Full text of "Jefferson County, Pennsylvania : her pioneers and people, 1800-1915"

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JEFFERSON COUNTY

PENNSYLVANIA

HER PIOiNEERS AND PEOPLE

1800—1915

WILLIAM JAMES McKNIGHT, M. D.

of Brookville, Pa.

Author of "My First Recollections of Brookville, Pennsylvania," "Recol-
lections of Ridgway, Pennsylvania," "Pioneer History of Jefferson
County, Pennsylvania," "A Pioneer Sketch of the Cities
of Allegheny, Beaver, DuBois and Towanda," "A
Pioneer Outline Historv of Northwestern
Pennsylvania, 1780-1850."

TWO VOLUMES

ILLUSTRATED

VOLUMEI
HISTORICAL

CHICAGO

J. H. BEERS & COMPANY

1917

PREFACE

In presenting "Jefferson County, Her Pioneers and People" to its patrons, the
publishers have to acknowledge, with gratitude, the encouragement and support
their enterprise has received, and the willing assistance rendered in enabling them
to surmount the many unforeseen obstacles to be met with in the production of a
work of such magnitude. He who expect to find the work entirely free from
errors or defects has little knowledge of the difficulties attending the preparation
of a publication of this kind, and should indulgently bear in mind that "it is
much easier to be critical than to be correct." It is, therefore, trusted that this
history will be received by the public in that generous spirit which is gratified at
honest and conscientious effort.

The work has been divided into two parts. History and Biography. Volume
I, containing the general history of the county, and of the townships and bor-
oughs, has been compiled, prepared and edited by Dr. W. J. McKnight. Volume
II is devoted to local genealogy and biography, whose importance has had grow-
ing recognition among individuals as well as historians throughout Pennsylvania,
with an appreciation of their value in a convenient and permanent form. In
nearly every instance the data for the biographies were submitted to those imme-
diately interested for revision and correction.

The work, which is one of generous amplitude, is placed in the hands of the
public with the belief that it will be found a valuable addition to the library, as
well as invaluable contribution to the historical and genealogical literature of
Pennsylvania. The Publishers.

AUTHOR'S NOTE

These notes are a compilation of what I have seen, heard and experienced,
as a son of pioneer parents in this wilderness. I was to the manner born, and
in my time have met, known and doctored all or nearly all the original settlers.
The truths and facts to be related here in these notes have been gathered night
after night, day after day, and year after year, from a retentive memory of those
times and events. My birth, associations, education, avocations, printer activities,
political speech making and the practice of medicine have all been pioneer, tlius
fitting me peculiarly for this task. I revere my ancestry and the pioneers. I
delight in recounting their courage and virtues. My only ambition and desire
here is to leave a truthful narrative of the pioneer men and women and events
of Jefferson county, so that some future citizen can continue the history of the
county. To do this, labor and research have been enthusiastically pursued with
expense, patience and perseverance. I assisted Caldwell in 1878 in the com-
pilation of his atlas, assisted Miss Kate M. Scott in 1886 in the compilation of
her history of the county and wrote my pioneer history in 1898. As you see,
I have been at this work for years, and now I will correct any error and false
tradition whenever and wherever I find it. I am greatly indebted to the early
newspapers of the county, especially to Joel Spyker and to the files of the Jeffer-
son Star and r.rookville Republican, and also lo Miss Kate M. Scott's history
for much data that T have u.sed. W. J. McKnight.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTORY

CONDITIONS IN 180O SOCIAL HABITS OF THE PIONEERS — CHRISTIANITY OF THOSE TIMES.

ETC I

CHAPTER n
OUR ABORIGINES

THE IROQUOIS, OR SIX NATIONS — INDIAN TOWNS, VILLAGES, GRAVEYARDS, CUSTOMS, DRESS, HUTS,
MEDICINES. DOCTORS, BARK-PEELERS, BURIALS, ETC. CORNPLANTER 5

CHAPTER III

GENERAL HISTORY AND PENNSYLVANIA CHRONOLOGY
PATENTS, INVENTIONS, ETC.

HISTORICAL CHRONOLOGY GOVERNORS OF THE COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA —POPULAR

VOTE FOR GOVERNORS, I79O-I914 — SOME STATE L.A.WS DISTINCTIVE CONDITIONS- —POPULA-
TION, PENNSYLVANIA AND THE UNITED STATES — RATIO OF CONGRESSIONAL REPRESENTATION
—DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION IN PENNSYLVANIA — PENNSYLVANIA COUNTIES CHRONOL-
OGY OF INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITIES FORTY YEARS OF PROGRESS — NOTABLE OCCURRENCES — PENN-
SYLVANIA IN THE WAR OF THE REBELLION — HISTORICAL MISCELLANY — PATENTS, INVEN-
TIONS, ETC 21

CHAPTER IV
PIONEER EXPLORERS AND SETTLERS

INDIAN TRAILS, THE WHITE MAN's PATH — D.WID AND JOHN MEADE ME.^DE's PACKHORSE TRAIL

— PIONEER SETTLEMENT IN THE NORTHWEST — PIONEER EXPLORERS AND SETTLERS 56

CHAPTER V

FORE.STS. .STREAMS AND LAND
PIONEER INDUSTRIES, HOMES AND CUSTOMS

GEOGRAPHY AND TOPOGRAPHY — ELEVATIONS IN COUNTY DRAINAGE INDIAN AND PIONEER

NAMES OF STREAMS TREES — LUMBERING AND RAFTING NAVIGATION COMPANIES PIONEER

viii ■ TABLE OF CONTENTS

FLATBOATS, TIPPLES, ETC. ACTS OF ASSEMBLY RELATING TO STREAMS PIONEER AGRICUL-
TURE — MAPLE SUGAR MAKING TAR BURNING PIONEER WAGONS — HOW THE PIONEER

BOUGHT HIS LAND — PIONEER HOMES OF JEFFERSON COUNTY — PIONEER FOOD AND CLOTHING
PIONEER PRICES FOR LABOR AND FOOD — PIONEER HABITS AND CUSTOMS— PIONEER EVEN-
ING FROLICS — PIONEER MUSIC SCHOOLS AND SINGING MASTERS IN JEFFERSON COUNTY —
LEGAL STATUS OF WOMEN IN PIONEER TIMES 60

CHAPTER VI
PIONEER ROADS AND BRIDGES— TURNPIKES— STAGES

EARLY COURT RECORDS RELATING TO ROADS AND BNIDGES — ACTS OF ASSEMBLY RELATING TO ROADS,
ETC. SUSQUEHANNA AND WATERFORD TURNPIKE — OLEAN ROAD — -OTHER ROADS TOLL-
GATES — STAGES, ETC 86

CHAPTER VU
RAILROADS— COAL MINING

INTRODUCTION ALLEGHENY VALLEY RAILROAD — BONDS OF JEFFERSON COUNTY — BUFFALO,

ROCHESTER & PITTSBURGH RAILWAY COMPANY — OTHER COAL ROADS — PITTSBURGH, SUMMER-
VILLE & CLARION RAILROAD COMPANY — LAKE ERIE, FRANKLIN & CLARION RAILROAD COM-
PANY — COAL MINING — COAL BEDS — SOME INTERESTING DATA lOO

CHAPTER VIII
PIONEER ANIMALS

CIRCULAR HUNTS — BEAVERS, BUFFALOES, PANTHERS, WOLVES, WILDCATS, BEARS, AMERICAN ELK,

OTHER ANIMALS PENS AND TRAPS— HABITS OF OUR WILD ANIMALS FAMOUS HUNTERS IN

THIS REGION— SNAKES AND OTHER REPTILES — BIRDS — BEES Ill

CHAPTER IX
THE INSTITUTION OF SLAVERY

ORIGIN NEGRO SLAVERY IN PENNSYLVANIA — UNDERGROUND RAILROAD IN PENNSYLVANIA AND

JEFFERSON COUNTY WHITE "SLAVERY," REDEMPTIONERS AND INDENTURED APPRENTICES

IMPRISONMENT FOR DEBT, ETC I46

CHAPTER X
WARS OF THE UNITED STATES— MILITARY MATTERS

THE REVOLUTION — WAR WITH FRANCE — WAR WITH TRIPOLI — WAR OF l8l2 — MEXICAN WAR —
CIVIL WAR — ROSTER OF JEFFERSON COimTY SOLDIERS IN THE CIVIL WAR — JEFFERSON

COITNTY's HONOR ROLL A LINCOLN STORY — DUTIES OF A SOLDIER — SPANISH-AMERICAN

WAR — REr.lEF FUND OF JEFFERSON COUNTY — PENSIONS — PAY OF SOLDIERS — PIONEER MILI-
TIA LEGISLATION 1 1;2

TABLE OF CONTENTS ix

CHAPTER XI
COUNTY FORMATION AND GOVERX.AIENT— POPULATION— OFFICIALS

LOCATION AND EXTENT OF COUNTY — LOCATION OF TOWNS AND BOROUGHS — PIONEER COUNTY
LAWS — COURTHOUSE AND JAIL — FIRST ASSESSMENT — PIONEER LICENSES — TAXABLES, 1837

— INDUSTRIAL STATISTICS, CENSUS OF 184O — LIST OF RETAILERS, 1860 TAXABLES, I915

ELECTIONS AND POLLING PLACES — OFFICIALS 2O7

CHAPTER XII
POST OFFICES AND POSTMASTERS

INTRODUCTION — HISTORICAL FACTS RELATING TO THE POSTAL SERVICE RATES OF POSTAGE

PIONEER MAIL ROUTES AND POST OFFICES — LIST OF JEFFERSON COUNTY OFFICES — PRESENT
OFFICES IN COUNTY 22g

CHAPTER XIII
'bench AND BAR

JUDICIAL ORGANIZATION IN PENNSYLVANIA AND JEFFERSON COUNTY TERMS OF COURT — PRESI-
DENT JUDGES ASSOCIATE JUDGES — STATE JUDICIARY PIONEER COURT SESSIONS ATTOR-
NEYS ADMISSIONS TO THE BAR — PRESENT MEMBERS, JEFFERSON COUNTY BAR JUSTICES

OF THE PEACE 24O

CHAPTER XIV
PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS

THE PIONEER WILDERNESS DOCTOR IN NORTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA BROOKVILLE's PIONEER

RESURRECTION OR "WHO SKINNED THE NIGGER?" TRUE STORY OF THE INCEPTION AND

ENACTMENT OF THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE ANATOMICAL LAW OTHER MEDICAL LEGISLA-
TION JEFFERSON COUNTY PRACTITIONERS — COUNTY MEDICAL SOCIETIES — MEDICAL IN-
SPECTORS OF SCHOOLS 250

CHAPTER XV

THE PRESS

PIONEER NEWS SERVICE — PIONEER PRESS — RECORD OF NEWSPAPERS IN COUNTY TO PRESENT TIME
— FIRST DAILIES 274

CHAPTER XVI
EDUCATIONAL PROGRESS

PIONEER LEGISLATION — PIONEER SCHOOLS, SCHOOLMASTERS AND SCHOOLIIOUSES THE COMMON

SCHOOLS, LAW OF 1834 AND ITS WORKINGS IN JEFFERSON COUNTY — PIONEER SCHOOL DI-
RECTORS STATE AID ORGANIZATION UNDER COMMON SCHOOL SYSTEM PIONEER SCHOOL

TABLE OF CONTENTS

COXVEN'TIOX — SCHOOL SUPERINTENDENTS — SOME SCHOOL LAWS EVENING AND GILADED

SCHOOLS — SELECT SCHOOLS — INSTITUTES — SCHOOL DIRECTORS' ASSOCIATION OF JEFFERSON
COUNTY — STATE NORMAL SCHOOLS ITEMS OF INTEREST 281

CHAPTER XVH
CHURCHES

PRESBYTERIAN CHURCHES AND PASTORS — THE METHODISTS — PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL DENOMINA-
TION — REFORMED CHURCH — BAPTISTS — ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH GREEK CATHOLIC

CHURCH LUTHERAN CHURCH — UNITED BRETHREN IN CHRIST — EVANGELICAL ASSOCIATION

— COVENANTER CHURCH — JEWISH SYNAGOGUE 294

CHAPTER XVni
FRATERNAL AND SOCL'\L ORGANIZATIONS, ETC.

INDEPENDENT ORDER OF ODD FELLOWS — MASONIC FRATERNITY — KNIGHTS OF PYTHIAS — GRAND
ARMY OF THE REPUBLIC AND AUXILIARIES — PATRIOTIC ORDER SONS OF AMERICA — TEMPER-
ANCE SOCIETIES — AGRICULTLIRAL ASSOCIATIONS 324

CHAPTER XIX
POLITICAL PARTIES

FIRST POLITICAL PARTY — REPUBLICAN AND DEMOCR.\TIC PARTIES KNOW-NOTHING PARTY —

OTHER POLITICAL PARTIES — PARTY PREFERENCE IN JEFFERSON COUNTY, 1832 TO I9OO

CAMPAIGN OF 1864 — SENATORIAL STRUGGLE BETWEEN INDIANA AND JEFFERSON
COUNTIES 334

CHAPTER XX
FINANCIAL

COINAGE AND PAPER MONEY — PIONEER CURRENCY — MONEY FROM 1850 TO 1860 — HARD TIMES OF

1857 — PRICE OF GOLD DURING CIVIL WAR — WAR STAMPS OF 1862 — BANKS AND BANKING

JEFFERSON COUNTY BANKS — FINANCIAL CONDITIONS IN THE UNITED STATES TO-DAY 343

CHAPTER XXI
r.OROUGH OF BROOK\TLLE

I;R00KVILLe's historic SPRING JJM HUNT's CA\E — PIONEER NOTES — RECOLLECTIONS OF BROOK-

VILLE, 184O-1843 — BROOKVILLE'S EARLY PI'GILISTS — TAXABLES, POPULATION, ETC. — DIS-
TANCES FROM BROOKVILLE TO OTHER COUNTY POINTS — BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT MAILS AND

STAGES — PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS PUBLIC SCHOOLS AND BUILDINGS — CEMETERIES — FIRES —

BOROUGH OFFICES, 1913 — FIFTY YEARS AGO 350

TABLE OF CONTENTS xi

CHAPTER XXII
PINECREEK TOWNSHIP

EARLY TOWNSHIP HISTORY PIONEER TAXABLES — POPULATION PORT BARNETT — PIONEER TIM-
BER RAFT. LUMBERING, ETC. — PRESENT TOWNSHIP OFFICIALS 4I3

CHAPTER XXIII
PERRY TOWNSHIP

ORGANIZATION AND POPULATION JOHN BELL OTHER EARLY SETTLERS FIRST ELECTIONS —

PRESENT OFFICIALS — TOWNS 4^^

CHAPTER XXIV
YOUNG TOWNSHIP— BOROUGH OF PUNXSUTAWNEY

FORMATION AND POPULATION — EARLY SETTLERS AXD MILLS ASSESSMENT LIST OF 1826 MILI-
TARY COMPANY — MAHONING NAVIGATION COMPAXY — EARLY ELECTIONS PRESENT OFFI-
CIALS — TOWNS — BOROUGH OF PUNXSUTAWNEY 42I

CHAPTER XXV
RIDGWAY TOWNSHIP

THE PIONEER SETTLER AND OTHER EARLY SETTf.ERS — PIONEER RO.\D UP HOGBACK HILL PIO-
NEER GRISTMILL FOR THE WILDERNESS PIONEER PHYSICIAN AND MINISTERS PIONEER

BLACKSMITH — JAMES L. GILLIS — ROADS, STREAMS, MILLS, ETC. PIONEER TEAMSTERS — A

HERMIT — RAILROAD PIONEER SCHOOLS FORMATION OF ELK COUNTY EARLIEST ELECTION —

ASSESSMENT LIST, 1827 PIONEERS OF RIDGWAY TOWNSHIP, ELK COUNTY, 1843 — EARLY HIS-
TORY OF RIDGWAY 43O

CHAPTER XXVI
ROSE TOWNSHIP

ORGANIZATION ASSESSMENT LIST OF 1827 POPULATION PIONEERS EARLY INDUSTRIES —

EARLY ELECTIONS PRESENT OFFICIALS PIONEER SCHOOLS HORSE RACING, ROSEVILLE RACE

GROUND — DEVELOPMENT — COUNTY HOME HON. JOEL SPYKER — BELLEVIEW 443

CHAPTER XXVII
BARNETT TOWNSHIP

ORGANIZATION — POPULATION — PIONEERS AND .PIONEER HAPPENINGS TAX LIST OF 1833— CLAR-
ION RIVER AND BRIDGES — JOHN COOK, OF COOKSBURG PRESENT TOWNSHIP OFFICIALS. . . .447

xii TABLE OF COXTENTS

CHAPTER XXVIII
SNYDER TOWNSHIP— BOROUGH OF BROCKWAYVILLE

ORGANIZATION AND POPULATION TAXABLES IN 1 836 PIONEER NOTES EARLY OFFICIALS — PRES-
ENT OFFICIALS — CHARLES MCLAIN CAMP, SONS OF VETERANS — TOWNS AND HAMLETS — BOR-
OUGH OF BROCKWAYVILLE 45O

CHAPTER XXIX
ELDRED TOWNSHIP

ORGANIZATION POPULATION — PIONEER SETTLERS — FIRST ELECTION AND OFFICERS — TAXABLES IN

1837 PRESENT TOWNSHIP OFFICIALS INDUSTRIES, PAST AND PRESENT SIGEL AND HOWE

— THE GRAHAMS — JACOB BEERS 457

CHAPTER XXX
JENKS AND TIONESTA— LOST TOWNSHn\S 460

CHAPTER XXXI
WASHINGTON TOWNSHIP— BOROUGH OF FALLS CREEK

ORGANIZATION AND POPULATION LIST OF TAXA1:LES, 1838 — PIONEERS — INCIDENTS AND ANEC-
DOTES — EARLY PREACHERS — PIONEER ELECTION — PRESENT OFFICIALS — TOWNS — FIRST CEME-
TERY MEMORIAL DAY CELEBRATION — JUDGF EVANS — SCHOOLS CRIME IN THE TOWNSHIP —

HOROUGH OF FALLS CREEK 461

CHAPTER XXXII
PARADISE— A DEAD TOWNSHIP 473

CHAPTER XXXIII
PORTER TOWNSHIP

ORGANIZATION — ASSESSMENT LIST OF 184I — POPULATION — PRESENT TOWNSHIP OFFICIALS PIO-
NEER SETTLERS — SUNDAY SCHOOLS REMINISCENCES 473

CHAPTER XXXIV
CLOVER 1 OWNSHIP— BOROUGH OF SUM^FERVILLE

ORGANIZATION AND POPULATION FIRST ASSESSMENT— EARLY SETTLERS — INDUSTRIES — SCHOOLS,

CHURCHES, ETC. — A FAMOUS RIFLE COMPANY — PRESENT TOWNSHIP OFFICIALS — BOROUGH OF
SUMMERVILLE 476

TABLE OF CONTENTS xiii

CHAPTER XXXV
GASKILL TOWNSHIP

ORGAXIZATION AND POPULATION— CHARACTERISTICS— SETTLEMENT— EARLY INDUSTRIES— MOUNT
PLEASANT CHURCH ^VILLAGES TOWNSHIP OFFICIALS 479

CHAPTER XXXVI
WARSAW TOWNSHIP

ORGANIZATION AND CHARACTERISTICS POPULATION ASSESSMENT LIST OF 1843 EARLY DAYS—

RICHARDSVILLE JOHN BELL "jERICHO" — TOWNSHIP OFFICIALS — TOWNS — AN ACCIDENTAL

SHOOTING "RATTLESNAKE DEN" 481

CHAPTER XXXVn
HEATH TOWNSHIP

ORGANIZATION AND RESOURCES— TAXABLES OF 1 848— POPULATION EARLY SETTLERS BUSINESS

FIRST OFFICIALS PRESENT OFFICIALS — FIRST MURDER IN COUNTY 484

CHAPTER XXXVIII
WINSLOW TOWNSHIP— BOROUGHS OF REYNOLDSVILLE AND SYKESVILLE

ORGANIZATION AND POPULATION — FIRST SETTLERS PIONEERS IN 1847 — BUSINESS AND RE-
SOURCES — ELECTIONS AND OFFICIALS — TOW XS CEMETERIES REYNOLDSVILLE — WEST REY-
NOLDSVILLE SYKESVILLE 4^6

CHAPTER XXXIX
RINGGOLD TOWNSHIP— BOROUGH OF WORTH\TLLE

ORGANIZATION AND FIRST OFFICIALS — PIONEERS AND EARLY BUSINESS HUNTING INCIDENTS

POPULATION TAXABLES, 185O TOWNSHIP OFFICIALS — TOWNS — JEFFERSON GUARDS BOR-
OUGH OF WORTHVILLE 49^

CHAPTER XL
UNION TOWNSHIP— BOROUGH OF CORSICA

ORGANIZATION AND FIRST OFFICIALS — PIOXEERTAX LIST, 185O — POPULATION — SCHOOL AND

CHURCH NOTES TOWNS — ROSEXTTLLE GRAYS — HAUGH FAJIILV AND LOCAL DEVELOPMENT

BOROUGH OF CORSICA 494

CHAPTER XLI
BEAVER TOWNSHIP

ORGANIZATION TAX LIST OF 185I SETTLEMENT TOWNS, ETC. FIRST ELECTION OFFICIALS

POPULATION UNION GUARDS 499

xiv TAISI.E ur CONTENTS

CHAPTER XLII
POLK TOWNSHIP

ORGANIZATION — OLD SETTLERS — PIONEER NOTES — PIONEER TAXABLES, ASSESSMENT OF 1852

BUSINESS — DEVELOPMENT — POPUL.\TION OFFICIALS — SOLDIERS' REUNIONS — JOHN DIXON,

JR 501

CHAPTER XTJH
OLIVER TOWNSHIP

ORGANIZATION — SETTLEMENT — INDUSTRIES — SCHOOL, CHURCH, CEMETERY — FIRST ELECTION —

PRESENT OFFICIALS — PIONEER TAXABLES — POPULATION MILITARY COMPANY SQUIRREL

HUNT — A TRAGEDY 5O4

CHAPTER XLIV
KNOX TOWNSHIP

ORGANIZATION — PIONEERS AND EARLY DEVELOPMENT — GAS AND COAL PRODUCTION — TAXABLES,
ASSESSMENT OF 1854 — FIRST ELECTION — POPULATION — OFFICIALS — TOWNS 506

CHAPTER XLV
BELL TOWNSHIP

FORMATION — SETTLEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT — FIRST ELECTION EARLY TAXABLES, 1858 POP-
ULATION 508

CHAPTER XLVI
McCALMONT TOWNSHIP

ORGANIZATION, ETC. — PIONEERS AND PIONEER NOTES — SCHOOLS AND CHURCHES — BEAR STORIES
— FIRST ELECTION — PIONEER TAXABLES, 1858 AND 1859 — POPULATION — TOWNS 5IO

CHAPTER XLMI
HENDERSON TOWNSHIP— BOROUGH OF BIG RUN

ORGANIZATION — SRni.KRS — CHARACTERISTICS — INDUSTRIES FIRST ELECTION — PIONEER TAX-
ABLES, 1858 — TOWNS — POPULATION — TOWNSTTTP OJ-FICIALS- — BOROUGH OF BIG RUN 513

HISTORICAL INDEX

Abolition of Slavery 147,148

Academies ....214, 290, 382, 499
Acts of Assembly Relating

to Eoads 91

to Streams 67

Adams, Rev. Dr. J. T 305

Adrian 422

Hospital 429

Advocate, Reynoldsville 279

Agricultural Associations.... 332

Implements 70

Lands in County 220

Pennsylvania Dept. of 27

Pioneer 69

Products in County, 1840.. 219

Society, First 71

Alder Creek 62

Algerines 371

Allegheny Valley Railroad,

Low Grade Division 102

Presidents 103

Allen's Mill 483

Aliens Mills Post Office. .233, 239

Almanac, Ancient 55

Althause, Rev. Mr 514, 515

Alvan 233

American Bison, or Buffalo

113, 124

Elk and Habits.. 11(5, 124, 125

National Party 335

Party 335

Republican Party 335

Amusements, Pioneer 81

Anatomy, Study of 255

Human Bodies for 263

Anderson, Charles 107

Anecdotes 463

Animals and Fire 126

Natural Life of 124, 142

(See also Snakes and Other
Reptiles, 136-142)

Pioneer Ill

Anita 233, 2.39, 512

Anthracite Coal 106

Anti-Slavery Society, Ameri-
can 149

.\pprentiees, Indentured. 149, 373
Archie Campbell and Jimmy

Kyle 463

Area, of Jefferson County. . . 207

Pennsylvania 21

United States 34, 349

Armstrong and Clearfield

Turnpike 9(5

Jefferson and Clearfield
Turnpike Co 97

Assembly, Colonial 24

Assemblymen from Jefferson

County 223, 224

Assessment, First County. . . . 217

Lists, Early 217, 218, 219

See also Chapter XVII,

Churches 294

Superintendents of Schools..

285, 288, 290, 441

Surgery, Old-Time and Mod-
ern " 251, 268

Surveyors, County 226

Susquehanna Circuit, M. P. .. 314
& Waterford Turnpike. .91, 361
Swedish Settlers in Pennsyl-
vania 22

Svkesville Borough

2.38, 239, 487, 490

M. E. Church 313

Tabernacle Baptist Church.. 318

Tanneries

,.354, 442, 483, 487, 488, 515
Tar Burning 72, 73, 444

HISTORICAL INDEX

Taverns, Pioneer 98

See also Brookville and
Township Chapters.
Taxahles, First County. . .217, 413

1820 413

1837 218

1915 220

See also Brookville and
Township Chapters.

Taxes, County 213

Flour 213

Road 95

Teachers in County 380

Contract 420

Earlv 282, 286, .'157

Institutes 290

Number in Countv 291, 293

Pioneer 467, 468

and Pupils, Ridgway Sum-
mer School 441

Teaming, Early 92

Teamsters, Earlv 432

Teitrick, Prof. Reed B 291

Telegraph Service in Countv

390, 488

Telephones in Countv

...55, 390, 428, 456, 478, 489
Temperance Societies. .. .305, 330

In Jefferson County 330

Templeton, Jesse J 178

Tcmpleton, Mrs. Mary (Mc-

Knight) ". 363

Templeton, Thomas L 393, 394

Textbooks Used in Early

Schools

...281, 282, 286, 381, 444

Thanksgiving Day 48

Days, Pioneer 49

Thirty - third Independent

Regiment 158

Thompson, John J. T

. .2.58, 276, 389, 390, 498, 506

Thomson, John Edgar 101, 102

Threshing, Earlv 70

Thundergust Mills 370

Tidings, Big Run 280

Timber Pirates 371

Prices 370, 371

Raft. Pioneer Square 417

Timberlands in Countv 220

Timblin 2.38, 239, 493

Tionesta Township 460

Elections 215

Tipples 66

Toads 139

Toby's Creek 61,67, 68

Token, Communion 296

Tollgate, The 98

Tolls on Streams 66

Topography, Jefferson

County ..." 60, 209

Tornado, An Early 405

Tornadoes 43

Towns and Boroughs in Jef-
ferson County 209

Location 209

Townships in County 221

Officials (See also Town-
ship Chapters).
Population (See also Town-
ship Chapters) 221

Tragedy

Trail, Meade's Packhorse...
Traps and Pen, Animal....

Travelers' Home Hotel

Treasurers, County

Treasury Notes, Civil "War..
Treatv 'of 1683

1686

1754

1784 17

1795 17

Trees

Cork Pine 487,

Tribune, Big Run

Punxsutawney

Trolley Service 489,

Trousers 78,

Troy (Summerville).238, 239,

Churches — See Chapter

XVII

Turkey Pens

Turkeys, Wild

Turnpike Charters

Roads

First Stone

Turtles

Two Hundred and Eleventh
Pennsylvania Volunteers

184,

Two Hundred and Sixth
Pennsylvania Volunteers

506

115

435

224

344

, 24
, 18
62
513
280
279
490
206
478

294
80
80
92
91
92

139

200
185

Volunteer, Reynoldsville 280

Rifle Association 356

Rifle Company, Brookville. 369
Vote, Popular, for Governor,

1790-1914 25

Jefferson Countv, 1832-

1S,54 ". 337

for President, 1832-1860... 337

1864 339

for U. S. Senator, 1914 38

Ugly Run 479

Underground Railroad in
Pennsylvania and Jeffer-
son County 147

Union Guards 501

Union Township 494

First Common School 287

Pioneer School 283

Uniforms, Railroad 101

TTnited Brethren in Christ..

322, 323, 447, 477, 510

United Evangelical Church.. 323

United Presbyterians 305

United States, Area of... 34, 349

Population 34, 349, 374

Presidents 51

Senators ' and Representa-
tives ' Salaries 52

Statistical Record 349

Valier 2.38, 2.39, 421

M. E. Church 312

Value of Church Property in

Countv 323

School Property 380

Taxable Propertv in

Countv, 1829 218

1915 220

of Timber 65, 219

Van Camp, Fudge

57, 59, 153, 414, 415

Vantassel 238

"V astbinder, Andrew 121

Jacob 114

Peter 114, 115

William 116

Vehicles, Early.. 72, 361, 362, 370

Venison Jerk 132

\ ocational High School 293

Wages

Wagons, Early 72,362,

Waite Schoolhouse.. .286, 299,

Walston 238, 239,

Warren and Jefferson County
Turnpike

and Ridgway Turnpike. . . .
Wars of the United States . .

Cost 152, 153,

War Stamps, 1862

Warsaw (Jericho) 238,

Baptist Church

M. E. Church

Township

Taxables and Property..

Elections

Retailers, 1860

Washington Party

Township

Elections

Pioneer School

Retailers, 1860

W ashingtonians

Watches, Early

Water Companies . . . 395, 428,

Waterworks, Brookville

Wealth of the United States,

1800-1914 349,

Weasel

Weaving 78,

Weber, John A., Manual
Training & Domestic Sci-
ence School

Weddings, Pioneer

Welsh B<^ptist Church

Wesley M. E. Church

West Clarion

Revnoldsville 465,

West'ville 238, 239,

Whig Party

AVhiskv

White' Slavery 146,

White Slaves, Value of

Whitesville 238, 290,

"Who Skinned the Nigger!"
Wild Animals

Bounties 114, 124,

134, 211, 213, 416,

Fear of Fire

Habits 124,

Natural Life of . .124, 136,

Pens and Traps

Signals

Speed of

Value of Fur

Wild Bee

Boar

Cat (or Bobcat)

Bounties 211,

Wildcat Currency

403
370
466
422

95
96
152
154
348
483
319
310
481
220
215
220
336
461
215
283
219
331
377
456
378

350
123
383

429
82
318
312
451
489
465
334
74
149
146
421
252
111

436
126
136
142
115
126
124
136
143
479
122
213
345

HISTORICAL INDEX

Wild Cat Regiment 160

Wiliiwood Cemetery 456

Wilson, .luiige Tlieophihis S. 242
Wincbrennerian Denomina-
tion (Church of Goa)... 323

Winslow (Hudson)

235, 238, 239, 480

Winslow Township 486

Retailers 219

Taxablcs and Property.... 220

Wishaw 238', 239, 487

Wolf 114, 116, 124

Bounties 114, 134, 213, 436

Habits 125, 136

Pen 116

Wolverines 113

Woman 's Relief Corps. . .329, 394

Present Corps in County.. 330

Women, Higher Eilucation.. 378

Legal Rights an<l Status. 84, 378

in Newspaper Work 280

Suffrage 50, 379

Vocations, Past and Present

307, 379

Wonders, Modern 54

Woodland Cemetery 455

Worth ville Borough

239, 420, 491, 492, 493

(-'ircuit 322

Presbyterian Churcli 302

Wrav, Rev. John

" 300, 301, 436, 454

Yates, Arthur G 109

"Yellow Charley" 107

Young Men 's Christian Asso-
ciation, Brookville 395

Young Township 211, 421

Earlv Elections

..' 214, 215, 224, 422

Pioneer School Directors.. 285

State Aid for Schools. 285, 288

Taxables ami Property 220

Zion Cemetery 510

M. E. Church 312

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

McKnight, Dr. W. J. Frontispiece
Map of Jefferson County,

Double Page xxviii

Jefferson County in 1800.... 2
Captain George Smoke and

His Cousin John Smoke.. 8
Indian Stockade (Bark

Houses) 8

Cornplanter 17

Pennsylvania's Coat of Arms 21
Old State Capitol, Harrisburg,

Pa 21

Outline Map of Counties and

State, 1800 34

County Map of Pennsylvania 37

V. S. Senator Boies Penrose. . 38
U. S. Senator George T.

Oliver 39

Liberty Bell 51

Raising tlie First Sawmill,

1797 58

Skidding Logs 64

Rafting Timber, Clarion

River 65

Turning Boat 65

Rafting on Allegheny River. 65
Building Boat on Clarion

River 65

Ox Yoke and Tin Lantern.. 70

Taking Out a Timber Stick. . 72

Making Maple Sugar 72

Early Barn 75

Fat Lamp and Snuffers 76

Spinning-Wheel, .Reel and

Bed-Warmer 78

Large Spinning-Wheel 78

Fla.Y Brake 78

Old Marriage Certificates.... 85

Conestoga Wagon 92

Bennett's Stage and Mor-
row 's Team 92

Stage Coach, 1824-1850 99

Port Barnett 99

Pioneer Railroad Train in

United States 100

Squirrel 113

Beaver 113

Buffalo 113

Bear Trap — Common Brown

Bear 113

Male Panther (Pennsylva-
nia), Three Years Old,

Full Grown Bet. 114-115

Wolf Bet. 114-115

Female Panther (Pennsylva-
nia), Two Years Old,' Not

Full Grown Bet. 114-115

American Elk 116

Jim Jacobs 121

Fox 122

Pennsylvania Bear 122

Opossum 1 23

Bill Long 126

George Smith 134

A Rattler and Blacksnake

Fight Bet. 136-137

Blacksnake Bet. 136-137

Banded Rattlesnake. .Bet. 136-137

Copperhead Bet. 136-137

Dr. Ferd Hoffman, of Brook-

ville 137

Rattlesnake 137

Crow 139

Raven 139

Bald Eagle 139

(irouse or Pheasant 139

Wild Turkey 139

American Goshawk 140

Hawk 140

Red-Shouldered Hawk 140

Sharp-Shinned Hawk 140

Wild Pigeon 141

Hawks 141

Passenger Pigeon, Mature

and Young 141

Blue Jay 142

Straw Bee-scap 143

Charles Brown Handcuffed
and Shackled in Brook-

ville, 1834 148

Blacksnake Whip 148

Branding Slaves 148

Writ of Execution, 1833 151

Jesse Jamison Templetou. . . . 178

Army Pass 203

Map of Jefferson County,

1850 208

Pioneer Courthouse and Jail,

1831 216

Courthouse and Jail, 1915... 216
Map of Jefferson County, 1905 221

Hon. E. Heath Clark 242

Cabin Barn 250

Pioneer Cabin 250

View of Brookville in 1857.. 252
Templeton, Mrs. Mary (Mc-
Knight) 257

John J. Y'psilanti Thompson. 258

A. A. McKnight, Esq 259

Residence of A. M. Clarke,

M. D 260

Pioneer Sclioolhouse 282

Abraham Lincoln 338

Gen. George B. McClellan... 338

Edwin M. Stanton 338

Old Paper Monev 345

Plot, Town of Brookville 352

Western Entrance to Brook-
ville, 1840 ;!60

Brookville Kitchen, 1840 360

Paul Darling 397

Fathers of the Brookville

Cemetery Bet. 400-401

Paul Darling Memorial,

Brookville Cemetery

Bet. 400-401

Soldiers' Monument, Brook-
ville Cemetery Bet. 400-401

View of the Borough of

Punxsutawney in 1876.... 426
Jacob Ridgway, Merchant

Prince 431

Map of Elk County, 1905 432

Map of Forest County, 1905. 449

Andrew Hunter 462

The Original Homestead of
Andrew Bowers in Gaskill
Township, Jefferson Countv.
Built in 1825 .' . 480

XXVI I

'^ ''-" r' K'"/ \''^PK

AJ.Nn03

SN o t/J. SUV r

COUNTY

A J. r^ n o D

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i !i

■9

T",' "orK

TILDEl

History of

Jefferson County, Pennsylvania

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTORY

CONDITIONS IN 180O SOCIAL HABITS OF THE PIONEERS CHRISTIANITY OF THOSE TIMES, ETC.

At this time all the pioneers have passed
away. Every true citizen now and in the
future of Jefferson county must ever possess
a feeling of deep veneration for the brave men
and courageous women who penetrated this
wilderness and inaugurated civilization where
savages and wild beasts reigned supreme.
These heroic men and women migrated to this
forest and endured all the hardships incidental
to that day and life, and through their labors
and tribulations they have transmitted to us
all the comforts and conveniences of a high
civilization. The graves have closed over all
of them, and I have been deprived of the great
personal assistance they could have lieen to
me in writing this history.

In 1800 railroads were unknown. The first
line was fourteen miles long — the Baltimore
& Ohio, in 1830. The next was the South
Carolina railway line, one hundred and thirty-
six miles long, and at the time the longest rail-
road in the world. In 1833 there were but
sixteen passenger locomotives in the United
States. In 191 5 there are in the United States
two hundred and fifty-seven thousand miles
of line and a total of over three hundred and
eighty thousand miles of track of all kinds.
This great system of steel highways represents
a capitalization of sixteen billions of dollars
and an actual property investment much in ex-
cess of that sum. Two million men and
women are emplo^'ed in the service of our
railroads, and, counting their families, upward
of seven millions of people are supported by
these employes, whose compensation amounted
1

to more than one and a Cjuarter billions of dol-
lars in 1915.

CONDITIONS IN 180O

In the year 1800 men were imprisoned for
debt and kept in prison until the last farthing
was paid. The jails of that day were but little
better than dungeons. There was no Woman's
Christian Temperance Union, no Woman's
Relief Corps, no Society for the Prevention of
Cruelty to Animals or Children.

In 1800 domestic comforts were few. No
stove had been invented. Large, deep fire-
places with cranes, andirons and bake-ovens
were the only means of heating and cooking.
Friction-matches were unknown. If the fire
of the house went out. you had to rekindle
with a flint or borrow of your neighbor. I
have borrowed fire. House furniture was
then meagre and rough. There were no
window blinds or carpets. Rich people white-
washed their ceilings and rooms, and covered
their parlor floors with white sand. Hence
the old couplet :

Oh. dear mother, my toe.s are sore,
A dancing over your sanded floor.

In 1800 training day was a great event. All
men were required by law to participate in a
day of general military drill. No uniforms
were worn, save the homespun dress of each
soldier. The companies were armed with
sticks, pikes, muskets or guns, and were pre-

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

ceded in iheir marches by a fife or drum. An
odd and comic sight it was. I have seen it in
Brookville.

Rural amusements in 1800 were shoolinj);
matches, rollings, huskings, scutchings. flax
breakings, apple parings and quiltings. Danc-
ing was not entirely overlooked. Books were
few and but little schooling to be had. Wom-
an's exiravagancc in dress was then and is
now a juicy topic for grumblers.

When ("leorgc W'ashington was president,
our territory was small, only thirteen States,
and our population but three millions. In 1800
the population was 5,305,925. Now otir nation
has grown to forty-eight .States, and our peo-
ple increased to over a hundred millions, and
our country advanced from extreme poverty
to the richest on earth. Our territory has be-
come as large as Russia in Europe. Norway,
Sweden, Denmark. Holland. Belgium, Ger-
many, Austria-Hungary, Switzerland, Italy.
Spain, Portgual, France, Great Britain and
Ireland, fronting on two great oceans, and
populated, too, with a people only eight per
cent, of whom are unable to read and write.

In iSoo Philadelphia and New York were
but overgrown villages, and Chicago was un-
known. There were only five large cities in
the United States. Philadelphia was the
largest with 66,000 population. New York
was next with 60.000, Baltimore was third
with 26,000, Boston fourth with 25,000,
Charleston, South Carolina, fifth with 10,000
people. Now we have a dozen cities any one
of which would represent the urban population
of the country a century ago.

In 1800 Jefferson county was unknown, with
only two w'hite men living within her borders.
Nature reigned supreme. The shade of the
forest was heavy the whole day through. Now
our county contains a population of over
63,090. We have schools, churches, tele-
graphs, telephones and court all the time.

The great coal deposits that underlie forty-
two of our counties were known to exist at
that early date, but the use of coal was not
understood. .Some hard coal was mined anfl
shipped to Philadelphia for a market, but not
knowing what to do with it. it was finally used
to repair the roads. Our people are alive to-
day to the use of coke, coal, hard and soft,
as yearly the mining exhibits show.

In 1800 there was no terra cotta, no eleva-
tors, steam heating, electric lighting, concrete,
asbestos, hoisting machines, sanitary plumb-
ing, tile; no coke, no commercial bread baking,
no skyscrapers, no wireless telegraphy, no
stump machines, no talking ninchincs, no

dictographs, no adding machines, no cash
registers, no addressographs, no free mail de-
livery, no ready-made clothing, no Fairbanks'
scales, no ice houses, no linotype (only nine
inventions, including the "old gray goose quill
and pokeberry ink," both of which I have usefl
in my schooldays, ) no aeroplanes. I have lived
to see an aeroplane fly in fifteen minutes from
Brookville to Punxsutawney. There- were no
aniline dyes, no an:esthetics and painless sur-
gery, no hypodermic syringe, no guncotton, no
nitroglycerine, no dynamite, no sjiant powder,

JKI-FKRSO.N' COUNT^ l\ I N « i

no audiphones, [jneumatic tubes or type-
writers, no cotton gin, no planting machine,
no mower or reaper, no hayrak'e, no hayfork,
no corn sheller, no rotary ])rinting press, no
sewing machine, no knitting ni;ichine, no en-
\elopes for letters, no India rubber goods for
syringes, coats, shoes or cloaks, no grain
elevator except man. no artificial ice, no steel
l)ens. no telegraph or telephone, no street cars,
no steam mills, no daguerreotypes or photo-
graphs, no steam ]ilouf,dis, no steam thresher
(only the old hand flail), no windmill, and no
millionaire in the whole cf)untry. George
Washington was the richest man, and he wa«

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

only worth eight hundred thousand dollars.
Now to-day we have hundreds of millionaires.
The nation that was poor in 1800 is now worth
two hundred and twenty-eight billion dollars.
Our great wealth is due to oil, mines, gas, pre-
cious metals and agriculture.

Pine-knots, tallow-dipped candles burned
in iron or brass candlesticks, and whale oil
burned in iron lamps, were the means for
light in stores, dwellings, etc. ; gas was un-
heard of for stoves, streets or lights; no
furnaces or steam heat. Food was scarce,
coarse, and of the most common kind, with no
canned goods or evaporated fruits. In addi-
tion to cooking in the open fireplace, women
had to spin, knit, dye and weave all domestic
cloths, there being no mills run by machinery
to make woolen or cotton goods. Mrs. Wins-
low's Soothing Syrup and baby carriages were
unknown. The bride of 1800 took her wed-
ding trip on foot or on horseback behind the
bridegroom on a "pillion." To-day she can
take it in an airship. The pioneer mother
spun the wool and flax, knit the yarn into
socks, comforts and mittens, made the blue
drilling and other clothes for the family, made
the soap and tallow-candles, preserved the
meat, milked the cows and made the butter,
carried the water from the spring. In short.
her lot was terribly severe.

In -1800 men wore no beatds, whiskers or
moustaches, their faces being clean-shaven
and as smooth as a girl's. A beard was looked
upon as an abomination, and fit only for Hes-
sians, heathen or Turks. In 1800 not a single
cigar had ever been smoked in the United
States. I wish I could say that of to-day.

Previous to 1800, or the settlement of Jef-
ferson county, there were about nine inven-
tions in the world, to-wit : The screw, lever,
wheel, windlass, compass, gunpowder, mov-
able type, microscopes and telescopes. About
everything else has been invented since. To-
day France averages about nine thousand,
and the United States twelve thousand in-
ventions a year.

In 1800 no steamboats had ever navigated
the water, nothing but sail craft being used.
Emigrants to America came in sailing vessels.
Each emigrant had to provide his own food,
as the vessel supplied only air and water.
The trip required a period of from thirty
days to three months. Now this voyage can
be made by the use of Jefferson county coal
in less than six days in palace steamships
reading wireless telegraphic news on the boat.
Now ocean travel is a delight. Then canals

for the passage of great ships and transatlantic
steamers were unknown.

In 1800 the use of electricity was in its in-
fancy, and traveling was done by sail, on
foot or horseback, and by coach. Now we
have steamers, street cars, railroads, bicycles
and horseless carriages; modern tunnels were
unknown. Then there was no submarine
cable ; now the earth is girdled with telegraph
wires, and we can speak face to face through
the telephone over four thousand miles apart,
and millions of messages are sent every year
under the waters of the globe. Today in the
United States an average of more than one
to twelve telegraphic messages is sent every
minute, day and night, the year through.

In 1800 human slavery was universal, and
irreligion was the order of the day. Nine
out of every ten workingmen neither pos-
sessed nor ever opened a Bible. Hymn books
were unknown, and musical science had no
system. Medicine was an illiterate theory,
surgery a crude art, and dentistry unknown.
Books were few and costly, ignorance the
rule, and authors famed the world over now
were then unborn ; now we spend annually
one hundred and forty million dollars for
schools. In 1800 there were but few daily
papers in the world, no illustrated ones,
no humorous ones, and no correspondents.
No snapshots were thotight of. Photography
was not heard of. Now this science has re-
vealed "stars invisible" and microscopic life
beyond computation. Plate glass was a lux-
ury undreamed of. Envelopes had not been
invented, and postage stamps had not been
introduced. Vulcanized rubber and celluloid
had not begun to appear in a hundred dainty
forms. Stationary washtubs, and even wash-
boards, were unknown. Carpets, furniture
and household accessories were expensive.
.Sewing machines had not yet supplanted the
needle. Aniline colors and coal-tar proditcts
were things of the future. Stemwinding
watches had not appeared ; there were no
cheap watches of any kind. So it was with
hundreds of the rfecessities of our present
life.

SOCIAL HABIT.S OF THE PIONEERS

In the social customs of our day, many
minds entertain doubts whether we have made
improvements upon those of our ancestors.
In those days friends and neighbors could
meet together and enjoy themselves, and
enter into the spirit of social amusement with
a hearty goodwill, a geniality of manners, a

Jl'.FFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

corresponding deptli of soul, among both the
old and young, to which modern societ)' is un-
accustomed. CJur ancestors did not make a
special invitation the only pass to their dwell-
ings, and they entertained those who visited
them with a hospitality that is not generally
practiced at the present time. Guests did not
assemble then to criticize the decorations,
furniture, dress, manners and surroundings
of those by whom they were invited. They
were sensible people, with clear heads and
warm hearts ; they visited each other to pro-
mote mutual enjoyment, and believed in gen-
uine earnestness in all things. We may ignore
obligations to the pioneer race, and congratu-
late ourselves that our lot has been cast in
a more achanced era of mental and moral
culture ; we may pride ourselves upon the de-
velopments which have been made in science
and art; but, while viewing our standard of
elevation as immeasurably in advance of that
of our forefathers, it would be well to emu-
late their great characteristics of hospitality,
lionor and integrity.

CJIKISTI.ANITV OF THOSE TIMES

The type of Christianity of that period will
not suffer by comparison with that of the
present day. If the people of olden times had
less for costly apparel and ostentatious dis-
])lay, they had also more for offices of charity
and benexolence ; if they did not ha\e the
splendor and luxuries of wealth, they at least
had no infirmaries or paupers, very few law-
yers, and but little use for jails. The vain and
thoughtless may jeer at their unpretending
manners and customs, but in all the elements
of true manhood and true womanhood it may
be safely averred that they were more than
the peers of the generation that now occupy

their places. That race has left its impress
upon our times, whatever patriotism the pres-
ent generation boasts has descended from
them. Rude and illiterate, sectarian and con-
tentious, they may have been, but they pos-
sessed strong minds in strong bodies, made
so by their compulsory self-denials, their
privations and toil. It was the mission of
many of them to aid and participate in the
formation of this great Commonwealth, and
wisely and well was the mission performed.
Had their descendants been more faithful to
their noble teachings, harmony would reign
supreme where violence and discord now hold
sway in the land.

The pioneer times are the greenest spot in
the memories of those who lived in them ; the
privations and hardships then endured are
consecrated things in the recollection of the
survivors. I am glad to have lived in them.

Our fathers established the first Christian,
non-sectarian government in the world, and
declared as the chief cornerstone of that gov-
eriunent under which all men are "born free
and equal" Christ's teaching, love your
neighbor as yourself. Since this thought has
been carried into effect by our non-sectarian
government, it has done more to elevate and
civilize mankind in the last one hundred years
than had ever been accomplished in all time
before. Cinder the humane and inspiring in-
fluence of this grand idea put into practice,
the wheels of progress, science, religion and
civilization have made gigantic. strides, and our
nation especially, from ocean to ocean, from
Arctic ice to tropic sun, is filled with smiling,
happy homes, rich fields, blooming gardens
and bright firesides, made such by Christian
charity carried into national and State con-
stitutional enactment.

CHAPTER II
OUR ABORIGINES

THE IROQUOISj OR SIX NATIONS — INDIAN TOWNS, VILLAGES, GRAVEYARDS, CUSTOJLS, DRESS, HUTS,
MEDICINES, DOCTORS, BARK-PEELERS, BURIALS, ETC. — CORNPLANTER

Aquanuschiono, or "united people," is what
they called themselves. The French called
them the Iroquois ; the English, the Si.x Na-
tions. They formed a confederate nation, and
as such were the most celebrated and power-
ful of all the Indian nations in North America.
The confederacy consisted of the Mohawks,
the fire-striking people ; the Oneidas, the pipe-
makers ; the Onondagas, the hilltop people ;
the Cayugas, the people from the lake; the
Tuscaroras, unwilling to be with other people ;
and the .Senecas, the mountaineers, or our
people.

The aborigines were called Indians because
Columbus thought he had discovered India,
and they were called Red Men because they
daubed their faces and bodies with red paint.
The American Indian had no universal lan-
guage. In North .America, there were over one
thousand Indian dialects.

The Iroquois (E-ro-quau), or Six Nations,
were divided into eight families, viz.j the
Wolf, Bear, Beaver, Turtle, Deer, Snipe.
Heron and Hawk. Each nation had one of
each of the families in their tribe, and all the
members of that family, no matter how wide
apart or of what other tribe, were considered
as brothers and sisters, and were forbidden
to marry in their own family. Then a Wolf
was a brother to all other Wolves in each of
the nations. This family bond was taught
from infancy and enforced by public opinion.

If at any time there appeared a tendency
toward conflict between the different tribes,
it was instantly checked by the thought that,
if persisted in. the hand of the Turtle mu.st
be lifted against his l)rother, the tomahawk
of the Beaver might be buried in the brain of
his kinsman Beaver. And so potent was the
feeling that, for at least two hundred years,
and until the power of the league was broken
by the overwhelming outside force of the
whites, there was no serious dissension be-
tween the tribes of the Iroquois.

In peace, all power was confined to "sach-

ems," in war, to "chiefs." The sachems of
each tribe acted as its rulers in the few mat-
ters which required the e.xercise of civil au-
thority. The same rulers also met in council
to direct the affairs of the confederacy. There
were fifty in all, of whom the Mohawks had
nine, the Oneidas nine, the Onondagas four-
teen, the Cayugas ten and the Senecas eight.
These numbers, however, did not give pro-
portionate power in the council of the league,
for all the nations were equal there. There
was in each tribe, too, the same number of
war chiefs as sachems, and these had absolute
authority in time of war. When a council
assembled, each sachem had a war chief near
him to execute his orders. But in the war
party the war chief commanded and the
sachem took his place in the ranks. This was
the system in its simplicity.

The right of heirship, as among many other
of the North American tribes of Indians, was
in the female line. , A man's heirs were his
brother, that is to say, his mother's son and
his sister's son, never his own son, nor his
brother's son. The few articles which con-
stituted an Indian's personal property — even
his bow and tomahawk — never descended to
the son of him who had wielded them. Titles,
so far as they were hereditary at all, followed
the same law of descent. The child also fol-
lowed the clan and tribe of the mother. The
object was evidently to secure greater cer-
tainty that the heir would be of the blood of
his deceased kinsman. The result of the ap-
plication of this rule to the Iroquois system of
clans was that if a particular sachemship or
chieftaincy was once established in a certain
clan of a certain tribe, in that clan and tribe it
was e.xpected to remain forever. Exactly
how it was filled when it became vacant is a
matter of some doubt; but, as near as can be
learned, the new official was elected by the
warriors of the clan, and was then inaugurated
by the council of the sachems.

If, for instance, a sachemship belonging to

JEFFERSON COUXTV, I'EXXSVLX'AXIA

the Wolf clan of the Seneca tribe became
vacant, it could only be filled by some one of
the Wolf clan of the Seneca tribe. A clan
council was called, and, as a general rule, the
heir of the deceased was chosen to his place,
to wit: One of his brothers, reckoning only
on the mother's side, or one of his sister's
sons, or even some more distant male relative
in the female line. But there was no positive
law, and the warriors might discard all these
and elect some one entirely unconnected with
the deceased, though, as before stated, he
must be one of the same clan and tribe. While
there was no unchangeable custom' compelling
the clan council to select one of the heirs of
the deceased as his successor, yet the tendency
was so strong in that direction that an infant
was frequently chosen, a guardian being ap-
pointed to perform the functions of the office
till the youth should reach the proper age to
do so. .\I1 offices were held for life, unless
the incumbent was solemnly deposed by a
council, an e\ent which very seldom occurred.
Notwithstanding the modified system of hered-
itary power in vogue, the constitution of
every tribe was essentially republican. W'ar-
riors, old men, and women attended the various
councils and made their influence felt. Xeither
in the government of the confederacy nor of
the tribes was there any such thing as tyrannv
over the jieoiile. though there was a great deal
of tyranny by the league over conquered na-
tions. In fact, there was very little govern-
ment of any kind, and very little need of any.
There were substantially no projierty interests
to guard, all land being in common, and each
man's personal property being limited to a
bow, a tomahawk, and a few deerskins. Liquor
had not yet lent its disturbing influence, and
few quarrels were to be traced to the influence
of women, for the .Vnicrican Indian is singu-
larly free from the warmer passions. I lis
j)rincipal \ice is an easily aroused and un-
limited hatred : but the tribes were so small
and enemies so convenient that there was no
difficulty in gratifying this feeling (and at-
taining to the rank of a warrior) outside of his
own nation. The consequence was that al-
though the war parties of the Iroquois were
continually shedding the Ijlood of foes, there
was \ery little quarrelling at home.

Their religious creed was limited to a some-
what vague lielief in the existence of a Great
Spirit and several inferior but very potent
evil s|)irits. They had ceremonies, consisting
largely of dances, one called the "green-corn
dance," and others at other seasons of the
vear. I'Vom a verv early date their most im-

portant religious ceremony has been the "burn-
ing of the white dog.'' To this day the
pagans among them still perform this rite.

In common with their fellow savages on
this continent, the Iroquois have been termed
"fast friends and bitter enemies," but they
were a great deal stronger enemies than
friends. Revenge was the ruling passion of
their nature, and cruelty was their abiding
characteristic. Revenge and cruelty are the
worst attributes of human nature, and it is
idle to talk of the goodness of men who roasted
their ca[)tives at the stake. All Indians were
faithful to their own tribes, and the Iroquois
were faithful to their confederacy; but out-
side of these limits their friendship could not
be counted on, and treachen,- was always to
be apprehended in dealing with them.

In their family relations they were not
harsh to their children and not wantonly so to
their wives; but the men were invariably
indolent, and all labor was contemptuously
abandoned to their weaker sex. They had
no cows, horses or chickens. They raised
tobacco, corn, beans and pumpkins.

Polygamy was practiced. Chiefs and emi-
nent warriors usually had two or three wives,
who could be discarded at will by their hus-
bands.

Hur nation, the Senecas, was the most
numerous and comprised the greatest war-
riors of the Iroquois confederacy. Their
great chiefs. Cornplanter and (aiyasutha, are
jirominently connected with the traditions of
the headwaters of the Allegheny, western New
York, and northwestern Pennsylvania. In
person the Senecas were slender, middle-sized,
handsome and straight The squaws were
short, not handsome, and clumsy. The skin
was reddish brown, hair straight and jet-black.

When a .Seneca died, the corpse was dressed
in a new blanket or petticoat, with the face
and clothes painted red. The body was then
laid on a skin in the middle of the hut. The
war and hunting implements of the deceased
were then piled up around the body. In the
evening after sunset, and in the morning be-
fore daylight, the squaws and relations as-
sembled around the corpse to mourn. This
was daily repeated until interment. The
graves were dug by old squaws, as the young
squaxys abhorred this kind of Jalior. P)efore
they had hatchets and other tools, they used
to line the inside of the gra\e with the bark
of trees, and when the corpse was let down
they placed some pieces of wood across, which
were again covererl with bark, and then the
earth thrown in. to till up the grave. At an

JEFFERSON COUNl Y, PENNSYLVANIA

early period they used to put a tobacco pouch,
knife, tinder-box, tobacco and pipe, bow and
arrows, gunpowder and shot, skins and cloth
for clothes, paint, a small bag of Indian corn
or dried bilberries, sometimes the kettle,
hatchet, and other furniture of the deceased,
into the grave, supposing that the departed
spirits would have the same wants and occu-
pation in the land of souls. But this custom
was nearly wholly abolished among the Dela-
vvares and Iroquois about the middle of the
last century. At the burial not a man shed
a tear ; they deemed it a shame for a man to
weep. But on the other hand, the women set
up a dreadful howl. They carried their dead
a long- way sometimes for burial.

An Indian hut was built in this manner :
Trees abounding in sap were [)eeled, usually
the linn. When the trees were cut down the
bark was peeled with the tomahawk and its
handle. They peeled from the top of the tree
to the butt. The bark for hut building was cut
into pieces of six or eight feet, which were then
dried and flattened by laying heavy stones
upon them. The frame of a bark hut was
made by driving poles into the ground, and
the poles were strengthened bv crossbeams.
This frame was then covered inside and out-
side with the prepared linnwood bark, fas-
tened with leatherwood bark or hickory withes.
The roof ran upon a ridge, and was covered
in the same manner as the frame ; and an
opening was left in it for the smoke to escape,
and one on the side of the frame for a door.

They cut logs fifteen feet long and laid
these logs upon each other. At each end they
drove posts in the ground, and tied these posts
together at the top with hickory withes or
moose bark. In this way they erected a wall
of logs fifteen feet long to the height of four
feet. In the s.ame way they raised a wall
opposite to this one, about twelve feet away.
In the centre of each end of this log frame
they drove forks into the ground. A strong
pole was then laid upon these forks, extend-
ing from end to end, and from these log walls
they set up poles for sheeting, and the hut was
then covered or shingled with linnwood bark.
As above related, this bark was peeled from
the tree, commencing at the top, with a toma-
hawk, and the strips were soriietimes thirty
feet long, and usually six inches wide. These
strips were cut as desired for roofing.

At each end of the hut they set up split
lumber, leaving an open space at each end for
a doorway, at which a bearskin hung. A
stick leaning against the outside of this skin
meant that the "door was locked." At the

top of the hut, in lieu of a chimney, they left
an open place. The fires were made in the
inside of the hut, and the smokes escapetl
through this opening. There were no doors
or windows. For bedding they had linnwood
bark covered with bearskins. Open places be-
tween logs the squaws stopped with moss
gathered from old logs. Several families ■occu-
pied a hut, hence they built them long. The
men wore a blanket and went bareheaded.
The women wore a petticoat, fastened about
the hips, extending a little below the knees.

Our nation, the Senecas, produced the great-
est orators, and more of them than any other.
Cornplanter, Red Jacket and Farmer's Brother
were all Senecas. Red Jacket once, in
enumerating the woes of the Senecas, ex-
claimed : "We stand on a small island in the
bosom of the great waters. We are encircled,
we are encompassed. The evil spirit rides
on the blast, and the waters are disturbed.
They rise, they press upon us, and the waters
once settled over us, we disappear forever.
Who then lives to mourn us ? None. What
marks our extinction? Nothing. We are
mingled with the common elements."

Drunkenness, after the whites had dealings
with the red men, was a common vice, and
the Indian female, as well as the male, was
infatuated with the love of strong drink.
Neither of them knew bounds to their desire;
they drank while they had whisky or could
swallow it down. Drunkenness was a vice,
though attended with many serious conse-
quences, even murder and death, that was not
punishable among them. It was a fashionable
vice. However, fornication, adultery, stealing,
lying and cheating, principally the ofifspring
of drunkenness, v/ere considered as heinous
and scandalous offenses, and were punished
in various ways.

The Iroquois married early in life, the men
usually at eighteen and the women at four-
teen. If an Indian man wished to marry he
sent a present, consisting of blankets, cloth,
linen, and occasionally a few belts of wam-
pum, to the nearest relations of the person he
had fixed upon. If he that made the present,
and the present itself, pleased, the matter was
formally proposed to the girl, and if the
answer was affirmatively given the bride was
conducted to the bridegroom's dwelling with-
out any further ceremony; but if the other
party chose to decline the proposal, the pres-
ent was returned by way of a friendly nega-
tive. After the marriage, the present made by
the suitor was divided among the friends of
the young wife. These returned the civility

JEFFERSON COUNT^■, I'EXNSYLVANIA

by a j^ift of Indian corn, beans, kctlk-<, bas-
kets, hatchets, etc., brought in solemn proces-
sion into the hut of the newly married couple.
The latter commonly lodged in a friend's house
till they could erect a dwelling of their own.

When a young squaw was ready to marry
she wore something on her head as a notice.

As soon as a child was born, it was laid
ujwn a broad or straight piece of bark covered
with moss and wrap])ed up in a skin or piece
of cloth, and when the mother was engaged in
her housework this rude cradle or bed was
hung to a peg or the branch of a tree. The
children were educated to fit them to get
through the world as did their fathers. Tliey
were instructed in religion, etc. They believed
that Manitou. their (iod, "the good s])irit,"
could be propitiated by sacrifices ; hence they
observed a great many sujjerstitious and idola-
trous ceremonies. At their general and sol-
emn sacrifices the oldest men performed the
offices of priests, but in private parties each
man brought a sacrifice, and offered it him-
self as priest. Instead of a temple they fitted
up a large dwelling house for the jnirpose.

\\'hen they traxeled or went on a journey
they manifested much carelessness about the
weather; yet. in their jirayers, they usually
begged for "a clear and pleasant sky." Thev
generally provided themselves with Indian
meal, which they either ate dry, mixed with
maple sugar and water, or boiled into a kind
of mush. .-\s to meat, that they took as they
went. If in their travels they had occasion
to pass a deep river, they set immediately
about building a canoe, taking long pieces of
bark of i)ro])ortionate breadth, to which they
gave the proper form by fastening it to ribs
of light wood, bent so as to suit the occasion.
If a large canoe was required, several pieces
of bark were carefully sewed together. If
the voyage was expected to be long, many
Indians carried everything they wanted for
their night's lodging witii them — namely, some
slender j)oles and rushmats, or bircbbarlc,
which they used for candles.

They had their amusements. Their favorite
one was dancing. The common dance was
held either in a large house or in an open field
around a fire. In dancing they formed a
circle, and always had a leader, to whom the
whole com])any attended. The men went be-
fore, and the women closed the circle. The
latter danced with great decency and as if
they were engaged in the most serious busi-
ness ; while thus engaged they never spoke a
word to the men, much less joked with them,
which would have injured their character.

Another kind of dance was attended only
by men. Each rose in his turn, and danced
with great agility and boldness, extolling his
own or his forefathers' great deeds in a song,
to which all beat time, by a monotonous, rough
note, which was given out with great vehem-
ence at the commencement of each bar.

The war dance, which was always held
either before or after a campaign, was dread-
ful to behold. None took part in it but the
warriors themselves. They appeared armed,
as if going to battle. One carried his gun or
hatchet, another a long knife, the third a toma-
hawk, the fourth a large club, or they all ap-
peared armed with tomahawks. These they
brandished in the air, to show how they in-
tended to treat their enemies. They affected
such an air of anger and fury on this occasion
that it made a spectator shudder to beholfl
them. A chief led the dance, and sang the
warlike deeds of himself or his ancestors. At
the end of every celebrated feat of valor he
wielded his tomahawk with all his might
against a post fixed in the ground. He was
then followed by the rest : each finished bis
round by a blow against the [)Ost. Then they
danced all together; and this was the most
frightful scene. They affected the most hor-
rible and dreadful gestures; threatened to
beat, cut and stab each other. They were,
however, amazingly dexterous in avoiding the
threatened danger. To complete the horror
of the scene, they howled as dreadfully as if
in actual fight, so that they appeared as rav-
ing madmen. During the dance they some-
times sounded a kind of fife, made of reed,
which had a shrill and disagreeable note. The
Iroquois used the war dance even in times of
peace, with a view to celebrate the deeds of
their heroic chiefs in a solemn manner.

The Indians, as well as "all human flesh,"
were heirs of disease. The most common
complaints were pleurisy, weakness and pains
in the stomach and breast, consumption, diar-
rhoea, rheumatism, dysentery, inflammatory
fevers, and occasionally the smallpox made
dreadful ravages among them. The general
remedy for all disorders, small or great, was a
sweat. For this purpose they had in every
town an oven, situated at some distance from
the dwellings, built of stakes and boards,
covered with sods, or dug in the side of a hill,
and heated with some red-hot stones. Into
this the patient crept naked, and in a short
time was thrown into ])rofuse pers])iration.
.\s soon as the ])atient felt himself too hot
he crept out, and immediately i^lunged himself
in a river or other cold water, where he con-

CAPTAIX (,Kiilii;K S.MDKK AND HTS COI'SIX .JOHN SMOKE

IN])IAN STOCKADE (BARK HOUSES)
Tiitcrinr View, Sliowiiig Loiisr House aivl (ia-no-botf within

,.m-

\ THE !-;r.\V YORK
IPUELIC LlEK/.nV

ASTOn, LFNOX

9i..

£V^

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANL

tinned about thirty seconds, and then went
again into the oven. After having performed
this operation three times successively, he
smoked his pipe with composure, and in many
cases a cure was completely effected. In some
places they had ovens constnicted large
enough to receive several persons. Some
chose to pour water now and then upon the
heated stones, to increase the steam and pro-
mote more profuse perspiration. Many In-
di ns in perfect health made it a practice of
going into the oven once or twice a week to
renew their strength and spirits. Some pre-
tended by this operation to prepare themselves
for business which requires mature delibera-
tion and artifice.

If the sweating did not remove the disorder,
other means were applied. Many of the In-
dians believed that medicines had no efficacy
unless administered by a professed physician ;
enough of professed doctors could be found,
many of both sexes. Indian doctors never
applied medicines without accompanying them
with mysterious ceremonies, to make their ef-
fect appear supernatural. The ceremonies
were various. Many breathed upon the sick ;
they averred their breath was wholesome. In
addition to this, they spurted a certain liquor,
made of herbs, out of their mouth ov^r the
patient's whole body, distorting their f
and roaring dreadfully. In some
physicians crept into the oven, where tt^ y
sweat, howled, roared, and now and then
grinned horribly at their patients, who had
been laid before the opening, anfl frequently
felt the pulse of the patient. Then sentence
was pronounced, foretelling either recovery
or death. On one occasion, a Moravian mis-
sionary, who was present, says : "An Indian
])hysician had put on a large bearskin, so that
his arms were covered with the forelegs, his
feet with the hind legs, and his head was en-
tirely concealed in the bear's head, with the
addition of glass eyes. He -ame in this at-
tire, with a calabash in his l.ind, accompanied
by a great crowd of people, -nto the patient's
hut, singing and dancing, when he grasped a
handful of hot ashes, and scattering them into
the air, with a horrid noise, approached the
patient, and began to play several legerdemain
tricks with small bits of wood, by which he
pretended to be able to restore him to health."

The common people believe J that by rattling
the calabash the physician had power to make
the spirits discover the cause of the disease,
and even evade the malice of the evil spirit
who occasioned it.

Their materia medica, used in curing dis-

eases, were rattlesnake-root, skins of rattle-
snakes dried and pulverized, thorny ash, tooth-
achetree, tulip tree, dogwood, wild laurel,
sassafras, poison-ash, wintergreen, liverwort,
\'irginia poke, jalap, sarsaparilla, ginseng, and
a few others.

Wars among the Indians were always car-
ried on with the greatest fury, and lasted
much longer than they do now among them.
The offensive weapons were, before the
whites came among them, bows, arrows and
clubs. The latter were made of the hardest
kind of wood, from two to three feet long
and very heavy, with a large round knob at
one end. Their weapon of defense was a
shield, made of the tough hide of a buffalo,
on the convex side of which they received the
arrows and darts of the enemy. But about
the middle of the last century this was laid
aside by the Dela wares and Iroquois, though
they continued to use to a later period bows.
arrows and clubs of war, the clubs pointed
with nails and pieces of iron, when used at
all. Gims were measurably substituted for all
these. The hatchet and longknife were used,
as well as the guns. The army of these na-
tions consisted of all their young men, includ-
ing the boys of fifteen years. They had their
captains and subordinate officers. Their cap-
tains would be c;dled among them command-
ers or generals. The requisite qualifications
for this station were prudence, cunning, reso-
lution, bravery, undauntedness, and previous
good fortune in some fight or battle.

"To lift the hatchet" or to begin a war, was
always, as they declared, not till just and im-
portant causes prompted them to it. Then
they assigned as motives that it was necessary
to avenge the injuries done to the nation.
Perhaps the honor of being distinguished as
great warriors may have been an "ingredient
in the cup." But before they entered upon
so hazardous an undertaking they carefully
weighed all the proposals made, compared the
])roI)al;le advantages or disadvantages that
might accrue. A chief could not begin a war
without the consent of his captains, nor could
he accept a war-belt only on the condition of
its being considered by the captains. The
chief was bound to preserve peace to the ut-
most of his power. But if several captains
were unanimous in declaring r, the chief
was then obliged to deliver the care of his
people, for a time, into the hands of the cap-
tains, and to lay down his office. Yet his in-
fluence tended greatly either to prevent or
encourage the commencement of war, for the
Indians believed that a war could not be sue-

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

cessful without the consent of the chief, aiul
the captains, on that accoiuit, strove to be in
harmony with him. .\fter war was agreed
on, and they wished lo secure the assistance
of a nation in league with them, they notified
that nation by sending a piece of tobacco, or
by an embassy. I'.y the first, they intended
that the captains were to smoke pipes and
consider seriously whether they would take
part in the war or not. The embassy was in-
trusted to a captain, who carried a belt of
wampum, upon which the object of the em-
bassy was described by certain figures, and a
hatchet with a red handle. After the chief
had been informed of his commission, it was
laid before a council. The hatchet ha\ing
lieen laid on the ground, he delivered a long
si)eech, while holding the war-belt in his hand,
always closing the address with the request to
take up the hatchet, and then delivering the
war-belt. If this was complied with, no more
was said, and this act was considered as a
solemn ]jromise to lend every assistance ; but if
neither the hatchet was taken u]) nor the belt
accepted, the ambassador drew the just con-
clusion that the nation preferred to remain
neutral, and without any further ceremony
returned home.

The Iroquois were very informal in declar-
ing war. They often sent out small parties,
and having seized the first man they met be-
longing to the nation they had intended to
engage, killed and scaljjcd him, then cleaved
his head with a hatchet, which they left stick-
ing in it, or laid a war-club, painted red, upon
the body of the victim. This was a formal
challenge, in consequence of which a captain
of an insulted party would take up the weapons
of the murderers and hasten into their coun-
try, lo be revenged upon them. If he re-
turned with a scalp, he lluiugiit iu- iiad a\enged
the rights of his own nation.

Among the Iroquois it re(iuired but little
time to make prejjarations for war. One of
their most necessary preparations was to painl
themselves red and black, for. they held it
that the most horrid appearance of war was
the greatest armament. .Some cajMains fasted
and attended to their dreams, with the view
to gain intelligence of the issue of the war.
'l"he nigiil jirex-ious to the march of the army
was sijent in feasting, at which the chiefs
were jiresent, and a hog or some dogs were
killed. Dog's flesh, said they, inspired them
with the genuine martial spirit. Rven women,
in some instances, ])arlook of this feast, and
ate dog's flesh greedily. Now and then, when
a warrior was induced to make a solemn

declaration of his war inclination, he held up
a piece of dog's flesh in sight of all present
and de\oured it, pronouncing these words,
"Thus will 1 devour my enemies!" After the
feast the captain and all his people began the
war dance, and continued till daybreak, till
they had jjecome quite hoarse and weary.
They generally danced all together, and each
in his turn took the head of a hog in his hand.
.-\s both their friends and the women generally
accompanied them to the first night's encamp-
ment, they halted about two or three miles
from the town, danced the war dance once
more, and the day following began their
march. Before they made an attack they rec-
onnoitred every part of the country. To
this end they dug holes in the ground; if
practicable, in a hillock, covered with wood,
in which they kept a small charcoal fire, from
which they discovered the motions of the
enemy undiscovered. When they sought a
prisoner or a scalp, they ventured, in many
instances even in daytime, to execute their
designs. Effectually to accomplish this, they
skulked behind a bulky tree, and crept slyly
around the trunk, so as not to be observed by
the person or persons for whom they lay in
ambush. In this way they slew many. But
if they had a family or town in view, they al-
ways preferred the night, when their enemies
were wrapped in profound sleep, and in this
way killed, scalped, or made prisoners of many
of the enemies, set fire to the houses, and re-
tired with all possible haste to the woods or
some other place of safe retreat. To avoid
pursuit, they disguised their footmarks as
much as possible. They depended much on
stratagem for their success. Even in war
they thought it more honorable to distress
their enemy rather by stratagem than combat.
The ICnglish. not aware of the artifice of the
Indi.nns. lost an army when Braddock was de-
feated.

The Indians' cruelty, when victorious, was
without bounds ; their thirst for blood was al-
most unquenchable. They never made peace
till compelled by necessity. No sooner were
terms of peace proposed tban the captains laid
down their office and delivered the govern-
luent of the state into the hands of the chiefs.
.\ cai)tain had no more right to conclude a
])eace than a chief to begin war. When peace
liad been offered to a captain he could give
no other answer than to mention the proposal
to the chief, for as a warrior he cotdd not
make ])eate. I f the chief inclined to peace,
lie used his influence to efTect that entl, and
all boslilitv ceased, and, in conclusion, the calu-

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

met, or peace-pipe, was smoked and belts of
wampum exchanged, and a concluding speech
made with the assurance "that their friend-
ship should last as long as the sun and moon
give light, rise and set ; as long as the stars
shine in the firmament, and the rivers flow
with water."

The weapons employed by our Indians two
hundred years ago were axes, arrows and
knives of stone. Shells were sometimes used
to make knives.

The Indian bow was made as follows : The
hickory limb was cut with a stone axe, and
the v^-ood heated on both sides near a fire
until it was soft enough to scrape down to
the proper size and shape. A good bow meas-
ured forty-six inches in length, three-fourths
of an inch thick in the center, and one and a
quarter inches in width, narrowing down to
the points to five-eighths of an inch. The ends
were thinner than the middle. Bowmaking
was tedious work.

The bowstring was made of the ligaments
obtained from the vertebrae of the elk. The
ligaments were split, scraped and twisted into
a cord by rolling the fibres between the palm
of the hand and the thigh. One end of the
string was knotted to the bow, but the other
end was looped, in order that the bow could
be quickly strung.

Quivers to carry the arrows were made of
dressed buckskin, with or without the fur.
The squaws did all the tanning. The arrow-
heads were made of flint or other hard stone
or bone ; they were fastened to the ash or
hickory arrows with the sinews of the deer.
The arrow was about two feet and a half in
length, and a feather was fastened to the butt
end to give it a rotary motion in its flight.
Poisoned arrows were made by dipping them
into decoiuposed liver, to which had been
added the poison of the rattlesnake. The
venom or decomposed animal matter no doubt
caused blood poisoning and death.

Bows and arrows were long used by the red
men after the introduction of firearms, be-
cause the Indian could be more sure of his
game without revealing his presence. For a
long time after the introduction of firearms
the Indians were more expert with the bow
and arrow than with the rifle.

It was originally the practice of our In-
dians, as of all other savage people, to cut
ofT in war the heads of their enemies for
trophies, but for convenience in retreat this
was changed to scalping.

The stone hatchets, or tomahawks, were in
the shape of a wedge ; they were of no use in

felling trees, which was accomplished by
building a fire around the roots. Their stone
I)estles were about twelve inches long and five
inches thick. Their knives were made of flint
and hornstone. They used bird claws for
"fishhooks," or made them of bone.

All the stone implements of our Indians
except the arrows were ground and polished.
How this was done the reader must imagine.
Indians had their mechanics and their work-
shops or "spots" where implements were made.
You must remember that the Indian had no
iron or steel tools, only bone, stone and wood
to work with. The flint arrows were made
from a stone of uniform density. Large chips
were flaked or broken from the rock. These
chips were again deftly chipped with bone
chisels into arrows, and made straight by
pressure. A lever was used on the rock to
separate chips — a bone tied to a heavy stick.

They had a limited variety of copper imple-
ments, which were of rare occurrence, and
which were too soft to be of use in working
so hard a material as flint or quartzite. Hence
it is believed that they fashioned their spear
and arrow heads with other implements than
those of iron or steel. They must have ac-
((uired, by their observation and numerous
experiments, a thorough and practical knowl-
edge of cleavage, that is, "the tendency to split
in certain directions, which is characteristic
of most of the crystallizable minerals." Capt.
John Smith, speaking of the Virginia Indians
in his si.xtli voyage, says, ''His arrow-head he
quickly maketh with a little bone, which he
weareth at his bracelet, of a splint of a stone
or glasse, in the form of a heart, and these
they glue to the ends of the arrows. With
the sinews of the deer and the tops of deer's
horns boiled to a jelly they make a glue which
will not dissolve in cold water." Schoolcraft
says : "The skill displayed in this art, as it
is exhibited ])y the tribes of the entire con-
tinent, has e-xcited admiration. The material
employed is generally some form of hornstone,
sometimes passing into flint. No specimens
have, however, been observed where the sub-
stance is gunflint. The hornstone is less hard
than common quartz, and can be readily
broken by contact with the latter." Catlin, in
his "last ramble among the Indians," says :
"Every tribe^ has its factory in which these
arrowheads are made, and in these only cer-
tain adepts are able or allowed to make them
for the use of the tribe. Erratic boulders of
flint are collected and sometimes brought an
immense distance, and broken with a sort of
sledge hammer made of a rounded pebble or

JEFFERSON COUNTY, I'ENNSYLVANIA

hornstone set in a twisted withe, holdinj^ tlie
stone and forming a handle. The flint, at the
indiscriminate blows of the sledge, is broken
into a hundred pieces, and such flakes selected
as from the angles of their fracture and thick-
ness will answer as the basis of an arrow-head.
The master-workman, seated on the ground,
lays one of these flakes on the palm of his
hand, holding it firmly down with two or more
fingers of the same hand, and with his right
hand, between the thumb and two forefingers,
places his chisel or punch on the point that is
to be broken off, and a co-operator, a striker,
in front of him. with a mallet of very hard
wood, strikes the chisel or ])unch on the upi)er
end, fl.'iking the flint otf on the under side Ije-
low each j)rojecting point that is struck. The
flint is then turned and chipped in the same
manner from the opposite side, and that is
chipped until required shape and dimensions
;ire obtained, all the fractures being made on
the palm of the hand. In selecting the flake
for the arrowhead a nice judgment must be
used or the attempt will fail. .\ flake with
two opposite parallel, or nearly parallel. ])lanes
of cleavage is found, and of the thickness re-
quired for the center of the arrowpoint. The
first chipping reaches nearly to the center of
these planes, but without quite breaking it
away, and each clip])ing is shorter and shorter,
until the shai)e and edge of the arrowhead are
formed. The yielding elasticity of the jialm
of the hand enables the chip to come ofl" with-
out breaking the body of the flint, which
would be the case if it were broken on a hard
substance. These people have no metallic
instruments to work with, and the punch
which they use. I was told, was .-i ])icce of
bone, but on examining it. ! found it to be <if
substances much h.inler. ni;ide of the tooth,
incisor, of the s])erni wh;de. which cetaceans
are often stranded on the coast of tlie Pacific.''
They made ropes, bridles, nets, etc., out of
a wild weed called Indian hemp. The twine
or cords were manufactured by the squaws,
who did all the work — they were more a])t
than the braves. They gathered stalks of this
hem]), separated them into filaments, and then,
taking .i nmnber of filaments in one h.and.
rolled ilicm r;ipidly upon their bare thighs
until twisted, locking, from time to time, the
ends with fresh fibres. The cofd thus made
was finished by dressing with a mixture of
grease and wax, and drawn o\er a smooth
groove in a stone. For ro])es and stnips. r;iw-
liide and barks were used, the b.irk making
the best ropes. The in>idc b;irk (if the elm

or basswood was boiled in ashes, separated
into filainents, and then braided into rope.

The kettles were made of clay, or what was
called "pot stone."' These cooking vessels
could not be exposed to fire, hence they used
large upright vessels made of birch bark, in
which to boil food, repeatedly putting stones
red hot into the water in these vessels, forc-
ing them to boil.

Canoes were made of birch or linnwoodbark,
and many wigwam utensils of that bark. This
bark was peeled in early spring. The bark
c.-moe was the American Indian's invention.
Their tobacco pipes were made of stone bowls
,ind ash stems.

The moccasin was an Indian invention, and
one of great antiquity. The needle was
made from a bone taken from the ankle-joint
of the deer, and the thread was from the
sinews. The deerskin was tanned by the use
of the Ijrains of the deer. The brains were
ilried in cakes for future use. P.earskins were
not tamicd. but were used for cloaks and
beds.

From Penn's arrival in 1682 the Delawares
were subject to the Iroquois, or the confed-
eracy of the Six Nations, wdio were the most
war-like savages in America. The Iroquois
were usually known among the English peo-
ple as the Five Nations. The nations were
divided, and one famous tribe known as the
Mohawks, the fire-striking ])eo[)le. they having
been the first to procure firearms. The Sen-
ecas. mountaineers, occupied western New
\'ork and northwestern Pemisylvania. They
were found in great numbers along the Alle-
gheny and its tributaries. Their great chiefs
were (."ornpl.-niter and Guyasutha. This tribe
\\,is tlic most numerous, powerful and war-
like cif the Iroquois nation. ;ind comprised
the Indians of Jefi'erson county.

These were Indians pure and uncorrupted.
liefore many a log fire, at night, old settlers
have (iften recited how clear, distinct and im-
niut.ihlc were their laws ;ind customs; that
when fully understood a white man could
transact the most im|>ortant business among
them with as nnich safety ;is he can to-day in
.iny commercial center.

In this day and age of jirogress we |)ride
ourselves upon our railroads anfl telegraph as
means of rapid communication, and yet. while
it was well known to the (■;ir!y settlers tliat
news and light freight would travel with in-
com])rehensible s]X'ed from tribe to tribe, peo-
))!(■ of the ])rcsent day fail to understand the
complete svslem bv which it \v;is done.

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

When runners were sent with messages to
other tribes the courier took an easy running
gait, which he kept up for hours at a time.
It was a "dog trot,"' an easy, jogging gait. Of
course lie had no clothes en except a breech-
clout and moccasins. He always carried both
arms up beside the chest with the fists clinched
and held in front of the breast. He ate but
little the day before his departure. A courier
could make a huiulred miles from sunrise to
sunset.

More than eighteen hundred years ago the
Iroquois held a lodge in Punxsutawney (this
town still bears its Indian name, which was
their sobriquet for "gnat town"'), to which
point they could ascend with their canoes, and
go still higher up the ]Mahoning to within a
few hours' travel of the summit of the Alle-
gheny mountains. There were various Indian
trails traversing the forests, one of which en-
tered Punxsutawney near where Judge Mitch-
ell now ( 1916) resides. The trails were
the thoroughfares or roadway of the Indians,
over which they journeyed when on the chase
or the warpath, just as the people of the pres-
ent age travel over their graded roads. An
erroneous impression obtains among many at
the present day that the Indian, in traveling
the interminable forests which once covered
our towns and fields, roamed at random, like
a modern afternoon hunter, by no fixed paths,
or that he was guided in his long journeyings
solely by the sim and stars, or by the courses
of the streams, and mountains ; and true it
is that these untutored sons of the woods were
astronomers and geographers, and relied much
upon these unerring guide-marks of nature.
Even in the most starless nights they could
determine their course by feeling the bark of
the oak trees, which is always smoothest on
the south side and roughest on the north. But
still they had their trails or paths as distincti}'
marked as are our county and State roads,
and often better located. The white traders
adopted them, and often stole their names,
to be in turn surrendered to the leader of some
Anglo-Saxon army, and, finally, obliterated
by some costly highway of travel and com-
merce. Th&y are now alnjost wholly effaced
or forgotten. Hundreds travel along, or
plough over them, unconscious that they are
in the foot-steps of the red men. It has not
taken long to obliterate all these Indian land-
marks from our land ; little more than a cen-
tury ago the Indians roamed over all this west-
ern country, and now scarce a vestige of their
presence remains. Much has been written and
said about their deeds of butchery and cruelty.

True, they were cruel, and in many instances
fiendish, in their inhuman practices, but they
did not meet the first settlers in this spirit.
Honest, hospitable, religious in their belief,
reverencing their Manitou, or Great Spirit,
and willing to do anything to please their white
brother — this is how they met their first white
visitors ; but when they had seen nearly all
their vast domain appropriated by the invaders,
when wicked white men had introduced into
their midst the "wicked fire-water," which is
to-day the cause of many an act of fiendish-
ness perpetrated by those who are not un-
tutored savages, then the Indian rebelled, all
the savage in his breast was aroused, and he
became pitiless and cruel in the extreme.

It is true that our broad domains were pur-
chased and secured by treaty, but the odds
were always on the side of the whites. The
Colonial records give an account of the treaty
(jf 1686, by which a deed for walking purchase
was executed, by which the Indians sold as
far as a man could walk in a day. But when
the walk was to be made the most active white
man available was obtained, and he ran from
daylight until dark, as fast as he was able,
without stopping to eat or drink. This much
dissatisfied the Indians, who expected to walk
leisurely, resting at noon to eat and shoot game,
and one old chief expressed his dissatisfaction
as follows : "Lun, lun, km ; no lay down to
drink; no stop to shoot squirrel, but lun, lun.
lun all day ; me no keep up ; lun, lun for land."
That deed, it is said, does not now exist, but
was confirmed in 1737.

When the white man came the Indians were
a temperate people, anfl their chiefs tried hard
to prohibit the sale of intoxicating drinks
among their tribes. When one Sylvester Gar-
land, in 1701, introduced them to drink, at a
council held in Philadelphia, .Shemekenwhol,
chief of the Shawnese, complained to Gover-
nor William Penn, and at a council held on the
13th of October, 1701, this man was held in
the sum of one hundred pounds never to deal
rum to the Indians again ; and the bond and
sentence were approved by Judge Shippen, of.
Philadelphia. At the chief's suggestion the
council enacted a law prohibiting the trade in
rum with the Indians. Still later the ruling
chiefs of the Six Nations opposed the use of
rum, and Red Jacket, in a speech at Buffalo,
wished that whisky would never be less than
"a dollar a quart." He answered the mis-
sionary's remarks on drunkenness thus : "Go
to the white man with that." A council, held
on the Allegheny river, deplored the murder
of the Wigden family in Butler county by a

JEFFERSON COUN'l'V. PENNSYLVANIA

Seneca Indian while under ihu influence of
whisky, approved the sentence of our law,
and again passed prohibitory resolutions, and
implored the white man not to give rum to
the Indian.

In the legend of Noshaken, the white ca])tive
of the Dela wares, in 1753, who was kept at a
village supposed to have been I'unxsutawney,
occurs the following: "The scouts were on the
track of the Indians, tlie time of burning of the
captives was extended, and the whole band
prepared to depart for Fort Venango with the
prisoners. They continued on for twenty
miles, and encamped by a beautiful spring.
where the sand boiled up from the bottom near
where two creeks unite. Here they passed
the night, and the next morning again headed
for Fort \'enango." This spring was our sand
s]jring at Brookville.

The Indian wampum, or money, was of two
kinds, white and purple ; the white is worked
out of the inside of the great shells into the
form of a bead, and perforated, to string on
leather; the purple is taken out of the inside
of the mussel shell. They are woven into
strips as broad as one's hand and about two
feet long; these they call belts, which they
give and receive at their treaties as the seals
of friendship; for lesser matters a single
string is given. Every bead is of known value,
and a belt of a less number is made to ecpial
one of a greater by fastening as many as are
wanting to the belt by a string.

I'unxsutawney was an Indian town for cen-
turies, and, like all other towns of the Indian
before the white man reached this continent
with firearms, was stockaded. The entrances
to the stockade were anciently contrived so
that they could be defended from assault by a
very few men.

The word "punxsu" means gnat. The land
was a swamp, and alive with gnats, mosquitoes,
turtles and other rejrtiles. 1^'or protection
against the gnats the Indians anointed them-
selves with oil and ointments made of fat and
poisons. Centuries ago the Indians of Punx-
sutawney dressed themselves in winter with
a cloak made of buffalo, bear or beaver skins,
with a leather girdle, and stockings or moc-
casins of buckskin. It might be well to state
here that the beavers were of all colors, white,
\ellow. s])otted. gray, but mostly l)lack.

Indians subsisted mostly on game, but when
pressed for food ate acorns, nuts and the inside
bark of the birchtree. As agriculturists each
was apportioned a piece of land outside of the
stockade, which was planted by the squaws in
corn, squashes and tobacco. A hole was made

in the ground with a stick and a grain of corn
]Hit in each hole. Our first settlers found
small jjatches of corn, one of which was
planted where the lirookville fair grounds are
now located, and another in the flat at Port
Harnett. Indian corn, or maize as it was
sometimes called, is an .American product, be-
ing tirst discovered on this continent in 1600.
The Indians taught the pioneer settlers how
to grow this grain, which is now one of the
most important of our cereals. Early travel-
ers all speak of it as an absolute necessity in
the growing of live stock. Potatoes and
tobacco also were unknown in the Old ^^'orld
until the discovery of America.

Indian corn was red and white flint. They
ground it in mortars and sifted it in a basket,
and then baked it in loaves an inch thick and
about six inches in diameter. They had a way
of charring corn so it would keep for years.
They would pick ears while green, roast it,
dry it in the sun, mix with about a third of
maple sugar, and pound it into flour. This
they carried with them on long trips.

Not knowing how to dig wells, they located
their ga-no-sote and villages on the banks of
runs and creeks, or in the vicinity of springs.
About the period of the formation of the
league, when they were exposed to the inroads
of hostile nations, and the warfare of migra-
tory bands, their villages were compact and
stockaded. Having run a trench several feet
deep around fi\'e or ten acres of land, and
thrown up the ground on the inside, they set
a continuous row of stakes, burned at the ends,
in this bank of earth, fixing them at such an
angle that they inclined over the trench. Some-
times a village was surrounded by a double or
even triple row of stakes. Within this inclos-
ure they constructed their bark houses and
secured their stores. Around it was the village
field, consisting oftentimes of several hundred
acres of cultivated land, which was subdivided
into planting lots, those belonging to dift'erent
families being bounded by uncultivated ridges.

The Iroquois were accustomed to live largely
in villages, and the stockades built about these
villages protected them from sudden assaults
and rendered it possible for the houses within
to be built according to a method of construc-
tion such that they might last for a long time.
.\t the two ends of the houses were doors,
either of bark hung on hinges of wood, or of
deer or bear skins suspended before the open-
ing, and however long the house, or whatever
the number of fires, these were the only
entrances. Over one of these doors was cut
tlT,e tribal device of the head of the family.

JEFFERSON COUNIY, PENNSYLVANIA

Within, upon the two sides, were arranged
wide seats, also of bark boards, about two feet
from the ground, well supported underneath,
and reaching the entire length of the house.
Upon these they spread their mats of skins,
and also their blankets, using them as seats by
day and couches at night. Similar berths
were constructed on each side, about five feet
above these, and secured to the frame of the
house, thus furnishing accommodations for
the family. Upon crosspoles near the roof
were hung in bunches, braided together by the
husks, the winter supply of corn. Charred
and dried corn and beans were generally stored
in bark barrels and laid away in corners. The
implements for the chase, domestic utensils,
weapons, articles of apparel and miscellane-
ous notions were stored away and hung up
wherever an unoccupied place made it pos-
sible. A house of this description would
accommodate a family of eight, with the
limited wants of the Indian, and afford shelter
for their necessary stores, making a not un-
comfortable residence. After they had learned
the use of the axe they began to substitute
houses of logs, but they constructed them after
the ancient model.

The Senecas had six yearly festivals, the
maple, the planting, the strawberry, the green
corn, the harvesting, and New Year or white
dog sacrifice. These festivals consisted of
dancing, singing and thanksgiving to the Great
Spirit for his gifts. The New Year was an
acknowledgment for the whole year, and the
white dog was sent to the Great Spirit to take
to him their messages. The dog was the only
animal they could trust to carry their mes-
sages.

The Indians had no Sunday. Our Indians
called themselves Nun-ga-wah-gah, "The
Great Hill People," and their legend was that
they sprang from the ground. The civil chiefs
wore horns as an emblem of power.

The Indian was a great ball player and
fond of games, swift in races ; in truth, the
Indian was built for fleetness and not for
strength; his life of pursuit educated him that
way. Their feathers and warpaint were
nothing else than crude heraldry. Paint spread
upon the face and body indicated the tribe,
prowess, honor, etc., of the individual and
family, and the arbitrary methods employed
by the squaws made their heraldry hard to
understand. The facial heraldry was unique
both in representation and subject. Every
picture had its significance. If a squaw was
in love she daubed a ring around one of her
eyes. This meant, I am ready for a proposal.

This symbol worn by a buck indicated he was
in the market, too. When love matters were
running smoothly with a squaw she painted
her cheeks a cherry-red, and a straight mark
on her forehead, which meant a happy road.
A zig-zag mark on the forehead meant light-
ning. In case of a death in the family the
squaw painted her cheeks black. Before a
battle each warrior had smeared on the upper
part of his body a wolf, heron, snipe, etc., to
indicate his tribe, so that if he was killed his
tribe could recognize his bodv and come for
it.

There was a village of Indians at Summer-
ville. one at Brookville, at Port Barnett, at
Reynoldsville. at Big Run, and a big one at
Punxsutawney. The county was thickly
inhabited, especially what is now Warsaw.
Their hominy mills can be seen yet about a
mile north of the late Samuel Temple's barn,
in Warsaw township. Their graveyards or
Inirial places were always some distance from
huts or villages. There was one on the Temple
farm, in what is now Warsaw ; one on Mill
creek, at its junction with the Big Toby creek,
in what was afterwards Ridgway township.

Population among the Indians did not in-
crease rapidly. Mothers often nursed their
papooses until they were five, six or seven
years old.

In 1/68, the six Indian nations having by
treaty sold the land from "under the feet" of
the Wyalusing converts, the Rev. Mr. Zeis-
berger was obliged to take measures for the
removal of these Christian Indians, with their
horses and cattle, to some other field. After
many councils and much consideration, he
determined to remove the entire body to a
mission he had established on the Big Beaver,
in what is now I-awrence county. Pa. Ac-
cordingly, "on the nth of June, 1772, every-
thing being in readiness, the congregation
assembled for the last time in their church
and took up their march toward the setting
sun." They were divided into two companies,
and each of these was subdivided. One of
these companies went overland by the Wya-
lusing path, up Sugar run, and down the Loyal
Sock, via Dushore. This company was in
charge of Ettwein, who had the care of the
horses and cattle.

The other company was in charge of Rothe,
and went by canoe down the Susquehanna
and up the west branch. The place for the
divisions to unite was the Great Island, now
Lock Haven, and from there, under the lead
of Rev. John Ettwein, they were to proceed
up the west branch of the Susquehanna, and

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

then cross the mountains over the Chinklaca-
moose path, through what is now Clearfield
and I'unxsutawney, and from there to pro-
ceed, via Kittanning, to the Big Reaver, now
in Lawrence county, Pa. Reader, just think of
two hundred and fifty people of all ages, with
seventy head of oxen and a great number of
horses, traversing these deep forests, over
a small path sometimes scarcely discernible.
under drenching rains, and through disni.il
swam])s, and all this exposure continued for
days and weeks, wild beasts to the right and
to the left of them, and the path alive with
rattlesnakes in front of them, wading streams
and overtaken by sickness, and then, dear
reader, you will conclude with me that nothing
but "])raying all night" in the wilderness ever
carried them successfully to their destination.
This story of Rev. Mr. Ettwein is full of
interest. 1 reprint a paragraph or two that
applies to what is now Jefferson county, viz. :

"Tuesday, July 14. 1772. — Reached Clear-
field creek, where the buffaloes formerly
cleared large tracts of undergrowth, so as to
give them the appearance of cleared fields.
Hence the Indians called the creek "Clear-
field.' Here we shot nine deer. On the route
we shot one hundred and fifty deer and three
bears." These peoi)le on their route lived on
lish. venison, etc.

"Friday, July 17. — .\dvanced only four
miles to a creek that comes down from the
northwest.'' This was and is .Anderson creek,
near Curwensville, Pa.

■■July 18. — Moved on.

■'Sunday, July 19. — As yesterday, but two
families kept up with me, becatise of the rain,
we had a quiet Sunday, but enough to do dr)'-
ing our eft'ects. In the evening all joined me.
but we could hold no service as the ponkies
were so excessively aimoying that the cattle
])ressed toward and into our cam]) to escape
their persecutors in the smoke of the fire.
This vermin is a jjlague to man and beast by
day and night, but hi the swamp through
which we are now passing, their name is
legion. Hence the Indians call it the Ponse-
tunik, i. e., the town of the ponkies."' This
swam]) was in what we now call Punxsu-
law ney.

We ha\(' mentioned that our first settlers
found sm.-dl patches of corn, one planted
where the i'.rookville fair grounds are now
located, ami another in the flat at Port Bar-
nett.

The Lulians also came here to make maple
sugar in the spring. They would cut notches
in the trees, and collect the saj) in troughs hol-

lowed out of small logs, which was then col-
lected into a large trough, when it was boiled
down into molasses and sugar by dipping hot
stones into it, a process that must have called
for a great deal of patience.

Then Indians would take the skins and
iiams of the game killed during the winter to
Pittsburgh in the s]}ring, where they would
exchange them for tobacco, whisk}-, blankets,
trinkets, etc. They generally made these trips
on rafts constructed of dry poles withed to-
gether.

An old Indian called Ca{>tain Hunt was the
last Indian who resided in this county, having
had his camp on what is yet known as "Plunt's
Point," in the present Ijorough limits of P>rook-
ville, and designated on the borough plot as
lot No. 22, on what is Water street, south side
of street and east of the foundry. It is said
of him that he was a fugitive from his tribe,
having killed a fellow Indian. Grandmother
( iraham, at whose house I visited in my child-
hood for weeks at a time, gave a statement of
her recollections of these Indians, and those
of the tribes who were here after her familv
settled at Port Barnett, and it appears that it
was a cousin of Captain Hunt who was the
banished Indian. I give Mrs. Graham's ac-
count of these Indians as nearly as possible
in her own language :

■'\Mien we came to Port Barnett, in the
spring of 1707, there were two Indian families
there. One was Twenty Canoes, and Caturah,
which means Tomahawk. The two Hunts
were here, but they were alone. Jim Hunt
was on banishment for killing his cousin.
Captain Hunt and Jim Hunt were cousins.
Captain Hunt was an under-chief of the Mun-
sey tribe. The Munseys were slaves to our
.Senecas, and 'ca]5tain' was the highest mili-
tary title known to the Indians. In the fall
other Indians came here to hunt. Caturah and
Twenty Canoes stayed here for several years
after we came. The Hunts were here most
of the time until the commencement of the war
in 1S12. Jim dare not go back to his tribe
until the year 180S or i8og, when his friends
stole a white boy in Westmoreland county and
bad him ado])ted into the tribe in ])lace of the
warrior Jim had slain. A great many per-
sons think they know all about the hiding
])laces of Hunt. One of them was a cave in
the bank of Sandy Lick, at what is called the
'deep hole,' opposite the sand spring. The
other was on the headwaters of Little Sandy
creek. When danger threatened Hunt a run-
ner from the reservation would warn him by
a peculiar whoop from a certain ])lace on the

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

hill northwest from the port. At the com-
mencement of the war of 1812 the Munsey
tribe were banished from the Six Nations, and
Jim Hunt never returned. Captain Hunt was
back once or twice. Twenty Canoes and
Sassy John were back once to see Joe Blan-
net ; they could not pronounce the name of
Barnett. The last visit of Caturah was in
1833, he being then over ninety years of age."

While it was known that Hunt had the hid-
ing places mentioned by Mrs. Graham, they
were never discovered until the year 1843,
when the one at Sand Spring, in the borough
of Brookville, was discovered by Mr. Thomas
Crraham, a son of the old lady whose narra-
tive I have just given. It showed signs of
having been used as a human habitation and
was without doubt Jim Hunt's place of refuge.
Jim Hunt was a great hunter, and in one
winter is said to have killed seventy-eight
bears, besides other smaller game. He was
inordinately fond of whisky, and nearly all
the skins of his game went for his favorite
lieverage. After he had traded these seventy-
eight skins to Samuel Scott, receiving a pint
of whisky for each skin, he was found crying
in a maudlin way over his bankruptcy. When
asked what was the matter, he replied :
"Bearskins all gone; whisky all gone. No
skins, no whisky, ugh !"

This story was told elsewhere of Captain
Hunt.

Of two who came about 1800, I might men-
tion John Jamison (Sassy John), who had
seven sons, all named John ; the other was
Crow; he was an Indian in name and in nature.
He was feared by both the whites and Indians.
He was a Mohawk, and a perfect savage.

Before the white man came to settle in this
country a part of Warsaw, near Hazen, was "a
barren" and thickly settled with Indians, and
what is now called Seneca II ill, on the M.
Hofifman farm, is where they met for their
orgies. The late S. W. Temple has found a
number of curious Indian relics from time to
time on this farm.

CORNPLANTER

In the year 1784 the treaty to which Corn-
pianter (or Beautiful Lake) was a party was
made at Fort Stanwix, ceding the whole of
northwestern Pennsylvania to the Common-
wealth, with the exception of a small individ-
ual reserve to Cornplanter. The frontier, how-
ever, was not at peace for some years after
that, nor, indeed, until Wayne's treaty of

I795-

Notwithstanding his bitter hostility, while
the war continued, he became the fast friend
of the United States when once the hatchet
was buried. His sagacious intellect compre-
hended at a glance the growing power of the
United States, and the abandonment with
which Great Britain had requited the fidelity
of the Senecas. He therefore threw all his

CORNPLANTEK

influence at the treaty of Fort Stanwix (now
Rome, N. Y.) and Fort Harmar in favor of
peace. And notwithstanding the large con-
cessions which he saw his people were neces-
sitated to make, still, by his energy and
prudence in the negotiation, he retained for
them an ample and beautiful reservation. For
the course which he took on those occasions
the .State of Pennsylvania granted him the fine

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

rescnation upon which he resided on the
Allegheny. The Senecas, however, were never
satisfied with his course in relation to those
treaties, and Red Jacket, more artful and
eloqitent than his elder rival, but less frank and
honest, seized upon this circumstance to pro-
mote his own popularity at the expense of
Cornplanter.

Having buried the hatchet. Cornplanter
sought to make his talents useful to his people
by conciliating the goodwill of the whites and
securing from furtlier encroachment the little
remnant of his national domain. On more
than one occasion, when some reckless and
bloodthirsty whites on the frontier had massa-
cred unoffending Indians in cold blood, did
Cornplanter interfere to restrain the vengeance
of his people. During all the Indian wars
from 1 79 1 to 1794, which terminated with
Wayne's treaty, Cornplanter pledged himself
that the Senecas should remain friendly to the
United States. He often gave notice to the
garrison at Fort Franklin of intended attacks
from hostile parties, and even hazarded his
life on a mediatorial mission to the western
tribes.

In 1821-22 the commissioners of W'arren
county assumed the right to tax the private
property of Cornplanter, and proceeded to
enforce the collection of the tax. The old
chief resisted it, conceiving it not only unlaw-
ful, but a personal indignity. The sheriff
appeared, with a small posse of armed men. '
Cornplanter took the deputation to a room
around which were ranged about a hundred
rifles, and, with the sententious brevity of an
Indian, intimated that for each rifle a warrior
would appear at his call. The sheriff and his
men speedily withdrew, determined, however,
to call out the militia. Several prudent citizens,
fearing a sanguinary collision, sent for the old
chief in a friendly way to come to Warren
and compromise the matter. He caine, and
after some persuasion gave his note for the
tax, amounting to forty-three dollars and
seventy-nine cents. He addressed, however, a
remonstrance to the governor of Pennsylvania,
soliciting a return of his money and an exemp-
tion from such demands against lands which
the State itself had ]iresented to him. The
Legislature aniuilled the tax. and sent two
commissioners to explain the affair to him.
He met them at the courthouse in Warren, on
which occasion he delivered the following
speech, eminently characteristic of himself and
his race:

"Brothers, yesterday was appointed for us
all to meet here. The talk which the governor

sent us pleased us very much. I think that the
Great Spirit is very much pleased that the
white people have been induced so to assist
the Indians as they have done, and that he is
pleased also to see the great men of this State
and of the United States so friendly to us. We
are much pleased with what has been done.

'"The Great Spirit first made the world, and
next the flying animals, and found all things
good and prosperous. He is immortal and
everlasting. After finishing the flying animals,
he came down on earth and there stood. Then
he made different kinds of trees and weeds of
all sort, and people of every kind. He made
the spring and other seasons and the weather
suitable for planting. These he did make.
But stills to make whisky to be given to the
Indians he did not make. The Great Spirit
bids me tell the white people not to give In-
dians this kind of liquor. When the Great
Spirit had made the earth and its animals, he
went into the great lakes, where he breathed
as easily as anywhere else, and then made all
the different kinds of fish. The Great Spirit
looked back on all that he had made. The
different kinds he had made to be separate and
not to mix with or disturb each other. But the
white people have broken his command by
mixing their color with the Indians. The
Indians have done better by not doing so. The
Great Spirit wishes that all wars and fighting
should cease.

"He next told us that there were three
things for our people to attend to. First, we
ought to take care of our wives and children.
Secondly, the white people ought to attend to
their farms and cattle. Thirdly, the Great
Spirit has given the bears and deers to the
Indians. He is the cause of all things that
exist, and it is very wicked to go against his
will. The Great Spirit wishes me to inform
the people that they should quit drinking intox-
icating drink, as being the cause of disease and
death. He told us not to sell any more of our
lands, for he never sold lands to any one.
.Some of us now keep the seventh day, Init I
wish to quit it, for the Great Spirit made it for
others, but not for the Indians, who ought
even,- day to attend to their business. He has
ordered me to quit drinking intoxicating drink,
antl not to lust after any woman but my own,
and informs me that by doing so I should live
the longer. He made known to me that it is
very wicked to tell lies. Let no one suppose
that what I have said now is not true.

'T have now to thank the governor for what
he has done. I have informed him what the
Great Spirit has ordered me to cease from,

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

and 1 wish the governor to inform others what
I have communicated. This is all I have at
present to say."

The old chief appears after this again to
have fallen into entire seclusion, taking no part
even in the politics of his people. He died at
his residence on the 7th of March, 1S36, at
the age of one hundred and four years.
"Whether at the time of his death he expected
to go to the fair hunting-grounds of his own
people or to the heaven of the Christian is not
known."

Notwithstanding his profession of Chris-
tianity, Cornplanter was very superstitious.
"Not long since," says Mr. Foote, of Chautau-
qua county, "he said the Good Spirit had told
him not to have anything to do with the white
people, or even to preserve any mementoes or
relici that had been given to him from time to
time by the palefaces, whereupon, among other
things, he burnt up his belt and broke his
elegant sword."

In reference to the personal appearance of
Cornplanter at the close of his life, a writer
says:

"I once saw the aged and venerable chief,
and had an interesting interview with him
about a year and a half before his death. T
thought of many things when seated near him,
beneath the wide-spreading shade of an old
sycamore on the banks of the Allegheny, many
things to ask him, the scenes of the Revolution,
the generals that fought its battles and con-
quered, the Indians, his tribe, the Six Nations,
and himself. Fie was constitutionally sedate,
was never obser\-ed to smile, much less ania.

Being tlius possessed of (he territory by con-
r|ucst from those who had rightfully acquired

♦On-on-(la\v'Koes,
fE-ro-quaw'.

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

the Indian title to at least a part of it, King
Charles II, by charter dated March 4, 1681,
granted it to William Penn, a member of the
Society of Friends, in discharge of certain
large claims due by the crown to his father,
Admiral Sir William Penn, and gave it the
present name.

On the 24th of October, 1682, William Penn
arrived at his new province in the ship
"Welcome." He first landed at New Castle,
in the present State of Delaware. At this time
Delaware also belonged to Penn, by grant from
the Duke of York, the King's brother, but did
not long continue connected with Pennsyl-
vania.

The same year he regularly founded the
Province ; laid out Philadelphia, on land pur-
chased from three Swedish settlers ; divided
the Province into the three counties of Phila-
delphia, Chester and Bucks ; and convened the
first legislature, which met on the 4th of
December, at the town of Chester, and com-
pleted their session in three days.

Early in 1683 Penn entered into treaties with
the Indians for the purchase of large tracts of
land west and north of Philadelphia, it being
his honest rule to acquire the Indian title, as
well as that of the English king.

In 1684 Penn sailed for England.

In 1691 a dispute arose between the
Provinces of Pennsylvania and Delaware,
which resulted in the formation of separate
legislatures, and the final separation of the
Provinces.

In 1699 Penn returned to the Province with
his family, and found it much increased in
population, prosperity and wealth.

In 1701 a new charter, or frame of govern-
ment, more fully adapted to the wants of the
people, was adopted, and Penn finally returned
to England.

In 1 7 18 he died at Rushcomb, in Bucking-
hamshire, aged seventy-four years. His last
days were embittered by persecution and
pecuniary distresses at home, and dissensions
in his colonies. On his death Pennsylvania
became the property of his sons, John, Thomas
and Richard, by whom, or their deputies, it
was governed till the Revolution.

In 1723 Benjamin Franklin, then in his
seventeenth year, arrived in Philadelphia from
Boston, and soon acquired an influence which
he exercised to the benefit of the Province and
his own honor during a long life.

The same year the first paper money was
issued in the Province.

In 1732 Thomas Penn, and in 1734 John

Penn, arrived in the Province, where Thomas
remained till 1741.

In 1739, on the breaking out of a war with
Spain, the Assembly refused supplies for the
defense of the Province, on the ground of
religious scruples. This was the beginning of
a long controversy between the legislature and
the governors.

In 1744, the war between England and
France put an end to the peace that had
previously existed without any interruption
between the colonists and Indians. Before that
melancholy era, the prudent counsels of the
Friends had completely saved the Province
from those Indian ravages that afterwards
devastated the frontiers.

By the treaty of Albany, in 1754, the Six
Nations conveyed to the Province a large tract
of land, lying beyond the Susquehanna river
and Kittatinny mountain, and southwest of the
mouth of Penn's creek. Being done without
the consent of the Delawares and Shawnese,
who occupied the territory, those tribes became
justly incensed, and joined the French.

In 1755 General Braddock, while marching,
in a manner opposed to the advice of Colonel
Washington, with a large force against Fort
Duquesne (now Pittsburgh) was attacked by
the Indians and French, and defeated with
great slaughter. He himself was mortally
wounded, and died shortly after, during the
retreat.

In 1758 Gen. John Forbes led a strong force
from Carlisle against Fort Duquesne, at Pitts-
burgh, which he found abandoned. The
French never afterwards regained any footing
in the Province.

In 1763, the Indian war called Pontiac's war
raged. Forts Presquile, Venango and Le Boeuf
were taken, and Forts Pitt, Ligonier and Bed-
ford were attacked on the same day, by
stratagem. The exposed settlers suffered
many hardships. The same year the Manor
Indians were killed at Lancaster jail by the
Paxton boys.

In 1767 the southern line of the State was
finally run and settled by Mason and Dixon.

In 1768 all the remaining lands in the
Province, except those beyond the Allegheny
river, were purchased from the Indians at
Fort Stanwix, now Rome, in Oneida county.
New York.

In 1769 the civil war between the Connecti-
cut settlers and the Pennsylvania claimants
began in Wyoming.

In 1769 the right of taxing the colonies,
without their own consent, some years before
asserted by the British Parliament, was boldly

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

denied by the Colonial Assembly, who took
strong ground against that odious doctrine.

In 1774 Lord Dunniore, governor of Vir-
ginia, took possession of Fort I'itt as being
within the limits of his Province; Init his gar-
rison was soon expelled.

On the icSth of June, 1774. a meeting of
eight thousand persons took place in Philadel-
phia, and recommended a Continental Con-
gress for the vindication of the rights of the
Colonies and the relief of Boston.

