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JAPANESE SELF-TAUGHT & GRAMMAR
(IN TWO BOOKS.)
Book I.— JAPANESE SELF-TAUGHT.
Containing The Syllabary ; Classified Vocabularies
and Conversations; Travel Talk; Hotel, Meals,
Shopping ; Commercial and Trading Terms and
Phrases Army and Navy ; Religion ; Money,
Weights and Measures, &c, &c.
Book II.— JAPANESE GRAMMAR SELF-TAUGHT.
Part I. — Grammar and Syntax. The Syllabary. Pro-
nunciation. Accent. Parts of Speech. Honorific
and Humble Forms of Speech. Conversational
Sentences and Japanese Proverbs for Analysis.
Extracts from Japanese Authors with Literal
Translation. Japanese Characters with Roman
Equivalents and Rules for Transliteration.
Part II. — Exercises, (a) Exercises for Translation with
Key. (b) Reading Exercises with Interlined Pro-
nunciation, Notes and Translation, (c) Additional
Extracts with Translation.
Part III. — Vocabularies (alphabetical). English-Japanese,
Japanese-English. Money, Weights and Measures.
MARLBOROUGH'S SELF-TAUGHT SERIES-NO. 17. JAPANESE.
Japanese Self-Taught
(THIMM'S SYSTEM, IN ROMAN CHARACTERS)
WITH ENGLISH
PHONETIC PRONUNCIATION.
containing
The Syllabary; Classified Vocabularies and
Conversations ;
Travel Talk, Trade and Commerce,
Army and Navy, Religion,
Post-office and Correspondence; The Numerals;
Money, Weights & Measures, &c., &c.
EDITED BY
W. J. S. SHAND,
Director, School of Japanese Language and Literature,
Birkbeck Barik Chambers, London.
London :
E. MARLBOROUGH & Co., 51, Old Bailey, E.C
1907.
[all rights reserved.]
IMPORTANT NOTICE.
The student should bear in mind that the construc-
tion of Japanese sentences is entirely different from that
of English, and that consequently, whilst the Japanese
sentences in this book express the same meaning as the
English, they are in the Japanese form and must not be
regarded as a literal translation. (See " Syntax" in
Japanese Grammar Self-Taught.)
London: Mablbobough, Pewtress & Co., 52, Old Bailey, E.G.
PREFACE.
'THE particular aim of this book is to meet the need of
-*■ those who require to make use of the spoken language
without the usual expenditure of time and effort necessary to
acquiring the grammar. It therefore supplies the words in
common every-day use, classified according to subject, including
extensive vocabularies for the Army and Navy, Trade and
Commerce, Missionary enterprise, Travel, &c, &c, together
with a large number of colloquial phrases and sentences of a
practical character, similarly classified. Throughout these
sections the pronunciation of the Japanese words is added in
accordance with Marlborough's well-known system of phonetics,
a system which by its simplicity enables anyone speaking
English to read off the words at a glance, although previously
unacquainted with the language. The student will of course do
well to avail himself as far as possible of the services of a
competent instructor in order to perfect his pronunciation, etc.;
on the other hand, teachers will find in this book a useful
supplement to their oral instruction.
The Publishers have had the valuable assistance, as
Editor, of Mr. W. J. S. Shand, who was for twenty-seven
years resident in Japan, and has had four years' experience
as Director of the School of Japanese Language and Litera-
ture in London.
For the native characters — the syllabaries — and the rules
of transliteration, the student is referred to "Japanese Grammar
Self-Taught " (Marlborough's Self-Taught Series, No. 18), of
which this volume is the complement, the two works forming
a very comprehensive and useful manual of the Japanese
language for students, naval and military officers and public
servants, commercial men and traders, missionaries, travellers
and tourists.
London, 1907.
CONTENTS
PAGE
The Syllabary and Pronunciation 6
Peculiarities of the Syllabary ... ... ... ... ... 10
The Tonic Accent 10
^Preliminary Notes 11
Vocabularies. — Pages 13 to 71.
Animals, Vegetables, etc. : —
Animals, Birds and Pishes 15
Fruits, Trees, Flowers and Vegetables 17
Insects and Reptiles 16
Army and Navy ... ... ... ... ... 46
Colours 18
Commerce (Trade and) 38
Correspondence ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 45
Countries and Nations 34
Furniture (House and) 28
House and Furniture ... ... ... ... ... ... 28
Mankind: Relations 21
Body (The Human) 22
Cooking and Eating Utensils 25
Dress and Dressing ... ... ... ... ... ... 26
Food and Drink 24
Health 23
Washing List 27
Navy (Army and) 46
Numbers — Cardinal, Auxiliary, Ordinal, Collective and
Fractional " 55 to 58
Parts of Speech 58 to 71
Adjectives 58
Adverbs, Particles, Conjunctions, Pronouns, etc 69
Verbs 63
Post-office, Telegraph and Telephone 45
Professions, Trades, etc 33
Religion 30
Ships and Shipping 37
Telegraph (Post-office, — , and Telephone) 45
Telephone (Post-office, Telegraph and) 45
CONTENTS.
Times and Seasons
Town and Country
Trade and Commerce
Travelling
World and its Elements,
Land and Water
Minerals rnd Metals
The
Conversational Phrases and Sentences. — Pages 72 to 100.
Commercial and Trading
Conveyances, Hiring
Correspondence
Enquiries ...
Expressions and Phrases (Useful and Necessary Idiomatic)
Expressions of Emotion^- •••
Health
In Town: Visiting ...
Introductions ...
Money (Changing)
Post-office, The
Shopping ...
Telegrams
Time, The
Trading (Commercial and)
Travelling.— Pages 81 to 92.
Arrival ... ... ... ...
Hotel, The
Meals
By Railway
By Road: Hiring Conveyances
By Steamboat
Useful and Necessary Expressions and Phrases
Visiting
Weather, The
Money : Equivalent Values — Japanese, English, American
Weights and Measures
Postage
PAGE
18
20
JAPANESE SELF-TAUGHT.
THE SYLLABARY AND PRONUNCIATION.
The Japanese language has no " alphabet "as we understand
the word. The characters which may be said to correspond
with the English alphabet stand for syllables — that is, the vowels
and the combinations of the vowels and consonants which are
employed in the construction of words.
These characters constitute the Syllabary, which therefore
consists of (a) Vowel syllabics (syllables), and (b) Consonant
syllabics.
(a) The Vowel syllabics represent the simple vowel sounds,
a, i, u, e, o.
(b) The Consonant syllabics stand for the syllables which
consist in each case of a consonant and a vowel
joined together, as ka, ki, ku, ke, ko.
These syllabics together form what is termed the " Go-jiu-on,"
i.e., the Fifty Sounds. As, however, some of the consonantal
sounds have softened forms, and final n is separately repre-
sented, the number of syllables actually employed is greater.
The following table gives a convenient arrangement of the
syllabary, the softened forms being printed in italics. (For the
syllabaries in the native character see Japanese Grammar Self-
Taught — No. 18 of this series — pages 96, 97)
THE SYLLABARY.
Vowel Syllables.
a
i
u
e
0
Consonant Syllables.
ka
ga
ki
9*
ku
gu
ke
0e
ko
go
sa
za
shi
ji
su
zu
se
ze
so
zo
ta
da
chi
J*
tsu
dzu
te
de
to
do
na
ni
nu
ne
no
ha
ba
pa
hi
bi
pi
fu
bu
pu
he
be
pe
ho
bo
po
ma
mi
mu
me
mo
ya
i
yu
ye
yo
ra
ri
ru
re
ro
wa
i
u
ye
wo
By learning the nine consonants k, s, t, n, h, m, y, r, and
w, together with the five consonantal softenings g, z, d, b,
and p, the Syllabary is readily committed to memory.
H
PRONUNCIATION.
The Vowels.
Characters. Pronunciation. Phonetic signs.
a approximately as a in father ... ... ... ah
a „ a „ father, but shorter ... ... ah
I {or ii) „ i ,, machine ... ... ... e«
i „ i „ machine, but shorter ... ee
In some words 1/ is substituted for i, and in a few others i is
pronounced like yi (yee).
1 is almost silent; merely a suspicion of a vowel
sound is noticeable ... ... ... ... ', (ee)
u approximately as 00 in food ... ... ... ... 00
u ,, 00 ,, foot ... ... ... ... 00
u like 1 is almost silent '>(00)
e approximately as a ,, date... ... ... ... eA
e „ e „ bed ... ... ... ... e, eh
o ,, 0 ,, sortf .. ... ... ... oh
o „ 0 ,, joofo ... ... ... ... oh
[For remarks on the long and short vowels, see Preliminary
Notes, pars. 1-2, pp. 11-12.]
The Consonants.
D, d — is merely the softened form of t, and is pronounced
in a similar manner ... ... ... ... d
F, f — In pronouncing /, the lower lip does not quite
come in contact with the upper teeth, but remains
at about the same distance from them as in pro-
nouncing wh in the word when ... ... ... f
G, g — at the beginning of a word, hard — like g in the
English go ... g, gh
In all other positions like ng in sing ... ... ng
H, h — aspirated as in English ... ... ... ... h
In Mtotsu, hi is pronounced like shl.
R, r — In the syllabic ri pronounced somewhat like the
English d ; i.e., in its articulation the tip of the
tongue touches the roof of the mouth at the same
point as in pronouncing r, but substituting the d
sound ... ... ... ... ... ... r
In the other syllabics r more resembles the Eng-
lish r, but in none of them is the trill so decided
as in, say, Scotch, French, or German r
S, s — always sibilant, as in so, sat ... ... ... s
T, t — as in Italian ; that is, the tip of the tongue is
brought into contact with the upper teeth, instead
of touching the front part of the roof of the mouth t
Y, y — In the syllable ye the y is mute in most words, and
is sometimes omitted in the Roman character;
otherwise as in English ... ... ... ... y
In some words y is used as a vowel in place of i ee
Z, z — like a soft dz in su-zu and tsu-zu ... ... dz
In the syllabics za, ze, zo, as in English ... ... z
The consonants I, q, v, and x are entirely absent from the
Japanese syllabary. Even an educated Japanese, in speaking
English, is apt to substitute r for I ; q and x are of course
unnecessary in the presence of k and s; and the nearest
approach in Japanese to the English v is probably fu.
C occurs only united with h, in the syllable chi ; / only infu ;
j only in the syllable ji, which takes the place of zi and di ;
and iv occurs only in wa and wo. After k or g, w is not sounded
except as a provincialism.
The remaining consonants b, k, m, n, p, have approximately
the same sounds as in English, and are therefore allowed to
represent their own sounds respectively.
Vowel Combinations.
In the vowel combinations each letter is separately and
distinctly sounded ; thus,
ai = a + i, and is pronounced "ah'ee," like the
English /, or y in thy i, ah'ee
au = a + u, pronounced "ah'oo" or "ow,"like ow in now ow
ae = a + e, ,, "ah'eh" ah'eh
ao = a + o, ,, "ah'oh" ah'oh
ui = u + i, ,, "oo'ee" oo'ee
ei = e + i, ,, "eh'ee," like ay in day, or
ai in wait ... ... ... ... ... ... ay
oi = o + i, pronounced "oh'ee," like oy in joy, or
oi in boil ... ... ... ... ... ••• oy
10
PECULIARITIES OF THE SYLLABARY.
THE TONIC ACCENT.
The Syllabary. — A reference to the Syllabary on page 7, or
better still to the Syllabaries in the native characters," discloses
three peculiarities, viz.,
(1) The consonant syllables are composed in each case of a
consonant and vowel sound combined — consonant first and
vowel following — for every syllable is supposed to end with a
vowel and usually does so ; as in nani (nah'nee), kata (kah'tah),
donata (doh-nah'tah), gozarimasii} (goh-zah-ree-mah's'). The
principal exceptions are foreign words, contractions, and words
ending in n, as ban, ken, etc.
(2) There are certain variations from the regular consonants ;
e.g., shi is found instead of si, chi instead of ti, fit instead of
hu, &c, This is owing to the fact that the Japanese are unable
to pronounce the sounds which are displaced.
(3) The consonants k, s, t, and h have softened forms. These
are to be regarded merely as modifications of the hard conso-
nants, and not as different ones. The modification is indicated
in the native character by adding a diacritic sign to the hard
consonant symbol ; thus, ko accompanied by the sign is read goy
tsu with the sign is read dzu, &c.
Accent. — The accentuation of Japanese words is much less
prominent than that of English. Quickened, or silenced, vowel
sounds frequently render prominent the other portions of the
word, but, as a general rule, the stress is laid about equally on
each syllable. The sound of the word gozarimasu, for example,
is almost evenly emphasized — go-za-ri-ma-sii (goh-zah-ree-mah's'),
the terminal u being nearly inaudible, and the syllable ma
receiving but a very slight accent, the emphasis over and above
the stress laid on the other three syllables being barely
perceptible.
(a) In words of two syllables the accent is, as a rule, on the
first syllable, as hiro (hee'roh), tsuru (tsoo'roo).
Exceptions. — When the vowel sound of the first syllable is
short i or a, slilka (sh'kah'), tsuki (ts'kee'), hiro (hee-
voh'), musil (moo-soo').
* Japanese Grammar Self-Tauglit, pp. 96, 97. t In Tokyo, gozaimasu.
• 11
(h) In words of three syllable* the accent is, as a rule, on the
second syllable, as arashi (ah-rah'shee), motomu (moh-toh'm').
Exception. — When the second syllable is short, as I or it,
the first syllable bears the accent, unless the final
syllable has a double (long) vowel sound ; in which case
the primary accent is laid on the last syllable, and
a second (subordinate) accent on the first, as taira
[tah'(ee)rah], atsuku (ah'ts'koo) ; chikusho (chee-k'-
shoh'), bokiito (boh-k'to/t').
(c) In 'polysyllables the accent is on the last syllable but one, as
Hakodate (hah-koh-dah'teh), Yokohama (yoh-koh-hah'mah).
Exception. — If the last syllable but one contains I or u,
the accent is thrown back upon the preceding syllable,
as Shimotsuke (shee-moh'ts'keh).
In all words accent goes to long syllables, and whenever two
such long syllables come together they are pronounced with
equal stress. Examples : Aimasho (t'-mah-sho/i'), hobo (ho/i-bo/i),
shoso (shoh-soh).
PRELIMINARY NOTES.
In order to make the best progress in acquiring the words and
sentences in the following pages, the student is recommended
to learn a few at a time by repeating them aloud with the aid
of the phonetic pronunciation in the third column. Those who
have studied Japanese Grammar Self-Taught (No. 18 of this
series) will find the conversational phrases and sentences very
useful matter for exercise in writing as well as in speaking
Japanese.
Pronunciation. — Although the system of phonetics may
seem a little cumbersome at first, practice will soon enable the
student to pronounce the words easily and naturally. The
following hints may be of service : —
(1) The pronunciation, as explained on pp. 8-11, should be
carefully studied, and the fact particularly noted that the Japa-
nese vowels always have the same quality or kind of sound,
although they vary in length ; they are not used to represent
12
quite different sounds like the English vowels (as for example
the vowel a in the words mar, make, man, many, woman) ; they
should be pronounced very short, i.e., they should not be dwelt
upon, except where specially marked long (a, i. u, e, 5), and
when double, aa, ii, uu.
Note that in the phonetic columns in the following pages
attention is drawn to the long and double vowels by printing
their phonetic equivalents in Italics, thus : ah, ee, oo, eh, oh.
(2) The very short vowels I and u have little more effect than
that of causing the preceding consonant to be held out to enable
the following one to be joined on to it ; thus, shlki (sh'kee).
These almost inaudible vowels are represented, it will be
noticed, either by an apostrophe merely, or by the phonetic
sign in brackets, according to convenience ; e.g., tetsu (teh'ts'),
Aim a [(oo)m-mah'] .
In other cases where alternative phonetic signs are em-
ployed, their respective uses depend on the question as to
which will the better conduce to correct pronunciation.
(3) Bear in mind that i (italic) always represents the diph-
thong ah-ee — i.e., the sound of "i" in line, tile, etc., or the
pronoun "I."
(4) Each syllable in Japanese should be distinctly sounded, so
that where two consonants meet (except in ch, ts, and dz) they
must be pronounced separately ; thus, onna = ohn'nah, katta =
kaht'tah.
(5) The tonic accent should be very slight, and allowed to fall
naturally. Its incidence is shown by a dash ('), as in kiri
(kee'ree) ; where no syllable is thus marked the stress is evenly
distributed.
(6) The student should omit no opportunity of correcting and
perfecting his pronunciation by hearing the language spoken by
a native of Tokyo by preference, or by a foreign expert.
Those who desire to become acquainted with the language in
its own character, as an introduction to Japanese literature, will
find the native syllabaries, together with the rules of trans-
literation and illustrative examples, in Japanese Grammar Self-
Taught, pp. 96-102.
VOCABULARIES.
1.
The World and its Elements.
(Chikyu to sono yenso.)
English.
Japanese (romanzed).
Pronunciation.
Air
kuki
koo'kee
cloud
kumo
koo'moh
cold
samusa
sah-moo'sah
darkness
kura-yari
koo'rah-ngah'ree
earth
tsilchi
ts(oo)chee'
East
hi(/ashl
hee-ngah'shee
fire
hi
hee
fog
kiri
kee'ree
frost
shimo
shee'moh
hail
arare
ah-rah'reh
heat
danki
dahn'kee
light
hikari
heekah'ree
lightning
inabikari
eenahbeekah'ree
moon
tsitkl
tsoo'kee
North
kita
kee'tah
rainbow
niji
nee'jee
shade
kage
kah'ngeh
sky
sora
soh'rah
South
m in ami
meenah'mee
stars
hoshi
hoh'shee
storm
arashi
ahrah'shee
sun
hi, taiyo
hee, ti-yoh'
thaw
yuki-doke
yoo'kee-doh'keh
thunder
kaminari
kahmeenah'ree
weather
yoki, tenki
yoh'kee, ten'kee
West
nishi
nee'shee
wind
kaze
kah'zeh
2. Land and Water.
Bay wan
beach umibe, hamabe
cliff yoke
coast, shore kaiyan, lira
* For notes on Articles, Gendek, &c, see Japanese Grammar Self-Tanght
(Marlborough's Self-Taught Series, No. 18), pp. 16 and 17.
(Oka to mizu.)
wahn
oomee'beh, hahmah'beh
gah'keh
ki'ngahn, oorrah
14
English.
Japanese (romanized).
Pronunciation.
ice
kori
koti ree
island
shima
shee'mah
lake
kosui
kohsoo'ee
land
tochi, oka
toh'chee, oh'kah
mud
doro
doh'roh
rain
ame
ah'meh
river
kaiv a
kah'wah
rock
iwa
ee'wah
sea
umi
oo'mee
snow
yuki
yoo'kee
stream
nag are, ko-gawa
nah-ngah'reh, koh-ngah'-
tide
shiwo
shee'woh [wah
water
mizu
meedz '
waterfall
taki
tah'kee
wave
nami
nah'mee
world
sekai
seh-ki'
3. Minerals and Metals.
Brass
bronze
cement
clay
coal
concrete
copper
diamond
emerald
glass
gold
granite
iron
— , cast
— , wrought
lead
lime
marble
mercury
pearl
silver
slate
shinchu
kara-kane
semento
hena-tsuchi
se/citan
konkurito
akagane
kongoseki
emerado
gyaman
kin
mikage-ishi
tetsil
nabe.-gane
juku tetsil
namari
ishibai
roseki
sui-gin
shinju
gin
i sekihan
(Kuo-butHtL to kinzoku.)
sheenchoo'
kah'rah-kah'neh
seh-men'toh
heh-nah-ts'chee
seh'keetahn
kon-koo-ree-toh
ahkah-ngah'neh
koh-ngo/t-seh-kee
eh-meh-rah'doh
ghee -ah' m ahn
keen
meekah'ngeh-ee'shee
teh'ts'
nah'beh-ngah'neh
joo'koo teh'ts'
nahmah'ree
eesheeta''
ro/i'seh-kee
soo'ee-ngheen
sheen'joo
gheen
seh-kee'bahn
15
English.
Japanese (romanized).
Pronunciation.
steel
hagane
hah-ngah'neh
stone
ishi
ee'shee
tin
8UZU
soo'dzoo
zinc
totan
toh'tahn
4. Animals, Birds, and Fishes.
(Dobutsu, . tori, sakana,)
Animal-
kemono
keh-moh'noh
barking
hoeru
hoh-eh'roo
bear
Imma
koo'mah
bird
tori
toh'ree
blackbird
hiyodoH
hee-yoh-doh'ree
bull
o-ushi
oh-oo'shee
calf
fco-ushi
koh-oo'shee
cat
neko
neh'koh
cattle
usld-nii
oo' shee-roo'ee
chicken
hiyokko
hee-yohk'koh
cock
on-dori
ohn-doh'ree
cod
tara
tah'rah
cow
me-ushi
meh-oo'shee
crab
kani
kah'nee
dog
inu
ee'noo
donkey
roba
roh'bah
duck
ahiru
ah-hee'roo
eagle
waxhi
wah'shee
eel
unagi
oonah'nghee
fish
sakana, uwo
sah-kah'nah, oo'woh
fox
kitsune
keetsoo'neh
goat
hitsuji
heetsoo'jee
goose
gacho
gah-choA'
grouse
uezo-raicho
yeh'zoh-ri-choA'
hair
ke
keh
hen
mendori
men-doh'ree
herd
ushi
oo'shee
herring
nishin
nee'sheen
hoof
hizume, tsume
heedzoo'meh, tsoo'meh
horse
iima
'm-mah'
lamb
kohitsuji
koh-hee-tsoo'jee
lark (Jap.)
hibari
hee-bah'ree
lion
shishi
shee'shee
lobster
kuruma-ebi
kooroo'mah-eh'bee
16
English.
Japanese (romanized).
Pronunciation.
monkey
saru
sah'roo
mouse
hatsuka-nezumi
hah'ts' kah-neh-dzoo'mee
mule
usagi-uma
oo-sah'nghee-'m-mah'
owl
fukuro
fookooroA'
ox
IHnkiri-ushi
keen-kee'ree-oo'shee
oysters
kaki
kah'kee
parrot
omu
o/i'moo
partridge
shako
shah'koh
pheasant
kiji
kee'jee
Pig
but a
boo' tah
pike (sea-)
kamasu
kahmah'soo
rat
nezumi
neh-dzoo'mee
salmon
shake
shah'keh
sea-fish
umi-uwo
oo'mee-oo'woh
seal
azarashi
ah-zahrah'shee
sheep
hiisuji
hee-tsoo'jee
snipe
shigi
shee'nghee
sole
shita-birame
sh'tah-bee-rah'meh
sparrow (tree-)
suzume
soodzoo'meh
swallow-
tsubakuro, tsubame
tsoobahkoo'roh ,tsoobah ' -
swan
hakucho
hah-koo-choft' [meh
tiger
tora
toh 'rah
trout
yamame
yahmah'meh
turbot
ishigarei
eeshee-ngah-ray'
turkey
sMchi-men-cho
sh'chee-men-cbo/i
turtle
shogakubo
sho/t-ngah-koobo/t
whale
kujira
koo-jee'rah
5. Insects
Ant
bee
beetle
butterfly
caterpillar
fly
frog
gnat
insect
lizard
mosquito
and Reptiles. (Mushi; ha-ko-dobutsu.)
[mushi
an
hachi
tama-mushi, kabuto
chocho
kemushi, sanagi
hai
kaeru
buyu
mushi
tokage
ka
ah'ree
hah'chee
tah'mah- (or kahbooWt-)
chohchoh
keh-moo'shee,
hi
kah'eh-roo
boo'yoo
moo'shee
tohkah'ngeh
kah
[moo'shee
sah-nah'
[nghee
17
English.
Japanese (romanized).
Pronunciation.
silkworm
kaiko
to'koh
snail
dede mushi
deh-deh-moo'shee
snake
hebi
heh'bee
spider
kumo
koo'moh
6. Trees, Fruits, Flowers, and Yegetables.
{Mizu-gewashi ; kudamono ; hana ; ao-mono yasai.)
(See Shopping, p. 10' J
Apple
ringo
reen'-ngoh
apricot
anzu
ahn'dzoo
ash
toneriko
tohnehree'koh
asparagus
udo
oo'doh
beans
mame
mab'meh
beech -tree
buna
boo'nah
beetroot
aka-daikon
ah'kah-d^'kohn
birch
kaba-no-ki
kah'bah-noh-kee
cabbage
kabeji
kah-beh-jee
carrot
ninjin
neen'jeen
cauliflower
hana-kabeji
hah'nah-kah-beh-jee
celery
screri
seh-reh-ree
cherry (eating)
sakurambo
sahkoorahm'boh
cucumber
kyiiri
kee-oo'ree
figs
ichijiku
eecheejee'koo
fir-tree
momi
moh'mee
grapes
budo
boodo/t/
leaf
ha
hah
lemon
yuzu
yoo'dzoo
lettuce
retasu
reh-tah's'
lily
yuri
yoo'ree
lime
raimu
ri' -moo
melon
uri, makuiva-wi
oo'ree, mah-koo'wah-oo'-
nut
mi
mee [ree
oak-tree
kashi
kah'shee
peach
momo
moh'moh
pear
nashi
nah'shee
peas (green)
endo-mame
en'doh-mah'meh
pine (tree)
matsu-no-ki
mah'ts'-noh-kee
pineapple
ananasu
ah-nah-nah-s'
plum
sumomo
soomoh'moh
potatoes
jaga-imo
jah'ngah-ee'moh
Japanese S.-T.
c
18
English
Japanese (romanized).
Pronunciation.
rose
bara
bah 'rah
spinach
horenso
hohvensoh
strawberry
oranda-ichigo
ohrahn'dah-eechee'ngoh
tomato
aka-nasu
ah'kah-nah' soo
tree, wood
ki
kee
tulip
ukkonko
ook-kohn'koh
turnip
kabu
kah'boo
vine (grape)
budo-zuru
boodo/i' -dzoo'roo
violet
sumiresd
soo-mee-reh-so/t'
walnut
kurumi
kooroo'mee
7. Colours. (1
ro.)
Black
kuroi
kooroy'
blue
asagi-iro
ah-sah'nghee-ee'roh
brown
tobi-iro
toh'bee-ee'roh
crimson
sho-jo-hi
shoh-joh-hee
dark
koi
koy
green
aoi, midori-iro
ah-oy, meedoh'ree-ee'roh
grey
nedzumi-iro
neh-dzoo'mee-ee'roh
light (pale)
USUI
oo-soo'ee
pink
toki-iro
toh'kee-ee'roh
purple
murasaki-iro
moorahsah'kee-ee'roh
red
akai, aka-iro
ah-ki, ahkah-ee'roh
scarlet
hi-iro
hee-ee'roh
violet
kikyo-iro
kee-k(ee)yo/i'-ee'roh
white
shiroi, shiro-iro
shee-roy, shee'roh-ee'roh
yellow
ki-iro, kii-roi
kee-ee'roh, k^-roy'
8. Time
s and Seasons.
Jikoku, Jisetsu.)
(For Conversations see pa
ge 9,3.)
Afternoon
hiru-sitgi
hee'roo-soo'nghee
Christmas
kurisumam
koo-ree-soo-mah-soo
dawn
ake-gata
ah'keh-ngah'tah
day
hi
hee
days of the week
shil-kan no hi
shoo-kahn hoh hee
Sunday
nichiyobi
nee'chee-yo/t'bee
Monday
getsuyobi
geh-tsoo-yoA'bee
Tuesday
kwayobi
k(w)ah-yoA'bee
Wednesday
suiyobi
soo-ee-yo/i'bee
Thursday
mokuyobi
moh-koo-yoA'bee
19
English.
Japanese (romanized).
Pronunciation.
Friday-
kiu-yobi
keen-yo/t'bee
Saturday
doyobi
doh-yo/i'bee
day-time
hiru
hee'roo
Easter
iisuta
ee'-soo-tah
evening
yugata, ban
yoo'ngah-tah, balm
every day
m ami eld
rm'-nee'chee
fortnight
ni-shu-kan
nee-shoo-kahn
Good-Friday
gu-furaide
goo-foo-ri'deh
holiday
sai-jitsu
s?'-jee'tsoo
hour
ichi-jikan
ee-chee-jee'kahn
— , half-an-
han-jikan
hahn-jee'kahn
mid day, noon
hiru
hee'roo
midnight
yonaka
yoh-nah'kah
minute
ip-pun
eep-poon
month
Mto-tsK Id
sh'toh-tsoo'kee
months (the)
tsuki
tsoo'kee
January
sho-gwatsu
sho/i-ng(w)ah'tsoo
February
ni-gwatsu
nee-ng(w)ah'tsoo
March
san-gwatsu
sahn-ng(w)ah'tsoo
April
shi-gwatsu
shee-ng(w)ah'tsoo
May
go-gwatsu
goh-ng(w)ah'tsoo
June
roku-gicatsu
roh'koo-ng(w)ah' tsoo
July
slurhl-gicatsu
sh(ee)chee'ng(w)ah'tsoo
August
hac/d-gwatsu
hah'chee-ng(\v)ah'tsoo
September
k21-gwat.su
koo-ng(w)ah'tsoo
October
jil-gicatsu
joo-ng(w)ah'tsoo
November
ju-icld-gwaUu
joo-ee'chee-ng(w)ah'tsoo
December
jil ni-gwaUn
}oo nee-ng(w)ah'tsoo
morning
asa
ah'sah
night
ban, yoru
babn, yoh'roo
quarter (3 months)
sanga-getsa
sahn'ngah-geh'tsoo
seasons, the four
shi-ki
shee-kee
Spring
haru
hah'roo
Summer
natsil
nah'ts'
Autumn
aki
ah'kee
Winter
fuyu
foo'yoo
second
kata-toki ■
kah'tah-toh'kee
sunrise
Id-no -de
hee-noh-deh
sunset
Id-no-irl
hee-noh-ee'ree
iime
tnki
toh'kee
c*
20
English.
Japanese (romanized).
Pronunciation.
to-day
konnichi, kyo*
kohn-nee'chee, kee-oh'
to-morrow
myonichi, ashita*
mee-oh-nee'chee, ah'-
sh'tah
— morning
asMta no asa
ahsh'tah noh ah'sah
to-night
komban, kon-ya
kohm'bahn, kohn-yah
twilight
kure-gata
koo'reh-ngah'tah
week
isshukan
ees-shoo'kahn
year
toshi
toh'shee
yearly
mai-nen
mi-nen
yesterday
kino, sakujitsu\
keeno/i', sah-koo-jee'tsoo
9.
Town and Country. (Machi to inaka.)
(For Conversations see page 9S.)
Bridge
hashi
hah'shee
building (edifice)
tatemono
tahteh-moh'noh
bush
kusamura
koosah-moo'rah
country
inaka
eenah'kah
ditch
hori, dobu
hoh'ree, doh'boo
farm
hata, denji
hah'tah, den'jee
fence
kaki
kah'kee
field
hatake
hahtah'keh
foot-path
ko-michi
koh-mee'chee
forest
mori
moh'ree
gate
mon
mohn
grass
shiba
shee'bah
hay
magma
mah-ngoo'sah
hut
koya
koh'yah [doh'yah
inn
hatago-ya, yadoya
hah-tah'ngoh-yah, yah-
lane
hoso-michi
hoh'soh-mee'chee
market
ichi
ee'chee
meadow
maki-ba
mah'kee-bah
mile
ichi-mairu
ee'chee-mi'roo
mill-wheel
mizu-guruma
mee'dzoo-ngooroo'mah
monument
kinen-pi
kee'nen-pee
palace
kyujo, goten
kee-oojoh, goh'ten
police-station
keisatsil-jo
kaysah'ts'-joh
prison
kangoku
kahn-ngoh'koo
river
kawa
kah'wah
road
vi ichi
mee'chee
* Less
polite.
' More polite.
21
English.
Japanese (roraanized).
Pronunciation.
school
gakko
gahk-ko7t'
shepherd
hiUuji-kai
hee-tsoo'jee-k*
shop
mise
mee'seh
street
tori, machi
toh'ree, mah'chee
town
tokai, machi
toh-ki', mah'chee
valley
tani
tah'nee
village
mura
moo'rah
well, a
ido
ee'doh
wood, a
mori
moh'ree
10. Manki
nd: Relations. (
Ningen : Shinrui.)
Aunt
oba
oh'bah
boy
musilko
moo's'koh
brother
kyo-dai
kee-oh'-dii
brother-in-law
ko-ju-to
koh-joo-toh
child
ko, kodomo
koh, koh-doh'moh
cousin
itoko
ee-toh'koh
daughter
musume
moo's'meh
daughfcer-in-law
nchi no yome
oo'chee noh yoh'meh
family
iye
ee'yeh
father
chichi
chee'chee
father-in-law
shuto
shoo'toh
girl
musume
moo's'meh
granddaughter
mago-musilme
mah'ngoh-moo's'meh
grandfather
ojii-san
oh-jee'sahn
grandmother
obd-san
oh-b^/i'sahn
grandson
mago
mah'ngoh
husband
otto
oht'toh
man
otoko
oh-toh'koh
marriage
kekkon
kek'kohn
mother
ha-ha
hah-hah
mother-in-law
shuto -me
shoo'toh-meh
nephew
oi
oy
niece
me
meh
parents
oya, ryo-shin
oh'yah, vyoh' -sheen
relations
shinrui
sheen-roo'ee
sister (elder)
arte
ah'neh
— (younger)
imoto
ee-mo/i/toh
sister-in-law
kojyutome
koh-jee-oo'toh-meh
son
musuko
moo's'koh
English.
Japanese (romanized).
Pronunciation.
son-in-law
muko
moo'koh
uncle
oji
oh'jee
widow
goke
goh'keh
widower
y anionic
yah-moh'meh
wife
nyobo
nee-o/i'boh
woman
onna
ohn'nah
11. The Human Body. (Jintai; karada.)
(See Conversations on Health, page 94.)
Ankle
ashi-kubi
ah'shee-koo'bee
arm
ude
oo'deh
back
senaka
seh-nah'kah
beard
hige
hee'ngeh
body
karada
kahrah'dah
bones
hone
hoh'neh
bowels
harawata
hahrahwah'tah
brain
no
noh
breast, chest
mune
moo'neh
chin
ago ^
ah'ngoh
ear (external)
mimi
mee'mee
elbow
hiji
hee'jee
eye
me
meh
face
kao
kah'oh
fingers
yubi
yoo'bee
foot
ashi
ah'shee
hair
atama-no-ke
ah-tah'mah-noh-keh
hand
te
teh
head
atama
ah-tah'mah
heart
shin-no -zo
sheen-noh-zoh
knee
hiza
hee'zah
leg
ashi
ah'shee
limbs
te-ashi
teh-ah'shee
lips
kuchi-biru
koo'chee-bee'roo
liver
kim,o, kan-no-zo
kee'moh, kahn-noh-zo/*
lungs
hai-no-zo
hi-noh-zoh
moustache
uvea hige
oo'wah hee'ngeh
mouth
kuchi
koo'chee
neck
kubi
koo'bee
nose
hana
hah'nah
shoulders
kata
kah'tah
28
English.
Japanese (romanized).
Pronunciation.
side
ivaki
wah'kee
skin
kawa
kah'wah
stomach
i, i-bukuro
ee, ee-bookoo'roh
teeth
ha
hah
throat
nodo
noh'doh
thumb
oya-yubi
oh'yah-yoo'bee
toe
ashi-no-yubi
ah'shee-no-yoo'bee
tongue
sMta
sh(ee)tah'
wrist
te-kubi
teh-koo'bee
12.
Health. (Karada no ambai.)
(For Conversations see page 94.)
Ambulance
kega-nin gumma
keh-ngah-neen goo-roo'-
bandage
hotai
hoh'ti [mah
bite
kami-kizu
kali'mee-kee'dzoo
blind person (a)
mekura
meh-koo'rah
bruise
uchi-mi
oo'chee-mee
burn
yakedo
yahkeh'doh
chemist
yakuten
yah-koo'ten
chill
samuke
sahmoo'keh
— , to catch a
kaze wo hiku
kah'zeh woh hee'kco
contagion
densen
den 'sen
corns
kutstl-mame
koo'ts'-mah'meh
cough
seki
seh'kee
cure, to
naosu
nah'oh-s'
dentist
ha-isha
hah-ee'shah
diarrhoea
kudashi, geri
koo-dah'shee, gheh'ree
disease, illness
byd-ki, yamai
bee-oh'kee, yah-mi'
doctor
isha
ee'shah
doctor's fee
yakurei
yahkooray'
faint, to
kizetsil sum
kee-zeh'ts' soo'roo
fever
netsil
neh'ts'
fracture
dankotsil
dalm-koh'ts'
gout
tsu-fu
tsoo-ioo
headache
dzu-tsu
dzoo-tsoo
hospital
byoin
bee-oh'een
ill, sick [rary)
fu-kwai, byd-ki
foo-k(w)/, bee-o/t-kee
indigestion (tempo-
shoku- atari
shoh'koo-ah-tah'ree
— (chronic)
i-byo
ee-bee-oh'
inflammation
kinsho
keen-sho//
24
English.
Japanese (romanized).
Pronunciation.
medicine
kusuri
koosoo'ree
ointment
ko-yaku
koA-yah'koo
pain
itami
eetah'mee
pill
gwanyaku
gwahn-yah'koo
poison
doku-yaku
doh'koo-yah'koo
poultice
pappu
pahp'poo
prescription
shoho-gaki
shon-ho/t'-ngah'kee
scald
yakedo
yahkeh'doh
sea-sickness
fana-yoi
foo'nah-yoy
sore throat
nodo kataru
noh-doh kahtah'roo
sprain
kujiki
koojee'kee
tonic
kyoso-zai, ogin ai-
kee-oh-soh-zi, oh-nghee-
gusuri
m'ngoo-soo'ree
wound
keg a
keh'ngah
13. Food and Drink. (Shokumotsu to nomi mono)
(See also pages 15 to 18. For Conversations see pages 90—92.)
Bacon
shiwo-buta, beikon
shee'wo-bootah,bay'kohn
beef
ushi, gyii-niku
oo'shee, ghee-oo'-nee'koo
beef-steak
bifu-teki
bee'foo-teh'kee
beer, ale
biiru
b^'roo
bottle
tokkuri
tohk-koo'ree
bread
pan
pahn
— , brown
kuro-pan
koo'roh-pahn
breakfast
asa-han
ah'sah-hahn
butter
bat a
bah'tah
cake
kwashi
k(w)ah'shee
cheese
chiisu
ch^'soo
chocolate
chokoretsu
chohkohreh'ts'
cigar
shigaru
shee-ngah'roo
coffee
kohii
koh'hee
cream
kuriimu
koor^'moo
dinner
ya-shoku
yah-shoh'koo
eggs
tarn ago
tah-mah'ngoh
fat (meat)
shiromi
sheeroh'mee
flour
udonko
oodohn'koh
ham
hamu
hah'moo
jam
jami
jah'mee
lamb
ko-hitsuji
koh-hee-tsoo'jee
lean
akami
ah-kah'mee
25
English.
Japanese (romanized).
Pronunciation.
lemonade
ramune
rahmoo'neh
meat
niku
nee'koo
milk
ushi no chichi
oo'shee noh chee'chee
mustard
karashi
kahrak'shee
mutton
maten, hitsuji no
mah'ten, hee-tsoo'jee noh
oil
abura [niku
ahboo'rah [nee'koo
onion
negi
neh'nghee
pepper
kosho
koh-sho^'
pork
buta no niku
boo' tali noh nee'koo
pudding
pur in
poo'reen
rice (plant)
ine
ee'neh
— (grain)
kome
koh'meh
— (boiled)
meshi
meh'shee
salad
sarado
sahrah'doh
salt
shiwo
shee'woh
sausage
sash idzu
sah-shee'dzoo
soda-water
soda-midzil
so/t'dah-mee'dz'
soup
soppu
sohp'poo
sugar
sato
sahto/t'
supper
yumeshi, yuhan
yoo'meh-shee, yoo-hahn
tea
eh a
chah
tobacco
tabako
tahbah'koh
veal
ko-ushi no niku
koh-oo'shee noh nee'koo
vegetables
yasai-mono
yahs^ -moh'noh
vinegar
su
soo
water (drinking)
nomi-midzu
noh'mee-mee'dz'
wine
budoshu
boodo/t'shoo
14. Cooking
and Eating
Utensils. (Ilyori to dogu.)
(For Shopping
see page 1
01.)
Basin (slop-)
koboshi
kohboh'shee
coffee-pot
kohii yakan
koh'hee yah'kahn
cruet-stand
yakumi-tate
yahkoo'mee-tah'teh
cup
wan
wahn
dish
naya-sara
nah'ngah-sah'rah
fork
niku-sashi, hoko
nee'koo-sah'shee, hoh'-
glass (tumbler)
koppu
kohp'poo [koh
kettle
tetsubin
teh-tsoo'been
knife
hdclio, naifu
hoh'choh, m'foo
oven
sutobu
sootoh'boo
26
English.
Japanese (romanizcd).
Pronunciation.
plate
1
sara
sah'rah
saucepan, pot
nabe
nah'beh
saucer
uke-zara
oo'keh-zah-rah
serviette
kuchi-fuki
koo'chee-foo'kee
spoon
saji
sah'jee
— , table -
okii-saji
oh-k£<?'-sah'jee
— , tea-
cha-saji
chah-sah'jee
table-cloth
teburu-kake
teh-boo'roo-kah'keh
tea-pot
dobin
dohbeen'
tray
bon
bohn
wineglass
saka-dzuki
sah'kah-dzoo'kee
15. Dress and Dressing.
(Ifu ku nado.)
(See also Vocabulary 16, and Shopping, p. 101.)
Bracelet
udewa
oodeh'wah
braces
zubon-dzuri
dzoo'bohn-dzoo'ree
brooch
eri-dome
eh'ree-doh'meh
brush
burashi
boorah'sh'
button
botan
boh'tahn
button -hook
botan-kake
boh'tahn-kah'keh
calico
m.empu
mem'poo
cap
shapjm
shabp'poo
cloak, cape
kappa
kahp'pah [sh'
clothes-brush
kimono no barashi
keemoh'noh noli boorah'-
coat
kimono, kotto
keemoh'noh, koht-toh
comb
kushi
koo'shee
cotton
momen
moh'men
dress (lady's)
onna-no -kimono
ohn'nah-noh-keemoh'noh
dressing-gown
yukata
yoo-kah-tah
evening-dress
reifuku
ray-foo'koo
flannel
fUraneru
f'rah-neh'roo
flannelette
men-neru
men-neh'roo i
gaiters
kyahan
kee-ah'hahn
garters
tabi-dome
tah'bee-doh'meh
gloves
te-bukuro
teh-bookoofroh
hair-pin
kanzashi
kahn-zah'shee
hat
boshi
bo/i'shee
jewellery
kin-yin-zaiku
keen-ngheen-zi 'koo
lace
reisu
ray'soo
linen
rinneru
reen-neh'roo
27
English
Japanese (romanized).
Pronunciation.
muslin
kanreisha
kahn- ray 'shah
necktie
erikazari, nekitai
eh-reekah-zah'ree, neh-
needle
hari
hah'ree [kee-ti'
overcoat
gwaito
g(w)/'toh
parasol
hi-gasa
hee-ngah' sah
pins
tome-bari
toh'meh-bah'ree
pocket
kakushi
kah-koo'shee
purse
kane-ire, saifu
kah'neh-ee'reh, si'foo
rain-coat ; water-
ama-gappa
ah'mah -ngahp'pah
razor
[proof
kami -sori
kah'mee-soh'ree
ring
yubiica
yoobee'wah
scissors
ha sami
hahsah'mee
silk
kinu
kee'noo
skirt
SllSO
soo'soh
soap
shabon
shah'bohn
tooth-brush
haburashi
hah-boorah'shee
towel
tenugui
teh-noo-ngoo'ee
trousers
zubon
dzoo'bohn
umbrella
komori-gasa
Wt'mohree-gah'sah
— (Japanese)
kasa
kah'sah
watch
kwai - chiu-doke i
k(w)^-cheeoo'-doh-kay'
wool
rash a, ke
rah'shah, keh
16. Washing List. (Sentaku Kuchigaki.)
N.B. — To express " lady's," prefix
,, ,, " children's," ,,
„ "silk,"
,, ,, " woollen," ,,
" cotton,"
"fujin no " (foo'jeen noh).
" kodomo no" (kohdoh'moh noh).
"kinu no" (kee'noo noh).
"ke no" (keh noh).
" momen no" (moh'men noh).
Aprons, pinafores mae-kake, hiza-kake
bath-, dressing
blankets [gowns
bodices
caps
chemises
collars, linen
— , lace
coverlets
cuffs
drawers
yukata
furanketto
bojisu
shappo
onna jiban
kara
kara no reisu
nedai kake
kafusu
shita-momohiki
mah'eh- (or hee'zah-)
yoo'kah-tah [kah'keh
foorahnket'toh
boh-jee'soo
shahp'poh
ohn'nah jee'bahn
kah'rah
kah'rah noh ray'soo
neh-dt' kah'keh
kah-foo'soo
shee'tah-mohmohhee'kee
28
English.
Japanese (romanized).
Pronunciation.
dresses, gowns
onna no kimono
ohn'nah noh keemoh'noh
flannel waistcoats
j'uraneru no cJwkki
f rah-neh'roo noh chohk'-
kee [neh-kee-t*
neckties
eri-kazari, nekitai
eh'ree-kahzah'ree,
night-dresses
nemaki
neh-mah'kee
petticoats
onna no shita-gi
ohn'nah noh sheetah'ngee
pillow-cases
makura-bukuro
mahkoo'rah bookoo'roh
pocket-handker-
hanafuki, hankechi
hahnahfoo'kee, hahnkeh-
serviettes [chiefs
kuchi-fuki
koo'chee-foo'kee [chee
sheets
shiiUu
shots'
shirts [jarnas)
jiban
jee'bahn
sleeping- suits (py-
nemaki
neh-mah'kee
socks (pairs)
kutsu-shita
koo'tsoo-sh'tah
stockings „
naga-kutsa-shita
nah'ngah-kootsoo-sh'tah
table-cloths
teburu-kake
tehboo'roo-kah'keh
towels
tenugui
tehnoo-ngoo'ee
under-vests
shita -jiban.
sheetah'-jeebahn'
17. Hou
se and Furniture
(lye to Dog u.)
(See also
Vjca ulary 14, page 25, and Shopping, page 101.)
Arm-chair
hiji-kake-isu
hee'jee-kah' keh-ee'soo
basket
kago
kah'ngoh
bed
ne-clai
neh-di'
bedroom
ne-ma
neh-mah
bell
rin
reen
blind
mado-kake
mahdoh-kahkeh
book-case
honbako
hohnbah'koh
box
hako
hah'koh
broom
hoki
ho/t'kee
candle
rosoku
roh'soh-koo
candlestick
te-shoku
teh-shoh'koo
carpet
ju-tan, mosen
j oo -tahn, mo/i'sen
ceiling
tenjo
tenjo/i'
cellar
ana-gura
ah'nah-ngoo'rah
chair
isu
ee'soo
chest of drawers
tans u
tahn'soo
chimney
kemu-dashi
keh'moo-dah'shee
clock
tokei
toh-kay'
closet (w.c.)
benjo
ben 'j oh
coal
sekitan
seh-kee'tahn
29
English.
Japanese (romanized).
Pronunciation.
counterpane
ne-dai no uwa-kake
neh-d^' noh oo'wah-kah'-
cupboard
to-dana
toh-dah'nah [keh
curtains
maku, to bari
mah'koo, toh bah'ree
cushion
zabuton
zahboo' tohn
dining-hall
shoku-do
shoh'koo-doh
dining-room
shokujii no ma
shoh-koojtfe' noh mah
door
to
toh
drawing-room
kyaku no ma
kee-ah'koo noh mah
electric light
denki-to
den'kee-toh
fender
hiyoke
hee-yoh'keh
floor
yuka
yoo'kah
garden
niiva
nee'wah
grate (fire-)
stobu
stoh'boo
key
kagi
kah'nghee
kitchen
daidokoro
dz-dohkoh'roh
lamp
rampu
rahm'poo
larder
niku-beya
nee'koo-beh'yah
library
shosai
shoh-si'
light
akari
ah-kah'ree
lock
jomae
jo/t'mah-eh
looking-glass
kagami
kah-ngah'mee
matches
machi
mah'chee
passage
roka
ro/t'kah
piano
piyano
pee-yah'noh
pictui e
gaku
gah'koo
pillow
makura
mahkoo'rah
poker
hikaki
heekah'kee
roof
yane
yah'neh
room
heya, zashiki
heh'yah, zah-shee'kee
seat
seki, za
seh'kee, zah
sheets
uwa-shiki, shiitsii
oo'wah shee'kee, shots'
shovel
shabah
shah'bah
sideboard
tana
tah'nah
staircase
hashigodan
hah-shee-ngoh'dahn
stairs
hashigo
hah-shee'ngoh
table
teburu
teh-boo'roo
table-cloth
teburn hake
teh-boo'roo kah'keh
tiles
kawara
kahwah'rah
tongs
hi-basami
hee-bahsah'mee
verandah
engawa
en-ngah'wah
30
i
English.
Japanese (romanized).
Pronunciation.
wall
kabe
kah'beh
wardrobe
i-fiiku todana
ee-foo'koo tohdah'nah
window
mado
mah'doh
18. Religion. (SI
M-kyo.)
Almighty God
Zenno no kami
zenno/*/ noh kah'mee
altar
saidan
si'dahn
angel
ten-nin
ten-neen
apostle
apostoro
ah-pos-toh'roh
baptise, to
senrei ivo okonau
sen-ray' woh ohkoh-now'
baptism
senrei
sen-ray'
believe, to
shinko-suru
sheenko7i'-soo'roo
believer
shinja
sheen 'j ah
bible
seisho, baiburu
say'shoh, bi'boo-roo
Bible Society
seisho gwaisha
say'shoh g(w)£'shah
burial
so-rei
so A -ray
cemetery
haka-sho, bodai-sho
hah'kah-shoh, boh-di'-
^charity (love)
at
i [shoh
"Christian
kirisuto-shinja
keeree's'toh-sheen'jah
Christianity
kirisUto-kyo
keeree's'toh-kee-o/t
church (believers)
kyo-kivai
kee-oA'-k(w)*
clergyman
bozu, senkyo-shi
bo/t-dzoo, sen-koA-shee
Commandments,
jik-kai
jeek-ki
Communion [the
seisan-sHki
say-sahn-sh'kee
conscience
honshin
hohn- sheen
conversion
kaishin
ki'sheen
Creator, Maker
Zo-butsu-sha
dzoA/boots'-shah
Cross, the
jujika
joo'jeekah
death
shi
shee
devil
akuma
ahkoo'mah
divine
kami no
kah'mee noh
duty
gimu
ghee'moo
epistle
fumi
foo'mee
eternal, everlasting
ei-kyu, no
ay-kee-oo, noh [chee
eternal life
ei-kyil no inochi
ay-kee-oo noh ee-noh'-
evil (adj.)
warui, ashiki
wah-roo'ee, ah-shee'kee
evil (n.)
aku
ah'koo
faith
shinko
sheenko/i'
faithful (adj.)
makoto nam, shin-
mahkoh'toh nah'roo,
jitsu nam
sheen -jeet'soo nah'roo
31
English.
Japanese (romanized).
Pronunciation.
forgive, to
yurusu
yoo-roo'soo
forgiveness
yurushi, kamben
yoo-roo'shee, kahm'ben
glory
kayayaki
kah-ngah-yah'kee
God
Kami, TenshU
kah'mee, ten'sh'
goodness
zen-ji
zen-jee
gospel
fuku-in
foo'koo-een
grace
megumi
meh-ngoo'mee
happiness
kwairaku
k(w)i-rah'koo
heart
kokoro
kohkoh'roh
heaven
ten
ten
hell (Gehenna)
jigoku
jee-ngoh'koo
— (Hades)
yomiji
yoh-mee'jee
holiness
shinsei
sheensay'
holy spirit
seirei
say ray'
hope
nozomi
noh-zoh'mee
humility
kenson
ken'sohn
hymn
sambi-ka
sahm'bee-kah
hymn-book
sambi-ka bon
sahm'bee-kah bohn
immortality
eisei
aysay'
infinite
saigen nakl
si'nghen nah'kee
intercessor
kwankai
k(w)ahn-ki'
Jesus Christ
Yaso Kirisuto
yah'soh keeree's'toh
justice [ven
seiyi
say'nghee
Kingdom of Hea-
ten-koku
ten-koh'koo
Lamb of God
Kami no ko-hitsuji
kah'mee noh koh-hee-
life
inochi
eenoh'chee [tsoo'jee
Lord
Shu
shoo
Lord's Supper
Shu no ban-san
shoo noh bahn-sahn
love
iUukushimi
eetsookooshee'mee
lust
niku-yoku
nee'koo-yoh'koo
mass (Christian)
dai-ho-e
di-hoh-eh
— (Buddhist)
tsuizen
tsoo-ee-zen
mediator
kwankai
k(w)ahn-H
meekness
kenson
ken-sohn
mercy
megumi
meh-ngoo'mee
minister
kwaishi
k(w)i'shee [nghee
miracle
shimpen, fushiyi
sheem'pen, foo-shee'-
missionary
senkyo-shi
senkee-o//shee
morality
dotoku
do/i'tohkoo
mortal
shinu beki
shee'noo beh'kee
32
English.
Japanese (romanized).
Pronunciation.
New Testament
shin-yaku Zen-sho
sheen-yah'koo zen-shoh
obedience
shitagau-koto
sheetah'ngow-koh'toh
offertory
kenkin
ken-keen
Old Testament
kyiiyaku Zen-sho
kee-oo'yahkoo zen-shoh
parable
tatoe-banashi
tahtoh'eh-bah-nah' shee
pardon
yurnshi
yooroo'shee
peace
anraku
ahn-rah'koo
pity
awaremi
ahwahreh'mee
praise
homare
hohmah'rdh
prayer
inori
ee-noh'ree
priest
bozu
bo/i'dzoo
Protestant
shin-kyo-to
sheen-kee-o/i-toh
Protestantism
shinkyo
sheen-kee-o//
Providence
shin-sei
sheen-say
pulpit
kodan
ko/t'dahn
purity
keppaku
kep-pah'koo
reconciliation
yawaragi
yah-wah-rah'nghee
Redeemer
Kyii-sei-shu
kee-oo'-say-shoo
redemption
kyu-sei
kee-oo'-say
religion
shfikyo
shoo-kee-oh
repentance
ko-kai
koh-ki
resurrection
fukkwatsu
fook-k(w)ah'ts'
righteousness
gi, sei-yi
ghee, say'nghee
Roman Catholic
ten-shu-kyo-to
ten-shoo-keeoA'-toh
Sabbath, the
ansoku-nichi
ahnsoh'koo-nee'chee
sacrament
sakUramento
sah-k'rahmen'toh
sacred
sei naru
say nah'roo
sacrifice
gi-sei
ghee -say'
salvation
sakui, kyu-sho
sookoo'ee, kee-oo-shoh
Saviour, the
Kyii-sei-shu
kee-oo'-say-shoo
Scripture, the
seisho
say'shoh
selfishness
shi-yoku
shee-yoh'koo
sermon
sekkyo
sek-kee-oh'
service, divine
reihai-shiki
ray-hi'-shee'kee
sin
tsumi
tsoo'mee
sinner
tsumi-bito
tsoo'mee bee'toh
Son of God
Kami no ko
kah'mee noh koh
sorrow
nageki
nah'ngeh-kee
soul
tamashii
tahmahsh«e'
Sunday school
nichiyo-gakko
neechee-yo&' -ngahk'koh
38
English.
Japanese (romanized).
Pronunciation.
temperance (gene-
tsutsushimi
tsoo-tsoo-shee'mee
temptation [ral)
yuwaku
yoo'wahkoo
thankfulness
kansha
kabn'shah
tract
zas-sho
zahs-shoh
trust
shinyo
sheen-yo/i'
truth
makoto, shinjitsti
mah-koh'toh, sheenjee'ts'
unbelief
fu-shin
foo- sheen
unfaithful
fu-shinjitsu naru
foo-sheenjee'ts' nah'roo
virtue
toku
toh'koo
wicked
ashiki, aku no
ah-shee'kee, ah'koo noh
wickedness
akn
ah'koo
will
kokoro, ki-bo
kobkoh'roh, kee-hoh
wisdom
chi shiki
chee sh' kee
Word of God
kami no kotoba
kah'mee noh kohtoh'bah
world, the
sekai, shaba
seh-ki', shah'bah
worship
rei-hai
ray-hi
worshipper
rei-haisha
rayhi'shah
19. Professions, Trades, &c.
(For Shopping see p.
Actor
yakusha
actress
onna-yakusha
architect
kenchiku-shi
artist
ekaki
baker
pan-ya
banker
ginko cho
barber
kami-yui, tokoya
bookseller
hon-ya
butcher
niku-ya
carpenter
daiku
chemist (apothe-
kusuri-ya
confectioner [cary)
kwashi-ya
cook
kokku
dentist
ha -is ha
doctor
isha
farmer
hyakUsho
fisherman
ryo-shi
fishmonger
sakana-ya
florist
hana-ya
governess
jokyo-shl
Japanese S.-T.
(Kagyo, shobai, nado.)
i.)
yahkoo-shah
ohn'nah-yahkoo'shah
ken-chee'koo-slfee
eh-kah'kee
pahn-yah
gheenko/i' choh
kah'mee-yoo'ee,toh-koh'-
hohn-yah
nee'koo-yah
di'koo
koosoo'ree-yah
k(w)ah'shee-yah
kohk'koo
hah-ee'shah
ee'shah
hee-ahk'sho/t'
vee-o/t'shee
-ahkah'nah-yah
hah'nah-yah
joh-kee-o/t'-shee
[yah
34
English.
greengrocer
hairdresser (wo-
hatter [man
jeweller
lawyer
maid- servant
messenger
money-changer
nurse (female)
optician
photographer
physician
policeman
porter (light)
printer
servant
shoemaker
shopkeeper
singer
student
surgeon
surveyor
tailor
teacher
tradesman
watchmaker
■)
Japanese (romanized).
Pronunciation.
yaoya
yah-oh'yah
kami-yui
kah'mee-yoo'ee
boshi-ya
bo/t'shee-yah
kazariya
kahzahree'yah
daigen-nin
Ijochu)
di'ghen-neen
(jcjo (more
polite,
gheh'joh (joh-choo)
; tsukai no mono
ts(oo)ki' noh moh'noh
\ ryo-gae-ya
r(ee)yo/t'-ngah'eh-yah
■ kangojo
kahngoh'joh
inegane-shi
meh-ngah'neh-shee
sha-shin-ya
shah-sheen-yah
isha
ee'shah
junsa
joon'sah
karuko
kahroo'koh
insatsu-shi
een-sah'tsoo shee
liokonin, meshi-
ho/iko/meen, meh'shee-
tsukai
tsooki'
kutsu-ya
koo'tsoo-yah
akindo
ahkeen'doh
utai-ko
oott'-koh
shosei
shoh-say'
gekwa-isha
geh'k(w)ah-ee'shah
kensa-kan
ken'sah-kahn
shUate-ya
sh'tah'teh-yah
kyoshi, sensei, shisho
kee-oft'shee, sen-say',
akindo
ahkeen'doh [shee-sho/*'
tokeiya
toh-kay'yah
20. Countries and Nations. (Sho-koku.)
(See Travelling, pages 81—8".
Africa
America
American, an
Asia
China
Chinaman, a
England
English (language)
Englishman
Afurika (shu)
Amerika
Amerika-jin
Ajia (shu)
Shina, Kara
Shina-jin
Igirisu, Eikoku
Jgirisu kotoba,
Eigo
Igirisu-jin, Eikoku-
[jin
ahfooree'kah (-shoo)
ahmehree'kah
ahmehree'kah - j een
ah'jeeah (-shoo)
shee'nah, kah'rah
shee'nah-jeen [koo
ee-ngheeree'soo, aykoh'-
ee-ngheeree'soo kohtoh'-
bah, ay'ngoh
ee-ngheeree'soo-jeen,
[ay-koh'koo-jeen
35
English.
j Japanese (romanized).
Pronunciation .
Europe
Yoroppa, Seiyo
yo/t'rohp-pah, say-yo/i'
France
Furansu
foorahn'soo
Frenchman
Furansu-jin
foorahn'soo-jeen
Germany
Doitsu no hito
doy'tsoo noh sh'toh
German, a
Doitsu-jin
doy'tsoo-jeen
Great Britain
Dai-Buritan
di-booreetahn'
India
Indo, Tenjiku
een'doh, tenjee'koo
Japan
Nippon, Nihon
neep'pohn,nee'hohn[jeen
Japanese, a
NUion-jin, Nippon-
neehohn'-jeew,neeppohn'-
Kussia
Ro-koku, Rosha [jin
roh-koh'koo, ro/t-snah
Russian, a
Ro-koku-jin
roh-koh'koo-jeen
Scotland
Sukottorando
soo-koht-tohrahn'doh
2
1. Travelling. (Ryo-ko.)
(For Conversations see pages 81—90.)
Arrival
to-chaku
to/i-chah'koo
bag
fukuro
fookoo'roh
— (hand-)
kaban
kah'bahn
berth (on ship)
ne-doko
neh-doh'koh
bill (account)
kanjo
kahn-jo/i
boarding-house
geshuku-ya
gheh-shoo'koo-yah
boat
fune, kobune
foo'neh, kohboo'neh
booking-office
shussatsiljo
shoos-sahts'joh
box
hako
hah'koh
carriage, coach
basha
bah 'shah
change (money)
UuH
tsoo'ree
charge (price)
ne, nedan
neh, neh'dahn
class, first
joto
johtoh
— , second
chuto
Ghootoh
— , third
kato
kahtoh'
coachman
gyosha
ghee -oh' shah
companion
tdbi-zure, michi-zure
taAbee-dzooreh, meechee-
consul
rydji
ree-oh'jee [dzooreh
cushion
zabuton
zahboo'tohn
custom-house [cer
zeikwan
zay'k(w)ahn
custom-house offi-
zei-kwan kwanri
zay'k(w)ahn k(w)ahn'ree
departure (by land)
shuttatsu
shoot-tah'tsoo
— (by water)
shuppan
shoop'pahn
distance
mwhi-nori, Hsu
mee'chee-noh'ree, reesoo'
drive, a
basha-non
bah'shah-noh'ree
D*
36
English.
Japanese (romanized).
Pronunciation.
driver
gyosha
ghee -oh 'shah
dust(raisedbywind)
hokori
hohkoh'ree
duty
zei
zay
duty-free
muzei
moo-zay'
engine
kikwan-sha
kee'k(w) aim -shah
— -driver
kikwan-shi
kee'k(w)ahn-shee
expenses (trav.)
ryoko-hi
ree-ohko/t'-hee
express (train)
kyilko ressha
kee-oo'kuh res'shah
fare (charge)
chinsen
cheen'sen
good-bye
sayonara
sah-yo/i'nahrah
guard (railway)
sha-clio
shah-cho/i
guidance
annai
ahn-m'
guide, a
annaisha
ahn-ni'shah
guide-book
annai-sho
ahn-m'-shoh
hotel, inn
yadoya, hoteru
yahdoh'yah, hoh-teh-roo
inspector
kensa-nin
ken'sah-neen
interpreter
tsuben, tsuji
tsoo'ben, tsoo'jee
journey
tabi, ryokd
tah' bee, ree-ohkoft'
junction (railway)
tetsudo no kosaten
teh-tsoodo/i' noh ko/i-sah-
key
kagi
kah'nghee [ten
label (tag)
fuda
loo'dah
landlady
okami-san
ohkah'mee-sahn
landlord (hotel)
teishiil
tay-shee'(oo)
lavatory
clwzu-ba, benjo
cho/i-dzoo-bah, ben'joh
luggage, baggage
nimotsu
neemoh'tsoo
van (rail.)
kistia no ni-garuma
kee'shah noh nee-gooroo'-
mah [keh'ngbee
match (for light)
machi, haya-tailkegi
mah'chee,hah'yah-ts(oo)-
money-changer
ryo-gae-ya
ree-o/i'-ngah'eh-yah
money, ready-
genkin
ghen'keen
newspaper
shimbanshi
sheemboon'shee
office
jimmJw, yakusho
jeemoo'shoh, yah'k'shoh
official
shikwan, yakunin
sh'k(w)ahn',yahkoo'neen
omnibus
nori-ai basha
noh'ree-i bah'shah
package
tsutsumi
tsoo-tsoo'mee
party (pleasure-)
yu san
yoo sahn
passenger
nori-kyaku
nohree-kee-ah'koo
passport
(ryokd-) menjo
[ree-ohko/t'-] menjoA'
payment
harai
hahri'
pier
hatoba
hah-toh'bah
37
English.
Japanese (romanized).
Pronunciation.
pipe (tobacco-)
Jriseru
keeseh'roo
policeman
junsa
joon' sah
porter (rail.)
eki-fu
eh'kee-foo
— (light)
karuko
kahroo'koh
portmanteau
kaban
kah'bahn
price (cost)
nedan, atai, ne
neh'dahn, ahti', neh
purse
kane-ire, kinchaku
kah'neh-ee'reh, keen-
railway
tetstido
teh-ts(oo)do/i' [chah'koo
— -carriage
tetsUdo kyakusha
teh-ts(oo)do/t' kee-ah-
koo'shah
receipt
uke-tori
oo'keh-toh'ree
restaurant
ryori-ya
ree-oA'ree-yah
road, way
mlchi
mee'chee
rug
ketto
ket'toh
saddle
kura
koo'rah
ship
fane
foo'neh
station
suteshoji, teUha-ba
s'teh'shohn, tay'shah-
station-master
eki-cho
eh'kee-choA [bah
steamer
jokisen
jo/i'keesen
stirrup
abumi
abboo'mee
telescope
to-meganc, boenkyo
to/t-meh-ngah'neh, boh-
ticket
kippu
keep'poo [en-kee-o/i
— , return
ofuku-gippu
o/tfookoo-ngheep'poo
time-table
jikan hyd
jee'kahn hee-oh
tip (gratuity)
sakate
sahkah'teh
train (rail.)
kisha, rfissha
kee'shah, res'shah
tram
tets&dd-basha
teh-ts(oo)do/i'-bah'shali
traveller
ryo-jin, tabi-bito
ree-oh-jeen, tah'bee-
trunk
kaban
kahbahn' [bee'toh
tunnel
torment
tohn-neh'roo
waiter
boi, kyuji
boh'ee, kee-oo'jee
waiting-room
machi-ai-ba
mah'chee-i-bah
saloon
chabuya (vulg.)
chahboo'yah
voyage
kokai
koh'ki
22. Shi
ps and Shipping.
(Fune Nado.)
(For Conversations, see r
age 85.)
Anchor
ikari
eekah'ree
berth
ne-doko
neh-doh'koh
boat (ship)
June
foo'neh
bow
he-sald
heh-sah'kee
38
English.
Japanese (romanized).
Pronunciation.
cabin
kyaku-shitsii, J
*una-
kee-ah'koo-shee'ts', foo'
captain
sencho
"beya
sen-choh [nah-beh'yah
compass
jishaku
jee-shah'koo
crew
nori-kumi
noh' ree-koormee
deck
kampan
kahm'pahn
flag
hata
hah'tah
helm (rudder)
kaji
kah'jee
landing-stage
hatoba
hah-toh'bah
life-buoy
uki
oo'kee
light-house
to-myo-dai
toh-m'yoh-di
mast
ho-bashira
hoh-bahshee'rah
oar
ro ; kai (scull)
roh, kt [shah
pilot
midzu saki annai-
mee'dzoo sah'kee ahnni'-
port (harbour)
minato
[sha
meenah'toh
porthole
mado
mah'doh
— (for gun)
ho-mon
hoA'mohn
rope
nawa
nah'wah
sail
ho
hoh
seaman (sailor)
suifu, funa-ko
soo'eefoo, foo'nah-koh
sea-sickness
funa-yoi
foo'nah-yoy
ship
fune
foo'neh
steamboat
joki-sen
jo/i/kee-sen
steersman
kaji-tori
kah'jee-toh'ree
stern
tomo, sem-bi
toh'moh, sem-bee
steward
makanai-kata
niahkahm'-kah'tah
23. Trade and Commerce. (Sho-yyo.)
(For Conversations see pages loa— luti.)
Accept, to (bill)
acceptor
account
— , to close
— , to settle an
— , current
— , on joint
accountant
address
advance (money)
advice, letter of
affidavit
hiki-akerit
hike-uke-nin
kanjo
kanjo wo shimeru
kes-san-suru
kogo keisan
nori-ai-de
kanjo-kata
shuku-sho
mae-gashi
annai-jo
sei-gen, sen-sei
hee'kee-ookeh'roo
hee'kee-oo'keh-neen
kahnjoA' [roo
kahnjo/t' woh sheemeh'-
kes-sahn-soo'roo
ko/i'ngoh kay'sahn
noh'ree-£-deh
kahn-jo/i'-kah'tah
shoo'koo-shoh
mah'eh-ngah'shee
ahn-m'-jo/i
say-nghen, sen-say'
39
English.
Japanese (romanized). i
hidzuke-go
Pronunciation.
after date
hee-dzoo'keh-ngoh
— sight
ichi-ran-go
ee'chee-rahn-ngoh
agent
dai-ri-nin
dr-ree-neen
agreement
keiyaku
kay-yah'koo
arrears
todo-kori-kin
toh'doh-ko/i'ree-keen
assets [tee)
zaisan
z?7sahn
assurance (guaran-
hosho
hoh-shoh'
attorney (lawyer)
daigen-nin
dt-ghen-neen
auditor
kwaikei-kensa-nhi
k(w)i-kay'-kensah-neen
balance
zankin
zahn-keen
— • -sheet
kei-san-hyo
kay-sahn-hee-o/i
bank
ginko
gheenko/t'
banking
ginko-ei-gyo
gheenko/t'-ay-nghee-o/fc
bank-note
ginko-shihei
gheenko/i'-shee-hay'
bankrupt
hasan-nin
hah'sahn-neen
bankruptcy
hasan
hah'sahn
bearer [tion)
jisan-nin
jee'sahn-neen
bill (accommoda-
yudzu-tegata
yoodzoo-teh-ngah'tah
bill of exchange
kawase-tegata
kah wah'seh - teh-ngah ' tah
— of lading
funadzumi-shosho
foonah-dzoo'mee-sho/t'-
shoh
bond (security)
skaku-yo-shosho
shah'koo-yo/i-sho/t'shoh
book-keeper
boki-kata
boh'kee-kah' tah
brokerage
kosen
koA'sen
business
akinai, shobai
ah-kee-m', shoh'bi
buyer (customer)
kai-te
ki-teh
cable address
denshin-na-ate
den'sbeen-nah-ah'teh
gram
dempo
dempo/t'
— , to
denshin wo atsu
den'sheen woh oo'tsoo
capital
shihon
shee'hohn
cargo
tsumi-ni
tsoo'mee-nee
carriage (cost of)
un-chin
oon-cheen [bahri'
carriage forward
imso-chin saki-barai
oon-so/i'-cheen sah'kee-
carriage-(post-)paid
unso-chin zumi
oon-so/i'-cheen dzoo'mee
cash sale
gm-kin-uri
ghen-keen-oo'ree
catalogue
mokuroku
mohkooroh'koo [joh
chamber of com-
sho-gyo-kaigi-jo
shoft-nghee-o/i-ki'nghee-
cheque, a [merce
ko-gitte
koh-ngheet'teh
cheque, crossed
osen-ko-gitte
oh' sen -koh-ngheet'teh
clearing-house (cus-
ko-kanjo
ko/t-kahn'joh
toms'
)
40
English.
Japanese (romanized).
Pronunciation.
clerk
ban-to
bahn-toh
commerce
boeki
bo/i'eh-kee
company, a joint-
go-mei kwaisha
goh-m&y k(w)t'shah
stock
[sha
[k(w)i'shah
— , a limited
yugen- sekinin-kwai-
yoo' nghen-sehkee'neen-
consign, to
okuru
ohkoo'roo
consignee
ni-uke-nin
nee-oo'keh-neen
consignment
. . . -okuri-ni
...-ohkoo'ree-nee
consignor
. . . -okuri-nin
...ohkoo'ree-neen
contra account
liantai kanjo
hahnt?/ kahnjoA'
contract, a
yakujo
yahkoo'joh
cost
ne dan
nehdahn
cost, insurance and
tochaku daika
Wt'chahkoo dt'kah
freight (c.i.f.)
cost price
genka
ghen-kah
credit balance
zan-kin
zahn-keen
creditor
sai-shu
si- shoo
customs' duties
kwan-zei
k(w)ahn-zay
damages, compen-
songai-baishd
sohn-nghi' -bi-shoh'
sation
date, at three
san-ga-getsu nichi-
sahn-ngah-nget'soo
months'
gen de
nee'chee-ngen deh
debt
kari, shakkin
kah'ree, shahk'keen
debtor
kari-te
kah'ree-teh
deliver, to
mshi-watasu
sah'shee-wah-tah'soo
demurrage
taisen-hi-yo
W -sen-hee-yoh
directors
tori-shimari
tob'ree-sheemah'ree
discount
wari-biki
wah'ree-bee'kee
— , to
wari-biki sum
wah'ree-bee'kee soo'roo
dividend
haito-kin
hitoh'-keen
dock [dues
senkyo-jo, dokku
sen-keeo/t'-joh, dohk'koo
dock and harbour
dokku nyu-ko-zei
dohk'koo n'yoo-ko/t-zay
double entry
fuku-shiki-boki-ho
foo'koo-shee'kee-boh'kee-
hoh [koo'moo
draw, to (bill)
kawase too torikumu
kahwah'seh woh tohree-
drawee
shiharai-nin
shee-hah-n'-neen
drawer (of bill)
furi dashi nin
foo'ree dah'shee neen
duty
kwan-zei
kwahn-zay'
— , export
yushiitsil-zei
yooshoo'ts'-zay
free
mu-zei
moo-zay'
41
English.
Japanese (romanized).
Pronunciation.
duty, import
yu-nyu-zei
yoo-nee-oo'-zay
— , liable to
ni kakawaru
nee kah-kah-wah'roo [ree
estimate, an
yo-san, mitsumorl
yoh'sahn, meetsoonioh-'
exchange (monetary)
ryogae
ree-o/i'ngah-eh
export (-ation)
yushutsil
yooshoo'ts'
export, to
yushutsu suru
yooshoo'ts' soo'roo
exchange (mart)
torihiki-jo
tohreehee'kee-joh
firm, a
shdsha, shoten
sho/t'shah, sho/t'ten
free on board (f.o.b.)
funa-zumi-daika
foo'nah-dzoo'mee-di'kah
freight (charge)
unso-chin
oonso/t'-cheen
— -ship
funa-chin
foo'nah-cheen
goods
nimotsu
neemoh'ts'
gross weight
filtai
ioo-ti
guarantee
hosho
hoh-sho^' [neen
guarantor
hosho -nin, uke-nin
hoh-sho/i-neen, oo'keh-
holder (of bill)
shoji-nin
shoh'jee-neen
import
yu-nyii
yoo-nee-oo'
import, to
yu-nyil suru
yoo-nee-oo' soo'roo
import trade
yu-nyil-sho-gyd
yoo-nee-oo' -shoh-ng'yoh
importer
yu-nyu-nin
yoo-nee-oo'-neen
indemnity
shokin
sho/t'keen [roo
indorse, to
uragaki wo sum
oorah-ngah'kee woh soo'-
indorsement
uragaki
oorah-ngah'kee
indorsee
hi-uragaki-nin
hee-oorah-ngah' kee-neen
indorser [ment)
uragaki-nin
oorah-ngah'kee-neen
instalment (of pay-
nashi kuzushi
nah'shee koodzoo'shee
insurance company
Jioken-gwaisha
hoh'ken-ng(w)i'shah
— , fire
kwasai-hoken
kwahsi'-hoh'ken
— , marine
kaijo-hoken
ki-joA'-hoh'ken
— policy
hoken-slwsho
hoh'ken-sho/t'shoh
— premium
hoken-ryo
hoh'ken-ree-o/t'
insure, to
hoken suru
hoh'ken soo'roo
interest (rate of)
rishi, Hsoku
ree'shee, ree-soh'koo
invoice
okurijo
ohkooreejo/i'
I.O.U.
shakuyo-shosho
shahkoo-yo/t'-sho/t' shoh
landing charges
riku-age-chin
ree'koo-ah'ngeh-cheen
liabilities
fusai
foosi'
lighterage
ni-bune-chin
nee-boo'neh-cheen
liquidation (wind-
seisan
say'sahn
load, to [up)
tswmi-ni wo suru
tsoo'mee-nee woh soo'roo
42
English.
Japanese (romanized). ;
rronuuciation.
loss
sonshitsU ! sohnshee'ts'
mail-day
yiibui-sen shvme-Jriri
yoo'been-sen shee'meh-
no hi
kee'ree noh hee
manufacture, to
seizo-surit
say-zo/t'-soo'roo
manufactured goods
sei-hin
say-heen
manufacturer
seizo-slia
say-zo/i'-snah
market (for goods);
muki
moo'kee
price
soba
so/t' bah
— -place
iehi-ba
ee'chee-bah
merchandise
sho-hin
sho/t'-heen
merchant
shonin, akindo
sho/i'neen, ah-keen'doh
merchant ship
shosen
sho/i'sen
money
kinsen
keen 'sen
money-market
kinyu slil jo
keen'yoo shee-jo/t'
negotiable
yuzuri-watashi no
yoo-dzoo'ree-wah-tah' -
[ness)
dekiru
shee noh deh-kee'roo
negotiate, to (busi-
kake-au
kah'keh-ow
net cost
gen-ka
ghen-kah
— profit
rieki, moke
ree-eh'kee, moA'keh
— weight
shomi
sho/i'mee
obligation (debt)
fusai
foosi'
order, an
chumon
choo'mohn
— , to
chumon wo suru
choo'mohn woh soo'roo
package (case)
hako
hah'koh
packing
nidzukuri
needzookoo'ree
paid
harai-zumi
hah-ri'-dzoo'mee
par
doka
do/i'kah
— of exchange
kawase no doka
kahwah'seh noh do/t'kah
partner
sha-in
shah-een
partnership
kumi-ai
koo'mee-i [kee
payable
harai-watasu-beki
hahri' - wahtah'soo-beh' -
payee
uketori-nin
ookehtoh' ree-neen
payment
shi-harai
shee-hahr*'
per annum
mai-nen, nen ni
mi-Ben, nen nee
per cent., 2£
ni bu go rin
nee boo goh reen
— — , 9
sam bu
sahm boo
port of delivery
moku-teki-ko
moh'koo-teh'kee-kc/i
port dues
minato zei
imeenah'toh zay
price, cost-
shi-ire, moto-ne
! shee-ee'reh, moh'toh-neh
list
daika-hyo
'di'kah-hee-oft
48
English.
price, selling
— , trade
— , wholesale
proceeds
profit
— and loss account
promissory note
prospectus
punctual
purchase, to
quality (of goods)
quantity
quarter (3 months)
quotation (of price;
quote, to
rate of exchange
receipt
reduction
re-export
references
register, to (letter)
registered letter
registration
— fee
remittance
rent
reply
— , to
representative
retail
— , to
salary
sale
salesman (seller)
sample
security (guar an tee ]
sell, to
settling days
Japanese (romanized).
