation  Committee... 

— Evangelistic  Band    

— Methodist  Church    

—in  Korea 

Japanese  Anti-Vice  Leaders 

Episcopacy   

in  Korea  

Language  School     

Jesuit  Medical  Work  , 

Joshi  Gakuin    , 


229 
30 

108 
59 

184 

307 
40 

181 

21 


53 
81 


Kagoshima  ........................     71 

Kanamori,  Rev.  Mr  .......  .  .....  86,  90 

Kanazawa.  ..........................     62 

Kawai,  Miss  M  ...................    142 

Keiseisha  Pub  ica!  ions    .........   230 

Kindergarten  Work   .........  37, 

85,  IL-J,  201 
Kobe  .................................     85 

—College      .....................     57 

—  School  for  Foreign  Children  214 

—  Union  Church  ...............    176 

Kochi    ..............................     84 

Kofu  ........................  59,  62,  242 

Kongju    ............................   364 

Korea  .............................  54,  70 

—  F.deral  Council  of  ........  l.XV 

--  Religious   Book   &    Tract 

Society  ...............  ............  354 

-  \\  ork  among  Japanese  in..   181 
Kumamoto  Band  .................     53 

—  Leper  Work  ..................  260 

Kumiai  Church    ..................    184 

Kwansei  Gakuin    ...............  61,  76 

Kwsssui  Jo  Gakko  ...............     74 

Kyoto    .............................   195 

Labor  Conditions  ............  285,  286 

-  Disputes  Increasing  ........  321 

-  Magazine  .....................  319 

-  Movement  in  Jaran  .........  314 

—  Unions  ........................  288 

Language    Course     of    Study, 

Japanese  .....................  XXXII 


PAGE 

School,  Japanese 215 

Leper  work,  Japan 83,  260 

— Korea    407 

Literature,  Buddhi-t    223 

— Christian 18,  25,  80, 

9-,  109,  1 20,  123,  126, 
128,  154,  169,  223,  226,  234 

— Shinto  225 

Lutheran  Mission    105 

MacDona'd,  Miss  A.  C 265 

Marriage  in  Japan   273 

Matsuno,  Rev.  K 27 

Matthew,  Miss  M 142 

McKenzie,  Rev.  D.  R 191,  XIII 

Medical  Work,  Formosa 417 

— ,  Japan 253 

,  Korea 361,  369, 

377.  382.  393.  4oi 

— Worr.en  in    265 

Meiji  G.ikuin    80 

Me'.ton,  Miss  M.  E 73,  34? 

Methodist  Church,  Canada Co 

M.  E.  Church,  Japan  65 

— Sou'h,  Japan    74 

—Korea    .; 357 

South,  Korea  366 

Methodist  Protestant  Mission  ..   115 

Mission  Policies    115,  118 

Missionary  Value  of  Christian 

Literature 234 

Missions  and  Churches    34 

Miyagi  Girls  School    91 

Miyaoka,  Mr.  T.,on  Peace 166 

Moral  Conditions 275,  285 

Mosely,  Rev.  C.  B 344 

Mu!ler,  Mr.  F 219 

Murphy,  Rev.  U.  G 304 

MVOJO,  The  235 

Nagano  62 

Nagasaki 71,  73,  88 

Nagoya  70,  84,  85,  266,  325 

National  Boy  Scout  Org 328 

Christian  Educ.  Assoc.  ...  206 

— Sunday  School  Assoc 146 

Temperance  I-eague  167 

Newspaper  Evangelism  88 

Newspaper  Purity  Campa:gn...  324 

Night  Schools 202 

Nilion  Kiri-:uto  Kyokwai, 

Korea  183 


cliv 


INDEX 


Nikko,  Church  at 
Niwa,  Mr.  S 


Obiluarics     ........................   334 

Ok'ayama  Orphanage  ............     58 

Okinawa   ...........................     71 

Okuma,  Marquis  S  ................  4,  6 

Oltmans,  Rev.  A.,  D.D  ..........  XIII 

Omi  Miss:on  .................  118,  25) 

Omori,  Mrs.  H  ...................  288 

Opportunity  of  the  Church  ......   290 

Oriental  Mis  ionary  Society    ...    120 
Orphanages  ........................     60 

