Full text of "Jefferson County, Pennsylvania : her pioneers and people, 1800-1915"

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JEFFERSON COUNTY

PENNSYLVANIA

HER PIOiNEERS AND PEOPLE

1800—1915

WILLIAM JAMES McKNIGHT, M. D.

of Brookville, Pa.

Author of "My First Recollections of Brookville, Pennsylvania," "Recol-
lections of Ridgway, Pennsylvania," "Pioneer History of Jefferson
County, Pennsylvania," "A Pioneer Sketch of the Cities
of Allegheny, Beaver, DuBois and Towanda," "A
Pioneer Outline Historv of Northwestern
Pennsylvania, 1780-1850."

TWO VOLUMES

ILLUSTRATED

VOLUMEI
HISTORICAL

CHICAGO

J. H. BEERS & COMPANY

1917

PREFACE

In presenting "Jefferson County, Her Pioneers and People" to its patrons, the
publishers have to acknowledge, with gratitude, the encouragement and support
their enterprise has received, and the willing assistance rendered in enabling them
to surmount the many unforeseen obstacles to be met with in the production of a
work of such magnitude. He who expect to find the work entirely free from
errors or defects has little knowledge of the difficulties attending the preparation
of a publication of this kind, and should indulgently bear in mind that "it is
much easier to be critical than to be correct." It is, therefore, trusted that this
history will be received by the public in that generous spirit which is gratified at
honest and conscientious effort.

The work has been divided into two parts. History and Biography. Volume
I, containing the general history of the county, and of the townships and bor-
oughs, has been compiled, prepared and edited by Dr. W. J. McKnight. Volume
II is devoted to local genealogy and biography, whose importance has had grow-
ing recognition among individuals as well as historians throughout Pennsylvania,
with an appreciation of their value in a convenient and permanent form. In
nearly every instance the data for the biographies were submitted to those imme-
diately interested for revision and correction.

The work, which is one of generous amplitude, is placed in the hands of the
public with the belief that it will be found a valuable addition to the library, as
well as invaluable contribution to the historical and genealogical literature of
Pennsylvania. The Publishers.

AUTHOR'S NOTE

These notes are a compilation of what I have seen, heard and experienced,
as a son of pioneer parents in this wilderness. I was to the manner born, and
in my time have met, known and doctored all or nearly all the original settlers.
The truths and facts to be related here in these notes have been gathered night
after night, day after day, and year after year, from a retentive memory of those
times and events. My birth, associations, education, avocations, printer activities,
political speech making and the practice of medicine have all been pioneer, tlius
fitting me peculiarly for this task. I revere my ancestry and the pioneers. I
delight in recounting their courage and virtues. My only ambition and desire
here is to leave a truthful narrative of the pioneer men and women and events
of Jefferson county, so that some future citizen can continue the history of the
county. To do this, labor and research have been enthusiastically pursued with
expense, patience and perseverance. I assisted Caldwell in 1878 in the com-
pilation of his atlas, assisted Miss Kate M. Scott in 1886 in the compilation of
her history of the county and wrote my pioneer history in 1898. As you see,
I have been at this work for years, and now I will correct any error and false
tradition whenever and wherever I find it. I am greatly indebted to the early
newspapers of the county, especially to Joel Spyker and to the files of the Jeffer-
son Star and r.rookville Republican, and also lo Miss Kate M. Scott's history
for much data that T have u.sed. W. J. McKnight.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTORY

CONDITIONS IN 180O SOCIAL HABITS OF THE PIONEERS — CHRISTIANITY OF THOSE TIMES.

ETC I

CHAPTER n
OUR ABORIGINES

THE IROQUOIS, OR SIX NATIONS — INDIAN TOWNS, VILLAGES, GRAVEYARDS, CUSTOMS, DRESS, HUTS,
MEDICINES. DOCTORS, BARK-PEELERS, BURIALS, ETC. CORNPLANTER 5

CHAPTER III

GENERAL HISTORY AND PENNSYLVANIA CHRONOLOGY
PATENTS, INVENTIONS, ETC.

HISTORICAL CHRONOLOGY GOVERNORS OF THE COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA —POPULAR

VOTE FOR GOVERNORS, I79O-I914 — SOME STATE L.A.WS DISTINCTIVE CONDITIONS- —POPULA-
TION, PENNSYLVANIA AND THE UNITED STATES — RATIO OF CONGRESSIONAL REPRESENTATION
—DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION IN PENNSYLVANIA — PENNSYLVANIA COUNTIES CHRONOL-
OGY OF INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITIES FORTY YEARS OF PROGRESS — NOTABLE OCCURRENCES — PENN-
SYLVANIA IN THE WAR OF THE REBELLION — HISTORICAL MISCELLANY — PATENTS, INVEN-
TIONS, ETC 21

CHAPTER IV
PIONEER EXPLORERS AND SETTLERS

INDIAN TRAILS, THE WHITE MAN's PATH — D.WID AND JOHN MEADE ME.^DE's PACKHORSE TRAIL

— PIONEER SETTLEMENT IN THE NORTHWEST — PIONEER EXPLORERS AND SETTLERS 56

CHAPTER V

FORE.STS. .STREAMS AND LAND
PIONEER INDUSTRIES, HOMES AND CUSTOMS

GEOGRAPHY AND TOPOGRAPHY — ELEVATIONS IN COUNTY DRAINAGE INDIAN AND PIONEER

NAMES OF STREAMS TREES — LUMBERING AND RAFTING NAVIGATION COMPANIES PIONEER

viii ■ TABLE OF CONTENTS

FLATBOATS, TIPPLES, ETC. ACTS OF ASSEMBLY RELATING TO STREAMS PIONEER AGRICUL-
TURE — MAPLE SUGAR MAKING TAR BURNING PIONEER WAGONS — HOW THE PIONEER

BOUGHT HIS LAND — PIONEER HOMES OF JEFFERSON COUNTY — PIONEER FOOD AND CLOTHING
PIONEER PRICES FOR LABOR AND FOOD — PIONEER HABITS AND CUSTOMS— PIONEER EVEN-
ING FROLICS — PIONEER MUSIC SCHOOLS AND SINGING MASTERS IN JEFFERSON COUNTY —
LEGAL STATUS OF WOMEN IN PIONEER TIMES 60

CHAPTER VI
PIONEER ROADS AND BRIDGES— TURNPIKES— STAGES

EARLY COURT RECORDS RELATING TO ROADS AND BNIDGES — ACTS OF ASSEMBLY RELATING TO ROADS,
ETC. SUSQUEHANNA AND WATERFORD TURNPIKE — OLEAN ROAD — -OTHER ROADS TOLL-
GATES — STAGES, ETC 86

CHAPTER VU
RAILROADS— COAL MINING

INTRODUCTION ALLEGHENY VALLEY RAILROAD — BONDS OF JEFFERSON COUNTY — BUFFALO,

ROCHESTER & PITTSBURGH RAILWAY COMPANY — OTHER COAL ROADS — PITTSBURGH, SUMMER-
VILLE & CLARION RAILROAD COMPANY — LAKE ERIE, FRANKLIN & CLARION RAILROAD COM-
PANY — COAL MINING — COAL BEDS — SOME INTERESTING DATA lOO

CHAPTER VIII
PIONEER ANIMALS

CIRCULAR HUNTS — BEAVERS, BUFFALOES, PANTHERS, WOLVES, WILDCATS, BEARS, AMERICAN ELK,

OTHER ANIMALS PENS AND TRAPS— HABITS OF OUR WILD ANIMALS FAMOUS HUNTERS IN

THIS REGION— SNAKES AND OTHER REPTILES — BIRDS — BEES Ill

CHAPTER IX
THE INSTITUTION OF SLAVERY

ORIGIN NEGRO SLAVERY IN PENNSYLVANIA — UNDERGROUND RAILROAD IN PENNSYLVANIA AND

JEFFERSON COUNTY WHITE "SLAVERY," REDEMPTIONERS AND INDENTURED APPRENTICES

IMPRISONMENT FOR DEBT, ETC I46

CHAPTER X
WARS OF THE UNITED STATES— MILITARY MATTERS

THE REVOLUTION — WAR WITH FRANCE — WAR WITH TRIPOLI — WAR OF l8l2 — MEXICAN WAR —
CIVIL WAR — ROSTER OF JEFFERSON COimTY SOLDIERS IN THE CIVIL WAR — JEFFERSON

COITNTY's HONOR ROLL A LINCOLN STORY — DUTIES OF A SOLDIER — SPANISH-AMERICAN

WAR — REr.lEF FUND OF JEFFERSON COUNTY — PENSIONS — PAY OF SOLDIERS — PIONEER MILI-
TIA LEGISLATION 1 1;2

TABLE OF CONTENTS ix

CHAPTER XI
COUNTY FORMATION AND GOVERX.AIENT— POPULATION— OFFICIALS

LOCATION AND EXTENT OF COUNTY — LOCATION OF TOWNS AND BOROUGHS — PIONEER COUNTY
LAWS — COURTHOUSE AND JAIL — FIRST ASSESSMENT — PIONEER LICENSES — TAXABLES, 1837

— INDUSTRIAL STATISTICS, CENSUS OF 184O — LIST OF RETAILERS, 1860 TAXABLES, I915

ELECTIONS AND POLLING PLACES — OFFICIALS 2O7

CHAPTER XII
POST OFFICES AND POSTMASTERS

INTRODUCTION — HISTORICAL FACTS RELATING TO THE POSTAL SERVICE RATES OF POSTAGE

PIONEER MAIL ROUTES AND POST OFFICES — LIST OF JEFFERSON COUNTY OFFICES — PRESENT
OFFICES IN COUNTY 22g

CHAPTER XIII
'bench AND BAR

JUDICIAL ORGANIZATION IN PENNSYLVANIA AND JEFFERSON COUNTY TERMS OF COURT — PRESI-
DENT JUDGES ASSOCIATE JUDGES — STATE JUDICIARY PIONEER COURT SESSIONS ATTOR-
NEYS ADMISSIONS TO THE BAR — PRESENT MEMBERS, JEFFERSON COUNTY BAR JUSTICES

OF THE PEACE 24O

CHAPTER XIV
PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS

THE PIONEER WILDERNESS DOCTOR IN NORTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA BROOKVILLE's PIONEER

RESURRECTION OR "WHO SKINNED THE NIGGER?" TRUE STORY OF THE INCEPTION AND

ENACTMENT OF THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE ANATOMICAL LAW OTHER MEDICAL LEGISLA-
TION JEFFERSON COUNTY PRACTITIONERS — COUNTY MEDICAL SOCIETIES — MEDICAL IN-
SPECTORS OF SCHOOLS 250

CHAPTER XV

THE PRESS

PIONEER NEWS SERVICE — PIONEER PRESS — RECORD OF NEWSPAPERS IN COUNTY TO PRESENT TIME
— FIRST DAILIES 274

CHAPTER XVI
EDUCATIONAL PROGRESS

PIONEER LEGISLATION — PIONEER SCHOOLS, SCHOOLMASTERS AND SCHOOLIIOUSES THE COMMON

SCHOOLS, LAW OF 1834 AND ITS WORKINGS IN JEFFERSON COUNTY — PIONEER SCHOOL DI-
RECTORS STATE AID ORGANIZATION UNDER COMMON SCHOOL SYSTEM PIONEER SCHOOL

TABLE OF CONTENTS

COXVEN'TIOX — SCHOOL SUPERINTENDENTS — SOME SCHOOL LAWS EVENING AND GILADED

SCHOOLS — SELECT SCHOOLS — INSTITUTES — SCHOOL DIRECTORS' ASSOCIATION OF JEFFERSON
COUNTY — STATE NORMAL SCHOOLS ITEMS OF INTEREST 281

CHAPTER XVH
CHURCHES

PRESBYTERIAN CHURCHES AND PASTORS — THE METHODISTS — PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL DENOMINA-
TION — REFORMED CHURCH — BAPTISTS — ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH GREEK CATHOLIC

CHURCH LUTHERAN CHURCH — UNITED BRETHREN IN CHRIST — EVANGELICAL ASSOCIATION

— COVENANTER CHURCH — JEWISH SYNAGOGUE 294

CHAPTER XVni
FRATERNAL AND SOCL'\L ORGANIZATIONS, ETC.

INDEPENDENT ORDER OF ODD FELLOWS — MASONIC FRATERNITY — KNIGHTS OF PYTHIAS — GRAND
ARMY OF THE REPUBLIC AND AUXILIARIES — PATRIOTIC ORDER SONS OF AMERICA — TEMPER-
ANCE SOCIETIES — AGRICULTLIRAL ASSOCIATIONS 324

CHAPTER XIX
POLITICAL PARTIES

FIRST POLITICAL PARTY — REPUBLICAN AND DEMOCR.\TIC PARTIES KNOW-NOTHING PARTY —

OTHER POLITICAL PARTIES — PARTY PREFERENCE IN JEFFERSON COUNTY, 1832 TO I9OO

CAMPAIGN OF 1864 — SENATORIAL STRUGGLE BETWEEN INDIANA AND JEFFERSON
COUNTIES 334

CHAPTER XX
FINANCIAL

COINAGE AND PAPER MONEY — PIONEER CURRENCY — MONEY FROM 1850 TO 1860 — HARD TIMES OF

1857 — PRICE OF GOLD DURING CIVIL WAR — WAR STAMPS OF 1862 — BANKS AND BANKING

JEFFERSON COUNTY BANKS — FINANCIAL CONDITIONS IN THE UNITED STATES TO-DAY 343

CHAPTER XXI
r.OROUGH OF BROOK\TLLE

I;R00KVILLe's historic SPRING JJM HUNT's CA\E — PIONEER NOTES — RECOLLECTIONS OF BROOK-

VILLE, 184O-1843 — BROOKVILLE'S EARLY PI'GILISTS — TAXABLES, POPULATION, ETC. — DIS-
TANCES FROM BROOKVILLE TO OTHER COUNTY POINTS — BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT MAILS AND

STAGES — PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS PUBLIC SCHOOLS AND BUILDINGS — CEMETERIES — FIRES —

BOROUGH OFFICES, 1913 — FIFTY YEARS AGO 350

TABLE OF CONTENTS xi

CHAPTER XXII
PINECREEK TOWNSHIP

EARLY TOWNSHIP HISTORY PIONEER TAXABLES — POPULATION PORT BARNETT — PIONEER TIM-
BER RAFT. LUMBERING, ETC. — PRESENT TOWNSHIP OFFICIALS 4I3

CHAPTER XXIII
PERRY TOWNSHIP

ORGANIZATION AND POPULATION JOHN BELL OTHER EARLY SETTLERS FIRST ELECTIONS —

PRESENT OFFICIALS — TOWNS 4^^

CHAPTER XXIV
YOUNG TOWNSHIP— BOROUGH OF PUNXSUTAWNEY

FORMATION AND POPULATION — EARLY SETTLERS AXD MILLS ASSESSMENT LIST OF 1826 MILI-
TARY COMPANY — MAHONING NAVIGATION COMPAXY — EARLY ELECTIONS PRESENT OFFI-
CIALS — TOWNS — BOROUGH OF PUNXSUTAWNEY 42I

CHAPTER XXV
RIDGWAY TOWNSHIP

THE PIONEER SETTLER AND OTHER EARLY SETTf.ERS — PIONEER RO.\D UP HOGBACK HILL PIO-
NEER GRISTMILL FOR THE WILDERNESS PIONEER PHYSICIAN AND MINISTERS PIONEER

BLACKSMITH — JAMES L. GILLIS — ROADS, STREAMS, MILLS, ETC. PIONEER TEAMSTERS — A

HERMIT — RAILROAD PIONEER SCHOOLS FORMATION OF ELK COUNTY EARLIEST ELECTION —

ASSESSMENT LIST, 1827 PIONEERS OF RIDGWAY TOWNSHIP, ELK COUNTY, 1843 — EARLY HIS-
TORY OF RIDGWAY 43O

CHAPTER XXVI
ROSE TOWNSHIP

ORGANIZATION ASSESSMENT LIST OF 1827 POPULATION PIONEERS EARLY INDUSTRIES —

EARLY ELECTIONS PRESENT OFFICIALS PIONEER SCHOOLS HORSE RACING, ROSEVILLE RACE

GROUND — DEVELOPMENT — COUNTY HOME HON. JOEL SPYKER — BELLEVIEW 443

CHAPTER XXVII
BARNETT TOWNSHIP

ORGANIZATION — POPULATION — PIONEERS AND .PIONEER HAPPENINGS TAX LIST OF 1833— CLAR-
ION RIVER AND BRIDGES — JOHN COOK, OF COOKSBURG PRESENT TOWNSHIP OFFICIALS. . . .447

xii TABLE OF COXTENTS

CHAPTER XXVIII
SNYDER TOWNSHIP— BOROUGH OF BROCKWAYVILLE

ORGANIZATION AND POPULATION TAXABLES IN 1 836 PIONEER NOTES EARLY OFFICIALS — PRES-
ENT OFFICIALS — CHARLES MCLAIN CAMP, SONS OF VETERANS — TOWNS AND HAMLETS — BOR-
OUGH OF BROCKWAYVILLE 45O

CHAPTER XXIX
ELDRED TOWNSHIP

ORGANIZATION POPULATION — PIONEER SETTLERS — FIRST ELECTION AND OFFICERS — TAXABLES IN

1837 PRESENT TOWNSHIP OFFICIALS INDUSTRIES, PAST AND PRESENT SIGEL AND HOWE

— THE GRAHAMS — JACOB BEERS 457

CHAPTER XXX
JENKS AND TIONESTA— LOST TOWNSHn\S 460

CHAPTER XXXI
WASHINGTON TOWNSHIP— BOROUGH OF FALLS CREEK

ORGANIZATION AND POPULATION LIST OF TAXA1:LES, 1838 — PIONEERS — INCIDENTS AND ANEC-
DOTES — EARLY PREACHERS — PIONEER ELECTION — PRESENT OFFICIALS — TOWNS — FIRST CEME-
TERY MEMORIAL DAY CELEBRATION — JUDGF EVANS — SCHOOLS CRIME IN THE TOWNSHIP —

HOROUGH OF FALLS CREEK 461

CHAPTER XXXII
PARADISE— A DEAD TOWNSHIP 473

CHAPTER XXXIII
PORTER TOWNSHIP

ORGANIZATION — ASSESSMENT LIST OF 184I — POPULATION — PRESENT TOWNSHIP OFFICIALS PIO-
NEER SETTLERS — SUNDAY SCHOOLS REMINISCENCES 473

CHAPTER XXXIV
CLOVER 1 OWNSHIP— BOROUGH OF SUM^FERVILLE

ORGANIZATION AND POPULATION FIRST ASSESSMENT— EARLY SETTLERS — INDUSTRIES — SCHOOLS,

CHURCHES, ETC. — A FAMOUS RIFLE COMPANY — PRESENT TOWNSHIP OFFICIALS — BOROUGH OF
SUMMERVILLE 476

TABLE OF CONTENTS xiii

CHAPTER XXXV
GASKILL TOWNSHIP

ORGAXIZATION AND POPULATION— CHARACTERISTICS— SETTLEMENT— EARLY INDUSTRIES— MOUNT
PLEASANT CHURCH ^VILLAGES TOWNSHIP OFFICIALS 479

CHAPTER XXXVI
WARSAW TOWNSHIP

ORGANIZATION AND CHARACTERISTICS POPULATION ASSESSMENT LIST OF 1843 EARLY DAYS—

RICHARDSVILLE JOHN BELL "jERICHO" — TOWNSHIP OFFICIALS — TOWNS — AN ACCIDENTAL

SHOOTING "RATTLESNAKE DEN" 481

CHAPTER XXXVn
HEATH TOWNSHIP

ORGANIZATION AND RESOURCES— TAXABLES OF 1 848— POPULATION EARLY SETTLERS BUSINESS

FIRST OFFICIALS PRESENT OFFICIALS — FIRST MURDER IN COUNTY 484

CHAPTER XXXVIII
WINSLOW TOWNSHIP— BOROUGHS OF REYNOLDSVILLE AND SYKESVILLE

ORGANIZATION AND POPULATION — FIRST SETTLERS PIONEERS IN 1847 — BUSINESS AND RE-
SOURCES — ELECTIONS AND OFFICIALS — TOW XS CEMETERIES REYNOLDSVILLE — WEST REY-
NOLDSVILLE SYKESVILLE 4^6

CHAPTER XXXIX
RINGGOLD TOWNSHIP— BOROUGH OF WORTH\TLLE

ORGANIZATION AND FIRST OFFICIALS — PIONEERS AND EARLY BUSINESS HUNTING INCIDENTS

POPULATION TAXABLES, 185O TOWNSHIP OFFICIALS — TOWNS — JEFFERSON GUARDS BOR-
OUGH OF WORTHVILLE 49^

CHAPTER XL
UNION TOWNSHIP— BOROUGH OF CORSICA

ORGANIZATION AND FIRST OFFICIALS — PIOXEERTAX LIST, 185O — POPULATION — SCHOOL AND

CHURCH NOTES TOWNS — ROSEXTTLLE GRAYS — HAUGH FAJIILV AND LOCAL DEVELOPMENT

BOROUGH OF CORSICA 494

CHAPTER XLI
BEAVER TOWNSHIP

ORGANIZATION TAX LIST OF 185I SETTLEMENT TOWNS, ETC. FIRST ELECTION OFFICIALS

POPULATION UNION GUARDS 499

xiv TAISI.E ur CONTENTS

CHAPTER XLII
POLK TOWNSHIP

ORGANIZATION — OLD SETTLERS — PIONEER NOTES — PIONEER TAXABLES, ASSESSMENT OF 1852

BUSINESS — DEVELOPMENT — POPUL.\TION OFFICIALS — SOLDIERS' REUNIONS — JOHN DIXON,

JR 501

CHAPTER XTJH
OLIVER TOWNSHIP

ORGANIZATION — SETTLEMENT — INDUSTRIES — SCHOOL, CHURCH, CEMETERY — FIRST ELECTION —

PRESENT OFFICIALS — PIONEER TAXABLES — POPULATION MILITARY COMPANY SQUIRREL

HUNT — A TRAGEDY 5O4

CHAPTER XLIV
KNOX TOWNSHIP

ORGANIZATION — PIONEERS AND EARLY DEVELOPMENT — GAS AND COAL PRODUCTION — TAXABLES,
ASSESSMENT OF 1854 — FIRST ELECTION — POPULATION — OFFICIALS — TOWNS 506

CHAPTER XLV
BELL TOWNSHIP

FORMATION — SETTLEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT — FIRST ELECTION EARLY TAXABLES, 1858 POP-
ULATION 508

CHAPTER XLVI
McCALMONT TOWNSHIP

ORGANIZATION, ETC. — PIONEERS AND PIONEER NOTES — SCHOOLS AND CHURCHES — BEAR STORIES
— FIRST ELECTION — PIONEER TAXABLES, 1858 AND 1859 — POPULATION — TOWNS 5IO

CHAPTER XLMI
HENDERSON TOWNSHIP— BOROUGH OF BIG RUN

ORGANIZATION — SRni.KRS — CHARACTERISTICS — INDUSTRIES FIRST ELECTION — PIONEER TAX-
ABLES, 1858 — TOWNS — POPULATION — TOWNSTTTP OJ-FICIALS- — BOROUGH OF BIG RUN 513

HISTORICAL INDEX

Abolition of Slavery 147,148

Academies ....214, 290, 382, 499
Acts of Assembly Relating

to Eoads 91

to Streams 67

Adams, Rev. Dr. J. T 305

Adrian 422

Hospital 429

Advocate, Reynoldsville 279

Agricultural Associations.... 332

Implements 70

Lands in County 220

Pennsylvania Dept. of 27

Pioneer 69

Products in County, 1840.. 219

Society, First 71

Alder Creek 62

Algerines 371

Allegheny Valley Railroad,

Low Grade Division 102

Presidents 103

Allen's Mill 483

Aliens Mills Post Office. .233, 239

Almanac, Ancient 55

Althause, Rev. Mr 514, 515

Alvan 233

American Bison, or Buffalo

113, 124

Elk and Habits.. 11(5, 124, 125

National Party 335

Party 335

Republican Party 335

Amusements, Pioneer 81

Anatomy, Study of 255

Human Bodies for 263

Anderson, Charles 107

Anecdotes 463

Animals and Fire 126

Natural Life of 124, 142

(See also Snakes and Other
Reptiles, 136-142)

Pioneer Ill

Anita 233, 2.39, 512

Anthracite Coal 106

Anti-Slavery Society, Ameri-
can 149

.\pprentiees, Indentured. 149, 373
Archie Campbell and Jimmy

Kyle 463

Area, of Jefferson County. . . 207

Pennsylvania 21

United States 34, 349

Armstrong and Clearfield

Turnpike 9(5

Jefferson and Clearfield
Turnpike Co 97

Assembly, Colonial 24

Assemblymen from Jefferson

County 223, 224

Assessment, First County. . . . 217

Lists, Early 217, 218, 219

See also Chapter XVII,

Churches 294

Superintendents of Schools..

285, 288, 290, 441

Surgery, Old-Time and Mod-
ern " 251, 268

Surveyors, County 226

Susquehanna Circuit, M. P. .. 314
& Waterford Turnpike. .91, 361
Swedish Settlers in Pennsyl-
vania 22

Svkesville Borough

2.38, 239, 487, 490

M. E. Church 313

Tabernacle Baptist Church.. 318

Tanneries

,.354, 442, 483, 487, 488, 515
Tar Burning 72, 73, 444

HISTORICAL INDEX

Taverns, Pioneer 98

See also Brookville and
Township Chapters.
Taxahles, First County. . .217, 413

1820 413

1837 218

1915 220

See also Brookville and
Township Chapters.

Taxes, County 213

Flour 213

Road 95

Teachers in County 380

Contract 420

Earlv 282, 286, .'157

Institutes 290

Number in Countv 291, 293

Pioneer 467, 468

and Pupils, Ridgway Sum-
mer School 441

Teaming, Early 92

Teamsters, Earlv 432

Teitrick, Prof. Reed B 291

Telegraph Service in Countv

390, 488

Telephones in Countv

...55, 390, 428, 456, 478, 489
Temperance Societies. .. .305, 330

In Jefferson County 330

Templeton, Jesse J 178

Tcmpleton, Mrs. Mary (Mc-

Knight) ". 363

Templeton, Thomas L 393, 394

Textbooks Used in Early

Schools

...281, 282, 286, 381, 444

Thanksgiving Day 48

Days, Pioneer 49

Thirty - third Independent

Regiment 158

Thompson, John J. T

. .2.58, 276, 389, 390, 498, 506

Thomson, John Edgar 101, 102

Threshing, Earlv 70

Thundergust Mills 370

Tidings, Big Run 280

Timber Pirates 371

Prices 370, 371

Raft. Pioneer Square 417

Timberlands in Countv 220

Timblin 2.38, 239, 493

Tionesta Township 460

Elections 215

Tipples 66

Toads 139

Toby's Creek 61,67, 68

Token, Communion 296

Tollgate, The 98

Tolls on Streams 66

Topography, Jefferson

County ..." 60, 209

Tornado, An Early 405

Tornadoes 43

Towns and Boroughs in Jef-
ferson County 209

Location 209

Townships in County 221

Officials (See also Town-
ship Chapters).
Population (See also Town-
ship Chapters) 221

Tragedy

Trail, Meade's Packhorse...
Traps and Pen, Animal....

Travelers' Home Hotel

Treasurers, County

Treasury Notes, Civil "War..
Treatv 'of 1683

1686

1754

1784 17

1795 17

Trees

Cork Pine 487,

Tribune, Big Run

Punxsutawney

Trolley Service 489,

Trousers 78,

Troy (Summerville).238, 239,

Churches — See Chapter

XVII

Turkey Pens

Turkeys, Wild

Turnpike Charters

Roads

First Stone

Turtles

Two Hundred and Eleventh
Pennsylvania Volunteers

184,

Two Hundred and Sixth
Pennsylvania Volunteers

506

115

435

224

344

, 24
, 18
62
513
280
279
490
206
478

294
80
80
92
91
92

139

200
185

Volunteer, Reynoldsville 280

Rifle Association 356

Rifle Company, Brookville. 369
Vote, Popular, for Governor,

1790-1914 25

Jefferson Countv, 1832-

1S,54 ". 337

for President, 1832-1860... 337

1864 339

for U. S. Senator, 1914 38

Ugly Run 479

Underground Railroad in
Pennsylvania and Jeffer-
son County 147

Union Guards 501

Union Township 494

First Common School 287

Pioneer School 283

Uniforms, Railroad 101

TTnited Brethren in Christ..

322, 323, 447, 477, 510

United Evangelical Church.. 323

United Presbyterians 305

United States, Area of... 34, 349

Population 34, 349, 374

Presidents 51

Senators ' and Representa-
tives ' Salaries 52

Statistical Record 349

Valier 2.38, 2.39, 421

M. E. Church 312

Value of Church Property in

Countv 323

School Property 380

Taxable Propertv in

Countv, 1829 218

1915 220

of Timber 65, 219

Van Camp, Fudge

57, 59, 153, 414, 415

Vantassel 238

"V astbinder, Andrew 121

Jacob 114

Peter 114, 115

William 116

Vehicles, Early.. 72, 361, 362, 370

Venison Jerk 132

\ ocational High School 293

Wages

Wagons, Early 72,362,

Waite Schoolhouse.. .286, 299,

Walston 238, 239,

Warren and Jefferson County
Turnpike

and Ridgway Turnpike. . . .
Wars of the United States . .

Cost 152, 153,

War Stamps, 1862

Warsaw (Jericho) 238,

Baptist Church

M. E. Church

Township

Taxables and Property..

Elections

Retailers, 1860

Washington Party

Township

Elections

Pioneer School

Retailers, 1860

W ashingtonians

Watches, Early

Water Companies . . . 395, 428,

Waterworks, Brookville

Wealth of the United States,

1800-1914 349,

Weasel

Weaving 78,

Weber, John A., Manual
Training & Domestic Sci-
ence School

Weddings, Pioneer

Welsh B<^ptist Church

Wesley M. E. Church

West Clarion

Revnoldsville 465,

West'ville 238, 239,

Whig Party

AVhiskv

White' Slavery 146,

White Slaves, Value of

Whitesville 238, 290,

"Who Skinned the Nigger!"
Wild Animals

Bounties 114, 124,

134, 211, 213, 416,

Fear of Fire

Habits 124,

Natural Life of . .124, 136,

Pens and Traps

Signals

Speed of

Value of Fur

Wild Bee

Boar

Cat (or Bobcat)

Bounties 211,

Wildcat Currency

403
370
466
422

95
96
152
154
348
483
319
310
481
220
215
220
336
461
215
283
219
331
377
456
378

350
123
383

429
82
318
312
451
489
465
334
74
149
146
421
252
111

436
126
136
142
115
126
124
136
143
479
122
213
345

HISTORICAL INDEX

Wild Cat Regiment 160

Wiliiwood Cemetery 456

Wilson, .luiige Tlieophihis S. 242
Wincbrennerian Denomina-
tion (Church of Goa)... 323

Winslow (Hudson)

235, 238, 239, 480

Winslow Township 486

Retailers 219

Taxablcs and Property.... 220

Wishaw 238', 239, 487

Wolf 114, 116, 124

Bounties 114, 134, 213, 436

Habits 125, 136

Pen 116

Wolverines 113

Woman 's Relief Corps. . .329, 394

Present Corps in County.. 330

Women, Higher Eilucation.. 378

Legal Rights an<l Status. 84, 378

in Newspaper Work 280

Suffrage 50, 379

Vocations, Past and Present

307, 379

Wonders, Modern 54

Woodland Cemetery 455

Worth ville Borough

239, 420, 491, 492, 493

(-'ircuit 322

Presbyterian Churcli 302

Wrav, Rev. John

" 300, 301, 436, 454

Yates, Arthur G 109

"Yellow Charley" 107

Young Men 's Christian Asso-
ciation, Brookville 395

Young Township 211, 421

Earlv Elections

..' 214, 215, 224, 422

Pioneer School Directors.. 285

State Aid for Schools. 285, 288

Taxables ami Property 220

Zion Cemetery 510

M. E. Church 312

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

McKnight, Dr. W. J. Frontispiece
Map of Jefferson County,

Double Page xxviii

Jefferson County in 1800.... 2
Captain George Smoke and

His Cousin John Smoke.. 8
Indian Stockade (Bark

Houses) 8

Cornplanter 17

Pennsylvania's Coat of Arms 21
Old State Capitol, Harrisburg,

Pa 21

Outline Map of Counties and

State, 1800 34

County Map of Pennsylvania 37

V. S. Senator Boies Penrose. . 38
U. S. Senator George T.

Oliver 39

Liberty Bell 51

Raising tlie First Sawmill,

1797 58

Skidding Logs 64

Rafting Timber, Clarion

River 65

Turning Boat 65

Rafting on Allegheny River. 65
Building Boat on Clarion

River 65

Ox Yoke and Tin Lantern.. 70

Taking Out a Timber Stick. . 72

Making Maple Sugar 72

Early Barn 75

Fat Lamp and Snuffers 76

Spinning-Wheel, .Reel and

Bed-Warmer 78

Large Spinning-Wheel 78

Fla.Y Brake 78

Old Marriage Certificates.... 85

Conestoga Wagon 92

Bennett's Stage and Mor-
row 's Team 92

Stage Coach, 1824-1850 99

Port Barnett 99

Pioneer Railroad Train in

United States 100

Squirrel 113

Beaver 113

Buffalo 113

Bear Trap — Common Brown

Bear 113

Male Panther (Pennsylva-
nia), Three Years Old,

Full Grown Bet. 114-115

Wolf Bet. 114-115

Female Panther (Pennsylva-
nia), Two Years Old,' Not

Full Grown Bet. 114-115

American Elk 116

Jim Jacobs 121

Fox 122

Pennsylvania Bear 122

Opossum 1 23

Bill Long 126

George Smith 134

A Rattler and Blacksnake

Fight Bet. 136-137

Blacksnake Bet. 136-137

Banded Rattlesnake. .Bet. 136-137

Copperhead Bet. 136-137

Dr. Ferd Hoffman, of Brook-

ville 137

Rattlesnake 137

Crow 139

Raven 139

Bald Eagle 139

(irouse or Pheasant 139

Wild Turkey 139

American Goshawk 140

Hawk 140

Red-Shouldered Hawk 140

Sharp-Shinned Hawk 140

Wild Pigeon 141

Hawks 141

Passenger Pigeon, Mature

and Young 141

Blue Jay 142

Straw Bee-scap 143

Charles Brown Handcuffed
and Shackled in Brook-

ville, 1834 148

Blacksnake Whip 148

Branding Slaves 148

Writ of Execution, 1833 151

Jesse Jamison Templetou. . . . 178

Army Pass 203

Map of Jefferson County,

1850 208

Pioneer Courthouse and Jail,

1831 216

Courthouse and Jail, 1915... 216
Map of Jefferson County, 1905 221

Hon. E. Heath Clark 242

Cabin Barn 250

Pioneer Cabin 250

View of Brookville in 1857.. 252
Templeton, Mrs. Mary (Mc-
Knight) 257

John J. Y'psilanti Thompson. 258

A. A. McKnight, Esq 259

Residence of A. M. Clarke,

M. D 260

Pioneer Sclioolhouse 282

Abraham Lincoln 338

Gen. George B. McClellan... 338

Edwin M. Stanton 338

Old Paper Monev 345

Plot, Town of Brookville 352

Western Entrance to Brook-
ville, 1840 ;!60

Brookville Kitchen, 1840 360

Paul Darling 397

Fathers of the Brookville

Cemetery Bet. 400-401

Paul Darling Memorial,

Brookville Cemetery

Bet. 400-401

Soldiers' Monument, Brook-
ville Cemetery Bet. 400-401

View of the Borough of

Punxsutawney in 1876.... 426
Jacob Ridgway, Merchant

Prince 431

Map of Elk County, 1905 432

Map of Forest County, 1905. 449

Andrew Hunter 462

The Original Homestead of
Andrew Bowers in Gaskill
Township, Jefferson Countv.
Built in 1825 .' . 480

XXVI I

'^ ''-" r' K'"/ \''^PK

AJ.Nn03

SN o t/J. SUV r

COUNTY

A J. r^ n o D

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i !i

■9

T",' "orK

TILDEl

History of

Jefferson County, Pennsylvania

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTORY

CONDITIONS IN 180O SOCIAL HABITS OF THE PIONEERS CHRISTIANITY OF THOSE TIMES, ETC.

At this time all the pioneers have passed
away. Every true citizen now and in the
future of Jefferson county must ever possess
a feeling of deep veneration for the brave men
and courageous women who penetrated this
wilderness and inaugurated civilization where
savages and wild beasts reigned supreme.
These heroic men and women migrated to this
forest and endured all the hardships incidental
to that day and life, and through their labors
and tribulations they have transmitted to us
all the comforts and conveniences of a high
civilization. The graves have closed over all
of them, and I have been deprived of the great
personal assistance they could have lieen to
me in writing this history.

In 1800 railroads were unknown. The first
line was fourteen miles long — the Baltimore
& Ohio, in 1830. The next was the South
Carolina railway line, one hundred and thirty-
six miles long, and at the time the longest rail-
road in the world. In 1833 there were but
sixteen passenger locomotives in the United
States. In 191 5 there are in the United States
two hundred and fifty-seven thousand miles
of line and a total of over three hundred and
eighty thousand miles of track of all kinds.
This great system of steel highways represents
a capitalization of sixteen billions of dollars
and an actual property investment much in ex-
cess of that sum. Two million men and
women are emplo^'ed in the service of our
railroads, and, counting their families, upward
of seven millions of people are supported by
these employes, whose compensation amounted
1

to more than one and a Cjuarter billions of dol-
lars in 1915.

CONDITIONS IN 180O

In the year 1800 men were imprisoned for
debt and kept in prison until the last farthing
was paid. The jails of that day were but little
better than dungeons. There was no Woman's
Christian Temperance Union, no Woman's
Relief Corps, no Society for the Prevention of
Cruelty to Animals or Children.

In 1800 domestic comforts were few. No
stove had been invented. Large, deep fire-
places with cranes, andirons and bake-ovens
were the only means of heating and cooking.
Friction-matches were unknown. If the fire
of the house went out. you had to rekindle
with a flint or borrow of your neighbor. I
have borrowed fire. House furniture was
then meagre and rough. There were no
window blinds or carpets. Rich people white-
washed their ceilings and rooms, and covered
their parlor floors with white sand. Hence
the old couplet :

Oh. dear mother, my toe.s are sore,
A dancing over your sanded floor.

In 1800 training day was a great event. All
men were required by law to participate in a
day of general military drill. No uniforms
were worn, save the homespun dress of each
soldier. The companies were armed with
sticks, pikes, muskets or guns, and were pre-

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

ceded in iheir marches by a fife or drum. An
odd and comic sight it was. I have seen it in
Brookville.

Rural amusements in 1800 were shoolinj);
matches, rollings, huskings, scutchings. flax
breakings, apple parings and quiltings. Danc-
ing was not entirely overlooked. Books were
few and but little schooling to be had. Wom-
an's exiravagancc in dress was then and is
now a juicy topic for grumblers.

When ("leorgc W'ashington was president,
our territory was small, only thirteen States,
and our population but three millions. In 1800
the population was 5,305,925. Now otir nation
has grown to forty-eight .States, and our peo-
ple increased to over a hundred millions, and
our country advanced from extreme poverty
to the richest on earth. Our territory has be-
come as large as Russia in Europe. Norway,
Sweden, Denmark. Holland. Belgium, Ger-
many, Austria-Hungary, Switzerland, Italy.
Spain, Portgual, France, Great Britain and
Ireland, fronting on two great oceans, and
populated, too, with a people only eight per
cent, of whom are unable to read and write.

In iSoo Philadelphia and New York were
but overgrown villages, and Chicago was un-
known. There were only five large cities in
the United States. Philadelphia was the
largest with 66,000 population. New York
was next with 60.000, Baltimore was third
with 26,000, Boston fourth with 25,000,
Charleston, South Carolina, fifth with 10,000
people. Now we have a dozen cities any one
of which would represent the urban population
of the country a century ago.

In 1800 Jefferson county was unknown, with
only two w'hite men living within her borders.
Nature reigned supreme. The shade of the
forest was heavy the whole day through. Now
our county contains a population of over
63,090. We have schools, churches, tele-
graphs, telephones and court all the time.

The great coal deposits that underlie forty-
two of our counties were known to exist at
that early date, but the use of coal was not
understood. .Some hard coal was mined anfl
shipped to Philadelphia for a market, but not
knowing what to do with it. it was finally used
to repair the roads. Our people are alive to-
day to the use of coke, coal, hard and soft,
as yearly the mining exhibits show.

In 1800 there was no terra cotta, no eleva-
tors, steam heating, electric lighting, concrete,
asbestos, hoisting machines, sanitary plumb-
ing, tile; no coke, no commercial bread baking,
no skyscrapers, no wireless telegraphy, no
stump machines, no talking ninchincs, no

dictographs, no adding machines, no cash
registers, no addressographs, no free mail de-
livery, no ready-made clothing, no Fairbanks'
scales, no ice houses, no linotype (only nine
inventions, including the "old gray goose quill
and pokeberry ink," both of which I have usefl
in my schooldays, ) no aeroplanes. I have lived
to see an aeroplane fly in fifteen minutes from
Brookville to Punxsutawney. There- were no
aniline dyes, no an:esthetics and painless sur-
gery, no hypodermic syringe, no guncotton, no
nitroglycerine, no dynamite, no sjiant powder,

JKI-FKRSO.N' COUNT^ l\ I N « i

no audiphones, [jneumatic tubes or type-
writers, no cotton gin, no planting machine,
no mower or reaper, no hayrak'e, no hayfork,
no corn sheller, no rotary ])rinting press, no
sewing machine, no knitting ni;ichine, no en-
\elopes for letters, no India rubber goods for
syringes, coats, shoes or cloaks, no grain
elevator except man. no artificial ice, no steel
l)ens. no telegraph or telephone, no street cars,
no steam mills, no daguerreotypes or photo-
graphs, no steam ]ilouf,dis, no steam thresher
(only the old hand flail), no windmill, and no
millionaire in the whole cf)untry. George
Washington was the richest man, and he wa«

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

only worth eight hundred thousand dollars.
Now to-day we have hundreds of millionaires.
The nation that was poor in 1800 is now worth
two hundred and twenty-eight billion dollars.
Our great wealth is due to oil, mines, gas, pre-
cious metals and agriculture.

Pine-knots, tallow-dipped candles burned
in iron or brass candlesticks, and whale oil
burned in iron lamps, were the means for
light in stores, dwellings, etc. ; gas was un-
heard of for stoves, streets or lights; no
furnaces or steam heat. Food was scarce,
coarse, and of the most common kind, with no
canned goods or evaporated fruits. In addi-
tion to cooking in the open fireplace, women
had to spin, knit, dye and weave all domestic
cloths, there being no mills run by machinery
to make woolen or cotton goods. Mrs. Wins-
low's Soothing Syrup and baby carriages were
unknown. The bride of 1800 took her wed-
ding trip on foot or on horseback behind the
bridegroom on a "pillion." To-day she can
take it in an airship. The pioneer mother
spun the wool and flax, knit the yarn into
socks, comforts and mittens, made the blue
drilling and other clothes for the family, made
the soap and tallow-candles, preserved the
meat, milked the cows and made the butter,
carried the water from the spring. In short.
her lot was terribly severe.

In -1800 men wore no beatds, whiskers or
moustaches, their faces being clean-shaven
and as smooth as a girl's. A beard was looked
upon as an abomination, and fit only for Hes-
sians, heathen or Turks. In 1800 not a single
cigar had ever been smoked in the United
States. I wish I could say that of to-day.

Previous to 1800, or the settlement of Jef-
ferson county, there were about nine inven-
tions in the world, to-wit : The screw, lever,
wheel, windlass, compass, gunpowder, mov-
able type, microscopes and telescopes. About
everything else has been invented since. To-
day France averages about nine thousand,
and the United States twelve thousand in-
ventions a year.

In 1800 no steamboats had ever navigated
the water, nothing but sail craft being used.
Emigrants to America came in sailing vessels.
Each emigrant had to provide his own food,
as the vessel supplied only air and water.
The trip required a period of from thirty
days to three months. Now this voyage can
be made by the use of Jefferson county coal
in less than six days in palace steamships
reading wireless telegraphic news on the boat.
Now ocean travel is a delight. Then canals

for the passage of great ships and transatlantic
steamers were unknown.

In 1800 the use of electricity was in its in-
fancy, and traveling was done by sail, on
foot or horseback, and by coach. Now we
have steamers, street cars, railroads, bicycles
and horseless carriages; modern tunnels were
unknown. Then there was no submarine
cable ; now the earth is girdled with telegraph
wires, and we can speak face to face through
the telephone over four thousand miles apart,
and millions of messages are sent every year
under the waters of the globe. Today in the
United States an average of more than one
to twelve telegraphic messages is sent every
minute, day and night, the year through.

In 1800 human slavery was universal, and
irreligion was the order of the day. Nine
out of every ten workingmen neither pos-
sessed nor ever opened a Bible. Hymn books
were unknown, and musical science had no
system. Medicine was an illiterate theory,
surgery a crude art, and dentistry unknown.
Books were few and costly, ignorance the
rule, and authors famed the world over now
were then unborn ; now we spend annually
one hundred and forty million dollars for
schools. In 1800 there were but few daily
papers in the world, no illustrated ones,
no humorous ones, and no correspondents.
No snapshots were thotight of. Photography
was not heard of. Now this science has re-
vealed "stars invisible" and microscopic life
beyond computation. Plate glass was a lux-
ury undreamed of. Envelopes had not been
invented, and postage stamps had not been
introduced. Vulcanized rubber and celluloid
had not begun to appear in a hundred dainty
forms. Stationary washtubs, and even wash-
boards, were unknown. Carpets, furniture
and household accessories were expensive.
.Sewing machines had not yet supplanted the
needle. Aniline colors and coal-tar proditcts
were things of the future. Stemwinding
watches had not appeared ; there were no
cheap watches of any kind. So it was with
hundreds of the rfecessities of our present
life.

SOCIAL HABIT.S OF THE PIONEERS

In the social customs of our day, many
minds entertain doubts whether we have made
improvements upon those of our ancestors.
In those days friends and neighbors could
meet together and enjoy themselves, and
enter into the spirit of social amusement with
a hearty goodwill, a geniality of manners, a

Jl'.FFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

corresponding deptli of soul, among both the
old and young, to which modern societ)' is un-
accustomed. CJur ancestors did not make a
special invitation the only pass to their dwell-
ings, and they entertained those who visited
them with a hospitality that is not generally
practiced at the present time. Guests did not
assemble then to criticize the decorations,
furniture, dress, manners and surroundings
of those by whom they were invited. They
were sensible people, with clear heads and
warm hearts ; they visited each other to pro-
mote mutual enjoyment, and believed in gen-
uine earnestness in all things. We may ignore
obligations to the pioneer race, and congratu-
late ourselves that our lot has been cast in
a more achanced era of mental and moral
culture ; we may pride ourselves upon the de-
velopments which have been made in science
and art; but, while viewing our standard of
elevation as immeasurably in advance of that
of our forefathers, it would be well to emu-
late their great characteristics of hospitality,
lionor and integrity.

CJIKISTI.ANITV OF THOSE TIMES

The type of Christianity of that period will
not suffer by comparison with that of the
present day. If the people of olden times had
less for costly apparel and ostentatious dis-
])lay, they had also more for offices of charity
and benexolence ; if they did not ha\e the
splendor and luxuries of wealth, they at least
had no infirmaries or paupers, very few law-
yers, and but little use for jails. The vain and
thoughtless may jeer at their unpretending
manners and customs, but in all the elements
of true manhood and true womanhood it may
be safely averred that they were more than
the peers of the generation that now occupy

their places. That race has left its impress
upon our times, whatever patriotism the pres-
ent generation boasts has descended from
them. Rude and illiterate, sectarian and con-
tentious, they may have been, but they pos-
sessed strong minds in strong bodies, made
so by their compulsory self-denials, their
privations and toil. It was the mission of
many of them to aid and participate in the
formation of this great Commonwealth, and
wisely and well was the mission performed.
Had their descendants been more faithful to
their noble teachings, harmony would reign
supreme where violence and discord now hold
sway in the land.

The pioneer times are the greenest spot in
the memories of those who lived in them ; the
privations and hardships then endured are
consecrated things in the recollection of the
survivors. I am glad to have lived in them.

Our fathers established the first Christian,
non-sectarian government in the world, and
declared as the chief cornerstone of that gov-
eriunent under which all men are "born free
and equal" Christ's teaching, love your
neighbor as yourself. Since this thought has
been carried into effect by our non-sectarian
government, it has done more to elevate and
civilize mankind in the last one hundred years
than had ever been accomplished in all time
before. Cinder the humane and inspiring in-
fluence of this grand idea put into practice,
the wheels of progress, science, religion and
civilization have made gigantic. strides, and our
nation especially, from ocean to ocean, from
Arctic ice to tropic sun, is filled with smiling,
happy homes, rich fields, blooming gardens
and bright firesides, made such by Christian
charity carried into national and State con-
stitutional enactment.

CHAPTER II
OUR ABORIGINES

THE IROQUOISj OR SIX NATIONS — INDIAN TOWNS, VILLAGES, GRAVEYARDS, CUSTOJLS, DRESS, HUTS,
MEDICINES, DOCTORS, BARK-PEELERS, BURIALS, ETC. — CORNPLANTER

Aquanuschiono, or "united people," is what
they called themselves. The French called
them the Iroquois ; the English, the Si.x Na-
tions. They formed a confederate nation, and
as such were the most celebrated and power-
ful of all the Indian nations in North America.
The confederacy consisted of the Mohawks,
the fire-striking people ; the Oneidas, the pipe-
makers ; the Onondagas, the hilltop people ;
the Cayugas, the people from the lake; the
Tuscaroras, unwilling to be with other people ;
and the .Senecas, the mountaineers, or our
people.

The aborigines were called Indians because
Columbus thought he had discovered India,
and they were called Red Men because they
daubed their faces and bodies with red paint.
The American Indian had no universal lan-
guage. In North .America, there were over one
thousand Indian dialects.

The Iroquois (E-ro-quau), or Six Nations,
were divided into eight families, viz.j the
Wolf, Bear, Beaver, Turtle, Deer, Snipe.
Heron and Hawk. Each nation had one of
each of the families in their tribe, and all the
members of that family, no matter how wide
apart or of what other tribe, were considered
as brothers and sisters, and were forbidden
to marry in their own family. Then a Wolf
was a brother to all other Wolves in each of
the nations. This family bond was taught
from infancy and enforced by public opinion.

If at any time there appeared a tendency
toward conflict between the different tribes,
it was instantly checked by the thought that,
if persisted in. the hand of the Turtle mu.st
be lifted against his l)rother, the tomahawk
of the Beaver might be buried in the brain of
his kinsman Beaver. And so potent was the
feeling that, for at least two hundred years,
and until the power of the league was broken
by the overwhelming outside force of the
whites, there was no serious dissension be-
tween the tribes of the Iroquois.

In peace, all power was confined to "sach-

ems," in war, to "chiefs." The sachems of
each tribe acted as its rulers in the few mat-
ters which required the e.xercise of civil au-
thority. The same rulers also met in council
to direct the affairs of the confederacy. There
were fifty in all, of whom the Mohawks had
nine, the Oneidas nine, the Onondagas four-
teen, the Cayugas ten and the Senecas eight.
These numbers, however, did not give pro-
portionate power in the council of the league,
for all the nations were equal there. There
was in each tribe, too, the same number of
war chiefs as sachems, and these had absolute
authority in time of war. When a council
assembled, each sachem had a war chief near
him to execute his orders. But in the war
party the war chief commanded and the
sachem took his place in the ranks. This was
the system in its simplicity.

The right of heirship, as among many other
of the North American tribes of Indians, was
in the female line. , A man's heirs were his
brother, that is to say, his mother's son and
his sister's son, never his own son, nor his
brother's son. The few articles which con-
stituted an Indian's personal property — even
his bow and tomahawk — never descended to
the son of him who had wielded them. Titles,
so far as they were hereditary at all, followed
the same law of descent. The child also fol-
lowed the clan and tribe of the mother. The
object was evidently to secure greater cer-
tainty that the heir would be of the blood of
his deceased kinsman. The result of the ap-
plication of this rule to the Iroquois system of
clans was that if a particular sachemship or
chieftaincy was once established in a certain
clan of a certain tribe, in that clan and tribe it
was e.xpected to remain forever. Exactly
how it was filled when it became vacant is a
matter of some doubt; but, as near as can be
learned, the new official was elected by the
warriors of the clan, and was then inaugurated
by the council of the sachems.