Pronunciation.
uri-ne
oo'ree-neh
dogyo-nin doshi no
do/i-ngeeo/t'-neen doA/shee
nedan
noh neh'dahn [neh'dahn
oroshi uri no nedan
ohroh'shee oo'ree noh
uri-age daka
oo'ree-ah'ngheh - dah'kali
toku, rieki
toh'koo, ree-eh'kee
son toku kanjo
sohn toh'koo kahnjo/t'
yakusoku tegata
yahkoosoh'koo teh-ngah'-
shui-sho
shoo'ee-shoh [tah
kichomen na
keecho/i'men nah
kau
kow
hin shitsfi
heen shee'ts'
taka
tah'kah
san-ga-getsii
sahn-ngah-geh'ts'
ii-ne
<?£-neh
ne wo tsukeru
neh woh tsookeh'roo
kawase
kahwah'seh
uketori-sho
ookehtoh'ree-sho/i
ne-biki
neh-bee'kee
sai-yusliutsti
s/'-yooshoo'ts'
sJiini/o shokai-?iin
sheen-yo/<' shoA'la-neen
kakitome ni sum
kahkeetoh'meh nee soo'-
roo [ngah'mee
kakitome no teg ami
kahkeetoh'meh noh teh-
kakitome
kahkeetoh'meh
kakitome ryo
kahkeetoh'meh ree-o//
sokin
so/t'keen
ya-chin
yah-cheen
henji, hento
hen'jee, hen-to7t'
henji sum
hen'jee soo'roo
dairi-nin
dz'ree-neen
ko-uri no
koh-oo'ree noh
ko-uri wo sunt
koh-oo'ree woh soo'roo
gekkyu
ghek-kee-oo'
uru koto
oo'roo koh'toh
uri-te, uri-kata
oo'ree-teh, oo'ree-kah'cah
mihon
mee'hohn
hosho
hoh-sho/t'
uru
oo'roo [hee
uke-ivatashi no hi
oo'keh-wahtah'shee noh
44
English.
Japanese (romanized).
Pronunciation
shareholder
kabu-nushi
kah'boo-noo'shee
shares
kabushiki
kahbooshee'kee
— -, preference
yu sen kabu
yoo sen kah'boo
— , railway
teUudd-kabu
teh-tsoodo/t'-kah'boo
shipping charges
funadzumi nyu hi
foonahdzoo'mee nee-oo'
[y*
hee [sen -yah
shipping house
funa-zumi shusen-
foo'nah-dzoo'mee shoo'-
shipping trade
kai-un-gyo
k/-oon-nghee-oA'
solvent
.shiryoku no am
shee-ree-oh'koo noh
stock (goods)
ari ni
ah'ree nee [ah'roo
stock (shares, etc.)
kabushiki
kahbooshee'kee
stock-broker
kabushiki-nakagai-
kahbooshee'kee-nahkah-
nin [jo
nghi'-neen [hee'kee-joh
stock exchange
kabushiki-tori-hiki-
kahbooshee'kee-toh'ree-
stock-taking
tana-oroshi
tah'nah-ohroh'shee
stowage
tsumi-oki
tsoo'mee-oh'kee
tare
futai
foo'ti
tariff (duties)
zeisoku
zaysoh'koo
telegraphic address
denshin-na-ate
den'sheen-nah-ah'teh
— code
dempo no ango
dem-poft' noh nhn-ngoh'
— remittance
denshin kawase
den'sheen kahwah'seh
telephone
denwa ki
den'wah kee
— exchange
denwa ko-kwan-jo
den' wah ko/t-k(w)ahn-joh
— number
denwa no bango
den'wah noh bahn'ngoh
tender, to
nyu-satsu suru
nee'oo-sah'tsoo soo'roo
terms (conditions)
keiyaku no joken
kay-yah'koo noh joh'ken
tonnage
tonsu
tohnsoo'
— (dues)
tonzei
tohn-zay'
towing charges
Idki-bune-ryo
hee'kee-boo'neh-ree-o//
trade
shogyo
sho/t-nghee-oA
trade-mark
shohyo
shoh'hee-oh
transaction
toriliiki
toh'ree-hee'kee
transfer
y udzuri-tva tashi
yoodzoo'ree - wahtah'shee
— , to
yudzuri-watasu
yoodzoo'ree-wahtah'soo
traveller (com-
chilmon-toH, tabi-
choo'mohn-toh'ree, tah'-
mercial)
akindo
bee-ah-keen'doh
underwriter
hoken-sha
hoh'ken-shah
unloading
ni-oroshi
nee-ohroh'shee
value
«tai, ne-uchi
ah-tt', neh-oo'chee
vessel (ship)
finir
foo'neli
45
English.
Japanese (romaiiized).
Pronnnciation.
voucher
uke-tori-sho
oo'keh-toh'ree-sho/i
warehouse
kura, dozo
koo'rah, doh-zoh'
warranty
hosho
hobshoA'
weighv
mekata
mehkah'tah
wharf
hatoba
hahtoh'bah
wharfage
hatoba-zei
hahtoh'bah-zay
wholesale
6uH
o/t-oo-ree
— merchant
oroshi-uri
ohroh'shee-oo'ree
winding-up
kwaisha no kaisan
kws'shah noh ki'sahn
24.
Correspondence.
(Sho-kan.)
(For Conversations see page 95.)
Address
shuku-sho, na-ate
shoo'koo-shoh,nah-ah'teh
address, to
ateru
ah-teh'roo [mee
blotting-paper
sumi-tori-gami
soo'mee-toh'ree-ngah'-
date
gappi, hidzuke
gahp'pee, heedzoo'keh
envelope
jobukuro
jo/t'bookooroh
ink
inki, sumi
een'kee, soo'mee
inkstand
inki-tsubo
een'kee-tsoo'boh
letter, note
sho-jdj tegami
shoh-jo/t, teh-ngah'mee
— -box
yubin-bako
yoo'been-bah'koh
note-paper
shokan-.shi
sboh'kahn-shee
pen, steel (nib)
pen
pen
- — , fountain
mannen-fude
man'nen-foo'deh
holder
pen-jiku
pen-jee'koo
pencil
empitsu
em-pee'ts'
penknife
kaichu-gatana
ki-choo'-ngah-tah'nah
seal
in, impan
een, eempahn'
sealing wax
fu-ro
foo-Toh
sheet of paper, a
kami ichi mat
kah'mee ee'chee mi
signature
kimei
keemay'
write, to
kaku
kah'koo
writing
kakimono
kahkeemoh'noh
— -desk
txitkuye
tsoo-koo'yeh
25, Post-office, Telegraph and Telephone.
(Yubin; denshin ; denwa.)
(For Conversations see page 95, and for Postal Rates see page lt8.)
Book post
destination
excess (postage)
shorn otsu-yubin
yuku-saki, sempo
fufiokuzei
shoh-moh'ts'-yoo'been
yookoo-sah'kee, sempo/i'
foo-soh-koo-zay'
46
English.
Japanese (romanized).
Pronunciation.
letter post
money order
newspaper wrapper
number (of order)
parcel post
postage stamp
post-card
poste-restante
postman
postmaster
post-office
post-paid
prepay, to
register, to (a letter)
registered letter
reply paid
ring up, to
telegram
— , cost of
telegraph form
— messenger
— office
telegraph, to
telephone
— , to
— call office
— number
weight
— , over
sho - k wan-yubin
yubin-kawase
obi-fu
bango
kodzutsu-mi yilbin
yubin-gitte
yubin-liagaki
yubin-kyoku-azukari
yubin-haitatsil-nin
yubin-kyoku - cho
yubin-kyoku
yilbin ryo harai-
zumi no
mae barai wo sum
kakitome ni sum
kakitome no tegami
he mpo-harai-zum i
yobi-dasu
dempo
I denshin-ryo
dempo -haku-shi
dempo-zukai
denshin-kyoku
denshin wo kakeru
denwa
: denwa wo kakeru
I denwa ko-kwan-jo
denwa bango
j mekata
I yobun-mekata
shoh-k(w)ahn-yoo'been
yoo' been-kah-wah'seh
oh' bee-f oo
bahn-ngo/t' [been
kohdzoo'tsoo - mee yoo'-
yoo'been-ngheet'teh
3roo'been-hah-ngah'kee
yoo'been-kee-oh'koo-ah-
dzoo-kah'ree
yoo'been-h?'-tah'ts'-neen
yoo'been- kee-oh'koo-choA
yoo'been-kee-oh'koo
yoo'been vee-oh' hahri'-
dzoo'mee noli [roo
mah'eh balm' woh soo'-
kahkeetoh'meh nee soo'-
roo [teh-ngah'mee
kahkeetoh' meh noh
hempo/i'-hahri'- dzoo'mee
yoh'bee-dah'soo
dempo h'
den'sheen-ree-o/i'
dempo/i' -hah'koo-shee
dempo/t'-dzooki'
den'sheen-kee-oh'koo
den' sheen woh kahkeh'roo
den'wah
den'wah woh kahkeh'roo
den'wah ko/i-kwahn-joh
den'wah bahn'ngoh
mehkah'tah
yohboon-mehkah'tah
26. Army and NaYy. (Riku-gun; kai-gun.)
Adjutant
— -general
admiral
advance, to
aide-de-camp
alarm, an
fukukwan
sambo-so-kwan
kaigun-taisho
siisumu
denrei-shi
keiho
fookoo'k(w)ahn
sam-bo/i-soA-k(w)ahn
kt'ngoon-tt-shoA'
soo-soo'moo
denray'-shee
k ay ho h'
47
English.
Japanese (romanized).
Pronunciation.
ammunition
dan-yaku
dahn-yah'koo
— (small arms)
shoju danyaku
shoh-joo dahn-yah'koo
ammunition wagon
danyaku sha
dahn-yah'koo shah
anchor
ikari
eekah'ree
anchorage
teihaku-jo
tayhah'koo-joh
armistice
kyu-sen
kee-oo'-sen
armour
yoroi
yoh-roy'
arms
bu-ki
boo-kee
arms, small
shoju
shoh'joo
army
gunzei
goon-zay
army -corps
gundan
goon'dahn
Army list
riku-gun meibo
ree'koo-ngoon may 'boh
— Medical Corps
gunibu
goonee'boo
army orders
fukueki shotei
fookooeh'kee sho/t'tay
artillery (guns)
tai-ho
ti-hoh
artillerymen
lio-hei
hoh'-hay
attack, an
kogeki
ko/t'ngeh-kee
— , frontal
shomen kogeki
shoh'men ko/i'ngeh-kee
attack, to
kogeki suru
ko&'ngeh-kee soo'roo
attention !
ki wo tsuke !
kee woh tsoo-keh!
axe
ono
oh'noh
band
gaku-tai
gab' koo-tt
band-master
gaku-tai-cho
gah'koo-ti-choh
bandsman
gaku-shu
gah'koo-shoo
barracks
heiei
hay -ay
barrel (rifle)
tsu-tsu
tsoo-tsoo
battalion
daitai
di-ti
battery
ho-hei-chu-tal
hoh-hay-choo-ti
battle
kassen
kahs-sen
battle-ship
sento-kan
sento/t'-kahn
bayonet
ju-ken
j oo -ken
bayonets ! fix-
tsuke ken !
tsoo'keh ken!
bearer company
eiseitai
ay-say-ti'
bivouac, to
roei suru
roh-ay' soo'roo
block (ship's)
semi
seh'mee
blockade
ho-sa
ho/t-sah
bomb, -shell
haretsu-dama
hahreh'ts'-dah'mah
bombard, to
hogeki-suru
ho&'ngeh-kee-soo'roo
breastwork
kyo-heki
kee-o/i'-heh'kee
breech (of gun)
hobi
ho&'bee
48
English.
Japanese iromanized).
Pronunciation.
breech-loader (rifle)
bridle
brigade
brigadier-general
bugle
bugler
bullet (rifle)
burst, to (shell)
cable (anchor)
camp
campaign
camping ground
cannon, gun
captain (army)
— (navy)
capture, to (a ship)
cartridge
cartridge-pouch
casualties
cavalry
cease fire, to
certificate, leave
chain, anchor-
change step !
chaplain (army)
chaplain (navy)
charge !
chief-of-the-staff
colonel
colours, the
column
combatant
— , non-
command, a
— , to
commander (navy)
— -in-chief
commandingofficer
commissariat
company
ko-so-ju
tazuna
ryodan
ryodan-cho
rap-pa
rappa-shu
s/ioju-dan, tama
haretsu sum
ozuna
jin-ya
sen-eki
sha-ei-chi
tai-Jto
rikugun-tai-i
kaigun-taisa
ho-kivaku guru
yaku-bo
danyaku-bako
shisho
ki-hei
hassha wo yameru
kyu-ka shosho
byosa
famikae !
rikugun kwaishi
kaigun-kivaislii
ko-geki itase !
sambocho
taisa
gun-M
jutai
sento-in
hi-sento-nin
gorei, meirei
shirei sum
kaigun shosa
sliireicho-kwan
shirei-kwan
hyo-rotai
chutai
j koh-soh-j oo
j tah-dzoo-nah
ree-oh'dah
| ree-oh'dah-cho/t
rahp'pah
rahp'pah-shoo
sho/i'joo dahn, tah'mah
hahreh'tsoo soo'roo
oA'dzoo-nah
jeen-yah
sen-eh'kee
shah-ay-chee
ti-hoh
reekoo'ngoon-ti-ee
kt'-ngoon-ti'sah
hoh-k(w)ah'koo soo'roo
yah'koo-bo/i
dahn-yah'koo bah'koh
sheesho/i'
kee-hay [roo
hahs-shah woh yahmeh'-
kee-oo'-kah-sho/i'sboh
bee-oA'sah
foomeekah'eh !
reekoo'ngoorc k(w)i'shee
ki'ngoon-k(w) t'shee
ko/t-ngeh-kee eetah'seh t
sahm-bo/i-choA
ti'sah
goon-kee
jooti'
sentoA'-een
hee-sento/t'-neen
go/t'ray, may-ray'
sheeray' soo'roo
ki'ngoon slio/i'sah
sheeray cho/t' - k(w) ahn
sheeray'k(w)ahn
hee-oh-roh'ti
choo'ti
49
EngliBh.
I Japanese (romanized).
Pronunciation.
company (artillery]
taiho-tai
ti-hoh'-ti
— , half
taiho han-tai
ti-hoh' hahn-ti
compass (mariner's]
ji-shaku
jee-shah'koo
corporal [(press]
goclio
goh-choh'
correspondents
jugun kisha
joo'ngoon kee'shah
court-martial
gumpo-kwaigi
goompo/t'-kwi'nghee
crew
nori-kumi-in
noh'ree-koo'mee-een
cruiser
junyo-kan
joon-yoA'-kahn
cut (wound)
keg a kizu
keh'ngah, kee'dsu
defaulter
hanzaisha
hahn-zi'shah
defaulter's drill
sho-batsu choren
sho/t-bah'tsoo cho/i'ren
defence
bogyo
boA'nghee-oh
depot
honei
hohn-ay
deserter
dasso-hei
dahs-so/t'-hay
detachment
shi-tai
shee-ti'
discipline
gunki
goon'kee
disembark, to
jo-riku suru
jo/i-ree'koo-soo'roo
dismount !
geba!
gheh'bah !
division
shidan
shee'dahn
doctor, the
isha
ee'shah
dress !
narae !
nah-rah'eh 1
drill
choren, soren
cho/i'ren soh'ien
drill-book
soten
so/i'ten
driver
gyosotsu
ghee-oh-soh'tsoo
drum
taiko
ti'koh
drummer
koshu
koh'shoo
duties
gimu
ghee'moo
duty, guard
shuei gimu
shoo-ay' ghee'moo
— , outpost
zensho gimu
zensho/i' ghee'moo
dynamite
dinamito
deenahmee'toh
embark, to
josen suru
joA-sen soo'roo
embarkation
josen
joh'sen
encampment
yaei
yah-ay'
enemy
teki
teh'kee
enemy's position
tekijin
teh-kee'jeen
engagement
kas-sen
kahs-sen
engineer (naval)
kaigun-ki-kivan-shi
ki'ngoon-kee-k(w)ahn-
engineers (corps)
koheidan
ko/t'hay-dahn [shee
equipment
gun-bi
goon-bee
escort
goei
goh-ay'
Japanese S.-T
E
50
English.
exercise, bayonet
expedition
extend !
eyes right, dress !
— left !
" fall in," to
farrier
fatigue (barrack)
field artillery
— exercises
■ — -glass
gun
— -hospital
marshal
— telegraph
file (of men)
fire!
fire, to
flag
flank
— , left
— , right
fleet, the
foot-soldier ■
forage
foresight (of rifle)
formation
fortress
forward !
front, the
furlough
gallop, to
garrison
general, a
general officer
governor (military)
ground, parade-
guard, the
— , advanced
— , rear-
Japanese (romanized).
Pronunciation.
jukenjutsu
joo'kenjootsoo
ensei
ensay'
chire !
chee'reh
migi e, naras!
mee'nghee eh, nah-rah'-
hid art e !
heedah'ree eh ! [eh !
seiretsu sum
say-reh'ts' soo'roo
teitetsuko
taytetsooko/i'
einai toban
ay-ni' to/i'bahn
yasen hohei
yah' sen hoh'h&y
Hdren
so/i-ren
sogan-kyo
so/i'ngahn-kee-o/i'
yaho
yah-hoA'
yasen byoin
yah'sen bee-o&'een
gensui
ghensoo'ee
yasen denshin
yah'sen den'sheen
retsu, go
reh'tsoo, goh
nte !
oo'teh !
hassha sum, uchi-
hahs'shah soo'roo,oo'chee
hata \kakeru
hah'tah [kah-keh'roo
sokumen
sohkoo'men
hidari sokumen
hee-dah'ree soh-koo'men
migi sokumen
mee'nghee soh-koo'men
kantai
kahnti'
hosotsu
lioh-soh'tsoo
kaiba, baryo
ki'bah, bah-ree-oft'
shojaku
sho/i'jah-koo
taikei
ti-kay'
hodai, yosai
hoh'&i, yoh'si
mae e I susume !
mah'eh eh ! soo-soo'meh !
shomen
sho/i'men
kyuka
kee-oo'kah
shikku sum
sheek'koo soo'roo
shubihei
sboobeehay'
taisho
ti-shoh'
shokwdn
shoA'kwahn
sotoku
so/t'tohkoo
rempeiba
rempay'bah
eiliei
ay-hay'
zenei
zehn-ay'
kdei
koh'&y
51
English.
Japanese (romanized). i
Pronunciation.
guard -room
guard, to mount
guard turn out !
gun, cannon
gun-carriage
gunner
gunpowder
halt!
hay (fodder)
head-quarters
horse-brush
— -cloth
— -shoe
hospital, station-
hospital-ship
hut
independent firing
infantry
— , mounted
inspection [ant-
instructor, assist-
iusubordination
Intelligence Dept.
interpreter
interval
intrench, to
killed in action
knapsack
ladder
lance, spear
lancer
lashing (binding)
leave, on
left
— turn
— wheel
lieutenant (army)
— -colonel
— -general
line (rope)
ei-sha
joban suru
tore-jil ! taohi ide !
ho
hoshah
hosotsu
kwayaku
tomare !
magma
honei
umabake
bai
tettei
byoin
byoinsen
koya
kakko shageki
hohei
Iriba hohei
kenetsu
jokyo kwan
fufuku, fuJd
JHmitsu kyoku
tsuyaku-kwan, tsu-ji
kankaku
hosho suru
senshi suru
haino
hashigo
yari
sokihei
kessoku
kyuka de oru
hidari
hidari muke
hidare e maware
chui
chiisa
chujo
tsuna
ay- shah
joA'bahn soo'roo
toh'reh-joo ! tah'chee ee'-
hoh [deh !
ho/i'shah
ho/i'soh-tsoo
k(w)ah-yah'koo
tohmah'reh !
mah-ngoo'sah
hohnay'
oomahbah'keh
hi
tet-tay'
bee-o/i'een
bee-o/t'eensen
koh'yah
kahk'koh shah-ngeh'kee
lioh-hay'
kee'bah hoh-hay'
kehn-eh'tsoo
joh-kee-o/t' kwahn
foo-foo'koo, foo'kee
kee-mee'ts' kee-oh'koo
tsoo'-yah'koo-kwahn,
kahnkah'koo [tsoo'-jee
hoh-shoh soo'roo
sen-shee soo'roo
hi-noh'
hah-shee'ngoh
yah'ree
soA-keehay'
kes-soh'koo
kee-oo'kah deh oh'roo
heedah'ree
heedah'ree moo'keh
heedah'ree eh mahwah'-
choo'ee [reh
choo'sah
choo-joh
tsoo'nah
52
English.
Japanese (romanized).
Pronunciation.
line, firing
shageki sen
shah-ngeh'kee sen
— ■ in
tsuranarv.
tsoo-rah-nah'roo
— of fire
kwasen
k(w)ah'sen
load, to (gun)
ho wo so ten sum
ho A won so A' ten soo'roo
magazine
kwayaku soko
k(w)ah-yah'koo soA'koh
— rifle
rempatsuju
rem-pahtsoo-j oo'
main body
hongun
hohn'ngoon
major
shosa
shoA'sah
— -general
shoshd
shoA'shoA
man-of-war
gunkan
goon'kahn
map
dzu
dzoo
march !
susume !
soosoo'meh !
— , forced
kyokogun
kee-oA-koA'ngoon
mark time, to
ashibumi sura
ahsheeboo'mee soo'roo
marksman
shashu
shah'shoo
midshipman
kaig un -sho-i- kohosei
ki' ngoon-shoA-ee-koA'-
military police
kernpei
kem-pay' [hoh-say
mine
raiko
xi-koh'
musketry
shageki
shah-ngheh'kee
— instruction
shageki kyoren
shah-ngheh'kee kee-oA'-
muzzle of a gun
hoko
hoA-koA [ren
Navy, the
kaigun
ki'ngoon
officer
shikwa?i, shoko
sh'k(w)ahn, shoA-koA
— , non-com.
ka-shi
kah-shee
— , petty [(N.C.O.)
ka-shi-kwan
kah-shee-k(w)ahn
— , staff
sambo shoko
sahmboA' shoh-koh
officers' mess
shoko kaishokusho
shoA'koA kz-shoh-koo-
order (command)
meirei
mayray' [shoh
orderly
denrei ka-shi
denray' kah-shee
outpost
zensho
zenshoh'
parade
kwampei shiki
k(w)ahmpay' shee'kee
parole
mongo
mohngoA'
patrol
sekiko
seh-keekoh'
pay (officer's)
Iwkyu
hoA-kee-oo'
— (soldier's)
kyuryo
kee-oo-ree-oA
paymaster
gunri
goon'ree
pickaxe
tsuruppashi
tsooroop-pah'shee
picket
sho-hei
shoh-hay'
pile arms !
kume ju !
koo'meh joo !
pontoon
kokyo
koA-kee-oA
58
English.
Japanese (romanized).
post
sholisho
present 1
nerae I
— arms I
sasage jil !
prisoner of war
fUryo
— , to take
toriko ni suru
promotion
shinkyu
punishment
cho-kai
private, a
heisotsu
quartermaster
kyiiyo-gakari
*-■■ -sergeant
kyuyo gunso
quarters
ei
quick march !
hay a ashi !
range of gun
shatei
rank (in army)
ikai
— and file
heishi
— , front
zenretsu
— , rear
koretsu
rations
kobun
ready !
yoi
rear, the
hai-men
rear-admiral
kaigun-shosho
reconnaissance
reconnoitre, to
recruit, a
Red Cross Society
redoubt
regiment, cavalry
— , infantry
regulations
reins
report, a
reserves
retire, retreat (to)
reveille
review
rifle
right, the
— turn !
— wheel !
teisatsu
teisatsu suru
shimpei, nyutaisha
sekijujisha
kakumembo
kihei rental
hohei rental
kyorei
tazuna
tsuho
yobi, kobi
taishoku suru
taikyaku suru
kishorappa
kwampei-shiki
sho-ju
migi
migi muke
migi e mmvare
Pronunciation.
shoA'shoh
neh-rah'eh !
sahsah'ngeh joo !
f'ree-oA'
tohree'koh nee soo'roo
sheenkee-oo'
choh-ki
haysoh'tsoo
kee-oo-yo/i-ngahkah'ree
kee-oo'yoh goon'soh
ay
hah 'yah ah'shee
shah-tay'
eeki'
hay'shee
zenreh'tsoo
ko/i'reh-tsoo
ko/i'boon
yoh'ee
hi-men
ki'ngoon-shoh-sh.oh
taysah'tsoo
taysah'tsoo soo'roo
sheem-pay', nee-oo'ti-shah
sehkeej oo 'jeeshah
kah - koo'-mem-boft'
keehay' renti'
hoh-hay' renti'
kee-o/i'ray
tah-dzoo'nah
tsoo-hoh
yoh'bee, ko/i'bee
ti-shoh'koo soo'roo
te-kee-ah'koo soo'roo
keesho/i*rahppah
k(w)ahmpay'-shee'kee
shoh-joo
mee'nghee
mee'nghee moo'keh [reh
mee'nghee eh mahwah'-
54
English.
Japanese (romanized).
Pronunciation.
roll-call, the
tenko
ten'koh
route-march
kogun
koA'ngoon
saddle
kura
koo'rah
sailor, bluejacket
suihei
soo-ee-hay'
— (mere, marine)
suifu
soo-ee'foo
salute, a
keirei
kay-ray'
— , to
keirei sunt
kayray' soo'roo
scout, a
saisaku
s^-sah'koo
— , to
sosaku sunt
so/t'sah-koo soo'roo
sentry
bampei
bahm-pay'
sergeant
gunso
goonsoA'
— ■ -major
socho
soh-choh
servant, officers'
jusotsu
joo'sohtsoo
service (duty)
kimmu
keem'moo
— , special
tokubetsu kimmu
tohkoobeh'tsoo keem'-
shell
liddan
ho/i'dahn [moo
— fire
hodan shageki
ho/i'dahn shah-ngheh'kee
shot, a
dangwan
dahn'ng(w)ahn
shoulder arms !
ninae jib !
nee-nah'eh joo !
sight (of gun)
shojaku
sho/t'jahkoo
signal, to
shingo sunt
sheen-go/t/ soo'roo
signaller
shingo-hei
sheen-go/i'-hay
skirmish, to
shoto suru
shoh-toh soo'roo
skirmishers
sampei
sahmpay'
skirmishing
sansen
sahn'sen
soldier
heitai, gunjin
hay-ti', goon'jeen
spade
hishu
heeshoo'
spy
kancho
kahnchoA'
squadron (cavalry)
kihei no chiitai
keehay' noh chooti'
square
hojin
ho/t'jeen
staff, the
sambo
sahmbo/t'
stand at ease !
yasume !
yahsoo'meh !
step, pace
hodo
hoh'doh
stirrup
abum.i
ahboo'mee
store, ordnance-
hohei buko
ho/t'hay booko/,'
strategy
senryaku
sen-ree-ah'koo
stretcher
tanka
tahn'kah
— -bearer
tankasotsu
tahnkahsoh'tsoo .
supplies, field
senji kyuyo
sen'jee kee-oo-yoA [tsoo
supply column
ryoshoku juretsu
ree-o/i'shohkoo joo'reh-
55
English.
surgeon
surround, to
sword
swords ! carry-
tactics
tent
tent-peg
torpedo
torpedo-boat
destroyer
trenches
troops
unfix bayonets !
uniform
unlimber !
veterinary surgeon
volley
volunteer, a
wagon, a
war
water-bottle
wheel, to
who goes there ?
works, earth-
wound, a
wounded, the
Japanese (romanized).
gum
goi sum
katana, ken
sasage to!
senjutsit
temmaku
yaeiko
suirai ■
suirai-tei
suirai kuchikutei
zango
guntai
tore ken !
gumpuku
zensha wo hazuse
jui
isseikwa
shigwanhei
sha
senso, ikusa
suizutsu
senkwai suru
tare da ?
doko
sosho, kizu
fusho-sha
Pronunciation.
goon'yee
goh'ee soo'roo
kah-tah'nah, ken
sahsah'ngheh toll !
sen-joots'
temmah'koo
yah-ay-ko/t'
sooee-ri'
sooee-ri'-tay
sooee-ri' koocheekootay'
zahn'ngoh
goonti'
toh'reh ken !
goom-poo'koo [seh 1
zen'shah woh hahdzoo'-
joo'ee
ees-say'k(w)ah
shee-ngwahn'hay
shah
senso/i', ee-koo-sah
sooeedzoo'tsoo
senk(w)i' soo'roo
tah'reh dan?
doh-ko/i'
soh-shoh, kee'dzoo
foo-sho/t'shah
27. Cardinal Numbers. (Gen-
Japanese (rom.)" Pronunciation. Japanese (rom )t
1
ichi
2
ni
3
san
4
shi
5
9°
6
roku
7
shichi
8
hachi
9
ku
0
JIU
ee'chee
nee
sahn
shee
goh
roh'koo
sh'chee
hah'chee
koo
jew
or
hitotsil
futatsu
mitsUb
yotsu
itmtsii
mutsu
nanatsu
yatsil
kokonotsil
to
silji.)
Pronunciation.
sheetoh'ts'
footah'ts'
mee'ts'
yoh'ts'
ee'ts(oo)ts'
moo'ts'
nahnah'ts'
yah'ts'
kohkohnoh'ts'
toh
* The words in this list are of Chinese origin.
t These words are of piirely Japanese origin.
(See notes following the list.)
56
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
jiu-ichi* (jew
jiu-ni\
jiu-san
jiu-shi
jiu-go
jiu-roku
jiu-shlchi
jiu-hachi
jiu-ku
ni-jiu
ni-jiu-ichi
ni-jiu-ni
ni-jiu-san
ni-jiu-shi
ni-jiu-go
■ee'chee)
26
ni-jiu-roku
100
hiaku (hee-ah'koo)
27
ni-jiu-shlchi
200
ni-hiaku
28
ni-jiu-hachi
300
sam-biaku
29
ni-jiu-ku
400
shi- hiaku
30
san-jiu
500
go-hiaku
31
san-jiu-ichi
600
rop-piaku
32
san-jiu-ni
700
shlchi-hiaku
40
shi-jiu
800
hap-piaku
50
go-jiu
900
ku-hiaku
60
roku-jiu
1000
sen (sen)
70
shlchi-jiu
2000
ni-sen
80
hachi-jiu
8000
has-sen (hahs-sen)
90
ku-jiu 10,000
waw(mahn)
100,000
jiu-man (jew-mahn)
1,000,000
hiaku-man
1907 Sen-ku-hiaku-shlchi-nen (sen-koo-hee-ah'koo-sh'chee-nen)
Notes. — 1. The Chinese numerals 1 to 10 must be employed only when
standing alone, or preceding monosyllabic or uncompounded nouns
derived from the Chinese.
2. When employed with nouns of purely Japanese origin, the
terminal tsii of the Japanese numerals is dropped.
3. For further information on the use of the numerals the student is
referred to Marlborough's Japanese Grammar Self-Taught, pp. 30-36.
28. Auxiliary Numerals.! (Betsu-m-ji.)
In Japanese objects are usually enumerated as so many of a
class or species, by means of u auxiliary numerals," which
somewhat correspond with such an expression as " eight head
of cattle." The following are those most commonly employed : —
Applied to
.. human beings
.. animals, a draught of a net, pieces of
silk, etc.
. . birds and bundles
.. sticks, cylinders, long and round
articles (pencils, poles, masts,
trees, etc.).
Aux. Pronunciation.
Nin neen ...
hiki hee'kee
wa
hon
wah ...
hohn . . .
* The words in this list are of Chinese origin.
t Pronunciation already given in this list is not repeated.
1 See Marlborough's Japanese Grammar Self-Taught, pp. 32-34.
57
Aux.
Pronunciation.
mat
mi
ken
ken ...
so
soh ...
hai
hi ...
soku
soh'koo
cho
ckoh ...
fuku
foo'koo
jo
joh ...
satsu
sah'tsoo
suji
soo'jee
dai
dt ...
mune
moo'neh
tsu
tsoo ...
kumi
koo'mee
tsutsumi tsoo-tsoo'mee packages
Applied to
broad flat objects (papers, plates,
coins, clothing, etc.)
houses and buildings in general
ships, boats, etc.
" fills " of a cup, bowl, glass, etc.
(pairs of) shoes, socks, sandals, etc.
objects such as jinrikishas, palanquins
doses of medicine, " smokes " of
tobacco, etc.
mats ; it designates the areas of
compartments
volumes of books,
extended objects, as rivers, roads
vehicles
ridge-like things or houses
letters, documents
sets of objects, as toys ; companies (of
persons).
I. Ordinal Numbers." (Jo-su-ji.)
Japanese (rom.j
Pronunciation.
1st
dai ichi*
dt
ee'chee
2nd
- ni
—
nee
3rd
— san
-
sahn
4th
- shi
—
shee
5th
6th
- go
- roku
—
goh
roh'koo
7th
- shlchi
—
sh'chee'
8th
— hachi
—
hah'chee
9th
- ku
-
koo
10th
11th
12th
13th
14th
- j™
- jiu-ichi
- jiu-ni
- jiu-san
- jiu-shi
-
jew
jew-ee'che
15th
16th
- jiu-go
- jiu-roku
Japanese (rom.)
17th
dai-jiu-ffhlrhi
18th
- jiu-hachi
19th
- jiu-ku
20th
- ni-jiu
21st
- ni-jiu-ichi
22nd
- ni-jiu-ni
23rd
— ni- jiu-san
24th
- ni-jiu-shi
25th
— ni-jiu- go
26th
ni-jiu-roku
27th
- ni-jiu-shlchi
28th
— ni-jiu-hachi
29th
- ni-jiu-ku
30th
— san-jiu
40th
- shi-jiu [koo
100th
- hiaku hee'ah'-
* Instead of employing "dai" before, "ban" (balm) may be used after the
cardinals. See Japanese Grammar Self-Taught, p. 31.
58
30. Collective and Fractional Numbers, etc.
(Shu-go-su, bun-su, nado.j
English. Japanese (romanized). Pronunciation.
All
mina (emphatic,
mee'nah, meen'nah
century, a
isseiki [minna)
ees-say'kee
half-a-century
hanseiki
hahn-say'kee
couple (pair)
ittsui
eet-tsoo'ee
double (twice)
bat, baihodo, nijiu
hi, bi-hoh'doh, nee'jew
dozen
ichi daasu
ee'chee daA'soo
half-a-dozen
han-daasa
hahn-da/i/soo
eighth
hachi-bu-no-ichi
hah'chee-boo-noh-ee'chee
first time
hajime-ni
hah-jee'meh-nee
fourth, a
shi-bu-no-ichi
shee-boo-noh-ee'chee
gross, a
jiu-ni-daasu,
jew-nee-da/t'soo,
ichi gorosu
ee'chee-gohroh'soo
half, a
hambun
hahm'boon
once
ichi do
ee'chee doh
part (portion), a
bubun
boo'boon
quarter (£)
shi-bu-no-ichi,
shee'boo-noh-ee'chee,
ni-bu-go-rin
nee-boo-goh-reen
score
ni-jiu
nee-jew
second time
ni-do-me
nee-doh-meh
single (only one)
tatta hitotsil no
taht'tah sh'toh'tsoo noh
third, a
sam-bu-no-ichi
sahm-boo-noh-ee'chee
third time, the
san-do-me
sahn-doh-meh
three -fold
san-bai-no
sahn-bi'-noh
three-quarters (f )
shi-bu-no-san
shee-boo-noh-sahn
twice
ni-do
nee-doh
— as much
ni-bai
nee-bi [ree
the whole, all the
mina de, sokkuri
mee'nah deh, sohk-koo-
31
. Adjectives.* (
Kei-6-shi.)
Able
dekiru
dehkee'roo
afraid
kowai
koh-wi' [nah
all
nokorazu, mina
nohkohrah'dzoo, mee'-
alone
hitori de
sh'toh'ree deh
amusing
omoshiroi
ohmoh-sbee-roy' [ts'
another
hoka no, mo Intotsu
hoh'kahnoh, mo/ish'toh'-
awkward .
heta, bucho ho
hen'tan, boo-cho/i' hoh
bad
warui
wahroo'ee
For Grammatical Notes see Marlborough's Japanese Grammar S.T., pp. 61-66.
59
English.
beautiful
big
bitter
blind
both
broad
bulky
busy
certain
cheap
clean
clever
cold (weather)
— (to the touch, or
hands, feet, &c.)
common (ordinary)
convenient
cool
damp
dangerous
dark
deaf
dear (expensive)
deep
different
difficult
dirty
distant
dull (weather)
early
easy
empty
even (smooth)
false
far
fast (speedy)
fine (minute)
— (beautiful, &c.)
flat
fond (very)
Japanese (romanized).
Pronunciation.
kirei (na), utsuku
keeray' (nah), oots'koo-
okii, oki (na) [shii
oh'kee, o/i'kee(nah) [shee'
niyai
nee-nghi'
mekura (no)
meh-koo'rah (noh)
ryo-ho, dore mo
vee-oh-hoh, doh'reh moh
hiroi
hee-roy'
kasabatta
kahsahbaht'tah
isogashii
eesoh-ngah-shee'
tashika (na)
tah-sh'kah (nah)
yasui
yahsoo'ee
kirei (na)
kee-ray' (nah)
jozu (na), riko (na)
joA'dzoo (nah), reekoh'
samui
sahmoo'ee [(nah)
Uumetai
tsoomeh-ti'
nami no
nah'mee noh
benri na
ben'ree nah
suzushii
soodzoosAee'
shimeppoi
sheemep-poy'
kennon (na), abunai
ken'nohn (nah), ahbooni'
kurai
koo-n'
tsumbo (no)
tsoombo/i' (noh)
takai
tank*'
fukai
f(oo)ki' [noh
chigatta, betsu (no)
chee-ngaht'tah, beh'tsoo
muzukashii [shii
moodzookahslW [sh<?e'
kitanai, kitanara-
keetahm*', keetahnahrah-
empo (na), toi
empo/i' (nah), toh'ee
kumotta, uttoshii
koomoht'tah, oot-toh' sh.ee
hayai
hah-yi'
yasashii, zosa nai
yah-sah-sh^', zoA'sah m
kara (na)
kah'rah (nah)
taira (na) [(no)
ti'rah (nah) [(n»n)
honto de nai, uso
hohntoA' deh m, oo'soh
toi, empo (na)
toh'ee, empoA/ (nah)
hayai
hah-yi'
komakai
kohmahy
kirei na, rippa na
keeray' nah, reep'pahnah
taira (na), hirattai
ti'rah (nah), heeraht-ti'
dai suki
&i s'kee
60
English.
Japanese (romanized).
Pronunciation.
foolish
bakarashii
bah - kahrahshtftf'
foreign
seiyo no, gwaikoku
say-yo/i' noh, gwt-koh'koo
free
jiyu (na) [(no)
jee-yoo' (nah) [(noh)
fresh (eggs, &c.)
umi-tate
oo'mee-tah'teh
— (cool)
suzushii
soodzooslW
full
ippai (na)
eep-pi' (nah) [sh^'
funny
omoshiroi, okashii
ohmohsheeroy', ohkah-
general(customary)
ippan no, futsu no
eep'pahn noh, foo-tsoo'
glad
ureshii
ooreh-sh<?«' [noh
good
yoi, yoroshii
y°y> yohrohslW
grand (splendid)
rippa (na), migoto
reep'pah (nah), mee-
hard (solid)
katai [(na)
kah-ti' [ngoh'toh (nah)
— (difficult)
mudznkashii
moodzookahsh^'
healthy
tassha na
tahs'shah nah
heavy
omoi, omotai
ohmoy', ohmohti'
high
takai
tah-ki'
honest
shojiki (na)
sho/i'jeekee (nah)
hot
atsui, attakai
ahtsoo'ee, aht-tah-ki'
— (as mustard)
karai
kahri'
idle
nora-kurana,
noh'rah-koo-rah'nah,
namaketa
nah-mah-keh'tah
ignorant
mugaku na
moo-ngah'koo nah
ignorant of
fu-annai
foo-ahn-m'
ill (sick) [sequence
bydki
bee-o/i'kee
important, of con-
daiji na
di'jee nah
impossible
dekinai
deh-keem'
inconvenient, un-
fu-benri na
foo-ben'ree nah
incorrect [suitable
machigatta
mah-chee-ngaht' tah
interesting
omoshiroi
ohmoh-sheeroy'
just (equitable)
tadashii, kohei na
tahdahsh^', ko/i'hay nah
kind
shinsetsu (na)
sheenseh'tsoo (nah)
lame
chimba, bikko
cheem'bah, beek'koh
large, great
dai (in compounds) ,
di, oh-V.ee
late
osoi [okii
oh-soy'
lazy
bush 6 (na)
boosho^' (nah)
left (-hand)
hidari
heedah'ree
light (in weight)
karui
kahroo'ee
— (not dark)
akarui
ahkahroo'ee
little (small)
chiisa (na), chiisai
clWsah (nah), cheesi'
long
nagai '
nah-nghi'
61
English.
Japanese (romanized).
Pronunciation.
loose
yurui
yooroo'ee
loud
takai oki (na)
tahki, oh'kee (nah)
low
hlkui
h(ee)koo'ee
many
oku no, oh
oh'koo noh, oh'ee
middle
mannaka
mahn-nah'kah
more
motto
moht'toh
much
takusan
tah-k'sahn'
narrow
semai
seh-mi'
near
chikai
cheeki' [yoh' nah
necessary
kanjin na, hitsuyd
kahn-jeen nah, heetsoo-
next
tsugi no [na
tsoong'ee noh
numerous
oi
oh'ee
old (of things)
fund
fooroo'ee
— (of persons)
toshiyori (no) ,
tohshee-yoh'ree (noh),
toshitotta
toh-shee-toht'tah
opposite
no muko ni
noh mookoA' nee
other
betsil no, hoka no
bets' noh, hoh'kah noh
painful
itai
eeW
pale
ao-zameta
ah'oh-zahmeh'tah
polite
teinei (na)
tay-nay' (nah)
poor
bimbo (na) [kushii
beemboh' (nah) [sh^'
pretty
kirei (na), utsu-
keeray' (nah), ootsookoo-
proper
soto (na), sod (na)
soh-toh (nah) , soh-oh (nah)
pure (unadultera-
junsui na
joonsoo'ee (nah)
queer [ted)
my 6 (na), kitai (na)
mee-o/i'(nah), keeti'(nah)
quick
hayai
hah-yi'
quiet
shizuka (na)
sheedzoo'kah (nah)
rare
mare (na)
mah'reh (nah)
raw (uncooked)
nama (no)
nah'mah (noh)
real
honto (no), makoto
hohnto^'(noh), mahkoh'-
(no)
toh (noh)
rich
kane-mochi (no)
kah'neh moh'chee (noh)
right (proper)
honto (no), ii
hohn'toh (noh), ee
— (-hand)
migi
mee'nghee
ripe (of fruit)
juku shlta
joo'koo sh'tah'
rougn
arai
ahri'
round
marui
mahroo'ee
rude
shitsurei (na),
sheetsooray' (nah),
shikkei (na)
sheek-kay' (nah)
safe
daijobu (na)
di-joA'boo (nah)
62
English.
Japanese (romaniEed).
Pronnnciation.
same
onaji
ohnah'jee
shallow
asai
ahsi'
short (in length)
mijikai
meejeeki'
silly
baka (na)
bah'kah (nah)
simple
wakari-yasui,
wahkah'ree-yahsoo'ee,
tegarui
teh-ngahroo'ee
sleepy
nemui
neh-moo'ee
slovenly
zon-zai na
zohn-zi nah
slow
osoi
oh-soy'
small
chiisai, chiisa (na)
chem', clWsah (nah)
soft
i/aivarakai, yawa-
yahwahrahki', yahwah-
solid
katai [raka (na)
kahti' [rah'kah(nah)
sorry (for another)
Idnodoku
keenohdoh'koo
sour
suppai
soop-pi'
special
betsudan na,
betsoo'dahn nah,
tokubetsu na
toh-koo-behtsoo nah
square
shikaku (na)
sh'kah'koo (nah)
stiff
katai
kahtt'
still (tranquil)
shizuka (na)
sheedzoo'kah (nah)
straight
massugu (na)
mahs-soo'ngoo (nah)
strange
fushigi (na)
f(oo)shee'nghee (nah)
strong
tsityoi
tsoo-yoy' [(nah)
stupid
baka(na), tommaina)
bah'kah (nah),tohm-mah
sweet
amai
ahim'
tall
sei no takai
say noh tank*'
that
sono
son' noh
thick (consistency)
koi
koy
— (in dimension)
atsui
ahtsoo'ee
tight
katai
kahti'
troublesome
urusai, mendo (na)
ooroosf, mendoA' (nah)
true
honto (no), makoto
hohn'toh (noh), mahkoh'-
(no)
toh (noh)
unavoidable
yondokoronai [(na)
yohndohkohrohnt' [(nah)
uncomfortable
kyii kutsil, fujiyu
keeoo-koots', foojee-yoo'
unhappy
fu-shiawase (na)
foo-sheeahwah'seh (nah)
unkind
funinjo, fUshinsetsu
fooneenjoA, foo'sheenset-
(na) [fu-kwai
soo (nah) [foo-ki
unwell
ambai ga wand,
ahmbi' gab. wahroo'ee,
urgent
kyu na [tatsu
kee-oo' nah [nee tah'tsoo
useful
cholw (na), yakuni
cho/i-ho/i (nah), yah'koo
G3
Eaglish.
(ronianized).
Pronunciation.
useless
yaku ni tatanai
yah'koo nee tahtahni'
usual
tsurei (no) ,heizei(no)
tsoo'ray (noh), hay-zay'
(noh)
ahtahreemah'eh noh,
— (suitable)
atarimae no,
tekito na
teh-kee-to/t' nah
vain
7iama-iki (na),
nah'mah-ee'kee (nah)
kdman (na)
koA'mahn (nah)
various
iro-iro (na), ironna
ee'roh-ee'roh (nah), ee-
rohn'nah
warm
atatakai, atataka
ahtahtahki', ahtahtah'-
(na), attakai
kah (nah), attahki'
weak
yowai
yoh-wi' [(nah)
well (in health)
jobu(na), tassha(na)
jo/t'boo (nah), tahs'shah
whole
mina, sotai (no)
mee'nah, soh' ti (noh)
wide
hiroi
heeroy'
worth (in value)
atai, ne-uchi
ahti', neh-oo'chee
worthless
tsumaranai, yaku-
tsoomahrahm' , yahkoo-
nashi
nah'shee [ngaht'tah
wrong
warui, machi-gatta
wahroo'ee mah'chee-
young
wakai
wahki'
To accept
to add
to admit (allow to
to allow [enter)
to answer
to arrange (put in
order)
to arrive
to ask
to assist
to bark
to bathe
to beat
to become
to begin (intr.)
to believe
to bend (intr.)
* See Marlborough's
32. Verbs.*
uketoru
kuivaeru, awaseru
ireru
yurusu
hento sum, kotaeru
kata wo tsukeni,
soroeru
tochaku sura, tsuku
kiku, tou
tetsudau
hoeru
mizu wo abiru
butsu, utsu
nam
hajimaru
shinjiru
magaru
(Doshi.)
ookehtoh'roo
koowah 'ehroo,ahwahseh'-
eereh'roo [roo
yooroo'soo [eh -roo
hentoA' soo'roo, kohtah'-
kah'tah woh tsookeh'roo,
sohroh'ehroo
to/i'chahkoo soo'roo,
kee'koo, toh'oo [tsoo'koo
teh-tsoodow'
hoh-eh'roo
mee'dzoo woh ahbee'roo
boo'tsoo, oo'tsoo
nah' roo
hahjeemah'roo
sheen -jee'roo
mah-ngah'roo
Japanese Grammar Self-Taught, pp. 39-61.
64
English.
Japanese (romanized).
Pronunciation.
to bite
kui-tsUku, kamu
koo'ee-ts'koo, kah'moo
to boil water (tr.)
ivakasu
wahkah'soo
to boil (intr.)
waku
wah'koo
to borrow
kariru
kahree'roo
to break (trans.)
kowasu, oru
kohwah'soo, oh'roo
to break (intr.)
kowareru, oreru
kohwahreh'roo, ohreh'-
to bring (an object)
motte kuru
moht'teh koo'roo [roo
— (a person)
tsurete kuru
tsooreh'teh koo'roo
to build
tateru
tahteh'roo
to buy
kaa
kow
to call (waken)
okosu
ohkoh'soo
to carry-
hakobu
hahkoh'boo
to change (trans.)
kaeru, torikaeru
kah'ehroo, tohreekah'-
— (intr.)
kawaru
kahwah'roo [ehroo
to choose
erabu
ehrah'boo
to clear (weather)
agaru
ah-ngah'roo
to climb
noboru
nohboh'roo
to collect (trans.)
yoseru
yohseh'roo
— (intr.)
atsumeru
ah-tsoo-meh'roo
to come
kuru
koo'roo
to come in
hairu
hi'roo
to consent
shochi sunt
sho/i'chee soo'roo
to cough
seki ga deru
seh'kee gah deh'roo
to count
kazoeru
kahzoh'eh-roo
to cry, weep
naku
nah'koo
to cut
kini
kee'roo
to dance
odoru
ohdoh'roo [roo
to decide
kimeru, kettei suru
keemeh'roo, ket-tay' soo'-
to die
sshinu, shinuru
shee'noo, sheenoo'roo
to dislike
kirau
kee-row' (like now)
to dismiss
hima wo yaru
hee'mah woh yah'roo [soo
to do
suru, nasu} itasu
soo'roo, nah'soo, eetah'-
to doubt
filshin ni omou
f sheen' nee ohmoh'(oo)
to dream
yume wo miru
yoo'meh woh mee'roo
to drink
nomu
noh'moo [soo
to dry (trans.)
kawakasu, hosu
kah-wah-kah'soo, hoh'-
to eat
taberu [polite)
tahbeh'roo [(°°')
to engage
tanornu (yatoU, less
tahnoh'm(oo) [yahtoh-
to explain, make
bemmei suru, toki
bem-may'soo'roo, toh'kee
clear
akasu
ahkah'soo
65
English.
Japanese (romanized). j
sokonau, hazureru
Pronunciation.
to fail
soh-koh-now', hahdzoo-
reh'roo
to faint
me wo mawasu,
meh woh mahwah'soo,
kizetzu suru
keezeh'tzoo soo'roo
to fall
ochiru
oh-chee'roo [roo
to feel
kanjiru, oboeru
kahnjee'roo, ohboh'eh-
to fill
ippai ni suru
eep-p?*' nee soo'roo
to find
mi-ataru, mi-dasu,
mee-ahtah'roo, mee-dah'-
mi-UUkeru
soo, mee-ts(oo)keh'roo
to finish
shimau
sheemow' (like cow)
to fish
uwo wo tsuru
oo'woh woh tsoo'roo
to fly
tobu
toh'boo
to follow
tsuite iku
tsooee'teh ee'koo
to forget
ivasureru
wah-sooreh'roo
to forgive
yurusu
yooroo'soo
to gain
mokeru
mo/t/kehroo
to gather (tr.)
atmmeru
ahts'meh'roo
to get in
hairu
hi' roo
to get out
deru
deh'roo
to get up (rise)
okiru
ohkee'roo
to give
yaru
yah'roo
to go
iku
ee'koo
to go away
itte shimau
eet'teh sheemow'
to go in
hairu
tn'roo
to go out
deru
deh'roo
to guide
annai suru
ahn-ni' soo'roo
to hang (tr.)
tsuru, kakeru,
tsoo'roo, kahkeh'roo,
tsuri-ageru
tsoo'ree-ah-ngheh'roo
to have
motsu, motte iru
moh'tsoo, moht'teh eer-
to hear
kiku
kee'koo [roo
to help
sewa wo suru, tetsu-
seh'wah woh soo'roo, teh-
to hire (a servant)
yatou [dau
yahtoh'(oo) [tsoodow'
to hire(ahouse,etc.)
kariru
kahree' roo
to hit
butsu, ateru
boo'tsoo, ah-teh'roo
to hold (contain)
hairu
hi' roo
to be hungry
haraga heru,
hahrah'ngah heh'roo,
o naka ga suki
oh nah'kah gah soo'kee
to hurt (intr.)
itamu [masu
eetah'moo [man's'
to hurt one's-self
kega wo suru
keh'ngab woh soo'roo
to interfere
jama suru
jah'mah soo'roo
Japanese S.-T.
F
66
English.
to interpret
to invite
to join (trans.)
to keep (things)
to kill
to knock
to know
to label
to last
to laugh
to lead
to learn
to leave off (cease)
to lend
to let (permit)
to lie down
to lift
to light (a fire)
to light (a lamp)
to like
to live (reside)
to lock
to look at
to look for
to lose (tr.)
to love
to make
to make a mistake
to manage
to mend
to mix (trans.)
to move (trans.)
to move {intr.)
to object
to observe
to offer
to omit
to open (trans.)
to open (intr.)
Japanese (romanized).
tsiiben wo sum
maneku
tsugu, awaseru
tamotsu, motte iru
korosu
tataku
shir a, shitte iru
fuda wo tsukeru
motsu
warau
hiku, annai suru
manabu, narau
yosu, yameru
kasu
saseru, yurusu
neru
mochi-ageru
hi wo taku
rampu wo tsukeru
konomu, suki
sumau
jo wo orosu
miru
sagasu
naku suru, ushinau
aisuru
koshiraeru, tsukuru
ayamatsu
tori-atsukau
naosu, tsukuroil
mazeru
ugokasu
ugoku
kosho wo iu
mi-ukeru, ki-ga
tsUku
ageru, susumeru
otosu
akeru
aku
Pronunciation.
tsoo'ben woh soo'roo
mahneh'koo
tsoo'ngoo, ahwahseh'roo
tahmoh'tsoo, moht'teh
kohroh'soo [ee'roo
tab tab 'koo
shee'roo, sheet'teh ee'roo
foo'dah woh tsookeh'roo
moh'tsoo
wah-rah'oo
h(ee)koo, ahn-m' soo'roo
mahnah'boo, nahrah'oo
yoh'soo, yahmeh'roo
kah'soo
sahseh'roo, yooroo'soo
neh'roo
moh'chee-ah-ngheh'roo
bee woh tab 'koo [roo
rahm'poo woh ts(oo)keh'-
kohnoh'moo, s'kee'
soomow'
joh woh ohroh'soo
mee'roo
sah-ngah' soo [now'
nah'koo soo'roo, ooshee-
i-soo'roo [koo'roo
koh-sheerah'ehroo, tsoo-
ah-yah-mah'tsoo
toh'ree-ah-ts'kow'
nah-oh'soo, ts'kooroh'-
mahzeh'roo [(oo)
oo-ngohkah'soo
oo-ngoh'koo
kohshoA' woh eeoo'
mee-ookeh'roo, kee-ngah
ts(oo)koo' [roo
ah-ngeh'roo, soosoomeh'-
ohtoh'soo
ahkeh'roo
ah'koo
67
English.
to order (at shop)
to order (command)
to pack
to pay
to permit
to perspire
to pick
to pick up
to play
to pour
to prepare
to prevent
to promise
to pull
to push
to put
to put off
to put on (don)
to rain
to raise
to read
to receive
to recommend
to refuse
to remain
to remember
to repay
to rest
to return [tram.)
to return (intr.)
to ride
to ring (intr.)
to ring (t?-ans.)
to roast
to rub
to run
to save
Japanese (romanized).
atsuraeru
ii-tsilkeru
ni zukuri wo suru
harau
shochi suru
ase ni nam
tsumu
hirou
asobu
tsugu
koshiraeru, shitaku
wo suru
jama wo suru,
samatageru
yakusoku suru
hlku
osu
oku, sueru
nobasu
kiru
ame ga furu
ageru
yomu
uke-toru
susumeru
Lotowaru
nokoru, amaru
oboeru
kaesu, henkyaku
suru
yasumu
kaesu
kaeru
noru
narasu
naru
yaku
kosuru
leaker u
tasUkeru
Pronunciation.
ahtsoorah'ehroo
00-ts(oo)keh'roo
nee dzookoo'ree woh soo'-
hahrow' [roo
sho/i'chee soo'roo
ah'seh nee nah'roo
tsoo'moo
heeroh'(oo)
ahsoh'boo
tsoo'ngoo
kosheerah'ehroo, sh'tah'-
koo woh soo'roo
jah'mah woh soo'roo,
sahmahtah-ngeh'roo
yah-k(oo)soh'koo soo'roo
h(ee)koo
oh'soo
oh'koo, soo-eh'roo
nohbah'soo
kee'roo
ahmeh gah foo'roo
ah-ngheh'roo
y oh 'moo
oo'keh-toh'roo
soosoomeh'roo
kohtohwah'roo
nohkoh'roo, ahmah'roo
ohboh'ehroo
kah'eh-soo, hen-kee-ah'-
koo soo'roo
yahsoo'moo
kah'eh-soo
kah'eh-roo
noh'roo
nahrah'soo
nah'roo
yah'koo
koh-soo'roo
kahkeh'roo
tah-s'keh'roo
F*
68
English.
to say
to see
to seem, appear
to send
to sew
to share
to shave
to shine
to show
to shut (trans.)
to sing (of persons)
to sit (as European)
to sit (as Japanese)
to sleep
to smoke
to sneeze
to sow
to spend
to spoil
to stand (intr.)
to start (set out)
to steal
to stop (trans.)
to stop (intr.)
to sweep
to swim
to take
to take care
to talk
to tear (trans.)
to tell
to tell (relate)
to thank
to think
to throw
to tie
to touch
to travel
to try
Japanese (romanized).
hanasu, iu
miru
mieru
yaru, tsilkawasu
nuu [sum
wakeru, bumpai
hige wo sum (soru)
teru
miseru
shimeru
utau; (birds, .ndku)
koshi wo kakeru
suwaru
neru
tabako wo nomu
kilshami wo suru
maku
tsuiyasu, tsukau
sonjiru
tatsu
shuttatsu sum,
nusumu [tatsu
tomeru
tomaru
haku
oyogu
toru
ki wo tsukeru
hanasu
saku, yabuku
hanasu, iu
kataru
rei wo iu
omou, zonjiru
nageru, horu
shibaru
sawaru, fureru
ryoko suru, tabi wo
suru
yatte miru, tamesu
Pronunciation.
hahnah'soo, ee'oo
mee'roo
mee-eh'roo
yah'roo, ts(oo)kahwah'soo
noo [roo
wahkeh'roo boompt' soo'-
hee'ngheh woh soo'roo
teh'roo [(soh'roo)
meeseh'roo
sheemeh'roo
ootow' (nah'koo)
koh'shee woh kahkeh'roo
soowah'roo
neh'roo
tahbah'koh woh noh'moo
k'shah'mee woh soo'roo
mah'koo
tsoo-ee-yah'soo, ts'kow'
sohn-jee'roo
tah'tsoo
shoot-tah'tsoo soo'roo,
noosoo'moo [tah'tsoo
tohmeh'roo
tohmah'roo
hah'koo
oh-yoh'ngoo
toh'roo
kee woh ts(oo)keh'roo
hahnah'soo
sah'koo, yahboo'koo
hahnah'soo, ee'oo
kahtah'roo
ray woh ee'oo
ohmoh'(oo), zohn-jee'roo
nah-ngheh'roo, ho/i'roo
sheebah'roo
sahwah'roo, foo-reh'roo
ree-ohkoA' soo'roo, tah'-
bee woh soo'roo
yaht'teh mee'roo, tah-
meh'soo
69
English.
to turn {trans.)
to turn (intr.)
to understand
to use
to wait
to walk
to want
to warn
to waste (trans.)
Japanese (romanized).
Pronunciation.
mawasu
mahwah'soo
maivaru
mahwah'roo
ivakaru
wahkah'roo
mochiirUy tsukau
moh-ch^'roo, tsookow'
matsu
mah'tsoo
aruku
ahroo'koo [moo
iru, hoshii, nozomu
ee'roo, hoh-sh^, nohzoh'-
imashimeru, koto-
eemah-sheemeh'roo,
waru
koh-toh-wah'roo
tsuiyasu, muda ni
tsoo-ee-yah'soo, moo'dah
tsilkau
nee ts(oo)kow'
ban wo sum
balm won soo'roo
kiru
kee'roo
motsu
moh'tsoo
hakaru
hahkah'roo
nugu filku
noo-ngoo' f(oo)koo'
nozomu, /tos/m(adj .)
noh-zoh'moo, hoh-sh^'
hataraku
hahtahrah'koo
tsutsumu
tsoo-tsoo'moo
akubi suru
ahkoo'bee soo'roo
to watch, to keep
watch
to wear (trans.)
to wear (intr.)
to weigh (trans,)
to wipe
to wish
to work
to wrap up
to yawn
33. Adyerbs, Particles, Conjunctions, Pronouns,* &c.
(Fukushi, Teniwoha, Setsuzokushi, Daimeishi.)
about (nearly)
above
according to
across
after
afterwards
again
ago
almost
already
also
always
among
anybody
* For the grammar of
Grammar Self-Taught.
oyoso, kurai (gurai),
no ue [hodo
ni yotte
yoko ni
no nochi ni
nochi ni
mata
mae ni
hotondo
mohaya, sude ni
mo, yahari, yappari
itsudemo
no uchi ni
dare de mo
ohyoh'soh, koori'(goori'),
non oo'eh [hoh'doh
nee yoht'teh
yoh'koh nee
noh noh'chee nee
noh'chee nee
m ah 'tab
mah'eh nee
hohtohn'doh [nee
moh-hah/yah, soo'deh
moh, yah-hah'ree, yahp-
eetsoodeh'moh [pah'ree
noh oo'chee nee
dah'reh deh moh
these Parts of Speech see Marlborough'g Japanese
70
English.
Japanese (romacized).
Pronunciation.
anything
any time
anywhere
around
at
at last
because
before
behind
below
beneath
besides
between
by
certainly (without
doubt)
daily
down
downstairs
early
especially
even
everywhere
except
far
from
here
how?
how long ?
how many ?
how often ?
immediately
in
inside
into
just (exactly)
nearly
next
nan de mo
nan doJci de mo,
itsu de mo
doko de mo
no mawari ni
ni, de
yoyaku, tsui ni
kara
saki, no mae ni
no ura ni, no
shUa [ushiro ni
no shita ni
no hoka ni
no aida ni
ni, de, no soba ni
chigai nai, mochi-
ron
mainichi
shita (ye)
shUa ni
hayai
betsu ni, koto ni
sura, sae, de mo
doko de mo, hobo
no hoka ni
toi, empo (na)
yori, kara
koko, kochi (raj
ikaga ? do ? do
shite ?
itsu made ?
ikutsu t
iku tabi ? iku do /
sassoku, suyu ni
ni
ni, no naka ni
ni, no naka ye
chodo
mo sukoshi de
tsugi ni
nahn deh moh
nahn doh'kee deh moh,
ee'tsoo deh moh
doh'koh deh moh
noh mahwah'ree nee
nee, deh
yo/t'yahkoo, tsoo'ee nee
kah'rah
sah'kee, noh mah'eh nee
noh oo'rah nee, noh
sh'tah' [ooshee'roh nee
noh sh'tah nee
noh hoh'kah nee
noh i'&ah nee
nee, deh, noh sohbah nee
chee-nghi' ni, mohchee'-
rohn
mi-nee'chee
sh'tah (yeh)
sh'tah nee
hah-yi'
beh'tsoo nee, koh'toh nee
soo'rah, sah'eh, deh moh
doh'koh deh moh, hoh'-
noh hoh'kah nee [hoh
toh'ee, empoA (nah)
yoh'ree, kah'rah
koh'koh, koh'chee (rah)
eekah' ngah ? doh ? doh
sh'teh ?
ee'tsoo mah'deh?
eekoo'tsoo ? [doh ?
ee'koo tah'bee ? ee'koo
sahs-soh'koo, soo'ngoo
nee [nee
nee, noh nah'kah nee
nee, noh nah'kah yeh
cho/i'doh
moh s'koh'shee deh
tsoo'n^hee nee
71
English.
Japanese (romanized). |
notwithstanding
ni kamaivazu, ni
kakaicarazu
of
no
.of course
moto yori, mochinm'i
often
tabi-tabi
only
tada, bakari
over
no ue ni
probably
okata, tabun
quietly
shizuka ni
rather (somewhat)
iku bun ka
recently
konaida
seldom (with neg.
rnetta ni
separately [verb)
wakete, betsu (ni)
slowly
shidzuka ni
somebody
dare ka
something
nani ka
sometimes
toki doki, ori-fushi
somewhere
doko ka, dokka
soon
jiki ni, hodo naku
still (yet)
nao, mada
than
yori
then
sono toki
there
asiiko, soko, achira
[politer)
therefore
da kara, (desu kara
through
toxhite, totte
till
made
to
ni, ye
too (too much)
amari
too (as well)
mo, yahari
towards
no ho ye
under
no sMta ni
unfortunately
ai-niku
upon
no ue ni
usually, generally
atarimae, taigai
when ?
itsu ?
where?
doko ?
where
no tokoro
why?
naze ? do iu wake de?
with (together)
to issho ni
Pronunciation.
nee kahmahwah'dzoo,
nee kahkahwahrah'dzoo
noh [chee'rohn
moh'toh yoh'ree, moh-
tah'bee-tah'bee
tah'dah, bahkah'ree
noh oo'eh nee
oA'kah-tah, tah'boon
sheedzoo'kah nee
ee'koo boon kah
kohni'dah
meht'tah nee
wah-keh'teh, beh'tsoo
sheedzoo'kah nee [(nee)
dah'reh kah
nah'nee kah [foo'shee
toh'kee doh'kee, oh'ree
cloh'koh kah, dohk'kah
jee'kee nee, hoh'doh nah'-
nab'oh, mah'dah [koo
yoh'ree
soh'noh toh'kee
ah's'koh, soh'koh, ah-
chee'rah [kah'rah
dah kah'rah, deh'soo
to/i'sh'teh, toAt'teh
man' deh
nee, yeh
ahmah'ree
moh, yah-hah'ree
noh hoh yeh
noh sh'tah' nee
i-nee'koo
noh oo'eh nee
ahtahreemah'eh, ti-nghi'
ee'tsoo ?
doh'koh?
noh tohkoh'roh [kehdeh
nah'zeh ? doh ee'oo wah'-
toh ees'shoh nee
CONVERSATIONAL PHRASES AND
SENTENCES.
NOTE. — (i) The Japanese equivalents are not in all cases literal,
translations, but are those which the same set of circum-
stances would draw from Japanese speakers.
(2) In social intercourse with the Japanese it should be
borne in mind that they are perhaps the most sensitive
nation in the world; e.g., a mere hint of displeasure will
be taken deeply to heart and remembered — seldom, how-
ever, with any feeling of malice.
Useful & Necessary Idiomatic Expressions & Phrases. :
(Hitsu yd no gengo, hogen, to.)
English. Japanese (romanized). Pronunciation.
Good morning !
Good day ; or, How
do you do ?
Good evening !
(meeting)
Good night ! (to
one going to bed)
Excuse me ; or, 1
beg your pardon
Oh, don't mention
Thank you [it !
No, thank you
Thank, you ver)
much for your
assistance
Thanks for your
trouble
I apologise for
interrupting you
It does not matter
I can scarcely ask
(asking a favour)
0 hayo !
Konnichi wa !
Komban wa !
0 yasumi nasai !
Go men nasai
oh hah-yo/i' I
kohnnee'chee wah!
kohm'bahn wah !
oh yahsoo'mee nahsi' 1
goh men nahsi'
Do itashimashite ! I do/t eetah^heemah'sh'teh!
Aiigato | ahree-ngah'toh
Arigato, Yoshimashdl ahree-ngah'toh, yoh-shee-
mah-sho/t'
Oki ni 0 sewa sama oh'kee nee oh seh'wah
ni narimashita sah'mah nee nahree-
mah'sh'tah
Go kuro sama goh kooro/t' sah'mah
0 jama itashima- ; oh jah'mah eetahshee-
shlta [sen
Chitto mo kamaima-
Moslii-kane masu-
ga
mah'sh'tah [mah'sen
cheet'toh moh kahmi-
mo/i'shee-kah'neh
mah's'ngah
* For the rules of Japanese Grammar, including Syntax, see Marlborough's
Japanese Grammar Self-Taught.
73
English.
Please do, I beg
You are quite (in-
deed) welcome
Just as you please
You are quite right
Do as you please
Take as much as
you please
It is lucky that...
As you know...
It must be done
What are you do-
ing? (to inferior)
— (to equal or sup.
Please come back
soon
Come here
I have come on
business [come?
When will you
Will you come ?
Where are you
going?
Go and look
What is the m atter?
or, What is it?
As soon as possible
Oh no! that is not
If possible [so
I don't quite under
stand
I haven't the slight
est idea [mean '
What does this
I don't know
I have never seen it
Japanese (romanized).
Doha o negaimoshi-
masu
Yd koso oide na sai
mashita
Go katte shidai desii
Go mottomo de go-
zaimasu
Go katte ni nasai
0 iriyo dake o tori
nasai
Yoi ambai ni...
Go zonji no toH
Shinakucha naran
koto desii
Nani wo sum ?
Nani wo nasaimasu
Mata o hayaku o
kaeri nasaimashi
[nasai
Kochira ye oide
Yd ga atte mairi
mashita
Itstl oide nasaru hat
Oide nasaimasu ka r(
Dochira ye o ide de
gozaimasu ?
Itte goran nasai
Nanda? (fam.) Do
shimashita /
Naru-take hayaku
So ja gozaimasen
Naro koto nara
Hakkiri to wakari-
masen
Mattaku zonjimasen
[desii ?
Kore wa do iu wake
Zonjimasen [n' desii
Mita koto ga nai
Pronunciation.
do/i'kah oh neh-nghi'
mo/i'sheemahs'
joh koh'soh oy'deh nah-
si'mah'sh'tah [s'
goh kaht'teh sheedi' deh'-
goh moht-toh'moh deh
goh-zi-mah's'
goh kaht'teh nee nahsi'
oh ee-ree-yoA' dah'keh oh
toh'ree nahsi'
yoy ahmbi'nee...
goh zohn'jee noh toh'ree
sheenah'k'chah nah'rahn
koh'toh deh's'
nah'uee woh soo'roo?
[man's' ?
nah'nee woh nahsi-
mah'tah oh hah-yah'koo
oh kah-eh'ree nahsi-
mah'shee [nahsi'
koh-chee'rah yeh oy'deh
yoh gah aht'teh im'-ree-
mah'sh'tah [kah?
ee'ts' oy'deh nahsah'roo
oy'deh nahsi-mah's' kah?
dohchee'rah yeh oh ee'-
deh deh goh-zimah's'?
eet'teh goh'rahn nahsi'
nalm'dah? doh shee-
mah'sh'tah? [yah'koo
nah'roo-tah'keh hah-
soh jah goh-zi-mah'sen
nahro/t' koh'toh nah'rah
hahk-kee'ree toll wah-
kahreemah'sen
maht-tah'koo zohnjee-
mah'sen [keh deh's'?
kohreh wah doh eeoo wah-
zohnjeemah'sen [n'deh's'
mee'tah koh'toh gah ni
74
English.
Japanese (ronianized).
I haven't seen you
for a long time
What do you say ?
Who said so ?
[about it
I will speak to him
He won't hear of it
[on
He cannot be relied
He is honest and!
hard-working
You must not do
that
Don't tell anyone
I will do my best
I can do without it
It will do afterwards
It will do at your
leisure
Be careful !
I will bring it for
you
Do you want this ?
I want an answer
Wait a moment
[answer ?
What is your
Do you like this ?
I like it very much
How do you like it?
Kindly let me know
at once
You are very fortu-
nate
Shibaraku o me ni
kakarimasen
Nani wo osshaimasii
Dare ga so iima-
shita ?
Danjite mimasho
Naka-naka shochi
shimasen
Ate ni naHmasen
Ano hito wa, sfw-
jiki de, yoku ha-
tarakimasil
So shicha ikemasen
[masen
Hito ni itt'chya ike
Narutake hone-otte
yarimasho
Nakute mo ii rf desu
[(familiar)
Ato demo yoroshii
Go tsugo no toki de
yoroshiu gozaimasu
Ki wo tsukero !
Motte kite agemasho
Kore wa o iriyo desii
ka ? [raitai
Henji wo shite mo-
Sukoshi mate (fam.);
Sukoshi omachi
nasai (polite)
0 henji wa ikaga ?
Kore wo o snki desu
Dai sUki desu [ka ?
Ikaga desu ?
Dozo sugu ni kika-
shite kudasai
0 shiawase de gozai-
Pronunciation.
sheebahrah'koo oh meh
nee kah-kahreemah'sen
nahnee won ohs-shmiah's'
dah'reh gah soh eemah'-
sh'tah ? [sho/t'
dahnjee'teh meemah-
nah'kah-nah'kah shoh'-
chee sheemah'sen
ahteh nee nahreemah'sen
ah'noh sh'toh' wah,
sho/i'jeekee deh, yoh'koo
hah-tahrahkeemah's'
soh. sh'chah' eekehmah'-
sen [eekehmah'sen
sh'toh nee eet-t' ch(ee)ah
nahrootah'keh hoh'neh-
oht'teh yahreemah-sho/i'
nahkoo'teh moh ee n'
deh's' [slietf
ah'toh deh'moh yohroh-
goh tsoo-ngo/i' noh toh'-
kee deh yohrohshee'oo
goh-zi-mah's'
kee woh tsookeh'roh !
moht'teh kee'teh ah-
ngeh-mah-shoA'
koh'reh wah oh ee'ree-y oh'
deh's' kah ? [mohri-t^
hen'jee woh shee'teh
sookoh'shee mah'teh ;
sookoh'shee oh-mahf-
chee nah-st' [ngah?
oh hen'jee wah eekah'-
koh'reh woh oh soo'kee
d?: s'kee deh's' [deh's' kali?
eekah'ngah deh's' ?
doA-zoh soo'ngoo nee kee-
kah'sh'teh koodahsi'
oh shee-ahwah'seh deh
goh-zi-mah's'
75
English.
You need not hi
anxious
It is too difficult
It is well done
What is your ad-
dress ?
My address is...
This is my address
Give me his ad-
dress
He lives in Hiogo
He resides at Tokyo
[suppose so)
So it seems. (Yes,l
Do you speak
English ?
I am English .
I don't understand
I can speak a little
Japanese
I had not time
I really cannot wait
As you see
Where were you
seen?
Is it convenient to-
morrow ?
I will return it to-
morrow
Just as you like
Japanese (romanized).
Go shimpai ni wa
oyobimasenU
Amari mutsukashii
n' desu
Yoku deki mashUa
Goju showa dochira
desu
Watakushino tokoro-
gaki wa ... de
gozaimasu
Watakushi no jusho
wa koko desu
Ano hito no tokoro-
gaki wo kudasai
Hiogo ni orimasu
Tokyo ni sunde
orimasU
So da so desil
Anata Igirisu ko-
toba wo go zonji
desu ka ?
Watakushi wa
Igirisu desil
Wakarimasen
Watakushi Nihon-go
wa sukoshi
dekimasu
Hima ga nakatta n
desu
Matcha oraremasen
Goran no tori
Doko de mirarema-
shita ka ?
Mionichi tsugo wa\
yoroshii n'desu ka?
j
Mionichi o kayeshi.
moshimasu
Go katte shidai desii
Pronunciation.
goh sheempi' nee wan
oh-yohbeemahseh'n'
ahmah'ree mootsookah'-
shee n'deh's' [tah
yoh'koo deh-kee mah'sh'-
goh joo shoh wah doh-
chee'rah den's' ?
wahtah'k'shee noh toh-
koh'roh-ngah'kee wah
... deh goh-zt-mah's
wahtah'k'shee noh joo'-
shoh wah koh'koh deh's'
ah'noh sh'toh noh toh-
koh'roh-ngah'kee woh
koodahsi' [man's'
heeoA'ngoh nee ohree-
toA-k(ee)yo/t nee soon'-
deh ohreemah's'
soh dah soh deh's'
ahnah'tah ee-nghee-ree'-
soo kohtoh'bah woh goh
zohn'jee deh's' kah?
wahtah'k'shee wah ee-
nghee-ree'soo deh's'
wahkahreemah'sen
wahtah'k'shee nee'hohn-
ngoh wah sookoh'shee
dehkeemah's'
hee'mah gah nahkaht'-
tah n'deh's' [mah'sen
maht'chah ohrahreh-
goh'rahn noh to/t'ree
doh'koh deh meerahreh-
mah'sh'tah kah ?
meeo/t'neechee tsoo-ngo//'
wah yohrohsh^' n'
deh's' kah?
meeo/i'neechee oh kah-
yeh'shee mo/isheemah's'
goh kaht'teh sheedt'deh's'
English.
Japanese (romanized).
Please let me know
immediately
He has already left
[not know
He probably does
This article wears
well
Are there any book-
shops in Osaka ?
To be sure there are!
I enquired, but
there was none
I see you for the
first time
Where are you
going?
Come here ; I have
something for
you to do
May I ask who you
are, sir?
When do you re-
turn to Europe ?
Is anything the
matter with you?
Who said so ?
Be pleased to wait
Go and wait at the
school, please
You come as well
I am told he re-
turned yesterday
You must be care-
ful
I did not break it ;
i.e., it was not I
who broke it
Sugu ni kikashite
kudasai
Mo o kayeri ni nari-
mashita
Shiranai rtdesho
Kono shina wa moclii-
ga yoroshii ndesu
Ozaka ni honya ga
gozaim-asii ka ?
Arimasu to mo I
Tadzunemashita ke-
redomo, gozaima-
senii deshlta
Hajimete o *me ni
kakarimasil
Dochira ye o ide de
gozaimasu ?
Yd ga aru kara,
kochi o ide (fam.)
Donata de irasshai-
masu ka ?
Itsu Yoroppa ye o
kaeri ni narimasu
ka?
Do ka nasaimashtta
ka / [shita ?
Dare ga so iima-
0 machi nasai
Gakkoye itte o machi
nasai
Anata mo irrasshai
Sakujitsu kayenma-
shUa so desu
Yojin shinai to ike
masen-zo !
Kowashita no wa
watakushi de
gozaimasenu
Pronunciation.
soo'ngoo nee keekah'-
sh'teh koodahsi' •
mo/i. oh kah-yeh'ree nee
nahreemah'sh'tah
sheerahni' n'deh'shoh
koh'noh shee'nah wah
moh'chee-ngah yoh-
rohslW n'deh's'
oAzah'kah nee hohn'yah
gah goh-zi-mah's' kah?
ahreemah's' toh moh !
tahdzoonehmah'sh'tah
keh-rehdoh'moh, goh-zi-
mah-seh'n' deh'sh'tah
hahjeemeh'teh oh meh
nee kahkahreemah's'
doh-chee'rah yeh oh ee'-
deh deh goh-zi-mah's'?
yoh gah ah'roo kah'rah,
koh'chee oh ee'rfeh
dohnah'tah deh eerahs-
sln-mah's' kah?
ee'tsoo yo/t'rohp-pah yeh
oh kaheh'ree nee nah-
ree-mah's' kah ?
&oh kah nahsi-mah'sh'tah
kah? [sh'tah?
dah'reh gah soh ^mah'-
oh mah'chee nah-si'
gahk-koA' yeh eet'teh oh
mah'chee nahsi' [sh^'
ahnah' tah moh eer-rahs-
sahkooj ee'tsoo kah-yeh-
reemah 'sh'tah soh deli's'
yo/t'jeen sheeni' toh ee-
kehmah'sen-zoh !
kohwah'sb'tah noh wah
wah-tah'k'sbee deh
goh-z?'-mahseh'n'
77
English.
That is the import
Why ? [ant point
In that case it is all
right
It is extremely in
convenient [it
There is no help for
Under what cir
cumstances ?
What is the reason?