Osaka  .....  19,  79,  81,  266,  302, 


Pai  Chai  School  ..................  364 

Peace  Movement  ..................   163 

Periodicals,  Christian    ......  XXXIX 

Pettee,  Rev.  J.  H.,  D.D  ..........     56 

Philosophy,  Books  on  ............   232 

Play  Grounds,  Public  ............  325 

Police,  Work  among  ............    174 

Population,  Growth  of  ......  279,  280 

--  of  Large  Cities  ......  XXXVIII 

Prayer  Meetings  ..................    103 

Preaching  Societies,  Korea  ......  381 

Prejudices  Removed    ............  405 

Presbyterian  Churches,  Japan...     78 

—  Church  Mission,  Korea  ...  379 
Primary  Schools,  Japan  .........   202 

---  Korea    ............   363 

Prisoners,  Bibles  for    ............  242 

Proclamation  of  Crown  Prince.  .3,  28 
Pr  sperity  in  Japan  ...............      12 

Prostitution  and  Crime   .........    310 

—  ,  History  of  ..................   296 

—Today     .........  301,  XXXVIII 

Publicity  Committee    .........  XVIII 

Pyeng  Yang  ..................  361,  364 

Railway  Temperance  Work   ...    168 
Reformed  Church  Mission   ...86,  87 
Religious  Review    ...............      13 

Rescue  Work    .........  170,  171,  308 

Review  of  the  Year  ...............  3,  13 

Revised  Japanese  Language 

Course   ...................  .'...XXXII 

Revision  of  Japanese  New 

Testament    ..................  97,  245 

Roman  Catholic  Missions  ......   129 

---  Schools  ...  ......  204 


TAOE 
--------  Statistics  ......  XXVIII 

Rupp,  Rev.  J.  H  ...................     92 

Russia,  Agreement  with  .........  3,  13 

Sakatani,  Baron,  on  Peac:..i64,  165 
Salvation  Army.  121,  259,  306,  309 
Sapporo  .....................  66,  68,  81 

Scandinavian  Japan  Alliance...   124 
Schneder,  Rev.  D.  B.,  D.D.   ...  201 

Schools,  See  Education 
-  for  Foreign  Child-en  ,..6l,  213 

—  ,  List  of  Chri  tian  .........  XLVI 

Scudder,  Rev.  D.,  D.D  .......... 

20,  177,  180,  XIV 
Seikokwai     .......................     40 

Self-Suppo.t,  Japan    .........  48, 

54,  59,  97,  104 
--  ,  Korea  .......................   369 

Sendai    ......  .  ....................  69,  90 

Seoul    ...  ...........................   183 

Severance  Uni  n  Institution  ...  398 
Shibu?awa,  Baron,  on  Peace  ...  164 
Shinto  .....  ...........  ,  ............  13 

—  Education  ....................   208 

--  Literature    ...................   225 

Shizuoka     .......................  61,  63 

Slavery,  White  ...............  300,  310 

Smith,  Rev.  F.  II  ...............   181 

Social  Condi  (ions...  30,  97,  270,  282 

—  Evil  ............  19,  170,  271,  294 

-  Settlements  ..................  288 

—  Welfare  ..25,  37,  123,  126,  324 
Societies,  Japanese  Women's  ...   277 
Song  Chin    ........................   377 

Southern  Baptist  Convention...     98 

-  Presbyterian  Missionjapan     82 

—  Korea   ..................  384 

St.  Barnabas'  Hospital    .........   257 

St.  Luke's  Hospital    .........  43,  257 

St.  Margaret's  School  ............     43 

St.  Paul's  College    ...............     43 

Statistics,  General  ............  XXXVI 

—  Christian  in  Pocket  ......... 