On the 15th of July. 1774, dejnities from
all the counties met at Philadeljjhia, and passed
strong resolutions in favor of the rights of
the colonies and the holding of a General
Colonial Congress. Accordingly the Assembly
appointed seven delegates to the Congress.

In September, 1774, the first Congress met
at Carpenter's Hall in Philadelphia.

On the 15th of July, 1776, independence
having been declared, a State convention, in
Philadelphia, met and framed a Constitution
for Pennsylvania as a Freed and Sovereign
State. At that time the jKipulation was about
three hundred thousand.

In 1777, after the battle of Tirandywine,
Congress adjourned to Lancaster, and thence
to York ; and Philadel[)hia fell into the hands
of the British, who retained it till June, 1778.
In the last named year Congress returned to
Philadelphia, where it remained till 1800, when
it removed to Washington.

In 1778 the Tories and Indians destroyed
the Wyoming settlements.

In 1779 Sullivan's expedition against the
northern Indians occurred.

In 1780 an act of the General Assembly of
Pennsylvania was passed which jjrovided for
the gradual abolition of negro slavery.

In 1781, by the advice of Robert Morris,
Congress incorporated the Bank of North
America, which was the first bank in the
Union.

In 1782, the controversy with Connecticut
about the Luzerne lands was decided in favor
of Pennsylvania, by commissioners of Con-
gress at Trenton, after full argument and in-
vestigation.

In 1784 all the remaining lands owned by
the Indians in the !-itate were purchased from
the Six Nations by treaty at Fort .Stanwix.

In 1789 Harmar's expedition against the
western Indians took place.

In 1790 the second State Omstitution was
adopted.

In 1791 General St. Clair, most of whose
troops were from Pennsylvania, was defeated
by the Indians.

In 1792 Pennsylvania purchased the Erie
triangle of land from the United States gov-
ernment.

Between 1792 and 1795 Wayne's operations
against the western Indians put an end to
their ravages.

In 1803 the name Keystone was first applied
to the State. This was in a printed political
address to the people. Pennsylvania was the
central State of the original thirteen.

In 1834 the common school law was passed.

In 1838 the third State Constitution was
adopted. It put an end to the life tenure of
office.

In 1845 the great fire at Pittsburgh occurred.

In February, 1856, a number of self-
appointed delegates from all parts of the
country assembled at Pittsburgh and organized
the National Republican party, whose first con-
vention met at Philadelphia in June of that
year, nominating John C. Fremont for presi-
dent and William L. Dayton for vice president.

On March 27, 1872. Peimsylvania enacted a
local option law, and repealed it .Xpril 12.

1875-

On the second Tuesday of October, 1873,
the fourth and present State Constitution was
ratified.

In May, 1876, the Centennial exhibition
opened at Philadelphia.

In 1885 the fence law was repealed.

On June 18. 1889, an election was held in
the State to adopt prohibition. It was lost bv
a majority of 188,026, thirty-six counties
against, twenty-three for it.

In June, 1900, the Republicans met in Phil-
adel]ihia and renominated McKinley for
])resident, with Theodore Roosevelt for vice
president.

In 1903 the State Highway Department was
established.

Until 1799 Philadelphia was the capital of
Pennsylvania. By the act of April 3, 1799,
Lancaster became the capital on the first Mon-
day of November, 1799. On February 21,
1810, an act w^as approved requiring that the
offices of the .State government, during the
month of October, 1812, be moved to Harris-
burg, which, by said act, was fixed and de-
clared to be the seat of government. On
February 7, 181 2, a supplement was passed to
this act providing that the removal should be
made in A])ril. 1812, and, accordingly, the
offices were removed about .April I, 1812. and
Ilarrisburg from that time has continued to
be the capital of the State. The old capitol,
built in 1819-20, burned February 2, 1897.

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

GOVERNORS OF THE COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA

Name

Under the Constitution of 1790

Thomas Mifflin

Thomas McKean

Simon Snyder

William Findlay

Joseph Hiester

John Andrew Schulze

George Wolf

Joseph Ritner

Under the Constitution of 1838

David Rittenhouse Porter

Francis Rawn Shunk

William Freame Johnston*

William Bigler

James Pollock

William Fisher Packer

Andrew Gregg Curtin

John White Geary

John Frederick Hartranft

Under the Constitution of 1873

John Frederick Hartranft

Henry Martyn Hoyt

Robert Emory Pattison

James Addams Beaver

Robert Emory Pattison

Daniel Hartman Hastings

William A. Stone

Samuel W. Pennypacker

Edwin S. Stuart

John K. Tener

Martin G. Brumbaugh

* There was an interregnum from
till July 26, 1848.

Born

Died

Term of Service

Dec. 21, 1790-Dec. 17, 1799

Dec. 17, 1799-Dec. 20, 1808

Dec. 20, i8o8-Dec. 16, 1817

Dec. 16, 1817-Dec. 19, 1820

Dec. 19, 1820-Dec. 16, 1823

Dec. 16, 1823-Dec. 15, 1829

Dec. 15, 1829-Dec. 15, i83.i

Dec. 15. 1835-Jan. 15, 1839

Jan. 15, 1839-Jan. 21, 1845
Jan. 21, 1845-July 9. 1848

(Resigned July 9, 1848)
July 26, 1848-Jan. 20, 1852

(Vice Shunk, resigned)
Jan. 20, 1852-Jan. 16, 1855
Jan. 16, 1855-Jan. 19, 1858
Jan. 19, 1858-Jan. 15, 1861
Jan. IS, i86i-Jan. 15, 1867
Jan. IS, 1867-Jan. 21, 1873
Jan. 21, 1873-Jan. 18, 1876

Jan. 18, 1876-Jan. 21. 1870

Jan. 21, 1879-Jan. 16, 1883

Jan. 16, 1883-Jan. 18, 1887

Jan. 18, 1887-Jan. 20, 1891

Jan. 20, 1891-Jan. 15, 189s

Jan. 15, l8oS-Jan. 17, 1899

Jan. 17, 1899-Jan. 20, 1903

Jan. 20, 1903-Jan. 15, 1907

Jan. IS, 1907-Jan. 17, 1911

Jan. 17, 1911-Jan. ig, 191S

Jan. 19, 1915

July 9, 1848, to July 26, 1848. Johnston did not take the oath of office

Jan.

10.

1744

Jan.

20,

1800

Mar.

19.

1734

June

24,

1817

Nov.

1759

Nov.

i8ig

June

20,

1768

Nov.

12,

1846

Nov.

18,

1752

June

ID,

1832

lulv

IQ.

1775

Nov.

18,

1852

Aug.

I^>

1777

Mar.

II,

1840

Mar.

2S.

1780

Oct.

lb,

1869

Oct.

31.

I7&8

Aug.

1867

Aug.

1788

July

20,

1848

Nov.

29.

1808

Oct.

25,

1872

Tan.

II.

I8I4

Aug.

1880

Sept.

1 1,

I8I0

Apr.

19,

i8go

Apr.

1807

Sept.

27.

1870

Apr.

22,

I8I7

Oct.

1804

Dec.

^0,

I8I9

Feb.

1873

Dec.

16,

1830

Oct.

17.

1889

Dec.

ifi,

1830

Oct.

17.

1889

June

1830

Dec

1892

Dec.

1 8^0

Aug.

1904

Oct.

21,

18,37

Tan.

31,

1914

Dec.

1 8 so

Aug.

1904

Feb.

26,

1849

Jan.

1903

Apr.

18,

1S46

I^iving

.'\pr.

1843

Deceased

Dec.

28,

I8S3

Living

Tulv

2S,

1863

Living

Apr.

14.

[862

Living

POPULAR VOTE FOR GOVERNORS, 179O-I914 Year

1814

Year Candidate and Party No. of Votes

1790 Thomas Mifflin, Democrat 27,72s

Arthur St. Clair, Federal 2,802

1793 Thomas Mifflin, Democrat 18,590 1817

F. A. Muhlenberg, Federal 10,706

1796 Thomas Mifflin, E)emocrat 30,020

F. A. Muhlenberg, Federal 1,011 1820

1799 Thomas McKean, Democrat 38,036

James Ross, Federal 32,641

1802 Thomas McKean, Democrat 47,879 1823

James Ross, of Pittsburgh, Federal. 9,499

Tames Ross. Federal 7,5,38

Scattering 94 1826

1805 Thomas McKean, Independent

Democrat 43,644

Simon Snyder, Democrat 38,438 1829

Simon Snyder 395

1808 Simon Snyder, Democrat 67,975

James Ross. Federal 39,,=;7.=; 1832

John Spayd, Federal 4,006

Scattering 8 1835

181 1 Simon Snyder, Democrat 52,319

William Tilghman, Federal 3,609

Scattering 1.67S

Candidate and Party No. of Votes

Simon Snyder, Democrat 51,099

Isaac Wayne, Federal 29,566

George Lattimer, Independent.... 910

Scattering 18

William Findlay, Democrat 66,331

Joseph Hiester, Federal 59.272

Scattering II

Joseph Hiester, Federal 67,905

William Findlay, Democrat 66,300

Scattering 21

J. Andrew Schulze, Democrat 89,928

Andrew Gregg, Federal 64,21 1

Scattering ■ 8

J. .'\ndrew Schulze, Democrat 72,710

John Sergeant, Federal I.I75

Scattering I.I74

George Wolf. Democrat 78,219

Joseph Ritner, Anti-Mason 61,776

Scattering 12

George Wolf, Democrat 9I.33S

Joseph Ritner, Anti-Mason 88,165

Joseph Ritner, Anti-Mason 94,023

George Wolf, Independent Demo-
crat 65,804

Henry A. Muhlenberg, Democrat. . 40,586

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

Year Candidate and Party No. of Votes

1838 David R. Porter, Democrat 127,825

Joseph Kitner, Anti-Mason 122,321

1841 David K. Porter, Democrat 136,504

John Banks, Whig "3.473

F. J. Lamoyne, Abolition 763

Scattering 23

1844 Francis K. Shunk, Democrat 160,323

Joseph Markle, Whig 156,040

F. J. Lamoyne, Abolition 2,566

1847 Francis k. Shnnk, Democrat 146,081

James Irvin, Whig 128,148

E. G. Reigart, Native American. . . 11,247

F. J. Lamoyne, Abolition 1,861

Scattering 6

1848 William K. Johnston, Whig 168,522

Morris Longstreth, Democrat 168,225

E. B. Gazzam, Free-soil 48

Scattering 24

1851 William Bigler, Democrat 186,489

\\'illiam F. Johnston, Whig 178,034

Kimber Cleaver, Native American. 1,850

Scattering 67

1854 James Pollock, Whig and Ameri-
can 203,822

William Bigler, Democrat 166,991

B. Rush Bradford, Free-soil 2,194

Scattering 33

1857 William F. Packer. Democrat 188,846

David Wilmot, Free-soil 146,139

Isaac Hazelhurst, American 28,168

Scattering 12

i860 Andrew G. Curtin, Republican 262,346

Henry D. Foster, Democrat 230,230

1863 Andrew G. Curtin, Republican.... 269,506

George W. Woodward, Democrat. 254,171

Scattering 2

1866 John W. Geary, Republican 307,274

Hiester Clymer, Democrat 290,096

1869 John W. Geary, Republican 290,552

Asa Packer, Democrat 285,956

1872 John F. Hartranft, Republican 353,287

Charles R.Buckalew, Democrat.... 317,760

S. B. Chase, Prohibition 1,259

187s John F. Hartranft, Republican 304,175

Cyrus L. Pershing, Democrat 292,145

R. Audley Brown, Prohibition.... 13,244

1878 Henry M. Hoyt, Republican 319,567

.'Kndrew H. Dill, Democrat 297,060

Samuel R. Mason, National Green-
back 81,758

Franklin H. Lane, Prohibition..... 3.653

1882 Robert E. Pattison, Democrat 355,791

James A. Beaver, Republican 315,589

John Stewart, Independent Repub-
lican 43,743

Thomas A. Armstrong, Greenback-
Labor 23,484

Alfred C. Pettit, Temperance.... 5.T96

1886 James A. Beaver, Republican 412.285

Chauncey F. Black, Democrat.... 369,634

Charles S. Wolf, Prohibition 32,458

Robert J. Houston, Greenback.... 4.835

1890 Robert E. Pattison, Democrat.... 464,209

George W. Delamater, Repul)lican. 447,655

John D. Gill, Prohibition 16.108

T. P. Rynder, Labor 224

1894 Daniel 11. Hastings, Republican... 574,801

William M. Singerly, Democrat... 333,404

Charles L. Hawley, Prohibition... 23,433

Jerome T. Ailman, People's 19,464

Year Candidate and Party No. of Votes

Thomas H. Grundy, Socialist

. Labor 1,733

Scattering 182

1898 William A. Stone, Republican 476,206

George A. Jenks, Democrat 358,300

Silas C. Swallow, Prohi-
bition 125,746

People's 2,058

Liberty 632

Honest Government. . 4,495
J. Mahlon Barnes, Socialist Labor.

Scattering

1902 Samuel W. Pennypacker, 1

Republican 592,867 \

Citizens' 461 |

Robert E. Pattison, 1

Democrat 436,451

Anti-Machine 9,550 [

Ballot Reform 4,977 J

Silas C. Swallow, Prohibition 23,327

132.931

4,278
32

593,328

450,978

5,155

21,910

506,418

458,054

24,793

15,169

2,109

415.614

William Adams, Socialist Labor. .

J. W. Slayton, Socialist

Scattering

1906 Edwin S. Stuart, Repub-
lican 501,818

Citizens' 4,600

Lewis Emery, Jr., Demo-
cratic 301,747

Commonwealth 6,194

Lincoln 145,657

Referendum 781

Union Labor 3,67s

Homer L. Castle, Prohibition

James A. Maurer, Socialist

John Desmond, Socialist Labor...

Scattering

1910 John K. Tener, Republican.412,658 ]
Workingmen's League.. 2,956 f

Webster Grim, Democratic 129,395

Madison F. Larkin, Prohibition... 17,445

John W. Slayton, Socialist 53,055

George Anton, Industrialist 802

William H. Berrj-, Keystone 382,127

Scattering 10

1914 Martin G. Brumbaugh, ]

Republican 532,902 I

Keystone 37,847 ^

Personal Liberty 17,956

Vance C. McCormick,

Democratic 3'3,553 }

Washington 140,327 J

Joseph B. Allen, Socialist 40,115

Charles N. Brumm, Bull Moose. .
William Draper Lewis, Roosevelt

Progressive

Matthew H. Stevenson, Prohibi-
tion

Caleb Harrison, Industrialist

Scattering . . .

588,705

453,880

4,031

6.503

17.467
533

— Smull's Handbook.

SOME STATE LAWS

Local option

In 1872 the Pennsylvania legislature enacted
a county local option law, and in 1873, under
its provisions, thirty-nine counties adopted it
and banished liquor licenses. Ail but two of

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

the cities vviiich voted as separate units went
wet, viz., Atoona and Williamsport. Mead-
ville, Titusville, Lock Haven and Chester
voted wet, but the counties in which they are
located voted dry. In 1875 the Legislature re-
pealed this law and enacted the Brooks high
license law. Only nine counties in the State
have no license now, in 1915.

Food Laws

The general food law of 1895, which defined
food adulteration and misbranding, and made
their commission a misdemeanor, was replaced
in 1907 by an act making the commission of
these wrongs a civil offense and, on the plea of
the need for legislative uniformity, included,
by reference, all corresponding acts of Con-
gress and the regulations thereunder, then in
force or later to be enacted or promulgated.
On May 13, 1909, the Legislature repealed
the act of 1907, and returned to the original
form of general food laws. A large number
of the more common, added adulterants were
specifically prohibited.

Prior to 1907, a number of special food laws
and a general food law had been enacted. The
former included the vinegar act of 1897, as
amended May 21, 1901 ; the cheese act of
1897. ^s amended May 2, 1901 ; the act of June
10, 1897, prohibiting the addition of preserva-
tives or coloring matter to milk and cream, as
amended April 19, 1901 ; the oleomargarine
and renovated butter acts of 1901 ; the fruit
syrup act, May 2, 1901, as amended April 26,
1905; and the act of March 28, 1905, prohibit-
ing the addition of coloring matter and pre-
servatives to fresh meat, poultry, game, fish,
or shellfish.

The milk and cream law was amended in
1909, so as to fix a standard of composition for
cream; and again, in 1911, so as to establish
such standard for both milk and cream. In
1909, also, were enacted special laws regulat-
ing the sale of ice cream, eggs, lard and non-
alcoholic drinks; in 191 1, an additional act
relative to the adulteration of sausage by the
addition of cereals and water; and in I9r3,
an act regulating the management of cold
storage warehouses and the sale of cold storage
foods, and an amendment to the oleomargarine
act of 1901, fixing a standard color limit
capable of exact physical measurement.

The Pennsylvania Department of Agricul-
ture was organized in 1895.

CARE AND TREATMENT OF THE INSANE

Insane Asylums

The first attempt made in Pennsylvania to
classify the insane by legal enactment was
made in 1881, by a bill introduced in the
State Senate by Senator W. J. McKnight,
known as Senate Bill No. 207, to regulate
the commitment of insane criminals.

This generation is and must be ignorant of
the wonderful improvement made in the last
fifty years in the care and treatment of the
insane. When I was a boy a menagerie of
wild beasts was a paradise in comparison with
a lunatic asylum. About the year 1800 a Dr.
Pinel, a Frenchman with a heart alive to pity
like the old-style doctor had, undertook the
work of reform in these "madhouses." Fa-
miliar with this historical fact, and being a
medical man, I was interested in this subject.
In 1 88 1, when I wjis sworn in as one of
Pennsylvania's fifty State senators, I looked
around for some useful legislative work to
do, and, after I received my "railroad passes,"
I traveled to and from our asylums looking
through them and supping and dining with the
officials. During these associations, and from
other sources, I conceived the idea that classi-
fication of the insane was greatly needed, and
to insure the enactment of such a law I intro-
duced one in the Senate modest and moderate
in its requirements. This I did to save expense
and prevent opposition. But in this act I met
the fate of all who antagonize ignorance and
prejudice, for

Trutli would you teach to save a sinking land
M\ sliun, none aid, and few understand.

On the 23(1 day of March, 1881, I intro-
duced the bill for the classification of the
insane as follows (see page 691, Legislative
Journal) : "An Act entitled. An Act to regulate
the commitment of the criminal insane, insane
convicts and other dangerous lunatics to one of
the Insane Hospitals of the State, and the
management thereof of said hospitals.

"Section i. Be it enacted by the Senate and
House of Representatives of the Common-
wealth of Pennsylvania in General Assembly
met, and it is hereby enacted by the authority
of the same, That the Board of Public Qiari-
lies shall have the power, and are hereby
required immediately after the passage of this
Act to prepare a wing of, or to organize, a
ward, or a sufficient number of wards, in one
of the insane hospitals of the State (supported

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

by the State), for the accommodation of the
criminal insane, insane convicts and other
dangerous lunatics sentenced to said hospital,
as well for those who may hereafter be
arraigned before court and acquitted on the
ground of insanity, and the said ward or wards
so set apart are to be under the same manage-
ment and superintendence as the other wards
of said institution."

When the bill came before the Senate on
the third reading, I made the following
remarks :

"Mr. President, 1 desire to say a few words
in favor of the important measure now before
this honorable Senate. I beg leave to state that
the bill was conceived in the interest of un-
fortunate humanity, and if its provisions are
inadequate to the proposed relief intended, no
senator will deplore such an unfortunate result
more than myself. Further, I desire the bill
to be criticized, and amended if need be. by
senators abler than myself; aye, if possible,
perfected so that it may accomplish, in full,
its humanitarian objects. And, senators, if in
your criticisms you should deem it necessary to
be severe upon the phraseology, even to per-
sonal reflections. I will now assure vou in the
language of Shakespeare, by way of invoca-
tion,

"O let mc not be mad. not mad, sweet Heaven ;
Keep me in temper ; I would not be mad.

"Senators, I well recognize the fact that only
through investigation, criticism and agitation ;
that only through jiositive enthusiasm on the
one side, and the hostile lens of opposition on
the other, can a real solid knowledge be ob-
tained by which to erect a truthful, perfect
structure. There should be no haste in
legislation.

"Every wise observer knows,
Every watchful f^azer sees,
Nothing grand or beautiful grows

Save by gradual slow degrees.
Steadily, steadily, step by step,
Up the venturous builders go,
^ Carefully placing stone on stone,
Thus the loftiest temples grow.

"In this law we want a solid base, we want
truth; we want the wisdom of ages; we want
everything that will tend to perfection, because
it is designed to protect, care for and, if pos-
sible, to rescue helpless men and helpless
women from indignities now suffered, em-
blematic of a barbarous age.

"Mr. President, the dark ages are past ; we
live in an age of light ; we live when steam

and the iron horse ha\e annihilated space and
time ; we live when the lightning from heaven
has been chained by a Franklin and forced by
a Morse and a F'ield to carry our greetings of
business and love, not only upon the land but
underneath the seas also. Indeed, we look
around us in wonder at the progress of me-
chanics, agriculture, science and art. There
appears to be no end to our achievements in
intellectual advancement. We live in the very
light of 'God's face bending low down' and
guiding us in the solving of difficult intellectual
problems. And under this bright light let us
pause for a short time to examine and see
what we have done, what we are doing, and
what we can do for the insane — the insane
convict and the criminal insane. I would say,
in candor, little has been done in the past. But
we are doing a great work now, and as much
as I admire the progress of the present, yet I
confidently expect in the future greater
progress, more gigantic achievements in the
restoration to reason, and in the elevation to
manhood and womanhood, of fallen and
depraved humanity, than the most hopeful
could anticipate or the greatest enthusiast
could imagine. For ages the insane were
believed to be pos.sessed of the devil, and their
management by Christian civilization was in
conformity to this belief. You may imagine
the treatment. I cannot describe it. It is only
within the memory of our own lives that the
results of this belief have been entirely erad-
icated. And who among us since the attain-
ment of that result is ignorant of the wonder-
ful improvements made in the last quarter of
a century ' I assure you from an examination
of history that Pjarnum's menagerie of wild
beasts is to-day a paradise compared to a
lunatic prison of two hundred years ago. If
we portray to ourselves low, damp and infected
dungeons, without light or air, fitly designated
cells, alive with human beings, naked or
covered with rags, always furious or nearly so.
enclosed in living tombs until death came as a
relief; believed to be incurable, abandoned by
their relatives, deprived of medical care, reek-
ing in their own filth, attended by hmtal
keepers, horrifiefl beyond expression in their
sane moments at these surroundings, sufferings
and inhumanities, with no voice of brotherhood
or love ever greeting them, with no music but
the rattling of their ow-n chains ; and I might
enumerate to you a thousand more inhuman-
ities, had I time and cajiacity, and then indeed
you would have but an imjierfectly photo-
graphed view of an insane prison of the
seventeenth century. But in 1752, a number

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

of Pennsylvanians residing in the city of
Philadelphia, with hearts aHve to pity, hke
angels of mercy, petitioned the legislature of
this State, then in session, for an act to incor-
porate 'a small provincial hospital,' for the
suitable care and treatment of the insane, and
other sick persons. Said act was duly passed,
and two thousand pounds appropriated to
assist in, as they declared, 'a good work
acceptable to God and all the good people they
represented.' Under this charter a private
house was secured until a suitable structure
could be erected, and on the nth day of
February, A. D. 1752. the first patients were
adiTiitted for treatment. On the 28th day of
May, A. D. 1755, the cornerstone of the
hospital proper was laid, and Benjamin Frank-
lin prepared the inscription for it, which read
as follows :

"In the year of Christ

MDCCLV,

George the Second liappily reigning,

(For he sought the happiness of his people),

Philadelphia flourishing,

(For its inhabitants were public spirited).

This building.

By the bounty of the Government

And of many private persons,

Was piously founded

For the relief of the sick and miserable.

'May the God f Mercies

Bless the Undertaking.'

"Thus Pennsylvania Hospital had its origin.
The 'God of Mercies' has blessed the under-
taking. It stands to-day a monument of
Pennsylvania pride and is a home, a real home
in every sense, to hundreds of 'the wildest, the
tamest, the happiest and the gloomiest of un-
fortunate mortals.' It is an unrestrained,
unfettered, carpeted, pictured, sofaed, con-
certed, libraried home, where intellect and love
command obedience.

"Senators, will you permit a digression ?
Will you permit a little State pride to well up
at this point in my argument?

"It was on the soil of Pennsylvania that the
first Continental Congress met. It was on the
soil of Pennsylvania that the great Magna
Charta of our liberties was written, signed,
sealed and delivered to the world. It was on
the soil of Pennsylvania that the fathers
declared 'that all men are born free and equal,
and are alike entitled to life, liberty and the
pursuit of happiness.' It was on the soil of
Pennsylvania that the grand old Republican
IKirty was organized, and the declarations of
our fathers reaffirmed and proclaimed anew
to the world. It was on the soil of Peimsvl-

vania that Congress created our national
emblem, the Stars and Stripes ; and it was
upon the soil of Pennsylvania that fair women
made that flag in accordance with the resolu-
tion of Congress. It was upon the soil of
Pennsylvania that our flag was first unfurled
to the breeze, and from that day to this that
grand old flag has never been disgraced nor
defeated. It was upon the Delaware river of
Pennsylvania that the first steamer was
launched. It was in Philadelphia that the first
national bank opened its vaults to commerce.
It was upon the soil of Pennsylvania that
Colonel Dr4ke first drilled into the bowels of
the earth and obtained the oil that now makes
the 'bright light' of every fireside 'from Green-
land's icy mountains to India's coral strand.'
It was on the soil of Pennsylvania that the first
Christian Bible society in the New World was
organized. It was on the soil of Pennsylvania
that the first school for the education and
maintenance of soldiers' orphans was erected.
It was on the soil of Pennsylvania that the first
medical college for the New World was
established. And now, Mr. President, I say
to you that it was permitted to Pennsylvania
intelligence, to Pennsylvania charity, to Penn-
sylvania people, to erect on Pennsylvania soil,
with Pennsylvania money, the first insane in-
stitution, aided and encouraged by a state, in
the history of the world.

"In the bill which is now before us Pennsyl-
vania is simply expected to take another
advance step in the march of civilization. It
is not a hasty step. It has been well considered,
and is heartily approved by all those in the
State having in charge insane convicts and the
criminal insane. In truth, I have letters from
nearly every experienced person in the Com-
monwealth urging the passage of this law.
What, then, you ask, will we accomplish by
this enactment? To this I reply: A reason-
able, a necessary^ classification of the insane.
Not a perfect classification, but a better one
than we have at present. Indeed, in the opin-
ion of those most capable of judging and
advising on the subject, the insane should be
sub-divided into three great classes, as follows :

"First. The epileptics.

"Second. The ordinary insane.

"Third. The convict, criminal and other
dangerous lunatics. Each class to have a sep-
arate hospital and each hospital to have a
separate mangement. But as the world luoves
in cycles, and 'step by step the builders go,'
this bill looking to the future only asks at this
time the separation of the convict and criminal
from the other classes of the insane.

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

"And why is this separation asked, you
inquire. I will better reason with you on this
subject by reading one of many letters ad-
dressed and received 1 y me since the introduc-
tion of this bill. The letter I present is from
Dr. J- A. Reed, of Dixmont hospital, dated
March 24, 18S1 :

" 'This subject is one of vast importance to
all of the insane, and I hope that you will be
able through this bill to accomplish such legis-
lation as will not on^y ameliorate the condition
of the innocent insane, but will place the
"insane convict" in a position where judicious
care and treatment will result in' a greater
amount of good to him. In considering this
subject it must be remembered that there are
two classes of insane persons, either of which
it is manifestly imoroper to place in an ordi-
nary hospital for the insane. I allude to
the insane convict who has become in-
sane while undergoing punishment for crime,
or who, from any extraordinary cause may
have been deemed by the courts unfit for ad-
mission to a hospital, and is now confined in
the penitentiaries and jails of the Common-
wealth, as well as to that other class who have
been accjuitted or not prosecuted on criminal
charges for violent acts on the ground of
insanity, such as homicide, arson. Inirglary. etc.

" 'It is a common feeling that a compulsory
association with criminals is neither pleasant
nor desirable. The insane are as sensitive as
other persons, and when compelled to mingle
with those convicted of crimes of greater or
less degree feel themselves degraded, and
there is engendered such a feeling of discontent
that recoveries are thereby retarded if not
wholly prevented. Convicts are bad by nature
and are made worse by disease ; they are con-
stantly seeking opportunities to escajje, annoy-
ing the other more (|uict and innocent patients,
and frequently, by their violence, endanger-
ing the lives of others with whom they may
be associated. They are victims to the worst
forms of delusions. ;in<l are con.stantly en-
deavoring to create a general discotitent, and
teach those, who. by misfortune, have been
sent to the asylums for treatment, profanity,
mean tricks and petty misdemeanors.

" 'To a'sociate any considerable number of
criminals with others is in a limited sense to
make an institution designed for the safe
keeping and cure nf unfortunate persons a
school of crime, and t(] mingle those whose
lives have Ijeen stained with theft, liurglary,
arson and murder with those whose lives have
ever been pure, is a gross injustice. There
are ver' few of the insane convicts who do

not attempt to escape, and those who attempt
it usually succeed; often their previous edu-
cation has been in this direction, and this also
makes their recajjture, when once at large,
nidrc difficult.

" 'Tiie rogue, even when insane, if confined
in a hospital, recognizes in every enlargement
of his liberty, intended to promote his com-
fort and his cure, an additional facility to
escape. The danger to the coinmunity and
the trouble to the hospital that are the direct
result of the escape of convicts is undoubt-
edly the real basis of many minor inconven-
iences and greater restriction of liberty which
their presence occasions in the ordinary hos-
pitals for the insane.

" 'The association of the convict insane
with those drawn from the community at large
is not only an inconvenience and leads to dif-
liculty in the management of the ordinary hos-
|)ital, but it is a gross wrong, and the State has
no right to compel its honest citizens, sane or
insane, to associate with criminals. Vet under
the laws that now exist, and as the hospitals
are now constructed and conducted, this unde-
sirable association of patients must exist.

'' 'If these two dangerous classes were re-
moved from the hospitals, or confined in wards
especially adapted for their care and custody,
the ordinary insane would in all respects be
better ofif ; much more freedom cotild be
granted to them, and there would lie less
danger of violence than there is at present.
Associated as these classes necessarily are in
some of the halls and airing courts, constantly
watched and guarded as they are by attend-
ants, the danger of violence is not so great as
it might be, but it woulfl be wrong to say that
there is no risk.

"'What I wish t<i impress on you is the
fact that the restrictions now ])laced upon the
movements of the insane patients, which
grows out of a necessity of safely providing
for these dangerous classes, could be at once
modified, and, in a great measure, removed,
if the separation which you [iropose could be
accoiriplishcd. .Such a sep;iration need not
affect unfavorably the condition of those
dangerous classes ; for it is contemplated that
such special provisions would be made for
them ;is would insure kind care and treatment,
within restricted limits, with probably more
freedom than it would be safe to give them
under other circimistances. The hospitals, as
they are now constructed, are not intended for
the custody of the insane convict, and the
result is they frequently escape, and expose
the community to a repetition of the crimes

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

for which they were convicted and imprisoned.
The community, then, is entitled to protection
by the transfer of all such dangerous insane
persons to strong and secure wards in some
hospital from which escape is impossible.

■' 'As the State seems unwilling to con-
struct a hospital separate and distinct for the
custody of the convict and dangerous classes
of the insane, your suggestion is made that
several wards in one of the hospitals now in
process of construction shall be so modified,
arranged and equipped for the reception,
custody and proper medical treatment of all'
such insane persons as may be sent to the
hospital, so provided by orders of court or
transferred from other hospitals to it by the
Board of Public Charities.

" 'The reasons for so doing may be sum-
marized, as follows :

" 'First. The character of such insane
persons requires greater safeguards both as
to the construction of the buildings and the
administration of the institution, in order to
secure them from escape and from injuring
other inmates, and such safeguards when ap-
plied to patients who do not need them are
injurious.

" 'Second. Inmates not belonging to these
classes, and whose insanity may be limited to
melancholy or some mild form of disease, and
by whom external relations are so fully appre-
ciated, find the association with such classes
disagreeable.

" 'Third. There seems to be no good rea-
son for providing one receptacle for insane
convicts and another for insane persons who
in a state of insanity have committed or who
arc predisposed to violent acts, such as homi-
cide, arson, burglary, etc.

" 'Fourth. The same safeguards as to con-
struction and administration are required for
both classes.

" 'Fifth. The insane patients of homicidal
propensities, who are not convicts, have a
form of insanity in which they would not in
many cases be oflfended or rendered uncom-
fortable by the association with the insane
convicts.

" 'Sixth. The two classes are often not sep-
arated by any principle of moral responsibility,
as the insane convict is frequently one who
was suffering at the time of the criminal act
under a disability which the courts failed to
detect at the trial, for want of a proper de-
fense, or because the mental disorder was still
latent.

" 'Seventh. Insanity suspends punishment
based upon previous conduct, and there is,

therefore, no reason for the separation based
on moral grounds, or for any separation except
such as is founded upon the actual aversion of
other inmates to such association.

" 'This aversion is sufficiently considered by
not having the wards in which they are con-
fined with a penal institution, but in or near
to one of the hospitals for the insane.

" 'Eighth. For these reasons it is better
that proper provision should be made for the
convict insane, as well as for those who have
committed or are predisposed to homicide or
other violent acts, in buildings or apartments
properly arranged and made secure for their
custody and treatment in or near to some one
of the hospitals for the insane.

" 'The association of convict insane with
other insane persons in the \vards is admitted,
on all hands, to be a great injurs' to the well-
being of' the patients. The reports of sup-
erintendents throughout the country are full
of observations to this effect which we need
not here quote.'

"I also read from the report of the commis-
sioners of the Illinois State penitentiary at
Joliet. for the year 1880. Page 24:

" 'The commingling of the two classes in one
common asylum calls forth frequent protests
from the superintendents of these institutions,
as well as from the friends of the citizen
insane, for whose benefit these asylums were
originally intended. It seems to me that the
authorities should not turn a deaf ear to
these complaints, for they are well grovmded,
and address themselves with unusual force
to those who are brought in constant contact
with the criminal insane.'

"I might further tax the patience of this
body by reading extracts from other reports
and letters. I might read from Dr. Diller;
from Drs. Gerhart and Cleaves ; from Drs.
Case and Bennett ; from the doctor in charge
of Blockley hospital; from Warden Wright,
of the Western, and from Warden Townsend,
of the Eastern Penitentiary, all of whom have
written to me, and are enthusiastic in favor
of this bill, and to all of whom, in this con-
nection. I offer my sincere thanks for their
sympathy and cooperation.

"And now. Mr. President, although I again
acknowledge that wonders are being accom-
plished through the present management of
the insane, yet I do claim that if a proper
classification be made, as is contemplated by
this bill, then a better treatment and manage-
ment will follow as a rational result, and I
confidently predict a new era to arise in the
treatment and the management of the insane.

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

honorable alike to Christianity, civilization.
]ihilosophy and humanity.

"We must take tliis step ; we must enact
this law. 1 am i>roiKl to say that we have done
well; that we are now doing better; but I say
earnestly we must still improve.

"Those of you who visited a few days ago,
in connection with the members of the house,
the Norristown hospital, must have observed
its admirable construction and management,
and those of you who heard the remarks there
made by distinguished men, men of exfx'rience
in what they said, cannot help but be insj)ired
with the same inspiration that there seized
me, viz., to try, in my humble way, to accom-
])lish something good, something tangible for
this unfortunate class.

"Mr. President, we must be liberal-minded,
we must uproot and destroy our prejudices by
inquiry and examination. Conservatism must
give way. I was deeply impressed, while at
Norristown, with fer\or that grayhaired
orators used in advocacy of liberal advance-
ment in the management of the insane. I was
pleased to hear the universal approval and
testimony in favor of the admission of female
physicians to the care of female wards in our
State institutions. Managers and superin-
tendents gave eager testimony to the happy
changes and great benefits from the employ-
ment of said physicians. Those who had been
most bitter in their op]>osition had now, from
experience and observation, changed into the
warmest advocates of the propriety, expedi-
ency and justice of what to them had seemed
to be a silly experiment, but what now had
proved to be just the one tiling desired. How
appropriate at that time, and in that jilace,
it would have been to proclaim anew and
keep the fact before the iniblic, that to America
1)elongs the distinguished honor of appointing
the first female physician to an insane asylum.
Said appointment was made by Massachusetts
in 1869, followed by Iowa, appointing Dr.
]\Targaret A. Cleaves, in iH/,^, and Pennsyl-
vania joined hands with Massachusetts in the
Fast and Iowa in the West in the year 1880,
by two appointments, one for Norristown and
one for Ilarrisburg. Dr. Cleaves, of our
.State hosjjital, says :

" 'Who can be better litted for this office
than the womanly jjliysician ? Who brings,
in addition to her special knowledge of their
disease, a woman's quick insight, clear intui-
tions, kind and symp.-ithetic nature, she being
like with them, and c,ipal>]e. therefore, of
entering into and appreciating many of their
tiioughts and feelings. "The grief that does

not speak," whether real or fancied, "that
whispers the o'er-fraught heart and bids it
break," is not less true in many cases of dis-
ease than in health, and the individual who
can invite the fullest, freest confidence, will
be the one best calculated to do the patient
good. The suj)erintendent's hands are full —
hot always with the medical and moral care
of his patients, but with the duties of steward,
farmer, civil engineer, architect, and general
executive officer.

" 'The mental and moral fitness of woman
for the management of insane women is be-
yond cavil. Their fidelity and devotion to
their profession cannot be questioned. Their
ability to successfully manage and control
similar institutions in all their departments
has been proved. We may instance the
woman's prison at Sherborn, Mas.sachusetts,
and the woman's prison and girl's reforma-
tory in Indiana, both successfully managed by
women. This special field is not without its
pioneers. In the Worcester hospital, Massa-
chusetts, a woman was long and successfully
employed as assistant physician. In March
of this year (1879) a lady was appointed, by
competitive examination, assistant physician
at the Cook county hospital for the insane,
Chicago.'

"Thus far but seven hospitals are employ-
ing female physicians ; and at present but ten
])rofessional women are thus engaged, all of
whom are in American institutions.

"We have ample facilities, Mr. President,
for our insane. I read from the report of the
Board of Public Charities, for the year 1880,
page 2 :

" 'Hospitals for the care and treatment of
this unfortunate class have been provided to
a large extent. When the Warren and South-
eastern hos])itals shall be fully ready for the
reception of patients, sufficient accommoda-
tions will have been provided for thirty-two
hundred and fifty patients. The present num-
ber maintained in the State asylums, including
Dixmont, is about fifteen hundred. Six hun-
dred of the inmates of the insane department
of the I'iiiladelphia almshouse will probably
be transferred to State institutions, making
the entire insane population to be supported
in the State hospitals twenty-one hundred,
and leaving unoccupied wards for eleven hun-
dred and fifty of such as may be transferred
from other almshouses, and those retained by
friends. The provision for the indigent class
of the insane by the State is, therefore, not
only sufficient, but in e.xcess of present wants.'

"Classification is what we now need, .'^ena-

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

tors, enact this law ; it is in the interest of
economy. It will not create any new board.
It will better classify ; it will lessen attendants ;
and even if it should not. we have no right to
contaminate the wards of the State. Bear in
mind that the insane are not all raving maniacs,
that many of them are rational for hours, days,
weeks and months at a time. I appeal to you,
then, what must be their humiliation to find
themsel\-es forced to associate and companion
with criminals of every dye. Remember they
are helpless, they are weak, they are children ;
we are strong; and remember that we have
the assurance from one who is all wise and
all powerful that when we —

■"Are weak and wretched, b\- our sins weighed down,

distressed,
Then it is that God's great mercy liolds us closest,

loves us best.

"Fellow Senators, as the representatives of
o\er four million two hundred and eighty-two
thousand people, as the representatives of the
great State of Pennsylvania, let us rise on
this occasion to the dignity of duty ; to the
greatness of opjwrtunity, and to the justness
of responsibility. Let us prove by our legis-
lative acts that we. in recognition of God's
mercy to us, will hold sacred and will in the
future better care for, protect and defend the
rights, the sensibilities and the interests of
Pennsylvania's defenseless and distressed
children."

The bill passed finally in the Senate on
Wednesday, .April 2oth ; yeas thirty-three.
nays none {see page 1.225, Legislative Jour-
nal) : was referred to committee on Judiciary
General in the house on April 21st (see page
1327, Legislative Journal) : when reported to
the House the bill became House No. (n)^.
On Wednesday, June S, i88r, it was read
before the House the third time, and on final
])assage it was defeated, the vote being yeas
sixty-four, nays fifty-four fsee page 2482,
Legislative Journal).

The reason I did not reintroduce the act in
1883 was this, I confidently expected by my
record to be returned to the Senate for a sec-
ond term. In this I was disappointed, but T
bad the above speech printed in large num-
bers and mailecl copies to each governor, to
the lioard of Public Charities, and to the
speakers and officers of the legislature, ho]iing
some one would take it u]), as Speaker Wallton
did ten or fifteen years after I had incepted,
originated and endeavored by law to make
the classification. In reviewing the origin of
and the classification of Penn'svKania's insane.

the Sunday North American of January 10,
1915, endeavors to give the entire credit of
the present classification of the insane to Cad-
walader Biddle. This paper of that issue
says: "In the late eighties Cadwalader Bid-
die, a retired business man of some means,
began urging the State t6 build an asylum
which would harbor the criminal insane. He
said that it was not right to keep these vicious
prisoners in association with harmless pat-
ients." I commenced it as stated above, in
1881, never having met or talked with Biddle.
Biddle had seen my speech, for I sent every
two years to him copies of it, to the North
American and to every speaker of the House
and president of the Senate, and to the officials
of each asylum and penitentiary, until the
complete and final passage of the present class-
ification in an enlarged shape by Speaker Wall-
ton in 1905, twenty-four years after I had
incepted, conceived and made an effort to enact
this classification. We have now Werners-
ville for the chronic insane, authorized by
legislature on June 22, i8gi, the first inmates
received July 21, 1894; Polk, for the epileptics,
authorized by legislature June 3, 1893, first
inmates received April 27. 1897; and Farview.
for the criminal insane, authorized by legis-
lature May iith, 1905, and the first inmates
received Dec. 17, 1912. Praise for much of
this is due to Hon. John M. Wallton, who
was speaker of the House.

In conclusion, Pennsylvania is to-day the
best governed State in the Union. In addi-
tion to her great legislation for labor she
repealed her personal tax law in 1867. Since
that date no farmer, laborer or person, except-
ing those having money at interest or stock
in a corporation, has jiaid a cent of State tax.
and with all her great and present generous
care of the insane, large apj^ropriations for
education, roads, health and charity, is clear
of debt since 191 3 and has to-day a nice sur-
plus in the treasury. Truly, great the -State
and great her sons !

DISTINCTIVE CONDITIONS

Pciinsxlvania has the lowest per capita tax
on property in the United States — therefore
its people have homes.

It excels every other .State in nn'neral prod-
ucts, and leads in the production of rye. iron,
steel, petroleum and coal.

It is the only State in the Union out of debt.

In 19 1 5 it won the highest award at San
Francisco for its health exhibit, and boasts
the best .State Board of Health in the Union.

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

It "has the best Mothers' Pension Act in
the United States," and

The best Workmen's Compensation laws
in the United States.

This was the first commonweaUh in the
world to grant married women separate prop-
erty rights; this was in 1848.

Pennsylvania was the first State in the
Union to have the State Mounted Police or
Constabulary. It was organized in 1905, and
is considered the best State police system in
the world.

Pennsylvania had the first volunteer fire
company in this country. It was organized
at Philadelphia in 1736.

POPUL.-\TION
STATE OF PEXNSYLVANI.\ AND UNITED STATES

By Decades, 1790 to 1910

1790 Pennsylvania .

United States,
1800 Pennsylvania .

United States
1810 Pennsylvania .

United States
1820 Pennsylvania .

United States
1830 Pennsylvania .

United States
1840 Pennsylvania .

United States
1850 Pennsylvania .

United States
i860 Pennsylvania .

United States
1870 Pennsylvania .

United States
1880 Pennsylvania .

United States
1890 Pennsylvania .

United States
1900 Pennsylvania .

United States
1910 Pennsylvania .

United States
♦198,000 in 191 5,
Pittsburgh.

434.373

.. 3,929.827

602,365

• .';,30S,94l
810,081

. 7,239.814
. 1,049,458
. 9,638,191

• 1.348,233
. 12,866,020
. l,7-'4.033
.17,069,453
. 2.311.7'%
.23,i9i,«76
. 2,906,215
.31,443.321
. 3.521,951
.39,818,449
. 4,282,981
.50,1.53,783
. 5,258,113

62,947,714
6,302,115

75,944,575
. 7,665,111
.91,972,266

principally

S. uS.

> too

> u

424,099 6,537 3,737

586,098 14,561

1,706

786,704 22,492

795

1,017,094 32,153

211

1,309,900 37,9.30

403

1,676,115 47,854

156,845

Colored Foreigners
193,908* 1,438,152

in Philadelphia and

In 19T0 the total population of the United
States, with all its ]wssessions. was about
101,100,000. This number includes the inhab-
itants of all the States of the Union,. Alaska,
Hawaii, Porto Rico, the Philippine Islands,
persons in the military service abroad, the
estimated population of the Island of Guam,
the .American possessions in Samoa, and per-
sons in tlic Panama Canal zone. .According
to the official figures, the population of the
United States, including Alaska, Hawaii and

Porto Rico, is 93,402,151. These figures do
not include the population of the Philippines,
which in 1903, when the last enumeration in
the islands was made, showed a ])opulation of
7,635.426.

When the census of 1790 was taken the
country had an area of 827,844 square miles ;
in 1800, the same; 1810, 1,999,775 square
miles; 1820, the same; 1830 and 1840, 2,059,-
043; 1850, 2,980,959; at present the area is
3,025,640 square miles, not including Alaska
and Hawaii.

DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION IX
PENNSYLVANIA

According to the United States census of
1910, there are sixty-three cities and boroughs
in the State of Pennsylvania having a popula-
tion of ten thousand or over.

No migration the world has ever known has
equaled that which started in 1832, and still
continues, into America. Previous to the year
named the number of immigrants to the
United States annually had not exceeded
twenty-seven thousand. In 1830 and 183 1
the number each year was below twenty-four
thousand. In 1832 it rose to sixty thousand.
It rose and fell from this on un, until in 1854,
it passed the four hundred thousand mark.
In the early years of the Civil war it fell to
less than ninety thousand, but from this on
its general tendency was upward until it
reached six hundred twenty-three thousand
in 1892. After that there was some decline,
but in 1900 it began to climb again and the
number of foreigners arriving in 1907 was
1,285,349. The total from the year first named
to that year was more than twenty-eight mil-
lion five hundred thousand for the United
States. There have been thirt\- million arrivals
since 1820.

Our latchstring is never drawn in
-Against the poorest child of Adam's kin.

One-seventh of the pojiulation of Pennsyl-
vania in 1900 was foreign-born.

I'opiilation by Counties

The ]Mpulation of Pennsylvania for 1840
given by counties totals a little less than the
figure given in the table above, viz. :

Comities

-Adams 23,044

-Allegheny 81,235

-Armstrong 28,365

Beaver 29,368

g3o

lA^ere cyec/efz-et^ h/^hways [//z-To6ys Creek
/]//eg/?er?y, R<3dB3nM . 3/g 3^aver, frer?ch Cr.
Coneiwando, Cusayvag/^r,0/V{^r, dcBroAen Strain/

THE N.W. TERR.

O03

^5?;;"^^^^'

^0^

^. "^ >i

W ^ rv >

^ 5

TKE NEW YORK
PUBLIC LIBRARY]

ASTOr?, LF'^'OX
TILDEN FOUNDAilONS

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

Counties

Bedford 29,335

Berks 64,569

Bradford 32,769

Bucks 48,107

Butler 22,378

Cambria 11,256

Centre 20.492

Chester 57i5i5

Clarion 9,500

Clearfield 1 7,834

Clinton 8,323

Columbia 24,267

Crawford 31.724

Cumberland 30,953

Dauphin 30,1 18

Delaware I9,79l

Erie 3>4I2

Fayette 33.574

Franklin 37.793

Greene 19. '47

Huntingdon 35.484

Indiana 20,782

Jefferson 7.253

Juniata 11,080

Lancaster 84,203

I Lebanon 2i ,872

Lehigh 25,787

Luzerne 35,9o6

Lycoming 22,649

McKean 2,975

Mercer 32.873

Mifflin 13.092

Monroe 9.879

Montgomery 47.241

Northampton 40,996

Northumberland 20,027

Perry 17.096

F'hiladelphia 258,037

Pike 3.832

Potter 3.371

Schuylkill 29,053

Somerset 19,650

Susquehanna 21,195

Tioga 15.498

Union 22,787

Venango 17,900

Warren 9.278

Washington 41.279

Wayne 1 1,848

Westmoreland ' 42,699

Wyoming 8,100

York 47.010

1,705,601

In 1910 the total population of 7,665,111
was distributed as follows :

Area Sq.
County and County Seat Miles Pop.

Adams, Gettysburg 537 34,319

Allegheny, Pittsburgh 758 1,018,463

Armstrong, Kittanning 640 67,880

Beaver, Beaver 426 78,353

Bedford. Bedford 1,070 38,879

Berks, Reading 874 183,222

Blair, Hollidaysburg 530 108,858

Bradford. Towanda 1.140 54,526

Area Sq.
County and County Seat Miles

Bucks, Doylestown 620

Butler, Butler 765

Cambria, Ebensburg 680

Cameron, Emporium 375

Carbon, Mauch Chunk 400

Center, Bellefonte 1,130

Chester, Westchester 760

Clarion, Clarion , 566

Clearfield, Clearfield 1,141

Clinton, Lock Haven 892

Columbia, Bloomsburg 480

Crawford, Meadville 1,020

Cumberland, Carlisle 536

Dauphin, Harrisburg 514

Delaware, Media 178

Elk, Ridgway 760

Erie, Erie 782

Fayette, Uniontown 824

Forest, Tionesta 420

Franklin. Chambersburg 731

Fulton, McConnellsburg 416

Greene, Wayncsburg 588

Huntingdon, Huntingdon 940

Indiana, Indiana 820

Jefferson, Brookville 620

Juniata, Mififlintown 398

Lackawanna. Scranton 470

Lancaster. Lancaster 960

Lawrence. Newcastle 360

Lebanon, Lebanon 370

Lehigh. Allentown 328

Luzerne, Wilkes-Barre 910

Lycoming, William.sport 1.240

McKean, Smethport 976

Mercer, Mercer 680

Mifflin. Lewistown 411

Monroe, Stroudsburg 6,30

Montgomery. Norristown 501

Montour. Danvillt 142

Northampton, Easton 370

Northumberland, Sunbury' 469

Perry. New Bloomfield 561

Philadelphia, Philadelphia 130 i

Pike, Mil ford 620

Potter, Coudersport 1,049

Schuylkill, Pottsville 789

Snyder, Middleburg : . 320

Somerset. Somerset 1,040

.Sullivan, Laporte 470

Susquehanna, Montrose 823

Tioga, Wellsboro 1,180

Union. Lewisburg 316

Venango, Franklin 671

Warren, Warren 860

Washington, Washington 830

Wayne, Honesdale _ 834

Westmoreland. Greensburg . . .' 1.060

Wyoming, Tunkhannock 409

York, York 875

Pop.

76,730

72,689

166,131

7.644
52,846

43.424

109,213

36,638

93.768

31.545

48,467

61,565

54.479

136,152

117,906

35.871

115.517

167,449

9.435

59.775

9.703

28,882

38,304

66,210

63.090

15.013

259.570

167,029

70,032

59.565

118,832

343,186

80,813

47.868

77.699

27.78s

22,941

169,^90

14,868

127,667

111,420

24.136

,549,008

8.033

29.729

207.894

16,800

67,717

11,293

37.746

42.829

16.249

56,359

39,573

143,680

29.236

231.304

15.509

136.405

PRESENT PENNSYLVANIA COUNTIES AND
COUNTY SEATS

Pennsylvania now has sixty-seven counties.
The following table sets foith the order of
formation, with other interesting information :

JEFFERSON COLXTY, PENNSYLVANIA

No. Name Date of Forma-

tion

1 Philadelphia . . March lo, 1682

2 Chester " 10, 1682

3 Bucks " 10, 1O82

4 Lancaster May 10,1729

5 York Aug. ly, i749

6 Cumberland ..Jan. 27, 1750

7 Berks March 11, 1752

8 Northampton . " 11. 1752

9 Bedford " 9. "771

10 Northuniher-

laiid " 27. 1772

Acres County Scat Laid Out

1 1 Westmoreland Feb.

12 Washington . . Marcli

13 Fayette Sept.

14 Franklin

15 Montgomery . .

K) Dauphin Marcli

17 Luzerne Sept.

18 Huntingdon . .

19 Allegheny

20 Mifflin

21 Delaware

22 Somerset April

23 Greene Feb.

24 Wayne March

25 Lycoming .... ."Kpril

26 Adams Jan.

27 Centre Feb.

28 .*\rmslrong ...March

3'^
31
32
33

37
38

39
40

42
43

26, 1773

28, 1 78 1

26, 1783

9, 1784

1(1, 1784

4. 1785

2,:;, 1786

20, 1787

24, 1788

19. 1789

26, 1789

17.

179.S

1796

2(1,

179b

13.

T70()

--,

1800

l.i.

1800

Beaver

Butler ■■

Crawford ....

Erie

Mercer

Venango

Warren

Indiana

McKean

Clearfield March

Jefferson

Potter "

Cambria

Tioga

Bradford * ... Feb.

Susquehanna .
Schuylkill ....March

Lehigh

1800

12, 1800

12. 1800

12, 1800

l.i, 1800

12. ISOO

30, 1803

20, 1804
26, 1804

26, 1804

21, 181O

21, 1810

I, 181I

6, 1812

One of Pemi's original counties.... 80,840

472,320

" 387,200

From a part of Chester 608,000

Lancaster 576,000

Lancaster 348,160

f^hiladelphia, Ches-
ter and Lancas-
ter 588,800

P,ucks 240.000

" " Cumberland 036.160

" " Cumberland, Berks,

Bedford and
Northampton ...292,480
" " Bedford, and in

1785 part of the
Indian purchase
of 1784 was

added 672,000

" ■■ Westmoreland ....573,440

" '■ Westmoreland .... 527,360

'■ Cumberland 480,000

". " Philadelphia 303,080

" " Lancaster 357,76o

" " Northumberland ..89(1,000

" " Bedford 537.6oo

Westmoreland and

Washington ....482,560
Cumberland and

Northumberland 286,800

Chester 113,280

Bedford 682,240

Washington 389,120

" " Northampton 460,800

N'orthumberland ..691,200

^ ork 337,920

Mifflin, Northum-
berland. I-ycn-
ming and Hunt-
ingdon 68S,ooo

Allegheny. West-
moreland and

Lycoming 408,960

" " .Mlegheny and

Washingtnii ....298,240

" " Allegheny 502,400

" " Allegheny 629,760

" " Allegheny 480.000

.-Vllegheny 416.OOO

" .Allegheny and Ly-
coming 330,240

" " Allegheny and Ly-
coming 551,0411

" " Westmoreland and

Lycoming 492,800

" " Lycoming 716,800

From a part of Lycoming and

Northumberland .761,600

" ■' Lycoming 412,800

" " Lycoming 384,000

" Huntingdon, Som-

erset and Bedford428,8oo

" Lycoming 714,240

" " Luzerne and Ly-
coming 751,300

" " Luzerne 510,080

" " Berks and North-
ampton 485,400

" " Northampton 232,960

Philadelphia 1682

Westchester 178O

Doylestown 1788

Lancaster 1730

York 1741

Carlisle 1751

Reading 1748

Easton 1738

Bedford 1766

Sunbury 1772

Greensburg 1782

Washington 1782

Uniuntown 1767

Chambersburg 1764

Norristown 1784

Harrisburg 1785

Wilkes-Barre 1783

Huntingdon 1767

Pittsburgh 1765

Lewistown 1790

Media 1849

Somerset 1795

Waynesburg 1790

Honesdale 1826

Williamsport 1796

Gettysburg 1787

Bellelontc i7y5

Kittanning 1804

Beaver . .
Butler . . .
Meadville

Erie

Mercer . .

. I79t
.1803
■1795
•1795
.1803

Franklin j

\\ arrcii

795
•1795

■"(liana 180s

Smethport -.1807

ClearfieUl 1805

Brookville 1830

Coiidersport 1807

Ebcnsburg 1805

Wellsboro 1806

Towanda 1812

Montrose 181 1

Pottsville 1816

.Mleiitovvn 1751

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

No. Name Date of Forma-
tion

47 Lebanon Feb. i6, 1813

48 Columbia Marcli 22. 1813

49 Union " 22. 1813

50 Pike " 26, 1814

51 Perry " 22. 1820

52 Juniata " 2, 1831

53 Monroe April I, 1836

54 Clarion Marcli 11, 1839

55 Clinton June 21, 1839

56 Wyoming .... April 4. 1842

57 Carbon March 13. 1S43

58 Elk April 18. 1843

59 Blair

60 Sullivan . . .

61 Forest

62 Fulton

63 Lawrence . .

64 Montour . . .

65 Snyder ....

66 Cameron . . .

67 Lackawanna

1846
1847
1848
1850
i8so
1850
1855
i860
1878

Acres

Dauphin and Lan-
caster 195,840

Northumberland ..275,840
Northumberland ..165,120

Wayne 384,000

Cumberland 344,960

Mifflin 224,640

Northampton and

Pike 384,000

Venango and Arm-
strong 384,000

Lycoming and Cen-
tre 39i,,?6o

Northumberland

and Luzerne 261,760

Northampton and

Monroe 256,000

JefJerson, Clearfield
and McKean ...446,720
341.760
293,120
270.720
257,280
230,400
83,200
199,040
250,880
288,640

County Seat Laid Out

Lebanon 1750

Bloomsburg 1802

Lewisburg 1785

Milford 1800

New Bloomfield .... 1822
Miffliiitown 1791

-StriiudsburH: 1806

Clarion 1840

Lock Haven 1833

Tunkhannock 1790

Maucli Chunk 1815

Kidgway 1843

Hollidaysburg 1820

Laporte 1850

Tionesta 1852

McConnellsburg . . . 1796

Newcastle 1802

Danville 1790

M iddleburg r8oo

Emporium 1861

.Scranton 1S40

* Previous to March 24, 1812, this county was called Ontario.

lELPBIA

COUNTY MAI' OF PENNSYLVANIA

JKFFERSOX COUNTY, I'EXXSVI.VAXIA

KErRESENTATIOX IN CONGRESS

Apropos of population, we present the ratio
in which it has been represented in 'the
United States House of Representatives :

From 1789 to 1793 as provided by the
United States Cmistitution, 30.000; from 1793
to 1803, based on the United States census of
1790, 33,000; from 1803 to 18 13, based on the
United States census of 1800, 33.000; from
18 1 3 to 1823, based on the United States cen-
sus of 1810. 35,000; from 1823 to 1833, based
on the United States census of 1820, 40.000;
from 1833 to 1S43, based on the United States
census of 1830, 47,700; from 1843 to 1853,
based on the United States census of 1840.
70,680; from 1853 to 1863, based on the
United States census of 1850, 93,420; from
1863 to 1873, based on the United States cen-
sus of i860. 127,381 ; from 1873 to 1S83. liased
on the United States census of 1870, 131.425;
from 1883 to 1893, hased on the United States
census of 1880. 152,960; from 1893 to 1903.
based on the United States census of 1890,
175.267.

In i860 the Southern States had twenty-six
Congressmen more than their white ratio
entitled them to. This was property repre-
sentation for slavery. Five slaves counted as
three white men, although these slaves, white
or black, were not allowed to vote.

The United States Constitution provides
that '"The Senate of the United States shall be
composed of two senators from each State,
elected l)y the ])eople thereof, for six years ;
and each senator shall have' one vote. The
electors in each State shall have the qualifica-
tion requisite for electors of the most numer-
ous branch of the Stale T.egislature. '
No person shall be a senator who shall not
have attained the age of thirty years, and been
nine years a citizen of the United States, and
who shall not. when elected, be an inhabitant
of that State for which ho shall be chosen.''

r.et the pco]:)le rule. Xine Western States
having less jiopulation than Pennsyhania have
eighteen United .States Senators.

The returns of the popular vote for United
States senator in Pennsylvania in 1914 showed
the following:

I(ji4 Boifs Poiirosc.

Republican 499.33<5

Personal Liberty 20,465 — 519,801

.\. Mitcbell Palmer, Demo-
cratic 266,415

Gifford Piiicbot,

WasliiiiKton 202,54;

Hull Moose 48,875

Roosevelt Proprressive 17.845 — 269,265

Frederick W. Whiteside, So-
cialist 37,950

Madison F. Larkin, Prohibition 17,685

A. S. Landis, Industrialist 680

Scattering 136

Pennsylvania is now represented in the
United .States Senate by Boies Penrose and
George Tener Olixer.

l!oii:s Pic.NKosi';, of Philadelphia, was born in
Phila(lel])hia X'^ovember i. 1800; was prepared
for college by j)rivate tutors and in the schools
of Philadelphia ; was graduated from Harvard

"o,

f S PENRO'^ -

-'TED STAT ITS
SC S aTO«

I'ollegc in 18S1 ; rc,-i<l law with Wayne Mac-
V'eagh and Ceorge Tucker Hispham. and was
admitted to the bar in 18S3 ; practiced his pro-
fession in Pliiladel[)hia for sexeral years; was
elected to the Pennsyhania House of Repre-
sentatives from the Eighth Philadeli)hia dis-
trict in 1884: was elected to the Pennsylvania
State Senate from the Sixth Philadelphia dis-
trict in 1S86; reelected in 1890. .and again in
1S94: was elected [)resident ])ro tempore of
the Senate in i88(). and reelected in 1891 ; was
a delegate to the Rejiublican Xational conven-
tions of iijoo. i'j04 and i<pS: was chairman
of the Re]niblican .State committee in 1903-
i()05 : was elected a member of the Republican
Xational coniniitu-r from Pennsylvania in

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

1904 and 1908; was elected by the Legislature
to the United States Senate to succeed J.
Donald Cameron, and took his seat March 4,
1897 ; was reelected by the Legislature in 1903
and 1909; was reelected at the general election
on November 3, 1914, having been the first
United States Senator elected by direct vote
in Pennsylvania. His term of service will
expire March 3. 1921.

Gkori.k Tenek Oliver, of Pittsburcrh, was
born in County Tyrone, Ireland, during a visit
of his ]iarents. January 26. 1848, and is the

UNITED STATES

son of Henry W. and Margaret Brown Oliver,
who were of English and Scotch ancestry; was
graduated from P>ethany College, West Vir-
ginia, in iSfiS; admitted to the Allegheny
count\- ( I 'a. J bar in 1871. and was engaged in
active ijractic^ ten years. Tn 1881 engaged in
mainifacUiring. becoming vice president and
subsequently president of the Oliver Wire
Company, with which he remained until 1899,
when that company sold its plant ; also, from
1889. president of the Hainsworth .Steel Com-
pany until its merger in 1897 with Oliver &
Snyder Steel Company, of which he was presi-
dent until he disposed of his manufacturing
interests in 1901. Since igoo engaged in

newspaper business as principal owner of
Pittsburgh Gazette Times and Pittsburgh
Chronicle Telegraph. President Pittsburgh
Central Board of Education from 1881 to
1884, and a Presidential elector in 1884. In
1904 was tendered appointment to the United
States Senate to succeed Matthew Stanley
Quay, deceased, but declined for personal rea-
sons. He was elected Senator, March 17,
1909, to fill out the unexpired term of Hon.
P. C. Knox, who resigned to accept thp office
of Secretary of State in President Taft's
cabinet ; and was reelected for a full term in
January, 191 1. He received the degree of
LL.D. from Lafayette College in 1912. His
term of service will expire March 3, 1917.

CHRONOLOGY OF INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITIES

1627. — Petroleum was first noticed this
year in New York; in Pennsylvania, in 1721.

1645. — A small iron pot, holding about a
quart, which is still preserved at Lynn, was
cast at the Lynn foundry in 1645. It was the
first iron article made in America.

1683. — The first sea-going vessel built in
Pennsylvania was the "Amity," built by Wil-.
liam Penn at Philadelphia in this year for the
Free Society of Traders. Tn the same year
Penn wrote: "Some vessels have been built
here and many boats."

1683. — In this year the first glass factory
in Pennsylvania was established at Phila-
delphia. In August, 1683, Penn wrotq that "the
sawmill for timber and the place of the glass-
house are conveniently posted for water-car-
riage." In March, 1684, Pastorius wrote that
"a mill and glass factory are built" at
"Franckfurt," now a part of Philadelphia.
Both writers probably referred to the same
glass factory.

1690. — The first paper mill in the colonies
was established before this year on a tribu-
tary of the Wissahickon.

1692. — We find the first mention of iron
having been made- in Pennsylvania.

1716. — Pool forge, on Manatawny creek,
in Berks county. Pa., was built in 1716 by
Thomas Rutter, and was the first iron enter-
prise in Peimsylvania of which any record
has been preserved.

1719. — In this year the first newspaper in
Pennsylvania was established at Philadelphia
by Andrew Bradford. It was entitled The
American Weekly Mercury.

1766. — Anthracite coal was discovered in
the Wyoming valley as early as 1766.

1800. — The first permanent bridge over the

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

Schuylkill at rhiliuk-lphia, at Market street,
was conimenced in iXoo and ()|)ene(l to traffic
in January, i<So5.

1801. — The first chain hridf^e in the United
States was built this year over Jacob's creek
in western Pennsylvania by Judge James Fin-
ley, of Fayette county.

1806. — Lancaster ]3ikc finished to Pitts-
burgh.

1807. — The first railroads in the L'nited
States, beginning with this year, were built to
haul gravel, stone, coal, and other hea\y ma-
terials, and were all short roads.

1808. — Anthracite coal was first used in a
grate by Judge Jesse Fell, at Wilkes-Barre,
J'a., in this year.

181 1. — The first steamboat ''on the western
waters" was built at Pittsburgh and called
"New Orleans."

1812. — The first rolling mill ;it Pittsburgh
was built in 181 1 and 1812 liy Christopher
Cowan, a .Scotch-Irishman, and called the
Pittsburgh rolling mill. This mill had no
])uddling furnaces. Its products were sheet
iron, nail and spike rods, sho\els. chains,
hatchets, hammers, etc.

1812. — Salt was first discovered on the
Conemaugh in western Pennsylvania in this
year or 181 3.

1816. — Wire fences were in limited use in
the neighborhood of Philadelphia as far back
as 1816. The wire used was manufactured
by White & Hazard at their wire works at
the falls of the Schuylkill.

1819-21. — Old -State capitol built, burned
February 2, 1897.

1820. — The anthracite
established about 1S20.

1825. — The first iron
this country was the
York. Pa., in 1823. This year also marked
the great era of turnpike building.

1829. — Steampower was not used on :ui\-
.American railroad until 1829. Horsejiower
had jjreviously been em])loyed ;md was usi'd
for many years afterwards.

1830. — In 1830 only twenty-three miles of
r.ailroad were in operation in the United
States; in 1840 there were 2.818 miles; 1850,
9,021 miles; i860, 30,626 miles; 1870, 52,922
miles; 1880, 93,262 miles; 1890, 166.703
miles: 1900, 194,262 miles; 1907, 228,128
miles. These figures do not include double
tracks, sidings, etc.. only the length of the main
track. (See 1900.)

1832. — In Prown's "History of the b'irst
Locomotives in America" it is stated that "the
first charter for what are termed city ]5assen-

coal

husmess was

steamboat built
'Codorus," built

ger or horse railroads was obtained in the city
of New York and known as the New York
and Ilarletn, and this was the first road of the
kind ever constructed, and was opened in
1832. No other road of the kind was com-
pleted till 1852, when the Sixth Avenue was
opened to the public."

1833. — The first railroad tunnel in the
United States, four miles east of Johnstown,
Pa., forming part of the Portage railroad,
was completed in 1833 and was first used on
November 26th, of that year.

In this year the F'hiladelphia & Reading
Railway Company was chartered. It was
opened to Blount Carbon, one mile below
Pottsville, on Jan. 13, 1842.

1834. — In this year the main line of the
Pennsvlvania canal, connecting Philadelphia
with Pittsburgh, was opened for traffic
throughout its entire length. The building of
the canal was commenced in 1826.

1838. — luddwin Locomotive Works ex-
ported one locomotive to Cuba, their first ship-
ment to a foreign country.

1841. — In the winter of this year and [842
Connellsville coke was first made in com-
mercial quantities, a few miles below Coimells-
ville on the Youghiogheny river.

1842. — Wire cable sus])ension bridge over
the Schuvlkill at Philadelphia was built bv
Charles Kllet, Jr.

1846. — The Pennsylvania Railroad Com-
l)any was chartered to build a railroad from
llarrisburg to Pittsburgh.

1850. — The first shipment of iron ore from
the Lake Superior region was made in 1850
and consisted of about ten tons, "which was
taken away by Mr. .\. L. Crawford, of New
Castle, Pennsylvania."

Petroleum was first refined in this year by
.Samuel M. Kier, of Pittsburgh.

1852. — On December lOth the Pennsylvania
railroad was completed from Philadelphia to
Pittsl)urgh, connections being made with
.State railroads.

1853. — The first use of Lake Superior ore
in a blast furnace occurred in Pennsylvania
in 1853. when about seventy tons, brought
from Erie by canal, were used in the .Sharps-
ville and Clay furnaces, in Mercer county.

1855. — On March 6th the .American Iron
Association, now the .\merican Iron and Steel
.Association, was organized at Philadelphia.
In 1864 the ])resent name was a(lo])teti.

1855. — The first thirty-foot iron rails rolled
in this country were rf)lled at the Cambria
iron works, at Johnstown, in 18;:;. There
was no demand for them. The first thirtv-

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

foot iron rails rolled in this country on order
were rolled at the Montour rolling mill, at
Danville, Pa., in January, 1859, for the Sun-
bury and Erie Railroad Company.

1857. — The main line of the Pennsylvania
canal, from Philadelphia to Pittsburgh, was
sold this year to the Pennsylvania Railroad
Company for $7,500,000.

1859. — Drake struck oil near Titusville.

1870. — On February 5, 1870, Henry Heyl,
of Philadelphia, invented moving pictures.

1873. — The first transatlantic iron steam-
ships to attract attention which were built in
this country were the four vessels of the
American Steamshi]3 Company's line, the
"Pennsylvania," "Ohio." "Indiana," and "Illi-
nois," built of Pennsylvania iron at Phila-
delphia in 1871, 1872 and 1873, by W. Cramp
& Sons. They were each three hundred and
fifty-five feet long and their carrying capacity
was three thousand one hundred tons each.

1875. — The first sixty-foot rails rolled in
this country were rolled by the Edgar Thom-
son Steel Company, at its works near Pitts-
burgh, in 1875, and were of steel.

1876. — Malleable nickel was first made in
the world in this year by Joseph Wharton
from Pennsylvania nickel ore.

1880. — The first elevated railroad con-
structed in this country in connection with a
regular freight and passenger road was
undertaken by the Pennsylvania Railroad
Company in 1S80 and finished in 1881. It
constitutes an extension of the main line of
the Pennsylvania railroad to the heart of the
city of Philadelphia and is about a mile long.
It was opened for freight purposes on April
2t;, 1 88 1, and for passengers on December 5.
1881.

1890. — The tinplate industry estalilished in
this country.

1890. — First chartered natural gas company
started at Leechburg.

1897. — First pressed steel car was built by
the .Schoen Pressed Steel Company, at .Mle-
gheny. Pa., in this year.

igoo. — Poor's Manual reports that in i()oo
there were 257,853 miles of steam railroad
track in the United .States, including second,
third and fourth tracks, sidings, etc., and not
including elevated railroads or electric roads.
The same authority reports that in 1907 there
were 324,033.38 miles, of which 224,382.19
miles were single track and 99.651.19 miles
were second, third and fourth tracks, sidings.
etc. Of the total 314.713.50 miles were laid
with steel rails and 9,319.88 miles were laid
with iron. rails. ( l^ee 1830.)

In 1910 the petroleum <nU]Hit for the .State
was 8,794,662 barrels, valued at $11,908,914,
or an average of $1,354 a barrel. The output
of the United States is valued at $140,000,000
annually. (See below.)

The natural gas production of Pennsyl-
vania in 19 10 amounted to 126,866,729,000
cubic feet, valued at $21,057,211, or an aver-
age price of 16.60 cents a thousand cubic feet.
The production in the United States amounts
to $78,000,000 annually. (See below.)

KI\.\NCI.M. I'ANICS

There were great fin;uicial |)anics in 1836.
1857, 1873, 1893-95, a'lfl T907, which affected
Pennsylvania with the rest of the United
States.

FORTY VK.VRS' I'ROGKE.SS .\ COM I'.\KISr).\

In 1875 Pennsylvania had a population of
only three million five hundred thousand.
There were in the State about thirty-five hun-
dred miles of railroad ; now there are eleven
thousand fi\e hundred miles. The Pennsyl-
vania Railroad Company, with a capital stock
of $68,719,400, operated eight hundred twenty-
eight miles of road; in 1915 its cajjital stock
is $500,000,000. and it operates thirty-five
hundred miles and earns more than one mil-
lion dollars a day. .\ large freight train in
1875 had a total carrying capacity of six hun-
dred tons; in 1915 a train may have one hun-
dred huge cars, and transport four thousand
tons.

In 1875 the iron and steel industry was in
its infancy. The yearly |)roduction of pig iron
was less than the monthly output now. The
Bessemer ])rocess was discovered in 1867.
The Edgar Thomson works, nucleus of the
\ast Carnegie enterprise, were opened in 1874.
In 19 1 5 the steel trust has a capitalization of
$1,500,000,000, employs two hundred twenty-
nine thousand men, and its annual output is
twelve million five hundrefl thousand tons.

In 1875 there was no telephone; tiie modern
instrument was not invcntefl until 1876. There
were no trolley cars ; the first permanent pas-
senger line was opened in 1884, in Kan.sas
City. There was no electric light. There
was no commercial or manufacturing use> of
electric i)Ower ; that de\elopnient did not begin
until 1880. The wireless was unknown.

In 1875 the largest ocean steamship had a
tonnage of eighty-five hundred. In 1915 the
"Olympic" displaces sixty-six thousand tons
and the "Vaterland" eighty thousand tons, and

41'

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

a vessel of less than twenty thousand tons is
considered small. Industrial corporations
were then almost unknown. Business, even
big business, was carried on by partnerships,
and competition, not combination, was the
ruling policy. In 191 5 there are hundreds
of corporations in the .State, their total capi-
talization running into billions of dollars.

In 1875 Pennsylvania was another State.
Its population, its laws, its material develop-
ment, its public opinion, its conception of
social rights and wrongs, were as different
from those of to-day as if it had been on
another planet.

In 1S75 the workers in industr}' were almost
e.xclusively men ; the economic conditions
which forced women into industrial life in
large numbers had not yet exerted their full
pressure. Child labor was used, but not to so
great an extent as now. Moreover, no sense
of public resiwnsibility was felt for the well-
being of women and children in industrv ; nor
was it considered any part of the State's duty
to see that injured workers or the dependents
of those killed in industrial accidents should
be compensated.

Oil and Natural Gas

Everything in this world is evolution.
Before i860 evolution was slow, since then it
has been rapid. Petroleum was known to
exist in New York in 1627, in Pennsylvania
in 1721, in Ohio in 1814, in Kentucky in i82q,
but it was never utilized to any extent.

In 1859 E. L. Drake concluded to bore for
oil near Titusville, Crawford Co., Pa., and
at a depth of sixty-five feet struck a twenty-
five barrel pumjiing well. This was the first
well drilled e.xclusively for oil in Pennsyl-
vania, if not in the world.

The first record of oil is of seepages of it,
in Egypt. The Book Of Job says, "The rock
poured me out rivers of oil." In the United
States in the year 1814 the business of boring
salt wells was quite an industry. .Salt was
in good dcm.-nid and sold high, as late as 1830
in Brookvillc selling at five dollars a barrel.
In one of these salt wells in western Penn-
sylvania, oil, salt and natural gas were struck,
and the well flowed periodically. This oil was
gathered and sold for medicine as rock oil.
I bought a bottle of this medicine in 1849. It
was advertised as a "cure all," and especially
of rheumatism.

Gunpowder was first used to torpedo oil
wells.

The out|)Ul of oil in these United States is

now worth in cash about one hundred and
forty million dollars a year. The first oil
struck in Jefferson county was found about
Oct. 22. 1895. The well was located on
I.athrop's land, on Callen run, in Heath town-
ship, and was drilled by the Standard 1,609
feet. A flowing well of twenty-five barrels
a day was struck ; it now flows about eight
barrels a day.

In 1866 Michael Best, Captain Steck, Jacob
Sheasley, myself and others drilled a well for
oil nine hundred feet deep. At this depth
we struck gas and salt water, but no oil.
This well is in W'inslow township, on Sandy
Lick. The gas was never utilized and is
burning to-day.

.\rtificial gas was first used in the United
States Nov. 13, 1813, and in 1816 the
first company was chartered to make gas
from coal. The evolution in the production
of coal gas as a light was slow, and the gas
costly.

The first practical use of natural gas in
the oil regions was made by operators who
jiiped the gas found with their wells into
boilers used for operating the wells, pumping,
as early as 1862. At that time no means had
been discovered for regulating the pressure,
which came irregularly from the wells, so
that the use of the gas was regarded of little
value — none for light and heat in dwellings.
Later, means were found for regulating the
flow in pipe lines, and when this was accom-
plished it was not long until the volatile sub-
stance began to be regarded as of equal value
with oil.

The first well drilled exclusively for natural
.gas was in Westmoreland county. Pa., in
1878. The output was so enormous that the
well could not be controlled, and the gas went
to waste for five years. About 1880 natural
gas was used in western Pennsylvania for
both light and heat.

Among the first gas wells to be commer-
cially useil ill Ibis section was the celebrated
Harvey well, near Lardin's Mills, in Clinton
township, Rutler county. This well tapped
the sand in Noxember, 1874, at a depth of
1.145 feet. The gas was piped a distance of
seventeen miles, where it was used in a manu-
facturing plant. It was not long after this
until manufacturers began to search for the
cheap fuel, with the result that in the early
eighties it was in general use in mills and
homes.

The natural g.'is (iut]nit in (he United States
is now valued at about se\-cnty-eight million
dollars a year.

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

The earliest use of natural gas of which
there is any record is in China, where for
centuries it has been conveyed from fissures
in salt mines to the surface through hollow
bamboo and used for burning purposes.
There are also places in Asia, near the Cas-
pian sea. where it is seen to issue from the
earth. The first discovery of- natural gas
made in America was in the neighborhood of
Fredonia, Chautauqua Co., N. Y. In 182 1
a small well was bored in the village and the
gas was conducted through pipes to the houses
and used for illuminating purposes, and on
the occasion of General La Fayette's visit
there in 1824 it is said that the village was
illuminated with this gas. Although this dis-
covery was widely known it did not lead to
any further experiments, either in that neigh-
borhood or in other places, until fully twenty
years after. In the early days of boring for
salt in the Kanawha valley large quantities of
gas were found, but it was not utilized as fuel
until 1 84 1, and then only locally.

In 1865 a well which was sunk for petroleum
at Bloomfield. N. Y., struck a flow of natural
gas. An cflFort was made to utilize this, and
it was carried in a wooden main to the city
of Rochester. N. Y., a distance of twenty-four
miles, in 1870, for the purpose of illuminating
the city, but the experiment was a failure.
In 1873 "^ well in .\rmstrong county. Pa., was
so arranged that the gas could be separated
from the water with which it was discharged
and conveyed through pipes to mills in that
vicinity, where it was extensively used for
manufacturing purposes for the first time.
From that date to the present day the use of
natural gas, both for fuel and illuminating, has
increased rapidly. The latest discovery in the
natural gas business, one which was perfected
six years ago, is the extraction of gasoline, two
or three gallons from each one thousand cubic
feet of the gas, without in any way lessening
the commercial value of the volatile substance
or decreasing its volume. This system is now
in general use throughout the oil and gas
producing regions. To-day the once despised
gas well takes rank with the oil well as a
source of wealth and as an important factor
in the manufacturing industries, in which it
is extensively used in place of coal. It has
also proved a no less important factor in
domestic economy, supplying a cleanly, con-
venient and economical fuel.

NOT.VBLE OCCURRENCES

The earliest recorded tornado in the LTnited
States was in 1794. It passed north of Brook-

ville. in what is now Heath and other town-
ships, and extended to Northford, Connecti-
cut.

The pioneer strike in America was that of
the journeyman bootmakers of Philadelphia
in 1796. The men struck, or "turned out,"
as they phrased it, for an increase of wages.
After two weeks' suspension of trade their
demands were granted, and this success gained
them greater strength and popularity, so that
when they "turned out" in 1798, and again in
1799, for further increases, they were still
successful and escaped indictment. .

On June 6, 1806, there was a total eclipse
of the sun. Fowls went to roost and bees
hastened to their hives. The pioneers and
Indians were greatly alarmed.

In 181 1 a furious tornado swept across this
wilderness.

Between the hours of three and seven o'clock
in the morning of December 16, 181 1, two
distinct shocks of earthquake startled the
pioneers of northwestern Pennsylvania. The
violence was such as to shake their log cabins.

In 1816, or the year without a summer,
frost occurred in every month. Ice formed
half an inch thick in May. Snow fell to the
depth of three inches in June. Ice was formed
to the thickness of a common window-glass
on July 5th. Indian corn was so frozen that
the greater part was cut in August and dried
for fodder ; and the pioneers supplied from
the corn of 1815 for the seeding of the spring
of 18:7. It sold at from four dollars to five
dollars a bushel. The sun seemed to be desti-
tute of heat through the year, and all nature
was clad in somber hue.

In June, about the year 1818, a terrible
hailstorm swept through this region and ex-
tended its ravages several miles, killing and
destroying the largest pine trees, leaving them
standing as dead. The width of the path of
this storm was about half a mile.

The pioneer steamer to cross the Atlantic, a
vessel called the "Savannah," made the voy-
age in 181 8. In the trip she carried seventy-
five tons of coal and twenty-five cords of
wood. She left Savannah, Ga., in May, 1819,
and arrived at Liverpool in June, 1819. .She
used steam eighteen of the twenty-six days.

On October 23, 1819, was the "dark day."
Between nine and ten o'clock in the morning
the darkness was so great (hat the pioneer had
to light his old lamp or blaze his pitch-pine
knot.

"The first practical friction matches were
made in 1827, by an English apothecary
named Walker, who coated splints of card-

JEFFliRSOX COUXTV, l'ENNSYL\"ANIA

board with sulphur and tipped them with a
mixture of sulphate of antimony, chlorate of
potash, and f^um. A box of eighty-four
matches sold for one cent, a piece of ghiss-
paper being furnished with it for obtaining
ignition. In 1830 a London man named Jones
devised a species of match wdiich was a little
roll of paper soaked in chlorate of potash
and sugar, with a thin glass globule fdled with
suli)huric ;icid attached to one end. Tlu-
glolnile being broken, the acid acted upon the
potash ^nd sugar, producing fire. Phosjihorus
matches were first introduced on a commercial
scale in 1S33, and after lliat ini])rovenents
were rapid.

"The modern lucifer match combines in one
instrument arrangements for creating a spark.
catching it on tinder, and starting a blaze —
steps requiring separate operations in primi-
tive contrivances. It was in 1836 that the
first United .States ])atent for friction matches
was issued. Splints for them were made by
sawing or splitting blocks of wood into slivers
slightly attached at the base. These were
known as 'slab' or "block' matches, and they
are in use in parts of this country to-day."

In January, 1828, there was a great flood;
and also a great one on Feb. 10, 1832.

On JMarch y, 1828, an earthquake shock
was felt in northwestern Pennsylvania.

The pioneer steam vessels that made regu-
lar trips across the Atlantic ocean were the
"Sirius" and "Great Western," in the vear
1830.

In 1840 the tolls received for that year on
the pike were $4, icxj.io; costs of repairs and
improvements, $3,338.17: amount paid gate-
keejjcrs, $784.33.

The winter of 1842-43 was severe and bit-
terly cold, with snow three feet deep all
winter. In the fall thousands and thousands
of lilack squirrels migrated through this wil-
derness.

In September. 1844, a foot of snow fell,
followed by a warm rain, which caused a
great flood.

Dysentery pre\ailcd as an ei^ideinic in the
suinmiT iif 1850. Ii was very fatal in tiic
county.

June 4, 1859, was the date of the big frost.

The Johnstown flood, caused by the bursting
of a reservoir, occurred May 31, 1889. Three
thousand lives were lost.

In i8<So the streets of New "S'ork were
lighted by electricity, and other cities and
towns followed in its wake. In 1882 polygann-
was prohibited in Utah In 188-? was opened
the Northern Pacific railinad. The vear 1886

chronicles the date of the Charleston earth-
quake; 1888 the date of the exclusion of the
Chinese, also the first electric street car line,
which was built in Richmond. \ a. In i88g the
Johnstown flood occurred.

In 1890 occurred the first electrocution ;
1893 ^^''1-'' '^''"^ y^'^"" o^ the first World's Fair lo
be held in the United States. It was held at
Chicago and practically brought the world to
.America.

In i8(J5 an express train ran from Chicago
to Iluffalo, fi\e hundred and ten miles, in eight
hours, one minute and se\en seconds. The
same year the Wright brothers first {)roved
that they had conquered the air and could fly
in a motor-driven aeroplane. This year al.so
saw the establishment of the first electric
suburban railway.

i8<j7 is the date of Hawaii's annexatidu
to the United States.

The blowing up of the Maine in Ha\ana
harbor precipitated the Cuban war in 189S,
which was followed later by the war in the
Philippines. In 1899 Spain ceded to the
United States Porto Rico, Guam and the
Philippines for twenty million dollars.

In 1901 the United States Steel Corporation
was organized with a capital of one billion,
one hundred million dollars, and the first
wireless telegraph message was received
at .Siasconset, Nantucket. In 1902 Marconi
sent a wireless across the ocean. Now we can
telephone five thousand miles.

In 1902 there was a great strike aniont,' tin-
anthracite coal workers.

Record of Big Floods

In 1806, the year of the big flood. Red Rank
had a rise of twenty-one feet; on September
jy, 1 86 1, twenty-two feet.

We had big floods on November 10, 1810;
January, 1828; February 10, 1832; February
I, [840; in the spring of 1847. The greatest
floofl was .September 2/. 1S61. We had a big
fli)n(l M.ircli Id. iSri5, one in June. 1884.

ShootiiKj Stars in 1833 — A Sliozccr of l-ivc
"Tlu' lu'avcns (li'cl.-irc tl]y .ylory. O Lord,"

The thcor)- of meteorites is tlial tlu-v are
parts of comets. The greatest fall of meteo-
rites in the history of the world took place in
1833. ( )n Wednesday, .Xoveniber 13. 1833,
about \'\\i: o'clock a. m.. the heavens jjresented
a s])ectacle in this wilderness such as has
■icMom l)ceii >een in the world. It struck

JEFFERSOX COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

terror to the hearts of those who saw it. and
many ran away from home to their neiglibors,
declaring that the "day of judgment had
arrived."' The duration of the display was
about an hour.

This shower was the result of the disappear-
ance of a comet of which the meteorites were
parts, and they are still falling. Though that
was eighty years ago, stars still continue to
shoot down the path, and astronomers say that
they are the remaining pieces of the same
vanished comet.

.1 Railroad Collision of 1837
''Fatal Railroad Accident"

'■ Steamboat 'Columlms,' August u. 1837.
"The most serious accident that has occurred
ill Eastern \ irginia since my recollection
happened on the Portsmouth and Roanoke
Railroad, one and a half miles from Suffolk,
yesterday, between nine and ten o'clock. .\
company, consisting of about one hundred
and fifty ladies and gentlemen, from the
counties of the Isle of Wight. Xansemond and
.'Southampton, came down on the railroad on
Thursday, the loth inst.. with the view of
visiting Portsmouth, Norfolk, Fortress Mon-
roe, and returning the next day. On their
return, at the time and place above mentioned,
they met a locomotive and train of l)urden-
cars. and horrible to relate, the two ran
together while going at the rate of ten or
twelve miles an hour." — BrookviUc Rrpithli-
caii, August 31. 1837.

PENNSVLX'ANIA IX THE WAN OF TIIF, KICilKl.I.ION*

Pennsylvania contributed two of the five
commanders of the Army of the F^otomac —
(ieneral McClellan and General Meade, the
latter the hero of ( lettysburg. as well as four-
teen army and corps commanders and forty-
eight general officers.

Gettysburg stemmed the Confederate tide
northward, and brushed it back. The battle
occurred during the high tide of the war. and
it was the greatest battle of that struggle,
although the battle of Antietam the year before
Gettysburg has been called the bloodiest
engagement of the, great conflict. However, at
Gettysburg, the Union army in the three days,
July I, 2. and 3. 1S63. lost in killed, wounded
and missing no fewer than twenty-three
thousand men. and the Confederate loss in like
classes has been placed at twenty thousand.
four hundred and forty-eight. Nearly a quar-
ter of a million men were engaged in the

three days' fight, one of the most tremendous
in history. Cjettysburg. although there were
other battles almost as bloody and terrific,
really foretold the end of the Confederacy,
and that the cause of the South was a lost one.

The Union losses in death alone amounted
during the four years of the Ci\il war to three
hundred and fifty-nine thousand, five hundred
and twenty-eight. The Confederate deaths, so
far as reported, are known to have been in
the same period one hundred and thirty-nine
thousand, eight hundred and twenty-one.
Countless thousands on both sides died of
the effects of wounds received in the war. Of
these numbers, Pennsylvania's share is a noble
one. It has been declared, and nowhere dis-
l)uted. that the percentage of Pennsylvania
troops killed in battle is higher than that of
any other State.

Pennsylvania was well represented in the
Union column. All told this Commonwealth
furnished :

United States men 361,939

State Emergency and Service 90.000

Enlisted in other States 28,000

Colored 2,500

There were twenty-eight regiments, three
battalions and twenty-two companies of
cavalry ; five regiments and two battalions of
heavy artillery ; one battalion and twenty-nine
batteries of light artillery ; one company of
engineers ; one com|)any of signal service ; and
two hundred and fifty-eight regiments, five
battalions and twenty-fi\e companies of
infantry.

The exi)ense of the Ci\-il war to the Union
is placed as follows: War expenses, $1,500,-
000.000 : pensions, $3,000,000,000; losses of
men killed in battle or died subsequently,
359,528. To the South : War expenses
(estimated), $[,000,000,000; jjroperty and
other losses (estimated), $500,000,000; losses
of men killed in battle or diefl subsequently,
250,000.

Pennsyhania's Contribution: Military or-
ganizations. 383; men. nearly 480,000 in round
numbers ; paid for raising and equipping
troops (estimated), $25,000,000.

KNICHTS OF THE COEDEN CIRCLE

In the spring and summer of 1863 there was
a secret organization with the above name.
There were o\er a million members, and the
armies of each side contained thousands. Jef-
ferson county. Pa., contained some lodges. It
was a treasonable political organization. At

JEFFERSON COUxNTV, PENNSYLVANIA

an initiation, a candidate was first required to
tai\e the following oath :

Vou do solemnly swear in the presence of Al-
mighty God and of this lodge that you will never
except when properly authorized reveal the secrets
of the order of the Sons of I^iberty, known as the
Knights of the Golden Circle, of which you have be-
come a member, wlietlier these pertain to the signs,
grips or passwords of the order, or to any of their
acts; and that you will to the best of your ability
promote all its objects and interest, so help you God.

Candidate bowing head in response, four
f|ucstions were then asked the candidate :

1st. Are you in favor of resisting by all proper
means in your power the act called the Draft Act
according to the oath you have just taken?

2d. According to the same oath are you in favor
of abducting, and, if called ui)on for that purpose,
will you help to abduct Abraham I^incoln, the so-
called President of the United States, if this becomes
necessary to stop this unholy war?

3d. Will you protect deserters from the army, so
far as lies within your power, and will you also help
those who if drafted refuse to report to the Lincoln
officers?

4th. Will you help to return all runaway slaves to
their lawful masters?

An emphatic YES was re(|uired to each of
these f|Ucstions.

Grip of Rccoijiiition: (iive the first finger
of the right hand and with the second touch
the wrist of the one challenged ; Response,
The same given in return, the challenger say-
ing in a careless way, "R. D.," which meant
Royal Democrat. The person challenged
said "H. O.." which meant hands off.

Sign: The sign of friendship was raising
the cap with the right hand three times.

Badge: The badge worn was cut from an
old copper cent attached to a pin, with the
word "Liberty" below the hand.

These lodges flourished also in Schuylkill
and Clearfield counties. A few of the mem-
bers were arrested in Jefferson county and
sent to Fort ATcIlenry. Vallandigham was
expelled across the Union line.

"The general accusation brought against all
that were placed U])on trial was the same. Tt

charged that the accused, 'a citizen of

County, Pennsylvania, did unite, confederate
and combine with -— , and many other dis-
loyal persons whose names are unknown, and
form or unite with a society or organization
called by the name of the Knights of the
(iolden Circle, the object of which society is to
resist the execution of the draft, and prevent
j)ersons who have been drafted under the pro-
visions of the State and of Congress approved

March 3, 1863, and the several supplements
thereto, from entering the military service of
liic United States.'"

HISTORICAL MISCELL.\NY

Lincoln's GiiTTVSGURG address

.■it the Dedication of the National Cemetery
at Gettysburg, Pa., November 19, 1863

"Fourscore and seven years ago, our Fathers
brought forth upon this continent a new
Nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to
the proposition that all men are created equal.
Now we are engaged in a great Civil War,
testing whether that Nation, or any Nation, so
conceived and so dedicated, can long endure.
We are met on a great battlefield of that war.
We have come here to dedicate a portion of
that field as a final resting-place for those
who here gave their lives that that Nation
might live. It is altogether fitting and proper
that we should do this. But in a larger sense,
we cannot dedicate, we cannot consecrate, we
cannot hallow this ground. The brave men,
living and dead, who struggled here have con-
secrated it far above our power to add or
detract. The World will little note, or long
renieniljer, what we say here; but it can never
forget what they did here. It is for us, the
living, rather to be dedicated here to the un-
finished work which they who fought here
have, thus far, so nobly advanced. It is rather
for us to be here dedicated to the great task
remaining before us; that from these honored
(lead we take increased devotion to that cause
for which they gave the last full measure of
devotion ; that w^e here highly resolve that
these dead shall not have died in vain; that
this Nation, under God, shall have a new birth
of freedom ; and that Government of the
Peoi)le, by the People and for the People,
shall not jjerish from the Earth."

TULM. OF Lincoln's ass.assinwtors

The greatest trial in America for murder
was that of the eight conspirators who had
planned and carried out the assassination of
.\braham Lincoln. Booth, the chief actor, was
shot by Sergeant Boston Corbett, dying about
four hours later. The co-partners of the
crime, Atzerodt, Dr. Mudd, Payne, Harold,
Mrs. Surralt, O'Laugblin, Arnold and Spang-
ler, were all apprehended before the martyred
president had been placed in his tomb.

Atzerodt, Harold, Payne and Mrs. .Surratt

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

were found guilty of murder, and were hanged
on July 7, 1865. Arnold, O'Laughlin and
Mudd were sent to the Dry Tortugas for hard
labor during life, and Spangler was given six
years at the same place.

Mrs. Priscilla Catherine Dodd, wife of Gen.
Levi A. Dodd, was the only woman who wit-
nessed the hanging of Mrs. Mary E. Surratt
in Washington, D. C, July 7, 1865. General
Dodd was on duty in Washington at the time
of the execution, and Mrs. Dodd secretly
viewed it. She also cared for Mrs. Surratt's
young daughter for some time after the hang-
ing. Mrs. Dodd was bom in Brookville, Jef-
ferson county, where she spent her youth, and
there she married Dodd. who ran a hardware
store.

CRIME

From 1778 to 1855, inclusive, three hundred
and twenty-eight persons were hanged in
Pennsylvania. Of these, five suffered the
penalty of death for high treason, eight for
robbery, fourteen for burglary, three for
assault, one for arson, four for counterfeiting,
and seven for unknown offenses. On April
22, 1794, the death penalty was abolished
except for murder in the first degree. Before
1834 hangings took place in public, and since
then in jail yards or corridors.

The scarred and manacled slave, the branded
runaway apprentice, the "pressed seaman"
wondering if his wife were yet alive, the in-
dentured white boy, the wilderness wife whose
husband's body lay frozen in the snow for lack
of burial, the broken trader, the ruined manu-
facturer whose industry his rivals "at home"
had filched, the carpenter, with his greased
leathern breeches, taken from his bare home
and jailed for debt — let none of these be for-
gotten when the Good Old Times are praised.

As a sample of justice in 1784, Joe Disbury
was tried in Sunbury for thievery, etc., found
guilty, and sentenced to receive thirty nine
lashes, stand in the pillory one hour, have his
ears cut off and nailed to the post, and be im-
prisoned three months and pay a fine of thirty
pounds.

OLDEN TIME PENALTIE.S

The subjoined record, extracted from the
archives of old Paris, possesses sufficient in-
terest to warrant its publication. Readers will
see from it what a terrible thing the capital
penalty was in former days, and at the same
time learn that the gentlemen who acted as

executioners, with their assistants and tor-
turers, did not labor for glory alone ;_

AN EXECUTIONER'S PRICE LIST

Livres

To boiling a malefactor in oil 48

To quartering him while alive. 30

To affording a criminal passage from life to death

by the .sword 20

To breaking the body on the wheel 10

To fixing his head upon a pole 10

To cutting a man into four pieces 36

To hanging a culprit 20

To enshrouding the corpse 2

To impaling a living man 24

To burning a sorceress alive 28

To flaying a living man 28

To drowning a child murderess in a sack 24

To burying a suicide at crossroads 20

To applying the torture 4

To applying the thumbscrew 2

To applying the buskins 4

To administering the Gehenna torture 10

To putting a person in the pillory 2

To flogging 4

To branding with a hot iron 10

To cutting off the nose, the ears or the tongue... 10

A livre was 19. i cents in our money.

LEG.\L HOLIDAYS IN THE VARIOUS STATES

The United States has no national legal
holidays.

January i, Nezv Year's Day: In all the
States (including the District of Columbia)
except Massachusetts, Mississippi and New
Hampshire.

February 12, Lincoln's Birthday: In Con-
necticut, Illinois, Minnesota, New Jersey, New
York, North Dakota, Pennsylvania, Washing-
ton (State) and Wyoming.

February 22, Jl'ashington's Birthday: In
all the -States (including the District of
Columbia) except Mississippi, where it is
observed by exercises in the public schools
only.

Good Friday: In Alabama, Louisiana,
Maryland, Pennsylvania, Tennessee.

May 30, Decoration Day : In all the States
and Territories (and District of Columbia)
except Alabama. Florida, Georgia, Idaho,
Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South
Carolina, Texas. In Virginia, known as "Con-
federate Memorial Day."

September, First Monday, Labor Day : In
all the States and Territories (and District of
Columbia), except Arizona. Mississippi. Nev-
ada and North Dakota. In Louisiana, ob-
served in Orleans Parish.

November — , General Election. Day : In
Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Indiana,

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

loua. Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland.
Minnesota, Missouri, Montana. Nevada, New
Ilanipshire, New Jersey, New York, North
Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon (vote for
presidential elections only), Pennsylvania.
Rhode L-iland, South Carolina. South Dakota,
Tennessee. Texas, West \'irginia, W ashington.
Wisconsin and Wyoming, in the years when
elections are held therein.

Xovcmhcr — . Thanksgiving Day (usually
the last Thursday in November) : Is observed
in all the States and in the District of Colum-
bia, though in some States it is not a statutory-
holiday.

December 25, Christmas Day: In all the
States and in the District of Columbia.

Sundays and Fast Days are legal holidays in
all -the States which designate them as such.

There is no national holiday, not even the
Fourth of July; Congress has at various times
apjwinted sjjccial holidays. In the second
session of the Fifty-third Congress it passed
an act making Labor Day a pul>lic holiday in
the District of Columbia, and it has recognized
the existence of certain days as holidays for
commercial purposes, but, with the exception
named, there is no general statute on the sub-
ject. The proclamation of the president
designating a day of Thanksgiving only makes
it a legal holiday in the District of Columbi;i
and the Territories, and in those States wliicli
])rovide by law for it.

Every Saturday after twelve o'clock noon
is a legal holiday in .\ew ^V)rk, New Jersey.
Pennsylvania, Maryland, Teimessee, Virginia
and the city of New r)rleans, and in Newcastle
county, Del., except in St. Cieorge's Hundred ;
in Louisiana and .Missouri in cities of one
hundred thousand or more inhabitants: in
< )hio. ill cities of fifty thousand or more in-
habitants; and June 1 to .August t,\ in Denver.
Colo. In the District of Columbia for all pur-
])ose.s respecting the presentation for payment
or acceptance or the ])rotesting of all com-
mercial paper whatsoever. In Connecticut.
Maine and West V^rgini.'i hanks close at
twelve noon on Saturday.

rennsyhi'oiiia Holidays

I'ennsyKania has about fourteen legal holi-
days. l'"rom the act of Assembly approved
June 23. iS<)7, we quote the following:

"Section i. lie it enacted, etc.. That the
following days and half days, namely, the first
day of January, commonly called New Year's
day; the twelfth day of February, known as
Lincoln's liirthdav; third Tuesdav of Feb-

ruar_\-, election day; the twenty-second day of
F'ebruary, known as Washington's birthday ;
Good Friday ; the thirtieth day of May, known
as Memorial day ; the Fourth of July, called
Inde])endence day ; the first Monday of Sep-
tember, known as Labor day; the first Tues-
day after the the first Monday of November,
election day; the twenty-fifty day of Decem-
ber, known as Christmas day ; and every
.Saturday after twelve o'clock noon until twelve
o'clock midnight, each of which Saturdays is
hereby designated a half holiday, and any day
appointed or recommended by the governor of
this State or of the president of the United
States as a day of thanksgiving or other
religious observance shall, for all ]Jiu-poses
whatever as regards the presenting for pa_\-
ment or acceptance, and as regards the
protesting and giving notice of the dishonor of
ImUs of exchange, checks, drafts and ])romis-
sory notes, made after the passage of this act,
be treated and considered as the first day of the
week, commonly called Sunday, and as public
liolidays and half holidays; and all such bills,
checks, drafts and notes otherwise presentable
for acceptance or payment on any of the said
days shall be deemed to be payable and be
l)resentable for accejjtance or ])ayment on the
secular or business day next succeeding such
holiday or half holiday, except checks, drafts,
bills of exchange and promissory notes, pay-
able at sight or on demand, which would
otherwise l)e pa)'able on any half holiday
)~;aturday, shall be deemed to he payable at or
before twelve o'clock noon of such half holi-
day: Provided, however. That for the pur-
])ose of protesting or otherwise holding liable
any party to any liill of exchange, check, draft
or ])romissory note, and which shall not have
been jwid before twelve o'clock noon of any
.Saturday designated a half holiday, as afore-
said, a demand for acce])tance or ])nynient
thereof shall not be made and notice of jjrotest
or dishonor thereof shall not be given until the
next succeeding secular or business day : Aiwl
provided further. Tliat when any person, linn,
corporation <ir company, shall, on any Satur-
day design;ite(l a half holiday, receive for col-
lection any check, hill or exchange, draft or
l)romissory note, such ])erson, firm, corporation
or company shall not be deemed guilty of any
neglect or omission of duty, nor incm" any
liability in not ])resenting for payment or
acceptance or collection such check, bill of
exchange, draft or promissory note on that
day : And ])rovided further. That in construing
this section every Saturday designated a half
holidav shall, until twelve o'clock noon, he

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

deemed a secular or business day ; and the days
and half days aforesaid, so designated as holi-
days and half holidays, shall be considered as
public holidays and half holidays for all pur-
poses whatsoever as regards the transaction
of business : And provided further. That
nothing herein contained shall be construed
to prevent or invalidate the entry, issuance,
service or execution of any writ, summons,
confession of judgment, or other legal process
whatever on any of the holidays or half holi-
days herein designated as holidays, nor to
prevent any bank from keeping its doors open
or transacting business on any of the said
Saturday afternoons, if. by a vote of its
directors, it shall elect to do so.

"Section 2. Whenever the lirst day of
January, the twelfth day of February, the
twenty-second day of February, the thirtieth
day of May, the Fourth of July, or the twenty-
fifth day of December, shall any of them occur
on Sunday, the following day. ^londay. shall
be deemed and declared a pul)lic holiday. All
bills of exchange, checks, drafts or promissory
notes falling due on any of the Mondays so
observed as holidays, shall be due and payable
on the next succeeding secular or business day.
and all Mondays so observed as holidays, shall,
for all purposes whatever as regards the
presenting for payment or acceptance, and as
regards the protesting and giving notice of the
dishonor of bills of exchange, checks, drafts
and promissory notes made after the passage
of this act, be treated and considered as if the
first day of the week, commonly called
Sunday.

"Section 3. All bills of exchange, checks,
drafts and promissory notes made after the
I)assage of this act. which by the terms there-
of shall be payable on the first day of the week,
commonly called Sunday, shall be deemed to
be and shall be payable on the next succeeding
secular or business dav.

"Section 4. That all the days and half days
herein designated as legal holidays shall i)c
regarded as secular or I)usiness days for all
other purposes than those mentioned in this
act."

Origin of Memorial Dav

In 1867 Mr. and Mrs. Henry S. Kimball, of
West Philadelphia, Pa., had been on a visit in
the South, where they noticed Southern ladies
scattering flowers on the gra\es of the Con-
federate dead. Mrs. Kimball was acc|uainted
uith and a friend of General Logan, then the
(■ommander in Chief of the Grand .\rmv of
4

the Republic, and she kindly wrote to him
suggesting the scattering of flowers over the
graves of dead Union soldiers as an appropri-
ate recognition. General Logan was greatly
pleased with this suggestion, and after mature
reflection issued "Order No. 11," appointing
May 30. 1868, to be observed by the members
of the Grand Army of the Republic as "Dec-
oration Day." This day was so observed then
and has been regularly ever since. Thus it
was left to a patriotic Pennsylvania woman to
originate Memorial Day and suggest floral
decorations for the Union dead.

Mother's Day

Miss Anna Jarvis, of Philadelphia, Pa.,
started Mother's Day on Sunday in May,
1907. "In planning it," she says, "I think I
had grown people more in mind than the chil-
dren. The little ones are always close to their
mother, but the grownup sons and daughters
drift away from her. They forget the years in
which she gave them so much love and care.
Originally. I wanted every one to wear a white
carnation as a tribute and to make a visit to
the mother. I wanted it to be a day when all
the children would either be with the loved one
or send her a message. For those whose
mothers have left this earth, there was the
opportunity to live for that one day just the
way she would ha\e them live, and to do some
generous and some fine deed as a memorial to
her.'

It does not fall to the lot of many women to
see the tiny seed of an idea springing out of
the love they bore their own mother grow to
a vast movement over the entire world, in
which railroads, telegraph companies. State
officials, churches, schools, shops and the gen-
eral public join. That, however, has been the
reward of Miss Jarvis, whose Mother's Day
Association is now the most widely known
woman's association in the world. It is now
(in igi6) the greatest world celebration.

Pioneer Tlianksgiving Days

The first recorded Thankseiving was the
Hebrew feast of the Tabernacles.

The New England Thanksgivintj dates from
1633.' when the Massachusetts Bay Colony set
apart a day for thankseiving.

The first national Thanksgiving proclama-
tions were by Congress during the Revolution-
ary war.

The first great ,\merican Thanksgix'ing day
was in 1784. for the declaration of peace.
There was one more national Thanks!ji\'ing in
r789. and no other till 1862. when President

50 JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

Lincoln issued a national proclamation for a educated, and shall appropriate at least one

day of thanksgiving. million dollars each year for that purpose.

The pioneer Thanksgiving day in north- "Section 2. No money raised for the sup-
western Pennsylvania was on the' last Thurs- port of the public schools of the Common-
day of November. 1819, by proclamation of wealth, shall be appropriated to, or used for,
Governor Findlay. ' the support of any sectarian school.

"Section 3. Women twenty-one years of

FEMALE SUFFRAGE IN THE UNITED STATES .^^^ .^,^^j upwards shall be eligible to any office

In 1800 women could not hold office or of control or management under the school

vote in any Stale of the Union. The following laws of this State."

table will exhibit the progress in that direction: The first female elected to office in Jefferson

„. „, ,•• J r c ^ county was Mrs. T. P. Wilson, of Punxsutaw-

Time Place Kind of Suffrage 1 /^ • t 1 c n i -u tu

1838 Kentucky School sufifrage to widows "cy, and Carrie Jenks, of Brookville, was the

with children of school age second.

1861 Kansas School suffrage I advocated with my voice and pen female

187s Michigan School suffrage suffrage in 1852.

Minnesota School suffrage t-i i^ ^ ir ^ • ^u ^ j- i- j 1

1876 Colorado School suffrage The first eflfort in that direction made by a

1877 New Zealand School suffrage national organization was the adoption at

1878 New Hampshire School suffrage Cincinnati, Ohio, ATay 16, 1888, bv the

o ?/^^°\ .. c''!'""! ■'"2''='S« National Union Labor party, of this plank.

1870 Massachusetts School suffrage „, ■ 1 , . ^ • • u \ ■ v 1 •

1880 New York School suffrage The right to vote IS inherent m citizenship,

Vermont School suffrage irrespective of sex, and is properly within

1883 Nebraska School suffrage the province of State legislation.

1887 Kansas School suffrage

North Dakota School suffrage Nicknames of States

South Dakota School suffrage •'

Montana S-hool suffrage Alabama Plantation State

Arizona School suffrage California Golden State

New Jersey S-hnol suffrage Colorado Centennial State

Montana Tax-paymg suffrage Delaware .Diamond State

1 891 Illinois School suffrage Illinois Prairie State

1893 Connecticut School suffrage Iowa Hawkeye State

1894 Ohio School suffrage Indiana Hoosier State

Iowa Bond suffrage Kansas Sunflower State

1898 Minnesota Library trustees Kentucky Blue Grass State

Delaware School suffrage to tax-paying Maryland Old Line State

women Massachusetts Bay State

Louisiana Tax-paymg suffrage Michigan Wolverine State

1000 Wisconsin School suffrage Minnesota North Star State

T869 Wyoming Full suffrage Missouri Bullion State

I S93 Colorado Full suffrage Nebraska .-Kntelope State

1896 Utah Full suffrage New Jersey Garden State

Idaho Full suffrage New York Empire State

In ,915 women are in full enjoyment of the ^orth Caronna ................. .OWN^orth |tate

elective franchise in the following States and Oregon Webfoot State

countries : Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, Idaho, Pennsylvania Keystone State

Washington, California, Arizona, Kansas, South Carolina .Palmetto State

„ Til' ■ / i i ■ rc Texas Lone Star State

Oregon, Illinois (except certain offices men- yirgi,,,-^ Old Dominion

tioned in the State constitution) , New South Wisconsin Badger State

Wales, New Zealand, Queensland, South Aus-
tralia, Tasmania, Victoria, West Australia, Origin of Names nf Days

Norway Iceland and Finland. ^ ,,^ generally known that the

Article X of he fourth (present) Constitu- ^ -^^^^^ ^^ -,^^ -^ ^^ ^,^^ ^^.^^,^ ^^^

tion of Petmsylvania (ratified in 1873. went ^^ ^^^^^^ j,^^ ^i^,^^ of pagan deities, viz.:

into operation January i. 1874), under the ' ■

heading Education has the following para- Sunday Sun's day.

graphs: Monday Moon's day.

"Section 1. The General Assembly .shall Tuesday Tyr's (Tin's) day.

provide for the maintenance and support of Wednesday Woden's day.

a thorough and efficient system of public Thursday Thor's day.

schools, wherein all the children of this Com- Friday I'rigga's day.

monwealth, above the age of six years, may be .Saturday Saturn's day.

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

51:

The names of some of our religious festivi-
ties are also derived from the same source.
The Easter which is used to express the season
of the great paschal solemnities comes from
Eostre, an Anglo-Saxon goddess, whose
festivities were celebrated at the vernal
equinox.

It thus seems that the names of some of the
idols of our ancestors will be perpetuated as
long as the English language shall endure.

Liberty Bell

This bell was cast in London, received at
Philadelphia in August, 1752, and hung in the
tower of the Pennsylvania State House, now
known as Independence Hall. This bell was

broken up and recast in April, and again in
June, 1753. It announced the Declaration of
Independence, ratified July 4, 1776. It was
cracked July 8, 1835, while being tolled in
memory of Chief Justice Marshall.

PRKSIDENTS OF THE UXITF.D ST.ATES

Inaugu-
rated
Name and Residence Year Age Politics

1 George Washington, Va 1789 57 Fed.

2 John Adams, Mass 1797 62 Fed.

3 Thomas Jefferson, Va iSoi 58 Rep.

4 James Madison. Va 1809 58 Rep.

5 James Monroe, Va 1817 59 Rep.

6 John Quincy Adams, Mass 1825 38 Rep.

7 Andrew Jackson, Tenn 1829 62' Dem.

8 Martin Van Biiren, N. Y 1837 55 Dem.

9 William H. Harrison, Ohio 1841 C8 Whig

ID John Tyler, Va 1841 51 Dem.