WThatis the matter?
There is no mistake
about it !
You were certainly
to blame
What is your
opinion ?
Please make a note
of it
I say ! Mr....
Look !
It is indeed grand
Without ceremony
Speak louder,
please
Is it not beautiful ?
Japanese (romanized.) I
Pronunciation.
Soko ga kanjin desil
Naze desu? (fam.)
Sonnara yoroshiu
gozaimasil
Goku goku tsugo ga
warui
Shi-kata-ga nai
Do iu shidai de ?
Do iu wake desit ?
Do shlta no desu ?
Sore ni soi nai n
desil!
Omaye wa ivarui no
ni chigai nai
Anata wa do in <
kangae desil ?
Doka a kaki-tome
wo negaimasU
Moshi, ... San!
Goran nasai!
Makoto ni o rippa
de gozaimasil
Go yenrio naku
Motto o-goe de
osshatte kudasai-
mashi [nai ka ?
Rippa na mono ja
soh'koh gah kahn'jeen
nah'zeh den's' ? [deli's*
sohn-nah'rah yohroh-
slWoo goh-zi-mah's'
goh'koo goh'koo tsoo-
ngoA' gah wahroo'ee
sh'-kah'tah-ngah ni
&oh ee'oo sheedi' deh ?
doh ee'oo wah'keh deh's'?
&oh sh'tah noh deh's'?
soh'reh nee so/t'ee ni n'
deh's' !
ohmah'yeh wah wahroo'-
ee noh nee chee-nghi ni
ahnah'tah wah doh ee'oo
oh kahn-ngah'eh deh's'?
do/t'kah oh kah-kee-toh'-
meh woh neh-nghimahsr
moh'shee ! ... sahn !
goh'rahn nahst !
mahkoh'toh nee oh reep'-
pah deh goh-zz-mahV
goh yenree'oh nah'koo
moht'toh o/i-ngoh'eh deh
ohs-shaht'teh koodah-
si-mah'shee [m kah ?
reep'pah nah moh'noh j ah
Expressions of Emotion.* (Kanto shi.)
Indeed! (Is that so?)
How can you say
such a thing !
It is a pity that...
I am sorry for you
I see !
Excuse me for hav-i
ing inconvenien-j
cedyout
* See Note 2,
So desil ka !
Sonna koto wo os-
shatte !
Oshii koto ni wa . . .
0 kinodoku soma
Naruhodo /
Kore wa, o jama wo
itashimashita
woh
so/i deh's' kah?
sohn'nah koh'toh
ohs-shaht'teh !
oh-shee' koh'toh nee wah...
oh keenohdoh'koo sah'-
nahroohoh'doh ! [mail
koh'reh wah, oh jah'mah
woh eetahsheemah'-
sh'tah
page 72.
t On concluding a visit.
78
English.
What! (protest)
What a pity !
I feel ashamed
It is a nuisance
It tvas jolly 1
I am very glad of it
I am delighted
I am glad
I congratulate you
Don't talk non-
sense ! [noise !
Don't make such a
Don't bother !
It is most annoying!
I don't care!
This won't do!
I should never think
of saying such a
thing !
— of doing such a
thing !
It is none of your
business
You had better hold
your tongue
Do as I order you !
You have my strict
orders
Why don't you go
when I tell you ?
Get away, or Be off!
Get out of the way
and let me pass !
Insolent fellow !
Japanese (romanized).
Nani !
Oshii koto desii, ne !
Memboku ga gozai-
masen
Komatta koto desii
Taihen ni omoshiro
gozaimashlta !
Makoto ni yoroko
bashiu gozaimasu
[masti
Hijo ni yorokobi-
Sore wa ureshiu
gozaimasu
0 medeto zonjimasil
Baka iu-na !
Yakamashii !
Urusai !
Komatta mono da !
Kamai ya shinai!
Kore de wa ikenai!
Sonna koto wa, ii ya
itashimasen !
Sonna koto wa sJU
ya shimasen
Omae no kamatta-
koto ja nai
Damatte iru ho ga
ii !
Watakushi no in
tori ni itase !
Kataku ii-tsuketa
zo
lkettara ikanai kat
(familiar)
Achi ike !
Waki e yore !
Atsukamashii! '•
Pronunciation.
nah'nee ! [neh !
oh-slW koh'toh deh's',
memboh'koo gah goh-zi-
m ah 'sen [deh's'
kohmaht'tah koh'toh
ti'hen nee ohmohsheero/i'
goh-zi-mah'sh'tah !
mahkoh'toh nee yohroh-
kohbahshee-oo' goh-zi-
mah's' [beemah's'
heejo/t' nee yohrohkoh-
sohreh wah ooreh-sheeoo'
gohzimah's' [mah's'
oh meh-dehto/i' zohnjee-
bah'kah ee'oo-nah !
yahkahmahsh^' !
ooroosi' ! [dah !
kohmaht'tah moh'noh
kahnn' yah sheem'! [ni'l
koh'reh deh wah eekeh-
sohn'nah koh'toh wah,
ee yah eetahsheemah'-
sen !
sohn'nah koh'toh wah
shee yah sheemah'sen!
ohmah'eh noh kahmaht'-
tah koh'toh jah ni
dahmaht'teh ee'roo hoh
gah ee !
wahtah'k'shee noh ee'oo
Wi'ree nee eetah'seh !
kahtah'koo ^-tsookeh'tah
zoh
eeket-tah'rah eekahm'
kah?
ah'chee ee'keh !
wah'kee eh yoh'reh !
ahts'kahmahslW !
79
Enquiries. (Ukagau Koto.)
NOTE. — In asking for information, it is usual to preface any en-
quiry with the formula "Go men nasai I " (Excuse me).
European gentlemen raise the hat at the same time, whether
the query be addressed to a male or a female. The for-
mula used in thanking a stranger for information received
is "Kore 10a, domd! arigato zonjimasu!" — the nearest English
equivalent to which is " Thanks very much."
English.
Japanese (romanized).
What is the Japa-
nese name for
this?
What is this made
of?
What is this thing?
[do?
What ought I to
What is this for ?
What is he doing ?
What have you
come for?
What could have
been the reason ?
What is it all about?
What do you pro-
pose to do ?
[to him ?
What has happened
What is your
name?
My name is Smith
What time does the
lecture begin to-
morrow ?
[quire
You had better en-
Please enquire for
me (on my behalf)
I will enquire f or you
Pronunciation.
Kono mono wa, Ni-
kon-go de nan to
moshimasio ?
Kore wa, nan de
delate orimasH ?
Kono mono wa,
nanda ? [ro )
Do itashitara yoka-
Kore wa, nan' ni
tsukaimasu ?
Nani wo shUe imasil?
Nani shi ni kita?
(in auger)
Do iu wake de gozai-
mashitaro 1
Do shita mon' desii?
Do nasaimasU ? Do
nasaru otsumori
desu ?
Do shimashita?
0 namaye wa nan'
to osshaimasu?
Watakushi wa Smith
to moshimasu
Midnichi no enzetsu
wa, nan-ji kara
hajimarimasU ?
Kiite miru ga ii
Kiite itadakito go-
zaiinasti
Kiite agemasho
koh'noh moh'noh wah,
nee'hohn-goh deh nahn
toh moh-sh'mah's'?
koh'reh wah, nahn deh
deh-kee'teh ohreemah's'
koh'noh moh'noh wah,
nahn'dah ? , [kahroA' ?
doh eetah-sh'tah'rah yoh-
koh'reh wah, nah'n' nee
tsooki-mah's'? [man's'?
nah'nee woh sh'teh' ee-
nah'nee shee nee kee'-
tah?
doh ee'oo wah'keh deh
goh-zi-mah'sh'tahro/t'?
doh sh'tah moh'n' deh's'?
doh nahs^-mah's' ?
doh nahsah'roo ohtsoo-
moh'ree deh's' ?
doh sheemah' sh'tah?
oh nahmah'yeh wah
nah'n' toh ohshi-mah's'?
wahtah'k'shee wah smith
toh mo/ish'mah's'
meeo/t'neechee noli en-
zeh'tsoo wah, nahn-jee
kah'rah hahjeemahree-
mah's' ?
k^'teh mee'roo gah ee
k^'teh eetahdahkeeto/i'
goh-z{-mah's' [sho/t'
k^'teh ah-n^eh-mah-
80
English.
| Japanese (romanized).
What salary should
I pay per month?
Oh! I should say...
would be sufficient
What age are you?
Which is the short-
est way to...?
Is this the way
to...?
How far is it to...?
How far is it from
here?
Where is the police
station ?
Does Mr — live in
this street ?
Can you direct me
to his house ?
Where does he live?
Can I see Mr. ...?
[ries...
On making enqui-
Whendoyou return
to your country ?
Isn't it finished yet?
Is it convenient to-
day?
Pronunciation.
Hito-tsilki no shlrei
wa, dono kurai
y attar a yokaro ?
Ma ! ... de jubun de
gozaimasho
0 toshi wa o ikutsu
ni o nari nasaru?
...ye ikit ni wa, dore
ga chika-michi
desU ka?
...ye wa kore de yoi\
no desu ka t
...ye dono kurai
arimasu ka?
Koko kara dono
kurai hanarete
imasu ?
Keisatsu-sho wa doA
chira de gozaimasu?
Kono machi ni ...
to mosu hito ga
gozaimasu ka?
Ano hito no uchi wo
oshiete kudasai-
masen ka?
Doko ni sunde ori-
masu ka ?
...San ni o me ni
kakarito gozai-
masU? [##•••
Kiite mita tokoro
Itsu o kuni ye o
kaeri nasaimasu
ka ? [ka /
Mada dekite imasen
Konnichi tsugo wa
yoroshiu gozai-
mam ka?
sh'toh'-ts'kee' noh shee-
ray' wah, doh'noh koon
yaht-tah'rah yohkahro/t'
mah ! . . .deh jooboon' deh
goh-zi-mahshoA'
oh toh'shee wah oh ee-
koo'tsoo nee oh nah'ree
nahsah'roo ?
...yeh ee'koo nee wah,
doh'reh gah chee'kah-
mee'chee deh's' kah ?
...yeh wah koh'reh deh
yoy noh deh's' kah ?
...yeh doh'noh koori' ah-
reemah's' kah?
koh'koh kah'rah doh'noh
koori' hahnahreh'teh
eemah's ?
Kaysah'tsoc-shoh wah
doh-chee'rah deh goh-
zi-mah's' ?
koh'noh mah'chee nee...
toh mo/i'soo sh'toh gah
goh-z?--mah's' kah?
ah'noh sh'toh noh oo'chee
woh oh-shee-eh'teh koo-
dahsi-mah'sen kah ?
doh'koh nee soon'deh oh-
reemah's' kah?
...sahn nee oh meh nee
kahkahreeto/i' goh-zi-
mah's' ? [roh gah . . .
kee'teh mee'tah tohkoh'-
ee'tsoo oh koo'nee yeh oh
kah-eh'ree nahsimah's'
kah ? [mah'sen kah ?
mah'dah deh-kee'teh ee-
kohn-nee'chee tsoo-ngoh'
wah yohrohshee-oo'
goh-zi-mah's' kah?
81
Travelling: By Railway. (Byo-ko: Kishade.)
English.
Order a carriage to
take me to the
station
To the station,
quick !
Hurry up !
Shall I be in time?
Let us go
I think I shall go
[the morning
The first train in
I shall set off to
morrow
There is plenty of
time
Is the luggage
ready ?
Please help me
with my luggage
Which is your
luggage ?
Will you take
charge of my
luggage ?
Take care !
Are you sure you
have forgotten
nothing? [ticket
I will go and get a
Where is the book-;
ing-office ?
Give me a first-
class return to
Tokio
Japanese S.-T.
(For Vocabulary see page
Japanese (romanized)
Pronunciation.
Suteishon yeiku kara
basha wo tanonde
o-kure
Suteishon ye hayaku
Hayaku ! hayaku !
Mada ma ni aima-
sho ka ?
Iko ja nai ka? (fam.)
Iko ka to omoimasu
Ichi-ban kisha
Mionichi shuttatsu
shimasil
Mada yohoda aida
ga arimasil
Nimotm no shitaku
wa ii ka ?
Kono nimotm wo
chotto tetsu-datte
kudasai
Dore ga anata no
nimotm desu ka ?
Nimotsu wo o adzu
kari kudasaru
ka ? [sai
Ki wo tsukete kuda
Wasure-mono wa
nai ka ?
[kimasho
Kippu wo katte
Kippu no uridokoro
wa doko ni ari
masil ka ?
\Doka Tokyo made
no joto ofuku-
gippu wo ichi-
mai kudasai
sootay'shohn yeh ee'koo
kah'rah bah' shah woh
tahnohn'deh oh-koo'reh
sootay'shohn yeh hah-
yah'koo [koo !
hah-yah'koo ! hah-yah'-
mah'dah mah nee i-mah-
sho/i' kah ?
eeko/t' jah m kah?
eeko/i' kah toh oh-moli'-
ee-mah's'
ee'chee-bahn kee'shah
meeo/i'neechee shoot-
tah'tsoo sheemah's'
mah'dah yoh-hoh'doh i'-
dah gah ahreemah's'
neemoh'ts' noh sheetah'-
koo wah ee kah ?
koh'noh neemoh'ts' woh
choht'toh tetsoodaht'-
teh koodahsi'
dohreh gah ahnahtah noh
neemoh'ts' deh's' kah?
neemoh'ts' woh oh ah-
dzookah'ree koodah-
sah'roo kah? [dahsi'!
kee woh ts'keh'teh koo-
wahsoo'reh-moh'noh wah
m' kah ?
[keemahsho^'
keep'poo woh kaht'teh
keep'poo noh ooreedoh-
koh'roh wall doh'koh
nee ahreemah's' kah ?
do/t'kah to/i-kee-o/t mah'-
deh noli joh-toh oh'-
f ' koo-gheep'poo woh
ee'chee-m/ koodahsi'
82
English.
I want return
tickets
1st class ; 2nd ; 3rd
Wnere are you go-
ing, sir ? [to...
I am going through
Ail right, come
along
What is the fare ?
How much is the
excess ? (on
luggage)
When is the next
train for...?
Is this the train
for...?
What time is there
a train for...?
When will the train
At once, sir [start?
Is there a non-
smoking car-
riage ?
Where is your
ticket, please?
Is this an express?
Am I in the right
train for...?
Where do I change
for...?
[starting
There ! the train is
That seat is en
gaged
Japanese (romanized).
Ufuku gippu wo
kudasai
Joto ; chuto ; kato
Dochira ye irasshai-
masu ?
...made mairim asu
Sa ! o tomo itashi-
masho
Chin sen wa ikura ?
Yo-bun no chin-sen
wa ikura desu ka?
... made, tsugi no
kisha wa nan-ji
ni demasU ka?
Kore wa . . . yuki no
kisha desu ka?
... ye yuku kisha wa
nan-ji ni demasiX
ka?
Bessha wa itsu c
Tadaima [m,asio ka?
Tabako wo kinjite
aru kyakusha ga
am ka ?
Kippu wo chotto
haiken ?
Kore wa kyitko-
ressha desU ka ?
Kono notte iru
kisha wa...made
yuku ni chigai
wa arimasen ka?
. . .made yuku ni wa
doko de nori-kae
shimasu ka ?
[deru
Sora ! kisha ga
Sono tokoro wa fu-
sagatte imasu
Pronunciation.
o/i'fkoo gheep'poo woh
koodahsi'
\oh-ioh ; choo-toh ; k&htoh'
doh-chee'rah yeh eerahs-
shi-mah's' ?
...mah'deh mi-reemah's'
sah ! oh toh'moh eetah-
sheemahsho/&'*
cheen'sen wah eekoo'rah?
yoh-boon noh cheen-sen
wah eekoo'rah den's'
kah?
... mah'deh, tsoo'nghee
noh kee'shah wah nahn-
jee nee dehmah's' kah ?
koh'reh wah yoo'kee
noh kee'shah deb's' kah?
...yeh yoo'koo kee'shah
wah nahn-jee nee deh-
mah's' kah?
res'shah wah ee'tsoo deh-
tahdi'mah [man's' kah?
tahbah'koh woh keenjee'-
teh ah'roo kee-ah-koo'-
shah gah ah'roo kah?
keep'poo woh choht'toh
hi' ken ?
koh'reh wah kee-ooko/i'-
res'shah deh's' kah?
koh'noh noht'teh ee'roo
kee'shah wah. . .mah'deh
yoo'koo nee chee-nghi'
wah ahreemah'sen kah?
...mah'deh yoo'koo nee
wah, doh'koh deh noh'-
ree-kah'eh sheemah'-
soo kah ? [deh'roo
soh'rah ! kee'shah gah
soh'noh tohkoh'roh wah
foosahngaht'teh eemah's'
83
English.
Do I change here
for...?
This is not a smok-
ing carriage
Do you object to
smoking ?
May I open (close)
the window ?
Do we stop long
here ?
Show these ladies
to the waiting
room
Lavatory
Which is the way
out?
There is the way
out
I have come to
meet you, sir
Japanese (romanized).
...ye yuku ni wa
koko de nori-kae-
masil ka ?
Kono kyakusha de wa
tabako wo nomu\
koto ga kinjite
imasil
Tabako wo nonde mo
anata ni wa sashi-
tsukae ga gozai-
masen ka ?
Mado wo akete (shi-
mete) wo yd gozai-
masii ka ?
Kono tei-sha-ba ni
nagaku tomari-
mam ka ?
Kono fujin gata wo
kiusokujo ye go an-
nai moshi-te kuda-
sai
Benjo. Chozuba
De-guchi wa doko
desu ka ?
De-guchi wa asuko
de gozaimasil
Danna ! o mukai in
mairimashita
Pronunciation.
...yeh yoo'koo nee wah
koh'koh deh noh'ree-
kah-eh-mah's' kali ?
koh'noh kee-ahkoo'shah
deh wah tahbah'kohwoh
noh'moo koh'toh gah
keenjee'teh eemah's'
tabbah'koh woh nohn'deh
moh ahnah'tah nee wah
sah-shee-tsookah'eb gah
goh-zt-mah'sen kab?
mah'doh woh ahkeh'teh
(sheemeh'teh) moh yoh
gob-zi-mah's' kah ?
koh'noh tay-shah-bah
nee nah-ngah'koo toh-
mahreemah's' kah ?
koh'noh foo'jeen gah 'tab
woh kew-soh-koo'joh
yeh goh abn-ni' moA'-
shee-teh koodahs^'
ben 'job ; cho/i'dzoobah
deh-goo'chee wah doh'-
koh den's' kah ?
deh-goo'chee wah ah's'-
koh deh goh-zz-mah's'
dabn'nah ! oh mookt' nee
im-reernah'sh'tah
By Road: Hiring Conveyances.
{Oral de: Kuruma wo yatou koto.]
(See Vocabulary 21, page 85.)
Order a 'riksha
[man !
Here ! jinrikisha-
Here ! bring a
double 'riksha
[horses
A carriage with two
Jinrikisha wo ta-
7io nde kudasai
Oi ! kuruma-ya !
Oi! ni-nin-nori no
kuruma it-cho
motte koi [basha
Ni-hiki dachi no
jeenree'keeshah woh tah-
nohn'deh koodahsi'
oy ! kooroo'mah-yah !
oy ! nee-neen-noh'ree noh
kooroo'mah eet-rhoA'
moht'teh koy [bah'shah
nee-hee'kee dah'chee noh
84
English.
Japanese (romanized).
Pronunciation.
Here ! bring one
'riksha
A 'riksha drawn by
one man (two
men)
A 'riksha to seai
one person (two;
persons)
How much to take
me to Tokio ?
How many are there
in your party ?
There are four of us
Take me to the
station
All right, please
step in
[go?
Will he be able to
Put up the hood
Lower the hood
Stop here a mo-
ment
Let me get out
here
How far is it to...?
Which is the road
to...?
How is the road
ahead ?
Please tell me the
way
Will it be possible
to go?
Your horse is
ready, sir
Oi ! jinrikisha it-cho
motte koi
Ichi-nim-biki (ni-
nim-biki) no
kuruma
Ichi-nin-nori (ni-
nin-nori) no
kuruma
Tokyo made dono-
kurai de noseru
ka?
0 iku-tari de gozai-
masil ?
Yottari desil
Suteishon made no-
sete yatte kure
He! Yoroshiiigozai-
masil 0 meshi na-
saimashi
Ikareru d' aro ka 1
Horo wo agete
kure
Horo wo totte kure
Koko de sukoshi
matte o kure
Koko de orosMte
o-kure [aru ?
. . . made donogurai
...ye iku michi wa,
dochira de goz-
aimasu ?
Kore kara saki no
michi wa, do desu ?
Michi wo oshiete
kudasai
Iku koto-ga d da-
rn asho ka ?
Danna, o uma no
sMtaku wa yoro
shin gozaimam
oy ! jeenree'keeshah eet-
choh moht'teh koy
ee'chee-neem-bee'kee
(nee-neem-bee'kee) noh
kooroo'mah
ee'chee-neen-noh'ree
(nee-neen-noh'ree) noh
kooroo'mah
tohkee-oh mah'deh doh'-
noh-koori' deh nohseh'-
roo kah ?
oh ee'koo-tah'ree deh
goh-zi-mah's'?
yoht-tah'ree deh's'
sootayshohnmahdeh noh-
seh'teh yaht'teh koo'reh
heh ! yohrohsheeoo' goh-
zimah's' oh meh'shee
nahsi-mah' shee [kah ?
eekahreh'roo d'ahro/t'
hoh'roh woh ah-ngheh'-
teh koo'reh [koo'reh
hoh'roh woh toht'teh
koh'koh deh soo-koh-shee
maht'teh oh koo'reh
koh'koh deh ohroh'sh'teh
oh-koo'reh [ri* ahroo ?
...mah'deh dohnoh-ngoo-
...yeh ee'koo mee'chee
wah, doh-chee'rah deh
goh-zi-mah's* ?
kohrehkahrah sahkee noh
meechee wah,do/t deh's'?
mee'chee woh oh-shee-
eh'teh koodahsi'
ee'koo koh'toh-ngah deh-
keemahsho/i' kah?
dahn'nah, oh'm-mah'noh
sh'tah'koo wah yohroh-
shee-oo' gohznnah's'
85
English.
Japanese (roraanized).
It is no distance on
to the next place
How many ri is it
from here ?
How dreadfully bad
the road is !
How many ri is
it to the next
town ? [on ?
Must I go straight
By
When do we start?!
Send the steward
to me
What is the first-
cabin tare?
Please show me
my berth
Is this berth
taken ?
[tain '
Where is the cap
I will engage the
whole cabin
Put my bag in the
cabin
Have you a pass-
port ?
What is the number
of your cabin ?
I am in number
three
Koko kara saki wa,
jiki desii
Kore yori nanWi
hodo aru ?
Osoroshii do mo michi
ga warui
Tsugi no shuku made
nan ri gozaimasu ?
[desu ka ?
Massugu ni iku n
Pronunciation.
koh'koh kah'rah sah'kee
wah, jee'kee deh's'?
koh'reh yoh'ree nahn'ree
hoh'doh ah'roo?
ohsohrohsh^' doA'moh
mee'chee gah wahroo'ee
tsoo-nghee' noh sh'koo'
mah'deh nahn ree goh-
zimah's'? [n'deh's'kah?
mahs-soo'ngoo nee ee'koo
Steamboat. (Jokisen de.)
(Fop Vocabulary see page 37.)
Nanji goro ni shup- nahnjeegohrohneeshoop-
pan shimasu ka?
Makanai-kata wo
kochira ni yoko-
shite o-kure
Joto no chinsen wa
ikura desii?
WatakUshi no ne-
doko wo misete
o-kure
Kono ne-doko wa
mo kashite oru ka ?
[orimasii ka
Sencho wa doko ni
Watakushi wa kono
heya wo kari-kin
shimasho
Te-kaban wo wata
kushi no heya ni
irete o-kure
Hyoko-menjo wo i
mochi de gozai
masu ka?
Nan-gd no shitsu ni
irasshaimasu ?
San- go ni orimasii
palm sheemah's' kah?
mahkahm'-kah'tah woh
koh-chee'rah nee yoh-
koh'sh'teh oh-koo'reh
johtoh noh cheen'sen wah
eekoo'rah deh's' ?
wahtah'k'shee noh neh-
doh'koh woh meeseh'-
teh oh-koo'reh
koh'noh neh-doh'koh wah
mo/i kah'sheeteh oh'roo
kah? [ohreemah's' kah?
sencho/i'wahdoh'koh nee
wahtah'k'shee wah koh'-
noh heh'yah woh kah'ree-
kee'ree sheemah-sho/*'
teh-kah'bahn woh wah-
tahk'shee noh heh'yah
nee eereh'teh oh-koo'reh
ree-ohkoA' - menjoh' woh
oh moh'chee deli goh-
zt-mah's' kah ?
nahn-ngo/i noh shee'tsoo
nee eerahs-shi-mah's'?
sahn-ngoA nee ohree-
mah's'
86
English.
Japanese (romanized).
Will it be rough ?
The sea is rough
Is she a good boat?
Shall you stay on
deck?
No, I shall go
below
I feel very sick
I am going below
to my cabin
Can we have dinner
on board?
Open (shut) the
port-hole
Here ! Boatman !
How much to take
me ashore?
Please let me see
your passport
Here is my
luggage
Where is the cus-
tom-house?
Bring that trunk
to the custom-
house
Have you any-
thing to de-
clare ?
[dutiable
I have nothing
Kokai ni wa umi ga
aremaslw ka?
Umi ga arai n' desu
Kono fune wa yoi
fune desu ka ?
Kampan ni nokotte
oide desho ka ?
Iiye, watakushi wa
shita ye ikimasu
Watakushi wa taiso
mukatsukimasu
Watakushi wa hey a
ye mairimasil
Fune ni yashoku ga
arimasu ka ?
Mado wo akete
(shimete) o-kure
Oi ! Sendo !
Oka made ikura de
nosete kureru ka?
Go-menjo wo chotto
o mise nasiitte
kudasai
Pronunciation.
koh'ki nee wah oo'mee
gah ahreh-masho/i' kah?
oo'mee gah ah'ri n' den's'
koh'noh foo'neh wah yoy
foo'neh deh's' kah ?
kahm'pahn nee nohkoht'-
teh oy'deh dehsho/i' kah?
ee'yeh, wahtah'k'shee wah
sh'tah yeh eekeemah's'
wahtah'k'shee wah ti-soh'
mookahtsookeemah's'
wahtah'k'shee wah heh'-
yah yeh mi-reemah's'
foo'neh nee yah-shoh'koo
gah ahreemah's' kah ?
mah'doh woh ahkeh'teh
(sheemeh'teh)oh-koo'reh
oy ! sen'doh !
oh'kah mah'deh eekoo'-
rah deh nohseh'teh koo-
reh'roo kah ?
goh-menjoh' woh choht'-
toh oh mee'seh nah'-
s(oo)t-teh koodahsi'
Arrival, (lo-chaku.)
(See Vocabulary 21, page 35.)
Watakushi no ni-
motsu wa koko ni
aru
Zeikwan wa doko
desu ka?
Chotto Zeikwan
made sono kaban]
wo motte koi
Kaban no naka ni
nani ka zei wo
osamu-beki mono
ga gozaimasu ka?
Iiye, gozaimasen
wahtah'k'shee noh nee-
moh'ts' wahkoh'koh nee
ah'roo
zay'kwahn wah doh'koh
deh's' kah?
choht'tohzay'kwan mah'-
deh soh'noh kah 'balm
woh moht'teh koy
kah'bahn noh nah'kah nee
nah'nee kah zay woh oh-
sah'moo-beh'kee moh'-
noh gah goh-zi-mah's' kah?
ee'yeh, goh-zz-mah'sen
87
English.
Please give me
your keys
Here are the keys
Is there an omni-
bus?
Call a carriage
[riage
There is no car-
What is the fare to
the hotel?
Tell the driver
where to take
me
Japanese (ronianized).
Kagi wo kashtte
kudasai
Kagi wa koko ni
gozaimasu
Nori-ai-basha ga
arimasu ka ?
Basha wo tanonde
o-kure [sen
Basha wa gozaima-
Yado-ya made no
chinsen wa ikura
desu d
Yuku tokoro wo
gyosha ni mo-
shite o-kure
Pronunciation.
kah'nghee won kah'-
sh(ee)teh koodahsi'
kah'nghee wah koh'koh
nee goh-z?-mah's'
noh'ree-i'-bah'sbah gah
ahreemah's' kah?
bah'shah woh tahnohn'-
deh oh-koo'reh [sen
bah'shah wah golm'mah'-
y ah'doh-yah mah'deh noh
cheen'sen wah eekoo'-
rah den's'?
yoo'koo tohkoh'roh woh
ghee-oh'shah nee moh'-
sh'teh oh-koo'reh
The Hotel. (Jap., Yadoya; foreign, Hoteru.)
(See Vocabulary 13, page 24.)
Is the proprietor
anywhere about?
Have you a room
vacant ?
I want two or three
rooms
Have you a larger
room?
This room is too
small
Show me a bed-
room
I will take this one
Have you no better
ones ?
Have you not a
cooler room ?
I want a large one
Show me some nice
rooms
Teishi wa kochira
de gozaimasu ka ?
Zashlki wa aite
imasii ka?
Watakiishi wa heya
wo futa mi ma
irimasu
Motto okii heya ga
gozaimasu ka ?
Kono heya wa
ammari chiisai
Nema wo misete o-
kure
tay'shee wah koh-chee'-
rah deli gohzimah's' kah
zah'sh'kee wah i'teh ee-
mah's' kah ?
wahtah'k'shee wah heh'-
yah woh foo'tah mee
mah eereemah's'
moht'toh ohkee' heh'yah
gah goh-zi-mah's kah ?
koh'noh heh'yah wah
ahm-mah'ree chee-si'
neh'mah woh meeseh'teh
oh-koo'reh [sho/t'
Kore wa karimashu koh'reh wah kahreemah-
Motto ii no wa
arimasen ka?
Motto suzushii toko-
ro wa arimasen
ka?
Okii no ga hoshii
Ii heya wo misete
o-kure
moht'toh ee noh wah ah-
reemah'sen kah ?
moht'toh soo-dzooshee'
tohkoh'roh wah ahree-
mah'sen kah ?
ohk^' noh gah hoh-sh^'
ee heh'yah woh meeseh'-
teh oh-koo'reh
88
English.
How much do you
charge per day ?
[come ?
Has my luggage
Send the luggage
upstairs
Put it down here
Do you intend to
stay long ?
I shall stay a few
days [wash
I want to have a
I want something
to eat
Anything will do
A decanter of water
Give me the key of
my room
What are the hours
for meals here?
Luncheon is at...,
and dinner at...
There is no fixed
time
And breakfast ?
You can suit your
own convenience
Can I dine in my
room ?
Are the beds well-
aired ?
Where is the w.c.?i
Japanese (romanized).
Ichi-nichi no tomari
ryo wa ikura ?
[ka'i
Nimotsil wa maitta
Nimotsu wo nihai
ye agesasete kure
Koko ye oite kudasai
Nagaku go toryu
nasaimasil ka ?
Ryo-san-nichi to-
maru
Chodzu wo tsukaitai
Nani ka tabetai
Nan demo yoroshii
Midzu tokkuri
Hey a no kagi wo
o-kure
Kochira de wa,
gozen no jikoku
wa, nan-ji to
nan-ji desu ?
He! o hiru wa...
de, o yashoku ga
...de gozaimasil
He! asa wa, kimari
ga gozaimasen
[wa?
Sore de wa, asa-han
Anata no go tsugo
shidai
Jibun no heya de
shokuji suru koto
ga dekimasu ka ?
Kono yagu wa yoku
kawa-kasMte aru
ka ? [desu I
Ben jo wa dochira
Pronunciation.
ee'chee-nee'chee noh toh-
mah'ree-ree-oA' wah ee-
koo'rah ? [kah ?
neemoh'ts' wah mi't-tah
neemoh'ts' woh neek^'
yeh ah-ngeh-sahseh'teh
koo'reh [dahst'
koh'koh yeh oy'teh koo-
nah-ngah'koo goh tohree-
oo' nahst-mah's' kah ?
ree-o/^'-sahn-nee'chee
tohmah'roo
cho/i'dzoo woh tsookiti'
nah'nee kah tahbeh-tt'
[shec
nahn deh'moh yohroh-
mee'dzoo tohk-koo'ree
heh'yah noh kah-nghee
woh oh-koo'reh
koh-chee'rah deh wah,
goh-zen noh jeekoh'koo
wah, nahnjee toh nahn-
jee deh's' ?
heh ! oh hee'roo wah . . .
deh, oh yahshoh'koo gah
...deh goh-zi-mah's5
heh ! ah'sah wah, kee-
mah'ree gah goh-zi-
mah'sen [hahn wah ?
soh'reh deh wah, ah'sah-
ahnah'tah noh goh tsoo-
ngo/t' sheedi'
jee'boon noh heh'yah deh
shoh-koo'jee soo-roo
koh-toh gah deh-kee-
mah's' kah ?
koh'noh yah'ngoo wah
yoh'koo kahwah-kah'sh'-
teh ah-roo kah ? [deh's'?
benjoh wah dohcheerah
89
English
I suppose you have
baths here ?
I want a warm bath
Give me some soap
Give me a towel
Where is the bell ?
Can you lend me
some slippers?
I want a candle
I think of leaving
to-morrow
Call me early in
the morning
It is chilly to-night
Put on more bed-
clothes
Send "Boots" to
me
What do you re
quire, sir? [water
Give me some hot
Clean my shoes
I want a shave
Is there a barber
about here?
Send my boots to
be repaired
Let this linen go
to the laundry
My clothes are wet
Please dry them
Brush my clothes
Japanese (romanized).
Uchi ni furo-ba ga
aru daro?
Yu ni hairitai
Shabon wo o-kure
Taoru wo o-kure
Rin wa doko desii?
Surippa wo is-soku
kashite kureru ka?
Rosoku wo iriyo da
Myonichi shuttatsu
shimasho
Asa hayaku okoshite
moraitai
Konya wa yohodo
samui ri da
Yagu wo motto
kakete o-kure
Roka-ban wo kochira
ni yokoshlte o-
kure
0 atsuraye wa nam
de gozaimasu?
Yu wo o-kure
Kutsil wo migaite
moraitai [tai
Hige wo suite morai-
Koko ni tokoya ga
arimasii ka?
Kutsu wo naoshi ni
yatte o-kure
Kono mono wo sen
taku-ya ye dasMte
moraitai
Kimono- g a nurete
imasu
Yoku kawakashite
o-kure
Kimono wo burashi
wo kakete o-kure
Pronunciation.
oo'chee nee foofroh-bah
gah ah'roo dahroA ?
yoo nee ht-reeti' [reh
shah'bohn woh oh-koo'-
tahoh'roo woh oh-koo'reh
reen wah doh'koh deh's'?
sooreep'pah woh ees- soh'-
koo kah'sh'teh kooreh'-
roo kah ? [dah
ro/i'sohkoo woheeree-yo^'
mee - oh' neechee shoot-
tah'tsoo sheemah-shoA'
ah'sah hah-yah'koo oh-
koh'sh'teh mohri-ti'
kohn'yah wah yohhoh'-
doh sah-moo'ee n' dah
yah'ngoo woh moht'toh
kah-keh'teh oh-koo'reh
ro/i'kah-bahn woh koh-
chee'rah nee yohkoh-
sh'teh oh-koo'reh
oh ahtsoorah'yeh wah
nah'n' deh gohzimah's'?
yoo woh oh-koo'reh
koo'ts' woh mee-nghi'teh
mohri-W [mohri-W
hee'ngeh woh soot'teh
koh'koh nee tohkoh'yah
gah ahreemah's' kah ?
koot's' woh nah-oh'shee
nee yaht'teh oh-koo'reh
koh'noh moh'noh woh
sentah'koo-yah yeh
dahsh'teh mohrt-tt'
keemohnoh-ngah noo-
reh'teh eemah's'
yoh'koo kahwahkah'sh'-
teh oh-koo'reh
keemoh'noh woh boorah'-
shee woh kahkehteh oh-
[koo'reh
90
English.
Japanese (romanized).
Pronunciation.
Are you going to
change your
clothes, sir?
Let us have the
bill
Is the luggage
ready ?
Send the luggage
to the station
Take me to the
station
0 rrwshi-mono wo o
ki-kae nasaimasu
ka?
Doha, kanjo-gaki wo
motte kite o-kure
Nimotsii no shitaku
wa ii ka ?
Nimotsii wo sutei-
shon ye yatte o-
kure
Suteuhon made
nosete yatte hire
oh meh'shee-moh'noh
woh oh kee-kah'eh nah-
st-mah's' kah ?
do/t'kah, kahnjo&'-ngah'-
kee woh moht'teh kee'-
teh oh-koo'reh
neemoh'ts' noh sheetah'-
koo wah ee kah ?
neemoh'ts' woh sootay'-
shohn yeh yaht'teh oh-
koo'reh
sootay'shohn mah'deh
nohsehtehyahtteh kooreh
Meals. {Shokuji no koto.)
(See Vocabularies 13 & 14, pages 24 & 25.)
the bill
tea
the
Show me
of fare
Please bring
and cakes
What is your
order ?
Please make m
some tea
I will make
tea myself
I am hungry
I am thirsty
It is quite uneat-
able
undrinkable
This is quite enough
May I offer you
some fish ?
Thanks, I will take
some [potatoes
Kondate wo misete
o-kure
0 cha to kwashi wo
motte koi
0 atsuraye wa nan
de gozaimmu?
Cha wo irete o-kure
Watakushi wa jibun
de cha wo koshi-
raeru
0 naka ga sukima-
sMta
Nodo ga kawakima-
shita
Mazukute taberare-
nai
MazukUte nomenai
Kore de takusan
Sakana wa ikaga de
gozaimasu ?.
Hai, chodai itashi-
masho
I am not fond ofi Imo ga kirai desii
kohndah'teh woh mee-
seh'teh oh-koo'reh
oh chah toh kwah'shee
woh moht'teh koy
oh ahtsoorah'yeh wah
nahn deh gohzi-mah's'?
chah woh eereh'teh oh-
koo'reh
wahtah'k'shee wah jee'-
boon deh chah woh koh-
sheerah-eh'roo
oh nah'kah gah s'kee-
mah'sh'tah
noh'doh gah kahwahkee-
mah'sh'tah
mahdzoo'k'teh tabehrah-
rehm' [m'
mahdzoo'k'teh nohmeh-
koh'reh deh tah'k'sahn
sahkah'nah wah eekah'-
ngah deh goh-zi-mah's'?
hi, chohdi' eetahshee-
mahsho/t'
ee'moh gah kee-ri deh's'?
91
English.
Japanese (romanized).
It looks tasty
Which do you
prefer ?
I prefer roast to
boiled
Either will do
I have nothing to
eat
Is the soup ready ?
Dinner is ready
(served)
Do you like...?
I must have them
fresh [please
Give me a little,
There is none left
Will you pass the
mustard ?
Another cup of tea
Give me some more
sugar (milk)
Put some more
water in the
teapot
Bring me the tea-
pot
Have you any fresh
butter ?
What fish have
you?
I will take some
fish
Waiter, some bread
What wine will you
take, sir?
Pronunciation.
Oishiso desic
Dore ga yoroshiu
gozaimasil ?
Nita no yori wa
yaketa no yoro-
shiu yozaimasii
Sore wa dochira de
mo yoroshii
Taberu mono ga nai
Soppu ga dekita ka?
Gozen ga dekima-
shita
. . .ga o suki desu ka?
Atarashiku nai no
wa iranai
Sukoshi o-kure
Mo mina ni nari-
mashita
Karashi wo o-kure?
Cha tea mo ippai
Sato (chichi) wo
motto o-kure
Dobin ye yu wo
motto sashite o-
kure
Dobin wo motte kite
o-kure
Deki-tate no bataga
arimasu ka?
Do ill sakana ga
aru ?
Sakana wo tabema-
sho
Kyuji, pan wo o-
kure
Sake wa, naniga yo
roshiu gozaimasu?
oy-sheesoA' deh's'
doh'reh gah yohrohshee'-
oo goh-zi-mah's'?
nee'tah noh yoh'ree wah
yahkeh'tah no yohroh-
shee'oo goh-zi-mah's'
soh'reh wah doh-chee'rah
deh mohyoh'rohsh^'
tahbeh'roo moh'noh gah
ni [kali ?
so/<p'poo gah dehkee'tah
goh'zen gahdeh-keemah'-
sh'tah [kali ?
...gah oh soo'kee deh's'
ahtahrahshee'koo ni noh
wah eerahni'
sookoh'shee oh-koo'reh
moh mee'nah nee nah-
reemah'sh'tah
kahrah'shee woh oh-koo'-
reh
chah wah moh eep-pi'
sahto/i' (chee'ehee) woh
moht'toh oh-koo'reh
doh'been yeh yoo woh
moht'toh sah'sh'teh oh-
koo'reh
doh'been woh moht'teh
kee'teh oh-koo'reh
deh'kee-tah'teh noh bah'-
tahgahahreemah's' kah?
doh ee-oo' sahkah'nah
gah ah'roo?
sahkah'nah woh tahbeh-
mahshoA'
kee-oo'jee, pahn woh oh-
koo'reh
sah'keh wah nah'nee gah
yohrohshee-oo' goh - zi-
mah's' ?
92
English.
Japanese (romanized).
Pronunciation
Open the bottle and
bring it here
Show me the wine
list
Have you English
beer?
What meat is
there ?
Give me a slice of
ham
Have you any roast
beef?
Do you prefer well-
done or under-
done?
What will you take
now?
A little of the fat
Give me some lean
Pass me the sauce
Will you carve that
fowl?
Change my plate
Will you have some
potatoes ?
Boiled potatoes ;
roasted potatoes
Hand me your plate
I will not take any
I should like some
buttered toast
Shall I bring you
some more ?
No, thank you, I
can't eat any
more
Tokkuri wo akete
motte koi
Sake no hyo wo
misete o-kure
Igirisu-biiru wa
arimasu ka ?
Niku-rui wa nani-
ga am ka ?
Hamu wo shlto-kiri
o-kure
Yaki-ushi ga am ka?
Yoku yaita no-ga
o suki desil ka,
namayaki wo o.
konomi desu ka?
Kore kara nani wo
sashi-agemasJia ka?
Shiromi wo sukoshi
Akami no tokoro wo
o-kure
Sosu wo o-kure
Sono tori wo kitte
kurenai ka?
Sara wo tori-kaete
o-kure
Imo wa ikaga de
gozaimasii ka?
TJdeta-imx) ; yaki-imo
Sara wo okashinasai
Itadakimasen
Bata-yaki pan wo
o-kure
Mo sukoshi sashia
gemaslio ka?
Arigato, mo taku
san itadakima-
shlta
tohk-koo'ree woh ahkeh'-
teh moht'teh koy
sah'keh noh hee-oh' woh
meeseh'teh oh-koo'reh
ee-ngheeree'soo-be«'roo
wah ahreemah's' kah ?
nee'koo-roo'ee wah nah'-
nee-ngah ah'roo kah ?
hah'moo woh sh'toh-kee'-
ree oh-koo'reh
yah'kee-oo'shee gah ah'-
roo kah ?
yoh'koo yi'tah noh-ngah
oh soo'kee deh's' kah,
nahmah-yah'kee woh oh
kohnoh'mee deh's' kah ?
koh'reh kah'rah nah'nee
woh sah'shee-ah-ngheh-
mahsho/i' kah ? [shee
sheeroh'mee woh sookoh'-
ah-kah'mee noh tohkoh'-
roh woh oh-koo'reh
soh-soo woh oh-koo'reh
soh'noh toh'ree woh
keet'teh koorehni' kah?
sah'rah woh toh'ree-kah-
eh'teh oh-koo'reh
ee'moh wah eekah'ngah
deh goh-zi-mah's' kah ?
oodeh'tah-ee'moh ; yah'-
kee-ee'moh [nahsi'
sah'rah woh oh-kah'shee
eetahdahkeemah'sen
bah'tah-yah'kee pahn
wroh oh-koo'reh
moh sookoh'sheesahshee-
ah-ngheh-mahsho/i' kah?
ahree-ngahtoA', moh
tahk'sahn eetahdahkee-
mah'sh'tah
98
The Time. (Jikoku.) •
(See Vocabulary S, page 18.)
NOTE. — (i) The Japanese do not generally say "twenty minutes to
four," or " a quarter to six," &c, but almost invariably state
the minutes past the hour. For example, " twenty minutes
to four" is expressed as "forty minutes past three," and
'■a quarter to six" as " forty- five minutes past five."
(2) A.M. is expressed by prefixing the word " gozen," and
P.M. by the word "go-go."
English. ; Japanese (romanized). Pronunciation.
What time is it ?
It is eight o'clock
Half -past nine
A quarter to twelve
[past one
Twenty minutes
Ten minutes to two
A quarter past four
It is j ust about noon
10 a.m.
11 p.m.
It commences at
half-past one
I will come to-
morrow [ing
Early in the morn-
It must be late
Every other day
Dayafter to-morrow
Day before yester-
Half-an-hour [day
An hour and a half
For a short time
At any time
At the same time
It is fine weather
It is most disagree-
able weather
Mo nan-ji desu?
Hachi-ji de gozai-
Ku-ji han [masii
Ju-ni-ji ju- go-fun
mae
lchi-ji ni-jip-pun
Ichi-ji go jip-pun
Yo-ji ju-go-fun
Kare kore hiru desu
Go-zen-ju-ji
Go-go-ju-ichi-ji
Ichi-ji han ni haji-
marimasii
Mionichi mairimasu
Asa hayaku
Mo osok'aro
Ichi nichi oki
Myogonichi
Issakujitsu
Han-ji-kan
Ichi-ji-han kan
Sukoshi no aida
Nandoki demo
Do-ji ni
moA nahn-jee den's' ?
hah'chee-jee deh goh-zi-
koo-jee hahn [man's'
joo-nee-jee joo-goh-foon
mah'eh
ee'chee-jee nee-jeep-poon
ee'chee-jee goh jeep-poon
yoh-jee joo-goh-foon
kah'reh koh'reh hee'roo
goh-zen-joo-jee [deh's'
goh-ngoh-joo-ee'chee-jee
ee'chee-jee hahn nee
hahjeemahreemah's'
meeoA'neechee mi-ree-
mah's'
ah'sah hah-yah'koo
moh oh-sohk'ahro/i'
ee'chee nee'chee oh'kee
mee-o^'ngoh-neechee
ees-sah-koojee'tsoo
hahn-jee-kahn
ee'chee-jee-hahn kahn
sookoh'shee noh i'dah
nahndoh'kee deh'moh
do/i-jee nee
The Weather. (Tmki.)
(See Vocabularies 1 & 2, pages IS & 14.)
j Yoi 0 tenki degozai-
masu
\ Komarimashita o
i tenki desu
yoy oh ten'kee deh goh-
zi-mah's'
kohmahreemah'sh'tah
oh ten'kee deh's'
94
English.
It is really beauti
ful weather
I am knocked up
by this heat
The heat is unbear-
able to-day
It is terribly hot
I will come to-
morrow if fine
Can you lend me an
umbrella ?
Is it raining ?
It is raining a little
It looks as if the rain
would clear off
We were (or, I was)
kept in by the rain
It seems likely to
It is snowing [rain
Japanese (romanized).
Pronunciation.
Makoto ni kekko na
o tenki desu
Kono atsiisa ni
do mo yowarimashita
Kyo no atsiisa iva,
koraeraremmen
[nai
Atsukute shi-yo ga
Mionichi tenki ya
yoroshi-kereba,
mairimasii
Komori-gasa wo
kashite kudasal-
*masu ka ?
Ame iv a futte imasu
ka '! [imasu
Furu ni wa futte
Ame ga agariso
desil
Ame ni furi-komare-
mashita
Ame ga f aviso da
Yaki ga furimasu
mahkoh'toh nee kek-koh'
nah oh ten'kee deh's'
koh'noh ah'ts'sah nee
doh'moh yoh-wah-ree-
mah'sh'tah
kee-o/i' noh ah'ts'sah wah,
kohrah-eh-rahreh-mah' -
sen [ni
ahts'koo'teh shee-yoAgah
mee-o/i'neechee ten'kee
gah yohroh'sh'-kehreh'-
bali mi-reemah's'
koA'mohree-ngah'sahwoh
kah'sh'teh koo-dah-si-
mah's' kah
ah'meh wah foot' teh ee-
mah's' kah ? [eemah's'
foo'roo nee wah foot'teh
ah'meh gah ah-ngahree-
soh deh's'
ah'meh nee foo'ree-koh-
mah'reh-mah'-sh'tah
ah'meh gah fooreeso/i dah
yoo'kee gah fooreemah's'
Health. (Karada no ambai.)
I feel ill
I have a sore throat
I have a headache
I have caught cold
I have a pain in my
back
I have a bad cough
I have a pain here
You had better con-
sult the doctor
(For Vocabulary see page
Kagen ga warn go-\
zaimasil
Nodo ga itamimasu
Zutsu ga shimasu j
Kaze wo hikimashita\
Senaka ga itami-
masu
Hidoku seki ga
dcmasu
Koko ga itamimasu
Isha ni mite morau
ga yokaro
kah'nghen gah wahroo'
goh-zi-mah's' [man's'
noh'doh gah eetahmee-
dzootsoo' gah sheemah's'
kah'zeh woh h(ee)kee-
mah'sh'tah
sehnah'kah gah eetah-
meemah's'
heedoh'koo seh'kee gah
deh-mah's' [man's'
koh'koh gah eetahmee-
ee'shah nee mee'teh moh-
row' gah yohkahro/*'
95
English.
Japanese (romanized).
Please call a good
doctor for me
He will come im-
mediately [come
The doctor has
I wish to consult
you [pulse
Let me feel your
How do you feel to-
day?
Much better,
thanks
Have it made up
at a chemist's
Where is there a
chemist's shop?
Here is the medi-
cine
This medicine is to
be taken three
times a day
Dozo yoi isha wo
sagashite kudasai
Mo jiki kimasu
Isha-ga miemashita
Go shinsatsu wo
negaimasu
0 myaku wo haiken
Go byoki wa ikaga
de gozaimasu ?
Arigato gozaimasu
Oki ni kokoro-
yoka narimashita
Kono kusuri no
chdgo wa kusu-
riya ni sasena-
kereba ikem,asen
Kusuri-ya wa doko
desu ha ?
Kore wa kusuri de
gozaimasu
Kono kusuri wa ichi
nichi sando dzutsu
noma no desu
Pronunciation.
do/i'zoh yoyee'shah woh
sah-ngah'sh'teh koodahsf
mo/i jee'kee keemah's'
[mah'sh'tah
ee'shah-ngah mee-eh-
gohsheensah'ts' woh neh-
nghi-mah's' [ken
oh mee-ah'koo woh hi'-
goh beeo/t'keewaheekah'-
ngah deh gohzimah's'
ahree-ngah-to/t' goli-zi-
mah's' ; oh'kee nee koh-
koh'roh yoh'koo nah-
reemah'sh'tah
koh'noh koosoo'ree noh
cho/i-ngo/i wah koosoo-
ree'yah nee sahsehnah-
kehreh'bah eekehmah'-
koosoo'ree-yah wah [sen
doh'koh deh's' kali ?
koh'reh wah koosoo'ree
deh goh-zi-mah's'
koh'noh koosoo'ree wah
ee'chee nee'chee sahn'-
doh dzoo'tsoo noh'moo
noh dehs'
Correspondence. The Post-office. Telegrams.
(Shokan. Yubin. Dempo.)
(For Vocabularies see pages 45, 46.)
Have no letters
come this morn-
ing ? [come
No, none have
I have not received
a letter (letters)
Please post this
letter
Kesa, yubin wa
kimasen ka ?
He! mairim,asen
Tegami wa hitotsu
mo konai
Kono tegami wo
dashite o-kure
keh'sah, yoo'been
keemah'sen kah?
wah
heh ! mi-reemah'sen
teh-ngah'meewah sh(ee)-
toht's' moh kohm'
koh'noh teh-ngah'mee
woh dah'sh'teh ohkoo'reh
* No difficulty will be found in transacting postal or telegraphic business in
Japan, as the routine is modelled upon English metnods.
96
English.
He ought to be
here by now [ing
I have heard noth
Has the mail
steamer arrived?
Go and see if the
mail is (letters
are) in
Are there any let
ters for me?
Please forward my
letters to...
Please weigh this
letter (these
letters)
How much is the
postage on this let
ter (these letters)'
This letter is to be
registered
Receipt for regis
tered letter
A registered letter
I am just going to
read it
Tell him to wait
I will send a reply
later
[gram ?
Can I send a tele-
I have received a
telegram from...
Has a telegram
come for me?
Japanese (romanized).
Mo kuru hazu da-
gal
Tonto kUdmasen
Yubin sen wa to
chaku shimashUa
ka?
Yubin ga liaitta ka
itte mite o-kure
Watakushi ni ateta
tegami ga gozai-
masu ka?
Watakushi ni ateta
tegami wa ... y<
todokete kudasai
Kono tegami no
mekata wo kakete
mite kudasai
Kono tegami no yu-
binzei wa ikura
kakarimasu ka't
Kono tegami wo
kakitome ni shite
o-kure
Kaki-tome no uke
tori [mi
Kaki-tome no tega-
Nanda ka kore
kara yomu tokoro
desil
Matashlte kudasai
Ato kara go aisatsu
wo moshimasho
[masu ka ?
Dempo wo yarare-
. . . kara dempo ga
kimashita
Watakushi ni ateta
dempo -ga kima-
shita ka ?
Pronunciation.
moh koo'roo hah'dzoo
dah-ngah !
tohn'toh keekeemah'sen
yoo'been sen wah toh'-
chahkoo sheemah'sh'-
tah kah?
yoo'been gah hi't-tah-kah
eet'teh mee'tehoh-koo'-
reh
wahtah'k'shee nee ah-
teh'tah teh-ngah'mee
gah goh-zi-mah's' kah?
wahtahk'shee nee ahteh-
tah teh-ngahmee wah...
yeh tohdohkehteh koodahsi'
koh'noh teh-ngah'mee
nohmehkah'tehwoh kah-
keh'tehmee'teh koodahsi'
kohnoh teh-ngahmee noh
yoobeenzay wah eekoo-
rah kahkahreemahs' kah?
koh'noh teh-ngah'mee
woh kahkee-toh'meh
nee sh'teh oh-koo'reh
kah'kee-toh'meh noh oo'-
keh-toh'ree [ngah'mee
kah'kee-toh'meh noh teh-
nahn' dah kah koh'reh
kah'rah yoh'moo toh-
koh'roh deh's'
mahtah'sh'teh koodahsi'
ah'toh kah'rah goh i-sah'-
tsoo woh mo/tsheemah-
shoh [man's' kah ?
dempoA' woh yahrahreh-
... kah'rah dempoA' gah
keemah'sh'tah
wahtah'k'shee nee ah-
teh'tah dempo/i'-ngah
keemah'sh'tah kah?
97
English.
Please send this
telegram
I want a postal
order
The payee's name
and address
is...
The sender's name
and address
is...
I am the sender
Please cash this
money-order
(postal-order)
Japanese (roraanized).
Kono dempo wo
dashite kudasai
Yiibin-kawase wo
negaito gozaimasu
Kawase-kin uketori-
nin no shukusho
to seimei wa...
Sashi-dashi-nin no
seimei, shukusho
wa...
Watakushi wa
sashi-dashi-nin
de gozaimasu
Kono kawase-kin wo
negaito gozai-
Pronunciation.
koh'noh dempo/t' woh
dah'sh'teh koodahsi'
yoo'been-kahwahseh woh
neh-nghi-to/t' gohzwnahs'
kahwah' seh-keen ookeh-
tohreeneen noh shookoo-
shoh toh saymay' wah...
sah'shee-dah'shee-neen
noh saymay', shookoo'-
shoh wah...
wahtah'k'shee wah sah'-
shee-dah'shee-neen deh
goh-zi-mah's'
koh'noh kah- wah' seh-
keen woh neh-nghi-to/i'
goh-zi-mah's'
Introductions. (Sho-kai.)
Allow me to intro
duce Mr. ...
Kindly give me a
letter of intro
duction to Mr...
Here is the letter of
introduction to him
Allow me to intro-
duce myself to
you; my name is .
Please introduce
me to Mr....
I beg to introduce
Mr. ..., a friend
of mine
Here is my card
Japanese S.-T.
Kono o kata wa ...
San to osshai-
masu. 0 hiki-
awase itashimasu
Osore-irimasu ga...
San ye go tensho wo
kudasaimasen ka ?
Kore wa tensho de
gozaimasu
Watakushi wa...to
mosu mono de go-
zaimasu
...San ye o hiki-
awase kudasaima-
sen ka?
Konata wa ... San
to iu, watakushi
no hoyu de go-
zaimasu
Kore wa watakushi
no meishi de gozai-
masu
koh'noh oh kah'tah wah
,..sahn toh ohsstwmab's';
oh hee'kee-ahwah'seh
eetahsheemah's'
ohsohreh-eereemahs' gah
...sahn yeh goh tenshoh
woh koodahsimahsen kah
koh'reh wah ten'shoh
deh goh-zi-mah's'
wahtah'k'shee wah... toh
moh'soo moh'noh deh
goh-zi-mah's'
...sahn yeh oh hee'kee-
ahwah'seh koodahsi-
mah'sen kah ?
kohnah'tah wah . . . sahn
toh ee-oo', wahtah'k'shee
noh hoh-yoo deh goh-zi-
mah's'
koh'reh wah wahtah'k'-
shee noh may'shee deh
goh-zi-mah's'
98
English.
Pleased to make
your acquaintance
I trust you will
honour me with
your continued
friendship
I will call again I Mata agarimasho
Japanese (romanized).
Pronunciation.
HajimemashUe o me\ hahjeemehmah'sh'teh oh
ni kakari-masu
Iku-hisashiku go
kon-i ivo negai-
masu
meh nee kahkahreemahs'
; ee'koo-heesah-shee' koo
goh kohn-ee woh neh-
nghi-mah's'
[shoh'
mah'tah ah-ngahreemah-
In Town ; Visiting. (Shichu de ; Mimai.)
(For Vocabulary, see page 20.)
NOTE. — For hiring conveyances see " Travelling by Road,
see also " Enquiries," p. 79 ; and " Shopping," p. 101.
P. 83;
What shall we do?
Very well ; come
along
Am I wrong to
have come at this
time ?
Excuse my having
kept you waiting
You wait here
Suppose we go ?
I am tired ; let us
rest a little
I am tired out
Take care ! (look
out !) [self !
Take care of your-
Isay! (Hallo there!)
Where are you go-
ing ?
I am going out now
for a walk
I should like to
accompany you
I was waiting for
you
I was just going out
Do shimasho ?
Sa ! oide 7iasaimashi
Ima jibun maitta no
ga warui no desu
ka?
0 machido sama
[ore
Omaye koko ni matte
Itcha do desu ?
KutabiremashUa
kara chotto yasu-
mimasho [nai
KiXtabirete shi-yo ga
Ki wo tsukero !
(blunt)
0 daiji ni asobase !
Are sa!
Omaye wa doko ye
iku no da? (fam.)
Kore kara undo ni
dekakemasu
0 tomo itashimasho
0 machi moshite
orimashita
Chodo deru tokoro
deshita
doh sheemahsho/i' ?
sah! oy'deh nah-s?'-mah'-
shee
ee'mah jee'boon mi't-tah
noh gah wahroo'ee noh
deh's' kah ?
oh mahcheedoA' sah'mah
[maht'teh oh'reh
ohmah'yeh koh'koh nee
eet'chah doh deh's' ?
k'tah-beereh-mah'sh'tah
kah'rah choht'toh yah-
soomeemahsho/t' [gah ni
k'tahbeereh'teh shee-yoh
kee woh tsookeh'roh !
[seh!
oh di'jee nee ahsohbah'-
ah'reh sah !
ohmah'yeh wall doh'koh
yeh ee'koo noh dah ?
koh'reh kah'rah oondoh'
nee deh-kahkehmah's'
oh toh'moh eetahshee-
mahsho/i'
oh mah'chee mo/t'sheeteh
ohreemah'sh'tah
choA'doh deh'roo tohkoh-
roh deh'sh'tah
yy
English.
I shall walk as far
as the post-office
I will wait until
this evening
Wait till I come
I cannot come
I am in a hurry
Be quick !
What a grand
sight !
We needn't hurry
Now I am at
leisure
Kindly wait a little
I will not wait
I have come to
borrow a hammer
1 will send it back
to-morrow
We were just
speaking about
you
Go and tell him to
be sure and come
I have lost my
way
Direct me to..;
Take the first turn-
ing to the right
Take the second
turning to the
left
Japanese (romanized).
Yubin-kyoku made
aruite ikimasil
Komban made ma-
chimasho
Watakushi no kuru
made, matte ite
kudasai
Mairaremasenii
Isogimasu
Hayaku !
Yoi mi-harasJd desil,
nel
Isogu ni wa oyo-
banai
Ima wa te-suki de
gozaimasii
Sukoshi o machi
nasai
Machi wa sJdmasenu
Kanadzuchi wo hai
shaku ni mari-
mashita
Mionichi o kayeshi
moshimasu
Anata no o-uwasa
wo shite iru tokoro
deshita
Kitto kuru yd ni so
itte koi
Michi ivo machi-
yaeta
Michi wo oshiete
kudasai...
Tsugi no migi no
yoko - cho ye o
magan' nasai
Hidari no ni-ban-
me no yoko -cho ye
o mag an1 nasai
Pronunciation.
yoo'been-kee-oh'koo
mah'deh ahrooee'teh
eekeemah's'
kohm'bahn mah'deh
mahcheemah-shoA'
wahtah'k'shee noh koo'-
roo mah'deh, maht'teh
ee'teh koodahsi'
im-rahrehmahseh'n'
eesoh-ngheemah's'
hah-yah'koo!
yoy mee-hahrah'shee
deh's' neh !
eesoh'ngoo nee wah oh-
yohbahm'
ee'mah wah teh-s'kee
deh goh-zi-mah's'
s'koh'shee oh mah'chee
nahsi' [seh'n'
mah'chee wah sheemah-
kahnah-dzoo'chee woh hi
shah'koo nee mahree-
mah'sh'tah
meeo/t'neechee oh kah-
yeh'shee moA'sheemah's'
ahnahtah noh oh-oowah'
sah woh sh'teh ee'roo
tohkoh'roh deh-sh'tah
keet'toh koo'roo yoh nee
soh eet'teh koy
mee'chee woh mah-chee-
ngah-eh'tah
mee'chee woh ohshee-eh'-
teh koodahsi'
tsoonghee noh meenghee
noh yoh'koh-cho/i yeh
oh mah-ngah'n'nahsi'
heedah'ree noh nee-bahn-
meh noh yohkohchoA yeh
oh mah-ngah'n'nah-si'
100
English.
It is right in front
of you
This is the shortest
way
This is the longest
way
It is straight on
I will show you his
place
It is only five
minutes' walk
I don't know any-
one of that name
I don't know where
he lives
Is your master
(mistress) within?
No, he (she) has
gone out
Is Mrs at
home?
Let your master-
know I have
come
[and ask
You had better go
He is at home
Please come in
[minute
Take a seat for a
Who has come?
Has someone come?
A visitor has come,
sir
Japanese (romanized).
Pronunciation.
Zutto tsuki-atari de
gozaimasil
Kore wa ichi-ban
chika-michi desil
Kore wa yohodo
mawari-michi
desu [mastl
Massugu de gozai-
Ano hito no tokoro
wo oshiete age-
masho
Amite go fun gurai
shika kakarim a-
sen
So iu na no Mto
wo shirimasen
Doko ni orimasu
yara watakiishi
wa shirimasen
Danna {Oku sama)
iva o uchi ka?
He, o rusu de
gozaimasil
Okusama wa, o uchi
de gozaimasil ka?
Watakiishi no kita
koto wo danna ye
shirasete o-kure
Kiite kuru ga ii
Uchi ni orimasu
Kochira ye o tori
nasai \inashi
Chito o kake nasai-
Donata ga o ide ni
natte orimasil ka?
[mashita ka ?
Donata ka mairi-
0 kyaku sama ga
miyemashita
dzoot'toh tsoo'kee-ahtah'-
ree deh goh-zi-mah's'
koh'reh wah ee'chee-bahn
chee'kah-mee'chee deli's'
koh'reh wah yoh-hoh'doh
mah-wah'ree-mee'chee
deh's' [zi-mah's'
mahs-soo'ngoo deh goh-
ah'noh sh'toh' noh toh-
koh'roh woh ohshee-eh'-
teh ah-ngheh-mahshoA'
ahrooee'teh, goh foon
goori' sh'kah kahkah-
reemah'sen
soh ee-oo' nah noh sh'toh
woh sheereemah'sen
doh'koh nee ohreemah's'
yah'rah wah'tah'k'shee
wah sheereemah'sen
dahn'nah (oh'koo sah'-
mah) wah oh oo'chee kah?
heh, oh roo'soo deh goh-
z*-mah's' ?
ohkoosahmahwah oh oo'-
chee deh gohzimahs' kah?
wahtah'k'shee noh kee'-
tah koh'toh woh dahn'-
nah yeh sheerah-seh'teh
oh-koo'reh
k^'teh koo'roo gah ee
oo'chee nee ohreemah's'
kohchee'rah yeh oh toh'-
ree nahsi' [sz'-mah'shee
chee'toh oh kah'keh nah-
dohnah'tah gah oh ee'deb
neenaht'teh ohreemah's'
kah ? [mah'sh'tah kah ?
dohnah'tah kah mi-ree-
oh kee-ah'koo sah'mah
ngah mee-yeh-mah'sh'tah
101
English.
Show him (her) in
Really it is an age
since we last met
[first
Excuse my going
I have been so busy
that I could not
come and see you
I must go now
Must you really go?
Remember me to
all at home
Go in peace ! (to
departing guest)
Good bye !
Please come again
Did anyone call
while I was
out?
A visitor came just
as you left
I am glad I went
Japanese (romanized).
0 tosJii mose
Makoto ni shibara-
ku o me ni kaka-
rimasen deshlta
0 saki
Isogashiku te tsui
go busata wo ita
shimashtta
Ikanaku te wa nari
masenil
Zehi okaeri ni nari
masii ka ?
Mina san ni doka
yorosMku
0 shidzuka ni
irasshaimase !
Say 6 nara!
Mata irasshai
Rusu-chu ni donata
mo o ide wa
nakatta ka ?
Chodo o dekake no
tokoro ye, kyaku
ga miemashtta
Itta no wa yokatta
Pronunciation.
oh to7i'shee moh'seh
mahkoh'toh nee sheebah-
rah'koo oh meh nee
kahkahreemah'sen deh'-
oh sah'kee [sh'tah
eesoh-ngah'sh'koo teh
tsoo'ee goh boosah'tah
woh eetahsheemah'sh'tah
eekahnah'k' teh wah nah-
reemahseh'n'
zeh-hee ohkah-ehree nee
nahreemah's' kah?
mee'nah sahn nee doh'-
kah yohroh'sh'koo
oh shee-dzoo'kah nee ee-
rahs-shi-mah'seh !
sah-yo/i' nah'rah !
mah'tah eerahs-shi'
roosoo'-choo nee dohnah'-
tah moh oh ee'deh wah
nahkaht'tah kah ?
cho/i'doh oh deh-kah'keh
noh toh-koh'roh yeh,
kee-ah'koo gah mee-eh-
mah'sh'tah [kaht'tah
eet'tah noh wah yoh-
Shopping. (Kaimono.)
(See Vocabularies 4, 6, 7, VI— 17, pp. 15—18, 24—30.)
NOTE. — On entering a shop a gentleman should raise his hat,
saying, " Go men nasai! " {lit., "excuse me"). This is
done whether the shopkeeper is a male or a female. A
lady, of course, merely says " Go men nasai!"
I want some silk
is very
This silk
dear
This material wears
well
1 will guarantee it
Kinu ga hoshiu go-
zaimasu
Kono kinu wa goku
takai n' desu
Kono kire-ji mochi
wa yoroshiu gozai-
masu
0 uke-ai-moshimasu
kee'noo ngah hoh-sheeoo ■
goh-z^-mah's'
koh'noh kee'noo wah
goh'koo tahkt n'deh's'
koh'noh kee'reh-jeemoh'-
chee wahyoh-roh-sh^'-
oo goh-ze'-mah's' [man's'
oh oo'keh-^-mo/i'shee-
102
English.
Japanese (romanized).
I don't guarantee it
Please show me
some gloves
How much is this
cabinet ?
May I see it ?
I want to see that
screen [would do
I should think it
What is the lowest
price ?
Is this vase expen-
sive ?
I will select the
best from among
these
May I choose for
myself ?
May I show it to
you?
[about ten
Please give me
This suits me, but
the price is too
high
It is not new [more
I don't want any
I have ordered it
It's cheaper (dearer)
than I thought
This is native made
That is imported
This is a still
better one
It won't do at all
I must have it
Uke-ai-masen
Tebukuro ivo misete
kudasai
Kono tansu wa,
ikura desu? [desu?
Chotto mitai mori
Sono byobu wo
mitai
Yosaso ni omoimasit
Ketchaku no tokoro
wa ikura ?
Kono hana-ike wa
takai no desu ka?
Kono uchi kara, ii
no wo eridashi-
m,ashd
Yori-dotte mo ii no
desu ka?
0 me ni kakete mo
yd gozaimasu ka?
To bakari kudasai
Shina wa, yorosJtii
ga, nedan ga
osoroshii takai
»' desu \inasen
Atarashi ku ari-
Mo takusan
Atsuraete okima-
sliita
Omotta yori yasui
(takai)
Kore wa icasei
Are wa hakurai de
gozaimasu
Kono ho wa, nao
yoroshiu gozai
masu
Totemo ikemasen
Nakuclia naranu
Pronunciation.
ookeh-t-mah'sen
teh-bookoo'roh woh mee-
seh'teh koodahsi'
koh'noh tahn'soo wah,
eekoo'rah deh's'? [deh's'?
choht'toh mee-tz' mohn'
soh'noh bee-oh'boo woh
meeti' [man's'
yohsahso/i' nee ohmoy-
keht-chah'koo noh toh-
koh'roh wah eekoo'rah?
koh'noh hah'nah-ee'keh
wah tahk^'noh deh's' kah ?
koh'noh oo'chee kah'rah,
ee noh woh eh-reedah-
shee-mahsho/i'
yoh'ree-doht'teh moh ee
noh deh's' kah ?
oh meh nee kahkeh'teh
moh yoh goh-zz-mah's'
[kah?
toh bahkah'ree koodahsi'
shee'nah wah, yoh-roh-
slW gah, neh'dahn gah
oh-soh-rohslW tahki'
n'deih's' ? [mah'sen
ahtahrah'sh' koo ahree-
moh tah'k'sahn
ahtsoorah-eh'teh ohkee-
mah'sh'tah
ohmoht'tah yoh'ree
yahsoo'ee (tahki')
koh'reh wah wah-say'
ah'reh wah hahkoon' deh
goh-zfc'-mah's'
koh'noh hoh wah, nah'oh
yoh-roh-shee'oo goh-zt-
mah's' [sen
tohteh'moh eekehmah'-
nah'k'chah nahrah'n'
108
English.
How much do you
require ?
I will buy these
How do you like
these ?
[these
I don't like any of
How much do you
ask for it?
I can't let you have
them lor less
[genuine ?
Are they really
Send the things to
my hotel
Japanese (romanized).
Dono gurai de yoro-
shiu gozaimasu?
Kore wo kaimasho
Kono mono wa
ikaga de gozai-
rnasu ? [manai
Hitotsu mo kono-
Nedan wa ikura ?
Motto yasuku shite
agerare mase?i
[desii ka?
Kore wa homma
Watakushi no mono
wo yadoya ye yo-
koshite o-kure
ProiJU"ciation.
doh'noh goo-ri' deh yoh-
rohshee'oo gohzimah's'?
koh'reh woh kimahsho/i/
koh'noh moh'noh wah
eekah'ngah deh goh-zi-
mah's' ? [mahm'
sh'toh'ts' moh kohnoh-
neh'dahn wah eekoo'rah?
moht'toh yah-soo'koo
sh'teh ah-nghehrah'reh
mah'sen [deh's' kali?
koh'reh wah hohm'mah
wahtah'k'shee noh moh'-
noh woh yahdoh'yah yeh
yohkoh'sh'teh ohkoo'reh
Commercial and Trading. (Sho-gyo.)
May I show you my
samples ?
I can sell at...
It is impossible to
sell at that figure
We will consider
the matter
I will consult my
partner and let
you know
I don't think my
partner would
consent to trade
at that price
I'm afraid I shall
lose on the sale
of the goods
(For Vocabulary see page
Watakushi no mihon
wo goran kudasai
mase ?
... de sashi-agemasii
Totemo sono nedayi
de wa uraremasen
Kangaete mimasho
Nakama-no-mono to
sodan no ue, o
shirase-moshimasu
Sono nedan de wa
nakama-no-mono
ga shochi itashi-
masu-mai
Nimotsu wo ureba
son wo shi-ya-
shinai ka to omo-
imasu
wahtah'k'shee noh mee'-
hohn woh goh'rahn koo-
dahsi' mah'seh? [man's'
. . . deh sah'shee-ah-ngheh-
tohteh'moh soh'noh neh'-
dahn deh wah oorahreh-
mah'sen
kahn-ngah-eh'teh mee-
mahsho/t'
nahkah'mah-noh-moh'-
noh toh soft'dahn noh
oo'eh, oh sheerah'seh-
moA'sheemahsoo
soh'noh neh'dahn deh
wah nahkah'mah-noh-
moh'noh gah sho/i'chee
eetah-sheemah'soo-mt
neemoh'ts' woh ooreh'-
bah sohn woh shee-yah-
sheem' kah toh ohmoh-
mah's'
104
English.
I will assume the
liability
I want samples
of...
I want some sam-
ples [stock
We have none in
The goods are in-
ferior to sample
Show me several
patterns
When can you
deliver if I give
you an order?
I cannot give you
an order
I wish to cancel
the order
We will consult
after receiving
samples
You must come
down a great deal
I can't come down
I can't buy at that
figure
What is your
bottom price ?
Have the goods
shipped at once
Have you shipped
the goods?
Japanese (romanized).
Pronunciation.
Watakushi wa sono\
sekinin wo futan\
shimasu
...no mihon ga
irimasu
Mihon ga irimasu
0 ainiku-sama
Nimotsu wa mihon
yori warui
Iro-iro no moyo wo
misete moraitai
Chumon sureba itsu
goro shina-mono
wo watashimasu
ka?
Chumon suru koto
ga dekinai
Chumon wo tori-
keshitai mon' desu
Mihon wo moratte
kara, sodan ita-
shimasho
Zutto o make nasai
Makarimasen
Sono nedan de wa
kaware nai
Ketchaku no tokoro
wa, ikura made
makarimasu ka?
Isoide nimotsu wo
fune ni tsumi-
dasanakereba na-
rimasen
Nimotsu wo fune
ni tsumi-dashlta
ka?
wahtah'k'shee wah soh'-
noh sehkee'neen woh
foo'tahn sheemah's'
. . .noh mee'hohn ngah ee-
reemah's'
mee'hohn ngah eeree-
mah's'
oh i-nee'koo-sah'mah
neemoh'ts' wah mee'hohn
yoh-ree wahroo'ee
ee'roh-ee'roh noh moh-
yoh' woh meeseh'teh
mohri-tt'
choo'mohn sooreh'bah
ee'ts' goh'roh shee'nah-
moh'noh woh wahtah-
sheemah's' kah ?
choo'mohn soo'roo koh'-
toh gah dehkeem'
choo'mohn woh toh'ree-
keh-sh'U'' mohn' deh's'
mee-hohn woh mohraht'-
teh kah 'rah, so/i'dahn
eetahsheemashoA'
dzoot'toh oh mah'keh
nahsi'
mahkahreemah'sen
soh'noh neh'dahn deh
wah kahwahreh ni
keht-chah'koo noh toh-
koh'roh wah, eekoo'rah
mah'deh mahkahree-
mah's' kah?
eesoy'deh neemoh'ts' woh
foo'neh nee tsoo'mee-
dahsahnahkeh-reh'bah
nahreemah'sen
neemoh'ts' woh foo'neh
nee tsoo'mee-dah'sh'tah
kah?
105
English.
Japanese (romanized).
These goods must
be carefully
packed
Put this mark on
the boxes
The boxes must be
tin-lined
Trade is dull
Trade is good
He has become
bankrupt
There are some
errors in the
account
You have over-
charged me
This is a clerical
error
I have deducted the
errors
It is more than was
arranged
I want a detailed
account
Here is a cheque
for the amount
of your account
Send in our ac-
count
Will you accept a
bill?
Doka kono mono wo
minna yoku ki-
wo-tsukete ni-dzu-
kuri shite o-kure
Hako ni kono shi-
rushi wo tsukete
okure
Hako no naka ni
burikki wo hara-
nakereba ikenai
[desil
Shobai wa fu-keiki
Keiki ga ii n' desu
Ano Into wa shin
dai-kagiri ni na
rimashtta
Kanjo ni iro-iro
machigai ga aru
Omaye wa taiso
kake-ne wo tsu-
keta ne !
Kore wa kanjo chigai
Pronunciation.
Machigatta bun ?i
hikimashita
Hajime no kime yori
takai
Kono kanjo wo betsu-
betsu ni wakete,
saimitsu ni kaite
moraitai
Kono ko-gitte wa
kanjo zumi ni
watasu
Kanjo -gakiwo okutte
kudasai
Kawase-tegata iva do
desho ?
do/t'kah koh'noh moh'noh
woh meen'nah yoh'koo
kee-woh-tsookeh'teh nee-
dzookoo'ree shee'teh oh-
koo'reh
hah'koh nee koh'noh
sheeroo'shee woh tsoo-
keh'teh oh-koo'reh
hah'koh noh nah'kah nee
booreek'kee woh hah-
rahnahkeh-reh'bah ee-
kehm' [deb's'
shoh'bi wah foo-kay'kee
kay'kee gah ee n' den's'
ah'noh sh'toh wah sheen-
d^'-kah-nghee'ree nee
nahree-mah'sh'tah
kahnjo/i' nee ee'roh-ee'-
roh mah-chee-ngln' gah
ah'roo
ohmah'yeh wah ti-soh'
kah'keh-neh woh tsoo-
keh'tah neh !
koh'reh wah kahnj oh'
chee-nght' deh's'
mah-chee-ngaht'tah boon
woh heekeemah'sh'tah
hahjee'meh noh kee'meh
yoh'ree tahki'
koh'noh kahnj oh' woh
beh'tsoo-beh'tsoo nee
wahkeh'teh, si-mee'tsoo
nee ki'teh moh-ri-W
koh'noh koh-ngheet'teh
wah kahnj o h' dzoo'mee
nee wahtah'soo
kahnj o/i-ngah'kee woh
oh-koot'teh koodahsi'
kah wah' seh-teh-ngah ' tah
wah &oh deh'shoh ?
106
Changing Money. (Liydgae.)
English. Japanese (romanized). Pronunciation.
Where is there a
money-changer's?
Can you give me
9
Yes, sir ; what
change do you
wish?
Will you give me
Japanese money?
Please give me 10-
yen Bank of
Japan notes
Give me the amount
in...
Change this into
small money,
please
Will you cash this
cheque for me ?
What is the rate
of exchange on
English money ?
Please change me
an English bank-
note
A 10-yen Bank of
Japan note
A cheque
A bill of exchange
Letter of credit
Banker's order
[tal)
Money order (pos-
Telegraphic draft
Ryogae-ya wa dochi-
ra de gozaimasu?