—  Japanese  Work  in  Kore.i.  1  86 

—  Medical  \Vork,  Korea  ...   394 
--  Recommendations  ......  XVI  II 

—  Roman  Catholic  ......  XXVIII 

--  United  Evangelistic  Cam- 


Statistics,  Vice,  in  Osaka    ......   320 

Street  Preaching  ..................   124 

Strikes  .............................  321 


IMDEX 


ctv 


1'AGE 

Stauffacher,  Kev.  A.  D 103 

Sunday  School  Association 146 

Institutes  147,  151 

• I>essons  Committee  ..  148,  153 

Literature,  Japan  — 231 

— Korea  356 

Specialist 150 

Work,  Japan. .37,  112,  124,  145 

— Korea 59 

Suzuki,  Bunji  318,  319 

Swearer,  Kev.  \V.  C 357 

Tagore,  Sir  K 11 

Teacher  Training  Cour  es 151 

Temperance  Work    167,  330 

Tent  Work    113    195 

Terauchi,  Gen'l.  Count  3,6 

Theological  Curriculum 291 

Schools 206 

Tobita  Licensed  Quarter    ...19, 

28,  170,  311,  325 

Tohoku  Gakuin   91 

Tokyo  61,64,  69,79, 

117,  120,   127,  143,  172, 
173.  I74,  194.  215,  242,  280 

Gakuin    94 

Grammar  School     213 

,  Gr.wth  of  Foreign  Com- 

mity  oc, 178 

Korean  Y.M.C.A 138 

— Union  Church 177 

Toy  am  a    '. 62 

Toyo  Eiwa  Jo  Gakko 63 

Tract  Distribution   120 

Trr.de  Conditions  in  Japan. .XXXVI 

Training  Schools  150,  151,  205 

Translation  ot  New  Testament.  245 

Tsuchiura    168 

Tsuda's  School,  Miss  266 

Tutarculosis 122,  259 

Tucker,  Bishop  II.  St.  G., 46 

Underwood,  Kev.  II.  G.,  D.D.. 

1*2.  365'  3S3 
Union  Christian  University    ...   209 

— Church  Work  170 

Union  College,  Woman's. ..209,  266 


PACE 

Union  Methodist  Th-jol,  Semi 
nary,  Korea 365 

Mission  Work    65,  89 

— Sunday  School  Work 145 

Unitarian  Mission    127 

United  Brethren  Mission... 125 

U.  S.  Reformed  Church  Mi  sion     89 

Universalist  Mission    126 

Universities,  Women  in 265 

University,  Christian   

17,25,  209,  XVII,  XX 
Usami,  Mr.  K iSi 


Van  1'etten,  Mrs.  C.  W 346 

Vice,  Public  Attitude  toward...   295 

Wainright,  Rev.  S.  II.,  I). IX...   223 

War  Times 36,  no,  130,  135 

VVe'ch,  Bshop  II 

20,65.  182,  357,  XVI 

Woman  Movement,  The 265 

,  Freed  m  of    275 

W.C.T.U 169 

Woman's  Union  College. ..209,  266 

Missionary  Sociely  92 

Women  Workers,  Japan 283 

—Korea  ..367,375,  411 
Women's  Bible  Institute,  Korea  375 

Societies    277 

Work     84,95»   IQ6 

Wonju  361 

Wonsan     378 

Ynjima,  Madam   307 

Yamagata -  9! 

Yamamuro,  Col.  G 229,  307 

Yamanashi   63 

Yokohama ...69, 

115,  117,  136,  144,  226 

— Union  Church  176 

Y.M.C.A 135,  309 

— Chinese,  Tokyo    139 

Formosa    417 

— Korean,  Tokyo    138 

Young  Men,  Schools  for 204 

Yuai  Kwai     128,  319 

Y.W.C.A 142 


INDEX   VOLUMES    I-XIV 


PAGE 
Absentees  from  Churches  ......  I.     39 

Alliance  bet.  Japan  and  Eng 

land  .....................  XIII.  564-5 

American-Japanese  Agreement 

..............  ..................  VI.     II 

Attitude  of  Japanese  People 

toward    Christ  ianiiy,   Dr.  S. 

Moloda  ..................  VII.  142-50 

Ballagh,  Rev.  J.  II.,  D.  D., 
Opening  Address  at  Semi- 
Centennial  ..........  .  ...VIII.  II 

Bertels,  Mrs.  Mary  Rogers, 
Biog.  ........................  IX.  398 

Bible  Society,  by  Mr.  F.  Parro'.t 
.........................  XII.  505-212 

Bishop,  Mrs.  Charles,  Biog. 
..............................  XIII.  351 

Bishop,  Win.  J.,  Biog  .......  XL  525 

Bonne,  Archbishop,  Biog.  ...  X.  376 

Brand,  Mrs.  Clara  Sands,  Biog. 

...............  ;  ................  IX.   340 

Brownlovv,  Miss  Mollie,  Biog. 

.......  .  ........................  XI.  526 

Buddhism,  The  Christianization 

of  ..........................  VIII.  398 

---  And  Shintoism,  Statistics 

of  ...........................  XI.  636 

Chappell,  Mrs.  Benj.,  Biog.  XI.  527 
Charitable  Institutions  in  Japan 
and  Korea,  List   of,   (1909) 
.............................  VII.  594  f. 