11 James. iC. Polk, Tenn 1843 50 Dem.

12 Zachary Taylor, La 1849 63 Whig

Inaugu-
rated
Name and Residence Year Age Politics

13 Millard Fillmore, N. Y 1830 30 Whig

14 Franklin Pierce, N. H 1853 49 Dem.

13 James Buchanan, Pa 1857 66 Dem.

16 Abraham Lincoln, 111 1861 52 Rep.

17 Andrew Johnson, Tenn 1863 57 Rep.

18 Ulysses S. Grant, D. C 1869 47 Rep.

19 Rutherford B. Hayes, Ohio 1877 54 Rep.

20 James A. Garfield, Ohio 1881 49 Rep.

21 Chester A. Arthur, N. Y 1881 51 Rep.

22 Grover Cleveland, N. Y ..1885 48 Dem.

23 Benjamin Harrison, Ind 1889 55 Rep.

24 Grover Cleveland, N. Y ..1893 56 Dem.

25 William McKinley, Ohio 1897 54 Rep.

26 Theodore Roosevelt, N. Y igoi 42 Rep.

27 Wm. H. Taft, Ohio 1909 31 Rep.

28 Woodrow Wilson, N. J 1913 56 Dem.

Fortunes of Presidents

Washington left $800,000 ; John Adams,
$75,000; Jefferson, $20,000; Madison left
about $150,000; Monroe died poor — he was
buried at the expense of his relatives ; John
Quincy Adams left $55,000; Jackson died
worth $80,000; \'an Buren left $400,000;
Polk, $15,000; Taylor, $150,000; Tyler mar-
ried rich, Fillmore also ; Pierce left $50,000 ;
Buchanan left $200,000; Lincoln became
wealthy, but his fortune was lost in the Grant
& Ward failure ; Hayes added to his fortune,
while Garfield was only moderately well off;
Harrison died worth $250,000 ; Cleveland's
fortune was large; McKinley and Taft were
not well off ; Roosevelt had a substantial com-
petence ; Wilson has royalties from his books.

The religious affiliations of the presidents
of the L'nited States up to 1916 have been :

George Washington Episcopalian

John Adams Unitarian

Jefferson Liberal

Madison Episcopalian

James Monroe Episcopalian

John Quincy Adams Unitarian

.Andrew Jackson Presbyterian

Martin Van Buren Reformed Dutch

William Henry Harrison Episcopalian

James K. Polk Presbvterian

Zachary Taylor Episcopalian

Millard Fillmore Unitarian

Franklin Pierce Episcopalian

Jarhes Buchanan Presbyterian

.'\braham Lincoln Presbyterian

.Andrew Johnson Methodist

L' . S. Grant Methodist

R. B. Hayes Methodist

James A. Garfield Disciples

Chester A. Arthur Episcopalian

Grover Cleveland Presbyterian

Bcniamin Harrison Presbyterian

William McKinley Methodist

Theodore Roosevelt Reformed Dutch

William H. Taft Unitarian

Woodrow Wilson Presbvterian

JEFFRRSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

Presidents' .Iges and Causes of Death

Washington's death, at the age of sixty-
seven, was caused by ocdematous affection of
the windpipe ; John Adams died of debihty at
the age of ninety; Jefferson, aged eighty-three,
of ciironic diarrhea ; Madison, aged eighty-
five, of debihty ; Monroe, aged seventy-three,
from the same cause ; John O. Adams, aged
eighty, of paralysis ; Jackson, aged seventy-
eight, of coiisum])tion : Van Buren, aged
seventy-nine, of asthma; Harrison, aged sixty-
eight, of pleurisy; Tyler, aged seventy-one, of
indigestion ; Polk, aged fifty-six, of chronic
diarrhea ; Taylor, aged sixty-five, of cholera
morbus ; Fillmore, aged seventy-four, of debil-
ity ; Pierce, aged sixty-four, of dropsy ; I>u-
chanan, aged seventy-seven, of rheumatism ;
Lincoln, aged fifty-six, assassinated; Garfield,
aged forty-nine, assassinated ; McKinley. aged
fifty-eight, assassinated; Grant, aged sixty-
three, of cancer of the tongue ; Johnson, aged
sixty-six. of paralysis ; Hayes, aged seventy,
of paralysis ; Arthur, aged seventy-one, of
Hright's disease; Cleveland, aged sixty-seven,
of debility; Harrison, aged fifty-eight, of
pneumonia.

Odd Presidential Facts

Here are a lot of "facts" about Presidents of
the United States ; Grant was christened
Hiram Ulysses; Cleveland, Stephen Grover;
and Wilson, Thomas Woodrow, the first name
being dropped in early college life. W. H.
Harrison was the oldest man elected to the
presidency and Roosevelt the youngest, ( irant
being the next youngest by six months. Cleve-
land was the only president married in the
White House, and his second daughter was
the only president's child born therein. Mon-
roe's daughter (.Mrs. ( louv erneur), (irant's
daughter (Mrs. Sartoris) and Roosevelt's
daughter (Mrs. Longworth) were the only
children of presidents married therein, till the
recent weddings of Jessie and Eleanor Wilson.
The wives of Tyler, llenjamin Harrison and
Wilson died in the White House. W. H.
Harrison was father of the largest famil)-,
six sons and four daughters. Eight presidents
— Washington. Jefferson. Madison, Monroe.
W. H. Harrison. Tyler, Taylor and Wilson —
were \ irginians by birth. I'ive presidents —
Grant. Hayes, B. Harrison. McKinlev and
Taft — were Ohioans by biith.

S.\L.\RIES OI- UNITED STATES SENATORS AND
REPRESENTATIVES

RATES OF COMPENS.\TI()N FIXED BY VARIOUS
LAWS, AND THE CASES IN WHICH THE SAME
WERE RETROACTIVE, AND FOR WHAT LENGTH
OF TIME.

1. By the act of .September 22, 1789, the
compensation of Senators and Representatives
in Congress was fixed at six dollars a day, and
thirty cents a mile for traveling to and from
the seat of government. This rate was to con-
tinue until ]\Iarch 4, 1795. The same act fixed
the compensation from March 4, 1795, to
March 4, 1796 (at which last-named date, by
its terms, it expired), at seven dollars a day,
and thirty-five cents a mile for tra\-el.

This act was retroactive, extending back
six months and eighteen days, viz., to March

4. 1789-

2. The act of March lo. 1796, fixed the
compensation at six dollars a day, and thirty
cents a mile for travel (this act extended back
over six days only).

3. The act of ^ilarch 19, 1816, fixed the
compensation at fifteen hundred dollars a year,
"instead of the daily compensation," and left
the mileage unchanged.

This act was retroactive, extending back one
year and fifteen days. viz.. to March 4, 181 5.
It was repealed by the act of February 6, 1817,
but it was expressly declared that no former
act was thereby revived.

4. The act of January 22, 1818, fixed the
compensation at eight dollars a day, and forty
cents a mile for travel.

This act was retroactive, extending back
fifty-three days, viz., to the assembling of
Congress December i, 1817.

5. The act of August 16, 1856, fixed the
compensation at three thousaiul dollars a year,
and left the mileage unchanged.

This act was retroactive, extending back
one year, five months and twelve days, viz., to
.March 4, 1855.

6. The act of July 28, 1866, fi.xed the com-
pensation at five thousand dollars a year, and
twenty cents a mile for travel — not to affect
mileage accounts already accrued.

This act was retroactive, extending back
one vear. four months and twenty-four days.
viz.. to March 4, 1865.

7. The act of March 3, 1873, (Ixed the
compensation at se\en thousand, fi\e hundred
dollars a year, and actual tni\eling expenses —
the mileage already paifl for the Forty-second

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

Congress to be deducted from the pay of those
who had received it.

This act was retroactive, extending back
two years, viz., to March 4, 1871.

Note. — Stationery was allowed to senators
and representatixes, without any special limit,
until March 3, 1868, when the amount for
stationery and newspapers for each senator
and member was limited to one hundred and
twenty-five dollars a session. This was
changed by a subsequent act, taking effect
July I, 1869, to one hundred and twenty-five
dollars a year. The act of 1873 abolished all
allowance for stationery and newspapers.

On and after March 4. 1907, the compensa-
tion of the speaker of the House of Represen-
tatives, the vice president of the United States,
and the heads of the executive departments
who are members of the President's cabinet,
shall be at the rate of twelve thousand dollars
per annum each, and the compensation of
senators, representatives in Congress, dele-
gates from Territories, and resident commis-
sioner from Porto Rico shall be at the rate of
seven thousand, five hundred dollars per
annum each.

Sec. 5. That all laws or parts of laws in-
consistent with this act are repealed. Approved
February 26, 1907.

PATENTS, INVENTIONS, ETC.

P.XTENTS — LIST OF INVENTIONS, ANCIENT .\N»
MODERN .ALMANACS

PATENTS

Before .April 10, 1790, the Colonies had
issued patents, Connecticut in particular. The
late Senator Wadleigh, of New Hampshire,
believed that the first patent ever issued to an
inventor in America was granted in 1646, by
the Colony of Massachusetts Bay, to Joseph
Jencks. for an improvement in scythes ; bvit
under the constitution our patent system was
founded and really began in 1790. In that
year only three patents were issued ; thirty-
three were issued in 1791 ; eleven in 1792:
and prior to February 24, 1793 (when a new
law was enacted), twenty more, making in all
sixty-seven patents issued under our first
j)atent law. The government fees on each
patent amounted to $4.70 ; under the new act
of 1793, the fee was raised to $30, in all cases,
and among the total of eleven thousand, three
hundred and forty-eight patents granted under
it were some of the most important inventions
of the age.

The law practically as it now exists, embody-
ing the present system of examination of ap-
plications for patents, was passed July 4,
1836. The present method of numbering
patents began on that date with No. i. By
December, 1890, No. 442,090 had been issued.
In 1836 only one hundred and nine patents
were granted; in 1910 the number reached
thirty-five thousand, one hundred and eighteen.
And now we have totaled a round million.

On July I, 1790, the first United States
patent was issued to one Samuel Hopkins of
Vermont, for the making of pot and pearl
ashes ; Commissioner of Patents Moore
granted to an Akron, Ohio, man patent No.
1,000,000, for the invention of a puncture-
proof tire. Within the compass of the one
hundred and twenty-one years between these
dates there lies recorded in the Patent Office
at Washington the triumph of American
ingenuity and research, upon which, in large
measure, has depended the material progress
of the whole world. Inventions and labor-
saving machines have made more millionaires
than all other sources combined. Two-thirds
of the wealth of the United States owes its
existence to inventions patented by .American
citizens.

France comes nearest the United .States in
the in\entive genius of her people, with some-
thing like four hundred and twenty-si.x thou-
sand, less than half the number of patents
granted in America. b'oUowing France are
Great Britain, with four hundred and fifteen
thousand ; Germany, two hundred and thirty-
six thousand ; Belgium, two hundred and
twenty-eight thousand; Canada, one. hundred
and twenty-si.x thousand; Italy and Sardinia,
ninety-four thousand, and .Austria-Hungary,
sixty-eight thousand.

Benjamin Franklin was the first inventor of
distinction in the United States. He was the
originator of many contrivances, giving to the
world the ingenious chair convertible into a
stejjladder which is in use at the present time
in thousands of .American households. He was
followed by Eli Whitney, inventor of the
cotton gin ; John Fitch and Robert Fulton, in-
ventors of steam vessels ; Jethro Wood,
inventor of the modern castiron plow ; Thomas
Blanchard, inventor of a tack machine ; Ross
Winans, many inventions relating to railways ;
Cyrus H. McCormick, inventor of harvesting
machines ; Charles Goodyear, inventor of
rubber mixtures ; S. F. B. Morse, inventor of
the electric telegraph ; Elias Howe, inventor
of the modern sewing machines; Joseph
Henry, inventor of the present form of

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

electro-maj^net, which laid the foundation of
practically the entire electrical art ; Alexander
Graiuim iiell, the inventor of the telephone;
Thomas A. Edison, inventor of the incandes-
cent lamp, the talking- machine and many im-
provements on the moving picture machine,
and the electric telegraph instruments and
other devices; John Ericsson, inventor of a hot
air engine, screw propellers for steamships,
etc.; Charles F. Bush, prominently identified
with the development of the dynamo, arc light
and storage battery; George Westinghouse,
inventor of air brakes for railway trains, etc. ;
Ottmar Mergenthaler, inventor of the linotype
machine.

Thomas Jefferson was one of the most re-
markable in\entors. Not only did he contrive
a plow which marked an epoch in the develop-
ment of that indispensable fanning implement,
but he was the originator of the copying press,
so familiar to everybody as a modern office
convenience, and likewise of the equally well
known revolving chair. Both of these devices
are to-day substantially what he made them.

In the early days there was a notable lack
of all those mechanical conveniences and nice
little utensils which are considered indis-
pensable in the kitchen nowadays. There was
not even an egg-beater or flour-sifter. In the
dwelling of one hundred years ago the
windows knew no screens to keep out flies and
mosquitoes. Perhaps there was a mirror, that
article of lu.xury being very costly.

Before "stocks" were invented o.xen had to
be thrown and tied and the shoes nailed on
while down. Joseph McCuUough was the first
to use stocks in Jefferson county.

The typewriter machine was distinctly an
epoch-maker. It opened an entirely new field
for women's work, creating an immense de-
mand for stenographers by making transcrib-
ing easier.

By no means to be forgotten is the improved
printing press, which, as developed for news-
pajjcr use, prints several colors at one im-
pression, folding, stitching and counting in an
hour twelve thousand supplements of twenty-
four pages each. One hmidred years ago the
entire process of making a book or newspaper
was done by hand — striking enough, though
less so than the circumstance that in those
days, and even at a much later period, the
adhesive stamp and the mailing envelope were
both unknown.

The Seven Wonders of the modern world:
First, wireless communication ; second, tele-
])hone; third, aeroplane; fourth, radium; fifth,
antiseptics and antitoxins ; sixth, spectrum

analysis; seventh, X-rays — all of practical
utility. Of the ancient wonders only one. the
Pharos, the four-hundred-foot lighthouse of
Alexandria, was a practical utility.

LI.ST OF I.WENTIONS, ETC., IN" CHRONOLOGICAL
ORDER*

About yo .\. D. the first glass bottle was
made by the Romans.

Horseshoes of iron were first made In 481.

Quill pens were first made in 538.

Glass windows were first used in 1 180.

Family names were first adopted in 1190.

Alcohol was discovered in the thirteenth
century.

Chimneys in houses were first used in 1236.

Lead pipes for conveying water, 1252.

Alexander del Spina made the first pair of
spectacles in 1285.

Tallow candles for lights, 1290.

Paper first made from linen, 1302.

Woolen cloth first made in England, 133 1.

First iron wire drawn at Nuremberg, 1351.

Muskets first used in 1370.

Side saddles were first used in 1380. Pre-
vious to that time women rode astride.

Art of painting in oil colors, 1410.
• Printing invented about 1440.

Pistols first used in 1444.

First printed almanac issued in Hungary,
1470.

Billiards invented in France, 1471.

Watches made in Germany, 1477.

The first book containing musical characters
was issued in 1495.

Bombshells first luade in Holland, 1495.

Variations of compass first noticed, 1540.

Pins first used in England, 1540.

Steel needles first made in England, 1545.

Covered carriages first used in England.
1580.

Circulation of blood discovered by Harvey,
1619.

Newspaper first printed. 1630.

First steam engine in\-ented. 1649.

First fire engine invented, 1649.

Advertisements first appeared in news-
[jajiers, 1652.

Buckles first made in 1680.

Under date of November 24, 1605, we find
the first reference to a thimble in literature,
when that useful article was mentioned as a
"thumb-bell." The man who introduced
lhim])les to England was lolin Lofting, a metal
worker of Holland, who settled in England in

* See al.so cliroiiologv of Iiulustrial .Xctivities,
in this chapter.

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

the latter part of the seventeenth century and
practiced their manufacture in various metals
with great success.

The first typewriter was made in 17 14, by
Henry Mills.

First cotton planted in the United States,

1759-

Steam engine improved by Watt, 1767.

The torpedo was first made in 1777.

Steam cotton mill erected, 1783.

Stereotype printing invented in Scotland,

1785.
Animal magnetism recognized by Mesmer,

1788.

Sabbath school established in Yorkshire,
England, 1789.

The pioneer use of gas for practical illu-
mination was in 1802.

In 1807 wooden clocks were made by ma-
chinery.

In 1809 Fulton patented the steamboat.

The pioneer mill to make finished cloth from
raw cotton was erected in Waltham, Mass., in

1813.

Velocipede invented by Drais, 1817.

Steel pens were first made in 1820.

First horse railroad built in 1826.

Coal oil first used as an illuminant, 1826.

Electro-magnetic telegraph invented by
Morse, 1832.

Vulcanized rubber was patented in 1838.

In 1840 Daguerre first made his pictures.

The express business was started about
1840.

The pioneer telegram was sent in 1845.

Stem-winding watches were the invention
,of Noel, 1851.

Roller skates were invented by Pimpton,
1863.

The telephone came into use in 1876, the
phonograph in 1878.

Cable and electric roads are new since 1880,
and so likewise is the bicycle, commercially
speaking.

When Mr. Edison was making the experi-
ments which finally resulted in the develop-
ment of the electric light, the general opinion
of scientists and practical mechanicians was
that he was attempting the impossible. In
earlier years, however, Morse had had great
trouble to persuade Congress to appropriate
the small amount of money required for test-
ing his telegraph between Baltimore and
Washington. Nearly everybody thought him
a crank, and he came very near to literal
starvation.

Up to within the last half dozen years ap-
plicants for patents on frying machines were

regarded by patent office examiners as in
much the same class with inventors of con-
trivances for perpetual motion.

Archimedes invented the crowbar.
Arkwright, the spinning frame.
Bacon (Roger), gunpowder (in England).
Caxton, first printing press in England.
Sir Humphrey Davy, the safety lamp.
Marconi, wireless telegraph.

. TELEPHONE

. In August, 1891, the Central District and
Printing Telegraph Company, of Pittsburgh,
Pa., erected a telephone line through Jeffer-
son county and into Clarion and Qearfield
counties. The main line ran from Punxsu-
tawney to Reynoldsville and to Clarion, with
a switch and a line to Du Bois. They estab-
lished pay stations at Punxsutawney, Big
Run, Reynoldsville, Brookville and Corsica,
Falls Creek and Du Bois, and now in 191 5
achievement in communication opens up amaz-
ing possibilities. The human voice, it seems,
can be carried wherever wireless waves can
travel — and that means everywhere — just as
freely as telegraphic dots and dashes. Presi-
dent Vail of the American Telegraph and
Telephone Company, has talked into a tele-
phone transmitter at New York and been
heard at San Francisco, over several hundred
miles of wire and through two thousand miles
of vacant space. That feat has been quickly
followed by a telephone conversation wholly
by wireless across a stretch of land and sea
four thousand nine hundred miles, from
Washington to Honolulu. It is now practic-
able to telephone through the ether from New
York to London, Paris, Berlin, Petrograd or
Constantinople, or from San Francisco to
Pekin or Tokyo. London statesmen might
communicate directly by word of mouth with
Egypt. India and South Africa. All that is
necessary is the installation of apparatus
already perfected.

THE FIRST ALMANAC

Foniid ill a Tomb, It Is Said to Date Back to
.-^hout 1200 B. C.

The first almanacs were of Arabian origin,
and reflected the local genius of the people in
a very striking way. They served as models
in other countries for hundreds of years. The
oldest known copy of such a work is pre-
served in the British Museum, and dates back

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

to the time of Rameses the Great of Egypt,
who lived 1,200 years before Christ. It is
written on papyrus, in red ink, and covers a
period of six years. The entries rehite to
religious ceremonies, to the fates of children
born on given days, and to the regulation of
business enterprises in accordance with plane-
tary influences. "Do nothing at all this day,"
is one of the warnings. "If thou seest any-
thing at all this day it will be fortunate," is
another entry. "Look not at a rat this day,"
"Wash not with water this day," "Go out not
before daylight this day," are some of the
additional cautions.

Next after this in point of age among the
existing specimens of ancient almanacs are
some composed in the fourth century. They
are Roman Church calendars, giving the
names of the saints and other religious infor-
mation. The Baltic nations, who were not
versed in papyrus-making, had calendars en-

graved on axe-helves, walking sticks and other
articles of personal use. The days were
notched with a broad mark for Sunday, and
the saints' days were symbolized in various
devices, such as a harp for St. David's, a
gridiron for St. Lawrence's, a lover's knot for
St. Valentine's, and so on. The Saxon
almanacs are numerous and contain historical
as well as ecclesiastical entries.

The first printed almanac was issued in
Hungary in 1470.

It is possible to trace in these curious records
all the changes of popular belief and taste.
They were prepared to meet the current de-
mand and to constitute a systematic story of
what took place in successive periods and how
knowledge increased with the revolving years.
We owe to them most that we know of the
people for whom they were made and by
whom they were indorsed.

CHAPTER IV

PIONEER EXPLORERS AND SETTLERS

1NDI.\N TRAILS, THE WHITE M.\n's P,\TH — D.WID AND JOHN MEADE ME.\DE S PACKHORSE TRAIL

PIONEER SETTLEMENT IN THE NORTHWEST — PIONEER EXPLORERS AND SETTLERS

Previous to the white man's advent here
this wilderness had public highways, but they
were for the wild animals and savage Indians.
These thoroughfares were called "deer paths"
and "Indian trails." These paths were usually
well beaten, and crossed each other as civilized
roads do. The first trail discovered and
traversed by the white man was the Indian
Chinklacamoose ("where moose meet") path,
extending from what was Clearfield town to
what is now Kittanning. This Inrlian trail
passed through Punxsutawney, and over it
and through this Indian town Allegheny In-
dians carried their white prisoners from the
eastern part of the .State to what was then
called Kittany, on the .Allegheny river. Indian
trails were "bee lines," over hill and dale, from
j)oint to point. Here and there were open
spots on the summits, where runn,ers signaled
their coming by fires when on urgent business,
and were ])romptly met al slated places by
fresh men.

D.WID .\ND JOHN MEADE MEADe's TRAIL

From a most careful and thorough search
to ascertain when the first jiath or trail of the

white man was made through or in what is now
our county, I find it to be in the year 1787. In
this year of grace two hardy and courageous
men, David and John Meade, were living in
what is now Sunbury, Pa., where John was
keeping an inn or tavern. These two brothers,
having read Gen. ( leorge Washington's report
to Governor Dinwiddle, of Virginia, of the
rich lands and \alleys that were unoccupied
in what is now called \'enango and Crawford
counties, Pa., determined to explore that
region for themselves. To reach this unin-
habited section they were compelled to open
a path from east to west, through what is
now called Jefferson (then Northumberland)
county, and which path is now called in history
"Meade's Trail." This trail passed through
what are now West Reynoldsville, Port Piar-
nett and P.rookxillc, down near .Mlgeier's
brewery and across the creek at White Street
l)ridge.

I'lONEER SETTLEMENT IN NORTHWEST

These men, with their goods packed on
four horses, j)assed through where lirookville
now is in 1788, and settled in and around

JEFFERSOxN COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

what is now Meadville, then Allegheny county.
Meade's trail commenced at the mouth of
Anderson's creek, near Curwensville, Clear-
field Co., Pa., and over this trail until 1802
all transportation had to be carried into or
through this wilderness on packsaddles by
packhorses. A packhorse load was from two
liundred to three hundred pounds. In 1802-03
the first wagon road, or old Milesburg and
Waterford State road, was opened for travel.
The Meade settlers in Crawford county in
1788 comprised the pioneer permanent set-
tlement in northwestern Pennsylvania.

Of the pioneer settlers who came over this
trail and settled in what is now Jefferson
county I will give a brief account. In 1800
Joseph Barnett and Samuel Scott settled forty
miles west of Curwensville, Clearfield county.
They were men of great energy and industry,
and soon made valuable improvements. They
built a sawmill, which was a great help to the
people, providing them with boards, etc. They
settled among the Indians of the Seneca tribe,
who were, however, civil. Joseph Barnett was
a very eccentric, high-minded man, and took
a leading part in all the business transactions
of the day, a man long to be remembered by
those who knew him. Shortly after their mill
was made, perhaps as early as 1802, Henry
Fir. a German, and a number of other families
settled on the west of Mill creek, Jacob Mason.
L. Long, John Dickson, P'reedom Stiles, and
a very large negro by the name of Fudge \^an
Camp, whose wool was as white as the wool
of a sheep and whose face was as black as
charcoal, and yet he was married to a white
woman. He was fine-featured and thin-lipped.

Fudge Van Camp was born a slave, but pur-
chased his freedom after he served as a
teamster in the Revolutionary war. He came
to Port Barnett from Easton. Northampton
Co., Pa., in the winter of 1801, traveling
this distance on foot. The la.st thirty-three
miles were made without food, in a heavy
snowstorm and in a two-foot fall of snow.
Van Camp was a large and pow-erful man. but
gave out ,and had to work his way for the
last mile or two on his hands and knees to
Port [tarnett. He arrived there at midnight
exhausted and almost frozen. He came over
what was then called the Military or Miles-
burg & Le Boeuf State road. Being pleased
with the coimtry, he returned to Easton only
to migrate here with his four children, bring-
ing his effects on two horses, and settled on
what is now the Ray McConnell farm. He
brought appleseeds with him and planted
them on his farm, this being the first effort

to laise fruit in this wilderness. Some of
the trees are still living. Fudge Van Camp
married a white woman. She died in Eas-
«-ton. His family consisted of two sons and
two daughters. Richard and Enos, Susan and
Sarah. Susan married Charles Sutherland,
and Sarah married William Douglass, who
was a hunter. Richard married Ruth Stiles,
a white woman, and left the county; he was
the great-grandfather of Tom and Tobias
Enty. Fudge Van Camp was the only colored
person living in the county as late as 1810.
He was a fiddler and a great fighter, and was
the orchestra for all the early frolics.

In about 1802 John Scott came to the county
and settled on the farm where Corsica now
stands; about 1805 Peter Jones, John Roll
Sr., the Vasbinder families and Elijah Gra-
ham; and in 1806 John Matson and some
others settled near where Brookville now
stands. In the southern part of the county,
near Mahoning, John Bell settled at an early
day. He was a man of iron will and great
perseverance, afraid of neither man nor beast,
and was a mighty hunter. Moses Knapp was
also an early settler. "Port Barnett," as the
settlement of Barnett and Scott was called,
was the only stopping place from Curwensville
for all those who came in 1801-02 through or
for the wilderness over the "trail." We
imagine that these buildings would have a
very welcome look to those footsore and weary
travelers — an oasis in the desert, as it were.

In the year 1801, with a courage nothing
could daunt, ten men left their old homes and
all the comforts of the more thickly settled
and older portions of the eastern part of the
State for the unsettled wilderness of the more
western part, leaving behind them the many
associations which rendered the old homes so
dear, and going forth, strong in might and
firm in the faith of the God of their fathers,
to plant homes and erect new altars around
which to rear their young families. Brave
hearts beat in the bosoms of those men and
women who made so many and great sacri-
fices in order to develop the resources of a
portion of country almost unknown at that
time. When we look abroad to-day and see
what rapid strides have been made in the
march of civilization, we say all honor to our
forefathers who did so great a part of the
work. It would be difficult for those of the
present day to imagine how families could
move upon horseback through an almost un-
broken wilderness, with no road save an
"Indian trail." the women mounted upon
horses, the cooking utensils, farming imple-

jfeFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

merits, sucli as hoes, axes, ploughs and shovels,
together with bedding and provision, placed
on what were called packsaddles, while fol-
lowing upon foot were the men with guns^
upon their shoulders, ready to take down any
small game that might cross their path, which
would go toward making up their next meal.
.'\fter a long and toilsome journey these
pioneers halted on their course in what was
then called Armstrong county (now Clarion
county), and they immediately began the clear-
ing of their lands, which they had purchased
from Gen. James Potter, of the far-famed
"Potter Fort," in Penn's Valley, in Centre
county, familiar to every one who has ever
read of the terrible depredations committed
by the Indians in that part of the country at
an early period of its history.

During the first two years after the settle-
ment the people had to pack their flour upon
horseback from Centre, Westmoreland and In-
diana counties ; also their iron and salt, which
was ten dollars per barrel; iron was fifteen
cents per pound. Cofifee and tea were but little
used, tea being four dollars per pound, coffee
seventy-five cents. Those articles were con-
sidered great luxuries, both from the high
price at which they came, and the difficulties
attending their transportation through the
woods, following the Indian trail. As to
vegetables and animal food, there was no
scarcity, as every one had gardens and the
forest abounded with wild game. These
dense forests were the abode of wild animals
and game in greater numbers than almost any
other part of the country. Panthers, bears
and wolves roamed the woods, the deer
traveled about in droves, and flocks of wild
turkeys were numerous. There were alw'ays
some expert huntsmen who kept the settle-
ment supplied with meat. Those who were
not sure shots themselves would go to work
for a hunter, while he would go out and supply
his less fortunate neighbor. I knew one
hunter who killed one hundred and fifty deer
and twenty bears in the first two years of the
settlement, besides any amount of small game.
Many, however, got along badly, some having
nothing but potatoes and salt for substantials.

When people began to need barns and larger
houses, one would start out and invite the
whole country for miles around, often going
ten or twelve miles, and then it often took two
or three days to raise a log barn, using horses
to help to get up the logs.

PIONEER EXPLORERS AND SETTLERS

In regard to the first settlement and early
history of the county I have made diligent
research, and find, what is not unusual, some
conflicting accounts and statements. These
I have endeavored to compile, arrange and
harmonize to the best of my ability.

From the best information I am enabled to
gather and obtain, .Andrew Barnett and Sam-
uel Scott were sent in 1795 by Joseph Barnett,
who was then living in either Northumberland,
Lycoming or Dau]ihin county, Pa., to explore
the famous region then about French creek
(now Crawford county. Pa.). But when
these two explorers reached Mill creek, now
Port Barnett, they were forcibly impressed
with the great natural advantages of the place
for a sawmill. They stopped over two or three
days to examine the creek. They explored
as far down as to where Summerville now is,
and after this careful inspection concluded
that this spot, where "the lofty pine leaned
gloomily over every hillside," was just the
ideal home for a lumberman. They went no
farther west, but returned east, and informed
Joseph Barnett of their "Eureka." In the
spring of 1/97 Joseph and Andrew Barnett,
Samuel Scott and Moses Knapp came from
their home at the mouth of Pine creek, then
in Lycoming county, to the ideal millsite of
Andrew, and so well pleased were they all
that they commenced the erection of the
])ioneer cabin and mill in the wilderness, in
what was then Pinecreek township, Lycoming
county. The cabin and mill were on the pres-
ent site of Humphrey's mill and grounds at
Port Barnett. The Indians assisted, about
nine in number, to raise these buildings, and
not a stroke of work would these savages do
until they had eaten up all the provisions Air.
Barnett had. This took three days. Then the
rascals exclaimed, "Me eat, me sleep ; now me
strong, now me work." In the fall of the same
year Joseph Barnett returned to his family,
leaving his brother Andrew and Scott to
finish some work. In a short time thereafter
.\ndrew Barnett became ill and died, and was
buried on the north bank of the creek, at the
junction of .Sandy Lick and Mill creek, Scott
and two Indians being the only attendants at
the funeral. Joseph Barnett was, therefore,
soon followed by Scott, who was his brother-
in-law, bringing the melancholy tidings of this
event, which for a time cast a gloom over the
future prospects of these sturdy pioneers.

In 1798, however, Josejib Barnett, Scott

SKOI iVOiST.OJ M^aiix
XONJl 'uoxsv

)iaOA -Vv'i;c aui

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

and Knapp returned, a married man by the
name of Joseph Hutchison coming out with
them, and renewed their work. Hutchison
brought his wife, household goods, two cows
and a calf, and commenced housekeeping,
and lived here two years before Joseph Bar-
nett brought his family, who were then living
in Dauphin county. Hutchison is clearly the
pioneer settler in what is now Jefferson
county. He was a sawyer. In that year the
mill was finished by Knapp and Scott, and in
1/99 there was some lumber sawed. In the
fall of 1800 Joseph Barnett brought his wife
and family to the home prepared for them
in the wilderness. Barnett brought with him
two cows and seven horses, five loaded with
goods as packhorses and two as riding or
family horses. His route of travel into this
wilderness was over Meade's trail.

The packsaddle was made of four pieces of
wood, two being notched, the notches fitting
along the horse's back, with the front part
resting upon the horse's withers. The other
two were flat pieces, about eighteen by five
inches. They extended along the sides and
were fastened to the end of the notched pieces.
I have ridden on them.

The first boards were run in 1801 to what
is now Pittsburgh. About four thousand feet
were put in a raft, or what would be a two-
platform piece. Moses Knapp was the pioneer
pilot. (See biography of Moses Knapp.)

The first white child born in the county was
I. P. Barnett. The next person that came
here was Peter Jones. He settled on the farm
owned by the late John McCullough, and the
next was a Mr. Roll, who settled on the farm
lately owned by John S. Barr. Then came
Fudge Van Camp (negro), who built his
cabin on the farm now owned by Ray Mc-
Connell ; and then .'Kdam Vasbinder, who
settled on the fami at the present time owned
by Samuel Bullers. William \'asbinder
pitched his tent on the Kirkman homestead.
Ludwick Long put up his wigwam on the
j)lace now the site of the County Home. Here
Long erected a distillery, and the great dragon
first opened his mouth and cast out his flood
of water in the wilderness. John Dixon came
next. He was our first schoolmaster. The
school cabin was built on the County Home
farm ; built of round logs, and oiled jiaper was
used for glass. Everything had to be carried
from the settlements on horseback ; glass was
too easily broken to try to bring it so far. The
second school cabin was built on the south
side of the pike, at the forks of the Ridgway
road. Here the first graveyard was laicl out.

and the first person buried in it was a child
of Samuel Scott.

I may not be able to give the names of all
the early settlers and the date of their arrival,
but John, William and Jacob Vasbinder
reached here about the year 1802 or 1803,
John Matson, Sr., about 1806, and the Lucases
soon after. John and Archibald Bell settled
in the southern part of the county about 1809
or 1 8 ID, and that locality was then an un-
broken wilderness for miles around. Archie
Hadden came and settled a mile sotitheast of
them about 1812, and in 1815 Hugh McKee
settled half a mile east of Perrysville. Jacob
Hoover came in 1814 and settled at the pres-
ent site of Clayville. John Postlethwait, Sr.,
came in 1818 from Westmoreland county, and
located with his family a mile and a half north-
west of Perrysville. A family by the name of
Young settled about two miles west of this
place about the same time. People began to
settle in the vicinity of Punxsutawney about
the year 1816, the first being Abram Weaver,
and Rev. David Barclay, Dr. John W. Jenks
and Nathaniel Tindle, with their fainilies, and
Elijah Heath arrived there about 1817 or
1818. Charles C. Gaskill. Isaac P. Carmalt,
John B. Henderson and John Hess came some
time later. About 1818 David, John and
Henry Milliron settled 'on Little Sandy, and
Henry Nolf located on the same stream, where
Langville now stands, and erected a sawmill.
In 1820 I^wrence Nolf came to Pine run, two
miles south of Ringg'old, but made no improve-
ment, and afterwards sold to John Miller, who
opened up a farm. Hon. James Winslow and
others were also among the first settlers in
the neighborhood of Punxsutawney. James
McClelland and Michael Lantz came into the
southwestern part of the county, within the
limits of what is now Porter township, pre-
vious to the year 1820. William Stewart and
Benjamin McBride made a settlement in the
Round Bottom, west of Whitesville, in 182 1,
and in the same year James Stewart came and
located three miles northwest of Perrysville.
The year 1822 brought a number of families to
the county, among whom were the following:
David Postlethwait, who purchased Stewart
and McBride's right of settlement in the
Round Bottom, and settled with his brother.
John, on Pine run, who had preceded him
there ; John McHenry, James Bell, and some
others who moved into the Round Bottom,
near Whitesville, and a Mr. Baker, who settled
across the creek east of Whitesville ; Jesse
.■\rmstrong and Adam Long, the former locat-
ing near where Clayville now is, and the latter

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PEXXSVLN^ANIA

at a place near Piiiixsiitawiiey ; John Fuller,
who settled near Keyiiolcls\ille ; and Samuel
New-come, who settled on Pine run, ahout
a mile above the Postlethwaits. .In 1823 John
Mcintosh and Henry Keys settled in Beech-
woods, now Washington township, and the
year 1824 brought Alexander Osborn. John
McGee, Matthew and William .McDonald,

Andrew Smith, John Wilson, William Cooper
and W'illiam McCullough were also among
the first settlers in the northeastern part of
the county. More about these, and other
names of early settlers, will be found in that
part of this history devoted to the different
towns and townships. See also Biography of
Joseph Barnett.

CHAPTER V

FORESTS, STREAMS AND LAND
PIONEER INDUSTRIES, HOMES AND CUSTOMS

GEOGR.\PHY AND TOPOGR.\PIIV ELEV.\TIONS IN COUNTY — DRAINAGE INDIAN AND PIONEER

NAMES OF STREAMS — TREES — LU.MBERING AND R.VFTING NAVIGATION COMPANIES— PIONEER

FLATBOATS, TIPPLES, ETC. — ACTS OF ASSEMBLY RELATING TO STREAMS — PIONEEK AGRICUL-
TURE MAPLE SUGAR MAKING — TAR BURNING PIONEER WAGONS — HOW THE PIONEER

BOUGHT HIS LAND PIONEER HOMES OF JEFFERSON COUNTY PIONEER FOOD AND CLOTHING

PIONEER PRICES FOR LABOR AND FOOD — PIONEER HABITS AND CUSTOMS — PIONEER EVEN-
ING FROLICS — PIONEER MUSIC SCHOOLS AND SINGING MASTERS IN JEFFERSON COUNTY —
LEGAL STATUS OF WOMEN IN PIONEER TIMES

Those Pennsylvania forests — slender maple, stately
pine,

Mighty oak and beech and cheslnut, 'round whose
trunks the wild vines twine !

And the scarlet-fruited cherry, and the locust, wliite
with bloom,

.^nd the willow, drooping sadly, o'er (perchance) a
forest tomb.

Oh, those leafy, silent forests with stra'V sunbeams
shifting through.

Where soaring wild birds send their songs far-
echoing to you !

GEOGR.VPHV .\Nr) TOPOC,R.\PII Y

The original boundary lines of Jefferson
county inclosed an area of more than one
thousand square miles, embracing much of
what is now Forest and I'.lk counties, beyond
I he Clarion river. At what time the present
boundaries were erected is not certain. There
arc no mountains in the county, but the sur-
face is hilly, like the rest of northwestern
Pennsylvania, uniformly broken; and while
one valley cannot be said to be the exact
counterpart of another, nor the streams be
considered of e(|ual size and importance, yet
the type of the topograi)hy is the same wher-
ever we look at it. and any one part of the
county, therefore, is in this respect a picture
of the whole. The rocks pertain to the series
of coal measures lying on the outskirts of the
Pittsburgh coal basin. Iron and coal are in
abundance, the latter in every part of the

county. The soil in the valleys is in many
places highly fertile, but the great body of the
county cannot lie rated above second quality.

The height above tide of the upland sum-
mits ranges from twelve hundred to eighteen
hundred and eighty feet. They are lowest at
the southern end of the county, and highest
at the northern end. There is one notable
exception in Jefferson county, however, to the
prevailing rule in this section : The southeast
corner borders on the high tableland of the
Chestnut Ridge anticlinal, whose summits
frequently attain an elevation of two thousand
feet ; and some few [loints in Gaskill town-
ship rise nearly to that height ; but these points
are related more closely to the topography of
Indiana and Clearfield counties than to that of
Jefferson, which is in fact a mere continuation
of that prevailing throughout Clarion. Arm-
strong anfl western Indiana counties.

ELEVATIONS

The following table shows the height above
sea level or tide of the various points men-
tioned :

Feet

Port Barnett above sea level, 1,225

f 'illman above sea level. 1,880

['errysville above sea level, 1,170

W'inslow above sea level, 1,6.^6

Horatio above sea level, 1,21 r

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

Feet

Falls Creek above tide, 1,405

Evergreen above tide, 1 ,398

Magee's (Sandy Valley P. O.) above tide, 1,387

Panther Run above tide, 1,386

Reynoldsville above tide, 1,377

Prior Run above tide, 1,366

Prindible above tide, 1,360

McAnnulty's Run above tide, 1,359

Camp Run above tide, 1,341

Fuller's above tide, 1,327

Wolf Run above tide, 1,319

Iowa Mills above tide, 1,299

Bell's Mills above tide, 1,268

Brookville Tunnel, east end above tide, 1,242

Brookville Station above tide, 1,235

Coder's Run above tide, 1,223

Puckerty Point above tide, 1,214

Rattlesnake Run above tide, 1,207

Baxter above tide, 1,206

Troy (Summerville) above tide, 1,186

Heathville above tide, 1,161

Patton's above tide, 1,131

Knox Dale above tide, 1,655

Panic above tide, 1,800

P.eechtree above tide, 1,618

Sugar Hill above tide, 1,598

Allen's Mills above tide, 1,575

Rarnsaytown above tide, 1,524

Belleview above tide, i ,485

Conifer above tide, 1,309

From Falls Creek to Ridf/zi-'ay

\ear Falls Creek Station above tide, 1,406

Surface of ground, McMinn's Sum-
mit (McMinn's Summit is the

Boon Mountain divide) above tide, 1,625

Hrockwayville above tide, 1,466

Ordinary low water in Little Toby. above tide, 1,441

On the main Ridgway Road above tide, 1,451

Mouth of Little Toby Creek above tide, 1,321

(Ordinary water level)

Big Run above tide, 1,287

Sykesville above tide, 1,350

Punxsutawney above tide, 1,225

Alony Clarion Rher*

Hallton above tide, 1,290

Millstone (Bell's Mills) above tide, 1,240

Clarington above tide, 1,220

Cooksburg above tide, 1,186

Mill Creek above tide, 1,120

* These are the elevations of the bridges crossing
the river at the places given.

DK.MNAGE

The drainage of Jefferson county is all west-
ward towards the Ohio river, through ( i ) the
Clarion river at the north end of the county,
(2) Red Bank creek in the center, and (3)
Mahoning creek on the south. Each of these
streams has its own complex system of tribu-
taries, each with its own system of small
branches and branchlets ; and thus the surface
of the whole county is broken into hills. It is
abundantly watered, having on the south
Mahoning creek, on the west Little .Sandy
Lick creek and Big Sandy Lick creek, whose

branches stretch across the county. Clarion
river, or Toby's creek, with its many and
large ramifications, intersects the northern half
of the county in every direction.

The Clarion and Mahoning flow on the
borders of the county, and are less important
to it than the Red Bank, which is the principal
stream. Its water basin is unsytnmetrical on
the two sides, a much larger part of its drain-
age coming in from the north than from the
south. Excepting indeed from the Little Sandy
branch, its basin on the south side would be
confined pretty much to the hills which over-
look the creek ; whereas towards the north its
far-reaching arms extend to what is now the
Elk county line.

Red Bank creek in the original maps and
drafts of Jefferson county bore the name of
Sandy Lick, which name is still retained for
its main branch, coming from Clearfield
county, along which the Bennett's Branch
railroad is laid. The creek assumes the name
of Red Bank at Brookville, where Sandy Lick
unites with the North Fork, and both branches
carry enough during floods to float rafts and
logs.

Little Sandy, before alluded to as occupying
the southwestern part of the county, is a
rafting stream.

The volume of water, however, in all the
streams, large and small, is extremely irregu-
lar, varying as it does from stages of high
flood when the larger streams are destructive
torrents, to stages of almost complete exhaus-
tion during periods of severe drought. This
extreme of variability is largely the conse-
quence of the porous and loose condition of
the surface rocks, which thus copiously yield
water so long as they hold it. In exceptional
years, after a succession of prolonged
droughts, there is a dearth of water in all parts
of the county.

The Red Bank-Mahoning divide in the
southeast corner of the county crosses from
Clearfield at a point nearly due east of Rey-
noldsville. Thence it follows an irregular
southwest line, around the heads of Elk run,
and around the heads of Little Sandy. Para-
dise settlement stands at the top of it ; so do
Shamoka, Oliveburg and Frostburg. Porter
post office at the southwest end of the county
marks the top of the divide in that region.

The Red Bank-Clarion divide on the north
enters Jefferson south of Lane's Grove, where
one branch of Rattlesnake run takes its rise.
After passing Brockwayville the watershed is
forced almost to the edge of Little Toby(iralley,
as will be seen on examination of a county

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

map. Along the last-named stream it jasses
into Elk county, where curving about the heads
of the North I'^ork (_Red Bank system), it
returns again to Jefl'erson, whence, closely
skirting the Clarion river, it runs southwest
of Sigel. There it turns sharply about and
next sweeps around the head of Big Mill
creek, extending thence south to within a few
miles of the Red liank valley. It therefore
describes a semicircle in northern Jefferson,
stretching from one side of the county to the
other.

I\DI.\N AND PIONEER NAMES OF STREAMS

Where skimmed the Indian bark.
And the song of the boatman re-echoed through
the forest.

■ Seneca

Da yon on dah teh go wall (Big Toby or
Alder) gab yon hah da (creek). Big Toby
creek.

Da yon on dah teh we oh (Little Toby, or
-Mder) gab yon hah da (creek), Little Toby
creek.

Oh non da (I'ine) gab yon hah da (creek).
Pine creek.

Oh twenge ah (red) yob non da (bank) gab
yon hah da (creek), Red Bank creek.

Oh ne .sab geh jab geh gab yon hah da.
Sandy Lick creek.

Ga de ja hah da gab nos gab yon hah da,
Mahoning creek.

Oh to weh geh ne gab yon hah da. North
Fork creek.

Oh nab da gon, ,\mong the Pines.

its original name was changed to Red Bank,
by which it has been known by the oldest
inhabitant now living in the region through
whicli it flows. Perhaps the change ma}' have
l)een suggested by the red color of the soil of
its banks many miles up from its mouth."

Tangawunsch-hanne, North Fork, meant in
the Indian tongue Little Brier stream, or
stream whose banks are overgrown with green
Ijrier.

The reason why Toby creek was subse-
quently called Clarion river was because there
were no less than three or four Toby creeks
in Pennsylvania. There was one in Monroe
county, one in Luzerne, and one in V'enango,
which is now Clarion. Now, Tobyhanna, or
Toby creek, is corrupted from Topi-hanna,
signifying alder stream, that is, a stream
whose banks are fringed with alders. I find
also that the Clarion river was called by the
Delawares (iavvunsch-hanne ; that is, brier
stream, a stream whose banks are overgrown
with briers. There seems to be an incongruity,
but the probabilities are that farther down in
what is now Clarion county the stream was
()\ergrown with alder bushes. Mahoning is
a corruption of Ma-onink, and signifies where
tliere is a lick, or at the lick ; sometimes a
stream flowing there or near a lick. This
name is a very common one for rivers and
places in the Delaware country, along which
or where the surface of the ground was
covered with saline deposits, provisionally
called "licks," from the fact that deer, elk,
liuffalo and other animals frequented these
places and licked the salt earth. Mabonitty
signifies a small lick, and Ma-oning a stream
flowing from or near a lick.

Delaware

TREES

Topi-hannc — Toby creek. 1749, Riviere au
Fiel — Gall river.

Ma-onink — Mahoning.

Tangawunscli-hanne — North b'ork.

Legamwi-banne — Sandy creek. Riviere au
\'ermillon. 1740 — Red Bank.

"Lcgamwi-mahonne means a sandy lick
creek; that is, Sandy Lick, which was 'the
name of this stream as late as 1792, from its
source to its mouth, according to Reading
Howell's map of that year. It bore that name
even later. P,y the act of Assembly, March
21, 1798, 'Sandy Lick or Red Bank Creek'
was declaretl to be .-i ])ublic stream or high-
way 'from the mouth up to the second or great
fork.' The writer has not been able to ascer-
tain just when, why, or at whose suggestion

There are many curious trees in the world,
'i'lie "'cow tree" is a native of Venezuela. It
reaches a great height, has leaves resembling
those of the mountain laurel, and can live
entirely without moisture for six or seven
months. When incisions are made in the
trunk a stream of milk gushes ovit. This is
of a thick, creamy consistency and has a balmy
fragrance. If let stand a .short time it turns
thick and yellow and soon liecomes cheese.

The ''tallow tree." or "candle tree," is found
on the island of Malabar and the ."^outh Sea
islands. The fruit is Jieart shaped, and about
as I.-irge as ;i walnut. The seeds of the fruit
when boiled ])roducc a tallow. This is used
by the natives both as food and for candles.

The "life tree" grows in Jamaica. It gets

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

its name from the fact that if the leaves are
broken from the plant they nevertheless con-
tinue to grow. Nothing will destroy their life
except fire.

A tree in the province of Goa, Malabar
coast, western India, is called the "sorrowful
tree." It is so called because it weeps every
morning. It flourishes only in the dark. At
sunset no flowers are visible, but as soon as
darkness falls the whole tree becomes a
bovver of bloom. With the rising sun the
flowers dry up or drop oft", and a copious
shower falls from the branches.

Our forests were originally covered by a
heavy growth of magnificent timber trees of
various kinds. Pine and hemlock predom-
inated. Chestnut and oak grew in some locali-
ties. Birch, sugar maple, ash and hickory
occupied a wide range. Birch and cherry
trees were numerous, and "linwood," cucum-
ber and poplar trees grew on many of the hill-
sides, with butternut, sycamore, black ash and
elm on the low grounds. We had a cucumber
tree and a leather tree.

In all, about one hundred varieties of trees
grew here. Our forests have become the prey
of the woodman's ax. There has been no
voice raised efi'ectively to restrain the destruc-
tion, wanton as it has been, of the best speci-
mens of the pine which the eye of man ever
saw, the growth of hundreds of years felled
to the ground, scarified, hauled to the streams,
tumbled in, and floated away to the south and
east and west for the paltry pittance of ten
cents a foot. Oh that there could have been
some power to restrain the grasping, wasteful,
avaricious cupidity of man, or some voice of
thunder crying, "Woodman, woodman, spare
that tree ! That old familiar forest tree, whose
glory and renown has spread over land and
sea. and wouldst thou hack it. down?"

But they are gone, all gone from the moun-
tain's brow. The hands, also that caused the
destruction are now moldering into dust, thus
exemplifying the law of nature, that growth
is rapidly followed by decay, indicating a
common destiny and bringing a uniform
result. And such are we. It is our lot thus
to die and be forgotten.

The southern portion of Jefferson county
was mostly covered with white oak, black oak.
rock oak, chestnut, sugar, beech and hickory.
The rock areas of northern Jefferson were
covered with pine and hemlock, with scarcely
a trace of white oak. There is still a consid-
erable quantity of marketable hemlock left.
White oak, chestnut, sugar, beech and hickory
were the principal kinds of wood on the cleared

lands, white oak being found mostly on the
high uplands. There were four kinds of
maple, four of ash, five of hickory, eight of
oak, three of birch, four of willow, four of
poplar, four of pine, and from one to three
of each of the other varieties. The following
arc the names of all of them: Sweet bay,
cucumber, elkwood, long-leaved cucumber,
white basswood, toothache tree, wafer ash,
spindle tree, Indian cherry, feted buckeye,
sweet buckeye, striped maple, sugar maple,
white maple, red maple, ash-leaved maple,
staghorn sumach, dwarf sumach, poison elder,
locust, coffee nut, honey locust, judas tree,
wildplum, hog plum, red cherry, black cherry,
crabapple, cockspur, thorn, scariet haw, black-
thorn, Washington thorn, service tree, witch-
hazel, sweet gum, dogwood, boxwood, sour
gum,'sheepberry, stagbush, sorrel tree, spoon-
wood, rose bay, southern buckthorn, white
ash, red ash, green ash, black ash, fringe tree,
catalpa, sassafras, red elm, white elm, rock
elm. hackberry, red mulberry, sycamore, but-
ternut, walnut, bitternut, pignut, kingnut,
shagbark, white hickory, swamp white oak,
chestnut oak, yellow oak, red oak, shingle
oak, chinquapin, chestnut, ironwood, lever-
wood, beech, gray birch, red birch, black
birch, black alder, speckled alder, black willow,
sandbar willow, almond willow, glaucous wil-
low, aspen, two varieties of soft poplar, two
varieties of cottonwood, two varieties of neck-
lace poplar, lirioderidron (incorrectly called
poplar), white cedar, red cedar, white pine,
hemlock, balsam, fir, hickory, pine, pitch pine
or yellow pine, red pine, Virginia date, and
forest olive. In addition to the above were
numerous wild berries, vines, etc.

Many of these trees were lofty, magnificent,
and valuable, and were not surpassed in any
State in the Union. The State schoolbook of
1840 taught that two of our varieties were dis-
tinctive and peculiar to Pennsylvania, viz., the
cucumber and umbrella tree, or elkwood. I
will stop to say here, that the woods then were
full of sweet singing birds and beautiful
flowers; hence some old pioneer called the
settlement "Paradi,se."

For the last fifty years a great army of
woodmen have been and are yet, to-day,
hacking down these "monarchs of the forest,"
and floating or conveying them or their prod-
uct to market. I need not mentiou our tan-
neries or sawmills of to-day. But now

Look abroad: another race has filled these mountain

forests, wid^ the wood recedes,
,\nd towns shoot up, and fertile lands are tilled by

hardy mountaineers.

[EFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

LUMBERINc; AND RAFTING

The lumber trade of Jefferson county was
once a great business, and it has now entirely
disappeared. The first act that Joseph Bar-
nett did after erecting a cabin home was to
erect a sawmill on Mill creek. This was in
1797. His sawmill was primitive, raised by
nine Indians and five white men.

The earliest form of a sawmill was a "saw
pit." In it lumber was sawed in this way:
Two men at the saw, one man standing above
the ]jit, the other man in the pit, the two men
sawing the log on trestles above. Saws are
prehistoric. The ancients used "bronzed
saws." Sawmills were first run by "individual
power," and waterpower was first used in
Germany about 1322. The primitive water
sawmill consisted of a wooden pitman attached
to the shaft of the wheel. The log to be sawed
was placed on rollers, sustained by a frame-
work over the wheel, and was fed forward on
the rollers by means of levers worked by
hand. The pioneer sawmill erected in the
United States was near or on the dividing line
of Maine and New Hampshire, in 1634.

Our early up-and-down sawmills were built
of frame timbers mortised, tenoned, and
pinned together with oak pins. In size these
mills were from twenty to thirty feet wide and
from fifty to sixty feet in length, and were
roofed with clapboards, slabs or boards. The
running gear was an undershot flutter wheel,
a gig wheel to run the log carriage back, and a
bull wheel with a rope or chain attached to
haul the logs into the mill on and over the
slide. The capacity of such a mill was about
four thousand feet of boards in twenty-four
hours. The total cost of one of these up-and-
down sawmills when completed was about
three hundred dollars for iron used and two
hundred dollars for the work and material.
Luther Ceer, an old pioneer, built about
twenty-eight of such mills in Jefferson county.

Moses Knaj)]) was the pioneer pilot on Red
l!ank creek. The pi(jneer board raft contained
about eight thousand feet of boards. Pilots
received but two dollars per trip and found;
common hands but one dollar per trip and
found. In 1833 a common hand for rafting
on Red Bank creek was paid one dollar and
fifty cents and cx])eiises. In 1866 a pilot for
one trip on Red Bank creek received twenty
dollars and exi)enses, a common hand ten dol-
lars for a trip and ex])enses. They wore red
and blue flannel shirts with .-igate shirt but-
tons decorated in fantastic siia^ies over them.
The pioneer pilots steered the raft then with

the front oar. The pioneer oars and stems
were then hewn out of a single dry pine tree.
Elijah M. Uraham was the first to saw oar
blades separate from the stem.

The first lot of lumber which Barnett and
Scott sent down the Red Bank was a small
platform of timber with poles instead of oars
as the jjropelling power.

The first flat-boat that descended Red Bank
was piloted by Samuel Knapp, in full Indian
costume. In 1832 or 1833 two boats went
down loaded with sawed lumber owned by
Uriah Matson, which found a good market in
Cincinnati, with the proceeds of which Matson
purchased the goods with which he opened his
store at Brookville.

Up to 1840 there were but two or three
gristmills in the county, but more than four
times as many sawmills, and the export of the
county was lumber solely, unless venison hams
be included. Two million feet of white pine
boards, etc., were cut in 1830 and rafted down
the Big Mahoning, Red Bank or Sandy Lick
creeks, and Clarion river, to the Allegheny
river, and thence to Pittsburgh and other
towns on the Ohio.

Lumbering was carried on very moderately
until about 1847, when some ex])erienced
"Yankees'" in that line from Maine and New
York came into the county and engaged in the
industry, giving it quite an impetus. In
1854 the lumber trade of the Red Bank valley
was estimated at over twenty million feet ; on
the North Fork there were twenty-two saws
cutting ten million ; on Sandy Lick and its
branches, twenty saws, cutting ten millions;
and on Red Bank and Little Sandy, fifteen
saws, cutting three million five hundred
thousand : total estimate, forty-three million
five hundred thousand feet. To this may be
added at least five million shingles, and about
one million two'hundred thousand feet linear
or square feet of timber, or about three mil-
lion cubic feet.

Before the creation of the Red I'ank and
Mahoning Navigation Comiianies, rafting,
owing to the obstructions in the channel, etc..
was extremely difficult and hazardous, but
these companies expended large sums to re-
move obstructions and otherwise improve the
streams. Before this was done board rafts
run out of Red Bank contained from twenty
thousand to twenty-five thousand feet ; the
stream imiiroved, they contained in many
instances fifty thousand.

On the Clarion river and its tributaries there
was m.arketed annually not less than thirty
million feet of boards, 'i'his outi)Ut, in con-

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XO\=T 'J0J.3V

XHOA /Viji.; H.ii

ir^ >-EV/ YORK

PiJ^UC LIBRARY

ASTOF?, L^NOX

/'I

'' VlfJ/f

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

uection with the timber float, made the trade
on that river worth over four hundred thou-
sand dollars. You will see from this review
that the annual trade from these streams
exceeded one million dollars. In addition,
millions of shingles were marketed, and five
or six flat boats were marketed each year.

At the spring flood of i(S69. seventy-four
board and three hundred and fifty timber rafts
were run out of Red Bank, containing over
two million five hundred thousand feet of
boards, and six hundred thousand of square
timber.

In 1872 there were run ont of Red Bank,
from the waters of Sandy Lick, North Fork,
Little Sandy and Red liank. nine hundred and
seventeen timber, and five hundred and seventy
board rafts. The timber rafts from the three
former streams averaged sixteen thousand
feet per raft, and those from Little Sandy, one
thousand feet ; the board rafts ran from
twenty-five thousand to fifty thousand, mak-
ing a total nm for the year of one million five
iiundred thousand feet of square timber, and
twenty million feet of boards. These com-
prised the "runs" of one hundred and fifty
individuals and firms, averaging from one to
one hundred rafts each.

In 1873 eight of the principal lumber firms
on the North Fork, .*>andy Lick and Red Bank
sent to market four hundred and twenty-eight
board rafts, containing from thirty thousand
to fifty thousand feet per raft, and over one
hundred timber rafts. The largest of these
rafts came from the mill of .\. Bell & Co., on
.^andy Lick. To this should be added the
product of the Mahoning and Little Toby, of
whicJi no statistics are ol)tainal>ie.

On March 30. 1877, the output in the .Sandy.
Xorth h'ork and Red Bank was as follows :
Sandy — C. M. & J. Mr Garri.son, three mil-
lion, five thousand feet; Mill Creek — R. J.
Niciiolson, four million feet ; North Fork —
Jackson, Moore & Co., three and a half mil-
lion feet: Five Mile nm — R. D. Taylor, two
million feet ; Sandy — N. Carrier & Co., ex-
ceeding two million feet ; -Sandy — Andrews
& O'Donnel, one million feet ; North Fork —
T. K. Litch, one and a half million feet ; Sandy
— A. Bell & Son, three million feet : Mill
creek — J. Humphrey, one million feet.

The last square timber raft run on the
Clarion was taken down in 1900. The raft
was from Wynkoop's, owned by James O'Har-
rah and piloted by William Boyd.

The last great output was in 1903. when
fort\- million feet were run to market. Of
this ereat run over thirt\- million feet was

white oak. This was the last run of white
oak.

Keelboating and steamboating ceased on
the .Allegheny river in 1868.

Rafting a trip from Brookville to the Alle-
gheny river required less than two days, a
week was usually spent at the mouth in free-
ing rafts from the gorge and rearranging them
for the three days' run from the mouth to
Pittsburgh, and it was customary to "gorge"
all rafts at the mouth of Red Bank creek
instead of running them out into the river
and there coupling them up for the run to
Pittsburgh. (Jne who has never seen the ex-
tensi\e lumbering business of those days or one
of these gorges at the mouth can form no idea
of its extent or importance. I cannot describe
what I have seen there in the way of "jam
and gorge," and I do not believe any old pilot
or lumberman can. Flatboats, board and tim-
ber rafts were jammed so closely in these
gorges at the mouth that they bridged the
stream completely frequently for a mile, some
places two or three rafts deep. In this mael-
strom rafts were frequently turned upside
dow-n and others were torn to pieces. When
a raft and crew reached this point, on the
creek, the front oar had to be unshijiped and
the crew run and jump for their lives. Any
old pilot in Brookville can verify these facts.
This gorge always caused great loss andangrs'
dis[)Utes among our lumbermen. .About 1866
they developed in lumbering so far as to keep
the channel partly open and "coupled up" all
rafts in the river.

The lowest price paid for timber was 2 2-3
cents ])er cubic foot. This was in 1846. The
highest price per cubic foot was 27 cents.
This was paid in 1863. In 1857 good pine
lumber sold from seven to twelve cents per
cubic foot. The lowest price paid for boards
was three dollars per thousand in 1826-1836.
The highest price per thousand was thirty
dollars, in 1864.

X.WIG.VTIOX COMPANIES

The Red Bank Navigation Company was
incorporated by an act of the Legislature May
17, 1854, by which Thomas K. Litch, Thomas
Reynolds, Daniel Smith, Darius Carrier and
Patrick Keer were appointed commissioners
to carry out the provisions of said act.

The third section of the act gave the com-
pany power to clean and clear the Red Bank,
Sandy Lick and North Fork from all rocks,
bars and other obstructions ; to erect dams and
locks ; to bracket and regulate all dams now

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

erected; to regulate the chutes of dams; to
control the waters for purposes of navigation ;
to levy tolls not exceeding one and one-fourth
cents for each and even^ five miles of improved
creek, per thousand feet of boards or other
sawed stuff, for every fifty feet, lineal
measure, of square or other timber. These
tolls were to be collected at the mouth of Red
Bank, or at such other points as was deemed
necessary. This section also provided for the
appointment of officers and agents to carry the
provisions of the bill into effect.

Under the provisions of this act the streams
were greatly imjiroved, and during the first
three years the tolls collected amounted to over
three thousand dollars, the greater part of
which sum was expended in improving the
channels.

The company was organized August 2, 1856,
by electing Thomas K. Litch, president ; P.
Taylor. C. H. Prescott, Michael Best and R.
J. Nicholson, directors, and Paul Darling,
secretary.

The last officers, elected in 1S82, were: T.
K. Litch, president; S. S. Jackson, N. Carrier,
Jr., G. B. Carrier and Abel Fuller, directors.

Thomas K. Utch was continued as president
from August 2, 1856, until August 18, 1866,
when I. G. Gordon was elected. He held the
office until December 27, 1873, when Mr. Litch
was again elected, and remained the president
until his death in 1882.

A. L. Gordon was appointed secretary,
treasurer and collector, October 27, 1886, and
served a couple of years, until Qiarles Corbet
was appointed to perform these duties.

In 1830 Robert P. Barr came to Brookville,
and about 1832 bought what is now the Cook
mill site and two hundred acres of land on the
North Fork. In 1834-35 he built an up-and-
down sawmill near where the present mill
stands, and in 1836 erected a gristmill, on the
location of the present one. I knew Mr. Barr
well. He was a good business man for that
day, and was a useful citizen. In addition to
running his sawmill and gristmill he manu-
factured brick. In 1849 he sold out to Thomas
K. Litch and others, and moved to the State
of Iowa.

Mr. Litch moved to Brookville in 1850. His
sawmill was destroyed by fire in 1S56, but was
at once replaced by him with a better one. The
new mill had a circular saw, the first one used
in Jefferson county. Mr. Litch plotted .some
of his land lying in the borough, and sold it off
in lots, in what is now called "Litchtown."
For the period of three years before the saw-
mill closed down Mr. Cook in operating the

property carried some eight hundred men on
his pa}»roll.

Good-bye, old mill. I have seen and heard
you all my life.

The Mahoning Navigation Company was
created under an act of Assembly July 31,
1845. There was no organization, but an act
of assembly of August 10, 1858, under
which, an organization was effected and which
continued until the industry ceased.

PIONEER FL.ATEO.\TS, TIPPLES, ETC.

The pioneer keelboat built on these western
waters was made at Pittsburgh in 1811, the
"New Orleans." The first river steamboat
was built in 18 17.

The pioneer boats in what is now Jeft'erson
county were built at Port Barnett for the trans-
portation of Center county pig metal. In 1830
they were built on the North Fork for the
same purpose. In after years, about 1840
when tipples were used, boats were built and
tipples erected at the following points, viz. :
At Findley's, on Sandy Lick, by Nieman and
D. S. Chitister; at Brookville, by John Smith;
at Troy, by Peter Lobaugh ; at Heathville, by
A. B. Paine and Arthur O'Donnell; at the
mouth of Little Sandy, by William Bennett;
at Robinson's Bend, by Hance Robinson. This
industry along Red Bank was maintained by
the charcoal furnaces of Clarion and Arm-
strong counties. The boats were sold at the
Olean bridge at Broken Rock, and sold again
at Pittsburgh for coal barges. Some of the
boats were sold for the transportation of salt
to the South from Freeport. The industrj^ on
Red Bank ceased in the fifties.

Anthony and Jacob Eshbaugh built scaffolds
and boats for the dealers on Red Bank. The
pioneer boat was sixteen feet wide and forty
feet long. These boats were always built from
the best lumber that could be made from the
choicest timber that grew in our forests. Each
gunwale was hewed out of the straightest
pine tree that was to be found, viz., twenty-
eight inches high at the "rake," fourteen
inches at the stern, ten inches thick,
and forty feet long, two gunwales to a
boat. The ties were hewed six inches thick,
with a six-inch face, mortised, dovetailed and
keyed into the gimwale six feet apart. The
six "streamers" for a boat were sawed three
by twelve inches, sixteen feet long, and
"pinned" to the ties with one pin'in the middle
of each steamer. These pins were made of
white oak one and a half inches square and ten
inches long. The plank for the "bottoms" was

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

first-class white pine one and a half inches
thick, and pinned to the streamers and gun-
wales with white oak pins, calked with flax or
tow. All pioneer boats were built on the
ground and turned by about ten men — and a
gallon of whisky — over and on a bed made of
brush to keep the planks in the bottom from
springing. All boats were "sided up" with
white oak studding two and a half by five
inches and six feet (high) long. Each stud-
ding was mortised into a gunwale, two feet
apart. Inside the boat a siding eighteen inches
high was pinned on. These boats were sold
in Pittsburgh, to be used as coal barges for
the transportation of coal to the lower Missis-
sippi. The boats were manned and run by
two or three men, the pilot always at the stern.
The oar, stem and blade wefe made the same
as for ordinary rafts. The pioneer boats were
tied and landed with halyards made of twisted
hickory saplings. The size of these boats in
1843 was eighteen feet wide and eighty feet
long, built on tipples similar to the present
method. The boats are now made from one
hundred and twenty to one hundred and fifty
feet long and from twenty to twenty-four feet
wide, and from spliced gunwales.

More than sixty years ago boats were built
on the Big Toby at Maple creek, Cooksburg,
Clarington, Millstone, Wynkoop. Spring
creek, Irvine and Ridgway. The pioneer
boat was probably built at Maple Creek by
William Reynolds. The pioneer boats were
gems of the art as compared with those made
to-day. Now the gunwales are spliced up of
pieces to make the required length, and the
•boats are made of hemlock. The industry,
however, is carried on more extensively on
the Clarion now than ever for the same market.

From this time, as has been the case for
several years past, the boat bottom will be of
hemlock, patched of many pieces, spiked to-
gether instead of built with long oak pins, and
will have to be handled with care to ser\^e the
purpose. Of this kind of boat bottoms there
is small danger of scarcity.

ACTS OF ASSEMBLY RELATING TO STREAMS

In 1850 the waters of what is now called the
Clarion river were as clear as crystal, pure as
life and gurgled into the river from the moun-
tain springs. In early times this river was
called Stump creek. It was called Toby's
creek as early as 1758, and as late as i860. In
an act of the Legislature of 1822 authorizing
the erection of a dam, the stream was called
"Toby's creek, otherwise called Clarion."

In 1855-56 there was one colored teamster
in Ridgway, viz., Charles Matthews. He
also rafted on the Clarion river and a famous
pilot he was, too. On his return trips he had
to pass through Jeft'erson county. In 1856 he
was subpoenaed to our court on a liquor case.
Charles was put on the stand and asked if the
defendant ever sold him any liquor. His
answer was, "Yes sah, I have bought a little
medicine at times." "Well, what did you do
with the medicine?" Matthews slowly said,
"Well sah, up in Ridgway where I comes from
when we has to take medicine, sah, we gen-
erally drinks it, and I reckon, sah, I takes dis
medicine dataway."

The Red Bank is not the same old stream
that it used to be when I was a boy. It's not
the same old bank I strolled along, whistling
notes of joy. •

In 1798 Red Bank was designated by legal
statute as Sandy Lick, but later, by common
acceptance, the name Sandy Lick was applied
to that portion above where the North Fork
unites, and Red Bank from Brookville to the
mouth.

There was a flood in this stream in 1806
which reached eight or ten feet up the trees
on the flats.

One thousand dollars was appropriated by
the act of Assembly "making appropriations
for certain internal improvements," approved
March 24, 1817, for the purpose of improving
this creek, and Levi Gibson and Samuel C.
Orr were appointed commissioners to superin-
tend the application of the money. By the
act of April 4, 1826, "Sandy Lick, or Red Bank
Creek," was declared a public highway only
for the passage of boats, rafts, etc., descending
it. That act also made it lawful for all persons
owning lands adjoining this stream to erect
milldams across it, and other waterworks along
it, to keep them in good repair, and draw off
enough water to operate them on their own
land, but required them to make a slope from
the top, descending fifteen feet for every foot
the dam is high, and not less than forty feet
in breadth, so as to afford a good navigation,
and not to infringe the rights and privileges of
any owner of private property.

An act declaring the rivers Ohio and .Alle-
gheny, and certain branches thereof, public
highways :

"Section i. Be it enacted, etc.. That from
and after the passing of this act, .... Toby's
Creek, from the mouth up to the second fork
(now Clarion river, and Johnsonburg was th^
second fork), .... Sandy Lick, or Red Bank
creek, from the mouth up to the second great

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

fork, lie, and the same arc lu-ifl)y tleclarcd to
be, public streams and liighways for tlie ]jas-
sagc of boats and rafts; and it sh.all and may
be lawful for the inliabitants or others
desirous of using the na\igation of the said
river and branches thereof to remove all
natural obstructions in the said ri\er and
branches aforesaid." Passed March 21. 1798.

The first fork was at ISrookville's site, the
second great fork, which is the North Fork,
at Port liamett.

iiSoS, — l!ig Mahoning declared a public
highway from its mouth up to the mouth of
Canoe creek, and ])erniission given and
regulated to erect dams in said creek.

1N17. — Two hundred dollars a]Ji)ropriated
by the .'^tate "for the purpose of im]iroving
tile na\igation of Toby's creek."

iSf". — .\ppropriation l)y the Slate of eight
hundred dollars "for the pur]iose of removing
obstructions in Big Mahoning creek, and im-
proving the navigation of the same between
the mouth of Little Mahoning ;uid the con-
fluence of said creek with the ri\er .\1-
legheny."

1S17. — One tlKJHsand dollars .ipproprialed
by the Stale "for the ])ur])0se of improving the
na\igatioii of Red Pinik creek from the mouth
thereof as far up as it is declared na\igable."

iSjO. — .Sandy Lick creek declared ;i i)uhlic
highway up to Henry X'lilf's s,-[\\inill in the
county of Jefferson.

1826. — .Sandy Lick or Red iiank creek de-
clared a ])ublic highway from the eastern
boundary of Jefferson county to its mouth, for
the i)assage of descending l)oats. rafts, etc.:
;uid ])ermission granted, and regulations
prescribed, for the erection of d.inis in said
creek,

1828. — Little Toby's creek, in llie cnuiities
of Clearfield and Jefferson, from the mouth of
John ShafTer's mill run, on the main branch
of Toby's creek, and from the forks of I'.randv
Camp for Kersey creek) to the Clarion river,
declared a public highway for the jiassage of
rafts, boats and other craft, and permission
given to erect and regulate dams on s.'iid
creek.

1833. — North Fork creek, in Jefferson
county, from its mouth to Ridgway, declared a
I)ublic highway.

1833. — llig Mahoning creek declared a
])ublic highway from the mouth of Canoe
creek to the forks of Stun)]) creek in Jefferson
county.

1842. — Chutes of dams on the Red li.ink
and .Sandy Lick creek to be twenty feet long
for every one foot high.

1845. — fncorporation of the Mahoning
.Vavigation Company authorized, and J. W.
Jenks, \\ illiam Campbell and James Torrence
ajjpointed commissioners to procure books,
solicit subscriptions and organize the coiupany,

1846. — An act relating to datiis and ob-
structions in the Clarion river.

The act. No. 189, declaring Little Toby's
creek, Black Lick creek. Little Oil creek, and
Clark's creek public highways :

"Section 1. Be it enacted, etc.. That from
;ind after the passage of this act Little Toby's
creek, in the counties of Clearfield and Jeffer-
son, from the mouth of John Shaffer's mill
run, on the main branch of Toby's creek, and
from the fork of Brandy Cami) (or Kersey
creek) to the Clarion river, .... be, and the
same are hereby declared, public highways for
ihe passage of rafts, boats, and other craft,
and it shall and may be lawful for, etc.'' The
same jjrovisions followed here as in No. 129.

"Approved — the fourteenth day of .Ajiril,
A. D. one thousand eight hundred and twenty-
eight.

"J. A.N'DVV. SCHULZIi,

"Governor."

By the act of .\ssembly of March 21, 1S08,
Mahoning creek was declared to be a jniblic
highway for the ])assage of rafts, boats and
other \essels from its confluence with the .Alle-
gheny river to the mouth of Canoe creek, in
Indiana county. That act authorized the
inh,-d)itants along its banks, and others desirous
of using it for navigation, to remove all
natural ,ind artificial obstructions in it, excejjt
dams for mills and other waterworks, and to
erect slo])es at the mill- and other dams, which
luust be so constructed as not to injure the
works of such d.ims. .\ny person owning or
possessing lands .along this stream had the
liberty to construct dams across it, subject,
however, to the restriction and provisions of
the general act authorizing the riparian owners
to erect dams for mills on navigable streaius.
\\'illi;im Travis and Jose])h ^Llrshall were
;ipl)ointed to sii])(Tinleiid the ex])endilure of
eight hundri-il dollars for the improxement of
ibis stre.ini, ;iuthorized by the act of March
24, 1817, to whom ail order for their services
for two hundred and one dollars was issued by
the commissioners of this countv December 2"?,
1818.

The act of Legislature, No. 129, detlaring
part of Big M.ahoning creek a public highway,
ai)])roved .April 13, 1833. reads as follows:

".Section 2. From and after the passage of
this act. thai part of Big Mahoning creek in

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

Jefferson county, from the mouth of Canoe
creek, in said county, is hereby declared a
public highway for the passage of rafts, boats,
and other crafts ; and it shall and may be law-
ful for persons desirous of using the navigation
of said creek between the jjoints aforesaid
to remove all natural and artificial obstruc-
■tions from the bed or channel of said
creek, except dams for mills and other water-
works, and also to erect such slopes at the
mill- or jother dams on said creek as may be
necessary for the passage of rafts, boats, and
other vessels. Provided, such slopes be so
constructed as not to injure the works of such
dams. And ])rovidcd also, that any person or
persons owning or possessing lands on said
creek shall have liberty to construct any dam
or dams across the same, agreeably and sub-
ject to all the restrictions and ])rovisions of an
act of the tieneral .\ssembly of this Common-
wealth, passed the twenty-third day of March,
one thousand eight hundred and three, entitled
'.\n Act to authorize any person or persons
owning lands adjoining navigable streams of
water declared public highways to erect dams
on such streams inr mill and other water
works.' "

An act, No. 64, declaring the North Fork of
Sandy Lick creek, in the county of Jefferson
from the mouth thereof to Ridgway, in said
county, a public highway, was ajjproved the
thirteenth day of March, A. D. one thou.sand
eight hundred and thirtv-three, bv Cov. George
Wolf.

PIONEER AGRICliLTtJRE

For many years after its establishment the
county was largely a hunting ground for
whites and Indians. But gradually agriculture
came to have its ])lace among the important
industries.

For convenience in description I may here
state that the soil of Jefferson county was
covered in sections with two dift'erent growths
of timber, viz.: Sections of oaks and other
hardwood timber, with imderbrush anfl sap-
lings — some of these sections were called the
barrens ; and sections covered with a dense
and hea\y growth of pine, hemlock, poplar,
cucumber, liass, ash. sugar and beech, with
saplings, down timlier and underljrush in great
])rofusion. The mode of clearing in these
different sections was not the same. In the
first mentioned or sparsely covered sections
the preliminary work was grubbing. The
saplings and underbrush had to be grubbed up
and out with a mattock and piled in brush
])iles. One man coulfl usually grub an acre

in four days, or the work could be let as a job
for two dollars ])er acre and board. The
standing timber then was usually girdled or
deadened, and allowed to fall down in the
crops from year to year, to be chopped and
rolled ill hea|)s every spring. In the dense or
heavy growth timber the preliminary work was
underbrnshing, cutting the sapling close to the
ground, piling the brush or not, as the neces-
sity of the case seemed to require. The second
step was the cutting of all standing timber,
which, too, had to be brushed and cut into
twelve- or fifteen-foot lengths. This latter
work was always a winter's job for the farmer,
and the buds of these falling trees made
excellent browsing feed for his cattle. In the
spring-time, after the brush had become
thoroughly dry, and in a dry time, a good
burn of the brush, if possible, was ob-
tained. The next part of the process was
logging, usually after harvest. This required
the lal)or of fi\e men and a team of oxen —
one driver for the o.xen and two men at each
end of the log-heap. Neighbors would
"morrow" with each other, and on such
occasions each neighbor usually brought his
handspike. This was a round pole, made of
lieech, dog or iron wood, without any iron on
or in it, about six feet long, and sharpened at
the large end. Logs were rolled on the spike
over skids. Sometimes the cattle were made
to draw or roll the logs on the heap. These
Ijiles were burned, and the soil was then ready
for the drag or the triangular harrow. I have
looked like a negro many a time while working
at this logging. Then money was scarce,
labor jjlenty and cheap, and amusements few,
hence grubbing, chopping, and logging
"frolics" were frec|uent and popular. For each
frolic one or more two-gallon jugs of whisky
would be indispensable. A jolly good time
was had, as well as a good dinner and supper,
and every one in the neighborhood expected
an invitation.

As there was a fence Ijiw then, act of 1700,
the ground had to lie fenced, according to this
law, "horse-high, bull-strong, and hog-tight,"
Efforts were made by the pioneer to enforce
this law in four ways. viz. : First, by slashing
tree's and placing brush upon the trees ; second,
l)v using the logs from the clearing for the
])urpose of a fence; third, by a post and rail
fence, built straight, and the end of each rail
sharjiened and fastened in a mortised ])Ost ;
fourth, by the common rail or worm fence.
These rails were made of ash. hickory, chest-
nut, linn and pine. I have made them by con-
tract jirice myself.

TEFFERSOX COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

The Pennsylvania fence law of 1700 was
repealed by an act approved June 23, 1885.

IMPLEMENTS

The tools of the pioneer were the ax, six-
inch auger, drawing knife, shaving knife,
hroadax and crosscut saw. These were all
used in the erection of his shelters. The dex-
terity of the pioneer in the sleight and use of
the ax was remarkable, indeed marvelous. He
used it in clearing land, making fences, chop-
ping firewood, cutting paths and roads, build-
ing cabins, bridges and corduroy. In fact, in
all work and hunting, in traveling by land, in
canoeing and rafting on the water, the ax
was ever the friend and companion of the
pioneer.

one solid piece. The plough was all cast iron,
except the beam and handles. The importance
of this invention was so great that it attracted
the attention of ploughmakers and scientific
men all over the country. Thomas Jefferson
(afterwards president of the United States)
wrote a treatise on ploughs, with a particular
reference to the Newbold plough. He de-
scribed the requisite form of the moldboard,
according to scientific principles, and calculated
the proper form and curvature of the mold-
board to lessen the friction and lighten the
draught.

The Newbold plough would have been
Ijerfect had it not been for one serious defect.
When the point, for instance, was worn out,
which would soon be accomplished, the plough
was ruined and had to be thrown aside. This

ox YUKl-. A\|i 11 \ LAN I 1 I-

The early axes were called pole-axes. They
were rude, clumsy and heavy, with a single
bit. About 1815 an improved Yankee single-
bit ax was introduced, but it was too clumsy.
In about 1825 the present doubk>l)itted ax
came to be occasionally used, and machinery
began to be used a little in agriculture, but not
in Jefferson county until after 1840.'

I have seen wooden ploughs, but I have
seen them with the iron shoe pointed and
colted. These were still in use in the late
thirties. I have driven an ox-team to the drag
or triangular harrow. This was the ]irinci]ial
im|)lcnK-nt used in seeding ground, l)oth liefore
and after the introduction of the shovel-]5lough
in 1843.

The greatest improvement ever made on
j)loughs, in this or any other country, was made
Ijy Charles Newbohl, of P.urlinglon, N. J., and
patented in IJV/- 1 he nioki-lioard, share,
landslide and point were all cast together in

defect, however, was happily remedied by
Jethro Wood, who was the first to cast the
plough in sections, so that the parts most
exposed to wear could be replaced from the
same jjattern, by which means the cast-iron
ploughs became a complete success. His
plough was patented in 1819, twenty-two years
after Newbold's patent. It is a wonder that
so long a time should have elapsed before any
one thought of this improvement. These two
men did more for the farmers in relation to
ploughs than any others before their time.

In harvest time the grain was first reaped
with a sickle ; then came the cradle. In my
boyhood all the lying grain thrown down by
the storms was still reaped with a sickle. I
carry the evidence of this on my finger. A
day's work was about two acres. McCormick
perfected his reaper in 1848. Grain was
usually threshed by a flail, though some
tramped it out with horses. By the flail ten

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

bushels of wheat or twenty bushels of oats
was a good day's work. Men who traveled
around threshing on shares with the flail
charged every tenth bushel, including board.
The tramping was done by horses and by
farmers who had good or extra bam floors.
The sheaves were laid in a circle, a man stood
in the middle of the circle to turn up and over
the straw as needed, and then, with a boy to
ride one horse and lead another, the "tramp-
ing" in this circuit commenced. This was hard
work for the boy ; it made him tired and sore
where he sat down. I know this from ex-
perience. To prevent dizziness, the circuit
was frequently reversed. One man, a boy and
two horses could tramp out. in this way, in a
day about fifteen bushels of wheat or thirty-
five bushels of oats. Grain was cleaned by
means of two hand riddles, one coarse and one
fine. These riddles had no iron or steel about
them, the bottom of each being made of
wooden splints woven in. The riddles were
two and a half feet in diameter and the rings
about four inches wide. Three men were re-
, quired to clean the grain — one to shake the
riddle, while two others, one at each end of a
tow sheet, doubled swayed the sheet to and
fro in front of the man shaking the riddle.
These three men, in this way, could clean
about ten or fifteen bushels of wheat in a day.
This process was practiced in the early twen-
ties. Windmills came into use about 1825.

HAYING IN THE OLDEN TIME

Haying in the old days was a much more
formidable yearly undertaking than it is to
modern farmers. Before the era of labor-
•saving haying implements farmers began the
work early in the day and season, and toiled
hard until about September. Human muscles
were trained to exert a force equal to the then
unused horsepower. On large farms man
"hands" were required. Haying was an event
of importance in the farmer's year. It made a
great demand upon his time, strength, and
pocketbook. His best helpers were engaged
long in advance, sometimes a whole season.
Ability to handle a scythe well entitled a man
to respect while haying lasted. Experts took
as much pains with the scythe as with a razor.
Boys of today have never seen such a sight as
a dozen stalwart men mowing a dozen-acre
field.

On the first day of haying, almost before
the sun was up, the men would be at the field
ready to begin. The question to be settled at
the very outset was as to which man should

cut the double. This was the first swath to be
cut down and back through the center of the
field.

The boys brought up the rear in the line of
the mowers. Their scythes were hung well in,
to cut a narrow swath. They were told to
stand up straight when mowing, point in, keep
the heel of the scythe down and point out
evenly, so as not to leave hog troughs on the
meadow when the hay was raked up. Im-
■ patient of these admonitions, they thought they
could mow pretty well and looked ambitiously
forward to a time when they might cut the
double. I always worked in the rear line.

Undoubtedly, life on a farm is full of labor
and solicitude, but so is life in every other vo-
cation. The farmer has to fight a constant
battle with insects, the elements, the sharpers,
the railroads, etc.. but every other man has
the same sort of battle to fight with just as
dangerous enemies.

Thirty-nine out of every forty lawyers,
sixty-one out of every sixty-two bankers,
ninety-one out of ever}' ninety-three mer-
chants, eighty-seven out of every eighty-eight
manufacturers and capitalists, and ninety-nine
out of every hundred in all other professions
and trades, die in poverty and bankruptcy,
while, on the other hand, one hundred and
forty-nine out of every one hundred and
fifty farmers die surrounded with comfort and
plenty.

It might be proper to say here that the first
agricultural society in America was organized
in Pennsylvania in 1784.

M.\PLE SUGAR MAKING

One of the pioneer industries in Jefferson
county was maple sugar making. Maple sugar
was first made in New England in 1752. The
sugar season commenced either in the last of
February or the first of March. In any event,
at this time the manufacturer always visited
his camp to see or set things in order. The
camp was a small cabin made of logs, povered
usually with clapboards, and open at one end.
The fireplace or crane and hooks were made
in this way: Before the opening in the cabin
four wooden forks were set deeply in the
ground, and on these forks was suspended a
strong pole. On this pole was hung the hook
of a limb, with a pin in the lower end to hang
the kettle on. An average camp had about
three hundred trees, and it required six kettles,
averaging about twenty-two gallons each, to
boil the water from that many trees. The

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

trees were ta])pe(l in \arious ways: First,
with a three-c|uartcr-iiK-h aiifjer, one or two
inches deep; in this hole was put a round s])ile
about eighteen inches long, made of sumach
or whittled pine, two spiles to a tree. The
later way was by cutting a hollow notch in the
tree and putting the sjiile below with a gouge.
This spile was made of pine or some other
soft wood. When a boy I lived over five years
with loscpli and James McCurdy, in what is
now \Vashington township. Indeed, all I say
here about this industry I learned from and
while with them. At the camp there were
always from one to three storage troughs made
of cucumber or poplar, and each trough held
from ten barrels uinvard. Three hundred trees
required a storage of thirty barrels and steady
boiling with six kettles. The small troughs
under the trees were made of pine and cucum-
ber and held from three to six gallons. We
hauled the water to the storage troughs with
one horse and a kind of "jjung," the barrel
being kept in its ]ilace by ])lank just far enough
apart to hold it tight. In the fireplace there
was a large backlog and one a little smaller in
front. The fire was kc])! up late and early with
smaller wood s])lit in lengths of about three
feet. We boiled the water into a thick syru]),
then strained it through a woolen cloth while
hot into the syru]) barrel. When it had set-
tled, and Iiefore putting it on to "sugar off,"
we strained it the second time. During this
sugaring we skimmed the scum ofi with a tin
skimmer and claril'ied the syrup in the kettle
with eggs well beaten in sweet milk.

The "sugaring off'' was always done in
cloudy or cold days, when the trees wouldn't
run "sap." (.)ne barrel of sugar water, from
a sugar tree, in the beginning of the season,
would make from five to seven pounds of
sugar. The sugar was always made during
the first of the sea.son. The sugar was made
in cakes, or "stirred off" in a granulated con-
dition, and sold in the market for from six
.-md a (luarler to twelve and a half cents a
])0und. In "sugaring off," the syru]) had to be
fre(|iiently samjiled by dropping some of jt in
a tin of cold water, and if the molasses formed
a "thread" that was brittle like glass, it was
fit to stir. I was good at sampling, and always
anxious to try the syruj), as James McCurdy
could substantiate. In truth, I was never very
lunigry during sugar making, as 1 had a con-
tiinial feast during this season of hot syruj).
treacle and sugar.

Skill and attention were both necessary in
"sugaring off," for if the syrup was taken off
too soon the sugar, was wel and tough, and if

left on too long, the sugar was burnt and
bitter. With the passage of time this industry
has died out in our section. In the census
chapter of 1S40 you will find how many pounds
of maple sugar were manufactured in each
township and the sum total in pounds for the
comity.

While ma])le sugar making has passed in
Jefferson county, it still is quite an important
industry in many jiarts of the country.

Maple beer used to be quite common, and
was a delightful beverage. A little yeast added
to rich maple-water caused it to ferment
quickly and by proper handling become a clear,
sparkling drink, which was often flavored with
spruce, juniper evergreen and other agreeable
and health fid herbs, roots or flowers.

TAR-BURNING

Among the pioneer industries was tar-
burning. Kilns were formed and split fagots
of pitchpine knots were arranged in circles and
burned. The tar was collected by a ditch
and forced into a chute, and from there
barreled. John Matson, Sr., marketed on rafts
as high as forty barrels in one season. Free-
dom .Stiles was the king "tar-burner." Pioneer
])rices at I^ittsburgh for tar was ten dollars a
barrel.

IMONICiCK W.\CONK IN JEFFERSON COUNTY

1^'or many years there were extremely few
wagons and but ])Oor roads on which to use
them. The early vehicles were the prongs of a
tree, a sled made of saplings, called a "pung,"
and oxcart. In fact, about all the work was
done with oxen, and in driving his cattle the
old settler would halloo with all his might and
swear jjrofusely. This profanity and hallooing
were thought to be necessary. The pioneer
sled was made with heavy single runners, the
"bob" sled being a later innovation, viz., about
I X40.

The pioneer wheeled vehicle made in what
is now Jefferson county was a wooden ox-
cart, constructed by Joseph Barnett in i(Soi.
The wheels were sawed from a large oak log,
and a hole was chiseled in the center for the
hickory axle. Walter 1>mpleton, a very in-
genious man, and forced to be a "jack-of-all-
trades" for the ])eoi)le who lived in what is
now I'^ldred township, made two wooden
wagons in 1829, one for himself and one for
his neighbor, Isaac Matson. These wagons
were all wood excei)t the iron linch-pin to keej)
llic wheel in place. The wheels were solid.

takim; oiT A TiMi:i:i: mk k

JIAKIXC MAPLE yUGAU

Vr.T. ^T'-' YCRK
PUBLIC Lii:-;.ARY

TILDl^ F;i-.DJ IONS

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

and were sawed from round oak logs. The
hind wheels were sawed from a larger log, and
a hole was chiseled in the center of each for
the axle.

Matson hauled, in 1830, the stone spa wis
for our pioneer jail in his wagon, with two
large black oxen, called "Buck" and "Berry."
Matson's compensation was one dollar and
fifty cents a day and "find" himself.

Draying in those days was usually by two
oxen and a cart ; but Daniel Elgin bought
these black oxen from Matson, and used one
of them for some time for a one-ox dray in
Brookville.

The pioneer tar to grease these axles was
made in this way ; Pitchpine knots were split
fine and dropped into an iron kettle; a piece of
board was then placed over the mouth of the
kettle, and then the kettle was turned u])side
down over a little bed of earth prepared for it.
This bed had a circular drain around it. and
this circular drain had a straight one. with a
spout at the end. Everything being completed
for the burning, the board was taken from
under the kettle, and the kettle was then
covered with fagots. The wood was fired and
the heat from the fire boiled the tar from the
split knots and forced it into and through these
drains, from the spout of which it was caught
in a wooden trough.

now THE PIONEER UOUGHT HIS I..\ND

"By an act of the Legislature, passed April
I, 1784, a sale of lands was authorized. The
Second section of this law provides that all
lands west of the Allegheny mountains shall
not be more than three jiounds ten shillings for
every one hundred acres. Section Four pro-
vides that the quantity of land granted to one
person shall not exceed four hundred acres ;
section Six provides for the survey and laying
out of these lands, by the surveyor general or
his deputies, into tracts of not more than five
hundred acres and not less than two hundred
acres, to be sold at public auction at such times
as the 'Supreme Executive Council may
direct.'

"When all claims had been ]xiid. 'in specie.
or money of the State,' for patenting, survey-
ing, etc., a title was granted to the purchaser.
In case he was not ready or able to make full
payment at the time of purchase, by paying
all the fees appertaining thereto, he was
allowed two years to complete the payment, by
paying lawful interest, and when the last pay-
ment was made, a comjileted title was given.

"By the act of April 8, 17S5, lands were sold

by lottery, in portions not to exceed one thou-
sand acres to each applicant. Tickets, com-
mencing with number one, were put on a
wheel, and the warrants, which were called
'Lottery Warrants,' issued on the said ap-
plications, were severally numbered according
to the decision of the said lottery, and bore
date from the day on which the drawing was
finished.

"Section Seven of this act allowed persons
holding these warrants to locate them upon
any piece or portion of unappropriated lands,
the land upon each warrant to be embraced
in one tract, if possible.

"On the 3d of April, 1792, the Legislature
passed an act for the sale of lands, which, in
some respects, difi^ered from the laws of 1784
and 1785. It offered land only to such persons
as shall settle on them, and designated the kind
and duration of settlement. By section Two
of this act all lands lying north and west of
the Ohio and Allegheny rivers and Conewango
creek, except such ]5ortions as had been or
should be ai)i)ropriated to public or charitable
uses, were offered to such as would 'cultivate,
improve, and settle upon them, or cause it to
be done, for the price of seven pounds ten
shillings for every hundred acres, with an
allowance of six per centum for roads and
highways, to be located, surveyed and secured
to such purchasers, in the manner hereinafter
mentioned.' Section Three provided for the
surx'eying and granting of warrants, by the
surveyor general, for any quantity of land
within the said limits, to not exceed four
hundred acres, to any person who had settled
upon and improved said land.

"The surveyor general was obliged to make
clear and fair entries of all warrants, in a
book to be pro\ided for the purpose, and any
applicant should be furnished with a certified
ropy of any warrant upon the payment of one
(|uarter of a dollar.

"In this law the rights of the citizen were so
well fenced about, and so equitably defined,
that risk and hazard came only at his own.
But controversies arising, concerning this
law. between the judges of the State courts
and those of the United .States, which the
Legislature, for a long time, tried in vain to
settle, impeded for a time the settlement of
the district. These controversies were not
settled until 1805, by a decision of Chief
Justice Marshall, of the Supreme court of the
United States.

"At the close of the Revolutionar\- war
several wealthy Hollanders. William Willink.
Jan Linklaen, and others, to whom the United

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

States was indebted for money loaned to
assist in carrying on the war, preferring to
invest the money in this country, they pur-
chased of Robert Morris, the great financier of
the country at that time, an immense tract of
land in the State of New York, and at the same
time took up, by warrant (under the law above
cited), large tracts in the State of Pennsjd-
vania, cast of the Allegheny river. Judge
Y'eates. on one occasion, said : 'The Holland
Land Company have paid to the State the
consideration money of 1,162 warrants, and
the surveying fees on 1,048 tracts of land
(generally four hundred acres each), besides
making very considerable expenditures by their
exertions, honorable to themselves and useful
to the community, in order to effect settle-
ments. Computing the stuns advanced, the
lost tracts, by prior improvements and inter-
ferences, and the quantity of one hundred
acres granted to each individual for making
an actual settlement on their lands, it is said
that, averaging the whole, between two
hundred and thirty dollars and two hundred
and forty dollars have been expended by the
company on each tract.'

"An act was passed by the Legislature,
March 31, 1823, authorizing Wilhelm Willink,
and others, residents of Holland, to 'sell and
convey any lands belonging to them in the
Commonwealth.'

"Large tracts of lands in Jefferson county
were owned by the Holland Company, and
Charles C. Gaskill, of Punxsutawney, was the
agent of the company for their sale. He was
appointed by John J. Vandercamp, the general
agent. He finally sold to Alexander Caldwell,
and Lee, and Gilpin. Mr. Gaskill conveyed
much of these lands to actual settlers in this
county.

"The Timothy Pickering lands were sold by
Hon. Thomas White, of Indiana, who also
controlled the Samuel FTodgdon and other
lands."

Sales of unseated lands in this county for
taxes were authorized December 23, 1822.

In 1825 Charles C. Gaskill, who lived in
Punxsutawney and was agent for the Holland
Land Company, advertised one hundred and
fifty thousand acres of land for sale, in lots
to suit the purchasers, and on the following
terms: All purchasing land for two dollars
per acre must jiay ten dollars down, the balance
in eight annual payments, with interest on and
after the third year; those buying at one dollar
and seventy-five cents per acre, one-fourth
in hand, the balance in eight annual payments.
with interest on and after third payment; those

]>aying one dollar and fifty cents per acre, one-
half down, and the balance in payments as
above stated. ' All land was bought and sold
on a simple article of agreement.

In 1840 wild lands sold at from one dollar to
two dollars per acre.

PIONEER HOMES OF JEFFERSON COUNTY

This is the land our fathers loved,
The homestead which they toiled to win.

This is the ground whereon they moved,
And here are the graves they slumber in.

The home of the pioneer was a log cabin,
one or one and a half stories high, chinked and
daubed, having a fireplace in one end, with a
chimney of sticks and mud, and in one corner
always stood a big wooden poker to turn
!)acklogs or punch the fires. These cabins were
usually small, but some were perhaps twenty
by thirty feet, with a hole in two logs for a
single window, oiled paper being used for
glass. Cabins, as a rule, were built one story
and a half high, and the space between the
loose floor and roof of the half story was used
as a sleeping room. I have many a time
climbed up an outside ladder, fastened to and
near the chimney, to a half-story in a cabin
and slept on a bed of straw on the floor.

For Brussels carpet they had puncheon
floors. A clapboard roof held down by weight
poles protected them from the storm. Wooden
pegs were driven into the logs for the ward-
robe, the rifle, and the powderhorn. Wooden
benches and stools were a luxury upon w-hich
to rest or sit while feasting on mush and milk,
buckwheat cakes, or hog and hominy.

Ilospitality in this cabin was simple, hearty
and unbounded. Whisky was pure, cheap, and
plentiful, and was lavished bountifully on each
and all social occasions. Every settler had his
jug or barrel. It was the drink of drinks at
all merry-makings, grubbings, loggings, house-
warmings, and weddings. A drink of whisky
was always proffered to the visitor or traveler
who chanced to call or spend a night in these
log cabins.

HOW THE PIONEER BUILT HIS C.\BIN

On the first day the material was gathered
at the point of erection, the clapboards for the
roof and the puncheons for the floors were
made. The puncheon boards or |)lanks were
made from trees eighteen inches in diameter,
logs of straight grain and clean of knots, and
of the proper length (one-half that of the
floor), split into parts, and the face of each

JEFFERSON COUXTY, PENNSYLVANIA

part smoothed with a broadax. The split
parts had to be all started at the same time,
with wedges at the end of the log, each wedge
being struck alternately with a maul until all
the parts were separated.

In the morning of the next day the neighbors
collected for the raising. The first thing to
be done was the election of four corner men,
whose business it was to notch and place the
logs. The rest of the company furnished them
with the timbers. A corner man would cry,
"More wood or whisky. What I call for last,
I want first." At all these frolics whisky was

square, two end logs projected a foot or
eighteen inches beyond the wall, to receive the
butting poles, as they were called, against
which the first row of clapboards was sup-
ported. The roof was formed by making the
end logs shorter until a single log formed the
comb of the roof. On these logs the clap-
boards were placed, the ranges of them lapping
some distance over the next below them, and
kept in their places by logs placed at proper
distances from them, called weight poles.

The roof, and sometimes the floor, was
finished on the same day of the raising. A

E.\RLY BARN

served plentifully. In the meantime the boards
and puncheons were collected for the floor
and roof, so that by the tiine the cabin was a
few rounds high, the sleepers and floor began
to be laid. The door was made by sawing or
cutting the logs in one side, so as to make an
opening about three feet wide. This opening
was secured by upright pieces of timber, about
three inches thick, through which holes were
bored into the ends of the logs, for the purpose
of pinning them fast. A similar opening, Ijut
wider, was made at the end for the chimney.
This was built of logs, and made large, to
admit of a back and jambs of stone. .At the

third day was commonly spent by a few car-
penters in leveling off the floor, making a
clapboard door and a table. This last was
made of a split slab, and supported by four
round logs set in auger holes. .Some three-
legged stools were made in the same manner.
^Pins stuck in the logs at the back of the house
supported some clapboards which served for
shelves for the table furniture. .\ single fork,
placed with its lower end in a hole in the
floor, and the upper end fastened to a joist,
served for a bedstead, by placing a pole in the
fork, with one end through a crack between
the logs of the wall. This front pole was

lEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

crossed by a shorter one within tlie fork, with
its outer end through another crack. From
the front pole, through a crack between the
logs of the end of the house, the boards were
put on which formed the bottom of the bed.
Sometimes other poles were pinned to the fork
a little distance above these, for the purpose of
supporting the front and foot of the bed.
while the walls were the sujjports of its back
and head. .A few ])egs around the wall, for
the display of the coats of the women and
hunting shirts of the men, and two small forks
or buck's horns fastened to a joist for the
rifle and shot ]iouch, completed the carpenter
work.

In the meantime the masons were at work.

were still occupied in the forties. I have been
in many a one in my childhood. In proof of
the smallness of the early cabin I reproduce
the testimony on oath of Thomas Lucas. Esq.,
in a celebrated ejectment case:

"In the court of Common Pleas of Jefferson
county. I^jectment for sixteen hundred acres
of land in Pinecreek township. Elijah Heath
\s. Joshua Knapp, et al.

"idth .September, 184 [, a jury was called per
mincts. The plaintiff after ha\'ing opened his
case in suppmn nf the issue, gave in evidence
as follows :

"Thomas Lucas. — Masons have in the sur-
\ eys alxnit twelve acres of land, a cabin house,
and stable thereon. Thev live near the line of

F.\T L.XMP .VND SNUFFERS

With the heart pieces of the timber of which
the cla])boar(ls were made, they made billets
for chunking u]) the cracks between the logs
of the cabin and chimney. A large bed of
mortar was made for daubing up these cracks.
A few stones formed the back and jambs of
the chimney.

The furnishings for the table of the pioneer
log cabin consisted of pewter dishes, plates
and spoons, or wooden bowls, plates and
noggins. If noggins were scarce, gourds and
hard-shelled .squashes answered for drinking
cups.

The iron ]iots, knives and forks, along with
the salt and iron, were brought to the wilder-
ness on j)ackhorses over .Meade's trail or over
tlie Milesburg and LeBoeuf .State road.

.Some of these log cabins near P>rook\illc

the town tract, the town tract takes in the
apple trees ; think they claim on some improve-
ment. Some of this improvement I think is
thirty-five years old, — this was the Mason
claim. The first improvement was made in
1S02; 1 call it the Pickering survey, only an
interference. Jacob Mason has been living oft"
and on since 1802, — two small cabin houses
on the interference, one fifteen or sixteen feet
square, the other very small. twcKe or fifteen
feet, — a log stable."

.\t this time, and ])re\-iou>ly. many of tlie>e
cabins were lighted i)\' means of a half window .
one window sash, containing from four to si.x
])anes of seven by nine glass. I'p to and even
at this date (1841) the usual ligiu at night in
these cabins was the old iron lani]), somethiu','
like the miner wears in his bat. or else a dish

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

containing refuse grease, with a rag in it.
Each smoked and gave a dismal light, yet by it
women cooked, spun and sewed, and men read
the few books they had as best they could.
The aroma from this refuse was simply hor-
rible. The cabin was daily swept with a split
broom made of hickory. Brooms were first
made in 1826. The hinges and latches of these
cabins were made of wood. The latch on the
door was raised from without by means of a
buckskin string. At night, as a means of
safety, the string was "pulled in," and this
locked the door. As a further mark of refine-
ment each cabin was generally guarded by
from two to si.x worthless dogs.

Of the pests in and around the old cabin,
the housefly, the bedbug, and the louse were
the most common on the inside ; the gnat, the
woodtick, and the horsefly on the outside. The
horsefly is the most cruel and bloodthirsty of
the entire family. . Me is armed with a most
formidable weapon, which consists of four
lancets, so sharj) and strong that they will
penetrate leather. 1 te makes his appearance
in June. The femal(i is armed with si.x lancets,
with which she bleeds both cattle and horses,
and even human beings. It was a constant
fight for life with man, cattle and horses
.against the gnats, the tick, the lice and the
horsefly, and if it had not been for the ])ro-
tection of what were called "gnat-fires" life
could not have lieen sustained, or at least it
would have been unendurable. The only thing
to dispel these outside pests was to clear lanci
and let in the sunshine. As an all-around pest
in the cabin and out. day and night, there was
also the flea.

The warmuses, breeches and hunting shirts
of the men. the linsey petticoats, dresses and
bedgowns of the women, were all luing in some
corner of the cabin on wooden pegs. To some
extent this was a display of pioneer wealth.
Wigs were worn by tnen until about 1800.
Roots came into use about 1800.

In the cabins of the more cultivated pioneers
were usually a few l)ooks. and the long winter
evenings were spent in poring over these well
thumbed volumes by the light of the great log
fires, in knitting, mending, curing furs, or some
similar occupation. It was not until 1850 that
rubber goods were introduced and wall j)a|)cr
was first used in houses in JefYerson county.

PIOXEER FOOD .\ND CLOTIIIXC

The food and raiment of the first settlers
made a near approach to that of John the
Baptist in the wilderness. Instead of locusts

they had wild turkey, deer and bear meat, and
their clothing was made of skins' and home-
sjnm woolen, linen or tow cloth.

DRESS ,01'" MEN'

The old pioneer in winter often wore a coon-
skin cap," coonskin gloves, buckskin breeches,
leggings, and a wolfskin hunting shirt. Some
wore cowhide shoes, others moccasins of buck-
skin, others again were in their bare feet. In
winter, men wore deerskin pantaloons and a
long loose robe called a hunting shirt, bound
round the body with a leather girdle, and
some a flannel warmus, which was a short
kind of coat. In those days men appeared at
church in linen shirts with collars four inches
wide turned down over the shoulders ; linen
vest ; no coat in summer. Moccasin shoes,
buckskin breeches, blue broadcloth and brass
buttons, fawnskin vests, roundabouts and
woolen wammuses, leather or woolen galluses,
coonskin or sealskin cajis for winter, with chij)
or oat-straw hats for summer, were common
articles of dress. Every neighborhood had
then usually one itinerant shoemaker and
tailor, who periodically visited" cabins and
made up shoes or clothes as required. All ma-
terial had to be furnished, and these itinerant
mechanics worked for 'fifty cents a day and
board. Corduroy pants and corduroy overalls
were common.

The hunting shirt was a kind of loose frock
reaching half-way down the figure, open
before, and so wide as to lap over a foot or
more upon the chest. This generally had a
cape, which was often fringed with a raveled
[)iece of cloth of a dift'erent color from that
which composed the garment. The bosom of
the hunting shirt answered as a pouch, in
which could Ije carried the various articles
which the hunter or woodsman would need.
It was always worn belted, and made out of
coarse linen, or linsey. or of dressed deerskin,
according to the fancy of the wearer.

Breeches were made of heavy cloth or of
deerskin, and were often worn with leggings
of the same material or of some .kind of
leather. The deerskin breeches or drawers
were very comfortable when dry, but when
they became wet were very cold to the limbs,
and the next time they were put on were almost
as stiff as if made of wood. The moccasins in
which the feet were usually encased were
easily and quickly made, though they needed
frequent mending. Hats or caps were made
of the various native furs.

It is an interesting fact that pants, the dis-

JEFFERSON COUXTY, PEXXSYLVANIA

tinctive feature of men's dress, were worn in
Egypt for file first time. Both women and
men had been wearing aprons. Aprons were
the very first attempt to ornament and deco-
rate the person. Before they appeared men
and women wore skins and furs. The aprons
were a fanciful frill. The women of Egypt
got to wearing them long, and ihiperious
fashion required the men to do the same. It
was difficult for the men to move freely,
though, wearing these long aprons. A genius
appeared. He cut holes in the apron, stuck
his legs through, and he had the rudimentary
trouser. Little by little something was added
behind or in front until today we have the
perfect pattern.

Trousers in practically their present shape
were introduced into the British army in 1813,
and tolerated as a legitimate portion of evening
dress in 1816.

One bright spring morning in 181 5 a London
tailor walked down Bond street clad in odd
loose breeches that hung to his toes. He was
a great curiosity. It is hard at this time to
realize the storm of disapproval that attended
the transition from knee breeches to trousers.
The jaunty tailor was assaulted by a mob and
was arrested for indecency. The Duke of
Wellington, fresh from his laurels at Water-
loo, was later impressed with the greater con-
venience of the new garments and determined
to popularize long trousers. So he had a i)air
made, and wore them to a ball. Despite his
high standing as a popufar hero, he was turned
away with the ultimatum, "the guests at this
ball must be dressed." But slowly and surely
the fashion of long trousers displaced that of
breeches, stockings, shoes and buckles.

DRESS OF WOMEN

I have seen "barefoot girls, with check of
tan," tvalk three or four miles to church, and
on nearing the church stc]) into the woods to
put on a pair of shoes they had carried with
them. I could name some of these who are
living to-day. A woman who could buy eight
or ten yards of calico for a dress at a dollar
a yard put on queenly airs. The women wore
flannel almost exclusively in the winter. They
had linsey petticoats, coarse shoes and stock-
ings, and buckskin gloves or mittens when
any protection was required for the hands.
All of their wearing apparel, like that of the
men, was made with a view to being service-
able and comfortable, and all was home manu-
factured. Other articles and finer ones were
sometimes worn, but they had been brought

from former homes, and were usually relics
handed down from parents to children.
Jewelry was not common, but occasionally
some ornament was displayed. Every married
woman of any refinement then wore daycaps
and nightcaps. The bonnets were of beaver,
gimp or leghorn, and sunbonnets. For shoes,
women usually went barefoot in the summer,
and in the winter covered their feet with
moccasins, calfskin shoes, buffalo overshoes
and shoepacks. Hoopskirts were first worn
by women in 1856.

Almost every article of clothing, all of the
cloth in use in the old cabins, was the prod-
uct of the patient woman weaver's toil. She
spun the flax and wove the cloth for shirts,
pantaloons, frocks, sheets and blankets. The
linen and the wool, the "linsey-woolsey"
woven by the housewife, formed all of the
material for the clothing of both men and .
women, except such articles as were made
of skins.

That old, old occupation of spinning and
weaving, with which woman's name has been
associated in all history, and of which the
modern world knows nothing except through
the stories of those who are great-grand-
mothers now, that old occupation of spinning
and weaving which seems surrounded with
a glamour of romance as we look back to it
through tradition and poetry, and which
always conjures up thoughts of the graces
and virtues of the dames of a generation that
is gone, that old, old occupation of spinning
and weaving, was the chief industry of the
pioneer woman. Every cabin sounded with
the softly whirring wheel and the rhythmic
thud of the loom. The woman of pioneer
times was like Solomon's description : "She
seeketh wool and flax, and worketh willingly
with her hands ; she layeth her hands to the
spindle, and her hands hold the distaff."

The wool and flax were all prepared for
weaving by hand, there being no carding ma-
chines in the county for many years after its
first settlement; then women carded by hand.
When woolen cloth was wanted for men's
wear, the process of fulling was as follows:
The required quantity of flannel was laid
upon the bare floor, and a quantity of soap
and water thrown over it; then a number of
men seated upon stools would take hold of a
rope tied in a circle and begin to kick the
flannel with their bare feet. When it was
supposed to be fulled sufficiently, the men
were released irom their task, which was a
tiresome one, yet a mirth-provoking one, too,
for, if it were possible, one or so must come

^L*.^-^'

SPINNING-WTIEEL, REEL, ANP liED-WAKMKR

FLAX r.RAKE

LARGE Sl'INNINd-WI 1 KKL

ti-t: yy" YORK
PUBlIC LiD.J'vRY

TILP^^ F'-i'.'-.Qi IONS

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

from his seat, to be landed in the midst of the
heap of flannel and soapsuds, much to the
merriment of the more fortunate ones.