Kane wa ryogae ga
dekimasu ka?
Hai, dekimasu. Do
iu kane to tori
kaemasho ka ?
Nihon no kane wo
o-kure ?
Nippon Ginko no
jiu yen satsu wo
o-kure
Taka wo...ni shite
o-kure
Kore wo komakai
zeni to tori-kaete
kudasai
Kono ko gitte wo
tori-kaete kudasai-
masil ka I
lgirisu to no ka-
ivase soba wa
do narimasti ?
lgirisu no ginko-
shihei wo tori-
kaete kudasaimasu
ka?
Nippon Ginko no
jiu yen satsil
Ko- gitte
Kawase-tegata
Shinyo-jo
Ginko no shi-harai
jo
Yubin-kawase
Denshin-kawase
ree-oA'-ngah-eh-yah wah
doh-chee'rah den goh-
zi-mah's' ?
kah'neh wah ree-oA'ngah-
eh gah deh-keemah's'
kah?
hi, deh-keemah's' ; doh
ee-oo' kah'neh toh toh'-
ree kahehmahsho/t' kah?
nee'hohn noh kah'neh
woh oh-koo'reh ?
neep'pohn gheenko/i' noh
jew yen sah'ts' woh oh-
koo'reh
tah' kah woh... nee sh'teh'
oh-koo'reh
koh'reh woh kohmahki'
zeh'nee toh tohree-kah-
eh'teh koodahs^'
koh-noh koh-ngheet'teh
woh toh'ree-kah-eh'teh
koodahsi-mah's' kah ?
ee-ngheeree'soo toh noh
kahwah'seh so/i'bah wah
doh nahreemah's' ?
ee-ngheeree'soo noh
gheenko/i'-sheehay' woh
toh' ree-kah-eh'teh koo-
dahsimah's' kah ?
neep'pohn gheenkoh' noh
jew yen sah'ts'
koh-ngheet'teh
kahwah'seh teh-ngah'tah
sheen-yoA'-jo/t
gheenkoh' noh shee-hah-
H' joh
yoo'been-kahwah'seh
den'sheen-kahwah'seh
MONEY, WEIGHTS & MEASURES.
{Kingin : Kimme ; Cho, tan, shaku.)
NOTE. — With the exception of the hiro and the tsubo, all the names
of the Measures, Weights, &c, given in the following tables
are of Chinese origin, and are accompanied by the Chinese
numerals only.
MONEY.
The currency is Decimal. The unit is the yen, a silver coin
equivalent to about two English shillings (50 cents American),
which has taken the place of the Mexican dollar, formerly used
in Japan, but now obsolete.
One yen = 100 sen ; one sen — 10 rin.
Gold Pieces of 2, 5, 10 and 20 yen are also coined.
Copper Coins vary from one-tenth of a sen (1 rin) to 2 sen.
There is also a Paper Currency, consisting of notes of from
5 sen upwards. The smaller notes are most in use, such notes as
10 and 20 yen being used principally in commerce. Not only in
towns, but throughout Japan generally, paper money, and
especially that of the Bank of Japan, is regarded with more
favour than gold or silver coin.
Banking transactions, and indeed commercial transactions in
general, are framed on English models. Thus, ordinary and
telegraphic money orders are issued; there is a Post Office
Savings Bank ; and Letters of Credit, Bills of Exchange and
Bankers' Orders are all in constant use.
WEIGHT.
10 rin
10 fun
100 momme
160 „
1000 „
= 1 fun = 5.8 grs. (troy)
= 1 momme =58 ,, ,,
= 1 hyaku-me — about fib. (av.)
= 1 fern* = H lb.
= 1 kwamme = 8.28 ,,
* Foreigners have mostly to do with h kin, 1 kin and upwards. 100 kin = 133Jlb.
avoirdupois.
DRY GOODS MEASURE.
In measuring dry goods a shaku (termed kujirajaku) of 14.913
inches is employed. Silk and cotton goods are generally made
up into pieces measuring a little more than lOf yards (tan) and
also into pieces of double that length (hiki).
The English yard is now becoming generally known in towns.
10 rin
= 1 few
10 bu
= 1 sun
10 sun
_ f 1 shaku or )
I kaneshaku)
6 shaku = 1 ken
10 „
= i io
60 ken
(nearly) =
1 cho
36 cho
= 1 ri
108
MEASURE.
= 0.1193 in. (| in.)
= 1.193 „ (If in.)
= 11.93 in. (nearly 1 foot)
== 71.58 „ (nearly 2 yds.)
= 119.3 „ (nearly 10 ft.)
= 119.30 yds. (about 120 yds.)
= 2.44 miles
For nautical measurements, the kai-ri, which equals the
European geographical mile, is now in general use ; whilst for
indicating the depth of water, the hiro (about 5 ft.) is employed.
SUPERFICIAL (LAND) MEASURE.
1 tsubo = about 36 sq. ft.
30 „ = 1 se = 118.6 sq. yds.
10 se =s 1 tan = 1186 ,, (over J- acre)
10 tan = 1 cho = 2.45 acres (2 a. 1 r. 32 p.)
The tsubo is the common unit of measurement.
MEASURE OF CAPACITY.
10 sal = 1 shaku = n pint
10 shaku = 1 go = about ^ pint
10 go = 1 sho = ,, 31 pints
10 sho — 1 to = „ 4 gallons
10 to =1 &0&M = ,, 39.7 „
This measure is employed for grain and liquids. The sho
equals 0.397 (about two-fifths) of a gallon. The koku is employed
for measuring junks, and is equal to about 4-27ths of a ton
(nearly 3 cwt.), or 2% piculs. (1 picul = 100 kin.)
POSTAGE.
The postal rates from Japan to the United Kingdom are as
follows : —
For Letters ... 10 sen per \ oz.-
Postcards ... 4 sen
Newspapers (ordinary) 2 sen
To Japan, from the United Kingdom : —
Letters 2£d. per | oz.
Postcards ... Id.
Newspapers ... 4d. per lb. %
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Marlborough's SELF-TAUGHT series— No. I8.-JAPANESE GRAMMAR.
Japanese Grammar
Self-"[aught.
(In Roman Character.)
contents.
I. — Grammar and Syntax. With Pronunciation, Native
Japanese Characters, etc.
II. — Exercises and Extracts.
i. Exercises for translation, with Key.
2. Reading Exercises, with Pronunciation and Translation.
3. Japanese Extracts, with Key.
III. — Vocabularies: Japanese-English. English- Japanese.
Money, Weights and Measures.
by
H. J. WEINTZ.
SECOND EDITION.
London :
E. MARLBOROUGH & Co., 51, Old Bailey, E.C.
1907.
(all rights reserved.]
NOTE TO SECOND EDITION.
The proposal to issue a second volume of Japanese under
the title of "Japanese Self-Taught," referred to in the Preface
of this book — see opposite page — has now become an accom-
plished fact, and in the new volume the Publishers have
carried out the idea of issuing a conversational phrase-
book, consisting of the classified sentences in English
and Japanese comprising Part II. of the first edition of
"Japanese Grammar Self-Taught," together with a large
number of classified Vocabularies. Throughout the wrork the
pronunciation of the Japanese words has been added in
accordance with Marlborough's well-known and popular
system of phonetics, so that each page is arranged in
three columns, viz., the English, Japanese (romanized) and
the phonetic pronunciation respectively.
The space thus set at liberty in the Grammar has been
filled by inserting three new sections of useful Exercises, as
follows : —
A. Exercises for translation, in English and Japanese
alternately, with Key.
B. Beading Exercises, interlined with the English pho-
netic pronunciation, and with Key.
C. Additional Extracts (short) from Japanese works, with
translation.
The Exercises for translation (section A) consist of con-
versational sentences of a most practical and useful character,
and both the Exercises proper and the Key may be used for
translation, each forming the key to the other.
For this new matter the Publishers are indebted to Mr-
J. Fife Mortimer, who for many years has made a special
study of the Japanese language and literature.
The two works now form "a very comprehensive and
" useful manual of the Japanese language, for students,.
"commercial men and traders, missionaries, travellers and
"tourists." (See Preface, "Japanese Self-Taught.") They
may be obtained bound together in one volume, entitled
" Japanese Self-Taught and Grammar."
London, 1907.
PREFACE.
The scheme of this work is to provide a complete
manual of the Japanese language rather than a phrase-
book for travellers and others temporarily visiting Japan.
Such visitors have not been overlooked, however, for a large
number of ConYersational Phrases and Sentences,
conveniently classified, have been added, (including many of
those running through the Self-Taught Seeies), together
with full Vocabularies alphabetically arranged. The
Publishers propose to develop these sections for issue
under the title of " Japanese Self-Taught." *
The Japanese people, by their intelligence, energy, and
enterprise — so remarkably displayed of late years — have
raised tHeir country to a prominent position amongst the
Nations of the World, both politically and commercially. A
great and growing interest, fostered by our recent alliance
with its government, is being manifested towards " THE
BRITAIN OF THE PACIFIC," and there is a growing
necessity for a simple and inexpensive hand-book of the
Japanese Language, which the present volume is designed to
meet.
The work is carried out in the Roman character, as for
all practical purposes of international communication the
Roman alphabet is being steadily adopted by the Japanese
themselves. The native characters are however given,
together with the rules of transliteration and a number
of illustrative examples, so that the student may possess
himself of the key to native literature.
Japanese is usually looked upon by Europeans as being
terribly difficult to learn, but in reality it is extremely easy
* See "Note to Second Edition " on preceding page.
when studied in the Eoman character ; the want of a really
practical grammar on modern lines has probably given rise to
the idea referred to. The Syntax certainly is formidable to a
European, as it is quite different from anything met with in
Western languages, but Syntax is of very minor importance
in Japanese — at least as regards making one's-self understood.
A Japanese would be quite intelligible in England if he
said "I to shop went, a book to buy," and vice versa an
Englishman would convey his meaning equally well by a
similar distortion of a Japanese sentence, especially as the
language itself is highly elliptical, thus accustoming Japanese
people to readily infer meanings from context, &c.
The simplicity of the language is shown by such facts
as that there is only one person in each tense — no concord
(cf. French, and especially German) — no long lists of
exceptions to rules, — only two irregular verbs of common
occurrence, — and that it is purely phonetic (a most important
point). The Author speaks advisedly in stating that one can
make himself perfectly understood after far less time spent in
study than is necessary in the case of any European
language. Of course, to attain anything approaching
syntactical accuracy, a much longer course of study is neces-
sary than for obtaining an equal degree of proficiency in
French, German or Spanish.
The Grammar has been compiled from the Author's
notes, accumulated during many years' experience in preparing
candidates for examinations, etc., and much of the matter
introduced has been suggested by the questions and the
difficulties of pupils. No attempt has been made to discuss
verb-roots, archaic forms, and other matters interesting to
philologists, but of no value to anyone taking up the study
for practical purposes. The Vocabularies and Conver-
sational Phrases are the outcome of a very great amount
of time and care, bestowed on them with the object of
ensuring completeness and accuracy in supplying the words
and phrases in actual use. The sentences are not mere
literal translations from the English, but are those which
would be used by a Japanese under similar circumstances.
They are, in fact, not English-Japanese, but Japanese-
Japanese, and in compiling them the Author has had the
advantage of the co-operation of native linguists and others.
The literal translation of Japanese sentences, in numerous
instances throughout the book, will afford valuable assist-
ance in synthetical construction, and will be found to
lend considerable interest to the study of the language, by
revealing the quaint and primitive nature of the native
manner of putting ideas together.
The whole structure of the language is quite alien to
anything found in Europe. In German, French and Spanish,
for example, the equivalents for " give me," viz., Geben Sie
mir, donnez-moi, and deme, respectively, may be taken as
models, or forms which hold good for any noun which may be
affixed. Not so in Japanese ; an equivalent for "give me"
cannot be isolated as it forms part of the context, and
similarly with other expressions.
The greatest care has been taken to ensure that all the
words found in the vocabularies are strictly conversational,
so that the student will learn to employ the words in ordinary
use, and will not be led into treating his Japanese hearers
to such comicalities as " Condescend to demonstrate the
route to — ," instead of " Please tell me the way — ."
Many dialects are spoken in Japan, as in most countries,
and yet the standard language is everywhere understood
and spoken also, and anyone who carefully studies and
masters the contents of this book, may rest assured that he
can travel anywhere in Japan and make himself understood
wherever he may go.
With regard to pronunciation, romanized Japanese is so
purely phonetic that it has not been found necessary to
introduce a third and phonetic column in the Conversations
and Vocabularies in thig volume (see Parts II. and III.), but
with the few simple rules of pronunciation stated and
exemplified in the early pages, and bearing in mind that,
with few exceptions, each letter has only one sound, that
that sound never varies, and that every letter in each
word must be distinctly sounded, the student will readily
acquire facility of speech in the language. Out of the 2,000
words (about) in the vocabularies, there are only four which
present any divergency from the rules, and only two in the
whole of the phrases, and in these cases I have noted the
deviation and supplied an imitated pronunciation.
The short extracts from Japanese authors which are
included, with literal and free translations, seem common-
place and puerile to English eyes, but they are thoroughly
typical of the matter found in the few novels in the language.
Fiction is beneath the notice of educated readers and writers,
but there are signs indicating that it will be cultivated in the
near future, and that a call will be made for translations of
the leading English novels.
Students, Naval*, Military, and other Professional and
Commercial men, Travellers and Tourists, will find this
Manual of the greatest service, whether as a practical guide
to the Language, or as a Conversational Phrase-book for
every- day needs.
H. J. WEINTZ.
Shipley, 1904.
* The Admiralty offer special privileges and inducements to
officers in the Royal Navy to study Japanese.
CONTENTS
PART I.
GEAMMAR, SYNTAX,
(Pages 9 to 102.)
etc
The Syllabary ... ... ... ... ... ... 9
Pronunciation and Accent ... ... ... ... 11
Examples of Pronunciation ... ... ... ... 14
The Parts op Speech (pages 15 to 83).
The Article (absence of) ... ... ... ... 16
The Noun ... ... ... ... ... 16 to 19
Gender ... ... ... ... ... ... 16
Number, Case ... ... ... ... ... 17
Classes of Nouns ... ... ... ... ... 18
The Pronoun ... ... ... ... ... ... 20
Personal ... ... ... ... ... ... 20
Possessive, Demonstrative and Interrogative ... ... 23
Indefinite ... ... ■ ... ... ... ... 28
Relative and Reflexive ... ... ... ... 29
The Numeral : Cardinal, Auxiliary, Ordinal and Fractional
Numerals ... ... ... ... 30to36
Interrogations as to Number and Quantity ... ... 34.
Time, Divisions of ... ... ... ... ... 37
The Verb ... ... ... , 39
Transitive and Intransitive, Number and Person ... 39
Tense ... ... ... ... ... ... 40
Mood ... ... ... ... ... ... 41
Verb-Root: Inflection ... ... ... ... 42
Conjugation... ... ... ... ... ... 44
First Conjugation ... ... ... ... 44, 48 to 51
Second Conjugation ... ... ... 47 to 52
Models of Inflection, Kasu, Makeru, Ojiru ... 48 to 52
Summary of Inflectional Forms ... ... 52 to 54
Irregular Verbs ... ... ... ... ... 54
Conjugation of Polite Forms of Speech... ... ... 57
Derivative and Phrase- Verbs ; Voice ... ... ... 59
The Adjective ... ... ... ... ... ... 61
Inflection ... ... ... ... ... ... 61
Conjugation... ... ... ... ... ... 63
Comparison ... ... ... ... ... ... 65
The Adverb ... ... ... ... ... ... 66
List of Adverbs, classified ... ... ... ... 67
The Particle ... ... ... ... ... 67 to 77
The Preposition ... ... ... ... ... 77
The Conjunction ... ... ... ... ... 77
The Interjection ... ... ... ... ... 78
Honorific and Humble Forms of Speech ... ... ... 79
CONTENTS.
Syntax, etc. (pages 84 to 102).
Conversational Sentences for Analysis ... ... .,. 86
Japanese Proverbs for Analysis ... ... ... ... 91
Extracts from Japanese Writers (romanized) ... ... 93-
The Syllabary, in Native Characters ... ... ... 96
Rules for Transliteration ... ... ... ... 98
Examples of Transliteration ... ... ... ... 102:
PART II.
EXERCISES AND EXTRACTS.
(Pages 103 to 128.)
A. Exercises for Translation into English and Japanese,
with Vocabularies ... ... ... ... ... 105
Key to the Exercises ... ... ... ... ... 108
B. Reading Exercises with interlined Pronunciation and
with Notes ... ... ... ... ... 11&
Key to Reading Exercises ... ... ... ... 117
C. Additional Extracts :—
1. Uguisu ... ... ... ... ... 119
2. Sake to Kite wa. 3. Ha Bakari. 4. Do iu wake de? 120
5. Shinkwa-ron ... ... ... ... ... 121
6. Mitsu-me Nyudo. 7. Gijo no Ichi-haran ... ... 122
8. UmenoHana. 9. Kyu-yo ... ... ... 12a
Translation of Extracts : —
1. The Nightingale. 2. The Lost Windfall ... ... 124
3. Nothing but Leaves. 4. The Uses of Doubt ... 125
5. The Doctrine of Evolution ... ... ... 126
6. The Three-eyed Friar. 7. A Parliamentary Report... 127
8. The Plum-blossoms. 9. A Matter of Urgency ... 128
PART III.
VOCABULARIES. (Alphabetical.)
(Pages 129 to 178.)
Japanese-English ... ... ... ... ... 129 to 156
English-Japanese ... ... ... ... ... 157 to 178
Money, Weights & Measures, pages 179 and 180.
Index to Part I. ... | ... ... ... ... ... 181
JAPANESE GRAMMAR SELF-TAUGHT
Part I. GRAMMAR, SYNTAX, Etc.
The Syllabary, Pronunciation, Accent.
THE SYLLABARY.
The native characters used for writing the Japanese lan-
guage are comprised in two alphabets termed " Syllabaries,"
— the Katakana, which consists of the remnants of forty-
seven Chinese square characters, and the Hiragana, which is
composed of a number of cursive forms of Chinese symbols.
Both of them differ entirely from any European alphabet
and mode of writing, so that their acquisition at the com-
mencement of the study of the language would really prove a
hindrance to the student's progress. It is quite possible to
obtain a thorough knowledge of the spoken language through
the medium of the Eoman characters, and, having gained an
insight into the grammatical peculiarities, the student can
easily transpose the Romanized characters into either of the
two native Syllabaries, which may then be memorized in a
few hours.*
In Japanese there are no separate letters, as these are
understood in European languages, each of the characters
of the syllabaries virtually representing a syllable; n final,
which has a symbol to itself, forming the one exception.
Each syllable is composed of a vowel preceded by one of
the consonants — k (or g, see p. 10), s, (z or j), t (d), nt h
(b or p), m, y, r, w. Thus, every syllable is supposed to
terminate with a vowel, and usually does so ; e.g., ka-ga,
ga-ku, i-ka-nga-shi-i. The exceptions occur principally in
foreign words, or are produced by contractions.
The following table exhibits the syllables of the Japanese
language in the Roman character, and arranged according to
what is termed the Go-jiu-on, or w fifty sounds."
* For the Syllabaries in the native character see pages 96, 97.
10
SYLLABARY, PRONUNCIATION, ACCENT.
THE SYLLABABY.
Vowel Syllables.
Consonant Syllables.
ka
ga
ki
9*
kn
gu
ke
9*
ko
sa
za
shi
ji
su
zu
se
ze
so
zo
ta
da
chi
tsu
dzu
te
de
to
do
na
ni
nu
ne
no
ha
ba
pa
hi
bi
pi
fu
bu
pit
he
be
pe
ho
bo
po
ma
mi
mu
me
mo
ya
i
yU.
ye
yo
ra
ri
ru
re
ro
wa
i
u
ye
wo
By learning the nine consonants k, s, t, n, h, ra, y, r, and
w, together with the five consonantal softenings gy z, d, bt
and p, the Syllabary is readily committed to memory.
SYLLABARY, PRONUNCIATION, ACCENT.
11
PRONUNCIATION.
1. The Vowel Syllabics.
These are pronounced as pure vowels, having much the
same sounds as in Spanish, Italian, &c, but are always short
unless marked with the usual diacritic sign (6, u, &c).
Character. Sound represented.
a approximately as a in father
Phonetic sign.
ah
i(h)
u
e
o
a
i
0
e
o
i
00
a
o
a
i
oo
machine
food . . .
date . . .
sore ...
man . . .
tin ...
foot . . .
bed . . .
polo . . .
oo
eh
oh
ah
ee
oof
e (or eh)
oh
As used on pages 14 and 15.
f Not dwelt on.
I and u are frequently cut so short as to become nearly
inaudibje. In such instances they are written throughout
this book I, it. Thus, slvtta, with one of its meanings, is
usually prouounced as if written sh'ta ; matsil, with one sig-
nification, is pronounced mats'.
In the combinations ai, au, ae, ao, ui, ei, oi, each vowel
is distinctly sounded. They read as follows: — ah-ee (= the
English diphthong represented by i in mile or y in my —
phonetic sign i or ah-ee), ah-oo (like ow in how), ah-eh,
ah-oh. oo-ee, eh-ee (like ay in gay), oh-ee (like oy in boy).
2. The Consonant Syllabics.
These are pronounced by combining the consonants and
the vowels.
It will be observed that the Syllabary contains certain
repetitions and irregularities. Thus we find shi where we
should expect si, fu for hu, i for yi, i for ui ; and so on.
These anomalies are due to the inability of the Japanese to
pronounce the sounds for which the above irregularities are
substituted.
Note. — This peculiarity considerably modifies the conjugation of
verbs, and should therefore be carefully borne in mind by the
Btudent.
12 SYLLABARY, PRONUNCIATION, ACCENT.
The consonants have the same, or nearly the same, sounds
respectively as in English, with the exception of the
following : —
R, P. — In the syllabic ri, the r is pronounced somewhat
like the English d ; that is, in its articulation the tip of the
tongue touches the roof of the mouth at the same point as in
pronouncing the letter r itself, but with the substitution of
the d sound. In the other syllabics r more resembles the
English r, but in none of them is the trill so decided as in,
say, Scotch, French, or German.
H, h, and F, f, are regarded as identical in Japanese, and
their pronunciation is somewhat similar. In pronouncing
f, the lower lip does not quite come in contact with the
upper teeth, but remains at about the same distance from
them as in pronouncing ivh in the word when.
G, g, at the commencement of a word has the hard sound
of g in the English go, gain, or gum ; in all other positions
like ng in singer. [Phonetic sign " ng " in Eoman type;
see p. 15.]
T, t, and D, d, are pronounced as in Italian ; that is, the
tip of the tongue is brought into contact with the upper
teeth, instead of touching the front part of the roof of the
mouth. With the majority of Japanese speakers no per-
ceptible difference is made between zu and dzu.
Ye. — In this syllable the y is mute in most words, and is
sometimes omitted in the Koman character. In some words
y is used as a vowel in place of i (ee).
N at the end of syllables and words is like the French
nasal n, i.e., somewhat similar to ng in the English thing or
the n in bank.
The syllabics ga, za, da, &c, printed in italics in the
Syllabary, all commence with softened consonants, and are
regarded by the Japanese merely as modifications of the
syllabics commencing with hard consonants in the lines
immediately preceding them, and not as different syllables.
Note. — In the native characters this distinction is represented by
placing a diacritic sign by the side of the hard-consonant
symbol; thus ka accompanied by the sign is read ga, shi is
read ji, and so on.
SYLLABARY, PRONUNCIATION, ACCENT. 13
The modification of a hard into the corresponding soft
consonant often occurs in the formation of derivatives and
compounds, so that this change (which with the diacritic
sign, is termed nigorl, or impurity), should be carefully noted.
When a letter is doubled it must be fully sounded twice,
as onna (pronounced ohn-nah) ; katta (kaht-tah).
ACCENT.
The accentuation of Japanese words is much less prominent
than that of English, the various syllables of the same word
having an almost uniform degree of emphasis. Quickened,
or silenced, vowel sounds frequently render prominent the
other portions of the word, but, as a general rule, the stress
is laid about equally on each syllable. The sound of the
word gozarimasu, for example, is almost evenly emphasized —
go-za-ri-mas' ', the terminal u being nearly inaudible, and the
syllable masu receiving but a very slight accent, the emphasis
over and above the stress laid on the other three syllables
being barely perceptible.
(a) In words of two syllables the accent is, as a rule, on the
first syllable, as hi'ro, tsu'ru.
Exceptions. — When the vowel sound of the first syllable
is short i or u, and when a long or double vowel
sound occurs in the last syllable, the accent is laid
on the last syllable, as sMka', tsuki', liiro, musu.
(b) In words of three syllables the accent is, as a rule, on
the second syllable, as ara'shi, moto'mil.
Exception. — When the second syllable is short, as % or
it, the first syllable bears the accent, unless the final
syllable has a double (long) vowel sound ; in which
case the primary accent is laid on the last syllable,
and a secondary (subordinate) accent on the first,
as ta"ira\ a"tsuku' ; chi'ku-sho", bo'ku-to".
(c) In polysyllables the accent is on the last syllable but
one, as Hakoda'te, Yokoha'ma.
Exception. — If the last syllable but one contains i or
il, the accent is thrown back upon the preceding
syllable, as asa'gita, Shimo'tsuke.
N.B. — Bear in mind that in all words accent goes to long
syllables, and whenever two such long syllables come
14 SYLLABARY, PRONUNCIATION, ACCENT.
together they are pronounced with equal stress. Examples :
Kana' gawa, aimasho', ho-bo, sho-so.
Note. — In a very few instances of words written exactly alike, but
with different meanings, there are differences in pronunciation
which cannot be brought under a general rule, but must be
learned by experience. These difficulties, however, need not
trouble the student, and the preceding rules will suffice for all
ordinary needs.
Examples of Phonetic Pronunciation,
illustrating the preceding rules.
English.
Japanese.
Pronunciation.
Oh!
ma,
m.ah
old lady
obasan
oh-ba/i'sahn
is good
yoroshi
yoh-roh-slW
good
ii
ee
listening
kiite
kee'teh
province
shil
shoo
mother-in-law
shutome
shoo'tohmeh
interpreter
tsuji
tsoo'jee
(an interjection)
ne !
neh
Miss
nesan
neh'suhn
already
mo
moh
suitable
soto
soh-toh
chopsticks
hashi
hah'shee
new
atarashiki
ah-tah-rah'sh'kee or
ah-tah-rahsh'kee
one
ichi
ee'chee
melon
uri
oo'ree
a little
sukoslii
s'koh'shee
two
futatsu
ftah'-tsoo
sailor
sendo
sehn-do/t
harp
koto
koh'toh
adversity
wazawai
wahzahwah'ee
perilous
ayaushi
ah-yah-oo' shee
not returning
kaerazu
kah-eh-rah'dzoo
mending (verb)
naosu
nah'oh's'
firebrand
moyekui
moh-yeh-koo'ee
politeness
rei
ray (reh'ee)
PARTS OF SPEECH.
15
English.
Japanese.
Pronunciation.
a little
choito
choh'eetoh or
very
a kind of palanquin
two (in enumera-
goku
kago
fa
choy'toh
goh'koo
kah'ngoh
ioo
argument [tion)
flying (verb)
noisy
ran
tonde
sozoshl
rohn
tohn'deh
soh-zoh-shee
nun
ama
ah'mah
shampooer
hole
such
amma*
ana
anna*
ahm'mah
ah'na [ah(n)'nah]
ahn'nah
a sound
oto
oh'toh
a husband
otto
oht'toh
Parts of Speech.
The Japanese language, which is probably related to
Mongol and to Manchu, differs entirely in composition and
method of use from any European tongue.
The classification of Japanese words differs materially
from that adopted by Western grammarians in dealing with
their languages, but the components of Japanese sentences
do duty for what are usually termed Nouns, Pronouns,
Numerals, Adverbs, Prepositions, Conjunctions, and Interjec-
tions. The great majority of these words are uninfected, and
are divided by native grammarians into two broad classes
according to their importance, namely (1) Na, (2) Teniwoha.
(1) Na are the name-words proper.
(2) The Teniwoha consist of the suffixed syllables or par-
ticles, which correspond to the Prepositions, Conjunctions, and
Interjections of the English and allied languages. They also
serve as terminal inflections for Adjectives and Verbs.
The Japanese also make use of words which correspond
with the Verbs and Adjectives of Western speech, and are
termed Kotoba, i.e., "words," or Hataraki-kotoba, i.e.,
* Amma and anna are respectively contractions of amuma (a-mu-
ma) and anuna (a-nu-na), their original forms, and thus illustrate the
rule stated on p. 9 (3rd par.).
16 THE NOUN.
"working-words," so named on account of their activity in
assuming continual change of form. They are inflected to
express mood, tense, &c.
It will be seen, then, that in Japanese there are in reality
but two classes of words : (i.) Uninfected words, including Na
and Teniwoha, and (h.) Inflected words, Hataraki-kotoba ;
and it must be borne in mind by the student that the classi-
fication according to European methods — i.e., into nouns,
pronouns, adverbs, &c. — adopted in this work, is for his own
convenience in study, and is not the native mode of dealing
with the language.
THE ARTICLE.
The Japanese language has no Article, definite or indefi-
nite; thus, otoko signifies indifferently "the man," "a man,"
"man."
Definiteness may, however, be expressed by periphrasis.
Thus, whilst in English "the letter" signifies a particular
object which has been the subject of conversation previously,
to express the same idea in Japanese it is necessary to use
some such periphrase as " letter just mentioned,'" "letter I
wrote," "letter brought now"
THE NOUN.
The Noun has no inflection to mark gender, number, or
case. In other words, there is no declension.
Gender.
(1) Names of inanimate objects are neuter, as in English.
(2) In general no distinction is made between the mas-
culine and feminine. Thus, mtima signifies indifferently
" horse " or "mare"; dori, "cock" or "hen"; and the sex
must be inferred from the context.
In a very few cases, however, difference in gender is
indicated by the use of different words, as
otoko, man ; -4^ onna, woman ;
musuko, son, boy; mustime, daughter, girl;
chichi, father ; haha, mother.
In some instances, gender is distinguished by prefixing o
or on for the masculine, me or men for the feminine ; as
on dori, a cock ; men dori, a hen;
o ushi, a bull ; me ushi, a cow.
THE NOUN. 17
Similarly :
otoko no ko, a male child (literally, man-child) ;
onna no ko, a female child (lit., woman-child).
Number.
Number is indicated by the addition of prefixes and suffixes.
Thus, if it be desired to specify only one particular thing,
the numeral for "one," hito, hitotsu, or ichi, is added to the
name of the thing either as prefix or suffix ; as
hito-hako, one box = a box ;
hon-hitotsu, one book = a book.
Ordinarily the plural is not distinguished from the sin-
gular, but plurality can be expressed when necessary by adding
particles such as domo, ra, gata, shu (shin), or tachi to the
singular, as
ninsoku domo, coolies; kodomo ra, children;
yakunin gata, officials ; tomo dachi, friends ;
hyakusho shu, farmers ; danna shiu, masters.
yakunin tachi, officers ;
Note. — Gata and tachi are used to show respect, whilst ra is
generally employed in speaking to coolies and menial servants.
Plurality is sometimes expressed by repeating the noun, as
tokoro, a place ; tokoro-dokoro*, places ;
shina, an object; shina-jina* , all kinds of objects;
kuni, a country ; kuni-guni*, all countries ;
kusuri, a medicine; kusuri-gusuri* , all kinds of
medicines.
* In most instances the second half of the word takes the nigori,
i.e., its initial consonant is softened. (See p. 13.)
Case.
Case is expressed in Japanese by means of certain
terminations, called "postpositions," added to the noun.
These postpositions, so far as they extend, answer the same
purpose as the English prepositions, or the case-endings of a
Latin noun.
Example : —
Nom. Tori, or tori ga, a bird.
Gen. tori no, or tori ga, of a bird, or a bird's.
Dat. tori ni, or tori ye, to a bird.
Ace. tori, or tori wo, a bird.
Japanese Grammar Self-Taught. c
18 THE NOUN.
Voc. tori, or tori yo, 0 bird !
Abl. tori kara, or tori yori, from a bird.
Loc. tori ni, at, to, or in a bird.
Agent tori de, with, or by means of, a bird.
N.B. — The plural terminations are placed between the
noun and the postpositions, as
Yakunin gata ni kippu wo I showed my ticket to the
misemashita. officers.
(Literally/''' Officers... to ticket showed.)
Classes of Nouns.
As in most European languages, nouns may be divided
into Primitive, Derivative, and Compound.
I. Primitive Nouns.
These are nouns which cannot be referred to any root —
being roots in themselves — that is, they are undecomposable ;
as inu, dog ; te, hand ; kaze, wind ; yama, mountain.
II. Derivative Nouns.
These are formed from other nouns, and also from adjec-
tives and other parts of speech, by means of prefixes and
suffixes. They are divided into Abstract, Augmentative,.
Diminutive, Concrete, and Verbal Nouns.
1. Abstract Nouns. — These are formed chiefly from adjec-
tives by adding to the stem -sa, which is equivalent to the
English -ness in brightness, happiness, &c. Thus, from takai,
high, is formed the abstract noun takasa, height ; wakasar
youthfulness (from wakai, young) ; omosa, weight (from omoiy
heavy).
True adjectives and some verbal forms, followed by kota
(thing, fact), are also used as compound abstract nouns, as
takai koto height (lit., high thing) ;
komaru koto, anxiety (lit., trouble thing).
2. Concrete Nouns. — Compound concrete nouns may be-
formed by adding the word mono, thing, to adjectives and to
some verbal forms. Thus, umai mono, delicacy, is formed
from umai, delicious, and thing ; ao mono, vegetables, from
* In the literal translations the Particles have not been included-
Their significations will be found in the section on Particles. (See p. 69.).
THE NOUN. 19
aoi, green, and thing; mono-shiri, a learned man, from shiru,
to know.
3. Augmentative Nouns. — The prefix 5, great, is used as an
augmentative to other nouns, as
5 arashi, great storm (i.e., tempest) ;
o gurai, great eater (i.e., glutton) ;
o bune, great boat (i.e., ship, vessel, &c).
4. Diminutive Nouns. — These are formed by prefixing to
other nouns the syllable ko, little ; as
ko yama, little mountain (i.e., hill) ;
ko inu, little dog {i.e., puppy).
5. Verbal Nouns. — A large number of these are merely the
unaltered stems of verbs, as
warai, laughter, from warau, to laugh ;
nokori, remainder ,, nokoru, to be left over ;
soshiri, evil-speaking ,, soshiru, to speak evil;
kakushi, pocket ,, kakasu, to hide;
hikari, brightness ,, hikaru, to shine.
III. Compound Nouns.
These nouns, which are very numerous, are formed in
many ways, of which the principal are : —
(a) A noun + a noun, as
honya, a bookseller, from Jwn, a book, and ya, house ;
kusuri-ya, a druggist's, from kusuri, medicine, and
ya, house ;
hanazono, a flower-garden, from hana, flower, and
sono, garden.
(b) The stem of an adjective + a noun, as
yasu-mono, cheap article, from yasui, cheap, and
mono, thing ;
aka-gane, copper, from akai, red, and kane, metal ;
waru-kuchi, evil - speaking, from warui, bad, and
kuchi, mouth.
(c) A verbal form + a noun, as
urimono, an article for sale, from uri (stem of uru,
to sell) and mono, thing ;
Jiusubito, a thief, from nusumu, to steal, and hito,
person ;
moyekui, a firebrand, from moyasu, to burn, and kui,
stake.
20 THE PRONOUN.
(d) A noun + a verbal form, as
hito-goroshi, a murder or murderer, from hito, person,
and korosu, to kill ;
ki-chigai, a lunatic, from hi, spirit, and chigaa, to be
wrong.
ie) A verbal form + a verbal form, as
kigaye, a change of clothing, from kiru, to wear,
and kayeru, to change ;
nukigaki, a synopsis, from nuku, to draw out, and
kaku, to write down.
Note. — (1) In compound nouns the second component usually
receives the nigori (see p. 13). Thus, the h of hito is changed
into b in the compound nusubito ; the k of koroshi into g in
hito-goroshi ; the k of kaki into g in nuki-gaki, (See c, d, and
0, above.)
(2) The final vowel of the first component of a compound
noun is often changed. This change is most common in con-
nection with the letter e, which is replaced by a, as
sakate, drink-money, from sake, beer, and te, hand ;
saka-oke, a sake (beer) vat, from sake and oke ;
kaza-deppo, an air-gun, from kaze and teppo.
(3) As will be seen subsequently, certain parts of verbs and
adjectives are, for purposes of syntax, regarded as nouns.
THE PRONOUN.
Pronouns in Japanese are for the most part merely
nouns which have in process of time become pronominal.
They are grouped together in various classes for the different
degrees of respect and politeness which form so prominent a
part of the general culture of the country.
The pronouns may be classified as Personal, Possessive,
Demonstrative, Interrogative, Indefinite, Relative, Reflexive.
Personal Pronouns.
1. Singular.
(a) First Person.
WatakUshi, I, is the ordinary polite word for the pronoun
of the first person.
Temaye is used in token of humility by the lower classes
to their superiors. It is also employed for the second
person.
Watashi and washi are used by intimate friends.
THE PRONOUN. 21
Boku serves for soldiers and students.
Ore is used with a lesser degree of respect, and is employed
generally by servants, &c., to each other.
Examples : —
WatakiLshi wa kajiya de I am the blacksmith.
gozarimasil,
[lit., I... blacksmith... am]
Ore mo iko, I will go too.
[lit., I too will go]
Boku wa gakko ye kaeru I am on the way back to
tokoro da, school.
[lit., I... school to return place am]
(6) Second Person.
Anata (= ano kata, that side) is really a pronoun of the
third person which has gradually come to be employed for
the second, like the German Sie. It is a polite form used to
address equals or superiors, and is sometimes used as a noun
as in kono anata, this gentleman.
Omaye (omae) san is nearly identical with anata, but more
familiar, and is used principally by women.
[N.B. — The above will be found to suffice for Europeans.]
Kimi serves for students and soldiers.
Kisama and temaye show the least degree of respect, and are
used to address people of the lowest class.
Sensei is employed to address professors and learned men in
general.
Danna (master), danna-san, or danna-sama is used by an
employe in addressing his principal.
Other words in use for the second person are : — 0 nushi
(very familiar), sokka (formal), sochi (to inferiors), ware (among
country people), and unu (abusive).
Examples : —
Omaye koko ni matte ore, You wait here.
[lit., you here waiting remain.]
Anata ni o hanashi moshitai There is something I wish
koto ga gozarimasu, to tell you;
[lit., you... talk wish to, thing there is]
Kimi wa doko ye iku ka ? Where are you off to ?
[lit., you. ..where to go...?
Unu berabo me, You impertinent fellow !
22 THE PRONOUN.
(c) Third Person.
Are. This is used indifferently for " he " or " she," and is
often replaced by the more respectful forms ano hito, that
man, that woman ; ano o kata, that gentleman, that lady ;
or ano onna, that woman.
To-nin, " the person in question," is often used for " he."
Aitsu is a contemptuous equivalent for are.
Examples : —
Ano o kata Tokyo no akindo Is he not a Tokio mer-
ia nai ka, chant ?
[lit., ...Tokio... merchant is (he) not?]
Are wa mo Hiogo ni tsuki- He (she, it) has probably
m ashitaro , arrived in Hiogo by no w.
[lit., ...already Hiogo... has-probably-arrived]
2. Pltjkal.
The plurals are formed from the singular, as in nouns, by
adding domo, gata, ra, shiu (shu), and tachi (see p. 17). Thus,
watakilshi, I — watakilshi domo, we ; ore, orera, are, he, she, it
— arera, they ; omaye, omaye gata, you (thou), you ; &c.
The grammar of the personal pronouns is like that of
nouns, and particles (see pages 69-77) are affixed in the
same manner as with nouns. It must be observed, however,
that, with the pronouns of the first and second persons,
the employment of plural particles, when two (or more)
persons are intended, is much more frequent than in the
case of nouns, and a Japanese often uses wataMshidomo (we)
for "I."
As in Latin and Spanish, personal pronouns are usually
omitted unless they are used emphatically, or in cases where
ambiguity would arise from their omission. Thus, "I never
saw that woman before," would be rendered, Are wa sen ni
miyenakatta onna da, unless the person addressed might be
in doubt as to whether the speaker were referring to himself
or to another person, in which case watakilshi would be
employed. In such sentences as "I am going home, but you
had better remain here," the pronouns should be inserted
because the significance depends on the emphasis laid on
them.
THE PRONOUN. 23
Possessive Pronouns.
The Possessive Pronouns are simply personal pronouns
with the possessive particle, no or ga, added to them, as
watakUshi no, my; anata no\
watakushi domo no, our ; omaye no) ^ '
ano hito no, his.
Mine, yours, his, hers, theirs, are also rendered by watakUshi
no, anata no, &c, but they can readily be distinguished from
my, your, &c, by observing the particles used with them or
by examining the context.
Examples : —
Anata no g aided iva dochira Whereabouts is your
desii t school ?
{lit., your school... whereabouts is?]
WatakUshi no iva atara- Mine is new ; yours is
shiu gozarimasil ; anata old.
no iva furu gozarimasil,
[lit., mine... new is; yours... old is]
Ano hito no iye wa yohodo His house is a long dis-
toi, tance away.
[lit., that man's house... very much is far]
Demonstrative and Interrogative Pronouns.
Note. — With these pronouns are given several words closely allied
to them in derivation and meaning, and which may be treated
advantageously at the present stage.
1. This. Root, Ko or Ka.
kore (noun); konna, this kind of; kayo, this manner;
kono (adj .) ; konnani (adv.) ; kahodo, this much ;
konata (pron.) ; koitsu, this fellow ; kaku, or ko, thus.
Ko, ka. The root appears only in the compounds given in
the above table ; in ko-toshi, this year ; and in a few other
words of very rare occurrence.
Kore (plural, korera), this. Kore is a noun meaning " this
one " when the object is near or in the possession of the
speaker, and more rarely "this person"; as
Kore wa ikura desu ka ? As to this thing, how
much is it ?
Kore wa nani da ? What is this ?
24 THE PRONOUN.
Kono, this, these, is an adjective corresponding to the
French ce, cette, ces; as
kono michi, this road ; kono hako, this box.
Konata (for kono kata), this side, is in reality a pronoun
of the first person, and is often used for " I," but it is more
frequently employed for the second person.
Konna, konnani ; this kind of, in this kind of way. Konna is
for kore nam, being this ; konnani for kore nam ni, in being this*
Koitsu, this fellow, is also applied to inanimate objects. It
is a contraction from ko-yatsu (yatsu = fellow), and is a very
contemptuous expression.
Kono yd ni, in this manner, and kono yd na, this kind of,
are almost synonymous with kayo and kayo na, and occur
more frequently.
Kahodo, this much. Kore hodo is also used with a very
similar signification, as
Korehodo osoroshikatta koto I was never so afraid in
wa gozarimasenu, my life.
[lit., this-much frightened- was thing... is not]
Kaku, ko, thus. Ko is much more frequently used than
kaku, but the latter is sometimes met with in certain expres-
sions, such as to mo kaku mo, even so, even thus (= at all
events, however).
2. That (2nd person). Root, So or Sa.
sore (noun) ; sonna, that kind of ; sayo, that manner ;
sono (adj.) ; sonnani (adv.) ; sahodo, that much;
sonata (pro.) ; soitsu, that fellow ; shika, so or so, so.
Sore is a noun meaning " that one," when the object is
near or in the possession of the person spoken to, as
Sore wa kinodoku na koto That is a sad thing.
de gozarimasil,
[lit., that. ..sad. ..thing is]
Sono is an adjective, and is joined to nouns, as
Sono hako, That box (" near you,"
perhaps " your box" ).
Boko de sono milma ico o Where did you buy that
kai nasatta ? horse ?
[lit., where... that horse... buy did]
Note. — The remarks with reference to the words under " This '*
(above) apply also to the corresponding ones in this table.
THE PRONOUN. 25
Examples : —
Sore wa chodo yoi, As for that one (it is) just
right.
Sore wa kinodoka na koto That is a sorry affair.
de gozarimasil,
Ame ga furi so mo nai, It does not seem likely to
[lit., rain... fall... even is not] rain.
So da so yo, So it would seem.
[lit., that is appearance]
Dare ga so iimashita ? Who said so ?
[lit., who... so said]
3. That (3rd person). Root, A.
are (noun) ; anna, that kind of ; aitsu, that fellow ;
ano (adj.) ; annani (adv.) ; a, in that way, so.
anata (pro.) ;
Are is a noun meaning " that one," when the object is far
away, not in possession of the speaker, or out of sight ; as
Are wa nan desu ? As for that (yonder), what
is it ?
Ano is an adjective, also referring to something far away,
not in possession of the speaker, or out of sight ; as
Ano kajiya wa kita ka ?* Has that blacksmith come ?
[lit., that blacksmith... come]
Are and sore, ano and sono, must not be regarded as inter-
changeable. Kore may be termed the demonstrative pronoun
of the first person, sore of the second person, and are of the
third. Sore and sono are connected with the present subject
of conversation, whilst are and ano are employed when a
new topic is introduced. Thus, sono kura means " that
saddle " (near or in the possession of the listener) ; ano kura,
" that saddle " (you had yesterday, &c).
Note. — The Japanese often commence a sentence with the word
ano as serving merely to attract the attention of the person
addressed, something like the English " 'Er " or " I say 1 " in
the phrases " 'Er, would you kindly tell me the way to...?" and
"I say, just take hold of this ! "
Example : — Ano, Kanda sail, I say ! Mr. Kanda.
The words ko7iata (for kono kata), this side, sonata (for sono
kata), that side, and anata (for ano kata), that side, when
employed as pronouns, ought really to signify " I," "you,"
* See remarks on Interrogation, p. 85.
2G THE PftONOUN.
"he," "she," "it," respectively, and konata often does
stand for "I," but generally, by a peculiar anomaly, they
are employed for the second person.
Ay 6 and ahodo are not in use, the expressions ano yd and
are hodo being employed instead.
Examples : —
A iu hanashi wa mettani It is seldom we hear a
kikimasenii, story of that kind.
[lit., that-way called story... seldom hear]
Are wa, dare no uchi desii ? Whose is that house
(yonder) ?
[lit., that as-for, who of house is-it?]
A iu fuzetsu wa ate ni One cannot depend on
naranai, reports of that kind.
[lit., that-kind report... dependence do not become]
Are wa nan' da ? What is that ?
[lit., that... what is]
4. That (3rd person). Boot, Ka.
kare (noun) ; kano (adjective) ; kyatsu, that fellow.
Examples : —
Kare kore hiru desii , It is just about noon (hiru).
Nani ya ka ya, Anything whatever.
Note. — These expressions are not in very common use, except by
the upper classes. Their meanings are similar to those in the
columns under " That" on the preceding page.
Kano is sometimes employed with the meaning " a certain."
5. Who. Eoot, Da.
dare (noun).
Examples : —
Dare ga so itta ? Who said so ? {familiar).
Dare ni kane wo yatta ? To whom did he give the
[lit., ...to, money... gave] money?
Notjs. — The places of the words not appearing under this head are
supplied by the derivatives of do, which (see No. 6, following).
6. Which. Eoot, Do.
dore (noun) ; donata (pron.) ; do, how ;
dono (adj.) ; donnani, what kind of; donna (adv.).
Dore is an old form of idzure, which is still employed with
the meanings "at any rate," "however." Idzure is an
abbreviation of idzure ni mo, which signifies literally "in
whichever case."
THE PRONOUN. 27
Examples : —
Dore ga ichiban ii ka t Which is the best ? (familiar).
Dore wa yoroshiu gozari- Which do you like best ?
ma sit?
[lit, which... good is]
Donata is employed as a polite substitute for dare, a still
more respectful phrase being donata sama. Thus, Donata
desu f who is it ? (who is there ?)
Doha, somehow, and dozo, somehow or other, are formed
from dd, and both may be used to translate the English
" please"; as
Doha o negai moshimasu, Please do !
[lit, somehow... beg...]
Examples : —
Bono gurai yoroshiu goza- How much do you require ?
rimasil, .
[lit., what quantity good is]
Do sMyo ? What shall we do ?
[lit, how shall do]
Donnani ureshi ka shire- I cannot tell you how
masenilj pleased I am.
[lit, how much joyful, cannot know]
7. What. Eoot, Na.
nani (pron.) ; nanihodo, how much ; naze, why.
Nani is employed for inanimate objects only. No adjective
form exists, nanno, nani no, or dono being used instead.
Examples : —
Nani go yd de gozarimasu? What can I do for you ?
[lit. , what honourable business is there]
Nani shi ni kata ? What has brought you here ?
[lit., what do to have come]
Nanno go yd desU ka ? What is your business ?
[lit., what... business is]
Naze is an abbreviation of na-zo-ye, which is composed of
the root na, the emphatic zo, and the ejaculatory particle ye.
(See Particles, pages 69-77.) Thus, Naze hayaku konai /—
why do you not come quickly ? (lit., why quickly not come?).
Examples : —
Nani to ka shiyo wa ari- Can nothing be done?
masumai ka ?
[lit., ...do manner will not be]
Kono mono wa nanda ? What is this object ?
[lit., this object... what is] t .
28 THE PRONOTJN.
Sono milma wa nan to iu? What is that horse called?
[lit, that horse... what is called]
Indefinite Pronouns.
There are certain phrases which, employed pronominally
to signify number, comparison, quantity, &c, may be regarded
as Indefinite Pronouns. These locutions are formed by
adding to the Interrogative Pronouns the particles ka, mo,
demo, and zo. Thus :
dare ka, somebody ; dore ka, some one thing ;
dare mo, anybody, some- dore mo, any one thing ;
body ; dore de mo, anything what-
dare de mo, anybody ; ever ;
nani ka, something, any- nani mo, anything at all ;
thing ;
nani de mo, anything, nani zo, nanzo, something or
something ; another, any.
Interrogative adverbs may in a similar manner become
indefinite, as doko, where : doko demo, anywhere ; dokka (for
doko ka), somewhere.
Dare mo, dore mo, and nani mo are ordinarily employed
with negative verbs, and are equivalent to the English words
" nobody " and " nothing."
The respectful forms for dare are : —
donata ka, somebody ; donata mo, everybody.
donata de mo, anybody ;
Examples : —
Dare ka shita ni matte oru, Somebody is waiting below.
[lit., ...below... waiting remains]
Dare ka so itta, Someone said so.
[lit, someone so said]
Dore mo shiranu, Nobody knows.
Dare mo shitte imasen, Nobody knows it.
Dare de mo yoroshiu goza- Anyone whatever will do.
rimasii,
llit., ...good is]
Dare de mo shitte imasu, Everyone knows it.
Donata mo ikaremasen, No one can go.
Kyuji ni nani ka o yari Give something to the
nasare, waiter.
[lit., waiter to, ...give, do please]
THE PRONOUN. 29
Kono hako no naka ni nani Is there anything in this
ka haitte iru ka ? box ?
[lit box ... inside ... having entered is]
Nani ka cliodai, Please give me something.
[lit., ...please-give]
Nani mo gozarimasenii, There is nothing at all.
Donata de mo ikareru, Anyone can go.
Dore de mo chodai, Please give me any one of
them.
Dore mo ikemasen ka ? Will not one of these suit you?
Nani mo arimasen, I have nothing at all.
Doko ka de mita yd ni I think I have seen (him)
omoimasii, somewhere.
{lit. , ... seen manner . . . think]
Relative Pronouns.
The Eelative Pronoun proper does not exist in Japanese,
and reference or relation to another noun or pronoun in the
sentence is expressed by employing the verb of the relative
clause as an adjective, placing it before the word to which the
relative pronoun refers. Thus, for " the robber who ran
away " we may say, " the run-away robber," which is exactly
equivalent to the phrase nigeta dorobo.
Examples : —
Anata go o uri nasatta inu} The dog which you sold.
[lit., ... sell did dog]
Kareta matsu, The pine which withered.
[lit., the withered pine]
Nihon go wakaranu hito, A man who does not know
Japanese.
[lit., Japanese language not-understand man]
Kanda to iu hito, The man who is called Kanda.
[lit., Kanda, that-called person]
Reflexive Pronouns.
jibun, self ; jibun no, waga, one's own ;
tagai ni, each other, one another.
Jibun is often replaced by jishin or onore.
Waga only occurs in the expressions waga kuni, one's own
country ; waga ko, one's own child ; waga kiodai, one's own
brothers and sisters ; and a few others.
Tagai ni is really an adverb, meaning " mutually."
30
THE NUMEEAL.
Examples : —
Jibuti ga wand,
[lit., himself... is bad]
Tagai ni tasukeru,
Jibun de dekinai kara te-
tsildatte kudasare,
It is his own fault.
They help each other.
Help me, please, because I
cannot do it myself.
[lit., ... cannot because, lending hand give]
THE NUMERAL.
Cardinal Numerals.
In Japanese the employment of Numerals is very intricate,
but as they are in frequent use the student should become
acquainted with their names and uses.
The words employed for numbering up to ten, and those
which stand for one hundred, one thousand, and ten thousand,
form the basis of all the others.
From one to ten the numbers are indicated by two groups
of words, one group consisting of words whose origin is
purely Japanese, whilst the other is composed of words of
Chinese origin. The Japanese series for the numbers above
ten has now fallen into disuse, its place being taken by a
continuation of the Chinese scale.
In Japanese, therefore, the elements of cardinal enumera-
tion are as follow : —
Japanese.
Chinese.
Chinese.
- 1.
hitotsii.
ichi.
s=.t- 21.
ni jiu ichi.
&- 2.
filtatsil.
ni.
30.
san jiu.
^ 3.
mitsu.
san.
40.
shi jiu.
KZP 4.
yotsil.
shi.
60.
roku jiu.
* 5.
itsutsH.
go.
80.
hachi jiu.
7Z 6.
mutsii.
roku.
*g 100.
hiaku.
-t 7.
nanatsu.
shield.
200.
ni hiaku.
^ 8.
yatsu.
hachi.
300.
sain biaku*.
h/ 9.
kokonotsu.
ku.
600.
rop piaku'''.
+ 10.
to.
ji»*
800.
hap piaku.
t- 11.
jiu ichi.
4* i,ooo.
sen.
-r^-12.
jiu ni.
2,000.
ni sen.
t^13.
^+-20.
jiu san.
ni jiu.
^10,000.
#3
man.
* The letter changes which occur will be understood from the
examples appearing under Auxiliary Numerals (see p. 32).
THE NQMEEAL. 31
Notk. — (1) It will be observed tbat combinations from tbe Cbinese
series are employed between one and one hundred ; such as ten-
one = 11, ten-two = 12, ten-three = 13, two-ten = 20, two-ten-
one = 21, &c.
(2) Above one hundred a like combination of the lower
numerals occurs ; thus, two hundred is represented as in English,
two-hundred, &c.
(3) For ten thousand, however, a separate word is used — man,
and numbers beyond this are expressed by its multiples. Thus,
150,000 is jiu go man ; 1,000,000, hiaku man.
(4) Consecutive numerals are arranged as in English, thus:
150 is hiaku go jiu ; 1128, sen hiaku nijiu hachi;
1868, sen hap piaku rokujiu hachi ;
1904, sen ku hiaku shi.
(5) Bio, both, is frequently employed instead of ni, two ; as
Bid san nin, two or three persons.
(6) Shichijiu, seventy, is sometimes replaced by nana jiu ; as
Nana jissen, seventy cents.
The following rules must be observed in the use of the
numerals : —
1. The Chinese numerals below eleven must be employed
only when standing alo?ie, or when preceding monosyllabic
or uncompounded nouns derived from the Chinese ; as
ku nin, nine men ; jiu go kin, fifteen katties ;
rop piaku, (for roka hiaku), six hundred.
2. When employed with nouns of purely Japanese origin
the terminal tsu of the Japanese numerals is dropped, as
mi hako, three boxes ; fUta hiro, two fathoms ;
yo tsutsumi, four parcels.
Notice also that" —
(1) The numeral may stand alone, as
Ikutsil aru t How many are there ?
Nanatsil yozarimasu, There are seven.
(2) The numeral is frequently placed after the noun, as
mikan mitsu, three oranges.
(3) The possessive particle no is often introduced after a
numeral, when the latter precedes the noun, as mitsu no mono,
three things. {Mono = thing.)
* No satisfactory rule can be given for these customary and arbitrary
practices, and the same remark will apply to other usages mentioned
in the succeeding pages of this work.
32 THE NUMERAL.
Auxiliary Numerals.
In Japanese, objects are usually enumerated as so many
things of a certain class or species, by the medium of what
are termed Auxiliary Numerals, somewhat corresponding
with the English expressions, " eight head of cattle," "three
sets of harness," "four brace of partridges," &c. The noun
is placed first, the numeral and class following ; the numeral
is seldom joined immediately to the noun.
Examples : — Kami ichi mai, one sheet of paper.
[lit., paper, one, flat (object)]
Sara jiu mai, ten plates.
[lit., plate, ten, flat (objects)]
Kodomo jiu ichi nin, eleven children.
[lit., children, eleven (human objects)]
Fude go hon, five pencils.
[lit., pencil, five (sticks or cylindrical objects)]
Note. — The majority of these auxiliaries are of Chinese origin,
and come under Rule 1 of the preceding section (p. 31), but
several of them are native words, and come under Rule 2 ; as
kura mi tomai, three go-downs.*
The following are the most commonly used of these
numerals, and they will be found to suffice for all ordinary
needs : —
Nin is applied to human beings.
1, ichi nin, or hitori ; 6, roku nin ;
2, ni nin, or futari ; 7, shield nin ;
3, san nin ; 8, hachi nin ;
4, yottari, or yo\ nin] 9, ku nin]
5, go nin ; 10, jiu nin ; &c.
Examples : — Onna roku nin, six women.
[lit, woman, six persons]
Ninsoku ni nin, or ninsoku filtari, two coolies.
Hiki for animals, a draught of a net, pieces of silk, &c. ;
as 1, ip piki ; 2, ni hiki ; &c.
Examples : — Kinu ippiki, one piece of silk.
Ushi nambiki ? how many head of cattle ?
* " Go-down " is a common term for a warehouse or store through-
out the East. It is a corruption of the Malay gddong, warehouse.
f In many expressions the Japanese substitute yo for shi, nana
for shichi, and kyu for ku, in order to avoid certain ambiguities of
sound, and also an unpleasant suggestion of the word shi7iin (dead
person) by the expression shi nin (four persons).
THE NUMERAL. 33
Wa helps to count birds and bundles, as 8, sam ba ;
4, shi wa.
Examples : — Tsuru shi wa, four storks.
Maki sam ba, three bundles of wood.
Hon is used in connection with sticks, cylinders, long
and round articles, such as pencils, masts, poles, bottles,
trees, &c. ; as 5, go hon ; 6, rop pon.
Examples : — Kasa go hon, five umbrellas.
Ki rop pon, six trees.
Mai is used for broad, fiat objects, like sheets of paper,
plates, coin, clothing, &c. ; as 7, shichi mai ; 8, hachi mai.
Examples: — Kimono shichi mai, seven garments.
Ketto hachi mai, eight blankets.
Ken is used for houses and buildings in general, as 9, ku
ken ; 10, jik ken ; &c.
Example : — Tera jik ken, ten churches.
So is applied to ships, boats, &c. ; as 1, is so; 8, san
zo ; &c.
Example : — Gunkan san zo, three men-of-war.
Hai is used for so many "fills " of a cup, bowl, glass, &c. ;
as 5, go hai; 7, shichi hai ; &c.
Example : — Koppu ip pai no mizu, a cupful of water.
Soku helps to count shoes, socks, sa?idals, &c. ; as 2, ni
soku ; 4, shi soku ; &c.
Examples: — Waraji ni soku, two pairs of straw sandals.
Kutsu shi soku, four pairs of boots.
Cho for objects with handles, such as jinrihisha, palan-
quins ; also for guns, cannon, tools, candles, sticks of ink,
and utensils ; as 6, roku, cho ; 8, hat cho ; &c.
Examples : — Jinriki hat cho, eight jinrikishas.
Eosoku roku cho, six candles.
Fuku for doses of medicine, "smokes" of tobacco, and
the like.
Examples : — Kusuri ni Juki, two doses of medicine.
Tabako ip puku, a " smoke."
Note. — Another fuku is employed for pictures and maps.
Jo is for mats, which cover the floor in Japanese
dwellings ; it designates the areas of compartments,
Japanese Grammar Self-Taught D
34 THE NUMERAL.
Satsu is used for volumes of books. For complete copies
of a work, irrespective of the number of volumes in it, bu is
employed.
Example : — Jibiki is satsu, one dictionary.
Other numeral auxiliaries are : Suji for extended objects,
such as rivers, roads ; dai for things supported by a base ;
mune for ridge-like things or houses ; tsu for letters, docu-
ments ; kumi for sets of objects such as suits of clothing,
toys ; men for looking-glasses ; tsutsumi for packages ; and
many others.
Ordinal Numerals.
The order of objects in a series is sometimes indicated by
using the cardinal numbers with the addition of the syllable
me as a suffix, but the most usual method is by prefixing the
word dai (lit., order), or suffixing ban (lit., number) or bamme
(= ban + me) to the cardinals.
Examples : — Hitotsu me, or ichi ban, or dai ichi, first.
Ni ban, or dai ni, second.
Sam ban, third.
Dai go, fifth.
Rules. — (1) When the ordinal numbers precede the noun
the particle no is placed between them, just as with the
cardinals in like circumstances. (See p. 31.)
(2) If there be a specification with reference to place, time,
kind, or quantity in enumeration, the name of the thing
specified is usually placed between the cardinal and the
syllable me to indicate ordinal enumeration.
Examples : —
Dai ichi no yakunin, The first (chief) officer.
Sam ban no kisha, The third train.
M ban no June or, ) The sec()nd ghi
Ni ban me no June, j K
Go mai me, The fifth page.
Yo nin me, The fourth man.
Interrogations as to Number and Quantity.
1. NUMBEK.
In interrogations as to the number of persons or things
the numeral auxiliary indicating the object asked about is
employed with the adverbial iku t (what number ? — i.e., how
many ?)
THE NUMERAL. 35
The interrogation ikutsu ? is sometimes heard, though less
frequently.
Examples : —
Iku nin? or iku tari? in enquiring "how many men
(women, children) ?"
Fude wa iku hon ? — how many pencils?
Ikutsu gozarimasu ? — how many (of anything) are there ?
2. Quantity.
Interrogations with reference to quantity are introduced
by the adverbial dove ? ika ? or nani ? — which ? or what ?—
followed by hodo, degree of quantity. Bono kurai — which
grade? — is also used, and all these phrases are used to
translate the English how much?
In enquiring the price of anything the interrogative ikura?
—about how much ? — is generally employed.
Examples : —
Kore wa ikura? What is the price of this?
Ika hodo arimasu ka ? What quantity is there ?
Dono kurai irimasu ka ? How much do you require ?
Bore hodo hairi masu ? What quantity will it hold ?
Fractional Numbers.
The method of expressing these will be readily understood
from the following observations and examples.
Thirty-one hundredths (31-100ths) is hiaku bun no san jiu
ichi, which is, literally, of one hundred parts thirty-one [bun
= part). The particle no is usually omitted, in which case
bun is replaced by bu.*
Example : —
Sam bun no ichi, or sam bu ichi, One-third.
N.B. — When no denominator is expressed, tenths are to be
understood; thus, hachi bu, eight-tenths.
One-half is represented by han, or ham bun ; one-third,
mitsti ichi; and one-fourth, yotsu ichi. These forms are in
very common use, but this mode of using Japanese and
Chinese numbers in combination is contrary to strict gram-
matical rules.
* See footnote, p. 31. d*
THE NUMERAL.
The following miscellaneous
Ni-do, twice
Ni-do-me, the second time
Ni-bu, two per cent.
Shi-bu, four „
Ichi-wari, ten „
Ni-bai, two-fold ; double
Futatsu zutsu, two at a time
Dai ni mi, in the second place;
secondly
HUotsu oki, every other one ;
alternate
Futari-mae, portions for two
locutions should be noted :
San-do, thrice
San-do-me, the third time
Sam-bu, three per cent.
Go-bu, five „
Ni-wari, twenty „
Sam-bai, three-fold ; treble
Mitsu zutsu, three at a time
Dai san ni, in the third place;
thirdly
Ichi-nichi oki, every other
day
San-nin mae, portions for three
Examples of the use of Numerals : —
Kore yori nan' ri hodo aru ? How many ri is it from here ?
[lit., this from what... quantity is ?]
Shield hachi ri hoka (or It is not more than seven or
shika) wa gozarimasenil eight ri.
[lit., seven eight other... is not]
Shield bu sam bu ni wakete Divide it into sevenths and
o kuro, tenths. [corner.
Kado kara, san-gen-me, The third house from the
[lit, corner from, third house.]
Iku iro arimasu ka ? How many kinds are there ?
[lit. , how many colours are ?]
Sotai de kokono iro gozari- There are, in all, nine
masil, kinds.
[lit., all in, nine colours there are]
Mina de ikutsil ? How many altogether ?
[lit., altogether, how many ?]
Nanatsil gozarimasil, There are seven.
Budoshu ip pai kudasai, Give me a glass of wine.
Hito tsutsumi ni hiaku max There are one hundred
dzutsu haitte imasti,
Ni san gen, [desil,
Nan' doki desil, or Nan' ji
Kare kore yoji de gozari-
Shi go nichi, [masil,
(coins, or other flat ob-
jects) in each parcel.
Two or three houses.
What is the time ?
It is about four o'clock.
Four or five days.
TIME. 37
Divisions of Time.
Years.
In Japan there are two methods of reckoning years. The
first is by means of a cycle of twelve years named according
to the signs of the Japanese zodiac. These signs are : —
Year. Sign. Year. Sign.
1888, Ne, the rat. 1894, Muma, the horse,
1889, Ushi, the bull. 1895, Hitsuji, the goat.
1890, Tor a, the tiger. 1896, Saru, the monkey.
1891, U (for Usagi), the hare. 1897, Tori, the cock.
1892, Tatsu, the dragon. 1898, Inn, the dog.
1893, 3ft, the serpent. 1899, I, the wild boar.
For 1900 the sign Ne is again used, and so on.
Except for referring to the year of one's birth, this mode
of reckoning has now gone out of use.
The second method is by periods of uncertain length,
distinguished by a special name, nengo (lit., year-name).
Formerly these periods were appointed arbitrarily, but it has
been, arranged that for the future they will coincide with
the Emperors' reigns.
Thus, formerly, if a great fire occurred, for instance, the Japanese
would adopt a fresh nengo and call it, perhaps, " sainan " (calamity) ; an
event occurring in the following year would then be spoken of as taking
place on, say, 14th April, 2, Sainan — and so on. The present period
is termed " Meiji" (lit. Enlightened Government) and began in 1868,
so that the current year (1904) is known in Japan as "year 37, Meiji.'*
Months.
The Gregorian Calendar has for some years been in use
for the months as well as for the years. January is termed slid
gatsu (lit, the chief month), and the rest are formed by
affixing gatsu (month) to the Chinese numerals.
Thus, the names of the months are : —
SJw gatsu,
Ni " „
San ,,
Shi
Go „
Roku ,,
Shichi ,,
For expressing " one month," "two months," &c, the
word tsilki (month) is employed with the Japanese numerals.
Thus, hUo tsilki, one month ; filta tsilki, two months, &c.
January.
February.
March.
Hachi gatsii, August.
Ku „ September.
Jiu ,, October.
April.
May.
June.
July.
Jiu ichi „
or Shinwtsuki, November.
Jin ni gatsu,
or Shiwasil, December.
H
TIME
Sometimes ikka-getsU (contraction for ichi-ka-geUU),
month, ni-ka-getm, two months, &c, are used.
one
Days.
The days of the month
are: —
1st,
TsuitacH.
17th,
Jiu shichi nichi.
2nd,
Futsuka.
18th,
„ hachi nichi.
3rd,
Mikka.
19th,
,, ku nichi.
4:h.
Yokka.
20th,
Hatsuka.
5th,
ItsUka.
21st,
Ni jiu ichi nichi.
6th,
Muika.
22nd,
,, ni nichi.
7th,
Xanuka.
23rd,
„ san nichi.
8th,
Ydka.
24th,
,, yokka.
9th,
Kokonoka.
25th.
,, go nichi.
10th,
Tdka.
26th,
„ roku nichi.
11th,
Jiu ichi nichi.
27th,
„ shichi nichi.
12th,
„ ft* nichi.
28th,
,, hachi nichi.
13th,
,, san nichi.
29th,
,, ku nichi.
14th,
„ yokka.
30th,
San-jiu-nichi.
15th,
,, go nichi.
31st,
,, ichi -nichi.
16th,
„ roku nichi.
These numerals may also be employed to express a number
of days as well as the days of the month, with the exception
of the expression u one day," for which tsuitachi is not per-
mitted, ichi nichi being the correct form. The last day of
the month is termed Misoka, on whatever day it may happen
to fall.
The days of the week are : —
Nichi yd hi, Sunday. Moku yd bi, Thursday.
Getsu yd hi, Monday. Kin yd hi, Friday.
Ka yd hi, Tuesday. Do yd hi, Saturday.
Sui yd hi, Wednesday.
Note. — Bi (for hi), day, is sometimes dropped. Thus, for Sunday
we may say Nichi yd bi or Nichi yd.
The months are also divided in three jun (Chinese, period
of ten* days) ; the first ten days being termed jojun, the
second ten chiujun, and the third ten gejun.
Hours.
The European division of the day has now been adopted
in Japan. The " time of day " is expressed by affixing the
THE VERB. 39
Chinese numerals to the Chinese word ji (time, hour) ; thus,
one o'clock is expressed by ichi ji; two o'clock, ni ji ; three
o'clock, scui ji. For four o'clock yoji is used, for the reason
explained above. (See footnote t, p. 32).*
" One hour " is ichi-ji-kan ; "two hours," niji kan, ke.
Minutes are termed fun, and seconds bid. Thus, san ji go
fun shichi bid is "five minutes and seven seconds past three."
THE VERB.
Transitive and Intransitive.
In English it seldom happens that the same verbal root
-eparate words or forms for its transitive and in-
transitive applications. Thus, the words stop, break, boil,
&c, are either transitive or intransitive, according to their
applications.
In Japanese, however, there are usually two distinct verbs
having roots in common. For example, tateru, to set up, is
transitive, and tatxu, to stand, is intransitive.
It must be observed that the distinction does not rest upon
this peculiarity, for some verbs have precisely the opposite
formation and character ; as, for instance, neru, to sleep
(intrans.), and nekasu, to put to sleep (trans.).
No rule, therefore, can be formulated for distinguishing
the two classes, and only by familiarity with their uses can
the student know whether the various verbs are transitive
or not.
Person and Number.
The verb has no forms to express person or number.
Taberu, for instance, may mean " I, you, we, or they eat,"
or "he, she, or it eats," according to circumstances. This
applies to all verbs in the language.
Distinction of Person is usually understood through the
use of pronouns, and it is especially by the employment of
" honorific " or " humble " verbs! that the speaker indicates
whether he refers to himself or others.
Distinction of Number is generally made by the use of
associated pronouns, numerals, or auxiliary words.
* See also " The Time," pp. 117, 118. f See pages 79 and 83.
40 THE VERB.
Tense.
The inflection of verbs to express the time or condition of
an action is almost entirely confined to forms indicating
Present or Past time, and as either probable or positive, so
that in Japanese there are virtually but four tenses : —
1. The Certain Present.
2. The Probable Present.
3. The Certain Past.
4. The Probable Past.
Future time is expressed by the present tenses accompanied
by particles, and in some cases by the Probable Present tense
standing alone.
The verbs kasu, to lend, and makeru, to lose, for examples,
have really by inflection but the following four tenses : —
1. Certain Present,
kasu, lend, or lends.* makeru, lose, or loses.
2. Probable Present (or Future),
kaso, probably lends, or will makeyo, probably loses, or
lend. will lose.
3. Certain Past.
kasHta, lent, or has lent. maketa, lost, or has lost.
4. Probable Past,
kashitaro, probably lent. maketaro, probably lost.
Alternative Form.
There is another tense inflection in Japanese, named the
Alternative Form. Its function is to express occasional
action or alternation of action ; e.g.,
kashitari, sometimes lends, or maketari, sometimes loses, or
at one time lending. at one time losing.
The termination tart is contracted from te ari, the Classical
Past Tense of aru, to be.
* The student must bear in mind the fact that the verb in
Japanese has no person— so that kasu may be used for any person and
any number. In the types of verbs given later, where a pronoun
(I, he, &c.) is introduced, any other pronoun might be substituted.
(See "Person and Number," p. 39.)
THE VERB. 41
The Alternative Form is usually accompanied by one or
more verbs having the same inflection, as
Naitari warattari shite ori- Sometimes I am crying and
masu, sometimes I am laughing.
[lit., sometimes-crying, sometimes-laughing doing (I) am]
Mood.
The inflections for the purpose of expressing Mood consist
of modifications showing simple declaration, order or command,
and doubt or contingency. These forms correspond with
those of the Indicative, Imperative, and Subjunctive Moods
respectively, of English verbs.
The Subjunctive consists practically of two modifications:
1. The Conditional. 2. The Concessive.
These are employed according as the action implied is
dependent or concessive.
Indicative Mood.
Present Tense.
kasu, lend, or lends. makeru, lose, or loses.
Past Tense,
kashita, lent, or has lent. maketa, lost, or has lost.
Imperative Mood.
kase, lend ! makero, lose !
Subjunctive Mood.
(a) Conditional. Present Tense,
kaseba, if (he) lend. makereba, if (he) lose.
Past Tense,
kashitara, if (I) had lent. maketara, if (I) had lost.
(b) Concessive. Present Tense,
kasedo, though (he) lend. maker edo, though (he) lose.
Past Tense.
kashitaredo, though (he) lent. maketaredo, though (he) lost.
The termination tara is a contraction of tareba, which is
the form given by some grammarians.
The Past Conditional may mean not only if (I J had lent,
but also if (I J lent, if (I) shall have lent, since (I) have lent,
when (I) had lent, when flj lent, when (I) shall have lent.
42 THE VERB.
Verbal - Adjective Forms.
Several other forms of the verb exist whose functions are
somewhat allied to those of adjectives. These modifications
are usually classed under the names (a) Past Participle, or
Gerund, and (b) Desiderative Adjective, or Desiderative Form,
and are as follows : —
Past Participle.
kashite, lending, or having lent, makete, losing, or having lost.
Desiderative Adjective,
kashltai, (he) wishes to lend. maketai, (he) wishes to lose.
Note. — The term "Past Participle " has been retained in preference
to " Gerund " in conformity with the usage of the majority of
grammarians, though it must frequently be treated as a present
participle. Often, too, it has no reference to time, but simply
describes the mode of the action involved in the verb following.
The Verb=Root; Inflection.
In the Japanese verb the root is often obscure, having
become corrupted in the process of time. There are, how-
ever, certain developed modifications of the verb which can
be treated as primary forms or bases, to which all further
inflections or terminations have been added. These forms
consist of the root slightly modified, and are commonly
termed, respectively :
The Stem.
The Negative Base.
The Certain Present Base.
The Conditional Base.
The Stem. — This form is employed as a support for a
larger number of inflections than any of the others, and ends
with a syllabic in either i or e; as, for example,
With shi in kashi of the verb meaning to lend ;
,, be ,, tabe ,, ,, to eat ; ,
„ ji „ oji „ „ to fear.
By adding to the stem various words and particles we
obtain the several forms of the Positive Past Tenses, as well
as the Positive Alternative, the Positive Participle, and the
Desiderative Adjective form of all verbs. We also get all the
inflections of the verbs of the Second Conjugation, and the
moods and tenses of the polite forms of inflection.
THE VERB. 43
There is an important rule of syntax in connection with
the Stem, viz., If two or more consecutive clauses of a sen-
tence contain verbs in the same mood and tense, the final
verb only assumes the distinctive termination of the mood and
tense, all the others taking the Stem form.
The Stem is frequently used as a noun, and also serves to
form compounds with nouns, adjectives, and other verbs. Thus,
n the stem
of the verb together with
is derived
mi
miru, kurushi,
migurushi,
to see, painful,
ugly.
kashi
kasu, ya,
kashiya,
to lend, a house,
a house to let.
U
kiru, mono,
kimono,
to dress, a thing,
clothes.
buchi
butsu, korosu,
buchikorosu,
to thrash, to kill,
to beat to death.
The Negative Base. — This form follows the Stem in order
of importance, and terminates in a syllabic in a for verbs of
the First Conjugation, and in e or i for the Second. For
example, kasa is the Negative Base of the verb meaning " to
lend," make of the verb " to lose," and oji of the verb "to
fear."
This base supports the majority of the affixes of the
Negative Forms of the verbs in the First Conjugation, and
also the Probable Present tense, the Passive or Potential,
and the Causative inflections.
In the Second Conjugation the Negative Base and the Stem
are identical ; that is, the Negative Base in this conjugation
is merely a name applied to the Stem for the sake of con-
venience in showing the verbal types.
The Certain Present Base. — This form when used with-
out any inflection serves as the Certain Present tense, and
plays but a minor part in the process of inflection, supporting
the Negative Probable Present and the Negative Imperative
terminations only.
Its ending, in the First Conjugation, is any syllabic in u,
but in the Second the terminal is invariably ru, which is
added to the Stem to form this base. For example : The
Certain Present bases of the verbs, to lend, to lose, to fear,
are respectively kasu, makeru, and ojiru, in the two latter of
which will be recognised the stems terminating in ru.
44 THE VERB.
The Certain Present Base is the form by which each verb is
known, just as in English verbs are known by the Indefinite
Infinitive (to go, to say, &c.)
Note, — The special grouping of the verbs in conjugations is deter-
mined by means of the Stem in connection with the Certain
Present Base ; and the latter, besides doing duty as a verb,
serves also as a noun and as an adjective.
The Conditional Base. — This forms a support for the
inflections of the two tenses of the Subjunctive — the Present
Conditional and the Present Concessive, and is identical with
the Imperative of the verbs in the First Conjugation. Its
ending may be any syllabic in e in the First Conjugation,
but in the Second the terminal is invariably the syllabic re
added to the Stem. Thus, se, forming kase for the verb " to
lend," and re, forming maker -e and ojire for the verbs " to lose"
and "to fear," compose the Conditional Bases of those verbs.
The following Table forms a summary of the principal
parts of the vert>3 discussed above : —
Verb.
Stem.
Neg. Base.
Certain Pres.
Cond. Base.
Kasu,
kashi,
kasa,
kasu ,
kase.
Makeru,
make,
make,
makeru,
makere.
Ojiru,
oji,
oji,
ojiru,
ojire.
From these four primary forms are produced other forms
in some degree corresponding to the moods and tenses of
English verbs, all verbal inflection taking its start from one
or another of them.
Conjugation.
In the spoken language the verbal forms divide themselves
into two distinctly marked series, or Conjugations, the dis-
tinguishing characteristics of which are as follows : —
1. The First Conjugation.
This group is composed of all the verbs whose Stems ter-
minate in an i syllabic, and whose Certain Present Bases
end with the u syllabic of the same series as that of the
Stem-ending. For example: If the Stem of a given
verb end in ki, and the Certain Present in ku ; or if the
former end in gi and the other in gu, in shi and in su, ji and
THE VERB.
45
zu, and so on throughout the syllabary, then the verb may be
regarded as belonging to the First Conjugation.