Child  Life  in  Japan  ......  XIV.  292 

Chinese  Students  in  Japan.  IV.  113 


Chinese  Students  in  Japan, 
Chinese  View  ............  VIII.  626 

Chinese  Union  Church  ......  IX.  314 

Christian  Educational  Society 
—  Constitution  .........  VIII.  595 

Christianity  in  Japan,  Progress 


PAGE 

of,  in  fifty  years,  Otis  Cary 

-; • ; VII.  133-41 

Christianity,  I  he  Influence  of, 
upon  the  Ethical  and  Reli 
gious  Thought  and  the 
National  Life  of  Japan,  I. 
Nitobe  VIII.  326 

Christianity,  The  Influence  of, 
i        upon  Ethical  Religious  Ideas, 
and  upon  the  National  Life 
and  People,  D.  Ebina.  VIII.  315 

Christian  Literature,  What  we 
have  and  what  we  need,  V. 
Miiller VII.  161-86 

Christian  Literature  Soc.  ...  XI.   113 

Christian  Literature  Socie  y   by 

Rev.  S.  H.  \Vainright 

XII.  201-204,  XIII.  149-155 

Christian  Literature.  Annual 
Review  by  Prof.  Frank 

Miiller    XII.  221-248,  XIII. 

169-207,  XIV.  i  6 

Christians  in  Japanese  Army 
and  Navy  II.  5 

Christian  Schools  for  Girls, 
Miss  A.  G.  Lewis  VI.  153-62 

Christian  University,  Address 
by  Dr.  K.  Sasao  at  Semi- 
Centennial  VIII.  176 

Statement  regarding  need 

of    IX.     69 

Substitutes  for IX.     92 

Chris!  ianity     in     Japan,    from 

Kckitnnn  VII.  463 

Chronology,  CHRISTIAN  MOVE 
MENT.  X.  464,  XIV.  XXVII. 
Church,  The   Present   Crisis,  a 
Turning  Point  in  the  History 
of  Christianity.     Bishop  Aw- 

drey   III.  205 

Civilization,  Superficial,  Is 
Japan's  II.  II 


INDEX    VOLUMES    I-XIV 


clvii 


Colborne,  Dr.  W.  W.,  Biog.  ... 


..  354 

Communities,  Foreign,  in  Japan 

and  "  direct  trade  "  ............ 

.....................  V.  66,  VIII.     27 

Conference,  3  Religions.  X.  12,  136 
Continuation  Com.  Conference 

................................  XI.   178 

--  Findings  of  ............  XI.  284 

Continuation  Committee,  Con 

stitution  and  Work  of,  Japan. 

.........  XII.  275-288,  XIII.  50-57 

Cosand,  Mrs.  J.,  Biog.  ...  XIV.  321 

Country  Work,  Semi-Centennial 

Address    ..................  VIII.   no 

Curtis,  Mrs.  Gerlrude.Benedic', 

Kipg  .........................  XI.   53° 

Curtis,  Rev.  Wm.  \\illis,  Biog. 

................................  XI.  533 

Daily  Xen<s,  N.C.,  tribute  to 
Dr.  Morita  ..................  IX.  11 

Danforth,  Miss  Mary  A.,  Biog. 
................................  IX.  400 

Davidson,  Mrs.  Robert  T.,  Biog. 

................................  IX.  534 

Davis,  Rev.  J.  I).,  D.D.,  Biog. 

................................  IX.  350 

Davison,  Mrs.  J.  C.,  Biog  ....... 

...............  ."  ..............  XIII.  352 

DeForest,    Rev.    J.    H.,   Biog. 

................................  IX.  364 

DeForest,    Mrs.    J.    II.,    Biog. 

....................  '.  .........  XIV.  322 

Diet,  Table  of  Sessions   of  the 

..................  XIV.  XXXIV. 

Distribution  of  Forces,  Dr.  G. 

W.  Fuhon    ......  X.  191,  XI.     68 

Duties,  (  f  this  Conference,  Ad 

dress  of  Dr.  D.  B.  Schneder 

................................  IX.    170 

Dodge,     Mi.ss     Katharine     A., 

Biog  ..........................  X.  378 

Early    Days    in     Japan,    Mrs. 

Mary  Eddy  Miller  ...VII.  122-32 
Education,  Christian,  as  a  Fea 

ture  of  Evangelistic  Effort.  V.  184 
Education,  Christian,  Dr.  D.  B. 