The linen and tow cloth supplied the place
of muslin and calico of the present day. They
were made from flax. The seed was sown in
the early spring and ripened about August.
It was harvested by "pulling." This was gen-
erally done by a "pulling frolic" of young
people, pulling it out by the root. It was then
tied in little sheaves and permitted to dry,
hauied in and threshed for the seed. Then
me straw was watered and trotted by laying
it on the ground out of doors. Then the straw
was again dried, over a fire, and "broken in
the fla.x break," after which it was again tied
up in little bundles and then scutched with a
wooden knife. This scutching was a frolic job,
too, and a dirty one. Then the rest of the
'process consisted of spinning, weaving and
dyeing. That which was for dress goods was
made striped, either by color or blue through
the white, which was considered a nice sum-
mer suit, when made into what was called a
short gown and petticoat, which matched very
well with the calfskin slipj^ers of that day.
The nearest store was at Kittanning, thirty-
five miles distant, and the road but a pathway
through the woods, and calico was fifty cents
per yard. Linen cloth sold for about twenty-
four cents a yard, tow cloth for about twenty
cents a yard. Weaving originated with the
Chinese. It took a thousand years for the art
to reach Europe.

WHAT THE PIONEER COULD HAVE, OR DID HAVE,
TO EAT

In the early cooking everything was boiled
and baked; this was healthful. There was no
"rare fad," with its injurious results. The
common dishes served were wheat and rye
bread, wheat and rye mush, Indian corn pone,
corn cakes, corn mush and milk, sweet and
butter milk boiled and thickened, buckwheat
cakes, mush and souens, doughnuts and baked
pot-pies. Then there were potatoes, turnips,
wild onions or wramps, wild fruits, wild
meats, birds and fish.

Buckwheat souens was a great pioneer dish.
The buckwheat flour and water were mixed
in the morning, with enough yeast added to
lighten the batter, which stood until evening,
or until it was real sour. Then it was stirred
into boiling water and thorougUy cooked, like
corn mush, and eaten hot or cold with milk or
cream.

The pioneer Irish settler lived on hog,
hominy, and Indian pone for breakfast, mush

and milk, sweetened water, molasses, bear's
oil or gravy for supper. Our German settlers
hved on cabbage, sauerkraut and speck,
Schnitz and Knoft", grumbire soup and noodles,
roggenbrod and schmierkaese. I have "filled
up" on elm and birch bark.

Soda was made by burning corncobs.

Wheat was brought into Massachusetts by
the first settlers. Rye was also brought by
them and cultivated. Corn (maize) and po-
tatoes are natives of America, and were used
by our Indians. Our Indian corn was first
successfully raised in i6oS, on the James
river, in Virginia. Oats were brought by
the first settlers and sown in 1602. Buck-
wheat, a native of Asia, was taken to Europe
in the twelfth century, and grown in Pennsyl-
vania in 1702. Barley was introduced by
permanent settlers and is a native of Egypt.

We are indebted to the "heathen Chinee" for
the art of bread-making from wheat, 1998
B. C. In parts of Europe the wheaten loaf is
■unknown. Baked loaves are practically un-
known in many parts of south Austria and
Italy, as well as the agricultural districts of
Roumania. In the villages of the Obersteier-
mark, not verj' many miles from Vienna, bread
is seldom seen, the staple food of the people
being sterz, a kind of porridge made from
ground beechnuts, which is taken at breakfast
with fresh or curdled milk, at dinner with
broth or fried in lard, and with milk again at
supper. This sterz is also known as heiden,
and takes the place of biead not only in
Steiermark, but in Carinthia and in many parts
of the Tyrol. In the north of Italy the
peasantry live chiefly on polenta, a porridge
made of boiled maize. The polenta, however,
is not allowed to granulate like Scotch por-
ridge, or like the Austrian sterz, but is boiled
into solid pudding. It is eaten cold as often
as it is hot.

For meats the pioneer had the flesh of hogs,
bears, elks, deer, rabbits, squirrels, wood-
chucks, porcupines and turkeys. The saddles
or hams of the deer were salted by the pioneer,
then smoked and dried. This was a great
luxury, and could be kept the year through.

The late Dr. Clarke wrote : "Wild game,
such as elks, deer, bears, turkeys and part-
ridges, were numerous, and for many years
constituted an important part of the animal
food of the early settlers in this wilderness.
Wolves and panthers came in for a share of
this game, until they, too, became game for
the hunters by the public and legal offer of
bounties to be paid for their scalps, or rather
for their ears, for a perfect pair of ears was

cSO

JEFFERSON COU^•T^■, PENNSYLVANIA

required to secure tlie bounty. All these have
become nearly extinct. The sturdy elk no
longer roams over the hills or sips 'salty
sweetness' from the licks. The peculiar voice
of the stately strutting wild turkey is heard
no more. The howl of the wolf and the cr\-
of the panther no longer alarm the traveler
as he winds his way over the hills or through
the valleys, and the flocks are now permitted
to rest in peace. Even the wild deer are now
seldom seen, and a nice venison steak rarely
gives its delicious aroma among the shining
]ilate of modern well set tables."

I 'ike. bass, catiish, suckers, sunfish, horn-
chubs, mountain trout and eels were abundant
in the streams. The old settler shot, seined.
hooked with a line, and gigged his fish. Gig-
ging was done at night by means of a light
made from burning fagots of pitch pine. It
usually rc(|uired three to do this gigging,
whether "wading" or in a canoe, one to carry
the light ahead, line to gig. and one to care
for the lish.

Pheasants were plentiful, .•uid enlivened the
forest with their drumming. The water and
woods were full of wild ducks, geese, pigeons,
and turkeys. The most remarkable bird in
America was the wild turkey. It is the original
turkey, and is the stock from which the tame
turkeys sj)rung. In the wild state it was to
be found in the wooded land.s east of the
Rocky Mountains. In pioneer times it was
called gobbler or Jock by the whites, and Oo-
coo-coo by the Indians. Our ])ioneer hunters
could imitate the gobbling of a turkey, and
this deceptive ru.se was greatly jjracticed to
excite the curiosity of the bird and bring it
within shooting distance. The last wild turkey
in Jefferson county was killed in the seventies
near the town of I'alls Creek.

The jiioncer in his log cabin was surrounded
liy turkeys gobbling to each other at earl\-
dawn. Turkeys were good swimmers. They
could swim across water a mile wide. The
wild turkey had no particular home. 1 Ic
roosted at night anywhere in his range, on the
topmost twigs of the highest trees. He knew
how to conceal himself, or shape himself inlo
a knob on a part of a dead limb.

To obtain a turkey roast when needed, the
pioneer sometimes built in the woods a ])en
of round logs and covered it with brush.
Whole flocks of turkeys were sometimes
caught in these pens, built in this wise: "I'^irst
;i narrow ditch, about six fe.et long and two
feet deej), was dug. Over this trench the pen
was built, leaving a few feet of the channel
outside of the enclosure. The end of the part

of the trench enclosed was usually about the
middle of the pen. Over the ditch, near the
wall of the ]jen, boards were laid. The pen
was made tight enough to h(jld a turkey and
covered with poles. The corn was scattered
about on the inside, and the ditch outside
baited with the same grain. Sometimes straw
was also scattered about in the pen. Then
the trap was ready for its victims. The tur-
keys came to the pen, began to pick up the
corn, and followed the trench, with their heads
down within. When they had eaten enough,
the birds tried to get out by walking around
the pen, looking up all the time. They would
cross the ditch on the boards, and never think
of going to the opening in the ground at the
Lcnter of the pen. When the hunter found
his game he had only to crawl into the pen
through the trench and kill the birds. In the
fall turkeys became very fat, and gobblers
weighing o\er twenty pounds were sometimes
ca])tured for Christmas in this way.

Apples, crabapiiles, wild, red and yellow
])lums, haws, blackberries, huckleberries,
elderberries, wild .strawberries, chokecherries,
wild grapes and wild gooseberries were found
here, and there were hickory-nuts, chestnuts,
beechnuts, hazelnuts, and butternuts. Up to
1850 gra])es anrl fniits were not culti\ated in
Pennsylvania.

For sweetening the jnoneer had domestic
and wild honey, maple sugar, maple molasses,
and corncob molasses. Bee trees were numer-
ous, and would frequently yield from eight
to twelve gallons of excellent honey. These
trees had to be cut in the night by the light
of pitch pine fagots. Corncob molasses was
used by many.

He drank nietheglin, a drink made from
honey; whisky, small beer, rye cofl'ee, butter-
milk, and fern, sassafras, sage and mint teas.

Cotlee is a native of Arabia and" has been
used there a thousand years. It was intro-
duced into England as a beverage in 1750.
Tea has been used in China and Japan for
thousands of years. Distilled Ii(|uor was dis-
cf)vered in India and introducefl inlo Europe
in 1150. The n.'tme whisky was given to it
b\ ibe .Scotch, who made it from barley.

I'KlN'lvKR PRICKS FOR SKILLED AND UNSKILLED
LABOR

CarM'Irrs p^^ ^^^

i8on $0.70

i8ifi i.oq

r820 .' I,T3

iS,!0-i840 1.40

1850-1860 1,50

1915 2.50-.3.00

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

Day Laborers

Per daw

1800 $0.62

rSio 0.82

1820 0.9c

1840-1860 (.about) i.oo

1915 175-3-00

Previous to 1840 a day's work was not
limited by hours. It was by law and custom
from "sunrise to sunset," or whatever the
employer exacted. In 1840, however, Presi-
dent Van Ijuren signed the pioneer executive
order fixing a day's work in the Washington
navy yard at ten hours per day. It took a
great and protracted struggle for years and
years to secure the general adoption oJ the
ten-hour system.

EARLY FOOD PRICES

In 1799, when Joseph Hutchinson lived in
what is now Jefferson county, wheat sold in
this section of the State at two dollars and
tifty cents per bushel, flour for eighteen dol-
lars per barrel, corn two dollars, oats one
dollar and fifty cents, potatoes one dollar and
fifty cents per bushel.

In 1817 the average i^rice of wheat in this
region was $3.50 per bushel. In 1827 the
price was $2. The following are the prices
from that time to 1887, taken every ten vears :
1837, $3-50; 1847, $3-15; 1857, ^2.7s{iS67.
S3.25 ; 1877, $2.

In and before 1830 flour was three dollars
per barrel; beef, three cents a pound, venison
ham, one and a half cents a pound ; chickens,
six cents apiece ; butter, six and eight cents
a pound; eggs, six cents a dozen.

Food Prices. iSyJ-iQl^

1852 lOI.^

Wheat, per bu $0.75 $1.6:

Rye, ber bu 0.621^ 1.20

Oats, per bu 0.40 0.62

Corn, per bu 0.62K: !-0?

Potatoes, per bu i .25 0.7"

Hay, per ton 15.00 22.0c

By act of Assembly of May 11, i<)i5, the
legal weights of produce were fixed as follows :

Per
^ bushel

Wheat 60 lb.

Corn (in the ear) 70 lb.

Corn, shelled 56 lb.

Rye 56 lb.

Buckwheat 48 lb.

Barley 48 lb.

( )ats .12 lb.

White Beans 60 lb.

White Potatoes 60 lb.

Per
bushel

Onions 50 lb.

Turnips 60 lb.

Dried Peaches 33 lb.

Dried Apples 35 lb.

Clover Seed 60 lb.

Flax Seed 56 lb.

Timothy Seed 45 lb.

Hemp Seed 44 lb.

Corn Meal 50 lb.

PIONEER HABITS AND CUSTOMS

The habits of the pioneers were of a siin-
plicity and purity in conformance with their
surroundings and belongings. The men were
engaged in the herculean labor, day after
day, of enlarging the little patch of sunshine
about their homes, cutting away the forest,
burning ofif the brush and debris, preparing
the soil, planting, tending, harvesting, caring
for the few animals which they brought with
them or soon procured and in hunting. While
they were engaged in the heavy labor of the
field and forest, or following the deer or seek-
ing other game, their helpmates were busied
with their household duties, providing for the
day and for the winter coming, cooking, mak-
ing clothes, spinning and weaving. They were
fitted by nature and experience to be the con-
sorts of the brave men who first came into the
western wilderness. They were heroic in their
endurance of hardshi]) and privation and lone-
liness. Their industry was well directed and
unceasing. Woman's work then, like man's,
was performed under disadvantages, which
have, been removed in later years. She had
not only the household duties to perform, but
many others. She not only made the clothing,
but the fabric for it.

However, as the settlement increased, the
sense of loneliness and isolation was dispelled,
the asperities of life were softened and its
amenities multiplied ; social gatherings became
more numerous and more enjoyalile. The
log rollings, harvestings, and husking frolics
for the men. and apule-lnittermaking and the
quilting parties for the women, furnished fre-
cjuent occasions for social intercourse. The
early settlers took pleasure and pride in rifle
shooting, and as they were accustomed to the
use of the gun as a means often of obtaining
a subsistence, and relied upon it as a weapon
of defense, they exhibited considerable skill.

Foot-racing, wrestling and jumping matches
were common. The jumping matches con-
sisted of the "single jump," backward jump,
high jump, three jumps, and the running hop,
step and jump.

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

A wedding was the event of most impor-
tance in the sparsely settled new country. The
young peoj)le had every inducement to marry,
and generally did so as soon as able to provide
for themselves. When a marriage was to be
celebrated, all the neighborhood turned out.
It was customary to have the ceremony per-
formed before dinner, and in order to be on
time tiie groom and his attendants usually
started from his father's house in the morn-
ing for that of the bride. All went on horse-
back, riding in single file along the narrow
trail. Arrived at the cabin of the bride's par-
ents, the ceremony would be performed, and
after that diimer was served. This would be
a substantial backwoods feast, of beef, pork,
fowls and bear, or deer meat, with such vege-
tables as could be procured. The greatest
hilarity prevailed during the meal. After it
was over, the dancing began, and was usually
kept up till the next morning, though the
newly made husband and wife were, as a gen-
eral thing, put to bed in the most approved
fashion and with considerable formality in
the middle of the evening's hilarity. The tall
young men, when they went on the floor to
dance, had to take their places with care be-
tween the logs that supported the loft floor,
or they were in danger of bumping their heads.
The figures of the dances were three and four-
hand reels, or square sets and jigs. The com-
mencement was always a square four, which
was followed by "jigging it otif." or what was
sometimes called a "cut-oft' jig." The "set-
tlement" of the young couple was thought to
be thoroughly and generally made when the
neighbors assembled and raised a cabin for
them.

PIONKER EVEXING FROLICS

In the pioneer days newspapers were few,
dear, ])rinted on coarse paper, and small.
I'ooks were scarce, there was only occasional
preaching, no public lectures, and but few
public meetings excepting the annual Fourth
of July celebration, when all the patriots
assembled to hear the Declaration of Inde-
pendence read. The pioneer and his family
had to have fun. The common saying of that
day was that "all work and no play makes
Jack a dull boy." 'As a rule, outside of the
villages, everybody lived in log cabins, and the
people were bound together by mutual de-
pendence and acts of neighborly kindness. At
every cabin the latchstring was always out.
The young ladies of the "upper ten" learned
music, but it was the humming of to "knit

and spin;" their piano was a loom, their sun-
shade a broom, and their novel a Bible. A
young gentleman or lady would' then be as
proud of his or her new suit, woven by a
sister or mother on her own loom, as proud
could be, and these new suits or "best clothes"
were always worn to evening frolics. Social
parties among the young were called "kissing
parties." because in all the plays, either as a
penalty or as part of the play, all the girls
who joined in the amusement had to be kissed
by some of the boys. The girls, of course,
objected to the kissing; but then thev were
gentle, pretty and witty, and the sweetest and
best girls the world ever knew. This was
true, for I attended these parties and kissed
girls myself.

The plays were nearly all musical, and the
boys lived and played them in the "pleasures
of hope," while usually there sat in the corner
of the cabin fireplace a grandad or a grandma
smoking a stone or clay pipe, lighted with a
live coal from the wood fire, living and smok-
ing in the "pleasures of memory."

A popular play was for all the persons to
join hands and form a circle, with a dude of
that time, in shirt of check and bear-greased
hair, in the center. Then they circled round
and round the center person, singing:

King WilliaiTi was King James' son,

And of that royal race he sprung;

He wore a star upon his breast

To show that he was royal best.

Go choose your east, go choose your west.

Go choose the one that you like best-,

If he's not here to take your part.

Go choose another witli all your heart.

The boy in the center then chose a lady
from the circle, and she stepped into the ring
with him. Then the circling was resumed, and
all sang to the parties inside :

Down on this carpet 3'ou must kneel,
Just as the grass grows in the field ;
Salute your bride with kisses sweet,
And then rise up upon your feet.

The play went on in this manner until all
the girls present had been kissed. There were
no Iiobgoblin stories then about germs, and
no sanitation.

Another popuI;ir jtlay was to form a ring.
A young lady would step into the circle, and
all parties would join hands and sing:

There's a lily in the garden.

For you, young man ;
There's a lily in the garden,

Go pluck it if j'ou can, etc.

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

The lady then selected a boy from the circle,
who walked into the ring with her. He then
kissed her and she went out, when the rest
sang:

There he stands, that great big booby,

Who he is I do not know ;
Who will take him for his beauty?

Let her answer, yes or no.

This play went on in this way until all the
girls had been kissed.

Other favorite plays were :

Oats, peas, beans and barley grows.

None so well as the farmer knows

How oats, peas, beans and barley grows ;

Thus the farmer sows his seed.

Thus he stands to take his ease ;

He stamps his foot and claps his hands.

And turns around to view his lands, etc.

Oh, sister Phoebe, how merry were we.
That night we sat under the juniper tree.

The juniper tree, I, Oh.
Take this hat on your head, keep your head warm,
And take a sweet kiss, it will do you no harm.

But a great deal of good, I kno*.

If I had as many lives
As Solomon had wives,

I'd be as old as Adam ;
So rise to your feet
And kiss the first you meet.

Your humble servant, madam.

It's raining, it's hailing, it's cold, stormy weather ;
In comes the farmer, drinking of his cider.
He's going a-reaping, he wants a binder,
I've lost my true love, where shall I find her ?

A live play was called "hurly-burly." Two
went round and gave each one, secretly, some-
thing to do. One girl was to pull a young
man's hair; another to tweak an ear or nose,
or trip someone, etc. When all had been told
what to do, the master of ceremonies cried
out, "Hurly-burly." Everyone sprang up and
hastened to do as instructed. This created a
mi>;ed scene of a ludicrous character, and was
most properly named "hurly-burly."

PIONEER MUSIC SCHOOLS AND SINGING M/\S-
TERS IN JEFFERSON COUNTY

Oh, tell me the tales I delighted to hear.

Long, long ago, long, long ago;
Oh, sing me the old songs so full of cheer,

Long, long ago, long, long ago.

The first book containing musical characters
was issued in 1495. The drum was the first
musical instrument.

I. D. Hughes, of Punxsutawney, informs
me that the first music book he bought was
Wyeth's "Repository of Sacred Music," sec-

ond edition. I have seen this book myself, but
a later edition (the fifth), published in 1820.
Mr. Hughes says that Joseph Thompson, of
Dowlingville, was the pioneer "singing mas-
ter" in Jefferson county, and that he sang
from Wakefield's "Harp," second edition. He
used a tuning fork to sound the pitches, and
accompanied his vocal instruction with violin
music.

George James was an early "master," and
used the same book as Thompson. These two
taught in the early thirties. I. D. Hughes
taught in 1840 and used the "Missouri Har-
mony." This was a collection of psalm and
hymn tunes and anthems, and was published
by Morgan & Co., Cincinnati, Ohio. The first
tune in this old "Harmony," or "buckwheat"
notebook, was "Primrose":

Salvation, oh, the joyful sound,

'Tis pleasure to our ears,
A sovereign balm for every wound,

A cordial for our fears.

On the second page was "Old Hundred,"
and on the same page "Canaan" :

On Jordan's stormy banks I stand,

And cast a wishful eye
To Canaan's fair and happy land.

Where my possessions lie.

The dear old pioneers who used to delight
in these sweet melodies have nearly all crossed
this Jordan, and are now doubtless singing
"Harwell":

Hark! ten thousand harps and voices
Sound the note of praise above ;

Jesus reigns, and heaven rejoices;
Jesus reigns, the God of love.

Rev. George M. Slaysman, of Punxsu-
tawney, was the pioneer teacher of round
notes — the do re mis — in the county. Judge
William P. Jenks was also an early instructor
in these notes. The first teacher I went to
was Prof. George W. Huey, in 1847. He
taught and used the Carmina Sacra, and
taught the Italian do re mi.

We talk about progress, rapid transit, and
electricity, but modern music teachers have
failed to improve on the melody of those old
pioneer tunes, "that seemed like echoes from
a heavenly choir ; echoes that seemed to have
increased power every time the pearly gates
opened to admit some sainted father or
mother."

God sent these singers upon earth
With songs of sadness and of mirth.
That they might touch the, hearts of men
And bring them back to Heaven again.

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

A PIOMKF.R LULr.AUV FOR THE SUGAR-TROLGH

CRAnr.E
{Dr. IVattis Cradle liyimi)

Hush, my babe, lit- still and slumber,

Holy auRels guard thy bed ;
Heavenly blessings, without number.

Gently falling on thy head.

Sleep, my babe, thy food and raiment,
House and home thy friends provide.

All without thy care or payment,
All thy wants are well supplied.

How much belter thou'rt attended
Than the Son of God could be,

When from heaven He descended
And became a child like thee.

Soft and easy is thy cradle.

Coarse and hard thy Savior lay.

When His birthplace was a stable'.
And his softest bed was hay.

Blessed babe! what glorious features.
Spotless, fair, divinely bright!

Must He dwell with brutal creatures?
How could angels bear the sight?

Was there nothing but a manger

Wicked snintrs could afford
To receive the heavenlv stranger?

Did they thus affront the Lord?

Soft, my child, I did not chide thee,
,_T''°"K'i my song may sound too hard :
fis thy mother sits beside thee.
And her arms shall be thy guard.

Vet, to read the shameful story
How the Jews abused their King-

How they served the Lord of Glory
Makes me angry while I sing.

A SONG THAT WAS .Stl.VC r^ EVERY KAMILV

Old Grimes is dead, that good old man.

We necr shall sec him more •
W'l "sed to wear a long black coat

-All buttoned down before.

His heart was open as the day.

His feelings all were true;
His hair was some inclined to gray.

He wore it in a queue.

Whene'er he heard the voice of pain

Hi.s breast with pitv burned:
I lu- large round head upon his cane
From ivory was turned.

Kind words he ever had for all;

He knew no base design :
His eyes were dark and rather small

His nose was aquiline.

He lived in peace with all mankind

In friendship he was true;
His coat had pocket-hole- behind,

His pantaloons were blue.

Unharmed, the sin which earth pollutes

He passed securely o'er.
And never wore a pair of boots

For thirty years or more.

But good Old Grimes is now at rest.

Nor fears misfortune's frown ;
He wore a double-breasted vest,

The stripes ran up and down.

He modest merit sought to find.

And pay it its desert :
He had no malice in his mind.

No ruffles on his shirt.

His neighbors he did not abuse.

Was sociable and gay ;
He wore large buckles on his shoes.

And changed them every dav.

His knowledge hid from public gaze

He did not bring to view,
Nor make a noise town-meeting days.

As many people do.

His worldly goods he never threw

In trust to fortune's chances.
But lived (as all his brothers do)

In easy circumstances.

Thus undisturbed by anxious cares

His peaceful moments ran ;
And everybody said he was

A fine old gentleman.

— Albert G. Crcoic.

LEGAL ST.VTUS OF WOMEX TX PIOXEER TIME.'J

111 pioneer day.s men and women were slaves.
or free, white free people and colored free
people, and to be legally married they had to
be free, viz.: U[) to and later than 1834,
Pennsylvania was under the common law
system of England. Under this law the wife
had no legal separate e.xistence. The husband
had the right to whip her, and only in the
event of her committing crimes had she a
separate existence from her husband. But if
the crime was committed in her husband's
presence, she was then presumed not guilty.
Her condition was legally little, if any, better
than that of a slave.

Under the common law, husband and wife
were considered as one person, and on this
principle all their civil duties and relations
rested. The wife could not sue in her own
name, but only through her husband. 1 f she
suffered wrong in her |)erson or pro|)erty, she
could, witii her luisliaiid's aid and assistance.
prosecute, but the luisliand had to be the ])lain
tiff. For crimes without any ])resumed
coercion of her husband, the wife could be
prosecuted and punished, and for these mis-
demeanors the punishments were severe.

Tlif wife could make no contract with her

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

husband. The husband and she could make
a contract through the agency of trustees for
the wife, the wife, though, being still under
the protection of her husband. All contracts
made between husband and wife before mar-
riage were void after the ceremony. The hus-

was so liable, except for "superfluities and
extravagances."

If the wife died before the husband and
left no children, the husband and his heirs
inherited her estate. But if there were chil-
dren, the husband remained in possession of

i^^^/^ ii^^^ Ji^^ ,'.<.' J . i^i.£i^^

■/ ' _y

A-^J

,.(zy

^^-»^ ^f.^

M.\RRIAGE CERTIFICATES

("Free" signifies free to be married)

band could in no wise convey lands or realty
to his wife, only and except through a trustee.
A husband at death could bequeath real estate
to his wife. Marriage gave the husband all
right and title to his wife's property, whether
real or personal, but he then became liable for
all debts and contracts, even those that were
made before marriage, and after marriage he

her land during the lifetime of the wife, and
at his death the land went to the wife's heirs.

.All debts due to the wife became after mar-
riage the property of the husband, who be-
came invested with power to sue on bond,
note, or any other obligation, to his own and
exclusive use. The powers of discharge and
assignment and change of securities wer6, of

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

course, involved in the leading principle. If
the hushand died before the recovery of the
money, or any change in the securities, the
wife became entitled to these debts, etc., in
her own right. All personal property of the
wife, such as money, goods, movables and
stocks, became absolutely the property of the
husband upon marriage, and at his death went
to his heirs.

Property could be settled on the wife by
deed of marriage settlement. Property could
be settled on the wife after marriage by the
husband. pro\'ided he was solvent at the time
and the transfer not made with a view to de-

fraud. The wife could not sell her land, but
any real estate settled upon her through a
trustee she could bequeath.

The husband and wife could not be witness
against each other in civil or criminal cases
where the testimony could in the least favor
or criminate either. One exception only ex-
isted to this rule, and that was that "the per-
sonal safety of the life of the wife gave her
permission to testify for her protection." For
further information, see my "Recollections."
In 1 800 women could not vote in any State
in the Union.

CHAPTER VI
PIONEER ROADS AND BRIDGES— TURNPIKES— STAGES

li.XUI.V COURT RECORDS REL.\TING TO ROADS AND HRIDGE.S-

ETC. SUSQUEHANNA AND WATERFORD TURNPIKE —

GATES STAGES, ETC.

-ACTS OF ASSEMBLY REL.\TING TO ROADS,
GLEAN ROAD OTHER RG.ADS TOLL-

EARr.V COURT RECORDS RELATING TO ROADS
AND BRIDGES

September Sessions, 1808

The ])ioncer road was the Indiana and Port
Barnett, for the erection of which the petition
of a number of citizens of Jefferson county
and ])arls adjacent was presented to the
Indiana cf)unty court and read, praying for
the view of a road from Brady's mill, on Little
Mahoning creek, to Sandy Lick creek, in Jef-
ferson county, where the State road crosses
the same. Whereupon* the court did apijoint
Samuel Lucas, John Jones, Moses Knapp,
Samuel Scott (of Jefferson county), John
Park and John Wier (of Indiana county), to
view and make report to next court. Report
filed.

There is nf) report of the viewers on record,
nor is the report in the file with the old ])apers.

This road was j)robably l)nill in 1810.

September Sessions, 1S09

The petition of a number of the inhabitants
of Jefferson county was presented to court and
read, praying for a view of a road from a
bridge at the end of .Xdam \'asbinder's lane
to Samuel Scott's mills, on Sandy Lick creek.
Whereupon the court did appoint William

Vasbinder, Moses Knapp. Ludwig Long. Sam-
uel Scott, Adam Vasbinder and John Taylor
to view and make report to next court. Order
issued. Distance, two and one-half mile§ and
fifty-three perches.

March Sessions, 18 11

The petition of the inhabitants of Jefferson
county was (presented to court and read, .set-
ting forth that they labored under great in-
conveniences from the want of a public road
from the settlement in Jeft'erson county to
the settlement in Mahoning township, Indiana
county, to begin near Moses Knapp's mill,
mouth of the North Fork, on the State road,
to Big Mahoning creek, near John Bell's.
Whereupon the court did appoint John Tay-
lor, John Bell. Thomas Lucas, Moses Knapp,
John Matson and John Jones to view and—
nKU-ce report to next court. Order issued. Dis-
tance, fifteen miles and ninety-five perches;
twenty feet wide.

1 830

The petition of a number of the inhabitants
of the county of Indiana and county district
of Jefferson was jiresented to court and read,
setting forth that they IaI)or under great in-
convenience from want of a public road from

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

Punxsutawney, to intersect the road leading
from Brady's mills to the mouth of Ander-
son's creek, at or near Lucas's camp. Where-
upon the court appointed John W. Jenks,
Zephaniah Weakland, John Bell, Esq., Sam-
uel Bell, Esq., Peter Dilts and Moses Craw-
ford to view the ground over which the pro-
posed road is petitioned for and to make re-
turn next sessions. Approved April 12, 1820.
Distance, seven and one-half miles and thirty-
four perches.

The petition of the inhabitants of Perry
township, in Jefferson county, and also of
Mahoning township, in Indiana county, was
presented to court and read, setting forth that
they labor under great inconvenience from a
want of a public road from the four-mile tree,
upon a road leading from John Beir,s, Esq.,
in Jefferson county, to David Lawson's, in
.Armstrong county, from thence to intersect
the road leading from Jacob Knave's to James
Ewing's mill, at or near the north end of the
farm of Joshua Lewis. Whereupon the court
appointed James Ewing. William Dilts. James
McComb, William Davis, Samuel Bell, Esq.,
and David Cochran to view the ground over
which said road is contemplated to be made
and make report to next court. Distance,
seven and one-half miles and twenty-six
perches, twenty-five feet wide. Approved
March 29, 1820.

The petition of a number of the inhabitants
of Pinecreek township, in Jefferson county,
was presented to court and read, setting forth
that they labor under great inconveniences
from the want of a public road from the
county line of Armstrong county, to which
place there is a road leading out near William
King's ; from thence to the town of Troy,
which is about a mile. Whereupon it is con-
sidered by the court and ordered that Salmon
Fuller, John Welch, John Lucas, James
Shields. James demons and Peter Bartle do
view the ground over which the proposed road
is petitioned for and make report to next
court. Distance, two hundred and fifty-three
perches. Approved December 28. 1820.

The petition of a number of inhabitants of
Pinecreek township was presented to court
and read, setting forth that they labor under
great inconvenience for the want of a road
or cartway from the eighty-mile post, near
Alexander Power's on the State road, to inter-
sect the road leading to Indiana at or near
Little Sandy creek, and praying the court to
appoint viewers to view and lay out the same.
Whereupon the court appointed John Bell,
John Matson, Archibald Hadden, John Bartle,

Joseph McCullough and Robert Anderson to
view the ground over which the said road is
contemplated to be made and make report to
next court. Distance, nine miles and sixty-
three perches. December 28, 1820, order of
view approved.

The petition of a number of the inhabitants
of Perry township, in Jefferson county, was
presented to court and read, setting forth that
they labor under great inconvenience from
the want of a public road from Punxsutawney,
to intersect the road leading from Indiana to
Barnett's, at or near John Bell's, Esq. Where-
upon the court appointed John Bell, Esq.,
Archibald Hadden, Michael Lantz, Hugh Mc-
Kee, Jacob Hoover and William P. Brady to
view the ground over which the proposed road
is contemplated to be made and make report
to next court. Distance, six miles and one
hundred and twenty perches. Approved De-
cember 28, 1820.

Petition was made for a road to Barclay's
mill, conveniently at the northeast corner of
Abraham Wilcocks' lots, or near it, to intersect
the road from Punxsutawney at Leasure's
camp, at or near where said road crosses
Canoe creek. Whereupon it is considered and
ordered by the court that Moses Crawford.
John Park, Robert Hamilton, John Jamison,
William Hendricks and James Work do view
the ground over which the proposed road is
contemplated to be made, and if they or any
four of these actual viewers agree that there
is occasion for said road, they shall make
re])ort to next court.

June 25, 1822, report of viewers approved
and ordered to be opened.

No distance is given in the return of view-
ers.

The first bridge across Sandy Lick was
built at Reynoldsville in 1822.

PRINCIPAL ROADS AND COUNTY BRIDGES
1830 TO 1840

December Sessions, 18^0

Petition No. i. Petition of the commis-
sioners of Jefferson county for a bridge over
Sandy Lick creek, where public highway to
Indiana crosses said creek in the township of
Pinecreek in said county, etc.

On December 7, 1830, the court appointed
Joseph Barnett, William Robinson, David
JButler, Samuel Jones, John Christy and Joseph

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

Potter to view the same and report according
to law.

The contract for this bridge was made
August II, 1829. The commissioners were
Thomas McKee and Thomas Lucas ; the con-
tractors, WilHani Morrison and William
Kelso; witnesses to agreement, Andrew Bar-
nett and John McGhee ; consideration, $320,
to be paid as follows : To give them now in
hand the subscription of seventy-five dollars,
and a draft on the supervisors of Pinecreek
township for fifty dollars, and the remainder,
one hundred and ninety-five dollars, in county
orders when completed.

The bridge was sixteen feet wide, with
stone abutments seventy-five feet apart, suf-
ficiently strong to support roofing, and to be
finished in one hundred and thirteen days.

Petition No. 3. Road from Barclay &
Jenks' mill to Brookville.

December 7, 1830. Confirmed September
sessions, 1831.

1 8s I

Petition No. 2. Road from Jacob Hoover's
mill to intersect the road leading from Bar-
clay's mill to the JefTerson road through Gib-
son's clearing, and confirmed and ordered to
be opened thirty-five feet wide, unless where
digging and bridging is necessary. December
13. 1831.

Petition No. 3. Road from Brookville to
David Hamilton's on the Indiana county line.
February 8. 1831. September 7, 1 83 1, read
and confirmed.

Petition No. 4. Road from William AIc-
Kee's on the turnpike to James Linn's im-
provement on the Glean road. February 8,

1831. Read and confirmed. December 13,

1832, ordered to be opened.

Report No. 5. Of a road from Brookville
to Matson's inill. Confirmed by the court and
ordered to be opened twenty-five feet wide.
May 10, 1831.

May Sessions, iSjt

Petition No. i. b^or a road from Aloscs
Knapp's mill to intersect the Sandy road at
or near W. Godfrey's. Rejiorted. December
I3' i''^3i- approved and ordered to be opened.

Petition No. 4. For a road from the thirty-
fourth milestone on the Susquehanna and
Waterford turnpike road to or near the house
of Joseph McCullough. May 10, 1831. Feb-
ruary 8, 1832, read and approved.

Petition No. 5. For a road from Troy to

intersect the Olean road at John McAnulty's.
May 9, 1831. Read nisi February 8, 1832.

May Sessions, j8j2

Petition No. i. i-'or a road from Squire
McCullough's shop to David Butler's. De-
cember 12, 1832. Read and approved nisi.

Report No. 7. Of a road from Shield's
lane to the road running along Red Bank
creek. Viewers report of road January 31,
1833. Confirmed May 11, 1833.

May Sessions, iSjj

Petition No. 2. For a road from Shoe-
maker's to intersect the road from Hance
Robinson's to Troy. December 12, 1833, ap-
proved.

December Sessions, i8jj

Petition No. 2. For a road from Thomas
Barr's on the Olean road to the Union school-
house. May 13, 1834, approved.

Petition No. i. For a road from Port Bar-
nett on the Indiana road to the Ceres road at
or near Pun.xsutawney. I'ebruary 12, 1834.
Se])tember 11, read nisi. January 12, 1847,
ordered to be opened.

Petition No. 2. For a road from a public
road leading from Brookville to Kittanning
at the county line to McKinstry's sawmill, near
the mill of John Robinson. February 12,

1834. December 13, 1843, approved and
ordered to be opened fifty feet wide.

May .Sessions, /8j4

Petition No. i. For a road from Israel
Gray's fulling mill and carding machine to a
point at or near where the Olean road crosses
Little Mill creek. September 11, 1834. June
II, 1835, ordered to be opened twenty feet
wide.

i'etition No. 2. For a road from the bridge
o\cr Mill creek to the house of William Mc-
Cullough in Pinecreek township. September
I 1 . I S34. Opening order issued October 23,

1835, to be twenty feet wide.

Report No. 3. Of a road from Ball's mill
on Tioncsta to the Hepler Camp road near
the four-mile tree. \'iewers report in favor
of road November 15. 1834. Opening order
issued October 16, 1835.

JEFFERSON COUXTY, PENNSYLVANIA

May Sessions, iSjfi

Petition No. i. For a road from Robert P.
Barr's on the turnpike to Andrew Vasbinder's
improvement on the North Fork. December
i6, 1836. Read and ordered to be opened
fifty feet wide.

Petition No. 6. For a bridge across Red
Bank creek, where the Brookville and Hamil-
ton road crosses. Februar}' 13, 1836. View-
ers report in favor, March 8, 1836.

Petition No. 7. For a bridge on Big Mahon-
ing. February 13, 1836. August 20, 1836,
report in favor and county to pay one hundred
and eighty dollars.

Report No. 10. Of a road from John
Hoover's mill to intersect the Ceres road at
or near Daniel Graffius's, Jr. May term ap-
proved.

Petition No. 2. For a road from James
Ross's to intersect the Brockway road at or
near St. Tibbetts'.

Petition No. 3. For a road from the tan-
yard of John W. Jenks in Punxsutawney to
the sawmill of William Campbell. Approved
May 10, 1836.

Report No. 8. Of a road from the west
end of Morrison's Lane to the west end of
John Kennedy's. Viewers report in favor of
road (^no date) 1835. May 10, 1836, read and
confirmed.

The pioneer county bridge was ])etitioned
for January 19, 1836; approved by the court,
September, 1836. The l^ridge was let by the
commissioners December 15, 1836, to Messrs.
Thomas Hall and Richard .\rthurs, contrac-
tors. The contract called for the completion
of the bridge by September, 1837. The
accepted contract bid was seven hundred and
ninety-five dollars. When finished the bridge
was a good solid structure, but was a curious
pile of wood and stones. This pioneer county
covered bridge was a wooden one, made of
pine timber. It was erected across Red Bank-
creek in the borough of Brookville, a few feet
west of where the present iron structure on
Pickering street now stands. There were no
iron nails used in its construction, and only
a few handmade iron spikes. The timbers
were mortised and tenoned, and put together
with wooden pins. This was a single-span
bridge of one hundred and twenty feet in
length, with no center pier, and of the burr-
truss plan. It had two strings of circle arches,
resting on the stone abutments. Many mem-
ories clustered around this bridge for the old
citizens, but time has efTaced the bridge and
will efiface the memories. On its planks gen-

erations met, passed and repassed, and from
its stringers fishers dropped many a hook and
line.

September Sessions, i8j6

Petition No. 2. For a road ' from Vas-
binder's improvement to Frederick Hetrick's.
May 10, 1836. December 17, 1836, read and
confirmed.

Petition No. 3. For a road from Mill Creek
road near John Wilson's to Maize's Gap on
the Clarion river. September 16, 1836. May
10, 1837, read and approved.

Deeembcr Sessions, iSj6

Petition No. 2. For a road from the house
of James Smith to intersect the Ceres road
at or near the farm of William Smith. De-
cember 16, 1836. October 14, 1837, viewers
in favor of road. May 16, 1838, confirmed.

February Sessions. i8j/

Petition No. i. For a road from .Arm-
strong & Reynolds' mill at the mouth of Maple
creek to Thomas Mechan's farm, on line of
Jefferson and Venango. Febraary 14; 1837.
July 24, 1837, viewers report in favor of road.
-September 15, 1837, read and confirmed nisi.

May Sessions. jS^j

Petition No. i. For a road from Daniel
Elgin's to the turnpike near the Widow Mills's.
May 10, 1837. Confirmed September is.

1837. . .

Petition No. 2. For a road from the road
from Whitesville to Punxsutawney, one-half
mile east of Whitesville, to intersect the road
from Hamilton's to Brookville near Henry
Philliber's. May 10, 1837. September 25,
1837, confirmed nisi. Order issued December
23. 1,837, for opening to John C. Ferguson,
and to be paid him.

Petition No. 3. For a road from the Smeth-
port and Milesburg turnpike, where it crosses
Clarion river, to the mouth of Spring creek.
May 10, 1837. September 15, 1837, read and
confirmed nisi.

Petition No. 5. For a road from John
Bowers's to James H. Bell's gristmill. May
10, 1837. September 15, 1837, read and con-
firmed nisi. February 10, 1845, on the appli-
cation of George R. Barrett, deputy attorney-
general, the court order and direct that the
road be opened forty feet wide.

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

September Sessions, i8j/

Petition No. 2. For a road from David
Dennison's to the seventy-first milestone. Con-
firmed Alay 1 6, 1838.

Petition No. 10. For a bridge on Mahoning
creek near Charles C. Gaskill's. September,
1837. The connty builds this bridge. John
Hutchison, foreman. The court approve the
finding of the grand jury and direct the with-
in-named Ijridge to be recorded as a county
bridge. December 13, 1837.

December Sessions, iSjy

Petition No. 2. For a road from the forks
of Jones's run to intersect the Olean road
about one mile east of Mr. Gorden's near the
Black Swamp. December 13. December 18,

1840, confirmed. Order to open, April 24.

1841. _

Petition No. 3. For a road from Thomas
\\'ilkin's to Ebenezer Carr's. December 12,

1837. Read and confirmed May 16, 1838.
Petition No. 6. For a bridge across Red

Bank creek at or near Carrier's mill. Decem-
ber 12, 1837. Approved by the grand jury,
and the county to assist in building the same.
February 16, 1838.

February Sessions, iSjS

Report No. 3. Of a road from Curry's lot
to John i'ell's in Perry. Viewers report in
favor of road February 9, 1838. February 16,

1838, confirmed nisi. May 17, 1838, con-
firmed.

' May Sessions, iS_^S

Petition No. i. For a road from Benjamin
Shaffer's to David Milliron's. Read and con-
firmed Fel)ruary 16, 1839.

Petition No. 2. For a road from Dennison's
to William McConnell's. May 17, 183S. Con-
firmed December 14, 1838. Ordered to be
opened fifty feet wide, December 15, 1843.

December .Sessions. iSjS

Petition No. 4. I-"or a road from the twen-
tieth milestone on the .Susquehanna and Frank-
lin turnpike to the -Sandy Lick creek at the
Irish Town path. December 14, 1838. May
LS. ^^39' read and confirmed.

May Sessions, /(?_?o

Petition No. i. b'or a road from Wake-
field's, in PinecreeJv township, to tJie district

line near Andrew McCormick, Snyder town-
ship. Approved nisi December 10, 1839.

Petition No. 2. For a road from Aaron
Fuller's to the Brookville and Hamilton road
near Mr. Holt's. May 14, 1839. Read and
confirmed nisi December 13, 1839, and ordered
to be opened February 10, 1840.

Petition No. 3. For a road from Hance
Robinson's mill to the Armstrong county line
near the land of Hulet Smith. May 14, 1839.
Read and confirmed nisi September 10, 1839.
Order to open October 7, 1840.

Petition No. 4. For a road from Daniel
Elgin's, in Eldred township, to the mouth of
Spring creek in Ridgway township. May 14,
18^39. Read and confirmed nisi December
II, 1839.

Petition No. 6. For a road from the
borough of Brookville to the Beech Bottom
on Clarion river. May 14, 1839. Read and
confirmed December 13, 1839.

Petition No. 8. For a road from the upper
end of the Clearfield and Armstrong turnpike,
east of Punxsutawney, to intersect the old
State road at or near John McHenry's. May
14, 1839. Read and confirmed December i^,
1839.

September Sessions, iSjg

Petition No. i. For a road from the farm
of Levi G. Clover to the Olean road at or near
James Cochran's. September 11, 1839. Read
ni^i 1839. Ordered to be opened May 22.
1840.

Petition No. 8. b'or a road from the twelfth
milestone on the turnpike to intersect the road
half a mile east of John McGhee's. September
II, 1839. May 12, 1840, confirmed and
ordered to be opened fifty feet wide.

Petition No. 9. Of a road from the south-
east corner of the Graham lot on the Punx-
sutawney road to intersect the turnpike at the
northeast corner of .\ndrew Barnett's land.
\'iewers re])ort in favor of road August 23,
1839. Petitioned for May 15, 1839. Decem-
ber 13, 1839, read and confimied.

Report No. 16. Of a bridge across the Big
.Mahoning creek at Bell's mills. Viewers in
favor of bridge November 30, 1837. Petitioned
for September, 1837. County' appropriated
two hundred and fifty dollars to build said
bridge. David McCormick, foreman. Court
concur Se])tember 11, 1839.

December .Se.isions, /(??9

Petition No. i. For a road from Richards'
mill on the Brookville and Beech Bottom road

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

to intersect the Brockvvay road at or near the
farm of Ahnon Sartwell. December lo, 1839.
May 12, 1840, confirmed.

Petition No. 3. For a road from the Hog-
back road near Frederick Lantz's to intersect
the Brookville and Indiana road at or near T.
S. Mitchell's store. Approved by court,
December 16, 1841.

Petition No. 4. For a road from T. S.
Mitchell's on the Indiana and Brookville road
to intersect the road that leads from Irvin
Robinson's to the Indiana county line. Decem-
ber 13, 1839. Confirmed December 18, 1840.

Petition No. 5. For a road from John
Quiggles's to the Big Mahoning creek, where
the line between James Solesby and William
Campbell crosses said creek. Read and con-
firmed February term, 1841.

Petition No. 6. For a road from the road
that has been of late made from the twentieth
milestone to Sandy Lick creek to the Beech-
woods road, one and a quarter miles from the
twentieth milestone road. December 9, 1839.
Confirmed May 12, 1840.

Petition Xo. 7. For a road from the
Waterford turnpike one half mile east of the
twenty-fifth milestone to David Losh's grist-
mill. December 9, 1839. Confirmed May
12, 1840.

February Sessions, 1840

Petition No. i. For a road from the Brock-
way road at or near S. Tibbetts's to the Beech-
woods road at or near James Ross's Lane.
February 11, 1840. Confirmed May 12, 1840.

Petition for a road to Shaw's from Ross's
Lane, September, 1836. Confirmed to these
points May 10, 1837.

May Sessions, 1S40

Petition No. 3. For a road from the Brock-
way road at or near Peter Richards's smith
shop to the Beechvvoods at or near the top of
Mill Creek hill. May 13, 1840. February to,
1841, read and confirmed to be opened fifty
feet wide.

September Sessions, 1840

Petition No. 5. For a road from the Clear-
field county line near Robert Dixon's to
Osborne mill. September 11, 1840. Read and
confirmed February 10, 1841.

Report No. 9. — Of a road from the road
leading from Harnett's to Punxsutawney.
about one mile south of Harnett's, to the old

Indiana road, near the Five Mile run. Viewers
report in favor of road. May 12, 1840. Sep-
tember 17, 1840, read nisi. February 10, 1841,
read and confirmed.

(See also chapter on Barnett township, for
bridges.)

.\CTS OF ASSEMBLY RELATING TO ROADS, ETC.

SUSQUEHANNA AND WATERFORD TURNPIKE,
GLEAN ROAD, ETC.

1812. — Incorporation of the Susquehanna
and Waterford Turnpike Company author-
ized : governor of Pennsylvania to subscribe
one hundred and twenty-five thousand dollars
in the stock of said road.

1814. — Supplement to said act extending the
time for subscriptions to the stock of said
company three years from the 22d of
February, 1815.

1818. — Supplement extending the time five
years from March 20, 18 18.

182 1. — Governor of Pennsylvania, on behalf
of the State, authorized to subscribe fifteen
thousand dollars, in addition to the amount
before subscribed, to the Susquehanna and
Waterford Turnpike Company. By a report
made in the Pennsylvania House of Repre-
sentatives, March 23, 1822, it appears that the
contemplated length of this road was one
hundred and twenty-six miles, one hundred
and seventeen of which were completed at that
date. About twenty-six miles of this turnpike
were laid out within the limits of the county
of Jel?erson.

April 4, 1831. — An act was enacted and
approved authorizing the commissioners of
Jefferson cotmty to alter a certain part of the
Susquehanna and Waterford Turnpike road :
"Section i. Be it enacted that the commis-
sioners of Jefferson county be, and they are
hereby, authorized and empowered to lay out
and make one mile and ten perches of turn-
pike road through the village of Brookville in
said county, said road not to exceed five
degrees from a horizontal line, and to be con-
nected with the Susquehanna and Waterford
turnpike road at both ends." This law author-
ized a change in the pike in Brookville from
Jefferson street to Main street. The Com-
monwealth awarded the contract for this work
to Thomas and James Hall, who completed
the change.

1838. — Susquehanna and Waterford Turn-
pike Road Company authorized to open their
road one hundred feet wide through marshy
places, "so as to let the light and air upon the
same."

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

In 1792 the first stone turnpike in the United
States was chartered. It was constructed in
Pennsylvania, in 1794, and ran from l^ancastcr
to Philadcljihia. It was conii)Ieted through to
Pittsburgh in icSo4 and was the wonder of
America. In this year, also, began the agita-
tion in Pennsylvania for internal improvement,
an agitation that resulted in a great era of
State road, canal and turnpike construction,
encouraged and assisted by the State govern-
ment. From 1792 until 1832 the Legislature
granted two hundred and twenty charters for
turnpikes alone.

These jiikes were not all made, but there
were completed within that time, as a result
of these grants, three thousand miles of
passable roads. The pioneer turnpike through
our wilderness was the Susquehanna and
Waterford turnpike. On February 22, 1812,
a law was enacted by the Pennsylvania Legis-
lature enabling the governor to incorporate a
company to build a turn])ike from the Susque-
hanna river, near the mouth of Anderson
creek, in Clearfield county, through Jefferson
county and wiiat is now Pirookville, and
through the towns of Franklin and Mead-
ville, to Waterford, in Erie county. The
governor was authorized to subscribe twelve
thousand dollars in shares toward building the
road. Joseph Barnett and Peter Jones, of
Jefferson county, and two from each of the
following counties, Erie, Crawford, Mercer,
Clearfield, Venango and Philadeli)hia, as well
as two from the city of Philadelphia, were
appointed commissioners to receive stock.
I'Lach of the counties just named was required
to take a specified number of shares, and the
shares were ])laced at twenty-five dollars each.
JeflFersoii county was re(|uirc(I to take fifty
shares.

The war of 1812 so depressed business in
this part of the .State that all work was delayed
on this thoroughfare for six years. The
company commenced work in 1818, and the
survey was completed in October of that year.
In November, 1818, the sections were ofYered
for sale, and in November, 1820, the road was
completed to Rellcfonte.

The commissioners em])loyed John Sloan,
Esq., to make the survey and grade the road.
The survey was begun in the spring and
finished in the fall of 1818, a distance of one
hundred and four miles. The State took one
third of the stock. James Harriet, of Mead-
ville. Pa., took the contract to build the road,
and he gave it out to sub-contractors, .^ome
took five miles, some ten, and so on. The
bridge over the Clarion river was built in 1821,

by Aloore, from .Xorthuniberland county; it
was built with a single arch.

In March, 1821, an act was passed by the
Legislature appropriating two thousand, five
hundred dollars for improving the road. .\])-
jjointments were made in each county through
which the road passed of people whose duty
it was to receive the money for each county
and to pay it out. Charles C. Gaskill and
Carpenter \\'inslow represented Jefiferson
county.

Andrew Ellicott never surveyed or brushed
out this turnpike. He was one of the com-
missioners for the old State road.

(Jur turnpike was one hundred and twenty-
six miles long. The individual subscriptions
to its construction were in total fifty thousand
dollars, the State aid giving one hundred and
forty thousand dollars. This, was up to March.
1822. The finishing of our link in November,
1824, completed and opened one continuous
turnpike road from Philadelphia to Erie. Our
part of this thoroughfare was called a "clav
turnpike," and in that day was boasted of by
early settlers as the most convenient and easy-
traveling road in the United States ; that, in
fact, anywhere along the route over the moun-
tain the horses could be treated to the finest
water, and that anywhere along the route, too.
the tra\eler, as well as the driver, could regale
himself "with the choicest Monongaliela
whisky bitters," clear as amber, sweet as musk,'
and smooth as oil.

"Tmmediately after the completion of the
turnpike milestones were set up. They were
on the right hand side of the road as one
traveled east. The stones when first erected
were white, neat, square, and well finished.
( )n each stone was inscribed, 'To S. 00 miles.
To F. 00 miles.' Of course, figures appeared
on the stones where ci]ihers have been placed
abfj\e. .S. stood for Susquehanna, which is
east, and F. for Franklin, which is west."

ISrookville was thirty-six miles from the
.Susquehanna river, and Franklin forty-six
miles.

In the early days of the turn])ike. Oliver
(iregg. with his six horses, and Joseph Mor-
row, with his outfit of two teams, were
regularly employed for ni;iiiy years in carr\ing
freight from IMiiladelphia to this section, h
took four weeks to reach here from Philadel-
phia, and the charge for freight was about six
dollars per hundred pounds. A man by the
name of Potter in later years drove an outfit
of five roan horses. Each team had a Cones-
toga wagon and carried from three to four
tons of goods.

COKESTOGA \VAriOX

,<-

BENNETT'S STAGE AXI) MdliKoW S TEAM

TV.E'IT'-' YORK
PUBLIC Lih-i^JCl

ASTOn, fNOX
TILDbN FOL'.-.DArloNS

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

1819. — The Olean State road was authorized
by the following act of Assembly : "An act
authorizing the governor to appoint commis-
sioners for the purpose of laying out a State
road from the town of Kittanning to the State
line, in direction to the village of Hamilton, in
the township of Olean, in the State of New
York, and also from Milesburg in Center
county to Clarion river in Jefferson county.

"Section i. Be it enacted by the Senate and
House of Representatives of the Common-
wealth of Pennsylvania in General Assembly
met, and it is hereby enacted by the authority
of the same. That the governor be. and is
hereby authorized and required to appoint
three commissioners, one of whom shall be a
practical surveyor, to view, mark, and lay out
a State road from the town of Kittanning, in
the county of Armstrong; thence on the
nearest and best route to the State line, on a
direction to the village of Hamilton, on the
Allegheny river, in the township of Olean, in
the State of New York ; and the commissioners
so appointed shall ])roceed to perform the
duties required of them by this act on or before
the first Monday in June next, and shall make
out and deposit a copy of the draft of said
road in the office of the clerk of the court of
Quarter Sessions in each county through
which said road shall pass, and the said clerks
shall enter the same in their respective offices,
which shall be a record of said road ; and from
thenceforth the said road shall be, to all intents
and purposes, a public highway, and shall be
opened and kept in repair in the same manner
as roads laid out by order of the court of
Quarter Sessions of the county through which
said road passes."

Section 2 provides for the oath of the com-
missioners, their pay, and the settlement of
their accounts.

Sections 3 and 4 jjertain only to the other
State road mentioned in the title of the act.

"Approved — the twenty-third day of March,
one thousand eight hundred and nineteen."

1 82 1. — .Appropriation of eight thousand
dollars to the Olean road by the nineteenth
section of "An Act for the Improvement of the
.State," which reads as follows :

"Section 19. And be it further enacted by
the authority aforesaid. That the sum of eight
thousand dollars be, and the same is hereby
appropriated for the opening and improving a
State road, recently laid out from the town
of Kittanning in Armstrong county to the
State line, on a direction to the village of
Hamilton, in the State of New York, which
passes through .Armstrong, Jefferson, and

McKean counties, to be expended in the said
counties through which said road passes in
proportion to the distance it passes through
the same respectively. And the governor is
hereby authorized to draw his warrant on the
State treasurer in favor of the following
named persons — that is, for that part of the
said road which lies in Armstrong county in
favor of David Lawson and James Cochran,
.Armstrong county ; and for that part of said
road which lies in Jefferson county in favor
of John Sloan, Jr., of Armstrong county, John
Matson, and John Lucas, of Jefferson county ;
and for that part of said road that lies in
McKean county in favor of Brewster Freeman
and Joseph Otto, of McKean county, who are
hereby appointed commissioners to receive
and expend the said sum in opening and im-
proving the said road within the limits of the
counties to which they are appointed to super-
intend, etc.

".Approved — March 26. 1821."

1819. — State road from Kittanning to the
mouth of Anderson's creek, in Clearfield
county, authorized by

".\n act to authorize the governor to ap-
point commissioners to lay out a state road
from the town of Kittanning in a direction to
the mouth of Anderson's creek.

".Section i. Re it enacted by the Senate and
House of Representatives of the Common-
wealth of Peimsylvania in General Assembly
met. and it is hereby enacted by the authoiity
of the same. That the governor is, and he is
hereby authorized to appoint three commis-
sioners, one of which shall be a practical
surveyor, to view. mark, and lay out a State
road from the town of Kittanning; thence by
the nighest and best route on a direction
towards the mouth of .Anderson's creek, in
Clearfield county, to intersect a road from
Bellefonte to Erie. And the commissioners so
appointed shall proceed to perfomi the duties
of their appointment at such times as the gov-
ernor shall direct. And they shall make out
and deposit a draft of said road in the office
of the clerk of the court of Quarter Sessions in
each county through which said road shall
pass, and the said clerks shall enter the same
in their resjiective offices, which shall be a
record of said road, and from thenceforth the
said road shall be to all intents and purposes
a public highway, and shall be opened and kept
in repair in the same manner as roads laid
by order of tlie courts of Quarter Sessions of
the counties through which said road passes.

"Approved — January 27, 1819."

182 1. — Appropriation of twenty-five hun-

lEFFERSON COUNTY, PEXXSYLVANIA

dred dollars to the State road from Kittan-
ning to Anderson's creek, Clearfield county,
by "An Act for the Improvement of the
State."

'"Section i8. And be it further enacted by
the authority aforesaid, That the sum of two
thousand five hundred dollars be, and the
same is hereby ai)pro])riated for the purpose
of opening and improving a State road re-
cently laid out from the mouth of Anderson's
creek, in Clearfield county, to the town of
Kittanning, in Armstrong county, which
passes through the counties of Clearfield, Jef-
ferson, Indiana, and Armstrong, to be ex-
pended in the same counties through which
said road passes in proportion to the distance
it passes through the same, and the governor
is hereby authorized to draw his warrant on
the State treasurer in favor of the following
named persons, that is, for that part of said
road which lies in Armstrong county in favor
of James Hannagan and Joseph Marshall, of
Armstrong county ; for that part of said road
which lies in Indiana county in favor of James
McComb and William Travis, of Indiana
county ; for that part of said road lying in
Jefferson county in favor of Charles C. Gaskill
and Carpenter Winslow, of Jefiferson county ;
and for that part lying in Clearfield county in
favor of David Ferguson and Moses Boggs,
of .said county, who are hereby appointed
commissioners to receive and expend the said
sum in opening and improving the said road
within the limits of the counties to which they
are a])pointed to superintend, and the said
commissioners shall each be entitled to receive
as a full compensation one dollar and fifty
cents per day for every day they shall be neces-
sarily employed in performing their respective
duties.

"Approved — March 26, 182 1."

1824. — State road from ^^^1rren to Brook-
ville authorized.

1825, — "'State road from Indiana through
Punxsutawney, in the county of Jefferson,
and Smethport, in the county of McKean, to
the town of Ceres, in said county of McKean,"
authorized, and Meek Kelly, of Indiana county.
John Sloan, Jr., of Armstrong county, and
Charles C. Gaskill, of Jefferson county, i\]i-
pointed commissioners to view, lay out and
, mark the same.

1825. — The Milesburg and .Smethport Turn-
pike Road Company, authorized "for the ])ur-
pose of making a turn]Mke road from Miles-
burg in Centre county, past Karthaus in
Clearfield county, and .Smethjiort in McKean
county, to the New York line," and Jonathan

Colgrove, Paul E. Scull, John King and
Josei>h Otto, of McKean county ; Peter A.
Karthaus, of Clearfield county; James L.
(iillis, of Jefferson county; John Mitchell and
Roland Curtin, of Center county; George
\'aux and Simon Gratz, of the city of Phila-
delphia, appointed commissioners to solicit
subscriptions for said road, which passed
through Ridgway, then in the county of Jef- •
ferson. Notice of the time and place when
and where books to i)e opened to receive sub-
scriptions of stock to be published in the
Bellefonte Patriot and the Lycoming Gazette,
and one paper published in the city of Phila-
delphia. Upon subscriptions of twenty or
more persons, representing six himdred or
more shares of twenty dollars each, the gov-
ernor to incorporate the company, which was
to have power to erect and maintain tollgates
upon and across said turnpike, as will be seen
by the following section of the act :

"Section 13. — And be it further enacted by
the authority aforesaid. That whenever and
as often as the said company shall have fin-
ished five miles or more of said road the presi-
dent thereof may give notice to the governor,
who shall thereupon forthwith appoint three
skillful, judicious, and disinterested persons
to view and examine the same and report on
oath or affirmation to him whether the road is
so far executed in a competent and workman-
like manner, according to the true meaning
and intent of this act ; and if their report shall
be in the affirmative, then the governor shall,
by license under his hand and seal of the
State, permit and suffer said company to erect
and fix such and so many gates or turnpikes
U]Xjn and across the said road as will be neces-
sary and sufficient to collect from all persons
traveling the same, otherw'ise than on foot,
the same tolls which are hereinafter authorized
and granted : Provided, That all persons at-
tending funerals, military parades or train-
ings, or divine worship on the -Sabbath-day.
shall at all times be exempt from the payment
of any toll on said road."

1828. — "A supplement to the Act entitled
'An Act authorizing the Governor to incor-
porate the Milesburg and Smethport Turn-
pike Road Company.'

"".Section I. I'e it enacted by the Senate
and Mouse of Representatives of the Com-
monwealth of Pennsylvania in General As-
sembly met, and it is hereby enacted by the
authority of the same, That the governor be
and is hereby authorized and required to sub-
scribe twenty thousand dfillars, in shares of
twenty dollars each, to the stock of the Aliles-

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

burg and Smethport Turnpike Road Company ;
and as soon as any five miles of the road shall
be completed, it shall be the duty of the gov-
ernor to draw his warrant on the State treas-
urer for a sum in proportion to the whole dis-
tance, and a like sum for every five miles, until
the whole sum shall be drawn : Provided,
That previous to any payment from the treas-
ury satisfactory evidence shall be furnished
to the governor that sums equal at least in
amount to the sums drawn from the treasury
shall have been paid by individual stockhold-
ers and expended agreeably to the provisions
of the twelfth section of the act incorporating
the said turnpike road company, passed the
eleventh day of April, one thousand eight
hundred and twenty-five : And Provided
further. That there shall not be more than
five thousand dollars of the aforesaid sum of
twenty thousand dollars drawn from the said
treasury in any one year.

"Approved — the second day of February,
A. D. one thousand eight hundred and twenty-
eight.

"J. Andvv. Schulze."

183 1. — "A further supplement to the said
Act incorporating said Turnpike Road Com-
pany, being the Second Section of the Act of
the 4th Day of April, A. D. 1831, as follows:

"Section 2. And be it further enacted by
the authority aforesaid. That the proceedings
which are authorized by the thirteenth section
of the act entitled 'A Further Supplement to
the Act entitled An Act authorizing the Gov-
ernor to incorporate the Milesburg and Smeth-
port Turnpike Road Company,' passed
eleventh day of April, one thousand eight hun-
dred and twenty-five, and a supplement to the
said act, passed the second day of February,
one thousand eight hundred and twenty-eight,
in cases when the said company shall have
finished five miles or more of said road, be and
the .same are hereby authorized and extended
to portions less than five miles of said road,
which are and shall hereafter be finished as
aforesaid."

1836. — A further supplement authorizing
the State to subscribe five thousand dollars
additional stock in said turnpike.

1826. — Warren and Jefferson County Turn-
pike Road Company authorized "for the pur-
pose of making a turnpike road from the town
of Warren, in Warren county, to the Sus-
quehanna and Waterford Turnpike, at or near
the bridge over the north fork of Sandy Lick
creek, in Jefferson county," and Joseph Hack-
ney, John Andrews, and Archibald Tanner, of
Warren county; Thomas I^ucas, Charles C.

Gaskill, and John Matson, of Jefferson
county, appointed commissioners to solicit
subscriptions and organize the company.

1826. — One half of all road taxes received
by the treasurers of Jefferson and McKean
counties from unseated lands to be applied
for seven years to the improvement of the
"leading roads" in said counties; and C. C.
Gaskill and James Gillis, of Jefferson county,
and Jonathan Colgrove and Paul E. Scull, of
McKean county, appointed commissioners to
expend said fund in the "making, clearing
and opening" of said "leading roads."

1828. — The above act repealed as to Jef-
ferson county.

1826. — Cleajrfield and Jefferson Turnpike
authorized, and Charles C. Gaskill, Dr. John
W. Jenks, Andrew Barnett, and Thomas
Lucas, of the county of Jefferson ; and Green-
wood Bell, John Irvin, David Ferguson, and
Alexander B. Read, of Clearfield county, ap-
pointed commissioners to procure books and
solicit subscriptions for said road, and gen-
erally to assist in the organization of the com-
pany, to be known as "The President, Man-
agers, and Company of the Clearfield and Jef-
ferson Turnpike Road."

1831. — Township supervisors of Jefferson
county authorized and required to expend at
least two-thirds of the annual road tax in the
repair and improvement of the public roads
of their respective townships, on or before
the 1st day of October in each and every
year.

1834. — State road from Kittanning to
Brookville authorized, and John Sloan, Jr.,
Alexander Duncan, and James Corbett ap-
]5ointed commissioners to view and lay out
the same.

1835. — Commissioners appointed to lay out
State road from Kittanning to Brookville :
William Jack, John Cribbs, Jr., and Robert
Richards.

1838. — Luthersburg and Punxsutawney
Road Company authorized, "for the purpose
of making a turnpike from the town of Punx-
sutawney, in the county of Jefferson, to the
town of Luthersburg, in Clearfield county."
and Lebbeus Luther, John Jordan, Benjamin
Bonsall, David Irvin, Jacob Flick, Benjamin
Carson, David Hoover, David Henny, and
Jeremiah Miles, of the county of Clearfield ;
William Campbell, Charles R. Barclay. Charles
C. Gaskill, James Winslow, James W. Bell, and
John Hoover (miller), of the county of Jef-
ferson, appointed commissioners to solicit sub-
scriptions for stock, and generally to assist in
the organization of the company to be known

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

as "The Luthersburg and I'linxsutawney Road
Company."

1838. — The governor of Pennsylvania au-
iliorized and required to suliscrihe four thou-
sand dollars to the Luthersburg and Punxsu-
tawney Turnpike Company "if incorporated
the present session."

1830. — State road from Warren to Ridg-
way's settlement, in Jefferson county, author-
ized, and Robert Falconer, John Andrews
and Lansing Witmore, of Warren county,
and Reuben A. .Aylsworth and Enos Gillis,
of Jefferson county. ap])ointed commissioners
to lay out the same.

1831. — Company organized and incorpo-
rated to build said road, called the Warren
and Ridgway Turnpike Road Company. "The
said commissioners are hereby authorized to
employ one surveyor, whose compensation
shall not exceed one dollar and fifty cents per
day, and two chain bearers and one ax man,
at per diem allowance, not exceeding one dol-
lar per day, and one packer and packhorse, if
necessary, for which a reasonable allowance
shall be made. Further, that the compensa-
tion of the said commissioners shall be one
flollar and fifty cents each for every day they
may be necessarilv employed by \irtue of this
act."

1836. — Tn consideration of privileges
granted by the State to the State bank, it was
authorized and required to pay five thousand
dollars to this Warren and Ridgway Turnpike
Road Company.

1838. — Governor of Pennsylvania author-
ized to subscribe two thousand dollars stock
in said Warren and Ridgway Turnpike Road
Company.

1842. — Having com]ilcted forty miles of the
Warren and Ridgway turnpike road, said
company was authorized to demand, receive,
and collect tolls thereon.

1844. — The managers and stockholders of
the Warren and Ridgway Turn]iike Road
Company having abandoned the same, it was
enacted that one-half of the road tax levied in
the township of Sheffield, and one-fourth of
the road tax levied in the township of Kinzua.
in the county of Warren; one-fourth of the
road tax levied in the township of Tionesta.
in the county of Jefferson; one-fourth of the
road tax levied in the township of Ridgway,
and one-eighth of the road tax levied in the
township of Jones, in the county of F.Ik,
should, for a period of six years, be paid and
expended by Richard Dunham and I'>astus
P)arnes, of the county of Warren, and Joseph
S. Myde, of the county of F.Ik, commissioners,

to the best advantage, in repairing, mending,
and improving said turnpike road through the
counties of Warren, Jefferson, and Elk.

1831. — Armstrong and Clearfield turnpike
road authorized to commence at Kittanning.
pass through Punxsutawney, and to end at
the mouth of Anderson's creek, in Clearfield
county. Thomas Blair. Jacob Pontius, and
Joseph Marshall, of Armstrong county; Chas.
C. Gaskill, and John W. Jenks, of Jefferson
county; John Ewing and Henry Kinter, of
Indiana county ; David Ferguson and John
Irvin, of Clearfield county; and William .\.
Thomas and Hardman Phillips, of Centre
county, were appointed commissioners by said
act to solicit subscriptions, give notice of
organization of company, etc.

1838. — Governor of Pennsylvania author-
ized and required to subscribe five thousand
six hundred dollars to said Armstrong and
Clearfield Turnpike Road Company.

1844. — Time for the completion of the said
Armstrong and Clearfield turnpike road ex-
tended for the term of ten vears from April
16, 1844.

1834. — State road from the mouth of Little
r.ald Eagle creek, in Huntingdon county,
through Clearfield county, to Punxsutawney,
in Jefferson county, authorized, and James
Winslow, of Jefferson county ; Elisha Fenton,
of Clearfield county ; and llenjamin Johnson,
of Huntingdon county, appointed commis-
sioners to lay out the same.

1835. — Supplement extending time for mak-
ing out drafts of location of said State road
from Little Bald Eagle creek to Punxsu-
tawney.

1834. — State road authorized from the set-
tlement on the headwaters of Millstone creek,
in Jefferson county, to the State road leading
from the Clarion river bridge, on the Sus-
quehainia and Waterford turnpike, in the
county of Venango, at or near the farm of
Peter Walley, Jr., and James Gillis and Wil-
liam Armstrong, of Jefferson county; and
David Reyner, of Venango county, appointed
commissioners to lay out the same.

1835. — State road from .Shippensville to
Ridgway. in Jefferson county, authorized,
and Daniel Rhyner and James Hasson, of
Venango county; and William .Armstrong, of
Jeff'erson county, appointed commissioners to
view, lay out, and mark the same:

1838. — State road from ISrookville to Tio-
nesta authorized, and James Iluling and Rich-
ard Irvin, of Venango county, and Philip G.
Clover, of Jefferson county. "ap])ointed com-

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

niissioners to view, lay out, locate, and mark
the same by the nearest and best route.''

1840. — Incorporation of the Armstrong,
Jefferson, and Clearfield Turnpike Company
authorized, to begin "at the northern termina-
tion of the Freeport and Kittanning turnpike
road, on the top of the Mahoning hills, and
continue by the most practical route, via the
borough of Brookville, in Jefferson county,
and the Brandy Camp, to the Alilesburg and
SmethfMDrt turnpike road, at or near Ridgway,
in Jefferson county." By same act James Kerr.
Hance Robinson, Jacob Miller, of the county
of Armstrong; and Hiram Wilson, William
Jack, John Dougherty, and Jacob Shaffer, of
the county of Jefferson; and Isaac Morton,
Daniel Oyster. Uriah Rodgers, and Jonathan
Nichols, of the county of Clearfield, were ;ip-
pointed commissioners to solicit subscriptions
and organize the company.

1840. — State road from Ebensburg to Punx-
sutawney authorized, to begin "at the town of
Ebensburg, in Cambria county ; thence by the
nearest and best route to the Cherry Tree ;
thence by the nearest and best route to the
town of Punxsutawney, Jefferson county'' ;
and Stephen Lloyd and James Rhey, of Cam-
bria county ; James Bard, of Indiana county ;
David Ferguson, of Clearfield county; and
James Winslow, of Jefferson county, appointed
commissioners to view, lay out, and mark the
same.

.A^pril 2. 1841. — lime for completing the
survey and location of .State road from Ebens-
burg to Punxsutawney extended one year from
April 2, 1841, and Stephen Lloyd, John B.
Douglass, of Cambria county; Richard Bard,
of Clearfield county; William Thompson, of
Indiana county; and James Winslow, of Jef-
ferson county, appointed conmiissioners in
place of those named in the act originally
authorizing the road.

May 5, 1841. — Original act autliorizing the
State road from l-',ljensburg "to Punxsutawney
revived, "and William Thompson, of Indiana
county ; Richard Bard, of Clearfield county ;
and .Stephen Lloyd, John B. Douglass, and
James Rhey. of Cambria county, appointed
commissioners to carry the provisions of the
said act into execution."

1841. — Jefferson comity commissioners au-
thorized to subscribe stock in the Mahoning
Mouth Bridge Company "such number of
shares as they may deem right and proper."

1842. — Chutes of dams on the Red Bank
and Sandy Lick creek to be twenty feet long
for every one foot high.

1842. — .State road from Cherrv Tree in

Indiana county to Clarion authorized, and
David Peelor, Heth F. Camp and John Decker,
of Indiana county; John Sloan, Jr., Peter
Clover, Jr.. of Clarion county; and Robert
Woodward, of Armstrong county, appointed
commissioners to view and lay out the said
State road, which was to begin at "Cherry
Tree in Indiana county, and to intersect the
Susquehanna and Waterford Turnpike at 01:
near the town of Clarion, in Clarion county,
by the nearest and best route between the said
points.''

1843. — Time for executing and returning
drafts of the survey of this State road from
Cherry Tree to Clarion extended one year,
and Henry Freese, of Jefferson county, added
to the board of commissioners.

1843. — State road from Brookville to Ridg-
way by way of the mouth of Little Toby
authorized.

1843. — State road from Elderton to Punxsu-
tawney authorized, and Thomas Armstrong,
of Elderton ; Peter Dilts, of Mahoning, In-
diana county; and William Campbell, of Jef-
ferson county, "appointed commissioners to
view and lay out the road from Elderton, in
.Armstrong county, to Punxsutawney, in Jef-
ferson county, by way of Plumville, in Indiana
county, by the nearest and best route from
[Joint to point."

1844. — The county commissioners of the
several counties through which the State road
from Elderton by way of Plumville to Punx-
sutawney was laid out authorized and required
to settle the accounts of the commissioners
\ iewing and laying out said road.

1844. — State road from the borough of
Warren, in Warren coimty, to the borough of
Brookville, in Jefferson county, authorized,
and Henry G. Sergeant and Orin L. Stanton,
of Warren county ; and Samuel Findley, of
Jefferson county, appointed commissioners to
view and lay out the same; <lrafts of the loca-
tion of said State road to be made and de-
posited "in the office of the clerk of the court
of the respective counties in which said road
may be laid out."

1845. — ^^'1 expenses for laying out and
opening roads in Jefferson county to be paid
out of the road funds of the several town-
ships through which the same may pass.
Supervisors in the county of Jefferson required
to give bond in double the amount of the stmi
assessed for road purposes ; and township
auditors, within ten days after settlement with
supervisors, to file a copy of said settlement
with the clerk of the Quarter Sessions.

1845. — An act authorizing but three road

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

and bridge viewers in Jefferson county, and
requiring all lo view.

1846. — Act relating to dams and obstruc-
tions in the Clarion river.

1846. — State road from Smicksburg, In-
diana county, to the borough of Brookvillo,
Jefferson county, authorized, and Hugh
Brady, Levi G. Clover, of Jefferson county ;
and George Bernard, of Indiana county, ap-
pointed commissioners to view and lay out
the same "on the nearest and best route, to a
straight line, and in no place to exceed an
elevation of five degrees."

Viewers required to make drafts and file
copy of same in both counties, and courts of
the respective counties authorized to fill
vacancies occurring in the board of commis-
sioners.

THE TOLLG.\TE

With the completion of the turnpike came
the tollgate. One was erected every five or
ten miles.

It was lawful for the company to appoint
such and so many toll-gatherers as they
thought proper, to collect and receive of and
from each and every person and persons
using the said road the tolls and rates herein-
after mentioned ; and to stop any person rid-
ing, leading or driving any horse or mule, or
driving any cattle, hogs, sheep, sulky, chair,
chaise, phaeton, cart, wagon, wain, sleigh,
sled, or other carriage of burden or pleasure
from passing through the said gates or turn-
pikes until they shall have respectively paid
the same — that is to say, for every space of
five miles in length of the said road the fol-
lowing sum of money, and so in proportion
for any greater or less distance, or for any
greater or less number of hogs, sheep or cat-
tle, to wit : For every score of sheep, four
cents; for every score of hogs, six cents; for
every .score of cattle, twelve cents ; for every
horse or mule, laden or unladen, with his
rider or leader, three cents ; for every sulky,
chair, chaise, with one horse and two wheels,
six cents, and with two horses, nine cents ;
for every chair, coach, phaeton, chaise, stage,
wagon, coachee, or light wagon, with two
horses and four wheels, twelve cents; for
either of the carriages last mentioned, with
four horses, twenty cents ; for every other
carriage of pleasure, under whatever name it
may go, the like sum, according to the tium-
ber of wheels and of horses drawing the same ;
for every sleigh or sled, two cents for each
horse drawing the same; for every cart or

wagon, or other carriage of burden, the wheels
(jf which do not in breadth exceed four inches,
four cents for each horse drawing the same;
for every cart or wagon, the wheels of which
shall exceed in breadth four inches, and shall
not exceed seven inches, three cents for each
horse drawing the same ; and when any such
carriages as aforesaid shall be drawn by oxen
or mules, in the whole or in part, two oxen
shall be estimated as equal to one horse ; and
every ass or mule as equal to one horse, in
charging the aforesaid tolls.

ST.\GES, ETC.

In November, 1824, the first stage line was
established over the Waterford and Susque-
hanna turnpike from Bellefonte to Erie by
Robert Clark, of Clark's Ferry, Pa. It was
called a Concord line, and at first was a tri-
weekly. The first stagecoach passed through
where Brookville now is about November 6,
1824. In 1824 the route was completed to
Philadelphia, through Harrisburg, and was
a daily line.

The arrival of the stages in old times was
a much more important event than that of the
railroad trains to-day. Crowds invariably
gathered at the public houses where the
coaches stopped to obtain the latest news, and
the passengers were of decided account for
the time being. Money was so scarce that
few persons could afford to patronize the
stages, and those who did were looked upon
as fortunate beings. A short trip on the stage
was as formidable an affair as one to Chicago
or Washington is now by railroad. The stage
drivers were men of considerable consequence.
They were intrusted with many delicate mis-
sives and valuable packages, and seldom be-
trayed the confidence rejjosed in them. They
had great skill in handling their horses, and
were the admiration and envy of the boys.

The traffic increased gradually until it
reached enormous proportions. .\ quarter of
a century after the road had been built it
arrived at the zenith of its glory.

Peddlers of all kinds, on foot and in covered
wagons, traveled the pike. From Crawford
county came the cheese and whitefish peddler.
Several people, including the hotel men, would
each buy a whole cheese.

The pioneer inns or taverns in Jefferson
county along this highway were about six in
number. Five of the six were built of hewed
logs, viz. : One where Reynoldsville is ; the
Packer Inn, near Peter Baum's; one near
Campbell run (Ghost Hollow) ; the William

TI:E new YORK

pljdlic library

AETO", L'-N'OX
T.H D- r. rOL'-JQA (QMS

ls:.>4-."iil

L^jfjft..

I'niri' i;.\i!xi"n'

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

Vastbinder inn ; James Winter's tavern, at
Roseville; and John McAnulty's inn, kept by
Alexander Powers, where Corsica is now
located. The Port Bamett Inn at this time
was a "frame structure," as its picture rep-
resents.

Stage passengers' rights were guarded as
herein by the act of March 6, 1820 — "An Act
Relative to the Owners and Drivers of Public
Stages and Other Carriages for the Convey-
ance of Passengers, and for Other Purposes.

"Section i. From and after the ist day of
July next, if the driver of any public stage,
mail coach, coachee, or carriage shall leave
the same with the horses attached thereto,
without some suitable person to take care of
such horses, or securely fastening the same,
such driver, and the owner or owners, or any
of them, of such stage, mail coach, coachee.
or carriage shall for every such offense forfeit
and pay any sum not less than ten nor more
than fifty dollars, one moiety whereof shall
go to the person giving information of the
commission of such offense, and the other
moiety to the stock of the county where such
offense shall have been committed : Provided,
that the party aggrieved shall have a right to
appeal to the next court of Common Pleas of
the county wherein the offense was com-
mitted."

Robbery and crime were not uncommon oc-
currences on this wilderness highway. I here
pause to give a single incident, the murder of
Reuben Giles by James Monks. This murder
was committed in November, 181 7. Monks
was tried in 1818 and hanged at Bellefonte in
1819. Monks was a bad actor. He had been
hunting for game and at night lodged at a
tavern in Bloom township, Clearfield county.
The night before the shooting Monks had
been gambling and drinking; had lost about
all of his money and was in a bad frame of
mind. He left the hotel in the afternoon and
started home, coming, in the direction of
Curwensville. Reuben Giles, his victim, was
from an eastern county and a drover, carrying
considerable money. Giles was going west,
ascending Anderson Creek hill when he met
Monks. Giles spoke pleasantly to Monks and
passed on. The rest is told in Monks"s poetic
confession written by him in the Bellefonte
jail. Monks was hanged two years later in an
open field near Bellefonte, and it is said his
execution was witnessed by more than four
thousand people.

CONFESSION OF JAMES MONKS

Come all ye good people

Who now have come to view
This sad and shameful death

I have brought myself unto ;
I pray you all take warning

By my unhappy fate,
And shun my vice and folly,

Before it is too late.

In the county of Centre

I drew my baby breath ;
And in that same county

I meet my shameful death.
Had I obeyed the counsels

My parents gave to me,
I would not have had to suffer

Upon this shameful tree.

I hope you will remember

James Monks — such is my name;
This day I do confess,

To my sorrow and my shame,
That I shot Reuben Giles

Whom I never saw before,
And left his body weltering

In its purple gore.

I hunted in Clearfield

In Eighteen Seventeen,
From the head of Stump creek.

Where I had often been,
And while on my way homeward

On Anderson Creek hill,
I stopped to drink and gamble,

.'\s many men do still.

I left the stone tavern

In anger at its men
For cheating me in gambling.

At least I thought so then ;
And walked off in the evening

With evil thoughts astir,
.^nd soon I met a stranger.

Who said, "Good evening, sir."

Just after I had passed him

The thought occurred to me,
To kill him for his money;

There was no one to see ;
And without further thinking.

As if from hell inspired,
I turned — drew up my rifle,

And in a moment fired.

I now caught his horse

And tied it to a tree,
Then hastened to my victim,

Who faintly said to me,
"My friend, why have you killed me?"

But all I would reply
Was quickly to go to him,

Resolved that he must die.

The devil so possessed me,

Before he was quite dead,
With tomahawk I gave him

Two blows upon the head,
Then dragged him off a distance,

And stripped him of his clothes,
And like a savage left him

To beasts and brutes exposed.

100

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

111 trying on his shoes

I loiiiid they were too small,
1 cut them in the instep,

And let my penknife fall;
This knife and an old songbook.

Left here as by design,
When with a piece of clothing.

Betrayed this deed of mine.

His horse and his saddlebags

Now became my prey;
His watch and his pockctbook

I also took away ;
Then covered np his body

With leaves and rotten wood
Some distance from the roadside.

Where once a tree had stood.

I threw his hat away

Before I'd rode a mile,
Then went on toward Karthaus,

Pursuers to beguile.
And early the ne.\t morning

1 viewed all my store
And thought I could conceal

This my guilt forcvermore.

I hid his bloody shirt

In the hollow of a tree.
But this, too, was found

And produced against me ;
To show that private murder

Would never be concealed
A dog told the secret.

And the whole was revealed.

I tried to plead "not guilty,"

My lawyers did their best,
But proof on proof appeared,

Guilt rankled in my breast ;
His bones, too, were produced.

Presented at my trial,
And this shocking proof of guilt

Admitted no denial.

One more thing I will mention

Before I'm done with time.
Some blamed Andrew Allison

For this my cruel crime.
But since I am to suffer,

I say a lie has come —
He's as innocent as the infant

Or child yet unborn.

CHAPTER VII
RAILROADS— COAL MINING

I.VTRODUCTIOX — .ALLEGHENY V.U.LEV R.MLROAD — liONDS OF JEFFERSON COUNTY — BUFF.\LO,

ROCHESTER & PITTSBURGH RAILWAY COMPANY OTHER COAL ROADS — PITTSBURGH, SUMMER-

VILLE & CLARION RAILROAD COMPANY' — LAKE ERIE, FRANKF.IN & CLARION RAILROAD COM-
PANY — COAL MINING COAL BEDS — SOME INTERESTING DATA

I'he pioneer steam railway in the world was
opened in I'".niJlaiid in September. 1823. and
was called the .'~itoekdale iK: Darlinfjton road.
It was thirty-eij,'ht miles lonj^. It is claimed
that the lialtimore & Ohio is the pioneer steam
railroad in the United States. It was built

billed is oxer three million dollars i)er day.
In iN^o we traveled at high speed, as railroad
passengers, going si.x to ten miles an hour,
imt now we glide along at the rate of forty
or sixty miles an hour as smoothly as our
fatluTs ilid with their skates on ice or sleds

it(Ji\'i:i:n k.mi.road traix in riii'; nxnin m \ti

in 1S30. Ill any event, our railroads are now
the wonder of the world.

In 1830 the railway trackage in the United
States did not exceed sixty miles. To-day we
have fifty-two railroads, with some two hun-
dred and fifty-seven thousand miles of track,
and the gross earnings of our railroads coiti-

on snow. To-day we telegraph around the
world in nine niintites. What next?

In i(S5o we had only seven thousand, three
hundred miles of railway, owned and oper-
ated by one hundred and fifty-one companies,
and with a few exceptions each road was less
than one htindred miles in length. The New

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

101

York & Erie was the only "trunk line," with
a trackage of three hundred and one miles.

The journey from Philadelphia to Pitts-
burgh in 1834 was made as follows: Over the
Columbia railroad, eighty-two miles; canal
from Columbia to Hollidaysburg, one hundred
and seventy-two miles ; Portage railroad from
Hollidaysburg to Johnstown, thirty-six miles;
and on canal from Johnstown to Pittsburgh,
one hundred and four miles ; total, three hun-
dred and ninety- four mile's. The frequent
transfers made the journey long and tedious
and the cost of freightage high. Summit
tunnel was used January 2\. 1854. but was not
completed until l-'ebruary 17. 1835. O" De-
cember 10. 1852. an all-rail line was opened
from Harrisburg to Pittsburgh.

The chair car was introduced on night lines
in 1847. The pioneer sleeping car (Wood-
ruff's) was used in 1837-38; the Pullman
sleeper in 187 1.

Uniforms were introduced in the Harris-
burg division about 1856. The uniform was
a blue coat with brass buttons, buiif vest and
black trousers. It was so unpopular with the
employes and the people that it was abandoned,
but the Civil war popularized it, and the pres-
ent uniform was adopted in 1876. Up to that
period the word "conductor" was worn on the
left lapel of the coat. It is now on the cap.

On July 6, 1837, two coal-burning locomo-
tives were tried, but they proved useless.
Horses were used more or less on the Portage
road up to 1850. In 1857 this road was aban-
doned.

On June 25, 1847. John Edgar Thomson,
for seven and a half million dollars, bought
the public works of Pennsylvania, and on
August I, 1857. the PeiiTisylvania took posses-
sion of the main line of [niblic works of Penn-
sylvania, which embraced the Columbia rail-
road to Philadelphia. On July 18, 1858, the
Pennsylvania railroad ran the first passenger
wide car train into Pittsburgh from Philadel-
phia without a change of cars. To this train
was attached a Woodrufif sleeper and a smok-
ing car, the first smoker ever used. Up to 1843
the cost of the public works to the State was
$i4..'^6i, 320.25.

The amount of monev now invested in rail-
way jirojierty is over fifteen thousand million
dollars, and the number of em])loyes about
two million.

The service rendered by the railroads of tin-
United States, and the gigantic extent of their
business transactions, can only be expressed in
billions. In 191 5 the service rendered by their
passenger trains was equivalent to carrying

one passenger thirty-two billions of miles. The
freight service was the equivalent of carrying
one ton two hundred and seventy-seven bil-
lions of miles. The railroads were paid for
their various services, including mail and
express transportation, the great sum of three
billions of dollars, yet they carried a ton of
freight one mile to earn three-quarters of a
cent and a passenger one mile to earn two
cents. The service given by American rail-
roads is not only the best in the world, but is
also the cheapest.

As facilities for serving the public, the rail-
roads of this country operate fifty-four thou-
sand passenger cars, two million four hundred
thousand freight cars, having a capacity of
ninety-five million tons, and sixty-five thou-
sand locomotives, having a combined pulling
force of more than two billions of pounds.

The figures of growth in our railroads and
their business are amazing. In ten years, the
freight traffic, the total capacity of the freight
cars and the tractive power of locomotives
have practically doubled. Taking a twenty-
year period they have more than trebled. Yet
the receipts of the railroads for the service
rendered in 191 5 were not much more than a
third larger than in 1905, and only one and
three quarters times as large as in 1895.

The railroads are great taxpayers. Last
year they contributed one hundred and thirty-
nine million dollars in taxes and this item had
much more than doubled in ten years. In
twenty years it had grown to three and a half
times its former amount.

Now, in 19 1 5, as a Pennsylvanian, I am
proud to say that our own Pennsylvania rail-
road, seventy years old in 1915, is the greatest,
the best, the most perfect in management and
construction of any railroad in the world. We
have smoking cars, with bathroom, barber
shop, writing desks and library ; we have
dining cars in which are served refreshments
that a Delmonico cannot surpass ; we have
parlor cars with bay windows and luxurious
furnittire ; and we have cars with beds for
sleeping soft as the "eiderdown."

The Pennsylvania railroad is a Pennsylvania
product and has always remained a Pennsyl-
vania institution, under home management,
although it has grown to be the largest trans-
portation system in the world. It is more than
twelve thousand miles long anrl has altogether
nearly twenty-seven thousand miles of track,
or enough to go around the world. It has
six hundred and thirty-six miles of four-track
railroad, eight hundred and twenty-eight miles
of three-track railroad and three thou.sand

102

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

seven hundred and sixty-two miles of double-
track railroad. It eni[)loys nearly a quarter of
a million men. It has seven thousand four
hundred locomotives, six thousand seven hun-
dred passenger cars and two hundred and
seventy-six thousand six hundred and nineteen
freight cars, operates three thousand passenger
and four thousand freight trains a day, carries
a half-million passengers and one million tons
of freight a day. The passenger system is
operated under block signals, and not a single
passenger has l)een killed in a train accident
on any of its lines in nearly two and a half
years. Meals for ten thousand six hundred
passengers are served every day in its dining
cars and restaurants. It buys one hundred
million dollars' worth of material in a year. It
pays five hundred thousand dollars per day in
wages. It is owned by one hundred thousand
stockholders, of whom forty-six thousand are
women. It has three thousand all-steel pas-
senger cars, or a third of all that there are in
the United States, and was the first to build
all-steel box cars and install steel passenger
equipment. It has pensioned nearly ten
thousand employes in the last sixteen years
and has spent upward of thirteen million dol-
lars in pensions. It operates one twenty-fifth
of the entire railroad mileage of the United
States and does one-eighth of all the l)usiness.

.M,LEc;iIKNY V.XLLEY RAILROAD
LOW CRADK DIVISION

''1 '^"^53 Jefferson county subscribed ninety
thousand dollars to the stock of the Allegheny
Yalley F^ailroad Company. Tr enable them
to pay this money the commissioners of the
county issued bonds of one thousand dollars
each, for stock in said road, payable in thirtv
years from date. These bonds read as fol-
lows :

Know all im-ii by these i)rescnts, that ihc county
of JfffcT.soii, in the Conimonvvcalth of rcnnsylvania,
is indebted to the Alk-Rhcny Valley Railroad Com-
pany in the full and just sum of one thousand dol-
lar.s. which sum of money the said county agrees
and promises to pay, thirty years after the date
hereof, to the said Allegheny Valley Railroad Com-
pany, or bearer, with interest, at the rate of six
per centum per annum, ])ayal)le semi-amiuallv on the
first Monday of May aiul November, at the office
of the said railroad company, in the city of New
York, upon the delivery of the coupons severally,
hereto annexed, for which payinents of principal and
interest will, and truly, be made. The faith, credit
and property of said county of Jefferson are hereby
solemidy pledged, under the authority of an act of
Assembly of this Commonwealth, entitled a fur-
ther su|)plemein to an act enlitU'd an act for the
incorporation of the Pittsburgh, Kittanning and

Warren Railroad Company, ai)proved the fourth day
of April, A. D, eighteen hundred and thirty-seven,
and the supplement, which became a law on the
fourteenth (lay of .April, one thousand eight hundred
and fifty-two.

In testimony whereof and pursuant to said act
and suiiidement of the Legislature of Pennsylvania,
and resolutions of the county commissioners, in
their official capacity, passed the fifteenth day of
September, 1852, the commissioners of said county
have signed, and the clerk of said commissioners
has countersigned, these presents, and have hereto
caused the seal of said county to be affixed, this
thirteenth day of June, A. D. one thousand eight
hundred and fifty-three.

Thomas Hall,
J. S. Steck,
(Seal) CoDiuiissidiicrs of Jefferson County.

John J. 'S'. Thompson. CIrrk of Commissioners.

To each of these bonds were attached sixty
coupons, the first one of which, attached to
l)oiul No. Seven, reads as follows:

^o.

County of Jefferson.

Warrant No. 60 for thirty dollars. Being for six
motiths interest on bond No. 7, payable on the first
Monday of May, 188,^, at the office of the Allegheny
Railroad Companv, in the city of New York.

$30.

John J. Y. Thompson, Clerk.

The project lay dormant from 1S37 till in
the sixties, when J. Edgar Thomson com-
menced agitation for and brought about
the construction of the road. He was then
president of the Pennsylvania Railroad Com-
pany.

The road not being fim'shed in the time
specified, the bonds were not paid, but were
still held by the railroad company until 1869,
when a com|)romise was effected between the
commissioners of the county and the officers
of the road, whereby the former paid to the
latter the sum of forty-five thousand dollars,
in lieu of the aforesaid bonds, the railroad
eoni]iany agreeing to run their road through
the limits of the borough of r.rookville.

"liy an act of the Legislature the commis-
sioners of JefTerson county were authorized
to borrow any sum or sums of money not
exceeding forty-five thousand dollars, and to
issue the bonds of said county, with or with-
out coupons, or other evidences of indebted-
ness therefor, at a rate not exceeding eight
])er cent. ])er amiuin ; and the said bonds or
other indebtedness shall be exempted from
ta.xation, ])rt)vided that the luoney arising
from the negf)tiation or sale of said or other
evidences of indelitedness, shall be ap])ro-
priated to the jiayment of certain articles of
settlement ;ind compromise made by and be-
tween the count\- of Tefferson and the Alle-

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

103

gheny \'alley Railroad Company, dated July
29, 1869, for the redemption of ninety thou-
sand dollars, bonds of said county issued to
the said railroad company on the 24th day of
June, 1853."

This act was approved February 19, 1870.

Grading began on the low grade in 1872.
The division was opened for passenger service
eastward from Redbank to New Bethlehem,
a distance of twenty-one miles, on the 6th of
May, 1873. On the 23d of June trains com-
menced running regularly to Brookville, a dis-
tance of forty miles from Redbank, and on
November 5th a further section of sixteen
miles was opened, extending to Reynoldsville,
fifty-six miles from Redbank. On the eastern
end of the road a section of nineteen miles
from Driftwood to Barr's Station was thrown
open for business on August 4th, and on May
4, 1874, the entire Low Grade Division, from
Redbank to Driftwood, was open through for
business.

The Low Grade Division of the .Allegheny
Valley railroad enters Jefferson county twenty-
eight miles westward from its junction with
tiie main line at the mouth of Red Bank
creek, and continues in the same county for
a distance of thirty-four and a half miles, leav-
ing Jefferson county and entering Clearfield
county at a point immediately westward of
the station called Falls Creek. The principal
stations located in this county are Summer-
ville, Brookville and Reynoldsville. with four-
teen other stations of minor importance.

William M. Phillips, E.sq., was the first
assistant superintendent of the Low Grade
road. He resigned in 1S75 to accept the ap-
pointment of supervisor of the Middle Divi-
sion of the Pennsylvania Central railroad. Mr.
Phillips was succeeded by Dr. 'A. A. Jackson,
who continued in charge of the road until
April, 1887, when he resigned to accept the
appointment of general superintendent of the
New York & New England railroad, with his
headquarters in Boston.

S. 1!. Rumsey, formerly special agent of
the .Allegheny X'alley railroad at Oil City,
succeeded Dr. Jackson as assistant superin-
tendent of the Low Grade Division. The
other officers of the road in Jefferson county
were G. E. .\rmor, dispatcher, and M. D.
Dean, assistant. The general offices of the
Low Grade road were moved from Brookville
to Reynoldsville in May, 1885. The passen-
ger and freight agents in the county were:
Patton's Station, Walker Smith ; Heathville,
L. G. Guthrie ; Summerville, L H. Haven ;
Brookville, L. S. Hooper; Fuller, J. S. Mc-

Masters; Reynoldsville, M. D. Farrell; Falls
Creek, F. E. Dixon.

The first agent at Brookville was Daniel
Smith, who was succeeded by H. C. Watson
in March, 1875. He was in turn succeeded
by Robert V. McBain in April. 1886, and he
in June, 1887, by L. S. Hooper. L. C. Smith
was the baggage agent at the Brookville Sta-
tion when the road was completed, and re-
ceived and put on the train the first pieces of
baggage brought to or dispatched by rail in
Jeft'erson county. He is now retired, on a
pension.

The first wreck on the Low Grade road
occurred near Iowa Mills on November 16,
1873. While going around a curve at high
speed the engine struck a stone, causing the
whole gravel train to jump the track. John
-McHugh, the brakeman, was thrown in the
air, and when the other employes found him
he was lying under the wreck, his left arm
terribly mangled, a deep cut in his head, sever-
ing an artery, and an ugly gash on the back
of his head. McHugh was taken to Reynolds-
ville. where Dr. W. J. McKnight, in the brick
tavern, assisted by Dr. B. Sweeney, amputated
the arm and dressed his wounds. This was
the pioneer major surgical operation on the
Low Grade division and in what is now Rey-
noldsville.

On August I, 1900, the Pennsylvania Rail-
road Company leased the entire Allegheny
Valley railway for twenty years. Charles
Corbet, Esq., of Brookville, Pa., was attorney
for this road for thirty-one years, and up to
1915 the legal representative of the Pennsyl-
vania system in its thirty-fifth district. When
he became judge, however, Raymond L.
Brown was appointed to succeed him. in 1916.

The presidents of the Allegheny Valley road
have been : Governor William F. Johnston, in
1859: F. R. Bruno, i860; R. F. Morley, 1861 ;
T.\[. Brereton, 1862; F. R. Bruno, 1863-64;
succeeded by Col. William Phillips, who was
in turn succeeded in 1874 by John Scott, who
continued in the presidency until his death,
March 23, 1889. Mr. Henry D. Welsh suc-
ceeded him as president, and served until the
reorganization of the company in 1892.

nUFFALO, ROCHE.STER &■ PITTSIUJRGH R.AILW-W
COMPANY

To my personal knowledge, agitation by the
people and the newspapers for this railway
commenced as early as 1854. For a number
of years it was known as the Rochester &
State Line road. It was reorganized in 1881

104

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

as the Rochester & Pittsburgh, the pioneer
officers of this reorganization being: Presi-
dent, VValston II. Prown, of New York;
treasurer, F. A. Brown, of New York ; sec-
retary, Thomas F. Wentworth, of New York;
general manager, George F. Merchant. Roch-
ester, N. Y. ; chief engineer, W'ilHam E.
Hoyt; counsel, C. H. McCauley, Ridgway,
Pennsylvania.

On Oct. 24, 1885, the Buffalo. Rochester &
Pittsburgh Railway Comiuiny was organized
in New York and acquired the jjroperty in
that State. The I'ittsburgh iK: State Line Rail-
road Company was organized and acquired
the property in Pennsylvania. They were
finally consolidated March 11, 1887.

The extension of the line from .Ashford
to Itufifalo was completed for freight about
June I, 1883, but regular passenger and mail
trains were not run into Buft'alo until lune
'S' '>^^3- I'reight trains carrying coal, with
a caboose attached for passengers, were run
from DuBois north about May i, 1883. Reg-
ular jjassenger and mail trains north from
DuBois were not run until June 16. 1883.
The road was completed to Punxsutawney
and through passenger trains were running,
one to liuffalo and one from P,uff;ilo to that
point. Sept. I, 1883.

About July 25, 1883. there were two jjassen-
ger trains running on the Beechtree branch,
one to and one from I'.eechtree. Coal was
shipped from Beechtree July i, 1883.

An agreement was entered into on June 6.
1883, by (leorge E. Merchant, of Rochester,
and David iMcCargo, of Pittsburgh, superin-
tendents of their respective roads, that a night
express should be added by a joint service of
the two lines, to wit, one from Rochester to
Pittsliurgh, and vice -irrsa. one from Pitts-
burtrh to Rochester, this service to contain a
Pullman and day car on each line ; each road
to exchange their sleepers at Falls Creek. The
.schedule for this service went into effect on
the evening of Dec. 23. 1883, and on that
evening the ])ioneer car of this service was so
run. The conductor and engineer of the
Valley train were M. J. McFnteer and James
Montgomery, respectively. The concluctor
and engineer on the Rochester 1 know not.
The time-table for this joint service was as
follows : The northbound train for Rochester,
with sleeper, left Pittsburgh at eight-twenty
p. m., passed through lirookville. a flag sta-
tion, at one a. m., arrived at l-"alls Creek at
two a. m., where the northbound cars were
shifted to the Rochester road, and this train
arrived at Rochester at seven-thirtv a. m. The

.southbound train from Rochester left Roches-
ter about eight-twenty p. m., and shifted their
Pullman and day coach at Falls Creek to the
Allegheny Yalle)' road, which, returning,
passed through Brookville, a flag station, at
three-thirty a. m., and arrived at Pittsburgh
at seven-fifty a. m.

Sleeping cars were first used in the United
States in 1856. The first Pullman was lighted
by candles and heated by oil stoves. There
was no carpet upon the floor. The back of
the seat was hinged, and to make up the berth
the porter simply (lroi)i)ed the back until it
was level with the seats, anfl ui>on them were
[jlaced mattress and a blanket ; there were no
sheets. The upper berth was^ suspended from
the ceiling by ropes and pulleys and was kept
raised during the day. On the maiden trip
between Bloomington and Chicago patrons
were charged one dollar and fifty cents.

.Surveys for the extension of the road from
Punxsutawney to .Allegheny City were made
in the fall of 1894. The actual construction
of the railroad did not begin until March,
1898. The track from Punxsutawney to the
.Allegheny river bridge was finished in June,
1889. Track laying commenced at Butler in
January. 1899. and was extended eastward to
Mosgrove. The track was joined at Mosgrove
.Station in .August, 1899, when the last spike,
a silver one, was driven by Arthur G. A'ates,
jiresident of the road.

The first regular train through to .Alleghenv
City was run Sept. 4, 1899. ^"'^ regular
through passenger service from Buffalo and
Rochester to Allegheny began Oct. 9, 1899.

That the I'uft'alo. Rochester & Pittsburgh
is a good paying projjosition needs no affirma-
tion. Its coal territory with productiveness in
both coal and coke is shown in the average
daily handling of one thousand cars of coal and
two hundred cars of coke. The value is also
shown in the numerous spurs that have been
built into rich coal regions. The largest of
these spurs is the twenty-eight-mile extension
to Ernest. From Ernest through Indiana
county two lines are constructed, with a com-
bined mileage of forty-two miles, one running
to .Slate Lick and the other to Elder's Ridge.
The .Slate i.ick liranch is operated from Indi-
ana. Just outside of Ernest on the new line
a tumiel is constructed. The tunnel and new
branches are now completed.

At Ernest a fine steel coal tipple has l)een
built by the Rochester & Pittsburgh Coal anfl
Iron Comijany, which is the controlled sub-
sidiary company. The structural steel for the
tijiple alone cost rift_\-fi\e thousand dollars.

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

105

The main locomotive works, at DuBois, Pa.,
were opened Nov. 4, 1901. They have
facilities for making heavy repair.s on twenty
locomotives per month.

The traffic having reached the limit of
economical operation on a single track, the
construction of a second track was authorized.
During the fall of 1903 the middle division
of the main line from DuBois to East Sala-
manca, a distance of one hundred and twenty-
eight miles, or over one-third of the total mile-
age, was double tracked. The Pittsburgh
division is laid on one-hundred-pound steel
rails.

The officers of the Bufifalo. Rochester &
Pittsburgh Railway Company for 1915 were:
William T. Noonan, Rochester, N. Y., presi-
dent; Adrian Iselin, Jr., New York, vice presi-
dent ; W. Emlen Roosevelt, New York, vice
president ; Ernest Iselin, New York, secre-
tary; John F. Dinkey, Rochester, N. Y., treas-
urer.

OTHER CO.\r. RO.\D.S

Paralleling the Buffalo, Rochester & Pitts-
burgh railway through Brockwayville is the
Ridgway & Clearfield road. It is part of the
Pennsylvania system and was completed about
October. 1884.'

The New York, Lake Erie & Western
(branch) was extended into Jefferson county,
via Crenshaw, about 1882. The coal freight-
age is and has been large over this road.

The Reynoldsville & Falls Creek road, se\en
miles long, was finished by Bell.. Lewis \-
Yates in September, 1885.

The Pennsylvania & Northwestern railroad
was completed to Punxsutawnev in 1886, and
regular service inaugurated Dec. i, 1887,
when John R. Fee took charge of the station
in the East End. The Berwind- White Coal
Mining Comjiany had opened extensive coal
mines at Horatio, and it was to reach this coal
that the road was built.

PITT.SBUROH, SUMMERVILLE & CL.ARIOX RAII-

RO.\D COMP.VNV — LAKE ERIE, FR.\NKLIX &

CI.ARTON RAILROAD COMPANY

For thirt\' years or more a railioail from
Summerville, Jefferson Co., Pa., to Clarion,
Clarion Co., Pa., had been agitated and con-
templatefl. A survey with this in view was
made about 1895, and a few years later the
Allegheny Valley Railroad Company made an
examination along the route with the view of
building a road. In 1900 Pittsburgh, Beaver

Falls and Clarion gentlemen secured a charter
and organized under the name of the Clarion,
Summerville & Pittsburgh Railroad Company.
This company made a permanent survey,
adopted a route, secured considerable right of
way, and had graded a little on the line, when
the president of the company died. Internal
dissensions followed the death of the presi-
dent, which resulted in the abandonment of
the project. In the fall of 1902 Charles F.
Heiclrick, a young business man of Brookville,
Pa., conceived the idea of pushing this aban-
doned project to completion. In September,
1903, he purchased from the Clarion, Summer-
ville & Pittsburgh Railroad Company their
survey, rights of way and other assets, and in
October, 1903. he let the contract for the con-
struction of. the road from Summerville to
Clarion to Col. James A. Bennett, of Creens-
burg, Pa. The road was completed and opened
for traffic Aug. 27, 1904.

The main line of the road is about sixteen
miles long; one mile south of Corsica, and two
and a half miles north of fireenville to Strat-
tonville, and thence to Clarion borough. A
branch from the main line extends from .Strat-
tonville up along the Clarion river to the
mouth of Mill creek. The road along its entire
line taps a large field of undeveloped coal.
This coal is now being gradually opened up.
The road was a paying proposition from the
start.

On Dec. 31, 1910, the road was leased
to the Pennsylvania Southern Railroad Com-
pany, the latter then being controlled by Gen.
Qiarles Miller, of Franklin, Pa., and G. W.
Megeath, of Omaha, Nebr., and extended from
Heidrick on the P. S. & C. railroad to near
Sutton on the Lake Shore, about a half mile.

In September, 1912, the P. S. & C. Company
was reorganized as the Pittsburgh. Franklin
& Clarion Railroad Company, at which time
General Miller became princii)al owner, and
of the Pennsylvania .Southern, as well.

Between the above dates the Pennsylvania
Northern Railroad Company was incorporated
by General Miller and his associates to take
over the private railroad up Mill creek, ex-
tending from a point on the Clarion river at
the mouth of Mill creek, where connection
was made with the P. S. & C. road. The Penn-
sylvania Northern also took over the survey
of line up Clarion river from last mentioned
point, to or near Hallton. Pa., on the line of
the Shawmut railroad. The latter line has not
been built.

The P. S. & C. (P. C. & F.). the Pennsyl-
vania Southern and Pennsylvania Northern

]()6

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

roads, were consolidated under the name of
the Lake Erie, FrankHn & Clarion railroad,
and the consolidated comi)anies have been so
operated since Jan. i, 1914.

Gen. Charles Miller jmrchased from Charles
F. Heidrick his equity in the Pittsburgh. Sum-
merville iV Clarion railroad, and became sole
owner of that road, twenty-two and a half
miles, and reorganized under the name of the
Pittsburgh, Clarion & Franklin Railroad Com-
pany.

General Miller also purchased the Mill
Creek railway from A. Cook Sons Company,
ten and a half miles, and on Nov. 10,
1913. consolidated the Pittsburgh, Clarion &
Franklin, the Penns\l\ania Southern, and the
Pennsylvania Xorthern, under the name of
the Lake Erie. Franklin & Clarion Railroad
Company. The officers of the consolidated
road are : Gen. Charles Miller, president ; J.
T. Odell, vice president; G. F. Proudfoot, as-
sistant to president and purchasing agent ;
Theo. L. Wilson, secretary : H. H. Hughes,
treasurer; fl. M. Phillips, auditor.

The L. E. F. & C. railroad has been reha-
bilitated by relaying the entire line with eighty-
pound rail and putting the property in first-
class shape. New shops of reinforced con-
crete construction were built, and one and
a half miles of new line was constructed west
from the main line to what is known as the
Ifarvcy Mine. .Several new locomotives have
been jjurchased, and one hundred new steel
fifty-ton gondola cars to take care of the com-
pany's rapidly increasing coal tonnage.

CO.\L MINING

It is thought that coal, though not mentionetl
by the Romans, was. nevertheless, used by
the ancient liritons. Henry III is said to have
granted a license to dig coal near Newcastle,
on the Tync, in 1234 or 1239. I" ^^73 the
new fuel was prohil)ited in and near London
as prejudicial to health, and even the smiths
were obliged to use wood. In 1306 the gentry
of England petitioned against its u.se. In i3(Si
the traffic in coal was established between
Newcastle and London, and notwithstanding
many comjilaints against it, as a public
nuisance, it was generally burned in London
in 1400. It was not in common use in P2ngland
until the reign of Charles I. 1625.

The first bituminous coal mining on record
was done at Newcastle, England. This coal
was on the market in 1281.

Anthracite is bituminous c<i;ii coked and
condensed by nature.

Stone coal was first discovered in America
by Father Hennepin, in what is now Illinois,
on the Illinois river, in 1679. In 1684 William
Penn granted the privilege to mine the coal
at Pittsburgh, Pa. In 1728 coal was discov-
ered in X'irginia.

Stone coal was first mined and used in
western Pennsylvania near where Pittsburgh
now is, by Col. James Burd. in 1759. It was
dug from the hills of Monongahela. In 1807
stone coal was mined in central Pennsylvania
and sold as a fertilizer. I quote the following
notice from the Bedford Gazette of June,
1807:

"Huntington, June 4.

"Stone Coal. — Such of the farmers as
wish to make experiment with stone coal as
a substitute for plaster, in manuring their
Indian corn, may be supplied with coal gratis
upon application to Peter Hughes, at Mr.
Riddle's mines, on the Raystown Branch.
The proprietor of the mines offers not only
to refund the carriage, but to pay the expenses
of applying the coal, if upon a fair experiment
it is found to be inferior to plaster, which now
sells at two dollars per bushel."

The pioneers to dig coal in Northwestern
Pennsylvania were mostly blacksmiths. Pre-
vious to the discovery of coal in this wilder-
ness, the blacksmiths burned their own char-
coal, and used it for fuel ; but it appears they
early searched the runs with bags for coal, and
])icked up loose pieces, and. occasionally
stripped the earth and dug bags full of what
they called "stone coal." They burned this
in their fires, either alone or with charcoal.

In 1784, the year in which Pittsburgh was
surveyed into building lots, the privilege of
mining coal in the 'great seam' opposite that
town was sold by the Penns at the rate of
thirty pounds for each mining lot. extending
back to the center of the hill. This event may
be regarded as forming the beginning of the
coal trade of Pittsburgh. The supply of the
towns and cities on the Ohio and Mississippi
ri\ers with Pittsburgh coal becaine an estab-
lished business at an early day in the last
century, about 1800. Pittsburgh coal was
known long before the town liccame noted as
an iron center.