Every verb whose Stem and Certain Present Base are in
conlormity with the arrangement just illustrated follows one
model during the process of inflection, euphonic variations
of the primary forms excepted.
Illustrative Verbs.
Stem. Cert. Pres.
Stem.
Cert. Pres.
be,
art,
aru.
know,
shirt,
' shiru.
become,
nari,
nam.
lend,
kashi,
kasu.
buy,
kai,
kau.
look at,
nozoki,
nozoku.
call,
yobi,
yobu.
mend,
viaoshi,
naosu.
climb,
nobori,
noboru.
pile up,
tsumori,
tsumoru
come,
mairi,
mairu.
pour,
tsugi,
tsugu.
or go,
read,
yomi,
yomu.
draw
hikkomi,
hikkomu.
return,
kaeri,
kaeru,.
back,
shine,
teri,
teru.
end,
shimai,
shimau.
smell,
kagi,
kagu.
enter,
iri,
iru.
take,
tori,
toru.
fly,
tobi,
tobu.
twist,
nai,
nau.
give,
yari,
yaru.
wait,
machi,
matsu.
go,
iki,
iku.
win,
kachi,
katsu.
hear,
kiki,
kiku.
Euphonic Letter-changes. — The Stems of all verbs in the
First Conjugation undergo various modifications during the
process of inflection, especially in the Past Participle, in the
Past Tenses, and in the Alternative Form.
(1) Stems ending with the ki syllabic drop the k, as
Yaktt,
Kiku,
Sektt,
Toku,
to burn.
to hear.
to hurry.
to melt.
Stem
yaki,
kiki,
sekij
toki.
Past Part....
yaite,
kiite,
seite,
toite.
Cert. Past ...
yaita,
kiita,
seita,
toita.
Con. Past, &c.
y aitar a,
kiitara,
seitara,
toitara.
Altern. Form
yaitari,
kiitari,
seitari,
toitari.
Exception. — Iku, to go (Stem iki), forms itte as Past
Participle; itta, &c, ittari, Past Tenses and
Alternative Form.
46
THE VERB.
(2) Stems ending with the gi syllabic drop the g, and the
t sound of the suffixes is changed into d, as
Kagu,
KOGTJ,
Hegu,
to smell.
to row.
to peel off.
Stem
kagi,
kogi,
liegi.
Past Part. ...
kaide,
koide,
heide.
Cert. Past ...
kaida,
koida,
heida.
Con. Past,&c.
kaidara,
koidara,
heidara,
Altern. Form
kaidari,
koidari,
heidari.
(3) Stems ending with the bi or mi syllabic drop the t;
the b or m is changed into an n sound, and the t sound
becomes the d sound in the suffixes : as
Stem
Past Part. ...
Cert. Past...
Con. Past,&c.
Altern. Form
TOBU,
to fly.
tobi,
tonde,
tonda,
to?idara,
tondari,
Amu,
to weave.
ami,
ande,
anda,
andara,
andari,
HlKKOMTJ,
to draw back.
hikkomi.
hikkonde.
hikkonda.
hikkondara
hikkondari.
(4) Stems ending with a chi syllabic drop the i,
and ch — or rather tch — is sounded as a double t with the
suffixes ; as
Stem
Past Part. . . .
Cert. Past...
Con. Past, &c.
Altern. Form
Katsu,
to win.
kachi,
katti,
katta,
kattara,
kattari,
MOTSTJ,
to hold.
mochi,
motte,
motta,
mottara,
mottari,
BUTSTT,
to beat.
bit chi.
butte.
butta,
buttara.
buttari.
(5) Stems ending with an pi syllabic drop the i, and the r
element is sounded as a double t with the suffixes ; as
TORTT,
Naru,
Aru,
YARTT,
to take.
to become.
to be.
to give.
Stem
tori,
nari,
ari,
yari.
Past Part. ...
totte,
natte,
atte,
yatte.
Cert. Past . . .
totta,
natta,
atta,
yatta.
Con. Past, &c.
tottara,
nattara,
attar a,
y attar a,
Altern. Form
tottari,
nattari,
attari,
y attari.
THE VERB.
47
Iu,
to say.
Warau,
to laugh.
a,
warai.
itte, iute,
waratte.
itta, iata,
waratta.
ittara,
warattara.
iutara,
ittari,
warattari.
iutari,
(6) Stems ending with the syllabic i or hi drop the vowel
syllable, and the consonant t of the suffixes is doubled ; as
Nau, Katt,
to twist. to buy.
Stem ... nai, kai,
Past Part. ... natte, note, katte, kote,
Cert. Past ... natta,nota, katta,kota,
Con. Past, &c. nattara, kattara,
notara, kotara,
Altern. Form nattari, kattari,
notari, kotari,
Note. — The syllabic terminations of the verbs of this class belong
really to the h or spirant series of syllables, so that their
euphonic modifications are in accordance with the modifications
belonging to the syllables ha, hi, fu, he, ho.
It must be borne in mind that the Negative Base is wa,
and not a or ha. Thus, nau (?iafu) has the Negative Base
nawa {naha), and not naa ; kau (kafu) has kaiva ; iu (ifu), iwa;
and similarly with other verbs.
2. The Second Conjugation.
This group is composed of all the verbs whose Stems ter-
minate in an e or i syllabic, and whose Certain Present
Bases are formed by adding the syllabic vu to the Stem.
For example, if the Stem of a given verb end in ke and the
Certain Present in keru, or if the Stem end in ki and the
Certain Present in kiru, in se and in seru, ji and jiru, and so
on throughout the series of syllabics in e and i, then the verb
may be regarded as belonging to the Second Conjugation.
Illustrative Verbs.
Stem.
Cert. Pres.
Stem.
Cert. Pres.
bathe,
abi,
abiru.
get,
»l
eru.
be,
i,
iru.
go out
, de,
deru.
borrow
kari,
kariru.
grow,
hae,
haeru.
break,
ore,
oreru.
lose,
make,
maker u.
can,
deki,
dekiru.
see,
mi,
miru.
cool,
same,
sameru.
sleep,
ne,
neru.
eat,
tabe,
taberu.
wear,
ki,
kiru.
fear,
oji,
qjiru.
In 1
the Second Conjugatic
m the
scheme
of inflection
separates the forms into two groups, distinguished from
48 THE VERB.
each other by the e or i syllabic of the Stem; otherwise
they follow one model. There are thus two groups of inflec-
tions, known respectively as the First and Second Forms of
the Second Conjugation.
Models of Inflection.
We have now seen that Japanese verbs are divided into
two conjugations, and that their inflectional forms are joined
to one of four primary parts. The following table shows the
terminations of the principal parts of the two conjugations: —
Stem.
Neg. Base.
Cert. Pres.
Cond. Base.
Conjugation I.
...
i,
a,
U,
e.
ii.
Form 1.
<9»
e>
eru,
ere.
ii.
„ 2.
h
i,
iru,
ire.
The student will now be prepared to follow the process of
inflection, and we therefore give the three verbs kasu, maker e,
and ojiru as models.
The Stems of these verbs are respectively kashi, make,
and oji.
The Stem.
This primary variation, as observed before, supports a larger
number of inflections than any of the others. In some verbs
it has the appearance of being identical with the Eoot, and
in the Second Conjugation the Stem virtually serves to
support all the inflections.
(a) First Conjugation: Kasu, to lend ; Stem, kashi.
The following forms are derived from the Stem by the use
of suffixes: —
Past Part. ...
kasMte,
having lent, or lending.
Cert. Past ...
kashita,
(he*) lent, or has lent.
Con. Past ...
kashitara,
if (he) had lent.
Prob. Past...
kashitaro,
(he) probably lent.
Concess. Past
kashitaredo,
though (he) lent.
Altern. Form.
kashitari,
at one time lending, or at times
lending.
Desid. Adj....
kashitai,
(he) wishes to lend.
* See footnote, p. 40.
THE VERB. 40
(b) Second Conjugation: Makeru, to lose; Stem, make.
Ojiru, to fear; Stem, oji. From which are derived: —
Past Participle makete and ojite.
Certain Past maketa ,, ojita.
Conditional Past maketara ,, ojitara.
Probable Past maketaro ,, ojitaro.
Concessive Past maketaredo ,, ojitaredo.
Alternative Form maketari ,, ojitari.
Desiderative Adj. maketai ,, ojitai.
JSTote. — As will be observed in the continuation of this process of
inflection, the Stem not only supports the above inflections,
but also the remainder of those in the Second Conjugation. The
preceding list (Past Participle, Certain Past, &c.) is inserted
merely for the sake of completeness, to show the correspondence
of the inflections of the two conjugations.
The Negative Base.
This form differs from the Stem in the First Conjugation,
hut in the Second the Negative Base is only the Stem as
appearing in the inflectional forms corresponding to those
supported by the Negative Base of the First Conjugation.
(a) First Conjugation: Kasu, to lend; Neg. Base, kasa.
The following forms are derived from the Negative Base
with the aid of suffixes : —
Probable Present, kaso, probably lend, or will lend.
Cert. Pres. (Neg.)j^^l do not, shall not, lend.
Con- " " {kZltkereba} ^ W ^ not lend.
Conc' » " [tZifkeredo] though (he) does not lend.
^t.Past „ K^ri M did not lend.
Cone. ,, „ kasanandaredo (mo), though (I) do not lend.
Alter,. Form „ (*—**} at times not lending.
Past Part. „ g^Shrt. } not lending' "0t having hnL
Japanese Grammar Self-Taught B
50
THE VERB.
(b) Second Conjugation : Maker u, to lose ; Neg. Base,
make. Ojiru, to fear; Neg. Base, oji. From
which are derived: —
Prob. Present ... makeyo
(Neg.) in ahem ai
Certain
Condit. „
Concess. „
Certain Past
Prob. „
Condit. „
Concess. ,,
Altern. Form
Past Part.
makeml, makenai
makenakereba
makenakeredo
makenakatta
makenakattaro
makenakattara (ba)
makenakeredo (?no)
makenakattari
makezu
Imperative (Pos.) rnakenakute
and ojiyo.
,, ojimai.
„ ojinti, ojinai.
„ ojinakereba.
„ ojinakeredo (mo).
„ ojinakatta.
,, ojinakattaro .
qjinakattara (ba) .
ojinakeredo (r/?o).
ojinakattari.
ojizu.
ojinakute.
Note. (1) The Negative Base. — This form has no signification when
standing alone ; thus, kasa, make, and oji are not in use as
separate words.
(2) The Certain Present (Negative). — As with the other tenses
in the Indicative, this tense may be either (a) a verb, (6) a noun,
or (c) an adjective ; thus,
(a) Shiranu, I do not know.
Konai no dard, He is probably not coming.
[lit., comes-not fact probably-is]
(b) Shirimasenu de gozari- I don't know (used by infe-
masu, riors to superiors).
[lit, not know is]
(c) Shiranu koto wa gozari- He certainly knows.
masenit,
[lit, not-know thing is not]
The final u of this form is usually dropped in conversation.
(3) The Certain Past (Negative). — For this tense, the negative
of the present is sometimes used. Thus, in answer to the
question, O ide nasatta ka? (did you go?), the reply may be
Ikimasenu, instead of ikemasenakatta or ikcmasenanda .
(4) The Conditional Present (Negative). — This form, in con-
junction with the negative of nam, to become, is used as an.
equivalent of the English " must "; thus,
Te wo araivaneba naranu, I must wash my hands.
[lit, hand. ..if not wash]
The final ba of this tense is sometimes sounded as ya.
The Certain Present Base.
This form plays but a minor part in inflectional processes.
In the First Conjugation it is a verbal variation, and in the
THE VERB. 51
Second it is an inflection of the Stem with the addition of
the syllable ru.
(a) First Conjugation: Kasu, to lend; Cert. Pres. Base,
kasu. This is inflected thus : —
Certain Present, kasu, (he) lends.
Improbable ',, kasumai, probably (I) do not, will not lend.
Imperat. (Neg.) kasuna, do not lend !
(6) Second Conjugation : Makeru, to lose ; Cert. Pres. Base,
makeru. Ojiru, to fear; Cert. Pres. Base, ojiru.
Certain Present, makeru, (I) lose, ojiru, (I) fear,
shall lose. shall fear.
Imperat. (Neg.) makeruna, do not lose! ojiruna, do not fear!
Note. (1) Certain Present. — As observed above, all the tenses of
the Indicative may be either verbs, nouns, or adjectives. The
following examples show the use of this tense in each capacity.
(a) As a verb.
Hai ga taisu oru, There are a great number of flies.
[lit., fly many abide]
Dare ka soto de matsu, Somebody is waiting outside.
[lit., somebody... outside waits]
(b) As a noun.
Nani shi ni* kita ? What have you come to do ?
[lit., what do to, have come]
(c) As an adjective.
Taberu mono ga nai, I have nothing to eat.
[lit, eat thing ..is not]
(2) The Imperative, (Negative). — Examples of the use of this
form are :
Sore wo taberuna ! Do not eat that I
Ik una ! Do not go !
The Conditional Base.
In the First Conjugation this base is a primary variation,
but in the Second it is produced by applying the suffix re to
the Stem.
(a) First Conjugation. Kasu, to lend ; Conditional Base,
kase. It is thus inflected :
Conditional Pres. kaseba, if (I) lend.
Concess. „ kasedo, though (he) lend.
Imperative (Pos.) kase I lend !
* It must be borne in mind that ni after the stem signifies "in order to."
52 THE VERB.
(6) Second Conjugation : Maker u, to lose ; Cond. Base,
makere. Ojiru, to fear; Cond. Base, ojire.
Conditional Pres. makereba and ojireha.
Concess. , „ maker edo ,, ojiredo.
"Note. — (1) The Conditional Base never stands alone except as the
Imperative of the First Conjugation.
(2) TJie Concessive Present. — This is usually replaced, in con-
versation, by the Present Indicative followed by keredo, which
may be employed in conjunction with all the tenses of the
Indicative. Keredo is the Concessive of keru, the perfect tense
of kuru, to come. The Concessive Forms frequently have the
syllable mo, even, added to them.
Examples : —
To wo shimero ! or Shut the door I
To wo shimete !
Kono hako wo akero I Open this box 1
[lit., this box, open]
Ii keredo, ne ga takai, Though the article is good, it is
too dear.
[lit., good though, price is high]
Tadzunemashlta kere- I enquired, but there was none.
domo, gozarimasenu,
[lit., enquired although is not]
Summary of Inflectional Forms.
First Conjugation ... Kasu, to lend.
Indicative Mood.
Certain Present.
Positive. Negative.
kasu, (I) lend, will lend. kasa-nu,kasa-nai, (I) do not lend.
Probable Present,
kas-o — (sa-u), probably lend, kasu-mai, probably do, or
or shall lend. shall not lend.
Certain Past,
kashi-ta, (I) lent, (he) has kasa-nakatta, ) ». did lend
lent. kasa-nanda j v '
Probable Past,
kashi-tard, (they) probably kasa-nakattaro ,\ (he) probably
lent. kasa-nandaro ) did not lend.
Alternative Form,
kashi-tari, at times, or at one kasa-nakattari, ) at times, &c,
time lending. kasa-nandari ) not lending.
THE VERB. 58
Positive. Negative.
Desiderative Adjective.
kashi-tai, (I) wish to lend. kashi-takunai, (I) do not wish
to lend.
Past Participle,
kashi-te, lending, having kasa-zu, ) not having lent,
lent. kasa-nakute] not lending.
Imperative Mood.
Positive. Negative.
kase ! lend ! kasu-na ! do not lend !
Subjunctive Mood.
Certain Present, (a) Conditional.
Positive. Negative,
kase-ba, if I lend. kasa-nakereba, ) (if) he does not
kasa-neba | lend.
(b) Concessive,
kase-do, 1 ,, , ,j, , , kasa-nakeredo, i though (I) do
kasu-keredo) & w • Jcasa-nedo ] not lend.
Certain Past, (a) Conditional.
kashi-tara(ba), if (he) had kasa-nakattara, ) if (he) had not
lent. kasa-nandara ) lent.
(b) Concessive,
kashi-taredo , | though (he) kasa-nakattakeredo, } though (I)
kashi-ta-keredo\ has lent. kasa-nandakeredo [have not lent.
Second Conjugation.
First Form : Makeru, to lose.
Indicative Mood.
Positive.
Cert. Pres. make-ru.
Negative.
make-nUj make-nai.
Prob. Pres. make-yo.
make-mai.
Cert. Past, make-ta.
make-nakatta, make-nanda.
Prob. Past, make-taro.
make-nakattaro, make-nandaro .
Alt. Form, make-tari.
make-nakattari, make-nandari.
Desid. Adj. make-tai.
make-takunai.
Past Part, make-te.
make-zu, make-nakute.
Imperative Mood.
Positive. Negative.
make-ro ! make-runa !
54 THE VERB.
Subjunctive Mood, (a) Conditional.
Positive. Negative.
Cert. Pres. make-reba. make-nakereba, makc-neba.
Cert. Past, make-tara. make-nakattara, make-nandara.
(b) Concessive.
Cert. Pres. make-redo. make-nakeredo, make-nedo.
Cert. Past, make-taredo, make-nakattakeredo, make-
make-takeredo. nandaredo.
Second Conjugation. Second Form: Ojiru, to fear.
Indicative Mood.
Positive. Negative..
Cert. Pres. oji-ru. oji-nu, oji-nai.
Prob. Pres. oji-yo. oji-mai.
Cert. Past, oji-ta. oji-nakatta, oji-nanda.
Prob. Past, oji-taro. oji-nakatta w, oji-nanda ro.
Alt. Form, oji-tari. oji-nakattari, oji-nandari.
Desid. Adj. oji-tai. oji-takunai.
Past Part, oji-te. oji-zu, oji-nakute.
Imperative Mood.
Positive.
Negative.
oji-ro !
oji-runa !
Subjunctive Mood, (a) Conditional.
Positive.
Negative.
Cert.
Pres. oji-reba.
oji-nakereba, oji-neba.
Cert.
Past, oji-tara.
oji-nakattara, oji-n andara.
(b) Concessive.
Cert.
Pres. oji-redo.
oji-nakeredo, oji-nedo.
Cert.
Past, oji-taredo,
oji-naka ttakeredo, oji-n an da redo,
oji-takeredo.
Irregular Verbs.
In ordinary conversation there are several verbs of some-
what irregular conjugation, which are sometimes heard, and
of these there are two which so frequently recur that their
forms should be thoroughly learnt by the student. They
are, Kuru, to come, and Sum, to do, their conjugations being
as follows : —
THE VERB. 55
Kuru, to come.
Stem, hi. Neg. Base, ko. Cert. Pres. Base, kuru.
Conditional Base, hire.
Indicative Mood.
Positive. Negative.
Certain Present.
ku-ru, come, shall come. ko-nu, ) not come, shall not
ko-nai) come.
Probable Present.
ko-yo,\ probably come, shall ko-mai,) probably not come,
ki-yo ) come. ki-mai j shall not come.
Certain Past,
ki-ta, came, has come. ko-nakatta, ) came not, has not
ko-nanda j come.
Probable Past.
ki-taro, probably came, or ko-nakattaro,\ipYohMy did not
has come. ko-nandaro j come.
Imperative Mood.
Positive. Negative.
ko-i I come ! kuru-na ! do not come 1
Subjunctive Mood.
Positive. Negative.
Conditional Present.
kure-ba, if (he) come. ko-nakereba,\ if (he) does not
ko-neba J come.
Conditional Past.
ki-tara(ba), if (he) came. ko-nakatta, ) if (he) did not
ko-nandara) come.
Concessive Present,
kure-do, though (I) come. ko-nakeredo, ) though (I) do not
ko-nedo J come.
Concessive Past,
ki-taredo, though (I) came. ko-nakattakeredo,\ though (I)
ko-7iandaredo I had not come
Alternative Form,
ki-tari, at times coming. ko-nakattari,\ sometimes not
ko-nandari j coming.
56 THE VERB.
Desiderative Adjective,
ki-tai, (I) wish to come. ki-takunai, (I) do not wish tc*
come.
Past Participle,
ki-te, coming, having come, ko-zu, ) not coming, not.
ko-nakute) having come.
Suru, to do.
Stem, shi. Neg. Base, se. Cert. Pres. Base, suru.
Conditional Base, sure.
Indicative Mood.
Positive. Negative.
Certain Present.
su-ru, do, (I) shall do. se-nu, \ not do, (I) shall not
shi-nai] do.
Probable Present.
shi-yo,{ probably do, or (I) shi-mai,\ probably not do, or
slid ] shall do. se-nai ) shall not do.
Certain Past,
shi-ta, did, has done. shi-nakatta, ) did not, has not-
» se-nanda ) done.
Probable Past,
shi-tard, probably did, or shi-nakattaro, I probably did
has done. se-nandaro > not.
Imperative Mood.
Positive. Negative.
shi-ro ! do ! suru-na ! do not !
Subjunctive Mood.
Positive. Negative.
Conditional Present,
shi-nah
se-neba
Conditional Past.
sure-ba, if (he) do. shi-nakerebaA .f ^ do nof
se-neba )
Conditional Past.
shi-tara(ba), if (he) did. shi-nakattaraA .,. ,,v -,.-, ,
se-nandara J ^ '
Concessive Present,
shi-nah
se-nedo
sure-do, though (he) does shi-nakeredo,) though (I) do>
J not.
THE VERB. 57
Concessive Past,
shi-taredo, though (he) did. slii-nakattakcredo,) though (I)
se-nanderedo, f did not
Alternative Form,
shi-tari, at times doing. shi-nakattari,) sometimes not
se-nandari f doing.
Desidera tive A djectire .
shi-tai, (I) wish to do. shi-takunai, (I) do not wish to do.
Past Participle. •
shi-te, doing, having done. se-zii, } not doing, not
shi-nakute) having done.
Conjugation of Polite Forms of Speech.
Except among relatives and friends, and with one's own
servants, verbal forms usually differ somewhat from those
given above, Japanese verbs having a special form to express
respect, politeness, or reverence. "Honorific" and "humble"
forms of speech are fully dealt with later, but while on the
subject of verbs it may be advisable, for the sake of complete-
ness, to notice one important verb, which, as a suffix to the
stems of other verbs, serves to relieve what would otherwise
sound harsh and familiar to Japanese ears.
This verb is Masu, to be ; its inflections, which constantly
recur in conversation, are combined with other verbs to form
polite tenses. It always appears as a suffix, and is not
now in use as a separate word.
The conjugation of masti differs somewhat from that of
any of the verbs previously noticed. Its Stem is mashi, its
Negative Base mase, Certain Pres. Base masti, and its Cond.
Base masure, there being no Desiderative Adjective. A part
only of the inflections of masti are in common use, of which
the following are those occurring most frequently : —
Positive.
Negative.
Cert. Pres. masu,
mase-nu.
Prob. Pres. ma-sho {sen).
masu-mai.
Cert. Past, mashi-ta.
—
Prob. Past, mashi-taro.
—
Cond. Pres. mashi-tareba.
mase-nakattareba.
Cond. Past, mashi-taraiba).
—
Alt. Form, mashi-tari.
mase-nakattari.
Past Part, mashi-te.
mase-nakutc.
58 THE VERB.
For the Negative Tenses of masil, its Certain Present,
masen(ii) is conjoined with auxiliary forms such as desho,
deshita, and deshitara, which are contractions of the inflections
of the verb gozam, with the particle de ; thus,
Cert. Past (Neg.) ... masen deshita.
Prob. Past (Neg.) ... masen deshitaro,
Cond. Past (Neg.) ... masen deshitara(ba).
The substitute for the Desiderative Adjective is formed by-
changing tai, the termination of the usual Desiderative, into
to' for the Positive, and into taku for the Negative, suffix-
ing the polite verb gozarimasu (or gozaimasu), Positive or
Negative; thus,
Desiderative Adj. {Polite).
Positive. Negative.
(a) Kasu : kashito-gozarimasil. kashitaku-gozarimasen.
(b) MakePU : maketo-gozaimasn. maketaku-gozaimasen.
(c) OjiPU ; ojitd-gozaimasu. ojitaku-gozaimasen.
The Imperative is formed by the aid of certain auxiliaries,
both with and without mam. Thus, masil combined with
nasaru (please do), will exemplify this form ; as,
Imperative Mood (Polite).
Positive. Negative.
nasaimase! or nasaimashil nasaimasu na ! or nasaimasura na!
Note. — The honorific o is usually associated with the verb which
is supported by nasaimasu as auxiliary.
Summary of Polite Forms.
N.B. — It must be remembered that the Polite Inflection
for nearly all other verbs may be deduced by substituting tbo
Stem of the verb " To be " conjugation for that of the Stem
kashi in the following type of kasu : —
Kasu, to lend.
Indicative Mood.
Positive. Negative.
Cert. Pres. kashi-masu. kashi-masen.
Prob. Pres. kashi-masho. kashi- masumai.
Cert. Past, kashi-mashita. kashi-masen deshita.
Prob. Past, kashi-mashitaro. kashi-masen deshitaro.
THE VERB. 59
Imperative Mood.
o kashi-nasaim ase (shi). o kashi-nasai masuruna.
Subjunctive Mood.
Cond. Pres. kashi-masureba. kashi-masenakereba.
Cond. Past, kashi-mashitara. kashi-masen deshitara.
Alt. Form, kashi-mashitari. kashi-masenakattari.
Past Part, kashi-mashite. kashi-mascnakitte.
Desid. Adj. kashi-to gozaimasu. kashi-taku gozaimasen.
Derivative and Phrase = Verbs.
The Japanese language is very rich in combinations of
words which perform the functions of single parts of speech,
and especially in those which do duty for verbs. This latter
class may be aptly termed Phrase-Verbs, inasmuch as they
are composed of various primary forms of the verb conjoined
with one or more auxiliary verbs, the whole combination in
each case being subject to inflection in the same manner as
simple verbs. These phrase-verbs serve to express Voice
different from that of direct active relation, so that the
language thus possesses equivalents for :
The Passive Voice.
„ Potential Voice or Mood.
,, Causative Voice.
The Passive Voice.
In Japanese, the change from the active to the passive
form is made by adding rent to the Negative Base in the First
Conjugation, and rareru to the same base in the Second Con-
jugation. Thus, the verbs shim (to know), eru (to obtain),
and miru (to see) are made passive as follows : —
1st Conj. Shiru, to know; Neg. Base, shira.
Passive Voice, shirareru, to be known.
2nd Conj. (Form I.). Eru, to obtain ; Neg. Base, e.
Passive Voice, erareru, to be obtained.
2nd Conj. (Form II.). Miru, to see ; Neg. Base, mi.
Passive Voice, mirareru, to be seen.
Note. — This voice is in much less frequent use than in English, and
its types all follow the First Form of the Second Conjugation.
Ni usually serves to render " by " after a passive verb.
60 THE VERB.
Illustrative phrases :—
Doko wo miraremashita ka i Where were you seen ?
Hachijiu yen to iu taikin wo He had the large amount of
torareta (torn, to take), eighty yen taken from him.
Watakushi ni yoku shirareru, He is well known to me.
The Potential Voice.
"Potentiality" is expressed by the same phrase-verbs as
those employed with a passive signification. Examples : —
MiraremasMta ka ? Could you see ?
Korareru ka Mite mimasho, I will ask him if he can come.
Mairaremasenu, I cannot come.
Mairaremasen to iimashita, He said, he couldn't come.
[lit., " can not come "; that (was what) he said]
Note. — (1) The majority of the verbs of the First Conjugation
possess an alternative potential form, which in most cases is
formed by adding the syllable ru to the Conditional Base.
Thus, shirareru and shireru, both meaning "may" or "can
know," are the potentials of shiru, to know. Ordinarily, how-
ever, a slight distinction is drawn between the forms, shirareru
being held to signify " may," i.e., authority or permission, and
shireru to signify " can," i.e., positive ability or innate power,
this distinction applying similarly to all verbs in reru and ru
respectively.
(2) In the Second Conjugation there are two exceptional
potentials. These are mirareru, may see, and mieru, can see,
formed from the verb miru, to see.
The Causative Voice.
A large number of phrase-verbs express causing of action,
as, e.g., "causing to finish," "causing to meet," &c.
These causative verbs are formed by adding seru to the
Negative Base of verbs in the First Conjugation, and saseru
to the same base in the Second Conjugation.
For example, the verbs tsukuru (to make), eru (to obtain),
and miru (to see) assume the causative form thus :
1st Conj. Tsukuru, to make ; Neg. Base, tsukura.
Causative Voice, tsukuraseru, to cause to make.
2nd Conj. (Form I.). Eru, to obtain ; Neg. Base, e.
Causative Voice, esaseru, to cause to obtain.
2nd Conj. (Form II.). Miru, to see ; Neg. Base, mi.
Causative Voice, misaseru, to cause to see.
All causative verbs follow the model of the First Form,
Second Conjugation.
THE ADJECTIVE. 61
The irregular verbs kuru, to come, and sunt, to do, form
kosaseru, to cause to come, and saseru, to cause to do.
The causative verbs are often replaced colloquially by such
phrases as Iku yd ni suru, go-manner-make, i.e., to make him
to go.
Examples: —
Ima onna ni ii-tsiikete, hey a You had better tell the woman
no soji wo saseru ga ii, to come and clean the room.
[lit., now woman to, commanding, room of, cleaning cause-
to-do is good]
Sugu ni kikashite* kuda- Please let me know (hear) at
sai, once.
Mo ichido kikasete kudasare, Please let hear once more.
[lit., more once having made hear give]
THE ADJECTIVE.
The Japanese equivalent for the Adjective differs materially
from the latter in its construction and use. Thus, Japanese
adjectives have no forms to express gender or number, and
no inflections to indicate degree. This deficiency, however,
is supplied by an inflection somewhat similar to that of
verbs, and by the frequent use, as adjectives, of true verbs
and adverbial words.
Inflection.
The primitive (simplest) form of the adjective is termed
the Stem ; by adding to it certain syllables, various adjec-
tival words and phrases are obtained. These are simple
adjectives, verbal adjectives, and adverbial adjectives, and by
inflection they are made both affirmative and negative, as is
the case with verbs.
(1) The syllable i added to the Stem forms the Simple
Adjective, which may be employed both attributively and
predicatively.
For example, from the Stems yo, naga, and yasu are formed
the simple adjectives yoi, good, nagai, long, and yasui, easy or
cheap ; and we may say nagai naica, a long rope, or nawa ga
nagai, the rope is long.
* The transitive verbs of the First Conjugation in su and the
causatives are often used indiscriminately, e.g., kikashite being
confounded with kikasete.
62 THE ADJECTIVE.
Examples :—
Yoi hito, A good man.
Yasui hart, A cheap needle.
Hari ga yasui, The needle is cheap.
Warm onna, A bad woman.
Note. — The particle no is sometimes used with this form of the
adjective, being, in this connection, analogous to the English
indefinite pronoun " one."
Examples : —
Shiroi no wa ikutsu ari- How many white ones are there?
masu ?
[lit, white one, how many]
Kuroi no bakari aru, There are only black ones.
Kirei na no ivo mitai, I wish to see a pretty one.
Nagai no wo motte o ide, Bring a long one.
(2) The syllable ku added to the Stem forms an adverbial
adjective or adjectival adverb, which usually has a predicative
force. It is followed by the verb, which it modifies when
used adverbially. Thus, from the stem naga is formed
nagaku, and from yasu is formed yamku, which may be used
as follows : —
Kono naiva ga nagaku This rope is long.
gozaimasu,
[lit., this rope... long is]
Yamku dekimashita, It is made cheaply.
[lit., cheap made]
Note. — Colloquially, the adverbial form of the adjective drops the
k sound, and the u sound combines with the vowel element of
the preceding syllabic. Thus, the form hiro is produced from
hiroku, wide, by the elimination of the k sound, leaving hirou,
which is pronounced as hiro. Similarly nagaku becomes nago,
yasuku becomes yasu, and furuku, furu. Shigeku, dense,
becomes shigeu, which then contracts into shigyo.
This contraction is especially employed before the polite verb
gozaru, to be ; so that in ordinary conversation the sentence,
Kono nawa ga nagaku gozaimasu, would be rendered Kono naiva
ga nago gozaimasu (this rope is long).
Adverbial forms with terminal iku drop the k, but undergo
no further contraction ; thus, yakamashiku, noisy, becomes
yakamashiu.
Examples : —
Kono hako wa goku tako This box is very dear.
gozaimasu,
[lit., this box. ..very (goku) dear is]
Yoku dekita, It is well made.
THE ADJECTIVE. 63
The following Rule is of great importance, and should
bo carefully noted : —
Whenever two or more adjectives are coupled together
by the conjunction and in English, all but the final
one must be rendered in Japanese by the adverbial form,.
Examples : —
Kami no ke ga kuruku, me A girl with black hair and
ya awoi musume, blue eyes.
[lit., head of, hair... black, eyes... blue, girl]
Utsukushiku chisai musuko, A boy both small and pretty.
(3) Besides these simple inflections for the formation of
true adjectival and adverbial forms, adjectives undergo con-
uyation for mood and tense exactly like true verbs. This
conjugation consists in adding certain forms of the verb am,
to be, positive and negative, to a modified form of the
adjective.
Conjugation of the Adjective.
Furuki, or fund, old.
Stem, fiwu ; Adverbial Adjective, furuku, of old, anciently.
Polite Predicative Form, furu gozaimasu, is old.
Indicative Mood.
Certain Present.
Positive. Negative,
fund, is old. furuku nai, is not old.
Probable Present,
furukaro, probably is, or furuku nakaro, probably is not,
will be old. or will not be old.
Certain Past,
furukatta, was old. furuku nakatta, was not old.
Probable Past.
furukattaro, was probably furuku nakattaro, was probably
old. not old.
Subjunctive Mood.
Conditional Present.
furukereba, if it is old. furuku nakereba, if it is not old .
Conditional Past,
furukattaraiba), if it were furuku nakattara(ba), if it were
old. not old.
64 THE ADJECTIVE.
Concessive,
furukeredo, though old. furuku nakeredo,thoughnot old.
Alternative Form,
furukattari, being at times furuku nakattan, being at times
old. not old.
Past Participle,
furukute, being old. furuku nakute, not being old.
Adjectival Words and Phrases.
A large number of adjectives are formed from other words
by combining and associating with them suffixes and other
additions.
Those most frequently used are derived as follows : —
(1) From Nouns, by adding rashii, are formed a number of
adjectives corresponding with those in English terminating
in "ish" or "ly," such as foolish, childish, &c.
Examples : —
Kodomo rashii, like a child, i.e., childish.
Baka rashii, like a fool, i.e., foolish.
Honto rashii, like the truth, i.e., true-seemiDg.
Nouns followed by the particle no, and the contraction na
(nam, to be), are sometimes employed as adjectives proper, as
Nippon no, of Japan, i.e., Japanese.
Kin no, of gold, i.e., golden.
Baka na, fool being, i.e., foolish.
A few adjectives proper employ the particle na as a ter-
mination to both the attributive form and the root, as oM or
okina, large ; chisai or chisana, small.
(2) The present and past forms of Verbs are frequently
used as adjectives; thus, equivalents for "possible" and
"impossible " are presented by dekiru, able to do, and dekinai,
not able to do, whilst the English "open" is sometime3
rendered by aita, the meaning of which is " has become open."
Other examples are osoroshi, terrible, from osoreru, to fear ;
isogashi, busy, from isogu, to be in a hurry.
Yasui, easy, katai, hard, and nikui, difficult, are added to
the Stems of Verbs to form adjectives ; as in kouare-yasui,
easy to break, fragile ; ii-nikui, difficult to say.
The negative adjective nai, not, added to the Negative Base
of Verbs, serves to form another important series of adjec-
THE ADJECTIVE. 65
tives which constantly take the place of the negative forms
of the verbs themselves.
Examples : —
Ashi ga hiete, tamaranai, I don't know what to do,
my feet are so cold.
[lit., feet... being-cold, (I) cannot-bear]
Wakaranai, I do not understand.
[lit. it is unintelligible]
The Desiderative form of the verb, i.e., the Stem with the
termination tai suffixed, is in frequent use as an adjective;
as ojitai, desirous of fearing, i.e., anxious, timid ; naoshitai
{naosu, to mend or cure), desirous of mending or curing, i.e.,
kind, helpful.
(3) Several Adjectival Phrases are formed by compound-
ing two or three words, as ishi no oi, abounding in stone, i.e.,
stony ; ashi no hayai, quick of foot, i.e., swift. When used
predicatively, such phrases take ga in place of no, as mimi ga
toi (for mimi no toi), distant of ear, i.e., deaf; me ga chikai,
near of eye, i.e., short-sighted.
Comparison.
As previously remarked, the Japanese adjective has no
inflection to express Comparison, which is made in the
following manner : —
(a) The Comparative Degree. — This is expressed by the
simple adjective with the particle yori (than) employed as in
the sentence Sakujitm yori konnichi wa tenki ga yoroshi, which
means literally "than yesterday to-day the weather is good,"
i.e., the weather is finer to-day than yesterday. Similarly,
"that is brighter than this " becomes in Japanese "this than,
that bright is."
Examples : —
Watakushi yori anata o wako You are younger than I.
gozarimasil,
[lit., I than, you young are]
Mimelygri^cokoro, The heart is more to be
[lit., heart than, face (is better)] desired than the face.
In sentences like the first of the above, the first part is
sometimes dropped when the meaning is sufficiently clear
without it ; as
Anata wa (or anata no ho ga) You are the younger.
o wako gozarimasil, P&i your side is young]
-Japanese Grammar Self-Taught. P
66 THE ADVEKB.
The English " more " preceding adjectives is represented
in Japanese by such words as motto, more, and nao, yet, or
still, &c; thus,
Motto nagai (more long), longer.
Nao yasui (yet cheap), cheaper.
(b) The Superlative Degree. — This is expressed either in
the context or by using such words as ichi ban, number one,
or dai ichi no, first, principal.
Examples : —
Ichi ban nagai naiva, The longest rope.
Kore wa ichi ban takai, This is the highest.
llit., this... number one is high]
THE ADVERB.
(1) The Adverb proper is in Japanese the adjectival form
in ku, as nagaku, long ; hayaku, quickly ; atarasHku, newly
(see p. 60). Words and phrases used adverbially are, how-
ever, very numerous, many of them being originally verbs,
adjectives, and nouns, which are rendered adverbial with the
aid of particles and combinations.
(2) Nouns which are employed as adjectives by adding na
or no, are rendered adverbial by substituting the suffix ni for
no or na ; as
bakani, foolishly, makotoni, truth- shizukani, gently.
sakini, before. fully, really. teineini, politely.
suguni, at once. okini, gently. liokani, in another
yoni, in the man- shinsetsuni, kindly. way.
ner of. shimaini, finally. daijini, carefully.
(3) The Past Participles of numerous verbs are used
adverbially, as
kaette, on the contrary — from kaeru, to return.
hajimete, for the first time „ hajimeru, to begin.
sadamete, probably ,, sadameru, to confirm.
damatte, silently „ damaru, silent.
machigatte, wrong „ machigau, to err.
yorokonde, gladly „ yorokobu, glad.
subete, generally „ suberu, to unite in one.
semete, at least „ semeru, to treat with
rigour.
THE ADVEKB.
67
(4) Many adverbial ideas are expressed in Japanese by the
mere Repetition of words, the second member of the com-
pound taking the nigori when susceptible of it, as
kaesu-gaesu, over and over again — from kaesu, to send back.
miru-miru, visibly ,, miru, to see.
niohi-nichi, daily ,, nichi, day.
iro-iro, various kinds „ iro, sort.
dan-dan, gradually ,, dan, a step.
These are often followed by the particle to.
(5) Poetic Name-wokds are common in Japanese, and a
large number of them are used adverbially. Most of them,
however, are somewhat vulgar.
Examples : —
pon-pon, sound of guns.
para-para, sound of rain.
bara-bara, with a rattling
noise.
Bara-bara to ochimashita,
gudzu-gudzu, loiteringly.
soro-soro, moving slowly.
patchiri, sudden breaking.
butsu-butsu, grumblingly.
It fell with a rattling noise.
[lit., rattling noise with, it fell]
The following is a list of the adverbs most frequently
heard : —
Adverbs of Time.
kino, yesterday. sakujitsu, yesterday.
konnichi, to-day. sendalle, some days
mada, not yet. ago.
mettani (with neg.), sudeni, already.
seldom. toki, when (relative).
mio?iicH, to-morrow, tadaima, immedi-
™o, 1 airway . ately-
mohaya) J' tabi tabi, several
nochihodo, by and by. times.
ashita, to-morrow.
ichi do, )
hito tabi)
itsu, when ?
itsudemo, always.
ni do, ) , .
futa tabi]
jikini, soon.
kio, to-day.
achi, } there,
achira J thither.
asuko,
asukoni ]
atode, behind.
dochi, | where,
dochira j whither.
there.
Adverbs of Place
doko, ) i
, 7 ' .\ where.
dokoni )
kochi, \ here,
kochira) hither.
koko, ) ,
, , .} here.
kokoni )
sakini, before.
sakasama, upside
down.
shitani, below.
sof • .1 there.
sokoni )
uyeni, above.
yokoni, across.
F*
THE ADVERB.
chitto, slightly.
do, how.
domo, howsoever
goku, )
hanahada) ^'
Adverbs of Manner.
ikaga, how. naze, why.
jozu ni, cleverly. sappari, wholly.
kayoni, I ^ ih[ say6ni,so in that way,
Ao i
frto, positively.
i/o/iw, well.
*#/*£, positively.
7 . . f too much
yokeini )
bakari, only.
Adverbs of Quantity.
donokurai,} how motto, more.
• tA-iim J much, sukoshi, little.
ikutsil, how many, takusan, taiso, much.
jiubun, enough.
Adverbs of Affirmation and Negation.
The responses "Yes " and " No " have not, strictly speak-
ing, exact equivalents in Japanese, and generally the reply to
a question is a repetition of the verb used in putting the
question. The negative answer iye ! (iiye) is, however, almost
equivalent to "No!" and the response hei! (he, hai) may
signify " Yes ! " but it often merely implies that the person
addressed has heard, or is paying attention to, what the
speaker is saying.
Examples
Mo kimashita ka ?
Kimashlta.
Kanda san wa orimasu ka ?
Iye mada mairiynasen.
Tegami wo yaremasho ka ?
Yaremasho.
Has he come yet ?
Yes, he has.
Is Mr. Kanda in ?
No ! he has not come yet.
Can I send a letter ?
Yes! you can probably send it.
N.B. — The adverb invariably precedes the words which
it modifies, as
Achira ye mate.
Mada ki ya shimasumai.
Doko ye itte kita ?
Kid kita?
Itsu shuppan shimaslw ka?
Wait there.
He cannot have come yet.
Where has he been ?
He came to-day.
When is she likely to sail ?
Tokidoki o me mi kakarimasu. I see you now and then.
THE PARTICLE. 69
THE PARTICLE.
There are a large number of words in Japanese named
by native grammarians Teniwoha, from the four most im-
portant among them — te, ni, wo, ha. They serve instead of
case and plural terminations, and also of prepositions, con-
iunctions, and interjections. Many of them are identical with
terminations of verbs and adjectives previously dealt with. *
The particles are usually suffixes, and especially is this
the case with those serving as the Japanese equivalents of
Prepositions. As the latter, however, follow the noun instead
of being placed before it as in English, they are usually
termed by European grammarians "Postpositions."
The following is a list of the particles most commonly
used, arranged alphabetically to facilitate reference : —
De. This particle has varied uses, but primarily it corre-
sponds with the English prepositions by, with, at, in, of, and
for, and the phrases " by means of," "on account of," as
Hiogo de tokei wo kaimasho, I shall buy a watch at Hiogo.
Hey a wa hanahada fukutsu I am annoyed at the room
de komarimasu, being so dirty.
[lit., room very dirty at, I am annoyed]
De is also employed as a contraction for nite, and with the
various equivalents of the verb " To be " it forms a series of
abbreviations, as da (for de aru), desii (for de arimasu), deshita
(for de arimasMta), datta (for de atta), daro (for de aro), &c
Be wa is replaced by the contraction ja.
A large number of compound tenses are formed by the
Present Indicative followed by de and the verb aru (to be),
and in this construction the Present Indicative is a noun,
de being the sign of the predicate.
When the verb "To be" unites two nouns, the second
noun takes de as an affix, as
Kono mushi wa ka desii, This insect is a mosquito.
[lit., ...insect... mosquito]
Yoroshiu arimasenil d' atta, It was not good.
[lit, good is, not was]
Konu d' atta, He did not come.
[lit., not come was]
Note. — It will be seen from the last two sentences that the negative
in this construction is placed with the principal verb.
*Thus for te, see kashiw, p. 42. For ha see rule 10, p. 100, and
wa, p. 74. For ni and wo, see below, pp. 72 and 75.
70 THE PARTICLE.
Demo is used to express the signification of de combined
with that of mo, even, also, and may be translated "even"; as
Ato demo yoroshl, It will do afterwards.
[lit., after even is good]
Kao demo o arai nasaru Will you wash your face as
ka ? well ?
[lit, face even honourably to-wash deign ?]
Ga. This particle was originally used to convey an idea
of appurtenance or possession, and still retains this character
in certain phrases, as Waga kuni, one's own country ; Koma-
(ja-take, Colt's Peak (a mountain). It is now, however,
regarded as the generic nominative sign, although the subject
of the sentence is not necessarily conjoined with ga; for
when a noun is followed by mo or wa, and in various other
instances, ga is dropped entirely. Moreover, nouns may
stand in the nominative relation unaccompanied by any
particle at all.
After adjectival and verbal forms treated as nouns, ga
serves the same purposes as when following nouns proper.
Examples : —
Natsu ga kimashita, Summer has come.
Yube ame ga futta, It rained last night.
[lit., last night... rain fell]
Massugu ga chikakatta, It would have been nearer to
[lit., straighter was near (est)] go straight forward.
Iku ga yoroshi, You had better go.
[lit., the going is good]
Ga is an equivalent for the adversative conjunction " but,"
when following verbs in the Indicative, or adjectives in the
verbal form, as in the following examples : —
Arigato gozaimasu ga ika- I thank you, but I must go.
neba narimasen,
Tori-naoso to omou ga, I want to mend it, but I
tori-naosenai, cannot.
Ka might almost be replaced by the mark of interroga-
tion, being employed in most cases merely to denote a query
or to express a doubt ; as
Kita ka, Has he come ?
So desii ka, Is that so ?
[lit., so it-is (?)]
THE PARTICLE. 71
Ka may be omitted in sentences commencing with another
interrogative word, as
Doko ye itte kita ? Where has he been ?
Placed between two nouns, ka is an equivalent for the
conjunction "or," and when occurring twice in a sentence it
represents the correlatives " whether ... or "; as
Tokyo ka Hiogo no ttchi He lives in Tokio or Hiogo ;
ni orimasu, I do not know which.
Inu ka kuma ka shir i ma- 1 do not know whether it is
sen, a dog or a bear.
(For ka with interrogative pronouns see p. 23.)
Kara. When following nouns this particle may be ren-
dered by "from" or "since," and by "because," "after,"
when occurring after verbs.
Examples : —
Yokohama kara Tokyo made, From Yokohama to Tokio.
Konnichi kara, From to-day.
Sakujitsu kara, Since yesterday.
Rusu datta kara shiranai, I do not know, because I was
absent.
Atsui kara, Because it is hot.
Mukukashiku kaite aru kara I cannot read it because the
ivatakushi-domo ni wa writing is so difficult.
yomemasen.
[lit., difficultly writing is because, me to as-for, is unreadable]
Hiru-meshi wo tabete kara 1 shall not go until I have
de nakuclia ikimasenu, had my mid-day repast.
[lit., noon repast having eaten after if not do not go]
Made (compounded from ma, space, and de, with) may be
translated by to, up to, as far as, until, inclusive of, &c.
Examples : —
Komban made machimasu, I shall wait until this evening.
Hiogo kara Ikao made, From Hiogo to Ikao.
Midgonichi made ni deki- It will be completed by the
agarimasu, day after to-morrow.
[lit., day-after-to-morrow by, ... is finished]
Mo may be translated by the copulatives also, too, even,
when standing alone, but when repeated in affirmative phrases
72 THE PARTICLE.
it signifies "both ... and." In negative phrases its English
equivalents are the correlatives "neither ... nor."
Examples : —
Anata mo irasshai, You come also.
Kono kura mo o kai nasare, Buy this saddle too.
[lit., this saddle... buy, do]
Chitto mo kamaimasen, It does not matter at all.
[lit., a-little even matters-not]
Hiogo mo Yokohama mo, Both Hiogo and Yokohama.
Neko mo inu mo, Both cats and dogs.
Saji mo sara mo uclxi ni There is neither spoon nor
arimasen, plate in the house.
Ni. The uses of this particle are legion, the more
important only of which are here noticed.
(a) With nouns it usually signifies to, in, at, into, on or by.
Examples : —
Kioto ni mairimasu, I go to Kioto.
[lit, Kioto, to go]
Tokyo ni orimasii, He lives in Tokio.
Dai ni oite kudasai, Please put (it) on the table.
Inu wa neko ni kamereta, The dog was bitten by the cat-
Gakko ni haitta, He went into the school.
[lit., school into, he entered]
(6) Used to couple together the names of several objects,.
ni means " and."
Example : —
Sake ni budo ni mikan ni There are wine, grapes, and
sono hoka iro iro art- oranges, besides various
masu, other things.
(c) Ni is a component of many phrases used as postposi-
tions. The following are those most frequently met with : —
no kawari ni, instead of. no tame ni, for the sake of.
to issho ni, together with. no naka ni, inside.
no soba ni, beside. nashi ni, without.
no ue ni, upon. no muko ni, across.
no saki ni, beyond. no uchi ni, among, within.
no mawari ni, around. no sJiita ni, under.
no hoka ni, except. no aida ni, between.
no ato ni, after. no ushiro ni, behind.
THE PARTICLE. 73
No, signifying " of " is the ordinary sign of the genitive.
Examples : —
Hari no ana, Needle's eye.
[lit., needle of, hole]
Me no maye de, Before my eyes.
[lit., eye of, before at]
Wake no wakaranai koto, A thing I cannot understand
{lit., reason of, understand-not-thing] at all.
When preceding the nouns they qualify, the cardinal
numerals are generally followed by this particle ; as
Mitsu no ishi, Three stones.
Sannin no dorobo, Three thieves.
The apposition of nouns may be shown by no, as
Taiwan no kuni, The province Taiwan.
Betto no Kodzuke, The groom Kodzuke.
Shi. This serves for the copulative " and," when employed
with verbs in the Indicative. It also signifies in some cases
" and so ...," "not only ... but."
Examples : —
Yasui shina mo aru shi There are cheap things and
takai no mo aru, also dear ones.
Sewashl hi mo aru shi ; I have busy days and days of
hima na hi mo are, leisure.
Kono yadoya wa, yama mo From this hotel, not only is
mieru shi, kavca mo the mountain visible, but
mieru shi, also the river.
llit., tbis botel as-for, mountain even is-visible..., river even is-
visible...]
To, like ni, is very extensively employed. Its commonest
uses are: —
(a) Between two nouns its meaning is "and." It is
sometimes repeated after the second noun, as
Hone to kawe to ni natta, He has become skin and bone.
[lit., bone and skin (he) has become]
Kori to mizu to wo motte Bring ice and water.
0 ide,
(b) To has the force of the conjunction " that " when
introducing a statement with regard to a previous assertion, as
11 Kori to mizu "; to iima- He said, " Ice and water."
shita,
74 THE PARTICLE.
Taiso ni fukai desii to Into People say that it is ex-
ga iimasu, tremely deep.
[lit., " greatly deep is," that people. ..say]
N.B. — In such sentences as the latter, the conjunction "that" is
often omitted in English. It must, however, always be ex-
pressed in Japanese (cf. the French and Spanish usages).
(c) To sometimes has the meaning of the preposition
"with "; thus,
Ano Mto to shibai ni iki- I accompanied him to the
mashita, play-house.
Kono Into to issho no ike, Go with this man.
[lit, this man with, same place go]
(d) With nouns, to often has the signification of inverted
commas expressing quotation, as
0 namaye wa nan to iu ? What is your name ?
WatakUshi wa Tsmiekichi My name is " Tsunekichi."
to moshimasu,
Wa. This is the opposite of mo, and the full explanation
of the latter word has been deferred so that the resemblance
of function, but dissimilarity of meaning of the two words
may be more clearly shown.
Wa means "this (only)," "this and nothing besides," and
" this, if nothing further." It singles out or isolates one
object from among others, or limits an assertion to the word
preceding wa, the part of the sentence coming before the latter
word being thus separated from the other part.
A just conception of what is meant by the singling out or isolation
of a word or phrase may be obtained by reference to such a French
expression as " Moi, je travaille ; toi, tu ne fais rien " (as for) me, I
work ; (as for) you, you do nothing, in which " moi " and " tu " are,
so to speak, withdrawn from the body of the sentence and relegated
to positions to themselves. Thus the French quant a very nearly
expresses the force of wa, and the nearest English equivalent is "as
for," though in translating a Japanese sentence containing wa it is
usually sufficient to place an emphasis on the word which wa accom-
panies, or by placing such word at the beginning of the sentence.
Examples : —
Sore wa, ichi-ban omoshiro That will perhaps be the
gozaimaslio, most amusing of all.
[lit., that as-for, number-one amusing will-probably-be]
lma wa, te-siiki de gozaimasil, Now I am at liberty.
[lit., now as-for, hand-free (I) am]
Kuwashiku wa zonjimasen, I don't quite know.
[lit., exactly as-for (I) know-not]
THE PAETIOLE. 75
Mo, however, implies that the noun with which it is used
is closely associated with some other thing. Thus, mo has
the connective meanings alsoy too, both, &c.
[It must be observed that wa has often very little meaning,
and might be omitted without interfering with the import of
the sentence.]
Examples : —
Ano kurumaya wa ashi ga As for that kurumaya, he is
hayai, quick of foot.
Kuru koto wa, sukuno They come but rarely.
gozaimasu,
[lit., comes act as-f or, few are]
Mina wa miemasen, I can't see them all.
llit., all as-f or, appear-not]
Are wa warui ; kore wa That is bad ; this is good.
yoroshi,
Hiogo to Kioto to wa dochira Which is cooler, Hiogo or
ga suzushii desho ? Kioto ?
Wo. This particle, like ga, is a true case sign, and sig-
nifies that the word with which it is employed is the object
of the sentence, though a noun in the accusative is not
necessarily followed by wo. The latter is not infrequently
omitted before suru (or itasu), to do, and in other cases, and
the accusative case governed by a preposition does not
require it.
Examples : —
Michi wo oshiete kudasai, Please tell me the way.
[lit., road... teaching condescend]
Daiku wa dai wo tsukuru, The carpenter makes a table.
[lit., carpenter... table... makes]
- Pdka ni kammuri ivo tada- Under a plum-tree, do not
saru, adjust your cap.
— Japanese Proverb.
Kannin shite kudasare, Please have patience with me.
[lit., patience having done give]
Wo is sometimes used in cases where no preposition
appears in English; thus,
Senyen no kane wo torareta, He had 1,000 yen stolen.
[lit., 1,000 yen. ..money of (ivo) was robbed]
76 THE PARTICLE.
Ya is sometimes expressive of doubt, but often a mere
ejaculation. As a conjunctive it translates " and."
Examples: —
Tora ya ! I say, Tora ! (Tora — a
person's name).
Nido ya sando, (Some) two or three times.
Iko ya ! Let us go. [flies.
Hana ya did ya, The flowers and the butter-
Hon ya sumi ya fude ga There are books, ink and pen,
arimasu, and such (things).
Yara, which is a contraction of ya and aran, the old form
of the future of aru, to be, is expressive of uncertainty and
doubt ; as
Kakemono to yara de gozai- I am told that it is a kake-
masu gena, mono (if that is the right
name).
[lit., Kakemono (if-that-is-the-right-name), it-is, I-am-told]
Doko ye itta yara, I wonder where he has gone.
Doko ni orimasil yara wata- I do not know where he lives.
kushi ni wa wakarimasenu,
[lit., where... lives (?), me to, is not known]
Tora tara (for to yara) iu A geisha called Tora, if I
geisha, remember rightly.
Ye may be translated to, in, into, or at. Most Japanese pro-
nounce the y very lightly, and sometimes omit it altogether.
Examples : —
Itsu Yoroppa ye kaerimasu When do you return to
ka? Europe?
Watakushi no yado ye o Stay in my lodgings for
tomare nasare, the night.
[lit., my... lodging in, ...stay, do]
Doko ye irassharu ? Where are you going ?
[lit., where to, deign-to-go]
Kono shinshi wo kiusokujo Show the gentleman into
ye go annai moshi-ageru, the waiting-room.
[lit., this gentleman., waiting-room into, guidance do]
N,B. — There is another ye(e), an interjection similar to the English
"Eh?"
Yo accompanies nouns in the vocative case. It is emphatic,
and signifies earnest remonstrance, supplication, warning, or
appeal. Sometimes it stands alone as a mere exclamation
THE CONJUNCTION. 77
having these significations. It has no exact English equi-
valent, the nearest being "I tell you."
Examples : —
Otottsan yo ! Father !
Kirei yo ! It is pretty, I can tell you.
0 ide yo ! Do come !
Yori is almost synonymous with kara, meaning from,
rince, than ; as
Ichi-ji yori mo, osoku It will not do to be later
natcha ikemasen, than one o'clock.
[lit., one o'clock than even, late as-for-becoming will-not-do]
Kore yori hachi ri, Eight ri from here.
Sakunen yori, Since last year.
Omotta yori yasai, It is cheaper than I thought.
Zo emphasizes strongly the word it accompanies ; thus,
Kita zo ! Here he comes !
Doshite mo, shochi shinai Do what you will, I won't
zo ! cod sent !
[lit., do-what-you-will even, consent I-do-not...]
THE PREPOSITION.
Prepositions have been fully treated in the preceding
section on particles.
The English prepositions frequently require to be translated
into Japanese by other parts of speech. Thus, for " over" we
must use koyete, the past participle of koyeru, to cross; for
"beside," no soba ni — literally, "at the side of"; for
"between," no aida ni, which is really "in the space of "; &c.
THE CONJUNCTION.
Most of the conjunctions, too, have been already' noticed
under the head of Particles, but it must be observer! that
there are numerous phrases in common use in Japanese
whose exact equivalents require conjunctive treatment in
English. Of these the more important are : —
Da ga, or tokoro ga, which has at the commencement of a
phrase the sense of " still,'' " well then," or " that being the
case"; as
Tokoro ga, sono ban ni — Well, then, on that night —
Dano, a contraction of de aru no, resembles very much the
Alternative Form of the verb, being repeated with each
73 THE INTERJECTION.
noun for distinctness. Its English- equivalent is the copula-
tive " and," and its force is that of giving distinctness to
objects enumerated ; as
Shishi dano, tora dano, Lions, tigers and elephants.
zo dano,
Ninsoko dano, daiku dano, He sent for coolies, carpen-
yaneya dano yonde, shi- ters, and tilers, and set
goto wo sasemashita, them to work.
[lit., coolie... carpenter... tiler having called... work caused]
Mo yahari = likewise. Shikashi nagara = "but.
Sonnara and sore de wa = then. So shite (lit., so doing) = and.
Sore de mo = though. Yori isso — than, rather than.
Yue (yuye) ni = because. Yd ni = that, so that.
THE INTERJECTION.
The most common interjections are: —
A! Aral Eh! Hei ! Ne ! Ya !
Aa! Dokkoi! Ha! Itai ! Oil Yaa !
Ail Dokkoishol Hail Ma! Oyal Yail
Aita I Domo ! He ! Naruhodo I Sa I
Note. — A ! denotes attention, and sometimes acquiescence, on the
part of the listener.
Aa ! expresses either grief or admiration, and when long
drawn out it denotes weariness.
Ail corresponds to the English "all right" in answer to a
call.
Aita! — like the English "Ah!" or "Ugh!" — denotes sudden
pain or difficulty.
Ana ! betokens either joy or fear, and uttered quickly (usually
by women) it shows surprise or astonishment.
Dokkoi! and Dokkoisho! are each ejaculations addressed
to several persons when lifting heavy weights, &c, correspond-
ing to the English " All together ! " " Up with it ! " &c.
Domo ! shows perplexity, and is employed when the speaker
does not quite know what to do, as when the English " Let me
see, now," is used.
H a ! denotes attention, and sometimes assent.
Hai ! and Hei ! are indications of the listener's having heard
what was said to him.
Itai ! is used by a person when in continual pain.
Eh ! is usually a listener's word introduced as an interruption
to express wonderment or sympathy, though it may indicate
contempt and dislike.
HONORIFIC AND HUMBLE FORMS. 79
M a ! shows ivonder, surprise, or satisfaction, like the English
" Oh ! "; sometimes supplication, as " Do I please do ! "
Nam hod o ! is used by many speakers with tedious frequency,
and corresponds to the English " Really ! " " Dear me ! " "You
don't say so," and like expressions.
Ne ! occurs even more frequently than the preceding word;
but whereas naruhodo is a listener's word, ne is used when
addressing remarks to anybody, having somewhat the force of
" Isn't it ?" " Don't you think so ?" &c. ; as Yorishl ne, " It is
good, isn't it?"; Mata mionichi o ide nasa.ru ne," "You will
come again to-morrow, won't you?"
Oi ! is employed to call servants or intimate friends.
Oya! — usually a woman's exclamation — expresses surprise.
Sa ! is an incitement to action — encouraging someone to do
something.
Ya! denotes pleasurable agitation or excitement when wit-
nessing anything which is taking place, and is often heard in
places of amusement.
Yaa ! is the opposite of the preceding word, being used to
express thorough contempt.
Yo ! mostly is a signal to warn a person against danger or
accident.
HONORIFIC AND HUMBLE FORMS OF SPEECH.
"Honorific " and "humble" forms of expression are pro-
vided for each degree of the social scale. They consist of
words and phrases set apart for the use, respectively, of an
inferior addressing a superior, and vice versa — also for equals
when in conversation with each other. By using a " humble "
form the speaker intends to humble himself; by using an
" honorific " he intends to show respect to an equal or a
superior, or to " keep at a distance " an inferior.
As a general rule, the honorific forms are limited to Verbs,
Nouns and Pronouns of the second person , although they may
be employed in speaking respectfully of absent persons. The
polite termination rnasu is used with all three persons ; the
humble forms belong exclusively to the first person.
The student is advised to be sparing in the use of the
humble forms, and to employ rather the polite and honorific
expressions.
Respect and humility are indicated by means of
Honorific Prefixes and Suffixes.
Special Honorific or Humble Nouns, Pronouns, and Verbs.
80 HONORIFIC AND HUMBLE FORMS.
i. Honorific Prefixes.
The prefixes o (derived from oki, great) and go are used
with Nouns, Verbs, and Adjectives as tokens of respect, and
usually indicate that the words with which they are asso-
ciated are in the second person or relate to the person
addressed, so that the use of pronouns in this person is
rendered to a considerable degree unnecessary. Thus, o taku
(honourable house), o muma (honourable horse), may be held
to signify "your house," "your horse," without the mediation
of any pronoun.
In some cases the honorifics are used to show respect for
the objects to which they are applied, and there are words
with which persons of the lower classes always associate
polite forms. " Food," for instance, is go zen; "hot water,"
o yu ; " cold wTater," o liiya ; &c.
Note. — O is almost exclusively affixed to Japanese words, whilst go
is reserved for those of Chinese origin.
0 is frequently used with the stems of verbs in the second
person followed by the honorific verbs nasaru (please do, or
deign) or asobasu ; as 0 machi nasai, please wait ; o mise nasai f
please show me.
When in the Imperative mood this combination is used by
contracting nasare into na, or by dropping it entirely, though
in this case the honorific signification is almost absent. O
ide na, or o ide (come!), would only be employed in addressing
members of one's own family or servants.
0 betokens respect for the person spoken to, with a humble
reference to the speaker, when used before the stem followed
by mosu in the first person. Thus,
0 naoshi nasai mase, Honourably mend condescend,
i.e., please mend this (for me).
0 is also employed with adjectives, as in the following
phrases :
Anata wa o wakai kara, Because you are young.
[lit., you... are young because]
0 aki ni nattar a watakushi "W 'ill you not lend it to me
ni kashite kureni ka ? when you have finished
with it?
[lit., ...empty when became, me having lent give not]
HONOKIFIC AND HUMBLE FORMS. 81
2. Honorific Suffixes.
Sama, which indicates a similar degree of respect to that
of the English Mr. or Sir, is placed after the name,
description, or title in addressing superiors, especially by
eynploijes in speaking to their masters, and by tradesmen to
their customers.
Example : — Kanda sama, Mr. Kanda ; danna sama, sir ;
oku sama, the title given to the lady of the house in polite
intercourse.
Sama is also used to refine phrases, with a few other words ;
as 0 kinodoku sama, I am sorry for you ; go taikutsu sama, it
must be tedious for you ; o sewa sama, I am much obliged to
you ; go kuro sama, thank you for your trouble ; o machido
sama, I have kept you waiting.
Achira sama and kochira sama are respectively very polite
equivalents of achira (here) and kochira (there).
San, which is a contraction of sama, is similar to the
English Mr., Mrs., or Miss, and is employed mostly between
equals, though sometimes it is used to superiors and also
— somewhat patronizingly — to inferiors.
In addressing one's own relatives, or in speaking of them to
others, san must not be used. Thus, " my father " is oyaji,
and not oyaji san.
San may be used either with the surname or the personal
{" christian ") name, but in the latter case, when the name
is that of a female, the particle o is ordinarily prefixed in
addition ; as 0 Hana san,, Miss Flower. One's own wife or
servant is addressed by the personal name, with or without o,
and in referring to her husband in the third person a woman
usually employs the word yado {lit., the house) or teisliiu
(pronounced " teishi "), husband. Instead of san, don should
be used in addressing the servants of others.
The proper term for " Mrs. Kanda " in the third person is
Kanda san no go kanai, or saikun. "Madam " is oku san or
o kami san, though the latter phrase is mostly used by the
very lowest classes. " Miss " is o jo san or o musume go.
In conversing with one another, children use the first part of
the personal name with or without san. To one's own male
servants the personal name is used, generally abbreviated, as
Tor a for Torakichi.
m
Japanese Grammar Self-Taught d
HONORIFIC AND HUMBLE FORMS.
3. Honorific and Humble Nouns.
It must be observed that honorific and humble forms are
used chiefly in referring to one's own and others' relatives —
more particularly those of the person spoken to — and these
relationships have imparted to them a humble or honorific
force, not only by the addition of affixes and suffixes, but also
by their being grouped into classes bearing distinctive names,
and to which are applied the honorific prefixes already men-
tioned (0, go, sama, and san). For example, the ordinary
name for " mother " is haha, my mother, but " your mother"
or "his mother " requires another class-name and becomes
okkasan ; " my husband" is danna or teishu ; " your " or " her
husband " is danna sama or go teishu.
The most commonly used of these class-names are : —
Relationships.
One's
\ own Another's
One's
own Another's
Grandfather.
1
Grandmother.
sofu,
go sofu sama,
solo,
go sobo.
jiji-
go sofu.
baba.
To children :
To children : 0 jl sama,
0 ba san.
0 ji san.
Father.
Mother.
oyaj%
go sompu.
haha,
go boko,
chichi.
To children :
ofukuro,
, haha sama.
ototsu san. By children : To children :
okka.
okka sail.
When
aged : go robo.
Son.
Daughter.
segare,
go shikosu,
musume.
go sokujo,
musuko,
0 musuko san.
0 musume go,
kodomo
(also of daughters),
0 jo san.
sorio,
go sorio (eldest),
jinan,
go jinan (second),
sannan.
go sannan (third) .
Brother.
Sister.
ani,
0 ani san (elder),
ane,
0 ane san (elder) ,.
ototo.
go sonkei „
imoto.
ane san,
go shatei sama
0 imoto go
(younger),
(younger).
go shatei „
ototo go „
HONOKIFIC AND HUMBLE FORMS.
83
One's own Another's
One'
s own Another's
Husband.
Wife.
tsure-ai (by danna,
niobo,
o kami san (to all
lower class), teishi
persons under the
danna or teishi, (familiar) ,
rank of samurai).
yado, go teishi.
sai,
go kanai, saikun
kanai,
(lower rank),
kanai.
oku san, oku sama,
go naishitsu (gen-
tlemen of rank).
Note. — More usually the husband's surname is used in addressing
the wife, and by her in referring to her husband. In the first
case san is added. Children, and sometimes women, also add
san when speaking of their elder relatives. Thus, a child will
use the phrase ani san for " my elder brother," okka san for
"my mother."
4. Honorific and Humble Verbs.
These are of two kinds: (a) Where an ordinary verb is
replaced by an entirely different word, and (b) where the
causative or passive (potential) verb is substituted for the
verb in the simple form.
Humble verbs are confined almost exclusively to the first
of these classes.
Examples : —
(a) Yarn, to give. Honorific Form, kudasaru or tamau ;
Humble Form, ageru.
Iku, to go. Hon. Form, 0 ide nasaru or irassharu ;
Humble Form, maim.
Iu, to say. Hon. Form, ossharu ; Humble Form,
mosu.
(b) KikashUe kudasai, Please tell me.
[lit., causing-to-hear condescend]
Nan'to osshaimaslata ? What did you say, sir ?
G»
Syntax : Arrangement of the Words in
the Sentence.
I. The normal order of the sentence in Japanese is:
1st, the Nominative case;
2nd, the Indirect Object of the verb, or a Noun
followed by a Postposition ;
3rd, the Direct Object;
4th, the Verb, or the adjective in the Verbal Form.
Examples : —
WatakUshi wa suteishon de I met the carriage at the
basha ni aimashUa, station.
[lit., I (nom.) station at carriage (ace.) met]
Niwatori ni ye wo kuwasero, Give the fowls their food.
[lit., (you) fowls, food, make eat]
Ano Into wa Shinajin to That man had a quarrel with
kenkwa wo shita, a Chinaman.
[lit., that man Chinaman with, quarrel did]
N.B. An exception to this order arises in making Com-
parisons, when the name of the object used for the comparison
is generally placed at the beginning ; as
Ane hodo okiku wa nai, She is not so tall as her elder
[lit, elder sister, big... (she) is not] [sister.
Muda na hanashi wo sum I think that silence is better
yori wa, damatte iru than useless talk.
ho ga ii to orimasu,
[lit., "useless talk than, as-for, silent being (is) good,"
that (I) think]
Itsumo yori kenko desu, He is more robust than ever.
[lit., ever than, robust (he) is]
Kono yama yori are wa That mountain is higher than
takai, this.
[lit., this mountain than, that...is-high(er)]
II. Qualifying words precede the words to which they
relate.
Thus, the adjective or genitive precedes the noun which it
modifies ; the adverb precedes the verb, &c. ; and dependent
clauses precede the principal clause.
SYNTAX.' 35
Examples :—
Warui onna, A bad woman.
Kuru kojiki, The beggar who comes.
Osoku made hataraita, He worked until late.
Hayaku ko, Come quickly.
Kane ga aru toki, kaimasho When I have money, I intend
[lit, money.. .is time will buy] [t0 buy some.
III. The signs of gender o and on, me and men, and the
honorifics o and go, precede the word to which they
refer. Particles showing number and case follow
the noun, as do also wa, ya, ga, mo, ka, to, nagara;
as Tori ni, to the bird ; futatsu nagara, both of them ; kore
ka ? is it this ?
Expressions relating to Time precede those relating to Place, as
Ichiji kara, gakko ni iku, I go to school at one o'clock.
Kyo no shukwai ni wa, iras- Did you not go to the meet-
shaimasen deshtta ka ? ing to-day ?
[to-day of, meeting to..., not-going was ?]
Are wa mo Hiogo ni tsuki- He has probably arrived at
mashttaro, Hiogo already.
llit., he already Hiogo at, has-probably-arrived]
Watakushi wa mionichi I shall go to Kobe to-
Kobe ye mairimasu, morrow.
[lit., I as-for, to-morrow, Kobe to, shall-go]
IV. Conjunctions and interrogative particles are placed at
the conclusion of the sentence or clause, as
Oyaji ga naku narimashtta My father is dead, so I would
kara ni san nichi o ask you for two or three
itoma wo negaimasu, days' leave.
llit., father. ..not became because, two or three days... leave... request]
Kutabiremashita kara, Let me rest a little as I am
chotto yasumimasho, tired.
[lit., (I) have-got-tired because, a-little will-probably -rest]
SagasMta keredomo, shire- Although I have looked for
masen, it, I cannot find it.
[lit., sought although, (I) cannot-know]
Miru mo iya desii, I cannot bear even to see it.
[lit. , seeing even disagreeable is]
Oshii koto desii ne ! It is a pity, isn't it ?
[lit., regrettable thing is (eh?)]
V. Interrogation is not denoted, as in English, by inverting
the usual construction. The construction remains
the same, but the interrogative postposition ka is
usually added. (See ka, pages 70, 71).
Conversational Sentences for Analysis,
Illustrative of the Rules, &c, contained
in the Grammar.
Note. — The phrases and sentences following are not only intended
to exemplify the foregoing Rules, but to offer also a variety of
idiomatic constructions, differing from one another in respects
which cannot be particularized in so brief a work as the present.
Watakusid wa Hisato Kanda I arn Hisato Kanda. I have
de gozarimasu. Hajimete o the honour of meeting you
me ni kakarimashUa, for the first time.
[lit., 1 for the first time. ..eyes on have hung]
Danna no o mum a no shitaku Your horse is ready, sir.
wa yoroshiu gozarimasii,
[lit., master's horse preparation good is]
Kore wa Nihon go de nan1 to What do you call this in
moshimasu I Japanese ?
[lit., this... Japanese in, what call?]
Dove wa yoroshiu gozarimasu^ Which do you prefer?
[lit., which... good is ?]
Kono mono wa nanda ? What is this thing ?
[lit., this thing... what is?]
Do nasaimasu t What do you propose to do?
[lit., how do?]
Mina san yoku irasshaimashita, You are all welcome, gentle-
men.
[lit., all Mr. well (lion.) come (past)']
Nan' doki desu t Nan' ji desu t What time is it ?
Nete wa imasenii, He is not gone to bed.
[lit., having lain down remains not]
Dekinu toki wa shikata ga nai, If it cannot be done, there is
no help for it.
[lit., not-can-do time. ..do-manner. ..is not]
Arumai, I don't think there are any.
Sugu ni kawanakucha nari- Some must be bought at
masenu, once.
[lit., at once. ..not buying does not do]
Mitsu no uchi ni sore wa ichi- That is the prettiest of the
ban kirei de gozaimasu, three.
[lit., three. ..among. ..that. ..number one pretty. ..is]
SENTENCES FOR ANALYSIS. 87
Seiyo no Into demo Shinajin He is neither a European nor
demo nai, a Chinaman.
[lit., west ocean. ..man. ..Chinese ]
TonaH ni arimasu, It is next door. [other.
Dore ka hitotsu chodai, Please give me one or the
Sonnani o anji nasaru koto wa There is no reason for your
gozaimasenu, being so anxious.
[lit., so much... anxious do thing... there is not]
Konnichi dor a no soba wo kiita Have you heard what the rate
ka? of exchange for dollars is
to-day ?
[lit., to-day dollar. ..rate of exchange... have heard?]
Hei, hiaku mai ni hiaku jiu yen Yes, it is 110 yen for 100
de gozarimasu. dollars.
Xan de mo yoroshii, Anything ^latever will do.
Motte kite agemasho, I will bring it for you.
[lit., having taken, having come, I will offer]
0 rusu naraba kono tegami ivo If he is not in, bring this
motte kayere, letter back.
[lit., absent if is, this letter... taking, come back]
Koko ja hanasenai yo, We cannot talk here.
[lit., here. ..cannot talk (envph. part.)']
Ahunaku te mo kamau mono Who cares even if it be
ka ? dangerous ?
[lit., dangerous being even care person?]
Watakushi ni yoku shirareru, He is well known to me.
Konai no d' aro, He is probably not coming.
Kane ga am ka ? Is there any money ? Have
[lit., money is?] you any money ?
Naoski ni yatta ka ? Did you send them to mend ?
[lit., mend... sent ?]
Nani ni tsukai-harawarem to You may spend the money
mo omaye no katte da, on whatever you like.
[lit., what for spend be paid even your.. .convenience is]
Watakushi wa sore wo suku I like them, but I fear they
keredomo, domo watakushi will not fit me.
ni wa aimasu mai.
[lit., I. ..them. ..like although somehow me to.. .fit will not]
Mina ureru nara hayaku kite If you can sell all, please come
shirasete kudasai, and let me know quickly.
88 SENTENCES FOlt ANALYSIS.
Tenki varedo samiti, Though the weather is finer
[lit., weather though it is, is cold] [it is cold.
Samuku te tamarimasenu, It is so cold that I cannot
[lit., cold... not endure] [bear it.
Kono sakana wa takai ka ? Is this fish dear?
Ichiji htm ni hajimarimasu, It begins at half-past one.
Ittaraba, kayo na koto wa deki- Nothing like this could have
nai hadzu de arimaahtta, occurred, if he had gone.
[lit., if had gone, this kind of thing.. .not become necessity... was]
Taberu mono ga nai, I have nothing to eat.
[lit., eat thing. ..is not]
Samui no ni naze atata-kai Why do you not wear warm
kimono ki nai ka? clothing this cold weather?
[lit., co]^..why warm clothes wear not ?]
Omotta yori yaturi, It is cheaper than I thought-
[lit. thought. ..cheap]
Baremo ori wa itashimamiu, There is no one here.
[lit., any one remain... does not]
Konnichi ame ga furazuba, I wish you to go to Tokio to-
Tokyo ye o tomo itashUd day, if it does not rain.
gozaimasii,
Medzurashi-so ni mite oru, He is regarding it as if it
[lit., peculiar. ..looking is] were something peculiar.
Kono shina ga makoto ni yasui, These articles are indeed
[lit., this article. ..indeed. ..is cheap] [cheap.
Aru ka mo shiremasenu, For anything I know, there
[lit., are? even caimot know] [may be some.
Watakushi wa ima mita no ni When I looked just now, there
nani mo inai, was nothing.
[lit, I. ..now looked when... something... is not]
Keshite uchi ye irete wa naranai Eeally you must not allow
zo, him into the house.
[lit., really house into, admit in case not become]
0 hima no toki 0 hanashi ni When you have time, come
irasshite kudasare, (please) and have a talk.
[lit., leisure time... talk having come give]
Furuki wo tazunete, atara- New things are learned by
sMki wo shiru, studying the old.
0 shidzuka ni irasshaimase ! Go in peace ! (to friend
departing).
SENTENCES FOR ANALYSIS. 89
Yasukute atatakai, It is cheap and warm.
Moshi - agemushita nedan yori I cannot let you have them
shUa de wa sashi-agerarare- for less than I stated.
masenu,
[lit., stated price than, low with. ..offer can not]
Kid wa Kinyobi de nai no ni Why have you come to-day ?
doshite o ide nasatta ? It is not Friday.
[lit., to-day. ..Friday. ..not. ..whilst how having done come did]
Hana ga o suki desu ka? Do you like flowers ?
[lit., flower. ..like is?]
Anata no uwasa wo shite iru We were just speaking of
tokor'o d'atta, you.
0 hanashi ivo (or ga) shitai to I have been wishing to speak
omotte imasu, to you.
[lit., ...talk.. .wish to do thinking remain]
Teppo wo kari ni mairi-mashita, I have come to borrow a gun.
[lit., gun... borrow... have come]
Shosho kinsu wo tsukawa-sazuba It will be necessary to spend a
narimusumai, little money.
[lit., a little money... if not spend will not become]
Tatte mo suwatte mo, nedan wa It is as cheap sitting a&
onaji koto, standing.