If, for instance, a sachemship belonging to

JEFFERSON COUXTV, I'EXXSVLX'AXIA

the Wolf clan of the Seneca tribe became
vacant, it could only be filled by some one of
the Wolf clan of the Seneca tribe. A clan
council was called, and, as a general rule, the
heir of the deceased was chosen to his place,
to wit: One of his brothers, reckoning only
on the mother's side, or one of his sister's
sons, or even some more distant male relative
in the female line. But there was no positive
law, and the warriors might discard all these
and elect some one entirely unconnected with
the deceased, though, as before stated, he
must be one of the same clan and tribe. While
there was no unchangeable custom' compelling
the clan council to select one of the heirs of
the deceased as his successor, yet the tendency
was so strong in that direction that an infant
was frequently chosen, a guardian being ap-
pointed to perform the functions of the office
till the youth should reach the proper age to
do so. .\I1 offices were held for life, unless
the incumbent was solemnly deposed by a
council, an e\ent which very seldom occurred.
Notwithstanding the modified system of hered-
itary power in vogue, the constitution of
every tribe was essentially republican. W'ar-
riors, old men, and women attended the various
councils and made their influence felt. Xeither
in the government of the confederacy nor of
the tribes was there any such thing as tyrannv
over the jieoiile. though there was a great deal
of tyranny by the league over conquered na-
tions. In fact, there was very little govern-
ment of any kind, and very little need of any.
There were substantially no projierty interests
to guard, all land being in common, and each
man's personal property being limited to a
bow, a tomahawk, and a few deerskins. Liquor
had not yet lent its disturbing influence, and
few quarrels were to be traced to the influence
of women, for the .Vnicrican Indian is singu-
larly free from the warmer passions. I lis
j)rincipal \ice is an easily aroused and un-
limited hatred : but the tribes were so small
and enemies so convenient that there was no
difficulty in gratifying this feeling (and at-
taining to the rank of a warrior) outside of his
own nation. The consequence was that al-
though the war parties of the Iroquois were
continually shedding the Ijlood of foes, there
was \ery little quarrelling at home.

Their religious creed was limited to a some-
what vague lielief in the existence of a Great
Spirit and several inferior but very potent
evil s|)irits. They had ceremonies, consisting
largely of dances, one called the "green-corn
dance," and others at other seasons of the
vear. I'Vom a verv early date their most im-

portant religious ceremony has been the "burn-
ing of the white dog.'' To this day the
pagans among them still perform this rite.

In common with their fellow savages on
this continent, the Iroquois have been termed
"fast friends and bitter enemies," but they
were a great deal stronger enemies than
friends. Revenge was the ruling passion of
their nature, and cruelty was their abiding
characteristic. Revenge and cruelty are the
worst attributes of human nature, and it is
idle to talk of the goodness of men who roasted
their ca[)tives at the stake. All Indians were
faithful to their own tribes, and the Iroquois
were faithful to their confederacy; but out-
side of these limits their friendship could not
be counted on, and treachen,- was always to
be apprehended in dealing with them.

In their family relations they were not
harsh to their children and not wantonly so to
their wives; but the men were invariably
indolent, and all labor was contemptuously
abandoned to their weaker sex. They had
no cows, horses or chickens. They raised
tobacco, corn, beans and pumpkins.

Polygamy was practiced. Chiefs and emi-
nent warriors usually had two or three wives,
who could be discarded at will by their hus-
bands.

Hur nation, the Senecas, was the most
numerous and comprised the greatest war-
riors of the Iroquois confederacy. Their
great chiefs. Cornplanter and (aiyasutha, are
jirominently connected with the traditions of
the headwaters of the Allegheny, western New
York, and northwestern Pennsylvania. In
person the Senecas were slender, middle-sized,
handsome and straight The squaws were
short, not handsome, and clumsy. The skin
was reddish brown, hair straight and jet-black.

When a .Seneca died, the corpse was dressed
in a new blanket or petticoat, with the face
and clothes painted red. The body was then
laid on a skin in the middle of the hut. The
war and hunting implements of the deceased
were then piled up around the body. In the
evening after sunset, and in the morning be-
fore daylight, the squaws and relations as-
sembled around the corpse to mourn. This
was daily repeated until interment. The
graves were dug by old squaws, as the young
squaxys abhorred this kind of Jalior. P)efore
they had hatchets and other tools, they used
to line the inside of the gra\e with the bark
of trees, and when the corpse was let down
they placed some pieces of wood across, which
were again covererl with bark, and then the
earth thrown in. to till up the grave. At an

JEFFERSON COUNl Y, PENNSYLVANIA

early period they used to put a tobacco pouch,
knife, tinder-box, tobacco and pipe, bow and
arrows, gunpowder and shot, skins and cloth
for clothes, paint, a small bag of Indian corn
or dried bilberries, sometimes the kettle,
hatchet, and other furniture of the deceased,
into the grave, supposing that the departed
spirits would have the same wants and occu-
pation in the land of souls. But this custom
was nearly wholly abolished among the Dela-
vvares and Iroquois about the middle of the
last century. At the burial not a man shed
a tear ; they deemed it a shame for a man to
weep. But on the other hand, the women set
up a dreadful howl. They carried their dead
a long- way sometimes for burial.

An Indian hut was built in this manner :
Trees abounding in sap were [)eeled, usually
the linn. When the trees were cut down the
bark was peeled with the tomahawk and its
handle. They peeled from the top of the tree
to the butt. The bark for hut building was cut
into pieces of six or eight feet, which were then
dried and flattened by laying heavy stones
upon them. The frame of a bark hut was
made by driving poles into the ground, and
the poles were strengthened bv crossbeams.
This frame was then covered inside and out-
side with the prepared linnwood bark, fas-
tened with leatherwood bark or hickory withes.
The roof ran upon a ridge, and was covered
in the same manner as the frame ; and an
opening was left in it for the smoke to escape,
and one on the side of the frame for a door.

They cut logs fifteen feet long and laid
these logs upon each other. At each end they
drove posts in the ground, and tied these posts
together at the top with hickory withes or
moose bark. In this way they erected a wall
of logs fifteen feet long to the height of four
feet. In the s.ame way they raised a wall
opposite to this one, about twelve feet away.
In the centre of each end of this log frame
they drove forks into the ground. A strong
pole was then laid upon these forks, extend-
ing from end to end, and from these log walls
they set up poles for sheeting, and the hut was
then covered or shingled with linnwood bark.
As above related, this bark was peeled from
the tree, commencing at the top, with a toma-
hawk, and the strips were soriietimes thirty
feet long, and usually six inches wide. These
strips were cut as desired for roofing.

At each end of the hut they set up split
lumber, leaving an open space at each end for
a doorway, at which a bearskin hung. A
stick leaning against the outside of this skin
meant that the "door was locked." At the

top of the hut, in lieu of a chimney, they left
an open place. The fires were made in the
inside of the hut, and the smokes escapetl
through this opening. There were no doors
or windows. For bedding they had linnwood
bark covered with bearskins. Open places be-
tween logs the squaws stopped with moss
gathered from old logs. Several families ■occu-
pied a hut, hence they built them long. The
men wore a blanket and went bareheaded.
The women wore a petticoat, fastened about
the hips, extending a little below the knees.

Our nation, the Senecas, produced the great-
est orators, and more of them than any other.
Cornplanter, Red Jacket and Farmer's Brother
were all Senecas. Red Jacket once, in
enumerating the woes of the Senecas, ex-
claimed : "We stand on a small island in the
bosom of the great waters. We are encircled,
we are encompassed. The evil spirit rides
on the blast, and the waters are disturbed.
They rise, they press upon us, and the waters
once settled over us, we disappear forever.
Who then lives to mourn us ? None. What
marks our extinction? Nothing. We are
mingled with the common elements."

Drunkenness, after the whites had dealings
with the red men, was a common vice, and
the Indian female, as well as the male, was
infatuated with the love of strong drink.
Neither of them knew bounds to their desire;
they drank while they had whisky or could
swallow it down. Drunkenness was a vice,
though attended with many serious conse-
quences, even murder and death, that was not
punishable among them. It was a fashionable
vice. However, fornication, adultery, stealing,
lying and cheating, principally the ofifspring
of drunkenness, v/ere considered as heinous
and scandalous offenses, and were punished
in various ways.

The Iroquois married early in life, the men
usually at eighteen and the women at four-
teen. If an Indian man wished to marry he
sent a present, consisting of blankets, cloth,
linen, and occasionally a few belts of wam-
pum, to the nearest relations of the person he
had fixed upon. If he that made the present,
and the present itself, pleased, the matter was
formally proposed to the girl, and if the
answer was affirmatively given the bride was
conducted to the bridegroom's dwelling with-
out any further ceremony; but if the other
party chose to decline the proposal, the pres-
ent was returned by way of a friendly nega-
tive. After the marriage, the present made by
the suitor was divided among the friends of
the young wife. These returned the civility

JEFFERSON COUNT^■, I'EXNSYLVANIA

by a j^ift of Indian corn, beans, kctlk-<, bas-
kets, hatchets, etc., brought in solemn proces-
sion into the hut of the newly married couple.
The latter commonly lodged in a friend's house
till they could erect a dwelling of their own.

When a young squaw was ready to marry
she wore something on her head as a notice.

As soon as a child was born, it was laid
ujwn a broad or straight piece of bark covered
with moss and wrap])ed up in a skin or piece
of cloth, and when the mother was engaged in
her housework this rude cradle or bed was
hung to a peg or the branch of a tree. The
children were educated to fit them to get
through the world as did their fathers. Tliey
were instructed in religion, etc. They believed
that Manitou. their (iod, "the good s])irit,"
could be propitiated by sacrifices ; hence they
observed a great many sujjerstitious and idola-
trous ceremonies. At their general and sol-
emn sacrifices the oldest men performed the
offices of priests, but in private parties each
man brought a sacrifice, and offered it him-
self as priest. Instead of a temple they fitted
up a large dwelling house for the jnirpose.

\\'hen they traxeled or went on a journey
they manifested much carelessness about the
weather; yet. in their jirayers, they usually
begged for "a clear and pleasant sky." Thev
generally provided themselves with Indian
meal, which they either ate dry, mixed with
maple sugar and water, or boiled into a kind
of mush. .-\s to meat, that they took as they
went. If in their travels they had occasion
to pass a deep river, they set immediately
about building a canoe, taking long pieces of
bark of i)ro])ortionate breadth, to which they
gave the proper form by fastening it to ribs
of light wood, bent so as to suit the occasion.
If a large canoe was required, several pieces
of bark were carefully sewed together. If
the voyage was expected to be long, many
Indians carried everything they wanted for
their night's lodging witii them — namely, some
slender j)oles and rushmats, or bircbbarlc,
which they used for candles.

They had their amusements. Their favorite
one was dancing. The common dance was
held either in a large house or in an open field
around a fire. In dancing they formed a
circle, and always had a leader, to whom the
whole com])any attended. The men went be-
fore, and the women closed the circle. The
latter danced with great decency and as if
they were engaged in the most serious busi-
ness ; while thus engaged they never spoke a
word to the men, much less joked with them,
which would have injured their character.

Another kind of dance was attended only
by men. Each rose in his turn, and danced
with great agility and boldness, extolling his
own or his forefathers' great deeds in a song,
to which all beat time, by a monotonous, rough
note, which was given out with great vehem-
ence at the commencement of each bar.

The war dance, which was always held
either before or after a campaign, was dread-
ful to behold. None took part in it but the
warriors themselves. They appeared armed,
as if going to battle. One carried his gun or
hatchet, another a long knife, the third a toma-
hawk, the fourth a large club, or they all ap-
peared armed with tomahawks. These they
brandished in the air, to show how they in-
tended to treat their enemies. They affected
such an air of anger and fury on this occasion
that it made a spectator shudder to beholfl
them. A chief led the dance, and sang the
warlike deeds of himself or his ancestors. At
the end of every celebrated feat of valor he
wielded his tomahawk with all his might
against a post fixed in the ground. He was
then followed by the rest : each finished bis
round by a blow against the [)Ost. Then they
danced all together; and this was the most
frightful scene. They affected the most hor-
rible and dreadful gestures; threatened to
beat, cut and stab each other. They were,
however, amazingly dexterous in avoiding the
threatened danger. To complete the horror
of the scene, they howled as dreadfully as if
in actual fight, so that they appeared as rav-
ing madmen. During the dance they some-
times sounded a kind of fife, made of reed,
which had a shrill and disagreeable note. The
Iroquois used the war dance even in times of
peace, with a view to celebrate the deeds of
their heroic chiefs in a solemn manner.

The Indians, as well as "all human flesh,"
were heirs of disease. The most common
complaints were pleurisy, weakness and pains
in the stomach and breast, consumption, diar-
rhoea, rheumatism, dysentery, inflammatory
fevers, and occasionally the smallpox made
dreadful ravages among them. The general
remedy for all disorders, small or great, was a
sweat. For this purpose they had in every
town an oven, situated at some distance from
the dwellings, built of stakes and boards,
covered with sods, or dug in the side of a hill,
and heated with some red-hot stones. Into
this the patient crept naked, and in a short
time was thrown into ])rofuse pers])iration.
.\s soon as the ])atient felt himself too hot
he crept out, and immediately i^lunged himself
in a river or other cold water, where he con-

CAPTAIX (,Kiilii;K S.MDKK AND HTS COI'SIX .JOHN SMOKE

IN])IAN STOCKADE (BARK HOUSES)
Tiitcrinr View, Sliowiiig Loiisr House aivl (ia-no-botf within

,.m-

\ THE !-;r.\V YORK
IPUELIC LlEK/.nV

ASTOn, LFNOX

9i..

£V^

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANL

tinned about thirty seconds, and then went
again into the oven. After having performed
this operation three times successively, he
smoked his pipe with composure, and in many
cases a cure was completely effected. In some
places they had ovens constnicted large
enough to receive several persons. Some
chose to pour water now and then upon the
heated stones, to increase the steam and pro-
mote more profuse perspiration. Many In-
di ns in perfect health made it a practice of
going into the oven once or twice a week to
renew their strength and spirits. Some pre-
tended by this operation to prepare themselves
for business which requires mature delibera-
tion and artifice.

If the sweating did not remove the disorder,
other means were applied. Many of the In-
dians believed that medicines had no efficacy
unless administered by a professed physician ;
enough of professed doctors could be found,
many of both sexes. Indian doctors never
applied medicines without accompanying them
with mysterious ceremonies, to make their ef-
fect appear supernatural. The ceremonies
were various. Many breathed upon the sick ;
they averred their breath was wholesome. In
addition to this, they spurted a certain liquor,
made of herbs, out of their mouth ov^r the
patient's whole body, distorting their f
and roaring dreadfully. In some
physicians crept into the oven, where tt^ y
sweat, howled, roared, and now and then
grinned horribly at their patients, who had
been laid before the opening, anfl frequently
felt the pulse of the patient. Then sentence
was pronounced, foretelling either recovery
or death. On one occasion, a Moravian mis-
sionary, who was present, says : "An Indian
])hysician had put on a large bearskin, so that
his arms were covered with the forelegs, his
feet with the hind legs, and his head was en-
tirely concealed in the bear's head, with the
addition of glass eyes. He -ame in this at-
tire, with a calabash in his l.ind, accompanied
by a great crowd of people, -nto the patient's
hut, singing and dancing, when he grasped a
handful of hot ashes, and scattering them into
the air, with a horrid noise, approached the
patient, and began to play several legerdemain
tricks with small bits of wood, by which he
pretended to be able to restore him to health."

The common people believe J that by rattling
the calabash the physician had power to make
the spirits discover the cause of the disease,
and even evade the malice of the evil spirit
who occasioned it.

Their materia medica, used in curing dis-

eases, were rattlesnake-root, skins of rattle-
snakes dried and pulverized, thorny ash, tooth-
achetree, tulip tree, dogwood, wild laurel,
sassafras, poison-ash, wintergreen, liverwort,
\'irginia poke, jalap, sarsaparilla, ginseng, and
a few others.

Wars among the Indians were always car-
ried on with the greatest fury, and lasted
much longer than they do now among them.
The offensive weapons were, before the
whites came among them, bows, arrows and
clubs. The latter were made of the hardest
kind of wood, from two to three feet long
and very heavy, with a large round knob at
one end. Their weapon of defense was a
shield, made of the tough hide of a buffalo,
on the convex side of which they received the
arrows and darts of the enemy. But about
the middle of the last century this was laid
aside by the Dela wares and Iroquois, though
they continued to use to a later period bows.
arrows and clubs of war, the clubs pointed
with nails and pieces of iron, when used at
all. Gims were measurably substituted for all
these. The hatchet and longknife were used,
as well as the guns. The army of these na-
tions consisted of all their young men, includ-
ing the boys of fifteen years. They had their
captains and subordinate officers. Their cap-
tains would be c;dled among them command-
ers or generals. The requisite qualifications
for this station were prudence, cunning, reso-
lution, bravery, undauntedness, and previous
good fortune in some fight or battle.

"To lift the hatchet" or to begin a war, was
always, as they declared, not till just and im-
portant causes prompted them to it. Then
they assigned as motives that it was necessary
to avenge the injuries done to the nation.
Perhaps the honor of being distinguished as
great warriors may have been an "ingredient
in the cup." But before they entered upon
so hazardous an undertaking they carefully
weighed all the proposals made, compared the
])roI)al;le advantages or disadvantages that
might accrue. A chief could not begin a war
without the consent of his captains, nor could
he accept a war-belt only on the condition of
its being considered by the captains. The
chief was bound to preserve peace to the ut-
most of his power. But if several captains
were unanimous in declaring r, the chief
was then obliged to deliver the care of his
people, for a time, into the hands of the cap-
tains, and to lay down his office. Yet his in-
fluence tended greatly either to prevent or
encourage the commencement of war, for the
Indians believed that a war could not be sue-

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

cessful without the consent of the chief, aiul
the captains, on that accoiuit, strove to be in
harmony with him. .\fter war was agreed
on, and they wished lo secure the assistance
of a nation in league with them, they notified
that nation by sending a piece of tobacco, or
by an embassy. I'.y the first, they intended
that the captains were to smoke pipes and
consider seriously whether they would take
part in the war or not. The embassy was in-
trusted to a captain, who carried a belt of
wampum, upon which the object of the em-
bassy was described by certain figures, and a
hatchet with a red handle. After the chief
had been informed of his commission, it was
laid before a council. The hatchet ha\ing
lieen laid on the ground, he delivered a long
si)eech, while holding the war-belt in his hand,
always closing the address with the request to
take up the hatchet, and then delivering the
war-belt. If this was complied with, no more
was said, and this act was considered as a
solemn ]jromise to lend every assistance ; but if
neither the hatchet was taken u]) nor the belt
accepted, the ambassador drew the just con-
clusion that the nation preferred to remain
neutral, and without any further ceremony
returned home.

The Iroquois were very informal in declar-
ing war. They often sent out small parties,
and having seized the first man they met be-
longing to the nation they had intended to
engage, killed and scaljjcd him, then cleaved
his head with a hatchet, which they left stick-
ing in it, or laid a war-club, painted red, upon
the body of the victim. This was a formal
challenge, in consequence of which a captain
of an insulted party would take up the weapons
of the murderers and hasten into their coun-
try, lo be revenged upon them. If he re-
turned with a scalp, he lluiugiit iu- iiad a\enged
the rights of his own nation.

Among the Iroquois it re(iuired but little
time to make prejjarations for war. One of
their most necessary preparations was to painl
themselves red and black, for. they held it
that the most horrid appearance of war was
the greatest armament. .Some cajMains fasted
and attended to their dreams, with the view
to gain intelligence of the issue of the war.
'l"he nigiil jirex-ious to the march of the army
was sijent in feasting, at which the chiefs
were jiresent, and a hog or some dogs were
killed. Dog's flesh, said they, inspired them
with the genuine martial spirit. Rven women,
in some instances, ])arlook of this feast, and
ate dog's flesh greedily. Now and then, when
a warrior was induced to make a solemn

declaration of his war inclination, he held up
a piece of dog's flesh in sight of all present
and de\oured it, pronouncing these words,
"Thus will 1 devour my enemies!" After the
feast the captain and all his people began the
war dance, and continued till daybreak, till
they had jjecome quite hoarse and weary.
They generally danced all together, and each
in his turn took the head of a hog in his hand.
.-\s both their friends and the women generally
accompanied them to the first night's encamp-
ment, they halted about two or three miles
from the town, danced the war dance once
more, and the day following began their
march. Before they made an attack they rec-
onnoitred every part of the country. To
this end they dug holes in the ground; if
practicable, in a hillock, covered with wood,
in which they kept a small charcoal fire, from
which they discovered the motions of the
enemy undiscovered. When they sought a
prisoner or a scalp, they ventured, in many
instances even in daytime, to execute their
designs. Effectually to accomplish this, they
skulked behind a bulky tree, and crept slyly
around the trunk, so as not to be observed by
the person or persons for whom they lay in
ambush. In this way they slew many. But
if they had a family or town in view, they al-
ways preferred the night, when their enemies
were wrapped in profound sleep, and in this
way killed, scalped, or made prisoners of many
of the enemies, set fire to the houses, and re-
tired with all possible haste to the woods or
some other place of safe retreat. To avoid
pursuit, they disguised their footmarks as
much as possible. They depended much on
stratagem for their success. Even in war
they thought it more honorable to distress
their enemy rather by stratagem than combat.
The ICnglish. not aware of the artifice of the
Indi.nns. lost an army when Braddock was de-
feated.

The Indians' cruelty, when victorious, was
without bounds ; their thirst for blood was al-
most unquenchable. They never made peace
till compelled by necessity. No sooner were
terms of peace proposed tban the captains laid
down their office and delivered the govern-
luent of the state into the hands of the chiefs.
.\ cai)tain had no more right to conclude a
])eace than a chief to begin war. When peace
liad been offered to a captain he could give
no other answer than to mention the proposal
to the chief, for as a warrior he cotdd not
make ])eate. I f the chief inclined to peace,
lie used his influence to efTect that entl, and
all boslilitv ceased, and, in conclusion, the calu-

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

met, or peace-pipe, was smoked and belts of
wampum exchanged, and a concluding speech
made with the assurance "that their friend-
ship should last as long as the sun and moon
give light, rise and set ; as long as the stars
shine in the firmament, and the rivers flow
with water."

The weapons employed by our Indians two
hundred years ago were axes, arrows and
knives of stone. Shells were sometimes used
to make knives.

The Indian bow was made as follows : The
hickory limb was cut with a stone axe, and
the v^-ood heated on both sides near a fire
until it was soft enough to scrape down to
the proper size and shape. A good bow meas-
ured forty-six inches in length, three-fourths
of an inch thick in the center, and one and a
quarter inches in width, narrowing down to
the points to five-eighths of an inch. The ends
were thinner than the middle. Bowmaking
was tedious work.

The bowstring was made of the ligaments
obtained from the vertebrae of the elk. The
ligaments were split, scraped and twisted into
a cord by rolling the fibres between the palm
of the hand and the thigh. One end of the
string was knotted to the bow, but the other
end was looped, in order that the bow could
be quickly strung.

Quivers to carry the arrows were made of
dressed buckskin, with or without the fur.
The squaws did all the tanning. The arrow-
heads were made of flint or other hard stone
or bone ; they were fastened to the ash or
hickory arrows with the sinews of the deer.
The arrow was about two feet and a half in
length, and a feather was fastened to the butt
end to give it a rotary motion in its flight.
Poisoned arrows were made by dipping them
into decoiuposed liver, to which had been
added the poison of the rattlesnake. The
venom or decomposed animal matter no doubt
caused blood poisoning and death.

Bows and arrows were long used by the red
men after the introduction of firearms, be-
cause the Indian could be more sure of his
game without revealing his presence. For a
long time after the introduction of firearms
the Indians were more expert with the bow
and arrow than with the rifle.

It was originally the practice of our In-
dians, as of all other savage people, to cut
ofT in war the heads of their enemies for
trophies, but for convenience in retreat this
was changed to scalping.

The stone hatchets, or tomahawks, were in
the shape of a wedge ; they were of no use in

felling trees, which was accomplished by
building a fire around the roots. Their stone
I)estles were about twelve inches long and five
inches thick. Their knives were made of flint
and hornstone. They used bird claws for
"fishhooks," or made them of bone.

All the stone implements of our Indians
except the arrows were ground and polished.
How this was done the reader must imagine.
Indians had their mechanics and their work-
shops or "spots" where implements were made.
You must remember that the Indian had no
iron or steel tools, only bone, stone and wood
to work with. The flint arrows were made
from a stone of uniform density. Large chips
were flaked or broken from the rock. These
chips were again deftly chipped with bone
chisels into arrows, and made straight by
pressure. A lever was used on the rock to
separate chips — a bone tied to a heavy stick.

They had a limited variety of copper imple-
ments, which were of rare occurrence, and
which were too soft to be of use in working
so hard a material as flint or quartzite. Hence
it is believed that they fashioned their spear
and arrow heads with other implements than
those of iron or steel. They must have ac-
((uired, by their observation and numerous
experiments, a thorough and practical knowl-
edge of cleavage, that is, "the tendency to split
in certain directions, which is characteristic
of most of the crystallizable minerals." Capt.
John Smith, speaking of the Virginia Indians
in his si.xtli voyage, says, ''His arrow-head he
quickly maketh with a little bone, which he
weareth at his bracelet, of a splint of a stone
or glasse, in the form of a heart, and these
they glue to the ends of the arrows. With
the sinews of the deer and the tops of deer's
horns boiled to a jelly they make a glue which
will not dissolve in cold water." Schoolcraft
says : "The skill displayed in this art, as it
is exhibited ])y the tribes of the entire con-
tinent, has e-xcited admiration. The material
employed is generally some form of hornstone,
sometimes passing into flint. No specimens
have, however, been observed where the sub-
stance is gunflint. The hornstone is less hard
than common quartz, and can be readily
broken by contact with the latter." Catlin, in
his "last ramble among the Indians," says :
"Every tribe^ has its factory in which these
arrowheads are made, and in these only cer-
tain adepts are able or allowed to make them
for the use of the tribe. Erratic boulders of
flint are collected and sometimes brought an
immense distance, and broken with a sort of
sledge hammer made of a rounded pebble or

JEFFERSON COUNTY, I'ENNSYLVANIA

hornstone set in a twisted withe, holdinj^ tlie
stone and forming a handle. The flint, at the
indiscriminate blows of the sledge, is broken
into a hundred pieces, and such flakes selected
as from the angles of their fracture and thick-
ness will answer as the basis of an arrow-head.
The master-workman, seated on the ground,
lays one of these flakes on the palm of his
hand, holding it firmly down with two or more
fingers of the same hand, and with his right
hand, between the thumb and two forefingers,
places his chisel or punch on the point that is
to be broken off, and a co-operator, a striker,
in front of him. with a mallet of very hard
wood, strikes the chisel or ])unch on the upi)er
end, fl.'iking the flint otf on the under side Ije-
low each j)rojecting point that is struck. The
flint is then turned and chipped in the same
manner from the opposite side, and that is
chipped until required shape and dimensions
;ire obtained, all the fractures being made on
the palm of the hand. In selecting the flake
for the arrowhead a nice judgment must be
used or the attempt will fail. .\ flake with
two opposite parallel, or nearly parallel. ])lanes
of cleavage is found, and of the thickness re-
quired for the center of the arrowpoint. The
first chipping reaches nearly to the center of
these planes, but without quite breaking it
away, and each clip])ing is shorter and shorter,
until the shai)e and edge of the arrowhead are
formed. The yielding elasticity of the jialm
of the hand enables the chip to come ofl" with-
out breaking the body of the flint, which
would be the case if it were broken on a hard
substance. These people have no metallic
instruments to work with, and the punch
which they use. I was told, was .-i ])icce of
bone, but on examining it. ! found it to be <if
substances much h.inler. ni;ide of the tooth,
incisor, of the s])erni wh;de. which cetaceans
are often stranded on the coast of tlie Pacific.''
They made ropes, bridles, nets, etc., out of
a wild weed called Indian hemp. The twine
or cords were manufactured by the squaws,
who did all the work — they were more a])t
than the braves. They gathered stalks of this
hem]), separated them into filaments, and then,
taking .i nmnber of filaments in one h.and.
rolled ilicm r;ipidly upon their bare thighs
until twisted, locking, from time to time, the
ends with fresh fibres. The cofd thus made
was finished by dressing with a mixture of
grease and wax, and drawn o\er a smooth
groove in a stone. For ro])es and stnips. r;iw-
liide and barks were used, the b.irk making
the best ropes. The in>idc b;irk (if the elm

or basswood was boiled in ashes, separated
into filainents, and then braided into rope.

The kettles were made of clay, or what was
called "pot stone."' These cooking vessels
could not be exposed to fire, hence they used
large upright vessels made of birch bark, in
which to boil food, repeatedly putting stones
red hot into the water in these vessels, forc-
ing them to boil.

Canoes were made of birch or linnwoodbark,
and many wigwam utensils of that bark. This
bark was peeled in early spring. The bark
c.-moe was the American Indian's invention.
Their tobacco pipes were made of stone bowls
,ind ash stems.

The moccasin was an Indian invention, and
one of great antiquity. The needle was
made from a bone taken from the ankle-joint
of the deer, and the thread was from the
sinews. The deerskin was tanned by the use
of the Ijrains of the deer. The brains were
ilried in cakes for future use. P.earskins were
not tamicd. but were used for cloaks and
beds.

From Penn's arrival in 1682 the Delawares
were subject to the Iroquois, or the confed-
eracy of the Six Nations, wdio were the most
war-like savages in America. The Iroquois
were usually known among the English peo-
ple as the Five Nations. The nations were
divided, and one famous tribe known as the
Mohawks, the fire-striking ])eo[)le. they having
been the first to procure firearms. The Sen-
ecas. mountaineers, occupied western New
\'ork and northwestern Pemisylvania. They
were found in great numbers along the Alle-
gheny and its tributaries. Their great chiefs
were (."ornpl.-niter and Guyasutha. This tribe
\\,is tlic most numerous, powerful and war-
like cif the Iroquois nation. ;ind comprised
the Indians of Jefi'erson county.

These were Indians pure and uncorrupted.
liefore many a log fire, at night, old settlers
have (iften recited how clear, distinct and im-
niut.ihlc were their laws ;ind customs; that
when fully understood a white man could
transact the most im|>ortant business among
them with as nnich safety ;is he can to-day in
.iny commercial center.

In this day and age of jirogress we |)ride
ourselves upon our railroads anfl telegraph as
means of rapid communication, and yet. while
it was well known to the (■;ir!y settlers tliat
news and light freight would travel with in-
com])rehensible s]X'ed from tribe to tribe, peo-
))!(■ of the ])rcsent day fail to understand the
complete svslem bv which it \v;is done.

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

When runners were sent with messages to
other tribes the courier took an easy running
gait, which he kept up for hours at a time.
It was a "dog trot,"' an easy, jogging gait. Of
course lie had no clothes en except a breech-
clout and moccasins. He always carried both
arms up beside the chest with the fists clinched
and held in front of the breast. He ate but
little the day before his departure. A courier
could make a huiulred miles from sunrise to
sunset.

More than eighteen hundred years ago the
Iroquois held a lodge in Punxsutawney (this
town still bears its Indian name, which was
their sobriquet for "gnat town"'), to which
point they could ascend with their canoes, and
go still higher up the ]Mahoning to within a
few hours' travel of the summit of the Alle-
gheny mountains. There were various Indian
trails traversing the forests, one of which en-
tered Punxsutawney near where Judge Mitch-
ell now ( 1916) resides. The trails were
the thoroughfares or roadway of the Indians,
over which they journeyed when on the chase
or the warpath, just as the people of the pres-
ent age travel over their graded roads. An
erroneous impression obtains among many at
the present day that the Indian, in traveling
the interminable forests which once covered
our towns and fields, roamed at random, like
a modern afternoon hunter, by no fixed paths,
or that he was guided in his long journeyings
solely by the sim and stars, or by the courses
of the streams, and mountains ; and true it
is that these untutored sons of the woods were
astronomers and geographers, and relied much
upon these unerring guide-marks of nature.
Even in the most starless nights they could
determine their course by feeling the bark of
the oak trees, which is always smoothest on
the south side and roughest on the north. But
still they had their trails or paths as distincti}'
marked as are our county and State roads,
and often better located. The white traders
adopted them, and often stole their names,
to be in turn surrendered to the leader of some
Anglo-Saxon army, and, finally, obliterated
by some costly highway of travel and com-
merce. Th&y are now alnjost wholly effaced
or forgotten. Hundreds travel along, or
plough over them, unconscious that they are
in the foot-steps of the red men. It has not
taken long to obliterate all these Indian land-
marks from our land ; little more than a cen-
tury ago the Indians roamed over all this west-
ern country, and now scarce a vestige of their
presence remains. Much has been written and
said about their deeds of butchery and cruelty.

True, they were cruel, and in many instances
fiendish, in their inhuman practices, but they
did not meet the first settlers in this spirit.
Honest, hospitable, religious in their belief,
reverencing their Manitou, or Great Spirit,
and willing to do anything to please their white
brother — this is how they met their first white
visitors ; but when they had seen nearly all
their vast domain appropriated by the invaders,
when wicked white men had introduced into
their midst the "wicked fire-water," which is
to-day the cause of many an act of fiendish-
ness perpetrated by those who are not un-
tutored savages, then the Indian rebelled, all
the savage in his breast was aroused, and he
became pitiless and cruel in the extreme.

It is true that our broad domains were pur-
chased and secured by treaty, but the odds
were always on the side of the whites. The
Colonial records give an account of the treaty
(jf 1686, by which a deed for walking purchase
was executed, by which the Indians sold as
far as a man could walk in a day. But when
the walk was to be made the most active white
man available was obtained, and he ran from
daylight until dark, as fast as he was able,
without stopping to eat or drink. This much
dissatisfied the Indians, who expected to walk
leisurely, resting at noon to eat and shoot game,
and one old chief expressed his dissatisfaction
as follows : "Lun, lun, km ; no lay down to
drink; no stop to shoot squirrel, but lun, lun.
lun all day ; me no keep up ; lun, lun for land."
That deed, it is said, does not now exist, but
was confirmed in 1737.

When the white man came the Indians were
a temperate people, anfl their chiefs tried hard
to prohibit the sale of intoxicating drinks
among their tribes. When one Sylvester Gar-
land, in 1701, introduced them to drink, at a
council held in Philadelphia, .Shemekenwhol,
chief of the Shawnese, complained to Gover-
nor William Penn, and at a council held on the
13th of October, 1701, this man was held in
the sum of one hundred pounds never to deal
rum to the Indians again ; and the bond and
sentence were approved by Judge Shippen, of.
Philadelphia. At the chief's suggestion the
council enacted a law prohibiting the trade in
rum with the Indians. Still later the ruling
chiefs of the Six Nations opposed the use of
rum, and Red Jacket, in a speech at Buffalo,
wished that whisky would never be less than
"a dollar a quart." He answered the mis-
sionary's remarks on drunkenness thus : "Go
to the white man with that." A council, held
on the Allegheny river, deplored the murder
of the Wigden family in Butler county by a

JEFFERSON COUN'l'V. PENNSYLVANIA

Seneca Indian while under ihu influence of
whisky, approved the sentence of our law,
and again passed prohibitory resolutions, and
implored the white man not to give rum to
the Indian.

In the legend of Noshaken, the white ca])tive
of the Dela wares, in 1753, who was kept at a
village supposed to have been I'unxsutawney,
occurs the following: "The scouts were on the
track of the Indians, tlie time of burning of the
captives was extended, and the whole band
prepared to depart for Fort Venango with the
prisoners. They continued on for twenty
miles, and encamped by a beautiful spring.
where the sand boiled up from the bottom near
where two creeks unite. Here they passed
the night, and the next morning again headed
for Fort \'enango." This spring was our sand
s]jring at Brookville.

The Indian wampum, or money, was of two
kinds, white and purple ; the white is worked
out of the inside of the great shells into the
form of a bead, and perforated, to string on
leather; the purple is taken out of the inside
of the mussel shell. They are woven into
strips as broad as one's hand and about two
feet long; these they call belts, which they
give and receive at their treaties as the seals
of friendship; for lesser matters a single
string is given. Every bead is of known value,
and a belt of a less number is made to ecpial
one of a greater by fastening as many as are
wanting to the belt by a string.

I'unxsutawney was an Indian town for cen-
turies, and, like all other towns of the Indian
before the white man reached this continent
with firearms, was stockaded. The entrances
to the stockade were anciently contrived so
that they could be defended from assault by a
very few men.

The word "punxsu" means gnat. The land
was a swamp, and alive with gnats, mosquitoes,
turtles and other rejrtiles. 1^'or protection
against the gnats the Indians anointed them-
selves with oil and ointments made of fat and
poisons. Centuries ago the Indians of Punx-
sutawney dressed themselves in winter with
a cloak made of buffalo, bear or beaver skins,
with a leather girdle, and stockings or moc-
casins of buckskin. It might be well to state
here that the beavers were of all colors, white,
\ellow. s])otted. gray, but mostly l)lack.

Indians subsisted mostly on game, but when
pressed for food ate acorns, nuts and the inside
bark of the birchtree. As agriculturists each
was apportioned a piece of land outside of the
stockade, which was planted by the squaws in
corn, squashes and tobacco. A hole was made

in the ground with a stick and a grain of corn
]Hit in each hole. Our first settlers found
small jjatches of corn, one of which was
planted where the lirookville fair grounds are
now located, and another in the flat at Port
Harnett. Indian corn, or maize as it was
sometimes called, is an .American product, be-
ing tirst discovered on this continent in 1600.
The Indians taught the pioneer settlers how
to grow this grain, which is now one of the
most important of our cereals. Early travel-
ers all speak of it as an absolute necessity in
the growing of live stock. Potatoes and
tobacco also were unknown in the Old ^^'orld
until the discovery of America.

Indian corn was red and white flint. They
ground it in mortars and sifted it in a basket,
and then baked it in loaves an inch thick and
about six inches in diameter. They had a way
of charring corn so it would keep for years.
They would pick ears while green, roast it,
dry it in the sun, mix with about a third of
maple sugar, and pound it into flour. This
they carried with them on long trips.

Not knowing how to dig wells, they located
their ga-no-sote and villages on the banks of
runs and creeks, or in the vicinity of springs.
About the period of the formation of the
league, when they were exposed to the inroads
of hostile nations, and the warfare of migra-
tory bands, their villages were compact and
stockaded. Having run a trench several feet
deep around fi\'e or ten acres of land, and
thrown up the ground on the inside, they set
a continuous row of stakes, burned at the ends,
in this bank of earth, fixing them at such an
angle that they inclined over the trench. Some-
times a village was surrounded by a double or
even triple row of stakes. Within this inclos-
ure they constructed their bark houses and
secured their stores. Around it was the village
field, consisting oftentimes of several hundred
acres of cultivated land, which was subdivided
into planting lots, those belonging to dift'erent
families being bounded by uncultivated ridges.

The Iroquois were accustomed to live largely
in villages, and the stockades built about these
villages protected them from sudden assaults
and rendered it possible for the houses within
to be built according to a method of construc-
tion such that they might last for a long time.
.\t the two ends of the houses were doors,
either of bark hung on hinges of wood, or of
deer or bear skins suspended before the open-
ing, and however long the house, or whatever
the number of fires, these were the only
entrances. Over one of these doors was cut
tlT,e tribal device of the head of the family.

JEFFERSON COUNIY, PENNSYLVANIA

Within, upon the two sides, were arranged
wide seats, also of bark boards, about two feet
from the ground, well supported underneath,
and reaching the entire length of the house.
Upon these they spread their mats of skins,
and also their blankets, using them as seats by
day and couches at night. Similar berths
were constructed on each side, about five feet
above these, and secured to the frame of the
house, thus furnishing accommodations for
the family. Upon crosspoles near the roof
were hung in bunches, braided together by the
husks, the winter supply of corn. Charred
and dried corn and beans were generally stored
in bark barrels and laid away in corners. The
implements for the chase, domestic utensils,
weapons, articles of apparel and miscellane-
ous notions were stored away and hung up
wherever an unoccupied place made it pos-
sible. A house of this description would
accommodate a family of eight, with the
limited wants of the Indian, and afford shelter
for their necessary stores, making a not un-
comfortable residence. After they had learned
the use of the axe they began to substitute
houses of logs, but they constructed them after
the ancient model.

The Senecas had six yearly festivals, the
maple, the planting, the strawberry, the green
corn, the harvesting, and New Year or white
dog sacrifice. These festivals consisted of
dancing, singing and thanksgiving to the Great
Spirit for his gifts. The New Year was an
acknowledgment for the whole year, and the
white dog was sent to the Great Spirit to take
to him their messages. The dog was the only
animal they could trust to carry their mes-
sages.

The Indians had no Sunday. Our Indians
called themselves Nun-ga-wah-gah, "The
Great Hill People," and their legend was that
they sprang from the ground. The civil chiefs
wore horns as an emblem of power.

The Indian was a great ball player and
fond of games, swift in races ; in truth, the
Indian was built for fleetness and not for
strength; his life of pursuit educated him that
way. Their feathers and warpaint were
nothing else than crude heraldry. Paint spread
upon the face and body indicated the tribe,
prowess, honor, etc., of the individual and
family, and the arbitrary methods employed
by the squaws made their heraldry hard to
understand. The facial heraldry was unique
both in representation and subject. Every
picture had its significance. If a squaw was
in love she daubed a ring around one of her
eyes. This meant, I am ready for a proposal.

This symbol worn by a buck indicated he was
in the market, too. When love matters were
running smoothly with a squaw she painted
her cheeks a cherry-red, and a straight mark
on her forehead, which meant a happy road.
A zig-zag mark on the forehead meant light-
ning. In case of a death in the family the
squaw painted her cheeks black. Before a
battle each warrior had smeared on the upper
part of his body a wolf, heron, snipe, etc., to
indicate his tribe, so that if he was killed his
tribe could recognize his bodv and come for
it.

There was a village of Indians at Summer-
ville. one at Brookville, at Port Barnett, at
Reynoldsville. at Big Run, and a big one at
Punxsutawney. The county was thickly
inhabited, especially what is now Warsaw.
Their hominy mills can be seen yet about a
mile north of the late Samuel Temple's barn,
in Warsaw township. Their graveyards or
Inirial places were always some distance from
huts or villages. There was one on the Temple
farm, in what is now Warsaw ; one on Mill
creek, at its junction with the Big Toby creek,
in what was afterwards Ridgway township.

Population among the Indians did not in-
crease rapidly. Mothers often nursed their
papooses until they were five, six or seven
years old.

In 1/68, the six Indian nations having by
treaty sold the land from "under the feet" of
the Wyalusing converts, the Rev. Mr. Zeis-
berger was obliged to take measures for the
removal of these Christian Indians, with their
horses and cattle, to some other field. After
many councils and much consideration, he
determined to remove the entire body to a
mission he had established on the Big Beaver,
in what is now I-awrence county. Pa. Ac-
cordingly, "on the nth of June, 1772, every-
thing being in readiness, the congregation
assembled for the last time in their church
and took up their march toward the setting
sun." They were divided into two companies,
and each of these was subdivided. One of
these companies went overland by the Wya-
lusing path, up Sugar run, and down the Loyal
Sock, via Dushore. This company was in
charge of Ettwein, who had the care of the
horses and cattle.

The other company was in charge of Rothe,
and went by canoe down the Susquehanna
and up the west branch. The place for the
divisions to unite was the Great Island, now
Lock Haven, and from there, under the lead
of Rev. John Ettwein, they were to proceed
up the west branch of the Susquehanna, and

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

then cross the mountains over the Chinklaca-
moose path, through what is now Clearfield
and I'unxsutawney, and from there to pro-
ceed, via Kittanning, to the Big Reaver, now
in Lawrence county, Pa. Reader, just think of
two hundred and fifty people of all ages, with
seventy head of oxen and a great number of
horses, traversing these deep forests, over
a small path sometimes scarcely discernible.
under drenching rains, and through disni.il
swam])s, and all this exposure continued for
days and weeks, wild beasts to the right and
to the left of them, and the path alive with
rattlesnakes in front of them, wading streams
and overtaken by sickness, and then, dear
reader, you will conclude with me that nothing
but "])raying all night" in the wilderness ever
carried them successfully to their destination.
This story of Rev. Mr. Ettwein is full of
interest. 1 reprint a paragraph or two that
applies to what is now Jefferson county, viz. :

"Tuesday, July 14. 1772. — Reached Clear-
field creek, where the buffaloes formerly
cleared large tracts of undergrowth, so as to
give them the appearance of cleared fields.
Hence the Indians called the creek "Clear-
field.' Here we shot nine deer. On the route
we shot one hundred and fifty deer and three
bears." These peoi)le on their route lived on
lish. venison, etc.

"Friday, July 17. — .\dvanced only four
miles to a creek that comes down from the
northwest.'' This was and is .Anderson creek,
near Curwensville, Pa.

■■July 18. — Moved on.

■'Sunday, July 19. — As yesterday, but two
families kept up with me, becatise of the rain,
we had a quiet Sunday, but enough to do dr)'-
ing our eft'ects. In the evening all joined me.
but we could hold no service as the ponkies
were so excessively aimoying that the cattle
])ressed toward and into our cam]) to escape
their persecutors in the smoke of the fire.
This vermin is a jjlague to man and beast by
day and night, but hi the swamp through
which we are now passing, their name is
legion. Hence the Indians call it the Ponse-
tunik, i. e., the town of the ponkies."' This
swam]) was in what we now call Punxsu-
law ney.

We ha\(' mentioned that our first settlers
found sm.-dl patches of corn, one planted
where the i'.rookville fair grounds are now
located, ami another in the flat at Port Bar-
nett.

The Lulians also came here to make maple
sugar in the spring. They would cut notches
in the trees, and collect the saj) in troughs hol-

lowed out of small logs, which was then col-
lected into a large trough, when it was boiled
down into molasses and sugar by dipping hot
stones into it, a process that must have called
for a great deal of patience.

Then Indians would take the skins and
iiams of the game killed during the winter to
Pittsburgh in the s]}ring, where they would
exchange them for tobacco, whisk}-, blankets,
trinkets, etc. They generally made these trips
on rafts constructed of dry poles withed to-
gether.

An old Indian called Ca{>tain Hunt was the
last Indian who resided in this county, having
had his camp on what is yet known as "Plunt's
Point," in the present Ijorough limits of P>rook-
ville, and designated on the borough plot as
lot No. 22, on what is Water street, south side
of street and east of the foundry. It is said
of him that he was a fugitive from his tribe,
having killed a fellow Indian. Grandmother
( iraham, at whose house I visited in my child-
hood for weeks at a time, gave a statement of
her recollections of these Indians, and those
of the tribes who were here after her familv
settled at Port Barnett, and it appears that it
was a cousin of Captain Hunt who was the
banished Indian. I give Mrs. Graham's ac-
count of these Indians as nearly as possible
in her own language :

■'\Mien we came to Port Barnett, in the
spring of 1707, there were two Indian families
there. One was Twenty Canoes, and Caturah,
which means Tomahawk. The two Hunts
were here, but they were alone. Jim Hunt
was on banishment for killing his cousin.
Captain Hunt and Jim Hunt were cousins.
Captain Hunt was an under-chief of the Mun-
sey tribe. The Munseys were slaves to our
.Senecas, and 'ca]5tain' was the highest mili-
tary title known to the Indians. In the fall
other Indians came here to hunt. Caturah and
Twenty Canoes stayed here for several years
after we came. The Hunts were here most
of the time until the commencement of the war
in 1S12. Jim dare not go back to his tribe
until the year 180S or i8og, when his friends
stole a white boy in Westmoreland county and
bad him ado])ted into the tribe in ])lace of the
warrior Jim had slain. A great many per-
sons think they know all about the hiding
])laces of Hunt. One of them was a cave in
the bank of Sandy Lick, at what is called the
'deep hole,' opposite the sand spring. The
other was on the headwaters of Little Sandy
creek. When danger threatened Hunt a run-
ner from the reservation would warn him by
a peculiar whoop from a certain ])lace on the

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

hill northwest from the port. At the com-
mencement of the war of 1812 the Munsey
tribe were banished from the Six Nations, and
Jim Hunt never returned. Captain Hunt was
back once or twice. Twenty Canoes and
Sassy John were back once to see Joe Blan-
net ; they could not pronounce the name of
Barnett. The last visit of Caturah was in
1833, he being then over ninety years of age."

While it was known that Hunt had the hid-
ing places mentioned by Mrs. Graham, they
were never discovered until the year 1843,
when the one at Sand Spring, in the borough
of Brookville, was discovered by Mr. Thomas
Crraham, a son of the old lady whose narra-
tive I have just given. It showed signs of
having been used as a human habitation and
was without doubt Jim Hunt's place of refuge.
Jim Hunt was a great hunter, and in one
winter is said to have killed seventy-eight
bears, besides other smaller game. He was
inordinately fond of whisky, and nearly all
the skins of his game went for his favorite
lieverage. After he had traded these seventy-
eight skins to Samuel Scott, receiving a pint
of whisky for each skin, he was found crying
in a maudlin way over his bankruptcy. When
asked what was the matter, he replied :
"Bearskins all gone; whisky all gone. No
skins, no whisky, ugh !"

This story was told elsewhere of Captain
Hunt.

Of two who came about 1800, I might men-
tion John Jamison (Sassy John), who had
seven sons, all named John ; the other was
Crow; he was an Indian in name and in nature.
He was feared by both the whites and Indians.
He was a Mohawk, and a perfect savage.

Before the white man came to settle in this
country a part of Warsaw, near Hazen, was "a
barren" and thickly settled with Indians, and
what is now called Seneca II ill, on the M.
Hofifman farm, is where they met for their
orgies. The late S. W. Temple has found a
number of curious Indian relics from time to
time on this farm.

CORNPLANTER

In the year 1784 the treaty to which Corn-
pianter (or Beautiful Lake) was a party was
made at Fort Stanwix, ceding the whole of
northwestern Pennsylvania to the Common-
wealth, with the exception of a small individ-
ual reserve to Cornplanter. The frontier, how-
ever, was not at peace for some years after
that, nor, indeed, until Wayne's treaty of

I795-

Notwithstanding his bitter hostility, while
the war continued, he became the fast friend
of the United States when once the hatchet
was buried. His sagacious intellect compre-
hended at a glance the growing power of the
United States, and the abandonment with
which Great Britain had requited the fidelity
of the Senecas. He therefore threw all his

CORNPLANTEK

influence at the treaty of Fort Stanwix (now
Rome, N. Y.) and Fort Harmar in favor of
peace. And notwithstanding the large con-
cessions which he saw his people were neces-
sitated to make, still, by his energy and
prudence in the negotiation, he retained for
them an ample and beautiful reservation. For
the course which he took on those occasions
the .State of Pennsylvania granted him the fine

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

rescnation upon which he resided on the
Allegheny. The Senecas, however, were never
satisfied with his course in relation to those
treaties, and Red Jacket, more artful and
eloqitent than his elder rival, but less frank and
honest, seized upon this circumstance to pro-
mote his own popularity at the expense of
Cornplanter.

Having buried the hatchet. Cornplanter
sought to make his talents useful to his people
by conciliating the goodwill of the whites and
securing from furtlier encroachment the little
remnant of his national domain. On more
than one occasion, when some reckless and
bloodthirsty whites on the frontier had massa-
cred unoffending Indians in cold blood, did
Cornplanter interfere to restrain the vengeance
of his people. During all the Indian wars
from 1 79 1 to 1794, which terminated with
Wayne's treaty, Cornplanter pledged himself
that the Senecas should remain friendly to the
United States. He often gave notice to the
garrison at Fort Franklin of intended attacks
from hostile parties, and even hazarded his
life on a mediatorial mission to the western
tribes.

In 1821-22 the commissioners of W'arren
county assumed the right to tax the private
property of Cornplanter, and proceeded to
enforce the collection of the tax. The old
chief resisted it, conceiving it not only unlaw-
ful, but a personal indignity. The sheriff
appeared, with a small posse of armed men. '
Cornplanter took the deputation to a room
around which were ranged about a hundred
rifles, and, with the sententious brevity of an
Indian, intimated that for each rifle a warrior
would appear at his call. The sheriff and his
men speedily withdrew, determined, however,
to call out the militia. Several prudent citizens,
fearing a sanguinary collision, sent for the old
chief in a friendly way to come to Warren
and compromise the matter. He caine, and
after some persuasion gave his note for the
tax, amounting to forty-three dollars and
seventy-nine cents. He addressed, however, a
remonstrance to the governor of Pennsylvania,
soliciting a return of his money and an exemp-
tion from such demands against lands which
the State itself had ]iresented to him. The
Legislature aniuilled the tax. and sent two
commissioners to explain the affair to him.
He met them at the courthouse in Warren, on
which occasion he delivered the following
speech, eminently characteristic of himself and
his race:

"Brothers, yesterday was appointed for us
all to meet here. The talk which the governor

sent us pleased us very much. I think that the
Great Spirit is very much pleased that the
white people have been induced so to assist
the Indians as they have done, and that he is
pleased also to see the great men of this State
and of the United States so friendly to us. We
are much pleased with what has been done.

'"The Great Spirit first made the world, and
next the flying animals, and found all things
good and prosperous. He is immortal and
everlasting. After finishing the flying animals,
he came down on earth and there stood. Then
he made different kinds of trees and weeds of
all sort, and people of every kind. He made
the spring and other seasons and the weather
suitable for planting. These he did make.
But stills to make whisky to be given to the
Indians he did not make. The Great Spirit
bids me tell the white people not to give In-
dians this kind of liquor. When the Great
Spirit had made the earth and its animals, he
went into the great lakes, where he breathed
as easily as anywhere else, and then made all
the different kinds of fish. The Great Spirit
looked back on all that he had made. The
different kinds he had made to be separate and
not to mix with or disturb each other. But the
white people have broken his command by
mixing their color with the Indians. The
Indians have done better by not doing so. The
Great Spirit wishes that all wars and fighting
should cease.