Down to 1845 •'" 'he co.-il shipped westward
from Pitts1)urgh was floated down the Ohio
in flat-bottomed boats in the spring and fall
freshets, each boat holding about fifteen thou-
sand bushels of coal. The boats were usually
lashed in pairs, and were sold and broken up
when their deslin.'ition was reached. In 1845
steam towboats were introduced, which took

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

107

coal barges down the river and brought them
back empty.

The first carload of bituminous coal hauled
east of the Alleghenies came from the West-
moreland Company's "Shade Grove" mine, or
what was later called the Northside colliery in
Irwin. The mine was opened in 1852 by Cole-
man. Hillman & Co. The coal was taken out
of tlie mine, hauled to the platform of the
freight station and loaded into an eighteen-
thousand-pound box car,' the standard of those
days. It was sent forward as one of about
twelve cars of like capacity, hauled by a wood-
burning locomotive, at about six miles an hour,
with Philadelphia as its destination.

PIONEER MINING IN COUNTY

Coal is found all tlirough Jefferson county.

The first person to mine coal in the county
for manufacturing purposes was John Fuller.
He was the first person to mine coal in what
is now Winslow township, and. probably, in
JefTerson county. Pie mined for his own use
a few ba^fuls occasionally from the bed of the
creek near to and above the bridge on the pike,
in what is now Reynoldsville. He hauled his
first coal in a pung to his shop with an ox and
a cow. In what year Mr. Fuller first picked
from the bed of the creek his little load of
what was then and in my boyhood days called
stone coal is not precisely known, but of
course it was shortly after his settlement,
probably in 1825.

The first person to mine coal in the county
for general use was a colored man named
Charles Anderson. He lived in Brookville,
and was called "Yellow Charley." He was
the first to operate, lease, mine, transport and
sell coal. He opened his pioneer mine about
1832. on the Joseph Clements farm, north
of and close to Brookville. The vein he ex-
posed was about two feet thick. He stripped
the earth from the top of the vein, dug tlie
coal fine and transported it to r)rookville in.
a little rickety one-horse wagon, retailing the
stone coal at family doors in quantities of a
peck, half-bushel, and busliel. The price per
bushel was twelve and a half cents, or "eleven-
penny-bit." and a "fippenny-bit" for half a
bushel, and three cents a peck. It was burned
in grates. I had a free pass on this coal line,
and rode on it a great deal. To me it was a
line of "speed, safety, and comfort." Ander-
son was a "Soft Coal King." a baron, a robber,
a close corporationist, a capitalist, and a mon-
opolist. He managed his works generally so
as to avoid strikes, etc. Yet he had to assume

the role of a Pinkerton or a coal policeman
at one time, for there was some litigation over
the ownership of this coal bank, and Charley
took his old Hintlock musket one day and
swore he would just as soon die in the coal
bank as any other place. He held the fort,
too.

Charley was a greatly abusod man. Everv
theft and nearly all outlawry were blamed on
him. Public sentiment and public clamor were
against him. He tried at times to be good,
attend church, etc., but it availed him nothing,
for he would be so coldly received as to force
him into his former condition. As the town
grew, and other parties became engaged in
mining coal. Charley changed his business to
that of water carrier, and hauled in his one-
horse wagon washing and cooking water in
barrels for the women of the town. He con-
tinued in this business until his death, which
occurred in 1874., In the early days he lived
on the lot now owned by Dr. Wayne L. Snyder.
He died in his own home near the new ceme-
tery.

John Dixon, who was living in Polk town-
ship in 1903 at the advanced age of ninety-
five years, was one of the pioneer miners, and
was born in the county. He mined on the
late Rose township poor farm from 1840
to 1847. The pioneers to open and operate
banks in Young township were Obed Morris
and John Hutchison. Their first operations
took ()lace about 1834 or 1835. The sales
were light, the coal being used principally for
l)lacksmithing purposes and by a few families
who had grates. Coal was sold at the bank
for ten cents a bushel, and every bushel was
measured in a "bushel box." The mining was
done by the families. The census of 1840
reports but two points in the county as min-
ing and using coal. Brookville and Rose town-
ship. The amount used in Rose township a
year was five hundred bushels, in Brookville.
two thousand bushels. Jefferson county coal
is now shipped to and used from Arctic ice to
tropic sun.

Woodward Reynolds commenced to mine
coal for his own general use the fall of 1838.
and for about ten years he. John Fuller, and
their neighbors would mine what they wanted
for their own use. paying no royalty for the
coal whatever. A coal miner then received
ninety cents for a twelve-hour day.

In the year 1849. about the time Woodward
and Thomas Reynolds commenced to mine
coal in what is now Winslow township, the
whole output of bituminous coal (in that
year) in the United States was only four mil-

108

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

lion tons; in 1870 it was 36,<So6,5(Jo tons; in
i8cSo it was 71,481,56c) tons; in 1S90 it was
i57,77o,</)3 tons.

About the latter ])art of the year 1863, or
the beginning of i8()4, Hon. Joseph Hender-
son, Dr. \V. J. McKnight. Ci W. Andrews,
Esq., I. C. Fuller, P. \V. Jenks, and James A.
Gathers, and possibly one or two others, or-
ganized themselves into a company for the pur-
pose of taking some measure toward bringing
the coal lands and f)ther resources of the
county to the notice of capitalists who were
seeking investments for their money. During
the year 1S64 geological sur\eys of the I'.rock-
wayville, Reynoldsville and Punxsutawney
regions were made by J. P. Leslie, who has
since made the geological survey of the State,
and the chemical analysis of the minerals was
made l)y Dr. tiuenth. the famous chemist of
Philadelphia, after which an exhaustive report
was subnn'tted setting forth the advantages
of the district. The expenses of this work,
amounting to over three thousand dollars,
were paid by the above-named gentlemen, who
never realized anything from it. They, how-
ever, purchased some land during their trans-
actions, and this was afterward disposed of
at a profit, lessening their net outlay of money.

In 1865 a number of English ca])italists
visited this country, and the above-mentioned
report was laid before them through the offi-
cers of the Catawissa Railroad Company, as
will be noticed in the following letter, quoted
from the I'rookville Jcffersonian, and it had
its influence in securing the building of a rail-
road through this section. The road spoken
of in this letter was never built, but the Penn-
sylvania Railroad Company, in order to head
it ofl, was com])elled to force the building of
the I^ow (irade division of the Alleghenv
\'alley road. The tiiovement of the abo\c
gentlemen was. we believe, the first organized
effort to bring this county into prominent
notice as one of the richest parts of the State
in mineral and lumber, and resulted in bring-
ing about the de\elopment of the resources
of the county which have followed. We
therefore record this as a matter of history,
to be handed down to future generations :

Office Catavvi.ssa Railroad Company.
424 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, December 16. 186.;.
Messrs. W. J. McKnight. JosKrn Hknokhson. C. W.
Andrkws, I. C. Fuu.KR :
Gknts. — I return you herovvitli the copy of Leslie's
geological report, kindly loaned nie for presentation
before the Englisli capitalists on their visit to tliis
country. I feel that it had 'ts influence .-imong other
things ill deciding the ipiestion of building the new-

route through the counties lying between Milton and
Franklin.

Several corjjs of engineers are already making
surveys to ascertain the most practical route, and
it will be pushed forward with energy and despatch,
the capital necessary for the same having all been
promised. This measure, of course, meets with the
utmost hostility from the Pennsylvania Railroad, as
it is opposed to monopoly, and it is to be worked
upon the principle that railroads are built for the
accomnuidation of the community — trade and travel
to be allowed to go and coiuc as the parties may
wish. We feel that this portion of the State will
not allow their interests to be crushed out by it.
P. M. Hutchinson.
Vive Prcsidriil. Srcrrtary, and Treasurer.

It was not until April. i''^74. that coal min-
ing for a foreign market began in Jefferson
county. In that year the Diamond mine was
opened just north of Reynoldsville. The
pioneer to ship coal by rail from that mine
was H. .S. Belnaj). He hauled his coal in
wagons to the Reynoldsville depot and there
from a ])latform shoveled the coal into the
cars, and it was shi])])ed to Buffalo, N. Y.
John Coax, Jr., Thomas Jenkins, and others
were his team drivers. The secbnd drift
opened in Winslow township was the Pan-
coast. The third w-as the Washington mine,
located near I^ancoast flag station. The
fourth was the Flamilton mine, and the fifth
the Soldier Run mine. Following these, the
S])rague mine was ojiened at Rathmel, and the
Pleasant \''alley mine was opened east of Rey-
noldsville. The Hamilton and Pleasant Valley
mines were owned by the Hamilton Coal Coiri-
pany, and the Soldier Run and Sprague mines
were owned by Powers, Brown & Co.

Xortln^'rslcni Mining & Exchange Co.,
Clarion .Mines, Snyder Tmvnsliip

.Vovember 20. 1886, was the date of the
first shipment of coal from the East Clarion
mine. The first shipment from West Clarion
was made March 16, 1898. This mine was
opened iin the James Kearney farm. The
total output of the Clarion mine at one time
was nearly two thousand tons per day. but
it has greatly fallen off at present, by reason
of exhausted territory. The Rattlesnake
mine commenced shipping coal June i. U)oo.
D. Robertson was the pioneer superintendent.
Joseph Bailey succeeded .Mr. Robertson a';
superintendent .September 1. 18(^5.

On June 25. i8()o. Alfred l!ell. George H.
Lewis and .Arthur G. Yates, known as the firm
of Bell, Lewis (!<.■ Yates, bouglit out the interest
of all these companies with considerable ;id-

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

109

joining territory, .\rthur (i. Yates was the
last sut-V'ivor of this firm, and he was president
of the great coal road of this region, the
Buffalo. Rochester & Pittsburgh. Mr. Yates
was an active, progressive man. His was the
pioneer railroad to enter Jefferson county for
the transportation of coal. Before the advent
in 1883 of Bell. Lewis & Yates, the shipment
of coal from this county only amounted to a
few thousand tons a year, but by September i.
1883, the Hamilton mine employed one
hundred and twenty- four men ; the Sprague
mine, eighty-five men ; Powers, Brown & Co..
one hundred and thirty men ; Pancoast mine,
thirty-six men ; Rochester mines, four hundred
and fifty men; Falls Creek mine, seventy men ;
Hildrup, eighty-two; I'.eechtree, one hundred
and eighty-five; an<l Walston, fifty-five.

I copy here from the I'ittsbiircjii Times of
May 24, 1890, and as I was well acquainted
with the Bells and these events, I have taken
the ]il)erty to correct what I quote.

".\lfred Bell came to Jefferson county about
1856 from Xunda, N. Y. He was a dignified
and stately man, precise in his methods, care-
ful in his operations, and with Calvin Rogers
he operated a large tract of timber land vvliich
they had bought east of Brookvillc. The Bell
holdings extended for miles from Bell's mills,
up and around what is now Falls Creek and
Du Bois.

"Frederick Bell came to Jeft'erson county
about 1856. with his father, and the young
man had his headquarters in Brookville. A
great deal of his leisure was spent in Mc-
Knight & Bro.'s drug store. As the lumber
business developed, he ])erceived the possibili-
ties in the coal that underlay their vast acreage
of land. When, in 1873, the Allegheny Valley
railroad pushed up the Red Bank valley, Fred-
erick A. Bell interested with him two congen-
ial spirits, and not long after the firm of Bell,
Lew-is & Yates was formed, and it speedily be-
came the foremost power in soft coal circles
in the Buffalo & Rochester country. Lewis
was a Canadian who married Bell's sister,
while Yates was a practical coal merchant of
Rochester. The firm commenced to mine and
ship the splendid soft coal of Clearfield county
ill March, 1877. making its opening on the
'S'oung tract of seven hundred and forty acres,
or what is called the Rochester mine at
DuBois, for which they paid a royalty of ten
cents per ton. The firm marketed its coal at
that date by the .Mlegheny Valley and the
Buffalo, New York and Pennsylvania roads.

"Putting good coal in the market gave Bell.
Lewis & Yates the easy control, and presently

the firm had the largest docks on the lakes,
and had created an export trade in soft coal,
sending fully a third of its product to the
international bridge at I'.lack Rock for the
Canadian trade.

"Mr. Yates sold the coal, and put the New
York Central, the Crand Trunk, and other
important concerns on his list, and came home
from his selling tri[) sometimes with single
contracts for half a million tons. The firm
grew and prospered and opened new mines
and bought mines opened by others. But it
was hampered by the lack of facilities for
getting coal to rnarket. By May. 1883, when
the Rochester & Pittsburgh road reached
DuBois, the company was ready to and did
give it business, and later on when the Penn-
sylvania road, Ridgway & Clearfield, reached
Falls Creek, Bell, Lewis &: Yates afforded the
roads an enormous traffic. New works were
established, additional territory was secured,
and one day Bell, Lewis & Yates commenced
a tunnel and shaft at .'^ykcsville, se\en miles
from DuBois."

The coal output of the Rochester & Pitts-
burgh Coal & Iron Company and their asso-
ciate companies for the year 191 5 was in round
numbers ten million tons.

The officers of the Rochester & Pittsburgh
Coal & Iron Company for 191 5 were Lucius
W. Robinson. Punxsutawney, Pa., president;
( ieorge L. Eaton, Rochester, N. Y., vice
])resident ; Lewis Iselin, New York, secretary;
George H. Clune. Rochester. N. Y., treasurer;
B. M. Clark, solicitor.

In 1916 the total production in the Fourth
district — comjirising Jefferson. Clearfield, Elk,
Clarion, Clinton and Cameron counties, with a
total of sixty-nine mines in operation — was
4,784,817 tons, of which 4,260,239 tons were
shipped to market, 2,081,496 tons being pro-
duced in Jefferson county and 1,115,477 tons
in Clearfield county. Although the year has
been a busy one for the miner, yet it has been
a fortunate one as regards the loss of life and
serious personal injury by accidents inside the
luine. for in 1916 there were only six fatal acci-
dents. A greater tonnage of coal was mined
per life lost for the year than for any other
period in the history of the district. There
wei-e no fatal accidents outside of the mines
during the year.

The Shawmut Mining Company was the big-
gest producer of the year, mining 854,113 tons
of coal. This company's mines are located in
F.Ik and Jefferson counties. The Buffalo &
Susquehanna Coal Company was second in

110

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

production, mining 665,352 tons, and the
Northwestern Mining & Exchange Company
516,933 tons.

Jefferson Coal Co 147,298

Stewart Coal Co 128,569

McKnight Coal Co 107,016

McConnell Coal Co 100,562

Toby Coal Mining Co 68,451

Falls Creek Coal Co 52,398

Knox Dale Coal & Coke Co 48,692

Harvey Coal Co 38.S32

Samuel Wallwork .36,500

Pawnee Coal Co 21,297

CO.\L BEDS

]''or the mining towns of Jefferson county,
the reader will please consuU the Jefferson
county map of i<p8 in this volume.

The mining of coal is the greatest industry
of Jefferson county, and as such has taken the
place of the lumber trade. Ever since coal
has been discovered, enough to supply the
home trade has been mined.

The upper Freeport coal bed is not a
reliable seam for mining purposes throtighout
this county.

The lower Freeport bed is the most valuable
one in the Reynoldsville basin and also
throughout the county. This bed is one of
the most uncertain beds of the lower series,
but is workable everywhere in Jefferson
county. The thickest part of the bed is found
in the Reynoldsville basin ; this also includes
the Punxsutawney region.

The Kittanning upper bed does not exceed
three feet in thickness and very seldom more
than one half of 'that.

The middle Kittanning bed is quite promi-
nent in Knox and McCalmont township.s ; it
is best known in Union township.

The lower Kittanning bed is a regular
feature throughout the county.

The Clarion bed is the least important of
any in the county, because it sometimes proves
to be nothing but a dark streak in the rocks.

The Brookville bed is nearly always impure.
but of workable dimensions. It is developed
to the greatest extent in Beaxer townshij), at
the Conifer mines.

SOME INTERESTING n.\TA

The first instance of the use of wooden rails
and a car for the removal of coal from a nunc

was at Newcastle upon Tyne, England, in
•675. Jacob Meinweiser first introduced that
method of removal of coal in Jefferson county,
on the liaugh farm. Union to"wnship, in 1852.'
All miners previous to that flate in this county
used wheelbarrows.

With some pride I state that the first trip
across the ocean in six days and fifteen hours
was made by steam from Beechtree coal.

Coke was first used in Pennsylvania in 1835
in Huntingdon county; it was then used in a
furnace. The first coke works of any im-
portance in the State were erected in i860.

The pioneer coal strike in Jefferson county
commenced September i, 1883". The men were
out about six weeks. To maintain order forty
or fifty Pinkerton men were imported and kept
on the ground.

As a nation we ha\e millions of square
miles covered with forest trees and empires
underlaid with coal.

Coal is found in twenty-seven of our States
and Territories. The bituminous coalfield in
Pennsylvania has an area of fifteen thousand
square miles.

The first shipment of coal from Pittsburgii
vyas made in 1803. The first shipment from
Clearfield was made in 1804, in barges to
Columbia, Pa. The first outlet for shipment
from Jefferson county was afforded by the
completion of the .\Ilegheny \'alley railroad,
in the year 1873.

I'Vom 1854 to 1866 coal was on the free list.
The im]5orts of coal from Canada increased
during that period from one hundred and
twenty thousand tons a year to four hundred
and sixty-five thousand tons. .\ duty of one
dollar and twenty-five cents a ton was put on
coal in i8f)6, which was lowered to seventy-
five cents a ton in 1872. The imports dropped
to seventy-nine thousand tons in 1879 and
have since remained at about that figure.

The bituminous coal output of the country
lias quadrupled since 1885, and it will only
require a few years more until the demand of
the United States will be a million tons for
each day of the year. One half of the nation's
output is now used up by the railroads and
steamships.

CHAPTER VIII
PIONEER ANIMALS

CIRCULAR HUNTS BEAVERS, BUFFALOES, PANTHERS, WOLVES, WILDCATS, BEARS, AMERICAN ELK,

OTHER ANIMALS PENS AND TRAPS HABITS OF OUR WILD ANIMALS FAMOUS HUNTERS IN

THIS REGION — SNAKES AND REPTILES BIRDS — BEES

Nature is a story book

That God has written for you.

There were originally in this State over
fifty species of wild, four-footed animals. VVe
had three hundred and twenty-five species and
sub-species of birds, and our waters, includ-
ing Lake Erie, had one hundred and fifty
species of fish. It may not be amiss to state
here that all of our wild animals were possessed
of intelligence, courage, fear, hate and aiifec-
tion. They reasoned, had memory, and a de-
sire for revenge. A wolf could be tamed and
trained to hunt like a dog. A dog dreams. It
is recorded in history that a pet snake has
been known to travel one hundred miles home.
It is undeniable that they could compute time,
course and distances. Elks, bears and deer
had their own paths. Bears blazed theirs by
biting a hemlock tree occasionally.

Our animals had their feuds, determined to
exterminate one another. The bear and the
panther, the beaver and the otter, the red squir-
rel and the black, etc., each carnivorous ani-
mal killed and ate those weaker than himself.
Before 1800 our wolves devoured many buf-
falo calves. Is it any wonder that what with
the Indians, and the white man's assistance,
our big animals have been killed or driven
from the State? The buffalo, beaver, elk,
panther, wolf, wolverine, otter and marten
are now extinct. It is hardly credible that
less than one hundred and fifty years ago
the State was alive with droves of buffalo,
elk, deer, etc., and full of beaver dams. To
substantiate the fact, I will here mention a
circular hunt of 1760 in the center of the
State. These circular hunts were of very fre-
quent occurrence, very oft'ensive to the Indians,
and poor records of them were kept. The
mode of conducting orre of these hunts was
as follows': Forming a circle of territory
with a cleared patch in the center, with or

without captains, the animals were driven into
the center by all manner of noise, fires, guns,
boys and men. When the animals reached
the center the killing commenced. The people
thus exterminated the animals and exasper-
ated the Indians. In the hunt of 1760 the
record of killing is as follows : Panthers,
forty-one : wolves, one hundred and nine ;
foxes, one hundred and twelve; wildcats, one
hundred and fourteen ; bears, eighteen, one
white; elks, two; deer, eighty-three; martens,
three ; otter, one ; gluttons, twelve ; beavers,
three ; and more than five hundred small ani-
mals. In addition, one hundred and eleven
buffaloes were killed, while a large herd of
these animals broke the circle. These circular
hunts continued all over the State until about
i860. There were six such drives in Arm-
strong county in 1828, and we reprint an ac-
count of one from the Kittanning Gazette:

Grand Circular Hunt

(clarion township)
(March 22 and 29, 1828)

At a large and highly respectable meeting of
the citizens of Clarion township, held at the
house of Henry Riley in said township, on
Friday the 14th inst. for the purpose of con-
sulting on preparatory measures for a Grand
Circular Hunt to be held in Clarion township.
The meeting was organized by calling Wil-
liam CuRLL, Esq. to the Chair, and appointing
John Sloan, jr. Secretary.

C)n motion of Capt. James Sloan, the fol-
lowing persons were appointed a committee to
draft resolutions to be offered to the consid-
eration of the meeting: Col. James Hasson,
Captain James Sloan. Wm. Henry,' sen. John
Cochran," Col. John Sloan, Lieut. John M.
Fleming, Wm. B. Fetzer, Henry Benn. Philip
Heck, Robert Henry, Thomas Riley. The

111

112

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

coinmittee retired, and after some time re-
turned and reported tlie following, which were
unanimously adopted :

I Rcsohrd. That the citizens of Clarion,
Redhank and Toby townships be invited to
turn out tjn 'i'uesday the 1st day of April, at
(S o'clock A. iM. and to form a line or circle
for the purpose of encompassing the bounds
herein determined on, viz: — The line to com-
mence at Reid's mill, on I'ine creek, and con-
tinue up said creek to Samuel and John Sloan's
mill, to be under the superintendance of John
.^loan, jr. Christian Smethers, jr. Capt. John
R. Clover, Jacob Miller, Capt. Geo. Rynerd,
W'm. Kirkpatrick, Charles Sawyers, Marshal.
Capt. James .Sloan. — Thence to continue in ;i
direct line to \Vm. Carnahan's, on the Water-
son road, to be under the superintendance of
John Moorhead, William Maxwell, John B.
M'Comb. Roljert Lawson, Francis llilliard.
John jjcnn, marshal, .Matthew Ilosey. Thence
along the W.aterson road to the j)lace of begin-
ning, to be under the superintendance of James
r. Reynolds, ( ieorge Aleans, Ivsq. John Rich-
ard, Joseph Armstrong. Thomas Magee. John
.\Iagee, Marshal William 11. Fetzer.

2 Resolved, That a general invitation be
given to all who may wish to participate in the
hunt ; and they are requested to be j)unctual
in attending at the extreme line at 8 o'clock,
and not to move off until ordered by the offi-
cers. No horns to be blown until the line is
directed to move, which will be precisely at
half past 8, the signal to be given at the four
jjoints by a sound of the horn, when all the
horns in the line are to be sounded ; the line
will then take a direct course to the centre, or
a jiiece of ground staked off on Michael
Trainer's farm, when it will be halted and
formed into solid body by the general officers,
i*t marched bv them to the inner circle, when
it will be again halted, kept in solid body, and
remain unbroken until all the game is killed
or taken, counted by the general officers, and
to be taken into custody and sold by them to
any person or jjersons who will gi\e the high-
e.si price in cash.

3 Resolved. That the money arising from
the sale of the game he appropriated to the
hitUdinti of a bridge on Redhank ereek, ivherc
the Olean road crosses said creek: The gen-
eral officers will appoint some person to re-
ceive the same and to be held by him until
called on by the county commissioners, when
the bridge is completed.

4 Resolved, That all ])ersons bringing dogs
must have them tied and led. until the lines
arrive at the inner circle. No dog to be let

loose until they receive orders to that effect
from the general officers. All persons resid-
ing within the boundary lines are requested to
confine all dogs that are not taken to the lines,
at home. All who can procure horns will be
careful to take them along.

5 Resolved, That Henry Benn, Wm. Curll,
Esq. Moses Kirkpatrick, Robert Travis, Isaac
Fetzer, Samuel C. Orr, Esq. Capt. John
Guthrie, John Mohney, John Ardery, Lewis
Switzer, John C. Corbett, Esq. John Cribbs,
David Lawson, E.sq. iS: Michael Trainer, be
the general officers, and they are hereby re-
quested to attend at an early hour on the
morning of the hunt, to stake oft" the lines :
the outer line to be one fourth of a mile from
the centre, the inner line wherever the general
officers may think best.

6 Resolved, That the suj)erintendants take
their posts in the order in which their names
are arranged in the ist resolution; the first
named to take his post at the place of start-
ing at the beginning of the line ; the next
named to join him, and so on in succession
until the end of the line. The superintendants
and marshals to appoint as many aids as they
may think proper; the marshals to be mounted
to ride the lines. No person to carry fire arms.

7 Resok'ed. That all spiritous liquors be
l)rohibited from being brought into the lines.

8 ,Resoli'ed, That the proceedings of this
meeting be signed by the chairman and sec-
retary, and published in the Kittaiming papers.

WiLLi.\M CuKi.i.. Ch'n.
John Sloan jn. Secretary.

The mountainous character of Jefferson
county and the dense forests that covered al-
most its whole are;i made the region a favor-
ite haunt of o\er fifty wild beasts. Many of
ihem have disappeared, and it is difficult to
believe that animals now extinct on the con-
tinent at large were once numerous within the
boundaries of our territory. Of the six hun-
dred thousand wild animals in the world, only
twenty-eight have been domesticated, includ-
ing the elei)hant. llama, yak. camel and rein-
deer.

liEAVKK

The beaver, the buffalo, the elk and the deer
were probably the most numerous of our ani-
mals. "Heavers will not live near man, and
at an early period after the settlement of this
State these animals withdrew into the secluded
regions and ultimately entirely disappeared."
The last of them known in this State made

THE NEW YORK
PUBLIC LIBRARY

ASTon, L'^WOX

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JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

113

their homes in the great "Flag Swamp,"' or
Beaver Meadows, of Clearfield county, on
Salmon creek, now about and above DuBois
city, in the early thirties. These meadows
covered about six hundred acres. Furs were
occasionally brought to Brookville from these
meadows by trappers.

Those who have made them a study assert
that, with the exception of man, no other ani-
mal now upon the earth has undergone so lit-
tle change in size and structure as the beaver.
Fossil deposits show that in its present form
it is at least contemporaneous with and prob-
ably antedates the mammoth and the other
monsters that once roamed the great forests
of the earth. The skeletons of beavers found
in this country are the same as those of the
same species found in the fossil beds of Eu-
rope. Man is the only other mammal of which
this is true. How the beaver came to traverse
the ocean has never been explained.

Coarse-fibred, cautious in its habits, warmly
I)rotected by nature against climatic influences,
simple and hearty in its diet, wise beyond all
other forms of lower animal life, prolific and
heedful of its young, the beaver has seen
changes in the whole function of the world
and the total disappearance of countless species
of animal and vegetable life.

"The beaver mates but once, and then for
a lifetime. There are no divorces, and, so far
as has been observed, no matings of beavers
who have lost their mates by death. Young
beavers are given a place in the family lodge
until they are two years old, and are then
turned out to find m;ites and homes for them-
selves.

"Originally a mere hurrower in tiie earth,
like his cousin the hedgehog and the ])orcu-
])ine, he has so improved ujjon natural condi-
tions that only man is able to reach him in his
abiding places. . . . The principal engineering
and stnictural works of the beaver are the dam,
tiie canal, the meadow, the lodge, the burrow,
and the slide. These are not always found
together and some of them are rare."

Beaver dams have been found which have
been kept in repair by beavers for centuries.
It is not unusual to find them more than fifty
feet long and so solid that they will sujiport
liorses and wagons. I'^allen trees that have
been cut down by the sharj) teeth of the beav-
ers are sometimes the foundation. More often
branches and a great heap of small stones
make the beginning. The side toward the
water is of mud and pebbles smoothlv set by
the use of the feet and the broad, paddle-like
tail of the animal. Interlaced branches caj)
8

the whole. The dam is built for two reasons
— to afford a retreat where the home-loving
beaver may rest safe from his enemies of the
forest, particularly wolverines, and to give a
depth of water that will not freeze to the bot-
tom. A total freeze would effectually lock
him in his home and be the cause of death by
starvation. The dam is always located on a
small stream.

The beaver's sense of sight is deficient, but
those of scent and hearing are abnormally de-
veloped. The work of construction and re-
pair upon the dams is always done at night,
the workers occasionally stopping to listen for
suspicious sounds. The tone who hears any-
thing to excite alarm dives instantly, and as he
disappears gives warning to his comrades by
striking his broad, flat tail upon the surface of
the water. The sound rivals a pistol shot in
its alarming loudness.

"The beaver is really a sort of portable pulp-
mill, grinding up most any kind of wood that
comes in his way. A single beaver generally,
if not always, fells the tree, and when it comes
down the whole family fall to and have a
regular frolic with the bark and branches. A
big beaver will bring down a fair sized sapling,
say three inches through, in about two minutes,
and a large tree in about an hour.

"One of the queerest facts about the beaver
is the rapidity with which his long, chisel-like
teeth will recover from an injury."

^^'ilIiam Dixon killed a beaver in 1840. near
what is now called Sabula, or Summit Tun-
nel. Clearfield county. This was ])erhaps the
last one killed in the State. A beaver was re-
])orted killed in 1884 on Pine creek, in Clinton
county. It was said to have been chased
there from Potter county.

Beavers have four to eight young at
a litter, in May, and they are l)orn with their
eyes open.

.\.MEUIC'.\N BISOX. OK lU'FI'AI .( I

Centuries ago great herds of wild buft'aloes
fed in our valleys and on our hills. Yes, more,
the "buffalo, or American bison, roamed in
countless numbers from the Susquehanna to
Lake Erie,'' but none north of Lake Erie.

The peculiar distinction of our buffalo was
;i hump over his shoulders. He was much
larger than the Western buffalo. His eye was
black, his horns black and thick near the head,
tapering rapidly to a point. His face looked
ferocious, yet he was not so dangerous as an
elk or deer. The sexual season of the bison
was from July to September; after this month

114

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

the cows ransjed in herds hy themselves, calved
in April, and the calves followed the mother
from one to three years. The males fouj^ht
terrible battles among themselves. The At-
lantic seaboards were exceptionally free from
them. The flesh of the cow was delicious
food, and the hump especially was considered
a great delicacy.

Twenty-five or thirty years ago these ani-
mals, whose flesh was an important and much-
prized article of food, the tail especially, and
whose pelts were in great demand for robes,
buffalo overshoes, and garments to protect
both the civilized and uncivilized races from
the winter's piercing blasts, were found on
our Western prairies in countless thousands.
According to a recently published report, be-
tween the years i860 and 1882 more than
fifteen million bufifaloes were killed within the
limits of the United States. Bufifaloes and
elks used the same trails and feeding grounds.
The last buffalo robes were brought to Brook-
ville in 1882.

There are now (1915) but one thousand,
six hundred wild and domesticated buffaloes
in the United States. The last buffalo killed
in Pennsylvania of which there is a record
was dispatched in January, 1801. by Col. John
Kelly, of Union county. A whole herd had
been wiped out in the winter of 1800, in Sny-
der county.

P.^NTHER

The largest carnivorous beast was the
panther. In the early days there were enough
of them in the forest to keep the settler or
the hunter ever on his guard. They haunted
the wildest glens and made their presence
known by occasional raids on the flocks and
herds.

The puma, popularly called panther by our
pioneers, is a large animal with a cat head.
The length of a panther from nose to tip of
tail is about six to twelve feet, the tail being
over two feet long, tip black. The color of
the puma is tawny, dun. or reddish along the
back and sides, and sometimes grayish-white
underneath or over the abdomen and chest,
with a little black patch behind each ear. The
panther is a powerful animal, as well as dan-
gerous, but when captured as a cub can be
easily domesticated and will be good until he
is about two years old. The pioneers shot and
captured many in panther and bear traps.
The pelts sold for from one to twelve dollars.
The catamount, or bey lynx, was a species of
the cat, had tufts on the ears, a cat head, was

long-bodied, three or four feet long, short-
legged, big-footed, and mottled in color. The
fur was valuable. The lynx is sometimes
mistaken for the panther.

The Longs, Vastbinders, and other noted
hunters in Jefferson county killed many a
panther. A law was enacted in 1806 giving
a bounty of eight dollars for the "head" of
each grown wolf or panther killed, and the
"pelts,"' bringing a good price for fur. stimu-
lated these hunters greatly to do their best in
trap])ing, hunting, and watching the dens of
these dangerous animals. The bounty on the
head of a panther whelp was four dollars.
The county commissioners would cut the ears
otT these heads and give an order on the county
treasurer for the bounty money. A panther's
pelt sold for about four dollars. In 1850 a
son of Bill Long, Jackson by name, boldly
entered a full grown panther's den, creeping
through the rocks sixty feet, and shot the
animal by the light of his glowing eyes. In
1S33 Jacob and Peter Vastbinder found a
panther's den on Boon's mountain, now Elk
county. They killed one, the dogs killed two,
and these hunters caught a cub, which they
kept a year and then sold to a showman. In
1 819 the Legislature enacted a law giving'
twelve dollars for a full-grown panther's head
and five dollars for the head of a cub. During
the thirties, when Jefferson county still em-
braced what is now Forest and Elk counties,
the bounties paid for panther, wolf and wild-
cat scalps fell a little short of four hundred
dollars a year. The last bounties were paid
for i)anthers and wolves killed in Jefferson
coimty in 1856. The record is as follows:
March 18, 1856, Jacob Stahlman. one wolf;
March 24, 1856, Mike Long, five wolves; May
17, 1856, Andrew Bowers, Gaskill township,
one wolf; November 19, 1856, Adam Hetrick,
one panther, killed on Maxwell run, in Polk
township. Jack Long killed the last panther
in the State, in 1872.

WOLF

Nothing aiuong the wild beasts strikes such
terror to the heart of the settlers as the cry
of the wolf at a lonely spot at night. The
pioneer knew very well that on a lonely forest
trail at any hour of the day or night the other
animals could be frightened by a bluff. No
other animals go in packs. The wolf would
not attack were he alone. It is when rein-
forced that he is a terror, and then the howl
of the wolf is the most blood-curdling
of all the noises of the night in the woods.

Tlt'D:EN FOUNDATIONB J

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JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

115

When he is bent upon attacking a traveler he
announces it by a howl from one quarter. The
signal is answered from another direction.
Another piercing howl comes from somewhere
else. The cry of the wolf echoes and rolls
from hill to hill in marvelous multiplication
of sounds. A small pack of half a dozen
wolves will make the motintain seem alive for
miles. The cr>' is anything but reassuring
to the timid soul who is shut in safely by the
fire of his forest cabin. It is enough to chill
the marrow of the man who for the first time
hears it when he is in the unprotected open.
The wolf is vicious and savage. Hunger gives
him any courage that he possesses, and that
sort of courage drives him to desperation.
That is why the wolf is such a ferocious enemy
when once he is aroused to attack man. Death
by starvation is no more alluring to him than
death by the hand of his possible prey. I have
listened in my bed to the dismal howl of the
wolf, and for the benefit of those who never
heard a wolf's soiree I will state here that one
wolf leads off in a long tenor, and then the
whole pack joins in the chorus.

Wolves were so" numerous that, in the niem-
or}' of persons still living in Brookville in
1898, it was unsafe or dangerous to permit
a girl of ten or twelve years to go a mile in the
country vmaccompanied. In those days the
Longs have shot as many as five and six with-
out moving in their tracks. In 1816 Ludwig
Long and his son William shot five wolves
without changing position with single-barreled,
muzzle-loading rifles. The sure aim and
steady and courageous hearts of noted hunt-
ers, made it barely possible for the early set-
tlers to live in these woods, and even then they
had to exercise "eternal vigilance." In 1835
Bill Long, John and Jack Kahle captured
eight wolves in a den near the present town of
Sigel. Wolf pelts sold for three dollars.

Pennsylvania had originally black, brown
and gray wolves. Each had its own habita-
tion. The black and brown were exterminated
about 1840, the gray about 1880.

BE.\R

The black bear was always common in
Pennsylvania, and especially was this so in
Jefferson county. He was a great roadmaker
and king of the beasts. The early settlers
killed every year in the aggregate hundreds
of these bears. Bearskins were worth from
three to five dollars apiece. Reuben Hickox.
as late as 1822, killed over fifty bears in three
months. Captain Hunt, a Afuncy Indian, liv-

ing in what is now Brookville, killed sixty-
eight in one winter. In 1831 Mrs. McGhee,
living in what is now Washington township,
heard her pigs squealing, and exclaimed,
"The bears are at the hogs !" A hired man,
Philip McCafferty, and herself each picked
up an ax and drove the bears away. Bears
are very fond of hogs, which they eat alive, in
this way : They throw the hog, hold him
down with their paws, tear out his bowels at
his flank and eat him at leisure. Every fall
and winter bears are still killed in our forests.

Peter \''astbinder when a boy shot a bear
through the window of his father's house, and
this, too, by moonlight. This bear had a soap
of bees in his arms, and was walking away
with them.

The flesh of the bear was prized by the
pioneer. He was fond of bear meat. Bears
weighing four or five hundred pounds ren-
dered a large amount of oil, which the pioneer
housewife used in cooking.

WOLVERINES

Glutton or sloth wolverines were very rare
in Jefferson county. Wolverines are about
the size of a bull dog, fierce, cunning and
strong. One peculiarity of the wolverine was
this, when gazing at a man he would shade
his eyes with his paws. The last one killed
in the State was shot by Seth I. Nelson in
Potter county in 1863.

PENS AND TR.'\PS

Trapping and pens were resorted to by the
pioneer hunters to catch the panther, the bear,
the wolf, and other game. The bear pen was
built in a triangular shape of heavy logs. It
was in shape and built to work just like a
wooden box rabbit trap. The bear steel trap
weighed about twenty-five pounds. It had
double springs and spikes sharpened in the
jaws. A chain was also attached. This was
used as a panther trap. too. "The bear was
always hard to trap. The cautious brute
would never put his paw into visible danger,
even when allured by the most tempting bait.
If the animal was caught, it had to be accom-
jilished by means of the most cunning strata-
gem. One successful method of catching this
cautious beast was to conceal a strong trap
in the ground covered with leaves or earth,
and suspend a quarter of a sheep or deer
from a tree above the hidden steel. The bait
lieing just beyono the reach of the bear, would
cause the animal to stand on his hind feet

116

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

anil Iry to get tlie meat. While thus ramixmt,
the unsuspecting liriUe would sometimes step
into the trap and throw the spring. The trap
was not fastened to a stake or tree, but at-
tached to a long chain, furnished with two
or three grab hooks, which would catch to
iirush and logs, and thus prevent the game
from getting away."

liy the fall of the \ear bears would become
very fat from the daily feasts they had on
beechnuts and chestnuts, and the occasional
raids they made on the old straw beehives
and ripe cornfields. In pioneer times the bear
committed considerable destruction lo I he
corn. He would seat himself on his haunches
in a corner of the field next to the woods, and
then, collecting a sheaf of the cornstalks at a
time, would enjoy a sumptuous re])ast on the
spot.

Wolves usually bunt in tin- night, so the_\-,
too, were trap])etl and ])enned. The wolf pen
was built of small round logs about eight or
ten feet high and narrowed at the top. Into
tin's pen the hunter threw bis bait, and the wolf
could easily juni]) in. but he was unable to
jump out. The wolf tra]) was on the jjrinciple
of the rat tra]), only larger, the jaws being a
foot or two long. Wolves wcmld welcome a
doniestic dog in their jxick, but a dog that
clung to man, ibcir enemy, they would tear
to pieces.

Trapiiers rated the fox the hardest animal
to traj), the wolf next, and the otter third. To
catch a fox they often made a bed of chafT
.•md got him to lie in it or fool around it, the
trap being set under the chaff, (^r a trap was
set at a ])lacc where several foxes seemed to
sto]) for a certain purpose. Or a fox could
be caught sometimes by putting a bait a little
way out in the water, and then putting a pad
of moss between the bait .md the shore, with
the tra]) hid undei the moss. The fox. not
liking to wet his feel, would step on the moss
.md be caught.

( )ld William \'astbinder, a noted buiiter.
of what is now Kirkman. ;i ])ionecr in jefifer-
son county, was c|uite successful in tra])ping
wolves on Hunt's run, about the year T819 or
1820. Rut for some unknown reason his suc-
cess suddenly sto])])ed, and be could not catch
a single wolf, lie then sus])ected the Indi.ms
of robbing his trai)s. So one morning bright
and early he \isited bis traps and found no
wolf, but did find an Indian track. He fol-
lowed the Indian trail and lost it. On look-
ing around he heard a voice from above, and
looking u]) he saw an Indian sitting in the
fork (jf a tree, and the Indian said. "X'nw.

you old rascal, now go home. Old Bill, or In-
dian shoot." With the Indian's Hintlock
jjointed at him, \'astbinder immediately be-
came quite hungry and started home for an
early breakfast.

THE .\MEKICAN i:i,K

The mouse is the largest of all the deer
kind, the .-\merican elk coming next. The last
moose was killed in this State in 1799. P>ill
Long and other noted hunters killecl elks in
these woods seven feet high. The early hunt-
ers found their range to be frorn Elk Licks
on Spring creek, which emjities into the Clar-
ion river at what is now called "Hallton," u])
to and around lieecb liottom. In winter these
heavv- footed animals always "yarded" them-
selves on the "Beech Bottom" for protection
from their enemies, the light-footed woKes.
The elk's trot was hea\}', clumsy and swing-
ing, and would break through an ordinary
crust on the snow ; hut in summer time he
would throw his great antlers back on his
shoulders and trot through the thickets at a
Nancy Hanks gait, even o\er fallen timbers
fi\-e feet high. One of his reasons for locating
on the Clarion river was that he was ])erson-
ally a great bather and enjoyed sjjending his
summer on the banks and the sultry days in
bathing in that river. In 1S38 Bill Long pre-
sented a i)air of enormous elk horns to John
Smith, of I'.rook\ille. who used them as a sign
for the "Jefferson Inn." Advertisements a])-
])eared in the ])ioneer ])a])er of Elk county as
late as 1850-1851. something like this:

"Ilunters. — Sexeral young fawns are
wanted, for which a liberal ])rice will be given.
Enquire at this office. I""or a living male elk,
one year old, I will give $50; two years old,
.$75; three \ears old. $100; and for a fawn
three months old. $25."

b'lks are easily tamed. They can soon be
taught to work like oxen, but it takes from
six months to two years to be able to stand in
front of an elk and command him.

The common X'irginia white-tail deer,
once exceedingly numerous in the northwest,
is still to be found in limited numbers. This
deer when lojiinj^ nv running elevates its tail,
showing the long white hair of the lower
surface. If the .animal i-^ -truck bv a bullet
the tail is almost inv;iri;ibly tucked close to the
liam, concealing the white.

.All deer kind who ba\e branched horns,
deer, moose, elk and caribou, with one exce])-
tion, shed their antlers annually from January
to March in the wild slate (in captivity a little

AMKKU AN KLK

ryv^ TM'.; YORK
IpUELlC LIBRARY

ASTCF>, LFNOX
TltOEN FOUN0AJJON3_

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

117

later), and have them completely restored by
August of the same year. The new growth
of horn loosens the old honi and in time
causes it to drop off. These shed horns
are eaten by wood mice, squirrels, porcupines,
and by the deer kind themselves. The shed-
ding of the horns indicates the time when the
season of selective attachment should close.
A castrated elk will never shed his horns, they
crumble away like cheese.

Deer handle their growing antlers very
carefully, for it is at this time that deformities
are apt to occur. The deer seem to realize this,
and allow themselves to be driven about with
a stick, for they do not want to run the risk
of breaking the thick velvety skin that incases
the antlers by acting on the offensive. Should
the skin get broken, the deer is apt to bleed to
death, or if the flexible, pulpy antler gets
broken or bent it will become ossified when
the hardening period of its growth arrives and
retain its crooked shape.

The horns are built up by the blood. The
veins pass through the burr of the antlers, and
as the antlers near their full growth the burr
gradually tightens on the veins until the flow
of blood is entirely shut off. Up to this time
the velvet is very sensitive, even to the slightest
touch.

It requires about thirteen weeks for an elk
or a deer to grow his horns, and then one
month more is required for the hardening.
The horns grow inside a tough skin, which in
appearance resembles coarse plush of a brown
color. When in this condition they are said
to be "in the velvet."

There is a dispute as to the location of the
scent that is given out ])y the deer. It is located
in the foot. If the hoof is separated, a little
pocket is found containing a pasty substance,
the odor of which resembles that of rank
cheese. This substance works out on the hoof
and leaves its scent on the ground. If a deer
is hard pressed by hounds he will take to
water, and running in it for some distance the
odor will he so thoroughly washed out of the
hoof that no scent will be left on the ground
and consequently the dogs will be unable to
follow.

"The American deer, common deer, or joust
deer, is peculiar to Pennsylvania. It differs
from the three well-known European species —
the red deer, the fallow deer and the pretty
little roe. Of these three, the red deer is the
only one which can stand comparison with the
American.

"The bucks have antlers peculiar in many
cases, double sharp, erect spikes or tines. The

doe lacks these antlers. The antlers on the
bucks are shed and renewed annually. Soon
as the old antlers fall, swellings, like, tumors
covered with plush, appear; these increase in
size and assume the shape of the antlers with
astonishing rapidity, until the new antlers
iiave attained their full size, when they present
the appearance of an ordinary pair of antlers
covered with fine velvet. The covering, or
'velvet,' is filled with blood vessels, which
supply material for the new growth. The
furrows in the complete antler show the
course of the circulation during its formation,
and no sooner is the building process complete
than the 'velvet' begin to wither and dry up.
Now the buck realizes that he is fully armed
and equipped for the fierce joustings which
must decide the possession of the does of his
favorite range, and he busies himself in test-
ing his new weapons and in putting a proper
polish upon every inch of them. He bangs and
rattles his horn daggers against convenient
trees and thrusts and swings them into dense,
strong shrubs, and if observed during this
honing-up process he frequently seems a dis-
reputable looking beast, with long streamers
of blood-stained 'velvet' hanging to what will
shortly be finely polished antlers with ])oints
as sharp as knives. When the last rulj has
been given and every beam and tine is
furnished thoroughly, our brave goes a-wooing
with the best of them. He trails the cow does
through lone covers and along favorite run-
ways unceasingly ; he is fiery and impetuous
and full of fight, and asks no fairer chance
than to meet a rival as big and short-tempered
as himself. He meets one before long, for
every grown buck is on the warjjath, and
when the pair fall foul of each other there is
frequently a long and desperate combat, in
which one gladiator must be thoroughly
whi]iped or killed. All deer fight savagely,
and occasionally two battling rivals find a
miserable doom by managing to get their
antlers securely interlocked, when both must
[jerish. Two dead bucks thus locked head to
head have been found lying as they fell in an
open glade, where the scarred surface of the
ground and the crushed and riven shrubs aliout
told an eloquent tale of a wild tourney long
sustained, and of miserable failing efforts of
the wearied conqueror to free himself of his
dead foe." The Vastbinders, Longs, and all
tiie early hunters, found just such skulls in
these woods.

A "deer lick'' is a place where salt rests near
the surface of the earth. The deer finds these

118

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

spots and works them diiriii;^ the night, gen-
erally in the early morning.

Artificial deer-licks were numerous, and
made in this way : A hunter would take a
coft'ee sack and ])Ut in it about half a bushel
of common salt, and then suspend the sack
high on the branch of a tree. When the rain
descended the salt water would drip from the
sack to the ground, making the earth saline
and damp, and to this spot the deer would
come, paw and lick the earth. The hunter
usually made his blind in this way : A piece
of board had two auger holes bored in each
end, and with ropes through these holes was
fastened to a liinlj of a tree. On this board
the hunter seated himself to await his game.
Deer usually visit licks from about two a. m.
until daylight. As a rule, deer feed in the
morning and evening, and ramble around all
night seeking a thicket for rest and seclusion
in the daytime.

For "ways that were dark and for tricks
that were vain" the old pioneer was always
in it. When real hungry for a venison steak
he would often use a tame deer as decoy in
this way : Fawns were captured when small,
tamed, reared and permitted to run at large
with the cattle. A life insurance was "written"
on this tame deer by means of a bell or a
piece of red flannel fastened around the neck.
Tame deer could be trained to follow masters,
and when taken to the woods usually fed
around and attracted to their society wild deer,
which then could be shot by the secreted
hunter. At the discharge of a gun the tame
deer invariably ran up to her master. Some
of these does were kept for five to six years.
Deer generally have two fawns at a time, in
May, and sometimes three.

Love of home is highly developed in the
deer. You cannot chase him away from it.
He will circle around and around, and every
evening come to where he was born. He lives
in a square of about eight or ten miles around
his birthplace. In the wilds of swamp and
mountains and laurel brakes he has his
"roads," l)eaten paths, and "crossings," like the
civilized and cross roads of man. When
hounded by dogs he invariably strikes for a
creek or river, and it is his practice to take
one of these "traveled paths," which he never
leaves nor forgets, no matter how circuitous
the path may be. Certain crossings on these
paths where the deer will pass are called in
sporting parlance "stands." These "stands"
never change, unless through the clearing of
timber or by settlement the old landmarks are
destroved.

The deer loves a habitation where he may
wander over hills, through thick swamps or
open woods, with silence all around save what
noise is made by the chirping birds and wild
creatures like himself. He loves to feed a
little on the lowlands and then browse on the
high ground. It takes him a long time to
make a meal, and no matter how much of good
there may be in any particular place he will
not remain there to thoroughly satisfy his
appetite. He must roam about and eat over
a great deal of territory. When he has
browsed and fed till he is content, he loves to
pose behind a clump of brushes and watch and
listen. At such times he stands with head up
as stanch as a setter on point, and if one
watches him closely not a movement of his
muscles will be detected. He sweeps the
country before him with his keen eyes, and his
sharp ears will be disturbed by the breaking
of a twig anywhere within gunshot.

A doe carries a fawn seven months before
dropping it. Fawns when first dropped are
for some hours unable to stand. They have
white spots over the body until six months
old. The doe docs not remain beside them,
but paces slowly around at a considerable dis-
tance. Every now and then she gives a little
tremulous, bleating call, at sound of which the
fawn lifts its head and tries to struggle to its
feet. Should a man or a dog appear mean-
time the doe runs away in a straight line, but
laggingly and halting, as though herself hurt
unto death. When she thinks she has lured
the enemy far enough away, she gives three
great flying leaps, which take her at once out
of sight, and goes back to her baby. But if
left undisturbed she keeps up the pacing until
she sees the fawn standing, then paces dain-
tily away in a straight line, choosing always
the easiest grade. As she paces she calls
faintly and every now and then halts, looking
over Iier shoulder to see if she is followed.

When the day is still the deer is confident
he can outwit the enemy who tries to creep
up on him with shotgun or rifle. But when
the wind blows, he fears to trust himself in
those places where he may easily be ap-
proached by man, so hides in the thickets and
remains very quiet until night. To kill the
deer on a still day, when he is difficult to find,
the hunter must match the deer in cunning
and must possess a marked degree of patience.
The deer, conscious of his own craftiness,
wanders slowly through the woods ; but he
does not go far before he stops, and like a
statue he stands, and can only be made out by

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

119

the hunter with a knowledge of his ways and
a trained eye.

The deer Hstens for a footfall. Should the
hunter be anywhere within the range of his
ear and step on a twig, the deer is off with a
bound. He does not stop until he has reached
what he regards as a safe locality in which to
look and listen again. A man moving cau-
tiously behind a clump of bushes anywhere
within the sweep of his vision will start him
off again on the run, for he is seldom willing
to take even a small chance against man.
Should the coast be clear, the deer will break
his pose, browse and wander about again, and
finally make his bed under the top of a fallen
tree or in some little thicket.

To capture the deer by the still hunting
methods, the hunter must know his ways and
outwit him at his own game. First of all, the
still hunter wears soft shoes, and when he
puts his foot on the ground he is careful not
to set it on a twig which will snap and frighten
any deer that may be in the vicinity. The
still hunter proceeds at once to put into prac-
tice the very system which the deer has taught
him. He strikes a pose. He listens and looks.
A deer standing like a statue two hundred
yards away is not likely to be detected by an
inexperienced hunter, but the expert is not
deceived. He has learned to look closely into
the detail of the picture before him, and he
will note the difference between a set of ant-
lers and a bush. The brown sides of a deer
are not very distinct when they have for a
background a clump of broken bushes. But
the expert still hunter sits quietly on a log and
peers into the distance steadily, examining all
details before him. Occasionally his fancy
will help him to make a deer's haunch out on
a hump on a tree, or he will fancy he sees an
antler mixed with the small branches of a
bush, but his trained eye finally removes all
doubt. But he is in no hurry. He is like the
deer, patient, keen of sight, and quick of hear-
ing. He knows that if there are any deer on
their feet in his vicinity he will get his eyes on
them if he takes the time, or if he waits long-
enough he is likely to see them on the move.
At all events, he must see the deer first. Then
he must get near enough to him to bring him
down with his rifle.

Deer will not run in a straight line. They
keep their roads, and it is this habit they have
of crossing hills, paths, woods and streams,
almost invariably within a few yards of the
same spot, that causes their destruction by the
hounding and belling methods of farmers,
lumbermen, and other non-professionals.

Deerlicks were numerous all over this coun-
try. One of the methods of our early settlers
was to sit all night on or near a tree, within
easy range of a spring or a "salt-lick," and
pot the unsuspecting deer which might hap-
pen to come to the lick in search of salt water.
This required no more skill than an ability to
tell from which quarter the breeze was blow-
ing and to post one's self accordingly, and the
power to hit a deer when the gun is fired from
a dead rest.

Belling deer was somewhat common. I
have tried my hand at it. The mode was this :
Three men were located at proper distances
apart along a trail or runway near a cross-
ing. The poorest marksman was placed so
as to have the first shot, and the two good
ones held in reserve for any accidental attack
of "buck fever" to the persons on the first
and second stands. An experienced woods-
man was then sent into a laurel thicket, carry-
ing with him a cowbell ; and when this woods-
man found and started a deer, he followed it,
ringing the bell. The sound of this bell was
notice to those on the "stand" of the approach
of a deer. When the animal came on the
jump within shooting distance of the first
stand, the hunter there posted would bleat
like a sheep; the deer would then come to a
standstill, when the hunter could take a good
aim at it ; the others had to shoot at the ani-
mal nmning. The buck or doe rarely escaped
this gauntlet.

One of the modes of Mike Long and other
pioneer hunters on the Clarion river was to
ride a horse with a cowbell on through the
woods over the deerpaths. The deer were
used to cowbells and would allow the horse to
come in full view. When the deer were look-
ing at the horse, the hunter usually shot one
or two. Every pioneer had one or more cow-
bells ; they were made of copper and iron.
They were not cast, but were cut, hammered
and riveted into shape, and were of different
sizes.

In the days when guns were rare and am-
munition very costly, hunters set stakes for
deer, where the animal had been in the habit
of jumping into or out of fields. A piece of
hard timber, two or three inches thick and
about four feet long, was sharpened into a
spear-shape, and then driven firmly into the
ground at the place where the deer were ac-
customed to leap over the log fence. The
stake was slanted toward the fence, so as
to strike the animal in the breast as it leaped
into or out of the fields. Several of these
deadly wooden spears were often set at the

120

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

same crossing, so as to increase the peril of
the game. If the deer were seen in the field,
a scare would cause them to jump over the
fence with less caution, and thus often a
buck would im]jale himself on one of the fatal
stakes, when hut for the sight of the hunter
the animal might have escaped unhurt. Thou-
sands of deer were killed or cri])pled in this
way fifty years ago.

The deer was always a co\eted prize among
hunters. No finer dish than venison ever
graced the tahle of king or peasant. No more
beautiful trojihy has ever adorned the halls
of the royal sportsman or the humble cabin of
the lowly hunter on the wild frontier than the
antlers of the fallen buck. The sight of this
noble animal in his native state thrills with
admiration alike the heart of the proudest
aristocrat and the rudest backwoodsman. The
last time I saw a wild deer in Brookxille lior-
ough was in the summer of 1864.

The American elk was widely distributed
in this section in 1800. The habitat of this
noble game was the forest extending across
the northern part of the State. These animals
were quite numerous in the thirties. A one-
thousand-pound elk was nothing uncommon
in Jefferson county, and specimens have been
killed that weighed twelve hundred pounds.
These were bucks. The does would weigh
anywhere from six to eight hundred pounds.
Elks had a very short and thick neck, with a
short and upright mane. Their ears were of
enormous size. The Pennsylvania elk's eyes
were small, but sparkled like jewels. .Another
peculiarity of the elk was the great size of
his nostrils, and the keenness of his scent was
something bej'ond belief. A set of elk antlers
of five feet spread, and weighing from forty
to fifty pounds, was not an infrequent trophy.

It required more skill to hunt the elk than
it did to trail the deer, as they were much
more cautious and alert. For all that, an elk,
when startled from his bed. did not instantly
dash away, like the deer, but invariably looked
to see what had aroused him. Then, if he
thought the cause boded him no good, away
he went, not leaping over the l)rush, like the
deer, but, with his head thrown back, and his
great horns almost covering his body, plung-
ing through the thickets, his big hoofs clatter-
, ing together like castanets as he went. The
elk did not go at a gallo])ing gait, but lra\eled
at a swinging trot that carried him along at
amazing s]ieed. lie never slopjied until he
had crossed water, when his instinct seemed
to tell him that the scent of his trail was
broken before the pursuer or dogs.

-At the rutting season the elk, both male and
female, was fearless and fierce, and it be-
hooved the hunter to be watchful. An elk
surprised at this season did not wait for any
overt act on the part of an enemy, but was
instantly aggressive. One blow from an elk's
foot would kill a wolf or a dog, and hunters
have more than once been forced to elude an
elk by running around trees, jumping from
one to another before the bulky beast, unable
to make the turns quick enough, could recover
himself. To follow an elk forty miles with-
out running it down was considered nothing
remarkable.

The whistle of the buck elk, as the hunters
used to call it, was not a whistle, although there
were changes in it that gave it something of
a flute-like sound. The sound was more like
the notes of a bugle. In making it the buck
threw back his head, swelled his throat and
neck to an enormous size, and with that as a
bellows he blew from his open mouth the
sound that made at once his challenge or call
for a mate. The sound was far-reaching, and.
heard at a distance, was weird and uncanny,
yet not unmusical. Xear by it was rasping
and harsh, with the whistling notes prominent.

The elk's whistle varies much and has dif-
ferent meanings. They seem to have a lan-
guage, like all the other animals, big or little.

There are scattered through our woods, gen-
erally high on the hills, from the .-Mlegheny
river down to the West Branch and Clarion
river, huge rocks, some detached boulders,
and others projections of ledges. These arc
known as elk rocks, and every one of them
has been, in its day, the last resort of some
elk brongiit to bay after a long and hard
chase. It wa^ the habit of the hunted elk,
when it had in vain sought to throw the hun-
ter and hound from the trail, to make its stand
at one of these rocks. Mounting it, and facing
its foes, it fiercely fought off the assaults of
Ihe dogs by blows of its forefeet or tremen-
dous kicks from its hind feet, until the hunter
came up and ended the fight with his rifle. It
would be strange if one or more of the dogs
were not stretched ilcad .it the foot of the
rock by the time the hunter arrived on the
scene. More than once dead wolves were
found lying about one of these elk rocks, tell-
ing mutely, but elo(|uentIy, the tragic story
of the j)ursuit of the elk by the wolves, his
coming to bay on the rock, the battle, and the
elk's \ictory. The elk was not always victor,
though, in such battles with wolves, and fre-
(|uently has been found the stripped skeleton
of one lying among the skeletons of wolves

THE NEW YORK f
PUBLIC LIBRARY/

ASTOfl, LPNCX

TILCtN FO'J.VOA- iOiVS

JIM JACOBS

llu sIkjI \\Ii:i(, \\a> tlHiiif,'lit tii be tlip last oik in !'ciins\ i\ iiiii.i in NuvruiLiL-r,

IHliT, tlii>u;;li (apt,. .Idliii 1). Dccki'i'. of Centre Coiintv. clninis to

have shot one in September, 1877.

JEFFERSOX COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

121

he had killed before being himself vanquished.

"In the winter time the elks would gather
in large herds and their range would be ex-
ceedingly limited. Sometimes they would
migrate to other regions, and would not be
seen for months in their haunts, but suddenly
they would return and be as plentiful as ever.
They had their regular paths or nmways
through the woods, and these invariably led
to saltlicks, of which there were many natural
ones in our woods. One of the most fre-
quented of these elk paths started in a dense
forest, where the town of Ridgway, the county
seat of Elk county, now stands, led to the
great lick on the Sinnemahoning portage, and
thence through the forest to another big lick,
which to-day is covered by Washington Park,
in the city of Bradford. Hundreds of elks
were killed annually at the licks or while
traveling to^and from them, along their well-
marked runways.'' (See also Habits of Our
Wild Animals.)

The last elk killed in this State was found
near St. Marys, Elk county, on Elk creek. He
was pursued for three days by Jim Jacobs, a
fullblooded Seneca Indian chief, who lived
near Bradford, Pa., on the Seneca Reserva-
tion. The elk in despair sought his "rock"
and was there shot in November, 1867. This
elk was too old and tough for food. Jacobs
was a mighty hunter. He was born about
1800, on the Reservation, and lived to be eighty
years old, and might have gone on living for
many years more had he not met with death
in a tragic manner. -The old man was walk-
ing home to Red House, N. Y., on the Buffalo,
New York & Philadelphia railroad (now the
Pennsylvania), when he was struck and killed
instantly by a train. It was on a stormy
winter's night in February, 18S0. Old Jim
was muffled to the ears. He had gone to
Bradford to get some provisions, and as it
was very cold Mr. Frank Webster gave him
a warm cap to pull down over his ears. The
intended kindness may have been the cause
of his death, for he was walking home on the
track of the Pennsylvania railroad between
Red House and Cold Spring when a train
struck and killed him. The snow was blow-
ing thickly about his head, he did not hear the
approaching train, and the engineer could not
see him.

The last elk taken alive in Pennsylvania
was caught on the Sinnemahoning in i86o.

Elks are polygamous. The chief is a tyrant,
and rules the Jierd like a czar. The does all
fear him. Does breed at the age of two years,
having but one fawn, but when older often

Iwn or three at a time, and these young follow
their mother all summer, or from the date of
birth in May or June to fall. A full-grown
elk never forgets an injury.

In 1834 ]\Iike, William and John Long and
Andrew \'astbinder captured a full-grown live
elk. Their dogs chased the animal on his
high rock, and while there the hunters lassoed
him. Sam Vastbinder, of Brookville, killed
the last elk in Jefferson county and sold the
horns for ten dollars. I knew Sam v^^ell. Bill
Long often sold to peddlers fifty deer pelts at
a single sale. A deerskin sold in the old
days for seventy-five to ninety cents.

OTHER .\XIM.\LS

Of the original wild animals still remaining
in northwestern Pennsylvania, there are the
fox, raccoon, porcupine, muskrat, marten,
otter, mink, skunk, opossum, woodchuck, rab-
l)it, squirrel, mole and mouse. Fifty years
ago the woods were full of porcupines. On
the defensive is the only way the porcupine •
ever fights. When the enemy approaches he
rolls up into a little wad, sharp quills out, and
he is not worried about how many are in the
besieging party. One prick of his quill will
satisfy any assailant.

In fact, when a porcupine curls himself up
into the shape of a ball he is safe from the
attack of almost any animal, for his quills arc
long enough to prevent his enemy from getting
near enough to bite him. When he sings his
blood-curdling song, it is interpreted as a sign
of rain. His food is almost entirely vegetable,
consisting of the inner bark of trees, tender
roots and twigs. He is fond, however, of
the insects and worms found in the bark of
pines and hemlocks. Provided with powerful
jaws and long, sharp teeth, the porcupine
gnaws with great speed, stripping the bark
from an old tree as though he were provided
with weapons of steel. Often he seems to
tear in a spirit of sheer destructiveness, with-
out pausing to eat the bark or to search for
insects. This is true with the old males.

The porcupine is not a wily beast. He estab-
lishes paths or runways through the forest,
and from these he never deviates if he can
help it. What is more, he is exceedingly
greedy, and stops to investigate every morsel
in his way. A trap set in the middle of a run-
way and baited with turnip rarely fails to
catch him. The hunter liked porcupines
cooked, especially baked in mud.

The porcupine has been called the "Lost
Man's Friend" because in its sluggish habits

122

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

it does not flee from mankind, and is easily
killed with a stick. It has furnished the sole
means of sustenance for persons lost in wild
woods. They copulate in this wise: Two
climb a tree, opposite each other on a small
limb, and bring their abdomens together.

The mink is an expert at swimming and
diving, and able to remain long under water,
where it pursues and catches fish, which it
frequently destroys in large numbers. The
mink does much damage lo poultry, especially
chickens and ducks. X'arious kinds of wild
birds, particularly ground-nesting species,
crayfish, frogs and reptiles are included in the
dietary of the mink ; and it is also learned
from testimony of different writers and ob-
servers that the eggs of domestic fowls are
often taken by these nocturnal plunderers.
The average weight of an adult mink is about
two pounds, and for an animal so small it is
astonishing to observ^e its great strength.

The wildcat, or bobcat, inhabits forests,
rocky ledges and briery thickets, but its favor-
ite place is in old slashings and bark peelings,
where in the impenetrable and tangled recesses
it is comparatively safe from pursuit, and is
also able to jjtey upon many varieties of ani-
mals which have a ])ennanent or temporary
residence in such unfrequented wilds.

Wild cats were numerous ; occasionally a
cat is killed in the county yet, even within the
borough limits.

The wildcat subsists entirely on a flesh diet,
and the damage this species does in destroy-
ing poultry, lambs and young pigs of farmers
who reside in the sparsely settled mountain-
ous regions is not in any degree compensated
by the destruction of other small wild animals
which molest the farmer's crops or his poul-
try. Wildcats hunt both by day and by night.
A whole family of them will hunt and run
down a deer, especially on crusted snow. The
wildcat usually makes its domicile or nest in a
hollow tree or log. The nest will be well lined
with leaves, moss and lichens, called com-
monly "hair moss." The nest is also some-
times found in rocky ledges and caves. From
two to four constitute a litter. The young
are brought forth in the middle of May.

The catamount or bey lynx is larger than
the wildcat. Species have been killed in our
county six to seven feet long from tip of nose
to end of tail. They have tufts on their ears,
and are often mistaken for and called panth-
ers. They are mean-teni])ercd brutes, and
even yet occasionally one is killed in our
county. The Canada lynx is extinct here.

The river otter was about four feet long, as

I recollect him, very heavy and strong; usually
weighed about twenty-three pounds, was web-
footed, a fisher by occupation, and could whip
or kill any tlog. On land he had his beaten
paths. Big fish eat little fish, little fish eat
shrimps, and shrimps eat mtid. Otters ate all
kinds of fish, but preferred the speckled trout.
Like other animals, otters had their plays and
playgrounds. They were fond of strength
contests, two or more pulling at the end of a
stick sometimes like our "square pull." They
made slides, and frolicked by plunging into
the water, then rumiing up a hill and letting
the water drip from them to freeze on the
slide. They lived in excavations on the creek
or river bank close to the water. They were
hunted and trapped by men for their pelts.
John Long, a noted hunter, told me that the
most terrific contest he ever had with a wild
animal was with an otter near Brookville. A
feud existed between the otter and beaver.
Otters, male and female, will join in a fierce
fight for their young.

In pioneer times we had in this wilderness
the gray, the cross and the red fox. The gray
is now extinct in the northwest, as he can only
live in solitude or in a forest. The red fox
still lingers in our civilization. Six varieties
of fo.xes are said to be found in the United
States, and it is claimed they are all cousins
of the wolf. But notwithstanding this rela-
tionship, the wolf used to hunt and eat all the
foxes he could catch. The wolf's persistence
in hunting, and endurance in the race, enabled
him at times to overcome the fleetness of the
fox. The gray and red fox were about three
and a half feet long. The red fox is most
daring, cunning and intellectual of all the
varieties. You cannot tame him. The term
■'foxy" originated in connection with him.
The red fox has from four to eight pupjiies
in April, and these, like little dogs, are born
blind. The red fox has the astounding faculty
of creating deeplaid schemes to deceive and
thwjtrt his enemies. He is the only animal
that will matcli his intelligence against man,
and the only way man can best him is by
poison. It is not unusual for the red fox to
i)ack-track in such a way while racing for his
life as to follow the hunter, and turn the
tables from being hunted to being the hunter.
He would even feign death — allow himself
to be kicked or handled, only waiting and
watching for, an opportunity to escape. His
tricks to outwit man were many and would
fill a volume. The fox was very fond of
groundhog eating. Like the bear he would
dig one out. His presence in a groundhog

PENNSYLVANIA BEAR

Pi'iinsvlviiiiiii li;iil two kinds of Ix-ars. rod and black

TFF rTV,' YORK

puelic library

AST01, fNOX
TlLOt N F'HIHOAMONS

TT'E NEW YCKK

?^!;;:liC libkary

ASTO=), L'-NOX

T': T' r. F0L':D; IONS

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

123

neighborhood created great consternation. All
animals have a cry of alarm — danger, and if
a fox were observed by any groundhog the
latter always gave this cry for his neighbors.
If there is one animal, aside from the reptiles,
that seems to sleep longer than any other, it
is the red fox, but one fox is always awake,
acting as a sentinel.

A glance at the physiognomy of the weasels
would suffice to betray their character; the
teeth are almost of the highest known raptorial
character; the jaws are worked by enormous
masses of muscles covering all the sides of the
skull ; the forehead is low and the nose is
sharp; the eyes are small, penetrating, cun-
ning, and glitter with an angrj- green light.
There is something peculiar, moreover, in the
way that this fierce face surmounts a body
extraordinarily wiry, lithe and muscular. It
ends a remarkably long and slender neck in
such a way that it may be held at right angles
with the axis of the latter. When the animal
is glancing around with the neck stretched up
and the flat triangle head bent forward and
swaying from one side to the other, we catch
the likeness in a moment — it is the image of
a serpent. His coat changes with the season
and while in winter we find it white tinted with .
sulphur yellow, in summer it is in upper parts
of a dark brown not unlike the coloring of a
mink ; on its under parts it is "white almost
invariably tinged with sulphury yellow"
(Coues). The tail partakes of the color of the
upper parts, except the bushy end, whicli, in
summer and winter alike, is black. The legs
are short, with slender feet, and are covered
all over with fur in winter, but in summer the
pads are generally visible.

Both sexes have the power to emit a fluid
nearly as powerful as that of the polecat.
Their homes are frequently to be found in a
decayed tree stump and under rocks. They
can climb trees with ease. The poultry yard
is frequently visited by weasels, and the ap-
parently insatiable desire for rapine is almost
clearly shown while on these visits. One
chicken will satisfy a weasel's appetite, but
after that is gratified he does not leave ; he
kills and slays without mercy all the remainder
of the poor frightened chickens, tmtil there
are none left, and not until then does he leave
the scene of carnage. He sucks the eggs also.
leaving in some instances the tuilucky farmer
who has unwillingly and unwittingly been his
host completely routed as regards his efl^orts
in the poultry line. He also feeds on rats and
mice.

The opossum is an American animal, about

the size of a very large cat, eight or ten pounds
in weight, twenty inches long, with a prehen-
sile tail, in addition, of fifteen inches. There
are said to be three varieties, viz., the Mexi-
can, Florida and Virginia. The last variety
is the one found in northwestern Pennsyl-
vania. These animals are very prolific, having
three litters a year, in March, May and July,
of twelve to sixteen at a time. At birth they
are naked, blind and about half an inch long,
the mother depositing each one with her hands
in a pouch or pocket in her abdomen, and there
the little creature sucks the mother and sleeps
for about eight weeks. \Mien full grown they
are good tree climbers, making great use of
the tail in swinging from tree to tree and for
other purposes. The opossum is a dull crea-
ture, easily domesticated, and the only intel-
ligence he exhibits is when, like the spider and
potato bug, he feigns death. At this he is
truly adept, suffering great abuse waiting for
a chance to bite or nm. All carnivorous ani-
mals eat smaller ones, so the opossum's
enemies are numerous, and he in turri is omniv-
orous and carnivorous, eating everything he
can catch that is smaller than himself. Opos-
sums are yet found in Knox township.

The wild carnivorous animals are found in
all parts of the world except Australia, the
Dingo dog being imported there.

The intelligence of some animals is amaz-
ing. Many of them seem to study us as we
study them. The squirrel knew that man was
his most dangerous enemy, and that man killed
him and his race for food. In pioneer times
we had several varieties. The principal ones
were the black, twenty-two inches long; the
gray, eighteen inches long; the little red. ot-
Hudson Bay, about eight inches long, a bold
little beast, who liked to be close to man, full
of vice and few virtues, industrious in season
and out. The black and gray were lazy. The
red or Hudson Bay squirrel was the king of
all the squirrels in this forest. Although not
more than eight inches long, he was the com-
plete master of all the squirrels. The black
and gray were afraid of him as death. With
an intellect surprising, he would chase and
capture the black and gray and castrate them,
then, in exultation, scold or chickaree to his
heart's content.

The flying squirrel is not often seen because
it is mostly nocturnal in its habits. It gener-
ally lives in holes of woodpeckers in dead
trees, stumps and logs.

Of the true squirrels, we liave in Pennsyl-
vania the red squirrel, the gray squirrel and
the Southern fox squirrel, besides a variety

124

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

of the gray squirrel, wliicli is sometimes called
the black squirrel.

In i)ioneer times, every seven or eight years,
at irregular intervals in summer, a great army
of black, pine and gray squirrels invaded this
wilderness from the northwest, a host that no
man could number. They were traveling east
in search of food. Hundreds of them were
killed daily by other animals and by man. .At
first they would be fat and goofl for food, but
toward the close would be sickly and wormy.

In pioneer times crows and squirrels w^ere
such a menace to the crops of the farmer in
western Pennsylvania that an act was passed
by the Legislature to encourage the killing of
squirrels in certain parts of this Common-
wealth. The pioneer act was passed ^larch
4. ^^oj. giving a bounty of three cents for
each crow scalp and a cent and a half for each
squirrel scalp; these scalps to be received in
lieu of money for ta.xes, if delivered to the
county treasurer before the first day of No-
vember of each year. The first act covered
Bedford, \\'ashington. Westmoreland. Arm-
strong, Indiana. Fayette and Greene counties.
This law was extended in 1811, on the 13th
of February, to P.utler, Franklin, Mercer.
Venango, Somerset, Lycoming, Crawford and
Erie counties. The State one year paid forty
thousand dollars in said bounties.

Whenever a squirrel wanted to cross a creek
or river, and did not want to swim, he sailed
over on a piece of bark or wood, using his
bushy tail as a sail and to steer by. The
skunk (lid likewise. A single pair of squirrels
would inh.ibit the same tree for years. They
had three or four young at a litter.

One of the cutest things that the red squir-
rel did was to tap sugartrees for the sap. He
would chisel with his teeth a trough on the
top of a limb, and as fast as the trough would
fill with the water he would return and drink
it.

In ihe fall of the year a sc|uirrel would hide
acorns and nuts outside of his nest, where
others of his kind could not easily find the
fruit. Then in midwinter, when he became
hungry, he would leave his cozy nest and go
a long distance through the .snow to the identi-
cal spot where he had buried his fniii. dig it
up. and enjoy his meal.

The mouse came with the Puritans and is a
native of Asia.

N,\TURAI. LITE OF .SOME OF OUR Wir.D \Xn
nOME.STIC ANIMALS

Years

F.Ik 50

Beaver 50

Years

Panther 25

Catamount 25

Buffalo 20

Cow 30

Horse 40

Bear 05

Deer 20

Hog 20

Wolf ,5

Cat 25

Pox i^

^°& 15

Sheep jc;

Goat t i:;

Squirrel 7

Rabbit 10

Man matures at twenty-four and should
therefore live two hundred years, or eight
times as long as it takes him to mature.

Manlike apes are four in number, the gib-
bon, orang, chimpanzee and gorilla. Anatomi-
cally, they are but little dift'erent from man.
The most striking difference is the shape of
the skull. An ape's brain usuallv weighs
twenty ounces, a man's, thirty-two. Professor
Garner claims to have learned twenty words
of the apes' language,

SPEED OF ANIMALS

"Fa,st as a horse," "fleet as a deer," "slow
as an o.x," are all familiar terms. But few
know just how fast or fleet or slow these ani-
mals are. .-\ riding horse covers forty inches
a second while walking, while at a jog trot he
covers ele\en feet in a second. The two-
minute-a-mile horse covers forty-four feet in
,1 second. The leisurely ox moves over only
two feet a second when hitched to a wagoti.
and about twenty inches when attached to a
plough. The deer are all qiiite .speedy, but in
certain localities they can travel much more
rapidly than in others. .A roebuck has been
known to cover seventy-four feet a second
when jnirsued by dogs. Tests differ greatly
as to the speed of the hare. Some claim it
can_ travel at the rate of sixty feet a second,
while others claim it cannot travel more than
half that distance.

IIAllITS OK OfK WILD AXIMALS

f^nr bears cubl)ed in February, had two
cubs at a birth, and these cubs were about the
size of a brown rat, weighing about nine
ounces, without hair, and blind for nine days.
They were suckled by the mother for about
three months, when they reached the size of a
cat ; then the mother took them out and taught

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

125

tlicni to eat nuts, berries, bugs, little animals,
green corn, vegetables, hogs, sheep and some-
times cattle. A full-grown bear would weigh
four hundred pounds and was exceedingly
strong. He could carry a heavy burden and
walk on his hind legs for a long distance. He
was a good tree climber and was not quarrel-
some, but if other animals trespassed on his
rights he became furious and vindictive. He
frequently gnawed himself out of hunters'
pens, and when caught in steel traps would
gnaw the leg off and carry the stump as in-
jured away. He was a bold, intelligent beast.
His meat was considered a delicacy by the
hunters.

Bears lived in "homes," holes, or dens, and
sometimes in a rocky place there would be a
■'community." They, like deer, follow their
own paths. The bear entered his den about
Christmas time, according as the weather was
cold or warm, to hibernate, and remained
there until about the first of May, when he
would come out, eat weeds and grass to purge
himself, and after that would eat anything.
The bear was and is a wanderer, here to-day
and away to-morrow.

Rowe, of Clearfield, says of the hunter Dan
I'urner: "Once, when going out to a "bear
wallow,' his attention was attracted by a pan-
ther acting in a strange manner. He soon
saw a large bear api)roaching it. With hair
erect and eyes glaring, the panther gnashed
his teeth, and, waiting until bruin came up,
sprang upon him. A mortal struggle ensued.
Turner watched with much interest the fight.
which lasted some ten minutes or more. At
last the growls of the fierce combatants be-
came faint, and the struggle ceased. The
panther slowly disengaged himself from his
dead enemy and took position upon the carcass.
It was now Turner's time, and, raising his
rifle, he shot the panther in the head. After
examining it, he was of the opinion that it
could have lived but a few minutes longer.
Nearly every bone in his body was broken, and
its flesh was almost reduced to a jmlp by the
blows and hugs of the bear."

Our panther was fully as strong as the bear,
but rather cowardly, and especially fearful of
dogs. A single blow from one forefoot or a
bite from a panther would kill a dog. As a
[jrecaution the panther hunter always had a
trained dog with him, for a single bark from
a dog would often scare a panther up a tree.
The panther, as a rule, sought and sprang
upon his victim in the dark. He could throw
a buck, hog or cow without a struggle. Pan-
thers attained sometimes a length of ten feet

from nose to end of tail. They lived in dens
and had two cubs at a time. Like the wolves,
they were fierce and shy.

Our wolves always had their dens in the
wildest, most hidden part of the wilderness.
They always managed to get under the rocks
or ground to shelter themselves and young
from all storms. The male fed the female
when the "pups" were small. He would travel
a great distance in search of food, and if what
he found was too heavy to carry home he
would gorge himself with it and go home and
vomit it up for the family. The wolf and fox
were very chary and hard to trap. But Long
and other hunters knew their habits so well
that they could always outwit them.

A wolf could carry a sheep for miles by
seizing it by the throat and throwing it over
or on his back. Wolves hunted the deer in
packs; they all hunted together until they
were tired ; then one wolf would keep up the
chase at full speed, while the balance of the
pack watched, and when the deer turned a
circle, fresh and rested wolves struck in and
pursued ; thus the deer was pursued alternately
by fresh wolves and soon tired out, and woidd
then fly to some stream : the wolves would fol-
low, and while the deer would remain in the
stream the wolves would separate, a part of
the pack forming in line on each side of the
stream, when the deer would become an easy
prey to these ravenous creatures.

Wolves reared in the same paclc lived
friendly, but strange males always fought.

The most dangerous animal or reptile wa-s
the rattlesnake. Millions of them inhabited
these woods. To escape this danger, each
jiioneer kept a large herd of hogs, who would
kill and eat snakes with impunity. Dogs, too,
were faithful in this direction. But how did
the woodman and hunter escape? Well, he
wore woolen stockings, moccasins with anklets,
and buckskin breeches. A snake could not
bite through these, and at night he usually
laid his head on the body of his dog to protect
his upper extremities.

Deer killed the rattler in this way: humping
themselves together, and jumping sideways
on the snake with all four feet, the hoofs of
the deer would cut the snake in pieces. FJk
travel in families or herds ; the does lead and
the bucks bring up the rear. They browse in
winter and paw the snow for moss or wild
grass.

The deer, when frightened, circled round
and round, but never left his haunt. The elk
would start on a trot, and never stop under
ten or fifteen miles.

126

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

When it is remembered that the American
elk ofttimes attains a weight of one thousand
pounds, a height of sixteen hands, and has
spiked antlers of five feet in length and four
feet spread, some idea of the ofl'cnsive capaci-
ties of one of these rearing, prancing, snorting
creatures may be conceived, it must also be
remembered that an elk fights with his sharply
pointed front hoofs, as well as with his antlers,
rearing on his hind legs and delivering swift,
terrific lunges right out from the shoulders.

The buck becomes dangerous each fall, at
mating time, and in the spring, before the
horns drop off, for all male deer shed their
horns each spring. By .Sei)tember the prongs
are replaced. Each year the male elk grows
an extra prong upon his antlers. The exjjert
may ascertain the age of the creature by count-
ing the prongs. However, if the antlers should
be broken off during a fight or through any
accident, the broken side grows out next sea-
son as a straight horn, without the usual
prongs.

During their season of mating, which is
about six weeks, the bucks will attack any
living thing.

All gregarious animals have some way of
giving alarm of danger to those of their herds.
Those animals which hunt singly need no such
alarm. Some animals and birds detail one or
more sentinels to out.guard their band or flock
while they are feeding or traveling. It is
understood that those on the outskirts of the
herd will act in such a cajjacity on their own
intuition, and the hunter's experience, in ap-
jiroaching wild creatures, acquaints him with
the cunning manner in which such signalling
is carried out. .\11 living creatures are gov-
erned by the instincts — first, to protect them-
selves; second, to get food; and third, to re-
produce. Monkeys are the smartest f)f all ani-
mals.

A lion or tiger will eat from IwcKe to fom--
teen pounds of meat a day.

(See also sketch of Andrew Jackson Long,
below-.)

.ANIMALS .\ND FIRE

Most animals are afraid of fire and will flee
from it in terror. A horse in a burning stable
goes mad with fear, but a dog is as cool in a
fire as at any time. He keeps his nose down
to the floor, where the air is purest, and sets
himself calmly to finding his way out. Cats
in fire howl piteously. They hide their faces
from the li.ght and crouch in corners. When
tlieir rescuer lifts them they are as a rule quite

docile and subdued, never biting or scratching.
Lirds seem to be hypnotized by fire and kce])
perfectly still; even the loquacious parrot in
•a fire has nothing to say. Cows, like dogs, do
not show alarm. They are easy to lead forth,
and often find their way out themselves.

FAMOUS IirXTERS IN THIS REGION

Hunters are born. I pause here to tell the
story of three professional hunters, viz.. \\\\-
liam Long, Jack Long and (ieorge Smith.

WiLMAM Long, a son of Louis (Ludwig)
Long, was bom near Reading, Berks Co., Pa.,
in 1794. His father and mother were Ger-
mans. In the summer of 1803, Louis Long
with his family moved into this wilderness and
settled near Port Barnett (now the Cotmty
Home). Ludwig Long's family consisted ol
himself, wife and eleven children, nine sons
and two daughters. \Mlliam. the subject of
this sketch, being the second child. The Bar-
netts were the only neighbors of the Long-;.
Louis Long brought with him a small "still"
and six flintlock guns, the only kind in use at
that time. It was not until about the year
1830 that the percussion-cap rifles were first
used, and they were not in general use here for
some years after that. They sold for twenty-
five and up to forty dollars apiece. Double-
barreled rifles came into use here about 1850,
and sold for fifty to sixty dollars. Guns were
invented by a German named Swartz, about
1378. As soon as Mr. Long raised some grain
he commenced to operate his "still" and man-
ufacture w'hisky. this being the first manu-
factured west of the mountains and east nf
the Allegheny river.

This part of Pennsylvania was the hunting
grounds of the Seneca Indians — Cornplanter's
tribe. The stillhouse of Long soon became the
resort for these Indians. Pittsburgh was the
nearest market for pelts, furs, etc., and the
only ])lacc to secure flour and other neces-
saries. From ilu- niDulli of Kcd I'ank creek
these goods had to be ])oIed U]) to Barnctt's
in canoes. By scooping the channel, wading
.-md ])oling, a round trip to the mouth cnuld
be made in from one to two weeks. Although
the woods swarmed with .'>cneca Indians, as
a rule, they never committed any depreda-
tions.

When A\'illiam was ten years old. in the
summer of 1804, he killed his first deer. One
morning his father sent him into the woods for
the cows. Nature was resplendent with ver-
dure. William carried with him a flintlock
gun, and when a short distance from the hou-^c

Ill LI, LOXG
Tlu' Kiiij; TriiiitiT (it Xiiitliw rsti'iii I'ciiiisvlviUiia

THE r.T','.' YORK
PUiJ^i^: LIBRARY

ASTO", L- NOX
TILCtt, FO'j-iOArlONS

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

127

he found the cows and a deer feeding with
them. This was WilHam's opportunity. He
shot and killed this deer, and, as a reward for
merit, his father gave him a flintlock gun for
a present. This circumstance determined his
course in life, for from that day until his
death it was his delight to roam in the forest
and pursue wild animals, and hunting was
his only business. He was a "professional
hunter," a "still hunter," or a man who
hunted alone.

In the summer of 1804 V\'illiam went with
his mother to Ligonier, in Westmoreland
county, to get some provisions. The only road
was an Indian path, the distance sixty miles.
They rode through the brush on a horse, and
made the trip in about five days.

The Indians soon became civilized, so far
as drinking whisky and getting drunk was an
evidence. They visited the stillhouse for their
debauchery and dnmken carnivals. As a
safeguard to himself and family, Louis Long
had a strong box made to keep the guns and
knives of these Indians in while these orgies
were in progress. The Indians desired him
to do this. Mr. Long never charged the In-
dians for this whisky, although they always
offered pelts and furs when they were sobered
up. In consideration for this generosity, the
Indians, in broken English, always called Louis
Long, "Good man ; give Indian whisky. In-
dians fight paleface ; Indian come one hun-
dred miles to give 'good man' warning."

Ludwig Long kept his boys busy in the sum-
mer months clearing land, farming, etc. The
boys had their own time in winter. Then
William, with his guns and traps, traversed
the forest, away from the ocean's tide, with
no inlet or outlet but winding paths used by
the deer when he wished to slake his thirst
in the clear, sparkling waters of the North
Fork.

The boy hunter, to keep from being lost
while on the trail, always follow^ed up one
side of this creek and came down on the oppo-
site. When he grew older he ventured farther
and farther into the wn'lderness, but always
keeping the waters of the North Fork. Mill
creek, and Sandy Lick within range until he
became thoroughly educated concerning the
country and woods.

In his boyhood he frequently met and
hunted in company with Indians. The In-
dians were friendly to him on account of his
father's relations to them, and it was these
Indians that gave William his first lessons in
the art of hunting. Young William learned
the trick of calling wolves in this way. One

day his father and he went out for a deer.
William soon shot a large one, and while
skinning this deer they heard a pack of wolves
howl. William told his father to lie down
and be ready to shoot, and he would try the
Indian method of "howling" or calling wolves
up. His father consented, and William
howled and the wolves answered. William
kept up the howls and the wolves answered,
coming closer and closer, until his father be-
came scared ; but William wouldn't stop until
the wolves got so close that he and his father
had to fire on the pack, killing two, when the
others took fright and ran away. The bounty
for killing wolves then was eight dollars apiece.
.\ short time after William and his father
went up Sandy to watch an elklick, and at
this point they killed aii elk and started for
home. On the way home they found where
a pack of about twenty wolves had crossed
their path, near where the town of Reynolds-
ville now is. Looking up- the hill on the right
side of .Sandy they espied the whole pack,
and, both father and son firing into the pack,
they killed two of them. William then com-
menced to "howl," and one old wolf through
curiosity came to the top of the hill, looking
down at the hunters. For this bravery Wil-
liam shot him through the head. On their re-
turn home that day Joseph Bamett treated
them both to whisky and "tansy," "for," said
he, "the wolves this day have killed one of
my cows."

When Long was still a young man. one day
he went up the North Fork to hunt, .\bout
sundown he shot a deer, and when he had it
dressed there came a heavy rain. Being
forced to stay all night, he took the pelt and
covered himself with it, and lay down under
the bank to sleep. After midnight he awoke,
and found himself covered with sticks and
leaves. In a minute he knew this was the
work of a panther hunting food for her cubs,
and that she would soon reKirn. He there-
fore prepared a pitch-pine fagot, lit it, and
hiding the burning fagot under the bank,
awaited the coming -of the panther. In a short
time after the preparation was completed the
animal returned with her cubs, and when she
was within about thirty feet of him Long
thrust his torch up and out. When it blazed
up brightly the panther gave out a yell and
ran away.

John Long and William started out one
morning on Sandy Lick to have a bear hunt,
taking with them nine dogs. William had
been sent out the day before with two dogs,
and had a skirmish with a bear on Sandy Lick,

128

lEFFERSON .COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

near where Fuller's Station is now located.
The two brothers went to this point and found
tlie track, and chased the bear across the creek
at Rocky Hend, the bear making- for a wind-
fall : but the dogs stoi)ped him before he
reached the windfall and commenced the
tight. They soon heard some of the dogs giv-
ing death yells. They both hurried to the
scene of conflict, and the sight they beheld was
three favorite dogs stretched out dead and the
balance fighting. \Villiani ran in and placed
the muzzle of his gun against bruin's l)reast
and fired. The bear tlien backed up to the
root of a large hemlock, sitting upright and
grabbing for dogs. John and William then
fired, and both balls eiUered bruin's head, not
more than an inch apart. In this melee three
dogs were killed and the other six wounded.

When William was still a boy he went up the
North Fork and killed five deer in one day.
On his way home about dark he noticed a pole
sticking in the hollow of a tree, and carelesslv
gave this pole a jerk, when he heard a noise
in the hole. The moon being up, he saw a
bear einerge from this t'^ee some distance up.
Young Long shot and killed it before it reached
the earth. In that same fall, William killed
in one day, on Mill creek, nine deer, the larg-
est number he ever killed in that space of
time. At that time he kept nothing but the
pelts, and carried them home on his back.

Panthers often came around Ludwig Long's
home at night, screaming and yelling. So
one morning, after three had been prowling
around the house all night, William induced
his brother John to join him in a hunt for
them. There was snow on the ground, and
they took three dogs with them. The dogs
soon found the tracks. KeejMng the dogs
back, they soon found three deer killed by the
brutes, and they let the dogs go. The dogs
soon caught these three panthers feasting on
a fourth deer and treed two of the tianthers.
John shot one and Billy the other. The third
escaped. The hunters then camped for the
night, dining on deer and panther meat roasted,
and each concluded the panther meat was the
sweetest and the best. In the morning they
pursued the third lumther, treed it. and killed
it. These were the first panthers the Long
boys ever killed. This stimulated young Wil-
liaiTi. so he took one of the Va.stbinder boys
and started out again, taking two dogs. They
soon found a panther, the dogs attacking it.
Young Vastbinder fired, but missed. The
panther sprang for Long, Init tlie dogs caught
him by the hams, and that sa\cd young Long.
The panther broke loose from the dogs and

ran up on a high root. Long fired and broke
tin- l)rute's back. The dogs then rushed in,
but the jianther whipped them off. Then
Long, to save the dogs, ran in and toma-
hawked the creature. Long was not above
eighteen years of age. At another time a
panther sprang from a high tree for Long.
Long fired and killed the panther before it
reached him, but the animal striking Long on
the shoulders the weight felled him to the
earth.

In 1820 Ludwig Long moved to Ohio, and
young Bill went with the family. He remained
there about twenty months ; but finding little
game, he concluded to return to the moun-
tain hills of Jefiferson county, then the para-
dise of hunters.

In 1828 William Long married Mrs.
Nancy Bartlett, formerly Miss Nancy Mason,
and commenced married life in a log cabin
on the North Fork, three miles from where
Brookville now is, and on what is now
the Albert Horn farm, formerly the Gaup
place. About this time, game being plenty,
and the scalps, skins and saddles being hard
to carry in. Bill induced a colored man named
Charlie Southerland to build a cabin near him
on what is known as the Jacob Hoffman farm.
Long was to provide for Charlie's family. The
cabin was built and Southerland served Long
for about five years. Charles never carried
a gun. I remember both these characters well
in my childhood, and doctored Long and his
wife in my early practice and as late as 1862.

In 1830, taking Charlie, Long started up
the North Fork for bears ; it was on Siuiday.
After Long killed the first bear, he called *
Charlie to come and bring the dogs. When
Charlie reached him he yelled out, "Good God.
massa, hab you seed one?" They continued
the hunt that day, and before dark had killed
seven bears. Charlie had never seen any bears
killed before, but after this day was crazy to
be on a hunt, for, he said, "if dem little niggers
of mine hab plenty of bear grease and venison,
they will fatten well enough." A bear weigh-
ing four hundred pounds would render fifteen
gallons of oil.

That fall long killed sixty deer and twenty-
five bears, all on the North Fork, and the bears
were all killed near and around where Rich-
ardsville now is. This locality was a natural
home for \yild animals, —

With its woodland dale and dell,
KipplinR brooks and hillside springs.
.'\ life in the forest deep.
Where the winds their revels keep,
Like an eagle in groves of pine.
Long hnnted with his mate.

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

129

The day after Long shot the se\en bears
he took Charhe Southerland and traveled over
the same ground that he had been over the
day before. He heard nothing, however, dur-
ing the day but the sigh of the breeze or the
speech of the brook until near evening, within
about a mile of home, he saw a large buck
coming down the hill. He fired and wounded
the buck, and then motioned Charlie to come
up to him while he was loading. Charlie
came with a pine log on his back. Long asked
him what he was doing with the log. Charlie
replied he wanted it for dry wood. Long told
him to throw the wood away, and made him
carry the buck home for food. Long then
voked his two dogs up and tolfl Charlie to lead
them, but soon discovering bear signs, told
Charlie to let the dogs go. The dogs took the
trail, and found two bears heading for the
laurel on the head of the Xorth Fork. Long
knew the route they would take, and beat them
to the laurel path. Soon Long heard them
coming, the dogs fighting the bears every time
the bears would cross a log, catching them
from behind. The bears would then turn
around and fight the dogs until they could get
over the log. When the bears came within
about thirty yards of Long, he shot one
through the head and killed him. At this
lime Long only took the pelts, which he always
carried home, the meat being of no account
to him.

This same year Long took Charlie to get
some venison by watching a lick, and he took
Charlie up a tree with him. In a short time
a very large bear came into the lick. Long
'ihot it while he and Charlie were up the tree.
Much to Long's amusement, Charlie was so
scared that he fell from the tree to the ground,
landing on his back with his face up. He was.
however, unhurt, and able to carry home to
his cabin the pelt and bear oil. The next
morning they saw a bear, and Long fired, hit-
ting him in the lungs. This same fall, on the
head of the Xorth Fork, Long saw something
black in the brush, which, on closer inspection,
proved to be a large she-bear. On looking up.
he saw three good-sized cubs. Long climbed
up, and brought the whole three of them down,
one at a time. He then handed them to
Charlie, who tied their legs. Long put them
in his knapsack and carried them home. Knap-
sacks were made out of bed ticking or can-
vas, with shoulder-straps. One of these young
bears Long sold to Adam George, a butcher in
lirookville. Even at this late day Long only
took the skins and what meat he wanted for
his own use. This fall Long was not feeling
9

well, and had to keep out of the wet. He
therefore made Charlie carry him across the
streams. He also made Charlie carry a wolf-
skin for him to sit on at night, when he was
watching a lick.

At another time Charlie and Long went out
on a hunt near the head of the North Fork.
In a lonely solitude the dog started a bear, and
Long could not shoot it for fear of hitting
the dog, so he ran up and made a stroke at the
bear's head with a tomahawk, wounding it
but slightly. The bear jumped for Long and
the dog came to the rescue of his master by
catching "the tip of the bear's tail end," and,
with the valor and fidelity of a true knight,
held it firmly, until Long, who had left his
gun a short distance, ran for it. Charlie
thought Long was running from the bear, and
took to his heels as if the "Old Harry" were
after him. Long tried to stop him, but Charlie
only looked back, and at this moment his foot
caught under a root, throwing him about
thirty feet down a hill. Charlie landed on a
rock hard enough to have burst a shingle bolt.
Long, seeing this, ran to the bear with his gun
and shot him. He then hurried down the hill
to see what had become of Charlie, calling to
him. Charlie came out from under a bunch
of laurel, saying-, "(iod Almighty, Massa Long,
I am failed from heben to hell ! Are you
still living ? I tot that ar bar had gon for you
when I seed him come for you with his mouth
open. Bless de good Lord you still live, or
this nigger would never git out of dese
woods !" That night Charlie and Long lay
out in the woods. The wolves came up quite
close and commenced to howl. Long saw
there was a chance for a little fun, so he com-
menced to howl like a wolf. Charlie became
nervous. "When lo ! he hears on all sides,
from innumerable tongues, a universal howl,
and in his fright" said there must be five
thousand wolves. Long said he thought there
were, and told Charlie that, if the wolves came
after them, he must climb a tree. In a few
minutes Long made a Jump into the woods,
yelling, "The wolves are coming," and Charlie
bounded like a deer into the woods, too. The
night was dark and dreary ; but deep in the
forest Charlie made out to find and climb a
majestic oak. Long, therefore, had to look
Charlie up, and when he got near to our col-
ored brother, he heard him soliloquizing thus:
"Charlie, you have to stick tight, for if this
holt breaks you are a gone nigger." Long then
stepped up to the tree and told Charlie the
danger was over ; but coming down the tree
was harder than going up, for Charlie fell to

130

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

the earth hke a thunderbolt and doubled up
like a jack-knife.

In 1833, on his way home one day, Long
saw a bear at the foot of a large tree. He
came up close and tried to get a shot at its
head, but the bear kept moving abotit so that
he dared not fire. After trying for some time.
he knew from the action of the bear that there
were young ones near, so he bawled like a
cub, when the old bear came on the run for
him, with mouth open. Long waited until she
came up close, when he rammed the muzzle
of the gun in her mouth and ]nilled the trigger
of the gun with the thumb of his left hand,
the load knocking her teeth out and breaking
her jaw. She then went back to the tree and
commenced walking around in a circle. As
soon as Long reloaded his gun he bawled
again, and the bear this time came within six-
teen feet of him and sat up straight, wiping
her mouth with her paws. He then took aim
at the stalking place and killed her. Going
to the tree she had lieen walking around and
looking up, he saw two cubs. At the sight of
Long these cubs commenced to crawl down ;
one dropped to the ground and ran off. Long
fired at the other, breaking its back. This
cub then fell to the ground, and Long toma-
hawked it. Knowing the other cub would not
go far away, he reloaded the gun, and espied
the cub under a log close by. Taking aim at
its head he fired, and the cub fell dead.

This same year, on the head of the North
Fork, "where rippling waters still flow," Long
espied a cub bear in a treetop. He told his
attendant, "Black Charlie," that there was an
old bear near, or soon would be, and if the old
one did not soon come back he wanted Charlie
to make the cub bawl. After waiting some time
for the old bear to come. Long impatiently
climbed the tree, caught the cub and gave it
to Charlie, telling him to take it by the hind
legs and hold it up and shake it, wfiich would
make it bawl. After some time the cub was
made to bawl. The bear, hearing this, came
running with her mouth open. Charlie threw
the cub to its molhcr, but the bear ran by the
cub and stopped. looking first at Long and
then at the cub. Long fired at the bear, hitting
her in Ihe breast. She then turned and ran
toward the cub. After loading again he shot
her through the lungs, when she started and
ran some distance, and then came back to the
cub, which sat still. • After firing the second
shot Long heard Charlie yell, "What tidings?"
Long answered him, "Good." Charlie starte<l
for the rear, saying. Long "didn't get dat nig-
ger back dar again till dat brute am killed."

As she came up Long shot her in the head,
killing her. Me then got the cul) and look it
home alive.

At one time Long took thirteen wolf scalps
and live ])anther scalps to Indi.-ma for the
boinity.

. Once in this year, when Long was up on the
North Fork, he shot a deer, and it fell ajij^ar-
ently dead ; but when he went to cut its throat
it jumped to its feet and made for him. and
threw iiiin on the ground, with a horn on each
side of his breast. The stone and gravel
stopped the horns from going into the ground
to any depth. Long then called for Charlie
and the dogs, but they were slow in coming to
his aid. Lefore Charlie got to him Long had
let go of a horn with one hand and had secured
his knife and made a stroke at the neck of the
deer, plunging the knife in the throat, and
again dexterously clinched the loose horn.
The lilood came down on him until he was
covered and perfectly wet. When the deer
commenced to rise Long still held on both
horns until the deer raised him to his feet. The
deer then gave a spring and fell dead. By
this time Charlie and the dogs came up, and
the negro was crying. Long was angry, and
.said to Charlie, "You black son of a b — ,
where have you been?" "Oh, massa, am you
killed ?" "No, damn yoti ; where have you
been?" "Oh, just came as soon as I could.
Will I let the dogs go?" Long said, "No. the
deer is dead."

Charlie's domestic life was not all peace, ;is
the following newspaper advertisement will
explain :

Caution. — Whereas my wife did on the 26lh day of
March last leave my bed and board, and took with
her two of my sons and some property, having no
other provocation than "that I would not consent
to my son marryinK a white girl, and bring her home
to live with us," thereby I hereby caution all persons
against harboring or trusting her on my account,
as I will pay no debts of her contracting.

If she will come home I promise to do all in my
power to make her comfortable, and give her an
equal share of all my property.

Charles Southerland.

.April 7, 1847.

In the Jcffcrsoniaii in 185J I find the fol-
lowing:

"In this day's paper we record' the death of
Charles Southerland (colored), who was one
of the oldest inhabitants of this county. South-
erland had arrived at the advanced age of
nearly one hundred years. He came to what
is now JefTcrson comity upward of forty years
ago, when the ground upon which I^ookville

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

131

now stands was but a howling wilderness.
Many there are in this borough who will miss
the familiar and friendly visits of 'old
Charley.' who, with hat in hands, and his
venerable head uncovered, asked alms at their
hands. No more will they hear from him a
description of the Father of his Country,
when he, Charley, held his horse at the laying
of the cornerstone of the Capitol at Washing-
ton City. His breath is hushed, his lips are
sealed, and his body is wrapped in the cold of
the grave. Rcqidcscat in pace."

Wheh this wilderness commenced to settle
up, Long visited Broken Straw creek, in War-
ren county, on the head of the Allegheny
river, to see a noted hunter by the name of
Cotton, and to learn from him his method of
hunting young wolves. He learned much
from this man Cotton, and afterwards se-
cured many yoimg wolves by following the
instruction given him by Cotton. In the win-
ter Long went to Boon's mountain to hunt.
This mountain was a barren region in those
days, that always looked in wintertime like

Rivers of ice and a sea of snow,
A wilderness frigid and white.

During the season Bill killed one hundred
and five deer and Mike one hundred and four,
and together they killed four bears. .\t this
time there was some local demand in Brook-
ville and other towns for venison, and in this
year Long sent loads of venison to Harris-
burg, making a trip to the capital in seven or
eight days. In 1839 Long moved into Clear-
field county, and his history in Jefferson
county was closed.

Number of animals killed by Long in his
lifetime: Bears, four hundred; deer, three
thousand, five hundred (in 1835 one white
one); panthers, fifty; wolves, two thousand;
elks, one hundred and twenty-five ; fo.xes. four
hundred ; wildcats, two htmdred ; catamounts,
five hundred ; otters, seventy-five.

In 1824 Bill Long had a thrilling adventure
with a huge panther in what is now Warsaw
township. In a hand-to-hand encounter he
killed the animal near where Boot Jack
(Hazen), Jefferson coun'y, now stands.

Long used to catch fawn, mark their ears,
turn them loose, and kill them when full-
grown deer. Elks were easily domesticated,
and sold as follows : For a living male elk
one year old, fifty dollars ; two years old,
.seventy-five dollars ; three years old. one hun-
dred dollars ; for a fawn three months old,
twenty-five dollars. In 1835 Long had five

wolf dens that he visited annually for pups,
about the first of May.

In 1834 Bill Long, his brother Mike, and Ami
Sibley started on a hunt for elk near where
Portland now is. At the mouth of Bear creek
these three hunters came across a drove of
about forty elks. Bill Long fired into the herd
and broke the leg of one. This wounded elk
began to squeal, and then the herd commenced
to run in a circle around the injured one.
Sibley's gun had the wiping-stick fastened
in it, and he could not use it. Bill and Mike
then loaded and fired into the drove as rapidly
as they could, the elks continuing to make the
circle, until each had fired about twenty-five
shots, when the drove became frightened and
ran away. On examination, the hunters found
eight large elks killed. They then made a raft,
ran the load down to where Raught's mill is
now, and hauled the meat, pelts and horns to
Brookville. Portland and Bear creek are now
in Elk county.

In 1836 Bill Long took Henry Dull and
started on a hunt for a young elk. On the
third day Long saw a doe elk and fawn. He
shot the mother, and his dog caught the fawn
and held it without hurting it. Long removed
the udder from the mother, carrying it with
the "teats" uppermost, and giving the fawn
milk from it until they reached Ridgway,
where a jug of milk was secured. By means
of an artificial teat the fawn was nourished
until Long reached his North Fork home.
Dull led the little creature by a rope around
its neck. Mrs. Long raised this elk with her
cows, feeding it every milking-time, and when
the fawn grew to be some size he would drive
the cows home every evening for his supper
milk. When this elk was full grown, Long
and Dull led him to Buffalo, N. Y., via the
pike westward to the Allegheny river, and up
through Warren, and sold the animal for two
hundred dollars — one hundred dollars in cash
and a note for the other hundred, which was
never paid.

In the fall of 1836 Long took Henry Dull
with him to hunt wolves. The second even-
ing Long found an old wolf with six half-
grown pups. He shot two and the rest ran
away. Long and Dull then climbed a hem-
lock, and Long began his wolf howl. Hearing
the howl, two pups and the old wolf came
back. Long then shot the mother, and after-
wards got all the pups. Dull became so fright-
ened that he fell head first, gun and all,
through the brush, striking his shoulder.
"Thanks to the human heart, by which we
live," for Long nursed Dull at his home on

132

JF.FFF.RSOX COUNTY, PFXNSYLVANIA

the Xortli Fork for three months. Scalps
then brought twelve dollars apiece. In the
same year Fred. Hetrick and Hill killed an elk
at the mouth of TJttle Toby which weighed
six hundred jiounds.

In the winter of 1834 William Dixon went
out with dogs to "rope" or catch a live elk.
They soon started a drove, on the North Fork,
and the dogs chased the drove over to the Lit-
tle Toby, a short distance up from the mouth.
The dogs separated one buck from the drove,
and this elk. to protect himself from the dogs,
took refuge on a ledge of rocks. Bill Fong.
while Mike and Dixon and the dogs attracted
the attention of the elk from below, scrambled
in some way to the toji of the rocks and threw
a rope over the elk's horns, and then cabled the
elk to a small tree. This infuriated the elk.
so that he jumped out over the rocks and fell
on his side. Mike and Dixon now had the
first ro])e. Bill Long then rushed on the
fallen elk and threw another in a slip-noose
around the elk's neck, and fastened this ro]:)e
as a guy to a tree. Each rope was then fas-
tened in an opposite direction to a tree, and
after the buck was choked into submission
his feet were tied, and he was dragged by
these three men on the creek ice to where
Brockwayville now is. Here they secured a
yoke of oxen and sled from .\mi Sibley, a
mighty hunter. .\ small tree was then cut.
the main stem being aljout five feet long and
the two forks about three feet in length. Each
prong of the tree was fastened to a horn of
the buck, and the main stem was permitted to
hang down in front over the buck's nose, to
which it was fastened with a rope. A rope
was then tied around the neck and antlers,
and the loose end tied around the hind of the
sled. The ropes around the feet of the elk
were then cut. and the buck lit on his feet.
After the animal had made many desperate
efforts and ])lunges he c|uieted down, and no
trouble was experienced until within a few
miles of I'.rookville. when, meeting an ac-
quaintance. Dixon became so much excited
over their success in capturing a live elk that
he ran up and hit the elk on the back, exclaim-
ing, "Sec. we have done it !" This so scared
the elk that he made a desperate jump, upset-
ting the sled into a ditch over a log. The
oxen took fright, and in the general melee
the elk had a shoulder knocked out of place
and the capture was a failure.

There grew in abundance in those days a
tree called moose or Icathervvood. The pioneer
used the bark for ropes, which were very
strong.

i;i,K .\XD VEXISOX JERK

This was "venison flesh cut off in a sheet
or web about half an inch thick and sjiread
on the tops of pegs driven into the ground,
whilst underneath a fire was kindled, fed with
chips of sassafras and other odorous woods
that gradually dried it." The web would he
removed and replaced until the jerk was thor-
oughly dried. The old hunter used to carry
a little jerk always with him to eat with his
bread. This jerk was a delicious morsel. Bill
I^ong gave me many a "cut." I think T can
taste it now. Mike and Bill Long would bring
it to Brookville and retail it to the people at
five cents a cut.

In the forties, when Long lived above Falls
Creek, he went through wastes of snow and
icicled trees to find a buck that he wounded,
and took his son Jack, who was but a boy.
along with him. On their way the dog scented
some animal that was no deer, and Long told
him to go. The dog soon treed a panther, and
when the two hunters came to him they found
two more panthers on the ground. The dog
seized one of the animals, and Jack stopped to
shoot the one in the tree, which, after he had
shot twice, fell dead. At the same time Long
threw his gun in the snow, as he could not
shoot for fear of killing the dog which had
seized the panther. Long then ran to the dog's
assistance and tomahawked the panther. Long
then came up to his father and said, pointing.
"There is the other one looking at us." The
dogs were urged on and both took hold of
this panther: Tack ran in and caught the
panther l)y the hind legs, the dogs having him
in front. Jack was anxious to take this ani-
mal home alive and wanted him roped. Long
got a rope from his knapsack and tied it around
the hind legs. iVIaking a noose, he put it over
the panther's head and tied the rope to a sap-
ling, and Jack pulled back on the other rope,
thus stretching the i)anther full length. The
front feet were tied without any danger and
the panther was soon secured, but when they
had him tied and ready to move home, they
discovered the dogs had cut the jugular vein,
and before they had the other two animals
skinned, the third one was dead.

Mike and Bill, with their dogs, started for
the waters of North Fork, taking a bottle of
whisky with them. When near the head of
this stream, the dogs took the scent of wolves
and folknved them under a large rock. Bill
crawled under this rock and took from it
eight young wolves. These scalps brought
sixty-four dollars. Long went another time

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

13:3

and took his son Jack, who was quite small,
with liiin, also his dog. which he called Trim.
I remember this dog well. He was most thor-
oughly trained, and I have seen Long on a
drunken jamboree in Smith's barroom, in
Brookville. command this dog Trim to smell
for wolves, when the dog would actively and
carefully scent every part of the room. In
man the most de\eloped sense is touch, in
birds sight, and in dogs smell. While on this
trip Long crossed over to the waters of Little
Toby, and at a certain point he knew from
the actions of Trim that there was game
somewhere near. Looking in the same direc-
tion as the dog, he saw a big bear on a tree
and two large wolves at the foot watch-
ing the bear. Long told Jack to hold Trim
and he would crawl up and shoot the
bear. As he got within shooting distance
of the bear, Trim broke loose from Jack and
the bear, seeing the dog, came dow'n the tree
and ran off. The dog then took after the
wolves. The slut wolf ran under a rock and
the dog wolf ran in a different direction.
Long and Trim pursued the dog wolf, and in
a short time Trim came back yelping with the
wolf at his heels. Trim had about one inch
of white at the end of his tail which the wolf
iiad bitten off. The wolf paid no attention to
Long, but went straight on. At shooting dis-
tance Long shot him through the head. The
two, father and son. then went to the rocks,
and Bill crawled under, finding there seven
young wolve.s — six he caught, but the seventh
he could not find, though he could hear it bark.
Long came out and gave his gun to Jack and
told him that he would howl like a wolf and
the pup would come out, and then for Jack to
shoot it. The pu]), hearing Long howl, and
thinking that he was its mother, came out and
Jack shot it. The seven pups and the old male
made eight wolves at this time. Bill Long
took the pups of that slut every spring for five
years, finding them some place between the
mouth of Little Toby and Brandycamp.