Schneder     ..................  X.     44 

Education,  Girls',  A.  Caroline 

Macdonald     ............  VI.  96-141 


PAGE 

Education,  The  Results  of 
Christian, —  Semi-Centennial 
Address,  A.  Pieters  ....VIII.  156 

Educational  Situation  (19091  A. 
Pieters  VII.  273 

Education,  The  Future  of 
Higher  Christian,  Semi-Cen- 
tcmiial  Address,  K.  Ibuka 
VIII.  170 

Education,  Attitude  of  the  De 
partment  of  IX.  78 

Educational  System  of  Japan, 
A.  Pieters IV.  31-107 

Early  Japanese  Quotation  from 
the  Bible,  A.  Lloyd  ....VIII.  598 

Eleemosynary  Institutions,  List 
of X.  447 

English  Bible  Class  Work.  XI.  501 

English  Teachers  Movement, 
G.  M.  Fisher  X.  316 

Ensor,  Rev.  George,  Biog 

IX.  418 

Evangelism,  The  Scope  of 
Country  VI.  218 

Evangelistic  Campaign,  Nation 
al XIV.  39 

Evangelization  of  Japan,  G.  M. 
Fisher  VIII.  371 

Evington,  Rt.  Rev.  Bishop 
Henry,  Biog XI.  535 

Failed,     How    far    have    we? 

Semi  -  Centennial       Address 

Rev.  G.  Toda VIII.  91 

Federated  Missions,  Conference 

of XIII.  39-46 

Federal  ion  of  Churches  in  Japa  i 

XIII.  47 

Fleet,  American,  in  Japan.  VII.  37 
Foreign  Communities,  Christian 

Work  in VI.  310,  XI.  515 

XII.  311-335,  XIII.  282-286 

Formosa,  Mission  Work  in 

under  Japanese  Rule    I.     86 

." IX.  115 

Formosa,Work  of  Pres.  Church, 

by  Rev.  D.  Ferguson  

XII.  336-349 

Fukuin  Maru,  Capt.  Bickel 

VI.  204 

Work  in  the  Adjacent 

Islands,  F.  C.  Briggs.     VIII    115 


clviii 


INDEX    VOLUMES   I-XIV 


PAGE 

P'ranco  -  Japanese      Agreement 

(1907)  • ;—V.  335 

Frugality,  Imperial  Rescript  on 

(1908)    VII.      6 

Ghcer,   Miss  Jennie   M.   Biog. 

; - IX.  394 

Gifts,  Three  Imperial  III.  29 

Girls'  Schools,  The  Sunday 

School  Work  of,  Semi-Cen- 

Icnnial  Address,  Miss  C.  B. 

Deforest  VIII.  146 

Gorbold,  Rev.  R.  P.,  Biog.  ... 

XIV.  323 

Greene,  Rev.  D.  C.,  D.D.,  LL. 

D,Biog XII.  351 

Gring,  Mrs.  A.  D.,  Biog.  XIII.  356 

Hail,  Rev.  John  E.,  Biog 

IX.  424,  X.  381 

Hail,  Mrs.  Rachel  Lindsey, 

Biog XII.  352 

Heimin,  Increasing  Prominence 

of II.  7 

Hepburn,  Dr.  J.  C  ,  Biog.  ...X.  384 
Hibbard,  Master  Lowell,  Biog. 

XII.  354 

Iliraiwa,  Kennel,  Biog.  ...  IX.  405 
Histo.ical  Address,  Dr.  W. 

Imbrie VIII.  50 

Honda,  Bishop,  Biog.  ... X.  393 

Hostels,  S  mposium  on,  for 

Students  XII.  172 

Waseda  Students  ...  XII.  185 

—  Women  „  ...  XII.  192 
Houston,  Miss  Ella,  Biog.  ...X.  398 

Independence     Movement     (in 

Churches) IV.  191 

Independence,  Financial,  Semi- 

Centennial    Address,    S.    E. 

Hager '. VIII.  120 

Industrial  Conditions  in  Tokyo, 

by  Mr.  J.  Merle  Davis 

•' XII.  134-153 

Industrial  Enterprises,  Chris 
tianity  in XIII.  295-312 

Influences,  Moral  and  Reli 
gious,  Surrounding  Younger 
Students  in  Japan  VII.  55-81 

Influence  of  Christianity  upon 
Japanese  Literature,  Dr.  D. 
C.  Greene VII.  151-60 


PAGE 

Ishii,  Juji,  Biog XII.  355 

Ito,  Prince,  letter  to  Mr.  O' 
Brien,  about  American  Mis 
sionaries  VII.  18 

Japan  and  America,  Arbitration 
Treaty VI.  414 

Japan  and  Immigration  to  the 
United  States  IX.  6 

Japan,  Christianization  of,  Dr. 
Nitobe ...VI.  419 

Japanese  People,  Attitude  to 
ward  Christianity  of,  Dr.  S. 
Motoda VII.  142-50 

Johnson,  Mrs.  Sarah  M.,  Biog. 