[lit., standing... sitting... price... same thing]
A ! sensei wa Kanda Kun de Oh ! are you Mr. Kanda ? 1
gozaimasii ka ? Go ko-mei wa have already heard of your
kanete uketamawatte orimasu, high reputation.
[lit., ah ! elder brother Kanda Mr. are ?...high name... previously
having heard I remain]
Sazo go taikutsu de' mashitaro, You must have been bored.
Kannin shite kudasare, Please have patience with me.
[lit., patience having done give]
Kono atsusa ni domo yoivatta, I am exhausted with this
heat.
[lit., this heat by somehow have become weak]
Yd koso oide nasatta, You are extremely welcome.
[lit., well... come...]
Kono imi ga wakarimasenu, I do not understand what
this means.
[lit., this meaning is unintelligible]
Bippana hito ni nam to iu koto I know that he will prove a
wo shochi shite iru, splendid fellow.
[lit., splendid... become know...]
90 SENTENCES FOR ANALYSIS.
0 kayeri nasatta ho ga yoroshi I think you had better go
desho, away.
[lit., return did side. ..good will be]
Mionichi sono miima wo kai- I shall very likely buy that
masho, horse to-morrow.
[lit., to-morrow... horse... will buy]
Isshoni kitareba yok' atta, If he had come with us, it
would have been well.
[lit., together if had come good was]
Dare ka Kioto made itte mora- I want someone to go to
itai, Kioto for me.
Nam'aye moshi-agereba-yoroshiu I ought to have told you my
gozarimashita, name.
Watakiishi no sozo ataru ka I do not know whether my
ataranai ka wa shiranu, idea is true or not.
[lit., my idea hit ?...not hit ]
Go riokwan wa dochira desu $ Where are your lodgings ?
[lit., travel-residence ..whereabouts is?]
Sore ni soi nai, There is no mistake about that.
[lit., that about, mistake is not]
Anata tea mionichi iyoiyo o He came to ask if you had
ide nasaru ka to kiki ni not changed your mind
kimashUa, about going to-morrow.
[lit., you... to-morrow still do you come ?...hear to, came]
Mo chaku shimashita no d'aro, He has probably arrived by
[lit., already arrival did. ..will be] [now.
Oya mo naku kiodai mo nai to He is a man who has neither
iu mono da, parents nor brothers or sisters.
[lit, parents not brothers or sisters even not called person is]
Tonin wa sayo mosMta de mo The person himself may very
arimasho keredomo, sore wa likely have said so, but I
domo chito shinjiraremasenu, can scarcely believe it.
[lit., person-in-question...thus said even will be although that
somehow a little cannot-believe]
Mionichi made naorimasumai, He will not have recovered
[lit., to-morrow till recover will not] [by to -morrow.
Arimasho, I believe so.
Fusoku nara, motto toraseyo, If it is not sufficient, I will
give you more.
[lit., insufficient if is, more will make take]
A Collection of Japanese Proverbs
for analysis.
Tama migakazareba, hikari A jewel unpolished will not
nashi, glitter.
[lit., jewel if not polished shines not]
Chiri tsumotte yama to naru, Piled -up dust becomes a
mountain.
llit., dust heaping, mountain that becomes]
Okame, hachi moku, A bystander sees eight moves
in the game.
[lit,, land eyes eight checker-board squares]
Wazawai mo saiwai no hashi Even adversity becomes a
to naru, bridge to prosperity.
[lit., adversity also, prosperity, of bridge, that becomes]
Hei sugureba, shitsurei to naru, Too much politeness becomes
rudeness.
[lit., politeness, if exceed, rudeness, that becomes]
Xezumi toru, neko ua, tsume The rat-catching cat hides
wo kakum, her claws.
[lit., rat-catching cat as for claws... hides]
Uri no tane ni, nasubi ua An egg-plant does not grow
haenu, from a melon-seed.
[lit., melon of, seed, in egg-plant as for, not produces]
Kuchi ni to wa taterarenu, A door cannot be made for a
man's mouth.
[lit, mouth to, door as for, set up cannot be]
Fasti mono kai no zeni ushi- He who buys cheap, loses his
nai, money.
[lit., cheap thing buyer of, money losing]
Kotoba okereba shina siikunashi, Many words, small matter.
[lit., words abundant, if materials few]
Ichi ji, sen kin, One letter is worth a thousand
dollars.
[lit., one letter, a thousand pieces of gold]
Sumikaki no nakakara meiken Famous swords sometimes are
ga deru, made from fire -scrapers.
[lit., pokers of the middle from famous sword. ..comes out]
Ningen wazuka goju nen, Man's life is but fifty years.
[lit., man's short space fifty years]
92
Homare aran yori, soshiri No - blame is better than
nakare, praise.
[lit., praise shall be than defame be not]
Bika ni kammuri wo tada- Adjust not your cap under
sazu, a plum-tree.
[lit., plum-tree under, cap... not adjust]
NusubUo wo mite, nawa wo He makes a rope, having
nau, seen the thief.
[lit., thief seeing, rope... twist]
Kashira kakushite, o wo kaku- Though the head be hidden,
sazu, the tail is seen.
llit., head hiding tail... not hiding]
Yome ga shutome ni nam, A bride becomes a mother-in-
law.
[lit., bride... mother-in-law to becomes]
Tsuno wo naosu tot:, usld wo Intending to mend the horn,
korosu, he kills the ox.
[lit., horn... mending, that saying, ox kills]
Naki-zura wo haclii ga sasu, Bees sting a weeping face.
[lit., weeping face... bee... stings]
Rakkiva, eda ni kaerazu, A fallen flower returns not to
its branch.
[lit., fallen flower, branch to, not returning]
Muri ga torcba, dori hikkomu, Reason shrinks back when
passion goes by.
[lit., unreason... if pass by reason draws back]
Ido no naka no kaicazu, daikai The frog in a well does not
wo shirazu, know the ocean.
[lit., well of middle, frog great sea. ..knows not]
Yudan, tai teki, Negligence is a great enemy
[lit., negligence great enemy]
Go ni itte wa, go ni shUagae, When you enter a district,
conform to its customs.
[lit., district into, having entered, district to, conform]
In a ni natte mo, 6-doko, no inu If you become a dog, at least
ni nave, be the dog of a great house.
[lit., dog to, becoming even large-place of, dog to, become]
Ushi wa ushi-zure, uma wa Cows consort with cows, and
uma-zure, horses with horses.
[lit., cows as-for, cow-companion, horse as-for, horse-
companion]
Japanese Extracts,
[The following extracts are taken from modern Japanese authors,
and are intended as Reading Exercises illustrative of con-
nected sentences and the use of honorifics.]
I. — From " Botan Doro," by Yencho.
{Conversation between a gentleman of high rank and his newly-
engaged servant.)
Master. — Sono ho wa shinzan mono demo kage binata naku
yoku bataraku to itte, daibu bioban yoku mina no uke ga yoi
yo. Tosbigoro wa ni jiu icbi ni to miyeru ga, bito-gara to ii,
otokoburi to ii, zori-tori ni wa osbi mono da.
Servant. — Tonosama ni wa konaida-jiu go fukai de gozai-
masbita so de o anji-moshiagemashlta ga ; sashi-taru koto
mo gozaimasenii ka.
M. — 0 yoku tadzunete kureta ; betsu ni sashitaru koto mo
nai ga. Shite — temaye wa ima made idzukata ye boko wo
shita koto ga atta ka ?
S. — Hei ! Tadaima mada hobo boko mo itashimashita —
madzu ichi-ban saki ni Yotsuya no kanamonoya ye mairi-
mashita ga, icbi nen bodo orimasbite, kake-dashimasbita ;
sore kara Sbimbasbi no kajiya ye mairi, mi tsuki bodo sugite
kake-dasbi, mata Nakadori no Yezoshiya ye mairimashita ga,
toka de kake-dashimashita.
M. — Sono ho no yo ni so akite wa hoko wa dekinai yo.
S. — Watakiishi ga akippoi no de wa gozaimasenu ga, wata-
kiishi wa dozo shite buke hoko ga itashitai to omoi, sono
wake wo oji ni tanomimasbitemo, oji wa buke hoko wa
mendo da kara, choka ye ike to moshimashite, acbi kochi
hoko ni yarimasu kara, watakushi mo tsura-ate ni kake-
dashite yarimashita.
Litekal Translation.
Master. — . . . you . . . new come person even shade sunshine
without-distinction well work... saying a good deal reputation
well all ... reception ... is good. Age ... twenty-one or two...
seem. . .personal appearance. . .say, manly bearing. . .say sandals
/ake as... regrettable thing is.
Servant. — Your Lordship... for some days past... indisposi-
tion...having been appearance by feel anxious did (humble) —
[pause] — important thing ... is not ?
94 JAPANESE EXTRACTS.
M. — Oh, well, having asked gave specially important thing
even it is not [jjanse] . And you now until where... service...
did thing... was?
S. — Yes just now until all quarters service have done to
begin with first of all ironmonger ...went but one year
amount having remained ran away ; that after black-
smith...going three months amount having passed ran away
again picture-dealer ... went but ten days with ran
away.
M. — You manner... so getting tired service cannot do.
S. — I... somehow or another military house service wish to
do thinking, that reason... uncle having applied even uncle...
trouble is because merchant's house to go (imp.)
having said thither hither service... sends because I too face
hit by-way-of having run away gave.
Free Translation.
Master — I am told that although you are a new-comer you
have met with a favourable reception, and that you have
gained a reputation for working hard night and day. Your
age seems to be about twenty-one or twenty-two, and with
your manly bearing it is to be regretted that you are only a
sandal-bearer.
Servant. — I hear that for some days past your Lordship
has been indisposed, and I felt anxious about you ; I hope it
is nothing serious ?
M. — Thank you, it is nothing of importance. And where
have you been up to the present ?
8. — Up to now I have been in service at several places.
First I went to an ironmonger's in Yotsuya, and after
remaining there one year, I ran away. Then I went to a
blacksmith's in Sbimbashi, but. I ran away again at the end
of three months and took service with a picture-dealer in
Nakadori Street, but I left in ten days.
M. — If you get discontented in that manner you cannot do
your duty as a servant.
S. — Oh, it is not that I am soon discontented ; I wished
to be employed by some military man, and for that reason I
applied to my uncle to get me employment of this kind, but
he said that service with a military man was very trouble-
some, and that I had better go to a merchant's. So he sent
me to various places, and to spite him I ran away.
JAPANESE EXTRACTS. 95
II. — From " Shosei Katagi," a Japanese novel.
(Conversation with a jinrikisha-runner.)
Fare. — Oi ! oi ! Kurumaya ! rnichi ga chigai wa shinai ka ?
Coolie. — He, he, daijobu de gozaimasu.
F. — Doko ye ikunda (for iku no da) ka shitte oru ka ?
C. — He, zonjite orimasu : kochira kara mairimashita ho ga
chikai no de gozaimasu (gara gara gara).
F. — Oi ! oi ! Daga, doko da ka shitteru ka ?
C. — He, he, zonjite orimasu (gara gara).
F. — Zonjite oru ja (for de wa) wakaranai. Doko ye
ikunda ?
0. — He, he (gara gara).
F. — Kore ! matte kure to iu ni (gara gara gara).
Liteeal Translation.
Fare. — I say jinrikisha-man road... mistake... not do ?
Coolie. — quite safe... is.
F. — Where to go is ? knowing remain ?
C. — ... knowing remain : this way from came side... near
is (rattle rattle rattle) [of the jinrikisha] .
F. — I say ! but where is ? knowing remain ?
C. — knowing remain (rattle rattle).
F. — Knowing remain with is-not-intelligible. Where to
go is ?
C. — (rattle rattle).
F. — This having-waited give that saying in (rattle rattle
rattle).
Free Translation.
Fare. — I say 'rikisha-man, are you not mistaking the road ?
Coolie. — Oh, it's all right, Sir.
F. — Do you know where you are going ?
C. — Yes, Sir, I know ; this is the shortest way ( rattle, rattle>
rattle).
F. — I say, but do you know where I am going ?
C. — Yes, Sir, I know (rattle, rattle).
F. — I don't understand what you mean with your " I
know." Where are you going ?
C. — All right ! All right ! (rattle, rattle).
F. — Now then, wait, I tell you ! (rattle, rattle, rattle).
THE KATAKANA AND HIRAGANA
SYLLABARIES.
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ix
NATIVE JAPANESE CHARACTERS.
97
THE SYLLABARIES (continued).
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Japanese Grammar Self-Taught
The Native Syllabaries
Rules for Transliteration.
The two syllabaries are strictly interchangeable, and
whatever applies to the one applies equally to the other.
Their mutual relations are similar to those of the various
"founts" of type in English printing, and just as our
word "grammar" may also be printed "gram map" or
11 grammar," so also may the Japanese word " sayonara " be
represented in either syllabary.
The method of numbering the pages in Japanese books is
exactly the reverse of that adopted in Europe ; thus the
title-page is situated on what would be the last page in an
English work. The first word on each page commences at
the top right-hand corner and the letters (syllabics) are
placed under one another, column by column, proceeding to
the left.
In the native syllabaries the vowel syllabics do not repre-
sent vowels in the same sense as the symbols a, e, i, o, u in
our alphabet represent vowels. In European languages the
vowel letters are mere signs of vowel sounds, and, in this
capacity, enter into the formation of each syllable of words.
These vowel characters, however, in the Japanese syllabaries
are independent wholes whose sounds happen to be those of
pure vowels. As will be seen on reference to the syllabaries,
they do not enter into the formation of any of the consonant
syllabics, that is to say, the character representing a, for
example, forms no part of the characters representing ka, tay
na, &c. The consonant syllabics, of course, contain vowel
elements, but these are integral parts of the syllables.
In the following pages the vowels, when forming parts of
consonant syllables, are written above the line, thus
ka, w°, &c.
The juxtaposition of the syllabics produces modifications
of their individual values according to the following rules,
which are numbered consecutively to facilitate reference : —
RULES FOR TRANSLITERATION. 99
Vowel- Syllabic Modifications.
Rule 1. When a vowel syllabic is doubled, the pronun-
ciation is that of a double long, or slow, vowel sound ; thus :
aa = a. ii = I. uu = u.
When two different vowel syllables are juxtaposed, their
pronunciation is modified as follows : —
2. e following a tends to become ye ; thus :
a e ru is written ayeru.
8. o following a tends to become w° ; thus :
a o r1 is written awori.
4. Vowels preceded by i assume an initial y sound;
thus :
i a te ru is written iyateru.
i e tsu „ „ iyetsu.
5. The juxtaposition of a and u and of o and u produces
a double long, or slow, o sound ; thus :
a u t° — oto. o u ke n = oken.
a u g1 = ogi. o u na = dna.
6. The juxtaposition of e and u produces yd. The
explanation of this peculiarity is as follows: — In Japanese
etymology, e is equivalent to i + a, so that eu = iau, and it
has been stated that au is pronounced o, and thus iau easily
passes into id or yd.
Examples :
e u g* ku = yogaku. d° e u b1 = doyobi.
e u jl = yoji. e u ch1 = yochi.
7. Vowels preceded by o ox u assume an initial w sound ;
thus :
o i ru is written owiru.
u e ru „ „ uweru.
u i u „ ,, uwiyu.
Consonant- Syllabic Modifications.
8. When the syllabic n precedes one of the B, M or P
series it is pronounced m ; thus
me n b° ku = memboku. e n p1 tsu = empitsu.
ne n bu tsu = nembutsu. ka n mu r1 = kammuri.
100 RULES FOR TRANSLITERATION.
9. When at the beginning of a word, w° drops the *t
sound except in the case of the postposition wo which is
written in full.
Examples :
w° ka me — okame. w° t° k° = otoko.
Vowel + Consonant Syllabics.
10. "When the syllabics of the H series follow the vowel
syllabics, or, what is virtually the same thing, when they
follow the vowel sound of any syllabic, the aspirate is dropped.
H* is then sounded like wa, and the other syllabics of the
series coalesce as pure vowels with those preceding.
Examples :
uha = uwa. iha sh1 = iwashi.
oh1 = oi. ha fu = ho.
ifu = iu. g° f" = go.
ihe = ie. na ha = nawa.
uhe = ue. k° hi = koi
Consonant + Vowel Syllabics.
11. The modifications produced by these combinations are
practically the same as in the case of vowel-syllabics only :
thus
h° u = ho. r1 u = ryu.
ga u as go. ta u me = tome,
12. The pronunciation of eu as yd holds equally when the
vowel sound e occurs in consonant syllabics 'with the same
associations as the vowel e; thus teu becomes cho, for eu=yo,
and t preceding the sounds i and y is equivalent to chi. Thus
we get chi yd, which is changed into cho.
Examples :
de u as ji yo sa jo. he u = hi yo = hyd.
ke u a= ki yo *= hyd. ge u s= gi yo = gyc.
13. When fu, preceded by a syllabic with a or o as the
vowel element, terminates a verb, the aspirate only is dropped
and the result is au or ou ; thus
ka fu = kauy and not ko.
o m° f u = omou, and not omo.
RULES FOR TRANSLITERATION. 101
Light and Elided Sounds.
14. When the sound u ends a word, either as a vowel
syllabic or as an element of a consonant syllabic, it is gener-
ally touched so lightly that it may be regarded as virtually
silent.
Examples :
g° za i ma su = gozaimasil. ta te ra re nu = taterarenu.
15. When a ch sound follows tsu not at the beginning of a
word, the u sound of tsu is elided ; thus
i tsu ch1 = itchi. i tsu te u = its teu = itchiyo = itcho.
16. When a K syllabic follows kn not at the beginning of
a word, the u sound is elided ; thus
ka ku k1 = kakki. a u z° ku k° ku = ozokkoku.
17. When tsu, not at the beginning of a word, is
followed by a syllabic of the K, S, T or P series, its
sound (i.e., ts°) is elided and the consonant following is
doubled, except in the case of sh of which the s only is
doubled.
Examples :
ke tsu ka u = kekko. m° tsu te = motte.
ma tsu su gu = massugu. te tsu pa u = teppo.
18. When /cu or gu precedes w* the u sound is elided; thus
ku wa j1 = kwaji. gu wa i k° ku = gwaikoku.
19. In polysyllables the sounds i and u as elements of the
K, H, S and T series tend to become silent ; thus
a sa g1 ta = asagita. ka sh1 ra = kashira.
h1 ka ru = htkaru. i ch1 ma n = ichlman.
COALESCENT SOUNDS.
20. When the syllables sh1, j1, and ch1 are followed by the
syllables ya, y°, t/u, u, or the diphthongal syllables yd, &c,
the first and the last sounds only of the combinations are
are heard ; thus :
sh1 y° = sho. j1 ya u = ji yo = jo.
j1 y» = ja. j1 fu = ji yu = ju.
102
MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES.
(The numbers refer to the preceding Rules for Transliteration.)
Native.
Romanized.
Native.
Romanized.
o ha se ru
owaseru (10)
b1 tsu k° mu
hikkomu (17)
k* u g1 u
kyugyu (11)
ba nme
bamme (8)
j1 tsu pu n
jippun (17)
m° ra fu
morau (13)
gu Jj-u na gjji
sukunashi (19)
yu b1 na f"
yuino (10)
o h° u w°
ouwo (10)
m° t° mu
motomu (14)
sh1 ma f u
shimau (13)
ge u ta i
gyotai (12)
ooj1
oji (1)
deutetsu
jotetsu (12)
i^ub0
nyubo (11)
oubun
obun (5)
n1 u ba u
nyubo (11)
w°ke
oke (9)
e u cb1 ye n
yochiyen (6)
sh1 ka sh1
shikashi (19)
chHsn0
chitto (17)
ch1 y° u b°
chobo (20, 11)
kusari
kusari (19)
ku wa i sb1 ya
kwaisha (18, 20)
shiyuuya
shuya (20)
sttM
shui (10, 20)
na n bl k1
nambiki (8)
subau
sud (10, 11)
h°h°date
hodate (10)
me u ku wa
myokwa (12, 18)
j'fk1
Juki (10)
ibau
iwo (10, 11)
wo re ru
orirtt (9)
sb1 ya u ba i
shobai (20, 11)
ha he ru
haeru (10)
ri f u ro n
ryuron (10, 11)
r1 u k1 u
ryuhyu (11)
euteu
yocho (6, 12)
reuri
ri/d>i (12)
ga ku ka u
gakko (16, 11)
o u se tsu
osetsu (5)
n1 f u te u
nyilcho (10, 12)
tsukegi
tsukegi (19)
o u me u
om?/o (5, 12)
m° ra fu
morau (13)
jiya^afu
jaAo (20, 10)
jiyaku
jafcw (20)
w° bl y° me
oiyome (9, 10)
hihari
hiwari (10)
he u r1 u
hyo7-yu(12, 11)
aoru
aworu (3)
ki u ra fu
%wro (11,10)
k^k1
&a/<;/tt (16)
ouh°u
oAo (5, 11)
ftafcafu
Mo (10)
eud°u
yodo (6, 11)
e u ra ku
yoraku (6)
w° r1 ba
oriwa (9, 10)
iiye
iy« (i)
ra ku ku wa
rakkwa (16, 18)
Part II. EXERCISES.*
A. Exercises for Translation.
kashi, cake, sweetmeat.
nakanaka, very.
kden, (public) park.
mukashibanashi, story, tale.
xiiki, fond of, liking.
doka, please (asking favour).
goro, time, about.
tori, thoroughfare, way.
matchi, match, lucifer.
Jinn, book.
Igirisu, England.
umareru, to be born.
taihen, very
(o) taku, (your) house.
chabon, tea-tray.
utsilkushii, nice, beautiful.
shoe hi, knowledge.
mada (with neg.), not yet.
yoji, business, something to be
issho ni, together. [done.
xaislw, (at) first.
shikkari, firmly.
(A) Translate into English: —
1. Dare ga kimashita ka ? — Okuro san ga kimashita. 2. Dare
ga ikimasii ka? — Watakushi ga ikimasu. 3. Kanai ga ori-
masu ka? 4. Niwa ye ikimasho ka ? 5. Niwa ni hana ya ki
ga arimasu ka ? 6. Anata no ototsan wa go soken de gozaimasu
ka ? 7. Go shisoku iva o ikutsu desil ka ? — Segare wa ima
nanatsil de gozaimasu. 8. Kono o kashi wa nakanaka ii n*
desu. 9. Ashita tenki ga yokereba, koen wo mi ni ikimasho.
10. Nihon-go wa Eigo yori (mo) muzukashii. 11. Kono miika-
shibanashi no uchi de dore ga ichiban omoshiroi? 12. Sake
yori mo o cha ga stiki desil. 13. Kono futatsil no chawan no
uchi de dochira ga o ki ni irimasu ka ? 14. Itsu mairimashita
naraba o me ni kakaru koto ga dekimasu ka ?—Doka myonichi
gozen no shichiji goro ni oide kudasai (or, kite moraitai).
15. Yoroshul gozaimasu ka ? — Yd gozaimasil. 16. Kochira ye
o tori nasai. 17. Matchi wa doko ni arimasu ka? — Koko ni
arimasu. 18. Sono akai lion wo koko ye kudasai. 19. Ano
kata wa Igirisu de o umare nasaimashita. 20. Tegami no
kami ga motto irimasil.
* For Key see pp. 108-112.
104
(B) Translate into Japanese : —
1. Are you going ? — Yes, I am (going). 2. Is the weather
fine to-day ? — It is very fine. 3. Is the garden large or
small? (translate, Is large? is small?) 4. Do you like
flowers? — I like flowers very much. 5. Is that expensive?1
— No, it is not expensive. 0. Is your house far ? — No, it is
very near. 7. If this tea-tray is not dear, I will buy it. 8. In
summer the days are longer than in winter. 9. My brother
is four years younger than I. 10. Of Japanese flowers the
cherry-blossom is the nicest (trans., number one nice)..
11. Do you know that gentleman? — I have not yet had the
pleasure of seeing him. 12. If you go to the bank now, I
will go with you, as I also have some business to do there.
13. Will you go yourself? 14. Boil some water, please.
15. Did you call me? — No, I did not call you. 16. Please-
fasten the gate when you go out. 17. Will you go out with*
me for a while ? 18. Where shall we go first ? 19. Thank
you for the flowers you brought the other day. 20. Take-
the books off the table. 21. Bring the lamp from upstairs*
22. I shall not return until seven o'clock.
2.
sensei, teacher. maiasa, every morning.
hikiyaburu, to tear. nan doki, what time ?
kuzu, scraps, pieces. mezameru, to awake.
kamitsuku, to bite. wasureru, to forget.
sampo sum, to take a walk. satsu, volume.
saifu, purse. konaida, the other day, lately*
takasa, height. matsu, pine-tree.
bakari, only, about. gejo, (maid-) servant.
(A)
1. Anata wa mo jinrikisha ni o mori nasatta koto ga arimasit
ka ? — Hai, watakushi wa Tokyo ni otta toki tabitabi notta koto
ga arimasu. 2. Kore iva omae ga motte kita mono da ka ? —
Hai, danna san (see p. 81) teniae ga ichi de katta yasai de
gozaimasu. 3. Kore wa Nil ion no fune desu ka? — Hai, sore
wa Nihon no jokisen desu. 4. Anata wa tabitabi Hiogo ye oide
deshtta ka ? — Ie, iku tabi mo mairimasen deshlta. 5. Anata wa
donata de gozaimasit ka. — Watakushi wa Tsune to mdsil mono-
105
de gozaimasu. 6. Are wa dare no uchi desit ka? 7. Okkasama
wa mo inaka kara o kaeri de gozaimaszl ka ? 8. Sensei kara
uketta tegami ni sugu ni kotaemashUa. 9. Kore wa kodomo no
liikiyabutta tegami no kuzu desu. 10. Maiasa nan' doki ni o
mezame ni narimasu ka ? — Roku-ji ka roku-ji han ni okimasu.
11. Ano hito wa inu ni ashi wo kamitsickaremashita. 12. Kon-
nichi sampo shita toki ni hachi ni hitai wo sasaremashita. 13. Ju
ichl ji made de yokereba o shirase itashimasho. 14. Watakushi
wa saifu wo doko ye ka oki-wasuremashita.
(B)
1. Who is the man you brought with you ? — That is my
teacher. 2. What is the name of the school you attend?
3. Have you many books ? — No, I have only a few volumes.
4. Have you much money? — No, I have only a little. 5. The
horse I have bought is good. 6. What is it you have thrown
into the water ? 7. The plant I bought in the market the
other day has faded (kareru) already. 8. I have brought the
books to-day which you ordered yesterday. 9. This house is
small; it has only (sldka arimasen) four rooms. 10. The
highest mountain in (of) Japan is Fuji ; its height is over
12,000 shaku. 11. How many trees are there in your gar-
den?— There are only three pine-trees and one plum-tree.
12. What time is it by (as to) your watch ? — Mine has
stopped. 13. Tell the servant to dress (cause to, &c.) the
children at once. 14. What are you looking for? — I have
lost my gloves. 15. Leave this here a little longer. 16. Lift
it a little higher please. 17. I have lost my penknife ; lend
me yours please. 18. Listen ! don't you hear something ?
19. I was asleep when you knocked.
3
sendatte, recently, lately. hey a, room, chamber.
bonyari sum, to feel dazed ; zehi, positively.
to be absent-minded. kembutsu sum, to go to see
narawashi, custom. (sights, &c.)
tayai ni, mutually. tsumori, intention.
nigiru, to grasp. asuko, there, that place.
himo, string, fastening. ijo, more than, above.
katai, firm, secure. jitensha, bicycle.
106
(A)
1. Koko kara Hiogo ye yihi no ni wa nan1 jikan gurai
kakarimasu ka f 2. Sendatte o taku ye agarimasliita ga, o rusu
de gozaimashUe zannen deshita. 8. Sonna ni bonyari shite iru,
kawa ye ochiru yo. 4. Bangoro wa suzushii kara, machi wo
sampo sum Into ga 6i. 5. Taitei no kuni no narawashi wa
Into ni aimashlta toki ni tagai ni te wo nigiriaimasu. 6. Konaida
no tegami wa mada yaku ga dekimasen desho ne. 7. Kono
tsutsumi no liimo wo kataku o shime nasai. 8. Uchi ni haitte
kimashUa toki ni ano kata wa samukute furucte orimashita.
9. Ano kata wa toki wo machigaete o hiru sugi ni irasshaima-
shita. 10. 0 demashi ni natte kara go fun hodo tachimasii to
ano kata ga oide ni narimashita. 11. Watakuslii ga Nippon wo
tatte kyo de cliodo shichi nen ni narimasu. 12. Sampo sum ni
wa go han wo tabete kara madajubun toki ga tatanai. 13. Nihon-
jin no namae wa oboe-nikil gozaimasu. 14. Inaka-mono wa
gwai-kokujin wo mitagarimasu. 15. Anataga kono heya ni oide
nara otonashiku shinakereba narimasen. 16. 0 soreirimasu ga,
empitsu wo mo ichido haishaku shito gozaimasu. 17. Kore wa
machigatte-kimashita kara, hajime kara sakka ri yari-naoshi-
masho. 1 8. Kesa wa mizu wo tsukaimasho.
(B)
1. Before (made ni) I return to Japan I intend positively
to visit London. 2. This house has a garden at the front as
well as at the back. 3. Are you now on the way back from
school ? 4.1 got up at six o'clock this morning, and I took
a walk on the top of that mountain. 5. Is there anyone
here who can speak English ? 0. Whom are you thinking
about? 7. It is twenty minutes since he was here. 8. She
goes every day to Tokio, Sundays excepted. 9. It is seven
years to-day since I arrived in London. 10. She will not get
back in time to go. 11. Please call me early to-morrow
morning. 12. If you are going to Uzo, let us go together.
13. I wish we had our bicycles with us. 14. I have used
nearly all the money I brought from the bank. 15. Please
speak a little louder. 16. I am going to take a short walk.
17. I generally walk a little at mid-day. 18. I do wish that
man would not whip his horse so much. 19. He is coming
107
some time to-day. 20. I hoped he would come early.
21. Cross that bridge, and you will come to the place. 22. It
ought not to cost more than two yen.
4.
bungakushi, a history of teishu, master (of a house).
literature. tabun, perhaps, probably.
hanarezashiki, summer-house, dekiagaru, to get ready or
kinodoku, I am sorry (for finished.
your sake). zutsu, each, at a time.
mitsudan, a private conversa- inabikari ga sunt, it lightens.
shibaraku, some time. [tion. toshi, a year, age.
hirushoku, noon-meal. uekiya, gardener.
banshoku, supper. massugu, straight.
atsuraemono, things ordered, asu, to-morrow.
(A)
1. Boku no heya de cha ippai nonde sugu dekakeyo. 2. Wata-
kushi no hon ni wa Nihon bungakushi ga arimasen. 3. Ano
hanarezashiki iva nani ni tsukaimasu ka? — Sore wa cha no
yu mata wa mitsudan ni tsukaimasil. 4. 0 kinodoku desu
ga, mo shibaraku o machi ku dasai. 5. Hirushoku to banshoku
no aida ni cha wo nomimasu. 6. Anata no o atsuraemono
wa asu made matte kudasai. 7. Omae wa gakko ye yuku
mae ni itsu mo shitayomi wo shinakereba narimasen. 8. Kono
tsutsumi wo motte-itte kudaseru koto ga dekimasii ka ? 9. Mo
osoi kara dare mo konai daro. 10. Dorobo ga jomae wo
akete miru tokoro ye ie no teishu ga haitte kita. 11. Kono
tetsudo ga tabun shichi-gatsu nakagoro made ni dekiagarimasho.
12. Konnichi wa tenki ga ii kara, uchi no niwa ye ikimasho.
13. Kaze de kami ga chira-barani narimashita. 14. Kore wo
nani-ka ni tsUkaimasil kara nokoshite oite kudasai. 15. Asa-ban
ni san jikan zutsu wa ydji ga arimashite isogashu gozaimasu.
16. Sore de wa mo ippen yoku o wakari ni naru yd ni o hanashi
itashimasho. 17. Inabikari ga suru toki ni wa takai ki no soba
ni tatte wa arimasen. 18. Kono kotoba wo iidasu ya ina ya,
Jiijo ni okotte kimashUa.
108
(B)
1. What is that man doing there ? 2. Such high houses
as these do not exist in Japan. 3. Have you forgotten your
promise? 4. You must not say such foolish (twmaranai)
things. 5. Have you read the telegram that was in yester-
day's paper ? 6. The old gardener is here with some flowers.
7. I bought a plant yesterday to send to Mrs. Oka. 8. Has
the carpenter died who fell from the roof yesterday ? 9. You
must not enter a person's house with such dirty clothes on.
10. I will go anywhere you please. 11. Her daughter is
growing to be a handsome girl. 12. I will give you leave to
go if you get your lessons done. 13. She gave me another
book in the place of the one she lost. 14. Hold yourself
straight when you walk. 15. Please hand me my inkstand
and pen. 16. When light is not needed always turn the
lamps down. 17. If anyone should call and wish to see me,
say I will return at four o'clock. 18. I cannot imagine why
you think so. 19. It is best not to interfere in the matter.
20. I have trodden on my pencil and broken it.
Key to Exercises.
[Note. — Each of the following translations of the Exercises on
pp. 103-108 may also be used as an Exercise in translation with
the foregoing as the Key.]
1.
(A)
1. Who has come f — Mr. Okuro has come. 2. Who will go ?
— I will go. 3. Is my wife here? 4. Shall we go into the
garden ? 5. Are there flowers and trees in the garden ? 6. Is
your father in good health ? 7. How old is your son ? 8. This
cake is very good. 9. If the weather is fine to-morrow, I will go
to see the park. 10. Japanese is more difficult than English.
11. Which is the most interesting of these tales ? 12. I like tea
better than u sake." 13. Which of these two teacups do you like
best ? 14. When may I come to see you ? — Please come to-
morrow morning at seven o'clock. 15. It is all right. 16. Coire
109
this way, please. 17. Where are the matches ? — Here they are,
18. Hand me that red book, please. 19. He was bom in England.
20. I must buy some more writing -paper.
(B)
1. Anata wa ikimasu ka? — Hai, watakushi wa ikimasu.
2. Konnichi wa tenki ga ii ka ? — Taihen (goku) ii. 3. Niwa
wa okii ka chiisai ka ? 4. Hana ga suki desu. ka ? — Hana ga
goku suki desu. 5. Kore wa takai ka? — Ie, tako gozaimasen.
6. 0 taku wa to gozaimasu ka? — Ie, goku chiko gozaimasu.
7. Kono chabon ga takaku nakareba kaimasho. 8. Natsu
wa fuyu yori (mo) hi ga nagai. 9. Ototo wa watakushi yori
toshi ga) yotsu shita desu (or, wakai). 10. Nihon no hana
no uchi de sakura ga ichiban utsukushii. 11. Anata wa kono
o kata wo go shochi de gozaimasu ka ? — Mada o me ni kaka-
i-imasen. 12. Anata wa ima ginko ye oide nasaimasu to,
watakushi mo nani ka yoji ga arimasu kara, go issho ni
mairimasho. 13. Anata wa go jibun de oide ni narimasho
ka ? 14. 0 yu wo wakashite o kure. 15. 0 yobi nasaima-
shita ka? — Ie, yobimasen. 16. Anata ga o ide nasaru toki
mon wo shikkari shimete kudasaimachi. 17. Anata mo go
issho ni irasshite kudasaimasen ka ? 18. Doko ye saisho ni
yukimasho ka? 19. Senjitsu wa hana wo arigato gozai-
mashita. 20. Dai kara hon wo totte o kure. 21. Nikai
kara rampu wo motte kite o kure. 22. Shichi ji made wa
kaerimasumai.
2.
(A)
1. Did you ever ride in a jinrihisha ? — Yes; when I was at
Tokio I often went in one. 2. Are these the things you brought
with you? — Yes, sir; they are the vegetables I bought in the
market. 3. Is this a Japanese ship? — Yes, it is a Japanese
steamer. 4. Did you often go to Hiogo f — No, I only went there
a few times. 5. Who are you? — My name is Tsune. 6. Whose
house is that? 1. Has your mother already come back from the
country ? 8. I have at once answered the letter I received from,
my teacher. 9. These are the pieces of the letter which the
children have torn. 10. At what time do you get up every morn-
ing ? — I get up at six or half -past six. 11. He has had his leg
110
bitten by a doy. 12. I ivas stuny (sasu) on the forehead by a
bee when I was takiny a walk to-day. 13. I can let you know
by eleven o'clock. 14. I have left my purse somewhere.
(B)
1 . Anata ga tsurete kita hito wa dare desii ka ? — Sore wa
watakushi no sensei desii. 2. Nan' to iu gakko ye ikimasii
ka ? 3. Anata wa takusan no shomotsu wo motte imasu ka ? —
Ie, iku satsu. mo arimasen. 4. Kane wo takusan motte imasu ka?
— Ie, ikura mo arimasen. 5. Watakushi no katta uma ga ii.
6. Omae no (or, ga) mizu ni nagekonda mono wa nan' da ka?
7. Konaida ichi de katta ueki wa mo karete shimaimashita.
8. Sakujitsu o atsurae nasaimashita hon wo konnichi motte
mairimashita (jisan itashimasbita). 9. Kono iewa chiisakute
yo-ma shika arimasen. 10. Nippon no mottome takai yama
wa Fuji desu ; sono takasa wa ichi-man ni-sen-shaku ijo desu.
11. Anata no o niwa ni ki wa iku hon (nambon) arimasu ka?
— Matsu wa sambon ume wa ippon bakari arimasu ? 12. 0
tokei wa nan' ji de gozaimasii ka? — Watakushi no wa tomatte
imasu. 13. Sugu gejo ni kodomo no kimono wo kisesasete
kure. 14. Nani wo sagashite irasshaimasu ka? — Watakushi
wa tebukuro wo nakushimashita. 15. Ima shibaraku koko
ni o oki nasaimashi. 16. Sukoshi takaku mochi agete kuda-
sai. 17. Kogatana wo nakushimashita kara anata no wo
kashite kudasai. 18. Chotto o kiki nasai ! nani-ka kikoema-
sen ka ? 19. 0 tataki nasutta toki nemutte orimashita.
3.
(A)
1. About how many hours does it take to yo from here to
Hioyo? 2. I went to your house the other day, but unfortunately
you were not at home {absent). 3. You will fall into the river
if you are so absent-minded. 4. As it is cool about nightfall,
there are many people who walk about the streets. 5. In most
countries the usual custom is to shake hands on meeting. 6. JT
suppose you have not yet translated that letter for me. 7. Kindly
tighten the string of this parcel. 8. She trembled with cold when
she came into the house. 9. He mistook the time, and came in
the afternoon instead of at night. 10, He came five minutes
after you had gone. 11. It is seven years to-day since I left
Ill
Japan. 12. It is too soon after dinner to walk. 13. It is
difficult for me to remember the Japanese names. 14. Country
people like to ivatch foreigners. 15. If you stay in this room,
you must be quiet. 16. I shall have to borrow your pencil once
more. 17. I must begin my work over again ; I did not do it
right. 18. / will bathe in cold water this morning.
(B)
1. Watakushi wa zehi Nihon ye kaeru made ni Rondon
no kembutsu wo suru tsumori desii. 2. Kono ie wa omote
ni mo ushiro ni mo niwa ga arimasu. 3. Kimi wa ima gakko
no kaerimichi desu ka? 4. Watakushi wa kesa roku-ji ni
okite ano yama no ue wo sampo shimashita. 5. Dare ka
Eigo no wakaru hito ga arimasu ka ? 6. Dare no koto wo
kangaete imasu ka ? 7. Ano kata ga oide ni natte kara ni
jippun tachimashita. 8. Nichiyobi no hoka wa mainicbi
Tokyo ye irasshimasu. 9. Watakushi ga Rondon ni kite
kara kyo de shield nen ni narimasii. 10. Asuko kara o kaeri
nasute kara de wa osoku narimasho. 11. Myo-asa hayaku
okoshite kudasai. 12. Anata mo Uzo ye oide desu nara, go
issho ni negaimasho. 13. Jitensha wo motte-kureba yokatta
no ni. 14. Ginko kara motte kita kane wo taitei tsukatte
shimaimashita. 15. Sukoshi koe wo takaku shite kudasai.
16. Sukoshi undo ni mairimasu. 17. Itsu-mo o hiru ni
sukoshi undo wo itashimasu. 18. Ano hito ga ano uma wo
amari muchi-utanai yo ni shito gozaimasu. 19. Kyo ju ni
kuru no desu. 20. Motto hayaku kitaraba ii no ni. 21. Ano
hashi wo wataru to sugu desii. 22. Ni yen ijo wa kakarumai.
4.
(A)
1. Let us take a cup of tea in my room, and then go at once.
2. There is no history of Japanese literature amongst my books.
8. For what purpose do you use that summer-house ? — We use it
for tea-parties or private conversations. 4. I am sorry I cannot
let you enter just yet. 5. Between dinner and supper one takes
tea* 6. Kindly wait until to-morrow for the articles you ordered.
7. Before you go to school, you must alivays prepare your lessons.
8. Can you carry these parcels for me ? 9. It is too late now
for anyone to call. 10. The master (of the house) entered just
112
when the tide; had opened the lock. 11. This railway will
perhaps be ready by the middle of July. 12. As it is fine
weather to-day, we will go into the (jar den. 13. The wind has
disarranged my papers. 14. Do not let this be destroyed; I want
to use it for something. 15. Every morning and evening I am
engaged for several hours. 16. I will try to explain it more
clearly. 17. When it lightens you must not stand near a high
tree. 18. Scarcely had I uttered this word when he got extremely
angry.
(B)
1. Asuko no hito wa nani wo shite imasu. ka ? 2. Ko iu
yo na takai ie wa Nihon ni wa arimasen. 3. Anata wa
o yakusoku shimashita koto wo o wasure nasaimashita
ka ? 4. Sonna tsumaranai koto wo it' cha ikemasen.
5. Sakujitsu no shimbun ni dete ita dempo wo mita ka?
6. Toshi totta uekiya ga liana wo motte mairimasu.
7. Sakujitsu Oka san ni okuru tsumori *de ueki wo kai-
mashita. 8. Kino yane no ue kara ochita daiku wa sliini-
mashita ka? 9. Sonna ni yogoreta kimono wo kite hito
no ie ni haitte wa naranu. 10. Doko ye demo anata no
o nozomi no tokoro ye yukimasu. 11. Ano kata no musume
san wa dan-dan utsukushiku narimasu. 12. Moshi anata no
keiko ga yoku dekimashitara hoka ye yuku koto wo yurushi-
masho. 13. Ano kata no naku shita hon no kawari ni hoka
no hon wo kudasaimashita. 14. Anata no karada wo massugn
ni shite o aruki nasai. 15. Inki-tsubo to fude wo motte-kite
kudasai. 16. Akari no iranai toki ni wa shin wo zutto hikko-
mashite oite o kure. 17. Dare ka tazunete mairimashitara
yo ji ni kaeru to itte o kure. 18. Naze sonna koto wo osshai-
masu. 19. Sono koto ni kankei shinai ho ga yo gozaimasu.
20. Ima bokuhitsu wo a'hi de fumi-tsubushimashita.
B. Reading Exercises/
1.
1. Nikon ni wa fcane wo mokerii tame gaikoku
Nee-hohn nee wah kah-neh woh mo/i-keh-roo tah-meh gahee-koh-koo
ye itte kane wo jubun ni mdketa ato de
yeh eet-teh kah-neh woh joo-boon nee mo7z-keh-tah ah-toh deh
hunt ye kaeru ninsoku ga 6i. 2. Nikon wa
koo-nee yeh kah-eh-roo neen-soh-koo gah oh-ee. Nee-hohn wah
chizu de mite wakaru tori namboku ni na-
•chee-dzoo deh mee-teh wah-kah-roo to7i-ree nahm-boh-koo nee nah-
yaku arimasu, kara kiko no moyo mo toko-
ngah-koo ah-ree-mahs', kah-rah kee-ko/i noh moh-yo/i moh toh-koh-
ro ni yotte tailien ni ckigaimasit. 3. Watakiishi
roh nee yoht-teh ti-hehn nee chee-ngah-ee-mahs'. Wah-tahk'shee
wa kon-do de, Fuji1 ye to-san wa san-do-me desii
wah kohn-doh deh, foo-jee yeh toh-sahn wah sahn-doh-meh dehs'
ga* ski-awase to itsu mo tenhi-tsugo ga yd go-
.gah, shee-ah-wah-seh toh ee-tsoo moh tehn-kee-tsoo-ngofo gah yoh goh-
zaimasu. 4. Yama-michi de hi wa kuremashita ga,2
.zt-inahs'. Yah-mah-mee-chee deh hee wah koo-reh-mahsh'tah gah,
tsure ga ozei datta kara ki-jobu desliita. 5. Ban-
tsoo-reh gah oh-zeh-ee daht-tah kah-rah kee-jo/i-boo dehsh'tah. Bahn-
koku-koko ga aro ga nani ga aro ga,2 mada
koh-koo-ko/z-koT-i gah &hroh gah nah-nee gah ah-rofe gah, mah-dah
mada dori bakari de wa katsil koto ga dekima-
mah-dah do7i-ree bah-kah-ree deh wah kahts' koh-toh gah deh-kee-mah-
sen. 6. Nihon ni liana no shurui wa takusan ari-
sen. Nee-hohn nee hah-nah noh shoo-roo-ee wah tahk'sahn ah-ree-
.masu ga, sono ucJd de mo sakura wa kana no 6
niahs' gah, soh-noh oo-chee deh moh sah-koo-rah wah kah-nah noh oh
to iwareru kodo de, nakanaka migoto desu.
toh ee-wah-reh-roo koh-doh deh, nah-kah-nah-kah mee-ngoh-tohdehs'.
* For translation see pp. 117-118.
1 For the pronunciation of fu see p. 12. 2 Ga, at the end of a
phrase, has an adversative force, but it is usually best translated by
affixing " but " or " yet " to the succeeding phrase. Often the adver-
sative force is modified into a mere hint of discontinuity between
successive actions or conditions, in which case ga should be rendered
Jby " and " or "and so."
Japanese Grammar Self-Taught. I
114
7. Dete kita no wa sono soma no niobo to mi-
Dehteh kee-tah noh wah soh-noh soh-mah noh nee-oh-boh toh mee~
yete, toshigoro wa niju shield hachi de, iro
yeh-teh toh-shee-ngoh-roh wah nee-j oo shee-chee hah-chee deh, ee-roh
shiroku liana suji ton, yamaga ni wa mare
shee-roh-koo hah-nah soo-jee to7i-ree, yah-mah-ngah nee wah mah-reh
na onna de gozaimasu. 8. Mon wo waki no momi-
nah ohn-nah deh goh-zi-mahs'. Mohn woh wah-kee noh moh-mee-
ji wa rippa ni koyo shimasMta. 9. Yoshino wa
jee wah reep-pah nee koh-joh shee-mahsh'tah. Yoh-shee-noh wah
viukashi kara hana de yutnei de aru bakari
,4100-kah-shee kah-rah hah-nah deh yoo-meh-ee deh ah-roo bah-kah-ree-
de naku rekishi jo ni mata nadakai tokoro
deh nah-koo reh-kee-shee ]oh nee mah-tah nah-dah-ki toh-koh-roh
de arimasu. 10. Hirugovo ni uehi kara motte
deh ah-ree-mahs'. Hee-roo-ngoh-roh nee oo-chee kah-rah moht-teh
kita bento wo toridashite tabete izmni kara
kee-tah b&Ym-toh woh toh-ree-dahsh'teh tah-beh-teh eedzoomee kah-rah
kunda mizu ippai nonde mata dekakemashita.
koon-dah mee-dzoo eep-pi nohn-deh mah-tah dehkahkeh-mahsh'tah..
?.
1. Mono tvo uru hito^ ga okute kau hUo ga siikuna-
Moh-noh woh oo-roo sh'toh gah ohk'teh kah-oo sh'toh gah s'koo-nah-
kerebat sono nedan ga yasuku nam ga, uru
keh-reh-bah, soh-noh neh-dahn gah yah-soo-koo nah-roo gah, oo-roo-
hito ga sukunakute kau Into ga okereba nedan
sh'toh gah s'koo-nahk'teh kah-oo sh'toh gah oft-keh-reh-bah neh-dahn
ga kaette takaku narimasu. 2. Kesa sukoshi
gah kah-eht-teh tah-kah-koo nah-ree-mahs'. Keh-sah s'koh-shea-
isoide yakiisho ye itta kercdomo, yoyo to-
ee-soh-ee-deh yahk'shoh yeh eet-tah keh-reh-doh-moh yoh-yoh toh~
chaku shita tokoro de futo bento wo wasurete
chah-koo sh'tah toh-koh-roh deh foo-toh behn-toft, woh wah-sco-reh-teh
ita koto wo omoidaslnta. 3. Sakuban, inu ga
ee-tah koh-toh woh oh-moh-ee-dahsh'tah. Sah-koo-bahn ee-noo gah
hoete, sozoshlkute neraremasen deshita. 4. Yuki
hoh-eh-teh so7&-zo7ish'koo-teh neh-rah-reh-mah-sehn dehsh'tah. Yoo-kee-
1 In the syllable hi the h assumes, in the mouths of many speakers,,
the sound of the German ch in ich ; but, except in the word hito, such
pronunciation is considered rather vulgar.
115
wa kirei desu ga, ato no michi ni komarimasu.1
wah kee-reh-ee dehs' gah, ah-toh noh mee-chee nee koh-mah-ree-mahs'.
5. Nikko kara yamamichi wo ni-san-ri noboreba
Neek-ko/i kah-rah yah-mah-mee-chee woh nee-sahn-reenoh-boh-reh-bah
Chiisenji to iu kosui ga ari, mata sono to-
choo-sehn-jee toh ee-oo koh-soo-ee gah ah-ree, mah-tah soh-noh toh-
chih ni wa takusan taki ga arimasu kara, kono
choo nee wah tahk'sahn tah-kee gah ah-ree-mahs' kah-rah, koh-noh
hen wa mattaku natsushirazu2 de arimasu. 6. Nikko
hehn wah maht-tah-koo nahts'shee-rah-dzoo deh ahreemahs'. Neek-koft
wa Tokugawa ichi-dai shogun Ieyasu no ta-
wah toh-koo-ngah-wah ee-chee-di sho/i-ngoon ee-eh-yahs' noh tah-
maya no aru tokoro de, kenchiku soshoku to
mah-yah noh ah-roo toh-koh-roh deh, kehn-chee-koo so/i-shoh-koo toh
subete kane wo oshimazu Tokugawa jidai
soo-beh-teh kah-neh woh oh-shee-mah-dzoo toh-koo-ngah-wah jee-di
no sui wo daidai atsumeta tokoro de ari-
noh soo-ee woh di-di ah-tsoo-meh-tah toh-koh-roh deh ah-ree-
mam kara, Nihonjin no kembutsunin mo nenju
mails' kah-rah, nee-hohn-jeen noh kehm-boots'neen moh nehn-joo
taemasen ga, natsio ga koto ni 6i no desu. 7. Yube
tah-eh-mah-sehn gah, nahts' gah koh-toh nee oh-i noh dehs'. Yoo-beh
kuni kara no o kyaku ga kite shuya wakai
koo-nee kah-rah noh oh kee-ah-koo gah kee-teh shoo-yah wah-ki
tokl no koto wo hanasMte otta kara, kesa-hodo
toh-kee noh koh-toh wohhah-nahsh'teh oht-tah kah-rah, keh-sah-hoh-
nemukute tamarimasen.
doh neh-mook'teh tah-mah-ree-mah-sehn.
3.
1 . Futsiika mikka bakari . ame ga futte imasu toki
Foots'kah meek-kah bah-kah-ree ah-mehgah foot-teh ee-mahs' toh-kee
ni inakamichi ga sukkan arukenaku nari-
nee ee-nah-kah-mee-chee gah sook-kah-ree ah-roo-keh-nah-koo nah-ree-
masu. 2. Sekai no kuni-guni no uchi ni wa, somo-
rnahs'. Seh-ki noh koo-nee-goo-nee nohoo-chee nee wah, soft-inoh-
' Lit., " one is troubled by the after-roads." Lit., M is entirely
not knowing summer."
116
kit mo haezu,1 jimbutsu mo nai tokoro ga ari-
koo moh hah-eh-zoo, jeem-boo-tsoo moh ni toh-koh-roh gah ahree-
masil. 8. Kekkon no koto wa kuniguni de iroiro
xnahs'. Kehk-kohn noh koh-toh wah koonee-ngoonee deh ee-roh-ee-roh
chigaimasu ga, jidai de mo, mata chigaimasil.2
chee-ngah-ee-mahs' gah, jee-di deh moh, mah-tah chee-ngahee-mahs'.
Ima o hanashi shiyo to in no wa genzai ima
Ee-mah oh hah-nah-shee shee-yo/i toh ee-oo noh wah ghehn-zi ee-mah
watakushi no kokyo de yatte iru moyo desu.
wah-tahk'shee noh koh-kee-o/i deh yaht-teh ee-roo moh-yoft dehs'.
4. Kono goro ni itarimashite, Bukkyo to mosu
Koh-noh goh-roh nee ee-tah-ree-mahsh'teh, book-kee-o/i toh mo/z-soo
mono wa, tada kato-jimmin no shinzuru tokoro
moh-noh wah, tah-dah kah-to/i-jeem-meen noh sheen-zoo-roo tohkoh-
to natte, chuto ijo de wa sono dori wo wa-
roh toh naht-teh, choo-toh ee-joh deh wah soh-noh doh-ree woh wah.
kimaeteru lilto ga stikunaku : shilmon to ieba
kee-mah-eh-teh-roo sh' toh gah s'koo-nah-koo ; shoo-mohn toh ee-eh-bah
soshiki no toki bakari ni mochiiru koto no yd
sofosh'kee noh toh-kee bah-kah-ree nee moh-chee-roo koh-toh noh yo/i
ni omoimasu. 5. Ni-san-nen-zen kara hUo ga fu-keiki
nee oh-moh-ee-mahs'. Nee-sahn-nen-zen kah-rah sh'toh gah f'kay-kee
da to iimasu ga, honto desu ka? 6. Aru Nikon no to-
dah toh ee-mahs' gah, hohn-to7t dehs' kah? Ah-roo nee-hohn noh toh.
modachi to mionichi issho ni Mukojima ye
moh-dah-chee toh mee-ofo-nee-chee ish-shoh nee moo-ko/i-j ee-mah yeh
iko to iu yakusoku wo itashimashita ga, silko-
ee-koh toh ee-oo yah-koo-soh-koo woh ee-tah-shee-mahsh'tah gah, s'koh-
shi yondokoronai yojt ga dekimashite yakusoku
shee yohn-doh-koh-roh-m yofe-jee gah deh-kee-mahsh'teh yah-koo-soh-
wo mamoru koto ga dekimasen kara, tomo-
koo woh mah-moh-roo koh-toh gah deh-kee-mah-sen kah-rah, toh -moh-
dachi ni shirasetai to omoimasu ga, watakushi
dah-chee nee shee-rah-seh-ti toh oh-moh-ee-mahs' gah, wahtahk'shee
wa Nihongo wa sukoshi hanasliimasu ga, ji wo
wah nee-hohn-goh wah s'koh-shee hah-nah-shee-mahs' gah, jee woh
kaku no wa ikko dekimasen kara, kotowari
kah-koo noh wah eek-kofo deh-kee-mah-sehn kah-rah, koh-toh-wah-ree
1 Haezu is the negative gerund of haeru (to grow, to sprout),
correlated with the present of nai (the negative adjective). 2 Lit.,
♦'also according to the period."
117
no teg ami wo ittsil kaite itadalito gozaimazu,
noli teh-ngah-mee woh eet-tsoo ki-teh ee-tah-dah-kee-to7igoh-zi-mahs\
l.Nanika kao to omotte mise ye haitta tokoro
Nah-nee kah k&h-oh toh oh-moht-teh mee-seh yeh In-t-tah toh-koh-roh
ga, ki ni iru mono ga nakatta kara, tsui nani
gah, kee nee ee-roo moh-noh gah nah-kaht-tah kah-rah, tsoo-ee nah-nee
mo kawazu ni uchi ye kaetta.
moh kah-wah-zoo nee oo-chee yeh kah-eht-tah.
Key to Reading Exercises.
1. In Japan there are many workmen who go to foreign
countries to earn money, and return home after they have
earned enough. 2. As one will see from looking at a map,
Japan extends a long distance from south to north, and the
conditions of its climate are therefore very different, accord-
ing to the position. 3. This is the third time I have made the
ascent of Fuji, and each time I have been fortunate enough
to have fine weather. 4. It became dark while we were on
the mountain-side, but as there were several of us together,
we felt no alarm. 5. We may have international law, and
we may have all sorts of fine things, but we are still very far
from having arrived at a social state in which right always
prevails. 6. There are many kinds of flowers in Japan, but
amongst them the cherry-blossom is so beautiful that it
might be called the queen of flowers. 7. The person who
came out was apparently the wife of the woodcutter. She
was twenty-seven or twenty-eight years old, with a fair com-
plexion and a straight nose, and was a sort of woman not
often found in mountain huts. 8. The leaves of the maple-
tree by the gate have become beautifully red. 9. From
ancient times Yoshino is not only famous for its cherry-
blossoms, but is also an historically renowned place.
10. About mid-day we took our lunch, which we had
brought with us from home, drank a glass of water we had
drawn from the spring, and started off again.
2.
1. If the people who sell goods are many, and those who
buy are few, the prices fall ; but if the people who sell are
few, and those who buy are many, the prices, on the contrary,
118
become higher. 2. This morning I went to the office a little
hurriedly, but just when 1 arrived there at last;, I suddenly
remembered that I had forgotten my lunch. 3. Last night
[ could not sleep on account of the barking of the dogs.
4. Snow is very pretty to look at, but it makes the roads in
a fearful state afterwards. 5. If one goes from Nikko as far
as two or three ri up the mountain-way there is a lake
called Chusenji, and, as there are many waterfalls on that
way, this region is " one that does not know anything of
summer." 6. Nikko is the place where there is the tomb of
the first shogun* of the Tokugawa family; Ieyasu, a place
where every generation has gathered, as to buildings, deco-
rations, &c, all the elegance of the Tokugawa period, without
regretting the expense. 7. A guest came from my native
country last night, and, as we were talking the whole night
about the incidents of our early years, I am very tired this
morning.
3.
1. If it rains for two or three days only, the country roads
become entirely impassable. 2. Amongst the various coun-
tries of the world there are some where no plants or trees
grow, and where no human beings live. 3. The customs
connected with marriage vary in all countries, and also
according to the period. What I am about to relate is the
manner in which marriage is performed in my native land at
the present day. 4. At the present time Buddhism has sunk
to being the belief of the lower classes only. Few persons
in the middle and upper classes understand its principles,
most of them baving the idea that religion is a thing which
comes into play only at funeral services. 5. For the last
two or three years people have been saying that the times
are bad. Is this really the case ? 6.1 have made an agree-
ment with a Japanese friend to go with him to-morrow to
Mukojima, but, having some unavoidable business to do, I
cannot keep my promise, and wish to let my friend know it.
Now, I can speak a little Japanese, but I cannot write at all,
so I wish to have a letter of refusal written for me. 7. Wish-
ing to buy something, I entered a shop, but, as there was
nothing that pleased me, I at last returned home without
buying anything.
* Formerly the title of the military rulers of Japan.
C. Additional Extracts.*
1. Uguisu.
(This Extract, which is taken from a story called " Asukagawa"
is a fragment of a conversation between a young man, Takeo, and
his fiancCe, Shlba.)
Shlba. — Ima muko no mumebayashi de uguisu no hatsu
ne ga shita yo desii kara, kiki ni ikimasho.
Takeo. — Say 6 desii kara. Sore wa yukai desii na : sa, itte
kikimasho... [A little later] 0 jo san ! anata wa o damashi
cle wa arimasenii ka ? Cbitto mo uguisu ga nakimasenii ne.
Shlba. — lye, sakki yoi ne wo shite, futa koye bakari naki-
mashita kara anata wo o yobi moshita no desii.
Takeo. — So desii ka ? Sbikashi nan' da ka ate ni naranai
yo na ki ga shimasu ne.
Shlba. — Mattaku sakki naita koto wa nakiinashita kara
siikosbi matte ite mimasbo.
Takeo. — Sonnara kore kara mo icbiji kan hodo matte
nakanakattara do nasaimasu.
Shlba. — So desu ne. Ko shimasho. Nan' daka binata
ye detara nodo ga kawaita yo desu kara, kabe wo ii-tsuke ni
iku o tsukai wo shimasho.
Takeo. — Sore wa omosbiroi. Watakiishi mo nanda ka
nomi mono ga bosbiku natta tokoro desii kara
Shlba. — Sore de watakiisbi no o yaku wa dekimasbita ga ;
moshi naitara anata wa do nasaimasii.
Takeo. — So desii ne. Naitara watakiishi mo sono o tsukai
ni ikimasho.
Shlba. — Sore wa ikemasenii yo. Sono koto wa watakiishi
ga kangaeta no desii kara.
Takeo. — Sonnara nan' demo o nozomi no koto wo shi-
masbo.
Shlba. — Sakki mite o ide nasatta watasbi no namaerashl
mono no atta ano o tegami wo o mise nasai na.
Takeo. — Yo gozaimasii; mosbi naitara o me ni kakemasbo.
Shlba. — Kitto desu ka?
Takeo. — Kitto o me ni kake nasu to mo.
* For Translation see pp. 124-128.
120
2. Sake To Kite Wa.
Sake-zuki ga aru hi futsuka-yoi de zutsu ga shimasu. kara,.
liachi-maki wo shi-nagara nete iru to, yume ni sake wo hito-
taru hirotte, o-yorokobi de, noman saki kara slrita-uchi
shite, "Kanro; kanro ! koitsu hiroi-mono wa!1 Keisatsu-
sho ye todokeru no ga atarimae da ga — sake to kite wa,
mi-nogasenai. Mazu ip-pai yarakaso ka ? — lya ! onajikuba,*
kan wo shite nomu ho ga ii " to itte, kan wo tsukeyo to-
suru toki, ju-ni-ji no don no oto ni odoroite, me ga
sainemaslrita kara, zannen-gatte :
" Aa ! hayaku hiya de nomeba yokatta ! "
1 Literally, "This fellow (as for), the pick-up-thirig," which we
have freely rendered by "This is a discovery," wa having an inter-
jectional force in this instance. 2 " Sake," the national beverage, is.
generally warmed before being drunk.
3. Ha Bakari.
Morumo na o-byakusho ga daikon wo tsukuraseru ni, ni-
san-nen omou yo ni dekinai1 kara, " Okata otoko-domo no
sewa no warui no daro " to,2 jibun de hatake ye dete, tsuchi
wo hotte iru tokoro ye3 — kosaku-nin ga tori-kakatte, " Kore
wa, kore wa ! Danna Sama I4, otoko-shu ni o sase nasaranai
de,5 go jishin de nasaru to wa, o habakari de gozaimasu " to-
eshaku wo suru0 to — danna wa hara wo tatete, "Ore ga
daikon wo tsukuru ni, ha bakari to wa fii-todoki da" tor
okoru tokoro ye, mata hitori ki-kakatte, " Kore wa ! Danna
Sama no go rippuku wa go mottomo. Shikashi-nagara, kare
wa nan no fumbetsu mo nashi ni moshita no de, ne mo ha
mo nai koto de gozaimasu."
1 Literally, " not forthcoming according to his manner of think-
ing." 2 Add omotte. 3 Tokoro, in the middle of a phrase, especially
when followed by ye, may usually be rendered by "whilst," "just,
as," "when," or "whereupon." 4 See p. 81. 50...de = "not con-
descending honourably to cause to do." 6 Eshaku wo suru, which we
have translated very freely by "politely," really signifies "to make
excuses," " to beg pardon." 7 Add itte = "having said."
4. Do Iu Wake De ?
Eigo no " Why " sunawachi naze to iu koto wa hanahada
taisetsu de aru no ni shina ya Nihon no mukashi no hito-bito
wa metta ni kono kotoba wo tsiikawazu, "K6shi no setsu dan
to ka, " Moshi no jiron da " to ka iu toki wa, mohaya betsu
121
ni sono rikutsu wo sensaku suru koto mo naku, tada gaten
shite shimau no ga tsurei de ari ; soko de motte, "Utagai wa
bummei shimpo no ichi dai gen-in da" to iu ron mo dekita
wake de, ima wa yaya mo sureba Seiyo-jin wa " Utagai wa
taisetsu na mono da ; bummei shimpo no gen-in da. Sono
shoko ni wa, Shina-jin ya Nihon-jin wa, mono-goto wo utagau
to iu koto wo shinai ni yotte, itsu made tatte mo shimpo
shinai de wa nai ka?" to ronji-tateru koto de am ga — ko
ia rei nado ni hikareru to iu wa, o tagai sama ni1 amari
zotto itasan shidai to iwanakereba narimasen.
1 0 tagai sama ni = "for you and me," "mutually." A semi-
polite, semi-humorous turn is imparted to the phrase by the
honorific o.
5. Shinkwa-kon.
Chikagoro Seiyo ni shinkwa-ron ga sakan ni okotte, kono
tenchi bambutsu ga deki, kono yo naka ga deki-agattaru ho-
ho wo toki-akashimasuru. Sono setsu ni yotte mireba, kono
sekai ni wa hajime wa shigoku tanjun naru seibutsu shika
arimasenanda ga — sore ga tekito no kyogu no hataraki wo
uke, ima no fukuzatsu naru kono uruwashiki sekai wo
tsukuridashimashita. Kono tekito no kyogu to wa, suna-
wachi shizen-tota to iu mono1 ga arimasu. Yusho-reppai
tekishu-seizon to iu koto ga arimasu. Subete kore-ra
seibutsu no hattatsu, shinkwa ni tekito naru kyogu to
iu koto wo komaka ni setsumei shitaru mono de arimasu.
Ima kono kyogu no hataraki wa, tada do-shokubutsu2
no nikiitai no ue nomi narazu, mata watakushi-domo no
chishiki no ue ni totte kangaete mo, hanahada akiraka
ni wakarimasu. Gakusha to gujin ga dekiru no mo, sono
kyogu ikan ni yotte 6i ni sadamaru koto de, ima koko ni
onaji saichi onaji rikiryo wo motte oru kodomo wo totte,
hitori wa goku inaka no shimbun wo miru koto mo nai
chiho ni oki; mata hitori wa, kore wo totte, bummei no
chushin, to iu Tokyo ni oki, tsui ni daigaku ni irete shu-
gaku seshimeta naraba, go-nen ka roku-nen no nochi ni
wa, kono futari no chishiki -jo hotondo ten-chi no chigai
ga dekiru koto de arimasu.
1 Mono is here equivalent to koto in the following sentence. 2 An
abbreviation of dobutsu shokubutsu.
122
6. Mitsu-me Nyudo.1
0 tera no osho san ga am told go-zuki no kyaku wo yonde,
ichi-men2 uchi-hajiraemasu. to, " suki koso mono no jozu
nare"3 de, kyaku wa sumi-jimen mo doko mo kotogotoku
tori-kakomimashita kara, osho san ga kuyashigatte, semete
ip-po dake de mo ikaso1 to, shikiri ni me wo koshiraeru koto
ni kufu wo shite orimasii to, — atama no ue ye hai ga takatta
kara, urusagatte, go-ishi wo motta te de atama wo kaki-
nagara, M Kono hen ni hitotsu me ga dekitaia, okata ikiru
de aro."
Atama no ue ni mata hitotsu me ga dekitara, " mitsu-me
nyudo "5 desu.
7. GlJO NO ICHI-HAllAN.
Inoue Kakugoro Kun. — Shitsumon itashimasu.
Gicho. — Inoue Kun no shitsumon no shui wa?
I.K.K. — Shitsumon no shushi wa kayo de arimasu. Kudo
Kun wa, jiyu wo omonjite, kore wo o hiki ni naru wake ni
wa ikimasen ka? Kore ga shitsumon desu. (Muyo ! muyo ! "
to yobu mono ari. "Yare! yare !" to yobu mono ari.J Sukoshi
shizuka ni shite o kiki ni naranai to, wakaranai. Naruhodo,
jiyu wa taisetsu na mono de aru
Kudo Kokan Kun. — Hiku ka Irikanai ka to iu nara, hikanai.
Mata go shitsumon ga aru nara
I.K.K. — Mizukara jihaku suru nara, nanzo aete kotoba wo
tsuiyashimasen. Jiyu wo shiran hito to anata ga iu mono ni,
tare ga shitsumon wo suru mono wa nai.
K.K.K. — Shitsumon ga nakereba, yoroshii.
Giclw. — Kinkyii-dogi to mi-tomeru ya ina ya to iu koto ni
tsuite, saiketsu shiyo to kangaemasu. Kudo Kun no dogi
wo kiukyu-dogi to mi-tomuru to iu koto ni doi no shokun no
kiritsu wo motomemasu. ( Kiritsu-sha shosu.J Shosu to
mi-tomemasu. ( Hakushu okoru. )
1 This anecdote illustrates the fondness of the Japanese for puns,
and to fully apprehend the jeux-de-mots employed, an acquaintance
with the principles of the game of go (" go-bang" or " checkers ") is
necessary. In the game a board and counters are used, and the
principal object is to prevent one's adversary from extending his
pieces over the board, which is effected by forming " eyes " (spaces
enclosed by not fewer than four of one's own checkers). 3 Lit., " one
surface," i.e., "one game." 8 Lit., " a fond person is indeed skilful at
the thing he likes." 4 Ikasd = Prob. Fut. of ikasu (trans, correspond-
ing to intrans. ikiru = " to live "). It therefore means "shall perhaps
make alive," hence " in order to free." 5 A bogey of Japanese children.
123
8 Ume no Hana.
Koko ni kanete Iijima Sanaa ye o de-iri no isha ni Sbijo to
mosu mono ga gozaimashlte — jitsu wa o taiko-isha no o
sbaberi de, shonin tasuke no tame ni saji wo te ni toranai1
to iu jimbutsu de gozaimasu kara, — nami no o isba nara,
cbotto kami-ire do naka ni mo gwan-yaku ka ko-gusuri de
mo haitte imasu ga, — kono Sbijo no kami-ire no naka ni wa,
tezuma no tane yara, byaku-manako nado ga irete aru gurai
na mono de gozaimasu.
Sate kono isha no cbikazuki de, Shimizu-dani ni dembata
ya kashi-nagaya wo mochi, sono agari de kurasbi wo tatete
iru ronin no Shinzaburo to mosu mono ga arimasbite,
umare-tsuki kirei na otoko de, — tosbi wa ni-ju-ichi de gozai-
masu ga, mada nyobo mo motazu, goku uchiki de gozaimasu
kara, soto ye mo demasezu, sbomotsu bakari mite orimasu
tokoro ye, — aru hi Shijo ga tazunete mairimashite, — " Kyo
wa, tenki ga yoroshiu gozaimasu kara, Kameido no Gwaryo-
bai2 ye de-kakete, sono kaeri ni boku no chikazuki Iijima no
besso ye yorimasho," — to sasoi-dashimashite, futari-zure de
Gwaryobai ye mairi, kaeri ni Iijima no besso ye tachi-
yorimashite.
9. Kyu-yo.
Wakai otoko ga futari Eri-zen no mise-saki de iki-
aimashita tokoro ga, hitori wa awata-dashiku te wo futte,
" Kimi ni wa iro-iro o hanashi mo arimasii ga, — ima kyu-
yo ga dekite, kitaku suru tokoro desii3 kara, izure kinjitsu o
tazune moshimasho," to iu to, — domo sono yosu ga hen da
kara, hitori wa odoroite, " Kytiyo to wa,4 go byonin de mo
aru n'desu ka?" to kikimashitara, — hitori wa, warai-nagara :
"Ie! kauai ni tanomareta hayari no han-eri wo ima kono
mise de kaimashita ga, — tochu de temadotte iru uchi ni
ryuko-okure ni naru to, taihen desu kara, tachi-banashi mo
o kotowari moshimashita no sa !"
1 The spoon (for mixing medicine) is the Japanese doctor's
emblem, and we have used the expression " write prescriptions " as
the nearest equivalent to the Japanese "handling the spoon." 2 A
garden at Tokio, famous for its plum-trees. 3 Lit., " I am just on
my road home." 4 Lit., " as for (your saying) that (there is) urgent
business."
Translation of Extracts.
1. The Nightingale.
SMba. — I believe I beard tbe first note of tbe uguisu1 in
tbe plum grove yonder : let us go and listen to it.
Takeo. — Did you ? How nice ! Come along, tben, we
will go and bear it... [A little later] Young lady, bave you
not been deceiving me ? Tbe uguisu does not sing at all.
Shlba. — Yes (it does) : a short time since, it sang twice
witb a lovely voice ; that was the reason I called you.
Takeo. — Is that so ? I do not, however, quite believe it.
Shiba. — Indeed it really sang a short time since, so let us
wait a little and see.
Takeo. — Well, then, we will stay for an hour, and if it
should not sing by then, what will you do ?
Shiba. — Well, we will do so, and as the heat makes me
thirsty, I will go and order a cup of coffee for you.
Takeo. — That is a good idea. I feel as if I should like
something to drink.
Shiba. — Well, we have arranged what I have got to do,
and what will you do if the uguisu does sing (after all) ?
Takeo.— Yes, it is (arranged), and if it does sing I will go
as your messenger.
Shiba. — That will not do at all : that was my intention.
Takeo. — Very well, then, I will do anything you wish.
Shiba.— A short time ago you were reading a letter with
something like my name in it : show me the letter.
Takeo. — Very well ; if the bird sings you shall see the
letter.
Shiba. — You are quite sure?
Takeo. — I will really let you see it.
1 The "uguisu" is a bird much like the nightingale, but not,
scientifically speaking, identical with it.
2. The Lost Windfall.
Once upon a time a drinker suffering from headache on
the day following a carousal fell asleep with a napkin tied
round his head. He dreamt that he had discovered a cask
of sake, which pleased him so much that he smacked his lips
125
before tasting it, and exclaimed : " How delicious ! how
delicious ! This is a discovery ! It should really be reported
to the police, but a windfall like this sake — nay ! I cannot
allow it to go. Um ! shall I have a glass ? — No, no ! I shall
lose nothing by waiting until it is warmed." So he was
about to heat it, when the noon gun1 awoke him with a start,
upon which he sorrowfully exclaimed : " Oh, what a shame
that I did not at once drink it cold ! "
1 Mid-day is officially announced in Tokio by discharging a
cannon.
3. Nothing but Leaves.1
An ignorant farmer had for two or three years grown
radishes2 with only scanty success, and, attributing the
indifferent crops to the negligence of his labourers, he
went out into the fields and commenced to dig himself.
Whilst working, a labourer chanced to pass by, and seeing
the farmer he called out politely : -'Oh, master! oh, master!
it is shocking to find you labouring like that yourself,
instead of your men." [Or, " If you work like that your-
self, instead of getting your men to do it, you will have only
leaves." (Ha bakari means "only leaves"; habakari is a
polite expression meaning "it is shocking.")]
The farmer, irritated by these words, replied: "You are
an impertinent fellow for daring to say to me that when I
plant radishes I shall get leaves only." Just at that
moment another labourer chanced to pass, and exclaimed :
M Indeed, master, you are quite right to be angry, but he did
not mean what he said, so it is not worth while noticing it."
[Or, " It is an object with neither roots nor leaves." The
second man's remark would be still more irritating, since he
predicts a failure, not only of roots (ne), but also of leaves
(ha).]
> This anecdote illustrates the Japanese liking for punning expres-
sions. It will be observed that the puns are on the word habakari,
and on the expression Ne mo ha mo nai == "insignificant," but more
literally, "having neither root nor leaf," as explained in the transla-
tion. 2 More literally, " having radishes grown." Tsukuraseru is the
causative of tsukuru = " to make," hence " to grow" (see p. 60).
4. The Uses of Doubt.
The English term "Why?" (in our language Naze) is
very important, although the expression was scarcely ever
employed by the Chinese and Japanese in former times,
126
and they usually acquiesced, without enquiring further into
the matter, on being informed that such and such was the
doctrine of Confucius or the opinion advanced by Mencius.
At the present time, therefore, when the idea has been put
forth that doubt is one of the most important factors
towards enlightenment and progress, and when, therefore,
Europeans are prone to dwell on the importance of doubt
and its benefits in the cause of civilisation, and to justify this
statement of theirs by referring to the Chinese and Japanese
as examples of peoples for ever unprogressive, on account of
their neglect to submit all matters to the scrutiny of doubt
— when we hear such theories discussed, and discover our-
selves alluded to as instances, we must all confess that the
condition of things is undoubtedly unpalatable.
5. The Doctrine of Evolution.
During the past few years much attention has been given
in European countries to the doctrine of evolution, which
demonstrates the mode by which heaven and earth and all
things existing therein were formed — the manner in which
the world was completed. According to this doctrine, none
but the most primitive forms of life existed in the world,
and these, under the influence of a suitable environment,
developed into the forms now exhibited by our complicated
and beauteous world. This suitable environment embraces
such matters as natural selection, such points as the
struggle for existence and the survival of the fittest. The
doctrine demonstrates minutely the conditions of environ-
ment which are beneficial to the development and evolution
of living creatures. Now, this influence of environment
is exerted not on the physical frames of animals and
plants only, but it can also be seen in the development of
our intellects. It is the environment which principally
decides whether a person will be learned or ignorant. Take
two children of equal intellect and capability, and place one
of them in a locality where there is not even the most
inferior provincial newspaper to be had. Take the other,
and place him in Tokio, the centre of civilisation ; let him
complete his studies at the university, and after five or six
years there will exist in the intellects of these two young
persons a difference as great almost as that separating heaven
and earth.
m
6. The Three-eyed Frtar.
A bonze1 of a Buddhist temple once invited a friend who
was fond of playing go-bang, and they sat down to play a
game. However, as the proverb says, "fondness begets
skill," and to the chagrin of the bonze his visitor blocked
every single corner of the board. " Ah ! if I could only get
one side free ! " exclaimed the priest, and with these words
he made continuous efforts to open out some spaces [in
Japanese, "eyes"2]. Just then some flies alighted on the
top of his head, causing him annoyance, so he scratched his
head with the hand in which he held one of the counters,
muttering: " If I could only get an open space [in Japanese,
" eye "] here, very likely the corner would be liberated ! "
An extra eye on the top of his head would have changed
him into a " three-eyed friar " !
7. A Parliamentary Eeport.
Mr, Inoue Kakugoro. — I have a question.
The President. — And the purport of Mr. Inoue's question
is ?
Mr. 1. K. — The purport of my question is this : could not
Mr. Kudo be induced to withdraw his motion, out of regard
for liberty? That is my question. (Voices: "No good! no
good!" Other voices: Go on! go onV) If you do not listen
a little more quietly, you will not understand me. Yes, in
truth liberty is an important matter
Mr. Kudo Kokan. — If you wish to know if I shall withdraw
or not, I may tell you I shall not. If you have any other
question
Mr. I. K. — If you really admit that you despise liberty,
what is the use of my wasting any more words ? If you
show by what you say that you are ignorant of what liberty
is, who would think of putting any questions to you ?
Mr. K. K. — If you have no question, well and good.
The President. — I intend taking a vote as to whether this
is to be regarded as an urgency motion. I ask those gentle-
men who consider that Mr. Kudo's motion should be regarded
as an urgency motion to stand up. (A minority rose.) 1 find
that there is a minority. (Clapping of hands.)
1 Bonze, Buddhist priest. 2 It must be borne in mind that vie
means both "open space" and "eye."