"He next told us that there were three
things for our people to attend to. First, we
ought to take care of our wives and children.
Secondly, the white people ought to attend to
their farms and cattle. Thirdly, the Great
Spirit has given the bears and deers to the
Indians. He is the cause of all things that
exist, and it is very wicked to go against his
will. The Great Spirit wishes me to inform
the people that they should quit drinking intox-
icating drink, as being the cause of disease and
death. He told us not to sell any more of our
lands, for he never sold lands to any one.
.Some of us now keep the seventh day, Init I
wish to quit it, for the Great Spirit made it for
others, but not for the Indians, who ought
even,- day to attend to their business. He has
ordered me to quit drinking intoxicating drink,
antl not to lust after any woman but my own,
and informs me that by doing so I should live
the longer. He made known to me that it is
very wicked to tell lies. Let no one suppose
that what I have said now is not true.

'T have now to thank the governor for what
he has done. I have informed him what the
Great Spirit has ordered me to cease from,

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

and 1 wish the governor to inform others what
I have communicated. This is all I have at
present to say."

The old chief appears after this again to
have fallen into entire seclusion, taking no part
even in the politics of his people. He died at
his residence on the 7th of March, 1S36, at
the age of one hundred and four years.
"Whether at the time of his death he expected
to go to the fair hunting-grounds of his own
people or to the heaven of the Christian is not
known."

Notwithstanding his profession of Chris-
tianity, Cornplanter was very superstitious.
"Not long since," says Mr. Foote, of Chautau-
qua county, "he said the Good Spirit had told
him not to have anything to do with the white
people, or even to preserve any mementoes or
relici that had been given to him from time to
time by the palefaces, whereupon, among other
things, he burnt up his belt and broke his
elegant sword."

In reference to the personal appearance of
Cornplanter at the close of his life, a writer
says:

"I once saw the aged and venerable chief,
and had an interesting interview with him
about a year and a half before his death. T
thought of many things when seated near him,
beneath the wide-spreading shade of an old
sycamore on the banks of the Allegheny, many
things to ask him, the scenes of the Revolution,
the generals that fought its battles and con-
quered, the Indians, his tribe, the Six Nations,
and himself. Fie was constitutionally sedate,
was never obser\-ed to smile, much less to
indulge in the luxury of a laugh. When I saw
him he estimated his age to be over one hun-
dred ; I think one hundred and three was about
his reckoning of it. This would make him near
one hundred and five years old at the time of
his decease. His person was stooped, and his
stature was far short of what it once had been,
not being over five feet, six inches at the time
I speak of. Mr. John Struthers, of Ohio, told
me, some years since, that he had seen him
near fifty years ago, and at that period he was
at his height, viz., six feet, one inch. Time
and hardship had made dreadful impressions
upon that ancient form. The chest was sunken
and his shoulders were drawn forward, making
the upper part of his body resemble a trough.
His limbs had lost size and become crooked.
Flis feet (for he had taken ofi" his moccasins)
were deformed and haggard by injury. T
would say that most of , the fingers on one hand
were useless ; the sinews had been severed by
the blow of a tomahawk or scalping knife.

How I longed to ask him what scene of blood
and strife had 'thus stamped the enduring
evidence of its existence upon his person ! But
to have done so would, in all probability, have
put an end to all further conversation on any
subject. The information desired would cer-
tainly not have been received, and I had to
forego my curiosity. He had but one eye, and
even the socket of the lost organ was hid by
the overhanging brow resting upon the high
cheekbone. His remaining eye was of the
brightest and blackest hue. Never have I seen
one, ift young or old, that equaled it in bril-
liancy. Perhaps it had borrowed lustre from
the eternal darkness that rested on its
neighboring orbit. His ears had been dressed
in the Indian mode, all but the outside ring
had been cut away. On the one ear this ring
had been torn asunder near the top, and hung
down his neck like a useless rag. He had a
full head of hair, white as the driven snow,
which covered a head of ample dimensions and
admirable shape. Flis face was not swarthy,
but this may be accounted for from the fact,
also, that he was but half Indian. He told me
he had been at Franklin more than eighty
years before the period of our conversation,
on his passage down the Ohio and Mississippi
with the warriors of his tribe, in some expedi-
tion against the Creeks or Osages. He had
long been a man of peace, and I believe his
great characteristics were humanity and truth.
It is said that Brant and Cornplanter were
never friends after the massacre of Cherry
\'alley. Some have alleged, because the
Wyoming massacre was perpetrated by Sene-
cas, that Cornjjlanter was there. Of the justice
of this suspicion there are many reasons for
doubt. It is certain that lie was not the chief
of the Senecas at that time. The name of the
chief in that expedition was Ge-en-quah-tnh,
or He-goes-in-the-smoke.

".As he stood before me, the ancient chief in
ruins, how forcibly was I struck with the truth
of that beautiful figure of the old aboriginal
chieftain, who, in describing himself, said he
was 'like an aged hemlock, dead at the top,
and whose branches alone were green !' After
more than one hundred years of most varied
life, of strife, of danger, of peace, he at last
slumbers in deep repose on the banks of his
own beloved Allegheny. ,

"Cornplanter was born at Conewongus, on
the Genesee river, in 1732, being a half-breed,
the son of a white man named John O'Bail
(Abeel), a trader from the Mohawk Valley.
In a letter written in later years to the gov-
ernor of Pennsylvania he thus spoke of his

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

early youth : 'When I was a child I played with
the butterfly, the grasshopper, and the frogs ;
and as I grew up I lx-),Mn to i)ay some atten-
tion and play with the Indian Ijoys in the
nciijhborhood, and they took notice of my skin
lieing of a different color from theirs, and
s])oke about it. I inquired from my mother
the cause, and she told me my father was a
resident of Albany. I still ate my victuals out
of a bark dish. 1 j^rew up to be a younjj man
and married a wife, and T had no kettle or gun.
I then knew where my father li\ed, and weiU
to see him, and found he was a white man and
spoke the English language. He gave me vic-
tuals while 1 was at his house, but when 1
started to return home he gave me no provi-
sions to eat on the way. He gave me neither
kettle or gun.'

"Little further is known of his early life
beyond the fact that he was allied with the
French in the engageijient against (Jeneral
Braddock in July, 1755. He was prol)ably at
that time at least twenty years old. During the
Revolution he was a war chief of high rank,
in the full vigor of manhood, active, sagacious,
brave, and he most |)robahly jjarticipated in
the principal Indian engagements against the
United .States during the war. He is sui)i)ose(l
to have been present at the cruelties of
Wyoming and Cherry \'alley, in which the
Senecas took a prominent part. He was on
the warpath with Brant during General .Sul-
livan's campaign in 1779, and in the following
year, under Brant and Sir John Johnson, he
led the Senecas in sweeping through the
Schoharie and Mohawk Valleys. On this
occasion he took his father a prisoner, but with
such caution as to avoid an immediate
recognition. .\fter marching the old man
some ten fir twelve miles, he stepped before
him, faced about, and addressed him in the
following terms :

" 'My name is John O'Bail, commonly called
Cornplanter. I am your son. You are my
father. You are now my jirisoner, and sub-

ject to the custom of Indian warfare, but you
siiall not be harnied. You need not fear. I am
a warrior. Many are the scalps which I have
taken. Many prisoners have I tortured to
death. I am your son. I was anxious to see
you and greet you in friendship. I went to
your cabin and took you by force, but your
life shall be spared. Indians love their friends
and their kindred, and treat them with kind-
ness. If you now choose to follow the
fortunes of your yellow son and to live with
our ]ieople, I will cherish your old age with
plenty of venison, and you shall live easy. But
if it is your choice to return to your fields and
live with your white children, I will send a
party of trusty young men to conduct you
liack in safety. I respect you, my father. You
ha\c been friendly to Indians, and they are
your friends.' The elder O'Bail preferred his
white children and green fields to his yellow
offspring and the wild woods, and chose to
return.

"Cornplanter was the greatest warrior the
.Senecas, the untamable people of the hills, ever
had, an<l it was his wish that when he died his
grave would remain unmarked, but the Legis-
lature of Pennsylvania willed otherwise, and
erected a monument tci him with this beautiful
inscription :

■' 'Ciy-ant-wachia. the CornplaiUer, John
0'l*>ail, alias Cornijlanter. died at Cornplanter
Town, February iX, .\. D. 1836, aged about
one hundred years.'

"Upon the west side is the following
inscription :

" 'Chief of the Seneca tribe, and a ])rincipal
chief of the Six Nations from the period of
the Revolutionary war to the time of his death.
Distinguished for talent, courage, eloquence,
sobriety, and love for tribe and race, to whose
welfare he devoted his time, his energy, and
his means during a long and eventful life.' "

Cornplanter had two sons, Charles and
Henry, both of whom survived him.

TK£ NEW YOEK
PUBLIC LIBRARY

ASTon, LFNOX
TIL DIN re, L' .-JO A ■ IONS

Pennsylvania's Coat o£ Arms. Engraved by Caleb Lovrnes, 1778.

LllJ

STATK CAITini,, I l.\i;i;lslUi;( ;. l'.\.
liiiilt l^l'.i:.'!. |)i~trii\iil li\ Kirc |M-Iirii;nv :.', lsi)7

CHAPTER III

GENERAL HISTORY AND PENNSYLVANIA CHRONOLOGY
PATENTS, INVENTIONS, ETC.

HISTORICAL CHRONOLOGY GOVERNORS OF THE COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA —POPULAR

VOTE FOR GOVERNORS, I79O-I914 — SOME STATE LAWS DISTINCTIVE CONDITIONS -POPULA-
TION, PENNSYLVANIA AND THE UNITED STATES — RATIO OF CONGRESSIONAL REPRESENTATION
- �� DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION IN PENNSYLVANIA — PENNSYLVANIA COUNTIES CHRONOL-
OGY OF INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITIES— FORTY YEARS OF PROGRESS — NOTABLE OCCURRENCES — PENN-
SYLVANIA IN THE WAR OF THE REBELLION — HISTORICAL MISCELLANY — PATENTS, INVEN-
TIONS. ETC.

I was born in Pennsylvania, and I state the fact with

pride;
I am proud of all her mountains and her fertile

valleys wide ;
Proud of her majestic forests, of her placid rivers

blue;
Proud of all her wealth of blossoms, of her sons and

daughters true.

1 was born in Pennsylvania — in the greatest, grand-

est State —

In the Keystone of the Union — best of all the forty-
eight :

For the gift the King of England gave to good old
Father Penn

Was the finest gift e'er given to the worthiest of
men.

And proud and happy is the man or woman who
can say,

"I was born in Pennsylvania, tho' I've wandered
far away."

Keystone State is an appellation bestowed
on Pennsylvania, because she was the seventh
or central of the original thirteen States.

Pennsylvania, one of the L'nited States of
America, lies between 39 degrees 42 minutes
and 42 degrees 15 minutes north latitude; and

2 degrees 18 minutes east, and 3 degrees 32
minutes west, longitude from Washington.

It is bounded on the east by New Jersey and
New York ; north by New York ; west by Lake
Erie (touching the State for about fifty
miles). Ohio and Virginia; and south by Vir-
ginia, Maryland and Delaware.

Its shape is a regular oblong; length, three
hundred and ten miles; breadth, one hundred
and sixty miles ; and entire area over forty-
five thousand square miles, or thirty million
acres of land.

The seat of government is Harrisburg, and
its chief commercial cities are Philadelphia and
Pittsburgh.

The word Pennsylvania is composed of the
name of Penn, the founder of the State, and
the Latin word syh'a, which means a wood or
forest, to which are added the letters nia. a
termination used in Latin to show that the
word of which it forms part is the name of
land, or country. The whole, therefore, means
Penn's forest country, a term quite applicable
to its appearance when granted to William
Penn, in 1681, by King Charles II of England.

The chief mountains of Pennsylvania are
the Appalachian, more commonly called the
Alleghenies, whose parallel ranges run north-
east to southwest. Their height varies from
fifteen hundred to twenty-five hundred feet
above the level of the .Atlantic. The moun-
tainous portion of Pennsylvania forms fullv
one-third of its whole area, or sixteen thousand
square miles. One-half of the remainder is
of a hilly or broken character, and the other
has a gently rolling surface. Little of the
State is perfectly level land.

However, it is not to be understood that the
whole of the mountainous portion of Pennsyl-
vania is unfit for cultivation. On the contrary,
some of our finest valleys and most productive
lands are embraced in this region. Probably,
therefore, not more than one-sixth of the State,
if so much, is wholly unfit for the purposes of
agriculture.

The soil of Pennsylvania varies with the
rocks which compose its surface, the greater
portion of the substance of all soil being
formed of pulverized rock.

The chief rivers of Pennsylvania all rise in
the Allegheny mountains, and therefore pos-
sess the qualities of mountain 'streams, being
rapid in their descent, liable to sudden changes
of high and low water, and only permanently

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

navigable for a short distance near their
mouths. The Delaware river breaks through
a gorge twelve hundred feet deep and forms
the bounilary between this State and New
Jersey.

The year is usually divided into four
seasons : March, April and May are called
spring; June, July and August, summer; Sep-
tember, October, and November, autumn or
fall ; and December, January and February,
winter.

Sometimes the storms of winter begin with
November, or endure till March ; other years
delightful spring weather commences in
February, and autumn runs into December.

The climate, generally speaking, is very
healthful. In the north winter is severe and
summer is delightfully cool. The east is sub-
ject to extremes and sudden changes; and in
the west the changes are even more abrupt.
In the river valleys there is a good deal of
malaria. Average temperature, 54 degrees ;
annual precipitation at Philadelphia, 40 inches.

There are many mineral springs in the
mountains. Those near Bedford are famous:
the waters are saline-chalybeate, sulphur and
limestone. Others are Carlisle Springs,
Doubling Gap Springs, Perry Warm Springs,
Crcsson Springs, Gettysburg Springs, Kiskim-
inetas Springs, Minnequa Springs and Val-
lonia Springs.

HISTORICAL CHKONOLOOY

Before it was taken possession of by Euro-
peans, the territory now called Pennsylvania
was occupied by various tribes of Indians, of
which the chief were the Delawares, Six
Nations and .Shawnese.

The Delawares, so called by the whites from
the river on who^se banks they were first met,
and where they chiefly resided, were the most
numerous nation in the Province. They called
themselves Lenni Lenape, or the original
people. They were also sometimes known by
the name of Algonquins. They were divided
into three chief tribes: The Unamis. or
turtles, the Unalachtgos, or turkeys, and the
Monseys, or wolves. The first two occupied
the country southeast of the Kiltalinny, and the
last the region north of that mountain, on the
upper waters of the Delaware and Susque-
hanna. The various bands of Delawares re-
ceived difi'erent names from the whites,
according to their location, as the Susque-
hannas, the Conestogas, the Neshaminies. the
Nanticokes, etc.

The .Shawnese, a portion of a difl'ercnt

nation, were settled near Wyoming, and some
of them on the Ohio, below Pittsburgh.

The celebrated Five Nations seem originally
to have owned northwestern Pennsylvania.
The Onondagas,''' Cayugas, Oneidas, Senecas
and Mohawks first composed this remarkable
and powerful confederacy. To these were
subsequently added the Tuscaroras, after
which they were called the Six Nations.

By the Delawares they were called Mingos
and Maquas, by the French Iroquois,! and by
the luiglish the Five or Six Nations.

Their chief residence or council house was
at Onondaga, in New York, the greater part
of which State belonged to them.

Sometime previous to the landing of the
Europeans, the Six Nations are said to have
conquered the Delawares. It is at least cer-
tain that they exercised authority over them,
and that this subjection often rendered the
dealings of the colonists with the Delawares
complicated and difficult. In 1756 Teedyus-
cund, the noted Delaware chief, seems to have
compelled the Six Nations to acknowledge the
independence of his tribe; but the claim of
superiority was often afterwards revived.

In 1638 the Swedes purchased from the
Indians the land from Cape Henlopen to the
Falls at Trenton, along the western shore of
the Delaware. They were the first purchasers
of the land from the Indians, and called it
New Sweden. In 1643 they established the
first colony of whites within the present bounds
of Pennsylvania, under their governor, John
Printz, settling along the western bank of the
Delaware, principally near the mouth of the
.Schuylkill. Governor Printz erected a fort,
which he called New Gottenburg, and after-
wards a church and a spacious house for him-
self, on Tinicum island, in the Delaware, below
the mouth of the Schuylkill. Until 1655 the
-Swedish settlements regularly increased. In
that year they were taken by Peter Stuyvesant,
governor of the Dutch colony of New Nether-
lands, now New York, but all the Swedish
settlers were permitted to remain.

Nine years afterwards, or in 1664, the ter-
ritory now called Pennsylvania, with all the
other Dutch possessions in North America,
was conquered by the English.

In this year, 1664, we read of negro slaves
in Delaware, which afterwards became a part
of Pennsylvania.

Being tlius possessed of (he territory by con-
r|ucst from those who had rightfully acquired

♦On-on-(la\v'Koes,
fE-ro-quaw'.

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

the Indian title to at least a part of it, King
Charles II, by charter dated March 4, 1681,
granted it to William Penn, a member of the
Society of Friends, in discharge of certain
large claims due by the crown to his father,
Admiral Sir William Penn, and gave it the
present name.

On the 24th of October, 1682, William Penn
arrived at his new province in the ship
"Welcome." He first landed at New Castle,
in the present State of Delaware. At this time
Delaware also belonged to Penn, by grant from
the Duke of York, the King's brother, but did
not long continue connected with Pennsyl-
vania.

The same year he regularly founded the
Province ; laid out Philadelphia, on land pur-
chased from three Swedish settlers ; divided
the Province into the three counties of Phila-
delphia, Chester and Bucks ; and convened the
first legislature, which met on the 4th of
December, at the town of Chester, and com-
pleted their session in three days.

Early in 1683 Penn entered into treaties with
the Indians for the purchase of large tracts of
land west and north of Philadelphia, it being
his honest rule to acquire the Indian title, as
well as that of the English king.

In 1684 Penn sailed for England.

In 1691 a dispute arose between the
Provinces of Pennsylvania and Delaware,
which resulted in the formation of separate
legislatures, and the final separation of the
Provinces.

In 1699 Penn returned to the Province with
his family, and found it much increased in
population, prosperity and wealth.

In 1701 a new charter, or frame of govern-
ment, more fully adapted to the wants of the
people, was adopted, and Penn finally returned
to England.

In 1 7 18 he died at Rushcomb, in Bucking-
hamshire, aged seventy-four years. His last
days were embittered by persecution and
pecuniary distresses at home, and dissensions
in his colonies. On his death Pennsylvania
became the property of his sons, John, Thomas
and Richard, by whom, or their deputies, it
was governed till the Revolution.

In 1723 Benjamin Franklin, then in his
seventeenth year, arrived in Philadelphia from
Boston, and soon acquired an influence which
he exercised to the benefit of the Province and
his own honor during a long life.

The same year the first paper money was
issued in the Province.

In 1732 Thomas Penn, and in 1734 John

Penn, arrived in the Province, where Thomas
remained till 1741.

In 1739, on the breaking out of a war with
Spain, the Assembly refused supplies for the
defense of the Province, on the ground of
religious scruples. This was the beginning of
a long controversy between the legislature and
the governors.

In 1744, the war between England and
France put an end to the peace that had
previously existed without any interruption
between the colonists and Indians. Before that
melancholy era, the prudent counsels of the
Friends had completely saved the Province
from those Indian ravages that afterwards
devastated the frontiers.

By the treaty of Albany, in 1754, the Six
Nations conveyed to the Province a large tract
of land, lying beyond the Susquehanna river
and Kittatinny mountain, and southwest of the
mouth of Penn's creek. Being done without
the consent of the Delawares and Shawnese,
who occupied the territory, those tribes became
justly incensed, and joined the French.

In 1755 General Braddock, while marching,
in a manner opposed to the advice of Colonel
Washington, with a large force against Fort
Duquesne (now Pittsburgh) was attacked by
the Indians and French, and defeated with
great slaughter. He himself was mortally
wounded, and died shortly after, during the
retreat.

In 1758 Gen. John Forbes led a strong force
from Carlisle against Fort Duquesne, at Pitts-
burgh, which he found abandoned. The
French never afterwards regained any footing
in the Province.

In 1763, the Indian war called Pontiac's war
raged. Forts Presquile, Venango and Le Boeuf
were taken, and Forts Pitt, Ligonier and Bed-
ford were attacked on the same day, by
stratagem. The exposed settlers suffered
many hardships. The same year the Manor
Indians were killed at Lancaster jail by the
Paxton boys.

In 1767 the southern line of the State was
finally run and settled by Mason and Dixon.

In 1768 all the remaining lands in the
Province, except those beyond the Allegheny
river, were purchased from the Indians at
Fort Stanwix, now Rome, in Oneida county.
New York.

In 1769 the civil war between the Connecti-
cut settlers and the Pennsylvania claimants
began in Wyoming.

In 1769 the right of taxing the colonies,
without their own consent, some years before
asserted by the British Parliament, was boldly

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

denied by the Colonial Assembly, who took
strong ground against that odious doctrine.

In 1774 Lord Dunniore, governor of Vir-
ginia, took possession of Fort I'itt as being
within the limits of his Province; Init his gar-
rison was soon expelled.

On the icSth of June, 1774. a meeting of
eight thousand persons took place in Philadel-
phia, and recommended a Continental Con-
gress for the vindication of the rights of the
Colonies and the relief of Boston.

On the 15th of July. 1774, dejnities from
all the counties met at Philadeljjhia, and passed
strong resolutions in favor of the rights of
the colonies and the holding of a General
Colonial Congress. Accordingly the Assembly
appointed seven delegates to the Congress.

In September, 1774, the first Congress met
at Carpenter's Hall in Philadelphia.

On the 15th of July, 1776, independence
having been declared, a State convention, in
Philadelphia, met and framed a Constitution
for Pennsylvania as a Freed and Sovereign
State. At that time the jKipulation was about
three hundred thousand.

In 1777, after the battle of Tirandywine,
Congress adjourned to Lancaster, and thence
to York ; and Philadel[)hia fell into the hands
of the British, who retained it till June, 1778.
In the last named year Congress returned to
Philadelphia, where it remained till 1800, when
it removed to Washington.

In 1778 the Tories and Indians destroyed
the Wyoming settlements.

In 1779 Sullivan's expedition against the
northern Indians occurred.

In 1780 an act of the General Assembly of
Pennsylvania was passed which jjrovided for
the gradual abolition of negro slavery.

In 1781, by the advice of Robert Morris,
Congress incorporated the Bank of North
America, which was the first bank in the
Union.

In 1782, the controversy with Connecticut
about the Luzerne lands was decided in favor
of Pennsylvania, by commissioners of Con-
gress at Trenton, after full argument and in-
vestigation.

In 1784 all the remaining lands owned by
the Indians in the !-itate were purchased from
the Six Nations by treaty at Fort .Stanwix.

In 1789 Harmar's expedition against the
western Indians took place.

In 1790 the second State Omstitution was
adopted.

In 1791 General St. Clair, most of whose
troops were from Pennsylvania, was defeated
by the Indians.

In 1792 Pennsylvania purchased the Erie
triangle of land from the United States gov-
ernment.

Between 1792 and 1795 Wayne's operations
against the western Indians put an end to
their ravages.

In 1803 the name Keystone was first applied
to the State. This was in a printed political
address to the people. Pennsylvania was the
central State of the original thirteen.

In 1834 the common school law was passed.

In 1838 the third State Constitution was
adopted. It put an end to the life tenure of
office.

In 1845 the great fire at Pittsburgh occurred.

In February, 1856, a number of self-
appointed delegates from all parts of the
country assembled at Pittsburgh and organized
the National Republican party, whose first con-
vention met at Philadelphia in June of that
year, nominating John C. Fremont for presi-
dent and William L. Dayton for vice president.

On March 27, 1872. Peimsylvania enacted a
local option law, and repealed it .Xpril 12.

1875-

On the second Tuesday of October, 1873,
the fourth and present State Constitution was
ratified.

In May, 1876, the Centennial exhibition
opened at Philadelphia.

In 1885 the fence law was repealed.

On June 18. 1889, an election was held in
the State to adopt prohibition. It was lost bv
a majority of 188,026, thirty-six counties
against, twenty-three for it.

In June, 1900, the Republicans met in Phil-
adel]ihia and renominated McKinley for
])resident, with Theodore Roosevelt for vice
president.

In 1903 the State Highway Department was
established.

Until 1799 Philadelphia was the capital of
Pennsylvania. By the act of April 3, 1799,
Lancaster became the capital on the first Mon-
day of November, 1799. On February 21,
1810, an act w^as approved requiring that the
offices of the .State government, during the
month of October, 1812, be moved to Harris-
burg, which, by said act, was fixed and de-
clared to be the seat of government. On
February 7, 181 2, a supplement was passed to
this act providing that the removal should be
made in A])ril. 1812, and, accordingly, the
offices were removed about .April I, 1812. and
Ilarrisburg from that time has continued to
be the capital of the State. The old capitol,
built in 1819-20, burned February 2, 1897.

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

GOVERNORS OF THE COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA

Name

Under the Constitution of 1790

Thomas Mifflin

Thomas McKean

Simon Snyder

William Findlay

Joseph Hiester

John Andrew Schulze

George Wolf

Joseph Ritner

Under the Constitution of 1838

David Rittenhouse Porter

Francis Rawn Shunk

William Freame Johnston*

William Bigler

James Pollock

William Fisher Packer

Andrew Gregg Curtin

John White Geary

John Frederick Hartranft

Under the Constitution of 1873

John Frederick Hartranft

Henry Martyn Hoyt

Robert Emory Pattison

James Addams Beaver

Robert Emory Pattison

Daniel Hartman Hastings

William A. Stone

Samuel W. Pennypacker

Edwin S. Stuart

John K. Tener

Martin G. Brumbaugh

* There was an interregnum from
till July 26, 1848.

Born

Died

Term of Service

Dec. 21, 1790-Dec. 17, 1799

Dec. 17, 1799-Dec. 20, 1808

Dec. 20, i8o8-Dec. 16, 1817

Dec. 16, 1817-Dec. 19, 1820

Dec. 19, 1820-Dec. 16, 1823

Dec. 16, 1823-Dec. 15, 1829

Dec. 15, 1829-Dec. 15, i83.i

Dec. 15. 1835-Jan. 15, 1839

Jan. 15, 1839-Jan. 21, 1845
Jan. 21, 1845-July 9. 1848

(Resigned July 9, 1848)
July 26, 1848-Jan. 20, 1852

(Vice Shunk, resigned)
Jan. 20, 1852-Jan. 16, 1855
Jan. 16, 1855-Jan. 19, 1858
Jan. 19, 1858-Jan. 15, 1861
Jan. IS, i86i-Jan. 15, 1867
Jan. IS, 1867-Jan. 21, 1873
Jan. 21, 1873-Jan. 18, 1876

Jan. 18, 1876-Jan. 21. 1870

Jan. 21, 1879-Jan. 16, 1883

Jan. 16, 1883-Jan. 18, 1887

Jan. 18, 1887-Jan. 20, 1891

Jan. 20, 1891-Jan. 15, 189s

Jan. 15, l8oS-Jan. 17, 1899

Jan. 17, 1899-Jan. 20, 1903

Jan. 20, 1903-Jan. 15, 1907

Jan. IS, 1907-Jan. 17, 1911

Jan. 17, 1911-Jan. ig, 191S

Jan. 19, 1915

July 9, 1848, to July 26, 1848. Johnston did not take the oath of office

Jan.

10.

1744

Jan.

20,

1800

Mar.

19.

1734

June

24,

1817

Nov.

1759

Nov.

i8ig

June

20,

1768

Nov.

12,

1846

Nov.

18,

1752

June

ID,

1832

lulv

IQ.

1775

Nov.

18,

1852

Aug.

I^>

1777

Mar.

II,

1840

Mar.

2S.

1780

Oct.

lb,

1869

Oct.

31.

I7&8

Aug.

1867

Aug.

1788

July

20,

1848

Nov.

29.

1808

Oct.

25,

1872

Tan.

II.

I8I4

Aug.

1880

Sept.

1 1,

I8I0

Apr.

19,

i8go

Apr.

1807

Sept.

27.

1870

Apr.

22,

I8I7

Oct.

1804

Dec.

^0,

I8I9

Feb.

1873

Dec.

16,

1830

Oct.

17.

1889

Dec.

ifi,

1830

Oct.

17.

1889

June

1830

Dec

1892

Dec.

1 8^0

Aug.

1904

Oct.

21,

18,37

Tan.

31,

1914

Dec.

1 8 so

Aug.

1904

Feb.

26,

1849

Jan.

1903

Apr.

18,

1S46

I^iving

.'\pr.

1843

Deceased

Dec.

28,

I8S3

Living

Tulv

2S,

1863

Living

Apr.

14.

[862

Living

POPULAR VOTE FOR GOVERNORS, 179O-I914 Year

1814

Year Candidate and Party No. of Votes

1790 Thomas Mifflin, Democrat 27,72s

Arthur St. Clair, Federal 2,802

1793 Thomas Mifflin, Democrat 18,590 1817

F. A. Muhlenberg, Federal 10,706

1796 Thomas Mifflin, E)emocrat 30,020

F. A. Muhlenberg, Federal 1,011 1820

1799 Thomas McKean, Democrat 38,036

James Ross, Federal 32,641

1802 Thomas McKean, Democrat 47,879 1823

James Ross, of Pittsburgh, Federal. 9,499

Tames Ross. Federal 7,5,38

Scattering 94 1826

1805 Thomas McKean, Independent

Democrat 43,644

Simon Snyder, Democrat 38,438 1829

Simon Snyder 395

1808 Simon Snyder, Democrat 67,975

James Ross. Federal 39,,=;7.=; 1832

John Spayd, Federal 4,006

Scattering 8 1835

181 1 Simon Snyder, Democrat 52,319

William Tilghman, Federal 3,609

Scattering 1.67S

Candidate and Party No. of Votes

Simon Snyder, Democrat 51,099

Isaac Wayne, Federal 29,566

George Lattimer, Independent.... 910

Scattering 18

William Findlay, Democrat 66,331

Joseph Hiester, Federal 59.272

Scattering II

Joseph Hiester, Federal 67,905

William Findlay, Democrat 66,300

Scattering 21

J. Andrew Schulze, Democrat 89,928

Andrew Gregg, Federal 64,21 1

Scattering ■ 8

J. .'\ndrew Schulze, Democrat 72,710

John Sergeant, Federal I.I75

Scattering I.I74

George Wolf. Democrat 78,219

Joseph Ritner, Anti-Mason 61,776

Scattering 12

George Wolf, Democrat 9I.33S

Joseph Ritner, Anti-Mason 88,165

Joseph Ritner, Anti-Mason 94,023

George Wolf, Independent Demo-
crat 65,804

Henry A. Muhlenberg, Democrat. . 40,586

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

Year Candidate and Party No. of Votes

1838 David R. Porter, Democrat 127,825

Joseph Kitner, Anti-Mason 122,321

1841 David K. Porter, Democrat 136,504

John Banks, Whig "3.473

F. J. Lamoyne, Abolition 763

Scattering 23

1844 Francis K. Shunk, Democrat 160,323

Joseph Markle, Whig 156,040

F. J. Lamoyne, Abolition 2,566

1847 Francis k. Shnnk, Democrat 146,081

James Irvin, Whig 128,148

E. G. Reigart, Native American. . . 11,247

F. J. Lamoyne, Abolition 1,861

Scattering 6

1848 William K. Johnston, Whig 168,522

Morris Longstreth, Democrat 168,225

E. B. Gazzam, Free-soil 48

Scattering 24

1851 William Bigler, Democrat 186,489

\\'illiam F. Johnston, Whig 178,034

Kimber Cleaver, Native American. 1,850

Scattering 67

1854 James Pollock, Whig and Ameri-
can 203,822

William Bigler, Democrat 166,991

B. Rush Bradford, Free-soil 2,194

Scattering 33

1857 William F. Packer. Democrat 188,846

David Wilmot, Free-soil 146,139

Isaac Hazelhurst, American 28,168

Scattering 12

i860 Andrew G. Curtin, Republican 262,346

Henry D. Foster, Democrat 230,230

1863 Andrew G. Curtin, Republican.... 269,506

George W. Woodward, Democrat. 254,171

Scattering 2

1866 John W. Geary, Republican 307,274

Hiester Clymer, Democrat 290,096

1869 John W. Geary, Republican 290,552

Asa Packer, Democrat 285,956

1872 John F. Hartranft, Republican 353,287

Charles R.Buckalew, Democrat.... 317,760

S. B. Chase, Prohibition 1,259

187s John F. Hartranft, Republican 304,175

Cyrus L. Pershing, Democrat 292,145

R. Audley Brown, Prohibition.... 13,244

1878 Henry M. Hoyt, Republican 319,567

.'Kndrew H. Dill, Democrat 297,060

Samuel R. Mason, National Green-
back 81,758

Franklin H. Lane, Prohibition..... 3.653

1882 Robert E. Pattison, Democrat 355,791

James A. Beaver, Republican 315,589

John Stewart, Independent Repub-
lican 43,743

Thomas A. Armstrong, Greenback-
Labor 23,484

Alfred C. Pettit, Temperance.... 5.T96

1886 James A. Beaver, Republican 412.285

Chauncey F. Black, Democrat.... 369,634

Charles S. Wolf, Prohibition 32,458

Robert J. Houston, Greenback.... 4.835

1890 Robert E. Pattison, Democrat.... 464,209

George W. Delamater, Repul)lican. 447,655

John D. Gill, Prohibition 16.108

T. P. Rynder, Labor 224

1894 Daniel 11. Hastings, Republican... 574,801

William M. Singerly, Democrat... 333,404

Charles L. Hawley, Prohibition... 23,433

Jerome T. Ailman, People's 19,464

Year Candidate and Party No. of Votes

Thomas H. Grundy, Socialist

. Labor 1,733

Scattering 182

1898 William A. Stone, Republican 476,206

George A. Jenks, Democrat 358,300

Silas C. Swallow, Prohi-
bition 125,746

People's 2,058

Liberty 632

Honest Government. . 4,495
J. Mahlon Barnes, Socialist Labor.

Scattering

1902 Samuel W. Pennypacker, 1

Republican 592,867 \

Citizens' 461 |

Robert E. Pattison, 1

Democrat 436,451

Anti-Machine 9,550 [

Ballot Reform 4,977 J

Silas C. Swallow, Prohibition 23,327

132.931

4,278
32

593,328

450,978

5,155

21,910

506,418

458,054

24,793

15,169

2,109

415.614

William Adams, Socialist Labor. .

J. W. Slayton, Socialist

Scattering

1906 Edwin S. Stuart, Repub-
lican 501,818

Citizens' 4,600

Lewis Emery, Jr., Demo-
cratic 301,747

Commonwealth 6,194

Lincoln 145,657

Referendum 781

Union Labor 3,67s

Homer L. Castle, Prohibition

James A. Maurer, Socialist

John Desmond, Socialist Labor...

Scattering

1910 John K. Tener, Republican.412,658 ]
Workingmen's League.. 2,956 f

Webster Grim, Democratic 129,395

Madison F. Larkin, Prohibition... 17,445

John W. Slayton, Socialist 53,055

George Anton, Industrialist 802

William H. Berrj-, Keystone 382,127

Scattering 10

1914 Martin G. Brumbaugh, ]

Republican 532,902 I

Keystone 37,847 ^

Personal Liberty 17,956

Vance C. McCormick,

Democratic 3'3,553 }

Washington 140,327 J

Joseph B. Allen, Socialist 40,115

Charles N. Brumm, Bull Moose. .
William Draper Lewis, Roosevelt

Progressive

Matthew H. Stevenson, Prohibi-
tion

Caleb Harrison, Industrialist

Scattering . . .

588,705

453,880

4,031

6.503

17.467
533

— Smull's Handbook.

SOME STATE LAWS

Local option

In 1872 the Pennsylvania legislature enacted
a county local option law, and in 1873, under
its provisions, thirty-nine counties adopted it
and banished liquor licenses. Ail but two of

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

the cities vviiich voted as separate units went
wet, viz., Atoona and Williamsport. Mead-
ville, Titusville, Lock Haven and Chester
voted wet, but the counties in which they are
located voted dry. In 1875 the Legislature re-
pealed this law and enacted the Brooks high
license law. Only nine counties in the State
have no license now, in 1915.

Food Laws

The general food law of 1895, which defined
food adulteration and misbranding, and made
their commission a misdemeanor, was replaced
in 1907 by an act making the commission of
these wrongs a civil offense and, on the plea of
the need for legislative uniformity, included,
by reference, all corresponding acts of Con-
gress and the regulations thereunder, then in
force or later to be enacted or promulgated.
On May 13, 1909, the Legislature repealed
the act of 1907, and returned to the original
form of general food laws. A large number
of the more common, added adulterants were
specifically prohibited.

Prior to 1907, a number of special food laws
and a general food law had been enacted. The
former included the vinegar act of 1897, as
amended May 21, 1901 ; the cheese act of
1897. ^s amended May 2, 1901 ; the act of June
10, 1897, prohibiting the addition of preserva-
tives or coloring matter to milk and cream, as
amended April 19, 1901 ; the oleomargarine
and renovated butter acts of 1901 ; the fruit
syrup act, May 2, 1901, as amended April 26,
1905; and the act of March 28, 1905, prohibit-
ing the addition of coloring matter and pre-
servatives to fresh meat, poultry, game, fish,
or shellfish.

The milk and cream law was amended in
1909, so as to fix a standard of composition for
cream; and again, in 1911, so as to establish
such standard for both milk and cream. In
1909, also, were enacted special laws regulat-
ing the sale of ice cream, eggs, lard and non-
alcoholic drinks; in 191 1, an additional act
relative to the adulteration of sausage by the
addition of cereals and water; and in I9r3,
an act regulating the management of cold
storage warehouses and the sale of cold storage
foods, and an amendment to the oleomargarine
act of 1901, fixing a standard color limit
capable of exact physical measurement.

The Pennsylvania Department of Agricul-
ture was organized in 1895.

CARE AND TREATMENT OF THE INSANE

Insane Asylums

The first attempt made in Pennsylvania to
classify the insane by legal enactment was
made in 1881, by a bill introduced in the
State Senate by Senator W. J. McKnight,
known as Senate Bill No. 207, to regulate
the commitment of insane criminals.

This generation is and must be ignorant of
the wonderful improvement made in the last
fifty years in the care and treatment of the
insane. When I was a boy a menagerie of
wild beasts was a paradise in comparison with
a lunatic asylum. About the year 1800 a Dr.
Pinel, a Frenchman with a heart alive to pity
like the old-style doctor had, undertook the
work of reform in these "madhouses." Fa-
miliar with this historical fact, and being a
medical man, I was interested in this subject.
In 1 88 1, when I wjis sworn in as one of
Pennsylvania's fifty State senators, I looked
around for some useful legislative work to
do, and, after I received my "railroad passes,"
I traveled to and from our asylums looking
through them and supping and dining with the
officials. During these associations, and from
other sources, I conceived the idea that classi-
fication of the insane was greatly needed, and
to insure the enactment of such a law I intro-
duced one in the Senate modest and moderate
in its requirements. This I did to save expense
and prevent opposition. But in this act I met
the fate of all who antagonize ignorance and
prejudice, for

Trutli would you teach to save a sinking land
M\ sliun, none aid, and few understand.

On the 23(1 day of March, 1881, I intro-
duced the bill for the classification of the
insane as follows (see page 691, Legislative
Journal) : "An Act entitled. An Act to regulate
the commitment of the criminal insane, insane
convicts and other dangerous lunatics to one of
the Insane Hospitals of the State, and the
management thereof of said hospitals.

"Section i. Be it enacted by the Senate and
House of Representatives of the Common-
wealth of Pennsylvania in General Assembly
met, and it is hereby enacted by the authority
of the same, That the Board of Public Qiari-
lies shall have the power, and are hereby
required immediately after the passage of this
Act to prepare a wing of, or to organize, a
ward, or a sufficient number of wards, in one
of the insane hospitals of the State (supported

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

by the State), for the accommodation of the
criminal insane, insane convicts and other
dangerous lunatics sentenced to said hospital,
as well for those who may hereafter be
arraigned before court and acquitted on the
ground of insanity, and the said ward or wards
so set apart are to be under the same manage-
ment and superintendence as the other wards
of said institution."

When the bill came before the Senate on
the third reading, I made the following
remarks :

"Mr. President, 1 desire to say a few words
in favor of the important measure now before
this honorable Senate. I beg leave to state that
the bill was conceived in the interest of un-
fortunate humanity, and if its provisions are
inadequate to the proposed relief intended, no
senator will deplore such an unfortunate result
more than myself. Further, I desire the bill
to be criticized, and amended if need be. by
senators abler than myself; aye, if possible,
perfected so that it may accomplish, in full,
its humanitarian objects. And, senators, if in
your criticisms you should deem it necessary to
be severe upon the phraseology, even to per-
sonal reflections. I will now assure vou in the
language of Shakespeare, by way of invoca-
tion,

"O let mc not be mad. not mad, sweet Heaven ;
Keep me in temper ; I would not be mad.

"Senators, I well recognize the fact that only
through investigation, criticism and agitation ;
that only through jiositive enthusiasm on the
one side, and the hostile lens of opposition on
the other, can a real solid knowledge be ob-
tained by which to erect a truthful, perfect
structure. There should be no haste in
legislation.

"Every wise observer knows,
Every watchful f^azer sees,
Nothing grand or beautiful grows

Save by gradual slow degrees.
Steadily, steadily, step by step,
Up the venturous builders go,
^ Carefully placing stone on stone,
Thus the loftiest temples grow.

"In this law we want a solid base, we want
truth; we want the wisdom of ages; we want
everything that will tend to perfection, because
it is designed to protect, care for and, if pos-
sible, to rescue helpless men and helpless
women from indignities now suffered, em-
blematic of a barbarous age.

"Mr. President, the dark ages are past ; we
live in an age of light ; we live when steam

and the iron horse ha\e annihilated space and
time ; we live when the lightning from heaven
has been chained by a Franklin and forced by
a Morse and a F'ield to carry our greetings of
business and love, not only upon the land but
underneath the seas also. Indeed, we look
around us in wonder at the progress of me-
chanics, agriculture, science and art. There
appears to be no end to our achievements in
intellectual advancement. We live in the very
light of 'God's face bending low down' and
guiding us in the solving of difficult intellectual
problems. And under this bright light let us
pause for a short time to examine and see
what we have done, what we are doing, and
what we can do for the insane — the insane
convict and the criminal insane. I would say,
in candor, little has been done in the past. But
we are doing a great work now, and as much
as I admire the progress of the present, yet I
confidently expect in the future greater
progress, more gigantic achievements in the
restoration to reason, and in the elevation to
manhood and womanhood, of fallen and
depraved humanity, than the most hopeful
could anticipate or the greatest enthusiast
could imagine. For ages the insane were
believed to be pos.sessed of the devil, and their
management by Christian civilization was in
conformity to this belief. You may imagine
the treatment. I cannot describe it. It is only
within the memory of our own lives that the
results of this belief have been entirely erad-
icated. And who among us since the attain-
ment of that result is ignorant of the wonder-
ful improvements made in the last quarter of
a century ' I assure you from an examination
of history that Pjarnum's menagerie of wild
beasts is to-day a paradise compared to a
lunatic prison of two hundred years ago. If
we portray to ourselves low, damp and infected
dungeons, without light or air, fitly designated
cells, alive with human beings, naked or
covered with rags, always furious or nearly so.
enclosed in living tombs until death came as a
relief; believed to be incurable, abandoned by
their relatives, deprived of medical care, reek-
ing in their own filth, attended by hmtal
keepers, horrifiefl beyond expression in their
sane moments at these surroundings, sufferings
and inhumanities, with no voice of brotherhood
or love ever greeting them, with no music but
the rattling of their ow-n chains ; and I might
enumerate to you a thousand more inhuman-
ities, had I time and cajiacity, and then indeed
you would have but an imjierfectly photo-
graphed view of an insane prison of the
seventeenth century. But in 1752, a number

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

of Pennsylvanians residing in the city of
Philadelphia, with hearts aHve to pity, hke
angels of mercy, petitioned the legislature of
this State, then in session, for an act to incor-
porate 'a small provincial hospital,' for the
suitable care and treatment of the insane, and
other sick persons. Said act was duly passed,
and two thousand pounds appropriated to
assist in, as they declared, 'a good work
acceptable to God and all the good people they
represented.' Under this charter a private
house was secured until a suitable structure
could be erected, and on the nth day of
February, A. D. 1752. the first patients were
adiTiitted for treatment. On the 28th day of
May, A. D. 1755, the cornerstone of the
hospital proper was laid, and Benjamin Frank-
lin prepared the inscription for it, which read
as follows :

"In the year of Christ

MDCCLV,

George the Second liappily reigning,

(For he sought the happiness of his people),

Philadelphia flourishing,

(For its inhabitants were public spirited).

This building.

By the bounty of the Government

And of many private persons,

Was piously founded

For the relief of the sick and miserable.

'May the God f Mercies

Bless the Undertaking.'

"Thus Pennsylvania Hospital had its origin.
The 'God of Mercies' has blessed the under-
taking. It stands to-day a monument of
Pennsylvania pride and is a home, a real home
in every sense, to hundreds of 'the wildest, the
tamest, the happiest and the gloomiest of un-
fortunate mortals.' It is an unrestrained,
unfettered, carpeted, pictured, sofaed, con-
certed, libraried home, where intellect and love
command obedience.

"Senators, will you permit a digression ?
Will you permit a little State pride to well up
at this point in my argument?

"It was on the soil of Pennsylvania that the
first Continental Congress met. It was on the
soil of Pennsylvania that the great Magna
Charta of our liberties was written, signed,
sealed and delivered to the world. It was on
the soil of Pennsylvania that the fathers
declared 'that all men are born free and equal,
and are alike entitled to life, liberty and the
pursuit of happiness.' It was on the soil of
Pennsylvania that the grand old Republican
IKirty was organized, and the declarations of
our fathers reaffirmed and proclaimed anew
to the world. It was on the soil of Peimsvl-

vania that Congress created our national
emblem, the Stars and Stripes ; and it was
upon the soil of Pennsylvania that fair women
made that flag in accordance with the resolu-
tion of Congress. It was upon the soil of
Pennsylvania that our flag was first unfurled
to the breeze, and from that day to this that
grand old flag has never been disgraced nor
defeated. It was upon the Delaware river of
Pennsylvania that the first steamer was
launched. It was in Philadelphia that the first
national bank opened its vaults to commerce.
It was upon the soil of Pennsylvania that
Colonel Dr4ke first drilled into the bowels of
the earth and obtained the oil that now makes
the 'bright light' of every fireside 'from Green-
land's icy mountains to India's coral strand.'
It was on the soil of Pennsylvania that the first
Christian Bible society in the New World was
organized. It was on the soil of Pennsylvania
that the first school for the education and
maintenance of soldiers' orphans was erected.
It was on the soil of Pennsylvania that the first
medical college for the New World was
established. And now, Mr. President, I say
to you that it was permitted to Pennsylvania
intelligence, to Pennsylvania charity, to Penn-
sylvania people, to erect on Pennsylvania soil,
with Pennsylvania money, the first insane in-
stitution, aided and encouraged by a state, in
the history of the world.

"In the bill which is now before us Pennsyl-
vania is simply expected to take another
advance step in the march of civilization. It
is not a hasty step. It has been well considered,
and is heartily approved by all those in the
State having in charge insane convicts and the
criminal insane. In truth, I have letters from
nearly every experienced person in the Com-
monwealth urging the passage of this law.
What, then, you ask, will we accomplish by
this enactment? To this I reply: A reason-
able, a necessary^ classification of the insane.
Not a perfect classification, but a better one
than we have at present. Indeed, in the opin-
ion of those most capable of judging and
advising on the subject, the insane should be
sub-divided into three great classes, as follows :

"First. The epileptics.

"Second. The ordinary insane.

"Third. The convict, criminal and other
dangerous lunatics. Each class to have a sep-
arate hospital and each hospital to have a
separate mangement. But as the world luoves
in cycles, and 'step by step the builders go,'
this bill looking to the future only asks at this
time the separation of the convict and criminal
from the other classes of the insane.

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

"And why is this separation asked, you
inquire. I will better reason with you on this
subject by reading one of many letters ad-
dressed and received 1 y me since the introduc-
tion of this bill. The letter I present is from
Dr. J- A. Reed, of Dixmont hospital, dated
March 24, 18S1 :

" 'This subject is one of vast importance to
all of the insane, and I hope that you will be
able through this bill to accomplish such legis-
lation as will not on^y ameliorate the condition
of the innocent insane, but will place the
"insane convict" in a position where judicious
care and treatment will result in' a greater
amount of good to him. In considering this
subject it must be remembered that there are
two classes of insane persons, either of which
it is manifestly imoroper to place in an ordi-
nary hospital for the insane. I allude to
the insane convict who has become in-
sane while undergoing punishment for crime,
or who, from any extraordinary cause may
have been deemed by the courts unfit for ad-
mission to a hospital, and is now confined in
the penitentiaries and jails of the Common-
wealth, as well as to that other class who have
been accjuitted or not prosecuted on criminal
charges for violent acts on the ground of
insanity, such as homicide, arson. Inirglary. etc.

" 'It is a common feeling that a compulsory
association with criminals is neither pleasant
nor desirable. The insane are as sensitive as
other persons, and when compelled to mingle
with those convicted of crimes of greater or
less degree feel themselves degraded, and
there is engendered such a feeling of discontent
that recoveries are thereby retarded if not
wholly prevented. Convicts are bad by nature
and are made worse by disease ; they are con-
stantly seeking opportunities to escajje, annoy-
ing the other more (|uict and innocent patients,
and frequently, by their violence, endanger-
ing the lives of others with whom they may
be associated. They are victims to the worst
forms of delusions. ;in<l are con.stantly en-
deavoring to create a general discotitent, and
teach those, who. by misfortune, have been
sent to the asylums for treatment, profanity,
mean tricks and petty misdemeanors.

" 'To a'sociate any considerable number of
criminals with others is in a limited sense to
make an institution designed for the safe
keeping and cure nf unfortunate persons a
school of crime, and t(] mingle those whose
lives have Ijeen stained with theft, liurglary,
arson and murder with those whose lives have
ever been pure, is a gross injustice. There
are ver' few of the insane convicts who do

not attempt to escape, and those who attempt
it usually succeed; often their previous edu-
cation has been in this direction, and this also
makes their recajjture, when once at large,
nidrc difficult.

" 'Tiie rogue, even when insane, if confined
in a hospital, recognizes in every enlargement
of his liberty, intended to promote his com-
fort and his cure, an additional facility to
escape. The danger to the coinmunity and
the trouble to the hospital that are the direct
result of the escape of convicts is undoubt-
edly the real basis of many minor inconven-
iences and greater restriction of liberty which
their presence occasions in the ordinary hos-
pitals for the insane.

" 'The association of the convict insane
with those drawn from the community at large
is not only an inconvenience and leads to dif-
liculty in the management of the ordinary hos-
|)ital, but it is a gross wrong, and the State has
no right to compel its honest citizens, sane or
insane, to associate with criminals. Vet under
the laws that now exist, and as the hospitals
are now constructed and conducted, this unde-
sirable association of patients must exist.

'' 'If these two dangerous classes were re-
moved from the hospitals, or confined in wards
especially adapted for their care and custody,
the ordinary insane would in all respects be
better ofif ; much more freedom cotild be
granted to them, and there would lie less
danger of violence than there is at present.
Associated as these classes necessarily are in
some of the halls and airing courts, constantly
watched and guarded as they are by attend-
ants, the danger of violence is not so great as
it might be, but it woulfl be wrong to say that
there is no risk.

"'What I wish t<i impress on you is the
fact that the restrictions now ])laced upon the
movements of the insane patients, which
grows out of a necessity of safely providing
for these dangerous classes, could be at once
modified, and, in a great measure, removed,
if the separation which you [iropose could be
accoiriplishcd. .Such a sep;iration need not
affect unfavorably the condition of those
dangerous classes ; for it is contemplated that
such special provisions would be made for
them ;is would insure kind care and treatment,
within restricted limits, with probably more
freedom than it would be safe to give them
under other circimistances. The hospitals, as
they are now constructed, are not intended for
the custody of the insane convict, and the
result is they frequently escape, and expose
the community to a repetition of the crimes

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

for which they were convicted and imprisoned.
The community, then, is entitled to protection
by the transfer of all such dangerous insane
persons to strong and secure wards in some
hospital from which escape is impossible.

■' 'As the State seems unwilling to con-
struct a hospital separate and distinct for the
custody of the convict and dangerous classes
of the insane, your suggestion is made that
several wards in one of the hospitals now in
process of construction shall be so modified,
arranged and equipped for the reception,
custody and proper medical treatment of all'
such insane persons as may be sent to the
hospital, so provided by orders of court or
transferred from other hospitals to it by the
Board of Public Charities.

" 'The reasons for so doing may be sum-
marized, as follows :

" 'First. The character of such insane
persons requires greater safeguards both as
to the construction of the buildings and the
administration of the institution, in order to
secure them from escape and from injuring
other inmates, and such safeguards when ap-
plied to patients who do not need them are
injurious.