•• ; ; XIV.    327 

Jubilee  Celebration  in  Honour 
of  the  Arrival  of  Dr.  S.  R. 
Brown VIII.  605 

Katsura      (Count\      Interview 

with,  Dr.  Wm.  Inbrie  ...  II.  207 
Kidder,  Miss  Anna  II.,  Biog. 

XII.  356 

Kimball,  Miss  J.,  Biog.  ...XIV.  328 
Kindergartens  in  Japan  by 

Miss  M.  M.  Cook....  XII.  265-271 
Knox,  Dr.  G.  W.,  Biog.  ...  XI.  401 
Kobayashi,  Mr.  T.  and  his 

Charities  IX.  46,360 

Korea,  Agreement  of  1909 

VII.  478 

Korea,  Annexation  of,  Official 

Documents VIII.  613 

Korea,  Treaty  with  1907)  Text 

V.  330 

Korea,  Work  in,  Dr.  J.  S.  Gale 

X.  367 

Korea 

1.  Churches    and     Missions 
XII.  377-438,  XIII.  377f. 

2.  Christian   Literature 

....    XII.  444-588,  XIII.  417^ 

3.  Christian  Education  

....    XII.  451-484,  XIII.  47if. 

4.  Medical  Work    

....    XII.  487-491,  XIII. 

Korea,  General  Survey,  by  Rev. 

W.  G.  Gram XII.  365-374 

-. XIII.  363-377 

Korean  Conspiracy  Case    

XIII.  13,  14 


INDEX    VOLUMES   I-X1V 


clix 


PAGE 
language  School,  by  Prof. 

Frank  Miiller XII   258-264 

XIII.  220-227 

Ix:etc,  Miss  Isabella  A.,  Biog. 

••• XI.  540 

Literature,  Christian,  What  we 

have  and  what  we  need.  F. 

Miiller,    VII.     161-86.       In 

1910  IX.  97 

Lloyd,  Mrs.  Arthur,  Biog.  IX.  423 
Lloyd,  Prof.  Arthur,  Biog.  X.  404 
Loo  -  Choo  Islands,  Christian 

Work  in VII.  204 

MacCollum,     Rev.     John     W. 

D.D.,  Biog IX.  348 

McKenzie,  Rev.  D.R.,  D.D., 

Address   at   Annual  Meeting 

of  Federated  Missions,   1914. 

XII.  31-43 

McKim,  Mrs.  J.,  Biog.  ...Xl\  .  330 

McNair,  Rev.  T.  M XIV.  331 

Meiji  Tenno  XI.  I 

Miller,  Rev.  E.  R XIV.  3^6 

Misconceptions  regarding  Jnpan 

and  her  People  V.  3-20 

Mission  S:hools,  List  of 

VII.  584  /,  XIII.  626F.,  XIV. 

XXXV. 

Missionary  Work,  The  Future 

of,  Dr.  J.  D.  Davis VIII.  360 

Missionary,  The  Work  of  the 

Future,  Rev.  J.  G.  Dunlop... 

VIII.  349 

Missionary,  The  \\  ork,  of  the, 
During  the  Past  Fifty  years, 
II.  Yamamoto VIII.  60 

Missionary,  The  Work  of,  T. 
H.  Haden  VIII.  67 

Missi  <nary,  Another  view  of  h's 

work,  Dr.  D.  C.  Greene 

VIII.  76 

Missionary,  The  Temper  and 
Attitude  of,  Bishop  V.  Honda 
VIII.  Si 

Missionaries,  The  Influence  of 
Up->n  the  Education  and 
Civilization  of  Japan,  R.  Fuji- 
saw  i VIII.  335 

Moore,  Mrs.  Annie  M.,  Biog.  X.  408 

Moral  and  Religious  Conditions, 
L.  W.  Bickel  XIV.  235 


PAGE 
Moral  and  Religious  Influences 

on  Younger  Students  ..VII.  55-86 
Morris,  Rev.  Arthur  R.,  Biog... 