128
8. The Plum-blossoms.
Now there was a man of the name of Shijo, who for a
long time had been family doctor to the Iijirnas. As a
matter of fact, however, he was a chatterbox and a charlatan,
— one of those who write no prescriptions from regard for
the safety of their patients, — one who carried in his pocket-
book such materials as apparatus for sleight-of-hand tricks,
or paper masks for mimicry, instead of pills or powders
which are usually kept by any ordinary doctor.
Well, this doctor had a friend, an unattached samurai1
named Shinzaburo, living on the proceeds arising from land
and house property at Shimizu-dani. He was by nature a
handsome fellow, as yet a bachelor although already twenty-
one years old, and so bashful that he would not go out, but
spent his whole time in reading.
Shijo called upon him one day, and said : " As the weather
is so fine to-day, suppose we go and view the plum-blossoms
at Kameido, and on the way back call in at the villa of my
friend Iijima." So saying, he led him away, and they went
together to inspect the plum-blossoms, after which, on the
way home, they called in at Iijima's villa.
9. A Matter of Urgency.
Two young men having met by chance near a draper's
store, one of them waved his hand hastily, exclaiming : " I
have a lot to talk to you about, but as I am called home on
an urgent matter, our chat must be put off for a day or two,
when I will look in at your house." The other, impressed by
his friend's strange agitation, enquired as to the nature of
this important business — whether, for instance, any of the
family had fallen ill. " Oh, no ! " responded the other, with
a laugh. "I have just been buying here a kerchief which
my wife instructed me to obtain for her, and my reason for
saying that I could not stay to talk to you just now is that it
would be a terrible thing if she were to fall behind the fashion
whilst I was loitering on the road."
1 Samurai, a gentleman of the military caste under the feudal
system.
Part III. VOCABULARIES.*
Japanese-English.
NOTE. — (i) All verbs appearing in the following Vocabulary are
of the First Conjugation, unless marked (2), or, Irregular^
(2) It has not been deemed necessary to state the
part of speech in most cases, as the English words
sufficiently indicate it.
Abbreviations : (adj.), adjective; (intr.), intransitive; (irr.), irregular;
(neg.), negative ; (w.), noun; (tr.), transitive.
ABI
Abiru (2), to bathe.
abumi, stirrup.
abunai, perilous.
achi or achira, there.
agaru, to get up, to mount;
to clear (of the weather ).
ageba, wharf.
ageru (2), to lift up, 'raise.
ago, chin.
ai, deep blue, indigo.
aida, time, interval, while.
aida-gara, relationship, con-
nection.
aisatsu, answer, response, ac-
knowledgment, salutation.
^aisatsu suru, to answer, salute.
aisuru (irr.), to love.
.aite, companion; party (to a
transaction) ; opponent (in
ajiwai, flavour, taste, [a game).
aka-daiko, radish.
akagane, copper.
akai, red, brown.
.aka-nasu, tomato.
akambo, baby.
.akari, alight. [adj.
akarui, light (as opp. to dark)
-ake-gata, day-break.
iikeru (2), to open (tr.)
* For rules of pronunciation an
AMI
aki, autumn.
akinai-suru, to deal in.
akinai, commerce, trade.
akinau, to trade.
akindo, merchant, dealer.
akippoi, changeable, fickle.
akiraka (na), undoubted, evi-
dent, easily understood.
akiraka ni, clearly.
akke ni torareru (2), to be
astounded. [lence.
akko, abuse, reproach, inso-
aku, immoral conduct, de-
aku, to open (intr.) [pravity.
akubi suru, to yawn.
akuto, scoundrel, rogue.
amai, sweet.
amari, too, too much ;
(with a neg.) — not very.
amaru, to surpass, exceed.
ambai ga warui, unwell.
ame, rain.
ame ga furu, to rain.
ame ni naru, to begin raining.
Amerika, America (or U.S.A.)
Amerika-jin, an American.
Amerika no, American (adj.)
ami, net. [(with net).
ami wo utsu, to catch Jish
d examples see pp. 11 to 15.
K
130
AN
an, a judgment', draft, bill.
ana, cavern, cavity, tunnel.
anadoru, to reproach, mock at.
andon, lamp {with paper sides).
ane, elder sister.
ani (ki), elder brother.
anjiru (2), to be anxious.
annai, guidance, a guide.
annai suru, to guide.
ano, that (adj.)
ano hito, he, she.
anshin suru, to be free from
an-yo, feet. [anxiety, at ease.
anzu, apricot.
aoi, blue, green.
aomono, greens (vegetables).
arai, rough.
arare, hail (ywun). [gale.
arashi, tempest, hurricane,
arasoi, argument, dispute.
arasou, to argue, dispute.
aratamaru, to be mended,
altered, jmt in order.
aratameru (2), to mend, re-
arau, to wash, [adjust, alter.
arawareru (2), to make one's self
known, appear, come forth.
arawasu, to disclose, reveal.
ari, ant. [you !
arigato (gozarimasu), thank
arisama, state (condition).
aruji, host, master of the house.
aruku, to walk.
asa, hemp.
asa, morning.
asagi, light green, light blue.
asa-han, breakfast.
asai, shallow.
asatte, the day after to-morrow.
ase, perspiration
ase ga deru, to perspire.
AYA
ashi, foot, leg.
aslii no yubi, the toes.
ashita, to-morrow. {jng>
ashita no asa, to-morrow morn-
asobi, a game [amuse one's self.
asobu, asubu, to play, to
asuko, there
asuko kara, thence
asuko ye, thither [grant.
ataeru (2), to bestow, concede,
atai, price, worth
atarna, head (of body) .
atarashiij/mA, new.
atari, vicinity.
atarimae, usually, generally.
atariniae no, usual ; suitable,
convenient, proper.
atatameru (2), to heat (tr.)+
ate, trust, confidence.
ate ni naru, to be trustworthy.
ate ni suru, to confide in, rely
on
ateru (2), to hit. [share.
ate-hameru, to portion out,
ato, consequence, effect; after-
wards ; the remainder.
atsui, hot; thick (in dimension).
atsukau, to manage, take upon
one's self. [ness*
atsusa, warmth, heat ; thick-
atsumaru, to gather together
(intr.). [gether (tr.).
atsumeru (2), to gather to-
atsuraeru (2), to order (at shop,
au, to meet, agree, suit. [d'c).
awaseru (2), to cause to meet,
(he?ice) to join. [ened.
awatadasbii, excited, fright-
awateru (2), to get excited,
frigh tened. [mistake.
ayamatsu, to err, make a
131
BAG
Bagu-ya, saddler.
baishu, a purchase, some-
thing bought.
baishu sura, to buy.
bakn, a foolish person.
baka na ; baka-rashii,/ooZtsft,
ridiculous. [less.
bakari, only, about, wore or
bakageta koto, foolishness.
bakarashii, foolish.
bake (-mono), ghost, spectre.
bambutsu, the established
order of things, Nature.
bam-meshi, evening meal, (late)
dinner.
ban, night, evening.
ban, sentry, ivatch, guard.
banchi, number (of a building),
street-number.
bandzuke, playbill, programme.
banto, manager, chief clerk.
ban wo suru, to be on guard.
bari, abuse, scurrilous language
bari sura, to abuse, slander.
basha, a carriage.
bassuru, (irr.), to punish.
bata, butter.
baya, an old lady, "granny."
bemmei, explanation, illustra-
tion.
bemmei suru, to explain thor-
oughly, make clear.
benjiru (2), to argue about,
discuss.
benko, fluency (in speech).
benko no yoi, fluent (in speech) .
benkyo, industry, application,
perseverance.
benri, convenience, suitableness.
benri no yoi; benri (na),
convenient, suitable.
BUR
benri no warui, inconvenient,
unsuitable.
berabo (-me), a villain, rogue.
besso, villa. [laHty.
betsu, a difference, dissimi-
betsudan no, special.
betsu ni, differently, especially.
betsu no, different, not alike.
betto, groom.
bifu-teki, beefsteak. [" beer."
biiru, beer (corruption of
bijin, a beauty (woman).
bimbo, indigence, want. [want.
bimbo na, needy, indigent, in
bin, bottle.
birodo, velvet.
bo, a cudgel, club, stick.
boeki, business, commerce.
boenkyo, telescope.
bon, tray, salver.
bon-yari, weariness, (ennui).
bon yari shita, stupid (dazed).
boshi, hat, cap.
botan, button.
botan no ana, buttonhole.
botetsu, rod-iron.
buchi taosu, to fell, prostrate.
buchoho, clumsiness (gaucher-
buchoho na, clumsy. [ie.)
budo, grapes.
budo-shu, wine.
buki, weapon.
bummei, civilisation, refine-
ment of manners, dc.
bummei na, enlightened, civi-
lised, cultured. [deal out.
bumpai suru, (irr.) to allot,
bun, a part.
burei, discourtesy, incivility.
burei na, impertinent, rude,
vulgar.
132
BUS
busho, (na), lazy, slovenly.
buta, pig.
buta no niku, pork.
butsu, to thrash, hit.
byo, tack (small nail).
byoki, a disease.
byoki (na), ill, sick.
byonin, asickperson, apatient.
tlha, tea.
cha-ba-take, tea-plantation.
chabukuro, tea-chest.
cba-ire, tea-caddy.
chakusuru (mt.), to arrive.
cha-nomi-jawan, tea-cup.
chanto, quietly.
chanto shita, quiet.
cha-saji, teaspoon.
chashi, tea-grower.
cha-shonin, tea-dealer.
chawan, tea-cup, basin.
cha wo ireru, to make tea.
cha-ya, tea-house.
chi blood.
chi ga deru, to bleed (intr.).
chichi, a father.
chichi, milk.
chie, wisdom., sagacity.
chigai, an error, difference.
chigau, to be mistaken.
chiisai ; chiisa na, small.
chikagoro, of late, recently.
chikai, near.
chikai uchi, soon.
chikara, strength.
chikaro wo tsukusu, to strive
earnestly, try hard.
chikazuki, a near friend ;
friend si dp. [brute.
chikusho, a (lower) animal, a
chinsen, fare (charge).
DAI
chiri, dust.
chizu, a map.
cho, butterfly. [120 yds.)
cho, a measure of length (about
cho, a million.
choai, love.
choai sum, to love.
chobatsu, punishment.
chobatsu suru, to punish.
chochaku su.Tu(irr.), to thrash.
chochin, lantern.
chodo, exactly, just.
choho, usefulness, convenience.
choho na, useful, convenient.
chokki, waistcoat.
cho tsugai, a hinge, joint.
chozu-bachi ; chozu-darai, a
wash-hand basin.
chiii, helpfulness, care.
chui suru, to pay attention.
chumon, a command, an order
(at a shop, dbc.) . [stoppage.
chushi, a discontinuance, a
chushin, centre.
Dai (in compounds), large,
great, very.
dai, table.
dai, a generation, reign.
Dai-Buritania, Great Britain.
daibu, a large quantity, much.
daichi, the floor, ground.
dai-cho, ledger.
dai-dokoro, a kitchen.
daidzu, haricot-beans.
dai-gennin, lawyer.
daigen-nin, attorney, [place.
dai ichi ni, firstly, in the first
daiji, importance. [quence.
daiji na, important, of conse-
daiji ni suru, to tend carefully.
133
DAI
daikai, the open sea.
daiku, joiner, carpenter.
dairi-nin, agent. [fond.
dai suki, liking much, very
dajaku (na), idle.
damaru, to be silent.
damasu, to cheat. [tion.
dampan, consultation, delibera-
dan, a step, pace.
dan-dan, gradually. [sel.
dangi, oration, sermon ; coun-
dango, consultation.
dango sum, to take counsel.
danjiru (2), to consult.
danki, warmth, heat.
danna, a master.
darake, covered, smeared with.
dasu, to place outside, take out.
de-au, to meet, come across.
de-guchi, an outlet, way out.
de kakeru, to go forth, go out.
de-kakeru (2), to set out, start
dempo, telegram. [away.
denki, electricity.
denki-to, electric light.
denshin - kyoku, telegraph-
office.
denwa, telephone. [out.
deru (2), to issue forth, come
de shabaru, to jut out (intr.).
deshi, student, pupil.
do, an occasion, a time, as
ichi-do, once,
do, how ?
do de mo, anyhow.
dobu, ditch.
dobutsu, animal.
dochi ? or dochira ? where ?
dogu, utensil.
dogu-ya, a second-hand store ;
a keeper of second-hand
goods.
ENZ
Doitsu, Germany.
Doitsu-jin, a German.
Doitsu no, German (adj.).
doko ? where ?
dokoera ? whereabouts ?
doko kara ? whence ?
doko made ? how far 1
doku, poison. [some.
doku ni naru, to be unwhole-
domburi, basin {small).
donata ? who ?
dono? which? (adj.).
dono kurai ? how much ?
dore? which? (pron.).
dore-dake ? what amount /
dorobo, thief.
dosuru (wr.), to be agitated.
dote, slope, embankment.
doyobi, Saturday.
E, picture, sketch.
e, handle (of tool).
eda, a bough, branch.
efu, label (tag).
egaku, to paint (pictures).
Eigo, English (language).
Ei (koku), England.
ekaki, an artist, painter.
eki-cbo, station-master.
eki-fu, railway -porter.
empitsu, pencil, crayon.
empo, at a great distance.
empo na, far away, distant.
engin-mame, French-beans.
ennichi, a fair ; festive day.
enryo, bashful, diffident.
enryo suru, to be bashful,
diffident.
ensoku, picnic, excursion.
enzetsu, oration, lecture.
enzetsu suru, to make a speech,
lecture.
134
ERA
erabu, to select.
eru, to choose.
eshaku, bow ; apology.
eshaku wo suru, to bow; to
apologise.
[ignorant of.
Fu-annai, unacquainted with,
fuben, inconvenience.
fuben na, inconvenient.
fuda, ticket. [usual.
fudan no, general, common,
fuda wo tsukeru, to label, [ing.
fude, pen.
fueru (2), to increase (intr.).
fujin, a lady.
fukai, deep.
fuku, to wipe.
fukumu, to enclose within,
to include, to contain.
fukuro, a bag.
fumi-hazusu, to stagger,
stumble. [ness.
fu-mimochi, evil, vice, wicked-
fumi-shiroeru, to walk firmly.
fumu, to step on. [minute.
fun, fraction ; tenth part ; a
funadzunii-shosho, bill-of-lad-
funa-watashi,/6rn/. [ing
fune, ship, boat (any kind).
funinjo, unkindness, harsh
treatment.
furaneru shatsu, flannel-shirt.
Furansu, France.
Furansu-jin, Frenchman.
Furansu no, French {adj.).
fureru (2), to touch, [of snow.
furi, a downpour of rain; fall
furi, demeanour ; gait.
furo, bath.
furu, to wave, brandish.
furueru (2), to shake, tremble.
GEN
furui, old (used of things only).
furukusai, stale.
furute, second-floor.
furuu, to shake (tr.).
fusagaru, to be full up,
obstructed. [bed.
fuseru (2), to recline, retire to
fusetsu, report (rumour).
fu-shi-awase na, sad,unhappy.
fushigi na, miraculous,
strange, curious.
fushin, doubt.
fushin, erection, building.
fushin ni omou, to doubt.
fu-shinsetsu(na),cn^Z,wn&md.
fushochi, objection, dissent.
fushochi wo iu, to object, [tr.
fusuru, to submit, surrender
futo, all at once, suddenly ;
accidentally.
futotta, stout, obese.
futsu (no), common, general.
fuyasu, to augment (tr.).
fuyu, winter. [absent.
fuzai, away from home,
Gakko, college, school,
gakkwa, subject of study,
branch of learning pursued.
gaku, learning, science.
gakumon, study, application.
gakurnon suru, to study.
gakusha, savant, learned man.
gakutai, band (of musicians).
gamau, patience.
gaman suru, to be patient.
garasu, glass.
gehin (na), low (vulgar).
gejo, a female servant.
genan, a male servant.
gen -in, origin, source.
135
GEN
gen kin, cash, ready money.
genkwa (n), porch, entrance.
genron, discussion, speech.
genzai, now, at present.
geppu, monthly instalment.
geshiku-ya, boarding-house.
getsuyobi, Monday.
gimu, obligation, duty.
gin, silver.
ginen, suspicion, doubt.
ginko, bank (for money).
ginko no shinyo-hosho-jo,
letter of credit.
ginko-sha, banker.
ginko shihei, bank-note.
gin-zaiku, silverware.
giron, argument.
giyaman, glass (noun),
go, Jive.
gochiso, a feast.
gogo, afternoon.
go-gwatsu, May (month).
gohan, food ; rice.
gohon-ginko, jointstock bank.
go-ju, fifty.
goke, widow.
goku, extremely, very.
gozen, forenoon.
gu, stupid, dull.
gujin, blockhead, dull person.
gurai, roughly, approximately.
gururi, around.
gutto, suddenly.
gwaikoku, abroad, foreign
parts.
gwaikoku-jin, foreigner.
gwaikoku no, foreign.
gwaito, great coat, surtout.
gyo, occupation, work.
gyosha, driver of a carriage.
gyu (-niku), beef.
HAN
Ha, leaf (of plant), [toothache.
ha, tooth ; ha ga itai, I have
haba, width.
haba no hiroi, wide. [fear.
habakaru, to be ashamed ; to
habikoru, to spread (intr.).
hachi, bee ; wasp.
hachi, eight.
hachi-gwatsu, August.
hachi-ju, eighty.
haeru (2), to grow (intr.).
hagaki, post-card.
hagane, steel.
hai, a fly (insect).
hairi kuchi, entrance, way in.
hairu, to enter.
haitatsu nin, postman.
hai-to-kin, dividend (onshares).
haji, the end, edge, ledge of
any object.
hajimari, the commencement.
hajimaru, to commence (intr.).
hajimeru (2)^0 commence (tr.).
hakujo suru, to acknowledge
(confess).
hako, a box.
hakobu, to carry, convey.
haku, to sweep.
hakurai, brought from abroad.
hakurai-hin, an imported
han, meal (food), rice, [article.
hana, flower ; blossom,
hsaia-iuki^ocket-handkerchief.
hanahadashii, extreme, ex-
hana-ike, flower-vase, [cessive.
hana-muko, bridegroom.
hana-yome, bride.
hana, nose.
hanashi, story, tale.
hanasu, to tell, say, speak.
hane, feather ; wing.
136
HAR
hara, a moor.
harai, a payment.
harai-nin, payer (of money-
order, d'C.).
hara-obi, saddle-girth, [temper.
hara wo tateru, to get into a
hari, pin; needle.
hasami, scissors.
hasan-nin, a bankrupt.
hashi, a bridge.
hashiru, to run.
hataraku, to work.
hateru (2), to finish, end(intr.).
hato, pigeon.
hau, to creep.
hayai, early, soon; quick.
haya-tsukegi, a match (for
hei, hedge, fence. [striking.
heishi, soldier.
heizei (no), usual, common.
hen na, curious, strange.
hen, vicinity, locality.
henji, a reply.
henkyaku suru, to repay.
hento, a reply.
hento suru, to reply. [tr.)
hsrasu, to lessen, make smaller
heru, to lessen, grow smaller
hi, the sun ; a day. [intr.)
hi no de, sunrise.
hi no iri, sunset.
hi, fire.
hidoi, severe, unkind.
hidoi me ni awaseru, to treat
higashi, east. [unkindly.
hige, the beard.
hiji, elbow. [di?iary.
hijo (na), uncommon, extraor-
hikaru, to sparkle, shine.
hiki-fuda, advertisement, notice
(circular, dc).
HOB
I hikkuri-kaesu, to overturn*
upset.
hlkvLj to draw, pull, drag.
hikui, low (not lofty).
hima, interval, spare time.
hima wo yaru, to send awayr
dismiss.
himo, lace (of boot).
hineru, to twist (tr.).
hinko, behaviour.
hinko no ii, well-behavedT
moral, upright.
hinoshi, (smoothing -)iron.
hin-shitsu, quality (of goods).
hirattai, flat.
hira-ya, bungalow (one storied-
house).
hiroi, broad.
hiromaru, to spread (intr.).
hiromeru (2), to spread (tr.).
hirou, to pick up, find.
hiru (2), to dry (intr.).
hiru, noon ; daytime.
hiru sugi, afternoon.
hisashii, long (of time).
hissori to, tranquil ; deserted.
hisuru (irr.), to compare.
hitai, brow, forehead.
hito, person, human being.
hito me, public notice.
hito-sashi-yubi, fore-finger.
hitsuji no choppu, mutton chop.
hitsuji no niku, mutton.
hitsuyo (na), indispensable.
hiya, cold.
hiyori, the weather.
hiza, knee.
hizuke, date (time).
ho, a law, custom, rule.
ho, cheeks.
hobo, everywhere, on all sides.
HOC
hocho, knife.
hoeru (2), to bark.
hoken-ryo, premium of insur-
hoko, fork. [ance.
homae sen, sailing -ship
home, praise.
homeru (2), to praise.
hon, true ; quite (generally used
hone, a bone, [with the affix no)
hono, aflame.
honto, truth.
hon-ya, bookshop ; bookseller.
hon-yaku, translation.
hon-yaku suru, to translate.
hori, canal, ditch.
horo, hood (of jinrikisha).
horobiru (2), to be ruined.
horobosu, to ruin or overthrow.
horu, to dig ; to carve.
horu, to throw.
hoshii, wishful, desirous.
hosho-nin, guarantee (person).
hosho-ryo, guarantee (money).
hosoi, fine (slender).
hosoi, narrow.
hoso-nagai, slim, slender.
hossuru (irr.), to wish.
hosu, to dry (tr.).
hotondo, almost, nearly (with
hoy u, friend, [n eg.), scarcely.
hozu, termination; limit.
hyakiisho, a farmer ; rustic,
countryman.
hyoban, report, rumour.
hyoban wo suru, to gossip.
Ichiban-yoi, first-rate.
ichigo, strawberry.
ie, house.
ie no uchi, indoors.
Igirisu, England.
137
ITS
Igirisu-jin, Englishman.
Igirisu no, English.
ii-wake, an excuse.
ijiru, to interfere, annoy.
ikioi, strength, power, force.
ikiru (2), to live.
ima, now. [time.
ima ni itatte, by now, by this
ima-imashii, unpleasant, dis-
agreeable.
imashimeru (2), to find fault
imo, potato. [with; warn.
inaka, country (as op p. to
inki-tsubo, inkstand. [toiv?i.
inochi, life.
inshi, postage-stamp.
inu, dog. [versa I.
ippan (no), widespread, uni-
ireru (2), to insert; to make
tea.
iri-kunda, intricate, involved.
iro, colour.
iro-iro (no), all kinds.
ironna, various ; every kind.
iru, to enter.
iru (2), to shoot.
irui, clothing, apparel.
isha, doctor (medical).
ishi, stone (n.).
ishi-bei, stone wall.
isogashii, occupied, busy.
isogu, to hurry.
issakujitsu, the day before
isu, chair. [yesterday.
itai, painful (physically).
itameru (2), to cause pain, to
hurt (physically).
itami, pain (phys.).
ito, a string, thread, filament.
itou, to avoid, to shim.
itsuwari, a falsehood.
138
IWA
iwashi, sardines.
iyagaru, to hate, dislike.
iye-nushi, landlord (of house).
izumi, spring of water ; foun-
tain.
Jama, hindrance, obstruction.
jama suru, to interfere.
jami, jam (preserves).
ji, earth, ground.
ji, hour, time.
jibiki, dictionary.
jihaku suru, to confess, to own.
jijitsu, a fact.
jiki (ni), immediately.
jimen, a plot of land.
jin, human being, person.
jinka, a house for human beings.
ji-nushi, landlord (ground-).
jinryoku suru (irr.), to do one's
best, try earnestly.
jisuru (irr.), to refuse.
jitensha, bicycle.
jitsu, truth.
jitsu no, true.
jiyu, liberty, freedom.
jiyu na, free.
jo, a lock (fastening).
jo wo orosu, to lock, [robust.
jobu (na), firm,, strong;
jobukuro, an envelope.
jodan, droll story, joke.
jodan wo iu, to joke,
joki, vapour, steam.
jokisen, steam-vessel.
jokisha, railway.
jomae, lock (on box, door, Sc).
j 6mae-ya, locksmith.
jorei ni hansoku suru, to
infringe (regulations).
jozu (na), clever, skilful.
juban, shirt.
KAK
jubun, quite ; ample, sufficient.
ju-gwatsu, October.
ju-ichi-gwatsu, November.
jukazei, ad valorem duty.
juku shita, ripe (of fruit).
juku tetsu, wrought-iron.
jumoku, tree.
ju-ni-gwatsu, December.
jungo, order, turn, sequence.
junsa, policeman.
junsui n&,pure (unadulterated).
jurai, up to the present,
[hitherto.
Kaban, portmanteau.
kabe, a mud wall.
kabeji, cabbage.
kabu, turnip.
kado, corner ; gate.
kado-guchi, gateway.
kaeru, to return, go away (intr.)
kaeru (2), to change, exchange
(tr.). [(tr.).
kaesu, to return, give back
kagami, looking-glass.
kage, shadow, reflection ;
kagi, key. [influence.
kagi-hana, keyhole.
kahe, coffee.
kai, a shell. [facing sea).
kaigan-dori, Bund (street
kaijo-hoken, marine insurance.
kaijo-no, marine (adj.)
kaimono, a purchase, something
kakamono, hardware, [bought.
kakaru, to hang (intr.).
kakato, the heel. [ fragment.
kake, a portion broken off,
kake-au, to arrange about,
bargain, discuss.
kakeru (2), to run; to hang
(tr.) ; to put.
139
KAK
kaki-tsuke, note, account,
memorandum.
kaku, to write.
kakureru (2), to hide (intr.).
kakiishi, pocket.
kakusu, to hide (tr.).
kaku-zato, loaf-sugar.
kami, hair of head ; kami-
yui, hair-dresser.
kami, above, upper.
kami, paper.
kami-ire, pocket-book.
kami-maki-tabako, cigarette.
kampeki, natural disposition;
kamu, to bite. [temper.
kanadzuchi, hammer.
kanadzu chide utsu, to hammer.
kanarazu, without doubt,
certainly.
kanau, to agree, correspond
with ; to succeed.
kane, money ; metal.
kane-ire, purse.
kane-mochi,a wealthy man.
kane, bell.
kaneru (2), to be unable.
kangae, deliberation, thought ;
intention.
kangaeru (2), to consider,
deliberate upon.
kanjo-bi, fay -day.
kanjo, bill, note (account).
kannin, patience.
kannin suru, to have patience.
kanshaku-mochi, irritable,
easily angered.
kanshin, amazement, wonder ;
admiration.
kanshin suru, to wonder at ;
kanzashi, hair-inn. [admire.
kao, the countenance, face.
KAW
| kara, a collar.
1 kara (na), empty, void.
j karada body (of any living
| karashi, mustard. [being.
karasu-mugi, oats.
karei, plaice (fish).
kari-nushi, debtor.
kariru (2), to hire; to borrow.
kari suru, to hunt; to shoot.
karui, light (not heavy).
karuko, a light porter.
kasa, parasol, umbrella, broad
sun-hat.
kasa, amount, quantity.
kasabatta, bulky.
kasanaru, to be repeated; to
be heaped up. [up.
kasaneru (2), to repeat, heap
kashi-kin, a loan.
kashira, the head, chief; a
kashi (wa), oak-tree, [superior.
kassai, encouragement,
applause.
kasu, to lend, let (on hire).
kata, shoulder.
katachi, /brw, shape.
kata-gata, simultaneously, at
the same time as.
katai, firm, stiff, hard ; honest,
strict, severe.
kato, plebeian; third class (on
railway, dc).
katsu, to win, vanquish.
katte, will, choice ; conve-
nience; kitchen.
kau, to buy.
kawa, hide (skin).
kawa, bark, rind, skin, peel ;
leather.
kawaite iru, to be dry.
kawaku, to dry, get dry.
140
. KAW
kawaru, to change (intr.).
kawase tegata, draft, bill of
exchange.
kayou, to go to and fro ; to
kazari, an ornament, [attend.
kazariya, jeweller.
kaze, the wind.
kaze wo hiku, to take cold.
kazoeru (2), to reckon, count.
kazu, a 7iumber.
kazu-ji, figure (number) .
ke, a hair {human) ; wool.
kega, a cut, wound.
kega suru, to be wounded, to
injure one's self.
keiko, practice.
keiko wo suru, to practise.
keikwaku, design, intention.
keisatsusho, police-station.
keisatsukwan, police-officer.
kekko (na), magnificent.
kekomi, seat (of jinrikisha) .
kembun suru, to inspect.
kemmaku, the face, features.
kemuri, smoke.
kenkwa, a dispute, quarrel.
kenkwa suru, to quarrel.
kenkyu, enquiry, research.
kenkyu suru, to enquire into,
investigate.
kennon, peril, danger, [gerous.
kennon na, perilous, dan-
kenri, privilege, right.
kensa-nin, inspector.
keru (2), to kick; to outstrip.
kesa, this morning.
keshikaran, ridiculous, absurd.
kesshite, undoubtedly, cer-
tainly (with ncg.) never.
kessuru (irr.) to decide.
kesu, to extinguish.
KIR
ketto, rug, blanket.
ki, tree ; wood (the substance).
kibisho, teapot.
kibo, a wish, desire.
kibo suru, to request, desire.
kibun ga warui, to feel ill.
kido, small door, wicket.
ki iroi, yellow.
kiito, silk (raw).
kikai, a machine.
kikaseru (2), to inform.
kiki ni yaru, to send to
enquire.
kiki-tsukeru, to notice, observe.
kiko, temperature; climate.
kiku, to pay heed, hear. [hear.
kiku-gurushii, disagreeable (to
kimaru, to be fixed.
kimeru (2), to decide, fix.
kimi, feelings.
kimi ga warui, to feel ill;
to be frightened, [on clothes.
kimono wo kiru, to dress, put
kin, gold, money.
kin, pound (weight.)
kinchaku, purse.
kinjiru (2), to prohibit.
kinki, joy.
kino, yesterday.
ki no kiita, to be sharp-witted,
ki no mi, berry ; a fruit.
kinsatsu, paper money.
kinsen; kinsu, money.
kinu, silk.
kinu-ito, silk thread.
kin-yobi, Friday.
ki-o (no), former, of old, past.
kippu, ticket.
kippu no uridokoro, booking-
office, [aversion to.
kirau, to detest, have an
141
KIR
kirei (na), clean ; neat ; pretty.
kireru (2), to cut, snap (intr.).*
kiri, fog.
kiru, to cut ; to kill.
kirn (2), to wear, to don.
kiseru, pipe {smoking).
, kisha no ni-guruma, luggage-
van (on railway) .
kita, north.
kitai (na), odd, curious.
"kitanai; kitanarashii, dirty.
kitte, stamp, ticket.
kitto, without fail, positively.
Id wo tsiikeru, to pay attention.
ki-yo (na), skilful, clever.
kizn, damage (injury).
kizukai, anxiety.
kobe, the head.
koboshi, slop-basin.
kobosu, to spill (tr.).
kobune, boat.
kochi ; kochira, here.
kodai (na), immense, huge.
kodan, a lecture.
koe, the voice.
koe wo kakeru, to cry out.
ko gatana, penknife,
kogitte, cheque.
kogoto wo iu, to scold.
kohei (na), equitable, fair.
koi, firm-, strong ; thick (of
ko-ishi, a small stone. [liquids).
kojiki, beggar.
koko, here.
kokoku, an advertisement.
kokoro-mochi, the feelings.
kokoro-zuku, to observe.
kokwai, regret, remorse.
kokwai suru, to regret.
* As in " this wood cuts easily-
moire frequent in Japanese than in
KOT
komakai ; komaka (na), small,
komaka ni, in detail, [minute.
komati, conceit, pride.
koman na, conceited, p>rotid.
koniaru, to be nonplussed, in
komban, to-night. [a fix.
komeru (2), to cram into.
komori, nurse, governess.
komoru, to be enclosed, shut in.
kon, deep blue.
kona, flour, fine powder.
konaida, a short time ago,
recently.
kondate, menu, bill of fare.
konnichi, to-day.
kono, this (adj.). [after.
kono nochi, henceforth, here-
konomu, to be fond of, to like.
koppu, glass, tumbler.
koraeru, to bear, support,
endure.
kore-furaoru, cauliflower.
kori, ice.
korobasu, to roll (tr.),
korobu, to roll (intr.) ; to fall
korosu, to kill. [down.
koru, to freeze (intr.).
koseki, ment, efficiency.
koseki no aru, efficient.
koshi wo kakeru, to sit down.
koshiraeru (2), to prepare.
kosho, pepper.
kosho wo iu, to object.
koshu, the public.
kosui, a lake.
kosuru, to rub.
kotae, answer, reply.
kotaeru (2), to reply.
kotoba wo kaesu, to retort.
" Such constructions are much
English.
142
KOT
kotogotoku, completely, all
kotoshi, this year. [(adv.).
kotowari, a denial ; an excuse.
kotowaru, to refuse, make an
kotozuke, a message, [excuse.
ko-uri, retail.
ko-ushi-no-niku, veal.
kowagaru, to be alarmed,
afraid.
kowai, afraid ; frightful.
kowareru (2), to break (intr.).
kowasu, to break (tr.).
ko-yubi, the little finger.
kubi, the neck.
kuchi, the mouth; an aperture.
kuchibue wo fuku, to whistle.
kuchi-fiiki, serviette, napkin.
kuchi-nuki, corkscrew.
kuchi-yakusoku, a verbal
kuchibiru, the lips, [promise.
kudaru, to descend.
kudoi, dull, tedious ; verbose.
kugi, a nail.
ku-gwatsu, September,
kuki, the air.
kumo, a cloud.
kura, saddle.
kurabu, club (society).
kurai, dark.
kurasa, darkness.
kureru (2), to give.
kuro, trouble (pains).
kuroi, black.
kuru (irreg.) to come.
kuru, to twist, wind up.
kuruma-ebi, lobster.
kurumu, cream.
kurushii, painful, in pain.
kiisa, herb, plant.
kiisai, evil-smelling.
kusari, a chain.
MAC
kusaru, to putrefy.
kusliami, a sneeze.
kushami wo sum, to sneeze.
kuski, comb.
kiisuri, medicine.
kusuri-ya, chemist (apothecary).
kutabireru (2), to become tired.
kutsu, boot, shoe.
kutsu-ya, boot-store; boot-,
kuu, to eat. [shoe-maker. m
kui-tsiiku, to bite (of animals).
kuwaera (2), to add.
kuwashii, exact, minute.
kwai, a society, association,
assembly.
kwaiin, member (of club, dc).
kwaikei-kata, cashier.
kwairaku, pleasure, joy.
kwaisha, Company.
kwaiwa, conversation.
kwan-in, an official. [cipal.
I kwanshu, head of firm, prin-
kwa-sai hoken, fire insurance.
kwayobi, Tuesday. [patron.
kyaku, customer ; guest ;
kyo, to-day.
kyoiku, education, [timeto-day.
kyo-ju, before to-night, some-
kyonen, last year, [religion).
kyoshi, a teacher ; minister (of
kyujitsu, a holiday.
kyukin, salary, wages.
kyu (na), sudden.
kyu na, urgent.
Ma, interval, space; a room.
mabushii, dazzling.
j machi, a street ; the commercial
part of a town .
! macbigai, a misunderstanding,
mistake.
MAC
machigau, to make a mistake.
machigatta, incorrect.
mada, still (at present) ; (with
neg.) not yet.
mado, window.
mado-kake, window -curtain.
mado no to, window-shutters.
mae, before, in front.
mae-kake, apron, pinafore.
mae kara, beforehand.
magaru, to bend (intr.).
magatte iru, to be bent,
contorted.
mageru (2), to bend (tr.).
mai-nen, yearly.
mainichi, daily.
majiwaru, to mix among,
associate ivith.
makanai-kata, steward (ships).
makeru (2), to lose ; to be van-
quished ; to yield.
maki, firewood.
maki-tabako, cigar.
makoto, truth.
makoto no, true.
makoto ni, positively, really.
makura, pillow.
mama, way, manner.
mamoru, to guard, keep watch.
maneku, to invite.
ma ni au, to arrive in time.
mannaka, the centre. [ment.
manzoku, satisfaction, content-
manzoku suru, to be contented.
mare ni, seldom..
mari, ball (toy).
maru de, quite.
marui, round, spherical.
massugu (na), straight.
masu, to augment (tr.).
masu-masu, more and more.
143
MIK
mata, again, (with neg.), no
matsu, to wait. [more.
mattaku, quite.
mawaru, to turn (intr.).
mawasu, to turn (tr.).
mazeru (2), to mix (tr.).
mazui, distasteful.
me, the eyes ; an open space.
me ni tsukanai, not to observe.
me no chikai, short-sighted .
me no tama, the eyeballs.
me wo mawasu, to swoon.
megane, spectacles.
mei, niece.
meigen suru, to state clearly.
meijiru (2), to order.
meiwaku, trouble, perplexity.
meiwaku suru, to be in trou-
ble, in a quandary.
mekata, weight.
mekura, blind.
mendo, trouble.
mendo na, troublesome.
men-sha, muslin.
messo (na), extravagant.
mezurashii, curious, amazing.
mi-ataru, to find.
mi-awaseru, to put off.
michi, a way, road.
mi-dasu, to discover.
mienaku naru, to become in-
visible, disappear, [to seem.
mieru (2), to appear, be visible,
migaku, to brush (boots); to
brighten (tr.).
migoto (na), beautiful, superb,
lovely. [sight).
migurushii, displeasing (to the
mi-harashi, prospect, view.
mijikai, short.
I mi-komu, to estimate.
144
MIM
raimi, ears (of the head).
mimi no toi, deaf.
minami, south,
minasliigo, orphan.
minato, port, harbour.
mi-otosu, to overlook.
mini (2), to look, regard, see.
mise, shop.
mise-saki, shop window, [sider.
nii-tomeru, to observe ; to con-
mizu, water (fresh — not salt —
and cold).
mizu-gwashi, fruit.
mo, still, yet, already, more ;
(with neg. verb), no more.
mo hitotsu, one more.
mochi-ageru, to lift.
mochiiru (2), to employ.
mochimono, possessions, effects.
moclii-nushi, owner, possessor.
mochiron, certainly (of course) .
modosu, to give back, return.
moegi, deep green.
moke, gains, profit.
mokuroku, a list, catalogue.
mokuteki, an object, purpose.
mokuyobi, Thursday.
momen, cotton.
mommo (na), ignorant.
momu, to rub ; to knead.
mon, gate.
mondai, a query, problem.
moppara, chiefly.
mon, wood (forest).
moshi-bun, an objection.
moshi-wake,anapology , excuse.
moshi-ukeru, to receive into
one's keeping, to take in
charge.
mosu, to say.
moto, source, cause.
MYO
motode, capital (money).
motomeru (2), to seek, askfo •
to obtain.
motsu, to hold, have, possess;
to last, wear (intr.).
motte iku, to carry off.
motte kuru, to bring (things).
moya, fog, mist.
moyo, a pattern.
muda (na), useless.
mugaku, ignorance. [rant.
mugaku na; mugaku no, igno-
mukaeru (2), to welcome ; to
send for ; to wed.
mukashi, ancient times, an-
tiquity.
muko, son-in-law ; bridegroom.
muku, pure, unadulterated;
mime, the breast. [solid.
mura, village.
murasaki, purple, lilac.
muri, unreasonable.
muryo, incalculable, un-
bounded, infinite.
musai (no), unmarried mant
bachelor.
musuko, son, boy.
musume, daughter, girl.
muyami (na), hair -brain eel ,
reckless.
muyami ni, recklessly.
muyo (no), futile, useless.
mu-zei, duty-free.
muzukashii, difficult.
myocho, to-morrow morning.
my 6 (na), marvellous, odd,
queer.
myo-nen, next year.
myogonichi, the day after
to-morrow.
myonichi, to-morrow.
NAB
Nabe, saucepan.
nabe-gane, cast-iron.
nadakai, noted, famous.
nakagai, broker.
nadameru (2), to pacify.
naderu (2), to stroke.
nagai, long. [fixedly.
nagameru (2), to regard
nagasa, length.
nageru (2), to cast, hurl.
naguru, to thrash, castigate.
nagusameru (2), to comfort,
console.
nai-nai, secret, private, [mate.
nakama, companion, crony,
naku, to sing ; to cry.
naku naru, to die.
nama, raw ; unmanufactured.
namae wo kaku, to sign.
nama-gawa, raw-hide.
nama-iki (na), vain, con-
namari, lead (metal), [ceited.
nameshi-gawa, tanned-hide.
naoru, to recover, get well
again; to amend, cure,
change.
nara, oak-tree.
narai, a custom, habit.
narasu, to ring (tr.).
narau, to learn.
narete iru, to be accustomed.
nari-kawaru, to replace.
naru, to ring (intr.) ; to
become; to ripen.
oashi, pear.
nasu, to do.
natsu, summer.
nawa, rope.
naze ? why ?
ne, cost, price.
ne-beki, deduction, discount.
145
NIM
nebeya, bedroom.
ne-biki, reduction (in price).
nedai, bed (European).
nedoko, bed (native).
negai, desire, request. [beg.
negau, to desire, supplicate,
negi, onion.
negiru, to bargain.
neji, screw.
neji-mawashi, screw-driver.
nejiru, to twist (tr.).
neko, cat.
nema, bedroom.
nempu, yearly instalment.
nemui, sleepy, weary.
neru (2), to sleep ; to retire,
nete iru, to be asleep, [go to bed.
netsubyo, fever.
nesshin, zeal, industry.
ne-uchi, cost, value.
nezumi, rat.
nezumi-iro, grey.
nichiyobi, Sunday.
nigai, bitter.
nigeru (2), to escape, runaway.
nigiru, to grasp. [sprightly.
nigiyaka (na), animated,
ni-gwatsu, February.
Ninon ; Nippon, Japan.
Nihon-go, the Japanese lan-
guage.
Nibon jin, a Japanese (person).
Nihon no, Japanese (adj.).
ni-kai, first-floor.
nikki, journal (diary).
niku, meat, flesh.
niku no shiru, gravy. [with.
niku-sashi, a fork for eating
niku-ya, butcher's shop;
butcher.
nimotsu, freight (goods).
L
146
NIN
ninjiu, carrot.
nioi, a smell, whiff', [water),
niru (2), to boil (Jood, not
nishi, west.
nishin, herring.
niwa, garden; courtyard.
nobasu, to elongate, stretch
(tr.)} to put off.
noberu (2), to relate; to give
an opinion.
nobe-tetsu, sheet-iron.
noboru, to ascend, climb.
nochi, after, afterwards.
nodo, the neck, throat.
nodo ga kawaku, to be thirsty .
nokosu, to leave behind.
nomi, only.
nomi narazu, not only.
nouiu, to drink.
nori, starch.
nori-ai basha, omnibus.
noru, toride(pn horseback, dc.) ;
to drive (i?i vehicle) ; to be
conveyed (by water).
nozomi, a desire, wish.
nozomu, to expect, look for-
nuguu, to wipe. [ward to.
nuibari, needle.
miimono, needlework.
nuku, to extract, withdraw.
nusumu, to rob.
mm, to sew.
nozoku, to peep.
Oba, aunt.
obasan, old lady ; grandma.
obi, belt, sash, girdle.
oboe-gaki, memorandum.
oboeru (2), to learn; to re-
member; to feel.
odayaka (na), tranquil, calm.
OMO
odokasu, to terrify.
odoru, to caper, dance.
ofuku-gippu, return-ticket.
6-hei, impertinence, insolence,,
haughtiness.
6i, numerous, plentiful.
oi, nephew.
oi-oi, gradually, little by little.
oishii, pleasant to eat, tasty.
oi-yaru, to drive away, repel.
03 i, uncle. [va-
ojiisan, old gentleman ; grand-
ojiru, to correspond, to answer ;
to suit.
oka, land (as opp. to water).
okashii ; okashi na, foolish,
laughable.
okiru (2), to get up, rise.
okisa, size.
okkakeru (2), to chase.
okonai, personal demeanour,
behaviour.
okoru, to become angry.
oku, to place ; to lay aside.
okuri-kin, remittance.
okuri-mono, a gift (to an
inferior).
okuru, to give ; despatch ;
accompany ; see off ; spend
omocha, toy. [time.
omoi, weighty; important.
omoi, thought; affection.
omoi no hoka, unexpectedly.
omoi-gake-nai, unexpected.
omonjiru (3), to hold in great
honour. [interesting.
omoshiroi, entertaining,
omoshirosa, • amusement, in-
terest, jollity.
omotai, weighty, ponderous.
omou, to think.
OMO
omoi-dasu, to call to mind,
recollect. [mind.
omoi-kiru, to make up one's
onioi-tatsu, to purpose, resolve,
omoi-yaru, to sympathise.
on, kindness. [gratitude.
on wo shiranai, to show in-
orai-dome, "no thoroughfare."
oreru (2), to break (intr.).
ori-ori, from time to time.
oriru (2), to descend.
oroshi, wholesale.
orishi-ya, wholesale-dealer.
orosu, to lower, let down.
oru, to break (tr.).
osameru (2), to pacify; to
govern, guide; to put on
one side. [how.
oshieru (2), to instruct, show
oshi-gami, blotting-paper.
oshimu, to grudge ; to regret.
osoi, late.
osoreru (2), to fear.
osoroshii, horrible, terrible.
osu, to push.
oto, sound, noise.
otona, an adult (person).
otoroeru, to become weak and
otosu, to omit. [feeble.
otosu, to let fall.
ototoi, the day before yesterday.
ototoshi, the year before last.
on, to chase. [(tr. and intr.).
owarn, to finish, terminate
oyobu, to reach (intr.).
oyogu, to swim.
ozei, a crowd.
Pan, bread. [baker.
pay-ya, a bakery, baker's shop;
penshiru, pencil.
147
SAI
Raida (na), idle.
rampu, lamp.
rampu no shin, lamp -wick.
rasha, woollen cloth.
reisu, lace (needlework).
renga, brick.
resslia, railway-train.
rettasu, lettuce.
rieki, gain, advantage.
ringo, apple.
rinjin, neighbour.
rippa (na), superb, magnificent.
rippuku, temper (anger).
rippukn sum, to get into a
temper.
ri-soku, interest (on money).
roka, passage, corridor.
roku-gwatsu, June.
ron, argument, opinion.
ronjiru (2), to argue.
roseki, marble (the stone).
rosoku, candle.
ryogae-ya, a money-changer's
shop ; a money-changer.
ryoji, consul.
ryoko, journey.
ry oko-hi , travelling-expenses.
ryoko sura, to travel.
ryori-nin, a cook.
ryori wo suru, to cook.
ryori-ya, restaurant.
Saba, mackerel.
sabishii, dull, lonely.
sadamaru, to be settled, fixed.
sadameru (2), to settle, to fix.
sagaru, to descend, to go away.
sagasu, to seek.
sai-chi, intelligence ; wisdom.
saiku, workma?ishi]h
sainyu, income.
148
SAI
saisho, the commencement,
beginning.
saisoku suru, to urge on,incite.
saiwai, prosperity, good luck.
saji, spoon.
sakan (na), prosperity.
sakan (ni), greatly.
sakana-ya, fishmonger.
.sakarau, to resist. [down.
sakasama, inverted, upside
sakate, tip (fee).
sakazuki, wineglass.
sake, rice-beer, alcoholic liquors
sake, salmon. [in general.
sakebu, to scream out, yell.
BSbki,i?i front, ahead; before (of
place) ; further.
saki-hodo, a short time ago;
previously.
saku, to bloom.
saku, to tear, rend (tr.).
sakura, cherry-tree.
samasu, to cool (tr.).
samatage, an impediment,
obstruction. [hinder.
samatage wo suru, to impede,
sameru (2), to cool (intr.) ;
to fade. [0 wn feelings) .
samui, cold (weather, or one's
samusa, coldness (degree of).
samushii, dull, solitary.
san-gwatsu, March.
san-kai, second- floor.
sao-tetsu, bar-iron.
sappari, quite ; (with neg.),
not at all.
sara, plate (dish).
sarado, salad.
saru, to leave (a place).
sasai, a trifle. [insignificant.
sasai na : sasai no, trifling,
SEN
sasayaku, to whisper.
sashi-hiku, to deduct. [ter).
sashimono-ya, joiner (carpen-
sasshiru (2), to guess.
sassoku, immediately.
sato, village.
sato, sugar.
satsu, a volume; paper money.
satsu-ire, pocket-book.
sawagasu, to stir up, disturb.
sawagi, a commotio?!, row.
sawaru, to touch; to strike or
collide with.
sazo, doubtless, indeed, surely.
sebone, backbone, spine.
sei, stature.
sei no hikui, short (in stature).
sei no takai, tall.
sei, manufacture, make (noun).
seibutsu, a living creature.
seigen,a boundary, limit.
seigen suru, to limit.
seiryoku, strength.
sei-shitsu, character, disposi-
tion, nature, bearing.
seisuru, to fabricate, manu-
facture.
sei-tetsu-jo, iron-foundry.
seizo-ba, manufactory.
seizon, existence.
seizon suru, to exist.
seizo-nin, manufacturer.
seji, flattery.
seki, cough.
seki ga deru, to cough.
sekitan, coal.
sekinin, liability.
sekken, thrift, economy.
semai, narrow ; limited; small.
senaka, back (of body) .
sendo, boatman.
149
SEN
senjitsu, the other day.
senkoku, a short time ago.
senro, a line of railway.
sentaku suru, to wash (gar-
seri, parsley. [ments).
seri-uri, auction.
setsu, a time, an occasion.
setsu, an opinion.
setsumei, an explanation.
setsumei suru, to explain.
sha, a society, company, firm.
shaberi, prattle, a prattler,
chatterer.
shaberu, to prattle, chatter.
shabon, soap.
sha-cho, guard (on train).
shain, partner (in a firm) ;
member (of a society).
sbakkin, a debt.
sbaku, afoot (measure).
shakuba-ya, livery -stable.
shakuri, hiccough.
shakuya-nin, tenant.
shakuyo-oboe, I.O.U.
shappo, hat, cap.
sharei, a fee, wages.
shashin, a photograph.
shashin-kyo, photographic in-
struments.
shashin-ya, photographer.
shatsu, shirt.
shiba, grass, turf.
shiba-ebi, shrimps.
shibaru, to tie, fasten.
shlclii-gwatsu, July.
shidzuka ni, slowly.
shiga, t/ie teeth.
sbigoku, extremely, very.
shi-gwatsu, April.
shihon, capital (funds).
sbiite, violently, urgently.
SHI
sbiiru, to incite; endeavour;
compel.
sbiju, continually.
shikaru, to reprove. [ less.
slrikashi-nagara, but, neverthc-
sbikkari, tight, firm.
sbikkari sbita, firm, immovable.
shikkei, rudeness, discourtesy.
sliikkei na, discourteous, rude.
shimbun, newspaper ; news.
sbimbun-ya, newspaper shop;
newsman.
shimeppoi, moist, damp.
shimeru (2), to close, fasten.
shimo, below.
sbimpai, anxiety, sorrow.
sbimpai suru, to be in sus-
pense, to be troubled.
shimpo, progress.
shimpo suru, to progress.
shin, the heart ; ivick.
shin (no), true, real, not
shin ni, really. [artificial.
Shina, China.
Shina-jin, Chinaman.
shina-gaki, list (catalogue).
shinchu, brass.
shindai, an estate, posses-
sion (property).
shindai -kagiri ni naru, to
become bankrupt.
shinjiru (2), to believe.
shinki (na), new.
shinri, truth.
sbinrui, relative, kinsman.
shinsetsu, kindness.
shinsetsu na, kind, [examine.
sbiraberu (2), to enquire into,
shirase, an announcement,
notice.
shiraseru (2), to inform.
150
SHI
shireta, self-evident.
shiroi, white.
sbiroi-jiban, white shirt.
shiromono , merchandise.
Bhirosa, ivhiteness.
shiro-uri, vegetable-marrow.
shira, to know.
shirushi, a symbol, sign, mark.
shisho, a teacher.
shita, the tongue.
shita, below.
shitagau, to obey, follow.
shita-jiban, under-shirt.
shitaku wo suru, to prepare.
slritashii, friendly, intimate.
shitate-ya, tailor.
shita-zara, saucer.
shitsumon, a question.
shitsurei, impertinence, inso-
shitsurei n&,impertinent, rude.
shiwaketcho, journal (ojfice
account-book.
shiwo-ire, salt-cellar.
sbizuka (na), quiet.
shizumu, to sink (intr).
shobai, business, trade.
shobun, punishment, treatment.
shochi, assent, consent, com-
prehension.
shochi suru, to consent.
shochu, spirits (liquor).
sho-gwatsu, January.
shojiki, honesty, integrity.
shojiki na, honest, upright.
shoji suru, (mt.) to possess.
shoken-inchi, revenue-stamp.
shoken suru, to read.
shokin, indemnity.
sboko, a proof, testimony.
shoko-nin, a witness.
SOR
shokubutsa, a plant.
shokuma, dining-room.
shokumotsu, food.
shokunin, an artificer, workman.
shomotsu, a book.
shonin, merchant, dealer.
shosei, student.
sbosen, merchant-vessel.
shosho, certificate.
shote, the beginning.
shotoku-zei, income-tax.
sboyu, sauce.
shui, meaning, intent i on. tenour.
shukan, a week.
shuki, a bad odour.
shusen, help, aid.
sbusen wo suru, to help, aid.
shusbi, intention, aim.
shusu, satin. \ture.
shuttatsu, setting out, depar-
sbuttatsu suru, to set out.
soba, alongside. [rate.
soba, the market price, current
sochi ; sochira, there.
soda-mizu, soda-water.
sode, sleeve.
sodo, a tumult, uproar.
so-kei, gross amount.
soken (na), robust, Ualwart,
sturdy.
sokonau, to ruin ; to fail.
so-mekata, gross weight.
someru (2), to dye.
sonaeru (2), to provide.
soppu, soup.
sora, the sky, the heavens.
sora-iro, azure blue.
sora-mame, broad-beans.
soroeru (2), to arrange, >et in
order. [without hurry.
soro-soro, slowly, leisurely,
SOR
soru, to shave.
soshi, magazine, journal.
sotai (no), whole.
soto, the outside, out of doors.
so to (na), fit, suitable.
sozen, tumult, row, uproar.
sozoshii, riotous, noisy.
su, vinegar.
suberu, to slide, slip.
sube-sube shita, smooth, even.
subete, all, altogether.
sue, the tip, end.
sueru (2), to place, set.
sugi, past, after.
sugiru (2), to exceed, [diately.
sugu ni; sugu to, imme-
suifu, sailor, seaman.
suiyobi, Wednesday.
sukkari, completely, quite ;
(ivith neg.), not at all.
sukoshi, a piece, a little.
suraai, a residence.
sumau, to dwell, reside.
sumasu, to finish, (tr).
sumi-kitta, pure {clear).
sump 6, dimensions.
suniu, to reside, live.
sumu, to conclude.
suna, sand.
suppai, sour.
suribi, match, lucifer.
suru. to do ; to make ; to rub.
surudoi, sharp.
susugu, to cleanse.
susumeru (2) , to incite ; recom-
mend; offer. [(intr.).
susumu, to go forward, advance
sdtensho, railway station.
suteru (2), to throw away.
suu. to such.
suzu, tin.
151
TAR
suzume, sparrow.
suzushii, fresh, cool.
Tabako, tobacco.
tabako-ire, tobacco- }>ouch.[(tr.)
tabako wo nomu, to smoke
tabemono, food.
taberu (2), to eat.
tabeye deru, to go on a journey.
tabi, journey.
tabi-bito, traveller.
tabi-tabi, frequently, often.
tachi-kaeru, to go back.
tada, only, simply.
tadaima, immediately.
tadashii, just, exact, correct.
tadasu, to investigate ; warn ;
correct. [bear.
taeru (2), to suffer, support,
taira (na), flat.
taisetsu, importance.
taisetsu na, important.
taiso, greatly, much, very.
taitei, generally, for the most
taiyo, the sun. [part.
takai, high ; loud ; costly, dear.
take, length, stature, [afire).
taku, to cook (lice) ; to light
tama, jewel, bead, ball.
tarn ago, egg.
tamesu, to taste ; to try.
tam-mono, piece-goods.
tamotsu, to keep (tr.).
tana, a shelf.
tana-oroshi hyo, inventory.
tana-ukesho, lease.
tanomu, to trust to, rely on;
apply to, ask ; hire ; engage.
tanoshimi, pleasure, joy.
tara, cod.
tarai, wash-basin.
152
TAR
taru, barrel, cask.
tashika (na), sure, positive.
tashika ni, certainly.
tashlkameru (2), to verify;
ascertain.
tassha na, healthy.
tasshiru (2), to reach, attain.
tasukeru (2), to aid', to save.
tataku, to knock.
tatamu, to heap up.
tate-fuda, notice-board.
tateru (2), to build; set up.
tatoeru (2), to compare.
tatsu, to rise, stand up; to
depart.
tazuneru (2), to enquire, ask;
to visit.
te, handle (of teapot, basket, dc).
te, hand ; arm ; handwriting.
te-arai, rough, violent.
teberu kake, tablecloth.
tebukuro, glove.
tegami, letter [correspondence).
tegami-no-kami, letter-paper.
tegarui, easy ; slight.
teinei (na), courteous.
tekito (na), suitable, fit.
ten, sky, heaven.
tenjo, ceiling.
tenki, the weather.
tenugui, towel.
teppo, gun.
teppo-kaji, gunsmith.
teppo no tsutsu, gun-barrel.
teppo wo utsu, to discharge
(a. weapon).
teru, to shine.
te-shoku, candlestick.
tetsu, iron.
tstsubin, kettle.
tetsudo, railway.
TON
tetsudau, to assist.
tetsudo- basha, tram, street-car.
tetsudo no ren-raku-eki,
junction (railway).
to, door.
tobu, to fly ; to jump.
tochaku, arrival.
tochaku suru, to arrive.
todana, cupboard.
todoku, to reach (intr.).
todomaru, to stop, stay (intr.).
todomeru (2), to stop (tr.).
toga, fault, blame.
togameru (2), to blame.
togatta, pointed (sharp).
togi-kawa, razor-strop.
tohomonai, unreasonable, ex-
tortionate.
toi, far, distant. [close (tr.),
tojiru (2), to bind (books) ; to
tokei, clock, watch.
tokeiya, watch-maker.
tokeru (2), to melt (intr).
toki, time.
toki-doki, often.
toki-ori, occasionally .
toki suru, to speculate (in
stocks, dc).
toki to shite, sometimes.
tokoro-gaki, a written address.
toku, to loosen ; to explain.
toku, advantage, profit.
toku, to melt (tr.).
tokui, customer.
tombi, a low Yokohama broker.
tome-bari, pin (for fastening
dress, dc).
to-megane, telescope.
tomeru (2), to stop (£r).
tomodacbi, friend, companion.
tonen, this year.
TOB
toraeru (2), to arrest, seize,
toru, to take.
tori ni iku, to go for.
tori ni kuru, to come for.
tori ni yaru, to send for.
tori-chigaeru, to confuse.
tori-isogu, to be in a hurry.
torikaeru, to exchange.
tori-motsu, to arrange.
tori-shiraberu, to enquire into.
to to, at last.
totte, handle (of a drawer).
tou, to ask.
tozen, fit , proper.
tsubo, ajar.
tsuchi yaki, earthenware.
tsue, stick, staff".
tsugu, to join (tr).; to follow.
tsuiyasu, to spend extrava-
gantly.
tsujiru (2), to comprehend; to
speak (a language).
tsukaeru (2), to serve.
tsukai, message ; messenger.
tsukamaeru (2), to catch.
tsukasadoru, to direct, control.
tsukau, to employ ; use.
tsukawasu, to send ; to give.
tsukegi, a match {for striking).
tsiike-mono, pickles.
tsukeru (2), to fix, affix ; add ;
set down in writing.
tsuki, the moon ; a month.
tsukiru (2), to come to an end,
to be exhausted.
tsuku, to push, shove.
tsuku-zuku, attentively, [less.
tsumaran (ai), trifling, worth-
tsumari,a£ last,in the long run.
tsumazuku, to trip, stumble.
tsumbo (no), deaf.
153
UMI
tsumeru (2) , to cram, stuff into.
tsumetai, cold (to the touch).
tsume-yoru, to draw near.
tsumi no nai, innocent.
tsumi suru, to punish.
tsumoru, to be piled up.
tsumu, to pick.
tsumuri, the head.
tsunagu, to fasten, tie up.
fcsunoru, to collect (tr,).
tsuri-ito, fishing-line.
tsuri-bari, fish-hook.
tsuri-zao, fishing-rod.
tsutsumi (-mono), parcel.
tsutsumu, to wrap up.
tsuyoi, strong.
Ubau, to rob, take by force.
uchi, the inside ; a house.
ncbi-guruma nojokisen,
screw-steamer.
ude, the arm.
udonko, meal, flour.
ueki, a (gardeii) plant.
ueki-bacbi, flower -pot.
ueki-ya, gardener.
ueru (2), to plant.
ugokasu, to move (tr).
ugoku, to move (intr.).
ukagau, to ask, enquire; visit;
listen to.
ukeru (2), to receive.
uketori, a receipt.
uketori-cbo, receipt-book.
uketori-kata, payee.
iima (pronounced 'm-ma), a
horse.
umai (pron. 'm-mai), tasty,
iimaya, stable. [agreeable.
ume (pron. 'm-meh), plum-
umi, the sea. [tree.
154
UMI
umi-be, the beach ; sea-shore.
umi-tate, fresh (of eggs), [office.
un, luck.
un no yoi, lucky.
un no warui, unlucky.
unjo, a tax, tariff.
unso-ten, [parcels) express
uragaeshi, inside- out.
uragaki, endorsement.
uragaki wo suru, to endorse.
ureshii, joyful.
uru, to sell. [beautiful.
uruwashii, lovely, charming,
ushi, bull, cow ; beef.
ushinau, to lose.
aso, falsehood, lie.
uso-tsuki, a liar.
uso wo iu, to lie, tell lies.
usu-akai,/wwZf (colour).
usu-gurai, dusk.
usui, light (in colour); thin (of
liquids) ; insufficient.
utau, to sing.
utsu, to hit, strike.
uttoshii, dull, overcast, cloudy.
uwa-gaki, address (on letter,
uwagi, coat, overcoat. [dc).
uwagutsu, a slipper.
uwo, a fish.
uwo wo tsuru, to angle.
Wa, wheel.
wabi, apology. [Lament.
wabiru (2), to apologise;
wakai, young.
wakari, understanding.
wakari no hayai, sharp,
quick-witted.
wakari-nikui, difficult to com,-
prehend. [hend.
wakari-yasui, easy to compre- |
YAO
wakaru, to comprehend.
ivakasu, to boil (water).
wake, cause, reason. [out.
wakeru (2), to share, portion
wakete, specially.
waku, to boil (intr.).
wan, bowl.
wara, straiv.
warai, laughter.
warau, to laugh.
wari-barai, instalment.
wari-bike wo suru, to discount.
warui, bad; ugly.
waruku iu, to blame.
wasureru (2), to forget, [pose.
waza to ; waza-waza, on pur-
Yabuku, to tear, rend (tr.).
yado, dwelling-place, hotel.
yagu, bedclothes.
yahari, also.
yakedo, a burn.
yakeru (2), to burn (intr).
yakimochi, jealously.
yaki-mono, earthenware.
yaki-pan, toast.
yaku, to burn (tr) ; to bake,
roast, toast.
yaku, usefulness ; service.
yaku jo, a contract.
yakujo suru, to make a contract.
yakunin, an official.
yakusha, actor. [promise.
yakusoku, an agreement; a
yakusoku suru, to agree ; to
promise.
yakwai, an evening party.
yama, hill, mountain.
yameru (2), to ]mt an end to.
yamome, widow.
yaoya, green-grocer.
YAH
yaru, to give ; to send.
yasai (-mono), vegetables.
yasashii, gentle; easy.
yaseru (2), to grow thin.
yaseta, thin.
yasete iru, to be thin.
yashoku (late) dinner ; supper.
yasui, easy; cheap.
yasumi-bi, a holiday.
yatoi-nin, employee.
yatou, to engage, hire.
yatte shimau, to give away.
yawarakai ; yawaraka na,
soft.
yo, the night; the world.
yo-ake, day-break.
yobi dasu, to summon.
yobi-kaesu, to recall.
yobo, precaution.
yobu, to call.
yohodo, a lot, plenty, very.
yoi, good ; handsome.
yoi (na), easy.
yoji, tooth-brush.
yokei, superfluity, (with neg.)
not very, not much.
yoki, the weather.
yomeru (2), to read (i?itr.).*
yomi-yasui, legible.
yomu, to read (tr.).
yo-naka, midnight.
yo ni iru, to become dark.
yoppite, all night long.
yorokobi, pleasure, joy.
yoiokobu, to rejoice.
Yoroppa, Europe.
yoroshii, good.
yoru, the night.
yoru, to rely; lean on;
155
YUS
yoru, to select ; to assemble.
yoseru (2), to collect (tr).
yoso, elsewliere.
yosu, to abstain from ; leave
off; omit ; put an end to.
yotte, for that reason, owing to
that.
yowai, weak.
yoyaku ; yoyo, at last; with
difficulty; barely.
yu, hot water ; a bath.
yube, yesterday evening.
yubi, toe ; finger.
yiibin, the post {for letters dc).
yubin kaiite, postage-stamp.
yubin-kawase, post-office-order.
yubin-kyoku, post office.
yubi-nuki, thimble.
yubin-zei, postage.
yue ni, therefore.
yugata, dusk ; evening.
yuge, steam.
yugen-sekinin-kwaiska, Lim-
ited Company.
yuka, the floor.
yuki, snow.
yukkuri, slowly ; leisurely
yukyo, pleasure.
yume, dream.
yume wo miru, to dream.
yumeshi, {late) dinner; supper.
yunyu shoshiki, import forms.
yureru (2), to shake {intr).
yurui, loose.
yurusu, to grant ; permit.
yushutsu, export {noun).
yushutsu menjo, export permit.
yushutsu shoshiki, export fo^m
or blank.
* As in " this poem reads well " (v. footnote, p. 141).
156
YUS
yushutsu suru, to export.
yuu, to do (bind up) the hair.
yuzu, lemon.
Zannen, regret (for own sake).
zannen-garu, to regret,
zappi, petty expenses.
zashiki, a room.
zasshi, magazine ; review,
zei, impost, tariff.
zeikwan, custom-hottse.
zen, virtue.
zeni, coppers; coin.
ZUT
zenryo (na), good, moral,
virtuous.
zokin, a duster.
zoku na, low, vulgar.
zonjiru (2), to know.
zonji-yori, an opinion.
zubon, trousers.
zuibun, much, a great deal ;
very ; pretty (adv).
zutsii, headache. [ache.
zutsu ga suru, to have head-
zutto, quite; straight; much,
a great deal.
157
English-Japanese.
NOTE. — Even in so short a Vocabulary as the following it has
occasionally been found impossible to supply exact
equivalents for the English words ; but those given will
prove to be generally intelligible throughout Japan.
ABL
Able (can), dekiru.
about (approximately), kurai
above, no ue. [(gurai) hodo.
absence, rusu.
absent, to be, rusu da ; inai.
absurd, bakarashii ; tonde-
monai.
accept, to, ukeru.
according to, ni yotte.
account (invoice, &c), kanjo.
acknowledge (admit), to,
shochi suru.
acknowledge (confess), to,
hakujo suru.
acquire (obtain), to, eru.
across, no muko ni.
add to, kuwaeru ; awaseru.
address (written), tokoro-gaki ;
(on envelope, &c), uwa-
gaki.
admit(allowto enter), to, ireru.
advance (go forward), to,
susumu. [suru.
advance (progress), to, shimpo
advantage, toku ; rieki.
advertisement, kokoku ; (in
newspaper) hiki-fuda.
afraid, kowai.
after, no nochi ni.
afternoon, hiru-sugi.
afterwards, nochi ni.
again, rnata.
agent, dairi-nin.
ARR
ago, mae.
air (atmosphere), kuki.
alive, to be, ikite iru.
all, nokorazu ; mina.
allow, to, yurusu.
almost, hotondo.
alone, hitori.
already, mohaya ; sude ni,
also, mo, yahari.
always, itsudemo.
America, America.
among, no uchi ni.
amuse one's-self, to, asobu.
amusing, omosldroi.
ancestor, senzo.
angry, to be, liar a wo tateru ;
rippuku suru.
another, hoka no ; md Mtotsii.
answer (noun), henji ; hento.
answer, to, hento suru; kotaeru.
anxious, to be, shimpai suru.
anybody, dare de mo.
anyhow, do demo.
anything, nan de mo.
any time, itsu de mo.
anywhere, doko de mo.
apple, ringo.
April, shi-gwatsu.
arm (of body), ude ; te.
around, no mawari ni.
arrange (put in order), to,
arrival, tochaku. [soroeru.
arrive, to, tochaku suru.
158
ART
article (object), shinamono.
artizan, shokunin.
ashamed, to be, haji wo kaku.
ashes, hai.
ask, to, kiku ; tou.
assist, to, tetsudau.
assistance, shusen.
at, ni.
attention, to pay, ki wo tsiikeru.
attorney (lawyer), daigen-nin.
attorney, "power of," dairi-
auction, seri-uri. \nin-jo.
August, hachi-gwatsu.
aunt, oba.
autumn, aki.
awkward, heta (na).
Baby, akambo.
back (of body), senaka.
bad, warui.
bag, filkuro.
baggage, nimotsu.
bake, to, yaku.
baker, pan-ya.
ball (toy), mari; tama.
bamboo, take.
band (musicians), gakutai.
bank (establishment), ginko.
banker, ginko-sha.
bank-note, ginko-shihei.
bankrupt, a, hasan-nin.
bankrupt, to become, shindai-
kagiri ni naru.
barber, kami-yui.
bargain, to, negiru.
bark (of tree), kawa.
bark, to, hoeru.
barrel (cask), taru.
barrel (gun), teppo no tsutsu.
basin (small), domburi.
basin (.slop-), koboshi.
BIL
basin (wash-), tarai.
bath furo.
bath-room, furo-ba.
bath-tub, furo-oke.
beach (sea), umibe ; hamabe,
beans, mame.
beans (broad), sora-mame.
beans (haricot), daidzu.
beans (French), engin-mame.
beard, hige. [utsu).
beat, to, butsu (more polite,
beautiful, kirei (na); utsilkushii;
because, kara. [migoto (na).
become, to, naru.
bed, nedai ; nedoko.
bed-clothes, futon ; yagu.
bedroom, nema; nebeya.
bee, hachi.
beef, ushi ; gyuniku.
beefsteak, bifu-teki.
beer, biiru.
before, saki ; no mae ni.
beggar, kojiki.
begin, to (/?'.), hajimeru.
begin, to (intr.), hajimaru.
behind, no ura ni; no ushiro ni.
believe, to, shinjiru; omou.
bell, kane.
below, sJiita.
belt (girdle), obi.
bend, to (tr.)t mageru.
bend, to (intr.), magaru.
beneath, no shita ni.
berth (on ship), ne-doko.
besides, no hoka ni.
between, o aida ni.
beyond, no muko ni ; no saki n i.
big, okii ; old (na).
bill (account), kanjo.
bill of exchange, kawase-tegata.
bill of fare, kondate.
BIL
bill-of -lading, funadzumi-
bird, tori. [shosho.
bit (small quantity), hire ;
silkoshi ; kake.
bite, to, kui-tsuku ; kcunu.
bitter, nigai.
black, kuroi.
blind, mekura (no).
blood, chi.
blotting-paper, oshi-gami.
blow, to, fiiku. [(no)'
blue, ai; aoi; asagi ; sora-iro
boarding-house, geshiku-ya.
boat, fune, kobune.
body, karada.
boil, to, (water), wakasu.
boil, to, (food), niru.
boiling water, ni-tatta yu.
bone, hone.
book, lion ; shomotsu.
booking-office, kippu no
uridokoro.
bookseller, hon-ya.
boot, kutsu.
borrow, to, karint.
both, dore mo ; ryoho.
bottle, tokkuri.
bottom, shita (no ltd).
bow, to, o jigi wo sum.
box, liako.
boy, musuko ; otoko no ko.
branch, eda.
brass, shinchu.
bread, pan.
break, to (tr.), kowasu; oru.
break, to (intr.), kowareru ;
breakfast, asa-han. [oreru.
brick, renga.
bride, (liana-) yome.
brk^groom, (liana-) muko.
bridge, hashi.
159
CAR
bridle, tazuna. [kuru.
bring, to, (an object), motte
bring, to (a person), tsurete
broad, hiroi. [kuru,
broker, n akagai ; (low Yoko-
hama broker, tombi).
bronze, karakane.
brother (elder), ani.
brother (younger), ototo.
brown, akai ; kuri-iro (no).
build, to, tateru.
building (edifice), tate-mono.
bulky, kasabatta.
Bund (street facing sea),
kaigan-dori. [hira-ya.
bungalow, (one-storied house),
business, shobai; yd ; ydinuki.
busy, isogashii.
butcher, niku-ya.
butter, bata.
button, botan.
button-hole, botan no ana.
buy, to, hau.
by, ni ; de.
Cabbage, kabeji.
cake, kwashi.
calculate, to, kanjo sum.
call, to, yobu.
call, to, (waken), okosu.
can (able), dekirn.
canal, hori.
candle, rosoku.
candlestick, te-shoku.
capital (funds), shihon; motode.
capital (city), miyako.
card playing), karuta.
card (visiting), nafuda\ meishi.
care, to take, ki wo tsukeru.
carpenter, daiku.
carpet, shiki-mono.
CAR
carriage, basha.
carry, to, liakobu. [kiri-dasu.
carve, to, (meat), niku wo
cash (money), genkin.
cashier, kwaikei-kata.
cat, neko.
catch, to, tsilkamaeru.
cauliflower, kore-furaoru.
cause, gen-in ; wake.
ceiling, tenjo.
certain, tashika (na).
certainly (without doubt),
certificate, shosho. [mochiron.
Chamber-of- Commerce,
Shogyo-kwaigi-sho.
chain, kusari.
chair, isn. [kaeru.
change, to, (tr.), kaeru; tori-
change, to, (intr.), kawaru.
change, (a), henkwa ; kawari ;
(money) tsuri.
character (nature), seishitsu. -
charge (price), nedan.
cheap, yasui.
cheat, to, damasu.
cheeks, hopeta ; ho. [ya.
chemist (apothecary), kusuri-
cheque (bank-), kogitte.
cherry-tree, sakura.
chest (of body), mune.
chicken, niwa-tori.
child, ko ; kodomo.
chin, ayo.
China, Shina ; Kara.
choose, to, erabu.
cigar, ha-maki (tabako).
cigarette, kami-maki-tabako.
circumstance, koto ; baai ;
kotoyara.
civilisation, bummei; kaikwa.
class (tirst),^^.
COO
class (second), chuto,
class (third), kato.
clean, kirei (na).
clever, riko (na).
climb, to, noboru.
clock, tokei.
cloth (woollen), rasha.
clothes, kimono ; ifuku.
cloud, kumo.
club (association), kurabu.
coal, sekitan.
coat, uwagi.
cod (-fish), tar a.
coffee, kahe ; kohi.
cold (of weather), samui; (to
the touch), tmmetai.
cold, to catch, kaze wo hiku.
collar, eri; (dog-), kubi-wa.
collect (tr.), yoseru; atsumeru.
collect (intr.), tamaru;
college, gakko. [atsnmaru.
colour, iro.
comb, kushi.
come, to, kuru.
come in, to, hairu.
common (ordinary), nami no.
company (firm), kwaisha ;
shokwai.
company (visitors), o-kyaku.
confusion, o-sawagi; konzat&u,
consent, to, shochi sum.
consul, ryoji.
consulate, ryoji-kwan.
consult, to, sodan suru.
contained, to be, haitte iru.
contented, to he,manzokusuru.
contract, to make a, yakujo
contract, a, yakujd. [suru.
convenient, tsugo no yoi ;
benri (na).
cool, suzushii.
161
COP
copper, akagane.
corkscrew, sen-nuki.
corn, mugi; ko-mugi.
corner, kado.
cotton, mom en.
cough, to, seki ga deru.
count, to, kazoeru. [inaka.
country (as opp. to town),
course, of, mochiron; motoyori.
cow, (me-)nshi.
cream, kuriimu.
creditor, kashi-nushi.
crooked, to be, magatte iru.
crowd, ozei.
cry, to, naku.
cucumber, ki-uri.
cup, chawan.
cupboard, todana.
curtain, mado-kake.
cushion, zabuton.
custom, shi-kitari ; fukoku.
customer, tokui; kyaku.
custom-house, zeikwan.
cut, to, kiru.
Daily, mainichi.
damage (injury), kizu.
damage (loss), son.
damp, shimeppoi.
dance, to, odoru. [abunai.
dangerous, kennon (na) ;
dark, kurai.
date, gwappi; hizuke; tsilki-hi.
daughter, musume.
dawn, yo-ake.
day, hi.
day after to-morrow, myogo-
nichi; (less polite), asatte.
day before yesterday, issakuji-
tsu ; (less polite), ototoi.
■day-time, hint,
Japanese Grammar Self-Tanght.
DOO
I dead; to be, shinde iru.
deaf, tsunbo (no).
deal in, to, akinai sum.
dear (expensive), takai.
debt, shakkin.
debtor, kari-nushi.
December, ju-ni-gwatsu.
decide, to, kimeru; kettei sum.
deduct, to, sashi-hiku.
deduction (price), ne-beki.
deep, fukai.
dentist, ha-isha.
depend, to, yoru; kivankei sum.
dictionary, jibiki ; jisho.
die, to, shinuru.
different, chigatta ; betsu (no).
difficult, muzukashii.
dig, to, horu.
dining-room, shokudo ;
shokuma. [meshi.
dinner (late), yushoku ; bam-
dirty, kitanai ; kitanarashii.
dirty, to, yosogu; dainasld ni
suru.
disappear, to, mienaku nam.
discount, wari-bike.
discount, to, wari-biki wo sunt.
discount (noun), wari-biki.
dish, ozara.
dislike, to, kirau.
dismiss, to, himawo yam.
dispose of (sell), to, uru.
distance, michi-nori; Hsu.
distant, empo (na) ; toi.
dividend (on shares),
hai-to-kin.
do, to, suru ; nasu ; itasu.
doctor, isha.
document, kaki-tsiike.
dog, inu.
door, to.
M
162
DOU
doubt (a), utagai ; ginen.
doubt, to, fushin ni omou ;
down, shita (ye). [utagau.
downstairs, slvita.
draft (bill), kawase-tegata.
draught (current of air),
sukima-kaze.
drawer, Mki-dashi.
drawing-room, kyakuma.
dream, to, yume wo mini.
drink, to, nomu.
drive (in a vehicle), noru.
driver, gyosha.
drop (globule), shizuku; teki.
drop, to, (tr.), otosu.
drop, to, (i?itr.), ochiru.
dry, to, (tr.), hosu.
dry, to be, kawaite iru.
duck, ahiru. [uttoshii.
dull (of weather), kumotta;
dust (which settles), gomi.
dust (raised by wind), hokori.
duster, zokin.
duty, (impost), zei.
duty, (obligation), gimu.
duty (ad valorem), jukazei.
duty-free, mu-zei.
dye, to, someru.
Ear, mind.
early, hayai.
earth, tsuchi.
earthenware, yaki-mono.
east, higashi.
easy, yasashii ; zona mo nai.
eat, to, taberu.
egg, tamago.
elbow, hiji.
electricity, clenki.
electric-light, denki-to.
employ (hire), to, yatou.