" 'Second. Inmates not belonging to these
classes, and whose insanity may be limited to
melancholy or some mild form of disease, and
by whom external relations are so fully appre-
ciated, find the association with such classes
disagreeable.

" 'Third. There seems to be no good rea-
son for providing one receptacle for insane
convicts and another for insane persons who
in a state of insanity have committed or who
arc predisposed to violent acts, such as homi-
cide, arson, burglary, etc.

" 'Fourth. The same safeguards as to con-
struction and administration are required for
both classes.

" 'Fifth. The insane patients of homicidal
propensities, who are not convicts, have a
form of insanity in which they would not in
many cases be oflfended or rendered uncom-
fortable by the association with the insane
convicts.

" 'Sixth. The two classes are often not sep-
arated by any principle of moral responsibility,
as the insane convict is frequently one who
was suffering at the time of the criminal act
under a disability which the courts failed to
detect at the trial, for want of a proper de-
fense, or because the mental disorder was still
latent.

" 'Seventh. Insanity suspends punishment
based upon previous conduct, and there is,

therefore, no reason for the separation based
on moral grounds, or for any separation except
such as is founded upon the actual aversion of
other inmates to such association.

" 'This aversion is sufficiently considered by
not having the wards in which they are con-
fined with a penal institution, but in or near
to one of the hospitals for the insane.

" 'Eighth. For these reasons it is better
that proper provision should be made for the
convict insane, as well as for those who have
committed or are predisposed to homicide or
other violent acts, in buildings or apartments
properly arranged and made secure for their
custody and treatment in or near to some one
of the hospitals for the insane.

" 'The association of convict insane with
other insane persons in the \vards is admitted,
on all hands, to be a great injurs' to the well-
being of' the patients. The reports of sup-
erintendents throughout the country are full
of observations to this effect which we need
not here quote.'

"I also read from the report of the commis-
sioners of the Illinois State penitentiary at
Joliet. for the year 1880. Page 24:

" 'The commingling of the two classes in one
common asylum calls forth frequent protests
from the superintendents of these institutions,
as well as from the friends of the citizen
insane, for whose benefit these asylums were
originally intended. It seems to me that the
authorities should not turn a deaf ear to
these complaints, for they are well grovmded,
and address themselves with unusual force
to those who are brought in constant contact
with the criminal insane.'

"I might further tax the patience of this
body by reading extracts from other reports
and letters. I might read from Dr. Diller;
from Drs. Gerhart and Cleaves ; from Drs.
Case and Bennett ; from the doctor in charge
of Blockley hospital; from Warden Wright,
of the Western, and from Warden Townsend,
of the Eastern Penitentiary, all of whom have
written to me, and are enthusiastic in favor
of this bill, and to all of whom, in this con-
nection. I offer my sincere thanks for their
sympathy and cooperation.

"And now. Mr. President, although I again
acknowledge that wonders are being accom-
plished through the present management of
the insane, yet I do claim that if a proper
classification be made, as is contemplated by
this bill, then a better treatment and manage-
ment will follow as a rational result, and I
confidently predict a new era to arise in the
treatment and the management of the insane.

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

honorable alike to Christianity, civilization.
]ihilosophy and humanity.

"We must take tliis step ; we must enact
this law. 1 am i>roiKl to say that we have done
well; that we are now doing better; but I say
earnestly we must still improve.

"Those of you who visited a few days ago,
in connection with the members of the house,
the Norristown hospital, must have observed
its admirable construction and management,
and those of you who heard the remarks there
made by distinguished men, men of exfx'rience
in what they said, cannot help but be insj)ired
with the same inspiration that there seized
me, viz., to try, in my humble way, to accom-
])lish something good, something tangible for
this unfortunate class.

"Mr. President, we must be liberal-minded,
we must uproot and destroy our prejudices by
inquiry and examination. Conservatism must
give way. I was deeply impressed, while at
Norristown, with fer\or that grayhaired
orators used in advocacy of liberal advance-
ment in the management of the insane. I was
pleased to hear the universal approval and
testimony in favor of the admission of female
physicians to the care of female wards in our
State institutions. Managers and superin-
tendents gave eager testimony to the happy
changes and great benefits from the employ-
ment of said physicians. Those who had been
most bitter in their op]>osition had now, from
experience and observation, changed into the
warmest advocates of the propriety, expedi-
ency and justice of what to them had seemed
to be a silly experiment, but what now had
proved to be just the one tiling desired. How
appropriate at that time, and in that jilace,
it would have been to proclaim anew and
keep the fact before the iniblic, that to America
1)elongs the distinguished honor of appointing
the first female physician to an insane asylum.
Said appointment was made by Massachusetts
in 1869, followed by Iowa, appointing Dr.
]\Targaret A. Cleaves, in iH/,^, and Pennsyl-
vania joined hands with Massachusetts in the
Fast and Iowa in the West in the year 1880,
by two appointments, one for Norristown and
one for Ilarrisburg. Dr. Cleaves, of our
.State hosjjital, says :

" 'Who can be better litted for this office
than the womanly jjliysician ? Who brings,
in addition to her special knowledge of their
disease, a woman's quick insight, clear intui-
tions, kind and symp.-ithetic nature, she being
like with them, and c,ipal>]e. therefore, of
entering into and appreciating many of their
tiioughts and feelings. "The grief that does

not speak," whether real or fancied, "that
whispers the o'er-fraught heart and bids it
break," is not less true in many cases of dis-
ease than in health, and the individual who
can invite the fullest, freest confidence, will
be the one best calculated to do the patient
good. The suj)erintendent's hands are full —
hot always with the medical and moral care
of his patients, but with the duties of steward,
farmer, civil engineer, architect, and general
executive officer.

" 'The mental and moral fitness of woman
for the management of insane women is be-
yond cavil. Their fidelity and devotion to
their profession cannot be questioned. Their
ability to successfully manage and control
similar institutions in all their departments
has been proved. We may instance the
woman's prison at Sherborn, Mas.sachusetts,
and the woman's prison and girl's reforma-
tory in Indiana, both successfully managed by
women. This special field is not without its
pioneers. In the Worcester hospital, Massa-
chusetts, a woman was long and successfully
employed as assistant physician. In March
of this year (1879) a lady was appointed, by
competitive examination, assistant physician
at the Cook county hospital for the insane,
Chicago.'

"Thus far but seven hospitals are employ-
ing female physicians ; and at present but ten
])rofessional women are thus engaged, all of
whom are in American institutions.

"We have ample facilities, Mr. President,
for our insane. I read from the report of the
Board of Public Charities, for the year 1880,
page 2 :

" 'Hospitals for the care and treatment of
this unfortunate class have been provided to
a large extent. When the Warren and South-
eastern hos])itals shall be fully ready for the
reception of patients, sufficient accommoda-
tions will have been provided for thirty-two
hundred and fifty patients. The present num-
ber maintained in the State asylums, including
Dixmont, is about fifteen hundred. Six hun-
dred of the inmates of the insane department
of the I'iiiladelphia almshouse will probably
be transferred to State institutions, making
the entire insane population to be supported
in the State hospitals twenty-one hundred,
and leaving unoccupied wards for eleven hun-
dred and fifty of such as may be transferred
from other almshouses, and those retained by
friends. The provision for the indigent class
of the insane by the State is, therefore, not
only sufficient, but in e.xcess of present wants.'

"Classification is what we now need, .'^ena-

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

tors, enact this law ; it is in the interest of
economy. It will not create any new board.
It will better classify ; it will lessen attendants ;
and even if it should not. we have no right to
contaminate the wards of the State. Bear in
mind that the insane are not all raving maniacs,
that many of them are rational for hours, days,
weeks and months at a time. I appeal to you,
then, what must be their humiliation to find
themsel\-es forced to associate and companion
with criminals of every dye. Remember they
are helpless, they are weak, they are children ;
we are strong; and remember that we have
the assurance from one who is all wise and
all powerful that when we —

■"Are weak and wretched, b\- our sins weighed down,

distressed,
Then it is that God's great mercy liolds us closest,

loves us best.

"Fellow Senators, as the representatives of
o\er four million two hundred and eighty-two
thousand people, as the representatives of the
great State of Pennsylvania, let us rise on
this occasion to the dignity of duty ; to the
greatness of opjwrtunity, and to the justness
of responsibility. Let us prove by our legis-
lative acts that we. in recognition of God's
mercy to us, will hold sacred and will in the
future better care for, protect and defend the
rights, the sensibilities and the interests of
Pennsylvania's defenseless and distressed
children."

The bill passed finally in the Senate on
Wednesday, .April 2oth ; yeas thirty-three.
nays none {see page 1.225, Legislative Jour-
nal) : was referred to committee on Judiciary
General in the house on April 21st (see page
1327, Legislative Journal) : when reported to
the House the bill became House No. (n)^.
On Wednesday, June S, i88r, it was read
before the House the third time, and on final
])assage it was defeated, the vote being yeas
sixty-four, nays fifty-four fsee page 2482,
Legislative Journal).

The reason I did not reintroduce the act in
1883 was this, I confidently expected by my
record to be returned to the Senate for a sec-
ond term. In this I was disappointed, but T
bad the above speech printed in large num-
bers and mailecl copies to each governor, to
the lioard of Public Charities, and to the
speakers and officers of the legislature, ho]iing
some one would take it u]), as Speaker Wallton
did ten or fifteen years after I had incepted,
originated and endeavored by law to make
the classification. In reviewing the origin of
and the classification of Penn'svKania's insane.

the Sunday North American of January 10,
1915, endeavors to give the entire credit of
the present classification of the insane to Cad-
walader Biddle. This paper of that issue
says: "In the late eighties Cadwalader Bid-
die, a retired business man of some means,
began urging the State t6 build an asylum
which would harbor the criminal insane. He
said that it was not right to keep these vicious
prisoners in association with harmless pat-
ients." I commenced it as stated above, in
1881, never having met or talked with Biddle.
Biddle had seen my speech, for I sent every
two years to him copies of it, to the North
American and to every speaker of the House
and president of the Senate, and to the officials
of each asylum and penitentiary, until the
complete and final passage of the present class-
ification in an enlarged shape by Speaker Wall-
ton in 1905, twenty-four years after I had
incepted, conceived and made an effort to enact
this classification. We have now Werners-
ville for the chronic insane, authorized by
legislature on June 22, i8gi, the first inmates
received July 21, 1894; Polk, for the epileptics,
authorized by legislature June 3, 1893, first
inmates received April 27. 1897; and Farview.
for the criminal insane, authorized by legis-
lature May iith, 1905, and the first inmates
received Dec. 17, 1912. Praise for much of
this is due to Hon. John M. Wallton, who
was speaker of the House.

In conclusion, Pennsylvania is to-day the
best governed State in the Union. In addi-
tion to her great legislation for labor she
repealed her personal tax law in 1867. Since
that date no farmer, laborer or person, except-
ing those having money at interest or stock
in a corporation, has jiaid a cent of State tax.
and with all her great and present generous
care of the insane, large apj^ropriations for
education, roads, health and charity, is clear
of debt since 191 3 and has to-day a nice sur-
plus in the treasury. Truly, great the -State
and great her sons !

DISTINCTIVE CONDITIONS

Pciinsxlvania has the lowest per capita tax
on property in the United States — therefore
its people have homes.

It excels every other .State in nn'neral prod-
ucts, and leads in the production of rye. iron,
steel, petroleum and coal.

It is the only State in the Union out of debt.

In 19 1 5 it won the highest award at San
Francisco for its health exhibit, and boasts
the best .State Board of Health in the Union.

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

It "has the best Mothers' Pension Act in
the United States," and

The best Workmen's Compensation laws
in the United States.

This was the first commonweaUh in the
world to grant married women separate prop-
erty rights; this was in 1848.

Pennsylvania was the first State in the
Union to have the State Mounted Police or
Constabulary. It was organized in 1905, and
is considered the best State police system in
the world.

Pennsylvania had the first volunteer fire
company in this country. It was organized
at Philadelphia in 1736.

POPUL.-\TION
STATE OF PEXNSYLVANI.\ AND UNITED STATES

By Decades, 1790 to 1910

1790 Pennsylvania .

United States,
1800 Pennsylvania .

United States
1810 Pennsylvania .

United States
1820 Pennsylvania .

United States
1830 Pennsylvania .

United States
1840 Pennsylvania .

United States
1850 Pennsylvania .

United States
i860 Pennsylvania .

United States
1870 Pennsylvania .

United States
1880 Pennsylvania .

United States
1890 Pennsylvania .

United States
1900 Pennsylvania .

United States
1910 Pennsylvania .

United States
♦198,000 in 191 5,
Pittsburgh.

434.373

.. 3,929.827

602,365

• .';,30S,94l
810,081

. 7,239.814
. 1,049,458
. 9,638,191

• 1.348,233
. 12,866,020
. l,7-'4.033
.17,069,453
. 2.311.7'%
.23,i9i,«76
. 2,906,215
.31,443.321
. 3.521,951
.39,818,449
. 4,282,981
.50,1.53,783
. 5,258,113

62,947,714
6,302,115

75,944,575
. 7,665,111
.91,972,266

principally

S. uS.

> too

> u

424,099 6,537 3,737

586,098 14,561

1,706

786,704 22,492

795

1,017,094 32,153

211

1,309,900 37,9.30

403

1,676,115 47,854

156,845

Colored Foreigners
193,908* 1,438,152

in Philadelphia and

In 19T0 the total population of the United
States, with all its ]wssessions. was about
101,100,000. This number includes the inhab-
itants of all the States of the Union,. Alaska,
Hawaii, Porto Rico, the Philippine Islands,
persons in the military service abroad, the
estimated population of the Island of Guam,
the .American possessions in Samoa, and per-
sons in tlic Panama Canal zone. .According
to the official figures, the population of the
United States, including Alaska, Hawaii and

Porto Rico, is 93,402,151. These figures do
not include the population of the Philippines,
which in 1903, when the last enumeration in
the islands was made, showed a ])opulation of
7,635.426.

When the census of 1790 was taken the
country had an area of 827,844 square miles ;
in 1800, the same; 1810, 1,999,775 square
miles; 1820, the same; 1830 and 1840, 2,059,-
043; 1850, 2,980,959; at present the area is
3,025,640 square miles, not including Alaska
and Hawaii.

DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION IX
PENNSYLVANIA

According to the United States census of
1910, there are sixty-three cities and boroughs
in the State of Pennsylvania having a popula-
tion of ten thousand or over.

No migration the world has ever known has
equaled that which started in 1832, and still
continues, into America. Previous to the year
named the number of immigrants to the
United States annually had not exceeded
twenty-seven thousand. In 1830 and 183 1
the number each year was below twenty-four
thousand. In 1832 it rose to sixty thousand.
It rose and fell from this on un, until in 1854,
it passed the four hundred thousand mark.
In the early years of the Civil war it fell to
less than ninety thousand, but from this on
its general tendency was upward until it
reached six hundred twenty-three thousand
in 1892. After that there was some decline,
but in 1900 it began to climb again and the
number of foreigners arriving in 1907 was
1,285,349. The total from the year first named
to that year was more than twenty-eight mil-
lion five hundred thousand for the United
States. There have been thirt\- million arrivals
since 1820.

Our latchstring is never drawn in
-Against the poorest child of Adam's kin.

One-seventh of the pojiulation of Pennsyl-
vania in 1900 was foreign-born.

I'opiilation by Counties

The ]Mpulation of Pennsylvania for 1840
given by counties totals a little less than the
figure given in the table above, viz. :

Comities

-Adams 23,044

-Allegheny 81,235

-Armstrong 28,365

Beaver 29,368

g3o

lA^ere cyec/efz-et^ h/^hways [//z-To6ys Creek
/]//eg/?er?y, R<3dB3nM . 3/g 3^aver, frer?ch Cr.
Coneiwando, Cusayvag/^r,0/V{^r, dcBroAen Strain/

THE N.W. TERR.

O03

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TKE NEW YORK
PUBLIC LIBRARY]

ASTOr?, LF'^'OX
TILDEN FOUNDAilONS

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

Counties

Bedford 29,335

Berks 64,569

Bradford 32,769

Bucks 48,107

Butler 22,378

Cambria 11,256

Centre 20.492

Chester 57i5i5

Clarion 9,500

Clearfield 1 7,834

Clinton 8,323

Columbia 24,267

Crawford 31.724

Cumberland 30,953

Dauphin 30,1 18

Delaware I9,79l

Erie 3>4I2

Fayette 33.574

Franklin 37.793

Greene 19. '47

Huntingdon 35.484

Indiana 20,782

Jefferson 7.253

Juniata 11,080

Lancaster 84,203

I Lebanon 2i ,872

Lehigh 25,787

Luzerne 35,9o6

Lycoming 22,649

McKean 2,975

Mercer 32.873

Mifflin 13.092

Monroe 9.879

Montgomery 47.241

Northampton 40,996

Northumberland 20,027

Perry 17.096

F'hiladelphia 258,037

Pike 3.832

Potter 3.371

Schuylkill 29,053

Somerset 19,650

Susquehanna 21,195

Tioga 15.498

Union 22,787

Venango 17,900

Warren 9.278

Washington 41.279

Wayne 1 1,848

Westmoreland ' 42,699

Wyoming 8,100

York 47.010

1,705,601

In 1910 the total population of 7,665,111
was distributed as follows :

Area Sq.
County and County Seat Miles Pop.

Adams, Gettysburg 537 34,319

Allegheny, Pittsburgh 758 1,018,463

Armstrong, Kittanning 640 67,880

Beaver, Beaver 426 78,353

Bedford. Bedford 1,070 38,879

Berks, Reading 874 183,222

Blair, Hollidaysburg 530 108,858

Bradford. Towanda 1.140 54,526

Area Sq.
County and County Seat Miles

Bucks, Doylestown 620

Butler, Butler 765

Cambria, Ebensburg 680

Cameron, Emporium 375

Carbon, Mauch Chunk 400

Center, Bellefonte 1,130

Chester, Westchester 760

Clarion, Clarion , 566

Clearfield, Clearfield 1,141

Clinton, Lock Haven 892

Columbia, Bloomsburg 480

Crawford, Meadville 1,020

Cumberland, Carlisle 536

Dauphin, Harrisburg 514

Delaware, Media 178

Elk, Ridgway 760

Erie, Erie 782

Fayette, Uniontown 824

Forest, Tionesta 420

Franklin. Chambersburg 731

Fulton, McConnellsburg 416

Greene, Wayncsburg 588

Huntingdon, Huntingdon 940

Indiana, Indiana 820

Jefferson, Brookville 620

Juniata, Mififlintown 398

Lackawanna. Scranton 470

Lancaster. Lancaster 960

Lawrence. Newcastle 360

Lebanon, Lebanon 370

Lehigh. Allentown 328

Luzerne, Wilkes-Barre 910

Lycoming, William.sport 1.240

McKean, Smethport 976

Mercer, Mercer 680

Mifflin. Lewistown 411

Monroe, Stroudsburg 6,30

Montgomery. Norristown 501

Montour. Danvillt 142

Northampton, Easton 370

Northumberland, Sunbury' 469

Perry. New Bloomfield 561

Philadelphia, Philadelphia 130 i

Pike, Mil ford 620

Potter, Coudersport 1,049

Schuylkill, Pottsville 789

Snyder, Middleburg : . 320

Somerset. Somerset 1,040

.Sullivan, Laporte 470

Susquehanna, Montrose 823

Tioga, Wellsboro 1,180

Union. Lewisburg 316

Venango, Franklin 671

Warren, Warren 860

Washington, Washington 830

Wayne, Honesdale _ 834

Westmoreland. Greensburg . . .' 1.060

Wyoming, Tunkhannock 409

York, York 875

Pop.

76,730

72,689

166,131

7.644
52,846

43.424

109,213

36,638

93.768

31.545

48,467

61,565

54.479

136,152

117,906

35.871

115.517

167,449

9.435

59.775

9.703

28,882

38,304

66,210

63.090

15.013

259.570

167,029

70,032

59.565

118,832

343,186

80,813

47.868

77.699

27.78s

22,941

169,^90

14,868

127,667

111,420

24.136

,549,008

8.033

29.729

207.894

16,800

67,717

11,293

37.746

42.829

16.249

56,359

39,573

143,680

29.236

231.304

15.509

136.405

PRESENT PENNSYLVANIA COUNTIES AND
COUNTY SEATS

Pennsylvania now has sixty-seven counties.
The following table sets foith the order of
formation, with other interesting information :

JEFFERSON COLXTY, PENNSYLVANIA

No. Name Date of Forma-

tion

1 Philadelphia . . March lo, 1682

2 Chester " 10, 1682

3 Bucks " 10, 1O82

4 Lancaster May 10,1729

5 York Aug. ly, i749

6 Cumberland ..Jan. 27, 1750

7 Berks March 11, 1752

8 Northampton . " 11. 1752

9 Bedford " 9. "771

10 Northuniher-

laiid " 27. 1772

Acres County Scat Laid Out

1 1 Westmoreland Feb.

12 Washington . . Marcli

13 Fayette Sept.

14 Franklin

15 Montgomery . .

K) Dauphin Marcli

17 Luzerne Sept.

18 Huntingdon . .

19 Allegheny

20 Mifflin

21 Delaware

22 Somerset April

23 Greene Feb.

24 Wayne March

25 Lycoming .... ."Kpril

26 Adams Jan.

27 Centre Feb.

28 .*\rmslrong ...March

3'^
31
32
33

37
38

39
40

42
43

26, 1773

28, 1 78 1

26, 1783

9, 1784

1(1, 1784

4. 1785

2,:;, 1786

20, 1787

24, 1788

19. 1789

26, 1789

17.

179.S

1796

2(1,

179b

13.

T70()

--,

1800

l.i.

1800

Beaver

Butler ■■

Crawford ....

Erie

Mercer

Venango

Warren

Indiana

McKean

Clearfield March

Jefferson

Potter "

Cambria

Tioga

Bradford * ... Feb.

Susquehanna .
Schuylkill ....March

Lehigh

1800

12, 1800

12. 1800

12, 1800

l.i, 1800

12. ISOO

30, 1803

20, 1804
26, 1804

26, 1804

21, 181O

21, 1810

I, 181I

6, 1812

One of Pemi's original counties.... 80,840

472,320

" 387,200

From a part of Chester 608,000

Lancaster 576,000

Lancaster 348,160

f^hiladelphia, Ches-
ter and Lancas-
ter 588,800

P,ucks 240.000

" " Cumberland 036.160

" " Cumberland, Berks,

Bedford and
Northampton ...292,480
" " Bedford, and in

1785 part of the
Indian purchase
of 1784 was

added 672,000

" ■■ Westmoreland ....573,440

" '■ Westmoreland .... 527,360

'■ Cumberland 480,000

". " Philadelphia 303,080

" " Lancaster 357,76o

" " Northumberland ..89(1,000

" " Bedford 537.6oo

Westmoreland and

Washington ....482,560
Cumberland and

Northumberland 286,800

Chester 113,280

Bedford 682,240

Washington 389,120

" " Northampton 460,800

N'orthumberland ..691,200

^ ork 337,920

Mifflin, Northum-
berland. I-ycn-
ming and Hunt-
ingdon 68S,ooo

Allegheny. West-
moreland and

Lycoming 408,960

" " .Mlegheny and

Washingtnii ....298,240

" " Allegheny 502,400

" " Allegheny 629,760

" " Allegheny 480.000

.-Vllegheny 416.OOO

" .Allegheny and Ly-
coming 330,240

" " Allegheny and Ly-
coming 551,0411

" " Westmoreland and

Lycoming 492,800

" " Lycoming 716,800

From a part of Lycoming and

Northumberland .761,600

" ■' Lycoming 412,800

" " Lycoming 384,000

" Huntingdon, Som-

erset and Bedford428,8oo

" Lycoming 714,240

" " Luzerne and Ly-
coming 751,300

" " Luzerne 510,080

" " Berks and North-
ampton 485,400

" " Northampton 232,960

Philadelphia 1682

Westchester 178O

Doylestown 1788

Lancaster 1730

York 1741

Carlisle 1751

Reading 1748

Easton 1738

Bedford 1766

Sunbury 1772

Greensburg 1782

Washington 1782

Uniuntown 1767

Chambersburg 1764

Norristown 1784

Harrisburg 1785

Wilkes-Barre 1783

Huntingdon 1767

Pittsburgh 1765

Lewistown 1790

Media 1849

Somerset 1795

Waynesburg 1790

Honesdale 1826

Williamsport 1796

Gettysburg 1787

Bellelontc i7y5

Kittanning 1804

Beaver . .
Butler . . .
Meadville

Erie

Mercer . .

. I79t
.1803
■1795
•1795
.1803

Franklin j

\\ arrcii

795
•1795

■"(liana 180s

Smethport -.1807

ClearfieUl 1805

Brookville 1830

Coiidersport 1807

Ebcnsburg 1805

Wellsboro 1806

Towanda 1812

Montrose 181 1

Pottsville 1816

.Mleiitovvn 1751

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

No. Name Date of Forma-
tion

47 Lebanon Feb. i6, 1813

48 Columbia Marcli 22. 1813

49 Union " 22. 1813

50 Pike " 26, 1814

51 Perry " 22. 1820

52 Juniata " 2, 1831

53 Monroe April I, 1836

54 Clarion Marcli 11, 1839

55 Clinton June 21, 1839

56 Wyoming .... April 4. 1842

57 Carbon March 13. 1S43

58 Elk April 18. 1843

59 Blair

60 Sullivan . . .

61 Forest

62 Fulton

63 Lawrence . .

64 Montour . . .

65 Snyder ....

66 Cameron . . .

67 Lackawanna

1846
1847
1848
1850
i8so
1850
1855
i860
1878

Acres

Dauphin and Lan-
caster 195,840

Northumberland ..275,840
Northumberland ..165,120

Wayne 384,000

Cumberland 344,960

Mifflin 224,640

Northampton and

Pike 384,000

Venango and Arm-
strong 384,000

Lycoming and Cen-
tre 39i,,?6o

Northumberland

and Luzerne 261,760

Northampton and

Monroe 256,000

JefJerson, Clearfield
and McKean ...446,720
341.760
293,120
270.720
257,280
230,400
83,200
199,040
250,880
288,640

County Seat Laid Out

Lebanon 1750

Bloomsburg 1802

Lewisburg 1785

Milford 1800

New Bloomfield .... 1822
Miffliiitown 1791

-StriiudsburH: 1806

Clarion 1840

Lock Haven 1833

Tunkhannock 1790

Maucli Chunk 1815

Kidgway 1843

Hollidaysburg 1820

Laporte 1850

Tionesta 1852

McConnellsburg . . . 1796

Newcastle 1802

Danville 1790

M iddleburg r8oo

Emporium 1861

.Scranton 1S40

* Previous to March 24, 1812, this county was called Ontario.

lELPBIA

COUNTY MAI' OF PENNSYLVANIA

JKFFERSOX COUNTY, I'EXXSVI.VAXIA

KErRESENTATIOX IN CONGRESS

Apropos of population, we present the ratio
in which it has been represented in 'the
United States House of Representatives :

From 1789 to 1793 as provided by the
United States Cmistitution, 30.000; from 1793
to 1803, based on the United States census of
1790, 33,000; from 1803 to 18 13, based on the
United States census of 1800, 33.000; from
18 1 3 to 1823, based on the United States cen-
sus of 1810. 35,000; from 1823 to 1833, based
on the United States census of 1820, 40.000;
from 1833 to 1S43, based on the United States
census of 1830, 47,700; from 1843 to 1853,
based on the United States census of 1840.
70,680; from 1853 to 1863, based on the
United States census of 1850, 93,420; from
1863 to 1873, based on the United States cen-
sus of i860. 127,381 ; from 1873 to 1S83. liased
on the United States census of 1870, 131.425;
from 1883 to 1893, hased on the United States
census of 1880. 152,960; from 1893 to 1903.
based on the United States census of 1890,
175.267.

In i860 the Southern States had twenty-six
Congressmen more than their white ratio
entitled them to. This was property repre-
sentation for slavery. Five slaves counted as
three white men, although these slaves, white
or black, were not allowed to vote.

The United States Constitution provides
that '"The Senate of the United States shall be
composed of two senators from each State,
elected l)y the ])eople thereof, for six years ;
and each senator shall have' one vote. The
electors in each State shall have the qualifica-
tion requisite for electors of the most numer-
ous branch of the Stale T.egislature. '
No person shall be a senator who shall not
have attained the age of thirty years, and been
nine years a citizen of the United States, and
who shall not. when elected, be an inhabitant
of that State for which ho shall be chosen.''

r.et the pco]:)le rule. Xine Western States
having less jiopulation than Pennsyhania have
eighteen United .States Senators.

The returns of the popular vote for United
States senator in Pennsylvania in 1914 showed
the following:

I(ji4 Boifs Poiirosc.

Republican 499.33<5

Personal Liberty 20,465 — 519,801

.\. Mitcbell Palmer, Demo-
cratic 266,415

Gifford Piiicbot,

WasliiiiKton 202,54;

Hull Moose 48,875

Roosevelt Proprressive 17.845 — 269,265

Frederick W. Whiteside, So-
cialist 37,950

Madison F. Larkin, Prohibition 17,685

A. S. Landis, Industrialist 680

Scattering 136

Pennsylvania is now represented in the
United .States Senate by Boies Penrose and
George Tener Olixer.

l!oii:s Pic.NKosi';, of Philadelphia, was born in
Phila(lel])hia X'^ovember i. 1800; was prepared
for college by j)rivate tutors and in the schools
of Philadelphia ; was graduated from Harvard

"o,

f S PENRO'^ -

-'TED STAT ITS
SC S aTO«

I'ollegc in 18S1 ; rc,-i<l law with Wayne Mac-
V'eagh and Ceorge Tucker Hispham. and was
admitted to the bar in 18S3 ; practiced his pro-
fession in Pliiladel[)hia for sexeral years; was
elected to the Pennsyhania House of Repre-
sentatives from the Eighth Philadeli)hia dis-
trict in 1884: was elected to the Pennsylvania
State Senate from the Sixth Philadelphia dis-
trict in 1S86; reelected in 1890. .and again in
1S94: was elected [)resident ])ro tempore of
the Senate in i88(). and reelected in 1891 ; was
a delegate to the Rejiublican Xational conven-
tions of iijoo. i'j04 and i<pS: was chairman
of the Re]niblican .State committee in 1903-
i()05 : was elected a member of the Republican
Xational coniniitu-r from Pennsylvania in

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

1904 and 1908; was elected by the Legislature
to the United States Senate to succeed J.
Donald Cameron, and took his seat March 4,
1897 ; was reelected by the Legislature in 1903
and 1909; was reelected at the general election
on November 3, 1914, having been the first
United States Senator elected by direct vote
in Pennsylvania. His term of service will
expire March 3. 1921.

Gkori.k Tenek Oliver, of Pittsburcrh, was
born in County Tyrone, Ireland, during a visit
of his ]iarents. January 26. 1848, and is the

UNITED STATES

son of Henry W. and Margaret Brown Oliver,
who were of English and Scotch ancestry; was
graduated from P>ethany College, West Vir-
ginia, in iSfiS; admitted to the Allegheny
count\- ( I 'a. J bar in 1871. and was engaged in
active ijractic^ ten years. Tn 1881 engaged in
mainifacUiring. becoming vice president and
subsequently president of the Oliver Wire
Company, with which he remained until 1899,
when that company sold its plant ; also, from
1889. president of the Hainsworth .Steel Com-
pany until its merger in 1897 with Oliver &
Snyder Steel Company, of which he was presi-
dent until he disposed of his manufacturing
interests in 1901. Since igoo engaged in

newspaper business as principal owner of
Pittsburgh Gazette Times and Pittsburgh
Chronicle Telegraph. President Pittsburgh
Central Board of Education from 1881 to
1884, and a Presidential elector in 1884. In
1904 was tendered appointment to the United
States Senate to succeed Matthew Stanley
Quay, deceased, but declined for personal rea-
sons. He was elected Senator, March 17,
1909, to fill out the unexpired term of Hon.
P. C. Knox, who resigned to accept thp office
of Secretary of State in President Taft's
cabinet ; and was reelected for a full term in
January, 191 1. He received the degree of
LL.D. from Lafayette College in 1912. His
term of service will expire March 3, 1917.

CHRONOLOGY OF INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITIES

1627. — Petroleum was first noticed this
year in New York; in Pennsylvania, in 1721.

1645. — A small iron pot, holding about a
quart, which is still preserved at Lynn, was
cast at the Lynn foundry in 1645. It was the
first iron article made in America.

1683. — The first sea-going vessel built in
Pennsylvania was the "Amity," built by Wil-.
liam Penn at Philadelphia in this year for the
Free Society of Traders. Tn the same year
Penn wrote: "Some vessels have been built
here and many boats."

1683. — In this year the first glass factory
in Pennsylvania was established at Phila-
delphia. In August, 1683, Penn wrotq that "the
sawmill for timber and the place of the glass-
house are conveniently posted for water-car-
riage." In March, 1684, Pastorius wrote that
"a mill and glass factory are built" at
"Franckfurt," now a part of Philadelphia.
Both writers probably referred to the same
glass factory.

1690. — The first paper mill in the colonies
was established before this year on a tribu-
tary of the Wissahickon.

1692. — We find the first mention of iron
having been made- in Pennsylvania.

1716. — Pool forge, on Manatawny creek,
in Berks county. Pa., was built in 1716 by
Thomas Rutter, and was the first iron enter-
prise in Peimsylvania of which any record
has been preserved.

1719. — In this year the first newspaper in
Pennsylvania was established at Philadelphia
by Andrew Bradford. It was entitled The
American Weekly Mercury.

1766. — Anthracite coal was discovered in
the Wyoming valley as early as 1766.

1800. — The first permanent bridge over the

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

Schuylkill at rhiliuk-lphia, at Market street,
was conimenced in iXoo and ()|)ene(l to traffic
in January, i<So5.

1801. — The first chain hridf^e in the United
States was built this year over Jacob's creek
in western Pennsylvania by Judge James Fin-
ley, of Fayette county.

1806. — Lancaster ]3ikc finished to Pitts-
burgh.

1807. — The first railroads in the L'nited
States, beginning with this year, were built to
haul gravel, stone, coal, and other hea\y ma-
terials, and were all short roads.

1808. — Anthracite coal was first used in a
grate by Judge Jesse Fell, at Wilkes-Barre,
J'a., in this year.

181 1. — The first steamboat ''on the western
waters" was built at Pittsburgh and called
"New Orleans."

1812. — The first rolling mill ;it Pittsburgh
was built in 181 1 and 1812 liy Christopher
Cowan, a .Scotch-Irishman, and called the
Pittsburgh rolling mill. This mill had no
])uddling furnaces. Its products were sheet
iron, nail and spike rods, sho\els. chains,
hatchets, hammers, etc.

1812. — Salt was first discovered on the
Conemaugh in western Pennsylvania in this
year or 181 3.

1816. — Wire fences were in limited use in
the neighborhood of Philadelphia as far back
as 1816. The wire used was manufactured
by White & Hazard at their wire works at
the falls of the Schuylkill.

1819-21. — Old -State capitol built, burned
February 2, 1897.

1820. — The anthracite
established about 1S20.

1825. — The first iron
this country was the
York. Pa., in 1823. This year also marked
the great era of turnpike building.

1829. — Steampower was not used on :ui\-
.American railroad until 1829. Horsejiower
had jjreviously been em])loyed ;md was usi'd
for many years afterwards.

1830. — In 1830 only twenty-three miles of
r.ailroad were in operation in the United
States; in 1840 there were 2.818 miles; 1850,
9,021 miles; i860, 30,626 miles; 1870, 52,922
miles; 1880, 93,262 miles; 1890, 166.703
miles: 1900, 194,262 miles; 1907, 228,128
miles. These figures do not include double
tracks, sidings, etc.. only the length of the main
track. (See 1900.)

1832. — In Prown's "History of the b'irst
Locomotives in America" it is stated that "the
first charter for what are termed city ]5assen-

coal

husmess was

steamboat built
'Codorus," built

ger or horse railroads was obtained in the city
of New York and known as the New York
and Ilarletn, and this was the first road of the
kind ever constructed, and was opened in
1832. No other road of the kind was com-
pleted till 1852, when the Sixth Avenue was
opened to the public."

1833. — The first railroad tunnel in the
United States, four miles east of Johnstown,
Pa., forming part of the Portage railroad,
was completed in 1833 and was first used on
November 26th, of that year.

In this year the F'hiladelphia & Reading
Railway Company was chartered. It was
opened to Blount Carbon, one mile below
Pottsville, on Jan. 13, 1842.

1834. — In this year the main line of the
Pennsvlvania canal, connecting Philadelphia
with Pittsburgh, was opened for traffic
throughout its entire length. The building of
the canal was commenced in 1826.

1838. — luddwin Locomotive Works ex-
ported one locomotive to Cuba, their first ship-
ment to a foreign country.

1841. — In the winter of this year and [842
Connellsville coke was first made in com-
mercial quantities, a few miles below Coimells-
ville on the Youghiogheny river.

1842. — Wire cable sus])ension bridge over
the Schuvlkill at Philadelphia was built bv
Charles Kllet, Jr.

1846. — The Pennsylvania Railroad Com-
l)any was chartered to build a railroad from
llarrisburg to Pittsburgh.

1850. — The first shipment of iron ore from
the Lake Superior region was made in 1850
and consisted of about ten tons, "which was
taken away by Mr. .\. L. Crawford, of New
Castle, Pennsylvania."

Petroleum was first refined in this year by
.Samuel M. Kier, of Pittsburgh.

1852. — On December lOth the Pennsylvania
railroad was completed from Philadelphia to
Pittsl)urgh, connections being made with
.State railroads.

1853. — The first use of Lake Superior ore
in a blast furnace occurred in Pennsylvania
in 1853. when about seventy tons, brought
from Erie by canal, were used in the .Sharps-
ville and Clay furnaces, in Mercer county.

1855. — On March 6th the .American Iron
Association, now the .\merican Iron and Steel
.Association, was organized at Philadelphia.
In 1864 the ])resent name was a(lo])teti.

1855. — The first thirty-foot iron rails rolled
in this country were rf)lled at the Cambria
iron works, at Johnstown, in 18;:;. There
was no demand for them. The first thirtv-

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

foot iron rails rolled in this country on order
were rolled at the Montour rolling mill, at
Danville, Pa., in January, 1859, for the Sun-
bury and Erie Railroad Company.

1857. — The main line of the Pennsylvania
canal, from Philadelphia to Pittsburgh, was
sold this year to the Pennsylvania Railroad
Company for $7,500,000.

1859. — Drake struck oil near Titusville.

1870. — On February 5, 1870, Henry Heyl,
of Philadelphia, invented moving pictures.

1873. — The first transatlantic iron steam-
ships to attract attention which were built in
this country were the four vessels of the
American Steamshi]3 Company's line, the
"Pennsylvania," "Ohio." "Indiana," and "Illi-
nois," built of Pennsylvania iron at Phila-
delphia in 1871, 1872 and 1873, by W. Cramp
& Sons. They were each three hundred and
fifty-five feet long and their carrying capacity
was three thousand one hundred tons each.

1875. — The first sixty-foot rails rolled in
this country were rolled by the Edgar Thom-
son Steel Company, at its works near Pitts-
burgh, in 1875, and were of steel.

1876. — Malleable nickel was first made in
the world in this year by Joseph Wharton
from Pennsylvania nickel ore.

1880. — The first elevated railroad con-
structed in this country in connection with a
regular freight and passenger road was
undertaken by the Pennsylvania Railroad
Company in 1S80 and finished in 1881. It
constitutes an extension of the main line of
the Pennsylvania railroad to the heart of the
city of Philadelphia and is about a mile long.
It was opened for freight purposes on April
2t;, 1 88 1, and for passengers on December 5.
1881.

1890. — The tinplate industry estalilished in
this country.

1890. — First chartered natural gas company
started at Leechburg.

1897. — First pressed steel car was built by
the .Schoen Pressed Steel Company, at .Mle-
gheny. Pa., in this year.

igoo. — Poor's Manual reports that in i()oo
there were 257,853 miles of steam railroad
track in the United .States, including second,
third and fourth tracks, sidings, etc., and not
including elevated railroads or electric roads.
The same authority reports that in 1907 there
were 324,033.38 miles, of which 224,382.19
miles were single track and 99.651.19 miles
were second, third and fourth tracks, sidings.
etc. Of the total 314.713.50 miles were laid
with steel rails and 9,319.88 miles were laid
with iron. rails. ( l^ee 1830.)

In 1910 the petroleum <nU]Hit for the .State
was 8,794,662 barrels, valued at $11,908,914,
or an average of $1,354 a barrel. The output
of the United States is valued at $140,000,000
annually. (See below.)

The natural gas production of Pennsyl-
vania in 19 10 amounted to 126,866,729,000
cubic feet, valued at $21,057,211, or an aver-
age price of 16.60 cents a thousand cubic feet.
The production in the United States amounts
to $78,000,000 annually. (See below.)

KI\.\NCI.M. I'ANICS

There were great fin;uicial |)anics in 1836.
1857, 1873, 1893-95, a'lfl T907, which affected
Pennsylvania with the rest of the United
States.

FORTY VK.VRS' I'ROGKE.SS .\ COM I'.\KISr).\

In 1875 Pennsylvania had a population of
only three million five hundred thousand.
There were in the State about thirty-five hun-
dred miles of railroad ; now there are eleven
thousand fi\e hundred miles. The Pennsyl-
vania Railroad Company, with a capital stock
of $68,719,400, operated eight hundred twenty-
eight miles of road; in 1915 its cajjital stock
is $500,000,000. and it operates thirty-five
hundred miles and earns more than one mil-
lion dollars a day. .\ large freight train in
1875 had a total carrying capacity of six hun-
dred tons; in 1915 a train may have one hun-
dred huge cars, and transport four thousand
tons.

In 1875 the iron and steel industry was in
its infancy. The yearly |)roduction of pig iron
was less than the monthly output now. The
Bessemer ])rocess was discovered in 1867.
The Edgar Thomson works, nucleus of the
\ast Carnegie enterprise, were opened in 1874.
In 19 1 5 the steel trust has a capitalization of
$1,500,000,000, employs two hundred twenty-
nine thousand men, and its annual output is
twelve million five hundrefl thousand tons.

In 1875 there was no telephone; tiie modern
instrument was not invcntefl until 1876. There
were no trolley cars ; the first permanent pas-
senger line was opened in 1884, in Kan.sas
City. There was no electric light. There
was no commercial or manufacturing use> of
electric i)Ower ; that de\elopnient did not begin
until 1880. The wireless was unknown.

In 1875 the largest ocean steamship had a
tonnage of eighty-five hundred. In 1915 the
"Olympic" displaces sixty-six thousand tons
and the "Vaterland" eighty thousand tons, and

41'

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

a vessel of less than twenty thousand tons is
considered small. Industrial corporations
were then almost unknown. Business, even
big business, was carried on by partnerships,
and competition, not combination, was the
ruling policy. In 191 5 there are hundreds
of corporations in the .State, their total capi-
talization running into billions of dollars.

In 1875 Pennsylvania was another State.
Its population, its laws, its material develop-
ment, its public opinion, its conception of
social rights and wrongs, were as different
from those of to-day as if it had been on
another planet.

In 1S75 the workers in industr}' were almost
e.xclusively men ; the economic conditions
which forced women into industrial life in
large numbers had not yet exerted their full
pressure. Child labor was used, but not to so
great an extent as now. Moreover, no sense
of public resiwnsibility was felt for the well-
being of women and children in industrv ; nor
was it considered any part of the State's duty
to see that injured workers or the dependents
of those killed in industrial accidents should
be compensated.

Oil and Natural Gas

Everything in this world is evolution.
Before i860 evolution was slow, since then it
has been rapid. Petroleum was known to
exist in New York in 1627, in Pennsylvania
in 1721, in Ohio in 1814, in Kentucky in i82q,
but it was never utilized to any extent.

In 1859 E. L. Drake concluded to bore for
oil near Titusville, Crawford Co., Pa., and
at a depth of sixty-five feet struck a twenty-
five barrel pumjiing well. This was the first
well drilled e.xclusively for oil in Pennsyl-
vania, if not in the world.

The first record of oil is of seepages of it,
in Egypt. The Book Of Job says, "The rock
poured me out rivers of oil." In the United
States in the year 1814 the business of boring
salt wells was quite an industry. .Salt was
in good dcm.-nid and sold high, as late as 1830
in Brookvillc selling at five dollars a barrel.
In one of these salt wells in western Penn-
sylvania, oil, salt and natural gas were struck,
and the well flowed periodically. This oil was
gathered and sold for medicine as rock oil.
I bought a bottle of this medicine in 1849. It
was advertised as a "cure all," and especially
of rheumatism.

Gunpowder was first used to torpedo oil
wells.

The out|)Ul of oil in these United States is

now worth in cash about one hundred and
forty million dollars a year. The first oil
struck in Jefferson county was found about
Oct. 22. 1895. The well was located on
I.athrop's land, on Callen run, in Heath town-
ship, and was drilled by the Standard 1,609
feet. A flowing well of twenty-five barrels
a day was struck ; it now flows about eight
barrels a day.

In 1866 Michael Best, Captain Steck, Jacob
Sheasley, myself and others drilled a well for
oil nine hundred feet deep. At this depth
we struck gas and salt water, but no oil.
This well is in W'inslow township, on Sandy
Lick. The gas was never utilized and is
burning to-day.

.\rtificial gas was first used in the United
States Nov. 13, 1813, and in 1816 the
first company was chartered to make gas
from coal. The evolution in the production
of coal gas as a light was slow, and the gas
costly.

The first practical use of natural gas in
the oil regions was made by operators who
jiiped the gas found with their wells into
boilers used for operating the wells, pumping,
as early as 1862. At that time no means had
been discovered for regulating the pressure,
which came irregularly from the wells, so
that the use of the gas was regarded of little
value — none for light and heat in dwellings.
Later, means were found for regulating the
flow in pipe lines, and when this was accom-
plished it was not long until the volatile sub-
stance began to be regarded as of equal value
with oil.

The first well drilled exclusively for natural
.gas was in Westmoreland county. Pa., in
1878. The output was so enormous that the
well could not be controlled, and the gas went
to waste for five years. About 1880 natural
gas was used in western Pennsylvania for
both light and heat.

Among the first gas wells to be commer-
cially useil ill Ibis section was the celebrated
Harvey well, near Lardin's Mills, in Clinton
township, Rutler county. This well tapped
the sand in Noxember, 1874, at a depth of
1.145 feet. The gas was piped a distance of
seventeen miles, where it was used in a manu-
facturing plant. It was not long after this
until manufacturers began to search for the
cheap fuel, with the result that in the early
eighties it was in general use in mills and
homes.

The natural g.'is (iut]nit in (he United States
is now valued at about se\-cnty-eight million
dollars a year.

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

The earliest use of natural gas of which
there is any record is in China, where for
centuries it has been conveyed from fissures
in salt mines to the surface through hollow
bamboo and used for burning purposes.
There are also places in Asia, near the Cas-
pian sea. where it is seen to issue from the
earth. The first discovery of- natural gas
made in America was in the neighborhood of
Fredonia, Chautauqua Co., N. Y. In 182 1
a small well was bored in the village and the
gas was conducted through pipes to the houses
and used for illuminating purposes, and on
the occasion of General La Fayette's visit
there in 1824 it is said that the village was
illuminated with this gas. Although this dis-
covery was widely known it did not lead to
any further experiments, either in that neigh-
borhood or in other places, until fully twenty
years after. In the early days of boring for
salt in the Kanawha valley large quantities of
gas were found, but it was not utilized as fuel
until 1 84 1, and then only locally.

In 1865 a well which was sunk for petroleum
at Bloomfield. N. Y., struck a flow of natural
gas. An cflFort was made to utilize this, and
it was carried in a wooden main to the city
of Rochester. N. Y., a distance of twenty-four
miles, in 1870, for the purpose of illuminating
the city, but the experiment was a failure.
In 1873 "^ well in .\rmstrong county. Pa., was
so arranged that the gas could be separated
from the water with which it was discharged
and conveyed through pipes to mills in that
vicinity, where it was extensively used for
manufacturing purposes for the first time.
From that date to the present day the use of
natural gas, both for fuel and illuminating, has
increased rapidly. The latest discovery in the
natural gas business, one which was perfected
six years ago, is the extraction of gasoline, two
or three gallons from each one thousand cubic
feet of the gas, without in any way lessening
the commercial value of the volatile substance
or decreasing its volume. This system is now
in general use throughout the oil and gas
producing regions. To-day the once despised
gas well takes rank with the oil well as a
source of wealth and as an important factor
in the manufacturing industries, in which it
is extensively used in place of coal. It has
also proved a no less important factor in
domestic economy, supplying a cleanly, con-
venient and economical fuel.

NOT.VBLE OCCURRENCES

The earliest recorded tornado in the LTnited
States was in 1794. It passed north of Brook-

ville. in what is now Heath and other town-
ships, and extended to Northford, Connecti-
cut.

The pioneer strike in America was that of
the journeyman bootmakers of Philadelphia
in 1796. The men struck, or "turned out,"
as they phrased it, for an increase of wages.
After two weeks' suspension of trade their
demands were granted, and this success gained
them greater strength and popularity, so that
when they "turned out" in 1798, and again in
1799, for further increases, they were still
successful and escaped indictment. .

On June 6, 1806, there was a total eclipse
of the sun. Fowls went to roost and bees
hastened to their hives. The pioneers and
Indians were greatly alarmed.

In 181 1 a furious tornado swept across this
wilderness.

Between the hours of three and seven o'clock
in the morning of December 16, 181 1, two
distinct shocks of earthquake startled the
pioneers of northwestern Pennsylvania. The
violence was such as to shake their log cabins.

In 1816, or the year without a summer,
frost occurred in every month. Ice formed
half an inch thick in May. Snow fell to the
depth of three inches in June. Ice was formed
to the thickness of a common window-glass
on July 5th. Indian corn was so frozen that
the greater part was cut in August and dried
for fodder ; and the pioneers supplied from
the corn of 1815 for the seeding of the spring
of 18:7. It sold at from four dollars to five
dollars a bushel. The sun seemed to be desti-
tute of heat through the year, and all nature
was clad in somber hue.

In June, about the year 1818, a terrible
hailstorm swept through this region and ex-
tended its ravages several miles, killing and
destroying the largest pine trees, leaving them
standing as dead. The width of the path of
this storm was about half a mile.

The pioneer steamer to cross the Atlantic, a
vessel called the "Savannah," made the voy-
age in 181 8. In the trip she carried seventy-
five tons of coal and twenty-five cords of
wood. She left Savannah, Ga., in May, 1819,
and arrived at Liverpool in June, 1819. .She
used steam eighteen of the twenty-six days.

On October 23, 1819, was the "dark day."
Between nine and ten o'clock in the morning
the darkness was so great (hat the pioneer had
to light his old lamp or blaze his pitch-pine
knot.

"The first practical friction matches were
made in 1827, by an English apothecary
named Walker, who coated splints of card-

JEFFliRSOX COUXTV, l'ENNSYL\"ANIA

board with sulphur and tipped them with a
mixture of sulphate of antimony, chlorate of
potash, and f^um. A box of eighty-four
matches sold for one cent, a piece of ghiss-
paper being furnished with it for obtaining
ignition. In 1830 a London man named Jones
devised a species of match wdiich was a little
roll of paper soaked in chlorate of potash
and sugar, with a thin glass globule fdled with
suli)huric ;icid attached to one end. Tlu-
glolnile being broken, the acid acted upon the
potash ^nd sugar, producing fire. Phosjihorus
matches were first introduced on a commercial
scale in 1S33, and after lliat ini])rovenents
were rapid.

"The modern lucifer match combines in one
instrument arrangements for creating a spark.
catching it on tinder, and starting a blaze —
steps requiring separate operations in primi-
tive contrivances. It was in 1836 that the
first United .States ])atent for friction matches
was issued. Splints for them were made by
sawing or splitting blocks of wood into slivers
slightly attached at the base. These were
known as 'slab' or "block' matches, and they
are in use in parts of this country to-day."

In January, 1828, there was a great flood;
and also a great one on Feb. 10, 1832.

On JMarch y, 1828, an earthquake shock
was felt in northwestern Pennsylvania.

The pioneer steam vessels that made regu-
lar trips across the Atlantic ocean were the
"Sirius" and "Great Western," in the vear
1830.

In 1840 the tolls received for that year on
the pike were $4, icxj.io; costs of repairs and
improvements, $3,338.17: amount paid gate-
keejjcrs, $784.33.

The winter of 1842-43 was severe and bit-
terly cold, with snow three feet deep all
winter. In the fall thousands and thousands
of lilack squirrels migrated through this wil-
derness.

In September. 1844, a foot of snow fell,
followed by a warm rain, which caused a
great flood.

Dysentery pre\ailcd as an ei^ideinic in the
suinmiT iif 1850. Ii was very fatal in tiic
county.

June 4, 1859, was the date of the big frost.

The Johnstown flood, caused by the bursting
of a reservoir, occurred May 31, 1889. Three
thousand lives were lost.

In i8<So the streets of New "S'ork were
lighted by electricity, and other cities and
towns followed in its wake. In 1882 polygann-
was prohibited in Utah In 188-? was opened
the Northern Pacific railinad. The vear 1886

chronicles the date of the Charleston earth-
quake; 1888 the date of the exclusion of the
Chinese, also the first electric street car line,
which was built in Richmond. \ a. In i88g the
Johnstown flood occurred.