..............................    XI.  541 

National  Evangelistic  Campaign 
...............  .  ...........    XIII.     58 

New  Life  in  Japan    ...  .....  III.     19 

Newspaper  Evangelism  .  ...XI.  510 

Nicolai,  Archbishop,  Biog.  .X.  412 

Okuno,  Rev.  Matsuna,  Biog.  IX.  381 


543 


Park,  Miss  Willie  Lee,  Biog.... 

..............................  'XL 

I    Peace  Movement  in  Japan,  by 

Mr.  Gilbert  Bowles"  .....  XII. 

154-163  XIII.  263-274,  XIV.  214 
Peace,  Treaty  of,  between  Japan 

and  Russia  ..................  IV.  240 

Physical  Culture  in  Japan,  Mr. 

J.  M.  Davis  ............  VII.  87-121 

Pieters,  Mss  R.  W  .......  XIV.  337 

Portsmouth  Treaty,  Text  of,  ... 

................................  IV.  240 

Prisons,  Japanese     .........  VIII.  404 

Privileges  granted  by  the  Dept. 

of  Ed.  to  Licensed  Schools, 

Dr.  W.  Imbrie  ..............  II.     35 

Property  Trusts,  Mission.  ..V.  319-27 
Protestantism  and  the  Rel  gious 

Situation  in  Japan,  Dr.  S.  1  1. 

Wainright  ..................  III.   189 

Reasons  for  Giving  Thinks  at 
this  Semi-Centenary,  Bishop 
Y.  Honda  ............  '.  .....  VII.  24 

Religions  of  Japan,  Old  ......... 

...-:  ...........  .......  XIII.  558-563 

Religious  Teaching  in  L  censed 
Sc  ools,  Rev.  A.  Pieters  ..II.  25 

Res  ript,  Imperial,  ou  Educa 
tion  ...........................  V.  69 

Rescript,  Imperial(on  Frugality) 
(1908)  ...................  ..VII.  6 

Resources  of  Japan    .........  III.     15 

Resolution  in  Behalf  of  Inter 
national  Peace  and  Good- 
Will  ........................  VIII.  593 

Retrospect  of  Fifty  Year  ,  Rev. 
K.  Kozaki  ...............  VIII.  40 

Ko'l  of  Honor    ..............  XI.  641 


INDEX   VOLUMES  I-XIV 


PAGE 

Rolman,  Miss  Eva  L.,  Biog.  ... 

: XII.  357 

Romanized  Japanese  in  Higher 

Primary  Schools,  Resolution 

of  Imp.  Ed.  Ass.  I.  1-149 

Rose,  Miss  Clara  H.,  Bi  g 

XIII.  357 

Russia  and  Japan,  Treaty  of 

Peace  IV.  240 

Russia,  War  with  II.  I 

Russo-Japanese  Convention 

(1907)  yv-  335 

Rosso  -  Japanese  Convention, 
New  (1910)  VIII.  6: 1 

Sasamori,  Rev.  U.,  Ph.D.,  D.D., 

LL.D.,  Biog IX.  406 

School  for  Foreign  Children 

IV.  108 

Scott,  Mr.  Carrie  Vaughn,  Biog. 

XI.  546 

Semi  -  Centennial  Conference. 

Address  at,  Count  Okuma  .. 

VIII.     59 

Small  College,  Rev.  F.  N.  Scott, 
Address  at  Semi  Centennial 
VIII.  179 

Slou    Henry,  Biog X.  418 

Student  Boarding  Houses  and 
Hostels  XIV.  283 

Sunday  School  Assoc.  of  Japan 
XIII.  258-262,  XIV.  210 

Sunday  School  Work,  Semi- 
Centennial  Address,  T.  Ukai. 

VIII.   139 

Survey  for  Y  ar  by  Rev.  J.  I,. 
Dearing,  D.D.  XII.  2-30, 

XIII.  3-29,  XIV.  3  26 

Symposium  on  Christian  Hos 
tels  by  Mr.  Galen  M.  Fisher, 
Rev.  H.  Benninghoff  and 

Miss  A.  C.  MrcDonald    

XII.  172-197 

Talcott,  Miss  Eliza,  Biog.  ...X.  421 
Temperance  Movement  in  Japan 


PAcfc 
by  Hon.  Taro  Ando  .  XII.  164-73 

XIII.  275-281 

Tenny,  Mrs.  Grace  Webb,  Biog. 