EYE
employee, yatoi-nin.
empty, kara (na).
end, owari ; shimai.
endorse, to, uragaki wo sunt.
endorsement, uragaki.
engage, to, tanomu ; (less
polite), yatou.
England, Igirisu ; Eikoku.
English (language), Igirisu
no kotoba ; Eigo.
enough, to be, tariru.
envelope, jo-bukuro.
Europe, Yoropjm; Seiyo.
even (adv.), sura ; sae ; de mo
even (smooth), taira (na).
evening, yugata ; ban.
everybody, dare de mo.
every day, mainicJd.
every time, maido.
everywhere, doko demo; hobo.
examine (enquire into), tada-
su ; aratameru ; shirabeni.
except, no hoka ni.
exchange, to, tori-kaeru.
exchange money, to, ryogae
sum.
expense, nyulii.
expense, uyuijo ; nyulii.
expenses, petty, zappi.
expenses, travelling, ryoko-hi.
explain, to, toki-akasu.
export (n.), yushutsu.
export form (blank), yushut-
su shoshiki.
export permit, yushutsu menjo.
export, to, yushutsu sunt.
express office (parcels),
unso-ten.
express (train), kyuko resha.
eye (organ of sight), me.
eye (of needle), medo.
FAO
Face, kao.
fail, to, sokonau ; hazureru.
fail, without, kitto ; machigai
naku. [kizetzu suru.
faint, to, me ivo mawasu;
fair, a, iclii ; ennichi.
fall, to, ochiru.
false, hontodenai; uso (no).
famous, nadakai.
far, toi ; empo (no).
fare (charge), chinsen.
farmer, hyakusho.
fashion, hayari ; ryoko.
fast (speedy), hayai.
fat, to be, futotte int.
feast, gochiso.
feather, hane.
February, ni-gwatsu.
feel, to, kanjiru; oboeru.
female, mesu.
festival, matsuri.
fetch, to, totte kuru.
fever, netsubyo.
figure (number), kazu-ji.
figure (form), katachi.
fill, to, ippai ni suru.
find, to, mi-ataru; mi-dasu ;
mi-tsukeru. [na).
fine (in quality) , yoi ; rippa
fine (slender), hosoi.
fine (minute), komaki.
fine (beautiful, etc.), kirei na.
finger, yubi.
finger (fore-), hito-sashi-yubi.
finger (middle-), naka-yuLi.
finger (ring-), kusuri-yubi.
finger (little-), ko-yubi.
finish, to, shimau.
fire (flame), hi.
fire (conflagration), kwaji.
fire insurance, kwa-sai hoken.
163
FRE
firewood, maki.
first-rate, ichiban yoi.
fish [for food (dead)] , sakana.
fish (alive), uwo.
fish-hook, tsuri-bari.
fishing-line, tsuri-ito.
fishing-rod, tsuri-zao.
fishmonger, sakana-ya.
fish, to, uwo wo tsuru ; (with
net), ami wo utsu.
flame, hi ; hono.
flat, taira (na) ; hirattai.
flesh, niku.
floor, yuka.
floor (first-), ni-kai.
floor (second-), san-kai.
floor (ground-), shita.
flour, kona ; udonko.
flow, to, nagareru.
flower, hana.
flower-pot, ueki-bachi.
flower-vase, hana-ike.
fly, to, tobu.
fly (insect), hai.
follow, to, tsuite iku.
food, tabemono ; shokumotsu.
foolish, bakarashii.
foolishness, bakageta koto.
foot, as/ii.
for, no tame ni.
forbid, to, kinjiru.
forehead, hUai.
foreign, gwaikoku (no).
foreigner, ijin; gwaikokujin.
forget, to, wasureru.
forgive, to, yurusu.
fork (for eating), niku-sashi.
fowl, tori.
France, FUransu ; FuUilkoku.
free, jiyu (na).
freight (goods), nimotsu.
164
FRE
Frenchman, Furansu-jin.
frequently, tabi-tabi.
fresh (of eggs), umi-tate. [na.
fresh (new) , atarashii ; sliinki
fresh (cool), suzushii.
Friday, kin-yobi.
friend, hoyu; tomodachi.
frightful, osoroshii.
from, yori ; kara.
front, omote.
fruit (growing), (ki no) mi.
fruit (for eating), mizu-
gwashi.
fry, to, ageru.
full, ippai (na)
funny, omoshiroi ; okashii.
furniture, kazai ; dogu.
Gain, to, mokeru.
gain [noun), moke.
game, a, asobi.
garden, niwa.
gardener, neki-ya.
gate, mon.
gateway, kado-guchi.
general (customary), ippan
no ; futsu no.
Germany, Doitsu.
get (receive), to, morau.
get in, to, hairu.
get out, to, deru.
get up, to, (rise), okiru.
girl, milsume; onna no ko.
give, to, yaru.
give away, to, yatte shimau.
give back, to, kaesu.
give in, to, makeru.
give up, to, (cease), yosu.
glad, ureshii.
glass (the substance),
giyaman.
GUN
glass (a), kopjnt.
glove, te-bukuro.
go, to, iku.
go away, to, itte shimau ;
kaeru.
go down, to, kudaru; oriru,
go in, to, hairu.
go out, to, deru.
go up, to, noboru.
gold, kin.
good, yoroshii; ii; you
good (to eat), Urnai.
goodbye, sayonara.
goods, shina-mono.
gradually, dan-dan.
grand (splendid), rippa (na).
grandchild, mago.
grandfather, ojiisan.
grandmother, obdsan.
grass (turf), shiba.
gravy, niku no shiru.
grease, abura.
Great Britain, Dai-Buritania.
green, midori; aoi; moegi.
green-grocer, yaoya.
greens (vegetables), aomono.
grey, hai-iro (no); nezumi-iro
(no).
grocer, tobutsu-ya.
groom, betto.
gross amount, so-kei.
gross -weight, so-mekata.
guarantee (person), hosho-nin.
guarantee (money), hosho-ryo.
guard, to, mamora.
guard (of train), sha-cho.
guest, kyaku.
guide, annai (no nono).
gun, teppo.
gunpowder, kwayaku.
gunsmith, teppo-kaji.
HAI
Hair, he ; (of the head), kami ;
kami no ke.
hairdresser, hami-yui.
hairpin, kanzashi.
half, han ; hambun.
hammer, kanadzuchi. [atsii.
hammer, to, kanadzuchi de
hand, te.
handkerchief, hankechi ;
hanafuki.
handle (of tool), e. [&c), te.
handle, (of teapot, basket,
handle (of a drawer), totte.
hang, to (tr.), tsuru; kakeru;
tsuri-ageru.
hang, to {intr.), kakaru.
hard (solid), katai.
hard (difficult), mudzukashii.
hardware, kanamono.
h&k, boshi; shappo.
have, to, motsu ; motte iru.
he, ano otoko ; ano Into.
head, atarna.
head (manager of a Company) ,
shihai-nin.
head (principal of firm),
kwanshu.
headache, zutsu.
healthy, tassha na.
hear, to, kiku.
heart, kokoro.
heat, danki ; atsiisa.
heat, to, atatameru.
heavy, omoi, omotai.
heel, kakato. [tetsudau.
help, to, sewa wo sunt;
hemp, asa.
hen, mendori.
here, koko ; kochi (ra).
herring, nishin.
hesitate, to, chu-chu sum.
165
HUR
hiccough, shakuri.
hide, to, kakusu.
hide, to, one's-self, kakureru.
hide (skin), kawa.
hide (raw-), nama-gawa.
hide (tanned-), nameshi-gawa,
high (of both height and
price), takai.
high, takai. [saka.
hill, yama ; (rise in road),
hinge, cho-tsugai.
hire, to (a servant), yatou.
hire, to (a house, &c), kariru.
hit, to, butsu.
hitherto, koremade; imamade.
hold, to, (retain, possess)
motsu; te ni motsu.
hold, to, (contain), hairu.
hole, ana.
holiday, kyujitsu ; yasumi-bi.
home, uchi (dwelling) ; kuni,
honest, shojiki (na). [country,
horse, uma (pron., 'm-ma),
hospital, byoin.
host (master), aruji.
hot (as mustard), karai.
hot (not cold), atsui.
hotel, yadoya.
hotel -keeper, yadoya no teishu.
hour, jikan ; toki.
house-rent, ya-chin.
house, uchi; is; taku.
how? ikaga? do? do shite?
how long ? itsu made f
how many? iku mai? ikutsu?
how often ? iku tabi ?
hungry, to be, haraga heru ;
o naka ga suku.
hurry, to be in a, isogu.
hurt, to (intr.), itamu. [suru.
hurt one's-seU', to, kegawo
166
ICE
Ice, kori.
idle, to be, namakete iru.
ignorant of (unacquainted
with), fu-annai.
ignorant (not learned),
mugaku na.
ill (in bad health), bydki (na).
illness, yamai; byoki. [ni.
immediately, sassoku; sugu
impertinence, burei ; shitsurei.
import, to, yunyu sum.
import forms, yunyu shoshiki.
impossible, dekinai.
in, ni.
included, to be, haitte iru.
income, sainyu.
income-tax, shotoku-zei.
inconvenient, futsugo (na.) ;
fuben (na.) ; tsugo no.
incorrect, machigatta.
indemnity, shokin.
India, Indo ; Tenjiku.
indeed, jitsu ni.
indeed ! naruhodo !
indoors, ie no uchi.
infringe (regulations), to,
jorei ni hansoku sum.
ink (Indian), sumi.
ink- stand, inki-tsubo.
inn, yadoya.
insect, mushi.
inside, ni; no naka.
inside-out, uragaeshi.
inspect, to, kensu sum; kem-
inspector, kensa-nin. [bun sum.
instalment, wari-barai.
instalment (yearly), nempu.
instalment (monthly), geppu.
instead, no kawari ni.
interest (on money), ri-soku.
interesting, omoshiroi.
JOU
interfere, to, jama sum.
interpret, to, tsilben wo sum.
interpreter, tsuben ; tsuji.
into, ni; no naka ye.
introduction, letter of,
shokwai-jd.
invalid, bybnin.
inventory, tana-oroshi-hyo.
investigate, to, tori-shirabem.
invite, to, maneku.
invoice, okuri-jo.
I.O.U., shakuyo-oboe.
iron, tetsu.
iron (bar-), sao -tetsu.
iron (cast-), nabe-gane.
iron (rod-), botetsu.
iron (sheet-), nobe-tetsu.
iron (smoothing-), hinoshi.
iron (wrought), juku tetsu.
iron-foundry, sei-tetsu-jo.
Jam (preserves), jami.
January, sho-gwatsu.
Japan, Nippon ; Nil ton
jar, a, tsubo. [{politer).
jealousy, netami ; yakimochi.
jeweller, kazariya.
jinrikisha-apron, mae-kake.
jinrikisha-hood, horo.
jinrikisha-seat, kekomi.
join, to (tr.), tsugu ; awaseru.
joiner, sashimono-ya.
Jointstock Bank, gohon-ginko.
Jointstock Company, gohon-
kwaisha.
joke, jodan.
journal (office account book),
shiwaketcho.
journal (diary), nikki.
journey, ryoko.
journey, to, ryoko suru.
167
JUG
jug, mizu-Uwji.
July, shichi-ywatsu.
junction (railway), tetsudo no
ren-raku-eki.
June, roku-gwatsu.
just (exactly), chodo.
just (equitable), tadashii ;
kohei na.
Keep, to, (things), tamotsu ;
motte iru. [katte oku.
keep, to (animals as pets),
kettle, tetsubin.
key, kagi.
key-hole, kagi-hana.
kick, to, keru.
kill, to, korosu.
kind (species) ,yo ; shurui. [na).
kind (good-natured), shinsetsu
kitchen, dai-dokoro ; katte.
knee, hiza.
knife, hocho.
knock, to, tataku.
knock down, to, buchi-taosu.
know, to, shiru; shitte iru.
Label (tag), efu.
label, to, fuda wo tsukeru.
lace (of boot), himo.
lace (needlework), reisu.
lacquer, urushi.
lacquer- ware, nuri-mono.
lady, okusan.
lame, chimba ; bikko.
lamp, rampu.
lamp -wick, rampu no shin.
land, riku; oka.
land, to (tr.), riku-age suru.
land, to (intr.), joriku sum.
landlord (of ground), ji-nushi.
LET
landlord (of hotel, inn), teisJiiil
landlord (of house), iye-nushi.
language, kotoba.
lantern, chochin.
last, at, yoyaku; tsui ni.
last, the, ato-no ; sue no.*
last, to, motsu.
late, osoi.
laugh, to, warau.
law, horitsu; kisoku.
lawyer, daigen-nin.
lazy, to be, namakeru.
lead, to, hiku ; annai suru.
lead (metal), namari.
lead-pencil, empitsu.
leaf (of plant), ha.
learn, to, manabu ; narau.
lease, tana-ukesho.
least, at, sUkunakute mo.
leather, kaiva.
leave off, to, (cease), yosu ;
yameru.
leave (departure), tatsu.
leave (of absence), hima.
leave out, to, habuku ; yosu,
ledger, dai-cho.
lecture, enzetsu.
left (-hand), hidari.
leg, ashi.
legible, yomi-yasui.
lemon, yuzu.
lemonade, ramune.
lend, to, kasu.
length, take; nagasa.
let, to, (house), kasu.
let, to, {permit) ysaseru ; y u rusu.
letter (missive), tegami.
letter (of alphabet), moji.
letter of credit, ginko no
shinyd-hosho-jo.
* Both approximate only.
168
LET
letter-paper, teg ami-no -kami.
lettuce, rettasu.
liability, sekinin.
license (permit), menjo.
lid, fiita.
lie down, to, neru. [wo iu.
lie, to (tell falsehoods), mo
life, inochi.
lift, to, mochi-ageru.
light, a, Mkari ; akari.
light (colour), usui-iro.
light (in weight), karui.
light (not dark), akarui.
lightning, indbikari.
light, to, (a fire), hi wo taku.
light, to, (a lamp), rampu wo
tsilkeru.
like, to, konomu; suki.
lilac, murasaki (no).
lily, yuri.
lime, ishi-bai.
Limited Company, yugen-
sekinin-kwaisha.
line, suji.
lion, shishi.
lips, kuchibiru.
list, mokuroku.
list (catalogue), shina-gaki.
little, a, sukoshi. \chiisai.
little (small), chiisa (na) ;
live, to, (reside), sumau.
lively, nigiyaka (no).
loan, a, kashi-kin.
lobster, kuruma-ebi.
lock, to, ,;o wo orosu.
lock (on box, door, &c.)\jdmae.
locksmith, jomae-ya.
lonely, sabishii.
long, nagai.
look at, to, rairw.
look for, to, sagasu.
MEA
looking-glass, kagami.
loose, yurui.
lose, to, (an article), nakusu;
ushinau.
lose, to (not to win), rnakeru.
loss (money), sew; sonshitsu.
loud, takai; oki (na).
low, hikui.
lucky, ww ?io i/oi.
luggage, nimotsu.
luggage- van (on railway),
kisha no ni-guruma.
luncheon, hiru-gozen.
(more
Mackerel, saba.
maid-servant,
polite), jochu.
make, to, koshiraeru.
male, osu.
man, otoko.
manage, to, tori-atsukau.
manager (chief clerk), banto,
manager (of an establish-
ment), shihai-nin.
manufactory, seizo-ba.
manufacture, to, seizo-suriu
manufacturer, seizo-nin.
many, oku no ; oi.
marble (noun), roseki.
March, san-gwatsu.
mark, shirushi ; ato.
market, ichiba.
market-price, soba.
marine (adj.), kaijo-no.
marine insurance, kaijo-hoken.
master (of the house), aruji.
mat, tat ami.
match (for striking), haya-
May (the month), go-gwatsu.
meaning, imi.
MEA
meanwhile, sono uchi.
measure, to, sampo wo torn.
meat, niku,
mechanic, shoku-nin.
medicine, Msuri.
meet, to, an.
meeting, a, kwai ; shukwai.
member (of an association),
kwai-in.
memorandum, oboe gaki.
mend, to, naosn ; tsukurou.
merchant, akindo ; shonin.
message, kotozuke.
messenger, tsilkai no mono.
middle, mannaka.
midnight, yonaka.
milk, chichi.
mirror, kagami.
mist, moya ; kiri.
mistake, machigai.
mix, to (tr.)j mazer u.
mix, to (intr.), rnazaru.
Monday, getsuyobi.
money, kane; kinsu.
money (paper-), shihei.
money-changer, ryo-gae-ya.
month, tsiiki.
moon, tsiiki.
more, motto.
morning, asa.
mountain, yama.
mouth, kuchi.
move, to (tr.), ugokasu.
move, to (intr.), vgoku.
much, takusan.
mud, doro.
muslin (noun), men-sha.
mustard, karashi.
mutton, hitsuji-no-niku.
mutton-chop, hitmji-no-
choppu.
169
OFF
Nail (of metal, &c), kugi.
nail (finger-), tsume.
naked, hadaka.
napkin (serviette), kuchi- Juki,
narrow, semai.
nasty (to taste), mazui.
near, chikai.
nearly, mo sukoshi de.
necessary, hitsuyo na.
neck, nodo.
needle, hari; nui-bari.
needlework, nuimono.
neighbour, kinjo no Into.
neighbourhood, kimpen ; kinjo,
nephew, oi.
new, atarashii ; shinki (na).
news, shimbun.
newspaper, shimbunshi.
next, tsugi no.
niece, mei.
night, ban ; yoru.
noise, oto.
noisy, sozoshii.
noon, hiru.
north, kita,
nose, hana. [ivazu.
notwithstanding, ni kama-
November, ju-ichi-gwatsu.
number, kazu.
numerous, oi.
Oak, kashiwa; nara.
object (aim), mokuteki.
object, to, kosho wo iu.
oblige (compel) , to, shiite saseru.
obscure, bon-yari shito.
observe, to, mi-ukeru; ki ga
October, ju-gwatsu. [tstiku.
of, no.
offer, to, susumeru.
office, jimusho ; yaldisho.
170
OFF
official, shikwan ; yakunin
often, tabi-tabi.
oil, abura.
old (of things), fund.
old (of persons), toshiyori (wo).
omit, to, otosu.
omnibus, nori-ai basha.
onion, negi.
only (adv.), tada ; bakari.
open, to (tr.), akeru
open, to be, aite iru.
opinion, ryohen ; zonjiyori.
opposite, no muko ni. [jimjo.
order (arrangement), jun;
order, to, ii-tsukeru ; meijiru.
other, ato no ; hoka no.
out, to go, dern. [soto.
out-of-doors; outside, omote ;
over, no ue ni.
overcoat, gtvaito.
owner, mochi-nushi.
Pack, to, ni-zukuri ivo suru.
package, tsutsumi.
pain, itami.
painful, itai.
paint, penki.
paint, to, (pictures), egaku.
painter, ekaki.
pale, ao-zameta.
paper, kami.
parasol, higasa.
parcel, ko-zutsumi.
parent, oya.
parsley, seri.
particulars, kuwashii.
partner (in a firm), sham.
party (pleasure), kyakurai.
passage (corridor), roka.
passenger, noi-kyaku.
passport (ryoko-), menjo.
PLA
patient (invalid), byonin.
patient, to be, gaman suru,
pattern, moi/5.
pay, to, harau.
pay-day, kanjo-bi.
payee, uketori-kata,
payer, harai-nin.
payment, harai.
pear, naslii.
peas, endo-mame.
pen, fude.
pencil, empitsu.
penknife, ko-gatana.
pepper, kosho.
permit, to, shochi suru.
person, Into; jin.
perspiration, ase.
photograph, shasliin.
photographic instruments,
shashin-kyo.
photographer, sha-shin-ya.
physician, isha,
pick, to, tsumu.
pick up, to, hirou.
pickles, tsuke-mono.
piece-goods, tam-mono.
pierce, to, tsuki-tosu.
pig, buta.
pigeon, hato.
pill, gican-yaku.
pillow, makura.
pin, tome-bari; hari.
pink, momo-iro no.
pipe (for smoking), kiseru.
place, basho ; tokoro.
plaice (fish), karei.
plank, ita.
plant, to, ueru.
plant (in general), kilsa,
plant (in garden), ueki.
plate (dish), sara.
PLA
play, to, asobu.
play-bill, bandzuke.
pleasure, tanoshimi.
plenty, jubun.
pocket, kakiishi; futohoro.
pocket-book, kami-ire.
pointed (sharp), togatta.
policeman, junsa.
police-station, keisatsu-sho.
polish, to, migaku.
polite, teinei (no).
poor, bimbo, (no).
pork, buta no niku.
porter (railway-), eki-fu.
porter (light), karuko.
portmanteau, kahan.
post (letter), yubin.
postage, yubin-zei.
postage-stamp, yubin-gitte ;
post-card, hagaki. [inshi.
postman, haitatsu-nin.
post-office, yubin-kyoku.
ipost-oftice-ordeic, yubin-kawase.
potato, imo ; (sweet), Satsuma-
pour, to, tsugu. [imo.
powder, ko ; kona.
praise, to, homeru.
premium (of insurance),
hoken-ryo. [wo suru.
prepare, to, koshiraeru; sMtaku
present (gift), shinjo-mono ;
okuri-mono ; miyage.
pretty, kirei (na) ; utsukushii.
prevent, to, samatageru;
sasenai. [atai ; ne.
price (cost, value), nedan ;
prison, roya.
probably, tabun.
profit, rieki; moke.
programme (concert, &c),
ban-dzuke.
171
RAI
promise, a, yakusoku.
promise, to, yakusoku suru.
proper, soto (na) ; sod (na).
property, mochimono ; fuddsan.
proportion, wari-ai.
provide, to, sonaeru.
pudding, (o)kwashi.
pull, to, hiku. [suru.
punish, to, bassuru ; tsumi
pupil, deslii.
purchase, motomeru.
pure (clear), sumi-kitta. [na.
pure (unadulterated), junsui
purple, murasaki.
purpose, on, waza-waza.
purse, kane-ire; kinchaku.
push, to, osu.
put, to, oku ; sueru.
put away, to, katazukeru.
put in, to, ireru.
put off, to, nobasu.
put on, to (don), kiru.
put out, to (extinguish), kesu.
put up with, to, koraeru.
Quality (of goods), Jdn-shiisu.
quantity, taka ; kasa.
quarrel, kenktva.
queer, kitai (na).
question, gimon ; toit
quick, hayai.
quiet, shizuka (na).
quilt, futon.
quire (of paper), jo.
quite, jUbun ; mattaku.
Rabbit, usagi.
radish, aka-daiko.
railroad, tetsudo.
railway carriage, kislia.
rain, ame.
172
EAI
raise, to, agent.
rare, mare (no).
rascal, berabo; waru-mono.
rat, nezumi.
rather (otherwise), kaette ;
(somewhat), zuibvn.
raw, nama (no).
razor, kamisuri.
razor-strop, togi-kawa.
reach, to (intr.), oyobu ;
read, to, yomu. [todoku.
ready, to be, shitaku shite oru.
ready money, genkin.
real, honto (no); mdhoto (no).
reason (explanation), wake ;
receipt, nke-tori. [dori.
receipt-book, uketori-cho.
receive, to, uke-toru.
recently, konaida.
recommend, to, susumeru.
red, akai.
reduce in price, to, makeru.
reduction (in price), ne-biki.
refuse, to, kotowaru.
register (a letter), to, kaki-
tomeru.
registered letter, kaki-tomi
tegami.
relations (kinsmen), shinrui.
remain, to, nokoru ; amaru.
remainder, nokori.
remember, to, oboeru.
remittance, okuri-kin.
repay, to, henkyaku sum.
rest, to, yasumu.
retail, ko-uri.
restaurant, ryori-ya.
return, to (tr.), kaesu.
return, to (intr.), kaeru.
rice (boiled), gozen ; weshi ;
o mamma; gohan.
SAL
rice (growing), ine.
rich, kane-mochi (no).
ride, to, noru.
ridiculous, okashii.
right (proper), honto (no) ; ii.
right (hand), migi.
ring, to (tr.), narasu.
ring, to (intr.), naru.
ring (finger), yubi-wa.
ripe (of fruit), juku shit a.
river, kawa.
road, michi.
roast, to, yaku.
rock, iwa.
roll, to (tr.), korobasu.
roll, to (intr.), korobv.
roof, yane.
room, a, hey a ; zashlki.
root (ki no), ne.
rope, nawa.
rough, arai.
round, marui.
rub, to, kosuru.
rub out, to, kesu. [(na)>
rude, shitsurei (na) ; shikkei
rug, ketto. [fusetsu.
rumour, hyoban; uivasa;
run, to, kakeru ; hashiru.
run away, to, nigeru.
rust, to, sabiru.
Sad, to be, kanashimu.
saddle, kura.
saddlegirth, hara-obi.
saddler, bagu-ya.
safe, daijobu {na). [bako.
safe (for money, &c), kane-
salad, sarado.
salary, gekkyu.
salt, shio.
salt-cellar, shiwo-ire.
173
SAM
same, onaji.
sample, mihon
sand, silna.
sardine, iwashi.
sash (girdle), obi.
satin, shusu.
Saturday, Doyobi.
sauce, shoyu.
saucepan, nabe.
saucer, shita-zara.
save, to, tasukeru.
say, to, hanasu ; iu.
school, gakko.
scissors, hasami.
screw, neji.
screw-driver, neji-mawashi.
sea, umi.
second-hand, furute. [{no).
secret, himitsu (na) ; naisho
see, to, miru.
seed, tane.
seem, to, mieru.
seldom, mare ni.
self, onore; jibun; jishin.
sell, to, uru.
send, to, yaru ; tsukawasu.
separately, hanarete ; betsu-
betsu-ni.
September, ku-gwatsu.
servant, hokonin ; meshi-
sew, to, nuu. [tmkai.
shade (shadow), kage.
shape, katachi. [sum.
share, to, wakeru ; bumped
shave, to, hige wo sum ;
hige wo soru.
she, ano Into ; ano onna.
shelf, tana.
shine, to, tern.
ship, fume.
ship (merchant-), shosen.
SIT
ship (sailing-), homae-sen.
ship (screw-), uchi-guruma no
ship (steam-), jokisen. [jokiscn.
shirt, shatsu.
shirt (flannel), furaneru
shatsu.
shirt (under-), shita-jiban.
shirt (white), shiroi jiban.
shoe, kutsu ; han-gutsu.
shoe-brush, kutsu-bake.
shoemaker, kutsu-ya.
shoot, to (with firearm), teppfr
shop, mise. [wo utsu.
shopkeeper, akindo. [hlkiii.
short (of stature), sei no
short (in length), mijikai.
shoulder, kata.
show, to, miseru.
shower (of rain), yudachi.
shrimps, shiba-'ebi.
shut, to (tr.), shimeru.
sick, to feel, mune ga warm.
side, ho; kata.
sign, shirushi.
sign, to, namae wo kaku.
sign (board), kamban.
silent, to be, dam,am.
silk, kinu.
silk (raw), klito.
silk -thread, kinu-ito.
silly, baka (ni).
silver, gin.
silver-ware, gin-zaiku.
simple, wakari-yasui ; teg ami.
since, kara. [birds), naku.
sing, to (of persons), utau; (of
sister (elder), ane.
sister (younger), imoto.
sit, to, (as Europeans), koshi
wo kakeru.
sit, to, (as Japanese), suwanj-.
174
BIZ
size, okisa.
skin, kawa.
sky, sora.
sleep, to, neru.
sleepy, neviui.
sleeve, sode.
slide, to, suberu.
slipper, uwa-gutsu.
slow, osoi.
slowly, sliidzuka ni.
small, chiisai ; chiisa (na).
smell, a, nioi.
smoke, to, tabako wo nomu.
smoke, kemuri.
sneeze, to, kushami wo sunt.
snow, yuki.
so, sonna ni ; so.
soa.p, shabon.
soda-water, soda-mizu. [ni).
soft, yawarakai ; yawaraka
soil (earth), tsuchi. [su.
soldier, heitai ; heishi ; heisot-
solid (adj.), katai.
somebody, dare ka.
something, nani ka.
sometimes, toki- ori ; ori-fuslii.
somewhere, doko ka.
son, musilko.
son-in-law, muko.
song, uta.
soon, jiki ni. [zannen.
sorry (for one's own sake),
sorry (for another), kinodoku.
sound (noun), oto.
soup, soppu.
sour, suppai.
south, minami.
sow, to, maku.
sparrow, suzume.
spectacles, megane. [toki suru.
speculate, to (in stocks, &c.);
STO
speech, to make a, enzetsu
sunt.
spend, to, tsuiyasu ; tsukau.
spider, kumo.
spirits (liquor), shochu.
spoil, to, sonjiru.
spoon, saji.
spoon (tea-), cha-saji.
spring, to (leap), tobu.
spring (-time), haru.
spring (water), izumi.
springs (of a vehicle), bane.
square, sJnkaku (na).
stable, umaya.
stable (livery-), shakuba-ya.
staircase, hasJiigo-dan.
stale, furukusai.
stamp (postage-), yubin-kiite.
stamp (revenue), shoken-i?ishi.
stand, to (intr.), tatsu.
star, hoshi.
starch, nori. [suru ; tatsu.
start, to (set out), shuttatsu
state (condition), yosu; ari-
station, teisha-ba. [sama.
station-master, eki-cho.
steal, to, nusumu.
steam, yitge; joki.
steamer, joklsen.
steel, hagane. [kata.
steward (on ship), makanai-
stick, to (adhere), kuttsilku.
stiff, katai.
still (yet more), motto.
still (tranquil), shizuka (na).
still (yet), nao ; mada.
stirrup, abumi.
stone, ishi.
stop, to (tr.), tomeru.
stop, to (intr.), tomaru.
store (shop), wise.
175
STO
story (tale), hanashi.
Straight, massugu (71a).
strange, fushigi (no) .
stranger, shiranai hito.
straw, icar a.
strawberry, ichigo.
street, tori ; machi.
strength, chikara.
string, ito.
strong, tsnyoi.
student, shosei. \ji.
stuff (for garments, &c), kire-
stumble, to, tsumazuku ; fumi-
stupid, baka (ni). [hazusu.
suck, to, suu.
sugar, sato.
suit, to, kanau ; ki ni iru,
sum (total), shime-daka.
summer, natsu.
sun, hi; taiyo.
Sunday, dontaku ; nichiyobi.
sunrise, hi no de.
sunset, hi no iri.
supper, yumeshi.
sweep, to, haku.
sweet, amai.
swim, to, oyogu.
Table, dai; tsilkue; teifuru.
table (writing-), kaku-dai.
table-cloth, teberu-kake.
tack (small nail), lyo.
tail, s/tipj)o.
tailor, shttate-ya.
take, to, torn.
take time, to, tema-doru.
talk, to, hanasu ; hanashi wo
tall, sei no takai. [sum.
taste, ajiicai.
tax, nengu; zei.
tea, cha.
TIC
tea-caddy, cha-ire.
tea-chest, chabukuro.
tea-cup, cha-nomi-jawan.
tea-dealer, cha-shonin.
tea-grower, chashi.
tea-house, chaya.
tea-kettle, tetsu-bin.
tea-plantation, cha-ba-take.
tea-pot, kibisho.
tea-spoon, cha-saji.
teach, to, oshieru.
teacher, kyoshi ; sensei; shisho.
tear, to (tr.), saku ; yabuku.
tears, namida.
telegram, dernpo.
telegraph -form, rai-shin-shi.
telegraph-office, denshin-
telephone, denwa. [kyoku.
telescope, boenkyo', to-megave.
tell, to, hanasu ; iu ; kataru.
tenant, shakuya-nin.
than, yori.
thank, to, rei wo in.
then, sono toki.
there, astiko ; soko ; achira.
therefore, da kara ; desti kara
(politer),
they, ano Mto-tachi ; kare-ra.
thick (in consistency), koi.
thick (dimension), atsui.
thief, dorobo.
thigh, momo.
thimble, yubi-nuki.
thin, to be, yasete iru.
think, to, omou; zonjiru.
thirsty, to be, nodo ga
throat, nodo. [kawaku.
through, toshite ; totte.
throw, to, nageru, horn.
Thursday, mokuyoii.
ticket, kippu.
176
TIC
ticket (return), ofuku-gippu.
tie, to, shibaru.
tight, katai.
till, made.
time, toki.
time-table, jikan-hyo.
time, to take, tema-doru
tin, a, burikki.
tin (metal), suzu.
tip (fee), sakate.
tired, to get, kutabireru.
to, m; 2/0.
toast (bread), yaki-pan.
tobacco, tabako.
tobacco-pipe, kiseru.
tobacco-pouch, tabako-ire.
to-day, konnichi; kyo (less
toe (ashi no) yubi. [polite).
together, issho ni.
tom&ko,aka-nasu. [(less polite).
to-morrow, myonichi; ashita
tongs (fire), hibashi.
tongue, shita.
to-night, komban; kon-ya.
too (excess), amari.
too (as well), mo ; yahari.
tool, dogu.
tooth, ha. [itai.
toothache (to have), ha ga
tooth-brush, yoji.
tooth-powder, ha-migaki.
top, ue {no ho).
touch, to, sawaru ; fureru.
towards, no ho ye.
towel, te-nugui.
town (capital), miyako.
town (port), minato.
town (post), shuku.
trade, boeki; akinaL
trade-mark, shohyc.
tradesman, akindo.
UNF
train (railway), kisha; ressha.
tram, tetsudo-basha.
translate, to, hon-yaku sunt.
travel, to, ryoko suru.
traveller, tabi-bito.
tray, bon.
tread, to, fumu.
treat, to, tori-atsukau.
tree, ki.
tremble, to, furueru.
trick (manner), kUse.
trouble, to be in, komaru.
trouble, tekazu. [(no),-
troublesome, urusai; mendo
trousers, zubon.
true, honto (no) ; makoto (no),
trunk (receptacle), kaban.
trust, to, shin-yo sura ; shin-
jiru.
try, to, yatte miru ; tamesu.
Tuesday, kwayobi. [gopjju,
tumbler (glass), mizu-nomi-
tunnel, ana.
turn, to (tr.)t mawasu.
turn, to (intr.) mawaru.
turnip, kabu.
twilight, kure-gata.
twine, to (intr.), karamu
twist, to, hineru ; nejiru
Ugly (to the sight), migu-
umbrella, komori-gasa. [rushii.
unable, to be, dekinai.
unavoidable, yondokoronai.
uncle, oji.
uncomfortable, fujiyu (no).
under, no shita ni.
understand, to, wakaru;
shochi suru.
undress, to, kimono wo nugit.
unfortunately, ai-niku.
UNH
un h appy , fu - sh ia wase. [n a) .
unkind, funinjo ; fUshinsetsu
unwell, ambai ga ivarui.
unwholesome, to be, doku ni
upon, no ue ni. [nam.
upright (erect), massugu (na).
upset, to (tr.), hikkuri-kaesu.
upside down, sakasama.
upstairs, nikai.
urgent, kyu na.
use, to, mochiiru; tsilkau.
useful, choho (na) ; yaku ni
tatsu.
useless, yaku ni tatanai.
usual, tsune (no) ; lieizei (no).
Yain, nama-iki (na) ; koman
value, atai ; ne-uchi. [(na).
various, iro-iro (no) ; ironna.
veal, ko-ushi-no-niku.
vegetables, yasai (mo7io).
vegetable-marrow, shiro-uri.
velvet, birodo.
vice, fu-mimochi ; akuhei.
view, (prospect), mi-harashi ;
village, sato ; mura. [keshiki.
vinegar, su.
violent, te-arai.
virtue (goodness), zen.
visit, to pay a, tazunete kuru.
visitor, kyaku.
voice, koe.
volume (book), satsu.
vulgar, gehin (na).
Wages, kyukin.
waistcoat, chokki.
wait, to, matsu.
waiter, kyuji.
waiting-room, machi-ai-ba.
walk, to, arukii.
Japanese Grammar Self-Taught.
177
WID
wall (stone), uhibei; (mud),
want, to, hoshii. [kabe.
warehouse, dozo ; kura.
warm, atatakai; atataka (na).
warn, to, imashimeru.
wash, to, arau.
wash-hand bowl, chozu-darai.
waste, to (tr.), tsuiyasu muda
ni tsilkau. [ban wo suru.
watch, to, ki wo tsukeru;
watch (timepiece), tokei.
watch-maker, tokeiya. [yu.
water (cold), mizn ; (hot), (o)
way (road), michi. [ambai.
way (manner), shtkata; yd;
weak, yowai.
wear, to (tr.), kiru.
wear, to (intr.), motsu.
weather, yoki; tenki.
Wednesday, suiyobi.
week, shukan.
weigh, to (tr.), hakaru.
weight, mekata.
well (in health) j jobu (na).
well, to get, naoru.
west, nishi.
wet, to be, nurete iru.
wheel, kuruma ; wa.
when ? itsu ?
where, tokoro ; where ? doko?
which ? dove ?
white, shiroi.
who ? dare ? donata ?
whole, mina; sotai (no).
wholesale, oroshi.
wholesale-dealer, oroshi-ya.
wholesome, to be, Jmsuri ni
nam.
why ? naze ? do in wake de.
wide (haba no), hiroi.
width, haba.
N
178
WIN
win, to, katsu.
wind, to, kuru; maku.
wind, the, kaze.
window, mado.
window-shutters, mado no to.
wine, sake ; budoshu.
wine-glass, sakazuki.
wing, hane.
winter, fuyu.
wipe, to, nuguu ; fuku.
wire, harigane.
wish, to, hoshii (adj.).
with (together), to issho ni.
with (by means of), de; de
motte.
withdraw, to (intr.),shirizoku.
witness, shoko-niv. [polite).
woman, onna; fujin (more
wonderful, mezurashii ; myo
(no) ; ffohitji (na).
wood (trees), viori.
wood (fire-), ki.
wool, rasha; ke.
woollen -cloth, rasha.
word, kotoba.
ZIN
work, to, hataraku.
work (noun), shigoto.
workman, shokunin.
world, sekai.
worth, atai ; ne-uchi.
worthless, tsuwaranai.
wound, kizu ; kega.
wrap up, to, tsutsumu.
wrist, te-kubi.
write, to, kaku. [gatta.
wrong (adj.), ivarui ; machi-
Yawn, to, akubi sum.
year, toshi.
year, this, kotoshi.
year, last, saku-nen.
year, next, myo-nen.
yearly, mai-nen.
yellow, ki-iroi. [(more polite).
yesterday, kino ; sakujitsu
yolk (of egg), ki-mi.
young, wakai.
Zeal, nesshin.
i zinc, totan.
179
Money, Weights and Measures.
Note. — With the exception of the hiro and the tsubo, all the names
of the measures, weights, &c., given in the following tables
are of Chinese origin, and are accompanied by the Chinese
numerals only.
1. Money.
The currency is decimal ; the unit is the yen, a silver
coin equivalent to about two English shillings (50 cents.
American), which has taken the place of the Mexican dollar,
formerly used in Japan but now obsolete. One yen = 100 sen ;
one sen = 10 rin.
Gold pieces of 2, 5, 10 and 20 yen are also coined.
Copper coins vary from A of a sen (1 rin) to 2 sen.
There is also a paper currency, consisting of notes of
from 5 sen up to 10 and 20 yen. Not only in the towns,
but throughout Japan generally, paper money, and especially
that of the Bank of Japan, is regarded with more favour than
gold or silver coin.
Banking transactions, and indeed commercial transactions
in general are framed on English models. Thus, ordinary
and telegraphic money orders are issued ; there is a Post
Office Savings Bank ; and Letters of Credit, Bills of Exchange
and Bankers' Orders are all in constant use.
2. Weights.
10 rin — 1 fun = 5.8 grs.
10 fun = 1 momme =58 ,,
100 momme = 1 hyaku-me = about f lb. (av.)
160 „ =1 kin = 1.325 lbs.*
1000 ,, =1 kamme = 8.28 ,,
* Usually reckoned li lb. avoirdupois in transacting business with
foreigners.
180
8. Long Measure.
lOrin = 1 bu ... = .1193 in. (£ in.)
10 bu = 1 sun ... = 1.193 ,, (U in.)
10 *™ = P l^shlku} - U'93 in« <*■* * f00t)
6shaku = 1 ken ... = 71.58 ,, (nearly 2 yds.)
10 „ = ljo ... =119.3 „ (nearly 10 ft.)
60 ken = 1 cho (nearly) =119.3 yds. (about 120 yds.)
36 cho = 1 ri ... = 2.44 miles.
For nautical measurements the kai-ri which equals the
European geographical mile, is now in general use ; whilst
for indicating the depth of water, the hiro (about 5 feet) is
employed.
4. Superficial or Land Measure.
30 tsubo = 1 se = 118.6 sq. yds.
10 se =1 tan =1186 „ (over J acre)
10 tan = 1 cho = 2.45 acres (2 a. 1 r. 32 p.)
The tsubo, the common unit of measurement, is 6 kaneshaku
square, i.e., about 3.95 square yards.
5. Dry Goods Measure.
In measuring dry goods a shaku. (termed kujiraku) of
14.913 inches is employed. Silk and cotton goods are
generally made up into pieces measuring a little more than
lOf yards (tan) and also into pieces of double that length (hiki).
The English yard is now becoming generally known in
the towns.
6. Measure of Capacity.
10 sai = 1 shaku = ^ pint
10 shaku = 1 go = about J pint
10 go = 1 sho = ,, 3b pints
10 sho = 1 to = ,,4 gals.
10 to =1 koku = ,, 89.7 „
This measure is employed for grain and liquids. The sho
equals .397 (about two-fifths) of a gallon. The koku is
employed for measuring junks, and is equal to about 4-27ths
of a ton (nearly 3 owt.), or 2} piculs. (1 picul = 100 \dn.)
181
INDEX TO PART I.
A
c
Pag<
Page
Abstract nouns
18
Case signs
... 17
Accent ...
18
14
ablative
... 77
Accusative sign (Wo)
75
accusative ...
... 75
Adjectival adverb
66
dative
72, 76
inflection ...
63
genitive
... 73
pbrases
65
nominative
... 70
Adjectives, attributive, etc.
61
vocative
... 76
adverbial form of ...
62
Causative voice
... 60
comparison of
65
honorific
... 83
desiderative form as
65
of kuru and suru ..
... 61
in ku
62
Certain past tense ..
... 40
in succession
63
present tense
... 40
inflection of
61
63
Certain present base
forms
nouns with no or na
...
64
of inflection 43, 44, 50, 51
simple
61
gives name to verb
... 44
verbal forms of
42
in connection with Stem... 44
verbs and nouns as
64
noun or adjective ..
... 51
Adverbial adjectives,
how
Coaleseent sounds
... 101
formed
62
Comparative degree,
forma-
euphonic change in
62
tion
... 65
Adverbs
66
68
Comparison of adjectives 65, 66
adjectival
66
Compound nouns
19, 20
ni as sign of
66
Concessive mood
... 41
nouns as
66
Concessive present tense 44, 52
particles as
66
Concrete nouns
... 18
poetic name-words
67
Conditional base
44-51
repeated words as ...
67
Conditional mood
... 41
Alternative form
40
present tense
... 44
"And," how translated
72,
73,
Conjugations,euphonic letter-
75
78
changes in
45-47
Article, absence of ...
16
first, how marked
... 44
Au, usual pronunciation
99
how grouped
44-48
Auxiliary numerals ...
32
second, how marked ... 47
two series of inflections 47
B
Conjunctions ...
... 77
go.
... 70
Base, certain present
43
50
ka
... 71
conditional ...
44
51
kara
... 71
negative
43
50
mo
... 72
Bases of inflection ...
42
mi ...
... 72
182
Conjunctions — cont.
shi
to
Page
. 73
73
ya 76
Consonant preceding vowel
syllables 100
Dative signs, ni 72
ye ••• 76
De, postposition ... ... 69
contraction of nite ... 69
Declension of noun, equivalent
of 17
Definite article, substitute for 16
Derivative nouns ... ... 18
Desiderative form of verb ... 42
as adjective 65
in polite usage ... ... 58
Diminutive nouns ... ... 19
Enumeration 30
Eu, peculiar pronunciation 99-100
Euphonic letter-changes in
inflection
bi or mi (for stems in)
chi
i or hi
hi
ri
45-48
46
46
46
47
45
46
First conjugation
type of
Fractional numbers
Fu syllabic, how pronounced
as terminal syllabic of verb
Future time, how shown ...
Oa, as conjunction ...
as sign of nominative
originally a genitive sign,
replacing no
Gender
Gerund
as adverb ...
42,
44
52
35
12
100
40
70
70
70
65
85
42
66
Go, honorific
80, 84
H
Hataraki kotoba
Honorific forms of speech ...
imperatives 58
nouns
Honorific verbs
Humble nouns
verbs
Page
15
79
80
82
83
82
83
I
Imperative mood ... 41, 51
in polite usage ... ... 58
Indicative mood 41
Indefinite pronouns ... ... 28
Inflection, of adjectives ... 61
of verbs ... ... ... 40
euphonic changes ... 45
kuru 55
polite 57
suru ... ... ... 56
1st conjugation 52
2nd conjugation... 53, 54
Interjections ... ... ... 78
Interrogation, in speech ... 85
Interrogative pronouns ... 23
Intransitive verbs ... ... 39
Irregular verbs ... ... 54
kuru... ... ... ... 55
suru ... ... ... ... 56
K
Ka, interrogative ... 70, 85
Kara 71
Ko, with nouns ... ... 19
Koto, with adjectives ... 18
Kotoba 15
Kuru, causitive for 61
inflection of ... ... 55
Letter-changes, in compounds 20
in conjugation ... 45-47
M
Made 71
Masu, inflection-forms of ... 57
Me or men, feminine sign 16, 84
Mo 72
Mono, with adjectives and
verbs 18
183
Page
Mood 41
Imperative 41, 51
Indicative 41
Subjunctive, two forms ... 41
N
Na, adjectival sign 64
Na, or name-words 15
Nai 64
Negative base ... 42, 43, 47, 49
Ni, adverbial sign 66
postposition ... 59, 72
Nigori, tbe 13, 17, 20
No, adjectival sign 64
indefinite pronoun ... 62
in phrase-formations ... 65
postposition ... 64, 65, 73
with cardinal numbers 31, 73
with ordinal numbers ... 34
Nominative sign ... 70, 74
Nouns 16
abstract ... ... ... 18
as adjectives ... ... 64
as adverbs ... 66
augmentative ... ... 19
case ... ... ... ••• 17
classes of ... ... ... 18
compound 19
concrete ... ... ... 18
declension of ... ... 17
derivative ... 18
diminutive 19
gender ... ... ... 16
how made honorific ... 80
the nigori in compounds ... 19
number ... 17
primitive 18
verbal ... ... ... 19
Number, in nouns 17
questions concerning ... 34
Numerals ... ... 30-36
auxiliary ... ... ... 32
cardinal 30-31,73
ordinal ... ... ... 34
special uses of yo, nana and
kyu 32
o
O, honorific ...
with nouns ...
Ordinal numerals
80, 84
.. 19
... 34
Page
Particles (see Postpositions) 69-77
Passive voice, how formed ... 59
Past participle ... ... 42
used as adverb ... ... 66
Past tense 40
Personal pronouns 20
restricted use of 22
Phrase-conjunctions 77
Phrases, adjectival 65
Phrase-verbs ... ... ... 59
Plural signs 17,22
Poetic name-words as adverbs 67
Polite verbal inflection 57-59
imperatives for 58
Possessive pronouns 23
Postpositions, Particles 69-77
de 69
ga 70
ka 70
kara 71
made 71
mo
ni
... 72
no
... 72
no, in combination
... 65
shi ...
... 73
to
... 73
wa
... 74
wo
... 75
ya>
... 76
yara
... 76
ye ...
... 76
yo
... 76
yori ...
... 77
zo
... 77
Potential verbal-forms, hono-
rific 83
voice ... .. 59, 60
second forms ... ... 60
Prepositions (see also Post-
positions) ... ... 77
Present tense ... 40
Price, interrogations as to ... 35
Primary verbal-forms or bases 42
Probable past tense ... ... 40
present tense ... ... 40
Pronouns 20-30
demonstrative 23
indefinite 28
interrogative ... ... 23
184
Pronouns — cont.
Tense — cont.
Page
Page
personal ... 20
conditional present
41,50
possessive 23
past
... 41
reflexive 29
probable present ...
40,43
relative 29
past
... 40
Time and place, relation in
Q
speech ...
... 85
Time of day
38. 117
Quantity, questions as to ... 35
"To," how translated 71, 72,76
To, particle
... 73
R
Transitive Verbs
... 39
Rashii, as adjectival sign ... 64
u
Reflexive pronouns ... ... 29
Relative pronouns ... ... 29
U sound, peculiarities of 98,
Repeated words, as adverbs... 67
as nouns ... 17
99,
Uninflected words ...
100, 101
... 15
Root of the verb 42
V
s
Verbs
39-61
as adjectives
64, 65
Sa, in formation of abstract
distinction of person
... 39
nouns ... ... ... 18
honorific and humble
... 83
Second conjugation ... ... 47
inflection of
42-61
first form, type of 53
in succession
... 43
second ,, ,, 54
mood
... 41
Shi, as conjunction 73
of number ...
... 39
Stem, the 42
tenses
... 40
as noun ... ... ... 43
voice
59-61
forms of inflection for 1st
Verbal nouns ...
... 19
conjugation... ... 48
Vocative case, equivalent
for 76
in compounds 43
Voice of verbs
59-61
of the adjective 61
Vowel preceding consonant
supports all polite inflection 42
syllables
... 100
Subjunctive mood 41
Superlative degree 66
w
Suru, inflection of ... 56, 61
used without wo 71
Wa, as particle
Wo „
... 74
... 74
T
Y
Teniwoha 15, 68
Tonse 40
certain past 40,50
Yara, as particle
Ye
To
Yori
... 76
... 76
... 76
... 77
certain present 40, 43, 50, 51, 69
-*- vi ,, ...
concessive present ... ... 41
z
past 41 |
1
Zo, as particle
... 77
Marlborough, Pewtress & Co., 52, Old Bailey, London, E.O.
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Common-Sense Series 18
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Marlborough's Self-Taught Series (European and Oriental Languages) 28
,, English Self-Taught for the French, Germans, Italians
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,, Series of English & Foreign Commercial Corres. 4, G, 9, 13 & 16
„ Series of Foreign Technical Manuals 7 & 9
,, Series of Foreign Washing Books 3, 4, 8, 10, 13, 14, 15 & 16
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4, 6, 8, 10 & 13
,, Self-Taught Phonetics
18
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3 & 19
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... 3, 18 & 19
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... 4, 18 & 20
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... 4, 5 & 20
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6
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EUROPEAN AND ORIENTAL
EDUCATIONAL & COMMERCIAL TEXT BOOKS.
ARABIC.
Arabic (Syrian) Self- Taught [Thimm's System in Arabic & Roman
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BURMESE.
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DUTCH. EGYPTIAN. ENGLISH
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Egyptian (Arabic) Self-Taught, by C. A. THIMM. Revised and
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Phonetic Pronunciation, Vocabularies, Elementary Grammar,
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Trading and Religious Terms, Pishing and Shooting, Photography,
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Complete French Reader, The, by A. DUDEVANT. Compiled
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Do., do., red cloth 1/6
German and English Commercial Correspondence, by Mathias
MEISSNER With Phraseology, List of Merchandise, Com-
mercial, Banking, Insurance, Shipping, Forwarding, Market,
Telegraphic, Export and Import Terms, and Tables of German
Money, Weights and Measures. New Revised and Enlarged
Edition. 1905. Demy 8vo., 120 pp., fawn wrapper 1/0
Do. do., cloth 1/6
" For all having a correspondence in this language, the little text-book
will be found very useful indeed."— Liverpool Journal of Commerce.
German Technical Words and Phrases, by C. A. THIMM and
W. von KNOBLAUCH. An English-German and German-
English Dictionary of Technical Words, Business Terms and
Phrases used in Commerce, Arts, Sciences, Professions and Trades.
With appendix of Tables of Money, Weights and Measures.
Second Edition, 1913. 16mo., 224 pp., red cloth 2/6
Do. do., roan leather gilt 3/6
" Will prove of the greatest service to all needing a thoroughly up-to-
date work of reference." — Pitman's Journal.
German Grammar, by Mathias MEISSNER. A new, practical
and easy method of learning the German Language. An im-
provement on Seidenstiicker and Ahn's Systems. 23rd Edition.
Demy 8vo., 230 pp., cloth 2/6
Key to the Exercises. Crown 8vo., sewed 1/0
London: E. MARLBOROUGH & Co., Publishers, 51, OJd Bailey, E.C.
10 GERMAN (contd.).
German Letter-Writer, Marlborough's Personal and Social
CgtnUchrt $tuf&tl\\tr.) by F. FRANCK. Revised and enlarged
byJ.C. H. Schafhausen. Introduction: How a German Letter
should be written ; The form of a German Letter. Titles of
Secular Rank, of the Protestant Clergy, of Spiritual Rank (Roman
Catholics), of Ladies. Idiomatic Phrases and Polite forms generally
used at the beginning and end of letters. Letters — Notes, Orders,
Commissions, Applications and Replies, Invitations, Congratula-
tions and Announcements, Painful Announcements and Con-
dolences, Letters of Recommendation, of Thanks, Reproofs and
Excuses, Friendly Letters and Enquiries, Descriptive Letters,
Letters to Persons of High Rank, Letters of Celebrated German
Authors. 1911. Crown 8vo., 128 pp., wrapper 1/0
Do. do., cloth 1/6
Key to do. do., Crown 8vo., 80 pp., cloth 1/0
"We know no better collection of model letters than this. Both for
continuation classes and for schcols the book will have a high value." —
Journal of Education.
"A practical little book that wholly fulfils its task, one after another,
as shown in a clear and intelligible manner the peculiarity of German
titles and style." — Londoner Zeituvg Hermann.
"The letters are carefully graded in point of difficulty, in conjunction
with the orig nal work provide the English student w.th a thoroughly
reliable guide to German correspondence."— Pitman's Journal.
German Washing Book, by C. A. THIMM : for Ladies, Gentle-
men, and Families. Counterfoils in English, alphabetically
arranged. Demy 8vo., dark red wrapper ... ... ... ... Gd,
Interlinear German Reading Book, by F. HAHN, with the
literal English translation on the Hamiltonian System. Con-
taining a selection of Tales by celebrated German Authors,
progressively arranged for use in Classes, or for self-study.
Revised according to the new German Orthography. Edited by
C. A. Thimm. 1901. Crown 8vo., 101 pp., paper wrapper ... 1/0
Do. do., cloth 1/6
" If rightly used, the interlinear method should prove distinctly helpful
to the private student." — Practical Teacher.
Traveller's Practical Manual of Conversation.
No. 1 (Marlborough's) English, French, GKRMAN, & Italian,
in one book. Containing Travel Notes (Customs, Cycling, Motoring,
&c), Tables of Money, Pronunciation, Classified Conversations,
subjects arranged alphabetically. The Numerals, Weights and
Measures. Washing List, Dictionary of Words in daily use.
Third Edition, 1912. Crown 12mo., 152 pp., red v/rapper,
round corners ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 1/0
Do. do., green cloth, round corners ... ... ... ... 1/6
Do. do. leather, with tuck-in flap, round corners ... net 2/6
No. 2 (uniform with No. 1). English, French, GERMAN, and
Dutch. 1912. Crown 12mo., 152 pp., brown wrapper ... 1/0
Do. do., cloth 1/6
Do. do., leather tuck in flap, round corners Net 2/6
London: E. MARLBOROUGH & Co., Publishers, 51, Old Bailey, EC.
GERMAN (contd.). GREEK (Modern). 11
1 „ __ . —
MARLBOROUGH'S SERIES OF GERMAN CLASSICS.
Egmont. [Egmont, a Tragedy.] by GOETHE. With. English Notes
by 0. von Wegnern. 2nd Edition. F'cap. 8vo., cloth 1/6
" These plays can be used for Glass-Beading. The notes are historical,
grammatical, and explanatory."
Die Jungfrau von Orleans [The Maid of Orleans.] , by Friedrich
von SCHILLER. With English Notes by Mathias Meissner.
2nd. Edition. F'cap. 8 vo., cloth 1/6
Maria Stuart. [Mary Stuart.] by Friedrich von SCHILLER. With
English Notes by Mathias Meissner. 3rd Edition, F'cap. 8vo., cloth 1/6
Collection of celebrated Tales and Novels by German Authors.
Das Fraulein von Scuderi, by G. T. A. HOFFMANN
Erzahlung aus dem Zeitalter Ludwig's des Vierzehnten.
2nd Edition. F'cap 8vo., cloth 1/0
Der Hauskrieg, by Gottfried KINKEL Eine Geschichte vom
Niederrhein. 2nd Edition. 12mo., cloth ... 1/0
Der todte Gast, by Heinrich ZSCHOKKE. Novelle. 2ndEdition.
F'cap. 8vo., cloth 1/0
"This selection has met with great success. The idea has been to
choose only such as are in themselves excellent & entertaining. "-Preface.
Fabeln [Fables in prose and verse.] , by LESSING.
With English Notes by A. E. Hill. F'cap. 8vo., cloth 1/0
" Of a classic simplicity. Text-book for Government Examinations."
The following GERMAN PLAYS are specially adapted for School Reading,
and may be easily acted. 'With English Notes by A. E. HILL.
Der Blumenkranz. Der Eierdieb, by Christolph von SCHMID.
12mo., paper wrapper 9d.
Die Erdbeeren und Der kleine Kaminfeger, by Christolph von
SCHMID 12mo., paper wrapper 9d.
Emma, oder die kindliche Liebe, by Christolph von SCHMID.
12mo., paper wrapper 9d.
GREEK (Modern).
Greek (Modern) Self-Taught, by Nicolaos ANASTASSIOU
(In Greek and Roman Characters). With Phonetic Pronunciation.
Containing Vocabularies ; Idiomatic Phrases and Dialogues ;
Elementary Grammar ; Commercial, Trading, Archaeological
and Religious Terms ; Travel Talk ; Photography ; Amusements ;
Tables of Money with English and American values and illus-
tration of Greek Coinage ; Weights and Measures. 1904.
Crown 8vo., 120 pp., blue wrapper 2/0
Do. do., red cloth ..." 2/6
Modern Greek Grammar, by VLACHOS. (See page 18.)
London : E. MARLBOROUGH & Co., Publishers, 51, Old Bailey, E.C.
12 HINDUSTANI. HUNGARIAN. ITALIAN.
HINDUSTANI.
Hindustani Self-Taught, by Capt. C. A. THIMM [In Romanized
Characters.] Hindustani Text Revised by Professor J . F. Blum-
hardt, m.a., m.r.a.s. (Professor of Hindustani at the London
University). With English Phonetic Pronunciation. Containing
Vocabularies; Conversations; Colloquial and Idiomatic Phrases ;
Travel Talk; Naval, Military, Legal, Judicial, Religious, Com-
mercial, Shooting and Fishing Terms ; Indian Titles, Castes and
Servants ; Tables of Money, Weights and Measures, &c.
Fourth Edition. 1908. Crown 8vo., 112pp., blue wrapper ... 2/0
Do. do., red cloth 2/6
M It is sufficient to say that this clear and concise little work on Hindu-
stani is well up to the high standard of those which have preceded it . . .
the book should prove of the greatest value."— The Statesman, Calcutta.
Hindustani Grammar Self-Taught, by Capt. C. A. THIMM.
Revised _ by SHAMS'UL 'ULAMA SAYYID 'ALT
BILGRAMI, m.a. Cantab., ll.b., Assoc, r.s.m. London, m.r.a.s.
Containing: I. A Simplified Grammar, Alphabet, Rules of
Grammar, and Parts of Speech, &c. II. Exercises and Examin-
ation Papers, Reading Lessons, with Translations. III. The
Vernacular, Hindustani Penmanship, Phrases, Extracts from
Classical (Urdu) Authors. IV. Key and Dictionary of Words, &c.
Second Edition. 1907. Crown 8vo., 120 pp., blue wrapper ... 2/0
Do. do., red cloth 2/6
" The essential points and rules of Hindustani Grammar are admirably
shown in a concise and simple form." — Madras Mail.
Hindustani Self-Taught and Grammar (the two books bound in
one volume). Crown 8 vo., red cloth ... ... ... ... ... 5/0
HUNGARIAN.
Hungarian Self-Taught by the COUNT de SOISSONS. With
Phonetic Pronunciation. Containing The Alphabet, Prelimin-
ary Notes, Vocabularies, Elementary Grammar, Etymology,
Modes of Address, Conversational Phrases and Sentences, Travel
Talk, Commercial and Trading, Legal, Religious Terms and
Phrases, Cycling, Photography, Amusements, Money with
illustration of Hungarian Coinage and English and American
values, Weights and Measures, Postal Rates, &c. 1910.
Crown 8vo., 112 pp., blue wrapper ... ... ... ... ... 2/0
Do. do., red cloth 2/6
ITALIAN.
Italian Self-Taught, by C. A. THIMM. Revised by G. DALLA
VECCHIA. With English Phonetic Pronunciation. Con-
taining Vocabularies ; Elementary Grammar ; Colloquial and
Idiomatic Phrases ; Travel Talk; Conversations, Commercial and
Trading, Legal, Religious Terms; Amusements; Motoring;
Cycling; Photography; Musical Terms; Tables of Money with
illustration of Italian Coinage and English and American values,
London: E. MARLBOROUGH & Co., Publishers, 51, Old Bailey, E.C.
ITALIAN (contd.). JAPANESE. 13
Weights and Measures. Fourth Edition, 1912. Crown 8vo.,
120 pp., blue wrapper 1/0
Do. do., red cloth 1/6
" A remarkable popular handbook to the Italian tongue."— The Daily
Chronicle.
Italian and English Commercial Correspondence, by G
MARCHETTI For Commercial Institutions, and for prac-
tical use in the Counting House. With Phraseology, Alphabetical
List of Merchandise, Commercial Terms, and Tables of Italian
Money, Weights and Measures. With Appendix containing a
list of the chief produce and wines of Italy.
Revised Edition. Demy 8vo., 92 pp., fawn wrapper 1/0
Do. do., cloth 1/6
" Should be of practical use in commercial institutions, and in the
counting house." — British Trade Journal.
Italian Grammar by G. MARCHETTI (See page 18.).
Italian and English Dialogues, by G. MARCHETTI. cloth ... 2/0
Traveller's Practical Manual of Conversation.
No. 1 (Marlborough's) English, French, German & ITALIAN,
in one book. Containing TravelNotes (Customs, Cycling, Motoring,
&c), Tables of Money, Pronunciation, Classified Conversations,
subjects arranged alphabetically. The Numerals, Weights and
Measures, Washing List, Dictionary of Words in daily use.
3rd Edition, 1912. Cwn 12mo, 152 pp., round corners, red wrap. 1/0
Do., do. , green cloth, round corners 1/6
Do., do., leather, round corners, with tuck-in flap net 2/6
Italian Washing Book, by C. A. THIMM : for Ladies, Gentlemen,
and Families. Counterfoils in English, alphabetically arranged
Demy 8vo., dark red wrapper 6d.
JAPANESE:.
Japanese Self-Taught [Thimm's System In Roman Characters],
by W. J. S. SHAND, late Director, School of Japanese Language
and Literature, London. With English Phonetic Pronunciation.
Containing The Syllabary ; Classified Vocabularies and Conver-
sations ; Travelling, Commercial and Trading, Naval, Military
and Religious Terms and Phrases ; the Numerals ; Money
with illustration of Japanese coinage, Weights and Measures,
Postage, &c. 1907. Crown 8vo., 96 pp., blue wrapper 2/0
Do. do., red cloth 2/6
Japanese Grammar Self-Taught, by H. J. WEINTZ in Roman
Characters. Containing I. Grammar and Syntax, with
Pronunciation, Native Japanese characters, &c. II. Exercises and
Extracts. 1. Exercises for Translation, with Key. 2. Reading
Exercises, with Pronunciation and Translation. 3. Japanese
Extracts, with Key. III. Vocabularies (alphabetical), Japanese-
English and Engiish-Japanese, Money, Weights and Measures.
Second Edition. 1907. Crown 8vo., 184 pp., blue wrapper ... 4/0
Do. do., red cloth 5/0
"It is luminous without being too elaborate ... It is, in fine, the best
bit of scholastic work that we have met with for a very long time."—
Coal and Iron.
Japanese Self-Taught and Grammar, in one volume. Cloth... 7/6
London: E. MARLBOROUGH & Co., Publishers, 51, Old Bailey, E.C.
14 LATIN. NORWEGIAN. PERSIAN.
LATIN.
Latin Grammar, by H.J. SEIDENSTUCKER. A practical and
easy method of learning the Latin Language, after the system
of F. AHN. Ninth Edition. Crown 8vo., 140pp., cloth ... 1/6
Key to the Exercises. 2nd Edition. Crown 8vo., wrappe 6d.
Latin Self-Taught (Thimm's System), by J. TOPHAM (Barrister-
at-Law). For learning the language by the natural method. With
Phonetic Pronunciation. Containing Classified Vocabularies;
Numerals ; Medical, Prescriptional, Dispensing, Legal and
Religious Terms and Phrases ; Quotations, Inscriptions, Mottoes,
Proverbs, etc., etc. Grammar, Construing, Abbreviations(Degrees,
Titles, Distinctions, etc.). Crown 8vo, 144 pp., blue wrapper ... 1/0
Do. do., red cloth 1/6
NORWEGIAN.
Norwegian Self-Taught, by C. A. THIMM. Revised and En-
larged by P. Th. HANSSEN. With Phonetic Pronunciation.
Containing Vocabularies, Elementary Grammar, Conversations,
Phrases and Sentences, Forms of Letters, Commercial, Legal and
Religious Terms, Travel Talk, Motoring, Cycling, Photography,
Fishing, Shooting, Amusements, Money with illustration of
Norwegian coinage and English and American values, Weights
and Measures. Fifth Edition. 1912. Crown 8vo., 128 pp.,
blue wrapper ... ... ... . . ... ... ... ... 2/0
Do. do., red cloth 2/6
"It contains just those words which are likely to prove useful to
a traveller in Norway. The phrases are many and convenient, and
wherever a Norwegian word is used its pronunciation is given under
a simple system, so that the reader should have no difficulty in pro-
nouncing the word so as to be understood." — The Lancet.
Norwegian Washing Book, by C. A. THIMM : for Ladies, Gentle-
men, and Families. Counterfoils in English, alphabetically
arranged. Demy 8vo., dark red wrapper 6d.
PERSIAN.
Persian Self-Taught by SHEYKH. HASAN. In Roman
Characters] , with English Phonetic Pronunciation. Containing
The Persian Alphabet, Transliteration and Pronunciation ;
Outline of Grammar with Persian Characters; Classified Vocabu-
laries and Conversations ; Travel Talk ; Trade and Commerce ;
Post Office and Correspondence; Illustration of the Persian
Coinage; Persian Handwriting; The Numerals, Money with
English and American values, Weights and Measures. 1909.
Crown 8vo., 96 pp., blue wrapper 2/0
Do., do,, red cloth 2 6
" The simple way in which it deals with this difficult and beautiful
language is little short of wonderful. Whilst not disregarding the
value of Persian handwriting and characters, we get a Romanised Per-
sian with phonetic pronunciation, which certainly lands the user very
close up to the original words and sounds, if these be carefully studied."
Daily Telegraph and Deccan Herald, India.
" This is a most welcome addition to the ' Self-Taught Series.' Those
who desire to acquire a colloquial and practical knowledge, and to all
such we gladly recommend this very useful little book."— The Parsi,
Bombay.
London: E. MARLBOROUGH & Co., Publishers, 51, Old Bailey, EX.
PORTUGUESE. RUSSIAN. SPANISH. 15
PORTUGUESE.
Portuguese Self-Taught (Thimm's System), by E. da CUNHA.
With Phonetic Pronunciation. Containing Vocabularies,
Elementary Grammar, Conversational Phrases and Sentences,
Commercial, Trading, Legal, and Religious Terms, Travel Talk,
Cycling, Motoring, Photography, Amusements, Tables of Money,
Weights and Measures, &c. Second Edition. 1912. Crown 8vo.,
120 pp., blue wrapper ... ... ... ... ... 2/0
Do. do., red cloth 2/6
" The elementary grammar is concise and clear. Anyone who desires
an introduction to Portuguese cannot do better than obtain this work." —
Pitman's Journal.
Portuguese Washing Book, by E da CUNHA : for Ladies, Gentle-
men and Families. Counterfoils in English, alphabetically
arranged. Demy 8vo., dark red wrapper 6d.
Portuguese Grammar, by L. de CABANO (See page 18.)
RUSSIAN.
Russian Self-Taught, by C. A. THIMM and J. MARSHALL, m.a.
In Russian and Roman Characters. With English Phonetic
Pronunciation Containing Vocabularies of words in general
use ; Elementary Grammar ; Colloquial and Idiomatic Phrases ;
Travel Talk ; Cycling, Photographic, Shooting, Fishing, Naval,
Military, Commercial and Trading Terms and Conversations;
Tables of Money with illustration of Russian coinage and
English and American values, Weights and Measures.
Fourth Edition. 1910. Crown 8vo., 134 pp., blue wrapper... 2/0
Do. do., red cloth t ... 2/6
"Russian is a notoriously difficult language to learn, but the student
will find many of the difficulties which beset the beginner removed by
the little work before us."— United Service Gazette.
Russian Washing Book, by C. A. THIMM: for Ladies, Gentle-
men, and Families. Counterfoils in English, alphabetically
arranged. Demy 8vo., dark red wrapper 6d.
Russian Grammar, by F. ALEXANDROW. (See page 18.)
Russian & English Dialogues, by F. ALEXANDROW cloth ... 2/0
SPANISH,
Spanish Self-Taught (Thimm's System), by W. F. HARVEY, m.a.
with English Phonetic Pronunciation. Containing Vocabu-
laries ; Idiomatic Phrases and Dialogues ; Elementary Grammar ;
Commercial, Trading, Legal, and Religious Terms ; Travel Talk ;
London; E. MARLBOROUGH & Co., Publishers, 51, Old Bailey, E.C.
16 SPANISH (contd). SWEDISH.
Photography, Cycling, and Amusements; Money with English
and American equivalents and illustration of Spanish coinage,
Weights and Measures. Revised and Enlarged Edition, 1903.
Crown 8vo., 120 pp., blue wrapper 1/0
Do. do., red cloth 1/6
"An admirable traveller's vade mecum, containing in pocket compass
all that he is likely to want."— The Journal of Education.
Spanish and English Commercial Correspondence, by D.
SALVO With Phraseology, Alphabetical List of Merchandise,
Commercial Terms, and Tables of Money, Weights and Measures,
for Commercial Institutions and for practical use in the Counting
House Revised and Enlarged Edition. 1909. Demy 8vo.,
fawn wrapper 1/0
Do. do., cloth 1/6
" A very useful book to the business man."— The Brit. & Col. Druggist.
Spanish Grammar, by D. SALVO (See page 18.)
Spanish and English Dialogues (New) byTOLRA'y FORNES
and D, BOWMAN, cloth 2/0
Spanish Washing Book, by C. A. THIMM : for Ladies, Gentle-
men, and Families. Counterfoils in English, alphabetically
arranged. Demy 8vo., dark red wrapper 6d.
SWEDISH.
Swedish Self- Taught, by C. A. THIMM&W. F. HARVEY, ma.
Revised by Carl Cederlof, with English Phonetic Pro-
nunciation. Containing Classified Vocabularies, Colloquial and
Idiomatic Phrases and Conversations; Elementary Grammar
Travel Talk; Cycling Photographic, Shooting, Fishing, Money,
with English and American Values and Illustration of Swedish
Coinage ; Weights and Measures.
Second Edition. Crown 8vo., 100 pp., blue wrapper ... 2/0
Do. do., red cloth 2/6
*' A student could easily make considerable headway with Swedish,
even in the absence of a living instructor."— The Schoolmaster.
Swedish Grammar, by C. LEN STROM (Seepage 18.)
Swedish and English Dialogues, by C. LENSTROM, cloth ... 2/0
Swedish Washing Book, by C. A. THIMM: for Ladies, Gentle-
men, and Families. Counterfoils in English, alphabetically
arranged. Demy 8vo., dark red wrapper ... ... ... ... 6d.
" A great boon to families and others."— Weldon's Ladies' Journal.
London: E. MARLBOROUGH & Co., Publishers, 51, Old Bailey, E.C.
TAMIL TURKISH. 17
TAMIL.
Tamil Self-Taught, by Don M. de Zilva WICKREMASINGHE,
Epigaphist to the Ceylon Government. In Roman characters,
with English Phonetic Pronunciation. Containing The
Alphabet ; Classified Vocabularies and Conversations ; English-
Tamil Alphabetical Vocabulary; Travelling, Commercial,
Official, Planting, Shooting and Fishing Terms and Phrases ;
Numerals, Money, Weights and Measures.
Second Edition. 1911. Crown 8vo., 96 pp., blue wrapper ... 2/0
Do., do., red cloth 2/6
" For ourselves, we think it a capital little introduction to the study of
the language, which should prove exceedingly useful to planters and
others "—The Ceylon Church Missionary Gleaner.
" We have pleasure in recommending the book to students, officers,
civil servants, traders, travellers, and all others who desire to acquire
an excellent grounding in Tamil." — Ceylon Catholic Messenger.
Tamil Grammar Self-Taught, by Don M. Zilva de WICKRE-
MASINGHE. In Tamil and Roman Characters. Containing
I. — Grammar and Syntax. Alphabet and Pronunciation. Tamil
Characters Transliteration. Parts of Speech. Rules of Syntax.
II. — Exercises in Tamil and English, with Key. III. — Tamil-
English Vocabulary, Alphabetically arranged. 1906.
Crown 8vo., 120 pp., blue wrapper 4/0
Do. do., red cloth 5/0
" Is a great improvement on any attempt of the kind which has pre-
ceded it, and will without the slightest doubt be found very useful by
anyone wishing to take up Tamil, either merely for acquiring a col-
loquial and conversational knowledge of it, or with the intention of
entering upon a thorough study of the language and its literature. The
book is miles ahead of anything that has been attempted in this direc-
tion before."— The Times of Ceylon.
Tamil Self-Taught and Grammar. The two books bound
in one volume. Crown 8vo., red cloth ... ... ... ... 7/6
" With these two volumes the English student should be able to obtain
a fair mastery of the Tamil language, even without a teacher."— Ceylon
Observer.
TURKISH.
Turkish Self-Taught, by C. A. THIMM. In Turkish and Roman
Characters. Revised and Re-edited by Professor G. Hagopian
and Professor A. Georgius, b.a. The Dragoman for Travellers.
With English Phonetic Pronunciation. Contains Vocabularies ;
Elementary Grammar ; Idiomatic Phrases and Conversations ;
Tables of Money with illustration of Turkish coinage ; Weights
and Measures ; English and Turkish Dictionary.
Fourth Edition. 1906. Crown 8 vo., 138 pp., blue wrapper... 2/0
Do. do., red cloth 2/6
" The transliteration is phonetic, easy, and simple, greatly facilitating
the acquirement of the language as is spoken and written by Turkish
authorities in Constantinople and throughout the Ottoman Empire, and
also by educated persons in Syria."— Imperial and Asiatic Beview.
"Will do as much as any self-teaching can do." — Army and Navy
Gazette.
London : E. MARLBOROUGH & Co., Publishers, 51, Old Bailey, E.C.
18 Foreign Grammars & Common-Sense Series.
FOREIGN GRAMMARS.
By various Authors, with Exercises and Reading Lessons, Vocabu-
laries of Useful Words, Dialogues, &c, &c. Crown 8vo.,
Danish and Norwegian Grammar, by H. Lund
Dutch Grammar, by F. Ahn
French Grammar, by F. Ahn, " Author's " 14th Edition
French Grammar Self-Taught, by J. Lafitte, B.-es.L.
German Grammar, by Mathias Meissner. 23rd Edition
German Grammar Self-Taught, by W. E. Weber, m.a.
Icelandic Grammar, by E. Rask
Italian Grammar, by G. Marchetti
Latin Grammar, by J. H. Seidenstiicker
Modern Greek Grammar, by A. Vlachos
Ottoman-Turkish, by J. W. Redhouse
Portuguese Grammar, by L. de Cabano
Russian Grammar, by F. Alexandrow
Spanish Grammar, by D. Salvo
Swedish Grammar, by C. Lenstrom
Sanskrit Grammar, by T. Benfey
MARLBOROUGH'S SELF-TAUGHT PHONETICS.
KEY to the PRONUNCIATION.
Containing : Introductory and Explanatory Notes ; English Sounds :
Vowels, Diphthongs and Consonants. Foreign Sounds : French, German,
Italian, Spanish, Danish, Swedish, Norwegian, and Dutch.
Demy 8vo., Wrapper, 1/-.
THE COMMON-SENSE SERIES.
Edited by E. P. and R. F. PRENTYS.
Comprising Conversations for Journeying and of Daily Use in Town and
Country. A well indexed, sensibly arranged little pocket book. Compiled
by a traveller for travellers. The phrases given are those one really wants
to know, and are useful alike to the foreigner, the American and the
Englishman. Crown 12mo.
Cloth. Leather.
FRENCH FOR DAILY USE. By L. F. Richard ... 1/6 2/6
GERMAN „ „ ByF. A. Bucher 1/6 2/6
JAPANESE „ „ ByK. Sasamoto 1/6
cloth.
Key
- 3/-
1/6
... 3/-
—
... 2/6
1/-
1/-, 1/6
6d.
... 2/6
1/-
1/- 1/6
6d.
... 3/-
—
... 3/-
—
... 1/6
6d.
... 3/-
1/6
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—
... 3/-
—
... 3/-
1/-
... 3/-
1/6
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—
... 10/6
—
London: E. MARLBOROUGH & Co., Publishers, 51, Old Bailey, E.C.
SELECTED DICTIONARIES. 19
Selected Dictionaries.
*Dictionaries marked with an asterisk (*) are obtained only to order.
ARABIC.
•BADGER (G. P). English-Arabic Lexicon. Imperial 4 to. Net 42/0
♦HAVA (Rev. J. G. s. J.). Arabic-EnglishDictionary. 8vo. ... 21/0
*LANE (E. W.). An Arabic-English Lexicon. Eight vols.
Royal 4to., cloth. 25/0 per vol. Set for Net £5
♦SALMONE (H. A.). Arabic-English Dictionary, with English
Index. Two vols. Post 8vo., cloth Net36/0
♦STEINGASS (Dr. F.). Students' Arabic-English Dictionary.
Demy 8vo., cloth 50/0
* English-Arabic Dictionary, in Arabic characters and
transliterated. Demy 8vo., cloth ... ... ... ... ...28/0
BURMESE.
"JUDSON (A.), STEVENSON (R. C). Burmese-English
Dictionary. Royal 8vo. Net 27/6
* English-Burmese. Half-bound Net 27/6
* PHINNEY (F. D.) and EVELETH (Rev. F. H.).
English-Burmese and Burmese-English Pocket Dic-
tionary. Oblong 8vo., cloth Net 6/0
CHINESE.
♦GOODRICH (C). Chinese-English Pocket Dictionary, and
Pekingese Syllabary Small 8vo, half-bound Net 7/6
* HILLIER (Sir W.), KC.M.G..G.B. English-Chinese Pocket
Dictionary of Peking, colloquial. Ryl. 16mo., cloth ... Net 16/0
♦POLETTI (P.). Chinese and English Dictionary, arranged
according to Radicals and Sub-Radicals Roy. 8vo, half-bound Net 20/0
*SOOTHILL (W.E.). Pocket Chinese-English Dictionary, in
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