In 1890 occurred the first electrocution ;
1893 ^^''1-'' '^''"^ y^'^"" o^ the first World's Fair lo
be held in the United States. It was held at
Chicago and practically brought the world to
.America.

In i8(J5 an express train ran from Chicago
to Iluffalo, fi\e hundred and ten miles, in eight
hours, one minute and se\en seconds. The
same year the Wright brothers first {)roved
that they had conquered the air and could fly
in a motor-driven aeroplane. This year al.so
saw the establishment of the first electric
suburban railway.

i8<j7 is the date of Hawaii's annexatidu
to the United States.

The blowing up of the Maine in Ha\ana
harbor precipitated the Cuban war in 189S,
which was followed later by the war in the
Philippines. In 1899 Spain ceded to the
United States Porto Rico, Guam and the
Philippines for twenty million dollars.

In 1901 the United States Steel Corporation
was organized with a capital of one billion,
one hundred million dollars, and the first
wireless telegraph message was received
at .Siasconset, Nantucket. In 1902 Marconi
sent a wireless across the ocean. Now we can
telephone five thousand miles.

In 1902 there was a great strike aniont,' tin-
anthracite coal workers.

Record of Big Floods

In 1806, the year of the big flood. Red Rank
had a rise of twenty-one feet; on September
jy, 1 86 1, twenty-two feet.

We had big floods on November 10, 1810;
January, 1828; February 10, 1832; February
I, [840; in the spring of 1847. The greatest
floofl was .September 2/. 1S61. We had a big
fli)n(l M.ircli Id. iSri5, one in June. 1884.

ShootiiKj Stars in 1833 — A Sliozccr of l-ivc
"Tlu' lu'avcns (li'cl.-irc tl]y .ylory. O Lord,"

The thcor)- of meteorites is tlial tlu-v are
parts of comets. The greatest fall of meteo-
rites in the history of the world took place in
1833. ( )n Wednesday, .Xoveniber 13. 1833,
about \'\\i: o'clock a. m.. the heavens jjresented
a s])ectacle in this wilderness such as has
■icMom l)ceii >een in the world. It struck

JEFFERSOX COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

terror to the hearts of those who saw it. and
many ran away from home to their neiglibors,
declaring that the "day of judgment had
arrived."' The duration of the display was
about an hour.

This shower was the result of the disappear-
ance of a comet of which the meteorites were
parts, and they are still falling. Though that
was eighty years ago, stars still continue to
shoot down the path, and astronomers say that
they are the remaining pieces of the same
vanished comet.

.1 Railroad Collision of 1837
''Fatal Railroad Accident"

'■ Steamboat 'Columlms,' August u. 1837.
"The most serious accident that has occurred
ill Eastern \ irginia since my recollection
happened on the Portsmouth and Roanoke
Railroad, one and a half miles from Suffolk,
yesterday, between nine and ten o'clock. .\
company, consisting of about one hundred
and fifty ladies and gentlemen, from the
counties of the Isle of Wight. Xansemond and
.'Southampton, came down on the railroad on
Thursday, the loth inst.. with the view of
visiting Portsmouth, Norfolk, Fortress Mon-
roe, and returning the next day. On their
return, at the time and place above mentioned,
they met a locomotive and train of l)urden-
cars. and horrible to relate, the two ran
together while going at the rate of ten or
twelve miles an hour." — BrookviUc Rrpithli-
caii, August 31. 1837.

PENNSVLX'ANIA IX THE WAN OF TIIF, KICilKl.I.ION*

Pennsylvania contributed two of the five
commanders of the Army of the F^otomac —
(ieneral McClellan and General Meade, the
latter the hero of ( lettysburg. as well as four-
teen army and corps commanders and forty-
eight general officers.

Gettysburg stemmed the Confederate tide
northward, and brushed it back. The battle
occurred during the high tide of the war. and
it was the greatest battle of that struggle,
although the battle of Antietam the year before
Gettysburg has been called the bloodiest
engagement of the, great conflict. However, at
Gettysburg, the Union army in the three days,
July I, 2. and 3. 1S63. lost in killed, wounded
and missing no fewer than twenty-three
thousand men. and the Confederate loss in like
classes has been placed at twenty thousand.
four hundred and forty-eight. Nearly a quar-
ter of a million men were engaged in the

three days' fight, one of the most tremendous
in history. Cjettysburg. although there were
other battles almost as bloody and terrific,
really foretold the end of the Confederacy,
and that the cause of the South was a lost one.

The Union losses in death alone amounted
during the four years of the Ci\il war to three
hundred and fifty-nine thousand, five hundred
and twenty-eight. The Confederate deaths, so
far as reported, are known to have been in
the same period one hundred and thirty-nine
thousand, eight hundred and twenty-one.
Countless thousands on both sides died of
the effects of wounds received in the war. Of
these numbers, Pennsylvania's share is a noble
one. It has been declared, and nowhere dis-
l)uted. that the percentage of Pennsylvania
troops killed in battle is higher than that of
any other State.

Pennsylvania was well represented in the
Union column. All told this Commonwealth
furnished :

United States men 361,939

State Emergency and Service 90.000

Enlisted in other States 28,000

Colored 2,500

There were twenty-eight regiments, three
battalions and twenty-two companies of
cavalry ; five regiments and two battalions of
heavy artillery ; one battalion and twenty-nine
batteries of light artillery ; one company of
engineers ; one com|)any of signal service ; and
two hundred and fifty-eight regiments, five
battalions and twenty-fi\e companies of
infantry.

The exi)ense of the Ci\-il war to the Union
is placed as follows: War expenses, $1,500,-
000.000 : pensions, $3,000,000,000; losses of
men killed in battle or died subsequently,
359,528. To the South : War expenses
(estimated), $[,000,000,000; jjroperty and
other losses (estimated), $500,000,000; losses
of men killed in battle or diefl subsequently,
250,000.

Pennsyhania's Contribution: Military or-
ganizations. 383; men. nearly 480,000 in round
numbers ; paid for raising and equipping
troops (estimated), $25,000,000.

KNICHTS OF THE COEDEN CIRCLE

In the spring and summer of 1863 there was
a secret organization with the above name.
There were o\er a million members, and the
armies of each side contained thousands. Jef-
ferson county. Pa., contained some lodges. It
was a treasonable political organization. At

JEFFERSON COUxNTV, PENNSYLVANIA

an initiation, a candidate was first required to
tai\e the following oath :

Vou do solemnly swear in the presence of Al-
mighty God and of this lodge that you will never
except when properly authorized reveal the secrets
of the order of the Sons of I^iberty, known as the
Knights of the Golden Circle, of which you have be-
come a member, wlietlier these pertain to the signs,
grips or passwords of the order, or to any of their
acts; and that you will to the best of your ability
promote all its objects and interest, so help you God.

Candidate bowing head in response, four
f|ucstions were then asked the candidate :

1st. Are you in favor of resisting by all proper
means in your power the act called the Draft Act
according to the oath you have just taken?

2d. According to the same oath are you in favor
of abducting, and, if called ui)on for that purpose,
will you help to abduct Abraham I^incoln, the so-
called President of the United States, if this becomes
necessary to stop this unholy war?

3d. Will you protect deserters from the army, so
far as lies within your power, and will you also help
those who if drafted refuse to report to the Lincoln
officers?

4th. Will you help to return all runaway slaves to
their lawful masters?

An emphatic YES was re(|uired to each of
these f|Ucstions.

Grip of Rccoijiiition: (iive the first finger
of the right hand and with the second touch
the wrist of the one challenged ; Response,
The same given in return, the challenger say-
ing in a careless way, "R. D.," which meant
Royal Democrat. The person challenged
said "H. O.." which meant hands off.

Sign: The sign of friendship was raising
the cap with the right hand three times.

Badge: The badge worn was cut from an
old copper cent attached to a pin, with the
word "Liberty" below the hand.

These lodges flourished also in Schuylkill
and Clearfield counties. A few of the mem-
bers were arrested in Jefferson county and
sent to Fort ATcIlenry. Vallandigham was
expelled across the Union line.

"The general accusation brought against all
that were placed U])on trial was the same. Tt

charged that the accused, 'a citizen of

County, Pennsylvania, did unite, confederate
and combine with -— , and many other dis-
loyal persons whose names are unknown, and
form or unite with a society or organization
called by the name of the Knights of the
(iolden Circle, the object of which society is to
resist the execution of the draft, and prevent
j)ersons who have been drafted under the pro-
visions of the State and of Congress approved

March 3, 1863, and the several supplements
thereto, from entering the military service of
liic United States.'"

HISTORICAL MISCELL.\NY

Lincoln's GiiTTVSGURG address

.■it the Dedication of the National Cemetery
at Gettysburg, Pa., November 19, 1863

"Fourscore and seven years ago, our Fathers
brought forth upon this continent a new
Nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to
the proposition that all men are created equal.
Now we are engaged in a great Civil War,
testing whether that Nation, or any Nation, so
conceived and so dedicated, can long endure.
We are met on a great battlefield of that war.
We have come here to dedicate a portion of
that field as a final resting-place for those
who here gave their lives that that Nation
might live. It is altogether fitting and proper
that we should do this. But in a larger sense,
we cannot dedicate, we cannot consecrate, we
cannot hallow this ground. The brave men,
living and dead, who struggled here have con-
secrated it far above our power to add or
detract. The World will little note, or long
renieniljer, what we say here; but it can never
forget what they did here. It is for us, the
living, rather to be dedicated here to the un-
finished work which they who fought here
have, thus far, so nobly advanced. It is rather
for us to be here dedicated to the great task
remaining before us; that from these honored
(lead we take increased devotion to that cause
for which they gave the last full measure of
devotion ; that w^e here highly resolve that
these dead shall not have died in vain; that
this Nation, under God, shall have a new birth
of freedom ; and that Government of the
Peoi)le, by the People and for the People,
shall not jjerish from the Earth."

TULM. OF Lincoln's ass.assinwtors

The greatest trial in America for murder
was that of the eight conspirators who had
planned and carried out the assassination of
.\braham Lincoln. Booth, the chief actor, was
shot by Sergeant Boston Corbett, dying about
four hours later. The co-partners of the
crime, Atzerodt, Dr. Mudd, Payne, Harold,
Mrs. Surralt, O'Laugblin, Arnold and Spang-
ler, were all apprehended before the martyred
president had been placed in his tomb.

Atzerodt, Harold, Payne and Mrs. .Surratt

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

were found guilty of murder, and were hanged
on July 7, 1865. Arnold, O'Laughlin and
Mudd were sent to the Dry Tortugas for hard
labor during life, and Spangler was given six
years at the same place.

Mrs. Priscilla Catherine Dodd, wife of Gen.
Levi A. Dodd, was the only woman who wit-
nessed the hanging of Mrs. Mary E. Surratt
in Washington, D. C, July 7, 1865. General
Dodd was on duty in Washington at the time
of the execution, and Mrs. Dodd secretly
viewed it. She also cared for Mrs. Surratt's
young daughter for some time after the hang-
ing. Mrs. Dodd was bom in Brookville, Jef-
ferson county, where she spent her youth, and
there she married Dodd. who ran a hardware
store.

CRIME

From 1778 to 1855, inclusive, three hundred
and twenty-eight persons were hanged in
Pennsylvania. Of these, five suffered the
penalty of death for high treason, eight for
robbery, fourteen for burglary, three for
assault, one for arson, four for counterfeiting,
and seven for unknown offenses. On April
22, 1794, the death penalty was abolished
except for murder in the first degree. Before
1834 hangings took place in public, and since
then in jail yards or corridors.

The scarred and manacled slave, the branded
runaway apprentice, the "pressed seaman"
wondering if his wife were yet alive, the in-
dentured white boy, the wilderness wife whose
husband's body lay frozen in the snow for lack
of burial, the broken trader, the ruined manu-
facturer whose industry his rivals "at home"
had filched, the carpenter, with his greased
leathern breeches, taken from his bare home
and jailed for debt — let none of these be for-
gotten when the Good Old Times are praised.

As a sample of justice in 1784, Joe Disbury
was tried in Sunbury for thievery, etc., found
guilty, and sentenced to receive thirty nine
lashes, stand in the pillory one hour, have his
ears cut off and nailed to the post, and be im-
prisoned three months and pay a fine of thirty
pounds.

OLDEN TIME PENALTIE.S

The subjoined record, extracted from the
archives of old Paris, possesses sufficient in-
terest to warrant its publication. Readers will
see from it what a terrible thing the capital
penalty was in former days, and at the same
time learn that the gentlemen who acted as

executioners, with their assistants and tor-
turers, did not labor for glory alone ;_

AN EXECUTIONER'S PRICE LIST

Livres

To boiling a malefactor in oil 48

To quartering him while alive. 30

To affording a criminal passage from life to death

by the .sword 20

To breaking the body on the wheel 10

To fixing his head upon a pole 10

To cutting a man into four pieces 36

To hanging a culprit 20

To enshrouding the corpse 2

To impaling a living man 24

To burning a sorceress alive 28

To flaying a living man 28

To drowning a child murderess in a sack 24

To burying a suicide at crossroads 20

To applying the torture 4

To applying the thumbscrew 2

To applying the buskins 4

To administering the Gehenna torture 10

To putting a person in the pillory 2

To flogging 4

To branding with a hot iron 10

To cutting off the nose, the ears or the tongue... 10

A livre was 19. i cents in our money.

LEG.\L HOLIDAYS IN THE VARIOUS STATES

The United States has no national legal
holidays.

January i, Nezv Year's Day: In all the
States (including the District of Columbia)
except Massachusetts, Mississippi and New
Hampshire.

February 12, Lincoln's Birthday: In Con-
necticut, Illinois, Minnesota, New Jersey, New
York, North Dakota, Pennsylvania, Washing-
ton (State) and Wyoming.

February 22, Jl'ashington's Birthday: In
all the -States (including the District of
Columbia) except Mississippi, where it is
observed by exercises in the public schools
only.

Good Friday: In Alabama, Louisiana,
Maryland, Pennsylvania, Tennessee.

May 30, Decoration Day : In all the States
and Territories (and District of Columbia)
except Alabama. Florida, Georgia, Idaho,
Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South
Carolina, Texas. In Virginia, known as "Con-
federate Memorial Day."

September, First Monday, Labor Day : In
all the States and Territories (and District of
Columbia), except Arizona. Mississippi. Nev-
ada and North Dakota. In Louisiana, ob-
served in Orleans Parish.

November — , General Election. Day : In
Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Indiana,

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

loua. Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland.
Minnesota, Missouri, Montana. Nevada, New
Ilanipshire, New Jersey, New York, North
Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon (vote for
presidential elections only), Pennsylvania.
Rhode L-iland, South Carolina. South Dakota,
Tennessee. Texas, West \'irginia, W ashington.
Wisconsin and Wyoming, in the years when
elections are held therein.

Xovcmhcr — . Thanksgiving Day (usually
the last Thursday in November) : Is observed
in all the States and in the District of Colum-
bia, though in some States it is not a statutory-
holiday.

December 25, Christmas Day: In all the
States and in the District of Columbia.

Sundays and Fast Days are legal holidays in
all -the States which designate them as such.

There is no national holiday, not even the
Fourth of July; Congress has at various times
apjwinted sjjccial holidays. In the second
session of the Fifty-third Congress it passed
an act making Labor Day a pul>lic holiday in
the District of Columbia, and it has recognized
the existence of certain days as holidays for
commercial purposes, but, with the exception
named, there is no general statute on the sub-
ject. The proclamation of the president
designating a day of Thanksgiving only makes
it a legal holiday in the District of Columbi;i
and the Territories, and in those States wliicli
])rovide by law for it.

Every Saturday after twelve o'clock noon
is a legal holiday in .\ew ^V)rk, New Jersey.
Pennsylvania, Maryland, Teimessee, Virginia
and the city of New r)rleans, and in Newcastle
county, Del., except in St. Cieorge's Hundred ;
in Louisiana and .Missouri in cities of one
hundred thousand or more inhabitants: in
< )hio. ill cities of fifty thousand or more in-
habitants; and June 1 to .August t,\ in Denver.
Colo. In the District of Columbia for all pur-
])ose.s respecting the presentation for payment
or acceptance or the ])rotesting of all com-
mercial paper whatsoever. In Connecticut.
Maine and West V^rgini.'i hanks close at
twelve noon on Saturday.

rennsyhi'oiiia Holidays

I'ennsyKania has about fourteen legal holi-
days. l'"rom the act of Assembly approved
June 23. iS<)7, we quote the following:

"Section i. lie it enacted, etc.. That the
following days and half days, namely, the first
day of January, commonly called New Year's
day; the twelfth day of February, known as
Lincoln's liirthdav; third Tuesdav of Feb-

ruar_\-, election day; the twenty-second day of
F'ebruary, known as Washington's birthday ;
Good Friday ; the thirtieth day of May, known
as Memorial day ; the Fourth of July, called
Inde])endence day ; the first Monday of Sep-
tember, known as Labor day; the first Tues-
day after the the first Monday of November,
election day; the twenty-fifty day of Decem-
ber, known as Christmas day ; and every
.Saturday after twelve o'clock noon until twelve
o'clock midnight, each of which Saturdays is
hereby designated a half holiday, and any day
appointed or recommended by the governor of
this State or of the president of the United
States as a day of thanksgiving or other
religious observance shall, for all ]Jiu-poses
whatever as regards the presenting for pa_\-
ment or acceptance, and as regards the
protesting and giving notice of the dishonor of
ImUs of exchange, checks, drafts and ])romis-
sory notes, made after the passage of this act,
be treated and considered as the first day of the
week, commonly called Sunday, and as public
liolidays and half holidays; and all such bills,
checks, drafts and notes otherwise presentable
for acceptance or payment on any of the said
days shall be deemed to be payable and be
l)resentable for accejjtance or ])ayment on the
secular or business day next succeeding such
holiday or half holiday, except checks, drafts,
bills of exchange and promissory notes, pay-
able at sight or on demand, which would
otherwise l)e pa)'able on any half holiday
)~;aturday, shall be deemed to he payable at or
before twelve o'clock noon of such half holi-
day: Provided, however. That for the pur-
])ose of protesting or otherwise holding liable
any party to any liill of exchange, check, draft
or ])romissory note, and which shall not have
been jwid before twelve o'clock noon of any
.Saturday designated a half holiday, as afore-
said, a demand for acce])tance or ])nynient
thereof shall not be made and notice of jjrotest
or dishonor thereof shall not be given until the
next succeeding secular or business day : Aiwl
provided further. Tliat when any person, linn,
corporation <ir company, shall, on any Satur-
day design;ite(l a half holiday, receive for col-
lection any check, hill or exchange, draft or
l)romissory note, such ])erson, firm, corporation
or company shall not be deemed guilty of any
neglect or omission of duty, nor incm" any
liability in not ])resenting for payment or
acceptance or collection such check, bill of
exchange, draft or promissory note on that
day : And ])rovided further. That in construing
this section every Saturday designated a half
holidav shall, until twelve o'clock noon, he

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

deemed a secular or business day ; and the days
and half days aforesaid, so designated as holi-
days and half holidays, shall be considered as
public holidays and half holidays for all pur-
poses whatsoever as regards the transaction
of business : And provided further. That
nothing herein contained shall be construed
to prevent or invalidate the entry, issuance,
service or execution of any writ, summons,
confession of judgment, or other legal process
whatever on any of the holidays or half holi-
days herein designated as holidays, nor to
prevent any bank from keeping its doors open
or transacting business on any of the said
Saturday afternoons, if. by a vote of its
directors, it shall elect to do so.

"Section 2. Whenever the lirst day of
January, the twelfth day of February, the
twenty-second day of February, the thirtieth
day of May, the Fourth of July, or the twenty-
fifth day of December, shall any of them occur
on Sunday, the following day. ^londay. shall
be deemed and declared a pul)lic holiday. All
bills of exchange, checks, drafts or promissory
notes falling due on any of the Mondays so
observed as holidays, shall be due and payable
on the next succeeding secular or business day.
and all Mondays so observed as holidays, shall,
for all purposes whatever as regards the
presenting for payment or acceptance, and as
regards the protesting and giving notice of the
dishonor of bills of exchange, checks, drafts
and promissory notes made after the passage
of this act, be treated and considered as if the
first day of the week, commonly called
Sunday.

"Section 3. All bills of exchange, checks,
drafts and promissory notes made after the
I)assage of this act. which by the terms there-
of shall be payable on the first day of the week,
commonly called Sunday, shall be deemed to
be and shall be payable on the next succeeding
secular or business dav.

"Section 4. That all the days and half days
herein designated as legal holidays shall i)c
regarded as secular or I)usiness days for all
other purposes than those mentioned in this
act."

Origin of Memorial Dav

In 1867 Mr. and Mrs. Henry S. Kimball, of
West Philadelphia, Pa., had been on a visit in
the South, where they noticed Southern ladies
scattering flowers on the gra\es of the Con-
federate dead. Mrs. Kimball was acc|uainted
uith and a friend of General Logan, then the
(■ommander in Chief of the Grand .\rmv of
4

the Republic, and she kindly wrote to him
suggesting the scattering of flowers over the
graves of dead Union soldiers as an appropri-
ate recognition. General Logan was greatly
pleased with this suggestion, and after mature
reflection issued "Order No. 11," appointing
May 30. 1868, to be observed by the members
of the Grand Army of the Republic as "Dec-
oration Day." This day was so observed then
and has been regularly ever since. Thus it
was left to a patriotic Pennsylvania woman to
originate Memorial Day and suggest floral
decorations for the Union dead.

Mother's Day

Miss Anna Jarvis, of Philadelphia, Pa.,
started Mother's Day on Sunday in May,
1907. "In planning it," she says, "I think I
had grown people more in mind than the chil-
dren. The little ones are always close to their
mother, but the grownup sons and daughters
drift away from her. They forget the years in
which she gave them so much love and care.
Originally. I wanted every one to wear a white
carnation as a tribute and to make a visit to
the mother. I wanted it to be a day when all
the children would either be with the loved one
or send her a message. For those whose
mothers have left this earth, there was the
opportunity to live for that one day just the
way she would ha\e them live, and to do some
generous and some fine deed as a memorial to
her.'

It does not fall to the lot of many women to
see the tiny seed of an idea springing out of
the love they bore their own mother grow to
a vast movement over the entire world, in
which railroads, telegraph companies. State
officials, churches, schools, shops and the gen-
eral public join. That, however, has been the
reward of Miss Jarvis, whose Mother's Day
Association is now the most widely known
woman's association in the world. It is now
(in igi6) the greatest world celebration.

Pioneer Tlianksgiving Days

The first recorded Thankseiving was the
Hebrew feast of the Tabernacles.

The New England Thanksgivintj dates from
1633.' when the Massachusetts Bay Colony set
apart a day for thankseiving.

The first national Thanksgiving proclama-
tions were by Congress during the Revolution-
ary war.

The first great ,\merican Thanksgix'ing day
was in 1784. for the declaration of peace.
There was one more national Thanks!ji\'ing in
r789. and no other till 1862. when President

50 JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

Lincoln issued a national proclamation for a educated, and shall appropriate at least one

day of thanksgiving. million dollars each year for that purpose.

The pioneer Thanksgiving day in north- "Section 2. No money raised for the sup-
western Pennsylvania was on the' last Thurs- port of the public schools of the Common-
day of November. 1819, by proclamation of wealth, shall be appropriated to, or used for,
Governor Findlay. ' the support of any sectarian school.

"Section 3. Women twenty-one years of

FEMALE SUFFRAGE IN THE UNITED STATES .^^^ .^,^^j upwards shall be eligible to any office

In 1800 women could not hold office or of control or management under the school

vote in any Stale of the Union. The following laws of this State."

table will exhibit the progress in that direction: The first female elected to office in Jefferson

„. „, ,•• J r c ^ county was Mrs. T. P. Wilson, of Punxsutaw-

Time Place Kind of Suffrage 1 /^ • t 1 c n i -u tu

1838 Kentucky School sufifrage to widows "cy, and Carrie Jenks, of Brookville, was the

with children of school age second.

1861 Kansas School suffrage I advocated with my voice and pen female

187s Michigan School suffrage suffrage in 1852.

Minnesota School suffrage t-i i^ ^ ir ^ • ^u ^ j- i- j 1

1876 Colorado School suffrage The first eflfort in that direction made by a

1877 New Zealand School suffrage national organization was the adoption at

1878 New Hampshire School suffrage Cincinnati, Ohio, ATay 16, 1888, bv the

o ?/^^°\ .. c''!'""! ■'"2''='S« National Union Labor party, of this plank.

1870 Massachusetts School suffrage „, ■ 1 , . ^ • • u \ ■ v 1 •

1880 New York School suffrage The right to vote IS inherent m citizenship,

Vermont School suffrage irrespective of sex, and is properly within

1883 Nebraska School suffrage the province of State legislation.

1887 Kansas School suffrage

North Dakota School suffrage Nicknames of States

South Dakota School suffrage •'

Montana S-hool suffrage Alabama Plantation State

Arizona School suffrage California Golden State

New Jersey S-hnol suffrage Colorado Centennial State

Montana Tax-paymg suffrage Delaware .Diamond State

1 891 Illinois School suffrage Illinois Prairie State

1893 Connecticut School suffrage Iowa Hawkeye State

1894 Ohio School suffrage Indiana Hoosier State

Iowa Bond suffrage Kansas Sunflower State

1898 Minnesota Library trustees Kentucky Blue Grass State

Delaware School suffrage to tax-paying Maryland Old Line State

women Massachusetts Bay State

Louisiana Tax-paymg suffrage Michigan Wolverine State

1000 Wisconsin School suffrage Minnesota North Star State

T869 Wyoming Full suffrage Missouri Bullion State

I S93 Colorado Full suffrage Nebraska .-Kntelope State

1896 Utah Full suffrage New Jersey Garden State

Idaho Full suffrage New York Empire State

In ,915 women are in full enjoyment of the ^orth Caronna ................. .OWN^orth |tate

elective franchise in the following States and Oregon Webfoot State

countries : Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, Idaho, Pennsylvania Keystone State

Washington, California, Arizona, Kansas, South Carolina .Palmetto State

„ Til' ■ / i i ■ rc Texas Lone Star State

Oregon, Illinois (except certain offices men- yirgi,,,-^ Old Dominion

tioned in the State constitution) , New South Wisconsin Badger State

Wales, New Zealand, Queensland, South Aus-
tralia, Tasmania, Victoria, West Australia, Origin of Names nf Days

Norway Iceland and Finland. ^ ,,^ generally known that the

Article X of he fourth (present) Constitu- ^ -^^^^^ ^^ -,^^ -^ ^^ ^,^^ ^^.^^,^ ^^^

tion of Petmsylvania (ratified in 1873. went ^^ ^^^^^^ j,^^ ^i^,^^ of pagan deities, viz.:

into operation January i. 1874), under the ' ■

heading Education has the following para- Sunday Sun's day.

graphs: Monday Moon's day.

"Section 1. The General Assembly .shall Tuesday Tyr's (Tin's) day.

provide for the maintenance and support of Wednesday Woden's day.

a thorough and efficient system of public Thursday Thor's day.

schools, wherein all the children of this Com- Friday I'rigga's day.

monwealth, above the age of six years, may be .Saturday Saturn's day.

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

51:

The names of some of our religious festivi-
ties are also derived from the same source.
The Easter which is used to express the season
of the great paschal solemnities comes from
Eostre, an Anglo-Saxon goddess, whose
festivities were celebrated at the vernal
equinox.

It thus seems that the names of some of the
idols of our ancestors will be perpetuated as
long as the English language shall endure.

Liberty Bell

This bell was cast in London, received at
Philadelphia in August, 1752, and hung in the
tower of the Pennsylvania State House, now
known as Independence Hall. This bell was

broken up and recast in April, and again in
June, 1753. It announced the Declaration of
Independence, ratified July 4, 1776. It was
cracked July 8, 1835, while being tolled in
memory of Chief Justice Marshall.

PRKSIDENTS OF THE UXITF.D ST.ATES

Inaugu-
rated
Name and Residence Year Age Politics

1 George Washington, Va 1789 57 Fed.

2 John Adams, Mass 1797 62 Fed.

3 Thomas Jefferson, Va iSoi 58 Rep.

4 James Madison. Va 1809 58 Rep.

5 James Monroe, Va 1817 59 Rep.

6 John Quincy Adams, Mass 1825 38 Rep.

7 Andrew Jackson, Tenn 1829 62' Dem.

8 Martin Van Biiren, N. Y 1837 55 Dem.

9 William H. Harrison, Ohio 1841 C8 Whig

ID John Tyler, Va 1841 51 Dem.

11 James. iC. Polk, Tenn 1843 50 Dem.

12 Zachary Taylor, La 1849 63 Whig

Inaugu-
rated
Name and Residence Year Age Politics

13 Millard Fillmore, N. Y 1830 30 Whig

14 Franklin Pierce, N. H 1853 49 Dem.

13 James Buchanan, Pa 1857 66 Dem.

16 Abraham Lincoln, 111 1861 52 Rep.

17 Andrew Johnson, Tenn 1863 57 Rep.

18 Ulysses S. Grant, D. C 1869 47 Rep.

19 Rutherford B. Hayes, Ohio 1877 54 Rep.

20 James A. Garfield, Ohio 1881 49 Rep.

21 Chester A. Arthur, N. Y 1881 51 Rep.

22 Grover Cleveland, N. Y ..1885 48 Dem.

23 Benjamin Harrison, Ind 1889 55 Rep.

24 Grover Cleveland, N. Y ..1893 56 Dem.

25 William McKinley, Ohio 1897 54 Rep.

26 Theodore Roosevelt, N. Y igoi 42 Rep.

27 Wm. H. Taft, Ohio 1909 31 Rep.

28 Woodrow Wilson, N. J 1913 56 Dem.

Fortunes of Presidents

Washington left $800,000 ; John Adams,
$75,000; Jefferson, $20,000; Madison left
about $150,000; Monroe died poor — he was
buried at the expense of his relatives ; John
Quincy Adams left $55,000; Jackson died
worth $80,000; \'an Buren left $400,000;
Polk, $15,000; Taylor, $150,000; Tyler mar-
ried rich, Fillmore also ; Pierce left $50,000 ;
Buchanan left $200,000; Lincoln became
wealthy, but his fortune was lost in the Grant
& Ward failure ; Hayes added to his fortune,
while Garfield was only moderately well off;
Harrison died worth $250,000 ; Cleveland's
fortune was large; McKinley and Taft were
not well off ; Roosevelt had a substantial com-
petence ; Wilson has royalties from his books.

The religious affiliations of the presidents
of the L'nited States up to 1916 have been :

George Washington Episcopalian

John Adams Unitarian

Jefferson Liberal

Madison Episcopalian

James Monroe Episcopalian

John Quincy Adams Unitarian

.Andrew Jackson Presbyterian

Martin Van Buren Reformed Dutch

William Henry Harrison Episcopalian

James K. Polk Presbvterian

Zachary Taylor Episcopalian

Millard Fillmore Unitarian

Franklin Pierce Episcopalian

Jarhes Buchanan Presbyterian

.'\braham Lincoln Presbyterian

.Andrew Johnson Methodist

L' . S. Grant Methodist

R. B. Hayes Methodist

James A. Garfield Disciples

Chester A. Arthur Episcopalian

Grover Cleveland Presbyterian

Bcniamin Harrison Presbyterian

William McKinley Methodist

Theodore Roosevelt Reformed Dutch

William H. Taft Unitarian

Woodrow Wilson Presbvterian

JEFFRRSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

Presidents' .Iges and Causes of Death

Washington's death, at the age of sixty-
seven, was caused by ocdematous affection of
the windpipe ; John Adams died of debihty at
the age of ninety; Jefferson, aged eighty-three,
of ciironic diarrhea ; Madison, aged eighty-
five, of debihty ; Monroe, aged seventy-three,
from the same cause ; John O. Adams, aged
eighty, of paralysis ; Jackson, aged seventy-
eight, of coiisum])tion : Van Buren, aged
seventy-nine, of asthma; Harrison, aged sixty-
eight, of pleurisy; Tyler, aged seventy-one, of
indigestion ; Polk, aged fifty-six, of chronic
diarrhea ; Taylor, aged sixty-five, of cholera
morbus ; Fillmore, aged seventy-four, of debil-
ity ; Pierce, aged sixty-four, of dropsy ; I>u-
chanan, aged seventy-seven, of rheumatism ;
Lincoln, aged fifty-six, assassinated; Garfield,
aged forty-nine, assassinated ; McKinley. aged
fifty-eight, assassinated; Grant, aged sixty-
three, of cancer of the tongue ; Johnson, aged
sixty-six. of paralysis ; Hayes, aged seventy,
of paralysis ; Arthur, aged seventy-one, of
Hright's disease; Cleveland, aged sixty-seven,
of debility; Harrison, aged fifty-eight, of
pneumonia.

Odd Presidential Facts

Here are a lot of "facts" about Presidents of
the United States ; Grant was christened
Hiram Ulysses; Cleveland, Stephen Grover;
and Wilson, Thomas Woodrow, the first name
being dropped in early college life. W. H.
Harrison was the oldest man elected to the
presidency and Roosevelt the youngest, ( irant
being the next youngest by six months. Cleve-
land was the only president married in the
White House, and his second daughter was
the only president's child born therein. Mon-
roe's daughter (.Mrs. ( louv erneur), (irant's
daughter (Mrs. Sartoris) and Roosevelt's
daughter (Mrs. Longworth) were the only
children of presidents married therein, till the
recent weddings of Jessie and Eleanor Wilson.
The wives of Tyler, llenjamin Harrison and
Wilson died in the White House. W. H.
Harrison was father of the largest famil)-,
six sons and four daughters. Eight presidents
— Washington. Jefferson. Madison, Monroe.
W. H. Harrison. Tyler, Taylor and Wilson —
were \ irginians by birth. I'ive presidents —
Grant. Hayes, B. Harrison. McKinlev and
Taft — were Ohioans by biith.

S.\L.\RIES OI- UNITED STATES SENATORS AND
REPRESENTATIVES

RATES OF COMPENS.\TI()N FIXED BY VARIOUS
LAWS, AND THE CASES IN WHICH THE SAME
WERE RETROACTIVE, AND FOR WHAT LENGTH
OF TIME.

1. By the act of .September 22, 1789, the
compensation of Senators and Representatives
in Congress was fixed at six dollars a day, and
thirty cents a mile for traveling to and from
the seat of government. This rate was to con-
tinue until ]\Iarch 4, 1795. The same act fixed
the compensation from March 4, 1795, to
March 4, 1796 (at which last-named date, by
its terms, it expired), at seven dollars a day,
and thirty-five cents a mile for tra\-el.

This act was retroactive, extending back
six months and eighteen days, viz., to March

4. 1789-

2. The act of March lo. 1796, fixed the
compensation at six dollars a day, and thirty
cents a mile for travel (this act extended back
over six days only).

3. The act of ^ilarch 19, 1816, fixed the
compensation at fifteen hundred dollars a year,
"instead of the daily compensation," and left
the mileage unchanged.

This act was retroactive, extending back one
year and fifteen days. viz.. to March 4, 181 5.
It was repealed by the act of February 6, 1817,
but it was expressly declared that no former
act was thereby revived.

4. The act of January 22, 1818, fixed the
compensation at eight dollars a day, and forty
cents a mile for travel.

This act was retroactive, extending back
fifty-three days, viz., to the assembling of
Congress December i, 1817.

5. The act of August 16, 1856, fixed the
compensation at three thousaiul dollars a year,
and left the mileage unchanged.

This act was retroactive, extending back
one year, five months and twelve days, viz., to
.March 4, 1855.

6. The act of July 28, 1866, fi.xed the com-
pensation at five thousand dollars a year, and
twenty cents a mile for travel — not to affect
mileage accounts already accrued.

This act was retroactive, extending back
one vear. four months and twenty-four days.
viz.. to March 4, 1865.

7. The act of March 3, 1873, (Ixed the
compensation at se\en thousand, fi\e hundred
dollars a year, and actual tni\eling expenses —
the mileage already paifl for the Forty-second

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

Congress to be deducted from the pay of those
who had received it.

This act was retroactive, extending back
two years, viz., to March 4, 1871.

Note. — Stationery was allowed to senators
and representatixes, without any special limit,
until March 3, 1868, when the amount for
stationery and newspapers for each senator
and member was limited to one hundred and
twenty-five dollars a session. This was
changed by a subsequent act, taking effect
July I, 1869, to one hundred and twenty-five
dollars a year. The act of 1873 abolished all
allowance for stationery and newspapers.

On and after March 4. 1907, the compensa-
tion of the speaker of the House of Represen-
tatives, the vice president of the United States,
and the heads of the executive departments
who are members of the President's cabinet,
shall be at the rate of twelve thousand dollars
per annum each, and the compensation of
senators, representatives in Congress, dele-
gates from Territories, and resident commis-
sioner from Porto Rico shall be at the rate of
seven thousand, five hundred dollars per
annum each.

Sec. 5. That all laws or parts of laws in-
consistent with this act are repealed. Approved
February 26, 1907.

PATENTS, INVENTIONS, ETC.

P.XTENTS — LIST OF INVENTIONS, ANCIENT .\N»
MODERN .ALMANACS

PATENTS

Before .April 10, 1790, the Colonies had
issued patents, Connecticut in particular. The
late Senator Wadleigh, of New Hampshire,
believed that the first patent ever issued to an
inventor in America was granted in 1646, by
the Colony of Massachusetts Bay, to Joseph
Jencks. for an improvement in scythes ; bvit
under the constitution our patent system was
founded and really began in 1790. In that
year only three patents were issued ; thirty-
three were issued in 1791 ; eleven in 1792:
and prior to February 24, 1793 (when a new
law was enacted), twenty more, making in all
sixty-seven patents issued under our first
j)atent law. The government fees on each
patent amounted to $4.70 ; under the new act
of 1793, the fee was raised to $30, in all cases,
and among the total of eleven thousand, three
hundred and forty-eight patents granted under
it were some of the most important inventions
of the age.

The law practically as it now exists, embody-
ing the present system of examination of ap-
plications for patents, was passed July 4,
1836. The present method of numbering
patents began on that date with No. i. By
December, 1890, No. 442,090 had been issued.
In 1836 only one hundred and nine patents
were granted; in 1910 the number reached
thirty-five thousand, one hundred and eighteen.
And now we have totaled a round million.

On July I, 1790, the first United States
patent was issued to one Samuel Hopkins of
Vermont, for the making of pot and pearl
ashes ; Commissioner of Patents Moore
granted to an Akron, Ohio, man patent No.
1,000,000, for the invention of a puncture-
proof tire. Within the compass of the one
hundred and twenty-one years between these
dates there lies recorded in the Patent Office
at Washington the triumph of American
ingenuity and research, upon which, in large
measure, has depended the material progress
of the whole world. Inventions and labor-
saving machines have made more millionaires
than all other sources combined. Two-thirds
of the wealth of the United States owes its
existence to inventions patented by .American
citizens.

France comes nearest the United .States in
the in\entive genius of her people, with some-
thing like four hundred and twenty-si.x thou-
sand, less than half the number of patents
granted in America. b'oUowing France are
Great Britain, with four hundred and fifteen
thousand ; Germany, two hundred and thirty-
six thousand ; Belgium, two hundred and
twenty-eight thousand; Canada, one. hundred
and twenty-si.x thousand; Italy and Sardinia,
ninety-four thousand, and .Austria-Hungary,
sixty-eight thousand.

Benjamin Franklin was the first inventor of
distinction in the United States. He was the
originator of many contrivances, giving to the
world the ingenious chair convertible into a
stejjladder which is in use at the present time
in thousands of .American households. He was
followed by Eli Whitney, inventor of the
cotton gin ; John Fitch and Robert Fulton, in-
ventors of steam vessels ; Jethro Wood,
inventor of the modern castiron plow ; Thomas
Blanchard, inventor of a tack machine ; Ross
Winans, many inventions relating to railways ;
Cyrus H. McCormick, inventor of harvesting
machines ; Charles Goodyear, inventor of
rubber mixtures ; S. F. B. Morse, inventor of
the electric telegraph ; Elias Howe, inventor
of the modern sewing machines; Joseph
Henry, inventor of the present form of

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

electro-maj^net, which laid the foundation of
practically the entire electrical art ; Alexander
Graiuim iiell, the inventor of the telephone;
Thomas A. Edison, inventor of the incandes-
cent lamp, the talking- machine and many im-
provements on the moving picture machine,
and the electric telegraph instruments and
other devices; John Ericsson, inventor of a hot
air engine, screw propellers for steamships,
etc.; Charles F. Bush, prominently identified
with the development of the dynamo, arc light
and storage battery; George Westinghouse,
inventor of air brakes for railway trains, etc. ;
Ottmar Mergenthaler, inventor of the linotype
machine.

Thomas Jefferson was one of the most re-
markable in\entors. Not only did he contrive
a plow which marked an epoch in the develop-
ment of that indispensable fanning implement,
but he was the originator of the copying press,
so familiar to everybody as a modern office
convenience, and likewise of the equally well
known revolving chair. Both of these devices
are to-day substantially what he made them.

In the early days there was a notable lack
of all those mechanical conveniences and nice
little utensils which are considered indis-
pensable in the kitchen nowadays. There was
not even an egg-beater or flour-sifter. In the
dwelling of one hundred years ago the
windows knew no screens to keep out flies and
mosquitoes. Perhaps there was a mirror, that
article of lu.xury being very costly.

Before "stocks" were invented o.xen had to
be thrown and tied and the shoes nailed on
while down. Joseph McCuUough was the first
to use stocks in Jefferson county.

The typewriter machine was distinctly an
epoch-maker. It opened an entirely new field
for women's work, creating an immense de-
mand for stenographers by making transcrib-
ing easier.

By no means to be forgotten is the improved
printing press, which, as developed for news-
pajjcr use, prints several colors at one im-
pression, folding, stitching and counting in an
hour twelve thousand supplements of twenty-
four pages each. One hmidred years ago the
entire process of making a book or newspaper
was done by hand — striking enough, though
less so than the circumstance that in those
days, and even at a much later period, the
adhesive stamp and the mailing envelope were
both unknown.

The Seven Wonders of the modern world:
First, wireless communication ; second, tele-
])hone; third, aeroplane; fourth, radium; fifth,
antiseptics and antitoxins ; sixth, spectrum

analysis; seventh, X-rays — all of practical
utility. Of the ancient wonders only one. the
Pharos, the four-hundred-foot lighthouse of
Alexandria, was a practical utility.

LI.ST OF I.WENTIONS, ETC., IN" CHRONOLOGICAL
ORDER*

About yo .\. D. the first glass bottle was
made by the Romans.

Horseshoes of iron were first made In 481.

Quill pens were first made in 538.

Glass windows were first used in 1 180.

Family names were first adopted in 1190.

Alcohol was discovered in the thirteenth
century.

Chimneys in houses were first used in 1236.

Lead pipes for conveying water, 1252.

Alexander del Spina made the first pair of
spectacles in 1285.

Tallow candles for lights, 1290.

Paper first made from linen, 1302.

Woolen cloth first made in England, 133 1.

First iron wire drawn at Nuremberg, 1351.

Muskets first used in 1370.

Side saddles were first used in 1380. Pre-
vious to that time women rode astride.

Art of painting in oil colors, 1410.
• Printing invented about 1440.

Pistols first used in 1444.

First printed almanac issued in Hungary,
1470.

Billiards invented in France, 1471.

Watches made in Germany, 1477.

The first book containing musical characters
was issued in 1495.

Bombshells first luade in Holland, 1495.

Variations of compass first noticed, 1540.

Pins first used in England, 1540.

Steel needles first made in England, 1545.

Covered carriages first used in England.
1580.

Circulation of blood discovered by Harvey,
1619.

Newspaper first printed. 1630.

First steam engine in\-ented. 1649.

First fire engine invented, 1649.

Advertisements first appeared in news-
[jajiers, 1652.

Buckles first made in 1680.

Under date of November 24, 1605, we find
the first reference to a thimble in literature,
when that useful article was mentioned as a
"thumb-bell." The man who introduced
lhim])les to England was lolin Lofting, a metal
worker of Holland, who settled in England in

* See al.so cliroiiologv of Iiulustrial .Xctivities,
in this chapter.

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

the latter part of the seventeenth century and
practiced their manufacture in various metals
with great success.

The first typewriter was made in 17 14, by
Henry Mills.

First cotton planted in the United States,

1759-

Steam engine improved by Watt, 1767.

The torpedo was first made in 1777.

Steam cotton mill erected, 1783.

Stereotype printing invented in Scotland,

1785.
Animal magnetism recognized by Mesmer,

1788.

Sabbath school established in Yorkshire,
England, 1789.

The pioneer use of gas for practical illu-
mination was in 1802.

In 1807 wooden clocks were made by ma-
chinery.

In 1809 Fulton patented the steamboat.

The pioneer mill to make finished cloth from
raw cotton was erected in Waltham, Mass., in

1813.

Velocipede invented by Drais, 1817.

Steel pens were first made in 1820.

First horse railroad built in 1826.

Coal oil first used as an illuminant, 1826.

Electro-magnetic telegraph invented by
Morse, 1832.

Vulcanized rubber was patented in 1838.

In 1840 Daguerre first made his pictures.

The express business was started about
1840.

The pioneer telegram was sent in 1845.

Stem-winding watches were the invention
,of Noel, 1851.

Roller skates were invented by Pimpton,
1863.

The telephone came into use in 1876, the
phonograph in 1878.

Cable and electric roads are new since 1880,
and so likewise is the bicycle, commercially
speaking.

When Mr. Edison was making the experi-
ments which finally resulted in the develop-
ment of the electric light, the general opinion
of scientists and practical mechanicians was
that he was attempting the impossible. In
earlier years, however, Morse had had great
trouble to persuade Congress to appropriate
the small amount of money required for test-
ing his telegraph between Baltimore and
Washington. Nearly everybody thought him
a crank, and he came very near to literal
starvation.

Up to within the last half dozen years ap-
plicants for patents on frying machines were

regarded by patent office examiners as in
much the same class with inventors of con-
trivances for perpetual motion.

Archimedes invented the crowbar.
Arkwright, the spinning frame.
Bacon (Roger), gunpowder (in England).
Caxton, first printing press in England.
Sir Humphrey Davy, the safety lamp.
Marconi, wireless telegraph.

. TELEPHONE

. In August, 1891, the Central District and
Printing Telegraph Company, of Pittsburgh,
Pa., erected a telephone line through Jeffer-
son county and into Clarion and Qearfield
counties. The main line ran from Punxsu-
tawney to Reynoldsville and to Clarion, with
a switch and a line to Du Bois. They estab-
lished pay stations at Punxsutawney, Big
Run, Reynoldsville, Brookville and Corsica,
Falls Creek and Du Bois, and now in 191 5
achievement in communication opens up amaz-
ing possibilities. The human voice, it seems,
can be carried wherever wireless waves can
travel — and that means everywhere — just as
freely as telegraphic dots and dashes. Presi-
dent Vail of the American Telegraph and
Telephone Company, has talked into a tele-
phone transmitter at New York and been
heard at San Francisco, over several hundred
miles of wire and through two thousand miles
of vacant space. That feat has been quickly
followed by a telephone conversation wholly
by wireless across a stretch of land and sea
four thousand nine hundred miles, from
Washington to Honolulu. It is now practic-
able to telephone through the ether from New
York to London, Paris, Berlin, Petrograd or
Constantinople, or from San Francisco to
Pekin or Tokyo. London statesmen might
communicate directly by word of mouth with
Egypt. India and South Africa. All that is
necessary is the installation of apparatus
already perfected.

THE FIRST ALMANAC

Foniid ill a Tomb, It Is Said to Date Back to
.-^hout 1200 B. C.

The first almanacs were of Arabian origin,
and reflected the local genius of the people in
a very striking way. They served as models
in other countries for hundreds of years. The
oldest known copy of such a work is pre-
served in the British Museum, and dates back

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

to the time of Rameses the Great of Egypt,
who lived 1,200 years before Christ. It is
written on papyrus, in red ink, and covers a
period of six years. The entries rehite to
religious ceremonies, to the fates of children
born on given days, and to the regulation of
business enterprises in accordance with plane-
tary influences. "Do nothing at all this day,"
is one of the warnings. "If thou seest any-
thing at all this day it will be fortunate," is
another entry. "Look not at a rat this day,"
"Wash not with water this day," "Go out not
before daylight this day," are some of the
additional cautions.

Next after this in point of age among the
existing specimens of ancient almanacs are
some composed in the fourth century. They
are Roman Church calendars, giving the
names of the saints and other religious infor-
mation. The Baltic nations, who were not
versed in papyrus-making, had calendars en-

graved on axe-helves, walking sticks and other
articles of personal use. The days were
notched with a broad mark for Sunday, and
the saints' days were symbolized in various
devices, such as a harp for St. David's, a
gridiron for St. Lawrence's, a lover's knot for
St. Valentine's, and so on. The Saxon
almanacs are numerous and contain historical
as well as ecclesiastical entries.

The first printed almanac was issued in
Hungary in 1470.

It is possible to trace in these curious records
all the changes of popular belief and taste.
They were prepared to meet the current de-
mand and to constitute a systematic story of
what took place in successive periods and how
knowledge increased with the revolving years.
We owe to them most that we know of the
people for whom they were made and by
whom they were indorsed.

CHAPTER IV

PIONEER EXPLORERS AND SETTLERS

1NDI.\N TRAILS, THE WHITE M.\n's P,\TH — D.WID AND JOHN MEADE ME.\DE S PACKHORSE TRAIL

PIONEER SETTLEMENT IN THE NORTHWEST — PIONEER EXPLORERS AND SETTLERS

Previous to the white man's advent here
this wilderness had public highways, but they
were for the wild animals and savage Indians.
These thoroughfares were called "deer paths"
and "Indian trails." These paths were usually
well beaten, and crossed each other as civilized
roads do. The first trail discovered and
traversed by the white man was the Indian
Chinklacamoose ("where moose meet") path,
extending from what was Clearfield town to
what is now Kittanning. This Inrlian trail
passed through Punxsutawney, and over it
and through this Indian town Allegheny In-
dians carried their white prisoners from the
eastern part of the .State to what was then
called Kittany, on the .Allegheny river. Indian
trails were "bee lines," over hill and dale, from
j)oint to point. Here and there were open
spots on the summits, where runn,ers signaled
their coming by fires when on urgent business,
and were ])romptly met al slated places by
fresh men.

D.WID .\ND JOHN MEADE MEADe's TRAIL

From a most careful and thorough search
to ascertain when the first jiath or trail of the

white man was made through or in what is now
our county, I find it to be in the year 1787. In
this year of grace two hardy and courageous
men, David and John Meade, were living in
what is now Sunbury, Pa., where John was
keeping an inn or tavern. These two brothers,
having read Gen. ( leorge Washington's report
to Governor Dinwiddle, of Virginia, of the
rich lands and \alleys that were unoccupied
in what is now called \'enango and Crawford
counties, Pa., determined to explore that
region for themselves. To reach this unin-
habited section they were compelled to open
a path from east to west, through what is
now called Jefferson (then Northumberland)
county, and which path is now called in history
"Meade's Trail." This trail passed through
what are now West Reynoldsville, Port Piar-
nett and P.rookxillc, down near .Mlgeier's
brewery and across the creek at White Street
l)ridge.

I'lONEER SETTLEMENT IN NORTHWEST

These men, with their goods packed on
four horses, j)assed through where lirookville
now is in 1788, and settled in and around

JEFFERSOxN COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

what is now Meadville, then Allegheny county.
Meade's trail commenced at the mouth of
Anderson's creek, near Curwensville, Clear-
field Co., Pa., and over this trail until 1802
all transportation had to be carried into or
through this wilderness on packsaddles by
packhorses. A packhorse load was from two
liundred to three hundred pounds. In 1802-03
the first wagon road, or old Milesburg and
Waterford State road, was opened for travel.
The Meade settlers in Crawford county in
1788 comprised the pioneer permanent set-
tlement in northwestern Pennsylvania.

Of the pioneer settlers who came over this
trail and settled in what is now Jefferson
county I will give a brief account. In 1800
Joseph Barnett and Samuel Scott settled forty
miles west of Curwensville, Clearfield county.
They were men of great energy and industry,
and soon made valuable improvements. They
built a sawmill, which was a great help to the
people, providing them with boards, etc. They
settled among the Indians of the Seneca tribe,
who were, however, civil. Joseph Barnett was
a very eccentric, high-minded man, and took
a leading part in all the business transactions
of the day, a man long to be remembered by
those who knew him. Shortly after their mill
was made, perhaps as early as 1802, Henry
Fir. a German, and a number of other families
settled on the west of Mill creek, Jacob Mason.
L. Long, John Dickson, P'reedom Stiles, and
a very large negro by the name of Fudge \^an
Camp, whose wool was as white as the wool
of a sheep and whose face was as black as
charcoal, and yet he was married to a white
woman. He was fine-featured and thin-lipped.