,   -•• :-•   IX.  338 

I  hompson,  Rev.  David,  B  og., 

XIV.  338 

Iract    Society    by     Mr.     Ger>. 

Braithwaite XII.  213-220 

Treaties,  Revision  of IX.  5 

Treaty,  The  Japan  -  United 

States— Text  IX.  484 

Treaty,  New  Commercial,  with 

Great  Britain IX.  493 

Treaty,  Portsmouth,  Text  of  .V.  335 
Tsuda,  Miss,  English  Institute. 

VI.  142 

Turner,  Rev.  W.  P.,  Bi  g  ...X.  425 

Union  Hymnbook     I.     56 

University,  Need  of  a  Christian, 

IX.     85 

Movement  for,  D.B 

Schneder,  D.D XI.     76 

Van  Strien,  Mr.;.  Eleanor   O., 

Biog XII.  358 

Village  Life,  Survey  of.. XIV.  335^ 

War,    Japan    and    the    G  eat. 

XIII.  7-28 

Waters,  Mrs.  T.  L.,  Biog  ...IX.  402 
White,  Mrs.  William  J.,  Biog. 

XIII.  359 

\\  ife,  Legal  Status  of  Japanese 

XIII.  324-329 

Williams,  Right  Rev.  Bishop 

C.M.,  D.D.,  Biog  IX.  413 

Willingham,  Mrs.  C.  T.,  Biog. 

LX-  349 

Winn,  Mrs.  T.  C.,  Biog XI.  549 

Women  Factory  Laborers  

XIII.  313-323 

Wyckoff,  Prof.  M.  N.,  Sc.  D , 

Biog IX.  386 

Youngman,  Miss  Kate  M.,  Biog. 
IX.  377 


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West.  All  work  received  will  be  promptly 
executed  at  the  lowest  reasonable  price  : : 


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KOBE 

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17  Azuma  Dori  Sancliomc.  Telephone:     3694 

TOKYO 

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T,   YONG-TAI. 


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TAILOR  AND  GENERAL  DRAPER. 

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executed  

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185,      HONMURA      ROAD,      YOKOHAMA. 
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KELLY  &  WALSH'S 

LIST  OF 
BOOKS  FOR  THE  STUDY  OF  THE  JAPANESE  LANGUAGE, 


A  Handbook  of  Colloquial  Japanese,  by  Basil 

Hall  Chamberlain,  5th  (edition)  ". ¥5.00 

A  Practical  Introduction  to  the  Study  of 
Japanese  Writing,  "  Moji  no  Shirube,"  by 
Basil  Hall  Chamberlain  (2nd  edition)  ...  15.00 

Kelly  &  Walsh's  Handbook  of  the  Japanese 
Language,  with  Vocabulary,  &c.  Size  4J- 
by  3  for  the  pocket  1.00 

Japanese  Self-Taught,  by  {he  Author  of  Kelly 

&  Walsh's  Handbook 3.00 

An  Introductory  Course  in  Japanese,  Col 
loquial  and  Written,  by  Clay  JVIacCauley  3.00 

Chinese  Characters  for  the  use  of  Students  of 
Japanese,  by  Arthur  Hyde  Lay,  (3rd 
edition) " 5.00 

Grammar  of  the  Japanese  Written  Language, 

by  W.  G.  Aston 6.75 

Grammaire  Japonaise  Languc  Parlee,  par 

Cyprien  Balet  "" 4.00 

Kuaiwa  Hen  Vingt-cinq  Exercices.   (2  vols.)...        2.00 

Caracterse  Ideographiques.  Dictionnaire  et 

Methode  d'Etude,  par  G.  Bourgois 7.00 

Primitive  and  Mediaeval  Japanese  Texts,  by 

F.  V.  Dickins.  (2  vols.)  15.00 

Inouye's  Japanese-English  Dictionary     1.60 

An  Unabridged  Japanese-English  Dictionary 
by  Capt.  Brinkley,  F.  Nanjo  and  Y. 
Ivvazaki...  3.50 


KELLY  &  WALSH,  LTD., 

No.  60,  Main  Street,  Yokohama. 


KELLY  &  WALSH'S 

LIST  OF 
BOOKS  FOR  THE  STUDY  OF  THE  JAPANESE  LANGUAGE. 


The  Elements  of  "  Sosho,"  cloth 

The  Elements  of  "  S™Jio  »  T 


5.00 


m 


HBH