When out on the ridge in Elk county, near
where Bootjack now is. Long saw signs of a
panther. He had two dogs with him, and soon
came on the panther. The dogs were barking
at the animal as it sat on a rock. Long fired
at the panther and wounded it. The dogs
rushed upon the panther. Ijut soon let go.
though not before one of them was badly
crippled. Long at that time had a double-
barreled rifle. He then ran U])on the pantlier.
and, putting the muzzle of the gun to its head.
killed it on the spot. In this adventure he
liad not only the skin of the panther to carry

home, but tiie crippled dog also, which was too
badly wounded to walk.

.About the year 1845 I'iH Long and two of
the Kahle boys, John and Jacob, caught eight
young wolves in a den. This den was on Alill
creek, which empties into Clarion about three
or four miles from where Sigel now is.
John Kahle, on going in the ninth time, as he
had done eight times before, armed with a
torch, a stick four or five feet long, with a
hook on it to fasten into the wolves, and a
rope tied to his foot, to pull him out by, caught
the old one. Long and Kahle thought she
was not in. When young Kahle saw the wolf
he pulled the rope and Long pulled Kahle out,
but Kahle was not able to bring the wolf with
him. When he told his story. Long tried to
hire him for ten dollars to go in again, but
Kahle would not go. Long then tried to hire
his brother, and he would not go in. Then
Long whetted his knife, fixed his gun, and
started in, Ijut the way being too narrow for
him, he came back before getting out of sight.
After the fourth trial by Long, he came out
and said he had seen the wolf, but could not
shoot her.

As I remember Long, he was about five feet
four inches high, chubby, strong built, active,
athletic and a great dancer — danced what he
called the "chipjiers" and the "crack," was
cheerful, lively, and good-natured. He car-
ried a heavy single-barreled, muzzle-loading
rifle. His belief was that he could shoot bet-
ter with a heavy rifle than with a light one.
Although there were dozens of professional
hunters in this wilderness, this man was the
king. He had an enduring frame, a catlike
step, a steady nerve, keen eyesight, and a ripe
knowledge of all the laws governing "still
iiunts for deer and bears." To reach the great
skill he attained in mature life required natu-
ral talents, perseverance, sagacity and habits
of thought, as well as complete self-poise, self-
Vontrol and quickness of execution.

In these woods Long had great opportunities
for perfecting himself in all that pertained to
proficiency in a great hunter. Of the other
hunters that ajiproached him, I only recall his
brothers, the Knapps, the three \'astbinders,
the Lucases, the Bells, the Nolfs, Sibley, Fred
Hetrick, Indian Russell and George Smith.

The professional hunter was created by the
law of 1705 under the dynasty of \\'illiam
Penn. The law- reads as follows:

"Ax ACT FOR THE KIIJ-INC OF WOLVES — FOK
PkEVENTIXG THE DESTRl'CTIOX OF SHEEP .-\ND

CATTLE BY WOLVES. — Section r. That if any
person within this province siiall kill a dog-

134

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

wolf, he shall have ten shillings, and if a
bitchwolf, fifteen shillings, to be paid out of
the county stock. Provided, such person brings
the wolf's head to one of the justices of llic
peace of that county, who is to cause the cars
and tongue of said wolf to be cut off. And
that the Indians, as well as others, shall be
paid for killing wolves accordingly.

"Section 2. That all and every person or
j)ersons who are willing to make it their busi-
ness to kill wolves, and shall enter into recog-
nizance before two or more justices of the
peace of the respective counties where he or
they dwell, with sufficient security in the sum
of five pounds, that he or they shall and will
make it his or their business, at least three
days in every week, to catch wolves, shall
have twenty-five shillings for every wolf, dog
or bitch, that he or they shall so catch and
kill within the time mentioned in the said
recognizance, to be paid out of the county
levies where the wolves are taken as afore-
said."

This act was rejiealed by the acts of 17S2
and 1819.

Long's early dress was a coonskin cap. moc-
casin shoes, a hunting shirt, and generally
buckskin breeches. The hunting shirt was
worn by all these early hunters, and sometimes
in militia drill. It was a kind of frock,
reached down to the thighs, had large sleeves,
was open before, and lajiped over a foot or so
when belted. This shirt was made of linsey,
coarse linen, or dressed buckskin. The deer-
skin shirt was cold and uncomfortable in wet
and cold rain. The bosom of the shirt sc)\cil
as a receptacle for rye bread, wheat cakes, tow
for cleaning the rifle, jerk. ])unk, flint and
knocker to strike fire with, etc. (matches were
first made in 1829. but were not used here for
many years after that). The belt was tied
behind: it usually held the mittens, bullet bag.
tomahawk, and scaljjing knife in its long buck-
skin sheath. The moccasin in cold weather
was sometimes stufifed with feathers, wool and
dry leaves. There were .-ibfjul forty-five bul-
lets to a ])ound of lead for llic heavv early
rifles.

The baiid-lo-band c(jntlicls of thi> noted
hunter with p.anthers. bears. i-;ilaniounts.
wohes, elks and bucks, both on the land and in
the streams, if written out in full would make
a large volume. Elk and deer frequently took
to the creek, and a battle royal with knife and
horns would have to be fought in the water.
Long was seven times mistaken while in ;i
thicket for ;i wild animal, and careless hunters
shot at him. Once his cheek was rubbed with

a ball. Dozens of Indians and |)alefaced men
hunted in this wilderness as well as he, ;ind
the table .giving an exhibit of the aggregate
number of animals killed by Long during his
life as a hunter only goes to show what a great
zoological garden of wild animals this wilder
ness must have been.

William Long died in Hickory Kingdom.
Clearfield Co., Pa., in May, 1880, and was
buried in the Conway cemetery, leaving two
sons, "Jack," a mighty hunter, and a younger
son, William.

Peace to his ashes. In the haunts of this
wilderness, scorched by the summer sun,
[)inched by the winds of winter wailing their
\oices like woe, separated for weeks at a time
in his lonely cabins from the society of men
and women, and then, too, awakened in the
dark and dreary nights by the howl of the
wolf, the panther's scream and the owl's to-
hoo ! to-hoo ! Long steadily, year in and year
out, for sixty years pursued this wild, romantic
life.

George Smith, son of James and Alary
Smjth, was born in King's county, Nova Scotia.
Canada, in 1827. When he w^as but a lad his
■parents migrated to Westmoreland county. Pa.
Not satisfied there, in 1842 his father and
mother migrated into this wilderness and set-
tled in what was then Snyder (now Washing-
ton) township. Jeft'erson county. James Smith
was a powerful man physically, and while at
a frolic in 1845 he was struck over the head
with a handspike. It occurred at the home of
Hamilton Moody, in W^ashington township.
.\ dispute arose betw-een Thomas Brown and
James .Smith, lirown struck Smith v .ih ;i
handspike, which caused his death in twenty-
four hours. Too much whisky was the cause
lif the dispute ;uid blow. Prown was tried at
l!rook\-ille, convicted, and sentencefl to the
l)enitentiary for six years, but was afterwards
pardoned.

Left an orphan by the murder of his father,
(leorge Smith adopted the profession of
hunter, which he followed until 1900. In
1S51) he married .Susan Williams and com-
menced housekeeping on his father's old
homestead, in Washington township, where to
them \yere born fi\e children, three boys and
two girls. From this old homestead he made
fre(|ucnt tri])s into the deejier forests after all
kinds of large game.

Jefferson county becoming too civilized for
him. in i8C>2 he mo\ed his family into the
"Warren \\"oods," or more ])roperly into what
was then and is now called I lighland townshi().

GKiiKOK SMITH

■""the kev; YORK
PUBLIC LIBRARY

TIL

ASTon, f Mox

01 N FOUNDATIONS

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

135

Elk Co., Pa. While his children were growing
up he maintained two homes, one for them in
civilization, Jefferson county, and a cabin for
himself where "the shades of the forest were
heavy the whole day through."

As a hunter he kept a record of all the game
killed by himself. In 1863, his first year in
Elk county, he killed one hundred and fifty
deer, thirteen bears and thirteen wolves. His
name all through the woods of Elk, Forest and
Jefferson could in those days be seen on blazed
trees, like the tree in the picture, and with a.
record frequently of having "Killed one B'ar,"
wolf or deer as the case might be. He erected
through the woods several cabins as a neces-
sity and refuge. The latchstring of these was
always out to strangers, fishermen and sports-
men. The camp in this picture was located on
the headwaters of Pigeon run, nine miles in a
straight line from Beech Bottom, on the
Clarion river, and was approached only by
a path. This residence was built out of round
logs, twelve by fifteen feet, chunked and
daubed, clapboards and weightpoles formed
the roof, and doors took the place of windows,
with no glass. On this particular cabin he had
a sign displayed, "Everyone who stops here
will please register."

At one time his wife visited liim at this
cabin. George had been away all day, and as
he was coming home in the evening I\Irs.
Smith went to the door to meet him, when, lo
and behold, she espied a panther that was trail-
ing George. She immediately sprang for a
rifle and shot the panther. She and the two
girls were excellent "marksmen." Smith
would shoot at mark with them all day long
and never give up until his oldest daughter
would make some stray shot. The Winchester
repeating rifle you see on his knee in the
picture was presented to him by Maurice
Schultz, a great tannery man of Wilcox, Elk
county. This rifle cost seventy dollars, which
was given Smith for finding .Schultz when lost
in the woods.

.-\ complete story of Smith's combats with
panthers, bears, wolves and elk would be inter-
esting in the extreme. Although I was a boy-
hood companion, and afterwards his physician,
I never could get him to relate his adventures
in full. He was kind, modest, unassuming
and not given to extolling his experiences,
never used tobacco in any form nor much
liquor, or was ever known to utter an oath.

In addition to being a professional hunter,
George Smith was a character, a child of na-
ture whose life was spent in the pursuit of
large game, a rude log cabin his home and the

hemlock boughs his bed. Although he lived
in the wilds of Elk he occasionally hunted also
in Michigan, Maine, Manitoba and through
Canada, where he killed many moqse and other
large game.

.-\s I recall George Smith he was about five
feet, ten inches high, a little stooped in appear-
ance, active, athletic, with an enduring frame,
a catlike step, a steady nerve, and a ripe knowl-
edge of all the law governing still hunts for
deer, elk and bear. He had keen eyesight until
June, 1876, when by an accident in the woods
he came near losing both eyes. By daily care
and attention for two weeks I succeeded in
saving his left eye for him.

To reach the great skill he attained in ma-
ture life required natural talent, perseverance,
sagacity and habits of thought as well as com-
plete self-possession, self-control and quickness
of execution. He never hunted with dogs or
a dog. In these woods, the paradise of hunt-
ers, George Smith had great opportunities for
perfecting himself in all the art of a great
hunter, and he surely was a king. He died in
the wilds of Elk county. Smith killed in this
wilderness fourteen panthers, five hundred
bears, thirty elks, three thousand deer, five
hundred catamounts, five hundred wolves and
six hundred wildcats. He killed seven deer in
a day, and as many as five bears in a day. He
killed two wolves in Elk county in 1874, the
last wolves he ever slew. Most of these ani-
mals were killed in what was originally Jeffer-
son county.

Andrew Jackson Long, a son of William
and Nancy Bartlett (Mason) Long, was bom
in Jefferson county. Pa., in 1829, on what is
known as and now called the Horn farm. He
moved with his father to the neighborhood of
Falls Creek, in Clearfield county, when he was
about twelve years old. I knew him from boy-
hood, and visited with him in his home for two
days in 1899, when he gave ine the following
facts in regard to his hunting career:

"I have killed si.x deer in a day. often four
or five. I have killed four panthers in a day.
and twenty during my life. The last panther
I killed was in 1872. It was the largest one,
and measured eleven feet from tip of nose to
end of tail. I have killed about three hundred
and fifty bears. In 1898 I killed nine bears.
I have killed about fifteen hundred deer. I
have killed about one hundred and fifty wolves.
The last wolves — two in number — I killed in
1881. I have killed foxes, wildcats, cata-
mount, etc., without number. I caught in traps
twenty otters and one black fox.

136

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

"When hungry, wolves anil Ijears will eat
one another. A bear will fight for its cubs
even to death ; a panther will not. Wolves
make some fi.ght for their young, but not a
close one. A* large bear will kill a panther in
a fight. Rears have wallows, and have paths
for miles to and from their dens. These
paths are usually blazed on hemlock trees.
Each bear, big or little, traveling the same
path, will bite the blazed trees. Wolves have
their paths, too. Wolves will kill a deer for
their yoinig, cut it up, and bur)- it along their
paths. Panthers usually have from two to
three cubs in Se])tember of each year. A ])an-
ther will eat only fresh meat.

"I have trained j^anthers until they w-ere
about two years old, when they became vicious
and had to be killed. I have trained wolves
and used them for the same purposes as a dog.
They would follow me as dogs, and hunted
with me, but at the age of two years I gener-
ally had to kill them. For beartraps, I used
venison, groundhog and beef for bait. .\ bear
w-ill patiently dig a whole day for a groundhog.
I have found many deer horns in the woods,
that were locked l)y combat, each deer having
died from this fight. In 1833 my father and f
killed five grown panthers .on Medix run. In
March of the same year Peter Smith and
]'>asmus Morey killed six full-grown panthers
in the same neighborhood, making eleven in
all."

Andrew Jackson Pong died at his home,
about two miles from DuBois, June 18, irjoo.

The wholesale prices of fur in 1804 were:
Otter, one dollar and a half to four dollars;
bear, one to three and a half dollars; beaver,
one to two and a half dollars; marten, fifty
cents to a dollar and a half ; red fox, one dollar
to one dollar, ten cents ; mink, twenty to forty
cents; muskrat, twenty-five to thirty cents;
raccoon, twenty to fifty cents; deer pelts, se\'-
enty-five cents to one dollar.

The pioneer hunter carried his furs and
pelts to the Pittsburgh market, on rafts and in
canoes, where he sold them to what were called
Indian traders from the East. In later years
traders visited the cabins of our hunters and
bartered for and bought the furs and pelts
from the hunters or from our merchants.

A mil nf Skin and Salt

Nov. 2ist, 1832.
Rec'd of Mr. John Doutlictt :

I Bushel of Salt at $i..SO

1 Bear skin at 75

2 Deer skins at 75

3 Does at iSjijc 56

I Fawn skin at 2.S

Rec'd bj' me,

Bkxjn Bonsali..

The above Mr. John Douthett lived in
Young township, Jefiferson county. Benjamin
P>onsall lived in Clearfield county, two miles
east of Luthersburg.

SN.\KES .\XD OTHER REPTILES

Snakes and reptiles were very numerous.
The early pioneer had to contend with poison-
ous snakes. The non-poisonous were the
spotted adder, blacksnake, green, garter, water
and house snakes. The blacksnake sometimes
attained a length of seven to nine feet, and
lived a natural life of twenty years. The
natural life of the rattler and copperhead is
twenty-five years. Dens of vicious rattle-
snakes existed in every locality. In the vicinity
of Brookville there was one at Puckety, sev-
eral on the North fork, one at Iowa Mills, and
legions of rattlers on Mill creek. The dens
had to be visited by bold, hardy men annually
every spring to kill and destroy these reptiles
as they emerged into the sun from their dens.
Hundreds had to be destroyed at each den
ever)' spring. This was necessary as a means
of safety for both man and beast. Of copper-
heads there were but few dens in Jefiferson
county, and these in the extreme south and
southwest, viz.: In Perry township, in P)eaver
township (on Beaver run), and two or three
dens in Porter township, on the headwaters of
Pine run — Xye's branch and Lost Hill. Occa-
sionally one was found in Brookville.

The copperhead is hazel-brown on the back
and flesh-colored on the belly. On each side
there are from fifteen to twenty-si.x chestnut
blotches or bands that somewhat resemble an
inverted Y. The head is brighter, and almost
copper-colored on tO]), and everywhere over
the back are found very fine dark points. The
sides of the head are cream-colored. The
dividing line between the flesh of the side
and the co]5per of the top j)asses through the
upper edge of the head, in front of the eye,
involving three-fourths of the orbit. The line
is very distinct. He cannot climb, and lives
on lizards, mice, frogs and small birds, sum-
mers mostly on low, moist ground, but winters
on ridges. He is commonly found wherever
the rattler is, but he does not live quite so far
north. He has a variety of names — upland
moccasin, chunkhead. deaf-adder and pilf)t-
snake among the rest. It is agreed that he is
a much more vicious brute than the rattle-
snake. He is more easily irritated and is
quicker in his movements. It is said that he
will even follow up a \ictim for a second blow.
On the other hand, his bite is \'ery much less
dangerous fin- a \ariety of reasons. In the

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JiAXDKI) I;AI ri.KSXAKK (Crotaliis ll.uri.hi, i , NAIl IIAI. I.IFK' 2o YKAKS

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A KATTLKlt AND I'.LAl KSX AK !•: FKillT

BLACKSXAKK, NATURAL LIFE 211 YEARS

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TIONS 1

RATTLESNAKE

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JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

137

first place, he is no more than three feet long,
and his fangs are considerably shorter than
those of a rattler of the same size, while his
strength is less, and the blow, therefore, less
effective. So he cannot inflict as deep a wound
nor inject so much venom. The chances of his
getting the venom directly into a large vein are
proportionately less.

The bigger the reptile, of course, the more
poison it has. Furthermore, it is to be remem-
bered that of all American serpents the rattle-
snake is the most dangerous, the copperhead
less so, and the water-moccasin least. It is a
fact that the poisonous snakes are proof
against their own venom. That this is true
has been demonstrated repeatedly by inoculat-
ing such serpents with the poisonous secretion
from their salivary glands. It is believed
that there exists in the blood of the venomous
snake some agent similar to the poison itself,
and that the presence of this toxic principle is
accountable for the immunity exhibited.

Rattlesnakes, copperheads and other snakes
do most of their traveling in the night. Snakes,
it appears, are extremely fastidious, every
species being limited to one or two articles of
diet, and preferring to starve rather than eat
anything else apparently quite as toothsome
and suitable. Individual snakes, too, show
strange prejudices in the matter of diet, so
that it is necessary in every case to find out
what the snake's peculiarities are before feed-
ing him. Rattlesnakes eat rabbits, birds, mice,
rats, etc., and live on barren or rocky land, or
on huckleberry land. They like to bathe, drink
and live in the sunshine. This, too. makes
them avoid ridgy, hea^•ily timbered land. They
can live a year without food. They feed two
or three times a year, but drink water freely
and often, and like a horse.

One safety from the snakes to the ])ioneer
and his family was the great number of his
razorback hogs. These animals were great
snakehunters, being very fond of them.

The rattlesnake and copperhead are not
found anywhere but in America. The rat-
tler belongs to the viper family. There are
twelve species and thirteen varieties in the
United States. They vary in size and color,
varieties being red, white, and green-spotted
and black. A rattle is formed at each renewal
of the skin, and as the skin may be renewed
more than once a year, rattles do not indicate
the exact age. They live to a ripe old age,
and have sometimes as manv as thirty rattles.
In the natural state tlie rattler sjicds his skin
but once a year, but in confinement he can be
forced to shed tlie skin two or three times

annually by giving him warm baths and keep-
ing him in a warm place. Rattlers are indif-
ferent climbers of trees, are fond of inusic,
and do not chase a retreating animal that has
escaped their strike.

Our rattlesnake is the Crotalus Horridus,
and is black and yellow-spotted, called banded
or timber. They have no feet or legs, but have
double reproductive organs, both the male and
female. Their scent is very acute, and by scent
they find food and their mates. Our snake
attains the length of five feet, but usually only
four and a half feet, and inhabits the barren,
rocky portions, formerly in immense numbers,
but of late years not so plentiful. They
migrate.

Dr. Ferd. Hoffman, of llrookville, cele-
brated as a snake-charmer, brought a rattle-
snake into our store one day, in a little box
covered with wire screen. The snake was
small, being only thirty inches long and having
seven rattles. Desiring to see the reptile eat,
and knowing that snakes will not eat anything
but what they kill themselves, we conceived the
idea of furnishing his kingship a repast. Mr.
Robert Scofield went out and captured a large
field mouse (not mole) and brought it in, and,
in the presence of myself, Albert Gooder,
Squire McLaughlin and brother, and Frank
Arthurs, dropped it into the box under the
screen. The box was fourteen inches long
and seven inches wide. The snake, being
lively, immediately stmck the mouse back of
the head. The mouse gave a little squeak of
terror and ran fourteen inches, then staggered
fourteen inches, the length of the box, then
was apparently seized with spinal paralysis,
for it had to draw its hind limbs with its front
feet to a corner of the box. It then raised
up and fell dead on its back. After striking
the mouse the snake paid no attention to any-
thing until the mouse dropped over dead.
Then his snakeship wakened up and apparently
smelled (examined) the mouse all over. Sat-
isfied it was healthy and good food, the snake
caught the mouse by the nose and pulled it
out of the corner. After this was done, the
snake commenced the process of swallowing
in this manner: He opened his jaws and took
the head of the mouse in one swallow, pulling
alternately by the hooks in the upper and lower
jaws, thus forcing the mouse downward, tak-
ing an occasional rest, swallowing and resting
six times in the process. He rattled vieor-
ously three times during this procedure. It is
said they rattle only when in fear or in danger.
This rattling of his must have been a notice
to us that he was dining, and to stand back.

138

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

The rattler is the most inteUigent of all snake
kind. I am informed by Dr. Hoffman that the
rattlesnake is possessed of both intelligence
and a memory ; that he can be domesticated.
He has his dislikes, also. He also informs me
that rattlesnakes are unlike in disposition, some
being cross and ugly, while others are docile
and pleasant. A rattler matures at the age
of two years, and at three is full grown and
has mated or mates. The males are smaller,
thinner, brighter and more active than the
females.

.All the different species of rattlesnakes are
provided with two small sacs, each of which
contains a minute quantity of poison, and com-
municates, by means of a short excretory duct,
with the canal in the fang on each side of the
upper jaw. It is inclosed by a bony frame-
work, situated external to the proper jaw,
and is under the control of appropriate mus-
cles, the action of which aids materially in
expelling the sac contents. The fangs, situ-
ated just at the verge of the mouth, are very
long, sharp and crooked, like the claws of a
cat, and are naturally retracted and concealed
in a fold of integument; but, when the animal
is irritated, are capable of being instantly
raised, and darted forward with great force
into the skin of the object bitten, followed by
an emission of poison. The snake, then, does
not bite, but strikes, making a punctured
wound. The poison of the rattlesnake is a
thin, semi-transparent, albuminous fluid, of a
yellowish color, with, occasionally, a tinge of
green, and is deadly. When a '"bite" is not
fatal it is because of no poison in sac, broken
teeth, or failure to puncture the skin or cloth-
ing. It is fatal in from ten minutes to two
hours if a vein has been pierced. The quan-
tity of venom contained in the poison-bag does
not generally exceed a teaspoonful; but it ac-
cumulates when the animal is inactive, taking
fifteen to thirty days for it to fill. A snake
will eject fifteen drops when its fang is not
used for several weeks. This poison is pecu-
liarly acrid and deadly in hot weather and
during the |)rocrcating season. In winter and
early spring the reptile is in a torpid condi-
tion, and the poison is then diminished in quan-
tity, and unusually thick, although not less
virulent. .\ rattler can and will bilo without
coiling.

Rattlesnakes are sluggish and loath to bite
when it can be avoided or when they are not
surprised into a sudden stroke. This disj)0si-
tion \aries. however, with the weather, their
hunger, the season (all are irritable when
sloughing their skin). The effect upon the

human system of a rattlesnake bite depends
entirely upon the amount of venom introduced
into the body. Constitutional symptoms ap-
pear, as a rule, in less than fifteen minutes,
prostration, staggering, cold sweats, vomiting,
feeble and quick pulse, dilatation of the pupil
and slight mental disturbance. In this state
the patient may die in about twelve hours.
The local hemorrhagic extravasation fre-
([uently suppurates and becomes gangrenous,
and from this the patient may die even weeks
afterwards.

There are no complete statistics to show
how many persons die in the world of snake
bites each year. The number, however, has
been placed at thirty thousand. In the United
-States, so far as known, the annual fatalities
amount to about fifty. Florida is generally
looked upon to contribute several of these with
regularity.

\'enomous snakes of America are comprised
in four families — the rattlesnake proper, the
copperhead and the moccasin, the coral snake
and the ground rattler. There are several
varieties of the rattlesnake and two of the
coral.

Nearly every variety of the snake family is
oviparous. The eggs are oblong. The black-
snake lays a large number of eggs, about the
size of the thumb, in July or .August. During
this breeding season blacksnakes are bold, and
will attack persons with great courage if their
nests are approached. The attack is with
activity and by direct assault. Their bite is
harmless. When young they are gray or
spotted. The rattlesnake is viviparous, and
has from five to twenty young in Jul)' or
.August, each eight to fourteen inches long and
as thick as a lead pencil. They are ready to
fight, and eat a mouse or young squirrel every
fifth day. The blacksnake is a great tree-
climber. The copperheads have their young
alive, and never more than seven at a birth.
The young are ready to fight from birth.

The eyes of a rattlesnake are fixed. He
cannot move them, and must move his head in
order to change his scope of vision. The skin
over the eye is in one piece with that of its
body, and is cast oft' with it when the snake
sheds its skin. When shedding the skin be-
comes blurred and finally opaque, leaving the
reptile blind. .\11 poisonous snakes have round
eye pupils, non-poisonous have cat eyes or
elliptical pupils. Snakes have ears, but no
apparent external opening, the orifice being
covered with a scale.

Actually, there is no such thing as a snake
charmer. \^enomous reptiles are all bluff, and,

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WILD TUKKEY

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

139

when thev learn that you are not afraid of
them, they no longer try to bite. They are
the most cowardly of all animals.

The blacksnake and rattlesnake are mortal
enemies. They always fight when they meet,
and the blacksnake usually kills the other, his
activity enabling him to tear the rattler to
pieces.' He coils himself around the head and
tail of the rattler, and then pulls him in two.
The blacksnake is a mortal enemy to the cop-
perhead also.

Snakes have what phrenologists call love of
home. A rattler will travel forty miles to
winter in his ancestral den. They usually
travel in mated pairs; if you kill one there is
another nearby. Usually when one snake rat-
tles in a den they all commence. The sicken-
ing odor of the den is due to urination when
excited. Rattlesnake oil is in great repute as
a medicine for external application.

"Rattlesnake Pete," of Rochester, New
York, has been bitten by rattlers over eighteen
times, and, as a result, has passed a good deal
of his time in hospitals, swathed in bandages,
and enduring the most agonizing pains.
"Whenever I am bitten now." he remarked to
me. 'T never suck the wound. If there were
any slight superficial wound in the mouth, such
as a scratch, the venom would thus get into the
system and would perhaps prove fatal. When
bitten I cut the flesh around the puncture and
make another wound between the injured spot
and the heart with a sharp knife, which I
always carry with me in case of such an
emergency. ' Into these two self-inflicted
wounds I'then inject permanganate of potash,
which has the effect of nullifying the serpent's
venom."

The snapping-turtle, the mud-turtle and the
leather-back terrapin existed in countless num-
bers in our swamps and around our streams,
and formed a part of the Indian's and pioneer's
food. The tree-toad, the common toad, com-
mon frog, lizard and water lizard lived here
before the pioneers took possession of the land.
The red-legged or stinkpot turtles lived on the
land and were poisonous to eat. Turtles live
to a great age. As a food they were g)-,-:tly
relished by the pioneers. There are a few
people living in Brookville yet who gathered
turtle eggs to eat on what is now our fair
ground.

The natural life of the common toad is
thirty-six years.

BIRDS

'Tf a bird's nest chance to be before thee in
the wav in anv tree, or on the ground, whether

they be young ones, or eggs, and the daiu sit-
ting upon the young, or upon the eggs, thou
shalt not take the dam with the young: but
thou shalt in anywise let the dam go, and take
the young to thee; that it may be well with
thee, and thou mayest prolong thy days." —
Deut. xxii, 6, 7.

With the exception of the wild turkey and
raven, which are now about extinct, we have
almost the same variety of birds that lived
and sang in this wilderness when the Barnetts
settled on Mill creek. Some of these original
birds are quite scarce, however. The heath
hen, pigeon, parraket and Labrador duck are
extinct in Pennsylvania. We have one new-
bird, the English sparrow.

Before enumerating our birds it might be
proper to give a few sketches of some of the
principal ones.

The Raven

A very handsome bird, numerous here in
pioneer times, now extinct in Jefferson county,
but still to be found in about twenty counties
of the State. He belongs to the crow family.
He built his nest on the tallest pine trees. He
had a wonderful intellect, could learn to talk
correctly, and was a very apt scholar. He
understood firearms and could count five.
He was easily tamed, and would follow like a
dog. He lived to an extreme old age, and
when full grown measured twenty-two or
twenty-six inches from tip of nose to end of
tail. In Greenland white ones have been seen,
but ours was blue-black, like the common
crow. He made his home in the solitude of
the forest, preferring the wildest and most
hilly sections. In such regions, owing to his
intellect and strength, his supremacy was
never questioned, unless by the eagle. In the
fall of the year he would feast on the saddles
of venison the hunters would hang on the
trees, and the Longs adopted this method to
save their meat : Taking a small piece of miis-
lin. they would wet it, and rub it all over with
gunpowder, sharpen a stick, and pin this cloth
to the venison. The raven and crow would
smell this powder and keep away from the
venison. The raven was a mischievous bird
of rare intelligence. He looked inquiringly at
you, as if he understood you. The eggs were
from two to seven, colored, and about two
inches long.

The "Bald" Eagle, Our Nafional Emblem

The naiue '-bald" which is given to this spe-
cies is not applied because the head is bare, but

140

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

because the feathers on the neck of tlie adult
are pure white. In northern Pennsylvania, as
well as throun;hout the United States, we had
but two species of cajjlcs. the bald and the
golden. The "black," "gray" and "Washing-
ton" eagles are but the young of the bald eagle.
Three years, it is stated, are required before
this species assumes the adult plumage. The
bald eagle is still found in Pennsylvania at all
seasons of the year. I have seen some that
measured eight feet from tip to tip of wing.

The nest, a bulky affair, built on a large tree,
mostly near the water, is about four or five
feet in diameter. It is made up chiefly of
large sticks, lined inside with grass, leaves, etc.
The eggs, commonly two, rarely three, are
white, and they measure about three by two
and a half inches. A favorite article of food
with this bird is fish, which he obtains mainly
by strategy and rapine. Occasionally, how-
ever, according to different observers, the bald
eagle will do his own fishing. Brant and other
geese form their favorite food, and the address
displayed in their capture is very remarkable.
The poor victirh has apjiarently not the slight-
est chance for escape. The eagle's flight, ordi-
narily slow and somewhat heavy, becomes, in
the excitement of jnirsuit, exceedingly swift
and graceful, and the fugitive is quickly over-
taken. When close upon its quarr}' the eagle
suddenly swee])s beneath it, and turning back
downwards thmsts its powerful talons up into
its breast. .\ brant or duck is carried off
bodily to the nearest marsh or sandbar. But
a Canada goose is too heavy to be thus easily
disposed of ; the two great birds fall together
to the water beneath, while the eagle literallv
tows his prize along the surface until the shore
is reached. In this way one has been known
to drag a large goose for nearly half a mile.
The bald eagle occasionally devours young
pigs, lambs, and fawns. Domestic fowls, wild
turkeys, hares, etc., are also destroyed by this
specie.'^. I have knowledge of at least two of
these birds which have killed poultry (tame
ducks and turkeys). Sometimes, like the
golden eagle, this species will attack raccoons
and skunks. T once found two or three spines*
of a porcupine in the body of an immature
bald eagle. The golden eagle occurs in this
State as a winter visitor. The only species
with which it is sometimes compared is the
bald eagle in immature dress. The two birds,
however, cm be distinguished at a glance, if
you remember that the golden eagle has the
tarsus (shin) densely feathered to the toes,
while, on the other hand, the bald eagle has a
bare shin. The golden eagle breeds in high

mountainous regions and the Arctic countries,
"(iolden" eagles are rare in this region. They
often devour domestic fowls, ducks and tur-
keys especially; different species of w^-iter-
birds, grouse, and wild turkeys suffer chiefiy
among the game birds. Fawns are sometimes
attacked and killed ; occasionally young pigs
are destroyed, and frequently many lambs are
carried off by this powerful bird. Rabbits are
preyed upon to a considerable extent.

The Crozo

The crow does not belong to the blackliird
family, but owing to his uniform I will speak
of him. Much has been said against him, but
the truth is that he is a most useful bird in
killing mice, snakes, lizards and frogs, and is
a s])lendid scavenger. He has been persecuted
for so many generations that perhaps he is the
most knowing and wary of birds. He will
always flee from a man with a gun, though
paying little attention to the ordinary pedes-
trian. These birds are gregarious in their
habits, and make their large, untidy nests at
the tops of trees. They have regular roosting
places, and, curious to say, it is not first come.
tirst served. As each flock reaches the sleep-
ing grove they sit around on the ground, and
it is only when the last wanderer returns that
they all rise simultaneously and scramble for
nests.

Crows, as pets, are intensely funny. A crow
can be taught to talk. It is said by bird stu-
dents that crows have a language distinctly
their own and, further, that some of their
language can be translated into ours. I have
often noticed that while a flock of crows are
feeding on the ground, two sentinels are
|)Osted to give an alarm of any danger. It is
said that if these sentinels fail to perform their
duty, the flock will execute one or both of
them. Crows mate for life. A crow knows
when .Sunday comes.

The red-shouldered hawk, called by farmers
and hunters the hen-hawk, nests in trees in
.April or May. The eggs are two to four,
white and blotched, with shades of brown.
The nest is built of sticks, liarks, etc.

The goshawk was a regular breeder in our
woods and mountains. He is a fierce and
powerful bird. The hawk feeds upon wild
turkeys, pheasants, ducks, chickens, robins,
rabbits and s(|uirrels. The copper hawk,
known ;is the long-tailed chicken hawk, is an

AMERICAN Ul )SH AW K

HAWK

r.KD STTOT-T.nKKICn HAWK

SHAKI'-SHIXXKI) HAWK

rEV.' YCRK
^u:.Uo LIBRARY

ASTOT, L' WOX
XILD' N F I'jr.Q A ION9

O
"A
P

<■;
Si.

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

141

audacious poultry thief, capturing full-grown
chickens. This hawk also feeds upon pigeons,
pheasants, turkeys and squirrels. This bird
nests about May in thick woods, the nest con-
taining four or five eggs. In about twelve
weeks the young are able to care for them-
selves. The sharp-shinned hawk bears a close
resemblance to the copper, but feeds by choice
upon chickens and pullets, young turkeys,
voung rabbits and squirrels. If a pair of these
birds should nest near a cabin where chickens
were being raised, in a very few days the\'
would steal every one.

Pig CO IIS

When I was a l)oy large nestings of wild
(passenger) pigeons in what was then Jenks.
Tionesta and Ridgway townships occurred
every spring. These big roosts were occupied
annually early in April each year. Millions
of pigeons occupied these roosts, and they
wercvusually four or five miles long and from
one to three wide. No other bird was ever
known to migrate in such numbers. The mi-
gration of the passenger pigeon was caused
l)y the necessity for food, and noj: to escape
the severity of a Northern clime. A sufficient
supply of food in one locality would often
keep them absent for long periods from others.
They fed on beechnuts, etc. In this territory
every tree would be occupied, some with fifty
nests. These pigeons swept over Brookville
on their migrating to these roosts, and would
be three or four days in passing, making the
day dark at times. The croaking of the
pigeons in these roosts could be heard for
miles.

To give an iflea of the immensity of these
pigeon roosts, I f(uote from the Elk Advocate
as late as iVIay. 1851 :

"The American Express Company carried
in one day, over the New York & Erie rail-
road, over seven tons of pigeons to the New
York market, and all of these were from the
west of Corning. This company alone have
carried over this road from the counties of
Chemung, Steuben and Allegheny fifty-si.\-
tons of pigeons." .\s late as March, 1854,
they came in such clouds for days that I have
tired looking at them and hearing the noise
of the shooters.

Nets were used in the war against the
pigeons with great effect, one man in Pennsyl-
vania catching five hundred dozen in one day,
and this was by no means a solitary case.
The demand for squabs was responsible for
much slaughter. The young pigeons were

shaken from their nests, and those not large
enough for the table were left on the ground
for the hogs to fatten upon.

Michigan exterminated the passenger pig-
eon. It is a shameful story. In 1869 three
carloads of dead pigeons a day, for forty
days, 11,880,000 birds, were shipped from
Hartford, Alich., to market.

The last passenger wild pigeon that will
ever be handled by man was taken near De-
troit. Mich., September 14, 1908, by a Mr.
C. Campion. Eleven North American birds
have been exterminated.

The copper and the bloody goshawk, the
great-horned and barred owl, like other night
wanderers, such as the wild bear, panther,
wolf, wildcat, lynx, fox, mink and agile weasel,
all haunted these roosts and feasted upon
these pigeons. The weasel would climb the
tree for the pigeons' eggs and the young, or
to capture the old birds when at rest. The
fox, lynx, mink, etc., depended on catching
the squabs that fell from the nests.

Like the bufl:'aloes of this region, the wild
pigeon was doomed. The extermination of
the passenger pigeons has gone on so rapidly
that they are now extinct, like the dodo and
the great auk. Thirty years ago wild pigeons
were found in New York State, and in Elk,
W'arren. McKean, Pike and Cameron counties.
Pa., but now they are gone as migrants.

The wild pigeon lays usually one or two
eggs, and both birds do their share of the in-
cubating. The females occupy the nest from
two p. m. until the next morning, and the
males from nine or ten a. m. until two p. m.
The males usually feed twice each day, while
the females feed only during the forenoon.
The old pigeons never feed near the nesting
places, always allowing the beechnuts, buds,
etc., there for use in feeding their young when
they come forth. The birds go many miles
to feed, often a hundred or more.

The last big flight of wild pigeons occurred
in 1882. The vast flocks of these birds, which
a generation ago were the ornithological won-
der of the world, have entirely disappeared,
and at two o'clock p. m. on September i, 1914,
the last individual died in the zoological gar-
dens at Cincinnati. It was a female and was
hatched in captivity twenty-nine years ago.
A standing offer of five thousand dollars for
another has been unclaimed for years.

In the spring of 1877 three pairs of pas-
senger pigeons were procured for the Cin-
cinnati Zoo at a cost of two dollars and fift\'
cents per pair. For several years, beginning
in 1878, these birds continued to breed, until

142

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

ihc usual result of close iu-breeding became
manifest. \'arious other s]jecies of doves were
introduced by Mr. Stephans in an effort to
keep up t'he stock, but without a\ail ; they died
one by one, until, in lyio, only a single pair
was left, and in that year the male bird pa.ssed
away, leaving the female as the 1,'ist living rep-
resentative of the species.

Pigeons, do not drink like any other bird.
They drink like the o.x or cow, and they
nourish the young pigeon for the first week
of his life from "pigeon milk," a curd-like
substance secreted in the crop of both parents
]jrofusely during the incubating season. We
liad but two varieties — the "wild" and turtle-
doves.

Of our birds, the eagle is the largest, swiftest
in flight, and keenest eyed, the humming bird
the smallest, the coot the slowest, and the owl
the dullest.

The spring birds, such as the bluebird, the
robin, the .sparrow and the martin, were early
to come and late to leave.

Migrating birds fly over distances so great
that they must needs have great strength as
well as great speed in flight. Bobolinks often
rear their young on the shore of Lake Win-
nipeg, and, like true aristocrats, go to Cuba
and Porto Rico to spend the winter. To do
this their flight must twice cover a distance of
more than two thousand, eight hundred miles,
or more than a fifth of the circumference of
the earth, each year.

The little redstart travels three thousand
miles twice a year, and the tiny humming bird
two thousand. What wonderful mechanism
it is, that in a stomach no larger than a pea
it will manufacture its own fuel from two or
three slim caterpillars, a fly, a moth or a
spider, and use it with such economy as to be
able to propel itself through the air during the
whole night at a rate of about fifty miles per
hour, and at the same time keep its own tem-
perature at about one hunflrcd and four de-
grees.

The lialtimore oriole is one of the most
beautiful and best-known birds. Its long,
pendant, woven nest is known to every one,
and it is wonderful how the bird, with only
its beak, can build such a' splendid structure.
Orioles have been known to use wire in the
structure of their nests.

The meadow lark, one of the largest of this
family, is a wonderful singer, sitting on a
fence rail, caroling forth its quivering silvery
song. All these birds, except the oriole, walk-
while hunting food, and do not hop as most
birds do.

Our birds migrate every fall to Tennessee,
the Carolinas, and as far south as Florida.
Want of winter food is and was the cause
of that migration, for those that remained
surely pick up a poor living. Migrating birds
return year after year to the same locality.
In migrating northward in the spring, the
males precede the females several days, but
on leaving their summer scenes of love and
joy for the South the sexes act in unison.

(Jf the other pioneer birds I will only men-
tion the orchard oriole, pine grosbeak, rose-
breasted grosbeak, swallow, barn swallow, ruff-
winged swallow, bank swallow, black and
white warbler, chestnut-sided warbler, barn-
owl, .\merican long-eared owl, short-eared
owl, screech owl, great-horned owl, yellow-
billed cuckoo, black-billed cuckoo, kingbird,
crested flycatcher, phoebe bird, woodpewee,
least flycatcher, ruffed grouse ("jiheasant or
I)artridge), quail, also known as the bobwhite,
marsh hawk, sparrow hawk, ])igeon hawk,
tish hawk, red-tailed hawk, horned grebe, loon,
hooded merganser, wood duck, bufl'-headed
duck, red-headed duck, .American bittern, least
bittern, blue heron, green heron, lilack-crowned
night heron, Virginia rail, Carolina rail,
.\merican coot, American woodcock, Wilson's
snipe, least sandpiper, killdeer ])lover, belted
kingfisher, turtle dove, turkey buzzard, whip-
poorwill, nighthawk, ruby-throated humming
bird, bluejay, bobolink, or reed or rice bird,
])urple grackle, cowbird (cow bunting), red-
winged blackbird, .American grosbeak, redpoll,
American goldfish or yellow-bird, towhee bunt-
ing, cardinal or redbird, indigo bunting, scar-
let tanager, cedar or cherry bird, butcher bird
or great northern scarlet tanager, red-eyed
vireo. American redstart, cootbird, brown
thrush, bluebird, housewren, woodwren, white-
breasted nuthatch, chickadee, golden-crowned
knight.

A pair of F.nglish sparrows were brought
to nrookville in 1876 l)y C ^^', Vndrews.

Natitral Life of Some of Our Birds

Years

Raven 100

Kaglc 100

Crow 100

Goose so

Sparrowhawk 40

Crane 24

Peacock 24

Lark 16

Pheasant 15

Partridfje IS

Blackbird 10

Cotninon Fowl 10

BLUE JAY

THE :T'.V vork
pUB^iC LIBRARY

TIUDl-^ FO'JNOA'IOMS

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

143

Years

Robin 10

Thrush lo

Wren 5

Pigeon, Wild or Passenger 30

Domestic Fowls

In 1910, in the United States, there were
280,340,000 chickens in the land, with a total
value pf $140,200,000. The turkeys num-
bered 3,688,000, while there were 2,904,000
ducks, 4,432,000 geese, 1,765,000 guinea fowls
and 2,730,000 pigeons.

BEES

Wild Bees — Bee Hunting — Bee Trees — Bee-
Food — Etc.

In pioneer times these woods were alive
with bee trees, and even yet (1915) that con-
dition prevails in the forest part of this region.
"Although the natural range of bee pasturage
in this section is practically unlimited, singu-
lar to relate, apiculture is not pursued to any
great extent. With all the apparently favor-
able conditions, the occupation is too uncer-
tain and precarious to hazard much capital or
time on it. At the best, apiculture is an
arduous occupation, and in the most thickly
populated farming communities it requires
constant vigilance to keep track of runaway
swarms. Rut in this rugged mountain coun-
try, with its thousands of acres of hemlock
slashings and hardwood ridges, it is virtually
impossible to keep an extensive apiary within
bounds. The rich pasturage of the forests
and mountain barrens affords too great a
temptation, and although the honey bee has
been the purveyor of sweets for the ancients
as far back as history reaches, she has never
yet become thoroughly domesticated. .^t
swarming time the nomadic instinct asserts
itself. Nature lures and beckons, and the first
opportunity is embraced to regain her fast-
nesses and subsist upon her bounty. Never a
season goes by but what some swarms escape
to the woods. These take up their habitation
in hollow trees or some other favorable re-
treat, and in time throw off other swarms.
Thus it is that our mountains and forests con-
tain an untold wealth of sweetness, but little
of which is ever utilized by man.

"Here is the opportunity of the bee hunter.
In the backwoods counties of western Penn-
sylvania bee hunting is as popular a sport
with some as deer hunting or trout fishing. It
does not have nearly so many devotees, per-

haps, as these latter sports, for the reason
that a greater degree of woodcraft, skill and
patience is required to become a proficient bee-
hunter. Any backwoodsman can search out
and stand guard at a deer runway, watch a
lick, or follow a trail ; and his skill with a rifle,
in the use of which he is familiar from his
early boyhood, insures him an equal chance
in the pursuit of game. It does not require
any nice display of woodcraft to tramp over
the mountains to the head of the trout stream,
with a tin spicebox full of worms, cut an ash
sapling, equip it with the hook and line, and
fish the stream down to its mouth. But to
search out a small insect as it sips the nectar
from the blossoms, trace it to its home, and
successfully despoil it of its hoarded stores,
requires a degree of skill and patience that

"W •% ■"

STRAW BEE-SCAP

comparati\ely few care to attain. Yet in
every community of this section are some old
fellows who do not consider life complete
without a crockful of strained honey in the
cellar when winter sets in. Then, as they
sit with their legs under the kitchen table
while their wives bake smoking-hot buck-
wheat cakes, the pungent flavor of decayed
wood which the honey imparts to their palates
brings back the glory of the chase. When-
ever a man takes to bee hunting he is an en-
thusiastic devotee, and with him all other
sport is relegated to the background.

"There are many methods employed in hunt-
ing the wild honey bee. The first essential
is a knowledge of bees and their habits. This
can only be acquired by experience and intel-
ligent obser\'ation. The man who can suc-
cessfully 'line' bees can also successfully 'keep'
them in a domestic state, but a successful
apiarist is not necessarily a good bee hunter.

"September and October are the best months
for securing wild honey, as the bees have then
in the main completed their stores. At that
season they can also be most readily lined,
for the scarcity of sweets makes them more
susceptible to artificial bait. But the profe.s-

144

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

sional bee hunter does not, as a rule, wait
until fall to do all his lining. He wants to
know what is in prospect, and by the time the
honey bee suspends operations for the winter
the hunter has perhaps a dozen bee trees
located which he has been watching all sum-
mer in order to judge as near as possible as
to the amount of stored honey they contain.
If the hunter wants to save the bees he cuts
the tree in June and hives the inmates in the
same manner as when they swarm in a domes-
tic stale. Many swarms are thus obtained,
and the hunter scorns to expend any money
for a swarm of bees which he can get for the
taking. As a matter of course, when the honey
is taken in the fall the bees, being des]5oilcd
of their subsistence, inevitably perish.

"I'll gather the honey-comb bright as gold,
.^nd cha>;e the elk to his secret fold.

"The first warm days of .\pril. when tlic
snows have melted from the south side of the
liills, and the spring runs are clear of ice, find
the bee hunter on the alert. There is nothing
yet for the bees to feed upon, but a few of the
advance guard are emerging from their long
winter's hibernations in search of pollen and
water, and they instinctively seek the water's
edge, where the warm rays of the sun beat
down. Where the stream has receded from
the bank, leaving a miniature muddy bcacJi.
there the bees congregate, dabbling in the mud,
sipping water and carrying it away. The first
material sought for by the bees is pollen, and
the earliest pasturage for securing this is the
jjiissy willow and skunk cabbage, which grow
in the swamps. After these comes the soft
mai)le. which also afifords a large supply of
])ollen. Sugar maple is among the first wild
growth which furnishes any honey. Then
come the wild cherry, the locust, and the red
raspberries and blackberries. Of course, the
first blossoms and the cultivated plants play
an important part, but the profusion of wild
flowers which are honey bearing would prob-
ably supply as much honey to the acre as the
cultivated sections.

■'The wild honeysuckle, which covers thou-
sands of acres of the mountain ranges with
a scarlet flame in May, is a particular favorite
with bees, as is also the tulip tree, which is
quite abundant in this section. Basswood
honey has a national reputation, and before
the paperwood cutters despoiled the ridges
and forests the basswood tree furnished an
almost imlimited feeding ground. This tree
blooms for a period of two or three weeks, and

a single swarm has been known to collect ten
pounds of honey in a day when this flower
was in blossom. Devil's club furnishes another
strong feed for bees, as well as the despised
sumach. Last, but not least, is the golden-
rod, which in this latitude lasts from August
until killed by the autumn frosts. While these
are the chief wild-honey producing trees and
plants, they are but a fractional part of the
honey resources of the country.

"Having discovered the feeding ground and
haunts of the wild honey bee, the hunter pro-
ceeds to capture a bee and trace it to its habi-
tation. This is done by 'lining,' that is, fol-
lowing the bee's flight to its home. The bee
always flies in a direct line to its place of
abode, and this wonderful instinct gives rise
to the expression, 'a beeline.'

"To assist in the chase the hunter provides
liimself with a 'bee-box,' which is any small
box possessing a lid, with some honey inside
for ha.h. Arrived at any favorable feeding
ground, the hunter eagerly scans the blossoms
until he finds a bee at work. This he scoops into
his box and closes the lid. If he can capture
two or more bees at once, so much the better.
After buzzing angrily for a few moments in
the darkened box the liee scents the honey
inside and immediately quiets down and be-
gins to work. Then the box is set down and
the lid opened. When the bee gets all the
honey she can carry she mounts upward with
a rapid spiral motion until she gets her bear-
ings, and then she is oft' like a shot in a direct
line to her habitation. Presently she is back
again, and this time when she departs her
bearings are located and she goes direct. After
several trips more bees appear, and when they
get to working the bait and the line of their
flight is noted, the box is closed when the bees
are inside and mo\e(I forward along the direc-
tion in which they ha\e been coming and going.
The hunter carefully marks his trail and opens
the box again. The bees are apparently un-
conscious that they have been moved, and
work as before. This manceuvre is repeated
until the spot where the swarm is located is
ne;ir at band, and then comes the most trying
])art of the quest to discover the exact location
of the hive. I^ometimes it is in the hollow of
a dead tree away to the top ; sometimes it is
near the bottom, .\gain, it may be in a hol-
low branch of a li\'ing tree of gigantic pro-
portions, closely hidden in the foliage, or it
may be in an old stump or log. To search it
out requires the exercise of much patience,
as well as a quick eye and an acute ear.

"To determine the distance of the impro-

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

145

vised hive after a line has been established
from the bee-box the hunter resorts to 'cross-
lining.' This is done by moving the box when
the bees are at work in it some distance to
one side. The bees as usual fly direct to their
home, the second line of flight converging
with the first, forming the apex of a triangle,
the distance between the first and second loca-
tions of the box being the base and the two
lines of flight the sides. Where the lines meet
the habitation is to be found.

"Diliferent kinds of bait are frequently used
in order to induce the bees to work the box.
Tn the flowering season a little anise or other
pungent oil is rubbed on the box to attract the
Ijees and keep them from being turned aside
by the wealth of blossoms along their flight.
It is a mistake to mix the oil with the bait, as
it spoils the honey the bees make and poisons
the whole swarm. Sometimes in the early
spring corncobs soaked in stagnant brine
proves an attractive bait, while late in the fall
heeswax burned on a heated stone will bring
the belated straggler to the bee-box.

"Cutting a bee tree is the adventuresome
part of the sport. An angry swarm is a for-
midable enemy. Then, too, the treasure for
which the hunter is in search is about to be
revealed, and the possibilities bring a thrill of
anticipation and excitement. So far as the
danger goes the experienced hunter is pre-
pared for that, and protects his head and face
by a bag of mosquito netting drawn over a
broad-brimmed hat. With gloves on his hands
he is tolerably protected, but sometimes a
heavy swarm breaks through the netting, and
instances are on record where bee hunters
have been so severely stung in despoiling wild
swarms as to endanger their lives. In felling
a tree great care must be exercised in order
that the tree may not break up and destroy the

honey. Sometimes trees are felled after night,
as bees do not swarm about in the darkness,
and the danger of getting stung is not so
great.

"The amount of honey secured depends
upon the age of the swarm. Frequently much
time and labor have been expended in lining
and cutting a tree which yielded nothing,
while again the returns have been large. There
are instances in this community where a single
tree yielded over two hundred pounds of good
honey. Not long since a hunter cut a tree in
which a hollow space about eighteen inches
in diameter was filled with fine honey for a
length of fifteen feet. Often a tree is cut
which has been worked so long that part of
the honey is spoiled with age. Often the comb
is broken and the honey mingled with the
decayed wood of the tree. The bee hunter,
however, carefully gathers up the honey, wood
and all. in a tin pail, and strains it, and the
pungent flavor of the wood does not in the least
detract from the quality in his estimation.

"Bee hunting as a sport could be pursued
in nearly every section of western Pennsyl-
\ania, particularly in the lumbering and tan-
nery districts. In these sections thousands of
acres are annually stripped of timber, extend-
ing many miles back from the settled districts.
Fire runs through these, old slashings every
year or so, and a dense growth of blackberry
and raspberrv briers spring up. These, with
the innumerable varieties of wild flowers, af-
ford a rich and vast pasturage for the honey
bee which has thrown off the restraints of
civilization. Swarm upon swarm is propa-
gated, the surplus product of which is never
utilized. With a little encouragement bee
jiunting might become as popular a form of
sport with the dweller of the town as with the
skilled woodsman."

CHAPTER IX
THE INSTITUTION OF SLAVERY

ORIGIN NEGRO SLAVERY IN PENNSYLVANIA — UNDERGROUND RAILROAD IN PENNSYLVANIA AND

JEFFERSON COUNTY WHITE SLAVERY,

IMPRISONMENT FOR DEBT, ETC.

And he that stealeth a man, and sellcth him, or if
he be found in his hand, he shall surely be put to
death. — Exod. xxi. i6.

White slavery is older than history. It is
supposed to have originated ip kidnapping,
piracy, and the practice of taking captives in
war. Christians enslaved all barbarians and
barbarians enslaved Christians. Early history
tells us that Rome and Greece were great
markets for all kinds of slaves, slave traders,
slave owners, etc. The white slaves of Europe
were mostly obtained in Russia and Poland
in times of peace. All fathers could sell chil-
dren. The poor could be sold for debt. The
poor could sell themselves. But slavery did
not exist among the poor and ignorant alone.
The most learned in science, art and mechan-
ism were bought and sold at prices ranging in
our money from one hundred to three hundred
dollars. Once sold, whether kidnapped or not,
there was no redress, except at the will of the
master. .\t one time in the history of Rome
white slaves sold for sixty-two and a half
cents apiece in our money. These were cap-
tives taken in battle. By law the minimum
price was eighty dollars. A good actress would
sell for four thousand, and a good physician
for eleven thousand dollars. The state, the
church and individuals all owned slaves.
Every wicked device that might and power
could ])ractice was used to enslave meil and
women without regard to nationality or color ;
and when enslaved, no matter how well
educated, the slaves possessed no right in law,
were not deemed persons in law, and had no
right in and to their children. Slavery as it
existed among the Jews was a milder form
than that which existed in any other nation.
The ancients regarded black slaves as luxuries,
because there was but little traffic in them
until about the year 1441, and it was at that
date that the modern .\frican slave trade was

REDEMPTIONERS AND INDENTURED APPRENTICES

commenced by the Portuguese. The pioneer
English African slave trader was Sir John
Hawkins. Great companies were formed in
London to carry on African traffic, of which
Charles II and James II were members. It
was money and the large profits in slavery,
w^hether white or black, that gave it such a
hold on church and state. The English were
the most cruel African slave traders. In the
year a. d. 1620 the pioneer African slaves
were landed at Hampton Roads, Virginia, and
nineteen slaves were sold. In one hundred
years, from 1676 until 1776, it is estimated
that three million people were imported and
sold as slaves in the United States. In 1790
there were 697,681 African slaves in the
Middle States. In 1861 the United States had
four and a half million.

NEGRO SLAVERY IN PENNSYLVANIA

He found his fellow guilty — of a skin not colored
like his own ; for such a cause dooms him as his
lawful prey.

In 1664 we read of negro slaves in Dela-
ware, which afterwards became a part of
Pennsylvania.

Negro slaves were held in each of the
thirteen original States.

.Slavery was introduced in Pennsyhania in
1681, and was in full force until the act for
its gradual abolition was enacted in March,
1780, by which adult slaves were liberated on
July 4, 1827, and the children born before that
date were to become free as they reached their
majority. This made the last slave in the State
become a free person about i860. As late as
i860 there was still one slave in Pennsylvania ;
his name was Lawson Lee Taylor, and he
belonged to James Clark, of Donegal town-
ship, Lancaster county.

In 1774 Pennsylvania had 10.000 slaves;

146

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

147

in 1790, 3,737; in 1800. 1,706; in 1810,
795; in 1820, 211; in 1830, 403; in 1840, 64;
in i860, in Lancaster county, i.

In March, 1780. Pennsylvania enacted her
gradual abolition law. ^Massachusetts, by con-
stitutional enactment in 1780, abolished
slavery. Rhode Island and Connecticut were
made free States in 1784, Xew Jersey in 1804,
New York in 1817, and New Hampshire about
1808 or 1810. The remaining States of the
thirteen, viz., Maryland, Delaware, Virginia,
North and South Carolina, and Georgia, each
retained their human chattels until the close
of the Civil war.

In the United States Constitutional conven-
tion of 1787 the Carolinas. Georgia and New
York wanted the slave trade continued and
more slave property. To the credit of all the
other Colonies, they wanted the foreign slave
traffic stopped. .After much wrangling and
discussion a compromise- was eflfected, by
which no enactment was to restrain the slave
trade before the year 1808. By this com-
promise the slave trade was to continue twenty-
one years. On March 2, 1807. Congress passed
an act to prohibit the importation of any more
slaves after the close of that year. I'.ut the
profits from slave trading were enormous, and
the foreign traffic continued in spite of all law.
It was found that if one ship out of every
three was captured, the profits still would be
large. Out of every ten negroes stolen in
Africa, seven died before they reached this
market. .\ negro cost in Africa twenty dollars
in gunpowder, old clothes, etc., and readily
brought five hundred dollars in the United
States. Everything connected with the trade
was brutal. The daily ration of a captive on
a vessel was a pint of water and a half pint of
rice. Sick negroes were simply thrown over-
board. This traffic "for revolting, heartles.s
atrocity would make the devil wonder." The
profits were so large that no slaveholder was
ever convicted in this country until Nov. 12,
i86r, when Nathaniel Gordon, of the slaver
"Erie," was convicted in New York City and
executed. It is estimated that from thirty to
sixty thousand slaves were carried to the
Southern States every year by New York ves-
sels alone. .\ wicked practice was carried on
between the slave and free States in this way.
A complete description of a free colored man
or woman would be sent from a free State to
parties living in a slave .State. This description
would then be [uiblished in handbills, etc., as
that of a runaway slave. These bills would be
widely circulated. In a short time the person '
so described would be arrested, kidnapped in

the night, overpowered, manacled, carried
away, and sold. He had no legal right, no
friends, and was only a "nigger." Free colored
men on the borders of Pennsylvania have left
home to visit a neighbor and been kidnapped
in broad daylight, and never heard of after. A
negro man or woman would sell for from one
to two thousand dollars, and this was more
profitable than horse stealing or highway rob-
bery, and attended with but little danger. .\
report in this or any other neighborhood that
kidnappers were around struck terror to the
heart of every free colored man and woman.
Negroes of my acquaintance in Brookville
have left their shanty homes to sleep in the
stables of friends when such rumors were
afloat.

The average value of a negro slave in 1800
was six hundred dollars; in 1861, twelve hun-
dred dollars.

There were many curious old wood prints
of the slaves and slave brokers. When the
slaves were placed on sale at auction, accord-
ing to these prints, they were garbed in full
dress suits, standing collars and high silk hats.
This regalia was lent to them just during the
formalities of the sale.

One of the famous slave pits was in the
west end of .Alexandria, Va., and was known
as P)ruin (S: Hill's jail. The proprietors of this
establishment were repeatedly charged with
being "fences" — a sort of clearing house for
stolen slaves. And the practice of stealing
slaves was a very popular and profitable
pastime.

Negroes were sold at sheriff sales and
auction in Pennsylvania uji to 1823.

William Penn owned slaves. George Wash-
ington owned slaves, both white and black.
On June 4, 1786, he purchased two white men
for sixty dollars each, one a shoemaker and
the other a tailor.

rXDERGROUND R.MLROAD IN PEXNSYLV.'\NI.'\
.^ND JEFFERSON COUNTY

In an estimate based on figures for forty
years, there escaped annually from the slave
States fifteen hundred slaves, but still the
slave population doubled in these States every
twenty years. Fugitives traveled North
usually in twos, but in two or three instances
they went over our wilderness route in a small
army, as an early paper of Brookville says,
editorially : "Twenty-five fugitive slaves
passed through Brookville Monday morning
on their way to Canada." Again : "On Mon-
day morning, October 14, 1850, forty armed

148

TEFFKRSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

fugitive slaves passed lliiouj,'!) Ihoolaillc to
Canada."

My ear is pained,

My soul is sick with every day's report.
Of wrong and outrage with which this earth is
filled.

Tiie system to aid runawa)' slaves in these
Cnited States had its origin in Columbia,
Lancaster Co., Pa. In 1787 Samuel Wright
laid out that town, and he set apart the north-
eastern portion for colored people, to many of
whom he presented lots. Under these cir-
cumstances that section was settled rapidly by
colored people. Htindreds of manumitted
slaves from Maryland and \'irginia emigrated
there and built homes. The term "under-
ground railroad" originated there, and in this
way: At Columbia the runaway slave would
be so thoroughly and completely lost to the
l>ursuer that the slave hunter, in perfect
astonishment, would frequently exclaim,
"There mustLe an underground railroad some-
where." There was at this place an organized
system by white abolitionists to assist, clotiie,
feed and conduct fugitive sla\es to Canada.
This system consisted in changing the clothing,
secreting and hiding the fugiti\e in daytime,
and then carrying or directing him how to
travel in the nighttime to the next abolition
station, where he would be similarly cared
for. These stations existed from the Mary-
land line clear through to Canada. In those
days the North was as a whole for slavery,
and to be an abolitionist was to be reviled and
persecuted, even by churches of nearly all
denominations. Abolition meetings were
broken up by mobs, the speakers rotten-egged
and murdered ; indeed, but few preachers
would read from their pul])it a notice for an
.-uUislavery meeting. S])ace will not permit
me to depict the degrading state of public
morals at that time, or the low ebb of true
Christianity in that day, excepting, of course,
that exhibited by a small haiKlful of abolition-
ists in the land. I can only say, that to clothe,
feed, secrete and to convey in the darkness of
night poor, wretched iuiman beings fleeing for
liberty, to suffer social ostracism, and to run
the risk of the heavy penalties prescribed by
luiholy laws for so doing, re<iuired the highest
ly|)e of Christian men ;ind women — men and
women of sagacity, coolness, firmness, cour-
;ige and benevolence; rocks of adamant, to
whom the downtrodden inuld tlock for relief
and refuge. Smedley's "Inderground Rail-
road" .says: "Heroes iia\e had their deeds of
braxery upon battlefields emblazoned in his-

tory, and their countrymen have delighted to
do them honor; statesmen have been renowned,
and their names have been engraved upon the
enduring tablets of farne; philanthropists have
had their acts of benevolence and charity pro-
claimed to an appreciating world ; ministers,
])ure and sincere in their gospel labors, have
had their teachings collected in religious books
that geneiations might profit by the reading;
but these moral heroes, out of the fulness of
their hearts, with neither e.xpectations of re-
ward nor hope of remembrance, have, within
the privacy of their own homes, at an hour
when the outside world was locked in slumber,
clothed, fed and in the darkness of night,
whether in calm or in storm, assisted poor,
degraded, hunted huni;in beings on their \vay
to liberty

"When, too, newspapers refused to publish
antishuery speeches, but poured forth such
denunciations as 'The people will hereafter
consider abolitionists as out of the pale of legal
and conventional protection which society
affords its honest and well meaning members.'
that 'they will be treated as robbers and pirates
and as the enemies of mankind' ; when North-
ern merchants extensively engaged in Southern
trade told abolitionists that, as their pecuniary
interests were largely connected with those of
the South, they could not afford to allow them
to succeed in their efforts to overthrow .slavery,
that millions upon millions of dollars were due
them from Southern merchaiits, the jjayment
of which would be jeopardized, and that they
wovdd put them down by fair means, if they
could. b\- foul means, if they must, we must
concede that it re(iuircd the manhood of a man
and the unflinching fortitude of a woman, up-
held by a full and firm Giristian faith, to be
an abolitionist in those days, and especially an
'underground railroad' agent."

A great aid to the ignorant fugitive was that
every slave knew the "'north star," and.
further, that if he followed it he would even-
tually reach the land of freedom. This
knowledge enabled thousands to reach Canada.
-Ml slaveholders (les|)ise(l this "star."

To William Wright, of Columbia, Pa., is
due the credit of ])utting into ])ractice the first
"underground railroad" for the freedom of
slaves. There was no .State organization
eff'ected until about iN,V'~^. when, in Philadel-
phia. Robert T'urvis was made president, and
Jacob C. White, secretary. Then the system
grew, and before the war of the Rebellion our
whole Slate became interlaced with roads. We
had a ronle. t(jo. in this wilderness. It was
not as ])roniiiK'nt as the routes in the more

'^rt.-f:S36. '<^*'

BLACKSXAKK WHIP

CHARLES BROAVX HAXmL'FFE'l) AXD
SHACKLED IN BR()OK\lLLE, 1834

BRANDIXC4 SLAVES

-,j^ .. r-.^

bi^iC

i3^^

.^RY

ASTOfl

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■^NOX

■'<

_ D = ^ r

"lur

.OA

IONS 1

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

149

populous counties of the State. I am sorry
that I am unable to write a complete history of
the pure, lofty, generous men and women of
the northwest and in our county who worked
these roads. They were Quakers and ^leth-
odists, and the only ones that I can now recall
in Jefferson county were Elijah Heath and
wife, Arad Pearsall and wife, James Stead-
man and wife, and Rev. Christopher Fogle and
his first and second wives, of Brookville (Rev.
Mr. Fogle was an agent and conductor in
Troy) ; Isaac P. Carmalt and his wife, of near
Clayville ; James A. Minish, of Punxsutawney,
and William Coon and his wife, in Clarington
(now Forest county). Others, no doubt, were
connected with the work, but the history is
lost. Jefferson's route started from Baltimore,
Md., and extended via Bellefonte, Grampian
Hills, Punxsutawney, Brookville, Clarington
and Warren, to Lake Erie and Canada. A
branch road came from Indiana, Pa., to Clay-
ville. At Indiana, Pa., Dr. Mitchell, James
Moorhead, James Hamilton, William Banks
and a few others were agents in the cause.

The earliest official record I can find of
Jefferson's underground road is in the
Jeffersonian of September 15, 1834.

Christopher Fogle was born in Baden,
Germany, in 1800. His father came to Phila-
delphia, Pa., in 1817, and Christopher learned
the tanning trade in Germantown. On June
26, 1826, he was married. About this time he
joined the Methodist Church. In 1835 he
emigrated to Heathville, Jefferson Co., Pa.,
and built a tannery. In 1843 he moved to
Troy, where he had a tannery. This he after-
wards sold out to Hulett Smith, when he
moved to Brookville and purchased from
Elijah Heath and A. Cohvell what was called
the David Henry tannery. Rev. Mr. Fogle
was in the underground railroad business in
Heathville, and he continued in that business
until the war for the Union. The points in
and around Brookville where he lived and
secreted fugitives were, first, the old tannery ;
second, the farm on the Troy road ; third, the
little yellow house where Benscoter's residence
now is ; and fourth, the old house formerly
owned by John J. Thompson, opposite the
United Presbyterian Church. ( )fficers fre-
quently were close after these fugitives, and
sometimes were in Brookville while the agents
had the colored people hidden in the woods.
The next station on this road to Canada was
at the house of William Coon, in Clarington,
Pa. Coon would ferry the slaves over the
Clarion, feed, refresh, and start them through
the wilderness for Warren, Pa., and when

Canada was finally reached, the poor fugitive
could sing, with a broken heart at times, think-
ing of his wife and children yet in bonds,

No more niaster'.s call for nie,

No more, 110 more.
No more driver's lash for me.

No more, no more.
No more auction-block for me,

No more, no more.
No more bloodhounds hunt for me.

No more, no more.
I'm free, I'm free at last; at last,

Thank God, I'm free !

The first man who died in the Revolution
was a colored man, and Peter Salem, a negro,
decided the battle of Bunker Hill ; clinging to
the Stars and Stripes, he cried, "I'll bring back
the colors or answer to God the reason why !"

On December 4, 1833, sixty persons met in
Philadelphia, Pa., and organized the American
Anti-Slavery Society.

(See also Chapter XXI, Borough of Brook-
\ille, under "Slavery.")

INDENTURED APPRENTICES, REDEMPTIONERS
AND WHITE "slavery"

Colored people were not the only class held
in servitude by Pennsylvanians. Genuine
white slavery never survived in what is now
the United States, but another form of slavery
was carried on by speculators called New-
landers. These traders in "white people" were
protected by custom and legal statutes. They
ran vessels regularly to European seaports and
induced people to emigrate to Pennsylvania.
By delay and expensive formalities these
emigrants were systematically robbed during
the trip of any money they might have, and
upon their arrival at Philadelphia would be
in a strange country, without money or friends
to pay their passage or to lift their goods from
the villainous captains and owners of the
vessels which brought them to the wharves of
Philadelphia. Imagine the destitute condition
of these emigrants. Under the law of im-
prisonment for debt the captain or merchant
either sold these people or imprisoned them.

The Newlander managed it so that the
emigrant would Ije in his debt, and then the
poor foreigners had to be sold for debt. The
merchants advertised the cargo, the ]ilace of
sale on the ship. The purchasers had to enter
the ship, make the contract, take their jaurchase
to the merchant and pay the price, and then
legally bind the transaction before a mag-
istrate. Unmarried peo]3le and young people,
of course, were most readily sold, and brought

150

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

better prices. Aged and decrepit persons were
poor sale, but if they bad healthy children,
these children were sold at good prices for the
combined debt and to different masters in
dift'erent States, perhaps never to see each
other again in this world. The parents then
were turned loose to beg. The time of sale
was from two to seven years for about fifty
dollars of our money. The poor people on
board the ship were prisoners, and could
neither go a.shore themselves nor send their
baggage until they paid what they did not owe.
These captains made more money out of such
passengers as died than they did from the
living, as this gave them a chance to rob chests
and sell children. This was a cruel, murder-
ing trade. Every cruel device was resorted to
in order to gain gold through the misfortune
of these poor people.

These deluded people were so cruelly
treated on shipboard that t^vo thousand in less
than one year were thrown overboard. This
was monopoly.

Under this debasing system of indentured
apprentices, the legal existence of African
slavery, and the legalized sale of white emi-
grants in our State, is it any wonder that
among the people intemperance in preachers,
illiteracy, lottery schemes for churches,
gambling and profanity were the rule, or that
to the poor, the weak and the wretched the
prisons were the only homes or hospitals, and
that the "driver's lash" fell alike on the back
of the old and young, black and white, school-
master and layman ?

I pity tlie mother, careworn and weary,

.\s she thinks of her children about to be sold;

You may picture the Ixumds of the rock-girdled
ocean,
But the grief of tliat mother can never be told.

This traffic in white people in Pennsylvania
continued until about 183T, when public senti-
ment caused its discontinuance. In law this
system was known as an apprenticeship, or
service entered into by a free jjcrson, volun-
tarily, by contract for a term of years on wages
advanced before the service was entered. The
servants, by performing the service, were
redeeming themselves, and therefore called
■■Redemptioners." In practice, however, with
a certain class of i)eoi)le, this system was as
revollingly brutal and degenerating as the
negro slavery (abolished in our own time) in
its worst aspects.

It was conceived and had its beginning in
tlie harmless and in some respects benevolent

idea to help a poor person in Europe who
wished to emigrate to America and had not
the money to pay for his passage across the
ocean, by giving him credit for his passage
money, on condition that he should work for
it after his arrival here, by hiring as a servant
for a term of years to a person who would
advance him his wages by paying his passage
money to the owner or master of the vessel.

There are instances on record where school
teachers, and even ministers of the gospel,
were in this manner bought by congregations
to render their services in their respective
offices. Laws were passed for the protection
of the masters and of the servants. Whilst
this is the bright side of the Redemptioncr's
life, it had also a very dark side. The Re-
demptioners on their arrival here were not
allowed to choose their masters or the kind of
service most suitable for them. They were
often separated from their families, the wife
from the husband and children from their
parents ; were disposed of for the term of
years, often at public sale, to masters living
far apart, and always to the greatest advantage
of the shipper. I have read many reports of
the barbarous treatment they received, how
they. were literally worked to death, receiving
insufficient food, scanty clothing and poor
lodging. Cruel punishments were inflicted on
them for slight offenses when they were at
the mercy of a hard and brutal master. The
black slave was often treated better, for he was
a slave for life, and it was in the interest of
the master to treat him well to preserve him,
whilst the poor Redemptioner was a slave for
a number of years only, and all his vital force
was worked out of him during the years of his
service.

Up to 1S50 all boys had to learn a trade — ■
be indentured.

I.MrKISON.MEXT FOR DEBT CNDER .\CT OF I"05

L'p to 184J this law of Pennsylvania author-
ized the imprisonment of men for debt, and
to be fed on bread and water. In the year
1829 seventy thousand persons were im-
])ris()ne(l for debt in Pennsylvania. The act
of Jidy 12. 1842, abolished such imprisonment,
(juite a luniiber of men were committed to the
old jail in iirookville because of their inability
to ])ay debts. .Sometimes friends paid the debt
for them, and sometimes they came out under
the insolvent debtor's law. We reproduce an
old execution issued against one James Green.
The indorsement on the back reads : "Execu-
tion, I'nller &■ Riddle, 81)2. vs. lames Green.

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA 151

Debt $4-69 to hard labor in the gaol of said county for six

^"'- •• °-*^ months, and I am also tc dispose of said

Const do .. .. .fd brooms when made as the said commissioners

Ex. & Return...!..!.........^'..... .2054 may direct, and account to them for the pro-

ceeds thereof, as the law directs. Received

$5-50 also one shaving horse, one handsaw, one

Const. Cost 10 drawiusf knife and one jack knife to enable

Service, 5 Miles "3° him to work the above brooms, which I am to

$5.98 return to the said commissioners at the expira-

The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, tp z^/:. ^^^^ Constable. GREErrNG

WHEREAS judgment agdinst^^-'^'^'-^^ ^h-e^z^r-*^ — -^ —

for tbe sum of j^'S-^t^^^ ^^.^-i^^^^ /y^^<>Lk^
^7^^^.^^ a^^^.^^ debt and /<^^?^^"^^i:I^^ £^^7^ ^

— cos^ was

before me at the suit of "S^^i^^

^^^-^^^^^^^^ ^

These are therefore, in the name of ll^e
said Commdnwealth,to command^you to levy distress on the goods and clvaitles of the

aaid ^^i.^^^..^^ <^^^^^-^-^

T^^-— — -~ and make sale thereof according to law, to the

amount of said debt and costs, and what may accrue thereon, and make return to
me in twenty days from the date hereof, and for wantof goods and chattles,whereon,
to levy you are to convey the body of the said ^^^^^ss-z^-e-t^^t;?^ -t^^-re^*^!^

to the jail of said

county, the jailor "Wliereof is hereby com mandfed to receive the same and in safe
custody to keep, until the said debt and costs are paid or ofherwise discharged by

duje course of law. ^^^^^^^ .<ly

Given under my hand and seal, the /a^ day of '^/^^r^^ <83 c^

Early convicts were sentenced to hard labor
in the county jail and were fed on bread and
water. They had to make split brooms from
hickory wood, as will be seen from this agree-
ment between the commissioners and the
jailer:

"Received. lirookville, September 2gth,
1834, of the commissioners of Jefferson
comity, thirty-seven broomsticks, which I am
to have made into brooms by Butler B. Arnos,
lately convicted in the Court of Quarter Ses-
.^ions of said county for larceny, and sentenced

tion of said term of servitude of the said
Butler B. Amos, with reasonable wear and
tear.

"Arad Pearsall, Gaoler."

Amos had been arrested for theft, as per the
following advertisement in the Jcffcrsoiiian of
the annexed date :

"Commonwealth vs. Butler B. Amos. De-
fendant committed to September term, 1834.
Charge of larceny. And whereas the Act of
Ceneral Assembly • requires that notice be

152

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

given. I therefore hereby give notice that the
following is an inventory of articles found in
the possession of the said Butler B. Amos and
supposed to have been stolen, viz. : i canal
shovel, I grubbing hoe. 2 handsaws, 2 bake
kettles, I curry comb, 2 wolf traps, i iron-
bound bucket. I frow, 3 log chains, i piece of
log chain, 2 drawing chains, i piece of draw-
ing chain, i set of breast chains, i hand axe,
etc. The above mentioned articles are now in

possession of the subscriber, where those inter-
ested can see and examine for themselves.
"Alex. McKnight, /. P.
"Brookville, August, 25th, 1834."

A few years after this sentence was com-
l)lied with Amos left Brookville on a flatboat
for Kentucky, where he w-as dirked in a row
and killed. Although Amos was a thief, he
had a "warm heart" in him.

CHAPTER X
WARS OF THE UNITED STATES— MILITARY MATTERS

THE REVOLUTION WAR WITH FRANCE WAR WirH TRIPOLI — WAR OF l8l2 — MEXICAN WAR —

CIVIL WAR ROSTER OF JEFFERSON COUNTY SOLDIERS IN THE CIVIL WAR — JEFFERSON

county's HONOR ROLL A LINCOLN STORY — DUTIES OF A SOLDIER SPANISH-AMERICAN

WAR RELIEF FUND OF JEFFERSON COUNTY — PENSIONS PAY OF SOLDIERS — PIONEER MILI-
TIA LEGISLATION

War has cost the United States about ten
billions of dollars, and over six hundred and
eighty thousand lives, to say nothing of thirty
thousand lives lost in Colonial wars before
the Revolution. The Indian wars cost forty-
nine thousand lives and a billion dollars in
money.

THE REVOLUTION

The United States, as such, has had seven
wars, and has been successful in every one, on
land or sea. The first fought under the Stars
and Stripes was the war of the Revolution,
which lasted from .April ig, 1775, to April 11,
1783. The total of .American troops employed,
regulars, volunteers and militia, was 395.858 :
maximum numljer of Americans in field at
any one time, 35,000 ; navy vessels, four ; cost
of the war in specie, $185,193,380. British
troops employed; In 1776, 20,121; in 1781.
42,075. 'i"he land forces fought about fifty
battles, the seaforces more than two hundred
battles. The latter brought safely into port
more than twenty million dollars in hard cash
or solid specie values, and made jirisoners of
more than twenty-six IJiousand English sailors.
Burgoyne surrendered about si.x thousand men
after Saratoga, and Cornwallis fewer than
eight tiiousand at Yorktown. America ob-
tained loans from France aggregating eight
million dollars, from Holland one million
dollars, and a smaller sum from Spain (very

little of which reached the United States either
in cash or purchased articles). There is no
accurate record showing the casualties sus-
tained. It is stated by Strait that the Ameri-
can troops lost in killed and wounded 9,138;
British troops, killed and wounded, 26,877.
Nearly all transportation by the .Americans
was done by oxen. Even the American artil-
lery was placed and moved on the field of
battle by o.xen.

The Revolution was mainly a defensive war,
against what was then one of the strongest
nations on earth, and while we gained some
sur()rising victories by aggressive action, yet
our defense was quite brilliant, and succeeded
in wearing out the British attem]>ts to re-
conquer the country. The capture of York-
town was a brilliant strategic conception by
Washington, to wiiom the highest credit should
be given. .After he had shut up Cornwallis in
Yorktown, the fate of the British was certain,
and the fighting was only continued until Corn-
wallis saw that his case was hopeless.

The six great .Americans of the Rexulution-
ary period were: First. ( ieorge WasJiington;
second, r)enjamin Franklin, the scientist; third,
Patrick Henry, the orator; fourth. Tom
Paine, whose tongue was as pointed as a
stiletto and as forcible as an army; fifth, John
Paul Jones, the greatest naval hero in the
world; sixth. General Hamilton, the financier.

The German population of Pennsylvania
was largely increased by the addition of almost

JEFFERSOX COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

153

five thousand German (Hessian) soldiers, who
deserted from the German army at the close
of the Revolution and remained in the States,
and "scattered among their countrymen
throughout Pennsylvania.'' Many of our
present good people are descendants of these
Hessians. The opprobrious name of "Hes-
sian mercenaries"' has preserved to the present
time the infamy of George HI in hiring from
more infamous German princes about thirty
thousand of their poor subjects to make war
upon his own countrymen in the American
colonies. The enslaved Germans who were
hired to the British king were in no sense to
blame, but rather to be greatly pitied for the
part they unwillingly played in our Revolu-
tionary struggle. That many of them con-
cluded to remain in Pennsylvania and settle
among their countrymen is of itself sufficient
evidence of their own love of liberty and of
their detestation of the conduct of the princes
by whom they had been held in bondage.
Diffenderfifer says that the exact number of
the Germans who were sent to America as
soldiers of George HI was 29,867, of whom
17,313 returned to Europe in the autumn of
1783, leaving 12,554 who did not return,
divided as follows : Killed and died of wovmds,
1.200 ; died of illness and accidents, 6,354;
deserted. 5.000, of whom nearly all settled in
Pennsylvania. They were called Hessians
because they came from the Hessian State of
Germany. Mr. Difl^enderffer gives the follow-
ing additional details: "The Landgrave of
Hesse Cassel sent in all 16,992 men, more than
one half of the entire number that came over.
The Landgrave made the best bargain with
England of all the German princes. He got
£7 4s. 4j/2d. for every man and an annual sub-
sidy of £108.281 5s., the same to be continued
for one year after the return of the soldiers.
In addition he insisted on being paid an old
claim arising out of the Seven Years' war, but
which England had disallowed up to that time ;
it amounted to £41,820 14s. 5d. He was the
worst of the lot." (From "Progressive Penn-
sylvania.")

Hessian soldiers when taken prisoners were
sold to farmers and manufacturers. In the
accounts of Robert Coleman, an ironmaker of
Lancaster county. Pa., who cast cannon and
shot for the Continental army, appears an
entry: "By cash, being the value of 42 Ger-
man prisoners of war at £30 each, £1,260."
Another entry reads: "By cash, being the
value of 28 German prisoners of war at £30
each, £840."

Of Jefferson county pioneers the following

were in the Revolutionary war: Joseph and
Andrew Barnett, Elijah Graham' and Joel
Clarke, and Fudge Van Camp, a colored man.

WAR WITH FRAXCE

The second war in which the United States
engaged was the war with France, a naval con-
flict entirely, which began July 9, 1798, and
closed September 30. 1800. The Americans
won every battle. Alen, 4,593.

. WAR WITH TRIPOLI

Our third war, with Tripoli, was also con-
fined to naval operations. It was carried on
for four years, June 10, 1801, to June 4, 1805.
Men, 3,330. The Americans won every battle.

WAR OF 1812

The fourth war, which commenced June
18. 1812, and lasted until Feb. 17, 181 5, is
known as the War of 1812. American troops
employed, 527,654 ; British troops employed,
81.502; American losses, killed and wounded,
5,877 ; British losses, killed and wounded,
9,023. Though the American navy had but
twelve vessels at the outbreak of the war, and
England had one thousand, the Americans
were victorious in twelve of the fifteen battles
fought on the sea. Americans killed, 1,233.
American privateermen in this war captured
1,345 vessels and took prisoners twenty-five
thousand British sailors and soldiers, and
Commodore Perry wiped a whole fleet of the
I'ritish navy off the waters of the earth, the
first time it ever had been done.

In the War of 1812 we gained a very sub-
stantial victory over the British at Plattsburg ;
drove the British from the field on the Niagara
frontier; the raw militia decisively defeated
the British attempt to capture Baltimore ;
General Harrison with his militia forces de-
feated the British at Fort Meigs and Fort
Stephenson, and absolutely crushed the British
and Indians at the battle of the Thames.

This war cost the country $107,159,003.

Pciinsyhaiiia Militia ivhicli marched over the

old State road through Brookville and

within tzi'o utiles of zi'here Reyvolds-

z'ille iiozv stands on its zvay to Erie

George Washington never passed through
any portion of Jefferson county with soldiers ;
neither did Colonel Bird, who was stationed at
Fort Augusta in 1756. In 1814, early in the

154

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

spring, a dclacluiK-iu of soldiers under com-
mand of Maj. William McClelland, traveled
through our county, over the old State road
(Bald Eagle's Nest and Le Boeuf road) to
Erie. They encani])ed at Soldiers' Run, in
what is now W'inslow township, rested at Port
rSarnett for four days, and encamped over
night at the "four-mile" spring, on what is
now the Afton farm. Elijah M. Graham was
impressed with his two "pack-horses" into
their service, and was tak.-n as far as French
Creek, now in \'enango county. These
soldiers were I'eimsylvania volunteers and
drafted men, and were from Franklin county.
Major McClelland, with his officers and men,
passed through where Brookville now is.
Three detachments of troops left Franklin
county during the years 1812-14 at three dif-
ferent times, one by way of Pittsburgh, one
by way of Baltimore, and the last one through
this wilderness.

Upon the arrival of these troops at Erie
they were put into the Fifth Regiment of the
Pennsylvania troops, commanded by Col.
James I'enton, of that regiment, the whole
army being under the command of Maj. Gen.
Jacob Brown. These soldiers did valiant
service against the British. They fought in
the desperate battles of Chippewa and Lundy's
Lane, on July 5th and 25th of the year 1814.

In the early part of the year 1814, the
general government having made a call upon
the State of Pennsylvania for more troops,
Gov. Simon Snyder, about the beginning of
February of that year, ordered a draft for one
thousand men from the counties of York,
Adams, Franklin and Cumberland, Cumber-
land county to raise five hundred men and the
other counties the balance. The quota of
Franklin county was ordered to assemble at
Loudon on the ist of March, 1814. What was
its exact number I have not been able to
ascertain.

At that time Captain Samuel Dunn, of Path
\'alley, had a small volunteer company under
his command, numbering about forty men.
These. I am informed, volunteered to go as
part of the quota of the county, and were
accepted. Drafts were then made to furnish
the balanc' of the quota, and one full company
of drafted men, under the command of Capt.
.Samuel Gordon, of W;iynesl)urg, and one
partial company, under command of Capt.
Jacob Stake, of Lurgan township, were organ-
ized, and assembled at Loudon in pursuance
of the orders of the Governor. There the '
command of the detachment was assumed by
Maj. \\'illiam McClelland, brigade inspector

of the county, who conducted it to Erie. It
moved from Loudon on the 4th of March,
and was twenty-eight days in reaching Erie.
.According to Major McClelland's report on
tile in the auditor general's office at Harris-
burg, it was composed of one major, three cap-
tains, five lieutenants, two ensigns and two
hundred and twenty-one privates.

Capt. Jacob Stake lived along the foot of
the tiiountain, between Roxbury and Stras-
burg. He went as captain of a company of
drafted men as far as Erie, at which place his
company was merged into those of Captains
Dunn and Gordon, as the commissions of those
officers antedated his commission and there
were not men enough in their companies to
fill them uj) to the required complement,

ME.\IC.\N W.\R

The fifth war in which the United States
engaged was that with Mexico, declared April
12, 1846. It ended July 4, 1848. American
troops employed, 104,284 ; American losses,
killed in action, 1,777 (one being from Jeffer-
son county); died of wounds, 954; died of
disease, 16,054, making a total loss of 18,785.
Cost of war, $74,000,000.

CIVIL WAR, 1861-1865

In the Civil war no State w-as better repre-
sented upon the battlefield than Pennsylvania.
.She sent to the front one soldier out of every
eight of military age, and lost more killed in
battle than any other State, viz.: 15,265 killed,
and 17,918 died of disease, as prisoners of war,
accidents, etc., total, 33,183. The total cost in
money is estimated at $8,500,000,000.

The aggregate number of men raised by the
government for the Union armies from 1861
to 1865 reached over two million, thirty-six
thousand soldiers, and if we add to this the
Confederate forces there is a grand aggregate
of four million of men, the largest force ever
put on a war footing in any one country in any
age of the world. Over six hundred thousand
ninety-days men served in the Union army.
The inimber of battles and skirmishes in the
course of the war is estimated at six thousand,
five hundred.

Af/cs (if Unlisted Soldiers

There were twenty-five enlistments at ten
years of age; thirty-eight at eleven years; two
hundred and twenty-five at twelve years ; three
hundred at thirteen years; one hundred and

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

155

five thousand at fourteen and fifteen years ;
one hundred and twenty-six thousand at
sixteen years ; three hundred and seven thou-
sand at seventeen years; one miUion, nine
thousand at seventeen to twenty-one _ years ;
twenty-one and over, one hundred and eighteen
thousand.

Marching Equiptuent

Our soldiers usually carried on the march
sixty-two pounds, viz. : gun, bayonet, cart-
ridge box, cap box, haversack, canteen, knap-
sack, one fourth of the shelter tent, blanket,
overcoat, three to five days' rations, frying
pan, tin cup, knife, fork and spoon.

On each of the wagons that followed the
Army of the Potomac was plainly marked
the badge of the brigade and division it be-
longed to, and what it carried, whether am-
munition, or forage, or rations, and the kind.

The army was to march and fight on "light
rations." The beef to be consumed was for-
warded on foot. A soldier's ration was eight-
een pounds. Each one carried a three-days'
supply. Each soldier's three days' food, his
blanket, overcoat, canteen, gun and fifty
rounds of ammunition weighed about thirty-
five pounds. Thus the one hundred thousand
infantry soldiers carried over sixteen hundred
tons on their backs. Estimating the ration for
each man at one and eight-tenths pounds, and
the army at one hundred and twenty-five
thousand, the food consumed daily was 112
tons, not counting beef.

Grant says in his Memoirs that his wagon
train would have reached from the Rapidan to
Richmond, sixty-five miles. The number of
wagons provided for this forward movement
of the army was four thousand, three hundred,
and of ambulances eight hundred and thirty-
five. If they had been placed in a single
column, allowing seventy-five feet for each
vehicle, the column would have been seventy-
five miles long. The horses and mules re-
quired to haul these wagons and ambulances,
with those of the cavalry, and ridden by
officers, numbered fifty-six thousand, five hun-
dred. If they had been led in single file, giving
each one ten feet of space, they would have
made a procession one hundred and seven
miles long. Forage for these animals, allow-
ing each one ten pounds, required two hundred
and eighty-two tons a day.

During the war dolls were made the means
of conveying various articles through the lines
of the enemy. All sorts of drugs and even

war dispatches were successfully carried in this
way, for it was a long time before suspicions
became aroused by so innocent looking a play-
thing carried tenderly in the arms of the little
maiden of the day. But after a while the doll
had to go through as severe an examination as
any suspect.

Lohscoiise

What old soldier is there of any of the
"marching regiments" that does not know
how to prepare a mess of lobscouse? That
was indeed one of the "first duties of a
soldier." Nor were the utensils to make it
many. If you possessed one of those little
army frying pans you were of the fortunate
few. If not, everyone had a tin plate, or could
get half a canteen. The only other article
needed was that faithful old "coffee boiler."
Battered and smoke-stained though it was
from long service, yet was it the most precious
of all our limited cooking kit. In fact, the
articles named above comprised our sole and
only culinary outfit.
•Go back to the noonday halt, after a long
half day's march through heat and dust, when
the welcome order was given, "half an hour
for dinner." There was no time to waste.
Wood and water must be obtained before that
anticipated mess of lobscouse could be pre-
pared. You and your "bunkey" at once started
out, you for wood, he with the two canteens
for water. A nearby rail fence would gen-
erally supply the wood, but one seldom knew
where water was to be' found. I never knew
how that water was found, but in some way
it always was found, and by the time the fire
was started "bunkey" came back with full can-
teens. First came a good drink, then you
poured some water over the broken-up hard-
lack in the cofl^ee boilers. Next you fried what
you considered to be a ration of salt pork ;
when that was done, emptied the soaked
crackers into the frying pan and set it on the
coals ; next put a liberal quantity of cofifee
into the "boiler," fill with water and set by
the side of the fire. By the time the cofifee
had boiled the lobscouse was do;ie, and you
sat down on mother earth to enjoy your well-
earned meal. Such w^s our unvaried diet
from one month to another, year in and year'
out. 1 believe no comrade will doubt the asser-
tion that lobscouse, under some one of its
various names, constituted his 'only meal nine
times out of ten. This, of course, applies to
troops in the field.

156

JEFFERSON COUNTY. PKNNSYI \ AXl A

ROSTER OF JEFFF.RSON COl'NTV SOLDIERS

Scarce had the gun fired upon Sumter
April 12, 1861, ceased its vibrations when
the hardy sons of Jefil'erson county vohni-
teered to defend the flag, assauhed by Rebel
hands. Two companies were soon raised for
the first three months' service, and to every
call for troops thereafter "Little JeiTerson"
responded nobly, until she had enrolled over
two thousand four hundred men. Of these
eight hundred sixty-seven were in the One
Hundred and Mfth Pennsylvania X'olunteers,
and three hundred and twenty-two were emer-
gency men. The balance ser\ed in the
Eleventh Penn.sylvania Reserve, the .Sixty-
second, Sixty-seventh, One Hundred and
Thirty-fifth, One Hundred and Forty-eighth,
Two Hundred and Eleventh and Two Hun-
dred and Si.xth Regiments, in the dififerent
cavalry regiments, the Eighteenth United
States Infantry, the United States Sharp-
shooters, Jefl'erson county being represented
in eighteen dififerent organizations.

The ])opulation of the county in iSfx) was
18,270, so that thirteen and one-half per ce^t.
went into the service.

It can be said of the people of Jefl^erson
county that they promptly responded to every
draft, and in no instance was there the least
resistance olTered to the ofificers in the dis-
charge of their duty. This submission to the
will of the administration, and acquiescence
in the plan for filling up the army, which the
exigencies of the service demanded, did not
prevail in all portions of the country.

The following record of regiments and
roster of soldiers shows how well Jefferson
county did her jiart :*

Companies I and K . Rif/hth Pcnnsyk'ania Reg-
iment, Three Months Volunteers

The first soldiers from Jefiferson county to
enter the Union service were Companies T
and K, Eighth Regiment. PcnnsvUania
Troops, who volunteered for three months.
They were mustered in April 24, i<S6i, and
mustered out July 2(), 1861. The regiment
was commanded by Col. A. H. Emley. The
muster roll follows :

Company I. — Cajitain. Amor A. McKnight ;
first lieutenant, John Hastings; second lieu-
tenant, Herman Kretz; first sergeant, William
J. Clyde; sergeants, Albert C. Thompson,

* Quoted matter from Kate M. Scott's History of
Jefferson County, Pennsylvania.

Abram .M. Hall, Winfield S. Barr; corporals.
Steele S. Williams, Richard J. Espy, William
J. I'air; musicians, James L. Holliday, George
I'.owdish. Privates, .^amucl Anderson, .Albert
Plack, Fernando C. Bryant, Alilo L. Bryant,
Samuel Benner, Joseph Bowdish, Sylvanus T.
Covin, Josiah Clingersmith, .Samuel .Alfred
Craig. Niman Chitester. Daniel N. Coe. Wil-
liam T. Clark. Simon P. Cravener, Samuel W.
Depi), John Darrow, John Dolphin, John El-
liot, Henry B. Fox. Horace Fails, John L.
Gilbert, Lorenzo S. Garrison. Leonard A.
Groover, John S. Gallagher, Robert Gilmore,
George W. Hettrick, Samuel Hibler. James
Hall, Thomas L. Hall, Randall Hart," Paul
Hettrick, Robert A. Henry, Joseph B. Hen-
derson. Jared Jones, Wellington Johnston,
Daniel Kinley. Thonias Long, Wilmarth Mat-
son, Tames H. Moore, Joseph K. Murphw
Robert S. McCauley, DaVid H. McCullougii.
James Moorhead, Levi AfcFadden, Shannon
^IcP'adden, Elijah Mc.Xninch, George Ohls,
^Villiam Osman, John Prevo, William N.
Pierce. John W. Pearshall, Robert J. Robinson.
John Stivers. Francis H. Steck, Thaddeus C.
Spottswood, William Toye, Alex. R. Taylor,
Gustavus Verbeck, Robert Warner. Joseph N.
Wachob, .Amos Weaver, Mark H. Williams,
Alexander C. White, Hiram Warner.

Company K. — Captain, William W. \Mse;
first lieutenant, John C. Dowling; second lieu-
tenant. Wilson Keys : first sergeant. Samuel
C. Arthurs; sergeants. John Coon, Benjamin
Lerch, r)rlando H. P.rown ; corporals. John
Cummins, J. Potter Aliller, Charles J. Wil-
son, Franklin --Rea ; musicians, David Dickey,
James Campbell. Privates, William .Adams,
.Sydney .Armstrong, David Bates. Rowan \L
Bell. Lafayette Piurge, Ed. H. I'aum, James
i.aldwin, Thomas Baird, David Baldwin.
Darius Blose, .Asaph M. Clarke, Frank W.
Clark. .Andrew Christie, .Samuel H. Coon.
Charles B. Coon, (ioorge W. Crosby, William
P. Confer, Isaac Currier, Lewis Diabler, Ben-
jamin Diabler, James C. Dowling, John B.
Deacon, Chris. D. Fleck, Lewis Gaup, Wil-
liam George, Wort Gaffield, Henry Hawthorn,
( leorge Hawthorn, Archibald Hadden. Ben-
jamin Harvey, Peter Keck. .Andrew Love,
James W. Logan, Samuel May, Hiram Mc-
Aninch. Harvey Mc.Aninch, .Samuel J-f. Mit-
chell, William Neill, Judson J. Parsons. David
Porter. George I'orter, Henry Page. Burdett
Riggs, Daniel Rhodes, Franklin Rumbarger,
James Robinson. .Adam A. Rankin. William
Smathers, .Addis ]\r. Shugert. Salumiel and
D;nid Swineford. \\'m. \\'. Sheets, Chauncev
Shafi'er, David A. Taylor. Philip P. Taylor.

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

157

I'raiik Van Overbeck', liarton B. Welden, Sam-
uel Wilson, James H. Wilson, Francis M.
Whiteman, Oliver P. Woods, William E.
Young, Stephen R. Young.

Company K, Elex'cnth Regiment Pennsylvania
Reserves

"It was soon seen that the war cloud had
assumed more gigantic proportions than was
at first anticipated, and that more than three
months would elapse before the rebellion
would be quelled. Capt. Evans R. Brady,
editor of the BrookviUc Jeffcrsonian, at once,
upon the call for troops, had begtm to recruit
a company, but the quota was filled before
his company was ready. In the meantime
(rovemor Curtin, with the promptness that
characterized him all through the trying days
of the war, and which gained for him the name
of "War Governor,' had convened the legis-
lature in special session and recommended
the immediate organization, arming, and dis-
ciplining of at least fifteen regiments for State
defense. The legislature promptl)' acted on
this suggestion of the executive, and on the
15th of May, 1861, i)assed an act providing
for the organizing of the 'Reserve Corps of
the Commonwealth.' to consist of thirteen
regiments of infantry, one of cavalry, and
one of artillery. Two days after the passage
of this act. Governor Curtin issued a call for
troops to fill these regiments, stating that the
companies to be furnished l>y the several coun-
ties would be i)roportionate to the number of
men already in the service from each county.
Under the previous call hundreds of com-
panies had been formed in excess of the num-
ber called for by the war department, and
there was a rush to get into the new organiza-
tions as soon as the governor's call was issued.

"Captain Brady had gone on recruiting his
company, and by the middle of May had
enough men enrolled to form two companies,
so that they were divided into Companies A
and B. Company A was organized by select-
ing as captain, Evans R. Brady; first lieu-
tenant, James P. George ; second lieutenant,
James E. Long. Company B organized by
selecting for their captain Robert R. Means.
Captain Brady proceeded to Harrisburg to
have these companies accepted, but found that
only one company could be received in the
Reserves from Jefiferson county. Company
P. was afterwards Company I of the Sixty-
second Pennsylvania Volunteers.

"During their tiiree years' service the
I'.lcventh took jiart in fifteen battles — Me-

chanicsville, Gaines's Mill, New Market Cross
Roads, Malvern Hill, Bull Run, South Moun-
tain, Antietam, Fredericksburg, Gettysburg,
Bristoe Station, Mine Run, Wilderness,
Spottsylvania Court House, North Anna and
Bethesda Church.

"Lieut. J. P. George was promoted to cap-
tain April 10, 1863, and resigned August 10,
[863. Lieuts. J. E. Long and Cyrus Butler also
having resigned, Lieut. Edward Scofield was
promoted to captain of Company K Novem-
ber 17, 1863. Captain Scofield, while in com-
mand of his company, was taken prisoner in
the Wilderness May 5, 1864, and was held by
the Rebels for ten months, in which time he
was successively incarcerated in nine different
prisons. He was released at Wilmington, N.

C, March i, 1865, and discharged from the
service March 12, 1865. Just nine months
after his company was mustered out, March
13, 1865, he was breveted major.

"William D. Knapp, James A. McKillip
and George Ittle, of the same company, were
also taken prisoners at the battle of the Wil-
derness and confined at Andersonville, where
they saw two of their comrades, Henry Reigle
and Calvin Galbraith, die of starvation. While
being removed to Millen they, with some other
prisoners, cut a hole in the car and, jumping
from the train, escaped, and after undergoing
untold privations, with the aid of the friendly
negroes finally reached Sherman's army,
which they accompanied to Savannah, and,
their time having expired, returned home.

"The death roll of Company K is as fol-
lows: Died, Jackson Crisswell, at (leorge-
town, D. C. ; Giles Skinner, at Camp Pierpont ;
Thomas Hughes, at Washington, D. C. ; John

D. S. McAnulty, in Camp Hospital ; George
R. Ward and John Uplinger, of wounds, at
Fortress Monroe; Isaac G. Monks, of wounds,
at Fortress Monroe ; Sylvester McKinley, of
wounds, Levi McFadden, at Washington ;
William Coulter, at Fredericksburg; Henry
Reigle, Calvin Galbraith, at Andersonville ;
James Montgomery, Lewis S. Newberry, at
Richmond ; John B. Clough, of wounds, at
Alexandria ; Sergeant Andrew J. Harl, died
at Indiana, Pa., on his way home; William
Chamberlain, of wounds, at Richmond ; Joseph
S. Bovard, of wounds ; Reuben Weaver, John
Reif, John Sheasley, Aiken's Landing; James
Gallagher, Baltimore. Killed, Capt. £. R.
Brady, South Mountain ; Winfield S. Taylor,
M. L. Boyington, Horatio Morey, Davis De-
Haven, at Gaines's Mill ; William Clark, Al-
bert L. Brown, Perry Welch, at Antietan;i ;
Madison A. Travis, J. A. C. Thorn, Thomas

158

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYEVANIA

F. Rush, at I-'rcdcrickslniri;; Milo E. r.ryaiit,
at Wilderness; Thonias C. Eucas, at Bethesda
Church.

Members (if C(iiii])aiiy K. I-lIeventh I'. K.
C, transferred to other organizations: Cor-
Ijoral Eemucl Dobbs, transferred to Nineteenth
Regiment U. S. C. T. ; Private Perry A. Fos-
ter, transferred to Veteran Reserve Corps ;
Private Thomas !•;. Eove, transferred to Vet-
eran Reserve Corps ; Private James P. Wil-
liams, transferred to ^^etcran Reserve Corps ;
Private Barton Nicliolson, transferred to One
Elundred and -Fifth Regiment P. V. Trans-
ferred to Company E One Hundred and Nine-
tieth Regiment P. \\ : F.h'jah Bish, Alpheus

C. Cochran, Othoniel Davis. I-. A. Gruver,
Joseph P. Miller, David Montgomery, Wil-
liam Steel, Thomas W. Salada, A. W. Perrin.
H. S. Wyant. The two last-named were cap-
tured and died at Salisbury, North Carolina.

"The muster roll of the company is as fol-
lows : Captains, Evans R. Brady, James P.
George, Edward Scofield ; first lieutenant,
Harvey H. Clover; second lieutenants, James
E. Eong, Cyrus Butler; first sergeants, An-
drew J. Harl, Arch. M. McKillep, James El-
liott, \\'illiam W. Ossawandel ; sergeants,
Daniel L. Swartz, Thomas P. McCrea, John
H. Miller, Bennewell Elaugh, David C. K.
Eevan. Calvin Galbraith ; cor])orals, Eemuel

D. Dodds, Joshua Jones, John LTplinger, John
Baker, Thomas A. I^ucas, T. E. Hall, Benja-
min McClellan, R. Wilson Ramsey, Job M.
Carley. Privates, Samuel Alexander, William

G. .\lgeo. Cornelius J. Adams, John H. Alt,
Elijah Bish. Albert E. Brown, M. E. Boying-
ton. Joseph S. Bovard, Milo E. Bryant. James
A. P.lair, Martin V. Briggs, Enos .'\. Cornell,
John Cuddy, William Cathcart. Jesse Crav-
ener, A. C. Cochran, Jack.son Crisswell, Wil-
liam Coulter, William ("lark, William Cham-
berlain, John B. Clough, John W. Carr. Sam-
uel Donley, Othoniel Davis, Davis DeHaven,
John Engle. William I'j'sle, .Solomon Fitzger-
ald, Perry A. Foster, Samuel A. Gordon,
Joseph C. Gibson. E. A. Gruver, James Galla-
gher, William Hoffman, Clark H. Elaven,
David R. Hurst. Thomas TTnghes, George
Ittle, William A. |ohnson, William D. Knapp,
William Kelly, Ed. G. Kirkman, Michael A.
King, Thomas E. Eove, William F. Eoomis,
J. A. Montgomery, Orville T. Minor, John
McMillen, James H. Mvers, William T- Mills,
John A. McGuire, IT. W. McKillip. William
"Morri.son, James IT. McKillip, Jo.se])h P. Mil-
ler, David Montgomery, Horatio R. Morey,
J. D. S. McAnulty, Israel G. Monks, Sylvester
McKinley, Eevi P.. McFadden, J. Montgom-

ery, Samuel W. Miles. William McEaughlin,
Thomas Neal, Thomas Nolf. E. S. Newberry,
r.arton .\. Nicholson, Eli Phillips, A. W. Per-
rin, Henry A. Reigle, John J. Robinson, David
J. Reigle, Thomas Rock. Thomas F. Rush,
John Reif, Samuel Steele, George Shick,
Joseph Smith, George Surdam, Loran Skin-
ner, J. W. Shellabarger, George Slack. Wil-
liam Steele, Thomas W. Sallada, Giles Skin-
ner, John Sheesly, Moses M. Sugards. Win-
field S. Taylor, James A. C. Thom, Madison
A. Travis, Robert M. Wilson, Eevi B. Wise,
Robert N. Williams, Thomas T. Wesley,
James P. Williams, Andrew Waley, Allen C.
\\'i,int, II. S. Wiant, Reuben Weaver, George
R. U'anl, Perry A. Welch."

Covipdiiy I . Sivty-sccoiul Rri/imrnt P. V.

"Cajjt. Robert R. Means, of Brookville.
r.-iised a company. Col. Samuel W. Black, of
Pittsburgh, by authority from the secretary
of war. Gen. Simon Cameron, commenced to
recruit a regiment, and Captain Means at once
offered his company for this new organization
and was accepted. A comjiany had been
partially recruited in and near Punxsutawnev,
and was joined to that of Captain Means, and
the compaiiy with full ranks left Punxsutau-
ney July 24. 1861, and proceeded to Camp
Wright, near Pittsburgh, where it was mus-
tered in as Company E Thirty-third Inde-
pendent Regiment. The election of officers
resulted in the election of Robert R. Means,
cajjtain ; Edwin H. Eittle, first lieutenant; and
John T. Bell, second lieutenant.

"The regiment was at once ordered to Cam]i
Cameron, near Harri.sburg, where it arrived
with full ranks and splendidly organized and
officered. Tt proceeded in a few weeks to
Camp Ra])]). in the northern suburbs of Wash-
ington city, where it was equipped with cloth-
ing, arms, etc. ; six companies receiving the
new .S])ringficld rifles and the balance sniooth-
1)ore muskets.

"On the nth of September the regiment
moved across the Potomac, going into caniji
near Fort Corcoran, where it was assigned to
the .Second lirigade of Gen. Fitzjohn Porter's
Division. Drill was commenced, but owing
to the men being constantly on detail for
fatigue duty at work constructing roads and
throwing up entrenchments, but little was
acc(im])lished. On the 2r)th the regiment wa.s
moved with the new line, which was advanced
by the enemy falling back from Munson's
llill. It remained here at Fall's Church for a
few weeks, when it moved to Elinor's Hill

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

159

and went into winter quarters. The new
camp was called Bettie Black, for the Colonel's
youngest daughter.

"Here the regiment was renumbered as the
Sixty-second P. V. Here drill and discipline
w-as rigidly enforced, and a school established
for the officers. Both officers and men soon
became proficient in 'tactics.' In December,
at Hall's Hill, the State colors were presented
to the regiment. Colonel Black receiving them
in behalf of the regiment in his usual eloquent
and happy manner. Here, also, the regiment
received the new zouave outfit, the most com-
plete in all its details of any uniform furnished
the volunteer soldiers. The men took pride
in keeping their camp in the best of order,
and much taste was displayed. The streets
were lined with rows of cedars, and at the end
of every street was an arch, with the letter
of each company in a wreath .suspended in its
center. The reporter of the New York World
wrote of it as 'the model camp of the Army
of the Potomac' During the early part of
the winter much sickness prevailed in the regi-
ment, and several died out of Company I.
The surgeon placed the camj) under the strict-
est sanitary measures, and the disease soon
abated.

"Capt. Robert R. Means resigned January
13, 1863. when Lieut. Edwin H. Little was
promoted captain, and ])roved a brave and
faithful officer until the battle of Gettysburg,
when he was killed while fighting desperately
at the head of his company, in that fearful
hand-to-hand conflict in the wheatfield, July
2d. Captain Little was a son of Jacob and
.Anna Little, nee Shunk, and was born in
Bridgewater, Beaver Co., Pa., on the 14th of
Augtist, 1833. He removed with his parents
to Punxsutawney in 1852.

"When Captain Little fell the command of
Company I devolved upon Lieut. John T. Bell,
who was promoted captain September 12.
1863. Captain Bell was wounded and taken
prisoner at Gaines's Mill, and again wounded
in the Wilderness. He commanded the com-
pany efficiently until its muster out. Com-
pany T look part in the battles of Yorktown,
Hanover Court House. Gaines's Mill, Malvern
Hill. Antietani. Second Bull Run. Fredericks-
burg. Chancellorsville. Rappahannock Station.
Locust Grove Church, the Wilderness, Spott-
sylvania. North Anna, Tolopotomy, Bethesda
Church, Petersburg, June 18, Jerusalem
Plank Road. The company lost by battle and
disease the following :

"Killed at Gettysburg— Capt. E. H. Little,
Sergt. Isaac S. Osborne, William Orr, H. C.

Tafel; at Gaines's Mill. Sergt. Clarence R.
Thompson.