Fudge Van Camp was born a slave, but pur-
chased his freedom after he served as a
teamster in the Revolutionary war. He came
to Port Barnett from Easton. Northampton
Co., Pa., in the winter of 1801, traveling
this distance on foot. The la.st thirty-three
miles were made without food, in a heavy
snowstorm and in a two-foot fall of snow.
Van Camp was a large and pow-erful man. but
gave out ,and had to work his way for the
last mile or two on his hands and knees to
Port [tarnett. He arrived there at midnight
exhausted and almost frozen. He came over
what was then called the Military or Miles-
burg & Le Boeuf State road. Being pleased
with the coimtry, he returned to Easton only
to migrate here with his four children, bring-
ing his effects on two horses, and settled on
what is now the Ray McConnell farm. He
brought appleseeds with him and planted
them on his farm, this being the first effort

to laise fruit in this wilderness. Some of
the trees are still living. Fudge Van Camp
married a white woman. She died in Eas-
«-ton. His family consisted of two sons and
two daughters. Richard and Enos, Susan and
Sarah. Susan married Charles Sutherland,
and Sarah married William Douglass, who
was a hunter. Richard married Ruth Stiles,
a white woman, and left the county; he was
the great-grandfather of Tom and Tobias
Enty. Fudge Van Camp was the only colored
person living in the county as late as 1810.
He was a fiddler and a great fighter, and was
the orchestra for all the early frolics.

In about 1802 John Scott came to the county
and settled on the farm where Corsica now
stands; about 1805 Peter Jones, John Roll
Sr., the Vasbinder families and Elijah Gra-
ham; and in 1806 John Matson and some
others settled near where Brookville now
stands. In the southern part of the county,
near Mahoning, John Bell settled at an early
day. He was a man of iron will and great
perseverance, afraid of neither man nor beast,
and was a mighty hunter. Moses Knapp was
also an early settler. "Port Barnett," as the
settlement of Barnett and Scott was called,
was the only stopping place from Curwensville
for all those who came in 1801-02 through or
for the wilderness over the "trail." We
imagine that these buildings would have a
very welcome look to those footsore and weary
travelers — an oasis in the desert, as it were.

In the year 1801, with a courage nothing
could daunt, ten men left their old homes and
all the comforts of the more thickly settled
and older portions of the eastern part of the
State for the unsettled wilderness of the more
western part, leaving behind them the many
associations which rendered the old homes so
dear, and going forth, strong in might and
firm in the faith of the God of their fathers,
to plant homes and erect new altars around
which to rear their young families. Brave
hearts beat in the bosoms of those men and
women who made so many and great sacri-
fices in order to develop the resources of a
portion of country almost unknown at that
time. When we look abroad to-day and see
what rapid strides have been made in the
march of civilization, we say all honor to our
forefathers who did so great a part of the
work. It would be difficult for those of the
present day to imagine how families could
move upon horseback through an almost un-
broken wilderness, with no road save an
"Indian trail." the women mounted upon
horses, the cooking utensils, farming imple-

jfeFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

merits, sucli as hoes, axes, ploughs and shovels,
together with bedding and provision, placed
on what were called packsaddles, while fol-
lowing upon foot were the men with guns^
upon their shoulders, ready to take down any
small game that might cross their path, which
would go toward making up their next meal.
.'\fter a long and toilsome journey these
pioneers halted on their course in what was
then called Armstrong county (now Clarion
county), and they immediately began the clear-
ing of their lands, which they had purchased
from Gen. James Potter, of the far-famed
"Potter Fort," in Penn's Valley, in Centre
county, familiar to every one who has ever
read of the terrible depredations committed
by the Indians in that part of the country at
an early period of its history.

During the first two years after the settle-
ment the people had to pack their flour upon
horseback from Centre, Westmoreland and In-
diana counties ; also their iron and salt, which
was ten dollars per barrel; iron was fifteen
cents per pound. Cofifee and tea were but little
used, tea being four dollars per pound, coffee
seventy-five cents. Those articles were con-
sidered great luxuries, both from the high
price at which they came, and the difficulties
attending their transportation through the
woods, following the Indian trail. As to
vegetables and animal food, there was no
scarcity, as every one had gardens and the
forest abounded with wild game. These
dense forests were the abode of wild animals
and game in greater numbers than almost any
other part of the country. Panthers, bears
and wolves roamed the woods, the deer
traveled about in droves, and flocks of wild
turkeys were numerous. There were alw'ays
some expert huntsmen who kept the settle-
ment supplied with meat. Those who were
not sure shots themselves would go to work
for a hunter, while he would go out and supply
his less fortunate neighbor. I knew one
hunter who killed one hundred and fifty deer
and twenty bears in the first two years of the
settlement, besides any amount of small game.
Many, however, got along badly, some having
nothing but potatoes and salt for substantials.

When people began to need barns and larger
houses, one would start out and invite the
whole country for miles around, often going
ten or twelve miles, and then it often took two
or three days to raise a log barn, using horses
to help to get up the logs.

PIONEER EXPLORERS AND SETTLERS

In regard to the first settlement and early
history of the county I have made diligent
research, and find, what is not unusual, some
conflicting accounts and statements. These
I have endeavored to compile, arrange and
harmonize to the best of my ability.

From the best information I am enabled to
gather and obtain, .Andrew Barnett and Sam-
uel Scott were sent in 1795 by Joseph Barnett,
who was then living in either Northumberland,
Lycoming or Dau]ihin county, Pa., to explore
the famous region then about French creek
(now Crawford county. Pa.). But when
these two explorers reached Mill creek, now
Port Barnett, they were forcibly impressed
with the great natural advantages of the place
for a sawmill. They stopped over two or three
days to examine the creek. They explored
as far down as to where Summerville now is,
and after this careful inspection concluded
that this spot, where "the lofty pine leaned
gloomily over every hillside," was just the
ideal home for a lumberman. They went no
farther west, but returned east, and informed
Joseph Barnett of their "Eureka." In the
spring of 1/97 Joseph and Andrew Barnett,
Samuel Scott and Moses Knapp came from
their home at the mouth of Pine creek, then
in Lycoming county, to the ideal millsite of
Andrew, and so well pleased were they all
that they commenced the erection of the
])ioneer cabin and mill in the wilderness, in
what was then Pinecreek township, Lycoming
county. The cabin and mill were on the pres-
ent site of Humphrey's mill and grounds at
Port Barnett. The Indians assisted, about
nine in number, to raise these buildings, and
not a stroke of work would these savages do
until they had eaten up all the provisions Air.
Barnett had. This took three days. Then the
rascals exclaimed, "Me eat, me sleep ; now me
strong, now me work." In the fall of the same
year Joseph Barnett returned to his family,
leaving his brother Andrew and Scott to
finish some work. In a short time thereafter
.\ndrew Barnett became ill and died, and was
buried on the north bank of the creek, at the
junction of .Sandy Lick and Mill creek, Scott
and two Indians being the only attendants at
the funeral. Joseph Barnett was, therefore,
soon followed by Scott, who was his brother-
in-law, bringing the melancholy tidings of this
event, which for a time cast a gloom over the
future prospects of these sturdy pioneers.

In 1798, however, Josejib Barnett, Scott

SKOI iVOiST.OJ M^aiix
XONJl 'uoxsv

)iaOA -Vv'i;c aui

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

and Knapp returned, a married man by the
name of Joseph Hutchison coming out with
them, and renewed their work. Hutchison
brought his wife, household goods, two cows
and a calf, and commenced housekeeping,
and lived here two years before Joseph Bar-
nett brought his family, who were then living
in Dauphin county. Hutchison is clearly the
pioneer settler in what is now Jefferson
county. He was a sawyer. In that year the
mill was finished by Knapp and Scott, and in
1/99 there was some lumber sawed. In the
fall of 1800 Joseph Barnett brought his wife
and family to the home prepared for them
in the wilderness. Barnett brought with him
two cows and seven horses, five loaded with
goods as packhorses and two as riding or
family horses. His route of travel into this
wilderness was over Meade's trail.

The packsaddle was made of four pieces of
wood, two being notched, the notches fitting
along the horse's back, with the front part
resting upon the horse's withers. The other
two were flat pieces, about eighteen by five
inches. They extended along the sides and
were fastened to the end of the notched pieces.
I have ridden on them.

The first boards were run in 1801 to what
is now Pittsburgh. About four thousand feet
were put in a raft, or what would be a two-
platform piece. Moses Knapp was the pioneer
pilot. (See biography of Moses Knapp.)

The first white child born in the county was
I. P. Barnett. The next person that came
here was Peter Jones. He settled on the farm
owned by the late John McCullough, and the
next was a Mr. Roll, who settled on the farm
lately owned by John S. Barr. Then came
Fudge Van Camp (negro), who built his
cabin on the farm now owned by Ray Mc-
Connell ; and then .'Kdam Vasbinder, who
settled on the fami at the present time owned
by Samuel Bullers. William \'asbinder
pitched his tent on the Kirkman homestead.
Ludwick Long put up his wigwam on the
j)lace now the site of the County Home. Here
Long erected a distillery, and the great dragon
first opened his mouth and cast out his flood
of water in the wilderness. John Dixon came
next. He was our first schoolmaster. The
school cabin was built on the County Home
farm ; built of round logs, and oiled jiaper was
used for glass. Everything had to be carried
from the settlements on horseback ; glass was
too easily broken to try to bring it so far. The
second school cabin was built on the south
side of the pike, at the forks of the Ridgway
road. Here the first graveyard was laicl out.

and the first person buried in it was a child
of Samuel Scott.

I may not be able to give the names of all
the early settlers and the date of their arrival,
but John, William and Jacob Vasbinder
reached here about the year 1802 or 1803,
John Matson, Sr., about 1806, and the Lucases
soon after. John and Archibald Bell settled
in the southern part of the county about 1809
or 1 8 ID, and that locality was then an un-
broken wilderness for miles around. Archie
Hadden came and settled a mile sotitheast of
them about 1812, and in 1815 Hugh McKee
settled half a mile east of Perrysville. Jacob
Hoover came in 1814 and settled at the pres-
ent site of Clayville. John Postlethwait, Sr.,
came in 1818 from Westmoreland county, and
located with his family a mile and a half north-
west of Perrysville. A family by the name of
Young settled about two miles west of this
place about the same time. People began to
settle in the vicinity of Punxsutawney about
the year 1816, the first being Abram Weaver,
and Rev. David Barclay, Dr. John W. Jenks
and Nathaniel Tindle, with their fainilies, and
Elijah Heath arrived there about 1817 or
1818. Charles C. Gaskill. Isaac P. Carmalt,
John B. Henderson and John Hess came some
time later. About 1818 David, John and
Henry Milliron settled 'on Little Sandy, and
Henry Nolf located on the same stream, where
Langville now stands, and erected a sawmill.
In 1820 I^wrence Nolf came to Pine run, two
miles south of Ringg'old, but made no improve-
ment, and afterwards sold to John Miller, who
opened up a farm. Hon. James Winslow and
others were also among the first settlers in
the neighborhood of Punxsutawney. James
McClelland and Michael Lantz came into the
southwestern part of the county, within the
limits of what is now Porter township, pre-
vious to the year 1820. William Stewart and
Benjamin McBride made a settlement in the
Round Bottom, west of Whitesville, in 182 1,
and in the same year James Stewart came and
located three miles northwest of Perrysville.
The year 1822 brought a number of families to
the county, among whom were the following:
David Postlethwait, who purchased Stewart
and McBride's right of settlement in the
Round Bottom, and settled with his brother.
John, on Pine run, who had preceded him
there ; John McHenry, James Bell, and some
others who moved into the Round Bottom,
near Whitesville, and a Mr. Baker, who settled
across the creek east of Whitesville ; Jesse
.■\rmstrong and Adam Long, the former locat-
ing near where Clayville now is, and the latter

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PEXXSVLN^ANIA

at a place near Piiiixsiitawiiey ; John Fuller,
who settled near Keyiiolcls\ille ; and Samuel
New-come, who settled on Pine run, ahout
a mile above the Postlethwaits. .In 1823 John
Mcintosh and Henry Keys settled in Beech-
woods, now Washington township, and the
year 1824 brought Alexander Osborn. John
McGee, Matthew and William .McDonald,

Andrew Smith, John Wilson, William Cooper
and W'illiam McCullough were also among
the first settlers in the northeastern part of
the county. More about these, and other
names of early settlers, will be found in that
part of this history devoted to the different
towns and townships. See also Biography of
Joseph Barnett.

CHAPTER V

FORESTS, STREAMS AND LAND
PIONEER INDUSTRIES, HOMES AND CUSTOMS

GEOGR.\PHY AND TOPOGR.\PIIV ELEV.\TIONS IN COUNTY — DRAINAGE INDIAN AND PIONEER

NAMES OF STREAMS — TREES — LU.MBERING AND R.VFTING NAVIGATION COMPANIES— PIONEER

FLATBOATS, TIPPLES, ETC. — ACTS OF ASSEMBLY RELATING TO STREAMS — PIONEEK AGRICUL-
TURE MAPLE SUGAR MAKING — TAR BURNING PIONEER WAGONS — HOW THE PIONEER

BOUGHT HIS LAND PIONEER HOMES OF JEFFERSON COUNTY PIONEER FOOD AND CLOTHING

PIONEER PRICES FOR LABOR AND FOOD — PIONEER HABITS AND CUSTOMS — PIONEER EVEN-
ING FROLICS — PIONEER MUSIC SCHOOLS AND SINGING MASTERS IN JEFFERSON COUNTY —
LEGAL STATUS OF WOMEN IN PIONEER TIMES

Those Pennsylvania forests — slender maple, stately
pine,

Mighty oak and beech and cheslnut, 'round whose
trunks the wild vines twine !

And the scarlet-fruited cherry, and the locust, wliite
with bloom,

.^nd the willow, drooping sadly, o'er (perchance) a
forest tomb.

Oh, those leafy, silent forests with stra'V sunbeams
shifting through.

Where soaring wild birds send their songs far-
echoing to you !

GEOGR.VPHV .\Nr) TOPOC,R.\PII Y

The original boundary lines of Jefferson
county inclosed an area of more than one
thousand square miles, embracing much of
what is now Forest and I'.lk counties, beyond
I he Clarion river. At what time the present
boundaries were erected is not certain. There
arc no mountains in the county, but the sur-
face is hilly, like the rest of northwestern
Pennsylvania, uniformly broken; and while
one valley cannot be said to be the exact
counterpart of another, nor the streams be
considered of e(|ual size and importance, yet
the type of the topograi)hy is the same wher-
ever we look at it. and any one part of the
county, therefore, is in this respect a picture
of the whole. The rocks pertain to the series
of coal measures lying on the outskirts of the
Pittsburgh coal basin. Iron and coal are in
abundance, the latter in every part of the

county. The soil in the valleys is in many
places highly fertile, but the great body of the
county cannot lie rated above second quality.

The height above tide of the upland sum-
mits ranges from twelve hundred to eighteen
hundred and eighty feet. They are lowest at
the southern end of the county, and highest
at the northern end. There is one notable
exception in Jefferson county, however, to the
prevailing rule in this section : The southeast
corner borders on the high tableland of the
Chestnut Ridge anticlinal, whose summits
frequently attain an elevation of two thousand
feet ; and some few [loints in Gaskill town-
ship rise nearly to that height ; but these points
are related more closely to the topography of
Indiana and Clearfield counties than to that of
Jefferson, which is in fact a mere continuation
of that prevailing throughout Clarion. Arm-
strong anfl western Indiana counties.

ELEVATIONS

The following table shows the height above
sea level or tide of the various points men-
tioned :

Feet

Port Barnett above sea level, 1,225

f 'illman above sea level. 1,880

['errysville above sea level, 1,170

W'inslow above sea level, 1,6.^6

Horatio above sea level, 1,21 r

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

Feet

Falls Creek above tide, 1,405

Evergreen above tide, 1 ,398

Magee's (Sandy Valley P. O.) above tide, 1,387

Panther Run above tide, 1,386

Reynoldsville above tide, 1,377

Prior Run above tide, 1,366

Prindible above tide, 1,360

McAnnulty's Run above tide, 1,359

Camp Run above tide, 1,341

Fuller's above tide, 1,327

Wolf Run above tide, 1,319

Iowa Mills above tide, 1,299

Bell's Mills above tide, 1,268

Brookville Tunnel, east end above tide, 1,242

Brookville Station above tide, 1,235

Coder's Run above tide, 1,223

Puckerty Point above tide, 1,214

Rattlesnake Run above tide, 1,207

Baxter above tide, 1,206

Troy (Summerville) above tide, 1,186

Heathville above tide, 1,161

Patton's above tide, 1,131

Knox Dale above tide, 1,655

Panic above tide, 1,800

P.eechtree above tide, 1,618

Sugar Hill above tide, 1,598

Allen's Mills above tide, 1,575

Rarnsaytown above tide, 1,524

Belleview above tide, i ,485

Conifer above tide, 1,309

From Falls Creek to Ridf/zi-'ay

\ear Falls Creek Station above tide, 1,406

Surface of ground, McMinn's Sum-
mit (McMinn's Summit is the

Boon Mountain divide) above tide, 1,625

Hrockwayville above tide, 1,466

Ordinary low water in Little Toby. above tide, 1,441

On the main Ridgway Road above tide, 1,451

Mouth of Little Toby Creek above tide, 1,321

(Ordinary water level)

Big Run above tide, 1,287

Sykesville above tide, 1,350

Punxsutawney above tide, 1,225

Alony Clarion Rher*

Hallton above tide, 1,290

Millstone (Bell's Mills) above tide, 1,240

Clarington above tide, 1,220

Cooksburg above tide, 1,186

Mill Creek above tide, 1,120

* These are the elevations of the bridges crossing
the river at the places given.

DK.MNAGE

The drainage of Jefferson county is all west-
ward towards the Ohio river, through ( i ) the
Clarion river at the north end of the county,
(2) Red Bank creek in the center, and (3)
Mahoning creek on the south. Each of these
streams has its own complex system of tribu-
taries, each with its own system of small
branches and branchlets ; and thus the surface
of the whole county is broken into hills. It is
abundantly watered, having on the south
Mahoning creek, on the west Little .Sandy
Lick creek and Big Sandy Lick creek, whose

branches stretch across the county. Clarion
river, or Toby's creek, with its many and
large ramifications, intersects the northern half
of the county in every direction.

The Clarion and Mahoning flow on the
borders of the county, and are less important
to it than the Red Bank, which is the principal
stream. Its water basin is unsytnmetrical on
the two sides, a much larger part of its drain-
age coming in from the north than from the
south. Excepting indeed from the Little Sandy
branch, its basin on the south side would be
confined pretty much to the hills which over-
look the creek ; whereas towards the north its
far-reaching arms extend to what is now the
Elk county line.

Red Bank creek in the original maps and
drafts of Jefferson county bore the name of
Sandy Lick, which name is still retained for
its main branch, coming from Clearfield
county, along which the Bennett's Branch
railroad is laid. The creek assumes the name
of Red Bank at Brookville, where Sandy Lick
unites with the North Fork, and both branches
carry enough during floods to float rafts and
logs.

Little Sandy, before alluded to as occupying
the southwestern part of the county, is a
rafting stream.

The volume of water, however, in all the
streams, large and small, is extremely irregu-
lar, varying as it does from stages of high
flood when the larger streams are destructive
torrents, to stages of almost complete exhaus-
tion during periods of severe drought. This
extreme of variability is largely the conse-
quence of the porous and loose condition of
the surface rocks, which thus copiously yield
water so long as they hold it. In exceptional
years, after a succession of prolonged
droughts, there is a dearth of water in all parts
of the county.

The Red Bank-Mahoning divide in the
southeast corner of the county crosses from
Clearfield at a point nearly due east of Rey-
noldsville. Thence it follows an irregular
southwest line, around the heads of Elk run,
and around the heads of Little Sandy. Para-
dise settlement stands at the top of it ; so do
Shamoka, Oliveburg and Frostburg. Porter
post office at the southwest end of the county
marks the top of the divide in that region.

The Red Bank-Clarion divide on the north
enters Jefferson south of Lane's Grove, where
one branch of Rattlesnake run takes its rise.
After passing Brockwayville the watershed is
forced almost to the edge of Little Toby(iralley,
as will be seen on examination of a county

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

map. Along the last-named stream it jasses
into Elk county, where curving about the heads
of the North I'^ork (_Red Bank system), it
returns again to Jefl'erson, whence, closely
skirting the Clarion river, it runs southwest
of Sigel. There it turns sharply about and
next sweeps around the head of Big Mill
creek, extending thence south to within a few
miles of the Red liank valley. It therefore
describes a semicircle in northern Jefferson,
stretching from one side of the county to the
other.

I\DI.\N AND PIONEER NAMES OF STREAMS

Where skimmed the Indian bark.
And the song of the boatman re-echoed through
the forest.

■ Seneca

Da yon on dah teh go wall (Big Toby or
Alder) gab yon hah da (creek). Big Toby
creek.

Da yon on dah teh we oh (Little Toby, or
-Mder) gab yon hah da (creek), Little Toby
creek.

Oh non da (I'ine) gab yon hah da (creek).
Pine creek.

Oh twenge ah (red) yob non da (bank) gab
yon hah da (creek), Red Bank creek.

Oh ne .sab geh jab geh gab yon hah da.
Sandy Lick creek.

Ga de ja hah da gab nos gab yon hah da,
Mahoning creek.

Oh to weh geh ne gab yon hah da. North
Fork creek.

Oh nab da gon, ,\mong the Pines.

its original name was changed to Red Bank,
by which it has been known by the oldest
inhabitant now living in the region through
whicli it flows. Perhaps the change ma}' have
l)een suggested by the red color of the soil of
its banks many miles up from its mouth."

Tangawunsch-hanne, North Fork, meant in
the Indian tongue Little Brier stream, or
stream whose banks are overgrown with green
Ijrier.

The reason why Toby creek was subse-
quently called Clarion river was because there
were no less than three or four Toby creeks
in Pennsylvania. There was one in Monroe
county, one in Luzerne, and one in V'enango,
which is now Clarion. Now, Tobyhanna, or
Toby creek, is corrupted from Topi-hanna,
signifying alder stream, that is, a stream
whose banks are fringed with alders. I find
also that the Clarion river was called by the
Delawares (iavvunsch-hanne ; that is, brier
stream, a stream whose banks are overgrown
with briers. There seems to be an incongruity,
but the probabilities are that farther down in
what is now Clarion county the stream was
()\ergrown with alder bushes. Mahoning is
a corruption of Ma-onink, and signifies where
tliere is a lick, or at the lick ; sometimes a
stream flowing there or near a lick. This
name is a very common one for rivers and
places in the Delaware country, along which
or where the surface of the ground was
covered with saline deposits, provisionally
called "licks," from the fact that deer, elk,
liuffalo and other animals frequented these
places and licked the salt earth. Mabonitty
signifies a small lick, and Ma-oning a stream
flowing from or near a lick.

Delaware

TREES

Topi-hannc — Toby creek. 1749, Riviere au
Fiel — Gall river.

Ma-onink — Mahoning.

Tangawunscli-hanne — North b'ork.

Legamwi-banne — Sandy creek. Riviere au
\'ermillon. 1740 — Red Bank.

"Lcgamwi-mahonne means a sandy lick
creek; that is, Sandy Lick, which was 'the
name of this stream as late as 1792, from its
source to its mouth, according to Reading
Howell's map of that year. It bore that name
even later. P,y the act of Assembly, March
21, 1798, 'Sandy Lick or Red Bank Creek'
was declaretl to be .-i ])ublic stream or high-
way 'from the mouth up to the second or great
fork.' The writer has not been able to ascer-
tain just when, why, or at whose suggestion

There are many curious trees in the world,
'i'lie "'cow tree" is a native of Venezuela. It
reaches a great height, has leaves resembling
those of the mountain laurel, and can live
entirely without moisture for six or seven
months. When incisions are made in the
trunk a stream of milk gushes ovit. This is
of a thick, creamy consistency and has a balmy
fragrance. If let stand a .short time it turns
thick and yellow and soon liecomes cheese.

The ''tallow tree." or "candle tree," is found
on the island of Malabar and the ."^outh Sea
islands. The fruit is Jieart shaped, and about
as I.-irge as ;i walnut. The seeds of the fruit
when boiled ])roducc a tallow. This is used
by the natives both as food and for candles.

The "life tree" grows in Jamaica. It gets

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

its name from the fact that if the leaves are
broken from the plant they nevertheless con-
tinue to grow. Nothing will destroy their life
except fire.

A tree in the province of Goa, Malabar
coast, western India, is called the "sorrowful
tree." It is so called because it weeps every
morning. It flourishes only in the dark. At
sunset no flowers are visible, but as soon as
darkness falls the whole tree becomes a
bovver of bloom. With the rising sun the
flowers dry up or drop oft", and a copious
shower falls from the branches.

Our forests were originally covered by a
heavy growth of magnificent timber trees of
various kinds. Pine and hemlock predom-
inated. Chestnut and oak grew in some locali-
ties. Birch, sugar maple, ash and hickory
occupied a wide range. Birch and cherry
trees were numerous, and "linwood," cucum-
ber and poplar trees grew on many of the hill-
sides, with butternut, sycamore, black ash and
elm on the low grounds. We had a cucumber
tree and a leather tree.

In all, about one hundred varieties of trees
grew here. Our forests have become the prey
of the woodman's ax. There has been no
voice raised efi'ectively to restrain the destruc-
tion, wanton as it has been, of the best speci-
mens of the pine which the eye of man ever
saw, the growth of hundreds of years felled
to the ground, scarified, hauled to the streams,
tumbled in, and floated away to the south and
east and west for the paltry pittance of ten
cents a foot. Oh that there could have been
some power to restrain the grasping, wasteful,
avaricious cupidity of man, or some voice of
thunder crying, "Woodman, woodman, spare
that tree ! That old familiar forest tree, whose
glory and renown has spread over land and
sea. and wouldst thou hack it. down?"

But they are gone, all gone from the moun-
tain's brow. The hands, also that caused the
destruction are now moldering into dust, thus
exemplifying the law of nature, that growth
is rapidly followed by decay, indicating a
common destiny and bringing a uniform
result. And such are we. It is our lot thus
to die and be forgotten.

The southern portion of Jefferson county
was mostly covered with white oak, black oak.
rock oak, chestnut, sugar, beech and hickory.
The rock areas of northern Jefferson were
covered with pine and hemlock, with scarcely
a trace of white oak. There is still a consid-
erable quantity of marketable hemlock left.
White oak, chestnut, sugar, beech and hickory
were the principal kinds of wood on the cleared

lands, white oak being found mostly on the
high uplands. There were four kinds of
maple, four of ash, five of hickory, eight of
oak, three of birch, four of willow, four of
poplar, four of pine, and from one to three
of each of the other varieties. The following
arc the names of all of them: Sweet bay,
cucumber, elkwood, long-leaved cucumber,
white basswood, toothache tree, wafer ash,
spindle tree, Indian cherry, feted buckeye,
sweet buckeye, striped maple, sugar maple,
white maple, red maple, ash-leaved maple,
staghorn sumach, dwarf sumach, poison elder,
locust, coffee nut, honey locust, judas tree,
wildplum, hog plum, red cherry, black cherry,
crabapple, cockspur, thorn, scariet haw, black-
thorn, Washington thorn, service tree, witch-
hazel, sweet gum, dogwood, boxwood, sour
gum,'sheepberry, stagbush, sorrel tree, spoon-
wood, rose bay, southern buckthorn, white
ash, red ash, green ash, black ash, fringe tree,
catalpa, sassafras, red elm, white elm, rock
elm. hackberry, red mulberry, sycamore, but-
ternut, walnut, bitternut, pignut, kingnut,
shagbark, white hickory, swamp white oak,
chestnut oak, yellow oak, red oak, shingle
oak, chinquapin, chestnut, ironwood, lever-
wood, beech, gray birch, red birch, black
birch, black alder, speckled alder, black willow,
sandbar willow, almond willow, glaucous wil-
low, aspen, two varieties of soft poplar, two
varieties of cottonwood, two varieties of neck-
lace poplar, lirioderidron (incorrectly called
poplar), white cedar, red cedar, white pine,
hemlock, balsam, fir, hickory, pine, pitch pine
or yellow pine, red pine, Virginia date, and
forest olive. In addition to the above were
numerous wild berries, vines, etc.

Many of these trees were lofty, magnificent,
and valuable, and were not surpassed in any
State in the Union. The State schoolbook of
1840 taught that two of our varieties were dis-
tinctive and peculiar to Pennsylvania, viz., the
cucumber and umbrella tree, or elkwood. I
will stop to say here, that the woods then were
full of sweet singing birds and beautiful
flowers; hence some old pioneer called the
settlement "Paradi,se."

For the last fifty years a great army of
woodmen have been and are yet, to-day,
hacking down these "monarchs of the forest,"
and floating or conveying them or their prod-
uct to market. I need not mentiou our tan-
neries or sawmills of to-day. But now

Look abroad: another race has filled these mountain

forests, wid^ the wood recedes,
,\nd towns shoot up, and fertile lands are tilled by

hardy mountaineers.

[EFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

LUMBERINc; AND RAFTING

The lumber trade of Jefferson county was
once a great business, and it has now entirely
disappeared. The first act that Joseph Bar-
nett did after erecting a cabin home was to
erect a sawmill on Mill creek. This was in
1797. His sawmill was primitive, raised by
nine Indians and five white men.

The earliest form of a sawmill was a "saw
pit." In it lumber was sawed in this way:
Two men at the saw, one man standing above
the ]jit, the other man in the pit, the two men
sawing the log on trestles above. Saws are
prehistoric. The ancients used "bronzed
saws." Sawmills were first run by "individual
power," and waterpower was first used in
Germany about 1322. The primitive water
sawmill consisted of a wooden pitman attached
to the shaft of the wheel. The log to be sawed
was placed on rollers, sustained by a frame-
work over the wheel, and was fed forward on
the rollers by means of levers worked by
hand. The pioneer sawmill erected in the
United States was near or on the dividing line
of Maine and New Hampshire, in 1634.

Our early up-and-down sawmills were built
of frame timbers mortised, tenoned, and
pinned together with oak pins. In size these
mills were from twenty to thirty feet wide and
from fifty to sixty feet in length, and were
roofed with clapboards, slabs or boards. The
running gear was an undershot flutter wheel,
a gig wheel to run the log carriage back, and a
bull wheel with a rope or chain attached to
haul the logs into the mill on and over the
slide. The capacity of such a mill was about
four thousand feet of boards in twenty-four
hours. The total cost of one of these up-and-
down sawmills when completed was about
three hundred dollars for iron used and two
hundred dollars for the work and material.
Luther Ceer, an old pioneer, built about
twenty-eight of such mills in Jefferson county.

Moses Knaj)]) was the pioneer pilot on Red
l!ank creek. The pi(jneer board raft contained
about eight thousand feet of boards. Pilots
received but two dollars per trip and found;
common hands but one dollar per trip and
found. In 1833 a common hand for rafting
on Red Bank creek was paid one dollar and
fifty cents and cx])eiises. In 1866 a pilot for
one trip on Red Bank creek received twenty
dollars and exi)enses, a common hand ten dol-
lars for a trip and ex])enses. They wore red
and blue flannel shirts with .-igate shirt but-
tons decorated in fantastic siia^ies over them.
The pioneer pilots steered the raft then with

the front oar. The pioneer oars and stems
were then hewn out of a single dry pine tree.
Elijah M. Uraham was the first to saw oar
blades separate from the stem.

The first lot of lumber which Barnett and
Scott sent down the Red Bank was a small
platform of timber with poles instead of oars
as the jjropelling power.

The first flat-boat that descended Red Bank
was piloted by Samuel Knapp, in full Indian
costume. In 1832 or 1833 two boats went
down loaded with sawed lumber owned by
Uriah Matson, which found a good market in
Cincinnati, with the proceeds of which Matson
purchased the goods with which he opened his
store at Brookville.

Up to 1840 there were but two or three
gristmills in the county, but more than four
times as many sawmills, and the export of the
county was lumber solely, unless venison hams
be included. Two million feet of white pine
boards, etc., were cut in 1830 and rafted down
the Big Mahoning, Red Bank or Sandy Lick
creeks, and Clarion river, to the Allegheny
river, and thence to Pittsburgh and other
towns on the Ohio.

Lumbering was carried on very moderately
until about 1847, when some ex])erienced
"Yankees'" in that line from Maine and New
York came into the county and engaged in the
industry, giving it quite an impetus. In
1854 the lumber trade of the Red Bank valley
was estimated at over twenty million feet ; on
the North Fork there were twenty-two saws
cutting ten million ; on Sandy Lick and its
branches, twenty saws, cutting ten millions;
and on Red Bank and Little Sandy, fifteen
saws, cutting three million five hundred
thousand : total estimate, forty-three million
five hundred thousand feet. To this may be
added at least five million shingles, and about
one million two'hundred thousand feet linear
or square feet of timber, or about three mil-
lion cubic feet.

Before the creation of the Red I'ank and
Mahoning Navigation Comiianies, rafting,
owing to the obstructions in the channel, etc..
was extremely difficult and hazardous, but
these companies expended large sums to re-
move obstructions and otherwise improve the
streams. Before this was done board rafts
run out of Red Bank contained from twenty
thousand to twenty-five thousand feet ; the
stream imiiroved, they contained in many
instances fifty thousand.

On the Clarion river and its tributaries there
was m.arketed annually not less than thirty
million feet of boards, 'i'his outi)Ut, in con-

o
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g

XO\=T 'J0J.3V

XHOA /Viji.; H.ii

ir^ >-EV/ YORK

PiJ^UC LIBRARY

ASTOF?, L^NOX

/'I

'' VlfJ/f

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

uection with the timber float, made the trade
on that river worth over four hundred thou-
sand dollars. You will see from this review
that the annual trade from these streams
exceeded one million dollars. In addition,
millions of shingles were marketed, and five
or six flat boats were marketed each year.

At the spring flood of i(S69. seventy-four
board and three hundred and fifty timber rafts
were run out of Red Bank, containing over
two million five hundred thousand feet of
boards, and six hundred thousand of square
timber.

In 1872 there were run ont of Red Bank,
from the waters of Sandy Lick, North Fork,
Little Sandy and Red liank. nine hundred and
seventeen timber, and five hundred and seventy
board rafts. The timber rafts from the three
former streams averaged sixteen thousand
feet per raft, and those from Little Sandy, one
thousand feet ; the board rafts ran from
twenty-five thousand to fifty thousand, mak-
ing a total nm for the year of one million five
iiundred thousand feet of square timber, and
twenty million feet of boards. These com-
prised the "runs" of one hundred and fifty
individuals and firms, averaging from one to
one hundred rafts each.

In 1873 eight of the principal lumber firms
on the North Fork, .*>andy Lick and Red Bank
sent to market four hundred and twenty-eight
board rafts, containing from thirty thousand
to fifty thousand feet per raft, and over one
hundred timber rafts. The largest of these
rafts came from the mill of .\. Bell & Co., on
.^andy Lick. To this should be added the
product of the Mahoning and Little Toby, of
whicJi no statistics are ol)tainal>ie.

On March 30. 1877, the output in the .Sandy.
Xorth h'ork and Red Bank was as follows :
Sandy — C. M. & J. Mr Garri.son, three mil-
lion, five thousand feet; Mill Creek — R. J.
Niciiolson, four million feet ; North Fork —
Jackson, Moore & Co., three and a half mil-
lion feet: Five Mile nm — R. D. Taylor, two
million feet ; Sandy — N. Carrier & Co., ex-
ceeding two million feet ; -Sandy — Andrews
& O'Donnel, one million feet ; North Fork —
T. K. Litch, one and a half million feet ; Sandy
— A. Bell & Son, three million feet : Mill
creek — J. Humphrey, one million feet.

The last square timber raft run on the
Clarion was taken down in 1900. The raft
was from Wynkoop's, owned by James O'Har-
rah and piloted by William Boyd.

The last great output was in 1903. when
fort\- million feet were run to market. Of
this ereat run over thirt\- million feet was

white oak. This was the last run of white
oak.

Keelboating and steamboating ceased on
the .Allegheny river in 1868.

Rafting a trip from Brookville to the Alle-
gheny river required less than two days, a
week was usually spent at the mouth in free-
ing rafts from the gorge and rearranging them
for the three days' run from the mouth to
Pittsburgh, and it was customary to "gorge"
all rafts at the mouth of Red Bank creek
instead of running them out into the river
and there coupling them up for the run to
Pittsburgh. (Jne who has never seen the ex-
tensi\e lumbering business of those days or one
of these gorges at the mouth can form no idea
of its extent or importance. I cannot describe
what I have seen there in the way of "jam
and gorge," and I do not believe any old pilot
or lumberman can. Flatboats, board and tim-
ber rafts were jammed so closely in these
gorges at the mouth that they bridged the
stream completely frequently for a mile, some
places two or three rafts deep. In this mael-
strom rafts were frequently turned upside
dow-n and others were torn to pieces. When
a raft and crew reached this point, on the
creek, the front oar had to be unshijiped and
the crew run and jump for their lives. Any
old pilot in Brookville can verify these facts.
This gorge always caused great loss andangrs'
dis[)Utes among our lumbermen. .About 1866
they developed in lumbering so far as to keep
the channel partly open and "coupled up" all
rafts in the river.

The lowest price paid for timber was 2 2-3
cents ])er cubic foot. This was in 1846. The
highest price per cubic foot was 27 cents.
This was paid in 1863. In 1857 good pine
lumber sold from seven to twelve cents per
cubic foot. The lowest price paid for boards
was three dollars per thousand in 1826-1836.
The highest price per thousand was thirty
dollars, in 1864.

X.WIG.VTIOX COMPANIES

The Red Bank Navigation Company was
incorporated by an act of the Legislature May
17, 1854, by which Thomas K. Litch, Thomas
Reynolds, Daniel Smith, Darius Carrier and
Patrick Keer were appointed commissioners
to carry out the provisions of said act.

The third section of the act gave the com-
pany power to clean and clear the Red Bank,
Sandy Lick and North Fork from all rocks,
bars and other obstructions ; to erect dams and
locks ; to bracket and regulate all dams now

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

erected; to regulate the chutes of dams; to
control the waters for purposes of navigation ;
to levy tolls not exceeding one and one-fourth
cents for each and even^ five miles of improved
creek, per thousand feet of boards or other
sawed stuff, for every fifty feet, lineal
measure, of square or other timber. These
tolls were to be collected at the mouth of Red
Bank, or at such other points as was deemed
necessary. This section also provided for the
appointment of officers and agents to carry the
provisions of the bill into effect.

Under the provisions of this act the streams
were greatly imjiroved, and during the first
three years the tolls collected amounted to over
three thousand dollars, the greater part of
which sum was expended in improving the
channels.

The company was organized August 2, 1856,
by electing Thomas K. Litch, president ; P.
Taylor. C. H. Prescott, Michael Best and R.
J. Nicholson, directors, and Paul Darling,
secretary.

The last officers, elected in 1S82, were: T.
K. Litch, president; S. S. Jackson, N. Carrier,
Jr., G. B. Carrier and Abel Fuller, directors.

Thomas K. Utch was continued as president
from August 2, 1856, until August 18, 1866,
when I. G. Gordon was elected. He held the
office until December 27, 1873, when Mr. Litch
was again elected, and remained the president
until his death in 1882.

A. L. Gordon was appointed secretary,
treasurer and collector, October 27, 1886, and
served a couple of years, until Qiarles Corbet
was appointed to perform these duties.

In 1830 Robert P. Barr came to Brookville,
and about 1832 bought what is now the Cook
mill site and two hundred acres of land on the
North Fork. In 1834-35 he built an up-and-
down sawmill near where the present mill
stands, and in 1836 erected a gristmill, on the
location of the present one. I knew Mr. Barr
well. He was a good business man for that
day, and was a useful citizen. In addition to
running his sawmill and gristmill he manu-
factured brick. In 1849 he sold out to Thomas
K. Litch and others, and moved to the State
of Iowa.

Mr. Litch moved to Brookville in 1850. His
sawmill was destroyed by fire in 1S56, but was
at once replaced by him with a better one. The
new mill had a circular saw, the first one used
in Jefferson county. Mr. Litch plotted .some
of his land lying in the borough, and sold it off
in lots, in what is now called "Litchtown."
For the period of three years before the saw-
mill closed down Mr. Cook in operating the

property carried some eight hundred men on
his pa}»roll.

Good-bye, old mill. I have seen and heard
you all my life.

The Mahoning Navigation Company was
created under an act of Assembly July 31,
1845. There was no organization, but an act
of assembly of August 10, 1858, under
which, an organization was effected and which
continued until the industry ceased.

PIONEER FL.ATEO.\TS, TIPPLES, ETC.

The pioneer keelboat built on these western
waters was made at Pittsburgh in 1811, the
"New Orleans." The first river steamboat
was built in 18 17.

The pioneer boats in what is now Jeft'erson
county were built at Port Barnett for the trans-
portation of Center county pig metal. In 1830
they were built on the North Fork for the
same purpose. In after years, about 1840
when tipples were used, boats were built and
tipples erected at the following points, viz. :
At Findley's, on Sandy Lick, by Nieman and
D. S. Chitister; at Brookville, by John Smith;
at Troy, by Peter Lobaugh ; at Heathville, by
A. B. Paine and Arthur O'Donnell; at the
mouth of Little Sandy, by William Bennett;
at Robinson's Bend, by Hance Robinson. This
industry along Red Bank was maintained by
the charcoal furnaces of Clarion and Arm-
strong counties. The boats were sold at the
Olean bridge at Broken Rock, and sold again
at Pittsburgh for coal barges. Some of the
boats were sold for the transportation of salt
to the South from Freeport. The industrj^ on
Red Bank ceased in the fifties.

Anthony and Jacob Eshbaugh built scaffolds
and boats for the dealers on Red Bank. The
pioneer boat was sixteen feet wide and forty
feet long. These boats were always built from
the best lumber that could be made from the
choicest timber that grew in our forests. Each
gunwale was hewed out of the straightest
pine tree that was to be found, viz., twenty-
eight inches high at the "rake," fourteen
inches at the stern, ten inches thick,
and forty feet long, two gunwales to a
boat. The ties were hewed six inches thick,
with a six-inch face, mortised, dovetailed and
keyed into the gimwale six feet apart. The
six "streamers" for a boat were sawed three
by twelve inches, sixteen feet long, and
"pinned" to the ties with one pin'in the middle
of each steamer. These pins were made of
white oak one and a half inches square and ten
inches long. The plank for the "bottoms" was

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

first-class white pine one and a half inches
thick, and pinned to the streamers and gun-
wales with white oak pins, calked with flax or
tow. All pioneer boats were built on the
ground and turned by about ten men — and a
gallon of whisky — over and on a bed made of
brush to keep the planks in the bottom from
springing. All boats were "sided up" with
white oak studding two and a half by five
inches and six feet (high) long. Each stud-
ding was mortised into a gunwale, two feet
apart. Inside the boat a siding eighteen inches
high was pinned on. These boats were sold
in Pittsburgh, to be used as coal barges for
the transportation of coal to the lower Missis-
sippi. The boats were manned and run by
two or three men, the pilot always at the stern.
The oar, stem and blade wefe made the same
as for ordinary rafts. The pioneer boats were
tied and landed with halyards made of twisted
hickory saplings. The size of these boats in
1843 was eighteen feet wide and eighty feet
long, built on tipples similar to the present
method. The boats are now made from one
hundred and twenty to one hundred and fifty
feet long and from twenty to twenty-four feet
wide, and from spliced gunwales.

More than sixty years ago boats were built
on the Big Toby at Maple creek, Cooksburg,
Clarington, Millstone, Wynkoop. Spring
creek, Irvine and Ridgway. The pioneer
boat was probably built at Maple Creek by
William Reynolds. The pioneer boats were
gems of the art as compared with those made
to-day. Now the gunwales are spliced up of
pieces to make the required length, and the
•boats are made of hemlock. The industry,
however, is carried on more extensively on
the Clarion now than ever for the same market.

From this time, as has been the case for
several years past, the boat bottom will be of
hemlock, patched of many pieces, spiked to-
gether instead of built with long oak pins, and
will have to be handled with care to ser\^e the
purpose. Of this kind of boat bottoms there
is small danger of scarcity.

ACTS OF ASSEMBLY RELATING TO STREAMS

In 1850 the waters of what is now called the
Clarion river were as clear as crystal, pure as
life and gurgled into the river from the moun-
tain springs. In early times this river was
called Stump creek. It was called Toby's
creek as early as 1758, and as late as i860. In
an act of the Legislature of 1822 authorizing
the erection of a dam, the stream was called
"Toby's creek, otherwise called Clarion."

In 1855-56 there was one colored teamster
in Ridgway, viz., Charles Matthews. He
also rafted on the Clarion river and a famous
pilot he was, too. On his return trips he had
to pass through Jeft'erson county. In 1856 he
was subpoenaed to our court on a liquor case.
Charles was put on the stand and asked if the
defendant ever sold him any liquor. His
answer was, "Yes sah, I have bought a little
medicine at times." "Well, what did you do
with the medicine?" Matthews slowly said,
"Well sah, up in Ridgway where I comes from
when we has to take medicine, sah, we gen-
erally drinks it, and I reckon, sah, I takes dis
medicine dataway."

The Red Bank is not the same old stream
that it used to be when I was a boy. It's not
the same old bank I strolled along, whistling
notes of joy. •

In 1798 Red Bank was designated by legal
statute as Sandy Lick, but later, by common
acceptance, the name Sandy Lick was applied
to that portion above where the North Fork
unites, and Red Bank from Brookville to the
mouth.

There was a flood in this stream in 1806
which reached eight or ten feet up the trees
on the flats.

One thousand dollars was appropriated by
the act of Assembly "making appropriations
for certain internal improvements," approved
March 24, 1817, for the purpose of improving
this creek, and Levi Gibson and Samuel C.
Orr were appointed commissioners to superin-
tend the application of the money. By the
act of April 4, 1826, "Sandy Lick, or Red Bank
Creek," was declared a public highway only
for the passage of boats, rafts, etc., descending
it. That act also made it lawful for all persons
owning lands adjoining this stream to erect
milldams across it, and other waterworks along
it, to keep them in good repair, and draw off
enough water to operate them on their own
land, but required them to make a slope from
the top, descending fifteen feet for every foot
the dam is high, and not less than forty feet
in breadth, so as to afford a good navigation,
and not to infringe the rights and privileges of
any owner of private property.

An act declaring the rivers Ohio and .Alle-
gheny, and certain branches thereof, public
highways :

"Section i. Be it enacted, etc.. That from
and after the passing of this act, .... Toby's
Creek, from the mouth up to the second fork
(now Clarion river, and Johnsonburg was th^
second fork), .... Sandy Lick, or Red Bank
creek, from the mouth up to the second great

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

fork, lie, and the same arc lu-ifl)y tleclarcd to
be, public streams and liighways for tlie ]jas-
sagc of boats and rafts; and it sh.all and may
be lawful for the inliabitants or others
desirous of using the na\igation of the said
river and branches thereof to remove all
natural obstructions in the said ri\er and
branches aforesaid." Passed March 21. 1798.

The first fork was at ISrookville's site, the
second great fork, which is the North Fork,
at Port liamett.

iiSoS, — l!ig Mahoning declared a public
highway from its mouth up to the mouth of
Canoe creek, and ])erniission given and
regulated to erect dams in said creek.

1N17. — Two hundred dollars a]Ji)ropriated
by the .'^tate "for the purpose of im]iroving
tile na\igation of Toby's creek."

iSf". — .\ppropriation l)y the Slate of eight
hundred dollars "for the pur]iose of removing
obstructions in Big Mahoning creek, and im-
proving the navigation of the same between
the mouth of Little Mahoning ;uid the con-
fluence of said creek with the ri\er .\1-
legheny."

1S17. — One tlKJHsand dollars .ipproprialed
by the Stale "for the ])ur])0se of improving the
na\igatioii of Red Pinik creek from the mouth
thereof as far up as it is declared na\igable."

iSjO. — .Sandy Lick creek declared ;i i)uhlic
highway up to Henry X'lilf's s,-[\\inill in the
county of Jefferson.

1826. — .Sandy Lick or Red iiank creek de-
clared a ])ublic highway from the eastern
boundary of Jefferson county to its mouth, for
the i)assage of descending l)oats. rafts, etc.:
;uid ])ermission granted, and regulations
prescribed, for the erection of d.inis in said
creek,

1828. — Little Toby's creek, in llie cnuiities
of Clearfield and Jefferson, from the mouth of
John ShafTer's mill run, on the main branch
of Toby's creek, and from the forks of I'.randv
Camp for Kersey creek) to the Clarion river,
declared a public highway for the jiassage of
rafts, boats and other craft, and permission
given to erect and regulate dams on s.'iid
creek.

1833. — North Fork creek, in Jefferson
county, from its mouth to Ridgway, declared a
I)ublic highway.

1833. — llig Mahoning creek declared a
])ublic highway from the mouth of Canoe
creek to the forks of Stun)]) creek in Jefferson
county.

1842. — Chutes of dams on the Red li.ink
and .Sandy Lick creek to be twenty feet long
for every one foot high.

1845. — fncorporation of the Mahoning
.Vavigation Company authorized, and J. W.
Jenks, \\ illiam Campbell and James Torrence
ajjpointed commissioners to procure books,
solicit subscriptions and organize the coiupany,

1846. — An act relating to datiis and ob-
structions in the Clarion river.

The act. No. 189, declaring Little Toby's
creek, Black Lick creek. Little Oil creek, and
Clark's creek public highways :

"Section 1. Be it enacted, etc.. That from
;ind after the passage of this act Little Toby's
creek, in the counties of Clearfield and Jeffer-
son, from the mouth of John Shaffer's mill
run, on the main branch of Toby's creek, and
from the fork of Brandy Cami) (or Kersey
creek) to the Clarion river, .... be, and the
same are hereby declared, public highways for
ihe passage of rafts, boats, and other craft,
and it shall and may be lawful for, etc.'' The
same jjrovisions followed here as in No. 129.

"Approved — the fourteenth day of .Ajiril,
A. D. one thousand eight hundred and twenty-
eight.

"J. A.N'DVV. SCHULZIi,

"Governor."

By the act of .\ssembly of March 21, 1S08,
Mahoning creek was declared to be a jniblic
highway for the ])assage of rafts, boats and
other \essels from its confluence with the .Alle-
gheny river to the mouth of Canoe creek, in
Indiana county. That act authorized the
inh,-d)itants along its banks, and others desirous
of using it for navigation, to remove all
natural ,ind artificial obstructions in it, excejjt
dams for mills and other waterworks, and to
erect slo])es at the mill- and other dams, which
luust be so constructed as not to injure the
works of such d.ims. .\ny person owning or
possessing lands .along this stream had the
liberty to construct dams across it, subject,
however, to the restriction and provisions of
the general act authorizing the riparian owners
to erect dams for mills on navigable streaius.
\\'illi;im Travis and Jose])h ^Llrshall were
;ipl)ointed to sii])(Tinleiid the ex])endilure of
eight hundri-il dollars for the improxement of
ibis stre.ini, ;iuthorized by the act of March
24, 1817, to whom ail order for their services
for two hundred and one dollars was issued by
the commissioners of this countv December 2"?,
1818.

The act of Legislature, No. 129, detlaring
part of Big M.ahoning creek a public highway,
ai)])roved .April 13, 1833. reads as follows:

".Section 2. From and after the passage of
this act. thai part of Big Mahoning creek in

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

Jefferson county, from the mouth of Canoe
creek, in said county, is hereby declared a
public highway for the passage of rafts, boats,
and other crafts ; and it shall and may be law-
ful for persons desirous of using the navigation
of said creek between the jjoints aforesaid
to remove all natural and artificial obstruc-
■tions from the bed or channel of said
creek, except dams for mills and other water-
works, and also to erect such slopes at the
mill- or jother dams on said creek as may be
necessary for the passage of rafts, boats, and
other vessels. Provided, such slopes be so
constructed as not to injure the works of such
dams. And ])rovidcd also, that any person or
persons owning or possessing lands on said
creek shall have liberty to construct any dam
or dams across the same, agreeably and sub-
ject to all the restrictions and ])rovisions of an
act of the tieneral .\ssembly of this Common-
wealth, passed the twenty-third day of March,
one thousand eight hundred and three, entitled
'.\n Act to authorize any person or persons
owning lands adjoining navigable streams of
water declared public highways to erect dams
on such streams inr mill and other water
works.' "

An act, No. 64, declaring the North Fork of
Sandy Lick creek, in the county of Jefferson
from the mouth thereof to Ridgway, in said
county, a public highway, was ajjproved the
thirteenth day of March, A. D. one thou.sand
eight hundred and thirtv-three, bv Cov. George
Wolf.

PIONEER AGRICliLTtJRE

For many years after its establishment the
county was largely a hunting ground for
whites and Indians. But gradually agriculture
came to have its ])lace among the important
industries.

For convenience in description I may here
state that the soil of Jefferson county was
covered in sections with two dift'erent growths
of timber, viz.: Sections of oaks and other
hardwood timber, with imderbrush anfl sap-
lings — some of these sections were called the
barrens ; and sections covered with a dense
and hea\y growth of pine, hemlock, poplar,
cucumber, liass, ash. sugar and beech, with
saplings, down timlier and underljrush in great
])rofusion. The mode of clearing in these
different sections was not the same. In the
first mentioned or sparsely covered sections
the preliminary work was grubbing. The
saplings and underbrush had to be grubbed up
and out with a mattock and piled in brush
])iles. One man coulfl usually grub an acre

in four days, or the work could be let as a job
for two dollars ])er acre and board. The
standing timber then was usually girdled or
deadened, and allowed to fall down in the
crops from year to year, to be chopped and
rolled ill hea|)s every spring. In the dense or
heavy growth timber the preliminary work was
underbrnshing, cutting the sapling close to the
ground, piling the brush or not, as the neces-
sity of the case seemed to require. The second
step was the cutting of all standing timber,
which, too, had to be brushed and cut into
twelve- or fifteen-foot lengths. This latter
work was always a winter's job for the farmer,
and the buds of these falling trees made
excellent browsing feed for his cattle. In the
spring-time, after the brush had become
thoroughly dry, and in a dry time, a good
burn of the brush, if possible, was ob-
tained. The next part of the process was
logging, usually after harvest. This required
the lal)or of fi\e men and a team of oxen —
one driver for the o.xen and two men at each
end of the log-heap. Neighbors would
"morrow" with each other, and on such
occasions each neighbor usually brought his
handspike. This was a round pole, made of
lieech, dog or iron wood, without any iron on
or in it, about six feet long, and sharpened at
the large end. Logs were rolled on the spike
over skids. Sometimes the cattle were made
to draw or roll the logs on the heap. These
Ijiles were burned, and the soil was then ready
for the drag or the triangular harrow. I have
looked like a negro many a time while working
at this logging. Then money was scarce,
labor jjlenty and cheap, and amusements few,
hence grubbing, chopping, and logging
"frolics" were frec|uent and popular. For each
frolic one or more two-gallon jugs of whisky
would be indispensable. A jolly good time
was had, as well as a good dinner and supper,
and every one in the neighborhood expected
an invitation.

As there was a fence Ijiw then, act of 1700,
the ground had to lie fenced, according to this
law, "horse-high, bull-strong, and hog-tight,"
Efforts were made by the pioneer to enforce
this law in four ways. viz. : First, by slashing
tree's and placing brush upon the trees ; second,
l)v using the logs from the clearing for the
])urpose of a fence; third, by a post and rail
fence, built straight, and the end of each rail
sharjiened and fastened in a mortised ])Ost ;
fourth, by the common rail or worm fence.
These rails were made of ash. hickory, chest-
nut, linn and pine. I have made them by con-
tract jirice myself.

TEFFERSOX COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

The Pennsylvania fence law of 1700 was
repealed by an act approved June 23, 1885.

IMPLEMENTS

The tools of the pioneer were the ax, six-
inch auger, drawing knife, shaving knife,
hroadax and crosscut saw. These were all
used in the erection of his shelters. The dex-
terity of the pioneer in the sleight and use of
the ax was remarkable, indeed marvelous. He
used it in clearing land, making fences, chop-
ping firewood, cutting paths and roads, build-
ing cabins, bridges and corduroy. In fact, in
all work and hunting, in traveling by land, in
canoeing and rafting on the water, the ax
was ever the friend and companion of the
pioneer.

one solid piece. The plough was all cast iron,
except the beam and handles. The importance
of this invention was so great that it attracted
the attention of ploughmakers and scientific
men all over the country. Thomas Jefferson
(afterwards president of the United States)
wrote a treatise on ploughs, with a particular
reference to the Newbold plough. He de-
scribed the requisite form of the moldboard,
according to scientific principles, and calculated
the proper form and curvature of the mold-
board to lessen the friction and lighten the
draught.

The Newbold plough would have been
Ijerfect had it not been for one serious defect.
When the point, for instance, was worn out,
which would soon be accomplished, the plough
was ruined and had to be thrown aside. This

ox YUKl-. A\|i 11 \ LAN I 1 I-

The early axes were called pole-axes. They
were rude, clumsy and heavy, with a single
bit. About 1815 an improved Yankee single-
bit ax was introduced, but it was too clumsy.
In about 1825 the present doubk>l)itted ax
came to be occasionally used, and machinery
began to be used a little in agriculture, but not
in Jefferson county until after 1840.'

I have seen wooden ploughs, but I have
seen them with the iron shoe pointed and
colted. These were still in use in the late
thirties. I have driven an ox-team to the drag
or triangular harrow. This was the ]irinci]ial
im|)lcnK-nt used in seeding ground, l)oth liefore
and after the introduction of the shovel-]5lough
in 1843.

The greatest improvement ever made on
j)loughs, in this or any other country, was made
Ijy Charles Newbohl, of P.urlinglon, N. J., and
patented in IJV/- 1 he nioki-lioard, share,
landslide and point were all cast together in

defect, however, was happily remedied by
Jethro Wood, who was the first to cast the
plough in sections, so that the parts most
exposed to wear could be replaced from the
same jjattern, by which means the cast-iron
ploughs became a complete success. His
plough was patented in 1819, twenty-two years
after Newbold's patent. It is a wonder that
so long a time should have elapsed before any
one thought of this improvement. These two
men did more for the farmers in relation to
ploughs than any others before their time.

In harvest time the grain was first reaped
with a sickle ; then came the cradle. In my
boyhood all the lying grain thrown down by
the storms was still reaped with a sickle. I
carry the evidence of this on my finger. A
day's work was about two acres. McCormick
perfected his reaper in 1848. Grain was
usually threshed by a flail, though some
tramped it out with horses. By the flail ten

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

bushels of wheat or twenty bushels of oats
was a good day's work. Men who traveled
around threshing on shares with the flail
charged every tenth bushel, including board.
The tramping was done by horses and by
farmers who had good or extra bam floors.
The sheaves were laid in a circle, a man stood
in the middle of the circle to turn up and over
the straw as needed, and then, with a boy to
ride one horse and lead another, the "tramp-
ing" in this circuit commenced. This was hard
work for the boy ; it made him tired and sore
where he sat down. I know this from ex-
perience. To prevent dizziness, the circuit
was frequently reversed. One man, a boy and
two horses could tramp out. in this way, in a
day about fifteen bushels of wheat or thirty-
five bushels of oats. Grain was cleaned by
means of two hand riddles, one coarse and one
fine. These riddles had no iron or steel about
them, the bottom of each being made of
wooden splints woven in. The riddles were
two and a half feet in diameter and the rings
about four inches wide. Three men were re-
, quired to clean the grain — one to shake the
riddle, while two others, one at each end of a
tow sheet, doubled swayed the sheet to and
fro in front of the man shaking the riddle.
These three men, in this way, could clean
about ten or fifteen bushels of wheat in a day.
This process was practiced in the early twen-
ties. Windmills came into use about 1825.

HAYING IN THE OLDEN TIME

Haying in the old days was a much more
formidable yearly undertaking than it is to
modern farmers. Before the era of labor-
•saving haying implements farmers began the
work early in the day and season, and toiled
hard until about September. Human muscles
were trained to exert a force equal to the then
unused horsepower. On large farms man
"hands" were required. Haying was an event
of importance in the farmer's year. It made a
great demand upon his time, strength, and
pocketbook. His best helpers were engaged
long in advance, sometimes a whole season.
Ability to handle a scythe well entitled a man
to respect while haying lasted. Experts took
as much pains with the scythe as with a razor.
Boys of today have never seen such a sight as
a dozen stalwart men mowing a dozen-acre
field.

On the first day of haying, almost before
the sun was up, the men would be at the field
ready to begin. The question to be settled at
the very outset was as to which man should

cut the double. This was the first swath to be
cut down and back through the center of the
field.

The boys brought up the rear in the line of
the mowers. Their scythes were hung well in,
to cut a narrow swath. They were told to
stand up straight when mowing, point in, keep
the heel of the scythe down and point out
evenly, so as not to leave hog troughs on the
meadow when the hay was raked up. Im-
■ patient of these admonitions, they thought they
could mow pretty well and looked ambitiously
forward to a time when they might cut the
double. I always worked in the rear line.

Undoubtedly, life on a farm is full of labor
and solicitude, but so is life in every other vo-
cation. The farmer has to fight a constant
battle with insects, the elements, the sharpers,
the railroads, etc.. but every other man has
the same sort of battle to fight with just as
dangerous enemies.

Thirty-nine out of every forty lawyers,
sixty-one out of every sixty-two bankers,
ninety-one out of ever}' ninety-three mer-
chants, eighty-seven out of every eighty-eight
manufacturers and capitalists, and ninety-nine
out of every hundred in all other professions
and trades, die in poverty and bankruptcy,
while, on the other hand, one hundred and
forty-nine out of every one hundred and
fifty farmers die surrounded with comfort and
plenty.

It might be proper to say here that the first
agricultural society in America was organized
in Pennsylvania in 1784.

M.\PLE SUGAR MAKING

One of the pioneer industries in Jefferson
county was maple sugar making. Maple sugar
was first made in New England in 1752. The
sugar season commenced either in the last of
February or the first of March. In any event,
at this time the manufacturer always visited
his camp to see or set things in order. The
camp was a small cabin made of logs, povered
usually with clapboards, and open at one end.
The fireplace or crane and hooks were made
in this way: Before the opening in the cabin
four wooden forks were set deeply in the
ground, and on these forks was suspended a
strong pole. On this pole was hung the hook
of a limb, with a pin in the lower end to hang
the kettle on. An average camp had about
three hundred trees, and it required six kettles,
averaging about twenty-two gallons each, to
boil the water from that many trees. The

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

trees were ta])pe(l in \arious ways: First,
with a three-c|uartcr-iiK-h aiifjer, one or two
inches deep; in this hole was put a round s])ile
about eighteen inches long, made of sumach
or whittled pine, two spiles to a tree. The
later way was by cutting a hollow notch in the
tree and putting the sjiile below with a gouge.
This spile was made of pine or some other
soft wood. When a boy I lived over five years
with loscpli and James McCurdy, in what is
now \Vashington township. Indeed, all I say
here about this industry I learned from and
while with them. At the camp there were
always from one to three storage troughs made
of cucumber or poplar, and each trough held
from ten barrels uinvard. Three hundred trees
required a storage of thirty barrels and steady
boiling with six kettles. The small troughs
under the trees were made of pine and cucum-
ber and held from three to six gallons. We
hauled the water to the storage troughs with
one horse and a kind of "jjung," the barrel
being kept in its ]ilace by ])lank just far enough
apart to hold it tight. In the fireplace there
was a large backlog and one a little smaller in
front. The fire was kc])! up late and early with
smaller wood s])lit in lengths of about three
feet. We boiled the water into a thick syru]),
then strained it through a woolen cloth while
hot into the syru]) barrel. When it had set-
tled, and Iiefore putting it on to "sugar off,"
we strained it the second time. During this
sugaring we skimmed the scum ofi with a tin
skimmer and claril'ied the syrup in the kettle
with eggs well beaten in sweet milk.

The "sugaring off'' was always done in
cloudy or cold days, when the trees wouldn't
run "sap." (.)ne barrel of sugar water, from
a sugar tree, in the beginning of the season,
would make from five to seven pounds of
sugar. The sugar was always made during
the first of the sea.son. The sugar was made
in cakes, or "stirred off" in a granulated con-
dition, and sold in the market for from six
.-md a (luarler to twelve and a half cents a
])0und. In "sugaring off," the syru]) had to be
fre(|iiently samjiled by dropping some of jt in
a tin of cold water, and if the molasses formed
a "thread" that was brittle like glass, it was
fit to stir. I was good at sampling, and always
anxious to try the syruj), as James McCurdy
could substantiate. In truth, I was never very
lunigry during sugar making, as 1 had a con-
tiinial feast during this season of hot syruj).
treacle and sugar.

Skill and attention were both necessary in
"sugaring off," for if the syrup was taken off
too soon the sugar, was wel and tough, and if

left on too long, the sugar was burnt and
bitter. With the passage of time this industry
has died out in our section. In the census
chapter of 1S40 you will find how many pounds
of maple sugar were manufactured in each
township and the sum total in pounds for the
comity.

While ma])le sugar making has passed in
Jefferson county, it still is quite an important
industry in many jiarts of the country.

Maple beer used to be quite common, and
was a delightful beverage. A little yeast added
to rich maple-water caused it to ferment
quickly and by proper handling become a clear,
sparkling drink, which was often flavored with
spruce, juniper evergreen and other agreeable
and health fid herbs, roots or flowers.

TAR-BURNING

Among the pioneer industries was tar-
burning. Kilns were formed and split fagots
of pitchpine knots were arranged in circles and
burned. The tar was collected by a ditch
and forced into a chute, and from there
barreled. John Matson, Sr., marketed on rafts
as high as forty barrels in one season. Free-
dom .Stiles was the king "tar-burner." Pioneer
])rices at I^ittsburgh for tar was ten dollars a
barrel.

IMONICiCK W.\CONK IN JEFFERSON COUNTY

1^'or many years there were extremely few
wagons and but ])Oor roads on which to use
them. The early vehicles were the prongs of a
tree, a sled made of saplings, called a "pung,"
and oxcart. In fact, about all the work was
done with oxen, and in driving his cattle the
old settler would halloo with all his might and
swear jjrofusely. This profanity and hallooing
were thought to be necessary. The pioneer
sled was made with heavy single runners, the
"bob" sled being a later innovation, viz., about
I X40.

The pioneer wheeled vehicle made in what
is now Jefferson county was a wooden ox-
cart, constructed by Joseph Barnett in i(Soi.
The wheels were sawed from a large oak log,
and a hole was chiseled in the center for the
hickory axle. Walter 1>mpleton, a very in-
genious man, and forced to be a "jack-of-all-
trades" for the ])eoi)le who lived in what is
now I'^ldred township, made two wooden
wagons in 1829, one for himself and one for
his neighbor, Isaac Matson. These wagons
were all wood excei)t the iron linch-pin to keej)
llic wheel in place. The wheels were solid.

takim; oiT A TiMi:i:i: mk k

JIAKIXC MAPLE yUGAU

Vr.T. ^T'-' YCRK
PUBLIC Lii:-;.ARY

TILDl^ F;i-.DJ IONS

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

and were sawed from round oak logs. The
hind wheels were sawed from a larger log, and
a hole was chiseled in the center of each for
the axle.

Matson hauled, in 1830, the stone spa wis
for our pioneer jail in his wagon, with two
large black oxen, called "Buck" and "Berry."
Matson's compensation was one dollar and
fifty cents a day and "find" himself.

Draying in those days was usually by two
oxen and a cart ; but Daniel Elgin bought
these black oxen from Matson, and used one
of them for some time for a one-ox dray in
Brookville.

The pioneer tar to grease these axles was
made in this way ; Pitchpine knots were split
fine and dropped into an iron kettle; a piece of
board was then placed over the mouth of the
kettle, and then the kettle was turned u])side
down over a little bed of earth prepared for it.
This bed had a circular drain around it. and
this circular drain had a straight one. with a
spout at the end. Everything being completed
for the burning, the board was taken from
under the kettle, and the kettle was then
covered with fagots. The wood was fired and
the heat from the fire boiled the tar from the
split knots and forced it into and through these
drains, from the spout of which it was caught
in a wooden trough.

now THE PIONEER UOUGHT HIS I..\ND

"By an act of the Legislature, passed April
I, 1784, a sale of lands was authorized. The
Second section of this law provides that all
lands west of the Allegheny mountains shall
not be more than three jiounds ten shillings for
every one hundred acres. Section Four pro-
vides that the quantity of land granted to one
person shall not exceed four hundred acres ;
section Six provides for the survey and laying
out of these lands, by the surveyor general or
his deputies, into tracts of not more than five
hundred acres and not less than two hundred
acres, to be sold at public auction at such times
as the 'Supreme Executive Council may
direct.'

"When all claims had been ]xiid. 'in specie.
or money of the State,' for patenting, survey-
ing, etc., a title was granted to the purchaser.
In case he was not ready or able to make full
payment at the time of purchase, by paying
all the fees appertaining thereto, he was
allowed two years to complete the payment, by
paying lawful interest, and when the last pay-
ment was made, a comjileted title was given.

"By the act of April 8, 17S5, lands were sold

by lottery, in portions not to exceed one thou-
sand acres to each applicant. Tickets, com-
mencing with number one, were put on a
wheel, and the warrants, which were called
'Lottery Warrants,' issued on the said ap-
plications, were severally numbered according
to the decision of the said lottery, and bore
date from the day on which the drawing was
finished.

"Section Seven of this act allowed persons
holding these warrants to locate them upon
any piece or portion of unappropriated lands,
the land upon each warrant to be embraced
in one tract, if possible.

"On the 3d of April, 1792, the Legislature
passed an act for the sale of lands, which, in
some respects, difi^ered from the laws of 1784
and 1785. It offered land only to such persons
as shall settle on them, and designated the kind
and duration of settlement. By section Two
of this act all lands lying north and west of
the Ohio and Allegheny rivers and Conewango
creek, except such ]5ortions as had been or
should be ai)i)ropriated to public or charitable
uses, were offered to such as would 'cultivate,
improve, and settle upon them, or cause it to
be done, for the price of seven pounds ten
shillings for every hundred acres, with an
allowance of six per centum for roads and
highways, to be located, surveyed and secured
to such purchasers, in the manner hereinafter
mentioned.' Section Three provided for the
surx'eying and granting of warrants, by the
surveyor general, for any quantity of land
within the said limits, to not exceed four
hundred acres, to any person who had settled
upon and improved said land.

"The surveyor general was obliged to make
clear and fair entries of all warrants, in a
book to be pro\ided for the purpose, and any
applicant should be furnished with a certified
ropy of any warrant upon the payment of one
(|uarter of a dollar.

"In this law the rights of the citizen were so
well fenced about, and so equitably defined,
that risk and hazard came only at his own.
But controversies arising, concerning this
law. between the judges of the State courts
and those of the United .States, which the
Legislature, for a long time, tried in vain to
settle, impeded for a time the settlement of
the district. These controversies were not
settled until 1805, by a decision of Chief
Justice Marshall, of the Supreme court of the
United States.

"At the close of the Revolutionar\- war
several wealthy Hollanders. William Willink.
Jan Linklaen, and others, to whom the United

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

States was indebted for money loaned to
assist in carrying on the war, preferring to
invest the money in this country, they pur-
chased of Robert Morris, the great financier of
the country at that time, an immense tract of
land in the State of New York, and at the same
time took up, by warrant (under the law above
cited), large tracts in the State of Pennsjd-
vania, cast of the Allegheny river. Judge
Y'eates. on one occasion, said : 'The Holland
Land Company have paid to the State the
consideration money of 1,162 warrants, and
the surveying fees on 1,048 tracts of land
(generally four hundred acres each), besides
making very considerable expenditures by their
exertions, honorable to themselves and useful
to the community, in order to effect settle-
ments. Computing the stuns advanced, the
lost tracts, by prior improvements and inter-
ferences, and the quantity of one hundred
acres granted to each individual for making
an actual settlement on their lands, it is said
that, averaging the whole, between two
hundred and thirty dollars and two hundred
and forty dollars have been expended by the
company on each tract.'

"An act was passed by the Legislature,
March 31, 1823, authorizing Wilhelm Willink,
and others, residents of Holland, to 'sell and
convey any lands belonging to them in the
Commonwealth.'

"Large tracts of lands in Jefferson county
were owned by the Holland Company, and
Charles C. Gaskill, of Punxsutawney, was the
agent of the company for their sale. He was
appointed by John J. Vandercamp, the general
agent. He finally sold to Alexander Caldwell,
and Lee, and Gilpin. Mr. Gaskill conveyed
much of these lands to actual settlers in this
county.

"The Timothy Pickering lands were sold by
Hon. Thomas White, of Indiana, who also
controlled the Samuel FTodgdon and other
lands."

Sales of unseated lands in this county for
taxes were authorized December 23, 1822.

In 1825 Charles C. Gaskill, who lived in
Punxsutawney and was agent for the Holland
Land Company, advertised one hundred and
fifty thousand acres of land for sale, in lots
to suit the purchasers, and on the following
terms: All purchasing land for two dollars
per acre must jiay ten dollars down, the balance
in eight annual payments, with interest on and
after the third year; those buying at one dollar
and seventy-five cents per acre, one-fourth
in hand, the balance in eight annual payments.
with interest on and after third payment; those

]>aying one dollar and fifty cents per acre, one-
half down, and the balance in payments as
above stated. ' All land was bought and sold
on a simple article of agreement.

In 1840 wild lands sold at from one dollar to
two dollars per acre.

PIONEER HOMES OF JEFFERSON COUNTY

This is the land our fathers loved,
The homestead which they toiled to win.

This is the ground whereon they moved,
And here are the graves they slumber in.

The home of the pioneer was a log cabin,
one or one and a half stories high, chinked and
daubed, having a fireplace in one end, with a
chimney of sticks and mud, and in one corner
always stood a big wooden poker to turn
!)acklogs or punch the fires. These cabins were
usually small, but some were perhaps twenty
by thirty feet, with a hole in two logs for a
single window, oiled paper being used for
glass. Cabins, as a rule, were built one story
and a half high, and the space between the
loose floor and roof of the half story was used
as a sleeping room. I have many a time
climbed up an outside ladder, fastened to and
near the chimney, to a half-story in a cabin
and slept on a bed of straw on the floor.

For Brussels carpet they had puncheon
floors. A clapboard roof held down by weight
poles protected them from the storm. Wooden
pegs were driven into the logs for the ward-
robe, the rifle, and the powderhorn. Wooden
benches and stools were a luxury upon w-hich
to rest or sit while feasting on mush and milk,
buckwheat cakes, or hog and hominy.

Ilospitality in this cabin was simple, hearty
and unbounded. Whisky was pure, cheap, and
plentiful, and was lavished bountifully on each
and all social occasions. Every settler had his
jug or barrel. It was the drink of drinks at
all merry-makings, grubbings, loggings, house-
warmings, and weddings. A drink of whisky
was always proffered to the visitor or traveler
who chanced to call or spend a night in these
log cabins.

HOW THE PIONEER BUILT HIS C.\BIN

On the first day the material was gathered
at the point of erection, the clapboards for the
roof and the puncheons for the floors were
made. The puncheon boards or |)lanks were
made from trees eighteen inches in diameter,
logs of straight grain and clean of knots, and
of the proper length (one-half that of the
floor), split into parts, and the face of each

JEFFERSON COUXTY, PENNSYLVANIA

part smoothed with a broadax. The split
parts had to be all started at the same time,
with wedges at the end of the log, each wedge
being struck alternately with a maul until all
the parts were separated.

In the morning of the next day the neighbors
collected for the raising. The first thing to
be done was the election of four corner men,
whose business it was to notch and place the
logs. The rest of the company furnished them
with the timbers. A corner man would cry,
"More wood or whisky. What I call for last,
I want first." At all these frolics whisky was

square, two end logs projected a foot or
eighteen inches beyond the wall, to receive the
butting poles, as they were called, against
which the first row of clapboards was sup-
ported. The roof was formed by making the
end logs shorter until a single log formed the
comb of the roof. On these logs the clap-
boards were placed, the ranges of them lapping
some distance over the next below them, and
kept in their places by logs placed at proper
distances from them, called weight poles.

The roof, and sometimes the floor, was
finished on the same day of the raising. A

E.\RLY BARN

served plentifully. In the meantime the boards
and puncheons were collected for the floor
and roof, so that by the tiine the cabin was a
few rounds high, the sleepers and floor began
to be laid. The door was made by sawing or
cutting the logs in one side, so as to make an
opening about three feet wide. This opening
was secured by upright pieces of timber, about
three inches thick, through which holes were
bored into the ends of the logs, for the purpose
of pinning them fast. A similar opening, Ijut
wider, was made at the end for the chimney.
This was built of logs, and made large, to
admit of a back and jambs of stone. .At the

third day was commonly spent by a few car-
penters in leveling off the floor, making a
clapboard door and a table. This last was
made of a split slab, and supported by four
round logs set in auger holes. .Some three-
legged stools were made in the same manner.
^Pins stuck in the logs at the back of the house
supported some clapboards which served for
shelves for the table furniture. .\ single fork,
placed with its lower end in a hole in the
floor, and the upper end fastened to a joist,
served for a bedstead, by placing a pole in the
fork, with one end through a crack between
the logs of the wall. This front pole was

lEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

crossed by a shorter one within tlie fork, with
its outer end through another crack. From
the front pole, through a crack between the
logs of the end of the house, the boards were
put on which formed the bottom of the bed.
Sometimes other poles were pinned to the fork
a little distance above these, for the purpose of
supporting the front and foot of the bed.
while the walls were the sujjports of its back
and head. .A few ])egs around the wall, for
the display of the coats of the women and
hunting shirts of the men, and two small forks
or buck's horns fastened to a joist for the
rifle and shot ]iouch, completed the carpenter
work.

In the meantime the masons were at work.

were still occupied in the forties. I have been
in many a one in my childhood. In proof of
the smallness of the early cabin I reproduce
the testimony on oath of Thomas Lucas. Esq.,
in a celebrated ejectment case:

"In the court of Common Pleas of Jefferson
county. I^jectment for sixteen hundred acres
of land in Pinecreek township. Elijah Heath
\s. Joshua Knapp, et al.

"idth .September, 184 [, a jury was called per
mincts. The plaintiff after ha\'ing opened his
case in suppmn nf the issue, gave in evidence
as follows :

"Thomas Lucas. — Masons have in the sur-
\ eys alxnit twelve acres of land, a cabin house,
and stable thereon. Thev live near the line of

F.\T L.XMP .VND SNUFFERS

With the heart pieces of the timber of which
the cla])boar(ls were made, they made billets
for chunking u]) the cracks between the logs
of the cabin and chimney. A large bed of
mortar was made for daubing up these cracks.
A few stones formed the back and jambs of
the chimney.

The furnishings for the table of the pioneer
log cabin consisted of pewter dishes, plates
and spoons, or wooden bowls, plates and
noggins. If noggins were scarce, gourds and
hard-shelled .squashes answered for drinking
cups.

The iron ]iots, knives and forks, along with
the salt and iron, were brought to the wilder-
ness on j)ackhorses over .Meade's trail or over
tlie Milesburg and LeBoeuf .State road.

.Some of these log cabins near P>rook\illc

the town tract, the town tract takes in the
apple trees ; think they claim on some improve-
ment. Some of this improvement I think is
thirty-five years old, — this was the Mason
claim. The first improvement was made in
1S02; 1 call it the Pickering survey, only an
interference. Jacob Mason has been living oft"
and on since 1802, — two small cabin houses
on the interference, one fifteen or sixteen feet
square, the other very small. twcKe or fifteen
feet, — a log stable."

.\t this time, and ])re\-iou>ly. many of tlie>e
cabins were lighted i)\' means of a half window .
one window sash, containing from four to si.x
])anes of seven by nine glass. I'p to and even
at this date (1841) the usual ligiu at night in
these cabins was the old iron lani]), somethiu','
like the miner wears in his bat. or else a dish

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

containing refuse grease, with a rag in it.
Each smoked and gave a dismal light, yet by it
women cooked, spun and sewed, and men read
the few books they had as best they could.
The aroma from this refuse was simply hor-
rible. The cabin was daily swept with a split
broom made of hickory. Brooms were first
made in 1826. The hinges and latches of these
cabins were made of wood. The latch on the
door was raised from without by means of a
buckskin string. At night, as a means of
safety, the string was "pulled in," and this
locked the door. As a further mark of refine-
ment each cabin was generally guarded by
from two to si.x worthless dogs.

Of the pests in and around the old cabin,
the housefly, the bedbug, and the louse were
the most common on the inside ; the gnat, the
woodtick, and the horsefly on the outside. The
horsefly is the most cruel and bloodthirsty of
the entire family. . Me is armed with a most
formidable weapon, which consists of four
lancets, so sharj) and strong that they will
penetrate leather. 1 te makes his appearance
in June. The femal(i is armed with si.x lancets,
with which she bleeds both cattle and horses,
and even human beings. It was a constant
fight for life with man, cattle and horses
.against the gnats, the tick, the lice and the
horsefly, and if it had not been for the ])ro-
tection of what were called "gnat-fires" life
could not have lieen sustained, or at least it
would have been unendurable. The only thing
to dispel these outside pests was to clear lanci
and let in the sunshine. As an all-around pest
in the cabin and out. day and night, there was
also the flea.

The warmuses, breeches and hunting shirts
of the men. the linsey petticoats, dresses and
bedgowns of the women, were all luing in some
corner of the cabin on wooden pegs. To some
extent this was a display of pioneer wealth.
Wigs were worn by tnen until about 1800.
Roots came into use about 1800.

In the cabins of the more cultivated pioneers
were usually a few l)ooks. and the long winter
evenings were spent in poring over these well
thumbed volumes by the light of the great log
fires, in knitting, mending, curing furs, or some
similar occupation. It was not until 1850 that
rubber goods were introduced and wall j)a|)cr
was first used in houses in JefYerson county.

PIOXEER FOOD .\ND CLOTIIIXC

The food and raiment of the first settlers
made a near approach to that of John the
Baptist in the wilderness. Instead of locusts

they had wild turkey, deer and bear meat, and
their clothing was made of skins' and home-
sjnm woolen, linen or tow cloth.

DRESS ,01'" MEN'

The old pioneer in winter often wore a coon-
skin cap," coonskin gloves, buckskin breeches,
leggings, and a wolfskin hunting shirt. Some
wore cowhide shoes, others moccasins of buck-
skin, others again were in their bare feet. In
winter, men wore deerskin pantaloons and a
long loose robe called a hunting shirt, bound
round the body with a leather girdle, and
some a flannel warmus, which was a short
kind of coat. In those days men appeared at
church in linen shirts with collars four inches
wide turned down over the shoulders ; linen
vest ; no coat in summer. Moccasin shoes,
buckskin breeches, blue broadcloth and brass
buttons, fawnskin vests, roundabouts and
woolen wammuses, leather or woolen galluses,
coonskin or sealskin cajis for winter, with chij)
or oat-straw hats for summer, were common
articles of dress. Every neighborhood had
then usually one itinerant shoemaker and
tailor, who periodically visited" cabins and
made up shoes or clothes as required. All ma-
terial had to be furnished, and these itinerant
mechanics worked for 'fifty cents a day and
board. Corduroy pants and corduroy overalls
were common.

The hunting shirt was a kind of loose frock
reaching half-way down the figure, open
before, and so wide as to lap over a foot or
more upon the chest. This generally had a
cape, which was often fringed with a raveled
[)iece of cloth of a dift'erent color from that
which composed the garment. The bosom of
the hunting shirt answered as a pouch, in
which could Ije carried the various articles
which the hunter or woodsman would need.
It was always worn belted, and made out of
coarse linen, or linsey. or of dressed deerskin,
according to the fancy of the wearer.

Breeches were made of heavy cloth or of
deerskin, and were often worn with leggings
of the same material or of some .kind of
leather. The deerskin breeches or drawers
were very comfortable when dry, but when
they became wet were very cold to the limbs,
and the next time they were put on were almost
as stiff as if made of wood. The moccasins in
which the feet were usually encased were
easily and quickly made, though they needed
frequent mending. Hats or caps were made
of the various native furs.

It is an interesting fact that pants, the dis-

JEFFERSON COUXTY, PEXXSYLVANIA

tinctive feature of men's dress, were worn in
Egypt for file first time. Both women and
men had been wearing aprons. Aprons were
the very first attempt to ornament and deco-
rate the person. Before they appeared men
and women wore skins and furs. The aprons
were a fanciful frill. The women of Egypt
got to wearing them long, and ihiperious
fashion required the men to do the same. It
was difficult for the men to move freely,
though, wearing these long aprons. A genius
appeared. He cut holes in the apron, stuck
his legs through, and he had the rudimentary
trouser. Little by little something was added
behind or in front until today we have the
perfect pattern.

Trousers in practically their present shape
were introduced into the British army in 1813,
and tolerated as a legitimate portion of evening
dress in 1816.

One bright spring morning in 181 5 a London
tailor walked down Bond street clad in odd
loose breeches that hung to his toes. He was
a great curiosity. It is hard at this time to
realize the storm of disapproval that attended
the transition from knee breeches to trousers.
The jaunty tailor was assaulted by a mob and
was arrested for indecency. The Duke of
Wellington, fresh from his laurels at Water-
loo, was later impressed with the greater con-
venience of the new garments and determined
to popularize long trousers. So he had a i)air
made, and wore them to a ball. Despite his
high standing as a popufar hero, he was turned
away with the ultimatum, "the guests at this
ball must be dressed." But slowly and surely
the fashion of long trousers displaced that of
breeches, stockings, shoes and buckles.

DRESS OF WOMEN

I have seen "barefoot girls, with check of
tan," tvalk three or four miles to church, and
on nearing the church stc]) into the woods to
put on a pair of shoes they had carried with
them. I could name some of these who are
living to-day. A woman who could buy eight
or ten yards of calico for a dress at a dollar
a yard put on queenly airs. The women wore
flannel almost exclusively in the winter. They
had linsey petticoats, coarse shoes and stock-
ings, and buckskin gloves or mittens when
any protection was required for the hands.
All of their wearing apparel, like that of the
men, was made with a view to being service-
able and comfortable, and all was home manu-
factured. Other articles and finer ones were
sometimes worn, but they had been brought

from former homes, and were usually relics
handed down from parents to children.
Jewelry was not common, but occasionally
some ornament was displayed. Every married
woman of any refinement then wore daycaps
and nightcaps. The bonnets were of beaver,
gimp or leghorn, and sunbonnets. For shoes,
women usually went barefoot in the summer,
and in the winter covered their feet with
moccasins, calfskin shoes, buffalo overshoes
and shoepacks. Hoopskirts were first worn
by women in 1856.

Almost every article of clothing, all of the
cloth in use in the old cabins, was the prod-
uct of the patient woman weaver's toil. She
spun the flax and wove the cloth for shirts,
pantaloons, frocks, sheets and blankets. The
linen and the wool, the "linsey-woolsey"
woven by the housewife, formed all of the
material for the clothing of both men and .
women, except such articles as were made
of skins.

That old, old occupation of spinning and
weaving, with which woman's name has been
associated in all history, and of which the
modern world knows nothing except through
the stories of those who are great-grand-
mothers now, that old occupation of spinning
and weaving which seems surrounded with
a glamour of romance as we look back to it
through tradition and poetry, and which
always conjures up thoughts of the graces
and virtues of the dames of a generation that
is gone, that old, old occupation of spinning
and weaving, was the chief industry of the
pioneer woman. Every cabin sounded with
the softly whirring wheel and the rhythmic
thud of the loom. The woman of pioneer
times was like Solomon's description : "She
seeketh wool and flax, and worketh willingly
with her hands ; she layeth her hands to the
spindle, and her hands hold the distaff."

The wool and flax were all prepared for
weaving by hand, there being no carding ma-
chines in the county for many years after its
first settlement; then women carded by hand.
When woolen cloth was wanted for men's
wear, the process of fulling was as follows:
The required quantity of flannel was laid
upon the bare floor, and a quantity of soap
and water thrown over it; then a number of
men seated upon stools would take hold of a
rope tied in a circle and begin to kick the
flannel with their bare feet. When it was
supposed to be fulled sufficiently, the men
were released irom their task, which was a
tiresome one, yet a mirth-provoking one, too,
for, if it were possible, one or so must come

^L*.^-^'

SPINNING-WTIEEL, REEL, ANP liED-WAKMKR

FLAX r.RAKE

LARGE Sl'INNINd-WI 1 KKL

ti-t: yy" YORK
PUBlIC LiD.J'vRY

TILP^^ F'-i'.'-.Qi IONS

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

from his seat, to be landed in the midst of the
heap of flannel and soapsuds, much to the
merriment of the more fortunate ones.

The linen and tow cloth supplied the place
of muslin and calico of the present day. They
were made from flax. The seed was sown in
the early spring and ripened about August.
It was harvested by "pulling." This was gen-
erally done by a "pulling frolic" of young
people, pulling it out by the root. It was then
tied in little sheaves and permitted to dry,
hauied in and threshed for the seed. Then
me straw was watered and trotted by laying
it on the ground out of doors. Then the straw
was again dried, over a fire, and "broken in
the fla.x break," after which it was again tied
up in little bundles and then scutched with a
wooden knife. This scutching was a frolic job,
too, and a dirty one. Then the rest of the
'process consisted of spinning, weaving and
dyeing. That which was for dress goods was
made striped, either by color or blue through
the white, which was considered a nice sum-
mer suit, when made into what was called a
short gown and petticoat, which matched very
well with the calfskin slipj^ers of that day.
The nearest store was at Kittanning, thirty-
five miles distant, and the road but a pathway
through the woods, and calico was fifty cents
per yard. Linen cloth sold for about twenty-
four cents a yard, tow cloth for about twenty
cents a yard. Weaving originated with the
Chinese. It took a thousand years for the art
to reach Europe.

WHAT THE PIONEER COULD HAVE, OR DID HAVE,
TO EAT

In the early cooking everything was boiled
and baked; this was healthful. There was no
"rare fad," with its injurious results. The
common dishes served were wheat and rye
bread, wheat and rye mush, Indian corn pone,
corn cakes, corn mush and milk, sweet and
butter milk boiled and thickened, buckwheat
cakes, mush and souens, doughnuts and baked
pot-pies. Then there were potatoes, turnips,
wild onions or wramps, wild fruits, wild
meats, birds and fish.

Buckwheat souens was a great pioneer dish.
The buckwheat flour and water were mixed
in the morning, with enough yeast added to
lighten the batter, which stood until evening,
or until it was real sour. Then it was stirred
into boiling water and thorougUy cooked, like
corn mush, and eaten hot or cold with milk or
cream.

The pioneer Irish settler lived on hog,
hominy, and Indian pone for breakfast, mush

and milk, sweetened water, molasses, bear's
oil or gravy for supper. Our German settlers
hved on cabbage, sauerkraut and speck,
Schnitz and Knoft", grumbire soup and noodles,
roggenbrod and schmierkaese. I have "filled
up" on elm and birch bark.

Soda was made by burning corncobs.

Wheat was brought into Massachusetts by
the first settlers. Rye was also brought by
them and cultivated. Corn (maize) and po-
tatoes are natives of America, and were used
by our Indians. Our Indian corn was first
successfully raised in i6oS, on the James
river, in Virginia. Oats were brought by
the first settlers and sown in 1602. Buck-
wheat, a native of Asia, was taken to Europe
in the twelfth century, and grown in Pennsyl-
vania in 1702. Barley was introduced by
permanent settlers and is a native of Egypt.

We are indebted to the "heathen Chinee" for
the art of bread-making from wheat, 1998
B. C. In parts of Europe the wheaten loaf is
■unknown. Baked loaves are practically un-
known in many parts of south Austria and
Italy, as well as the agricultural districts of
Roumania. In the villages of the Obersteier-
mark, not verj' many miles from Vienna, bread
is seldom seen, the staple food of the people
being sterz, a kind of porridge made from
ground beechnuts, which is taken at breakfast
with fresh or curdled milk, at dinner with
broth or fried in lard, and with milk again at
supper. This sterz is also known as heiden,
and takes the place of biead not only in
Steiermark, but in Carinthia and in many parts
of the Tyrol. In the north of Italy the
peasantry live chiefly on polenta, a porridge
made of boiled maize. The polenta, however,
is not allowed to granulate like Scotch por-
ridge, or like the Austrian sterz, but is boiled
into solid pudding. It is eaten cold as often
as it is hot.

For meats the pioneer had the flesh of hogs,
bears, elks, deer, rabbits, squirrels, wood-
chucks, porcupines and turkeys. The saddles
or hams of the deer were salted by the pioneer,
then smoked and dried. This was a great
luxury, and could be kept the year through.

The late Dr. Clarke wrote : "Wild game,
such as elks, deer, bears, turkeys and part-
ridges, were numerous, and for many years
constituted an important part of the animal
food of the early settlers in this wilderness.
Wolves and panthers came in for a share of
this game, until they, too, became game for
the hunters by the public and legal offer of
bounties to be paid for their scalps, or rather
for their ears, for a perfect pair of ears was

cSO

JEFFERSON COU^•T^■, PENNSYLVANIA

required to secure tlie bounty. All these have
become nearly extinct. The sturdy elk no
longer roams over the hills or sips 'salty
sweetness' from the licks. The peculiar voice
of the stately strutting wild turkey is heard
no more. The howl of the wolf and the cr\-
of the panther no longer alarm the traveler
as he winds his way over the hills or through
the valleys, and the flocks are now permitted
to rest in peace. Even the wild deer are now
seldom seen, and a nice venison steak rarely
gives its delicious aroma among the shining
]ilate of modern well set tables."

I 'ike. bass, catiish, suckers, sunfish, horn-
chubs, mountain trout and eels were abundant
in the streams. The old settler shot, seined.
hooked with a line, and gigged his fish. Gig-
ging was done at night by means of a light
made from burning fagots of pitch pine. It
usually rc(|uired three to do this gigging,
whether "wading" or in a canoe, one to carry
the light ahead, line to gig. and one to care
for the lish.

Pheasants were plentiful, .•uid enlivened the
forest with their drumming. The water and
woods were full of wild ducks, geese, pigeons,
and turkeys. The most remarkable bird in
America was the wild turkey. It is the original
turkey, and is the stock from which the tame
turkeys sj)rung. In the wild state it was to
be found in the wooded land.s east of the
Rocky Mountains. In pioneer times it was
called gobbler or Jock by the whites, and Oo-
coo-coo by the Indians. Our ])ioneer hunters
could imitate the gobbling of a turkey, and
this deceptive ru.se was greatly jjracticed to
excite the curiosity of the bird and bring it
within shooting distance. The last wild turkey
in Jefferson county was killed in the seventies
near the town of I'alls Creek.

The jiioncer in his log cabin was surrounded
liy turkeys gobbling to each other at earl\-
dawn. Turkeys were good swimmers. They
could swim across water a mile wide. The
wild turkey had no particular home. 1 Ic
roosted at night anywhere in his range, on the
topmost twigs of the highest trees. He knew
how to conceal himself, or shape himself inlo
a knob on a part of a dead limb.

To obtain a turkey roast when needed, the
pioneer sometimes built in the woods a ])en
of round logs and covered it with brush.
Whole flocks of turkeys were sometimes
caught in these pens, built in this wise: "I'^irst
;i narrow ditch, about six fe.et long and two
feet deej), was dug. Over this trench the pen
was built, leaving a few feet of the channel
outside of the enclosure. The end of the part

of the trench enclosed was usually about the
middle of the pen. Over the ditch, near the
wall of the ]jen, boards were laid. The pen
was made tight enough to h(jld a turkey and
covered with poles. The corn was scattered
about on the inside, and the ditch outside
baited with the same grain. Sometimes straw
was also scattered about in the pen. Then
the trap was ready for its victims. The tur-
keys came to the pen, began to pick up the
corn, and followed the trench, with their heads
down within. When they had eaten enough,
the birds tried to get out by walking around
the pen, looking up all the time. They would
cross the ditch on the boards, and never think
of going to the opening in the ground at the
Lcnter of the pen. When the hunter found
his game he had only to crawl into the pen
through the trench and kill the birds. In the
fall turkeys became very fat, and gobblers
weighing o\er twenty pounds were sometimes
ca])tured for Christmas in this way.

Apples, crabapiiles, wild, red and yellow
])lums, haws, blackberries, huckleberries,
elderberries, wild .strawberries, chokecherries,
wild grapes and wild gooseberries were found
here, and there were hickory-nuts, chestnuts,
beechnuts, hazelnuts, and butternuts. Up to
1850 gra])es anrl fniits were not culti\ated in
Pennsylvania.

For sweetening the jnoneer had domestic
and wild honey, maple sugar, maple molasses,
and corncob molasses. Bee trees were numer-
ous, and would frequently yield from eight
to twelve gallons of excellent honey. These
trees had to be cut in the night by the light
of pitch pine fagots. Corncob molasses was
used by many.

He drank nietheglin, a drink made from
honey; whisky, small beer, rye cofl'ee, butter-
milk, and fern, sassafras, sage and mint teas.

Cotlee is a native of Arabia and" has been
used there a thousand years. It was intro-
duced into England as a beverage in 1750.
Tea has been used in China and Japan for
thousands of years. Distilled Ii(|uor was dis-
cf)vered in India and introducefl inlo Europe
in 1150. The n.'tme whisky was given to it
b\ ibe .Scotch, who made it from barley.

I'KlN'lvKR PRICKS FOR SKILLED AND UNSKILLED
LABOR

CarM'Irrs p^^ ^^^

i8on $0.70

i8ifi i.oq

r820 .' I,T3

iS,!0-i840 1.40

1850-1860 1,50

1915 2.50-.3.00

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

Day Laborers

Per daw

1800 $0.62

rSio 0.82

1820 0.9c

1840-1860 (.about) i.oo

1915 175-3-00

Previous to 1840 a day's work was not
limited by hours. It was by law and custom
from "sunrise to sunset," or whatever the
employer exacted. In 1840, however, Presi-
dent Van Ijuren signed the pioneer executive
order fixing a day's work in the Washington
navy yard at ten hours per day. It took a
great and protracted struggle for years and
years to secure the general adoption oJ the
ten-hour system.

EARLY FOOD PRICES

In 1799, when Joseph Hutchinson lived in
what is now Jefferson county, wheat sold in
this section of the State at two dollars and
tifty cents per bushel, flour for eighteen dol-
lars per barrel, corn two dollars, oats one
dollar and fifty cents, potatoes one dollar and
fifty cents per bushel.

In 1817 the average i^rice of wheat in this
region was $3.50 per bushel. In 1827 the
price was $2. The following are the prices
from that time to 1887, taken every ten vears :
1837, $3-50; 1847, $3-15; 1857, ^2.7s{iS67.
S3.25 ; 1877, $2.

In and before 1830 flour was three dollars
per barrel; beef, three cents a pound, venison
ham, one and a half cents a pound ; chickens,
six cents apiece ; butter, six and eight cents
a pound; eggs, six cents a dozen.

Food Prices. iSyJ-iQl^

1852 lOI.^

Wheat, per bu $0.75 $1.6:

Rye, ber bu 0.621^ 1.20

Oats, per bu 0.40 0.62

Corn, per bu 0.62K: !-0?

Potatoes, per bu i .25 0.7"

Hay, per ton 15.00 22.0c

By act of Assembly of May 11, i<)i5, the
legal weights of produce were fixed as follows :

Per
^ bushel

Wheat 60 lb.

Corn (in the ear) 70 lb.

Corn, shelled 56 lb.

Rye 56 lb.

Buckwheat 48 lb.

Barley 48 lb.

( )ats .12 lb.

White Beans 60 lb.

White Potatoes 60 lb.

Per
bushel

Onions 50 lb.

Turnips 60 lb.

Dried Peaches 33 lb.

Dried Apples 35 lb.

Clover Seed 60 lb.

Flax Seed 56 lb.

Timothy Seed 45 lb.

Hemp Seed 44 lb.

Corn Meal 50 lb.

PIONEER HABITS AND CUSTOMS

The habits of the pioneers were of a siin-
plicity and purity in conformance with their
surroundings and belongings. The men were
engaged in the herculean labor, day after
day, of enlarging the little patch of sunshine
about their homes, cutting away the forest,
burning ofif the brush and debris, preparing
the soil, planting, tending, harvesting, caring
for the few animals which they brought with
them or soon procured and in hunting. While
they were engaged in the heavy labor of the
field and forest, or following the deer or seek-
ing other game, their helpmates were busied
with their household duties, providing for the
day and for the winter coming, cooking, mak-
ing clothes, spinning and weaving. They were
fitted by nature and experience to be the con-
sorts of the brave men who first came into the
western wilderness. They were heroic in their
endurance of hardshi]) and privation and lone-
liness. Their industry was well directed and
unceasing. Woman's work then, like man's,
was performed under disadvantages, which
have, been removed in later years. She had
not only the household duties to perform, but
many others. She not only made the clothing,
but the fabric for it.

However, as the settlement increased, the
sense of loneliness and isolation was dispelled,
the asperities of life were softened and its
amenities multiplied ; social gatherings became
more numerous and more enjoyalile. The
log rollings, harvestings, and husking frolics
for the men. and apule-lnittermaking and the
quilting parties for the women, furnished fre-
cjuent occasions for social intercourse. The
early settlers took pleasure and pride in rifle
shooting, and as they were accustomed to the
use of the gun as a means often of obtaining
a subsistence, and relied upon it as a weapon
of defense, they exhibited considerable skill.

Foot-racing, wrestling and jumping matches
were common. The jumping matches con-
sisted of the "single jump," backward jump,
high jump, three jumps, and the running hop,
step and jump.

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

A wedding was the event of most impor-
tance in the sparsely settled new country. The
young peoj)le had every inducement to marry,
and generally did so as soon as able to provide
for themselves. When a marriage was to be
celebrated, all the neighborhood turned out.
It was customary to have the ceremony per-
formed before dinner, and in order to be on
time tiie groom and his attendants usually
started from his father's house in the morn-
ing for that of the bride. All went on horse-
back, riding in single file along the narrow
trail. Arrived at the cabin of the bride's par-
ents, the ceremony would be performed, and
after that diimer was served. This would be
a substantial backwoods feast, of beef, pork,
fowls and bear, or deer meat, with such vege-
tables as could be procured. The greatest
hilarity prevailed during the meal. After it
was over, the dancing began, and was usually
kept up till the next morning, though the
newly made husband and wife were, as a gen-
eral thing, put to bed in the most approved
fashion and with considerable formality in
the middle of the evening's hilarity. The tall
young men, when they went on the floor to
dance, had to take their places with care be-
tween the logs that supported the loft floor,
or they were in danger of bumping their heads.
The figures of the dances were three and four-
hand reels, or square sets and jigs. The com-
mencement was always a square four, which
was followed by "jigging it otif." or what was
sometimes called a "cut-oft' jig." The "set-
tlement" of the young couple was thought to
be thoroughly and generally made when the
neighbors assembled and raised a cabin for
them.

PIONKER EVEXING FROLICS

In the pioneer days newspapers were few,
dear, ])rinted on coarse paper, and small.
I'ooks were scarce, there was only occasional
preaching, no public lectures, and but few
public meetings excepting the annual Fourth
of July celebration, when all the patriots
assembled to hear the Declaration of Inde-
pendence read. The pioneer and his family
had to have fun. The common saying of that
day was that "all work and no play makes
Jack a dull boy." 'As a rule, outside of the
villages, everybody lived in log cabins, and the
people were bound together by mutual de-
pendence and acts of neighborly kindness. At
every cabin the latchstring was always out.
The young ladies of the "upper ten" learned
music, but it was the humming of to "knit

and spin;" their piano was a loom, their sun-
shade a broom, and their novel a Bible. A
young gentleman or lady would' then be as
proud of his or her new suit, woven by a
sister or mother on her own loom, as proud
could be, and these new suits or "best clothes"
were always worn to evening frolics. Social
parties among the young were called "kissing
parties." because in all the plays, either as a
penalty or as part of the play, all the girls
who joined in the amusement had to be kissed
by some of the boys. The girls, of course,
objected to the kissing; but then thev were
gentle, pretty and witty, and the sweetest and
best girls the world ever knew. This was
true, for I attended these parties and kissed
girls myself.

The plays were nearly all musical, and the
boys lived and played them in the "pleasures
of hope," while usually there sat in the corner
of the cabin fireplace a grandad or a grandma
smoking a stone or clay pipe, lighted with a
live coal from the wood fire, living and smok-
ing in the "pleasures of memory."

A popular play was for all the persons to
join hands and form a circle, with a dude of
that time, in shirt of check and bear-greased
hair, in the center. Then they circled round
and round the center person, singing:

King WilliaiTi was King James' son,

And of that royal race he sprung;

He wore a star upon his breast

To show that he was royal best.

Go choose your east, go choose your west.

Go choose the one that you like best-,

If he's not here to take your part.

Go choose another witli all your heart.

The boy in the center then chose a lady
from the circle, and she stepped into the ring
with him. Then the circling was resumed, and
all sang to the parties inside :

Down on this carpet 3'ou must kneel,
Just as the grass grows in the field ;
Salute your bride with kisses sweet,
And then rise up upon your feet.

The play went on in this manner until all
the girls present had been kissed. There were
no Iiobgoblin stories then about germs, and
no sanitation.

Another popuI;ir jtlay was to form a ring.
A young lady would step into the circle, and
all parties would join hands and sing:

There's a lily in the garden.

For you, young man ;
There's a lily in the garden,

Go pluck it if j'ou can, etc.

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

The lady then selected a boy from the circle,
who walked into the ring with her. He then
kissed her and she went out, when the rest
sang:

There he stands, that great big booby,

Who he is I do not know ;
Who will take him for his beauty?

Let her answer, yes or no.

This play went on in this way until all the
girls had been kissed.

Other favorite plays were :

Oats, peas, beans and barley grows.

None so well as the farmer knows

How oats, peas, beans and barley grows ;

Thus the farmer sows his seed.

Thus he stands to take his ease ;

He stamps his foot and claps his hands.

And turns around to view his lands, etc.

Oh, sister Phoebe, how merry were we.
That night we sat under the juniper tree.

The juniper tree, I, Oh.
Take this hat on your head, keep your head warm,
And take a sweet kiss, it will do you no harm.

But a great deal of good, I kno*.

If I had as many lives
As Solomon had wives,

I'd be as old as Adam ;
So rise to your feet
And kiss the first you meet.

Your humble servant, madam.

It's raining, it's hailing, it's cold, stormy weather ;
In comes the farmer, drinking of his cider.
He's going a-reaping, he wants a binder,
I've lost my true love, where shall I find her ?

A live play was called "hurly-burly." Two
went round and gave each one, secretly, some-
thing to do. One girl was to pull a young
man's hair; another to tweak an ear or nose,
or trip someone, etc. When all had been told
what to do, the master of ceremonies cried
out, "Hurly-burly." Everyone sprang up and
hastened to do as instructed. This created a
mi>;ed scene of a ludicrous character, and was
most properly named "hurly-burly."