"Died of wounds and disease — Ephraim
Myers. A. W. Armagost. John Bouch. David
Burkett, Samuel Crissman, William Farley,
James A. Fairman, George Leech, Adam W.
Musser, Jacob H. Trout, James Spencer; G.
Vancampment. at Andersonville. Ga. John
Kaylor, wounded, with loss of arm. at Han-
over Court House, died at Kittanning. Pa., on
his way home. July 17, 1863.*

"The following Jefiferson county men served
in Company I, Sixty-second Regiment : Cap-
tains. Robert R. Means. Edwin LI. Little,
John T. Bell ; first lieutenant, Samuel W.
Temple ; first sergeants, John M. .Steck, Isaac
S. Osborne; sergeants, George Mack, David
W. Kerr, George S. Campbell, C. R. Thomp-
son ; corporals, Thomas A. Hendricks, Alex-
ander Glenn, William Smith, Arr Neil, Charles
F. Liebrick, Thomas H. Budlong, Ephraim
Myers, Ephraim B. Johnston, A. W. Arma-
gost. John Shannon. Thomas Anderson. Sam-
uel Crissman. Ira Felt. Watson Guthrie;
musicians. William R. Depp. John Ready.
Privates. Paul' Broadhead. Philip Black,
Joseph T. Burns, John Bouch, David Burkett,
Joseph L. Burly, George Bei-ger, George
Christy, Harrison Covill, Edwin B. Cavinore,
James C. Cavinore, Thomas Connell, James
Caldwell, Fleming Caldwell, John Collins, Wil-
liam Cunningham. Samuel J. Denny, Fred-
erick C. Eshliaugh. Thomas Edmonds, George
M. Emrick, John W. Frost, William M. Fair-
man, James A. Fairman, William Farley,
James Geer, Mathew Griffith. Solomon Heim,
David Hopkins, Isaac Hendricks, James B.
Jordan. John Kaylor, Hughes Kelly. Francis
Lyman. John II. Love. George Leech, Abra-
ham Milliron, Josiah Morehead, Adam W.
Musser, William F. Meeker, John Maginnis,
David McKee, Neil McKay, James McSpar-
rin, lames McKee, George W. McKinlv,
ChaiJes H. McCracken. Frederick Nulf. H.
N. G. Nutting, William Orr, John Oyster,
Lyman H. Phelps, Samuel Reynolds, George
W. Richards, William Rowley. Joseph Rich-
ards. William Randolph. Clark Rodgers, Henry
Slagle, Simon J. Shanafelt. Henry Shearer,
Joseph Sterrett, R. W. Shafifer, Henry C.
Shuey, James Spencer, George L. Smith,
Adam .Smith, Noah Shotts, Absalom Stoner,
Benjamin Smyers, Adam Smouse, James C.
Shields, Samuel Shafifer, Jacob S. Trout, PL
C. Tafel, Joseph M. Temple. George Van-
liorn. G. VanCampment. David J. Watt. Rob-
ert Welsh. Noah \\'ensell. John Warner. lohn
M. Weaver.

160

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

"The following men from Company I,
Sixty-second P. V., reenlisted in Company I,
One Hundred and Fifty-fifth P. V.: Capt.
John T. Bell ; First Sergt. Thomas C. Ander-
son ; Sergt. Ephraim B. Johnston ; Corporals
Sylvanus F. Covill, George L. Smith, Robert
W. Shaffer, Samuel Reynolds, died; Noah
Wensell, killed at Spottsylvania ; Privates
Joseph J,. lUicley (Burly), Samuel J. Denny,
killed at Peeblc's Farm, \'a. ; John Maginnis,
William F. Meek-er, John W. Oyster, Lyman
S. Phelps, Jose])h Ricliards. Absalom Stoner,
Samuel ShatTer."

One Uitiulrcd and Fifth I'cmtsylvania Regi-
ment — Wild Cat Regiment

"The Wild Cat Regiment, so called from
the old name of the Congressional district
which embraced Jefferson county, from which
it was princijx'illy recruited, was raised in ac-
cordance with authority granted by the war
department to Amor A. McKnight, Esq., of
Brookville, Pa. The regiment was organized
at Pittsburgh. September g, 1861, and pro-
ceeded immediately to Washington city, going
into camp at Kalorama Heights on the nth
of .Septemlx-r. LI ere a company from West-
moreland county, commanded by Capt. M. M.
Dick, seceded from Colonel Leasure's Round-
head regiment and joined Colonel McKnight's
regiment. This, one of the best companies in
the regiment, was afterwards known as Com-
pany E. In a few days the regiment was
moved across the Potomac into \^irginia and
encamped upon the farm of Hon. George
Mason, one of the most bitter Rebels in the
Old Dominion, and whose life during that
winter was one season of discontent, caused
by the presence of the hated bluecoats en-
camped at his very door. This camp, situated
on a slight eminence, about one and a half
miles from Alexandria, was called Camp
Jameson, after the gallant Gen. Charles D.
Jaineson, of Maine, to w^hose brigade the regi-
ment was assigned. This noble officer, who,
while in command of his own tried regiment,
the Second Maine, had won his stars at Bull
Jvun, soon became a great favorite with the
men of the Wild Cat Regiment. Llimself a
lumberman, he could appreciate the hardy,
stalwart sons of the forest. On one occasion
some of the boys who had been detailed to

* These arc all that an- ri'piirtcil as having hceii
killed or died from Company 1. Init the records of
llu- company are not fnll, as forty-two names are
reported "not on mnster-oiit roll." and it is more
than likely that some of these were killed or died.

cut firewood employed their time instead in
gathering chestnuts and returned to camp
i)ringing only a few fence rails. As a punish-
ment for this breach of discipline Colonel Mc-
Knight ordered them to 'walk the ring,' each
man carrying a rail. General Jameson passing
by, the boys came to a halt and saluted him by
bringing their rails to 'present arms.' The
Cieneral returned the salute, seemingly much
amused. An election for field officers was
held soon after the regiment reached Camp
Jameson, which resulted in the election of
Amor A. McKnight, colonel; W. W. Corbet,
lieutenant colonel; M. M. Dick, major. The
regiment, which was now called the One
Hundred and Fifth Pennsylvania Yolunteers,
was assigned to the First Brigade, First Divis-
ion, Third Corps, which place it kept from
that time until the glorious old Third was con-
solidated with the Second Corps, and, with
the Sixty-third Pennsylvatiia Volunteers,
were, I think, the only regiments that ke])t
their original place in the same brigade. This
brigade was at first composed of the Fifty-
seventh, Sixty-third, and One Hundred and
Fifth Pennsylvania Volunteers, and the
Eighty-seventh New York.

"Gen. Charles K. Graham, under whom the
One Hundred and Fifth did some of its most
heroic fighting, gives me in a recent letter this
unsolicited tribute to the regiment : 'The
One Hundred and Fifth was composed of
unusually fine material. Young in years and
strong in brawn. Colonel McKnight, too, was
a very capable drill officer and fine discip-
linarian and taught his men to excel in their
manoeuvres. Frec|ucntly, when I commanded
the brigade, I visited the headquarters of the
regiment to witness the bayonet drill, in which
the regiment was particularly proficient.'

"On the 26th of January, 1862, Captains
Rose and Altman and Lieutenants Brady,
Worrall, J. G. and C. J. Wilson resigned.
Capt. L. B. Dufif, of the Ninth Pennsylvania
Reserves, was given the command of Com-
pany D. Cajit. James Hamiltoti, of the same
regiment, was assigned to Company L and
Lieut. A. C. Thompson, of Company P>, to
the command of Company K. This was for a
time dee])ly resented by the men of these com-
panies, but when they found how brave, cap-
able and honorable these officers were they
forgot their grievances, and no officers in the
regiment were more highly honored or more
po])tilar. January 5, 1X62, the One Hundred
and iMfth was presented by the .State with ;in
elegant stand of colors. Gen. L K. Moorhead,
of Pittsburgh, making the |)resentation oti be-

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

161

half of Governor Curtin, and Colonel Mc-
Knight receiving the flag on behalf of his regi-
ment.

"On March 17th the One Hundred and
Fifth embarked on the steamer 'Catskill,' for
Fortress Monroe, arriving there on the even-
ing of the 19th. They disembarked in the
midst of a fearful rainstorm, and in this were
marched about a mile north of the fort and
halted for the night. This was their first field
experience, and not relishing the prospect of
lying all night in the rain, the regiment, with-
out orders, broke ranks, and officers and men
sought refuge from the storm in some cavalry
stables of the. Eleventh Pennsylvania Cavalry,
who gave the drenched and suffering soldiers
shelter, and with the Sixteenth Massachusetts
Infantry, who were on guard near by, pre-
pared hot coiTee for both the One Flundred
and Fifth and Sixty-third. They remained in
the vicinity of Yorktown until the 5th of May,
when the First Brigade, which had been de-
tached from the division, was ordered to rejoin
it and were hurried forward at a 'double
quick' past all obstruction through the rain
and mud. As they neared Williamsburg
General Heintzelman rode out to meet them,
while the rest of the division received them
with a cheer. The other brigades of the divis-
ion were almost used up, but when they heard
the enthusiastic cheers of Jameson's brigade
as it hastened to their relief it infused new
life into their weary, bleeding ranks, and they,
rallying, made charge after charge until the
enemy gave way. Jameson's brigade was
hurried to the front, but the enemy did not
venture to attack, and, our forces not caring
to attack their works that night, the division
was formed in line and lay there all night in
the pouring rain without overcoats or blankets.
The next morning the One Hundred and Fifth
was deployed as skirmishers to enter the
town. General Jameson and Colonel McKnight
both with them. Company C, which occupied
the center as the advance, was the first to
enter the town, and the regimental flag was
hoisted on the courthouse by Sergeant McNutt
of that company. As our troops entered the
eastern end of the town the last of the Con-
federate infantry could be seen leaving from
the west. The regiment was deployed in and
about the town and captured several prisoners.
Sergt. Joseph Craig, of Company C, captured
a Confederate cavalryman with his horse and
arms. Company K captured the sabre, sash
and dress suit of Major General Wilcox, of
the Confederate army. Captain Thompson
appropriated the sash. Lieutenant Lawson the
11

sabre, while the boys 'parted his raiment
among them.' The One Hundred and Fifth
was detailed to guard Williamsburg, Lieut.
Colonel Corbet being appointed provost mar-
shal. They remained here until the 9th of
May, when they left Williamsburg and until
the 31st of May were employed on guard and
picket duty between Williamsburg and the
Chickahominy River.

"On the morning of May 31 firing began
in their front, which rapidly grew heavier, and
at four o'clock p. m. the brigade was ordered
to the front. The One Hundred and Fifth,
with seven companies, leaving all baggage be-
hind, marched at 'double quick' down the rail-
road, past Savage Station about half a mile,
where they were halted for a few minutes in
the woods. To their right was an open field,
across this a rifle-pit filled with our men, wait-
ing the onset of the enemy. On their imme-
diate front was a narrow 'slashing' of fallen
timber, beyond which was Casey's camp, now
in possession of the enemy. The One Hun-
dred and Fifth turned to the right out of the
woods in front of the rifle-pit, where they
were brought to the front, and ordered by
General Jameson to charge through the 'slash-
ing' upon the enemy. They relieved the Tenth
Massachusetts, and as they moved forward
at double quick, found the Confederates about
to attack them, and the two forces met almost
on the edge of Casey's camp. So impetuous
and deadly was the charge that the enemy
gave way and were driven across and out of
Casey's camp. Not being able to get their
horses into the fallen timber, the officers, dis-
mounting, turned them loose and went into
the fight on foot. The One Hundred and
Fifth pursued the flying foe until our entire
right gave way, and the heroic little band was
with difficulty withdrawn through a swamp
on their left. The two companies, C and I,
who could not join their regiment at the com-
mencement of the fight, came up as soon as
possible and were ordered by General Heint-
zelman to form on the right of the Fifty-
seventh Pennsylvania Volunteers, and advance
into the woods upon the enemy and hold the
road, if possible. This they did until, the
Fifty-seventh being obliged to retire, they
also fell back, loading and firing as they went.
Four of Company C were wounded, but there
were no casualties in Company I. During the
night they were joined by the survivors of the
other companies.

"General Jameson, in his report of the bat-
tle of Fair Oaks, says : 'I had disposed of all
my command at different points, with the ex-

162

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

ception of three hundred and forty-eight men
of the One Hundred and Fifth Pennsylvania
N'oUniteers, under Colonel McKnight. All our
men had fled from the abatis in the vicinity
of the Richmond road. Our only alternative
was to make the best possible stand with the
handful of men under Colonel McKnight.
We led them across the open field to the Rich-
mond road and into the abatis, at double quick
and under a most terrific fire, deploying one
half on either side of the road. For more than
an hour and a half this small force held every
inch of the ground. At last the enemy broke
and ran, and McKnight pursued them through

Casey's camp No other evidence of

the valor displayed by this heroic little band
is necessary than the list of their killed and
wounded. Every eighth man of their number
has, since the fight, been buried on the field,
and just one half their number killed or
wounded. Of the eighteen commissioned of-
ficers thirteen were killed or wounded. Gen-
eral Kearny's horse and mine were killed. A
parallel to this fighting does not exist in the
two days' battle, nor will it exist during the
war.'

"Headly, in his 'History of the Rebellion,"
says of the conduct of the One Hundred and
Fifth at Fair Oaks : 'Napoleon's veterans
never stood firmer under a devastating fire.'

"In this fight the One Hundred and Fifth
lost two of its best officers, Capt. John C. Bow-
ling, of Company B, and Lieut. J. P. R. Cum-
miskey, of Company D ; forty-one enlisted men
killed, one hundred and seventeen wounded,
and seventeen missing. Colonel AIcKnighl,
Captains Duff'. Greenawalt, Kirk and Thomp-
son, and Lieutenants Craig, Markle, Shipley,
Geggie and Baird were wounded.

"From the battle of Fair Oaks to the 25th
of June the regiment remained quiet, doing
picket duty, fiencral Jameson, so beloved by
the regiment, had been seriously injured by
his horse falling upon him, which, added to
sickness caused by exposure, etc., had caused
him to resign, and the command of the brigade
devolved upon General Robinson. On the
27th of June, while engaged as skirmishers,
two men were killed and si.x wounded. On
the 30th of June and ist of July the One Hun-
dred and Fifth was hotly engaged at Glendale
and Malvern Hill, losing, during the two days.
one hundred and three killed and wounded —
more than half the entire force of the regi-
ment — but their loss was not to be wondered
at, for at Glendale the regiment was hotly
engaged from two p. ni. until dark, the enemy
making desperate attempts to capture a battery

which it was supporting. "The battle of Glen-
dale,' says the Compte de Paris, 'is remark-
able for its fierceness, among all those that
have drenched the American forests with
blood.'

"The night after this fight they retired to
Malvern Hill, where they were sharply en-
gaged next day, standing for over four hours
under an incessant fire of musketry and artill-
ery, with no protection but a rail fence. Each
man was supplied with one hundred and fifty
cartridges, and not a man left his post while
he had a cartridge left. At times the Con-
federates came so close that our men could
almost touch them with their bayonets, and
they fought with desperation. Col. C. A.
Craig, in writing of this battle, says : 'We
are not a blowing regiment, or a blowing divis-
ion, but if men can fight better than Kearny's
Di\ision, it will be more than I have imagined
in the art of war.'

"On August 23d the regiment embarked
upon truck cars for Manassas Junction, the
different companies being detailed to do guard
duty at Manassas, Catletts, Bristoe. and the
high bridge at Turkey Run. Companies E
and K were relieved at Bristoe on the 29th by
part of the Eighty-seventh New York, and by
sundown started down the railroad towards
Catletts, picking up the men stationed on the
road as they went along. This saved them
from capture, as Stonewall Jackson's column,
thirty thousand strong, struck Bristoe a few
minutes after they were relieved. They had
barely reached the switch, when, hearing fir-
ing in the direction of Bristoe, they started
l)ack, but finding the enemy in force Cajitain
(ireenawalt, commanding the detachment,
retired to Kettle Run bridge, which they were
preparing to defend when a detachment from
Sickles's Excelsior Brigade was sent to their
relief. The officer in command ordered them
to boai'd a train coming north, which was
ordered Ijack towards Bristoe. When they
reached the brow of the hill overlooking Bris'-
toe, they l)eheld spread out before them the
Rebel camp. They moved l)ack to Kettle Run,
wiiere they made a stand to save the brigade,
l)Ut a battery and a large force of Rebel in-
fantry was sent after them, and not being able
to cope with so large a force they were again
put aljoard the train and run back to Catletts,
to find their regiment in line, having been
ordered to join Hooker, who, with the Third
Corps, was moving back to meet Jackson.
They found the bridge at Kettle Run de-
stroyed, anrl iiad a brisk engagement. The
(^ne Hundred and I'ifth supported a battery

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

163

on the left of Hooker's line, on the hill over-
looking Bristoe, and the Confederates made
furious attempts to take it. General Hooker
rode up and turned one of the guns upon the
enemy himself. The next morning they
marched to Manassas Junction, from which
the enemy had retired during the night. Here
Companies B and G had been left under com-
mand of Capt. S. A. Craig, who had in addi-
tion about thirty-five men of the Eighty-
seventh New York, and four or five pieces
of artillery in charge of Lieutenant James.
The heroic little force tried gallantly to defend
and hold the place, but after a short resistance
were obliged to yield to the large force op-
posed to them. This force was composed of
the 'Louisiana Tigers' and a. North Carolina-
Georgia battalion, and was commanded by the
late General Gordon. About half of Captain
Craig's command was captured, the rest escap-
ing in the darkness. Captain Craig was
wounded and taken prisoner. Three men of
Company B were killed.

"On August iijth the regiment started for
Bull Run, meeting on the way those of their
comrades captured at Bristoe and Manassas,
whom Jackson, not wishing to be hampered
with prisoners, had paroled. On reaching the
battlefield the First Brigade was placed on the
extreme right, facing Bull Run. Here they
lay all day under a heavy artillery fire, but
being protected by a rail fence and the woods
in their front no casualties occurred in the
One Hundred and Fifth. It was a great relief,
however, when about five o'clock p. m. Gen-
eral Kearny formed his column for attack,
and led them into the fight. This column was
formed of the Twentieth Indiana on the right,
the Sixty-third Pennsylvania \'olunteers on
the left, the Third Michigan on the right, and
the One Hundred and Fifth the left center.
They charged through the woods, and drove
the enemy from the embankment and some
distance beyond, but he rallied in force, and,
though they again and again repulsed him,
they were at last obliged to give way, and lost
all the ground they had gained. The One
Hundred and Fifth was the last to leave the
railroad, and held their jjosition for some time
after the balance of the brigade had left them.
The Confederates, having crept up under
cover of the embankment of the old railroad,
suddenly delivered a heavy fire straight in
their faces, causing the old regiment to reel
and stagger like a drunken man. Captains
Kirk and Thompson, finding themselves in a
crowd from all companies, at once began to
form their lines as on dress parade, and soon

had the regiment in order again. It was here
that the regiment sustained its heaviest loss.
Capt. C. A. Craig, in command of the regi-
ment, was shot through the ankle and his
horse killed. Captains Hastings and Thomp-
son were both severely wounded, and Lieuten-
ant Gilbert, it is supposed, killed, as no trace
was ever had of the brave yovmg officer after-
wards. Captain Duff and Lieutenant Clyde
brought the regiment off the field. The loss
sustained was twelve killed, forty-three
wounded, and three missing. When the re-
treat began, the regiment was ordered to cover
the road from Centreville, which they did,
lying perfectly still until the army had all
passed safely, when the brigade was ordered
to march off the field without noise.

"On the 1st of September the regiment was
in the battle of Chantilly. Here they lost their
beloved leader, the gallant Kearny, who, as,
he rode unwittingly to meet his death, received
his last cheer from the One Hundred and
Fifth as he passed their lines. In his report
of the battle of Bull Run, made the day he
fell. General Kearny says : 'The One Hun-
dred and Fifth Pennsylvania Volunteers was
not wanting. They are Pennsylvanians —
mountain men. Again have they been fear-
fully decimated. The desperate charges of
these regiments sustain the past history of
this division.'

''Colonel McKnight having regained his
health, on the 20th of September was again
commissioned colonel of the regiment. The
government in thus keeping the position for
him showed its appreciation of his value as
an officer. The regiment remained quietly
in camp until the nth of October, when it
"was ordered to cross the Potomac to watch
some Confederate cavalry raiding in Mary-
land. On the 28th they returned to Virginia,
and were engaged in guard and picket duty
and bridge building until Burnside began his
movement against Fredericksburg, where they
supported Randolph's Battery in the fight of
the 13th and 14th of December, losing three
men killed, and Captain Hamilton, Lieuten-
ants Clyde and Patterson, and eleven men
wounded. Gen. Charles K. Graham, on taking
charge of the First Brigade, noticed the pro-
ficiency of the One Hundred and Fifth in
drill and discipline, and tO' satisfy himself that
he was not mistaken in his estimate of it. with
Gen. D. B. Birney, commanding the division,
selected the regiment acknowledged to be the
best drilled in the division, the Thirty-eighth
New York, to compete with the One Hiuidred
and Fifth for the championship, General Bir-

164

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

ney to be the judge, who. after witnessing the
drill, pronounced the One Hundred and Fifth
the victor in the contest. General Sickles,
who came over on the invitation of General
Birney to see the One Hundred and Fifth on
dress parade, also warmly eulogized them on
their excellence in drill, and complimented
Colonel ]\rcKnight for the pains he had
taken in drilling and disciplining them.

"On the 28th of April the gallant Third
Corps commenced its march towards Chancel-
lorsville. On the 2d of May the brigade was
moved to the center near the Chancellorsville
brick house, the One Hundred and Fifth being
deployed as skinnishers and to make a road
across a swamp. Just as the work was fin-
ished several of the men were wounded by a
heavy artillery fire from the enemy. On the
morning of the 3d their line was formed in
the rear of the house, the One Hundred and
Fourteenth Pennsylvania Volunteers on the
right and the One Hundred and Fifth on the
extreme left of the brigade. The regiment
charged through the woods immediately in
front of the Confederate batteries, where they
were hotly engaged for two hours. Colonel
McKnight and Lieutenant Colonel Craig were
continually passing along the line, encourag-
ing the men by their example and coolness.
Just as the regiment was gaining position at
the entrance of the woods. Colonel McKnight
was shot through the head and killed. With
his hat in his hand he had just given the com-
mand, 'Forward, double quick, march!' With
shouts his men pressed on to fulfill his last
command, and advancing on a double quick-
drove the enemy from the breastworks that
they had taken from the Eleventh Corps the
day before.

"Upon the fall of Colonel AIcKnight, the
command of the regiment devolved upon Col-
onel Craig, who drove the enemy from the
first line of entrenchments, which they held
until, their ammunition being exhausted, the
regiment, with the rest of the brigade, fell
back, the enemy following to the brow of the
hill, when the One Hundred and Fifth made
a stand and would have charged had the
enemy continued to advance. A new line
being formed, the regiment retired again to
the rear of the Chancellor house. W^hile here
Colonel Craig rode up to General Graham and
asked him whether he was aware that the
regiment was without ammunition. The Gen-
eral turned his horse and coolly surveying
them, replied that it was all right, for. said
he: 'They have their bayonets yet.' They
hafl fired every cartridge before falling back,

even searching the dead and wounded for
them. The One Hundred and Fifth took into
this fight twenty-seven officers and three hun-
dred and twenty men, and lost Colonel Mc-
Knight. Captain Kirk, Lieutenant Powers and
eight men killed; Captain Clyde, Lieutenants
Shipley, Piatt, Hewett, McHenry, and sixty
enlisted men wounded, and seven missing.

"On May 21st Lieutenant Colonel Craig
was commissioned colonel ; Major J. W.
Greenawalt. lieutenant colonel ; Capt. Levi B.
Dufl:'. major. On the 27th those non-commis-
sioned officers and privates who, by theij
bravery and good conduct as soldiers, hacl.
merited the gift, were presented by General
Sickles with the Kearny badge of honor. The
following members of the One Hundred and
Fifth received the cross: Sergts. A. H. Mit-
chell. A. D. McPherson, Samuel T. Hadden,
Company A; Sergts. Joseph C. Kelso, George
Heiges. Charles C. McCauley, B ; Corporal
A. A. Flarley, Privates Charles C. Weaver,
Samuel H. Mays, C; Sergt. James Sylvis,
Corporal Milton Craven, D ; "Sergt. Joseph E.
Geiger, Corporals George \^'eddell, James M.
Shoaf, E ; Sergt. Robert Doty. Corporal Henry
McKillip, Private Perry Cupler. F ; Sergt.
George W. Hawthorn, Private William D.
Kane. G; Privates Thomas M. Rea, Robert
Feverly, H ; Sergt. Oliver C. Redic, Joseph
Ivinnear, I ; Sergts. James Miller, George S.
Reed, K.

"It was a very difficult matter to thus select
out particular individuals, where all had been
so brave, and had on so many hard-fought
battlefields shown their valor, and it was a
double honor to be thus singled out to receive
this mark of distinction — this memento of
tiieir brave old commander, the lamented
Kearny. In his order announcing the names
of those entitled to receive the 'cross,' Gen-
eral Birney says:

" 'Many deserving soldiers may have es-
caped the notice of their commanding officers,
bul in the selection after the next battle they
will doubtless receive the honorable distinc-
ti(}ii. The cross is in honor of our old leader,
and tlie wearers of it will always remember
the high standard of a true and brave soldier,
and will never disgrace it.'

"Nobly did those brave fellows deserve the
honor bestowed, as their subsequent history
shows. Miller was promoted colonel and
Redic lieutenant colonel of the regiment, Mit-
chell and Kelso to captain, .Sylvis. Slioaf. and
McKillip to lieutenants; Hadden, McCauley,
Doty. Hawthorn, and Kiniiear were killed;
Heiges and Reed died of wounds; Craven lost

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

165

his right arm in the Wilderness ; McPherson,
a leg at Gettysburg, while every one of the
others received one or more wounds ere their
term of service expired.

"From the battle of ChancellorsvlUe until
the march into Pennsylvania began the One
Himdred and Fifth did picket and guard duty
along the Potomac. Monday. June 29, the
regiment marched through Taneytown and
encamped for the night within live miles of
the Pennsylvania State line. Tuesday they
marched to the Emmitsburg road, the Third
Corps being ordered to hold Emmitsburg.
General Sickles, in response to General Rey-
nolds's order, hurried his corps, which was
ten miles away, to Gettysburg. The roads
were exceedingly heavy, as it had been rain-
ing hard, and the long march of the preceding
days had told upon the troops, so that it was
after 5 p. m. on Wednesday when they reached
Gettysburg. Birney's division came up on
the Emmitsburg road, passed Sherfy's house,
where it turned to the right and halted just
north of Little Round Top, where they lay
all iiight. The next morning at daybreak
they formed in line of battle. Ward's Brigade
on the left, with his left resting on the DevTs
Den ; De Trobriand in the center, and Gra-
ham on the right in the peach orchard, with
his right resting on the Emmitsburg road.
This line was gradually moved forward until
the left of the division rested on Little Round
Top and the right at Sherfy's house, where
the One Hundred and Fifth was moved to the
right of the road, and a little before noon was
marched to the front, where Companies A,
C, F and I were deployed as skirmishers to
support the Sixty-third Pennsylvania Volun-
teers, already engaged in their front and keep-
ing up a brisk fire upon the skirmishers of the
enemy, who could be seen watching them
through the trees. .Soon after these companies
were called in and the regiment took its place
on the extreme right of the brigade, where it
remained quiet until three p. m., when the bat-
tle opened in earnest, and the One Hundred
and Fifth was moved up to the brow of the
hill along the Emmitsburg road. Here, for
an hour, they stood imflinchingly under a
heavy fire of shot and shell from front and
flank, losing some ten or twehe men.

"Just at this juncture, the enemy moving
up in force, the regiment advanced to receive
them, and formed in the road a little in ad-
vance of our batteries. The fighting was now
desperate, the enemy steadily advancing, but
the brigade held its ground until, the line on
its left giving way, the enemy poured into

its flank and rear a most murderous fire, forc-
ing it to fall back for an instant. But they
rallied again and again and drove the enemy
back to Sherfy's house; but the force opposed
to them was too heavy and they were forced
to retire. It was when engaged in this hand-
to-hand conflict, with an overwhelming force
of the enemy, and just as the shattered line
of Graham was yielding to the overwhelm-
ing force of Barksdale's Mississippians, that
the gallant troops of the First Division of the
.Second Corps, in which was the One Hundred
and Forty-eighth ^Pennsylvania, came rush-
ing to their relief. The regiment then took
position with the new line that had been
formed in the rear, connecting Cemetery
Ridge with Round Top. where they remained
until the close of the day's fighting. During
the 3d and 4th they lay quiet on the second
line, doing no further fighting. The regiment
took into the battle of Gettysburg two hun-
dred and forty-seven men, and lost Lieut.
George W. Crossly and fourteen men killed,
thirteen officers and one hundred and eleven
men wounded, and nine missing. Lieut. Isaac
A. Dunston, who was mortally wounded,
died soon after. Out of the seventeen officers
who went into the fight only four escaped
uninjured. Colonel Craig lost three horses
and Adjt. Joseph Craig two.

"On the 5th the regiment left (Gettysburg,
and July 24th went into camp at White Sul-
phur Springs. A'irginia. In this beautiful
l)lace they remained until .September 13th.
recruiting their exhausted strength and de-
pleted ranks. On the 15th they left the
.Springs. The regiment leading the advance
encountered the skirmishers of the enemy at
Auburn, who opened a heavy fire upon them,
but the One Hundred and Fifth steadily ad-
vanced, loading and firing, until the First
Division formed in line, and General Birney
ordered a charge to i)rotect them. In this
fight the regiment lost one killed and five
wounded. The next morning they were again
on the move, and until the 27th, when they
were engaged at Kelly's Ford, where they
sustained no loss, the regiment acted for the
most jjart as advance guard for the division.
It had become a great favorite with General
Birney, who frecjuently selected it for import-
ant positions, and on one occasion, when the
enemy was reported near, he ordered General
CoUis, who since the wounding of General
Graham at Gettysburg commanded the brigade,
to send the One Hundred and Fifth Regiment
as an advance guard, as he 'wanted a regi-
ment he could depend uj)on.' From here they

1G6

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLN'ANIA

went into camp at Rrandy Station, remaining-
there until November ^jth, when they took
part in the battle of Locust Grove, where
seven men were wounded. The next day, after
remaining in line of battle all night, they
marched through mud almost knee deep to a
point near Mine Run, and that night sup-
ported a battery, having one man wounded.
On the 1st of December, 1863, they returned
to their old camp at Brandy Station and on
the 2Xth the regiment was reenlisted by Colo-
nel Craig, according to orders from the war
department. Two hundred and forty men —
almost the entire force of the regiment — re-
enlisted and went home on veteran furlough.
where, after being feted and feasted by their
friends, they returned to their old quarters at
Brandy Station on the 21st of February, 1864,
bringing with them some fifty recruits.

"On the 26th of .March, 1864, the Third
Corps was consolidated with the Second
Corps, and the remnants of Kearny's famous
Red Diamond Division was consolidated into
two brigades. The old First Brigade, now
known as the Third Brigade, Third Division,
of the Second Corps, was put under command
of the brave Alexander Hays, the dashing
colonel of the Sixty-third Pennsylvania. This
brigade was composed of the Fifty-seventh.
Sixty-third, Sixty-eighth and One Uunflred
and Fifth Pennsylvania, Third and Fifth
Michigan. Fourth and Seventeenth Maine, and
First Regiment U. S. .Sharpshooters.

"It was a sad day for the men who had fol-
lowed Kearny, Hooker and Sickles on many
hotly contested fields to see their beloved Third
Corps obliterated from the Army of the
Potomac. The wound yet rankles in the
breasts of many who wore the diamond ; and
their hearts are yet sore over this dismember-
ment of the organization they held so sacred.
But as the fiat had gone forth that was the
death knell of the old Third, the brave men
of the Diamond Division could not have been
assigned to any other organization where they
would have been so cordially received, or with
whom they could so easily assimilate, as with
the gallant .Second Corps. General Walker,
in his excellent history of the Second Corps,
says of this transferring of the Third Corps :

" 'Hereafter the names of Birney and Mott.
Egan and McCallistcr. Pierce and Madill.
Brewster and Dc Trobriand. were to be borne
on the rolls of the Second Corps in equal
honor with Barlow and Gibbon. TTays and
Miles. Carroll and Brooke, Webb and Smyth ;
the deeds of these newcomers were to be an
indistinguishable j)art of the common glory;

their sufferings and losses were to be felt in
every nerve of the common frame ; the blood
of the men of Hooker and Kearnv, the men of
Richardson and Sedgwick, was to drench the
same fields from the Rapidan to the Appomat-
tox.'

"On the night of May 3d the One Hundred
and Fifth encamped on the battlefield of Chan-
cellorsville, the anniversary of their hard-
fought fight the year before, where they found
the hones of their gallant comrades bleaching
on the field. On the next day Birney 's
Division was selected to make the attack or
receive that of the enemy, as the case might
be, in the Wilderness. The One Hundred and
Fifth advanced about half a mile through the
dense wood, when they suddenly came upon
the enemy, and were at once fiercely engaged.
They at first took position in the rear of the
Sixty-third Pennsylvania \'olunteers, which
occupied the front line. Here several were
wounded. About four p. m. they relieved the
Sixty- third and then their hardest fighting
began. Every step of ground was hotly con-
tested, neither side giving an inch. The dead
were piled up in rows. Here Captain Hamilton
was killed, and Lieutenant Colonel Greena-
walt mortally wounded ; Lieutenants Kimple,
Sylvis, Redic and Miller were all severely
wounded, and fully one half of the men killed
and wounded. Colonel Craig, while riding
near the right of the regiment, about dark,
was shot in the head and seriously wounded.
Their colonel badly wounded, their brave
lieutenant colonel borne from the field dying,
the command devolved upon Major Duff, who
gallantly led them through the balance of the
fight, which still raged hotly.

"Here, while holding his ground against
heavy odds, the gallant Hays was killed.
When night closed upon the fearful scene the
One Hundred and Fifth held its original
position, but during the night it was relieved
and went to the rear. The next morning, how-
ever, Birney's Division again took the initia-
tive, charging the enemy's lines and forcing him
back almost a mile, until their ammunition
being exhausted they had to fall back to a
temporary line of breastworks, which the
enemy tried several times to take, but were re-
pulsed each time. The One Hundred and Fifth
here charged forward and occupied a position
on the front line. Captain Clyde, who, with
several others, mounted the front line of
breastworks, urging the men forward, fell
dead, almost touciiing the enemy. On the lOth
the brigade marched np the Po river to sup-
port the First Division, engaged with the

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

167

enemy on the south side of the river. Colonel
Crocker, who was temporarily commanding
the brigade, marched it up almost against a
Confederate battery, which opened fire at short
range. The regiment suffered terribly for a
few minutes. The first shot struck Private
Enos Shirts, of Company I, and blew him
literally to pieces, the men near him being
sprinkled with his blood and flesh. The
regiment held its ground until ordered to fall
back into a little ravine, where they held
position until the First Division had crossed
the river, when they retired to the rear of
the Fifth Corps. Here the Sixty-third Penn-
sylvania Volunteers was added to Major
Duff's command, and the two regiments re-
duced to five companies. At dawn on the 12th
they were at Spottsylvania. where Major
Duff's gallant little command struck the Con-
federate line at the angle near the Sandrum
house, where, before the enemy had time to fire
a gun, our boys, with loud cheers, were leap-
ing over his entrenchments. They captured a
large number of prisoners, among them Brig-
adier General Stewart. On the left of the
point where Major Duff struck the enemy's
line was a battery, which was immediately
brought to bear upon them, but our men rushed
upon and captured it, some of the enemy
standing to their guns until killed on the spot.
They then crossed the swamp, capturing two
rifle guns and the Eighteenth North Carolina
Regiment, which was in support of these guns.
Lieut. A. H. Mitchell, of the One Hundred and
Fifth, captured the flag of this regiment, and
Corporal John Kendig, of the .Sixty-third, that
of the Twenty-fourth North Carolina.
Lieutenant Mitchell was wounded, and Lieu-
tenant Hewitt wounded and taken prisoner.
The Confederates, rallying in force, drove
them across the swamp, where they made a
.=tand. They lay for the balance of the day
and night under a severe fire, forming the left
support of the 'death angle.' This was one
of the regiment's hardest fights, and the loss
from the 5th to the isth inclusive was three
officers and forty-six men killed, ten officers
, and one hundred and thirty-six men wounded,
one officer and eight men missing, a total of
two hundred and four.

"On the 20th the regiments started on the
march to the North Anna river, one of the
hardest marches they ever made, yet at roll
call only one man from the One Hundred and
Fifth and two from the Sixty-third failed to
answer to their names. On this march Lieu-
tenant Kelso was severely wounded on the
shoulder by a Rebel sharpshooter. On the

23d the regiments halted on the north bank of
the North Anna, the Confederates being on the
other side. They were formed in the thick
woods and ordered to charge without firing a
gun, which was done, driving the enemy from
his fortifications. They held this position until
after dark. In this charge Capt. Daniel
Dougherty, a brave officer of the Sixty-third,
was killed. On June 2d they were slightly
engaged at Cold Harbor. The 15th found
them in front of Petersburg, where in the
various engagements they lost eleven men
killed, and three officers and eighteen men
wounded, among the number being Lieutenant
Colonel Duff, who lost a leg while gallantly
leading his small force in the 'Hare's House
slaughter.' On the i6th of July the regiment,
with the balance of the brigade, which was
under command of Colonel Craig, drove the
enemy into his works at Deep Bottom and
then charged and captured them, with two
commissioned officers and seventy-five men ;
but while flushed with victory and driving the
enemy before them, a heavy force fell upon
the left flank of the brigade with such fury
that it was compelled to fall back. Here a
heavy loss fell on the One Hundred and Fifth,
for while leading the charge their beloved
young leader. Col. C. A. Craig, was mortally
wounded, dying the next day, and no one
whom death claimed from their ranks was ever
mourned more sincerely. Seventeen men were
killed, and Captain Barr and twenty-three men
wounded. The regiment remained in front
of Petersburg doing picket and fatigue duty
until September ist, when those who had not
reenlisted were mustered out and one hundred
;tnd sixty-two men and two officers of the
Sixty-third were transferred to the One Hun-
dred and Fifth. The veterans of the Sixty-
ihird were at first put in the Ninety-ninth
Pennsylvania Volunteers, but they rebelled at
this and petitioned Governor Curtin to have
them put in the One Hundred and Fifth, with
which regiment they had served from their
first enlistment, which request was granted.

"After the death of Colonel Craig Captain
Conser, who that day rejoined the regiment,
took command. On the ist of October the
regiment was transferred to the Weldon Rail-
road and the next day took part in the fight at
Poplar Grove Church, having one man killed
and eleven wounded. On the 5th they were
back in front of Petersburg, remaining there
until the 24th, when they were moved to the
Southside Railroad, and on the 27th took part
in the battle of Boydton Plank Road. Here
General Pierce, who commanded the brigade,

168

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

ordered the One Hundred and Fifth into a
dense wood, to hold that part of the line con-
necting- with the Ninety-first New York on the
left. The Confederates with a yell charged
through these woods, but the One Hundred
and Fifth kept them at bay initil, unknown to
them, our cavalry on their right gave way,
allowing a heavy force of the enemy on their
left flank, and they were driven back. The
conflict was terrible, one of the most desperate
hand-to-hand fights of the war. Major Conser
and Captain Patton — the two senior and two
of the most meritorious officers of the regi-
ment — and four men were killed, eighteen
wounded and forty missing. The latter were,
however, nearly all recaptured that evening.
The balance of the devoted little band was
with difficulty brought off the field. Captain
Redic, with several of the men, barely escaped
capture while vainly trying to bring off the
bodies of their dead comrades. The regiment
* for the first time in its history lost its colors.
After the fall of the two senior officers Captain
Miller was ordered by General Pierce to
assume command of the regiment, and was
afterwards commissioned colonel. On the
27th the regiment went into quarters at Fort
Davis, on the front line of works, where
officers were appointed by Governor Curtin to
fill the vacancies in nearly ever\' company. .Ml
the new officers, from Colonel Aliller and Lieu-
tenant Colonel Redic down, had risen bv their
own merit and bravery from the ranks. While
here the regiment lost one killed and four
wounded while driving the enemy from his
rifle pits. On the 30th Lieutenant Colonel
Redic, while engaged in a reconnoissance, had
one man killed and two wounded, and on the
2d of April one man was killed and one
wounded. On the 6th, near Farmville, the
regiment charged upon the enemy's works,
repulsed him and captured two hundred and
thirty-nine men and nineteen commissioned
officers, and in the evening of the same day
assisted in capturing part of the enemy's train.
The loss was one killed and fifteen wounded.
Colonel Miller losing his horse. April 9th one
man was wounded, the last to feel Confederate
lead, as on that day the enemy at Appomattox
laid down tiieir arms ;ind surrendered to
General Grant.

"May 2, 1865, the regiment took up its line
of march for Washington, reaching liailcy's
Cross Roads on the 15th. and on the nth of
July reached Pittsburgh, where the men were
paid off and discharged. But alas ! how small
a remnant of the gallant regiment which wi'nt

to the front almost four years before returned
to their homes. The official record gives the
entire list of casualties as 1.089. The regiment
from April 11, 1862, until April 9, 1863, took
part in thirty-eight engagements, and of its
almost four years of service giving just three
years' active service in the field. Its aggregate
force, as given by the rolls, was 2,040. This
number, however, comprised the veterans
from the Sixty-third Pennsylvania Volunteers
and 588 drafted men and substitutes put into
the regiment in March, 1865, leaving the entire
force of the original regiment, with its recruits,
1,288. It is a noteworthy fact that never once
in its history did the One Hundred and Fifth
fail to respond when ordered to face the
enemy. Not once did it hesitate when ordered
to charge, even though against overwhelming
odds.

"To show the estimation in which the One
Hundred and Fifth was held by the soldiers of
other organizations, and the material compos-
ing its rank and file, we quote a few tributes
to their valor. Gen. Charles H. T. Collis,
formerly colonel of the One Hundred and
Fourteenth Pennsylvania, and who com-
manded the brigade for some time after the
battle of Gettysburg, says :

" 'Since we parted on the field 1 have seen
all the armies of European countries, but I
have never seen a body of men out of whom
more solid and eft"ective work could be ob-
tained, than those who fought under the heroic
Craig, and the intrepid, genial Greenawalt.'

"General Walker, in his history of the
Second Corps, says of the battle of Fair Oaks:

" 'The last brigade to arrive was Jameson's,
which had been far to the rear, near Bottom
Bridge, at the opening of the action. Two of
Jameson's regiments were sent to the right,
and two to the left. .Ml of Kearny's men. who
became engaged, fought heroically.'

"Col. A.'S. M. Morgan, of the'Si.xty-lhinl
Pennsylvania, later captain in the United
States army, says :

" 'I have one vivid recollection of the One
Hundred and Fifth that can never be obliter-
ated from my memory. At the battle of Fair
(~)aks the right of the Sixty-third did not reach
the Williamsburg road, and a column of Rebel
infantry came marching down the road, and
had reached oiiposite our line, when the One
Hundred and Fifth came u]i and extended the
line across the road. At that moment I was
badly wounded, but my last recollection, ere I
lost consciousness, was of seeing that gallant
regiment coming up at a full run on our right.

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

169

in the face of the Rebel infantry and the
battery that was playing on us both from
across the road.'

"The following incident was related to the
writer by Dr. Adam Wenger, surgeon of the
regiment: 'There is one incident that is
always pleasant for me to recall. It is of one
of the men whose braverj' and patriotism stand
forth in bold relief. After being several times
severely wounded, and returning each time
promptly, to again share the dangers of battle,
he was at last so disabled as to be totally un-
fitted for duty, and was informed that his dis-
charge from the service would be necessary.
He begged to remain, and asked me if he
could not be permitted to ride in the ambulance
on the marches, which request I granted ; but
he never availed himself of this privilege when
there was a prospect of a fight ; and in case
he was in the ambulance and firing was heard
in the front, he at once left his comfortable
berth and hurried to his place in the ranks —
musket in hand — with all the speed he was
capable of. It must be borne in mind that a
pass to ride in the ambulance excused the
soldier from all duty. There were of course
others just as brave and patriotic as this man,
but for certain reasons his actions greatly
impressed me, for he was reared in ]50verty,
and without an education.'

"Jefferson county lost among other brave
soldiers the following officers of the One Hun-
dred and Fifth:

"Col. Amor Archer McKxight. — Amor
Archer McKnight had, from his youth, been
an admirer of all things pertaining to the
military, and we find him at an early age a
member of the 'Brookville Guards' and
'Brookville Rifles,' which company he com-
manded when the war broke out. When the
stmimons came it found him ready to respond,
and with his gallant command he was soon in
the field. After the three months' term of
service had expired, and he had received
authority to recruit a regiment for three years,
he went to work, and with an energy that never
flagged soon had the regiment, whose deeds
of glory and renown we have but feebly por-
trayed, in the field.

"As soon as his regiment went into camp.
Colonel McKnight began to rigidly drill and
discipline it, and so severe and exacting was
he in this work that, for a time, he was severe-
ly censured and criticized by the officers and
men under him ; but he had set himself to the
task of making the One Hundred and Fifth a
regiment that could not be excelled, and he let
nothing deter him from the end in view; that

he accomplished his desire the history of his
gallant regiment nobly proves, for by all who
liave any knowledge of its prowess and valor
it has been pronounced withotit a peer; and
to the stern and ofttimes merciless discipline
enforced by Colonel McKnight was this state
of perfection due.

"While thus strict with his officers and men,
he was no less strict with himself. He studied
and worked unceasingly to perfect himself in
the art of warfare ; for, like his men, he had
come from the civil walks of life, and like
them he had to learn. With all this sternness,
for which so many have censured him, Colonel
McKnight had the welfare and comfort of his
men at heart, and we have known him to give
up the last dainty his camp chest afiforded, and
share his last dollar with the sick soldier, and
we never appealed to him in vain when he
could add to the comfort of the men in the
hospital, or enhance the efficiency of the
hospital force.

"It was his unremitting labor to make his
regiment excel that caused him at last, after
fifteen months' hard service, to yield to the
inroads of disease that obliged him to resign
his command ; but after two months he was
again in the field, as the war department,
jcnowing his worth in the service,xhad not filled
the vacancy caused by his resignation."

.// Headquarters, first Brigade, lyeaniy's Division,
Army of the Potomac,

July 25, lS62.
I liercby certify that I have carefully and thor-
oughly examined Col. A. A. McKnight, One Hun-
<lred and Fiftli Pennsylvania Volunteers, and find
him laboring under a diseased condition of the
system, which requires him to abandon the service
as a ficld-ofificer to secure permanent recovery.
Orpheus Evkrts. Surgeon Twentieth hid. Vo.,
E.vamining Surgeon First Brigade.

That Colonel McKnight only embraced this
alternative as a last resort, knowing that he
was not able to command his regiment in the
then enfeebled condition of his health, the
following letter from him at that time proves :

Camp near Harrison's Landing, Va.,
July 2g, 1862.
* * * You will no doubt be greatly surprised
when I tell you that physical inability has compelled
me to resign my position. Such is the case, and if
ever a man suffered anguish of heart at parting
with an object of pride and affection. I now feel
it in leaving lliis regiment. How I have worked
for and with it; and then to have to leave it in the
midst of its triumphs. It seems there is no alterna-
tive. For fifteen months I have worked assiduously
and unremittingly in the army, and the consequence
has been that the miasmas and fatigue of the Penin-

|i:|-FERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

siila have overcome a constitution previously weak-
ened by disease, and I now suffer from debility to
such an extent that the brigade and division sur-
geons tell me I must leave the army to recover.
Though going, it is only temporary, and my friends
in Rrookville, as well as my secesh friends south,
will again hear of me in the field before this war
closes, .

Though weak in flesh, I have lost none of that
spirit W'hich first promjited me to enter the field,
and only wait for ])hysical ability to again become
actively engaged.

Your friend,

A. A. McKNir.HT.

Colonel McKnitjht returned hoinc, and with
care and good medical treatment was, at the
expiration of two months, able to return to
the front. He was impatient to be again with
his regiment, whose every movement, during
his enforced absence, he followed with
a jealous eye. He said he was instrumental
in taking them into the service, and he wished
to share their toils and their danger. He ap-
plied to the war department, and was recom-
missioned colonel of the One Hundred and
Fifth on September 20, 1862. Knowing his
worth, and the reluctance with which he left
his regiment, there had been no effort made to
fill the vacancy caused by his resignation.

.\fter rejoining his regiment. Colonel Mc-
Knight shared all its fortunes, leading it into
every engagement, with the exception of a
ten days' furlough in March, 1863, when he
made a visit to his home in Brookville, until
the disastrous battle of Chancellorsville, May
3, 1863, when, at the head of his gallant
regiment, he was killed while leading his men
against the veterans of Stonewall Jackson.

While they lay at Camp Jameson Colonel
McKnight subjected the regiment to a' rigid
course of discipline, and so ardent was he in
this system of drill that, at the time, his course
was severely crilit-i/.cd by the officers and men
under him ; but when they had gone through
a few hard-fought battles they found that it
was just this course of severe discipline that
had made them the efficient regiment they
were, and coused their fame to be known
throughout the .Army of the Potomac. The
Colonel a]iplied himself assiduously to the
study of discipline and tactics, and the "wee
snia' hours" would find him poring over his
books. At dawn he would he u]j .mil ready for
the duties of the day.

Soon after the battle of FairX)aks Colonel
McKnight was stricken with fever, brought
on by exposure and fatigue, and which left him
so debilitated that his ])hysician told him that
he could not recover unless he left the service

and returned home. He applied for a fur-
lough, but owing to the exigencies of the
service at that time he could not obtain one.
He then sent in his letter of resignation,
accompanied by the certificate of the examin-
ing surgeon :

Headquarters, 105th Regiment, P. V.,
Caiiij' near Harrison's Landing, Va.,
July 25, 1S62.
General: — Fifteen months' unremitting service in
various positions, has so shattered what was
previously a weak constitution, that I find myself
at this time unable any longer to hold my present
Iiosition, either with honor to myself or profit to
my country.

I am, therefore, reluctantly obliged to respectfully
tender my resignation. See surgeon's certificate at-
tached.

K. A. McKnight,

Colonel 105th P. V.
To Gen. S. \Villi.\ms. .-/. A. General. Army of
Potomac.

"After rejoining the regiment Colonel Mc-
Knight shared all its fortunes, leading it into
all its hard-fought engagements, until the battle
of Chancellorsville, May 3, 1863, when he was
killed by a Rebel sharpshooter, while leading
his men against the veterans of Stonewall
Jackson. Colonel Craig, in a letter giving us
the intelligence of Colonel McKnight's fall,
written May 11, 1863, says:

" 'Colonel McKnight was in the act of cheer-
ing his men on when he was shot, and was
swinging his sword. The ball passed through
his right arm, almost tearing it off, and passed
on, entering his head about the right temple.
I saw him fall, and riding up to him, dis-
mounted and kneeled beside him. He looked
up once, so beseechingly, before he died, as
if he wanted to say something, but could not
speak. I ordered four of the men to carry-
him to the rear, and rode after the regiment ;
luit they were unable to get him back on
account of the heavy fire, and had to leave him
on the field. Everything of value was got off'
his person, except his pocketbook, which could
not be found. After the fight, I made applica-
tion to General Hooker for permission to take
out a flag of truce for his remains, which he
granted, but General Lee would not permit us
to enter his lines, so we had to be content. No
man ever acted braver than he did, and believe
nic, there are few such men, either in the army
or at home.'

"The Rebel papers claiined that he was
buried ^with the honors due his rank, out of
respect for the 'Kearny Cross,' which he wore,
and it was asserted that 'whenever our men
were found to have upon them the Kearny

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

171

red patch, if wounded they were kindly cared
for; and if dead were buried with the honors
of war, and their graves so marked as to be
readily recognized.'

"It was claimed that Colonel AIcKnight was
so honored, that 'a band played a funeral dirge,
while over his remains was fired the usual
salute due to an officer of his rank.'

■'This may have been the case, but when
the One Hundred and Fifth, on the anniver-
sary of his death, on the 3d of May, 1S64,
bivouacked on the field where he fell, no trace
of his grave could be found, nor have his
brothers, who wished his remains to lie with
the dust of his kindred, ever been able to find
the spot where he was buried.

''Had Colonel McKnight lived he would
soon have been promoted to brigadier general,
as steps to that effect had already been taken,
and the late Hon. John Covode, in his letter
of condolence to the Colonel's brother. Dr. W.
J. McKnight, says :

" 'Had your brother survived the last ter-
rible struggle, he would have been promoted,
as I had a conversation with the president in
regard to him.'

"The field officers of the First Division,
Third Army Corps, had sent in a petition to
President Lincoln asking for his promotion,
in which they say :

" 'Colonel McKnight is a brave, gallant, and
efficient officer ; the regiment which he now
commands, for drill and discipline, is second
to none in the service. His experience as a
field officer during the Peninsula campaign
and in other places, also his ability as a
thorough tactician, eminently fit him for such
promotion.'

"At the meeting held by the field officers ■
of the First Brigade, First Division, Third
Corps, to take action on the death of their
fellow officers who fell at Chancellors\ille, the
following resolutions in regard to Colonel Mc-
Knight were passed :

" 'Resolved, That in the death of Col. A. A.
McKnight, of the One Hundred and Fifth
Pennsylvania Volunteers, the country has lost
a brave, efficient, and patriotic officer, whose
untiring energies were given to promoting the
efficiency of his regiment, who sealed his
devotion to the cause in which he was engaged
with his lifeblood. at the hearl of his command,
on the battlefield of Chancellorsville. Va., May
3. /^863.

" 'Resoh'ed, That we condole with the rela-
tives and friends of the deceased in their loss
of a companion, endeared to them by his many
amiable \irtues, and that we lament the loss the

country has sustained by his untimely death,
in the hour of her greatest need.' "

Colonel McKnight, at the time of his death,
was thirty years, eleven months, fifteen days
old. He was six feet in height, had gray eyes,
black hair, and strongly marked and expressive
features. He was of a very commanding
presence, and in every respect a fine-looking
man.

"M.\j. John C. Con.ser. — John C. Conser
was born in Centre county. Pa., in the year
1826, and the same year his parents, who were
respectable, worthy people, removed to Clarion
county, settling near the present town of
Clarion. Here the subject of this sketch spent
his early days. He was a studious and con-
scientious boy. At an early age he evinced a
great admiration for military matters, and
with his elder brothers would attend the
reviews of the militia. In 1851 he removed
to Jefferson county, and soon afterwards
married and settled in Reynoldsville, where he
was known and respected as one of the best
citizens of that place, until the war called into
action the jiatriotism that had been slumbering
in his soul from childhood, and he was one of
the first to enlist from his neighborhood. He
was chosen first lieutenant of Company H,
One Hundred and Fifth, and upon the resigna-
'tion of Captain Tracy was promoted to captain,
April 20, 1863. He was commissioned major.
May 6, 1864, but was never mustered as such.

"At the battle of Fair Oaks, Captain Conser
received his first wound ; while crawling on
his hands and knees reconnoitering the enemy,
a ball struck him on the head, inflicting a slight
wound, and stunning him for a time. After-
wards in the retreat through White Oak
Swamp, he almost lost his life in those dismal
recesses, and writing of it said, 'It was the
most horrible night I ever experienced.' At
Fredericksburg a minie ball struck his
shoulder, and glancing oft along the blade of
his sword entered the fleshy part of his arm,
inflicting a severe wound. At Bristoe Station
he, with his little command, was taken
prisoner, and taken to Richmond, where he
was consigned to the tender mercies of Libby
prison. Here he was much annoyed by one
of the Rebel guards, who delighted in telling
the prisoners that the Union side was 'clean
licked out,' and that when he got out of Libby
he would find 'the North not worth shucks.'
The brave officer replied that when he got 'out
of Libby and came again to Richmond, it
would be when it was taken by the Union
troops, and the Confederacy smashed.' After
this, his most ardent desire was to be with the

172

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

army at the taking of Richmond; but when
that day dawned upon the Union arms the
brave officer had entered the eternal city,
dying on the very thresliold of victory.

■'At Gettysburg lie was again W'ounded,
being shot in the head, just above the left
temple, and carried off the field for dead.
When, after a short stay at home, he had
recovered from this wound, he rejoined his
regiment in time to receive another wound
at Auburn. At the battle of the Wilderness
he was severely wounded in the thigh by a
sabre cut, from the effects of which he was
still lame at the time of his death. Again, he
w^as severely wounded at Petersburg, June
i8, 1864. and while on his way to rejoin bis
regiment, after recovering from this wound,
he met at Fortress Monroe those having in
charge the body of Colonel Craig, who had
fallen at Deep Bottom. Stopping just long
enough to assist in forwarding to his home
the remains of his brave friend and gallant
commander, he hurried on to his regiment,
and was in all the subsequent skirmishes and
marches up to the battle of Boydton Plank
Road, where on the 27th of October, 1864,
he fell, while battling against an overwhelm-
ing force of the enemy. An eyewitness of
this sanguinary struggle, says : 'W^e w^ere
surrounded when 'I heard Conser say, "Men,
we are surrounded. Will you surrender?
Won't you fight it out?" Three Rebels at-
tacked Iiim, and, while fighting them with
pistols and sword, another came up. and
]jlacing his gun almost against his Ijody. blew
the contents of the piece into his side ;ind he
fell dead.'

"The enemy being repulsed after this.
Captain Redic and others of the regiment
attempted to bring off Major Conser's body.
but the enemy rallying in force, they were
obliged to leave him on the field where he
fell, and thus died one of the bravest soldiers
the war jiroduced — his last words being,
'Fight it out.' "

"C.M'T. Joii.v C.M.vix DowLixf;. — W'hen
the Civil war broke out Captain Dowling at
once enlisted in the three months' campaign,
and served as first lieutenant of Company K.
Fighlh Regiment, taking command of that
com])any on Ca])trjin Wise's promotion. At
the expiration of this term of service he
returned home and recruited Company P., of
the One Hundred and Fifth, which he labored
unceasingly to make one of the best companies
in the service. He remained constantly with
his men, with the exception of a ten days'
leave of absence in Februarv. 1862, until he

fell at Fair Oaks, 2\lay 31st, while gallantly
leading his men in the charge where the
regiment won its first laurels, and he with
many others of Jefferson county's bravest and
best soldiers won victors' crowns. He was
shot through the neck, killing him instantly.
Rev. D. S. Steadman. chaplain, in a letter
written just after the battle says : 'We buried
our dear Captain Dowling last evening. Tune
1st, at sunset, in a beautiful grove. Bowdish,
one of his men, had made a good coffin. There
was no lack of mourners; we w-ere all
mourners.' His remains were subsequently re-
interred in the soldiers' cemetery at Seven
Pines. Captain Dowling was of a genial dis-
position, and possessing an excellent education,
his social qualities and gentlemanly bearing
had endeared him to a large circle of acquaint-
ances and friends, and the news of his death
carried gloom to the hearts of all who knew
him. When the sad news of the death of this
gallant young officer, and of those who fell
with him on that fatal field. Jeft'erson county's
first oft'erings for the cause of freedom, was
received in Brookville. the flags were draped
in mourning, and suspended at half mast, and
sorrow- pervaded the entire community."

"C.APT. William J. Clyde. — William John-
ston Clyde, son of William and Janet Clyde,
nee Mabon, was born in Perry (now Oliver)
township in the year 1838. His father dying,
he was at an early age thrown tipon his own
resources, and when about thirteen years old
he went to Brookville. and commenced to learn
the carpenter and joiner's trade, with Messrs.
^^'iIliam Reed and David S. Johnston, both of
whom are now dead. After finishing his ap-
prenticeship, he remained in Brookville work-
ing at his trade until the Ijreaking out of the
war, when he enlisted in Company I, Eighth
Regiment, of three months' men. and served
as first sergeant of his company. On returning
home after the expiration of this term of
service, he threw himself heartily into the work
of recruiting for Colonel McKnight's three
year regiment, and on the organization of that
regiment he was appointed first sergeant of
Company A, and November 8. 1861. was pro-
moted to second lieutenant ; to first lieutenant.
.September 27, 1862, and to captain, Februarv
0, 1863. Tie was wounded in the battles of
.Second Bull Run. I-'redericksburg and Gettys-
burg, in all of wliich he was conspicuous for
his daring and courage. He fought with the
most desperate bravery at the battle of the
\\'ilderness, until near the close of the fighting
on the 6th of May, 1864. when the One Hun-
drerl and h'ifth was occupying the second line

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

173

of breastworks, and charged forward, carrying
a part of the front Hne, when Captain Clyde
with several others of the regiment mounted
the Rebel redoubts on the front line, and
while gallantly urging his men on he was shot
by one of the enemy's sharpshooters, and fell
mortally wounded, only living long enough to
ask his men to bury him decently, and write to
his mother. When he fell, he was so close to
the enemy that he could almost touch them.
His body was afterwards recovered and re-
moved to the soldiers' cemetery at Fredericks-
burg."

"Field and Staff Officers of the One Hun-
dred and Fifth Regiment, Pennsylvania
\'olunteers, from Jefferson county : Colonels,
Amor A. JMcK;iight, James Miller ; lieutenant
colonel, W. W. Corbet ; adjutant. Orlando
Cray; quartermasters, Robert Nicholson, Har-
rison Coon ; surgeon, A. P. Heichhold ; chap-
lains, Darius S. Steadman, John C. Truesdale;
sergeants major, W. H. McLaughlin, George
Vanvliet, Robert J. Boyington ; quartermaster
sergeants, Fleming Y. Caldwell, Benjamin F.
Stauffer; commissary sergeant, John Coon;
hospital stewards, D. Ramsey Crawford,
Charles D. Shrieves ; musicians, Andrew J.
McKown, Eli B. Clemson.

"Members of the brass band of the One
Hundred and Fifth Regiment from Jeft'erson
county: Calvin B. Clark, John S. Gallagher,
John A. Guft'ey, James A. "McClelland, T. C.
Spottswood, Charles Sitz, Alexander Ross
Taylor, James A. Thompson.

"Company A was recruited in the southern
part of Jefferson county, principally from
Punxsutawney, and Perry and Oliver town-
ships. The company was raised in tJirce days,
chiefly througii the exertion of Capt. John
Hastings, assisted by Lieutenants Neel and
Morris. Captain Hastings, while gallantly
leading his company in the desperate charge at
Second Bull Rfln, was severely wounded in the
leg, and after months of suffering was disabled
for life by the wound and obliged to resign,
when the command devolved upon Capt. W.
J. Clyde, who fell while charging at the head
of the company in the battle of the Wilder-
ness. Lieut. A. H. Mitchell was then pro-
moted to captain, but before he received his
commission was discharged on account of
wounds received in front of Petersburg, and
then Lieut. John H. McKee was promoted
captain.

"Captains, John Hastings, W. J. Clyde, John
IT. McKee; first lieutenants, William Neel,
Alexander H. Mitchell, James W. Wachob ;

second lieutenants, Moses A. Morris, Daniel
Brewer, William M. Blose; first sergeants,
Albert C. Little, Samuel T. Hadden, Joseph
Cummisky, John Blair, Joseph Wickline,
Wesley P. Hoover, A. D. McPherson, John G.
Myers, Allen H. Naylor, Arthur H. Murray,
Samuel Hibler; corporals, Samuel Kesslar,
John McHendry, Henry Weaver, James M.
Keck, Smith M» McHendry, James B. Jordan,
Benjamin F. Rolls, Joseph F.. Bell, Isaac M.
Depp, David W. Logan, William J. Mogle,
David Y. Salsgiver, John E. Sadler, William
C. McKee, Levi P. Frampton, James L. Clyde;
privates, Henry All, Thomas T. Adams, Hard-
ing Allabrand, John I. Barr, Samuel Brillhart,
L. H. Bolinger, Samuel W. Brewer, John
Blose, Boaz D. Blose, Adolphus Bhoy, Charles
S. Bender, Isaac Bowersock, James W. Brooks,
John Beck, William F. Campbell, W. W.
Crissman, David Cochran, John Chambers,
Byron Cowan, John Campbell, Oliver Croas-
man, H. C. Campbell, Flem. Y. Caldwell,
Michael L. Coon, Hugh Crawford, Jonathan
Chambers, William P. Christ, John W. Corey,
George W. Davis, John O. Dean, George W.
Davis, John G. Depp, John A. De Havens,
Robert Fleming, David W. Goheen, David G.
Gray, James A. Grove, Thomas M. Gibson,
Thomas Glass, Benjamin Gaskill, George W.
Ginter, George Goheen, Francis W. Grove,
Henry Grant, Charles H. Haskins, John Hen-
nigh, J. Henry, Joseph W'. Hickox, William
Hutchinson, John P. Imler, John M. Irwin,
Robert A. Jordan, George M. Johnston, Robert
Jordan, John Jordan, Benjamin F. Johnston,
H. Kirkpatrick, Christopher Kesslar, John C.
Kelly, Jonathan R. Leitzall, David W. Leech,
John H. London. William Leech, James G.
'Mitchell, Jermiah C. Miles, William F. Means,
Josej>h Means, John Means, Jr., John L.
Mabon, John Means, Sr., James Mogle, Wil-
liam Meitz, Robert S. Michaels, Thomas
Means, Robert Marsh, John Marsh, James
Mack, J. L. McHendry, John B. McGinnis, Cas-
sius E. McCrea, James C. McQuown, Samuel
McHendry, John McGraw, Charles McConkey,
Edwin McCafferty, R. McAdams, William
McHendry, Scott Neel, Augustus C. Nolf,
William Painter, William S. Perry, James D.
Prosser, P. S. Rudolph, John K. Rupert,
George W. Rhodes, Nicholas Robbins, Fred
Rhinehart, Benjamin C. Smith, Joseph M.
.Swisher, Dan. J. Smyers, George Smith, James
.^niith, Washington Sunderland, Joseph B.
-Sowers, Christopher Sutter, William H.
Swisher, Henry Sutter, John R. Stewart, Elias
S. Simpson, Jacob Sutter, George W. Shawl,
James .C. Trimble, Thomas L. Templeton,

174

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

Fctur Walker, Uavid W. Wilson. I'hilip
Wyning. Daniel Zimnier.

"In the numerous battles in which it took
part, and from disease. Company A lost the
following- :

"Killed — Capt. \\'. J. Clyde; Sergt. Sam-
uel T. Haddcn ; Cor])orals Daniel Y. Sals-
giver, John E. Sadler, William C. McKee;
Privates Charles S. Bender, Isaac Bowersock,
James W. Brooks, Hugh Crawford, Jonathan
Chambers, John G. Depp, John P. Imler,
Robert S. Michaels, William McHenry, Wil-
liam H. Swisher, Henry Sutter, Daniel Zim-
mer.

"Died — Sergt. Allen H. Xaylor; Corj)or-
als Levi P. Frampton, James L. Clyde;
privates, John Beck, W'illiam P. Crist, John
W. Corey, James Henry, Joseph W. Hickox,
W^illiam Hutchison, George ]M. Johnston. AVil-
liam Leech, Thomas Means, Robert H. Marsh,
John Marsh, William S. Perry, John R.
Stewart, E. S. Simpson. Jacob Sutter, Fred.
Rhinehart. Transferred to Veteran Reserve
Corps — J. Henry, Christopher Sutter. David
W. Wilson."

"Company B was recruited chiefly in Brook-
ville and vicinity, mainly by Capt. John C.
Dowling, who commanded it until he fell at
Fair Oaks, when he was succeeded by Capt. S.
A. Craig, who on account of wounds had to
give up the command to Capt. W'. S. Barr, who
in turn for the same cause had to yield it to
Capt. Joseph C. Kelso, who led it through the
subsequent hard fights until the final muster
out.

"Captains, John C. Dowling, S. A. Craig, W.
S. Barr, Joseph C. Kelso; first lieutenants, R.
J. Nicholson, Richard J. Espy, John A. Mc-
Lain ; second lieuten;uit. Judson J. Parsons ;
first sergeants, William Fox, W'illiam N.
Pearce, Samuel II. Mitchell; sergeants, John
E. Barr, Hiram Wing, W'illiam Lucas. .An-
thony Kreis, (ieorge Hciges, James C. Dow-
ling, John J. Gejiry (Geasy), W^illiam English.
Robert .Miller; corporals, John J. Champion,
McCurdy Hunter, Samuel Hunter, Josejih
Baughman, Wellington Johnston, Nathan D.
Carrier, .\ndrew J. Cochran. David R. Porter,
Rol)ert (i. Wilson. Benjamin Ramsey, J. M.
Thompson. Philo Winsor; musician. M. L.
Spottswood. I'rivales. Benjamin .Arthurs,
Peter Allwell. Charles G. Anderson. Willi.im
y\nderson, W'illiam D. Black, Liberty Burns,
Sibley Beimett, Joseph Booth, Joseph B. P)Ow-
dish, William Bish, Lafayette Burge, Samuel
Cable, .Alfred Cable, William Covert, Joseph
Coon. Thomas J. Champion, David D. Demott.
Jonathan Dixon, M. G. De Vallance, M. L.

De \'allance, Mathew M. Dowling, John Dun-
kelburg, Joseph A. Geer, Amos Goup, John W.
(juthrie, Cyrus Geer, Robert Gilmore. Michael
D. (Grinder, Jackson Gearheart, Jacob M.
Haugh, James L. liolliday, Adam W. Haugh,
Thomas Hildreth, Emanuel Haugh, James
Hopkins, Edward Hartman. Joseph Harriger,
.Augustus Haugh, John Hawthorn, William
H. Jackson, John Jacox, Frederick Jackson,
William Kelly, Solomon C. Kelso. George
Keyser. Winfield S. Lucas, Joseph Lawhart,
Lewis Leitzell, John Love. David Lanker,
Frederick .Miller, William Milligan, Courson
Miller, \\'illiam C. Miller. Michael Miller,
Solomon McManingle. Charles S. McCauley,
Joseph E. H. McGary, William McCutcheon,
William McCaskey, Jesse McElhose, Barton
A. Nicholson, John Ossewandle, Asa M. Pres-
ton, Jesse Penrose, Benjamin F.Rhodes, James
A. Robinson. William Riddle, Edward Reigle,
Philip Rockwell, W'illiam Reede. Daniel C.
Rockwell. Lewis Rhodes, John Shreckengost,
John Shirey, Joseph S. Stine. George Shick,
\\'illiam K. Stevenson, Chauncey Shaft'er.
Jacob Siverling, George W'. Smith, Samuel
Stormer. George W'. Saxton, Samuel Shaffer,
Philip Taylor, John Taylor, James Taylor. B.
D. X'asbinder, Gustavus Verbeck, Joseph Wil-
liams, John B. Wensel, Oliver Woods, Francis
Winters, John Webster, Philip Young.

"Killed — Capt. John C. Dowling; Sergts.
Samuel H. Mitchell, Anthony Kreis, James C.
Dowling. George Heiges ; Corporals Welling-
ton Johnston. Nathan D. Carrier, Andrew J.
Cochran ; Privates Benjamin Arthurs, Peter
Allwell, .Amos Goup, John W'. Guthrie,
Thomas Flildreth. W'illiam H. Jackson, Cour-
son Miller, Charles S. McCauley, B. A. Nichol-
son, .Asa M. Preston. William Reed. John
Taylor, Joseph Williairis.

"Died — Sergt. John J. Geasy; Privates
Liberty Burns, Jose])h Bouch, Adam W.
Haugh. Emanuel Haugh. William C. Miller,
Joseph E. H. AIcGary. Dan C. Rockwell, John
Shirey. Joseph F. Stine. Died in Rebel
])rison,s — Sibley Bennett, Jonathan Dixon.

"Transferred to V. R. C. — Capt. S. A. Craig,
Benjamin Ramsey, Thomas J. Chamjiion.
David Lanker. lohn W'ebster. To Eighteenth
U. S. I.— David R. Porter. Robert G.'Wilson,
.Samuel Shafi'er.

"Company C was raised in Clarion county.
Only the following men from Jefferson county
were in its ranks : Sergeants, Samuel Latti-
nier. John II. Pearsall ; corporals, Eli H. Chil-
son. Isaac I.vle. Tames W. Spears. W'illiam
Hil)ple : prixa'tes, E. P. Cochran. M. G. De Val-
lance, Perry C. Fox, John C. Johnston, Ami

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

175

Sibley, Francis Smith. James Woods, William
Hippie, killed.

"Company D was recruited in Jefferson and
Clearfield counties. The only officers from
' Jefferson county were Lieut. Charles J. Wilson
and Capt. William Kelly, Captain Kelly, who
rose from the ranks, being promoted captain
November 26, 1864. He shared all their
battles and dangers with the company, and
finally brought them home. The following
list comprises the men from Jefferson county,
with those who were killed in battle, died of
wounds and disease, or were transferred to
other organizations :

"Captain, William Kelly; second lieutenant,
Charles J. Wilson ; sergeants, George O.
Riggs, William C. McGan-y, Milton Craven,
Ebenezer Bullers (of Hazen), John C. John-
ston, Isaac M. Temple ; corporals, John R.
Shaffer, Daniel R. Snyder, James H. Green,
Gilbraith Patterson, Darius Vasbinder, D. H.
Paulhamus, Andrew J. McKown, Milton J.
Adams, Benjamin F. Alexander, Amos Ash-
kettle; privates, Eben O. Bartlett (of Rich-
ardsville), Philip Black, Daniel Bowers. David
Bell, Richard Bedell (of Richardsville), Silas
Boose, Asa Bowdish, Byron H. Byrant (of
Brockwayville), John S. Christie, Isaiah
Corbet (of Falls Creek"), James R. Corbet,
Samuel Criswell, Andrew Christie, Joel Clark.
Eli B. Clemson. William Dunn. Charles
Graham, William Griffith. Andrew Hender-
son, John Hilliard, Lyman Higby, Nathan B.
Hippie, James Kelly, John Knarr, Henry
Keys (of Schoffners), John Klinger. Edward
Knapp, James Murphy, Malvin Munger. Arch.
F. Mason. James McAtee. Samuel McFadden.
William JMcKelvy, Reid McFadden (of
Schoffners). Samuel McLaughlin. John Mc-
Laughlin. Irwin McCutcheon, Benjamin New-
corn, William Pennington, George Plotner.
Josiah V. Reppard, William Riddle. Charles
B. Ross, Joseph Rensell, John Robinson.
Solomon B. Riggs. William M. Riggs (of
Richardsville). Andrew Sites, George Smith,
Gershon Saxton. William Shaffer, William
Smith. Henry Shaffner, Perry .Smith (of
Richardsville), W. H. Saxton. Isaac Solly.
Almon Spencer, James Thompson, Gabriel
Vasbinder (of Hazen), William Wilson,
Henry C. Wycoff, George Wilson (of Hazen),
Ellis Wilson.

"Killed — Samuel Criswell. William Pen-
nington, George Plottner, William Riddle.
Charles B. Ross. Gershon .Saxton, William
Shaffer, John Wilson. Died — Corporal Daniel
R. Snyder ; Privates David Bell, Andrew
Christie, John Hilliard, Henry Shaffner, Jo-

seph Rensell. Died in Rebel prison — William
Smith.

"Transferred to V. R. C. — Silas Bouse,
Lyman Higby, W. N. Riggs, W. H. Saxton,
to Tenth Regiment, U. S. I.

"Company F was principally recruited in
Indiana and Clearfield counties by the gallant
and lamented Capt. Robert Kirk, who fell at
Chancellorsville. The only officer from Jef-
ferson county was Lieut. Henry P. McKillip.
The following list comprises the men from
Jefferson county, with deaths, transfers, etc. :
"First lieutenant. Henry P. McKillip; second
lieutenant. Ogg Neel; sergeants. John M.
Brewer. Robert Doty. John W. Smith. John
Hendricks, Elijah Pantall, Jonathan Briiidle,
Joshua Pearce; corporals, John N. Means,
Thomas Neil; privates, William H. H. An-
thony, James D. Anthony, John W. Bryant,
John H. Bush. John W. Brooks, Charles
Berry, William A. Chambers. Peter Depp,
Henry H. Depp, Philip B. Depp, John P.
Dunn. James Dunn, Samuel Edwards. Henry
A. L. Girts, Jonathan Himes, William S. Hen-
dricks. Isaac Flendricks, James Hopkins.
Thomas M. Hauck, Samuel Hannah, Charles
Klepfer, John Kelly, Charles Lyle, Scott
Mitchell. William C. Martin, George Moore,
John Miller, James A. Minish, James Mc-
Carthy, Robert McMannes. Samuel A. Mc-
Ghee. \\'illiani T. Neil. Thomas Orr, Jackson
Piper, David R. Porter, z-\dam Reitz, Irwin
Robinson, James W. Shaffer. Isaac Smith,
David Simpson, Charles Smouse, Henry
Shaffer, Peter C. Spencer. William H. Wilson,
David Williard. George W. Yoimg.

"Killed — Jacob L. Smith. Robert Doty. John
W. Smith, W. H. H. Anthony. Peter Depp.
Jose(>h Hill, Charles Lyle. Charles Smouse.
David L. Simpson, William H. Wilson, David
Williard, Thomas Orr. Died — Henry H.
Depp. Charles Klepfer. Robert McMannes,
David R. Porter, George W. Young, William
C. Martin. Died in Rebel prison — John
Kelly, .

"Transferred to Veteran Reserve Corp.s — ■
Elijah Pantall, Jonathan Brindle, James Aul,
William A. Chambers ; to First United .States
Cavalry — H. A. L. Girtz.

"Company G was recruited principally from
the southwestern townships, from the sturdy,
honest German yeomanry of the cotmty. and
on the day of their departure for the front
rendezvoused at Ringgold, where a large
crfiwd had assembled to see them off, and from
wliich point the farmers took them in wagons
to Kittanning, where they took the cars.

"Capt. John A. Freas, who first commanded

176

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

the coiiiijany, resigned December 24, 1861, and
Lieut. John M. Steck was promoted captain,
and commanded it imtil he was obliged, on
account of ill health, to resign, April 12, 1863.
when Captain Woodward succeeded him until
October S, 1864, when, his time having ex-
pired. Capt. Jacob H. Freas took charge of the
coni])any and was mustered out with it.

■"Captains, John A. Freas, John M. Steck,
Woodward, Jacob H. Freas ; first lieutenants,
Charles B. Coon, Benjamin M. Stauffer;
second lieutenants, Harvey McAninch, E. H.
Mc.Vninch, Edward P. Shaw : first sergeant,
Peter Slagle ; sergeants, Jackson Hettrick,
Jacob Swab. Philip H. Freas, George W.
Taylor, George W. Hawthorn, Adam Himes,
James W. Walker, Henry Crooks, Andrew J.
Monks, John Startzell ; corporals, David
Kellar, Hiram J. Milliron, William H. Lucas,
John M. Fike, Daniel Parsons, William H.
Smith, James F. Miller, William Aikens,
George Saucerman, John A. Swartz, David C.
Swineford, William F. Green. Isaac Hughes ;
privates, George Blystene, Samuel D. Barnctt,
Robert Baughman. Perry Brink, (ieorge Beer,
Daniel Blose. Jacob Campbell, William Cobb,
Robert Davidson, Jacob Dibler, John Dover-
spike, Emanuel Eisenhart, Adam Fike, Jacob
Freedline, George ^^^ Geist, Samuel Geist, I.
N. Hinderliter, William E. Hawthorn, Wil-
liam Hartman, Francis F. Hawthorn, David
Harj). Jacob Harp, Joseph K. Hawthorn, John
Harwick, William A. Hadden, Jacob Harsh-
berger, Samuel Henderson, William A. Haines,
David Haugh, Jacob Hilliard, Frank P. Het-
trick, William Jenkins, Michael Kellar, Wil-
liam D. Kane, Elijah Kellar, George W.
Kinsel, Henry H. Kiehl, Henry N. Milliron,
William Means, Jacob Neece, James Orr,
William D. Orts, Joseph Plyter, Richard J.
Parsons, William Plyter, Robert Patterson,
Anthony Peters, John Richards, Daniel Ritch-_
ards, Isaac Reitz, Joseph Reed, Flarvcy
Rowan. Henry Ravbuck. .Adam Raybuck,
John D. Rhodes. Caleb E. Stewart, John P.
Smith, Daniel Shaffer, Michael Strawcutter,
Philip Shrauger, John Snyder, Conrad Shorf-
stall, Peter .Snepp, Garrett B. Shrauger, Wil-
liam Slagle, David Snowden, Samuel Smith.
John Smith. Nathan P. Spranklc, Frederick B.
.Spranklc, Martin V. .Shaffer, James L.
-Shafifer, Andrew J. Timblin, Daniel Under-
coffer, Thomas M. Watson. Alexander Wiley,
Watson Young, Edward W. Young.

"Killed — Sergt. G. W. Hawthorn ; Corpor-
als' Daniel Parsons, William H. Smith :
Privates George W. Geist, Daniel Ritchards,
Isaac Reitz, Joseph Reed, Philip .Shrauger.

John Snyder, Conrad Shoafstall (Shorf stall).

"Died — Sergts. Adam Himes, James W.
Walker, Henry Crooks ; Corporals John A.
Swartz, William Aiken, George Saucerman,
David C. .Simpson. Privates, Jacob Campbell,
William Cobb, Samuel Geist, William Hart-
man, David Harp, Francis F. Hawthorn, Jacob
Harp, Joseph K. Hawthorn, William Jenkins,
Richard J. Parsons. Thomas M. Watson, Wat-
son Young. Died in Rebel prisons — James F.
Milieu, Michael Kellar, James Orr.

"Transferred to \'eteran Reserve Corps —
Lieut. A. J. Alonks ; John Doverspike, Jacob
Friedline, David Haugh, Jacob Hilliard, John
D. Rhodes, James L. Shaffer.

"Company H was recruited principally in
the townships of Winslow, Washington and
Snyder. Captain Tracy, of Rockdale Mills,
who had assisted largely in recruiting the com-
pany, soon resigning, the command devolved
upon Capt. John C. Conser. who bravely com-
manded them until he fell at Boydton, when
he was succeeded by Capt. Tilton C. Reynolds,
who shared their fortunes until the final
muster out.

"Captains, Artemas H. Tracy, John C. Con-
ser, Tilton C. Reynolds ; first lieutenants,
Thomas K. Hastings, George Van Vliet, Sam-
uel Jones ; second lieutenants, George W.
Crosley, Josiah E. Miller; first sergeant,
]\Iathias Bankert ; sergeants, George Sharp,
Adam Miller, George D. Mosier, E. L. Evans,
Benjamin L. Johnson, Mathew Miller, Joseph
F. Green, James Millen, Forbes Kilgore, Irvin
R. Long; corporals. James Penfield, Samuel
(_r. Moorhead, Henry Grant, James Truhy,
John K. Moore, Philip N. Tapper, Samuel
Preston, E. S. Holloway, John Neil, John St.
Clair; privates, Jesse N. Atwell, James Bailly,
Lewis Boyington, Hamilton F. Burris, Stephen
.S. Briggs, John Buchanon. George Britton,
William Blystone, Jesse Cole, Peter Cox,
Joseph L. Cofin, Charles H. Clinton, George
A. Clark, Daniel G. Carl, Hugh Conn, Jacob
Dickey. Ebenezer Dailey, Samuel C. Dewoody,
John Denberger, John Foust, Jacob Foust,
Robert Feverly, Robert Fleming, William H.
Farren, William Foust, Casper Gillnet, Har-
vey Groves, William Green, John L. Groves,
George W. Harding. Thomas Hutchinson,
William J. Heckman, Benjamin F. Haymaker,
James Harbenger, George Ilowlett, George P.
Ilartzell, Willirnn J. Henderson, Andrew
Iloak, Moses Ishman. .\rchie Jones, George
W. Keck, .Sampson Kirker, William Kerp,
Thomas Kessner, John Kerker, Edward Lewis, '
James R. London, George W. Luke, Henry
1 .. 1 .indsey, George Montgomery, David B.

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

177

Moore, W. S. Mattock, Henry C. Moore,
James Mulkins, James Moore, William
Menser, Nelson Munger, Joseph F. Millen,
Michael Miller, Robert Morrison, William
Mulkins, James McCutcheon, James McGeary,
John McDonald, R. McAdams, Sr., David
McKibbin, John McKean, William McKean,
James McGhee, W. H. McLaughlin, William
"McClelland, Noble McClure, John Nelson,
John Osborne, George G. Rickard, Wash-
ington Rhoades, Albert Reynolds, Robert
Rager, Gilbert P. Rea, Thomas W. Rea,
Joseph Rutter, James H. Reed, John W.
Rea, George Shick, William C. Smith,
Daniel Sharp, John Soliday, Oliver Smith,
Ami Sibley, H. H. Sparks, Robert Spur,
Andrew S. Smith, Henry Stevenson, Hiram
P. Sprague, Peter Sharp, William Smith,
Joseph Tedlie, Anthony Tory, John Thomas,
William S. Whiteman, George Winklebauch,
George Walch, George W. Warnock, William
Walch, Peter B. Wensell, Adam Wensell, Dex-
ter F. Wilson, George Yount, Edward W.
Young.

"Killed — Capt. John C. Conser; Lieut.
George W. Crosley ; .Sergt. James Millen ; Cor-
poral John Neil ; Privates George A. Clark,
Daniel G. Carl, William Foust, John L.
Groves, George Howlett, Robert Morrison,
John Nelson, Joseph Rutter, Hiram P.
Sprague, Peter Sharp, George Yount.

"Died — Sergts. Forbes Kilgore, Irvin R.
Long; Privates William F.lystone, Hugh
Conn, William J. Henderson, .Archie Jones,
John Kerker, William Mulkins, William Mc-
Clelland, James H. Reed, John W. Rea,
Joseph Tedley, George Winklebauch, Edward
W. Young. Died in Rebel prisons, Sergts.
Joseph F. Green, Michael Miller.

"Transferred to Veteran Reserve Corps —
Thomas W. Rea, Dexter F. Wilson, E. S.
Flolloway, John Grossman, R. C. McAdams.

"Company I was composed principally of
men from Brookville and the adjacent town-
ships, and was mainly recruited by Capt. Silas
J. Martin, who. on account of sickness in his
family, was obliged to resign March lo, 1862.
Upon his resignation Capt. James Hamilton
was selected from the Thirty-eighth Pennsyl-
vania (Ninth Reserves), to command the
company, and when he gloriously fell at the
Wilderness, the command devolved upon Capt.
Oliver C. Redic. of Clarion county, and upon
his promotion to lieutenant colonel Capt.
Henry Galbraith succeeded him, and remained
with the company, sharing all its battles and
dangers, until its final muster out. The muster
rolls below give all the men from Jefferson
12

county, with a list of those killed, died of
wounds or disease, and those transferred to
other organizations :

"Captains, Silas J. Martin, Henry Galbraith;
first lieutenant, Isaac N. Tuller; second lieu-
tenants, Hugh Brady, Robert L Boyington,
John H. Kennedy; first sergeants, John Ma-
giffin, George VanVliet ; sergeants, John
Douglass, James L. Paul, Benjamin Pollyard,
James C. Quinter, Isaiah E.Davis, Joseph Kin-
near, Mathias Manner, James Nicholson; cor-
porals, Henry ShaiTer, Daniel A. Friedline,
Frederick Trapp, David Criswell, Andrew
Edinger, James C. Gilson, Henry Rhoads,
James Moorhead, .Stephen Sartwell, Henry
k. Mitchell. WilHam Toye, John W. Man-
ners; privates, Isaac Allen, Ethan Allen, Wil-
liam Armstrong, Daniel A. Brown, Edwin
Black, Jesse Bump, John Blosser, George
Boyer, James R. Bennett. John Burgess, Wil-
liam Burford, Emery E. Brown, Andrew
Campbell, Mathew L. Cochran, William
Campbell, William A. Crawford, Simeon
Chaijman. William Christie, Nathaniel Car-
baugh, William Cowan. William Chapman,
William Courtney, George W. Christie, H. A.
Davis, Aaron Douglass, Samuel C. Davis,
James Doyle, Jacob Edwards, Peter Eye,
Oliver Graham, William H.' Gray, George
(iraham, James F. Hawthorn, George How-
ard. Abram F. Hunter, Samuel .S. Howser,
Samuel Hogue, William E. Hawthorn, David
Hawthorn, John Hillman, Joel Horn, George
C. Hopkins, James R. Hoover, George W.
Hettrick, Henry J. Hawthorn, Samuel A.
Hunter, Harrison Hogue, Silas Irwin, Harry
Ickes, John R. Johnson, Thomas Jolly, Henry
Kennedy, Levi Knight, John Koch, Benjamin
F. Lerch, John C. Moorhead, Robert C. Mil-
len, David R. Matson, R. S. Montgomery,
William Miller, Jacob J. Mauk, William A.
Millen, John A. Mikle, Jacob Moore, William
H. Manners, Edward I. Miller, Eli C. Mc-
Laughlin, William McDonald, Alexander Mc-
Donald. William O'Donnel, James O'Neal,
John Royer, Chapman Rose, Eli Roll, Joseph
Ronke. John S. Smith, James Stroup, Jacob
Snowden, Riley .Siverly, Fred L. Swentzell,
Enos Shirts, Henry Smith, John O. Spencer,
Samuel Stroup, Henry Shirley, Joseph
Stumph, James W. .Shields, John J. Sherman,
Hugh M. Steel. James Shaffer, George J.
Shultz, George Thomas, Mathias Thompson,
Henry Toye, Samuel Tingley, William \''ande-
vort, James Warey, • Thomas Woodward,
Flenry Yount, Isaac Yount.

"Killed — Sergts. Isaiah E. Davis, Joseph
Kinnear, Mathias Manner; Corporals James

178

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

Moorhead, Stephen Sartwell, James R. Ben-
nett; Privates John Burgess, William Chap-
man, William Courtney, James R. Hoover,
George W. Ilettrick, II. J. Hawthorn, Samuel
A. Hunter, Silas Irvin, John R. Johnson. D.
R. Matson, R. S. Montgomery, Philip Ritchie,
Enos Shirts, Mathew Thompson, I;aac Yount.

"Died — Sergt. James Nicholson; Corporals
H. K. -Mitchell, William Toye, John W. Man-
ners; William Burford. Ceorge W. Christie,
Samuel Hogue, Harrison Hogue, Levi Knight.
John Koch, Benjamin F. Lerch, William Alil-
ler, Jacoh Mauk, William A. Millen. William
McDonald, James O'Neil, Henry Smith. John
O, Spencer, Samuel Stroup, Thomas Wood-
ward.

"Transferred to V. R. C. — Sergt. James C.
Quinter, John Hillman, Joel Horn, George J.
Shultz, James Shaffer; transferred to U. S.
army — George C. Hopkins.

"Company K was recruited in Lidiana
county, but Jefferson county furnished some
of its most gallant officers. Capt. A. C. Thomp-
son, who was disabled at the second battle of
Bull Run, and Capt. James Miller, who after-
wards rose to be colonel of the regiment. The
only Jefferson county men in this company
were :

"Captains, Albert C. Thompson, James Mil-
ler; first lieutenant, John G. Wilson; first
sergeants. John Gold. Thomas K. Hastings ;
sergeants, Robert T. Pattison, John T.
Swisher, James H. May ; corporal, James M.
Torrcnce ; privates, George M. Bouch, John
Baker, .Samuel Benner, Hugh C. Craven, Z.
T. Chambers, Alpheus B. Clark, James D.
Frampton. Samuel McAdoo, Samuel Rhoads,
John Stiver, Jesse J. Tcm]5leton, Henry Wyn-
ing.

"Killed — Sergts. Robert T. Pattison, John
T. Swisher.

"Died — Hugh C. Craven, James D. b'ramp-
ton, Jesse J. Templeton."

To epitomize the regimental history : The
One Hundred and Fifth Regiment, Pennsyl-
vania Volunteer Infantry, known as the "Wild
Cat Regiment," was mustered in at Pittsburgh.
September 9, i<%T, for three years. Col. Amor
A. McKnighl commanding. He was killed
at Chancellorsville, Va., and was succeeded
by Col. C. A. Craig, who also fell, at Deep
Bottom, Va. The next ranking officers were
Lieutenant Colonel Greenawalt, who died of
wounds received at the Wilderness, and Lictit.
Col. Levi B. Duff, invalided from wovmds with
loss of leg, at Petersburg. \'a., hence the com-
mand devolved upon Col. James Miller, who
brought the regiment home to Pittsburgh July

10, 1865. On June 23, 1865, the regiment
marched in the grand review in Washington,
and was mustered out of service on July 11,
1865, after serving three years and ten
months, at Washington, D. C.

The One Hundred and Fifth Regiment
served in the First Brigade, First Division,
Third Army Corps, until after the battle of
Gettysburg, when the Third was consolidated
with the Second Corps, and the One Hundred
and Fifth was put in the Second Division of
the Second Corps.

JESSE JAMISON TKMPLETON

Jesse Jamison Templeton was born in Brookville,
Pa., February 20, 1846, and died in the hospital of
tiie Eleventh Pennsylvania Cavalry, at Fortress
Monroe, Va., of congestion of the brain, on the
26th of March, 1862, aged sixteen years, one month,
six days. He was a jirivatc in Capt. A. C. Thomp-
son's Company, K, 105th Regiment Pennsylvania
Volunteers; was enlisted at Indiana, in i86r, and
joined the regiment with a squad of enlisted men
and taken to Cam]) Jameson by Captain Altman,
who was then captain of this company.

During its term of service the regiment
took part in the following engagements : York-
town, April, 1862; Williainsburg, Mav 2,
1862; Fair Oaks, May 31-June i, 1862; the

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

179

Orchards, June 25, 1862 ; Glendale, June 30.
1862; Malvern Hill, July i, 1862: Bristoe
Stadon, August 28, i8(52 ; Second Bull Run,
August 29, 1862 (where the regiment was
specially complimented by General Kearny
for its gallantry) ; Chantilly, September i,
1862 ; Fredericksburg, December 13, 1862 ;
Chancellorsville, May 2 and 3. 1863; Gettys-
burg, July 2 and 3, 1863 ; Wapping Heights,
July 24, 1863; Auburn, October 13, 1863;
Kelly's Ford, November 7, 1863 ; Payne's
Farm (Locust Grove), November 27, 1863;
Mine Run, November 28, 1863 ; Wilderness.
May 5, 6 and 7, 1864 ; Po River, May 10 and
II, 1864; Spottsylvania, May 12 to 15, 1864;
North Anna, May 23 to 25, 1864; Cold Har-
bor, June 2, 1864; Petersburg, June 16 to 18,
1864; Petersburg, June 20, 1864; Petersburg,
June 22 to July 26, 1864; Deep Bottom, July
26 to 29, August 15 and 16, 1864; Poplar
Grove Church, October 2, 1864; Boydton
Plank Road, October 27, 1864; before Peters-
burg, March 25 and 30, 1865 ; before Peters-
burg, April 2, 1865 ; near Farmville, April 6
and 9, 1865.

The One Hundred and Fifth was "one of
the forty-five regiments of infantry in the
United States service designated as the fight-
ing regiments, viz. : 'those having lost in killed
in battle two hundred and over.' "

The loss by battle and disease, as officially
reported, was fourteen officers killed in battle
and two hundred and ninety-five men killed
and died of disease, making a death roll of_
three hundred and nine. One hundred and
ninety-nine were reported missing.

Since the close of the war the death of
thirty-three officers, including Colonel Miller,
and one hundred and six enlisted men, have
been reported. Of the ten men vi'ho went out
as captains in the regiment, all are dead.

The first reunion of the regiment was held
and the One Hundred and Fifth Association
formed at Brookville. Pa.. October 7, 1879.
On that occasion' the following field and staff
officers were present : Lieut. Cols. W. W.
Corbet (of Brookville), Oliver C. Redic (of
Butler, Pa.), and Levi B. Duff (of Pitts-
burgh) ; Adjt. Hillis McKown (of Pitts-
burgh) ; Surgeon Adam Wenger (of Concord,
111.) ; Chaplain D. S. Steadman (of Union
City, Pa.) ; Hospital Steward Charles D.
Shrieves (5421 Jefferson street, Philadelphia,
Pa.). Memljers of the band: John F. Strat-
tan (Navy Yard. Washington, D. C.) ; John
A. Guff^ey (Eureka Springs, Ark.) ; Lott J.
Leech (Chicora, Pa.) ; John Weir (Indiana,
Pa.) ; James A. McClelland (Sigel, Pa.).

The following, quoted from a newspaper
article, expresses something of the pride and
spirit which animated this exceptional body
of fighting men : '^

"As to this regiment of ours, it needs no
eulogy of mine ; its eulogy is in the history
of what it has done. It takes no back seat in
the history of the war. In point of time, it
was four years making up its battle record.
In point of distance, it was from Williamsburg
clear through to Sailor's Creek. To give the
history of its battles would be substantially
to give the history of the Army of the Poto-
mac. In drill, on the march, in battle, in all
soldierly qualities, this regiment had no su-
perior, and repeatedly drew words of praise
from such generals as Kearny, Jameson, Gra-
ham and Birney. It was mustered in in '61,
one thousand strong ; it was mustered out in
July. '65, with about one hundred and fifty
of its original members in it. Its depleted
ranks were filled up twice; the last time, just
as the war was closing. What gave this regi-
ment its fine reputation? First, it was made
up of good material — a sprinkling of Ger-
mans as you will see by their names (and they
made good soldiers), but largely our regiment
was Scotch-Irish. Look at the names : Mc-
Knight, Craig, Duff, Redic. Miller, Hamilton,
^Ickillip, McKown, Galbraith. McGiffin, Mc-
Geary, Kelso, Millen, Kennedy, Campbell, etc.,
to the end of the company rolls. They came
of fighting stock; not so good on a dash, per-
haps, but just the men for holding on and
pounding away if it should take all summer.
The hardest and most stubborn fighting of the
war was when these Scotch-Irish regiments,
North and South, were pitted against each
other.

■'Then they were intelligent men. They
knew what the war was about, and they went,
not for money or glory, but from a sense of
duty. But this regiment, from the first clear
through, had good leaders. Colonel ]\IcKnight
was determined to make his regiment one of
the best, and spared no pains to reach that
point. Day by day, week after week, he drilled
the men, he instructed the officers, until they
got mad and swore like the troops in Flanders ;
but the Colonel was right, and they found it
so after a while. And then was there ever a
better officer than Colonel Craig? So cool,
so brave, and yet so kind-hearted. He was
stern to demand of his men the discharge of
all duty, and yet he could sympathize with
them in any trouble. I make special mention,
of these two men because they had command
of the regiment longer than any others. But

ISO

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

they had wortliy successors, and their equals
in all soldierly qualities, in Grecnawalt and
Dufif and Conser and Rcdio and Miller."

Besides those already enumerated, Jeffer-
son county was represented in a number of
military organizations, whose service and per-
sonnel deserve great praise, reflecting so favor-
ably the loyal sjiirit which prevailed in the
county.

Company F. Si.vly-sczrnlli Rc(/liiiriit. P. F*

''Tn November, i<%i, S. C. Arthurs com-
menced to recruit a company styled the
United Eagles, raised in Jefferson and Clarion
counties. This company went into camp near
Rimcrsburg, Clarion county, where an organ-
ization was eft'ected. with S. C. Arthurs cap-
tain, the other commissioned officers being
from Clarion county. In 1862 the company
joined the regiment of Col. John F. Staunton,
at Philadelphia, and was mustered into the
service as Company F, .Sixty-seventh Penn-
sylvania Volunteers.

"On the 3d of .April, 1862, the Si.xty-
seventh was ordered to Baltimore, and from
there to .\nnapnlis. Aid., where it relieved the
Eleventh Regiment, P. \'. It was here em-
])!oyed in guard and provost duty in the city
anci in other parts of eastern Maryland, and
in furnishing guards for Camp Parole, near
the city. The latter duty was so well per-
formed that the citizens experienced no trouble
from the presence of the large body of
paroled jirisoners constantly at this camp.
During all this time the discipline was very
strict, and the regiment was thoroughly drilled,
until it was equal to any in the service.

"The Sixty-se\-enth took- part in the pursuit
of Early and in all the subsequent brilliant
career of .Sheridan in the Shenandoah valley.
In the fight of the 19th of October, which, but
for the oijportune arrival of Sheridan, would
have ended so disastrously to our arms, the
.Sixty-seventh was hotly engaged, losing forty-
eight in killed and wounded.

"It remained in the valley until near the
close of the year, when, with the corps, it was
ordered to the front al Petersburg, and par-
ticipated in the closing camjxiign. .After the
surrender of Lee it was sent to Danville, near
the North Carolina border, where Johnston
still had a large Rebel force, but on his sur-

* The material relatiiiK to the Sixty-seveiitli Rejji-
nu-iit was taken from Bates's History, Pennsylvania
VoUnUecrs.

render returned to Washington, where it was
mustered out of service July 14, 1865.

"Captain Arthurs was taken prisoner June
13, 1863, at the battle of Winchester. Lieut.
Asaph M. Clarke, who escaped capture, gal-
lantly commanded the company in most of
its further qami)aigns. until he was promoted
to first lieutenant of Company K, February 5,
1865, and .afterwards to captain of that com-
pany.

"The following Jeft'erson county men in
Coni])an\' ]• were killed, or died of disease:
1'.. Rush Scott, killed at Winchester; Bene-
well Fisher, R. D. McCutcheon, Daniel Dun-
kleljurg, died, the latter dying while at his
home on furlough. John \V. Creenawalt,
James W. Kerr, Daniel Mc.Adoo, transferred
to \'eteran Reserve Corps,

"The following men from Jeft'erson county
were in Company F: Cajitain, Samuel C.
Arthurs; first .sergeants, Jacob B, McCracken,
Asaph M, Clarke ; sergeants, Thomas J. Proc-
tor, Elias W. Haines ; corporals, Fred Hilliard,
Thompson McAnidch, Alexander F. Flick,
David Clepper, ■ John Dougherty, Samuel
Irwin ; jirivates, James R. Adams, Edward
Burns, Layfayette Burge, Thomas Brown.
John Baxter, David Barry, Noah Burkepile,
John H, Cox, John Dicky, Daniel Dunkleburg,
Ceorge Friedline, Jesse Flick, George Fisher,
Henry Msher, Benewell Fisher, Peter Grove,
Jr,, James R. Gailey, John W. Greenawalt,
Henry Geesev, Aaron Hendricks, George M.
Hilliard, Michael Harriger, Silas E. Hall.
John M. Hadden, George W, Keys, John P..
Lucas, John Messner, Henry B. Milliron.
Daniel McAdoo, R, D, McCutcheon, Oninton '
O'Kain, Samuel D. Patterson, John "Shadle.
Henry Snyder, Henry C. Snyder, Benjamin
R. Scott, David Taylor. Henry Truman, John
Voinchet, Daniel Williams, John Warner,
F'Jobert D. Williams, Edward W. ^'oung, Sam-
uel Yeomans,"

Conipaiiy B. i;ith rrmisylvnnia Volunteers

"This company was recruited, under the call
of the president, issued July i, 1862. for troops
to serve for nine months. It was raised largely
through the efforts of Richard J. Espy, A. B.
and Charles McLain, an<l left Brookville
.August "til and proceeded to Camp Curtin, at
llarrisburg, where it was mustered into theOne
Hundred and Thirty-fifth Pennsylvania Regi-
ment. ( )n the organizjition of the regiment,
with J. R. Porter, of Indiana, as colonel, \.
B. McLain was made adjutant, and the elec-
liim for company officers resulted in Richard
I. I'".s])y being chosen captain; Charles McLain,

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

181

first lieutenant, and Andrew J. Sparks, sec-
ond lieutenant. On the same day that the
regiment was organized, August 19, 1862, it
left for Washington, and on reporting to Gen-
eral Wadsworth, in command of that depart-
ment, was assigned to provost guard duty,
being detailed in detachments in Washington
and Georgetown, the field officers being as-
signed to special duty, such as president of
general court martial, commandant of Capitol
Hill and of the Soldiers' Home, and in taking
charge of the prisoners on their way for ex-
change between Washington and Aiken's
Landing. The regiment remained at Wash-
ington until February 16, 1863, though Colo-
nel Porter made repeated application to have
his regiment sent to the front, but without
avail, until General Wadsworth joined the
Amiy of the Potomac, when the scattered
detachments were united, and the regiment
proceeded to Belle Plain, where it was as-
signed to the First Brigade, Third Division,
First Corps, Colonel Porter being for a time
in command of the brigade. The regiment
was engaged on picket and guard duty until
the Chancellorsville campaign commenced,
when it was moved, on the 28th of April, to
Pollock Mills, on the Rappahannock river,
near Fredericksburg. Shortly after dark Colo-
nel Porter was ordered to move his regiment
close to the bank of the river to support the
batteries. On the following morning the
enemy opened upon the One Hundred and
Thirty-fifth, the fire being promptly and ef-
fectively returned ; the regiment having three
wounded, one of whom, E. H. Baum, was of
Company B.

"On the 2d of May the First Corps was
ordered to Chancellorsville, where Hooker
was engaged with the enemy, but the One
Hundred and Thirty-fifth was left in support
of the batteries. As soon as relieved it has-
tened to rejoin its brigade at the front, and
was there thrown out to cover the front of
the brigade, losing in the movement several
prisoners. After this campaign closed the
regiment returned to Belle Plain, where it
remained until its term of service expired.

''General Doubleday, commanding the Third
Division of the First Corps, said of this regi-
ment: 'Colonel Porter has rendered very
good service with his regiment in guarding
the batteries along the Rappahannock engaged
in covering the crossing of our troops below
Fredericksburg. His men defended the guns
against the enemy's sharpshooters, and did

good execution The One Hundred and

Thirty-fifth also covered the front of the First

Brigade of my Division at the battle of Chan-
cellorsville, and though not actively engaged,
did all that was required of it.'

"Their term of enlistment having expired,
the regiment returned to Harrisburg, where,
on the 24th of May, 1863, it was mustered
out of service. During its nine months' service
it lost eight men. From disease, Benjamin F.
Bonham, George Diveler, James Flanders ;
Robert Gilmore, William F. Hufi^man, Daniel
Reed, George W. Weckerly, William Whal-
ing. Lee Forsythe died of injuries received
in railroad accident near Washington. Miles
Flack lost both legs in same accident.

"Muster roll: Captain, Richard J. Espy;
first lieutenant, Charles McLain ; second lieu-
tenant, Andrew J. Sparks ; first sergeant, John

A. McLain ; sergeants, George W. Porter, E.
PI. Baum, Samuel M. Moore, George W. Sib-
ley; corporals, Thomas S. McCreight, Thomas
M. Myers, Samuel L. Allen, Hiram W. Clark,
Alanson R. Felt, Robert W. Anderson, Daniel

B. Porter, John A. Rishel ; musician, William
S. T^ucas ; privates, Robert Andrews, John W.
Alford, Leonard Agnew, John Alcorn, Calvin
Burns, Joseph Beer, Liberty Beer, Isaac H.
Buzzard, Anson H. Bowdish, James Bennett,
Jacob Booth, John Bonham, David Buchanan,
Benjamin F. Bonham, George W. Corbin,
John A. Cuzzens, G. W. Chamljerlain, Sylves-
ter Davis, Alonzo Dixon, George Diveler,
Miles Flack, Lee Forsythe. James Flanders,
Franklin Goodar, Samuel Gibbs, Ray Giles,
Robert Gilmore, Elias J. Hettrick, Frederick
Harvey, Nathaniel Harriger, William V.
Heim, John Hettrick, James Hildreth, Na-
than Hoig, George Haight, Wesley Haight,
William Harris, Chauncey P. Harding, Wil-
liam F. Hofifman, Elias W. Jones, Cyrenus N.
Jackson, Henry Keihl, Jacob S. Keihl, Othoniel
Kelly, John L. Lucas, Louis Litzel, Julius
Morey, James A. Myers, Abel L. Mathews,
James E. Mitchell, G. S. Montgomery, Robert
Miller, C. W. Morehead, James E. McCrack-
en, F. B. McNaughton, William G. McMinn,
Jonathan R. McFadden, Frank M. Robinson,
Thomas V. Robinson, William A. Royer, Dan-
iel Reed, Louis Riley, James T. Smith, Peter
Spangler, Jeremiah B. Smith, .Solomon Stahl-
man, David Stahlman, David Uplinger, Silas
Whelpley, Joseph Woods, Orlando Wayland,
George R. White, George S. Wallace, George
W. Weckerly, William Whaling."

Companies E and I, One Hundred and Forty-
eighth Regiment P. V.

"The One Hundred and Forty-eighth Regi-
ment was principally recruited in Centre

182

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

county, and when ready to take the field, desir-
ing that a Centre county soldier should com-
mand them, their choice fell upon James A.
Beaver, of Bellefonte, Pa., who was then at
the front with his regiment, the Forty-fifth
Pennsylvania, of which he was lieutenant colo-
nel. Governor Curtin adding his petition to
that of the officers of the new regiment, that
he should become its commander, Colonel
Beaver resigned from the Forty-fifth and as-
sumed command of the new regiment, which
was designated as the One Hundred and
Forty-eighth. The regiment was organized
September 8, 1862, at Camp Curtin. with
seven companies from Centre county, one
from Clarion, two from Jeft'erson and Indiana.
All of Company I and about half the men in
Company E were from Jefl:'erson. The day
following its organization the regiment was
sent to guard the Northern Central railroad,
with headquarters at Cockeysville, Md. Here
it was put under the most rigid and uniform
rules of discipline, so that in less than three
months after entering the service, some vet-
eran officers who had just been released from
Rebel prisons, and were passing the well
arranged and orderly camp, noticing the trim
appearance of the pickets, and the guards at
the colonel's headquarters, wearing clean white
gloves, burnished brasses and blackened shoes,
called out to the men, 'Are you regulars?'
Colonel Beaver took great pride in the rapid
progress of his regiment, and said of them
at this time, 'The men of this regiment are
willing and of more than ordinary intelligence.
I am satisfied that it can be made all that a
regiment ought to be, if the officers are faith-
ful.' This jirediction the subsequent history
of the regiment proved. The discipline en-
forced embraced every phase of a soldier's
obligation. Though there was no immediate
necessity apjxirent, the men were instructed
in the duties of the outpost as well as the
camp. Careful picket lines were maintained
and tested by the young colonel at all hours
of the day and night, 'i'he most rigid rules
of soldierly conduct were kindly but lirmly
enforced.

"One of the best drilled comjjanies in the
regiment was Comjjany I, and to Captain Mar-
lin of tliat company was the One Hundred and
Forty-eighth in a great measure indebted for
its efficiency in drill and discipline, for in him
Colonel Beaver found an officer thoroughly
posted in every detail of soldierly qualifica-
tions. Going as he did from the One Hun-
dred and Fifth Penn.sylvania, he carried with
him the lessons learned in military tactics in

that rigid school of drill and discipline that
Colonel McKnight established at Camp Jame-
son during the winter of 1861-62, and which
made the officers of that regiment excel in
this respect. Colonel Marlin gives this severe
and thorough training that he then received
the credit for his success as an officer. He
lent himself ardently to aid the colonel of the
regiment in his efforts to make the One Hun-
dred and Forty-eighth a regiment that would
have done credit to the 'Old Guards.'

"A good story is told of the obstacles which
Colonel Beaver sometimes encountered in his
desire to make a crack regiment out of the
material gathered from the mountains of
Pennsylvania. .Standing one day near his
headquarters, a sturdy German of the Clarion
county company came shambling along toward
him. with anything but a soldierly gait, and
without a soldier's bearing. Approaching the
Colonel, without saluting, he said :
" 'Say, vere's de old docther?'
"'I don't know. But who are you?' asked
the Colonel.

" 'Vy, I been Switzer.'

" 'Are you a soldier?' sternly demanded the
Colonel, appreciating the comedy nature of
the performance, but also realizing the neces-
sity of giving the man a practical lesson in a
soldier's education.

" 'Oh, yah ; I belong to the Hundred and
I'ordy-eidth.'

" 'Ah, is that so,' replied the Colonel. 'You
don't appear like a soldier of that regiment.
But if you are, let me show you how a mem-
ber of that regiment addresses an officer. You
stand here and be colonel for a moment, while
1 take your place as a private.'

"The German citizen soldier eyed the Colo-
nel curiously as he walked away a few paces,
, wheeled about and approached him with a
brisk, soldierly step and military carriage. The
substituted private addressed the suddenly
commissioned officer and said :

" '("oloncl, can you tell me, sir, where I will
find the surgeon of the regiment?'

" 'Mein (iolt in ITininiel, I doan no! I'm
been lookin' for him meinself ober an hour.'

"Companies I and I"", took part in the fol-
lowing engagements in which their regiment
was engaged: Auburn, Bristoe, Mine Run,
the Wilderness, Po River, Spottsylvania Court
House, Xorth .Anna, Tolopotomy, Cold Har-
bor, Petersburg. Deep Bottom, Strawberry
Plains. Reams's .Station, Hatcher's Run, Ad-
.inis's Farm, .Sutherland .Station, Farmville,
and .Appomattox.

"Company E shared equally in the honors

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

183

of the One Hundred and Forty-eighth with
Company I. Captain Stewart resigning soon
after it went out, the command devolved upon
Captain Sutton, of Indiana; but two of its
most efficient and bravest officers were Lieu-
tenants Clark and Sprankle, both of Jefferson
county. Joseph E. Hall of Company I was on
April 27, 1863, promoted from sergeant to
sergeant major of the regiment, and on Au-
gust 2d, to second lieutenant of Company I,
and promoted to adjutant of the One Hundred
and Eighty-third Regiment Pennsylvania Vol-
unteers September 7, 1864, a position he held
until the muster out of his regiment, with great
credit. An officer of the division said of him:
'You cannot praise him too highly.'