PIONEER MUSIC SCHOOLS AND SINGING M/\S-
TERS IN JEFFERSON COUNTY

Oh, tell me the tales I delighted to hear.

Long, long ago, long, long ago;
Oh, sing me the old songs so full of cheer,

Long, long ago, long, long ago.

The first book containing musical characters
was issued in 1495. The drum was the first
musical instrument.

I. D. Hughes, of Punxsutawney, informs
me that the first music book he bought was
Wyeth's "Repository of Sacred Music," sec-

ond edition. I have seen this book myself, but
a later edition (the fifth), published in 1820.
Mr. Hughes says that Joseph Thompson, of
Dowlingville, was the pioneer "singing mas-
ter" in Jefferson county, and that he sang
from Wakefield's "Harp," second edition. He
used a tuning fork to sound the pitches, and
accompanied his vocal instruction with violin
music.

George James was an early "master," and
used the same book as Thompson. These two
taught in the early thirties. I. D. Hughes
taught in 1840 and used the "Missouri Har-
mony." This was a collection of psalm and
hymn tunes and anthems, and was published
by Morgan & Co., Cincinnati, Ohio. The first
tune in this old "Harmony," or "buckwheat"
notebook, was "Primrose":

Salvation, oh, the joyful sound,

'Tis pleasure to our ears,
A sovereign balm for every wound,

A cordial for our fears.

On the second page was "Old Hundred,"
and on the same page "Canaan" :

On Jordan's stormy banks I stand,

And cast a wishful eye
To Canaan's fair and happy land.

Where my possessions lie.

The dear old pioneers who used to delight
in these sweet melodies have nearly all crossed
this Jordan, and are now doubtless singing
"Harwell":

Hark! ten thousand harps and voices
Sound the note of praise above ;

Jesus reigns, and heaven rejoices;
Jesus reigns, the God of love.

Rev. George M. Slaysman, of Punxsu-
tawney, was the pioneer teacher of round
notes — the do re mis — in the county. Judge
William P. Jenks was also an early instructor
in these notes. The first teacher I went to
was Prof. George W. Huey, in 1847. He
taught and used the Carmina Sacra, and
taught the Italian do re mi.

We talk about progress, rapid transit, and
electricity, but modern music teachers have
failed to improve on the melody of those old
pioneer tunes, "that seemed like echoes from
a heavenly choir ; echoes that seemed to have
increased power every time the pearly gates
opened to admit some sainted father or
mother."

God sent these singers upon earth
With songs of sadness and of mirth.
That they might touch the, hearts of men
And bring them back to Heaven again.

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

A PIOMKF.R LULr.AUV FOR THE SUGAR-TROLGH

CRAnr.E
{Dr. IVattis Cradle liyimi)

Hush, my babe, lit- still and slumber,

Holy auRels guard thy bed ;
Heavenly blessings, without number.

Gently falling on thy head.

Sleep, my babe, thy food and raiment,
House and home thy friends provide.

All without thy care or payment,
All thy wants are well supplied.

How much belter thou'rt attended
Than the Son of God could be,

When from heaven He descended
And became a child like thee.

Soft and easy is thy cradle.

Coarse and hard thy Savior lay.

When His birthplace was a stable'.
And his softest bed was hay.

Blessed babe! what glorious features.
Spotless, fair, divinely bright!

Must He dwell with brutal creatures?
How could angels bear the sight?

Was there nothing but a manger

Wicked snintrs could afford
To receive the heavenlv stranger?

Did they thus affront the Lord?

Soft, my child, I did not chide thee,
,_T''°"K'i my song may sound too hard :
fis thy mother sits beside thee.
And her arms shall be thy guard.

Vet, to read the shameful story
How the Jews abused their King-

How they served the Lord of Glory
Makes me angry while I sing.

A SONG THAT WAS .Stl.VC r^ EVERY KAMILV

Old Grimes is dead, that good old man.

We necr shall sec him more •
W'l "sed to wear a long black coat

-All buttoned down before.

His heart was open as the day.

His feelings all were true;
His hair was some inclined to gray.

He wore it in a queue.

Whene'er he heard the voice of pain

Hi.s breast with pitv burned:
I lu- large round head upon his cane
From ivory was turned.

Kind words he ever had for all;

He knew no base design :
His eyes were dark and rather small

His nose was aquiline.

He lived in peace with all mankind

In friendship he was true;
His coat had pocket-hole- behind,

His pantaloons were blue.

Unharmed, the sin which earth pollutes

He passed securely o'er.
And never wore a pair of boots

For thirty years or more.

But good Old Grimes is now at rest.

Nor fears misfortune's frown ;
He wore a double-breasted vest,

The stripes ran up and down.

He modest merit sought to find.

And pay it its desert :
He had no malice in his mind.

No ruffles on his shirt.

His neighbors he did not abuse.

Was sociable and gay ;
He wore large buckles on his shoes.

And changed them every dav.

His knowledge hid from public gaze

He did not bring to view,
Nor make a noise town-meeting days.

As many people do.

His worldly goods he never threw

In trust to fortune's chances.
But lived (as all his brothers do)

In easy circumstances.

Thus undisturbed by anxious cares

His peaceful moments ran ;
And everybody said he was

A fine old gentleman.

— Albert G. Crcoic.

LEGAL ST.VTUS OF WOMEX TX PIOXEER TIME.'J

111 pioneer day.s men and women were slaves.
or free, white free people and colored free
people, and to be legally married they had to
be free, viz.: U[) to and later than 1834,
Pennsylvania was under the common law
system of England. Under this law the wife
had no legal separate e.xistence. The husband
had the right to whip her, and only in the
event of her committing crimes had she a
separate existence from her husband. But if
the crime was committed in her husband's
presence, she was then presumed not guilty.
Her condition was legally little, if any, better
than that of a slave.

Under the common law, husband and wife
were considered as one person, and on this
principle all their civil duties and relations
rested. The wife could not sue in her own
name, but only through her husband. 1 f she
suffered wrong in her |)erson or pro|)erty, she
could, witii her luisliaiid's aid and assistance.
prosecute, but the luisliand had to be the ])lain
tiff. For crimes without any ])resumed
coercion of her husband, the wife could be
prosecuted and punished, and for these mis-
demeanors the punishments were severe.

Tlif wife could make no contract with her

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

husband. The husband and she could make
a contract through the agency of trustees for
the wife, the wife, though, being still under
the protection of her husband. All contracts
made between husband and wife before mar-
riage were void after the ceremony. The hus-

was so liable, except for "superfluities and
extravagances."

If the wife died before the husband and
left no children, the husband and his heirs
inherited her estate. But if there were chil-
dren, the husband remained in possession of

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A-^J

,.(zy

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M.\RRIAGE CERTIFICATES

("Free" signifies free to be married)

band could in no wise convey lands or realty
to his wife, only and except through a trustee.
A husband at death could bequeath real estate
to his wife. Marriage gave the husband all
right and title to his wife's property, whether
real or personal, but he then became liable for
all debts and contracts, even those that were
made before marriage, and after marriage he

her land during the lifetime of the wife, and
at his death the land went to the wife's heirs.

.All debts due to the wife became after mar-
riage the property of the husband, who be-
came invested with power to sue on bond,
note, or any other obligation, to his own and
exclusive use. The powers of discharge and
assignment and change of securities wer6, of

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

course, involved in the leading principle. If
the hushand died before the recovery of the
money, or any change in the securities, the
wife became entitled to these debts, etc., in
her own right. All personal property of the
wife, such as money, goods, movables and
stocks, became absolutely the property of the
husband upon marriage, and at his death went
to his heirs.

Property could be settled on the wife by
deed of marriage settlement. Property could
be settled on the wife after marriage by the
husband. pro\'ided he was solvent at the time
and the transfer not made with a view to de-

fraud. The wife could not sell her land, but
any real estate settled upon her through a
trustee she could bequeath.

The husband and wife could not be witness
against each other in civil or criminal cases
where the testimony could in the least favor
or criminate either. One exception only ex-
isted to this rule, and that was that "the per-
sonal safety of the life of the wife gave her
permission to testify for her protection." For
further information, see my "Recollections."
In 1 800 women could not vote in any State
in the Union.

CHAPTER VI
PIONEER ROADS AND BRIDGES— TURNPIKES— STAGES

li.XUI.V COURT RECORDS REL.\TING TO ROADS AND HRIDGE.S-

ETC. SUSQUEHANNA AND WATERFORD TURNPIKE —

GATES STAGES, ETC.

-ACTS OF ASSEMBLY REL.\TING TO ROADS,
GLEAN ROAD OTHER RG.ADS TOLL-

EARr.V COURT RECORDS RELATING TO ROADS
AND BRIDGES

September Sessions, 1808

The ])ioncer road was the Indiana and Port
Barnett, for the erection of which the petition
of a number of citizens of Jefferson county
and ])arls adjacent was presented to the
Indiana cf)unty court and read, praying for
the view of a road from Brady's mill, on Little
Mahoning creek, to Sandy Lick creek, in Jef-
ferson county, where the State road crosses
the same. Whereupon* the court did apijoint
Samuel Lucas, John Jones, Moses Knapp,
Samuel Scott (of Jefferson county), John
Park and John Wier (of Indiana county), to
view and make report to next court. Report
filed.

There is nf) report of the viewers on record,
nor is the report in the file with the old ])apers.

This road was j)robably l)nill in 1810.

September Sessions, 1S09

The petition of a number of the inhabitants
of Jefferson county was presented to court and
read, praying for a view of a road from a
bridge at the end of .Xdam \'asbinder's lane
to Samuel Scott's mills, on Sandy Lick creek.
Whereupon the court did appoint William

Vasbinder, Moses Knapp. Ludwig Long. Sam-
uel Scott, Adam Vasbinder and John Taylor
to view and make report to next court. Order
issued. Distance, two and one-half mile§ and
fifty-three perches.

March Sessions, 18 11

The petition of the inhabitants of Jefferson
county was (presented to court and read, .set-
ting forth that they labored under great in-
conveniences from the want of a public road
from the settlement in Jeft'erson county to
the settlement in Mahoning township, Indiana
county, to begin near Moses Knapp's mill,
mouth of the North Fork, on the State road,
to Big Mahoning creek, near John Bell's.
Whereupon the court did appoint John Tay-
lor, John Bell. Thomas Lucas, Moses Knapp,
John Matson and John Jones to view and—
nKU-ce report to next court. Order issued. Dis-
tance, fifteen miles and ninety-five perches;
twenty feet wide.

1 830

The petition of a number of the inhabitants
of the county of Indiana and county district
of Jefferson was jiresented to court and read,
setting forth that they IaI)or under great in-
convenience from want of a public road from

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

Punxsutawney, to intersect the road leading
from Brady's mills to the mouth of Ander-
son's creek, at or near Lucas's camp. Where-
upon the court appointed John W. Jenks,
Zephaniah Weakland, John Bell, Esq., Sam-
uel Bell, Esq., Peter Dilts and Moses Craw-
ford to view the ground over which the pro-
posed road is petitioned for and to make re-
turn next sessions. Approved April 12, 1820.
Distance, seven and one-half miles and thirty-
four perches.

The petition of the inhabitants of Perry
township, in Jefferson county, and also of
Mahoning township, in Indiana county, was
presented to court and read, setting forth that
they labor under great inconvenience from a
want of a public road from the four-mile tree,
upon a road leading from John Beir,s, Esq.,
in Jefferson county, to David Lawson's, in
.Armstrong county, from thence to intersect
the road leading from Jacob Knave's to James
Ewing's mill, at or near the north end of the
farm of Joshua Lewis. Whereupon the court
appointed James Ewing. William Dilts. James
McComb, William Davis, Samuel Bell, Esq.,
and David Cochran to view the ground over
which said road is contemplated to be made
and make report to next court. Distance,
seven and one-half miles and twenty-six
perches, twenty-five feet wide. Approved
March 29, 1820.

The petition of a number of the inhabitants
of Pinecreek township, in Jefferson county,
was presented to court and read, setting forth
that they labor under great inconveniences
from the want of a public road from the
county line of Armstrong county, to which
place there is a road leading out near William
King's ; from thence to the town of Troy,
which is about a mile. Whereupon it is con-
sidered by the court and ordered that Salmon
Fuller, John Welch, John Lucas, James
Shields. James demons and Peter Bartle do
view the ground over which the proposed road
is petitioned for and make report to next
court. Distance, two hundred and fifty-three
perches. Approved December 28. 1820.

The petition of a number of inhabitants of
Pinecreek township was presented to court
and read, setting forth that they labor under
great inconvenience for the want of a road
or cartway from the eighty-mile post, near
Alexander Power's on the State road, to inter-
sect the road leading to Indiana at or near
Little Sandy creek, and praying the court to
appoint viewers to view and lay out the same.
Whereupon the court appointed John Bell,
John Matson, Archibald Hadden, John Bartle,

Joseph McCullough and Robert Anderson to
view the ground over which the said road is
contemplated to be made and make report to
next court. Distance, nine miles and sixty-
three perches. December 28, 1820, order of
view approved.

The petition of a number of the inhabitants
of Perry township, in Jefferson county, was
presented to court and read, setting forth that
they labor under great inconvenience from
the want of a public road from Punxsutawney,
to intersect the road leading from Indiana to
Barnett's, at or near John Bell's, Esq. Where-
upon the court appointed John Bell, Esq.,
Archibald Hadden, Michael Lantz, Hugh Mc-
Kee, Jacob Hoover and William P. Brady to
view the ground over which the proposed road
is contemplated to be made and make report
to next court. Distance, six miles and one
hundred and twenty perches. Approved De-
cember 28, 1820.

Petition was made for a road to Barclay's
mill, conveniently at the northeast corner of
Abraham Wilcocks' lots, or near it, to intersect
the road from Punxsutawney at Leasure's
camp, at or near where said road crosses
Canoe creek. Whereupon it is considered and
ordered by the court that Moses Crawford.
John Park, Robert Hamilton, John Jamison,
William Hendricks and James Work do view
the ground over which the proposed road is
contemplated to be made, and if they or any
four of these actual viewers agree that there
is occasion for said road, they shall make
re])ort to next court.

June 25, 1822, report of viewers approved
and ordered to be opened.

No distance is given in the return of view-
ers.

The first bridge across Sandy Lick was
built at Reynoldsville in 1822.

PRINCIPAL ROADS AND COUNTY BRIDGES
1830 TO 1840

December Sessions, 18^0

Petition No. i. Petition of the commis-
sioners of Jefferson county for a bridge over
Sandy Lick creek, where public highway to
Indiana crosses said creek in the township of
Pinecreek in said county, etc.

On December 7, 1830, the court appointed
Joseph Barnett, William Robinson, David
JButler, Samuel Jones, John Christy and Joseph

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

Potter to view the same and report according
to law.

The contract for this bridge was made
August II, 1829. The commissioners were
Thomas McKee and Thomas Lucas ; the con-
tractors, WilHani Morrison and William
Kelso; witnesses to agreement, Andrew Bar-
nett and John McGhee ; consideration, $320,
to be paid as follows : To give them now in
hand the subscription of seventy-five dollars,
and a draft on the supervisors of Pinecreek
township for fifty dollars, and the remainder,
one hundred and ninety-five dollars, in county
orders when completed.

The bridge was sixteen feet wide, with
stone abutments seventy-five feet apart, suf-
ficiently strong to support roofing, and to be
finished in one hundred and thirteen days.

Petition No. 3. Road from Barclay &
Jenks' mill to Brookville.

December 7, 1830. Confirmed September
sessions, 1831.

1 8s I

Petition No. 2. Road from Jacob Hoover's
mill to intersect the road leading from Bar-
clay's mill to the JefTerson road through Gib-
son's clearing, and confirmed and ordered to
be opened thirty-five feet wide, unless where
digging and bridging is necessary. December
13. 1831.

Petition No. 3. Road from Brookville to
David Hamilton's on the Indiana county line.
February 8. 1831. September 7, 1 83 1, read
and confirmed.

Petition No. 4. Road from William AIc-
Kee's on the turnpike to James Linn's im-
provement on the Glean road. February 8,

1831. Read and confirmed. December 13,

1832, ordered to be opened.

Report No. 5. Of a road from Brookville
to Matson's inill. Confirmed by the court and
ordered to be opened twenty-five feet wide.
May 10, 1831.

May Sessions, iSjt

Petition No. i. b^or a road from Aloscs
Knapp's mill to intersect the Sandy road at
or near W. Godfrey's. Rejiorted. December
I3' i''^3i- approved and ordered to be opened.

Petition No. 4. For a road from the thirty-
fourth milestone on the Susquehanna and
Waterford turnpike road to or near the house
of Joseph McCullough. May 10, 1831. Feb-
ruary 8, 1832, read and approved.

Petition No. 5. For a road from Troy to

intersect the Olean road at John McAnulty's.
May 9, 1831. Read nisi February 8, 1832.

May Sessions, j8j2

Petition No. i. i-'or a road from Squire
McCullough's shop to David Butler's. De-
cember 12, 1832. Read and approved nisi.

Report No. 7. Of a road from Shield's
lane to the road running along Red Bank
creek. Viewers report of road January 31,
1833. Confirmed May 11, 1833.

May Sessions, iSjj

Petition No. 2. For a road from Shoe-
maker's to intersect the road from Hance
Robinson's to Troy. December 12, 1833, ap-
proved.

December Sessions, i8jj

Petition No. 2. For a road from Thomas
Barr's on the Olean road to the Union school-
house. May 13, 1834, approved.

Petition No. i. For a road from Port Bar-
nett on the Indiana road to the Ceres road at
or near Pun.xsutawney. I'ebruary 12, 1834.
Se])tember 11, read nisi. January 12, 1847,
ordered to be opened.

Petition No. 2. For a road from a public
road leading from Brookville to Kittanning
at the county line to McKinstry's sawmill, near
the mill of John Robinson. February 12,

1834. December 13, 1843, approved and
ordered to be opened fifty feet wide.

May .Sessions, /8j4

Petition No. i. For a road from Israel
Gray's fulling mill and carding machine to a
point at or near where the Olean road crosses
Little Mill creek. September 11, 1834. June
II, 1835, ordered to be opened twenty feet
wide.

i'etition No. 2. For a road from the bridge
o\cr Mill creek to the house of William Mc-
Cullough in Pinecreek township. September
I 1 . I S34. Opening order issued October 23,

1835, to be twenty feet wide.

Report No. 3. Of a road from Ball's mill
on Tioncsta to the Hepler Camp road near
the four-mile tree. \'iewers report in favor
of road November 15. 1834. Opening order
issued October 16, 1835.

JEFFERSON COUXTY, PENNSYLVANIA

May Sessions, iSjfi

Petition No. i. For a road from Robert P.
Barr's on the turnpike to Andrew Vasbinder's
improvement on the North Fork. December
i6, 1836. Read and ordered to be opened
fifty feet wide.

Petition No. 6. For a bridge across Red
Bank creek, where the Brookville and Hamil-
ton road crosses. Februar}' 13, 1836. View-
ers report in favor, March 8, 1836.

Petition No. 7. For a bridge on Big Mahon-
ing. February 13, 1836. August 20, 1836,
report in favor and county to pay one hundred
and eighty dollars.

Report No. 10. Of a road from John
Hoover's mill to intersect the Ceres road at
or near Daniel Graffius's, Jr. May term ap-
proved.

Petition No. 2. For a road from James
Ross's to intersect the Brockway road at or
near St. Tibbetts'.

Petition No. 3. For a road from the tan-
yard of John W. Jenks in Punxsutawney to
the sawmill of William Campbell. Approved
May 10, 1836.

Report No. 8. Of a road from the west
end of Morrison's Lane to the west end of
John Kennedy's. Viewers report in favor of
road (^no date) 1835. May 10, 1836, read and
confirmed.

The pioneer county bridge was ])etitioned
for January 19, 1836; approved by the court,
September, 1836. The l^ridge was let by the
commissioners December 15, 1836, to Messrs.
Thomas Hall and Richard .\rthurs, contrac-
tors. The contract called for the completion
of the bridge by September, 1837. The
accepted contract bid was seven hundred and
ninety-five dollars. When finished the bridge
was a good solid structure, but was a curious
pile of wood and stones. This pioneer county
covered bridge was a wooden one, made of
pine timber. It was erected across Red Bank-
creek in the borough of Brookville, a few feet
west of where the present iron structure on
Pickering street now stands. There were no
iron nails used in its construction, and only
a few handmade iron spikes. The timbers
were mortised and tenoned, and put together
with wooden pins. This was a single-span
bridge of one hundred and twenty feet in
length, with no center pier, and of the burr-
truss plan. It had two strings of circle arches,
resting on the stone abutments. Many mem-
ories clustered around this bridge for the old
citizens, but time has efTaced the bridge and
will efiface the memories. On its planks gen-

erations met, passed and repassed, and from
its stringers fishers dropped many a hook and
line.

September Sessions, i8j6

Petition No. 2. For a road ' from Vas-
binder's improvement to Frederick Hetrick's.
May 10, 1836. December 17, 1836, read and
confirmed.

Petition No. 3. For a road from Mill Creek
road near John Wilson's to Maize's Gap on
the Clarion river. September 16, 1836. May
10, 1837, read and approved.

Deeembcr Sessions, iSj6

Petition No. 2. For a road from the house
of James Smith to intersect the Ceres road
at or near the farm of William Smith. De-
cember 16, 1836. October 14, 1837, viewers
in favor of road. May 16, 1838, confirmed.

February Sessions. i8j/

Petition No. i. For a road from .Arm-
strong & Reynolds' mill at the mouth of Maple
creek to Thomas Mechan's farm, on line of
Jefferson and Venango. Febraary 14; 1837.
July 24, 1837, viewers report in favor of road.
-September 15, 1837, read and confirmed nisi.

May Sessions. jS^j

Petition No. i. For a road from Daniel
Elgin's to the turnpike near the Widow Mills's.
May 10, 1837. Confirmed September is.

1837. . .

Petition No. 2. For a road from the road
from Whitesville to Punxsutawney, one-half
mile east of Whitesville, to intersect the road
from Hamilton's to Brookville near Henry
Philliber's. May 10, 1837. September 25,
1837, confirmed nisi. Order issued December
23. 1,837, for opening to John C. Ferguson,
and to be paid him.

Petition No. 3. For a road from the Smeth-
port and Milesburg turnpike, where it crosses
Clarion river, to the mouth of Spring creek.
May 10, 1837. September 15, 1837, read and
confirmed nisi.

Petition No. 5. For a road from John
Bowers's to James H. Bell's gristmill. May
10, 1837. September 15, 1837, read and con-
firmed nisi. February 10, 1845, on the appli-
cation of George R. Barrett, deputy attorney-
general, the court order and direct that the
road be opened forty feet wide.

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

September Sessions, i8j/

Petition No. 2. For a road from David
Dennison's to the seventy-first milestone. Con-
firmed Alay 1 6, 1838.

Petition No. 10. For a bridge on Mahoning
creek near Charles C. Gaskill's. September,
1837. The connty builds this bridge. John
Hutchison, foreman. The court approve the
finding of the grand jury and direct the with-
in-named Ijridge to be recorded as a county
bridge. December 13, 1837.

December Sessions, iSjy

Petition No. 2. For a road from the forks
of Jones's run to intersect the Olean road
about one mile east of Mr. Gorden's near the
Black Swamp. December 13. December 18,

1840, confirmed. Order to open, April 24.

1841. _

Petition No. 3. For a road from Thomas
\\'ilkin's to Ebenezer Carr's. December 12,

1837. Read and confirmed May 16, 1838.
Petition No. 6. For a bridge across Red

Bank creek at or near Carrier's mill. Decem-
ber 12, 1837. Approved by the grand jury,
and the county to assist in building the same.
February 16, 1838.

February Sessions, iSjS

Report No. 3. Of a road from Curry's lot
to John i'ell's in Perry. Viewers report in
favor of road February 9, 1838. February 16,

1838, confirmed nisi. May 17, 1838, con-
firmed.

' May Sessions, iS_^S

Petition No. i. For a road from Benjamin
Shaffer's to David Milliron's. Read and con-
firmed Fel)ruary 16, 1839.

Petition No. 2. For a road from Dennison's
to William McConnell's. May 17, 183S. Con-
firmed December 14, 1838. Ordered to be
opened fifty feet wide, December 15, 1843.

December .Sessions. iSjS

Petition No. 4. I-"or a road from the twen-
tieth milestone on the .Susquehanna and Frank-
lin turnpike to the -Sandy Lick creek at the
Irish Town path. December 14, 1838. May
LS. ^^39' read and confirmed.

May Sessions, /(?_?o

Petition No. i. b'or a road from Wake-
field's, in PinecreeJv township, to tJie district

line near Andrew McCormick, Snyder town-
ship. Approved nisi December 10, 1839.

Petition No. 2. For a road from Aaron
Fuller's to the Brookville and Hamilton road
near Mr. Holt's. May 14, 1839. Read and
confirmed nisi December 13, 1839, and ordered
to be opened February 10, 1840.

Petition No. 3. For a road from Hance
Robinson's mill to the Armstrong county line
near the land of Hulet Smith. May 14, 1839.
Read and confirmed nisi September 10, 1839.
Order to open October 7, 1840.

Petition No. 4. For a road from Daniel
Elgin's, in Eldred township, to the mouth of
Spring creek in Ridgway township. May 14,
18^39. Read and confirmed nisi December
II, 1839.

Petition No. 6. For a road from the
borough of Brookville to the Beech Bottom
on Clarion river. May 14, 1839. Read and
confirmed December 13, 1839.

Petition No. 8. For a road from the upper
end of the Clearfield and Armstrong turnpike,
east of Punxsutawney, to intersect the old
State road at or near John McHenry's. May
14, 1839. Read and confirmed December i^,
1839.

September Sessions, iSjg

Petition No. i. For a road from the farm
of Levi G. Clover to the Olean road at or near
James Cochran's. September 11, 1839. Read
ni^i 1839. Ordered to be opened May 22.
1840.

Petition No. 8. b'or a road from the twelfth
milestone on the turnpike to intersect the road
half a mile east of John McGhee's. September
II, 1839. May 12, 1840, confirmed and
ordered to be opened fifty feet wide.

Petition No. 9. Of a road from the south-
east corner of the Graham lot on the Punx-
sutawney road to intersect the turnpike at the
northeast corner of .\ndrew Barnett's land.
\'iewers re])ort in favor of road August 23,
1839. Petitioned for May 15, 1839. Decem-
ber 13, 1839, read and confimied.

Report No. 16. Of a bridge across the Big
.Mahoning creek at Bell's mills. Viewers in
favor of bridge November 30, 1837. Petitioned
for September, 1837. County' appropriated
two hundred and fifty dollars to build said
bridge. David McCormick, foreman. Court
concur Se])tember 11, 1839.

December .Se.isions, /(??9

Petition No. i. For a road from Richards'
mill on the Brookville and Beech Bottom road

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

to intersect the Brockvvay road at or near the
farm of Ahnon Sartwell. December lo, 1839.
May 12, 1840, confirmed.

Petition No. 3. For a road from the Hog-
back road near Frederick Lantz's to intersect
the Brookville and Indiana road at or near T.
S. Mitchell's store. Approved by court,
December 16, 1841.

Petition No. 4. For a road from T. S.
Mitchell's on the Indiana and Brookville road
to intersect the road that leads from Irvin
Robinson's to the Indiana county line. Decem-
ber 13, 1839. Confirmed December 18, 1840.

Petition No. 5. For a road from John
Quiggles's to the Big Mahoning creek, where
the line between James Solesby and William
Campbell crosses said creek. Read and con-
firmed February term, 1841.

Petition No. 6. For a road from the road
that has been of late made from the twentieth
milestone to Sandy Lick creek to the Beech-
woods road, one and a quarter miles from the
twentieth milestone road. December 9, 1839.
Confirmed May 12, 1840.

Petition Xo. 7. For a road from the
Waterford turnpike one half mile east of the
twenty-fifth milestone to David Losh's grist-
mill. December 9, 1839. Confirmed May
12, 1840.

February Sessions, 1840

Petition No. i. For a road from the Brock-
way road at or near S. Tibbetts's to the Beech-
woods road at or near James Ross's Lane.
February 11, 1840. Confirmed May 12, 1840.

Petition for a road to Shaw's from Ross's
Lane, September, 1836. Confirmed to these
points May 10, 1837.

May Sessions, 1S40

Petition No. 3. For a road from the Brock-
way road at or near Peter Richards's smith
shop to the Beechvvoods at or near the top of
Mill Creek hill. May 13, 1840. February to,
1841, read and confirmed to be opened fifty
feet wide.

September Sessions, 1840

Petition No. 5. For a road from the Clear-
field county line near Robert Dixon's to
Osborne mill. September 11, 1840. Read and
confirmed February 10, 1841.

Report No. 9. — Of a road from the road
leading from Harnett's to Punxsutawney.
about one mile south of Harnett's, to the old

Indiana road, near the Five Mile run. Viewers
report in favor of road. May 12, 1840. Sep-
tember 17, 1840, read nisi. February 10, 1841,
read and confirmed.

(See also chapter on Barnett township, for
bridges.)

.\CTS OF ASSEMBLY RELATING TO ROADS, ETC.

SUSQUEHANNA AND WATERFORD TURNPIKE,
GLEAN ROAD, ETC.

1812. — Incorporation of the Susquehanna
and Waterford Turnpike Company author-
ized : governor of Pennsylvania to subscribe
one hundred and twenty-five thousand dollars
in the stock of said road.

1814. — Supplement to said act extending the
time for subscriptions to the stock of said
company three years from the 22d of
February, 1815.

1818. — Supplement extending the time five
years from March 20, 18 18.

182 1. — Governor of Pennsylvania, on behalf
of the State, authorized to subscribe fifteen
thousand dollars, in addition to the amount
before subscribed, to the Susquehanna and
Waterford Turnpike Company. By a report
made in the Pennsylvania House of Repre-
sentatives, March 23, 1822, it appears that the
contemplated length of this road was one
hundred and twenty-six miles, one hundred
and seventeen of which were completed at that
date. About twenty-six miles of this turnpike
were laid out within the limits of the county
of Jel?erson.

April 4, 1831. — An act was enacted and
approved authorizing the commissioners of
Jefferson cotmty to alter a certain part of the
Susquehanna and Waterford Turnpike road :
"Section i. Be it enacted that the commis-
sioners of Jefferson county be, and they are
hereby, authorized and empowered to lay out
and make one mile and ten perches of turn-
pike road through the village of Brookville in
said county, said road not to exceed five
degrees from a horizontal line, and to be con-
nected with the Susquehanna and Waterford
turnpike road at both ends." This law author-
ized a change in the pike in Brookville from
Jefferson street to Main street. The Com-
monwealth awarded the contract for this work
to Thomas and James Hall, who completed
the change.

1838. — Susquehanna and Waterford Turn-
pike Road Company authorized to open their
road one hundred feet wide through marshy
places, "so as to let the light and air upon the
same."

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

In 1792 the first stone turnpike in the United
States was chartered. It was constructed in
Pennsylvania, in 1794, and ran from l^ancastcr
to Philadcljihia. It was conii)Ieted through to
Pittsburgh in icSo4 and was the wonder of
America. In this year, also, began the agita-
tion in Pennsylvania for internal improvement,
an agitation that resulted in a great era of
State road, canal and turnpike construction,
encouraged and assisted by the State govern-
ment. From 1792 until 1832 the Legislature
granted two hundred and twenty charters for
turnpikes alone.

These jiikes were not all made, but there
were completed within that time, as a result
of these grants, three thousand miles of
passable roads. The pioneer turnpike through
our wilderness was the Susquehanna and
Waterford turnpike. On February 22, 1812,
a law was enacted by the Pennsylvania Legis-
lature enabling the governor to incorporate a
company to build a turn])ike from the Susque-
hanna river, near the mouth of Anderson
creek, in Clearfield county, through Jefferson
county and wiiat is now Pirookville, and
through the towns of Franklin and Mead-
ville, to Waterford, in Erie county. The
governor was authorized to subscribe twelve
thousand dollars in shares toward building the
road. Joseph Barnett and Peter Jones, of
Jefferson county, and two from each of the
following counties, Erie, Crawford, Mercer,
Clearfield, Venango and Philadeli)hia, as well
as two from the city of Philadelphia, were
appointed commissioners to receive stock.
I'Lach of the counties just named was required
to take a specified number of shares, and the
shares were ])laced at twenty-five dollars each.
JeflFersoii county was re(|uirc(I to take fifty
shares.

The war of 1812 so depressed business in
this part of the .State that all work was delayed
on this thoroughfare for six years. The
company commenced work in 1818, and the
survey was completed in October of that year.
In November, 1818, the sections were ofYered
for sale, and in November, 1820, the road was
completed to Rellcfonte.

The commissioners em])loyed John Sloan,
Esq., to make the survey and grade the road.
The survey was begun in the spring and
finished in the fall of 1818, a distance of one
hundred and four miles. The State took one
third of the stock. James Harriet, of Mead-
ville. Pa., took the contract to build the road,
and he gave it out to sub-contractors, .^ome
took five miles, some ten, and so on. The
bridge over the Clarion river was built in 1821,

by Aloore, from .Xorthuniberland county; it
was built with a single arch.

In March, 1821, an act was passed by the
Legislature appropriating two thousand, five
hundred dollars for improving the road. .\])-
jjointments were made in each county through
which the road passed of people whose duty
it was to receive the money for each county
and to pay it out. Charles C. Gaskill and
Carpenter \\'inslow represented Jefiferson
county.

Andrew Ellicott never surveyed or brushed
out this turnpike. He was one of the com-
missioners for the old State road.

(Jur turnpike was one hundred and twenty-
six miles long. The individual subscriptions
to its construction were in total fifty thousand
dollars, the State aid giving one hundred and
forty thousand dollars. This, was up to March.
1822. The finishing of our link in November,
1824, completed and opened one continuous
turnpike road from Philadelphia to Erie. Our
part of this thoroughfare was called a "clav
turnpike," and in that day was boasted of by
early settlers as the most convenient and easy-
traveling road in the United States ; that, in
fact, anywhere along the route over the moun-
tain the horses could be treated to the finest
water, and that anywhere along the route, too.
the tra\eler, as well as the driver, could regale
himself "with the choicest Monongaliela
whisky bitters," clear as amber, sweet as musk,'
and smooth as oil.

"Tmmediately after the completion of the
turnpike milestones were set up. They were
on the right hand side of the road as one
traveled east. The stones when first erected
were white, neat, square, and well finished.
( )n each stone was inscribed, 'To S. 00 miles.
To F. 00 miles.' Of course, figures appeared
on the stones where ci]ihers have been placed
abfj\e. .S. stood for Susquehanna, which is
east, and F. for Franklin, which is west."

ISrookville was thirty-six miles from the
.Susquehanna river, and Franklin forty-six
miles.

In the early days of the turn])ike. Oliver
(iregg. with his six horses, and Joseph Mor-
row, with his outfit of two teams, were
regularly employed for ni;iiiy years in carr\ing
freight from IMiiladelphia to this section, h
took four weeks to reach here from Philadel-
phia, and the charge for freight was about six
dollars per hundred pounds. A man by the
name of Potter in later years drove an outfit
of five roan horses. Each team had a Cones-
toga wagon and carried from three to four
tons of goods.

COKESTOGA \VAriOX

,<-

BENNETT'S STAGE AXI) MdliKoW S TEAM

TV.E'IT'-' YORK
PUBLIC Lih-i^JCl

ASTOn, fNOX
TILDbN FOL'.-.DArloNS

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

1819. — The Olean State road was authorized
by the following act of Assembly : "An act
authorizing the governor to appoint commis-
sioners for the purpose of laying out a State
road from the town of Kittanning to the State
line, in direction to the village of Hamilton, in
the township of Olean, in the State of New
York, and also from Milesburg in Center
county to Clarion river in Jefferson county.

"Section i. Be it enacted by the Senate and
House of Representatives of the Common-
wealth of Pennsylvania in General Assembly
met, and it is hereby enacted by the authority
of the same. That the governor be. and is
hereby authorized and required to appoint
three commissioners, one of whom shall be a
practical surveyor, to view, mark, and lay out
a State road from the town of Kittanning, in
the county of Armstrong; thence on the
nearest and best route to the State line, on a
direction to the village of Hamilton, on the
Allegheny river, in the township of Olean, in
the State of New York ; and the commissioners
so appointed shall ])roceed to perform the
duties required of them by this act on or before
the first Monday in June next, and shall make
out and deposit a copy of the draft of said
road in the office of the clerk of the court of
Quarter Sessions in each county through
which said road shall pass, and the said clerks
shall enter the same in their respective offices,
which shall be a record of said road ; and from
thenceforth the said road shall be, to all intents
and purposes, a public highway, and shall be
opened and kept in repair in the same manner
as roads laid out by order of the court of
Quarter Sessions of the county through which
said road passes."

Section 2 provides for the oath of the com-
missioners, their pay, and the settlement of
their accounts.

Sections 3 and 4 jjertain only to the other
State road mentioned in the title of the act.

"Approved — the twenty-third day of March,
one thousand eight hundred and nineteen."

1 82 1. — .Appropriation of eight thousand
dollars to the Olean road by the nineteenth
section of "An Act for the Improvement of the
.State," which reads as follows :

"Section 19. And be it further enacted by
the authority aforesaid. That the sum of eight
thousand dollars be, and the same is hereby
appropriated for the opening and improving a
State road, recently laid out from the town
of Kittanning in Armstrong county to the
State line, on a direction to the village of
Hamilton, in the State of New York, which
passes through .Armstrong, Jefferson, and

McKean counties, to be expended in the said
counties through which said road passes in
proportion to the distance it passes through
the same respectively. And the governor is
hereby authorized to draw his warrant on the
State treasurer in favor of the following
named persons — that is, for that part of the
said road which lies in Armstrong county in
favor of David Lawson and James Cochran,
.Armstrong county ; and for that part of said
road which lies in Jefferson county in favor
of John Sloan, Jr., of Armstrong county, John
Matson, and John Lucas, of Jefferson county ;
and for that part of said road that lies in
McKean county in favor of Brewster Freeman
and Joseph Otto, of McKean county, who are
hereby appointed commissioners to receive
and expend the said sum in opening and im-
proving the said road within the limits of the
counties to which they are appointed to super-
intend, etc.

".Approved — March 26. 1821."

1819. — State road from Kittanning to the
mouth of Anderson's creek, in Clearfield
county, authorized by

".\n act to authorize the governor to ap-
point commissioners to lay out a state road
from the town of Kittanning in a direction to
the mouth of Anderson's creek.

".Section i. Re it enacted by the Senate and
House of Representatives of the Common-
wealth of Peimsylvania in General Assembly
met. and it is hereby enacted by the authoiity
of the same. That the governor is, and he is
hereby authorized to appoint three commis-
sioners, one of which shall be a practical
surveyor, to view. mark, and lay out a State
road from the town of Kittanning; thence by
the nighest and best route on a direction
towards the mouth of .Anderson's creek, in
Clearfield county, to intersect a road from
Bellefonte to Erie. And the commissioners so
appointed shall proceed to perfomi the duties
of their appointment at such times as the gov-
ernor shall direct. And they shall make out
and deposit a draft of said road in the office
of the clerk of the court of Quarter Sessions in
each county through which said road shall
pass, and the said clerks shall enter the same
in their resjiective offices, which shall be a
record of said road, and from thenceforth the
said road shall be to all intents and purposes
a public highway, and shall be opened and kept
in repair in the same manner as roads laid
by order of tlie courts of Quarter Sessions of
the counties through which said road passes.

"Approved — January 27, 1819."

182 1. — Appropriation of twenty-five hun-

lEFFERSON COUNTY, PEXXSYLVANIA

dred dollars to the State road from Kittan-
ning to Anderson's creek, Clearfield county,
by "An Act for the Improvement of the
State."

'"Section i8. And be it further enacted by
the authority aforesaid, That the sum of two
thousand five hundred dollars be, and the
same is hereby ai)pro])riated for the purpose
of opening and improving a State road re-
cently laid out from the mouth of Anderson's
creek, in Clearfield county, to the town of
Kittanning, in Armstrong county, which
passes through the counties of Clearfield, Jef-
ferson, Indiana, and Armstrong, to be ex-
pended in the same counties through which
said road passes in proportion to the distance
it passes through the same, and the governor
is hereby authorized to draw his warrant on
the State treasurer in favor of the following
named persons, that is, for that part of said
road which lies in Armstrong county in favor
of James Hannagan and Joseph Marshall, of
Armstrong county ; for that part of said road
which lies in Indiana county in favor of James
McComb and William Travis, of Indiana
county ; for that part of said road lying in
Jefferson county in favor of Charles C. Gaskill
and Carpenter Winslow, of Jefiferson county ;
and for that part lying in Clearfield county in
favor of David Ferguson and Moses Boggs,
of .said county, who are hereby appointed
commissioners to receive and expend the said
sum in opening and improving the said road
within the limits of the counties to which they
are a])pointed to superintend, and the said
commissioners shall each be entitled to receive
as a full compensation one dollar and fifty
cents per day for every day they shall be neces-
sarily employed in performing their respective
duties.

"Approved — March 26, 182 1."

1824. — State road from ^^^1rren to Brook-
ville authorized.

1825, — "'State road from Indiana through
Punxsutawney, in the county of Jefferson,
and Smethport, in the county of McKean, to
the town of Ceres, in said county of McKean,"
authorized, and Meek Kelly, of Indiana county.
John Sloan, Jr., of Armstrong county, and
Charles C. Gaskill, of Jefferson county, i\]i-
pointed commissioners to view, lay out and
, mark the same.

1825. — The Milesburg and .Smethport Turn-
pike Road Company, authorized "for the ])ur-
pose of making a turn]Mke road from Miles-
burg in Centre county, past Karthaus in
Clearfield county, and .Smethjiort in McKean
county, to the New York line," and Jonathan

Colgrove, Paul E. Scull, John King and
Josei>h Otto, of McKean county ; Peter A.
Karthaus, of Clearfield county; James L.
(iillis, of Jefferson county; John Mitchell and
Roland Curtin, of Center county; George
\'aux and Simon Gratz, of the city of Phila-
delphia, appointed commissioners to solicit
subscriptions for said road, which passed
through Ridgway, then in the county of Jef- •
ferson. Notice of the time and place when
and where books to i)e opened to receive sub-
scriptions of stock to be published in the
Bellefonte Patriot and the Lycoming Gazette,
and one paper published in the city of Phila-
delphia. Upon subscriptions of twenty or
more persons, representing six himdred or
more shares of twenty dollars each, the gov-
ernor to incorporate the company, which was
to have power to erect and maintain tollgates
upon and across said turnpike, as will be seen
by the following section of the act :

"Section 13. — And be it further enacted by
the authority aforesaid. That whenever and
as often as the said company shall have fin-
ished five miles or more of said road the presi-
dent thereof may give notice to the governor,
who shall thereupon forthwith appoint three
skillful, judicious, and disinterested persons
to view and examine the same and report on
oath or affirmation to him whether the road is
so far executed in a competent and workman-
like manner, according to the true meaning
and intent of this act ; and if their report shall
be in the affirmative, then the governor shall,
by license under his hand and seal of the
State, permit and suffer said company to erect
and fix such and so many gates or turnpikes
U]Xjn and across the said road as will be neces-
sary and sufficient to collect from all persons
traveling the same, otherw'ise than on foot,
the same tolls which are hereinafter authorized
and granted : Provided, That all persons at-
tending funerals, military parades or train-
ings, or divine worship on the -Sabbath-day.
shall at all times be exempt from the payment
of any toll on said road."

1828. — "A supplement to the Act entitled
'An Act authorizing the Governor to incor-
porate the Milesburg and Smethport Turn-
pike Road Company.'

"".Section I. I'e it enacted by the Senate
and Mouse of Representatives of the Com-
monwealth of Pennsylvania in General As-
sembly met, and it is hereby enacted by the
authority of the same, That the governor be
and is hereby authorized and required to sub-
scribe twenty thousand dfillars, in shares of
twenty dollars each, to the stock of the Aliles-

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

burg and Smethport Turnpike Road Company ;
and as soon as any five miles of the road shall
be completed, it shall be the duty of the gov-
ernor to draw his warrant on the State treas-
urer for a sum in proportion to the whole dis-
tance, and a like sum for every five miles, until
the whole sum shall be drawn : Provided,
That previous to any payment from the treas-
ury satisfactory evidence shall be furnished
to the governor that sums equal at least in
amount to the sums drawn from the treasury
shall have been paid by individual stockhold-
ers and expended agreeably to the provisions
of the twelfth section of the act incorporating
the said turnpike road company, passed the
eleventh day of April, one thousand eight
hundred and twenty-five : And Provided
further. That there shall not be more than
five thousand dollars of the aforesaid sum of
twenty thousand dollars drawn from the said
treasury in any one year.

"Approved — the second day of February,
A. D. one thousand eight hundred and twenty-
eight.

"J. Andvv. Schulze."

183 1. — "A further supplement to the said
Act incorporating said Turnpike Road Com-
pany, being the Second Section of the Act of
the 4th Day of April, A. D. 1831, as follows:

"Section 2. And be it further enacted by
the authority aforesaid. That the proceedings
which are authorized by the thirteenth section
of the act entitled 'A Further Supplement to
the Act entitled An Act authorizing the Gov-
ernor to incorporate the Milesburg and Smeth-
port Turnpike Road Company,' passed
eleventh day of April, one thousand eight hun-
dred and twenty-five, and a supplement to the
said act, passed the second day of February,
one thousand eight hundred and twenty-eight,
in cases when the said company shall have
finished five miles or more of said road, be and
the .same are hereby authorized and extended
to portions less than five miles of said road,
which are and shall hereafter be finished as
aforesaid."

1836. — A further supplement authorizing
the State to subscribe five thousand dollars
additional stock in said turnpike.

1826. — Warren and Jefferson County Turn-
pike Road Company authorized "for the pur-
pose of making a turnpike road from the town
of Warren, in Warren county, to the Sus-
quehanna and Waterford Turnpike, at or near
the bridge over the north fork of Sandy Lick
creek, in Jefferson county," and Joseph Hack-
ney, John Andrews, and Archibald Tanner, of
Warren county; Thomas I^ucas, Charles C.

Gaskill, and John Matson, of Jefferson
county, appointed commissioners to solicit
subscriptions and organize the company.

1826. — One half of all road taxes received
by the treasurers of Jefferson and McKean
counties from unseated lands to be applied
for seven years to the improvement of the
"leading roads" in said counties; and C. C.
Gaskill and James Gillis, of Jefferson county,
and Jonathan Colgrove and Paul E. Scull, of
McKean county, appointed commissioners to
expend said fund in the "making, clearing
and opening" of said "leading roads."

1828. — The above act repealed as to Jef-
ferson county.

1826. — Cleajrfield and Jefferson Turnpike
authorized, and Charles C. Gaskill, Dr. John
W. Jenks, Andrew Barnett, and Thomas
Lucas, of the county of Jefferson ; and Green-
wood Bell, John Irvin, David Ferguson, and
Alexander B. Read, of Clearfield county, ap-
pointed commissioners to procure books and
solicit subscriptions for said road, and gen-
erally to assist in the organization of the com-
pany, to be known as "The President, Man-
agers, and Company of the Clearfield and Jef-
ferson Turnpike Road."

1831. — Township supervisors of Jefferson
county authorized and required to expend at
least two-thirds of the annual road tax in the
repair and improvement of the public roads
of their respective townships, on or before
the 1st day of October in each and every
year.

1834. — State road from Kittanning to
Brookville authorized, and John Sloan, Jr.,
Alexander Duncan, and James Corbett ap-
]5ointed commissioners to view and lay out
the same.

1835. — Commissioners appointed to lay out
State road from Kittanning to Brookville :
William Jack, John Cribbs, Jr., and Robert
Richards.

1838. — Luthersburg and Punxsutawney
Road Company authorized, "for the purpose
of making a turnpike from the town of Punx-
sutawney, in the county of Jefferson, to the
town of Luthersburg, in Clearfield county."
and Lebbeus Luther, John Jordan, Benjamin
Bonsall, David Irvin, Jacob Flick, Benjamin
Carson, David Hoover, David Henny, and
Jeremiah Miles, of the county of Clearfield ;
William Campbell, Charles R. Barclay. Charles
C. Gaskill, James Winslow, James W. Bell, and
John Hoover (miller), of the county of Jef-
ferson, appointed commissioners to solicit sub-
scriptions for stock, and generally to assist in
the organization of the company to be known

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

as "The Luthersburg and I'linxsutawney Road
Company."

1838. — The governor of Pennsylvania au-
iliorized and required to suliscrihe four thou-
sand dollars to the Luthersburg and Punxsu-
tawney Turnpike Company "if incorporated
the present session."

1830. — State road from Warren to Ridg-
way's settlement, in Jefferson county, author-
ized, and Robert Falconer, John Andrews
and Lansing Witmore, of Warren county,
and Reuben A. .Aylsworth and Enos Gillis,
of Jefferson county. ap])ointed commissioners
to lay out the same.

1831. — Company organized and incorpo-
rated to build said road, called the Warren
and Ridgway Turnpike Road Company. "The
said commissioners are hereby authorized to
employ one surveyor, whose compensation
shall not exceed one dollar and fifty cents per
day, and two chain bearers and one ax man,
at per diem allowance, not exceeding one dol-
lar per day, and one packer and packhorse, if
necessary, for which a reasonable allowance
shall be made. Further, that the compensa-
tion of the said commissioners shall be one
flollar and fifty cents each for every day they
may be necessarilv employed by \irtue of this
act."

1836. — Tn consideration of privileges
granted by the State to the State bank, it was
authorized and required to pay five thousand
dollars to this Warren and Ridgway Turnpike
Road Company.

1838. — Governor of Pennsylvania author-
ized to subscribe two thousand dollars stock
in said Warren and Ridgway Turnpike Road
Company.

1842. — Having com]ilcted forty miles of the
Warren and Ridgway turnpike road, said
company was authorized to demand, receive,
and collect tolls thereon.

1844. — The managers and stockholders of
the Warren and Ridgway Turn]iike Road
Company having abandoned the same, it was
enacted that one-half of the road tax levied in
the township of Sheffield, and one-fourth of
the road tax levied in the township of Kinzua.
in the county of Warren; one-fourth of the
road tax levied in the township of Tionesta.
in the county of Jefferson; one-fourth of the
road tax levied in the township of Ridgway,
and one-eighth of the road tax levied in the
township of Jones, in the county of F.Ik,
should, for a period of six years, be paid and
expended by Richard Dunham and I'>astus
P)arnes, of the county of Warren, and Joseph
S. Myde, of the county of F.Ik, commissioners,

to the best advantage, in repairing, mending,
and improving said turnpike road through the
counties of Warren, Jefferson, and Elk.

1831. — Armstrong and Clearfield turnpike
road authorized to commence at Kittanning.
pass through Punxsutawney, and to end at
the mouth of Anderson's creek, in Clearfield
county. Thomas Blair. Jacob Pontius, and
Joseph Marshall, of Armstrong county; Chas.
C. Gaskill, and John W. Jenks, of Jefferson
county; John Ewing and Henry Kinter, of
Indiana county ; David Ferguson and John
Irvin, of Clearfield county; and William .\.
Thomas and Hardman Phillips, of Centre
county, were appointed commissioners by said
act to solicit subscriptions, give notice of
organization of company, etc.

1838. — Governor of Pennsylvania author-
ized and required to subscribe five thousand
six hundred dollars to said Armstrong and
Clearfield Turnpike Road Company.

1844. — Time for the completion of the said
Armstrong and Clearfield turnpike road ex-
tended for the term of ten vears from April
16, 1844.

1834. — State road from the mouth of Little
r.ald Eagle creek, in Huntingdon county,
through Clearfield county, to Punxsutawney,
in Jefferson county, authorized, and James
Winslow, of Jefferson county ; Elisha Fenton,
of Clearfield county ; and llenjamin Johnson,
of Huntingdon county, appointed commis-
sioners to lay out the same.

1835. — Supplement extending time for mak-
ing out drafts of location of said State road
from Little Bald Eagle creek to Punxsu-
tawney.

1834. — State road authorized from the set-
tlement on the headwaters of Millstone creek,
in Jefferson county, to the State road leading
from the Clarion river bridge, on the Sus-
quehainia and Waterford turnpike, in the
county of Venango, at or near the farm of
Peter Walley, Jr., and James Gillis and Wil-
liam Armstrong, of Jefferson county; and
David Reyner, of Venango county, appointed
commissioners to lay out the same.

1835. — State road from .Shippensville to
Ridgway. in Jefferson county, authorized,
and Daniel Rhyner and James Hasson, of
Venango county; and William .Armstrong, of
Jeff'erson county, appointed commissioners to
view, lay out, and mark the same:

1838. — State road from ISrookville to Tio-
nesta authorized, and James Iluling and Rich-
ard Irvin, of Venango county, and Philip G.
Clover, of Jefferson county. "ap])ointed com-

JEFFERSON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

niissioners to view, lay out, locate, and mark
the same by the nearest and best route.''

1840. — Incorporation of the Armstrong,
Jefferson, and Clearfield Turnpike Company
authorized, to begin "at the northern termina-
tion of the Freeport and Kittanning turnpike
road, on the top of the Mahoning hills, and
continue by the most practical route, via the
borough of Brookville, in Jefferson county,
and the Brandy Camp, to the Alilesburg and