"The following were the Jefferson county
men in Company E, One Hundred and Forty-
eighth Pennsylvania Volunteers :

"Captain, Charles Stewart, resigned Sep-
tember 25, 1863 ; first lieutenants, W. T.
Clark, promoted November 15. 1863, dis-
charged on surgeon's certificate July 7, 1864;
Peter D. Sprankle, promoted September 25,
1864; first sergeants, George Baughman, Levi
C. Smith, Robert A. Travis ; sergeants, Dan-
iel W. Smith, Charles M. Law ; corporals,
Robert J. Crissman, John Milliron, E. Vincent
Richards, James Shoppard, W. J. Postlethwait,
John J. Shoffstall; musicians, David N. Hen-
ry, Johnston Hamilton ; privates, John Boyer,
Emanuel Bush, Peter Burkett, Isaac G. Coch-
ran, Robert J. Crissman, Alexander R. Dun-
lap. Samuel P. Edwards, William Evans,
David Gearheart, Samuel R. Gearheart, John
M. Hartman, John C. Hoover, William Jor-
dan. Benjamin F. Keck, Sampson Klingen-
smith, Daniel C. Law, Joseph H. Law, Joseph
Long. John Milliron, William Milliron, George
Miller, Andrew Minish, William S. Newcom,
Josiah Postlethwait, William J. Postlethwait,
Emanuel Raybuck, • Henry Raybuck, Philip
Sloppy, James L. Staggers, David Smith, John
Snyder, Samuel Shilling, Joseph Shoffstall,
Chambers O. Timblin, George Timhlin. Philip
Whitesell, Henry Young.

"The following Jefferson county men in
Company E were killed, died of wounds and
disease, or were transferred to other organiza-
tions :

"Killed — Sampson Klingensmith, Joseph H.
Law, David Smith, Joseph Shoffstall, Philip
Whitesell, .'\ndrew Minish.

"Died — Samuel R. Gearheart, Joseph Long,
William Milliron, William S. Newcom, Wil-
liam Postlethwait, George Timblin, Henry
Young.

"Died in Rebel prisons — ^E. Bush, Philip
Sloppy, James Staggers, John Snyder.

"Transferred and promoted to captain, U.
S. C. T. — Sergt. R. A. Travis. Transferred
and promoted to Adjutant, U. S. C. T. —
George Miller. Transferred to V. R. C—
Samuel P. Edwards, William Evans, William
Jordan, B. F. Keck."

"Company I: Captain, Silas J. Marlin;
first lieutenants, John A. Maguire, Junius F.
Grain; second lieutenants, Orlando H. Brown,
Joseph E. Hall, Frank W. Clark; first ser-
geant, Thomas W. Douglass; sergeants, Henry
Carey, Shelumiel Swineford, Benjamin F. Mc-
Gifiin, Jehial Vasbinder, Alexander McQuis-
ton, William Davidson, Robert Kissinger, Ed-
ward Murphy; corporals, Jacob B. Rumbaugh,
William H. Harley, John M. Davis, Lewis
Diebler, Thomas McCullough, Alexander
Douglass, Joseph Earnest, Harrison Catz,
John M. Love, Russell S. Adams, Russell
Weeks ; musician, Joseph Arthurs ; privates,
George W. Anthony, William Acker, Philip
Boyer, John S. Buzzard, Emery J. Barr,
Hugh A. Barr, William H. Barr, William C.
Boyd, John Banghart, Eli Bailey, Joseph W.
Bowley, Jonathan L. Bitner, Philip S. Crate,
Wallace Coon, James Cochran, Lewis Cobbs,
-Andrew Craft, Harvey Crispin, Isaac Corey,
Andrew J. Clark, Josiah T. Crouch, Calvin
Dixon, Isaiah S. Davis, John W. Demott, John
Emmett, Alonzo Fowler, Daniel Ferringer,
William M. Firman, Isaac J. Grenoble, Fred-
erick Gilhousen, James J. Gailey, Orin Giles,
James Garvin, Christ. C. Gearheart, Samuel
K. Groh,' Samuel Howard, Andrew Harp,
Jacob S. Haugh, Augustus Haugh, Andrew
J. Hagerty, Benjamin F. Hull, George Horner,
David M. Hillis, John Lloward, Manasses
Kerr, Reuben Lyle, Harrison Long, Peter P.
Love, Lyman E. Mapes, Jackson Moore,
Thompson Moorhead, David Mattison, Stew-
art H. Monteer, Henry Mapes, Harrison
Moore, James A. Murphy, James McMangle,
Peter Nulf, Nelson P. O'Connor, Robert
Omslaer, William J. Orr, William O'Connor,
Edward Plyler, Samuel Ransom, David D.
Rhodes, Harris Ransom, Eli Rhinehart, Wil-
liam Rogers, James W. Rea, Lewis R. Stahl-
man, Peter Shannon, William H. H. Smith,
Edward M. Sage. John H. H. Shuster, Sam-
uel Shaw, John W. Smith, Theophilus Smith,
Benjamin F. Scandrett, Richard Snyder,
Jacob Snyder, John Stahlman, Joseph Y.
Thompson, Samuel Fry, Robert M. Wadding,
Joseph White, William White, William P. '
Woods, Frank M. Whiteman.

184

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

"The following niciiibers of Company I
were killed, died of wounds or disease, or
were transferred to other organizations :

"Killed— Lieut. John McGuire ; Sergt. Alex-
ander McQuiston ; Privates Andrew Craft.
Daniel Ferringcr, Andrew J. Hagerty, David
D. Rhodes, Samuel Shaw. Died — Corporal
Thomas McCullough. Emery J. Barr, Wil-
liam H. Barr. William C. Boyd, Harvey Cris-
pin, Frederick Gilhousen, James J. Gailey,
Augustus Haugh, Harrison Long, Jackson
Moore, Thompson Moorhead, Peter Nulf,
William White, William J. Orr. Died in
Rebel prisons — Hugh A. Barr, Stewart H.
Monteer, Harris Ransom, Lewis Diebler. The
latter was shot by the prison giiard at Salis-
bur\-, N. C. William Acker and Isaac J.
Grenoble, though not Jefferson county 'boys,'
were yet always identified with the company.
Acker was mistaken for one of the enemy,
and so badly wounded by one of his own regi-
ment, while at work on one of the outpost
riflepits at Cold Harbor, that he lost an arm,
while Grenoble lost a leg at Po River. The
following men were transferred : To adjutant
One Hundred and Eighty-third Regiment
Pennsylvania ^"olunteers, Lieut. Joseph E.
Hall ; to Veteran Reserve Corps, Corporal
John M. Love ; Philip Boyer, John S. Buz-
zard, Eli Bailey, Josiah T. Crouch, Isaiah S.
Davis, John W. Demott, Reuben Lyle, Har-
rison Moore, John W. Smith, Theophilus
Smith, B. F. Scandrett, Richard Snyder, W.
P. Woods. Transferred to Fifty-third Penn-
sylvania Volunteers — Peter P. Love, James
A. Murphy. William O'Connor. To Signal
Corps — James W. Rea."

Company B, Tzvo Hundred and Eleventh
Regiment, P. V.

"Company B, of the Two Hundred and
Eleventh Pennsylvania Volunteers, was raised
in Jefferson county. The regiment was organ-
ized at Camp Reynolds, Pittsburgh, Septem-
ber i6, 1864, for one year's service. James
H. Trimble was elected colonel, and Levi A.
Dodd, of Brookvillc, lieutenant colonel. The
regiment was sent immediately to the front,
and on the 20th of September found itself in
the entrenchments at Bermuda Hundred,
where it was put in a provisional brigade of
the Army of the James. Scarcely had it gained
its position when it was ordered to mount the
parapets, formed of sandbags, in full view
of the enemy, who at once opened upon them
with his batteries, killing two men in Com-
pany F with a single .shell. The object in

thus exposing this command, was to attract
the attention of the enemy from the storming
party which was about to move on Fort Har-
rison, which movement was successful. The
picket line which the regiment was required
to hold extended from the James river, on
the right, opposite Dutch Gap, through a
dense i)ine wood to an open space, within
which was the camp of the regiment. The
line after leaving the river ran nearly straight
to this slashing, where it made an abrupt
bend, leaving the apex of the angle close to
the enemy's lines. The opposing pickets had
always been on the most friendly terms, and
a great many deserters from the enemy came
into our lines at this point. General Pickett,
who was in command, determined to stop
this wholesale desertion, and on the night of
the i/th of November, quietly massing a body
of picked men, suddenly burst upon the
Union Pickets, capturing over fifty before
they could rally, or the regiment come to their
aid. He built a strong redoubt at this point,
and so strengthened his lines that General
Grant deemed it inexpedient to try to retake
the ground. This put an end to all intercourse
between the pickets, and hostilities were
actively kept up, and while the regiment re-
mained on that line the men were obliged to
hug the breastworks or lie close to the bomb-
proofs.

'Tn the less than nine months that it was
out, the Two Hundred and Eleventh did gal-
lant service and lost heavily. Company B
lost in killed besides Captain McLain, who
had been promoted to lieutenant colonel, but
not mustered: Killed — Sergt. Joel Brown,
Thomas Witherow. Died of wounds and
disease — John Bailey, Solomon F. Da\is.
Washington A. Prindle, Israel D. Smitii.
James W. Boyd. The latter died in the Rebel
prison at Salisbury, N. C.

"Lieut. Col. Charles McLain first enlisted
in the nine months' ser\ace, becoming first
lieutenant of Company B, One Hundred and
Thirty-fifth Regiment, Pennsylvania Volun-
teers, and when their time of enlistment ex-
])ired he again went out, as captain of Com-
])any B (six months). Independent Battalion,
July 23, 1S63. Again feeling that his country
still needed his sen'ices, he went once more
to the front as captain of Company B, Two
Hundred and Eleventh Regiment, Penns\l-
vania ^'olu^tcers. He served gallantly
through all their campaigns, winning high
encomiums from his superior officers, and
having the love and respect of his men, to
whom he was a kind and faithful friend, until

JEFFERSON COTJNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

185

in the severe fight at Fort Steadman, April 2,
1865, he was shot in the charge of his regi-
ment, and instantly killed. He had been pro-
moted to lieutenant colonel of his regiment
the day before he fell. When the news of •
his fall reached his home in Brookville, a meet-
ing of the citizens was held April 13th, and
resolutions of respect and sorrow for the dead
soldier, and condolence with his family, were
passed, and a committee of soldiers appointed
to take charge of his remains, and make ar-
rangements for his funeral. On the 30th of
April his body, which had been brought home
by his brother, was laid to rest in the Brook-
ville cemetery. Colonel McLain left a wife
and three children to mourn his loss.

"Jefiferson county men in the Two Hun-
dred and Eleventh Regiment, P. V. :

"Colonel, Levi A. Dodd. promoted from
lieutenant colonel April 4. 1865; adjutant,
Herman F. Steck, promoted from first ser-
geant. Company B, May 11, 1S65. Company
B — Captains, Charles AIcLain. Charles J.
Wilson; first lieutenant, Milton H. McAninch;
first sergeant, Thomas M. Myers ; sergeants,
John M. Alford. Anson H. Bowdish, Thomas
P. Craven, William Hall, Thomas P. McCrea,
Israel D. Smith, Joel Brown ; corporals, Robert
W. Anderson, James McMurtrie, Reuben K.
Morey, Joseph A. Dempsey, Simon M. Denny,
Milton Graham, Andrew Braden, Malachi
Davis ; musician, Peter Spangler ; privates,
Marvin Allen, James T. Alford, H. J. Baugh-
man, Henry Bullers, Jeremiah Bowers, Fay-
ette Bowdish, Henry J. Bruner, Calvin G.
Burns, James W. Boyd, John Bailey, Alvin
Clark, David W. Craft, Esekiel Dixon, Daniel
Deeter, Charles Driscoll, Solomon F. Davis,
Peter Emerick, Joshua F. Fisher, Russell M.
Felt, Adam Foust, Lewis Gaup, Christ. C.
Gearheart, David P. Gearheart,' Justice Gage,
Mathew Gayley, Hiram Hettrick, Jacob Hart-
man, Anthony M. Holden, Edward A. Holly,
Joseph Ishman, Frank Kreitler. Thomas S.
Kline, Thomas Lindemuth, J. S. Montgom-
ery, Alexander Moore, James Mackey, Jesse
B. Miller, Milton G. Miller, John K. McFJroy,
William G. McMinn, Henry McGinley, James
O'Hara, George W. Paris, Henry Peters,
James Penfield, Washington A. Prindle, Sam-
uel C. Richards, William J. Riddle, Frederick
Raywinkle, Lafayette Stahlman, Solomon
Shoffner, Fulton Shofifner, George W. Shafl^er,
Lewis Swab, John Simmett, Warren Sibley.
James M. Thompson, John Thomas, Madison
A. Timblin, Frank Truman, George Walker,
Joseph M. Wilson. William A. Watts, Jacob
Weidner, Thomas M. Witherow."

Companies B and C, Tzvo Hundred and Sixth
Regiment, P. V.

"The men for the Two Hundred and Sixth
Regiment were principally recruited in the
southern part of the county. The regiment
was organized at Camp Reynolds, Pittsburgh,
September 8, 1864, under Col. Hugh J. Brady,
a cousin of Capt. Evans R. Brady. The field
and line officers wtrt all veterans, and nearly
all the men had seen service. Soon after it
was organized the regiment was sent to City
Point, and assigned. to the Army of the James.
On the 4th of .October, while engaged in build-
ing a fort near Dutch Gap, it was under the
enemy's guns, and had one man killed and
several wounded. For this work the regiment
was commended in a complimentary order, by
the commander of , the department, who
ordered the works to be called Fort Brady.

"On the 26th of October the regiment was
ordered to report to General Terry, command-
ing the Tenth Corps, and assigned to the Third
Brigade, First Division, and soon after went
into winter quarters near the line of works .
north of Fort Harrison, where the men were
well drilled and disciplined. By an order
from the War Department of December 3d,
the Tenth and Eighteenth Corps were con-
solidated, and the Twenty-fourth and Twenty-
fifth Corps formed from them. All the white
troops were put in the Twenty-fourth. Gen-
eral Ord was put in command of the Army
of the James.

"When the army moved on the 27th of
March, 1865, the Two Hundred and Sixth
was detached and ordered to remain in camp,
reporting to General Devens, commanding the
Third Division. This order was received
with great disfavor by the regiment, and in
response to the remonstrance against it, the
following answer was returned from head-
quarters : T am directed by General Foster
to state that he regrets exceedingly that your
command should have been ordered to remain.
The order came from department headquar-
ters, and the General did all in his power to
have it revoked, but could not.' The con-
valescents of the First Division were ordered
to report to Colonel Brady, who was directed
to organize and hold them in readiness to
move.

"On the 3d of April the troops in front of
Richmond were ordered to advance, and it
was soon discovered that the enemy had
evacuated his works and fired the city, so that
our troops marched in without opposition.
On the 22d the regiment was relieved from

186

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

General Dcvens's command, and ordered to
report to Gen. F. T. Dent, military governor,
who assigned it to provost duty in Richmond.
A month later it returned to the brigade, of
which Colonel Brady assumed command. The
regiment was soon after sent to report to Gen-
eral Gregg, at Lynchburg, who assigned it to
provost duty in that place. It remained here
about two weeks, and then rejoined its divi-
sion at Richmond. On the 26th, no further
service being required of it, it was sent to
Pittsburgh, and the term of service having
expired was mustered out June 2, 1865. Gen-
eral Dandy in command of the brigade said
of this regiment : "Under your gallant com-
mander. Col. Hugh Brady, you were the first
to enter Richmond, and to display in the
capitol of traitors the Stars and Stripes of
your country. Carry home with you, and
bequeath it to your thildren, the red heart,
the badge of the First Division. It is the
symbol that will li\e when the present and
succeeding generations have passed away.'

"Muster roll of Company B: Captain, Wil-
liam Neal ; first lieutenant, Henry C. Camp-
bell ; second lieutenant, Arr. Neal ; first ser-
geant, Benjamin W. Reitz ; sergeants, William
A. Hadden, Thomas J. Cooper, John C. Cam-
eron. Darius E. Blose ; corporals, Benjamin
T. Smyers, David G. Gourly, Charles Barry,
David Neal, Joseph W. Long, Thomas R.
Lamison, Jacob Keihl, Mitchell ,R. Lewis;
privates, John D. Brown, Joshua Brink, James
^I. Bush, Lewis H. Bollinger, Abraham Bow-
man, Boaz D. Blo.se, William J. Bell, Eli
Byerlv. Peter Brunner, Philip Bush, Jacob
Conrad, John Carr. Robert English, William
Frampton, George Frampton, James S. Gray,
John Cirovc, Daniel, Gearheart. Enoch G. Gray,
Eli Homer, Michael P. Hummel, Thomas M.
Hawk, William Huffman, William L. Henry,
Samuel S. Jordon, George Johnson, tJeorge
M. Jordon, IClijah Kinsell, Thomas Kerr. Levi
Kinsell, James K. Lewis. Jacob Lingenfetter,
Robert F. Law, William M. Michaels, Thomas
M. Marshall, William P. Morris, John Marsh,
Harrison .Marsh, l^i Miller, Robert W. Mc-
Brien, John !■;. McPherson, John W. Neal,
Samuel H. Nolf, John C. Neal, T. J. Postle-
thwait, Samuel H. Parkhill, Michael Painter,
David Painter, David Pierce, Isaac Postle-
thwait, John Pierce, Dallas M. Risbell, James
O. .S. Spencer, (iotlcib Steiver, Thomas Spen-
cer, Joseph T. Sparr, Peter Swaney, Isaac
Smouse, David L. Smeyers, Philip .Smeyers,
Alfred .Shaffer, William E. Simjjson, David A.
Thomjison. f.corge 11. Torrance, John Varner,
Bcnoni Williams, Samuel C. Williams, Thomas

M. Williams, Charles C. Williams, William
Weaver, George C. Wachob, John M. White-
sell, Jacob G. Zufall, George J. Zufall.

"Company C: First sergeant, Charles M.
Brewer; sergeant, William L. McQuowen;
corporals, John McHenry, Thomas P. North;
privates, Joseph Gary, Samuel Frampton,
(jeorge S. Hennigh, John Hickox, Joseph
Mauk, Joseph P. North, Michael Palmer,
Henry C. Peffer, W. P. Postlethwait, John F.
Pifer, David G. Pifer, Samuel Pearce, John
Rinn, William Riddle, George W. Shorthill,
Joseph Shields, David Stiver, Daniel Stiver,
John F. Smith, William Sutter.

"Company E: Sergeant, Benjamin F.
Miller.

"Company F: Private, Tobias Long.

"Company H: Corporal, David S. Altman;
privates, George F. Bowers, John H. Bow-
ers, William H. Campbell, Henry Fritz, George
S. Gailey, John H. Miller, Andrew Marsh,
Samuel McNutt. John C. McNutt, Joseph
McCrackcn, John .St. Clair, John Wagner,
Jacob Wagner."

"Quite a number of Jefferson county men
enlisted and did gallant service in companies
and regiments raised in other localities. The
names and organizations of all such that we
have been able to find we give below :

Compan\ L, Eleventh Pennsylvania Cavalry

"The Eleventh Pennsylvania Cavalry was
organized at Washington, D. C, September,
1S61, by Col. Josiah Harlan, as an Inde])end-
ent light horse cavalry regiment, composed of
companies from different States; but as Con-
gress had only authorized the raising of regi-
ments by States,, the formation of this regi-
ment as an independent organization"^ was
irregular, and on the 13th of November it was
attached to the Pennsylvania .State organiza-
tions, and was thereafter known as the
Eleventh Pennsylvania Cavalry — the One
Hundred and Eighth regiment in line.

"Company L, in which were forty-seven
men from Jeft'erson county, was raised by
Capt. John B. Loomis, of Clarion, and was
mustered into the service September 12, 1861.
This regiment was one of the best cavalry
organizations in the army, and performed gal-
lant service. It took ])art in thirty-two battles
and over one hundred and five skirmishes.
Company L lost in killed and died the follow-
ing men from Jefferson county :

"Killed — Henry Allen. Charles Barnard
(killed at Oil City while at home on veteran

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

187

furlough), Amos W. Delp, Jesse Evans, Cal-
vin Lucas, Amos Weaver, Thomas C. Nolf.
Died — Paul Hettrick, Joseph Gates. James
McCann died at Andersonville, Georgia.

"A number of this company were captured
in the fight at Reams's Station, Va.. June 29,
1864, among whom was David S. Orcutt, of
Corsica, and whose experience in Rebeldom
was, we presume, not excelled for hardship by
any other of our soldiers. After being cap-
tured he was taken to Richmond, and there
kept in Libby prison twenty days, and then
sent to Andersonville, Ga., from which place
he escaped, but was recaptured by blood-
hounds, near j\Iacon ; from there he was taken
to Savannah, and on his way to the latter
place he again managed to escape, and was
again, the next day, recaptured by blood-
Jjounds and sent to Savannah, and from there
to Millen. When Sherman 'came marching
through Georgia,' the prisoners were sent
ahead of the army to Savannah and ex-
changed, and then sent to .Annapolis, Md.,
where Mr. Orcutt was put in the hospital,
and from there transferred to a hospital' in
Baltimore. From Baltimore he was taken
to Washington, D. C, as a witness in the trial
of Wirz, on which he was detained for six
weeks, when he was so prostrated by illness
that he had to be sent back to the hospital at
Baltimore, where on the 12th of April, 1865,
he was discharged and returned home, after
having served in the army four years and one
month. When he was taken prisoner he
weighed one hundred and eighty pounds ;
when he was released he was reduced to one
hundred pounds, and he never recovered from
the effects of his imprisonment. David R.
McCuUough, who was taken prisoner at the
same time, made his escape from Anderson-
ville, and after traveling fourteen days and
nights, reached our lines at Chattanooga about
Christmas. 1864. Mr. Orcutt says, 'No one
will ever know what we suffered at Ander-
sonville. Only those who have been there
can tell anything about it. All other prisons
were parlors compared with Andersonville.'

"The following Jefferson county men were
in Company L: First lieutenant, Robert J.
Robinson ; second lieutenant. Shannon Mc-
Fadden; first sergeant, William K. Shaffer;
sergeants, Enos G. Nolf, Christian D. Fleck,
James Baldwin, Aaron Fulmer, William N.
George, Thomas McDowell, Edward Meeker,
Charles Kline, Amos Weaver; corporals, John
H. Shaw, James M. Matthews, David B. Zila-
fro, Paul Hettrick; farrier, Samuel Moor-
head ; privates, Samuel Anderson, Henry Al-

len, Charles Barnard, James Christie, William
P. Confer, James F. Cannon, Amos W. Delp,
Benjamin Divler, James P. DiUman, Jesse
Evans, Frederick Fulmer, W. N. George,
Joseph Gates, John C. Hettrick, Jacob Hecka-
thorn, Josiah Klingensmith, Calvin Lucas,
Moses W. Mathews, D. R. McCullough, John
McCullough, James McCann, John R. Mc-
Fadden, Daniel R. Noble, Thomas B. Nolf,
David S. Orcutt, John C. Piatt, Richard Tip-
ton, Jacob Taylor, James R. Vandevort, Amos
Weaver.

"A number of recruits were put into this
regiment in 1863-64, among whom were the
following additional Jefferson county men :

"Company A — Corporal James H. Moore ;
privates, Lester S. Beebe," William Baugh-
mon, James D. Dean.

"Company B — Privates, George E. A.
Clark, James E. Mitchell.

"Company C — Privates, Liberty Beer, Sam-
uel W. Bniner, Martin Eakman, Paul Vande-
vort, Josiah Wyley.

"Company G — Private, F. J. Strong.

"Company I — Privates, John L. Knapp,
William L.' Slack."

Company K, Fourteenth Pennsylvania Cavalry

"The Fourteenth Cavalry, another gallant
body of men. was enlisted November 23, 1862,
and mustered out August 24. 1865. The fol-
lowing Jeft'erson county soldiers were mem-
bers of Company K:

"Sergeant, William R. Co\\'an ; corporal,
Benjamin F. McCreight ; bugler, John F. Gm-
ber ; privates, John G. Bouch, Jacob J. Boden-
horn, Henry J. Bodenhorn, S. P. Cravener.
The latter died in prison at Andersonville,
Georgia."

Company C, Second Regiment, U. S. Sharp-
shooters

"During the month of August, 1861, Capt.
.S. M. Dewey, of Harrisburg, Pa., visited Jef-
ferson county for the purpose of recruiting
men for a company in Berdan's Sharpshooters.
None but expert marksmen were received,
each individual being required to 'make ten
consecutive shots at a distance of two hun-
dred yards, within five inches of the center
of the target, or five inches measured from
the center of the target to the center of ball-
holes. Each man to certify to his "target" be-
fore a justice of the peace.'

"Ira J. Northrup was left in charge of re-
cruiting for this company, and soon recruited

188

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

a good squad of men wlio were at once sent
to the headquarters of the regiment at Harris-
burg, and were mustered into the service Oc-
tober 5, iiS6i. This comi)any did gallant
service for the Union. They were all expert
marksmen, and were armed with the most
approved breech-loading rifles. The history
of lierdan's Sliarpshooters is that of the Army
of Potomac. In the thick of every battle they
were sure to do effective work, as their shots
always told on the foe.

"The following men represented Jefferson
county in Company C, U. S. .S. : Sergeants,
Ira J. Northrup, promoted to captain; Frank
Runibarger, John W. Pearsall ; corporals,
Jolm Mc.Murray, Isaac Lyle ; privates, George
lioals, George W. Dunkle, John S. Geer, W.
E. Jacox, Leroy C. Jacox, James (or Samuel)
Law, Samuel Lattimer. Thomas Long, Wil-
liam McCullough, J. Prindle, L. W. Scott,
George H. Stewart, Wesley C. Thompson,
James Watts. • Law died of wounds received
at Antietam."

Eighteenth U. S. Infantry

"In the winter of 1861-62 quite a number of
men were enlisted in Jeft'erson county for the
regular army by Sergt. W. D. Madeira, of
the Eighteenth United States Infantry. They
were put into Company E, Third Battalion
of that regiment, and with the men recruited
in Clarion and Venango counties formed
almost the • entire company. Those subse-
quently recruited for the same service were
put in Company F of the same battalion, until
January, 1863, when they were all transferred
to the Second Battalion. The Eighteenth saw
hard service in the Army of the Cumberland,
which it joined just after the Irattle of Fort
Donelson, and with which it remained until
its term of service expired, just after the bat-
tle of Lovejoy"s .Station, Ga. The following
men from Jefferson county served in the regi-
ment :

"Company 11, .Second Battalion — Sergeant,
Herman Kretz.

"Company E — .Sergeant. Thomas Barr ;
cor])oral, Thomas I'aird ; jirivates, John Con-
rad, Frank Carroll, James Cochran, John
Dean, William Dean, Joseph Dcmpsey, Jere-
miah i'.merick, Jonathan Harp, James Hall,
fohn Houjit, Wilson Hutchinson, Adam Ileil-
bruner, Jacob I leilbruner. Nelson Ishnian,
Andrew Love, .S. R. Milliron, William Math-
ews, Jacob Messinger, David Porter, Samuel
Rhodes, William l^einstine, William Reams,
.\mos Shirey, John .Strawcutter, .Samuel .Sax-

ion, Jacob Shaft'er, Isaac Shoft'ner, Russell
Vantassel.

"Company F — Sergeant, William Martz;
])rivates, William Adams, John Custard, James
Campbell, Samuel Haines, Adam Haines,
.\mos Starr, Samuel D. Shaft'er, Peter Wolf-
gang, (ohn Wolfgang, Peter Wolf, Samuel
Wolf.

"Of these, Andrew Love, Samuel Rhodes,
Jacob Shaffer, Russell Vantassel were killed.
John Custard, who was discharged in 1864,
was lost coming home, the train being captured
by the Rebels, and he was, it is presumed,
killed, as he was never heard of afterwards.

"Thomas Barr (Bairde), Jonathan Harp,
Samuel Haines, Adam Haines, Peter Wolf-
gang, John Wolfgang, Adam Heilbruner,
Jacob Heilbruner, James Campbell, William
Adams, Amos Shirey and John Strawcutt^
served until their term of enlistment expired,
January 6, 1865 ; the others had been killed or
previously discharged. Sergeant Madeira,
who recruited them, was killed at Murfrees-
boro, Tennessee."

Jefferson county men in other organ-
izations :

"Company E, Fifth Regiment, Pennsylvania
Reserves, First Lieut. Joseph P. Lucas.

"Company H, Eighth Regiment, Pennsyl-
vania Reserves, Private J. Wilson Henderson;
transferred to Company H, One Hundred and
Ninety-first Regiment, and promoted to
sergeant.

"Company G, Ninth Regiment, Pennsyh-ania
Reserves, Private Christian Aliller.

"Company C, One Hundred and Twenty-
fifth Pennsylvania Regiment, Henry B. Heck-
endorn.

"Company M, Sixth United States Cavalry.
Robert A. Hubbard.

"Company C, Fifteenth United States In-
fantry, Capt. William W. Wise (killed)."

United Stales Colored Troops

The .\merican negroes in the country's wars
liave been patriotic and valorous. Several won
high official praise in the Revolution. Perry
commended warmly those who fought with
him the battle of Lake Erie; Andrew Jackson
extolled the bravery of the negro troops at
New Orleans, and during this war approxi-
mately 180,000 members of the race were in
the armies of the Union.

"On account of the limited colored popula-
tion, Jefferson county had very few repre-
sentatives in the colored regiments, but those
who did go out from this county did noble

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

189

service. Several of the best officers belonging
to the colored organizations were from this
county. Major McMurray, who served as
captain of Company D, Sixth Regiment, and
as inspector on the staff of Gen. Charles J.
Paine, commanding the Third Division of the
Eighteenth Corps, gives the following incidents
of his regiment to which some of the Jefferson
county men belonged :

■' 'On the morning of September 29, 1864,
the day of the capture of Fort Harrison, our
brigade was ordered to assault the enemy's
works at Deep Bottom, near Spring Hill, about
a mile from the Fort Harrison front. The
assault was made shortly after sunrise, through
a heavy slashing. When we went into the fight
.our regiment numbered about three hundred
and fifty; when we came out it numbered
about one hundred and twenty-five, sixty of
whom belonged to two companies that were
not in the as.sault, being deployed as skir-
mishers on the flanks of the brigade.

" 'My company was in the center of the
regiment as well as of the brigade, and was
almost annihilated. When we went into the
fight I had thirty enlisted men and one officer.
When we came out I had myself and three
enlisted men. Eleven of the company were
killed, fifteen were wounded, and one was
captured. ]My first lieutenant, who is now a
captain in the Third Cavalry, was shot through
the right arm.

" T know of no loss equal to this in a square
standup fight, in the history of the late war.
Of the hundred men who started out in my
company one year before, but one was left with
me. the three who escaped being recniits.'

"Company D, Sixth Regiment, Capt. John
McMurray, brevetted major April 15, 1865;
second lieutenant, Thomas P. AlcCrea.

"Company H, Corporal Robert Webster,
killed at New JMarket Heights, Va. ; Privates
Peter B. Enty, Peter F. Enty, both died in
service.

"Seventh Regiment, Adjt. Georgp Miller.

"Eighth Regiment, Surgeon .-\. P. Heichold ;
Hospital Steward George W. Luke.

"Company I, Eighth Regiment, Capt. Robert
A. Travis.

"First Massachusetts Colored Troops,
Oliver Steel."

Emergency Men of 186J-64

"The victories gained by the Rebel troops at
Fredericksburg, in December, 1862, followed
by that of Chancellorsville, in May, 1863, em-
boldened their leaders so much that they con-

templated a raid into the Northern border
States. As a precaution against this invasion
the war department, June 9, 1863, issued an
order creating two new military departments,
that for the western district being established
at Pittsburgh, with Maj. Gen. W. T. H.
Brooks as commandant, and on the 13th Gov-
ernor Curtin issued a call for volunteers to
protect the southern borders of our State.
This was followed on the 15th by the Rebel
raid on Chambersburg, and there was a general
uprising of the people in response to the call.
On the 28th of June, General Lee having
already crossed the Potomac with his entire
army, (jovernor Curtin again called for sixty
thousand men for ninety days, to repel the
invasion, 'but to remain only so long as the
safety of the Commonwealth should require.'
Under this last call three companies were
raised in Jefferson county and mustered into
the Fifty-seventh Regiment, Emergency Vol-
unteers, July 3-8, 1863.

''On the organization of the regiment Col.
James R. Porter, whose term of service with
the One Hundred and Thirty-fifth Pennsyl-
vania Volunteers had just expired, was
chosen colonel. The Fifty-seventh took part
in the chase after Morgan, and were for a
time engaged in guarding the fords of the
Ohio river from Steubenville to Wheeling, W.
\'a. The Fifty-seventh, while occupying strong
ground on the Warrenton road, undoubtedly
foiled Morgan's attempt to cross at that point.

"No further need arising for their services,
the regiment was mustered out.

"Much satire has been indulged in at the
expense of the 'six weeks' soldiers, but their
presence proved a powerful check to the
enemy, and though not brought into actual
combat, they were ready for it, and it was
no fault of theirs that they did not meet the
enemy. Called suddenly from the business
walks of life, they met the emergency promptly
and cheerfully, at the call of danger. Many
of them were men who had already met the
enemy ; some were at home on account of
wounds, others who had served the term of
their enlistment, others physically unfit for a
long term of service, and some boys in their
teens ; but the rolls of these companies show
the material they were composed of.

"The return of the Emergency men was
saddened by the death of one of their mem-
bers, Mr. -Samuel McElhose, who died in camp
at East Liberty, near Pittsburgh, August 16.
1863. Mr. McElhose was one of the most
prominent citizens of Jefferson county, being
at the time of his death the editor and pro-

190

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

prietor of the Jefferson Star, which paper he
had established in Brookville in 1849. He
had also served as comity superintendent of
common schools for two terms, and was a
well-known educator. Mr. McElhose was
strongly wedded to the cause of liberty, but
his health being far from robust prohibited him
from enlisting until the call came for volun-
teers to defend our own State, when he could
no longer remain at home; but closing his
office he, with all his hands, enlisted, and ere
the time of service expired he died for his
country as much as though a Rebel ball had
laid him low.

"The field and staff of the Fifty-seventli
was largely from Jefferson county, viz. :

"Lieutenant colonel, Cyrus Butler; quarter-
master, M. H. Shannon ; assistant stirgeon,
John M. Cummins; chaplain, John C. Trues-
dale; quartermaster sergeant, W. J. Mc-
Knight ; commissary sergeant, John J. Thomp-
son."

JOHN HUNT XIGRG.VN's RAID AND HIS
SENSATIONAL CAPTURE

The year 1863 was an historical one. The
complete victory of Lee and disastrous defeat
of "fighting Joe Hooker" at the battle of
Chancellorsville, Va., on May 3d, of that year
emboldened Jefferson Davis and the other
Rebel leaders to plan an invasion of the North
and, if possible, rob and loot rich Pennsylvania.
Accordingly, as a precautionary measure and
to prepare for such a condition, on the 9th of
June, 1863, the war department issued a gen-
eral order (No. 172) establishing two new
military departments, viz. :

1st. The Department of the Monongahela,
embracing that portion of the State of Penn-
sylvania west of Johnstown and the Laurel
Hill range of mountains, and the counties of
Hancock, Brooke and Ohio, in the State of
tiv -Virginia, and the counties of Columbiana, Jef-
ferson and I'elmont, in the State of Ohio. The
command of this department was assigned to
Maj. Gen. William T. IT. Brooks, with his
headquarters at Pittsburgh. Five thousand,
one hundred and sixty-six men enlisted in this
department.

2d, The Department of the Susquehanna,
embracing that portion of the State of Penn-
sylvania east of Johnstown and the Laurel
Hill range of mountains. The command of
this department was assigned to Maj. Gen.
Darius N. Cotich. with his headquarters at
Chambersburg. Tbirtv-one thousand, four

hundred and thirty-two men enlisted in this
department.

Eight regiments, two batteries, six com-
])anies of cavalry and four independent com-
jKinies, in the two departments, were sworn
into the United States service for the emer-
gency. The remaining regiments were only
.State militia.

On the 28th of June. 1863, Governor Curtin
issued a call for sixty thousand emergency
men to serve for ninety days. In response to
this call three companies were enlisted in
Jeft'erson county. One in Brookville of about
ninety men commanded by Cyrus Butler; one
in Ringgold township about seventy strong,
commanded by John C. McNutt, and one in
Brockwavville seventv strong, commanded by
Nichols M. Brockway. I (Dr. W. J. Mc-
Knight ) enlisted in Brockway's company and
this company was hauled in two wagons to
Kittanning, Pa., each wagon drawn bv four
horses. John A. Fox, of Warsaw, drove one
of the teams, and W. H. Schram the other.
From Kittanning we expected to be rushed to
Harrisburg, join Couch and meet Lee at
Gettysburg, but at Pittsburgh both companies
were ordered to Camp Howe, where we
organized a regiment, the Fifty-seventh, after
which the regiment as organized marched
about four miles to a beautiful grove — !\IcFar-
land'.s — with the street cars on one side of us
and the Pennsylvania railroad on the other.
This spot was named Camp Swearingen, near
East Liberty. Butler's company was Com-
])any B. Brockway's company was Company
Cj. and McNutt's company was Company H.

In the organization of the regiment the fol-
lowing Jefferson county men were selected for
the field and staff': Lieutenant colonel, Cyrus
Butler; quartermaster, Martin H. Shannon;
surgeons, John H. Cummins. John W.
Hughes ; chapl-ain, John C. Truesdale ; quarter-
master sergeant, W. J. McKnight ; commis-
sary sergeant, John J. Thompson.

Brockway's company was enrolled June,
30th, mustered into the United States service
July 3d, and discharged August 17, 1863. I
am the only one now living of the entire field
and staff of the regiment. The regiment was
assigned to General Brooks, and assisted him
in his campaign against General Morgan.

These L'nited States volunteers received no
bounty, but were paid the same as other
soldiers in the army of the United States, as
soon as Congress made an appropriation for
tliat jnirpose.

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

191

War Department, June 27, 1863, I :45 p. m.
Major General Brooks. Pittsburgh:

Directions have been given to the quartermaster
general to furnish, upon the requisition of the gov-
ernor, uniforms to the State troops that may answer
the governor's call. Those who are sworn into the
United States service will be supplied upon your
requisition.

Edwin M. Stanton,
Secretary of War.

In addition to throwing up defenses for
Pittsburgh, General Brooks determined to
capture Morgan if he came into his depart-
ment, and accordingly went to work to deploy
his forces in such a way that escape for
Morgan would be impossible, as the following
official telegrams will explain:

Pittsburgh. July 7. 1863. (Received 2:20 a. m.)
Major General Halleck:

There are six hundred and fifty six months' vol-
unteers in camp here, all armed and equipped. Also
two thousand six hundred three months' militia that
can be ready to move tomorrow night.

W. T. H. Brooks.
Major General.

Pittsburgh, July 8, 1863. (Received July 9,
12:05 a. m.)
Major General Halleck:

The following troops will leave for Grafton to-
morrow : Two regiments three months' militia,
numbering one thousand three hundred ; one bat-
talion six months' volunteers, six hundred and fifty
strong; and one battery, fully equipped, one hundred
strong. A regiment of three months' militia, com-
manded by Col. Thomas F. Gallagher, objects to
leaving the state.

W. T. H. Brooks.
Major General.
(Note. — This regiment afterwards reconsidered
their action and went along.)

On Friday, June 24th, General Erooks
moved his headquarters to Wellsville. Ohio,
and ordered three Pennsylvania U. S.
Emergency regiments to break ranks, viz., the
Fifty-fourth, (Tol. Thomas F. Gallagher; the
Fifty-.seventh. Col. James R. Porter; the Fifty-
eighth. Col. George H. Bemu.s. and to proceed
to the front. At East Liberty we were shipped
in cattle cars down the Ohio river and were
posted along the river to block the fords
between -Steubenville and Wheeling. Colonel
Porter's Fifty-seventh regiment arrived first,
and halting at Portland Station took position
to cover Warrenton ford. Colonel Porter
occupying with the right wing strong ground
on the Hill road and Major Reed occupying
with the left wing strong ground on the \'allcy
road. The Fifty-eighth arrived next and in
conjunction with two sections of artillery and
two companies of cavalry occupied La Grange.
The Fifty-fourth came last and was ordered

in position midway between the other two
regiments. This line had scarcely been formed
when Morgan sent some six or eight scouts to
feel the way, and they met a siiuple and honest
old farmer, about two miles above the Fifty-
seventh's position, whom they accosted thus :
■'Ho, old fellow, are there any troops down
at the river? Morgan and his whole Rebel
band are just behind us, and if there are no
troops down at the river, he will get across."
The old man replied to Morgan's men to give
themselves no uneasiness, that there were
about one thotisand Pennsylvanians down at
the river waiting for Rebels. Early next
morning Morgan made another attempt to
cross our ford. On this second appearance of
Morgan's scouts, John W. Goodar, a moun-
taineer, fired at them contrary to orders and a
scout was seen to fall. Goodar remarked with
a Christian word, "I'll let them know we are
here." Nearly every one of Brockway's men
were mountaineers, hunters and expert rifle-
men. After this shot these scouts wheeled and
made a rapid retreat, met ]\Iorgan, who halted
his forces, took off the road, and skedaddled
in the direction of Steubenville. The Fifty-
seventh regiment then was ordered to leave for
another ford, some ten miles above Steuben-
ville. The Rebels came within two miles of
the Fifty-seventh at this point, and if they had
come there on Saturday night. Colonel Porter
would have captured the whole force, but
sympathizers gave information to Morgan of
the condition of afTairs in that quarter. When
the Fifty-seventh left the point above Wheel-
ing they had no stockcars on which to ship
horses, so the horses were sent up to Steuben-
ville on board a boat.

Wlien ^Morgan left this point he steered his
course to the left of Steubenville, towards
Salineville, on the Cleveland & Pittsburgh rail-
road, where the United States cavalry over-
took him a few miles north of Steubenville on
Saturday night, and had a skirmish, putting
his forces to flight. At this point (General
Brooks ordered Colonel Gallagher's regiment
to go by the cars to Salineville and intercept
Morgan at that place, and the Fifty-seventh to
Island Creek.

As soon as Gallagher arrived at Salineville
he placed his men in a position to receive the
enemy. .A.bout sunrise Morgan's skirmishers
made their appearance near the town, but when
his scouts discovered our forces Morgan, who
was then about a mile out of .Salineville, halted
for an hour, when Colonel .Shackelford, com-
manding the Tenth Kentucky cavalry, came
upon his rear, making a charge upon his force,

192

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

killin<,r and w oiinding- about thirty of their
number.

Morgan was now detained some time in
crossing a neck of woods, and had to throw
down four fences to get into another road,
when Major Way's Michigan cavalry charged
the Rebels on their flank, cutting off about
three hundred in killed, wounded and prison-
ers. Those who were thus cut off jumped
from their horses, threw down their guns and
took to a piece of woods about forty rods dis-
tant, where they surrendered in squads. At
this point John Morgan was riding in a buggy
when the Rebels crossed the last fence, and
when Morgan drove up to the fence it was
only partly thrown down, so that he could
not drive over with his buggy. Morgan
jumped out of the buggy and caught a strag-
gling horse on which he made his escape. The
U. S. cavalry pressed the balance of Morgan's
force and overtook them near New Lisbon.
New Lisbon was the former home of that
Knight of the Golden Circle, Clement L. Val-
landigham, who was arrested, tried by court
martial, and ordered May 24, 1863, by Lincoln,
to be banished across the Confederate lines.
At New Lisbon these Rebels were met in
front by a comi)any of Ohio militia cavalry
sent by Brooks to head them. When Mor-
gan saw the Ohio militia, commanded by
Captain Burbick, in front of him and the
L^nited States cavalry coming close upon his
rear, he surrendered without a fight, and thus
ended the famous John Hunt Morgan raid.

The four hundred and forty prisoners were
placed in charge of Col. George H. Bemus, of
the Fifty-eighth Regiment, and were marched
by him to Salineville station, where they and
their captors entrained for Steubenville, the
prisoners in coaches, and our men on flatcars.
Arriving at Steubenville the raiders were
marched up Adams and Market streets to the
.Steubenville &- Indiana railroad.

By the grand maneuvering of General
Brooks, Morg.'in was caught on the third day
after Brooks took llie matter in hand. Our
three months' boys played a very important
part in helping to catch the old guerrilla. If
our regiments had not been on the ground the
Rebels surely would have crossed the Ohio
river and made their escape, or burned and
destroyed Pittsburgh and other places.

The Kentucky and Michigan cavalrv
deserve a great deal of credit for their vigi-
lance in following these three thousand guer-
rillas. They pursued them for twenty-seven
days, riding day and night, sleeping very little
during that time. The Rebels had the ad-

vantage, for they stole fresh horses every day,
<Jur cavalry would overtake them about once
every twenty-four hours. When captured the
poor Rebels were nearly e.xhausted. Some of
them would fall asleep standing on their feet.
On being asked why they did not cross the
river, they answered : "If it had not been for

the d d Pennsylvanians' Fifty-seventh

Regiment we would have got over all right."

On our return on flatcars all through Ohio
we received a continued ovation. At Steuben-
ville great crowds greeted us, and fifteen hun-
dred girls were formed in line all dressed in
white, with blue ribbons around their waists,
waving their handkerchiefs and hailing us as
their deliverers.

The Fifty-seventh Regiment reached Pitts-
burgh the 26th, about ten o'clock at night. We
enjoyed a good supper prepared for us by the
citizens of Pittsburgh, after which we marched
out to Camp Swearingen without the loss of
a man. Several were hurt. I only remember
two, M. H. Shannon and L. A. Brady. I can
but commend the kind reception the citizens of
Ohio gave us, especially the ladies. We took
but one day's rations with us, and on the
evening of the first day things looked a little
sexually ; but the next morning the country
people came pouring in with wagonloads of
provisions, the best the land afforded, and
when we came to Steubenville the ladies came
pouring out in force, and with their good
eatables, their smiles, and the waving of their
handkerchiefs, came near captivating our
whole regiment.

General Orders No. 4,
Hdqrs. Dep't. of the Monongahela, Pitts-
burgh, Pa., August 3, 1863.
r. The prompt manner in which the officers and
men of Colonels Gallagher's, Porter's and Bemus'
regiments responded to the order which carried
them to Ohio, for the purpose of aiding in the cap-
ture of Morgan and his band, is worthy of high
praise. Their good conduct throughout that excit-
ing campaign was tlie subject of general remark.

T. B. .Swr.\RINCEN,

.Issislant Adjutant General.

War of the KebelHon. Official Records. Series
I, Volume 27, Part 3.

These two new departments in 1863 saved the
nation. Pennsylvania soldiers opened the fight at
Gettysburg, won the day and cleared the field. Penn-
sylvania soldiers of western Pennsylvania captured,
guarded and escorted John H. Morgan, the guerrilla,
to General Brooks' headquarters at Wellsville. All
I can say to this is, "Great the state and great her
sons."

The official telegram from the field announc-
ing a com|)lete victory and capture is given
below :

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

193

Headquarters in the field, three miles south
of New Lisbon, Ohio, July 26, 1863.
To Col. Lewis Richmond, A. A. G. :

By the blessing of Almighty God I have succeeded
in capturing Gen. John H. Morgan, Colonel Duke
and the remainder of the command, amounting to
about four hundred prisoners. I will start with
Morgan and staff on the first train for Cincinnati,
and await the general's order for transportation
for the remainder.

J. M. Shackelford,
Col. Conijnaiiding.

Most of the prisoners were Kentucky men.
The privates were taken north to Johnson's
Island in Lake Erie. There were sixty-five
sent by Brooks from Wellsville to the Cokmi-
bus penitentiary with Morgan. Six of them
are now hving, viz. : Col. Richard C. Morgan ;
Colonel Coleman; Col. Basil W. Duke, of
Louisville, Ky. ; General Morgan's brother-in-
law and right-hand man, Gov. J. B. McCreary,
of Kentucky ; a man named Hockersmith, in
Madisonville, Ky., and Capt. Andy Barry, of
Lexington.

The four hundred and forty raiders when
captured had four hundred and forsy of ihe
best horses that could be procured on their
line of march through the States of Indiana
and Ohio, and as they had sacked many stores
and lived off the inhabitants along their route
had a supply of clothing and dry goods and
many other articles, such as ladies' wearing
apparel, shawls, hats, watches, jewelry, sad-
dles, canteens of liquor and boxes of cigars,
the plunder from Ohio and Indiana stores.
They were armed with four hundred and
forty-one rifles, and after their surrender our
troops were ordered to unload their arms,
which was done and the rifles stacked.

The officers were "stout, athletic men from
twenty-five to forty years of age," but the
privates were young men, many of them boys,
and but few wore uniforms. The privates
were dressed in all sorts of costumes, the but-
ternut and Kentucky jeans being prominent.
Some had straw hats, some wool hats, and but
few had decent clothing of any kind. They
were as motley and dirty looking a set of men
as one ever saw. They were of all ages, from
the beardless boy of sixteen to the gray-haired
tnan of threescore and ten. There were- a
number of Texans among them, wild, woolly
and uncouth-looking men. General Morgan
was dressed in blue jean pants and a new linen
blouse. He was apparently "over six feet in
height, weighing perhaps two hundred pounds,
with erect form, florid complexion, light hair,

goatee and mustache closely trimmed." He
13

had pleasant blue eyes, full and sharp, and his
gait was swaggering.

General Morgan was badly disappointed that
his raid was such a complete failure. He fully
expected to be able to recruit an army from
members of the Knights of the Golden Circle,
Copperheads and Democrats of the North,
and recross the Ohio river into Kentucky.

John Hunt Morgan was born in Alabama
in 1825, and in 1830 removed to Lexington,
Ky. In 1861 he joined the Confederate camp,
near Green river, and although a commissioned
officer carried on largely an independent cam-
paign in Kentucky and eastern Tennessee. In
1863 he started on his raid through Indiana
and Ohio for Pennsylvania, crossing the Ohio
river at Brandenburg with about three thou-
sand. He was followed by Gen. James M.
Shackelford with a force of U. S. mounted
infantry, cavalry and artillery, but being
practically unopposed in front Morgan
managed to give his pursuers a long chase.
The invaders entered Ohio at Harrison on July
13th, and following an eastwardly course at-
tempted to cross the river at Portland, near
Buffington Island, but were overtaken and lost
about fifteen hundred men in killed, wounded
and prisoners. Morgan, with the remainder
of his forces, escaped through Athens, Mor-
gan, Muskingum, Guernsey and Harrison
counties, Ohio, entering Mt. Pleasant town-
ship, Jefferson Co., Ohio, Saturday morning,
July 25th. He followed the road down Long
run to Short creek; thence to the present vil-
lage of Dillonvale and up Dry Fork road to
Smithfield ; thence to New Alexandria and
down Mclntire to Cross Creek; thence via
Ekey's and Dry Fork to Wintersville; thence
through Richmond and East Springfield,
northwardly to Monroeville, where there was
a skirmish on Sunday morning, the 26th of
July. Morgan was now cornered and sur-
rendered with the remnant of his forces near
Salineville about one p. m. This was the ,
farthest point north reached by an invading'
force during the Civil war. At all prominent
points along this route monuments have been
erected with suitable inscriptions — fourteen
monuments in all. Morgan and sixty-five of
his men were imprisoned in the Ohio peniten-
tiary in retaliation for similar treatment of
some Union raiders, from which penitentiary
he and six others escaped on November 26,
1863. He resumed operations in the South,
and was shot at Greeneville, Tenn., on Sep-
tember 3, 1864.

The roster of the Jefferson county com-
panies in the Fifty-seventh Regiment follows:

194

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

Company B, Fifty-sez'enth Regiment

"Captains, Cyrus Butler (promoted), Alex-
ander L. Gordon ; first lieutenant, William
Dickey ; second lieutenant, John A. McLain ;
first sergeant, Daniel F'ogle; sergeants, AVil-
marth Matson. William C. Smith, William
Kelso, Robert Cathcart ; corporals, Samuel J.
Ream, Joseph M. Calbraith, Samuel A.
Munter, John Alexander. Jared Jones, Clar-
ence 1\. Hall. John McCullough, James L.
Brown ; musicians, Warren P. Bowdish, Sam-
uel Mcl'-lhose ; privates, Charles S. Andrews,
John S. liarr, Hugh Brady, Benjamin Boyer,
Ellas Boyer, Henry Bullers, William Bailey,
Philip Carrier, Isaiah Corbet, Daniel V.
Clements. Lanford Carrier, Solomon Davis,
Oliver Darr, Morgan English, George W.
Farr, John 11. Fike, George G. Fryer, Edwin
Forsyth, I.eander W. Graham, Henry D.
Guthrie, [acob Cicist, Airwine Hubbard, Elias
J. Hettrick, l-:iijah C. Hall, Darius Hettrick,
Henry Hettrick, John Hartman. Eli Hettrick.
Thaddeus S. Hall, John W. Hawthorne, Wil-
liam Hall, Daniel Horam, William Ishman,
Moses Ishman, Edward G. Kirkman, Alexan-
der Kennedy, James Lockwood, Logan Linsen-
bigler, luioch J. Loux. William Love, Magee
A. Larrinicr, Jeremiah Mowry, George
Mowry, John Moore, James W. Murphy, John
H. Mc'Elroy. A. H. McKillip, J. R. McFadden,
Christy Mc(iiffin, John McMurray, William
O'Connor, Monroe Prindle, Benjamin Reitz,
Calvin W. Ray, David J. Reigle, Robert Reed,
Harris Ransom, Joseph T. Space, Calvin
Simpson, Thomas Stewart. Peter Spangler,
Michael Strawcutter. Charles Shindledecker,
Newton Taylor, John Truby, Barclay D. Vas-
binder, Hezekiah Vasbinder, Russell Van
Tassell, Barton 15. Welden, Ira Welch, John
C. Wilson, Jackson Welch, \A'illiam A.
Williams.

Company G. Fifty-sc7'cuth Rcr/imcnt

"Captain, Nicholas Brockway ; first lieu-
tenant. John C. Johnson ; second lieutenant,
Ezekicl Stcrrett ; first sergeant, M. R. Bell;
sergeants, Frederick Harvey, Joel Brown.
Perry C. Fox, Willi.im Mulkins; corporals.
James Dennison, John H. Robinson, Samuel
Daveni>ort, Richard Humphrey, John R.
Wilkins, John Adams ; j)rivates, Jesse N. At-
well, Joseph Briggs, Charles Baker, Dennis
Butts, John Bryant, William Brittain, David
Bovaird, James Calhoun, James Coder. Wil-
liam Clinton, .Andrew Calhoun, John Caldwell.
.Stewart Crawford, John M. Dailey, William

Frost, Stephen Fox, Justice Gage, John
(]oodar, Thomas Groves, Franklin Goodar,
Sanniel Holt. Washington Henderson, Jacob
Hartman, William Irwin, John Irvin, James
Jackson, Cyrus Kilgore. Robert Kearney, John
Kearney, James Kearney, Franklin Lyman, C.
Logue, Livingston Lockwood, D. W. Linsen-
bigler, Frank Lindemuth, Wesley Mulkins,
William Mather, William McMinn, William B.
McCullough. }ames McConnell, William Mc-
Cofmell. Scott McClelland, Adam Nulf, Wil-
liam Nulf. Stewart Porter, V. L. Parsons,
Coleman Parris, James Pearsall, James Pat-
terson, Lewis Riley, James M. Smith, James
Smith, John Sylvis, Hamilton Smith, James
.Stevenson, Levi Vandevort. Frederick Walker,
James Welch, William H. Wilson.

Company H , Fifty-seventh Regiment

"Cajjtain. John C. McNutt : first lieutenant,
James E. Long; second lieutenant, J. N. Gar-
rison; first sergeant. Henry Keihl; sergeants,
David Milliron, Peter Fike, George Richards,
Daniel Hoy; corporals, John W. Alcorn,
Joseph Heasley, John J. Fishell, E. H. Clark,
Joseph Glontz, Alvin Startzell, Jacob Smith,
Hiram McAninch ; musicians, Samuel Gear-
heart, Amos Lerch ; privates, William W.
Alcorn, James G. Averell, S. R. Anderson,
Lewis A. Brady, Amos Cailor, Andrew H.
Diven, Frank Doubles, John B. Farr, Philip
H. Freas, Robert Geist, James Geist, William
J. Geist, Thomas M. Gibson. Edward Hender-
son, George B. Haine, William Jenkins, C. N.
Jackson, Thomas Jones, Israel Johnson, Elijah
Keller. John Lash, James Lang, William R.
Loder, Cieorge Mauk, John Matson, Eli Miller.
Isaac Mauk, Alexander Mauk, Jacob Mauk;
John J. Montgomery, Gilmore S. Montgomery,
Williani Milliron, John McFarland. Joseph
Neal, John G. Porterfield, Amos Raybuck,
John Ross, George J. Reitz, F. S. Sprankle (of
Frostburg). Henry Shilling, Manoah .Smith
(of (irange), William R. Shafifer, Henry
Snyder, William Swab, .Abraham Thomas,
Williani Wonderling, William J. Wilson,
James W;ilnuT.

Companies B and C, Seeond Battalion,
Six Months' Volunteers

"In response to the call for six months'
volunteers for border defense, issued by
President Lincoln and Governor Curtin in
July, 1863, two companies responded from
Jefi'erson county, and were mustered into the
Second Independent Battalion July 2t„ 1863,

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

195

and discharged January 21, 1864. They went
first into camp at Cumberland, Md., and
though not actively engaged did good service
in guard and picket duty. Lieut. Herman
Kretz, who went out with Company B, was, on
the organization of the battalion, promoted to
major.

"Company B — Captain, Charles ^IcLain;
first lieutenant, Thomas P. McCrea ; second
lieutenant, Samuel P. Huston, first ser|;eant,
David Baldwin ; sergeants, Frank H. Steck,
James E. Mitchell, George Stack, Solomon
Kelso; corporals, Henry C. Keys, Charles
Lyle, Edward Guthrie, Edgar Rodgers, Ado-
niram J. Smith, Charles Butler, George New-
com, McCurdy Hunter; musicians, Archibald
O. McWilliams, W. S. Lucas ; privates, Benton
Arthurs, James T. Alford, J. G. .Mien, Thomas
B. Adams, Joseph Bowdish, William Baugh-
man, Benjamin Bickle, Webster Butler, Ham-
ilton Beatty, Robert Beatty, Washington K.
Christy, Simon Denny, Marcellus G. DeVal-
lance, William F. Ewing, Samuel Frank, Bar-
ton Guthrie, William Gilbert, Robert S. Gilli-
land, Wilson Gilliland, William Gordon, John
|. Guthrie, Norman B. Galbraith. Jacob Het-
"trick, James Hays. Edward Holly, David A.
Henderson, John H. Huston. Eli J. Irvin,
George Irvin, Lawson Knapp, John L. Knapp,
Robert Kelly, Thomas F. Keys, John T. Kelso,
William Love, John L. Lucas, Edward Linde-
muth, Constantine Levis, Philip Levy, William
Miller, David F. Matter, Alexander Moore,
Robert H. Mcintosh, George McDole. John .S.
McGiffin, Robert M. McElroy, Arad Pearsall,
John B. Patrick, John S. Richards, John C.
Rhea, Reuben \[. Shick, Amos Shirev, Alfred
Slack, Robert A. Smith, William C. Smith,
John Showalter, Lewis Stine, Henry Startzell,
Frederick Steck, John Shields, David .Simpson,
James M. Simpson, Frank Truman, \\'illiam
L. Thompson. Joseph Thompson, Paul \'ande-
\ort, John C. \'andevort, Josiah Wiley.

"Company C — Captain, William Neel ; first
lieutenant, Thomas K. Hastings ; second
lieutenant, William C. Brown ; first sergeant,
James L. Crawford ; sergeants. John M.
Brewer, William W. Crissman. Thomas J.
Cooper, Henry C. Campbell ; corporals,
Thomas .S. Neel. David A. Buchanan, Daniel
M. Swisher, Joseph M. Kerr, Robert T.
Philliber, John B. Bair. John St. Clair,
Charles S. Bender; musicians. William J.
Drum, Clark D. Allison ; privates, Robert B.
Adams, Charles S. Brown, George R. Brady,
David Black. John Bush, George W. Barto,
George A. Blose, Lorenzo D. Bair, William
Boyd, David R. Bender, Darius E. Blose,

Finly Cameron, Joseph C. Curry, John
Chambers. John B. Croasman, Michael L.
Coon, W. ll. Chamberlain, Daniel M. Cook,
James N. Chambers, George W. Davis, Wil-
liam C. Downy, David S. Downy, Abijah
Davis, Hiram Depp, Thomas D. Frampton,
John Fierman, Benjamin F. Frampton, George
H. Grove, David G. Gourly, James Garrabrant,
James B. Hinds, John C. Hadden, George
Hannah, Henry Hilliard, William A. Johnston,
Mitchell R. Lewis, John J. Lewis, Thomas R.
Lamison, Charles Ledos, Robert Means,
Henry M. Means, Elias Meeley, George Moot,
Israel W. Marsh (died at camp near Cumber-
land, Md., September 30, 1863), Robert Mc-
Brier, James R. McOuown, William T. Neal,
Aaron Neal, John W. Neal, Thomas J. Postle-
thwait. \\'atson B. Ross. Casper Reader,
Irwin Robinson. William H. Redding. Samuel
Shaffer. John Shorthill, John Summerville,
Garret Standish, Samuel Stevenson, James G.
Sample, George W. Taylor. James Urey,
James H. Weaver, Silas W. Work, John H.
Work, David R. Whitesell, Thomas M. Wil-
liams, Adam Yohe. George W. Yount."

Emergency Men of 1864

"In July, 1864, Governor Curtin again called
out the militia, to repel the contemplated raid
of Early into Pennsylvania, and in response to
this call a company for one hundred days was
raised in Jefferson county, by Capt. Charles
Stewart, which left Brookville July 10, 1864.
This company was principally recruited in
Corsica and Reynoldsville. Captain Stewart
on the organization of the regiment, which was
an independent organization, having no num-
ber, was chosen lieutenant colonel. Their
services not beifig needed on the border. Colo-
nel Stewart was ordered to Bloomsburg, Pa.,
to quell disturbances there. The company was
discharged November 10, 1864.

"Company F — Captains, Charles Stewart,
promoted; Joseph R. Weaver; first lieutenant,
John A. Rishel ; second lieutenant, W. A.
Burkett ; first sergeant, Gilbert P. Rea ;
sergeants, Augustus H. Derby, Arad A. Pear-
sall, George W. Chamberlain, William K. Mc-
Clelland; corporals, Gordon R. Clark, James
D. McKillip, L. N. Townsend, John McGeary,
John M. Gamble, James W. Murphy, James
Goe; musicians, William Dougherty, John H.
Corbet; privates, Benjamin F. Bickle, Jacob
Bash, Samuel G. Boyer, Jacob Boyer, Jona-
than W. Clark, Alexander Campbell, John
Cochran, William G. Cummins, John C. Cal-
houn, George W. Couch, John Covert, Myers

196

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

Delorm, Martin L. Devallance. George Evans,
Lewis Evans, Benjamin F. Earheart, James T.
Fox, Hiram A. Frost, Richard Fitzsimmons,
'lliomas Fitzsimmons, James Green, Thomas
B. Galbraith, William Guthrie, John Hastings,
Robert Harriger, Andrew Haugh, Harvey D.
Haiigh, Jackson A. Horrell, John A. Hoff-
man, \\'illiam B. Hughes, Samuel E. Harris,
Michael Henscll, John Hall, Robert J. Irwin,
Nathaniel Imen, Alfred Johnson, Alexander
Kennedy, David S. Kelly, W. W. Kelly,
Robert Kelly, John T. Kelly, John Kelsp,
Thomas M. Kier, William C. Kime, David
Long, David L. Lambing, Samuel London,
Benjamin Love, Henry Leech, James K.
Moore, Orville T. Minor, Campbell Morrison,
William M. Michael, Albert McHenry, Chris-
topher B. McGiffin, John S. McCauley, Harvey
H. Pearsall, Richard W. Porter, Henry
Rhodes, Lyman A. Rich. Taylor D. Rhines,
Samuel Shoffner, Asa W. Scott, Porter J.
Stitzell, John C. Wilson, Thomas R. Weaver."

DRAFTS

The first draft was in pursuance of the order
of President Lincoln of August 4, 1862, call-
ing for three hundred thousand men. The
enrollment for this draft was by States, and
on August 4, 1862, commissioners were ap-
pointed by Governor Curtin in each covinty of
this State to superintend the same. Hon.
Isaac G. Gordon, of Brookville, was the com-
missioner for Jefferson and Forest counties,
and Dr. William J. McKnight, of Brockwaj^-
ville, was appointed examining surgeon for
these counties. Mr. Gordon then appointed
the following persons to enroll the militia in
the several townships : Brookville, John J.
Thompson ; Barnett, Charles Butterfield ;
Beaver, Benjamin Thomas ; Bell, P. W. Jenks ;
Clover, H. R. Bryant ; Corsica, William Glenn ;
Eldred, Milton Graham ; Gaskill, Henr}'
Brown ; Henderson, William E. Bell ; Heath.
W. P. Jenks; Knox, James E. Long; McCal-
mont, John Rhoads ; Oliver, Isaac C. Jordan ;
I'erry. Irwin Uobinson ; Punxsutawncy. Wil-
liam Cam[)l)cll ; Porter, F. W. Bell ; Pinecreek,
Oliver Brady; Polk, R. G. Wright; Ringgold,
P. H. .Shannon; Rose. F. C. Coryell; Snyder,
A. J. Thompson; Union, E. B. Orcutt; Wash-
ington, N. 13. Lane; Warsaw, Abram Yetter ;
Winslow, Joliii Boucher; Young, D. C.
Gillespie.

The board as organized consisted of Isaac
G. Gordon, commissioner; W. J. McKnight.
surgeon; Thomas L. Templeton, clerk.

Surgeon's instructions as to exemption — ■

Those afflicted as follows : First, loss or im-
perfect vision of right eye; second, loss of the
front teeth, and enough of the molars to render
mastication imperfect; third, large or frequent
attacks of hemorrhoids, or chronic diarrhoea ;
fourth, deformations which impair free
motion of limbs ; fifth, loss of more than one
finger of right, or more than two fingers of
left hand ; sixth, large varicose yein above
the knee; seventh, large or irreducible hernia
(cases of reducible hernia left to the sound
discretion of the surgeon under the general
principles herein stated) ; eighth, all organic
or functional diseases causing marked debilitv
— heart diseases, epilepsy, or organic diseases
of lungs — will be causes of exemption.

As hints of what will not exempt, the fol-
lowing may be remembered with profit : First,
loss or imperfect vision of left eye ; second,
partial loss of front teeth ; third, slight or
frequent attacks of hemorrhoids ; fourth,
slight deformities of limbs — with unimpaired
motion ; fifth, loss of last joint of one or two
fingers of left hand, or of one finger of the
right hand, other than the forefinger; sixth,
slight varicose veins, below the knee, or slight
varicocele.

Copy of an exemption certificate:

"Brookville, Pa.. September i8th, 1862. Mr.
Sol. Kauft'man, laboring under scrotal hernia
and otherwise physically infirm, is hereby de-
clared unfit for military duty.

"(Signed) W. J. McKnight,

"Examining Surgeon, Jefferson and Forest

Counties."

In regard to foreigners, the following may
be regarded as what will govern the commis-
sioners : First, every white male, of foreign
birth, of the age of twenty-one years and up
to forty-five years, who shall have resided in
the United States one year, and shall have
resided in this State six months immediately
])rcvious to enrollment, and shall have declared
ills intention to become a citizen of the United
States conformably to the laws of the United
States on the subject of naturalization, should
be enrolled by the commissioners; second, all
persons of foreign birth, between the ages of
twenty-one and forty-five years, who have
exercised the right of suft'rage in this State,
should be enrolled.

Below will be found the board's report of
the enrolled militia of Jeff'erson county — the
whole number of those in the service, those
who are excmjjted, and balance subject to be
drafted. The exemptions include school
directors, and all under twenty-one years of

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

197

age; ministers and officers of the courts. The
quota of Jefferson county was 1,083.

District
Brookville bor.

Rose twp

Clover twp

Beaver twp . . . .
Oliver twp. ...
Ringgold twp. . ,
Porter twp....

Perry twp.

Young twp

Punxsutawney ..

Bell twp

McCalmont twp..
Henderson twp..

Winslow twp

Washington twp.

Gaskill twp

Snyder twp

Polk twp

Warsaw twp....
Pinecreek twp...

Knox twp

Eldred twp

Barnett twp

Heath twp

Union twp

Corsica bor

No. :

[n Serv-

Ex-

Subject

[rolled

ice empt

to draft

303

122

109

I. SO

153

138

186

154

194

164

142

127

224

120

191

120

172

179

1.^8

162

108

3.527

1,154

707

1,679

Total

Under this enrollment the militia force of
the county was found to be 3,527, of which
1,154 were already in the service, leaving
2,373 subject to the draft, but as Jefferson
county had already sent more than her quota
under the call, she escaped this draft.

The act of Congress creating the provost
marshal general was approved March 3, 1863,
and [ames B. Frye was appointed March 17,
1863:

"Under this arrangement the board of
enrollment for the Nineteenth Congressional
District, of which Jefferson county formed a
part, was established, with headquarters at
Waterford, Erie county, and was constituted
as follows : Provost marshal. Col. FI. S. Camp-
bell, of Erie county ; commissioner, Jerome
Powell, of Elk ; surgeon. Dr. John Mechling,
of Jefferson (Dr. Mechling was appointed

April 21, 1863) : first clerk Frothing-

ham ; second clerk, John Haldeman, both of
Erie county. These constituted the regular
board of enrollment. Besides these from six
to twelve additional clerks were employed.
Dr. Mechling resigned April 21, 1864, and Dr.
C. M. Matson, of Brookville, was appointed
to take his place. Mr. Haldeman also resigned
in July or August to accept the appointment
of recruiting agent of colored troops at
Fortress Monroe, Va., and Edward Souther,

of Ridgway, was appointed in his place.
Soon after Mr. Souther was appointed com-
missioner in place of Powell, resigned, and
Joseph B. Henderson, the present cashier
(now, 1916, president) of the Jefferson
County National Bank, of Brookville, was ap-
pointed to the second clerkship.

"The board of enrollment was ordered to
move its headquarters to Ridgway, Elk county,
December 17, 1864. The several drafts were
all conducted by this board, and its head-
quarters continued at Ridgway until June 15,
1865, when, by order of General Stanton,
Secretary of War, Colonel Campbell, Dr. Mat-
son, Edward Souther, and J. B. Henderson
were discharged, and the district consolidated
with the one east of it, and the records in
charge of the chief clerk, Charles Himrod
(who had succeeded Mr. Frothingham), re-
moved to Williamsport, Pennsylvania.

"The work of the provost marshal general's
bureau was a gigantic one, and the strength
of the army was so materially and systemati-
cally increased, that the rebellion was soon
quelled. The number of men obtained by this
means is given in the report of Provost INIar-
shal General Frye :

Product of the drafts 168,649

Number who paid commutation money for
the procuring of substitutes under act of
March 3, 1863 §5,457

Number who paid commutation under sec-
tion 17, act of February, 1864 (conscien-
tiously opposed to bearing arms) 1,267

\'olunteer recruits (army and navy) and
regulars 1,076,558

Total 1.331.931

"In the State of Pennsylvania $8,634,300
was paid for commutation. Of this amount
the nineteenth district paid $1,439,995.

"The whole number drawn in the district
was 3,387 ; number who failed to report, 263 ;
whole number examined, 3,124; personally
held, 247; furnished substitutes, 177; paid
commutation, 928; total number held, 1.352;
the number exempted for different causes,
1,245: number drawn who were already in
the service, 60. Of the number drawn Jeffer-
son county furnished 1,473.

"The bounties paid for men ranged from
$300 to $600. Provost Marshal Campbell ap-
pointed Capt. Madison M. Meredith recruiting
officer for Jefferson county September 9,
1863, and with the inducements held out for
recruits, a number of the townships paying
local bounties, several of the districts filled
their quotas under the first drafts.

1!IS

JEFFERSON COUNTY, I'EXXSYLVANIA

'■\ ery few of the men drafted in the countv
were sent into the service. The inajoritv
paid their conmnitation. otiiers furnished sub-
stitutes or were released for some of the dif-
ferent causes exempting them from service.

■"Under the call of July i8, 1863. for 300.-
000 men, the correct enrollment of Jefferson
county in both classes was : First class —
1,624; second class — 813; total, 2.437, making
the militia force of the county o\er three thou-
sand. Under this enrollment the quota of the
county was 4CS4. This quota, to which was
added the after [kt cent, in addition, was dis-
tributed in the different subdistricts of the
county as follows: Brookville borough, 35;
Barnett, 7; Beaver, 22; Bell, 15; Clover, 21;

Eldred, 15; Gaskill,
Knox. 20: ()li\er, 21

12; Henderson, 16;
Pinecreek, 26; Rose,

15: Snyder, 24; Union, 19; Warsaw, 29:
W'iuslow, ^2; Washington, 31 : Punxsutawney,
ii; Young, 20; Polk, 3; fleath, 9; Corsica.
5; Perry, 24; Porter. 15: Ringgold, 25: Mc-
Calmont. 10."

"The second draft was conuiienced aboiU
the 15th day of Ajjril, 1864, and was for the
deficiencies under the calls of the president of
Octolier 17. 1863. for three hundred thousand
volunteers for three years' service ; February
I, i8(')4. for two hundred thousand men (in
addition to the call of Octolier 17th) for three
years' service, and .March 14, 1864, for two
hundred thousand men to supply the wants
of the navy, and to provide for contingencies,
or, the calls l)eing added together, for seven
hundred thousand luen for three years' service.
The quota for Jefferson county under these
calls was 672, viz.: Brookville, 54; Barnett.
10: Beaver, ^^2; Bell, 22; Clover.28; Eldred.
27; (iaskill, 16; Henderson, 23; Knox, 27;
Oliver, 29; Pinecreek. 36; Rose, 27: Snyder,
30; Union and Corsica. 24; Warsaw, 37;
Winslow, 43 ; Washington, 44 ; Young and
Punxsutawney, 48; Polk, 8; T^eath, 13; Perry,
29; Porter, 18; Ringgold, 32; McCalmont, 15.

"Some districts in the county having raised
their quotas, thereby esca))ed this draft.

■"The draft under call of July 18, 1864, was
made under the ])rovisions of the amendment
to the enrollment act, approved Jidy 4, 1864.
for five hundred thousand volunteers for one,
two. or three years' service, and fifty days
was allowed to fill quotas by volunteering be-
fore the draft took place.

"Under this draft the (|unta (jf Jefferson
county was 445. viz.: Brookville, 36: Bar-
nett, 6; Beaver. 21 : Hell, 17; Clover, 2t ; El-
dred. U): Ciaskill, 13; Henderson, 13; Knox.
17: Oliver, nj; Pinecreek. 23: Pose, t8:

Snyder, 18; Union and Corsica, 17; Warsaw,
25; Winslow, 20; Washington, 30; Punxsu-
tawney and Young, 33; Polk, 6; Heath, 7;
Perry. 23; Porter, 11 ; fiinggold, 21; McCal-
mont, II.

"The next draft was ordered December 19,

1864, on the call of the president for three
hundred thousand men, and Jefferson county's
quota was 364, viz.: Brookville, 12; Bar-
nett, 3; Beaver, 18; Bell, 15; Corsica,' 4;
Clayville, 4; Clover, 16; Eldred, 16; Gaskill,
13; Heath. 4: Henderson, 12; Knox, 16; Mc-
Calmont. 10; Oliver, 14; Punxsutawney, 13;
Pinecreek, 20; Perry, 20; Polk, 2; Porter,
10; Ringgold, 21 : Rose, 15; Snyder, 9; Union,
11: Warsaw. 21; Winslow, 24; Washington,
24; Young, 17."

The next draft was March 7, 1865, and
Jefferson's quota was 659, which was filled.
But the time fixed for report was April 20,

1865, and no report was made. Fee had sur-
rendered to the victorious ariuy of General
(irant. at Appomattox, and an order was
issued by the provost marshal general releas-
ing all (i rafted men who had not already re-
ported at the general rendezvous. This was
joyous news for the drafted men and caused
them to enter with doubly intensified enjoy-
ment into the general rejoicing that filled the
hearts of all classes of citizens over the glad
tidings that the war had closed.

Uiglity-sccoiul RcgiincnI. /', / '.

"It is imjiossible to give the regiments in
which the drafted men of Jefferson county
served. Nearly all of those who went into
the service under the draft of 1863 were put
into the Eighty-second PennsyKania Volun-
teers, and the rolls of that regiment give the
following names :

"Company .\ — Corporal John Fishel ; Ed-
ward I'.arry; William H. Fishel. killed; Mat-
thew Keys, (lied; Wilson Keys.

"Company B — Joseph P.owdish, killed;
l)a\id Dinger, John Deetcr. William Geist,
J. N. Heckcndorn. David Hoch, John Ross.

"Company C — Sergt. John W. Irwin; Peter
Bish, Daniel P>ish, .\mos D. llinderliter, Ed-
ward Forsythc.

"Company D — Peter r.isli. killed; Jeffer-
son Dempsey, Samuel Horner.

"Company ¥. — Henry Fisher. William Kirk-
man,

"Company I' — William C, b.vans,

"Company G -James Bullers, John Mc-
Xntt. josi.-ih .'shoemaker. Jacob .Shirey.

"( om[)any I — bqihraim Bushley; Henry

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

199

Doverspike, died ; L. Lockwood, Lyman
Lockwood, Levi V^andevort, Wilson Fisher.

Sevoitv-si.vtii Pennsylvania Regiment

"In the Seventy-sixth Pennsylvania Regi-
ment were the following drafted men from
Jefferson county :

"Company C — Andrew G. Hettrick.

"Company E — Gabriel Vasbinder, killed ;
Russell Van Tassel, Benjamin F. Martin.

"Company G — Elza McAnnich.

"Company K — John C. Hoover."

JEFFERSON CGUN.TY's HONOR ROLL

"In giving prominence to the dead officers
of Jefferson county, the writer has borne in
mind the brave and gallant men in the ranks
who served with such noble heroism under
these officers, and it is no disparagement to
those heroes whose graves crowd the ceme-
teries at Seven Pines, Fredericksburg, Antie-
tam, Gettysburg, and lie unmarked at Chan-
cellorsville, or those who each year, in in-
creasing numbers, go to swell the silent popu-
lation of our cemeteries at home, that their
deeds of valor are not recorded. In all that
has been written in praise of the fallen offi-
cers, the names and glorious deeds of the men
who made the charges that cleft the lines of
the enemy ; who in every battle upheld the
officers, and aided in all that was grand and
heroic, these are the names — these the deeds
that are read between the lines. But these,
names are legion, and to give the details of
their gallant services would fill a volume, while
to select out a few, where all are equally de-
serving of praise, would be invidious. No
soldiers who have fought in any army on the
face of the globe are more deserving of praise
than are the private soldiers of Jefferson
county."

The following is a list of Jefferson county
soldiers who were killed or died in the service
during the Civil war:

One Himdrcd and Fifth Pennsxhc-ania
Volunteers

Col. .\mor .\. McKnight, killed May ,^, i86,v
Company A. Killed — Capt. William J.
Clyde. Samuel T. Hadden, John E. Sadler,
William C. McKee, Charles S. Bender, Isaac
Bowersock, James W. Brooks, Hugh Craw-
ford. Jonathan Chambers, John (!. Depp. John
P. Imler, Robert .S. Michaels, James Alack,
William McHenry, Wm. H. .Swisher. Daniel

Y. Salsgiver, Henry Sutter, Daniel Zimmer.
Died — Allen H. Naylor, Levi P. Frampton,
James L. Clyde, John Beck, William P. Crist,
John W. Corey, James Henry, Joseph W.
Hickox, William Hutchison, Geo. M. John-
ston, William Leech, Robert H. Marsh,
Thomas H. Means. John Marsh, James D.
Prosser, William S. Perry, Fred Rhinehart,
John R. Stewart, Elias S. Simpson, Jacob Sut-
ter.

Company B. Killed — Capt. J. C. Dowling,
S. H. Mitchell, A. Kreis, James C. Dowling,
George Heiges, Wellington Johnston, Nathan
D. Carrier, A. J. Cochran, Benjamin Arthurs,
Peter AUwell, .Xmos Goup, William Reed,
John W. Guthrie, Thos. Hildreth, Charles S.
McCauley, William H. Jackson, .Asa M. Pres-
ton, Courson Miller, Barton A. Nicholson,
John Taylor, Joseph Williams. Died — Liberty
Burns, Joseph Bouch, John Geasy, Adam
Haugh, Emanuel Haugh, William C. Miller,
Joseph E. McGary, Daniel C. Rockwell, John
-Shirey, Joseph F. .Stine. Sibley Bennett, Jon-
athan Dixon,

Company C. Killed — William Hippie.

Company D. Killed — Charles B. Ross,
Samuel Criswell, William Pennington, George
F'lottner, William Riddle, Gershon Saxton,
William Shaffer, John Wilson. Died — Dan-
iel R. Snyder, David Bell, Andrew Christie,
John Hilliard, Henry -Shaffner, Joseph Ren-
sell. William Smith.

Company ¥. Killed — Jacob L. .Smith, Rob-
ert Doty, John W. Smith, W. H. H. Anthony,
Peter Depp, Joseph Hill, Charles Lyle, Charles
Smouse, David L. Simpson, William H. Wil-
son. David Williard, Thomas Orr. Died —
Henry H. Depp, Charles Klepfer, Robert Mc-
Mannes, David R. Porter. George W. Young,
William C. Mabon, John Kelly.

Company G. Killed — Geo. W. Hawthorn,
Daniel Parsons, William H. Smith, George
W. Geist, Daniel Ritchards, Isaac Reitz, Jo-
seph Reed, Philip Shrauger, John Snyder,
Conrad Shorfstall. Died — Henry Crooks,
William Aiken, David C. Simpson, Geo.
Saucerman, Jacob Campbell. William Cobb,
Samuel Geist, William Hartman, David Harp,
Francis F. Hawthorn, Jacob Harp. Richard
J. Parsons, Thomas M. Watson, James F.
Millen, Michael Kellar, James Orr, William
Jenkins, Joseph K. Hawthorn, John A. Swartz,
Adam Himes, James W. Walker, Watson
Youtig.

Company H. Killed — Capt. John C. Con-
ser, Lieut. G. W. Crosley, James Millen, John
Neil, George A. Clark, Daniel G. Carl, William
Foust, John L. Groves, George Howlett, Rob-

200

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

ert Morrison, John Nelson, Joseph Rutter;
Hiram P. Sprague, Peter Sharp, George
Yoiint. Died — Forbes Kilgore, Irvin R. I-ong,
William Blystone, Hugh Conn, \A'm. J. Hen-
derson, Archie Jones, John Kerker, William
Mulk-iiis. Wm. McClelland, James H. Reed,
John, W. Rca, Joseph Tedley, Geo. Winkle-
bauch, Ed. W. Young, Joseph F. Green, Mich-
ael Miller.

Comijany I. Killed — Lieut. J. A. Gilbert,
Isaiah K. Davis, Joseph Kinnear, Mathias
Manner, James Moorhead, William Courtney,
H. J. 1 lawtliorn. .Stephen Sartwell, James R.
Bennett. John Burgess, William Qiapman,
James R. Hoover, George W. Hettrick, Sam-
uel A. Hunter, .Silas Ir\in. John R. Johnson,
D. R. Matson, R. .S. Montgomery, Enos Shirts,
Philip Ritchie, Mathew Thompson, Isaac
Yount. Died- — John W. Manners, James
Nicholson, Benj. F. Lerch, William Miller,
William A. Millen, Samuel Stroup, William
McDonald, George W. Christie, William Bur-
ford. Henry K. Mitchell, \\'illiam Toye, Sam-
uel Hogue, Harrison liogue, Levi Knight,
John Koch, Jacob Mauk, James O'Neill, Henry
Smith, Thomas Woodward, John O. Spencer.

Company K. Killed — Hugh C. Craven,
Robert T. Pattison, John T. Swisher. Died —
James D. Frampton, Jesse J. Templeton.

Eleventh Reserves

Com])any K. Killed — Capt. E. R. Brady,
Winfield .S. Taylor, M. L. Bovington. Horatio
Morey. Davis De Haven, William Clark, Al-
bert L. Brown, Perry Welch, Madison A.
Travis, J. A. C. Thoni, Thomas F. Rush, Milo
L. Bryant, Thomas C. Lucas. Died — Jackson
Crisswell, Giles S. Skinner, Thomas Hughes.
J. D. S. McAnulty, George R. Ward, John
Uplinger, Isaac ( ). Monks, Sylvester McKin-
ley, Levi McFadden, John B. Clough. William
Coulter, Henry Reigle, Calvin Galbraith,
James Montgomery, Lewis Newberry, .Andrew
J. Harl, William Chamberlin, Joseph S. Bo-
vard, Reuben Weaver, John Keif, John Sheas-
ley, James Gallagher.

Sixty-second Pennsyk-ania Volunteers

Comjiany I. Killed— William C. Orr, H. C.
Tafel, Clarence R. Thomp.son, Capt. E. H.
Little, Isaac S. Osborne. Died — A. W. Arma-
gost, John Bouch, Da\id Burkett, William
Farley, James A. Fairman, George Leech,
Adam W. Musser, Jacob H. Trout, Tames
Spencer, G. Van Campment, John Kaylor,
Samuel Crissman, l'i)hr,iim Myers.

One Hundred and Forty-eighth Pennsylvania
Volunteers

Company E. Killed — .S. Klingensmith, Jo-
seph H. L;nv, David Smith, Joseph Shoffstall,
Philip Whitesell, Andrew Minish. Died- —
Samuel R. Gearheart, Joseph Long. William
Milliron, William S. Newcom, William Pos-
tlethwait, George Timblin, Henry Young, E.
P>ush, Philip Sloppy, James Staggers, John
Snyder.

Company I. Killed — Lieut. John Maguire,
Alexander McQuiston, Andrew Craft, Daniel
Ferringer, Andrew J. Haggerty. David D.
Rhodes, Samuel .Shaw. Died — Thomas Mc-
Cullough, Emery J. Barr, William H. Barr,
William C. Boyd, Harvey Crispin, Frederick
Gilhousen, James J. Gailey, Augustus Haugh,
Harrison Long, Jackson Moore, Thompson
Moorehead, Peter" Nulf, William White, Wil-
liam J. Orr, Hugh A. Barr, Stewart H. Mon-
teer, Harris Ransom, Lewis Diebler.

Sixty-seventh Pennsylvania Volunteers

Company F. Killed — B. Rush Scott. Died
— Benewell Fisher, R, D. McCutcheon, Daniel
Dunkelburg.

One Hundred and Thirty-fifth Pennsyh'ania
Volunteers

Company B, Died — George Diveler. Rob-
ert Gilmore, William F. Huffman, Daniel
Reed, Lee Forsythe, Benjamin F. Bonham,
James Flanders, George W. Weckerly, Wil-
liam Whaling.

• Tzco Hundred and Eleventh Pennsylvania
J'olunteers

Company B. Killed — Col. Charles McLain,
Joel Brown, Thomas Witherow. Died — John
Bailey, -Solomon F. Davis, Wash. A. Prindle,
Israel D. Smith, James W. Boyd.

Eleventh Penns\'lvania Car'al,

Company L. Killed — Henry .Mien. Died
— Charles Barnard, .\mos W. Delp, Jesse
Evans, Calvin Lucas. .Amos Weaver, Thomas
C. Nolf, Paul Hettrick, Joseph Gates. Tames
McCann.

-S. P. Cra\ener, Co. K, l''ourteenth Cavalry,
died.

Private Law, Company C, Second United
.States Sharpshooters, died of wounds.

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

201

Capt. W. W. Wise. Conipanv I, Fifteenth
U. S. I., killed.

Andrew Love. Samuel Rhodes, Jacob Shaf-
fer, Russell Vantassel and John Custard, Com-
pany F, Eighteenth U. S. I., killed.

Robert \Vebster. Company H. Sixth United
States Colored Troops, killed ; Peter B. Enty
and Peter F. Enty, died.

Samuel McElhose, Company B, Fifty-
seventh Pennsylvania Emergency men, died.

William H. Fishel, Joseph Bowdish, Peter
Bish. Eighty-second Pennsylvania, killed ;
Matthew Keys and Henry Doverspike, died.

Gabriel Vasbinder, Company E, Seventy-
sixth, killed.

Israel W. Marsh, Company C, Second Bat-
talion, Six Months' Volunteers, died.

A LINCOLN STORY

Some Interesting History Concerning a Local
Boy

In .September, 1863, George J. McKnight, a
boy fotjrteen years and two months old, large
for his age, was working with, and on the
farm of, the late James Dennison, Esq., of
Washington township. Jefferson Co., Pa.
This boy, sorrowing for the death of his
father, who was killed May 3, 1863, at the
battle of Chancellorsville, Va., ran away to
Pittsburgh and there enlisted, September 24,
1863, for five years, not as George J. Mc-
Knight. but as "John Scott," a private in Com-
pany A, Fourteenth Regiment. United States
Infantry. The boy, as he desired, was then
completely lost to all his friends, from this
manner of enlistment, and he was never found
or heard from until he was arrested by the
Government for desertion. "John Scott"
served in General .Sykes' Brigade of Regulars.
Fifth Army Corps of the Potomac. After
over ten months' service the boy tired of mili-
tary life and battles, was told by his soldier
companions that he could not be held in the
service as he was a minor, and instead of de-
manding his discharge in a proper way walked
unceremoniously to the city of Baltimore, Md..
where he was arrested as a deserter, returned
to his regiment, court-martialed and sentenced
to be shot.

Mrs. Cordelia Arthurs, now living in East
Brookville, then a nurse in the army about
Baltimore, learned these facts in some way
and communicated them to me. This was the
first word I had of and about the boy, who
was my nephew, being the natural son of my
brother, the late Col. A. A. McKnight.

Alarmed. I immediately put forth legal and
military efforts to save his life. His trial and
conviction was not as George J. McKnight,
but as "John Scott," and this is what caused
us so much trouble and confusion. During
his service of ten months and eighteen days
he was known only as John Scott. I employed
Puleston & Crisswell, of Washington, D. C,
prominent attorneys, to look for him. I also
had my cousin. Colonel Craig, of the One
Hundred and Fifth, Congressman Schofield
and others, try to locate him, all of which
failed, when I wrote a letter of inquiry to the
Adjutant General's office, as the following
answer will explain :

Adjutant General's Office, Washington,
D. C, April 28, 1864.
Sir : — I have the honor to aclcnowledge the re-
ceipt of your communication of the 9th ultimo,
requesting the discharge of George J. McKnight
from the military service of the United States, of
the Fourteenth United States Infantry, on the
ground of minority, and to inform you in reply
that he is now under arrest for trial by court-
martial for desertion, and no action can be taken
for his discharge, or that will prevent his punish-
ment if found guilty.

I am, sir, very respectfully,

Thomas M. Vincent,
Assistant Adjutant General.
W. J. McKnight. Brookville, Pa.

Frightened by this letter I traveled from
Brookville to Washington, D. C, on June 7,
1864, to see Secretary of War Edwin M. Stan-
ton. The Republican National Convention
was in session then in Baltimore. I stopped
off a day to attend the nomination of Abraham
Lincoln and Andrew Johnson for president and
\icc president, and here I met for the first
time and was introduced to Hon. Simon Cam-
eron, and from that day to the day of his death
I received many courtesies and kindnesses
from him. Cameron was a great and good
man, loyal and true to his friends and his
country.

Upon arriving at Washington I called on
our Congressman, G. W. Schofield, to intro-
duce me to Secretary Stanton, but he was
very busy and had no time. It might be well
to state that Washington at that time was the
busiest spot on earth. The departments and
streets were full of strangers, soldiers were
tramping constantly, cavalry galloping, drums
beating and bands playing night and day, and
while I considered myself a man of some im-
portance at home I was a mere pigmy at this
place. In Washington one human being was
nothing.

Unaided, I repeatedly sought Mr. Stanton's

202

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

oltice. only to be repelled by him and bis
clerks. I found the Secretary haugjhty, cold,
austere and unapproachable ; his clerks were
strictly like him. Perhaps these rules of the
war office were necessary to prevent intrusion
and facilitate business. My errand was one
of life and death, and I was urgent even to
impudence. For days I wandered around and
accomplished nothing^. I'inally one day T ran
across Amos Myers, then a Congressman from
the Clarion district. I told him my troubles.
Me said the only thing for me to do was to
see the President, and that he had influence
enough to introduce nie. I said, "For the
Lord's sake, take me at once," which he did.
The President immediately received us, and
by some sign given bim by Mr. Myers he dis-
missed some very iinportant business with men
there, asked me to be seated, and told Mr.
Myers he might retire. I went to President
Lincoln with a very sad heart. I had heard
him denounced verbally and in the newspapers
as Lincoln the rail-splitter, Lincoln the ape.
Lincoln the gorilla, the tyrant, the butcher, the
murderer, the black Republican, the negro
worshipper, the abolitionist and "Old Abe."
He was at that time perhaps the busiest man
in the world. He said to me : "Dr. Mc-
Knight," with pathos and sympathy in his
voice, "tell me wha and all you have to say,
but do it as short as you can, I am so busy."
He listened patiently to my story and then
said: "Is all this true. Dr. McKnight, that
you have told me? Will no one here listen
to you?" 1 replied, "Yes, Mr. President, it is
all true." He arose, reached for his hat and
remarked to me, "Pll be a friend to that father-
less boy." He put lis arm in mine and walked
with me to Stanton's office, and, after a few
minutes' talk with the Secretary, he turned
to me and .said, "You can go home. Doctor,
and if that boy has not been shot, you can rest
assured he will be discharged." In due time,
after my return home, I received by mail the
following :

.Adjutant General's Office, Washington,
D. C, July i6, 1864.
Sir: — I have the honor to inform you that, by
direction of the President, George J. McKnight,
alias John Scott. Fourteenth United States Infantry,
was discharged from the military service of the
United States, by special orders No. 204, Par. 25,
current series, from this office.
I am, sir, very respectfully.

Samuki, Breck.
.Issistdiil .Uljiiliiiit General.

Washington at this time was the greatest
jianorania of war in modern times. It took
me da\s to secure an audience with Mr. Lin-
coln. I was then, and am yet, perhaps too
ultra and bitter a Republican, but after this
humane act of President Lincoln I was as
bitter a partisan as ever, and, in addition to
that, a personal admirer of Lincoln from the
crown of my head to the end of my toes.

.\fter Mr. Lincoln ordered the boy's dis-
charge I received the first and only letter I
receixed from him.

Camp near Petersburg. Va., July 19, 1864.
Dear Uncle :

Yours of the ijth inst. came to me last evening
and found me enjoying good health. I have never
received any of your letters until this one, the mail
is very irregular, oidy now and then a letter reaches
its destination. You will confer a great favor on
nic by sending me a little money as I am compfetely
destitute of that article.

I have been to visit the 105th on several occasions,
saw Col. Craig and a great many of my acquaint-
ances, they are all getting along well. Our brigade
was packed up last night to move, but the order
was fortunately countermanded.

It is raining here pretty briskly and we Iiope it
will continue ^ .)ne of that article has been here
in this part of the country since some time in June.

The Sanitary committee is giving us a supply of
vegetables and other things, which add to our com-
fort no little.

I am now with the 105th. I came over this morn-
ing. The regiment is out on fatigue.

If you can conveniently I would like very much
to have you send me the Republican as I never re-
ceive any papers from that place. I must place a
little amazing news at your hands, the Rebels and
our men get water at the same spring and are as
a general thing quite sociable, no hostile demon-
strations being manifest, all seem to be in harmony
and peace.

I must now close, give my love to all.
Your loving nephew.

Georc.e J. McKnight,
Co. "A" i.)th Regt. U. S. A..
Washington, D. C.
Du. W. J. McKniciit.
Brookville. Pa.

To secure his regtilar discharge from the
Secretary of War, F.dwin M. Stanton, I had
to send twenty-five dollars through Puleston
i^' Crisswell. Mr. Lincoln kindly had Mr. Stan-
ton give him a discharge with the words "A
good character" contained therein. This final
discbarge was dated, "In the field, near Peters-
burg, Va., August I, 1864. By order of the
President," etc., and signed bv the Secretary of
War.

After his return home, upon being asked
why he had run away from the army, he re-
plied. "I wanted to see P>;dtininre."

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

203

DUTIES OF A SOLDIER

Daily Routine of Camp Life Days During
Rebellion

On September 27, 1861, with about ten
others, I enhsted or was recruited for the One
Hundred and Fifth Pennsylvania Volunteers.
The Rev. Steadman was one of the party.
We left Brookville on Monday. September
30th, arrived in Indiana on Tuesday evening,
and missing the train that left there had to lay
over until Wednesday evening. We left In-
diana at five o'clock p. m.. and each'ate a roll
and drank a pint of coffee at Altoona, Pa. We
arrived at Harrisburg at half past one Thurs-
day morning and enjoyed a sleep on the bar-

some future McKnights. His word was law
in the regiment and he estopped my "muster
in and assignment.'' I remained with the regi-
ment about six weeks, when one day the Colo-
nel gave me a soldier's transportation to
Brookville and ordered me to go home. I had
to obey.

During this six weeks of free service to
Uncle Sam and in the regiment I tried to make
myself useful and believe I did render much
service, to wit, in the quartermaster's depart-
ment and other places. Sleeping in the Colo-
nel's tent and living off his hospitality, I hoped
by my persistent service to change the Colo-
nel's views and to be allowed to remain, but
he was imperious and determined, and finally

^ :^

///^^cZ^/f^-/

^^^/'/
%.

room floor of the "United States Hotel." At
daylight we were turned out from here to
root and hunt for our own Ijreakfast. We
had a poor one. Some of our squad were loud
in denunciation of this treatment, but I took
the philosophical view that our reception and
entertainment was the best that the city could
do. We passed through Baltimore in daylight
and as there was no connection l)etween-the
railroads we had to march on foot through
the streets about a mile. One of the strange
sights that met my vievi^ was a sign on one of
the business houses : "Oats and Onions. Deal-
ers in Produce and Groceries." When I ar-
rived at Camp Jameson, Virginia, I found my
brother, the Colonel, opposed to my entering
the service in any capacity. He and I were
the only members of the McKnight family,
just two of us. He was single and expected
to be killed in battle, and was reconciled to
wiiat he believed to be his fate. I was married
and his wish was that I stav at home and rear

when the weather began to get cold I had to
leave for home. Being a kind of freebooter
in the regiment and having lOts of time at my
own command, I learned many little things
and usages about the regiment. I was not an
idler, I performed considerable service in the
organization of the regiment, traveling to
Washington and other points. To do this I
had to have passes to get out of, in and through
the lines. All other soldiers had to do the
same. I saved a number of these passes and
I print one here as a curiosity.

Camp Jameson, near Fort Floyd, nth Oct.,
1861.
The Guards will pass Dr. W. J. McKnight to
Washington and return on important regimental
business for three days.

A. A. McKnight.
Col. Pa. Vol.
.Approved:

C. D. J.\MESON,

Brif/. General Commanding jd Bric/ade. Hebil-
.■:elniaii's Division.

204

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

SPA MSII-AM F.RICA N WAR

The seventh war of the United States was
the war against Spain declared by an act of
Congress approved April 25, 1898, when it
was announced that a state of war had ex-
isted between Spain and the United States
from and including April 21, 1898. The date
of ratification of the treaty of peace with
Spain was December 10, 1898. Number of
United States soldiers called into the service,
281,923; number of total troops actually en-
gaged, about sixty thousand. Hostilities
ceased August 13, 1898. .American losses:
Killed — 243; deaths from disease — 2,565;
total, 2,808.

For the Sixteenth Regiment, Pennsylvania
Volunteer Infantry, Third Battalion, Pennsyl-
vania Troops, Company L, of Punxsutawney,
was recruited in Jefferson county. The com-
pany was enlisted and mustered in on the 14th
and i5tii days of July, 1898; entire company
mustered out December 28, 1898. Roster,
one hundred and ten officers and men. Cap-
tain, John D. Croasman ; first lieutenant, H.
Boyles; Patrick M. McMahon, appointed
First Sergeant July 15, 1898, commissioned
second lieutenant July 28, 1898; mustered in
as second lieutenant .\ugust 31, 1898; first
sergeant, Herbert R. Burns, appointed Ser-
geant July 15. 1898; sergeants. Elmer A. Ma-
han, William C. Shafl^er, Frank M. Torrence,
John G. Warnick, John D. Young; corporals,
James W. Chambers, William H. Hall, Wil-
liam McDonald, Fenton McAfee, William R.
McCartney, Jesse C. Rearick, Joseph L. Rob-
inson, Henry M. Torrence, Walter D. Wil-
liams. Maxwell M. Wilson (appointed corpo-
ral July 15, 1898, died November i, 1898. at
Punxsutawney, Pa., of typhoid fever), .Asa
W. Sykes, Robert St. Clair; privates, James
E. Murray, George A. Meyles, Carl North,
Frank S. North, Edward Phillippi, Daniel
Ponteous, Robert T. Powers, Walter J. Pres-
ton, William H. Rakestraw, Gideon Reitz.
Levi L. Rosenbergcr, Watson T. Roscnberger,
David K. Rudolph, Louis E. Schuckcr, An-
drew Scott. Franklin Scott, Elmer C. Scull.
Hugh B. Torrence. P.ruce M. Tweed (died
August 23, 1898, at general hospital, Fortress
Monroe, Va., of typhoid fever), George H.
Varner, James I. Wachob, John G. Warnick
(appointed quartermaster sergeant July 15,
1898), Joseph G. Warnick. Edward J. Weaver,
James A. White, William Wilson, Atmore
Shaffer, George V. Shaffer, David R.
Smith, William .'^cliaffer. Thomas J. .Smith,
Archibald .Smitten, Isaac L. Smouce,

Harry F. Stauffer, Robert St. Clair,
(appointed corporal July 15, 1898), Al-
bert C. Stear, Edwin J. Stitzer, Ethber Tay-
lor, Carrier Thompson, Floyd O. Winslow,
John M. Winslow, John M. Woods, Thomas
iM. Hoover, David H. Hynd, Norman C. King,
Julius II. Kremkau, William Laidlow, George
D. Lanzendorfer, Edward B. London, Gor-
don G. Lowther. Miles L. Marshall, John W.
Martin. Joseph R. McFarland. Harry McGee,
.Alexander McKay, James T. Mitchell, Charles
1!. Montgomery, Alva B. Moore. Winfield B.
Moore. William H. Morgan. Daniel M. Moser,
Timothy Mull, Arthur Murray, Mitchell M.
Murray, David Abbot, Edward G. Barger-
stock, Charles Baylor, James L. Bowersock,
William J. Brown, John Enterline, Jay \\'.
Evans, James L. Foley, Robert Frame, John
B. Gearity, Oscar L. Gear, James T. Hall,
Russell W. Hall, James F. Heckethorn, Frank
L. Carter, John Corbett, Frank B. Cricks,
Guy Delaney, Frank Draugalis, Angus J.
Edder. Bert A. Edwards, Frank Hennigh
(appointed teamster July 15, 1898), John
Hillsdon.

RELIEF FUND OF JEFFERSON COUNTY

In the fall of 1861 it was found that a great
many of those who had volunteered in the
army from this county had left their families
without adequate support. To relieve the
wants of these wives and children of the vol-
unteer.s, a relief fund was raised by special
taxation. The relief board was composed of
the associate judges and commissioners of the
county, who furnished aid to all families of
absent soldiers in need of such assistance.

PENSION.S

Up to June 30, 1 9 10, the United States gov-
ernment bad paid out in pensions to soldiers :
For the Revolution, $70,000,000; war of 1812,
$45,808,676.74; A'lexican war, $43,956,768.72;
Civil war, $3,637,488,171.42; Spanish-.Ameri-
can war, $30,191,725.12.

Liberal ]iensions were granted to the sol-
diers of ihc war of 1812, fourteen days of ser-
vice in that war entitling a soldier to a pen-
sion. From 1866 to 1916 the government has
paid out over four billion dollars in this way.
In the last two years it has cost the govern-
ment about two hundred million dollars an-
nually to pay pensions, and this year it costs
more owing to the new "dollar a day" pension
law which has become effective. Last year the
outlay was about one hundred and fifty-four

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

205

million dollars, which included the upkeep of
the pension office.

The average age of the Civil war veteran to-
day (1915) is seventy-one. According to the
average death rate of the veterans of that con-
flict it is estimated that there will be forty
thousand less Civil war pensioners next year
than there were this year, and that the deaths
for 191 5 will number approximately fifty
thousand. In ten years, pension office officials
declare, the United States will be paying no
more pensions to Ci-C^il war veterans. In five
years it is expected there will be no more Mexi-
can war veterans.

PIONEER MILITIA LEGISL.*\TION

AX ACT AUTHORIZING THE FORMATION OF THE
MILITIA OF JEFFERSON COUNTY

".\ FURTHER SUPPLEMENT OF THE ACT EN-
TITLED 'an act FOR THE REGULATION OF
THE MILITIA OF THIS COMMON-
WEALTH'

"Section i. And be it further enacted by
the authority aforesaid, That the part of the
Ninety-ninth regiment of the Fifteenth divi-
sion of Pennsylvania militia, lying within the
county of Jefferson, shall form a separate bat-
talion, and shall be entitled to elect one lieu-
tenant colonel and one major, and the election
of the officers thereof shall be held as soon as
convenient, agreeably to the act to which this
is a supplement; the field officers of this bat-
talion shall, as soon as practicable, proceed to
organize said battalion into companies, so that
the number of officers, non-commissioned of-
ficers, and privates in the several companies
thereof may, if they think it expedient, be re-
duced to fifty.

"Approved April 10, 1826."

The election under this act was held at Port
Rarnett, November 6, 1826, when the follow-
ing officers were elected for the pioneer bat-
talion of Jefiferson county : Lieutenant colo-
nel, Hance Robinson ; major, Andrew Rar-
nett.

There appears to have been no company
numbered One, but the officers elected for
company No. Two were as follows : Captain,
Obed Morris ; first lieutenant, John Hess ; sec-
ond lieutenant. Renoni Williams. This was a
company from and around Punxsutawney.

Of the third company, Samuel Jones was
captain ; Thomas Robinson, first Heutenant ;
John Walters, second lieutenant.

Fourth company, Frederick Hetrick, cap-

tain; Caleb Howard, first lieutenant; James
Crow, second lieutenant.

About 1828 the second election was held for
this battalion, when Andrew Barnett was
elected lieutenant colonel, and James Corbet
was elected major.

Late in the twenties, or early in the thirties,
a volunteer militia company was organized in
Punxsutawney, known as the Indiana and
Jefferson Greens. I am unable to give precise
dates, as these cannot be found on the records
at Harrisburg. The pioneer officers were,
Samuel Kerr, captain ; David McPherson,
first lieutenant; Abraham Brewer, second lieu-
tenant. This company had numerous other
officers, and had an existence for seven years.

The second volunteer company organized in
Punxsutawney, and distinctly belonging to
JefTerson county, was the Jefferson Rangers.
It was in the third battalion. One Hundred
and Forty-fifth Regiment, Fifteenth division,
and must have been organized in 1839. The
pioneer officers were : James H. Bell, cap-
tain ; William Long, first lieutenant : John
Weaver, second lieutenant. In 1842 William
Long was captain ; James L. Perry, first lieu-
tenant; John Simpson, second lieutenant.
About 1846 or 1847 Phineas W. Jenks was
captain; Cliarles B. Hutchinson, first lieuten-
ant ; James B. Miller, second lieutenant. This
company, under Long, ofl^ered its services dur-
ing the Mexican war, but was not accepted.
Long was in office for seven years. It dis-
banded about 1848.

The first volunteer military company of the
county was the Jefferson Blues, organized at
Rrookville in 1836, and in existence for seven
years. (See Rrookville Chapter).

The martial bands at ever}' celebration and
muster kept constantly beating the tune of all
tunes that delighted the pioneer, "Yankee
Doodle," and all militia marching was done
to that tune or the "Girl I Left Rehind Me."
Marching was in single file. In drill it was
"by sections of two, march." Instead of "file
right" or "file left," it was "right" or "left
wheel." Instead of "front" it was "left face."
The militia of Pennsylvania ceased to mus-
ter in 1849, under the provisions of the act
of April 17th, of that year, entitled, "An act
to revise the military system and provide for
the arming of such only as shall be uniformed."
For other military' organizations see town-
ship chapters.

PAY OF SOLDIERS

The first United States army pay schedule
was set forth in the act of .April 12, 1785,

206

JEFFERSON COUXTY, PENNSYLVANIA

which fixed the pay of an infantry private at
lour dollars a month. P>y the act of April 30,
171/j, the ]iay was reduced to three dollars a
month. The act of January i, 1795, ao;ain
made it four dollars, at which it remained for
three years, but by the act of July i", 179H,
when we were preparing for a war with
[•"ranee, it was raised to five dollars. It re-
mained at this for fourteen years.

P>y the act of December 12, 1812. when an
army had to be raised for the second war with
England, the ])ay was raised to eight dollars.
It remained at this during the war, but as
soon as peace came the act of March 3. 181 5,
reduced it to five dollars again. It remained
at this for eighteen years, when the act of
March 2, 1833. raised it to six dollars. The
act of July 7. 1838, raised it to seven dollars,
where it remained for sixteen years, and all
through the Mexican war.

The United States paid during the .Mexican
war, to privates in infantry, seven dollars per
month, and to privates in cavalry eight dollars
per month.

In the war of the Rebellion the United
States government paid, until August 6, 1861,
to privates of cavalry, twelve dollars per
month, and to privates of infantry, eleven
dollars per month. The monthly pay proper
of officers of infantry as established by the act
of February 21, 1S57, was: Colonel, ninety-
five dollars : lieutenant colonel, eighty dollars ;
major, seventy dollars ; captain, sixty dollars ;
first lieutenant, fifty dollars; second lieutenant,
forty-five dollars.

From August 6, 1861, until January i,
1862, the pay of privates was thirteen
dollars per month. Specie payment was
suspended by the nation January i, 1862,
and all payments to soldiers after that
were in dej)reciated currency. From Tanuarv
I, 1862, until May i, 1864,' the pay" of all
privates in currency was thirteen dollars per
month, equal to about eight dollars in gold.

From May i, 1864, to the close of the war in
1865, the pay of private soldiers was thirteen
dollars in currency ( ecpial to ten dollars in
gold ) a month.

T)uring the .Spanish-American war the pay
of soldiers per month was fifteen dollars for
privates of cavalry, artillery and infantrj'.

The present salaries in the United States
army are as follows :

.Annual pay

Lieutenant General ..." $i 1,000

Major (ieneral 8,000

P.rigadier General 6,000

Colonel '. 4,000

Lieutenant Colonel 3,500

Major .^,000

Captain 2,400

First Lieutenant 2,000

Second Lieutenant i,700

Sergeant Major 480

Sergeant 360

Corporal 252

Private 180

Including allowance.

The daily pay of soldiers in the ranks in
foreign countries before the present European
war was :

Great Britain, thirty cents.

Italy, twenty-three and one-third cents.

(lermany, twelve and two-third cents.

France, six and two-thirds cents.

.Austria-Hungary, two and two-thirds cents.

Japan, two and two-thirds cents.

Russia, one and one-third cents.

The .American and British armies were the
only ones on a volunteer basis, and American
pay was still twice the British pay. Where
compulsory training and service exists, as in
all the other countries mentioned, the pay is
hardly more than nominal.

Trousers, in their present shape, were in-
troduced into the British army in 1813, and
tolerated as a legitimate portion of evening
dress in 1816.

CHAPTER XI
COUNTY FORMATION AND GOVERN.MENT— POPULATION— OFFICIALS

LOCATION AND EXTENT OF COUNTY LOCATION OF TOWNS AND BOROUGHS — PIONEER COUNTY

LAWS — COURTHOUSE AND JAIL — FIRST ASSESSMENT — PIONEER LICENSES — TAXABLES, 1837

INDUSTRIAL STATISTICS, CENSUS OF 184O — LIST OF RETAILERS. 1860 TAXABLES, I9I 5 —

ELECTIONS AND POLLING PLACES — OFFICIALS

When William Penn came to what is now
the State of Pennsylvania and organized what
has become our present Commonwealth, he
erected three counties, which were Bucks,
Philadelphia and Chester. Chester county ex-
tended over the western portion of the State
at that time. In reality, it had jurisdiction
over only the inhabitable portion, but its
boundary lines extended west of what is now
Jefferson county.

On May lo, 1729, Lancaster county \yas
erected from Chester. On January 27, 1750,
Cumberland county was erected from Lan-
caster. On March 9. 1771, Bedford county
was erected from Cumberland. On March
2."], 1772, Northumberland county was erected,
and for twenty-four years our wilderness was
in that county. On April 13, 1796, Lycoming
county was erected from Northumberland,
and on March 26, 1S04, Jefferson county was
erected from Lycoming county. Thus it will
be seen that this wilderness was embraced in
six other counties before it was erected into
a separate county.

The name of the county was given in honor
of Thomas Jefferson, who was then president
of the United States. The original area of
Jefferson county contained twelve hundred
and three square miles, but it now has only
about four hundred thirteen thousand, four
hundred and forty acres ; highest altitude, from
twelve hundred to eighteen hundred and
eighty feet above sea level ; length of county,
forty-six miles ; breadth, twenty-six miles.

"Jefferson county is now in the fourth tier
of cotmties east of the Ohio line, and in the
third tier south of the New York line, and is
bounded by Forest and Elk on the north, Clear-
field on the east. Indiana on the south, and
Armstrong and Clarion on the